5 6-1-

: 7 ' '

BULLETIN OF

THE BRITISH MUSEUM

(NATURAL HISTORY)

HISTORICAL SERIES
VOL. I

1953-1959

PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES OF

TILE BRITISH MUSEUM

LONDON! 1959

DATES OF PUBLICATION OF THE PARTS

No.

i.

30 May 1953

No.

2.

22 January 1954

No.

3-

9 February 1955

No.

4-

21 March 1957

No.

5-

1 July 1958

No.

6.

1 April 1959

PRINTED IN

GREAT BRITAIN

AT THE

BARTHOLOMEW PRESS

DORKING

BY

ADLARD AND SON, LTD.

CONTENTS

HISTORICAL SERIES VOLUME I

PAGE

No. i. A Catalogue and Historical Account of the Sloane Shell Collection.

By Guy L. Wilkins 3

No. 2. Louis Auguste Deschamps. By C. G. G. J. van Steenis, M. J. van

Steenis-Kruseman and C. A. Backer. 51

No. 3. A Catalogue and Historical Account of the Banks Shell Collection.

By Guy L. Wilkins 71

No. 4. The Cracherode Shell Collection. By Guy L. Wilkins 123

No. 5. The Gronovius Fish Collection : A Catalogue and Historical Account.

By Alwyne C. Wheeler 187

No. 6. Some Eighteenth Century Bird Paintings in the Library of Sir Joseph

Banks (1743-1820). By Averil Lysaght 253

Index to Volume 1 373

6 JUN 1953

CATALOGUE AND
HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF
THE SLOANE SHELL
COLLECTION

GUY L. WILKINS

44U&

BULLETIN OF
THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY)
HISTORICAL SERIES Vol. i, No. i

LONDON: 1953

A CATALOGUE AND HISTORICAL ACCOUNT
OF THE SLOANE SHELL COLLECTION

BY

GUY L. WILKINS

Pp. 1-48 ; Pis. 1-12

BULLETIN OF

THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY)

HISTORICAL SERIES Vol. 1, No. 1.

LONDON: 1953

THE BULLETIN OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM
(NATURAL HISTORY), instituted in 1949, is
issued in five series, corresponding to the Departments
of the Museum, and an Historical Series.

Parts appear at irregular intervals as they become
ready. Volumes will contain about three or four
hundred pages, and will not necessarily be completed
within one calendar year.

This paper is Vol. 1, No. 1 of the Historical Series.

PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES OF
THE BRITISH MUSEUM

Issued May 1953 Price Sixteen Shillings

A CATALOGUE AND HISTORICAL ACCOUNT
OF THE SLOANE SHELL COLLECTION

By GUY L. WILKINS

CONTENTS

Pages
i. Historical Account of the Sloane Shell Collection . . 3-12

2. Catalogue of the Sloane Shell Collection : — .

Sect. I. Specimens figured by Martin Lister from 1685 to

1692 ........ 13-22

„ II. Shells figured and described by James Petiver from

1698 to 1712 ....... 22-26

„ III. Specimens collected by Dr. Sloane in Jamaica,

1687 to 1689 ....... 26-34

„ IV. Series of specimens collected by various donors to

the collection from 1690 to 1726 . . . 34-39

„ V. Sloane specimens figured and described from 1778

to 1849 39-44

3. Summary .......... 44

4. References .......... 45-47

5. Acknowledgments ........ 47

SYNOPSIS

The surviving Sloane shells, recorded and described in detail in this paper, formed part of
the nucleus of the shell collection in the British Museum at its inception in 1753. Many speci-
mens date from the mid-Seventeenth Century and have personal associations with William
Courten, Martin Lister, James Petiver, William Dampier, and numerous other contemporary
author-naturalists and travellers.

An attempt has been made to trace the history of the Sloane shell collection from the time
of Courten and Lister to the present day — a period of nearly two hundred and seventy years.
Many Sloane specimens were figured by Lister from 1685 to 1692, and a selection of these,
together with the actual specimens and original Lister drawings, are reproduced in the ac-
companying plates.

1. HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE SLOANE SHELL COLLECTION

It was assumed for many years that the recent shells forming part of the great
collections of Sir Hans Sloane (1660-1753) were no longer recognizable, if indeed,
they existed at all, and it is therefore satisfactory to be able to record that over
four hundred of his original specimens were discovered during 1950-51 among the
older portions of the shell collections in the Department of Zoology. These speci-
mens formed part of the collection acquired by the Nation after the death of Sir
Hans Sloane in 1753, and thus became the nucleus of the present collection of
mollusca.

HIST. I, I. 1

4 THE SLOANE SHELL COLLECTION

The life of this great collector has been dealt with in several publications, and
therefore only biographical and historical notes having a direct bearing on his
collection of shells are mentioned here. Sloane compiled a number of manuscript
catalogues recording his acquisitions, three volumes being devoted to the " Testacea "
or shells, and the specimens now segregated bear his manuscript numbers corre-
sponding to those in the surprisingly comprehensive catalogues. The numbers,
written in ink either on small labels attached to the shells, or on the shells them-
selves, are in some instances quite clear, but in others faint and difficult to
decipher correctly. Some of the numbered specimens have been recovered from
those formerly on exhibition; the remainder were found among the study material.
In the years 1799 and 1837, when particularly fine shells became available for
exhibition, it is probable that many dull-looking Sloane specimens were replaced
in the exhibition cases with fresh ones. Heavy cleaning in the past has un-
doubtedly been responsible for the loss of catalogue numbers, and for this reason
alone it is certain that a number of Sloane shells still exist unrecognized in the
general collection.

The calligraphy of the numbers on the shells corresponds exactly with that in
the catalogues, and it is clear that the specimens were numbered as the entries were
made, and by the same hand, satisfactorily proved to be that of Sloane himself.
His writing was always poor, but towards the end of the third volume it gets
steadily worse, sometimes roving across the page at an awkward angle and becoming
even less readable. By this time (c. 1747) Sloane was 86 years of age and evidently
needed assistance, for the last few pages of entries are made by different hands,
one being that of James Empson, his curator, and subsequently first Keeper of the
Natural History Department of the British Museum (d. 1765).

The date of the commencement of the " Testacea " catalogues is not certain,
but may have been as early as 1702. At the end of the third volume a list is given
of the fossil shells only, selected and summarized from the first two volumes, and
made up to mid-October, 1728, amounting in all to 1,757 specimens. The list and
summary are arranged methodically, preceded by the catalogue numbers, the
highest being No. 4911, the last entry to be made in Volume II. Thus by October,
1728, the collection contained 3,154 recent shells.

Volume III commences with No. 4912 and ends with No. 5846, shortly after
September, 1747, six years before Sloane's death. This date is definitely fixed by
entry No. 5843, which records the gift of a fossil Anotnia from Emanuel Mendes
da Costa (1717-1791) on 17th September, 1747. Judging from the catalogue numbers
alone, it would appear that only 934 specimens were added to the collection from
1728 to 1747, but this is not so, for additional specimens of the same species were
added by Sloane to the original entries, each additional item being separated by an
oblique line; for example entry No. 1482 (PI. 2, fig. 2) includes no less than nine
specimens under the one number, each acquired and entered at different times.

When the catalogues were begun, wide spaces were left between the entries to
accommodate future additions, and even the opposite (blank) page was frequently
used (PI. 2, fig. 3).

From the foregoing it will readily be seen that the collection of recent and fossil

THE SLOANE SHELL COLLECTION 5

shells was considerably larger than the 5,843 specimens first mentioned by George
Edwards in 1758, and repeated by most authors since that date. Most of Sloane's
important collections of shells were acquired by 1728, and although a number of
them were sorted and catalogued in readiness for work on the second volume of his
Natural History of Jamaica, published in 1725, it is unlikely that all would be cata-
logued by 1728. Sloane's own figure of 3,753 recent and fossil shells, recorded in
the above work, leaves a balance 1,158 specimens acquired during the next three
years, to bring the total to the 1728 figure of 4,911. This increase was perhaps due
to the return of Mark Catesby to this country in 1726 from his visit to Carolina
and the Bahama Islands.

Except for the earlier entries of specimens (that is to say the first to be entered
under each number), the localities and names of the donors, with full references
to the literature, were recorded with admirable regularity. Fortunately Sloane
worked with Martin Lister's Historia Conchyliorum before him, and constantly
identified his specimens with the figures therein, usually giving the plate and figure
numbers. These references to Lister provide a useful check when numbers on the
shells are too faint to be fully deciphered, for so long as two figures of a series of
three or four are visible, the correct number can be reached from the entry giving
the relevant Lister plate and figure number.

When checking the specimens it was found that not only were they comparable
with Lister's figures, but in many instances they were the actual specimens from
which the plates were engraved by the author's two daughters, Susanna and Anna
Lister, between the years 1685 and 1692. The first part of Lister's Historia was
dedicated to that " illustrious and excellent man William Courten, of the Middle
Temple, London," as a mark of appreciation for the help received by the loan of
specimens for illustration, a sentiment that is enlarged upon in the minutely engraved
Latin preface, forming pis. 4 and 5, wherein Lister praises Courten " both on
account of the extreme industry with which he collects these specimens at great
cost, stores them neatly and preserves them carefully, and on account of his remark-
able kindness in giving easy access to myself and other research workers in natural
history, and in affording them the opportunity of drawing and describing these
and other objects of the same kind from his abundant resources."

In the 1770 Oxford reprint of the Historia William Huddesford published some
of Lister's manuscript notes, from which it is evident that he figured many speci-
mens not to be seen elsewhere from this great collection. Courten is referred to in
these notes as " Mr. C." or " Mr. Charlton," an assumed name by which he was
known for many years. William Courten died in 1702, and his collection, said by
John Evelyn to be worth £8,000 {Diary, 16th December, 1686), was bequeathed to
Sloane, and this satisfactorily accounts for the presence of the greater number of
Lister's figured specimens now recovered. These Courten shells must be the earliest
specimens yet recognized in the Museum collections, for Courten, although a con-
temporary of Sloane, was eighteen years his senior, and would therefore have begun
to collect in the early 1660 's. A small manuscript catalogue of his " Curiosities "
in the British Museum (Sloane MSS. 3988) records several purchases from the widow
of John Tradescant in 1667, before that collection, known as " Tradescant's Ark,"

6 THE SLOANE SHELL COLLECTION

was finally handed over to Elias Ashmole, founder of the Ashmolean Museum,
Oxford.

Courten lived much abroad, and had family interests in Barbados through his
paternal grandfather, Sir William Courten (157 2-1 636), who discovered the island
and colonized it about 1625 J this may account for the not infrequent appearance
of that locality on Lister's plates.

During the course of the present work the author's attention was drawn to a
copy of the Huddesford edition of the Historia Conchyliorum in the Radcliffe Science
Library by Mr. J. M. Edmonds, of the Department of Geology, University Museum,
Oxford. This copy (once the property of a Dr. Combe) contains a number of water-
colour drawings which have been inserted by a previous owner, accompanied by
proof impressions of the engraved plates, pasted in beside the corresponding figure
in the book, or on the opposite blank page, together with the appropriate coloured
sketch. Careful examination revealed that these drawings were the originals from
which some of the plates were engraved, a fact eventually established by finding a
drawing of Patella testudinaria L. bearing the initials "A. L." (i.e., Anna Lister)
in the lower right-hand corner (Lister Tab. 531).

Several of the drawings were found to be accompanied by manuscript notes in
Lister's writing, with a note recording the collector by whom the specimens were
lent for illustration. These notes confirm again that many specimens were borrowed,
and may be of service in tracing additional and unsuspected Sloane material. The
importance of this unique copy of the Historia cannot be overestimated, as it proves
beyond doubt the origin of several of Lister's figures, and confirms in some measure
the statement made by E. M. da Costa (p. 34) that " Dr. Lister, to complete his
intended work, carried home all the shells singly to his daughters, to engrave on
single or detached copper plates."

It was at first thought that all the engravings were based on these and similar
wash-drawings, but on closer examination it was noticed that in every instance
they corresponded only with those which have already been shown elsewhere
(Wilkins, 1952) to be the work of Susanna Lister, in that a certain amount of cross-
hatching was used in the cast shadows of the finished engravings, whereas her fellow
artist Anna used only direct graduated lines. This difference in technique seemed
to indicate that Anna Lister might have engraved direct on to copper from the
actual object, without preparatory drawings; but in following up a statement
made by the late Dr. R. T. Gunther (1925, p. 320), to the effect that Martin Lister
presented the original drawings used in the Historia to the Ashmolean Museum, it
was found that preparatory drawings were made for both styles of engraving, and
they are still extant in the Bodleian Library, forming the bulky volume catalogued
as Lister MS.g.1

This volume appeared, on first sight, to be disappointing. Although a number of
the expected wash-drawings were present, the majority appeared to be merely
unnumbered proofs of the plates in Anna Lister's style; but closer inspection

1 Dr. Gunther gives 1685 as the date of presentation of Lister's shells and drawings, obviously a
misprint for 1683, the date under which the Lister entry appears in the original Ashmolean Book of
Benefactors and also in other parts of Dr. Gunther's work.

THE SLOANE SHELL COLLECTION 7

revealed these to be original drawings in india ink, carried out in the finest brush-
work, to be repeated line-for-line in the finished engravings. From a study of these
two styles of drawing, it might naturally have been concluded that Susanna Lister
engraved from her less laborious, but quite competent wash-drawings, and Anna
from her highly finished black and white ones; the single wash-drawing, however,
signed "A. L." recorded above, indicates that the latter prepared at least some of
the wash-drawings used by her sister. In no instance have any wash-drawings
been found that were finally engraved in the unmistakable manner of Anna Lister.

The work of these two seventeenth-century artists has been discussed at some
length because of their close association with the considerable number of Sloane
specimens used by their father, which may eventually prove to be the only original
specimens figured by Lister still in existence; for although Maton and Rackett
(1803, p. 140) were able to state that Lister's collection was not deficient, either in
number or perfection of specimens — a fact that was evident " from what remains
of it in the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford," a recent preliminary search there has
failed to reveal any shells recognizable as figured by Lister.

In the light of recent experience at South Kensington, the apparent loss of ancient
material at Oxford does not signify that some of it may not yet be found, for the
situation may be similar to that of the " cleaning-up " process considered to be the
cause of the supposed loss of many Sloane specimens. It is not yet known whether
Lister catalogued or numbered his specimens, and in view of the considerable number
of shells known to have been borrowed from Courten, Sloane, Lhwyd and other
collectors, and those copied from Buonanni and other authors, Lister's collection
may not have been as large as might have been expected of the author of the Historia
Conchyliorum. The composite character of the material used is well indicated by
Lister himself in the first paragraph of his preface (Historia, Tab. 4.), in which he
says, " I have thought it worth while to give a brief account of those in our possession
(of which there are quite a number) and in the possession of others in the Museums
in this city, and to commit this accurately to writing and copper-plate engraving."

Dr. Gunther's statement regarding the presentation date of the drawings used
in the Historia appears to need amplification, as it rather gives the impression that
the drawings and plates made from them were finished much earlier than appears
feasible, for Lister could hardly have been in a position to release all this material
two years before the publication of even the first of the four books. His gifts of
books and specimens to the Ashmolean Museum were continuous over a long period,
and it is therefore likely that these drawings were given at a much later date to
supplement the collection of shells, coins and general antiquities which were certainly
presented at the opening of the Ashmolean Museum in 1683, but there is no specific
mention of the drawings in the Book of Benefactors entry made in that year.

The originals of twenty-three of the forty engravings of Sloane specimens have
been traced in these two collections of Lister drawings, and it is remarkable, in view
of the passing of more than two hundred and sixty years since the commencement
of the Historia, that it is possible to compare some of the original specimens with
the preliminary sketches, finished drawings, and final engravings.

Some of the figured specimens in the Historia were collected by Sloane himself,

8 THE SLOANE SHELL COLLECTION

a fact that is recorded in the Huddesford notes to pi. 65, in which Lister says that
the specimen figured was " sent from Jamaica by Dr. Sloane " ; this and other land
shells were collected and despatched in response to a request made by Lister on the
flyleaf of a copy of the first part of his work,1 presented to the young doctor before
his departure for Jamaica (PI. 1, fig. 1). Further evidence of his compliance with
this request appears on plates 55 and 62 of the Historia, where the name Sloane is
engraved under the respective figures. These plates were added after the first
publication date of 1685, for Sloane did not sail for Jamaica until September, 1687.
He certainly found some " naked snails," one of which was figured on pi. 233 of the
Natural History of Jamaica, being there described as Limax nudus, cinereus ter-
restris.2

An early collection of some importance acquired by Sir Hans Sloane was that of
Doctor Englebert Kaempfer (1651-1716), who visited Japan in his capacity of
Physician to the Dutch East India Company between the years 1690 and 1692,
and it was during this visit that Kaempfer gathered the information for his exhaustive
History of Japan, published posthumously, in two handsome volumes, in 1727 at
Sloane's expense. A number of shells, some marked " Japan " and catalogued by
Sloane as being " among Dr. Kaempfer's shells," are still extant and in good con-
dition.

A close friend and contemporary of Sir Hans Sloane was the enthusiastic collector
and Apothecary to the Charterhouse, James Petiver (1658-1718), who was said by
John Ray to have " the largest correspondence with the East and West Indies of
any man in Europe," a reputation which seems to be borne out by the varied
localities from whence his specimens were obtained. When Petiver died, Sloane
purchased his collection for the sum of £4,000, and eventually incorporated it with
his own; the frequently appearing letter " P " after entries in the catalogues and
on the specimens themselves indicates the large number of shells contained in the
collection at that time. Petiver figured and described many of these in his own
publications, which were considerable, commencing with the Museum Petiverianum
in 1695. Ten parts, or " centuries," were finished by 1703, after which he started
his magnum opus, the Gazophylacium Naturae et Artis, published in ten parts, each
with ten plates, completed in 1709.

This work, to all intents and purposes, formed a series of illustrated catalogues
of his collections of mammals, birds, insects, plants and shells, gathered from all
parts of the known world by his many correspondents, to whom acknowledgments
were frequently made at the foot of the engraved plates.

Several contributions were made by Petiver to the Philosophical Transactions
between 1698 and 1717, relating to his acquisitions of shells, and these, together with
references to the Gazophylacium, were duly noted by Sloane when cataloguing the
actual specimens; thus the phrase " designed by Mr. Petiver for his Gaz. Nat."

1 This copy, still extant in the British Museum, is catalogued under the earlier title of De Cochleis,
which was designed by the author for exotic land shells only, until he changed his mind to make it a
general work, after completion of the first book. The erasure of the word Exotica can be seen in several
of the plates (see da Costa 1776, p. 34).

2 For a discussion and synonomy of this slug see Cockerell & Collinge, The Conchologist, vol. ii, p. 217,
1893.

THE SLOANE SHELL COLLECTION 9

occurs from time to time throughout the catalogues. A number of these figured
specimens marked by Sloane and Petiver have been recovered, and will be more
fully noted in the relevant part of this paper.

References were also made by Sloane to the Monthly Miscellany or Memoirs for
the Curious, a collection of articles on various subjects by " Divers Curious Persons "
and conducted by Petiver himself. Three volumes appeared between 1707 and
1709 and included several items on shells from the pen of the compiler, the most
important being one on some bivalve shells brought from the coasts of India. These
volumes are now extremely rare ; the only two copies so far traced are in the library
of the British Museum (Bloomsbury).

No account of the collections of these two contemporaries, Sloane and Petiver,
can in any way be complete without mention of at least a few of the many collectors
in the field, who contributed so much to them. Apart from Sloane's early visit to
Jamaica, neither he nor Petiver travelled far afield in search of material for their
collections, but relied almost exclusively on the services of the more venturesome
of their friends and professional colleagues who could be persuaded to send whatever
curiosities they found during their travels abroad. Several of these contributors
were surgeons or officers in the service of the East India Company during its early
and troubled days in India and China, so that a great number of shells were received
from such places as Fort St. George (Madras), Surat and Chusan, where British
factories had been, or were in process of being, established.

James Cunningham, ill-fated surgeon to the East India Company, sent consign-
ments to both Sloane and Petiver from Emuy in 1698, the Island of Chusan in 1700,
and from Pulo Condore in 1702-3, several being reported upon almost immediately
by Petiver in the Philosophical Transactions for 1698 and 170 1. These years were
particularly fruitful for the Sloane and Petiver collections, for other consignments
of plants and shells were sent by Samuel Brown, a surgeon at Madras; Father
Kamel (or Camelli), the Jesuit priest residing at Manila in the Philippine Islands,
and a frequent correspondent of John Ray; Sylvanus Landon and Rowleston
Jacobs from the Moluccas; the Rev. Hugh Jones from Maryland, and Dr. Hermann
from the Cape of Good Hope.

A large series of shells was received about this time from the Straits of Magellan
collected by Mr. Handisyd, one or two of which still survive with the number and
locality written on the shell. At a somewhat later date (1705) a collection of shells
was received by Petiver from Madame Williams in Carolina, and described by him
in the Philosophical Transactions in the same year. A few of these still exist
marked with the letters " CAR."

An interesting and even romantic name which occurs in the catalogues is that of
William Dampier (1652-1715), navigator and buccaneer, who is known to have
taken considerable interest in the natural history of the countries he visited. Thus
in his Observations on the Coast of New Holland, 1699, the following passage occurs
regarding the shells observed in Sharks Bay: " Of shell fish we got here muscles,
periwinkles, limpits, oysters, cockles, etc. The shore was lined thick with many
other sorts of very strange and beautiful shells, for variety of colour and shape, most
finely spotted with red, black or yellow, etc., such as I have not seen anywhere but

io THE SLOANE SHELL COLLECTION

this place. I brought away a great many of them, but lost all except a very few,
and those not of the best." The few specimens extant in the collection given to
Sloane by Dampier himself, belong to a later period, being catalogued as from
" Dampier's 2nd circumnavigation " — probably the voyage made in 1708-n
financed by several Bristol merchants with the object of harassing the Spanish
shipping in the South Seas. Dampier acted as navigator under Captain Woodes
Rogers, who has left an account of the voyage.

Later contributors include Mark Catesby (d. 1749); Peter Collinson (d. 1768),
and John Bartram the elder (d. 1777), each of whom added in some way to the
Sloane collection. Mark Catesby, author of the Natural History of Carolina, appears
most frequently in the catalogues of his patron, and there is abundant evidence,
both in the preface to his work and in the actual catalogue entries, that Sloane was
amply recompensed for his generosity in helping to finance Catesby's stay in Caro-
lina from 1722 to 1726.

The opening of the Sloane collection to the public in 1759, under its new title of
" The British Museum," and the engagement of the nucleus of a scientific staff, made
a vast quantity of un worked material available to authors of the late eighteenth
and early nineteenth centuries. Writers on conchology were not slow to grasp
this opportunity, and thus began an era of scientific and popular publications that
reached its zenith with the production of Lovell Reeve's Conchologia Iconica (com-
menced in 1843 and based largely on Museum material).

One of the earliest works to appear within a few years of the transition of the
Sloane collection from private hands to a public institution, was the anonymous
Conchology, usually ascribed to the joint authorship of E. M. da Costa and George
Humphreys, published in 1770. The plates were finely coloured and perhaps too
elaborate to be produced economically, for the first part was the only one issued,
further parts being held up "at least for the present " through lack of suitable
encouragement, a situation which da Costa (pp. 51-52) was at some pains to explain,
thereby giving a good clue to the actual authorship. Several Museum specimens
were included among the excellent figures and, as far as can be ascertained, this is
the only work to figure a specimen, quoting an original Sloane number in the text.

George Shaw (1751-1813), Assistant Keeper of the Natural History Department
in 1791 and first Keeper of the new " Department of Natural History and Modern
Curiosities " instituted in 1806, was one of the most prolific writers of his time on
Natural History, but his works were mostly compilations and added little to the
Conchological knowledge of his day. Some, at least, of the many coloured plates
of shells scattered through the twenty-four volumes of the Naturalist's Miscellany
(1790-1813) were based on Sloane material, and therefore " drawn and described
immediately from nature " as specified on the title-pages, but the majority were
copied, often inaccurately, from Knorr (1760-73), Chemnitz (1769-95), and other
authors. The plates were engraved by R. Nodder, who seems to have used little,
or perhaps too much, imagination in his work, for some of the figures have been
found to be mere tracings, apparently transferred to the plates without troubling
to reverse them, so that the serious fault of normally dextral shells becoming
sinistral frequently occurs. Dr. Shaw has been praised for the " elegant latinity "

THE SLOANE SHELL COLLECTION n

of his descriptions, but it would seem that Swainson's characteristic and even
pungent accusation of his " habitually purloining from the works of others " may
at least have some foundation in fact.

Of greater value were the three volumes of the Zoological Miscellany compiled
and published by Dr. W. E. Leach from 1814 to 1817, and usually regarded as a
continuation of Shaw's series, completed before his death in 1813. Leach was
appointed Assistant Keeper under Konig in 1813, and did much to improve the
Sloane collections, which had already begun to deteriorate, owing partly to the
imperfect preservation of specimens by the older naturalists. The Sloane shells
were evidently examined and several described and figured in the Miscellany as
new to science. Three of these have been recognized and will be mentioned more
fully later.

Another early work, the Museum Britannicum, purporting to be a description of
the " Magnificent Cabinet, the British Museum," published in folio by J. & A. van
Rymsdyk in 1778, contained several figures of Sloane shells; in particular a plate
devoted to the Pinna, "Pinna marina " or Fan Mussel, with figures of the shell,
and a pair of gloves woven from the fibres of its silky byssus, from Andalusia,
presented to Sir Hans Sloane by the Duke of Richmond. One of these gloves is
still extant and in good preservation.

Dr. Leach's successor, J. G. Children, also used Museum material to illustrate his
translation of Lamarck's Genera of Shells, which appeared in the Quarterly Journal
of Science 1822-1823; the drawings for the folding plates, engraved by Basire,
were prepared by his daughter, and undoubtedly include a selection of Sloane
specimens.

In 1828 William Wood compiled a Supplement to the second edition of his Index
Testaceologicus, originally published in 1825, in which the first attempt was made to
bring a practical illustrated index of almost every species of shell known at that time
within easy reach of the general public, an object that was achieved with some
success by engraving and colouring the figures in miniature, with code marks indi-
cating the actual size of the specimens.

In the preface to his Supplement Wood noted that the majority of the shells
illustrated were from the British Museum collection, and one or two of these have
been identified as original Sloane specimens.

Edward Griffith's 1834 edition of Cuvier's Animal Kingdom, of which he and
Edward Pigeon produced the volume on the " Mollusca and Radiata," falls into a
similar category as Wood's Supplement, for a single line in very small type at the
foot of the first page of the Index informs the reader that " most of the inedited
shells figured are from the collection in the British Museum "; this line takes on
its full meaning when it is found that many items in the Index are new names, with
short descriptions, apparently contributed by John Edward Gray, who was appointed
Assistant in 1824 under J. G. Children.

The possibilities of this volume have not yet been fully explored for Sloane material,
but the original of Gray's Voluta rudis, PI. 30, fig. 1 (previously described as Voluta
ferussaci by Donovan in 1824), has been recovered, and although it bears no Sloane
catalogue number, the general appearance of the specimen suggests that it may

12 THE SLOANE SHELL COLLECTION

be one of the long series of shells received by Sloane from one of its recorded
localities, the Straits of Magellan.

By 1836, just seventy-seven years after the opening of the Museum, the Sloane
shell collection may be said to have lost a great deal of its identity, for by that time
it had become merged with the collections of the Royal Society (presented in 1781),
and of the Rev. Mordaunt Cracherode (bequeathed in 1799). Sundry purchases
from private collections such as the Earl of Tankerville's in 1825, and the incorpora-
tion of the collections of Sir Joseph Banks in 1827, nad increased the collection to such
an extent that in 1836 J. E. Gray estimated that it consisted of no less than 15,000
specimens (4,025 species). This total appears rather high, but it should be
remembered that the Sloane collection itself contained a far greater number of
shells than is usually accepted, and also that until 183^, when a separate Depart-
ment of Geology was created, the general collection included fossil as well as recent
shells.

The original collection was finally eclipsed by the acquisition in 1837 °f *ne very
fine series of shells formed by W. J. Broderip, F.R.S., which, in the words of Mr.
Edgar Smith, " must have altogether altered the character of the National collection."
It was probably on this occasion, as already suggested, that many Sloane specimens
were cleaned to achieve uniformity with these fresh ones, with the result that
catalogue-numbers were either partly or completely obliterated. As the present search
for Sloane material continued, it became increasingly evident that this explanation
was the right one, and that an excess of zeal on the part of early curators may be
partly responsible for the belief of the later curators (notably E. A. Smith) that
the original Sloane shells had completely lost their identity.

J. E. Gray (appointed to the Keepership in 1840) was probably the last author
to describe Sloane specimens as such, for in 1849 ne published Part One of the
Catalogue of Mollusca in the British Museum, which dealt with the Cephalopoda ;
this included two new species based on Sloane specimens, Sepioteuthis sloanii1
(previously described in manuscript by Leach) and Ommastrephes sloanii, both
noted as " Mus. Sloane." The dry gladius of the former, removed by Leach himself,
and the animal in spirit are still extant, but only a few fragments of the dried
gladius of the latter remain.

In 1850 and succeeding years Dr. Gray compiled several more Mollusca cata-
logues, marking the species represented in the Museum collection with a " B.M.";
specimens whose origin was unknown were marked "Hab-?" and it is highly probable
that Sloane material, which had long lost its identity, was unconsciously included
in these and other publications in which this prolific author was interested.

As already suggested above, it is likely that a considerable number of Sloane
specimens are still unrecognized in the general collection ; these may come to light
in the course of routine curatorial work, but sufficient have now been recovered to
indicate the scope and historical importance of the collection in its original con-
dition, and to make it possible to appreciate the great contribution made to early
science by Courten, Sloane, and Petiver.

1 This is Sepioteuthis sepioidea Blainville, a Caribbean species.

THE SLOANE SHELL COLLECTION 13

2. CATALOGUE OF THE SLOANE SHELL COLLECTION

Section I.

Introductory notes

This section of the catalogue deals with specimens figured by Martin Lister in the
Historia Conchyliorum, the Sloane numbers and modern names1 being followed by
Lister's original Latin descriptions, copied from the engraved title-pages and plates.
The specimens are catalogued in the order in which they appeared in the original
work. Reference to a later author indicates that the specimen is the original of the
figure referred to by that author in his synonomy.

The iconographies of Lister and Petiver were perforce used by the early sys-
tematists when compiling their synonomies, and it therefore happens that a number
of the originals of figures referred to by Linne, Gmelin, Born, and Lamarck are
included in the series of figured specimens recently recognized among the Sloane
shells.

According to Hanley (p. 7), Linne, with very few unrecorded exceptions, had
examples of the species he described in his own private collection, at the time of
publication of the tenth edition of the Systema, and from the frequent use by
Lamarck of the phrase " mon cabinet " in his own work it is manifest that he was in
a similar position. Opinions are therefore divided as to the precise status of the
originals of the figures of Lister and Petiver, so often referred to by these authors,
to supplement their somewhat meagre descriptions, but whatever the outcome of
this difference of opinion, they may at least be regarded as type material of a second-
ary nature, which would become available in the event of total loss of the author's
original specimens.

Lister's Historia Conchyliorum was divided into Books, Sections and Headings,
approximating in some measure to the Orders, Families and Genera of recent times,
but apart from the engraved preface (which deals entirely with remarks on land
shells) and separate title pages to each book and section, there was no actual text,
all sectional headings and specific descriptions being engraved on the individual
plates with the figures. Lister was an excellent anatomist, and it was his intention
to follow his volume of plates with anatomical descriptions of every family in its
proper order. Had it been at all possible to carry out this plan, it is certain that the
clumsy and artificial method he employed would have been greatly modified, but
with all its faults, the Historia contained the first real attempt at a system of
Conchology, and did much to bring that science into repute.

The work was produced at Lister's own expense (" Sumtibus authoris "), the
plates being altered, re-numbered and sometimes replaced as his ideas developed;
for this reason scarcely any two of the earlier copies are alike. The plates, which
amount to 1,067 m the most perfect copies, run consecutively throughout the work,
but the figures are numbered as species in the sections, each section commencing
with species 1.

1 The nomenclature used throughout this paper is based on Thiele's Handbuch, 1931 and 1935.

i4 THE SLOANE SHELL COLLECTION

The four books of the Historia are arranged and dated as follows :

Liber I.

1685.

Tab.

1 -105

Liber II.

1686.

>>

106-160

Liber III.

1687.

>>

161-445

Appendix.

1688.

>>

446-523

Liber IV.

1688.

>>

524-1025:

Liber IV.
Appendix.

1692 (1697).
Tab. 1026-1054:

Cochleis Terrestribus.

Turbinibus et Bivalvibus, aquae dulcis.

Bivalvibus marinis.

Conchitis Lapidibus.

Vermiculi, Dentalia et Patellae.

Polypis testaceis sive Nautilis.

Cochleis marinis.

Buccinis marinis.

Buccinitis lapidibus.

Mantissa and Appendicis Synopsin. Tab. 1055-1059.

The last five plates seem to have been drawn by different artists, most of the
specimens apparently being from collections other than those connected with the
present account.

Specimens Figured by Martin Lister

in the

Historia Sive Synopsis Methodica Conchyliorum

1685-1692

Sloane No.

1906. Strophochilus almeida (Spix).

Liber 1. Pars Prima, de Turbinibus Terrestribus.

Sectio 1. de Buccinis Terrestribus a sinistra dextrorsum tortilibus, laevibus,
edentulis.

Tab. 24, species 22. idem cum proxime superiore ?
Locality : Indiana Orientalem.

On pi. 23 Lister figured a fully-grown Borus oblongus, together with the large
egg and recently emerged young shell, and it appears from the description that
he thought his species 22 might be a further growth-stage of Borus ; but on this
occasion Lister's usual good judgment was at fault, the shells there figured belong-
ing to an entirely different species. The sculpture has been obliterated by polish-
ing, a fact that is indicated effectively by the strong high-lights shown in the
figures. .
1963. Acavus haemastoma (Linne) var. melanotragus (Born). figs. 4-8.

Liber I. Sectio 6. de Turbinibus terrestribus.
Tab. 45, species 43. cochlea latis et nigricantibus faciis donata.
1993. Ampullarius (Ceratodes) cornuarietis (Linne). figs. 9-12.

Liber II. Sectio 3. de Cochleis fluviatilibus compressis.

Tab. 136, species 40. cochlea maxima, compressa fasciata.

Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 10 (Helix), 1758, 771 ; ed. 12, 1767, 1244.

?. Pecten (Chlamys) squamosa (Gmelin). figs. 16-18.

Liber III. Pars prima, de bivalvibus imparibus testis.

Sectio 1. Caput 4. de Pectinibus inequaliter auritis, Dentatis.

THE SLOANE SHELL COLLECTION 15

Shane No.

Tab. 184, species 21. (No specific description.)

J. F. Gmelin in Linn. Syst. Nat., ed. 13 (Ostrea), i, 1790, 3319.

The following description of this specimen was written by Lister in one of the
Huddesford notes, and although it suits the shell admirably, it was not engraved
on the plate :

184.21. "This is the toothless under shell of a Scallop with a flat rib;
it is smooth and curiously marbled with a white and dark hair colour."

It is of interest to note that Lister was far in advance of his time in dividing
the species of Pecten into groups, based on the equality or inequality of the valves
and " ears " of the shells, and the attention given in his descriptions to the number
of ribs and varying character of shell sculpture, is comparable with the importance
attached to these same characters in the Pectinidae by present-day taxonomists.

1040. Placenta placenta (Linne).

Liber III. Pars secunda, de bivalvibus parts testis.

Sectio 1. Caput 2. de Pectinibus binis apophysibus longis conjunctis.

Tab. 225, species 60. Pecten planus pellucidus.

Tab. 226, fig. 61. Idem ex interna parte.

Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 10 (Anomia), 1758, 703 ; ed. 12, 1767, 1154.

3722. Area (Cunearca) brasiliana Lamarck.

Liber III. Sectio 2. Caput 1. de Pectunculis polyleptoginglymis ex altera parte

productiore.

Tab. 230, species 64a. (No specific description.)

1387. Area (Scapharca) granosa Linne.

Liber III. Sectio 2. Caput 2. de Pectunculis polyleptoginglymis margine rotunda,

striatis.

Tab. 241, species 78. Pectunculus striis magnis muricatis donatus.

164. Panopea glycimeris (Born).

Liber III. Sectio 10. Caput 1. de Chamae, ab altero tantum latere fere naturaliter

hiantibus.

Tab. 414, species 258. Chama glycymeris Aldrovandi.
Locality : Maris hispanic mediter. (Lister).

I. Born, Index Mus. Caesarei Vindobonensis {My a), 1778, 10.
Synonym : Panopea Aldrovandi Menard de la Groye.

Menard de la Groye, Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. (Paris), 9, 1807, 136.

Renamed by Menard when founding his genus Panopea, in honour of Aldro-
vandus, who was the first to describe and figure this shell in 1610. Born's own
figure and references to Aldrovandus and Lister show his Mya glycimeris to
have priority.

745. Pholas (Monothyra) orientalis Gmelin. figs. 19-21.

Liber III. Multivalvium. Sectio 1. de Pholadibus, i.e., trium testarum conchis,

cardinibus loculis quibusdam quasi per-
foratis.

Tab. 431, species 274. pholas albus, angustus, ad dimidium fere dorsi laevis.
J. F. Gmelin in Linn. Syst., ed. 13 (Pholas), i, 1790, 3216.

16 THE SLOANE SHELL COLLECTION

Shane No.

1013. Patella granularis Linne. fig. 29.

Liber IV. de Buccinis Marinis. Sectio 1. Caput 3. de Patellis vertice integro,

striatis, margine quasi
radiata.

Tab. 536, species 15. Patella subfusca, exiguis tuberculis, secundum strias, exasper-
ata.
Linn. Syst. Nat., ed. 10 {Patella), 1758, 782 ; ed. 12, 1767, 1258.

1 105. Capulus (Krebsia) intortus Lamarck. fig. 30.

Liber IV. Sectio 1. Caput 5. de Patellis vertice adunco, margine obliqua.

Tab. 544, species 32. Patella alba hirsuta striata, vertice intorto.
Locality : Barbados (Lister).

3696. Natica lineata Lamarck.

Liber IV. Sectio 5. Caput 1. de Cochleis Marinis of ice brevi, umbilicatis, sinu

aurito.

Tab. 559, species 1. Cochlea albida, crebris lineis subrufis transversim et undatim
ductis depicta.

Lamarck, An. Sans. Vert, vi, 1819, 201.

748. Natica canrena (Linne).

Liber IV. Sectio 5. Caput 1.

Tab. 560, species 4. Cochlea fusca, cujus tineas spirales aliquot albicantes.
2166. Natica cancellata Lamarck.

Liber IV. Sectio 5. Caput 1.

Tab. 561, species 8. (No specific description.)

749. Natica (Polynices) duplicata (Say).

Liber IV. Sectio 5. Caput 1.

Tab. 562, species 9. Cochlea alba, umbilico, Puluinata margine circumdato,
clavicula compressa.
Locality: Campeche. Ind. Oce. (Lister).
15 17. Natica millipunctata Lamarck.
Liber IV. Sectio 5. Caput 1.

Tab. 564, species 11. Cochlea clavicula compressa, punctis rufis densi depicta.
Lamarck, An. Sans. Vert., vi, 1819, 200.

1584. Natica fulminea (Gmelin). fig. 23.

Liber IV. Sectio 5. Caput 2. de Cochleis marinis apice brevi umbilico simplici.

Tab. 567, species 17. Cochlea clavicula compressa, lineis rufis undalis dense depicta.
J. F. Gmelin in Linn. Syst. Nat., ed. 13, i, 1790, 3672.

2701. Turbo (Lunella) porphyrites (Martyn).

Liber IV. Sectio 5. Caput 4. Cochleis marinis, basi brevi, apice ad oris initium

parum elato.
Tab. 576, species 29. Cochlea subviridis, umbilicata variegata.
209. Turbo marmoratus Linn6.

Liber IV. Sectio 5. Caput 6. de Cochleis marinis, apice mediocriter producta,

ore edentulo, laevibus.
Tab. 587, species 46. (No specific description.)

THE SLOANE SHELL COLLECTION 17

Sloane No.

1 108. Turritella exoleta (Linn6). figs. 13-15.

Liber IV. Sectio 5. Caput 7. de Cochleis marinis, apice mediocriter producta,

striatis.

Tab. 589, species 53. (No specific description.)

The Sloane shell reproduced on plate 5 was selected from several examples
in the collection, previous to a sight of the Bodleian drawing and now reproduced
above it on the same plate. From this it will be seen that the original, which
agrees with the engraving as far as the penultimate whorl, was made from a
damaged specimen lacking the full aperture.

A close study of Lister's plate reveals the fact that the damaged shell was
originally engraved as shown in the drawing, the incomplete last whorl being
later removed and completed from a more perfect specimen. The added portion
is somewhat darker than the rest of the figure, also faint traces of the original
shape are still discernible inside the aperture.

This engraving contains the work of both the artists, for the upper whorls
are definitely the work of Susanna Lister, the alteration being carried out in the
firmer style of Anna.

Although the Sloane specimen cannot now be claimed as the original of the
figure, it has been allowed to remain as an example of the care taken by Lister
to make his figures as perfect as possible. Several abandoned drawings, and
even finished engravings, of imperfect specimens have been seen among the
Bodleian and Radcliffe collections.

2659. Turritella variegata (Linne). fig. 27.

Liber IV. Sectio 5. Caput 9. de Cochleis marinis, clavicula tenuis et longis-

sima, laevibus.

Tab. 593, species 61. Cochlea variegate* parvum aut leviter striata parte orbis superi-
oris cujusq ; fortiore.

Although this figure was not referred to by Linne in either the 10th or 12th
edition of the Sy sterna, Hanley (p. 350) states that " List. 593 " was added to
the synonymy in a copy of the 12th edition, corrected and enlarged by Linne
- ( for his projected 13th edition.

2243. Cypraea mauritiana Linne. fig. 22.

Liber IV. Sectio. 10. de Rhombis sive strombis (pars prima).

Caput 8. de Rhombis edentulis, ore patulo, clavicula, compressa.

Tab. 748, species 43. Rhombus tenuis, ex fusco nebulatus, fasciatusq.

This figure is of a juvenile shell which had not passed the thin, sharp-lipped
stage of growth, and was therefore mistaken by Lister for a thin species of Conus.

2239. Conus (Chelyconus) janus Hwass. fig. 25.

Liber IV. Sectio 10 (pars secunda). Rhombis cylindro pyramidalibus.
Caput 5. de Rhombis fasciatis.

Tab. 785, specjes 33. Rhombus ex rufo fasciatus et undatus, clavicula tenui et
acuta.

Hwass in J. G. Bruguiere, Ency. Meth. (Vers), (2), 1792, 690.
1623. Conus (Leptoconus) generalis Linne.

Liber IV. Sectio 10 (pars secunda). Caput 5.
Tab. 786, species 35. Rhombus fasciatus et undatus clav. tenui.
Linn. Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 1767, 1166.

hist. 1, 1. 2

18 THE SLOANE SHELL COLLECTION

Shane No.

1797. Cymbium tesselata Lamarck. fig. 28.

Liber IV. Sectio 11. de Buccinis columella dentata.

Caput. 1. de Buccinis Persicis dictis.
Tab. 798, species 4. Buccinum P. fasciatum, clavicula muricibus covonata.
Fig. 5. An idem, corona detrita ?

The original of fig. 5 is a juvenile specimen, in which Lister had imagined the
spines to have been worn away, but actually they had only just commenced
to form, the first being clearly shown at the suture. A fully grown shell with
the full corona of spines was given in the previous plate (Tab. 797), with the
description quoted above. The figure was copied, with acknowledgments, from
Wenceslaus Hollar, who is said by Hind (p. 9) to have produced a series of thirty-
eight plates of shells, probably from the collection of the Duke of Arundel, about
1650, and there is little doubt that Lister gained inspiration from Hollar's work.

i Voluta (Aulica) scapha Gmelin. figs. 31-32.

Liber IV. Sectio 11. Caput 1.

Tab. 799, species 6. Buccinum persicum undatum, clavicula, paululum exevta.

J. F. Gmelin in Linn. Syst. Nat., ed. 13, i, 1790, 3468 (Voluta).

Repeated examination of this shell has failed to reveal any trace of a Sloane
number, but the excellence of the figure leaves no doubt whatever that it is
the original specimen drawn by Anna Lister in 1688.

2374. Cymbium aethiopicum (Linne).

Liber IV. Sectio II. Cap. 1.

Tab. 801, species 7b. (No specific description.)

J. F. Gmelin in Linn. Syst. Nat., ed. 13, i, 1790, 3465 (Voluta).

This figure was included by Gmehn in his synonymy, in addition to those
quoted by Linne\ and agrees tolerably well with the figures of Rumphius and
Argenville, usually considered by authors to conform to the original description.

1578. Lathyrus (Leucozonia) cingulifera (Lamarck). fig. 24.

Liber 4. Sectio 11. Caput 2. de Buccinis Musicis dictis.

Tab. 828, species 50. Buccinum dentatum, rostratum, fuscum, clavicula muricata.
Lamarck An. Sans. Vert, vii (Turbinella) , 1822, 107.

3871. Rostellaria rectirostris Lamarck. figs. 33-35.

Liber IV. Sectio 12. de Purpuris Bilinguibus.

Caput. 1. de Purpuribus Bilinguibus laevibus.

Tab. 854, species II. Buccinum B. laeve, clavicula longissima, rostro tenui cornuto,
labro muricato.

Lamarck, An. Sans. Vert., vii, 1822, 192.

2816. Strombus tricornis Lamarck.

Liber IV. Sectio 12. Caput 4. de Buccinis Bilinguibus digitalis.

Tab. 873, species 29. Buccinum Bilinguibus majus, ex rufo radiatum, muricatum,
unico digito in imo labro.

Lamarck, An. Sans Vert., vii, 1822, 201.

2276. Busy con py rum (Dillyn). fig. 26.

Liber IV. Sectio 13. de Buccinis ventricosis clavicula minus exerta.

Caput. 1. de Buccinis Ampullaceis, laevibus, aut certe minus asperis.

THE SLOANE SHELL COLLECTION 19

Shane No.

Tab. 877, species 1. (No specific description.)

This is one of the few shells to bear an original Courten label, which gives the
locality of the specimen as "Bay of Campeche." This label must have been in
existence in Lister's time, and it is curious that he did not add this locality to
his plate.

? Galeodes bucephala (Lamarck).

Liber IV. Sectio 13. Caput 1.

Tab. 885, species 6b. (No specific description.)
2303. Galeodes galeodes (Lamarck).

Liber IV. Sectio 13. Caput 1.

Tab. 895, species 15. Buccinum A. grave, subfuscum, rostro leviter umbilicato sive
sinuoso, muricatum, clavicula compressa. .

? Strombus pugilis Linn6.

Liber IV. Sectio 13. Caput 2. de Buccinis ampullaceis muricatis.
Tab. 906, species 26. (No specific description.)

Linn., Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1758, 744 ; ed. 12, 1767, 1209.

This shell is a monstrosity, in which the normally sharp spines are flattened
and paddle-shaped ; references to the figure given by Lister head the Linnean
synonymies in the tenth and twelfth editions of the Systema, in both of which
the further references given are to figures of the normal form.

One explanation for the inclusion of the monstrosity may be that the name
was given in the first place to Lister's figure, before normal examples had come
to the author's notice, an explanation that is supported by the aptness of the
name pugilis for the monstrosity rather than the normal form.

According to Hanley (p. 269), the reference to the figure was erased from
Linne's corrected copy of the twelfth edition.

? Murex (Homalocantha) rota Mawe.

Liber IV. Sectio 13. Caput 2.
Tab. 906, species 25. (No specific description.)
1481. Fasciolaria distans Lamarck. figs. 36-38.

Liber IV. Sectio 14. Buccinis et Rostratis et clavicula productiore.
Caput 1. de Buccinis utrinq, productioribus, Laevibus.
Tab. 910, species 1. Buccinum Rostratum, ponderosum, laeve, raris lineis rufis
circumdatum.
Locality : Campeche (Lister) .
Lamarck, An. Sans. Vert, vii, 1822, 119.

This shell stands in close relationship to Lamarck's type, as it was the only
one referred to in his synonymy.

? Fasciolaria gigantea Kiener.

Liber IV. Sectio 14. Caput 2. de Buccinis utrinq, productioribus, striis densis et

tenuioribus exasperatus.
Tab. 931, species 26. Buccinum R. duplicibus lineolis subfuscis circumdatum,
inter sinus nodosum.
There are two plates numbered 93 1 , the first only being given a species number
and description, and it has therefore been concluded that Lister considered the
specimen on the second (folding) plate, showing a full-sized figure of F. gigantea,
nineteen inches in length to be a large example of his species 26, (Fasciolaria
trapezium Lamarck,) the description being intended for both figures.

20 THE SLOANE SHELL COLLECTION

Sloane No.

? Bursa ( Bufonariella) scrobiculator Linne.

Liber IV. Sectio 14. Caput 4. de Buccinis utrinq productioribus striis Paucio-

sibus, labro duplicate donatis.

Tab. 943, species 39. Buccinum R. labro duplicate, dentate, duplici serie sinum
cavato.

Linn. Syst. Nat., ed. 12 (Murex), 1767, 1218.

3891. Murex (Muricantha) imperialis Swainson.

Liber IV. Sectio 14. Caput 4.

Tab. 944, species 39a. Buccinum R. labro duplicate, dentate, duplici serie sinum
cavato.

143. Charonia lampas (Linne).

Liber IV. Sectio 15. de Buccinis quibus rostrum Breve oris hiatum non excedens.
Caput 2. de Buccinis brevi rostris striatis.

Tab. 960, species 13. Buccinum brevi rostrum, maximum, ex rufo nebulatum,

nodosum.
Synonym Charonia nodiferum (Lamarck).
Lamarck, An. Sans. Vert, vii (Triton), 1822, 179.

3924. Cassis (Phalium) strigata Gmelin.

Liber IV. Sectio 15. Caput 7. de Buccinis auritis, sive rostro Recurvo donatis,

ventricosis.
Tab. 1014, species 78. (No specific description.)

Synonym : Cassis (Phalium) zebra Lamarck.
Lamarck, An. Sans. Vert., vii, 1822, 223.

In addition to the Sloane specimens already catalogued and recognized as those
figured by Lister, there is a balance of some fifty numbered shells for which localities
or donors' names do not appear in the Sloane catalogues, and as most of them are
the first, and sometimes the only specimens entered under individual numbers, it
is reasonably certain that they were from the collection of William Courten,
bequeathed to Sloane in 1702. Certain of these shells bear a close resemblance to
Lister's figures, and although they may not prove to be the actual specimens used,
they can safely be regarded as contemporary with them. The series includes some
of the oldest specimens in the collection, and it may be of interest to record a few
of these in detail.

Sloane No.

3805. Ampullarius urceus (Miiller).

O. F. Miiller, Verm. XX, 174, sp. 360 (Nerita), 1774.

Liber II. Sectio 1. de Cochleis Fluviatilibus.

Tab. 125, species 25. Cochlea maxima, e viridi nigricans.

Lister's figure and description indicates that the black periostracum, character-
istic of the species, was present in his specimen, but the Sloane shell is practically
white, this thin covering having been peeled off or removed by cleaning. The
figured shell has a thickened callosity on the columellar, but in other respects
closely resembles the contemporary Sloane specimen. Miiller gave the locality

THE SLOANE SHELL COLLECTION 21

Sloane No.

as "In Insulis Indiae," and noted that the species was edible. Dillwyn (p.
918) ends his description of this species with the remark that "it is generally
known by the name of the Cocoa Nut Snail." Alderson, who considered Lister's
figures of Ampullariidae to be the earliest extant (p. vii), gives a wide range for
this species in the West Indies and confirms Miiller's note that A . urceus is edible,
adding that the flesh of the animal is highly valued by the Indians as a restorative
to sobriety following debauches of the piwarri drink (p. 11).

488. Isocardia Humana (Linn6).

Liber III. Sectio 3. Cap 3. de Pectunculis laevibus Rostro Recurvo.

Tab. 275, species hi. Bucardia Aug. Scilla.

Locality : Mar. Adriatico (Lister).

This species, formerly known as Isocardia Coy (L.), the Heart Cockle, was cata-
logued by Sloane as " the original shell of the Bucardites," meaning no doubt that
it was the living representative of the fossil forms, for which the name Bucardia
had been used by Imperato as early as 1599. Augustino Scilla used the name
in 1670 in his work on the comparison between recent and fossil shells, giving
an excellent figure (tab.xvi, f, A. A.), and the description " Rarissima concha,
quae bucardia appelata." References to both these early workers appear in
the Sloane catalogue in the handwriting of James Empson. Lister gave two
figures of this shell on his plate 275, the upper showing the interior of one valve,
and the lower a complete specimen with the valves partly open, copied from
Buonanni (fig. 88). The right valve of the Sloane specimen fits the upper figure
precisely and may well be the original of Lister's plate.

1895. Borus oblongus (Muller).

Surinam (Sloane).

O. F. Muller. Verm., 11, 86, sp. 284 (Helix), 1774.

Liber I. Sectio 1. de Buccinis Terrestribus a sinistra dextrorsum tortilibus, laevibus,
edentulis.

Tab. 23, species 21. Buccinum admodum crassum, ingens, quinq, orbium, laeviter
purpurascens.

Surinam (Lister). Oviparum.

From contemporary correspondence it appears that the specimens figured on
Lister's plate were received by Courten from Surinam early in 1690, and passed on
to Lister for illustration. The figures show an adult B. oblongus, with a thickened
lip, together with the large egg, and a recently emerged young shell. The brief
mention of the arrival of this novelty in letters passing between Lister, Ray and
Lhwyd, during April and May, 1690, gives the impression that they were not a little
puzzled by the size of the young shells received compared to the egg, but as the
contents of Lister's letter is not known, the correct explanation of his problem must
remain in doubt.

Lister apparently first mentioned the matter in a letter to Lhwyd dated 4th
April, 1690, for in a postscript to his reply the following month (quoted by Gunther,
1945, p. 102) Lhwyd says: " I thank you for yr account of ye shell from Suranam.
Its strange if ye young snayles be hard, & twise as big as ye shell immediately
upon exclusion." In the interval between his receipt of Lister's letter and his

22 THE SLOANE SHELL COLLECTION

reply Lhwyd included an account of these " snayles " in a letter to John Ray,
who replied on 7th May. 1690, saying: " The snail you write off, received by
Mr. Charlton from Surinam is very strange and remarkable. But how ye young
snayle hatch't of ye egges should come to be twice so big as ye egges, I understand
not." (Gunther, 1928, p. 207.) Lister's figure of the young shell is a little larger
than the egg figured on the same plate, and it is quite possible that some of the
eggs sent to Courten hatched out, and increased the size of their shells in transit.

Lister hastened to illustrate adult and juvenile shells in an early edition of the
Historia, where the plate appears without the "Tab 6" added when it was re-issued
as pi. 6 in his Exercitatio Anotomica, published in 1694. The altered plate, still
bearing the " Tab. 6," was replaced in its former position, and appeared thus in the
second and third (Huddesford) editions. In a copy of the work given by Lister to
John Ray (B.M.435, f. 18) the plate appears without heading or number, a
fact that provides further proof that most early copies varied in some respect, and
confirms the opinion of Da Costa (1776, p. 35) that " a second edition was published
at one time, which was soon after the completion of the first edition of 1692."

The specimen of B. oblongus figured by Lister appears from the thickened lip to
be the variety crassa Albers, but the Sloane specimen is normal, a condition that
does not affect the opinion that it is contemporary, and probably from the same
sending as the figured specimen.

Section II.

This section deals with specimens now extant, figured and described by James
Petiver from 1698 to 1712, a period which covered the majority of his contributions
to the Philosophical Transactions (Journal of the Royal Society), The Monthly
Miscellany, or Memoirs for the Curious, and his most important work, the Gazo-
phylacium Naturae et Artis. Petiver 's main interest seems to have been to obtain
complete faunas and smaller localized collections, to be reported upon and kept
intact thereafter, an object that is referred to with some warmth in an editorial printed
in the Transactions for 1703 (pp. 1411-1412) announcing the completion of the first
part, or " Decade," of the Gazophylacium, in which the writer (surely Petiver him-
self?) remarks that " one advantage will accrue, by publishing these things in
Decades, that of preserving them entire, which are too often mangled, scatter'd, or
absconded by change of hands." Unfortunately these fears were realized when
Petiver's collections came into Sloane's possession in 1718, for although they were
duly catalogued, all the specimens from these local collections were added to his
own, piecemeal. This was partly due to Petiver's own carelessness in storing his
specimens, for in the preface to the Natural History of Jamaica (vol. ii, p. 4) Sloane
says that " Mr. Petiver put them in heaps, with sometimes small labels of paper,
where they were many of them injured by Dust, Insects, Rain, etc.,"; similar
confusion reigned among the papers dealing with the collections, and it was only
by long and tedious work on the part of the new owner that the material was put
in order and catalogued to his satisfaction.

As in the first section of the present catalogue, Petiver's figures and descriptions
are arranged in order of publication, with localities and collectors' names, preceded

THE SLOANE SHELL COLLECTION 23

by the Sloane number and modern name. Full Latin and English descriptions
are only given for items from the Gazophylacium.

Specimens Figured by James Petiver

in the

Gazophylacium Naturae et Artis

1702-1709

Sloane No.

1 183. Trochus radiatus Gmelin.

PI. 20, fig. 4. Trochus Indicus 4 rubro & pallido radiatus.
Bay of Bengal. Mr. Stocker.
1 108. Turritella exoleta (Linne).

PI. 46, fig. 7. Unicomu Nevisense, gyris cavis.
" Hollow twirl'd nevis unicorn."
There is little doubt that, although Petiver had several specimens of this shell,
the figure was copied from Lister's plate 589, sp. 53.

2814. Murex (Bolinus) brandaris Linne.

PI. 68, fig. 12. Murex mediter. aculeis rigidis brevibus.

" The Mediterranean common thorny Murex. Frequent in the Levant on the
European shores." Mus. Pet. Cat., 150.
2166. Natica cancellata Lamarck.

PI. 69, fig. 5. Cochlea caro. rimis tessellatis undata.

" Carolina Lattice furrowed, Welsh Pot shell." Mus. Pet. Cat., 566.
1594. Strombus gigas Linn6. (Juvenile.)

PL 74, fig. 1. Murex Jam. fasciata nodosa.

" Marbled Jamaica Murex, with knotty Twirls." Mus. Pet. Cat., 579.
1 105. Pileopsis intorta Lamarck.

PI. 95, fig. 12. Patella Barbadensis cancellata, rostro sinistro.

" Small Latticed Barbadoes Limpet with a crooked nose tending to the right."
Mus. Pet. Cat., 582.

179. Coitus (Rollus) geographus Linne\

PI. 98, fig. 8. Molucceus laevis, ex rufo alboque marmoratus.
" Light Molucca Cloath-shell." Mus. Pet. Cat., 244.
Linn. Syst. Nat., ed. 12 (conus), 1767, 1172.

? Cymatium (Distortrix) anus (Linn6).

PI. 99, fig. 10. Buccinum Luz. ore parvo valde rugoso & lacerto (Luzon).

PI. 74, fig. 9. " An elegant rugged shell with flat lips from Pulo Condore." Mus.
Pet. Cat., 238.
Linn. Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1758, 750 ; ed. 12, 1767, 1218.

Petiver gave two figures of this shell, one good and easily recognized, the
other poor and badly drawn, but not too badly for Linne to recognize, for both
figures are quoted in the synonymies of this species in the 10th and 12th editions.

749. Natica (Polynices) didyma (Bolten).

PI. 99, fig. 15. Cochlea crassa, clavicula compressa.
" Flat headed Luzone thick shell."

24 THE SLOANE SHELL COLLECTION

Shane No.

2846. Bursa rana (Linn6).

PI. 100, fig. 12. Murex alatus, circulis pulchre asperis.

" Borneo thorny curl'd Murex, brought from that island by Mr. John Ranee,
Surgeon." Mus. Pet. Cat., 249.

Linn. Syst. Nat. (Murex), ed. 10, 1758, 748 ; ed. 12, 1767, 1216.
3696. Natica lineata Lamarck.

PL 101, fig. 9. Cochlea auriculata fasciis castaneis pulchre obliquiis.
Collectiana Petiveriana, iii, 297.
" Brought from Bombay by Mr. Alex Christie, Surgeon."
983. Murex (Acupurpura) ternispina Lamarck.

PL 101, fig. 16. Buccinum ampullaceum rostratum striatum, triplici ordine muricum
exasperatum.

" From Bombay by Mr. Alex Christie."

1 1 14. Turritella duplicata (Linne).

PL 102, fig. 20. " Among the Bombay shells collected by Mr. Alex Christie, Sur-
geon."

The description given by Petiver for this shell refers to T. variegata, copied in
error from Lister, and noted as such by Sloane, in his own catalogue.

Specimens Described by James Petiver

in the

Philosophical Transactions and Memoirs for the Curious

1698-1708
Sloane No.

1982. Polygyra albolabris Say.

Maryland, Virginea. Rev. Hugh Jones.

Phil. Trans. No. 246, p. 395, species 3, 1698.
Mem. Cur., p. 97, species 3, 1708.

1 8 10. Bursa rhodostoma (Reeve).

Island of Ascension. Dr. James Cunningham.

Phil. Trans., No. 255, p. 295, species 19, 1699.

2220. Pirula ventricosus (Sowerby).

Fort St. George. Mr. Edward Bulkley, Surgeon.
Phil. Trans., No. 271, p. 860, species 8, 1701.

1 8 14. Cerithium nodulosum Bruguiere.

Mauritius. Mr. Roche.

Unicornu Mauritianum fasciis nodosis & striatis.

Phil. Trans., No. 271, p. 860, species 10, 1701.

" Mr. Roche first brought me this from Maurice his Island (which Seamen
commonly call the Morushias)."

2223. Conus (Hermes) nussatella Linne\

Fort St. George. Mr. Edward Bulkley, Surgeon.

" Rhombus madraspatanica — The Caterpilla."

Phil. Trans., No. 271, p. 860, species 3, 1701.

THE SLOANE SHELL COLLECTION 25

Sloane No.

2121. Patella barbara Linne\

Moluccas. Sylvanus Landon & Rowleston Jacobs.
Phil. Trans., No. 274, p. 927, species 2, 1701.
1458. Conus (Chelyconus) testudinarius Broderip.
Moluccas. Landon & Jacobs.

" Light Molucca Cloath shell."
Phil. Trans., No. 274, p. 929, species 9, 1701.
48. Fasciolaria trapezium Lamarck.
Moluccas. Landon & Jacobs.

Phil. Trans., No. 274, p. 932, species 21, 1701.
115. Telescopium telescopium (Linne).

Bengal. Mr. Samuel Brown, Botanist.

Phil. Trans., No. 276, p. 1027, species 3, 1701.
2827. Murex (Muricantha) stainforthi Reeve.
Fort St. George. Mr. Edward Bulkley.

Phil. Trans., No. 276, p. 1029, species 40, 1701.
3925. Terebralia sulcatus (Born).

Bengal. Mr. Samuel Brown, Botanist.

Phil. Trans., No. 276, p. 1029, species 42, 1701.
3976. Area (Argina) campechiensis Gmelin.

Bay of Campeche. Mr. Robert Rutherford.
Phil. Trans., No. 282, p. 1266, species 2, 1702.
3722. Area (Cunearca) braziliana Lamarck.
Carolina. Mr. Robert Rutherford.

Phil. Trans., No. 299, p. 1953, species 5, 1705.
2646. Natica (Polynices) duplicata Say.
Carolina. Madame Williams.

Phil. Trans., No. 299, p. 1958, species 29, 1705.
Mem. Cur., g. 125, May, 1708.

750. Busy con carica (Gmelin).

Carolina. Madame Williams.

Phil. Trans., No. 299, p. 1958, species 32, 1705.
Mem. Cur., p. 191, July, 1708.

1805. Busy con carica (Gmelin).

Island of Triss. Mr. Fyfield, Surgeon.
Carolina. Madame Williams.

Phil. Trans., No. 299, p. 1959, species 35, 1705.

Mem. Cur., p. 190, July, 1708.

1584. Natica fulminea Lamarck.

Fort St. George. Mr. Fawcett.
Mem. Cur., p. 125, May, 1708.

26 THE SLOANE SHELL COLLECTION

Sloane No.
173. Achatina purpurea (Gmelin).
Cape Coast.

Mem. Cur., p. 126, May, 1708.
1787. Conus (Chelyconus) corona-civica Roding.
Barbados.

Mem. Cur., p. 158, April, 1708.
1387. Area (Anodara) granosa Linne\
Malacca. Mr. Colvill, Surgeon.
" Warty India Barg Cockle."
Mem. Cur., p. 227, August, 1708.
1383. Area (Navicula) bistrigata Dunker.
Borneo.

Mem. Cur., p. 227, August, 1708.
291. Tridacna imbricata Roding.

E. Indies.

" Large scallopt basin shell."

Mem. Cur., p. 256, August, 1708.

752. Gibbula magus (Linne).

Coast of England, Ireland & " Nova Zembla."

" Knotted Top Shell."

Mem. Cur., p. 286, August (?), 1708.

1 108. Turritella exoletus (Linn6).

Barbados. Mrs. Newport.

Mem. Cur., p. 126, May, 1708.
2659. Turritella variegatus (Linne).

Fort St. George. Mr. Fawcett.

Mem. Cur., p. 126, May, 1708.

1 109. Turritella tortulosa Kiener.

Guinea.

Mem. Cur., p. 126, May, 1708.
Mus. Pet. Cat., p. 69, No. 736.

Section III

Specimens of the Shells Collected by Sir Hans Sloane

During his Visit to Jamaica

1687-1689

Introductory notes

At the age of twenty-seven Dr. Hans Sloane set sail from Plymouth on 5th October
1687, in the service of the newly appointed Governor of Jamaica, the Duke of
Albemarle, arriving safely at that island on 19th December in the same year. His

THE SLOANE SHELL COLLECTION 27

declared intention when accepting the appointment as Physician to the Duke and
his family was to learn and record as much about the medical resources and natural
history of Jamaica as his free time from professional duties would allow. Several
stops were made during the voyage, the longest being at Barbados, where Sloane
spent ten profitable days collecting and making notes upon all he saw, both as doctor
and naturalist. The Duke's vessel, the " Assistance," arrived at Port Royal,
Jamaica, on 19th December, and from that time until embarking for the return
voyage to England on 16th March, 1688-9, Dr. Sloane was continually busy giving
medical attention to the European residents and natives of the island, and collecting
sufficient natural history specimens to satisfy even his acquisitive tastes. He had
many requests from John Ray and other botanists for information which would
resolve their doubts about the descriptions of plants to be found in that part of
America, and it is remarkable that he found time to attend to these requests, in
addition to collecting much of the material to be used later in his voluminous Natural
History of Jamaica.

The shells found on the shores and in the woodlands of the island were very fully
described on pages 227 to 265 of Volume Two, which, for various reasons, did not
appear until 1725, nearly thirty-six years after his return from the voyage, and
twenty years after the publication of Volume One. During the long interval
between Sloane's return and the completion of his work, both Lister and Petiver
had figured and described many of the species, and in some instances the actual
specimens, included in his chapters dealing with the " Testacea " or shells, and it
was probably for this reason that only three of Sloane's large number of plates
were devoted to them. Full references to the figures in these previous publications,
with copies of the Latin descriptions of Lister and Petiver, were given for each
species, followed by additional descriptions and locality notes in English.

In the following catalogue of the surviving specimens of Sir Hans Sloane's Jamaica
shells, it has seemed expedient to shorten some of the lengthy English descriptions,
unimportant passages deleted being indicated by a series of dots.

Chapter I. Of Land and River Snails
Sloane No.
1983. Pleurodonte acuta (Lamarck) var. patina C. B. Adams.

Species I, page 227. fig. 39.

Cochlea terrestris maxima, compressa, fusca, ore unico dente donato . . . Tab.
240, fig. 6.7. List Hist. Conch., Tab. 95, No. 96? Cochlea Jamaicensis major
compressa unidens. Pet. Mem. Cur., anno 1708, p. 98, No. 12.

This shell was dark brown on the upper side, and lighter brown on the under,
with one dark Belt or Fascia. It was about an Inch and a half in Diameter,
compress'd, or a very little raised, had about six spiral circumvolutions, which
had on them capillary oblique Striae. The mouth was a little purplish, and had
in it one tooth. This varies in magnitude being found sometimes not over half
the Bigness of this here describ'd.

I found it in Jamaica and brought it hence.

28 THE SLOANE SHELL COLLECTION

Sloane No.

1357. Pleurodonte acuta (Lamarck var. lucerna (Mull.).
Species II, page 227.
Eadam paulo minor alba, ore duobus dentibus donato . . . List Hist. Conch.,
Tab. 83, No. 87. Cochlea Jamaicensis depressa bidens. Pet. Gaz. Nat., Tab. 21,
fig. 6, Cat. p. 576. Mem. Cur., anno 1708, No. 13.

This is about one third Part less and white, otherwise the same in every respect.
I had it with the former.

2008. Pleurodonte acuta (Lamarck). Typical.
Species IV, p. 228.
Cochlea terrestris major, compressa, fusca, ore duobus dentibus donato.

This is not over half the bigness of the first, and hath two teeth in its Mouth,
and is of a brown colour, otherways exactly like it. I had it with the others.

1695. Pleurodonte (Eurycratera) aspera (Ferussac). fig. 41.

Species XI, p. 229.
Cochlea terrestris, maxima, albida, spiris parum elatis, ore tribus dentibus donato,
repando . . . List Hist. Conch., Tab. 94, No. 95.

This is two Inches long, about an Inch and a half broad, it consists of three
Circumvolutions or Spirae, more raised than any of the former, and they end in a
large, wide, brownish Purple Mouth, in which are three teeth set close together.

I found this snail in the Inland Woods where it was feeding on the leaves of
trees.

Chapter II. Of Patellae or Limpets

? Chiton (Acanthopleura) granulatus (Gmelin). fig. 45.

Species XI, page 233.

Patella oblonga, articulata, articulis extus, subfuscis, intus, e viridi caerulais . . .
Pet. Gaz. Nat., Tab. 1, fig. 3.

This, which sticks to Rocks under the Sea Water in Jamaica after the manner
of Limpets, is about two Inches long, one broad, made up of eight pieces or joints
laid over one another. Each of the six middlemost Joints is striated two ways
on each side, and smooth in the Top or Middle, of a dark brown Colour above,
and bluish green underneath. The whole Margin is made up of a Skin, on which
are many round rais'd Points, which are also on the first and last joints of the
shell.

I found it of several Magnitudes, sticking to the Rocks under water, on the
North side of the Island of Jamaica near Don Christopher's Cove. I have had
joints of it from Nieves.

? Species XII.

Patella oblonga, articulata, articulis extus albus, intus, e viridi fuscis.

It is the same in every Respect, only the colour on the outside is white and
hath no Striae, whether naturally, or that a Matter precipitated from the Sea
Water hath filled it up, I cannot determine.

These two descriptions refer to the same species, as Sloane seemed to
realize, the lack of colour and striae in the latter being due to erosion and
exposure to sun and air, a condition to which old specimens living just below
highwater mark are particularly liable. The specimen illustrated has a
small label attached, bearing the faint trace of a number, and the abbre-
viation " Jam " (Jamaica) in Sloane's writing.

THE SLOANE SHELL COLLECTION 29

Chapter V. Of Nerits
Sloane No.

1531. Nerita polita Linne. fig. 42.

Species I, page 237.

Nerita utrinque dentalus ore citrino, eleganter <&> undatim variegatus. List Hist.

Conch., Tab. 600, No. 17.

This is more than an Inch long, half as broad, white, thick, and all over mark'd
with undulated and variously shap'd Fasciae or Belts of dark brown colour. The
mouth is tooth'd towards the Volutae and yellow ... I found it in Jamaica
with black and Purplish Fasciae, and have it with yellow and reddish Fasciae.
It comes also from the Island of Mauritius near Madagascar.

Chapter VI. Of Sea-snails <S» Trochi

177. Trochus (Livona) pica (Linne). fig. 48.

Species V, page 240.
Trochus maximus, laevis, ex nigro maculatus. List Hist. Conch. Tab. 640, No. 30
. . . Petiver Mus., p. 88, 845. Gaz. Nat., Tab. 70, fig. 9. The Large Barbadoes
Magpie Top-Shell. Mem. Cur., anno 1708, p. 126.

This shell is three Inches in diameter at the round Base ... It is very solid
and ponderous, smooth, within white and shining, as if silver'd over. The outside
is of the same shiny colour, under a crust or outward skin marbled or variegated
with white and black spots and streaks.

These are common in the Seas of Jamaica, and are eaten by some people, being
of various Sizes. They are also found in the Seas near Barbadoes, Nieves, the
River Missisipi and the Bahama Islands.
752. Trochus (Gibbula) magus (Linn6). fig. 44.

Species VII, page 240.
Trochus parvus, striatis, undatim ex fusco dense radiatus. List Hist. Conch., Tab.
641, No. 31 ... List Hist. Animal. Angl., 166, Titulus 15.

I found this on the Shoars of Jamaica, and could observe no difference in it
from that met with on the Coasts of England, Scotland and Nova Zembla, from
all which Places I have had it brought me.

It appears that this Mediterranean and W. African species could only
have been introduced in ballast, as no record of its occurrence in the West
Indies has been found to date.
1 55 1. Astrea (Astralium) longispina (Lamarck).
Species VIII, page 240-241.
Trochus planior pyramidalis, striatus, muricibus radiatim ad marginem. List.
Hist. Conch., tab. 622 & 623, No. 9. Pet. Mem. Cur., anno 1708, p. 128, No. 19.
The diameter of this at the base ... is an inch, 'tis half as high from the
Base to the Apex. It hath several long apices, or extant points, along the Margin
of the Volutae, is white and shining like Pearl, when the outward whitish rough
skin is taken off.

I found this with other shells on the Coast of Jamaica.

1443. Astrea (Cyclocantha) calcar (Linne). fig. 49.

Species VIII, page 240-241.

This specimen was catalogued by Sloane as a variant of the previous
species, probably confusing it with the earlier growth stages, which are
much flatter than the mature shells.

30 THE SLOANE SHELL COLLECTION

Sloane No.

1444. Astraea (Lithopoma) imbricatum (Gmelin).
Species IX, page 241.

Trochus pyramidalis, albidus, striatus, muvicatus. List Hist. Conch., Tab. 628,
No. 14 ... Pet. Mem. Cur., anno 1708, p. 128, No. 18 ?.

This is about an Inch in Diameter at the Base, about an Inch and a half high
from the Base to the Apex or End of the circumvolutions, which are muricated
for their whole length as the former, and have besides transverse Ridges and
Furrows very frequently of a reddish white colour.

I found one of them on the Shoar of Jamaica, with a Hermit Crab in it.

Two specimens of this species are extant, the smaller being the one de-
scribed above, collected by Sloane himself, and the other from Petiver's
collection recorded in 1708. It is quite possible that the former is the shell
figured by Lister, for the locality " Jamaica " is engraved on the plate.

1916, 1917. Astraea (Lithopoma) tuber (Linnd).

Species X, page 241.

Trochus major variegatus, ex viridi rufoq ; basi laevi, striis maltum extantibus dis-
tinctus. List Hist. Conch., Tab. 646, No. 38 ... Pet. Mem. Cur., anno 1708,
p. 128, No. 20.

This is about an Inch and a half in diameter at the Base where it is smooth.
It is about an Inch high from thence to the Apex or End of the Volutae which
are all underneath like Mother of Pearl and shining, and has a few transverse
Ribs and hollows between ... It is cover'd all over with a white Crust and
with Lines and Spots of reddish green and brown.

I found it plentifully on the Shores of the Island Jamaica.

Chapter VI. Of Buccina whose Spirae are Short

1787. Conus (Stephanoconus) coronacivica Roding fig. 46.

Species VII, page 243.

Rhombus Cylindro pyramidalis, brevis, minor, striatus, e fusco &■ albo variegatus,
clavicula levita nodosa 6- mucronata.

This shell is more than an Inch long, a little more than half an Inch broad
. . . The opening of the mouth is very narrow and straight, and there are
extant points or blunt apices like knots on the Ends of the Circumvolutions
. . . and the first and greatest Part of the shell is very pleasantly clouded with
white and brown clouds variously shaped covering it, over which are discernable
some striae.

I found it on the Shores of Jamaica.

Chapter VII. Of Buccina whose Spirae are longer and smooth

1482. Fasciolaria tulipa (Linne).
Species VII, page 245.

Buccinum rostratum grande, raris lineis circumdatum laeve, non nisi ima parte cujusq ;

orbis striata. List Hist. Conch., Tab. 911, fig. 2. Buccinum Jam. fasciatum tenue.

Pet. Mem. Cur., anno 1708, p. 190, No. 14.

This is about four Inches long, one and a half broad in the middle where broadest
. . . 'tis all over smooth and of a purplish white colour, having large Spots of
a brown colour all over the Volutae, and several brown Lines running spirally

THE SLOANE SHELL COLLECTION 31

the same course, so that I am something doubtful if that from Campeche figur'd
by Dr. Lister ib. Tab. 910 fig. 1 be not the same shell, only the marbled brown
spots worn out and the lines remaining. It hath a wide, long Mouth without
teeth.

I found these of several Magnitudes and Ages in the Seas adjoining to Jamaica,
and have had it from the Island Beata and River Mississipi.

Lister, Petiver and Sloane had each noticed certain differences between
the several examples of this shell known to them, Lister going so far as to
figure and describe a smooth, pale form with widely spaced lines separately,
but it was not until 1822 that Lamarck confirmed the suspicions of these
early workers, and finally separated the shell now known as Fasciolaria
distans from its congener F. tulipa (Linne).

Chapter VIII. Of Buccina whose Spirae are long and muricated

Sloane No.

1594. Strombus gigas Linne.

Species I, page 247-248.

Buccinum bilingue maximum, labro maxime patente purpureo, clavicula muricata.
List Hist. Conch., Tab. 863, depict . . . Pet. Mem. Cur., anno 1708, p. 189,
No. 1.

This is one of the largest Shells, very weighty and ponderous . . . The
inside is extremely well polish'd and of a fine scarlet colour, and is made into
Buttons being set in Gold or Silver . . .

I had it from Jamaica. It is also found near Cartagena, in America, and in
great plenty on the Shores of the Leeward Part of Barbados, where they are eaten
and taste like tripe. They likewise there make Lime of them.

Species II. Idem minus.

This is perhaps not differing but only the younger ones of the former. It is
not striated nor of so fine a red Colour within, but otherwise the same. I had it
with the former.

It appears from Sloane's description that the shell figured by Lister was
in his own collection, but no fully-grown specimens bearing a catalogue
number have yet been located, only a young one, bearing a particularly
clear number and obviously belonging to his " Idem minus " quoted above.

1594. Strombus gigas Linne. Juvenile. fig. 43.

Species III, page 248.

Buccinum ampullaceum striatum, clavicula muricata, apertura leviter purpurascente.
List Hist. Conch., Tab. 886, fig. 7 ... 887, fig. 8, & 888, fig. 9. Murex Jamai-
censis, fasciata, nodosa. Pet. Cat., p. 579. Mem. Cur., anno 1708, p. 189, No. 6.
Marbled Jamaica Murex with Knotty Twirls. Gaz. Nat., Tab. 74, No. 1.

The Sloane and Petiver specimens described above are both early growth
stages of the previous species ; the marbled pattern frequently persists until
the formation of the large spines, eventually becoming covered up by the
succeeding whorls. All three of Lister's figures quoted above are various
early stages of S. gigas, and apparently regarded by him as fully grown shells.

The fact that Sloane catalogued the marbled form under the same number
as the later stages indicates that he suspected that they were all one and the
same species.

32 THE SLOANE SHELL COLLECTION

Sloane No.

1 130. Cerithium (Rhinoclavis) articulatum Adams & Reeve.

Species IV, page 248. fig. 40.

Buccinum recurvirostrum, claviculatum, striatum d>> asperum. List Hist. Conch.,
Tab. 1018, fig. 80.

This is about an inch long, half an Inch in Diameter near the mouth, where it
taper 'd to the End. It hath a round Mouth, in one Corner of which is a crooked
Bill or Rostrum . . . J found it on the Shores in Jamaica.
1578. Lathyrus (Leucozonia) cingulijera (Lamarck).

Buccinum rostratum, dentatum, fuscum, spiris nodosis. List Hist. Conch., Tab.
828, No. 50. Pet. Mem. Cur., anno 1708, p. 158, No. 32.

This is about an Inch long . . . The Spirae are brown, striated, and have
Nodi, or blunt Apices the Length and Duct of their Course . . . The mouth
is narrow and tooth'd. It is sometimes twice as large.
I had it from Jamaica, Barbados and St. Christophers.

There are two specimens of this species in the collection, one of which
is the shell figured by Lister on Tab. 828 of the " Historia."
3891. Murex (Muricantha) imperialis Swainson.
Species IX, page 250.
Buccinum rostratum, labro duplicato, longius, striis latis & eminentibus distinctum,
sinuosum. List Hist. Conch., Tab. mut., 944 depict.

This is about three Inches long, two broad in the Middle . . . and as high.
'Tis all over of a whitish colour, and thick set with extant Ridges, and between
them deep furrows running the length of the Volutae.
I found this shell on the Shore of Jamaica.

Sloane appears to have been mistaken in his measurements, for the original
shell described above is somewhat larger than stated, and still further en-
larged in Lister's figure, but there is no doubt that it is the actual specimen
used, Sloane's own abbreviations, " mut " and " depict " indicating that
the shell had been lent for drawing.
192. Melongena tnelongena (Linne).
Species XIV, page 251.
Buccinum ampullaceum fasciatum, muricatum, labro patentiore. List Hist. Conch.,
Tab. 904. No. 24 ... Murex Jamaicensis multiformiter spinosus. Pet. Mem.
Cur., anno 1708, p. 189.

This is about three Inches long, about two broad and as high. 'Tis of a whitish
colour, and hath many large brown Belts or Fasciae upon the first Circumvolution,
which marks the greatest Part of the Shell, and is set with Rows of very large
sharp Prickles . . .

I found them plentifully on the Shores of Jamaica.

In the latter part of his long description Sloane mentions that he obtained
specimens of all sizes and colourings, with and without spines. The shell
recovered from this series is a large, white specimen, mentioned as such
in the catalogue.
200-204/226, 227. Murex (Chicoreus) ramosus Linne.
Species XV, page 251-252.
Purpura sive Murex Pelagius marmoreus. Fab. Col. p. lx. Buccinum rostratum
triplici ordine Muricum canaliculatorum horridum. List Hist. Conch., Tab. 946,

THE SLOANE SHELL COLLECTION 33

No. 41. Murex Americanos valde rugosus. Pet. Mem. Cur., anno 1708, p. 190,
No. 8.

This is about four Inches long, very near three broad and high . . . The
whole shell is white within and smooth. The mouth is sinuated, over which
hollows are Prickles or Murices, with many of which there seems to have been
no communication with the Fish in the Shell. The whole shell is of a reddish
brown colour, and striated spirally. They are sometimes milk white, which
may come from the loss of their outward skin, by polishing or accidents.

They are found of several Magnitudes on the Shores of Jamaica and I have
had them from Nieves.

Several species of Murex were included under the catalogue numbers
quoted above, thought by Sloane to be only variations of the same species
from different localities. This error in identification was quite pardonable,
for the species grouped together under the several numbers are even now
difficult to separate, owing to their inconstancy of colour and formation of
the spines.

Murex calcitrapa Lamarck and M. sinensis Reeve are both included in the
series of specimens recovered, ranging, as stated by Sloane, from milk-white
to a reddish-brown.

Chapter X. Of Bivalv'd Shells
Sloane No.

1419. Chama macerophylla Gmelin. fig. 47.

Species III, page 255.

Spondylus minor subrubra, tenuis, imbricatus, apice distorto, cavitate interiore auri-
culam referens. Tab. 241, fig. 4, 5, 6, 7.

The greater Valve of this Shell was about an Inch diameter, had an Apex very
much distorted . . . The outward side of the shell was cover'd with extant
Scales and hollow Apices of a reddish white colour. The smaller Valve was almost
flat, and in the inside, resembled a human Ear . . .

I found it on the Shores of Jamaica.

Only a single upper valve of this species has been recovered, but it bears
a remarkably clear number, written on the shell in ink that has scarcely
faded since it was applied nearly two-hundred-and-fifty years ago.

1344. Area (Scapharca) trapezia Deshayes.

Species VIII, page 257.

Pectunculus major, polyginglymus, hirsutus. Tab. 241, fig. 14, 15, 16. List Hist.
Conch., Tab. 236, No. 70. An idem Tab. mut. 232, No. 66, depict.

This is a very large Cockle, about three Inches longways, and near as much
in Breadth, the two valves are about two Inches in depth . . . The shell is
join'd at the Hinge for about two Inches in Length by numerous small Teeth
and Cavities. It is on the outside all cover'd over with a brown Membrane thick
set with short Bristles or strong Hairs.

I found it in the Sea adjoining Jamaica where it is used for Food.

At the end of the Introduction to the second volume of the Natural History of
Jamaica, the author included some miscellaneous plates, following on consecutively
from a similar series at the end of the Introduction to the first volume. Plate XI
of volume two was devoted to illustrations of certain gastropod shells sent to him

HIST. I. I. 3

34 THE SLOANE SHELL COLLECTION

from the Straits of Magellan, quite neatly engraved, but in all cases reversed, a
fault that also occurs in the two plates of shells described in Book III of this second
volume. It is curious that Sloane should have allowed this to happen, particularly
in view of his long acquaintance with Lister's Historia Conchyliorum, a work in
which such a mistake never occurs, the only sinistral shells figured being those that
are naturally reversed, as in certain species of Busy con and Amphidromus.

A companion shell to figure 3 on introductory plate XI has been recovered,
considerably larger than the figure, but having the same black periostracum,
characteristic of the species, and the same white patches due to incrustation by a
Polyzoan. Sloane does not mention the donor of these Magellan shells, but they
were probably sent by Mr. Handisyd, whose name appears more than once in the
relative catalogue entries.

Sloane No.

2931. Voluta (Cymbiola) ancilla (Solander).

Volume II, page viii, plate XI, figure 3.

Buccinum angustum laeve utrinque productius, dentatum ore patulo, foris nigricans,

intus lutescens. E. Freto Magellanico.

The descriptions of the shells on Plate XI were engraved under the figures, and
only mentioned collectively in the text.

Section IV

Several Localized Series of Shells collected
between 1690 and 1726

This section includes series of shells, collated and published for the first time,
collected by Dr. Engelbert Kaempfer 1690-92, William Dampier 1708-11, Mark
Catesby 1722-26, and by several less-known, but enthusiastic donors to the
collection from 1698 to 1726.

Kaempfer's shells were all catalogued by Sloane as from Japan, but some were
obviously collected en route. Kaempfer gave a general account of the shells of
Japan on pages 139-141 of his History of that country, published in 1727, in which
he recorded the Japanese names and the use made of them for food and cultural
purposes.

The precise localities of Dampier's shells were not recorded in the Sloane cata-
logues, but from Woodes Roger's account, the Duke and Duchess, the two vessels
taking part in the voyage, called at many places where these specimens could have
have been obtained. A few of the numerous shells collected by Mark Catesby
during his visit to the Bahamas and Carolina from 1722-1726 have been recovered
and listed here for the first time. Catesby dealt only briefly with the shells in his
Natural History of Carolina, confining himself to a short account of shore collecting
and the description of only four species, two terrestrial and two marine, identified

THE SLOANE SHELL COLLECTION 35

from Lister's Historia, a work to which he felt he could add little that was new,
and it was probably for this reason that he figured none of these shells in his own
work. The first volume of this appeared in 1731, and the second in 1743, both
profusely illustrated with fine colour plates of birds, mammals, fishes and plants.

No doubt Catesby's book had its full share of the errors prevailing at the time,
but it seems unjust that a modern author (Peattie, 1937) should regard it as
" medieval, credulous and slipshod " when comparing it with the much later work
of the American ornithologist, Alexander Wilson, for Catesby's first volume was
published at least thirty-five years before Wilson's birth, and at least sixty years
before that melancholy but gifted artist arrived in America.

The less-known donors of shells during the period dealt with in this section, were
mostly surgeons or sea captains associated with the East India Company, who
contributed in no small degree to these early records from little-known quarters of
the Globe.

In the following lists the same catalogue numbers will be seen to be attached to
specimens collected by different people at different periods of time, a direct result
of Sloane's method of multiple entries, but it is usually possible to judge the approxi-
mate date of the acquisition of a particular specimen by its position in the series
entered under the one number, such apparently ingenuous remarks as " the same
as the last only larger. P." being of great service when endeavouring to arrange
specimens of the same species in date order.

For the sake of brevity sub-genera and sections have been omitted from the follow-
ing lists.

Section IV (a). — Specimens from North European Waters

Sloane No.

1845. Neptunea ties pectus (Linne).

Three fine specimens of this species are in the collection, referred in the
catalogue to Lister's plate 1057, dedicated to Dr. Witzen, and giving the
locality " Maris Caspis," and it is safe to assume that the specimens may-
have been received by Sloane from Dr. Witzen via Lister.

1005. Buccinum undatutn Linne.

Coasts of England and Ireland.

2447. Ocinebra erinacea (Linne).

Coast of England.

" Taken from the gizzard of a grey Sea plover. L."

The letter " L " following the entry probably indicates that the specimen
was given to Sloane by Dr. Lister.

752. Trochus (Gibbula) magus (Linne).
Coast of England & Nova Zembla.

Ex Mari Adriatico & littoribus Ins. Corsicae. Whirl snail from Ireland.
(Sloane catalogue entry.)

36 THE SLOANE SHELL COLLECTION

Section IV (b). — Specimens from the Mediterranean

Sloane No. Shane No.

748. P. Natica hebraea (Martyn). 1016. Patella ferruginea Gmelin.

Mediterranean. Mediterranean.

749. Natica josephinae Risso. 2121. Patella jerruginea Gmelin.

Sicily. Sent by Phillipo Buo- Gibralter and Palma. Mr. D.

nanni. Frost.

1089. Astraea rugosa (Linne). 2387. Cerithium vulgatum Bruguiere.

Gibralter and Tangier. Mediterranean.

2905. Bursa gigantea (Lamarck).
Mediterranean .

The following four specimens were sent by Mr. John Salvador
Apothecary at Barcelona :

Sloane No. Sloane No.

164. Panopea glycimeris (Born). 195. Murex brandaris Linne.

i486. Natica turtoni Smith. 1844. Murex trunculus Linne.

Section IV (c). — Specimens from the South Atlantic
Sloane No. Sloane No.

641. Haliotis midae Linne. 1438. Dorcasia globulus (Midler).

Cape of Good Hope. Dr. Stewart. Cape of Good Hope. Dr. Her-

mann.

1025. Haliotis rosaceus Reeve. 216. Conus prometheus Linn6.

Africa. Mr. Skeen. Cape Lopez. Sir Thomas Bond.

Guinea. Dr. Shaphorst.

Shells sent from the Straits of Magellan by Mr. Handisyd.

Sloane No. Sloane No.

2927. Fissurella picta (Gmelin). 1385. Area grandis Broderip & Sowerby.

2920. Mytilus chorus Molina.

This specimen of Mytilus which has been polished and the edge
sharpened, was stated by Sloane to be used by the natives of Magellan
as a razor.

Section IV (d). — Specimens from the Caribbean

Shells sent to James Petiver by Mrs. Newport
from Barbados.

Sloane No. Sloane No.

1561. Melon genu morio (Linne). 1561. Fa sciolaria aurantiaca Lamarck.

1841. Cymatium clavator (Lamarck). 1841. Cymatium cynocephalus

(Lamarck).

1454. Voluta musica Linne. 1654. Ostrea pons Linne.

THE SLOANE SHELL COLLECTION

37

Sloane No.

1344. Area trapezia Deshayes.
Jamaica. Mr. Carter.

2816. Strombus tricornis Lamarck.
West Indies.

Sloane No.

1348. Area rufescens Reeve.
West Indies.

(Described by Petiver in the

Pterographia Americana, 1712.)

Specimens collected by Mark Catesby in Carolina and
the Bahama Islands 1722 to 1726.

Sloane No.

1443. Astraea imbricata (Gmelin).
748. Natica canrena (Linne).
2815. Murex pomum Linne.
1482. Fasciolaria tulipa (Linne).

Sloane No.

1443. Astraea longispina (Linne).

1487. Cymatium pileare (Lamarck).

1 182. Trochus pica (Linn6).

1894. Busy con canaliculata (Gmelin).

With the exception of the Busycon the above were all
from the Bahamas.

Section IV (e). — Specimens from the Indian Ocean

Shells collected at Fort St.
of the East India

Sloane No.

209. Turbo marmoratus Linn6.

1296. Natica lineata (Linn£).

1 1 13. Turritella terebra (Linne).
1252. Solarium laevigata Lamarck.

1 1 14. Turritella duplicata (Linne).
3342. Conus millipunctata Linne.
1467. Conus figulinus Linne.

1467. Conus

George (Madras) by Mr. Fawcett
Company Circa 1705.

Sloane No.

1 1 19. Rostellaria curvirostris Lamarck.

Cymatium femorale (Linne).

Cymatium canaliferus (Lamarck).

Murex trunculus Linne.

Terebra muscaria Lamarck.

Melongena morio Linne.

Xancus pyrum (Linn6).

197-
1841.

1579-
1119.
1561.
3849.

eburneus Bruguere.

Madras shells sent by Rev. Dr. George Lewis
and Mr. Eden circa 1705.

Sloane No.

2827. Murex adustus Linne.

1499. Strombus aurisdianae Lamarck.

Sloane No.

2832. Nucella coronata (Lamarck).

3830. Conus Stercomuscarum Linne.

Shells sent by Dr. Waldo from Surat.

Sloane No. Sloane No.

1281. Voluta vespertilio Linne. 1294. Murex microphyllus Lamarck.

2846. Bursa rana Linne\ 3696. Natica lineata Lamarck.

186. Pterocera rugosa Sowerby. 1333. Tridacna crocea Lamarck,

38 THE SLOANE SHELL COLLECTION

Miscellaneous Indian Ocean Specimens.

Sloane No. Sloane No.

1497. Monodonta labio (Linne). 1927. Turbo petholata Linne\

Bombay. Pegu (L. Burma.)

1898. Terebralia palustris (Linne). 1585. Turbo petholata Linne.

Mauritius. Java. Sir Thomas Bond.

1415. Tridacna imbricata Roding. 1669. Glycimeris pectunculus Linne.

Malacca. Capt. Hill. Bengal.

Specimens Collected by William Dampier during his
Second Circumnavigation 1708 to 171 1.

Sloane No. Sloane No.

1 63 1. Ellobium aurismidae (Linn6). ^S8- Conus miles Linn6.

1516. Natica vitellus Lamarck. 1609. Conus magus Linne\

291. Tridacna imbricata Roding.

Section IV (/). — Specimens from the Indo-Pacific
Shells brought by Captain Goslin from China.

Sloane No. Sloane No.

1797. Cymbium tesselata (Lamarck). 3924. Cassis strigata Gmelin.

587. Turbo intercostalis Menke. i486. Natica Chinensis Lamarck.
1521. Cassis recurvirostrum Wood. 53. Distortrix cancellina (Linn£).

From an Unknown Donor in Siam.
Sloane No. Sloane No.

1 1 32. Vertagus Asperum (Linn6). J743- Sinum concavus Lamarck.

2275. Pterocera rugosa Sowerby. 1244. Delphinula laciniata Lamarck.

1246. Astraea latispina (Phillipi). 1183. Trochus maculatus Linne.

Miscellaneous Indo-Pacific specimens.
Sloane No. Sloane No.

1457. Conus striatus Linne. 2845. Bursa rana Linne.

Borneo. Borneo.

1456. Voluta vespertilio Linne. 1463. Conus Pennaceus Born.

Luzon. Mus. Pet. Cat. 247. Philippines. Father Camelli.

Sloane No.

161 1. Terebellum subulatum Lamarck.

1612. Ditto Ditto variety.
" The speckled augur shell."

THE SLOANE SHELL COLLECTION

Specimens Collected by Dr. Engelbert Kaempfer
during his Voyage to Japan from 1690 to 1692.

39

Sloane No.

1244. Angaria atratus (Reeve).

15 16. Natica vitellus Lamarck.

1 5 18. Polynices mamilla (Linn6).

749. Natica Didyma (Roding).

1 1 13. Turritella terebra (Linn6).

1487. Cymatium pileare (Lamarck).

Japanese Species.

Sloane No.

385. Murex haustellum Lamarck.

983. Murex tenuispina Lamarck.

150. Cassis glauca Linne.

1 1 16. Terebra maculata Lamarck.

2235. Conus capitaneus Linn6.

3845. Cymbium aethiopicum (Linn6).

4029. Solenotellina violacea (Lamarck).

Indo-Pacific Species Collected en route.
Sloane No. Sloane No.

1813. Vertagus martinianus Pfeiffer. 11 13. Turritella duplicata (Linn6) .

1 801. Strombus epidromis (Linne). 983. Murex trapa Roding.

1807. Lathyrus infundibulum (Lamarck). 3847. Xancus rapa (Lamarck).

2786. Conus arenatus Bruguere.

Shells sent by Dr. James Cunningham from China
between the Years 1698 and 1705 (-8).

Pulo Condore.
Sloane No.

1 1 13. Turritella terebra (Linne).

985. Murex haustellum Lamarck.

983. Murex trapa Roding.

234. Turbo sparverius Linne.

234. Turbo argyrostoma Linn6

Chusan.
Sloane No.
200. Murex calcitrapa Lamarck.
Murex sinensis Reeve.
Turbo cornutus Linne.
Turbo radiatus Linne.
Galeodes galeodes (Lamarck) .

200.
5191-
5*91.
2303-

Several of these species are duplicated in the collection, for Cunningham sent
parcels to Sloane and Petiver, perhaps by different routes, in order to make sure
that at least one arrived safely in England. His last letter, addressed jointly to
them both, was received in 1708, but the sender failed to return to this country,
and is presumed to have been killed or drowned at sea without trace.

Section V

This section is devoted to Sloane specimens figured and described by various
authors from 1778 to 1849, anc* includes five original type-specimens. It is unfor-
tunate that some of the Sloane numbers are missing, but the specimens are quite
authentic and agree with the figures and descriptions cited.

4Q THE SLOANE SHELL COLLECTION

Sloane No. Holotype.

886—887. Unio (Cristaria) plicatus (Leach). B.M. 1952.5. 10.1.

[China.]

W. E. Leach, Zoological Miscellancy, vol. 1, p. 120, Tab. 53, 1814.
Original description :

Dipsas Plicatus. fig. 50.

Habitat—? Mus. Brit.

Folded Dipsas.

" Shell greenish-luteous, internally pearly and irridescent, unequally
winged ; the lower wing longitudinally, and the umbo transversely folded.

The specimen from which the annexed figure was taken has fourteen
pearls adhering to it, and is preserved in the British Museum ; it formed part
of the collection of Sir Hans Sloane ; and is enumerated in the catalogue
as a " Bohemian river horse-mussel, with pearls sticking to the shell."

In the museum there are several fragments of the same species, with groups
of pearls attached to them."

On the previous page of the Zoological Miscellany (p. 119) Dr. Leach proposed the
name Dipsas as a new genus, for the reception of his new species, a name sub-
sequently found by authors to have been used by J. N. Laurenti in 1768 for a genus
of reptiles.

When describing his new species Leach did not quote a Sloane catalogue number,
and its absence leads to the conclusion that he may have taken his alleged catalogue
entry from elsewhere. Two items having pearls attached were entered by Sloane
under consecutive numbers, viz., No. 886, " A pearl muscle with 4 pearls in it,"
and No. 887, " A pearl muscle with 8 pearls in it." The two valves originally had
fourteen " culture " pearls attached to them, six in the right valve and eight in the
left, of which two are now missing from each valve, prominent scars showing their
former position. The right valve, now believed to be Sloane No. 887, was figured
by J. and A. van Rymsdyk in the Museum Britannicum (Tab. II, fig. 6) as far back
as 1778, showing a cluster of six pearls, the two scars in the excellent engraving
indicating that two pearls had been removed, or become otherwise detached, during
the fifty or more years after being catalogued by Sloane. Dr. Leach quotes the
precise words used by the authors of the Museum Britannicum in their description
of the specimen figured (p. 5), and it is possible that he took this as valid, thus
avoiding a tedious search of the Sloane catalogues for a more appropriate entry;
the locality " Bohemia " is particularly unsuitable for this Asiatic species.

Sloane himself gave no locality for either of these two entries, but this need cause
little concern, for it is now well known that he frequently received specimens from
China, where C. plicatus has been used over a long period for the production of
" culture " pearls for commercial and religious purposes (Jackson, p. 104 et seq.).

Measurements of holotype : Length, 170 mm. ; height, including wing, 120 mm. ; thickness,
55 mm.

Recorded localities : China (Fischer, 1887). Japan (Hirase, 1934).

THE SLOANE SHELL COLLECTION 41

The fragments of C. plicatus with groups of pearls attached to them, mentioned
by Leach in his last paragraph, are still in existence.

Sloane No. ? Voluta (Cymbiola) subnodosa Leach. Holotype.

Straits of Magellan. B.M. 1952.5.10.2.

W. E. Leach, Zoological Miscellany, vol. i, p. 24, Tab. VIII, 1814.
Original description :

Voluta subnodosa

In Mus. Britannico, et Dom. Bullock.
SLIGHTLY-KNOTTED VOLUTE.

Shell luteous, inclining to fulvous, slightly striated, irregularly streaked
with rust colour ; spire much produced, and simple ; body volution towards
the apex, with a few slightly elevated knots.

The habitat of this very beautiful shell is not known. There is a specimen
in the collection of Mr. Bullock, which he most kindly lent me for examina-
tion, and another in the British Museum.

In the absence of a Sloane number, this shell can only be surmised to have come to
him from the Straits of Magellan, but the fact that it is the actual specimen described
by Leach is substantiated by the statement that he knew of only two specimens,
and it is only natural that he should choose the museum example for illustration
and description. The specimen agrees quite wellwith Nodder's figure and may
safely be regarded as the holotype of the Voluta subnodosa Leach, even though it
should later prove to be from a collection other than Sloane.

Measurements of holotype : Length, 120 mm. ; width, at widest part, 63 mm. ; Aperture,
from columellar to outer lip, 30 mm.

Recorded localities: Magellan Straits (Sowerby 1847). Argentine Coast; Falkland Is.;
Tierra del Fuego. (Maxwell Smith 1942.)

Sloane No. ?

S trombus pugilis Linne\

W. E. Leach, Zoological Miscellany, vol. i, p. 52, Tab. XXII, 1814.

Original description :

Strombus Sloanii Holotype.

Habitat— ? Mus. Brit. B.M. 1952.5.10.3.

SLOANE'S STROMBUS.

Basal whorl smooth ; base with longitudinal undulating grooves ; apex
with elevated, compressed, quadrate processes ; superior volutions knotted,
longitudinally lineated, the lines elevated.

This shell has been considered as an accidental variety of Strombus
pugilis ; but the distinctions between them are so strong, that I cannot accede
to the opinion, although it is entertained by some eminent conchologists.
The processes on the apex of the first volution, are for the most part marked
beneath with a deeply-impressed groove, and those situated nearest the base,
are slightly hollowed on the inner side of the shell.

42 THE SLOANE SHELL COLLECTION

This shell, figured by Lister in 1688, has already been mentioned in the first
section of this catalogue, from which it will be seen that Linne had already referred
this actual shell to his Strombus pugilis by quoting Lister's figure. Leach does not
seem to have been aware of this, otherwise he would not perhaps have been so
obtuse as to describe an acknowledged monstrosity as a new species. Dillwyn
(1817) considered that a single immature specimen was insufficient for the creation
of a new species, and Hanley (1855), who was aware of the existence of this specimen,
condemned the designation as erroneous.

Sloane No. ?

Murex (Homalocantha) rota Mawe.

J. and A. van Rymsdyk, Museum Britannicum, plate xxvii, fig. 2, p. 70 (2),
1778.

This immature specimen was figured by Lister in 1688 (Tab. 906, fig. 25) without
any description, and appears to have been regarded as a rare specimen ninety years
later, when it was described in the above work as " one of the most elegant of shells " ;
the description goes on to say that " the body of the shell is white, of an ash-colour,
and the protuberances are of a brownish black, either all over, or at least at the
extremity. I copied Nature as I saw it, and I am sorry my shell has none of this
black, owing to these shells being frequently bleached." The author need not have
been distressed by the absence of colour in his shell, for the brownish black mentioned
is a feature of Murex scorpio Linne, to which the typically and constantly white
M. rota is closely allied, but sufficiently characteristic to be separated.

The figure given in the above quoted plate is not at first recognizable as the
Sloane shell ; the engraver has fallen into the usual trap and forgotten to reverse
the drawing, and has made the shading far too heavy for a perfectly white shell.
These are serious faults for artists of whom it was said in the preface to the book,
" every Nerve has been stretched to shew their Talents and good judgement."

Shane No.

2931. Valuta (Cymbiola) ancilla Solander.

W. Wood, Index Testaceologicus, Supplement, p. 10, pi. 3, f. 2, 1828 (Voluta

gracilis) .

Although Wood's figure is so small, it is unmistakably the Sloane specimen, by
reason of a fault in the shell causing a pale band to appear round the upper part of
the body whorl, which has been faithfully indicated in the figure. The specimen,
although lacking the Sloane number, bears a small label believed to be in William
Courten's hand, and similar to that found attached to the specimen of Busycon
pyrum recorded in Section I of this catalogue. Wood states the locality to be
unknown, but the species had already been correctly recorded from the Straits of
Magellan by Sloane in 1725 (see Section III, Sloane No. 2931).

THE SLOANE SHELL COLLECTION

43

Shane No.

2566. Solen sloanii Hanley. Holotype.

Pegu, Lower Burma. B.M. 1952.5.13.1.

J. E. Gray in S. Hanley Illustrated Edition of Lamarck's Shells (1), p. 21
pi. 1, fig. 59, 1842.

Original description :

Gray in Brit. Mus. Linear, straight, narrow, fragile, pellucid, rather
broader and obtusely rounded anteriorly spotted with tawny brown ; a sharp
prominent tooth in one valve, the vestiges of one in the other. J ... 3.

Hanley states that the name adopted for this shell was a manuscript one, found
on the tablet in the British Museum, and attributed to J. E. Gray. The above work
was abandoned in its intended form after 1842, and rearranged as an Appendix
to Wood's Index Testaceologicus, the plates and figures being re-numbered to form a
sequence to the eight supplementary plates of that work. Solen sloanii becomes
fig. 18 on plate 11 of the Appendix, which finally appeared in 1856 with the title of
An Illustrated and Descriptive Catalogue of Bivalve Shells.

Measurements of Holotype : Length, 70 mm. ; height, 12 mm. ; thickness, 8 mm.

The locality " Pegu " is that recorded for the specimen in the Sloane catalogue
entry No. 2566.

Sloane No. ?

Ommastrephes sloanii Gray. Syntype.

B.M. 1952.5. 10.5.

J. E. Gray, Catalogue of the Mollusca in the Collection of the British Museum.
Part 1 : Cephalopoda antepedia, p. 61 (5), 1849.

This specimen is recorded with some misgiving, for in his original description
Gray mentions two specimens, which he lists as a. and b.? respectively:

a. New Zealand, Waitemata. Small. In spirits. Presented by Dr.

Sinclair, M.D.
b.? Var.? In spirits, adult. Mus. Sloane. Fin nearly half the length

of the body. Cycria Leach, MS. 1817.
c. Shell of b. broken, dry; taken out by Dr. Leach.
The soft parts of neither a. nor b. have yet been recognized from the several
unlocalized and dissected Ommastrephids among the older spirit specimens, and
in view of Gray's own doubts on the matter, it is advisable to merely record the
existence of this fragmentary syntype.

Sloane No. ?

Sepioteuthis sloanii Gray. Syntype.

West Indies. B.M. 1952.5.10.4 a.b.

J. E. Gray, Catalogue of the Mollusca in the Collection of the British Museum,
Part 1 : Cephalopoda antepedia, pp. 81-82 (7), 1849.

44 THE SLOANE SHELL COLLECTION

This specimen (originally described by Dr. Leach as Loligo Sloanii, in manuscript
1 817) is far more satisfactory than the preceding, for the practically undamaged
gladius and complete soft parts are both in existence, and agree with the description
published by Gray.

Again two specimens were chosen for description, listed by Gray as follows :

a. Honduras. In spirits.

b. The shell of a. c. Loc? In spirits. Mus. Sloane.
d. Shell of c, dry. Taken out by Dr. Leach.

Sepioteuthis sloanii Gray, as already noted, is now considered by authors to be
synonymous with the endemic Carribean species 5. sepioidea Blainville, the type-
species of his genus Sepioteuthis, described in 1824.

Measurements of dry gladius : Length, 100 mm. ; width at the widest part, 12 mm.

There is little doubt that there are other Sloane specimens still to be found among
the older spirit material, but changing of spirit and replacement or loss of original
labels makes identification extremely difficult.

3. SUMMARY

During 1950 to 1952 over four hundred specimens, forming part of the Sloane
Shell Collection, have been rediscovered in the mollusca collections of the British
Museum (Natural History).

Forty shells are the original specimens figured and described by Martin Lister in
the Historia Conchyliorum, published between 1685 and i692-(7).

Thirteen shells are the originals figured and described by James Petiver in the
Gazophylacium Naturae (1702-1709), by whom twenty-six others in the collection
were described in the Memoirs for the Curious (1707-1709) and the Philosophical
Transactions 1698 to 1712.

Five specimens were among those brought back by William Dampier from the
voyage round the world in 1708-11, and given by him to Sir Hans Sloane.

Twenty-five specimens are those described by Sir Hans Sloane in his Natural
History of Jamaica (1725), brought back by him from that Island in 1689.

A number of Lister's and Petiver's figured specimens now extant were referred
to by Linne (1758 and 1767) Born (1778), Gmelin (1790) and Lamarck (1819-22)
in their respective synonymies.

Three specimens are the originals figured by J. and A. van Rymsdyk in the
Museum Britannicum (1778).

Five are holotypes described by W. E. Leach (1814-17) and J. E. Gray (1849).

Sloane specimens have also been referred to or figured by E. M. da Costa (1771) ;
J. G. Children (1823-5); W. Wood (1828); and J. E. Gray (1834).

Several of the original drawings made by Susanna and Anna Lister for the Historia
Conchyliorum have been photographed and reproduced for comparison with the
actual specimens and final engravings.

THE SLOANE SHELL COLLECTION 45

4. REFERENCES

Alderson, E. G. 1924. Studies in Ampullar ia. xx + 99 pp. ; 19 pis. Cambridge. [Fifteen

copies only coloured.]
Born, I. von. 1778. Index Rerum Naturalium Musei Caesarei Vindobonensis. Pars. 1.

Testacea. xlii -f 458 [78J pp. ; 1 pi. Vindobonae.

1780. Testacea Musei Caesarei Vindobonensis. xxxvi + 442 [15] pp. ; 18 pis. Vin-
dobonae. fol.

British Museum (Natural History). 1906. The History of the Collections contained in the
Natural History Departments of the British Museum, 2 ; 782 pp. The Trustees : London.

1912. Ibid., 2 ; Appendix. 109 pp. London.

1 93 1. A Short History of the Collections. 62 pp. London.

1931- General Guide to the Exhibition Galleries. 249 pp ; 20 illus. London.

Buonanni, F. 1681. Ricreatione dell' occhio e della mente nell' osservation delle Chiocciole, etc.

4 parts, xiv + 384 [15] pp. ; 109 pis. ; Engr. titles. Roma. 40.
Catesby, M. 1731-1743. The Natural History of Carolina, Florida and the Bahama Islands ;
containing the figures of Birds, Beasts, Fishes, Serpents, Insects and Plants, etc. 2 vols.
London, fol.

1771. [Third edition.] Revised by Mr. [G.] Edwards. 2 vols. London, fol.

Children, J. G. 1822-1824. Lamarck's Genera of Shells. Quarterly Journal of Science,

Literature and the Arts (Philosophical Magazine), 14, 15, 16, 1822-23-24. 10 pis., 6 parts.
Costa, E. M. da. 1776. Elements of Conchology, or an Introduction to the Knowledge of Shells.
vi + 318 pp. ; 7 pis. London.

(& Humphreys, G.) 1771. Conchology or Natural History of Shells, etc. ii + 26 pp. ;

12 pis. (parts I-VI.) London. [All published.] fol.

Dampier, W. 1699 (1859). Account of . . . Observations ... on the Coast of New

Holland . . . being an extract from " A Voyage to New Holland." Hakluyt Society, 25

(1859) : 134-164.
Dillwyn, L. W. 1817. A Descriptive Catalogue of Recent Shells. 2 vols., xii + 1092 pp.

London.
Edwards, G. 1 758-1 764. Gleanings of Natural History. 3 parts, xxxv + vii + 347 pp. ;

151 pis. London. 40.
Evelyn, J. The Diary of John Evelyn Esquire, F.R.S. Edited by William Bray, xx + 809

pp. London (Simpkin Marshall, n.d.).
Fox, H. 1919. Dr. John Fothergill and His Friends, xxiv + 434 pp. ; 13 pis. London.
Gmelin, J. F. 1790. C. a Linne . . . Sy sterna Naturae . . . Editio decima tertia . . .

cura J. F. Gmelin. 1788-93, 1 (6) : 3021-3910. Lipsiae.
Gray, J. E. 1849. Catalogue of the Mollusca in the Collection of the British Museum. Parti:

Cephalopoda antepedia. viii 4- 164 pp. London.
Griffith, E., & Pidgeon, E. 1834. The Animal Kingdom ... by the Baron Cuvier, with

supplementary additions to each order. Vol. 12 : The Mollusca and Radiata. 601 pp. ;

60 pis. London.
Groye, M. de la. 1807. Memoire sur un nouveau genre de Coquille de la famille des Sole-

noides. Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat., 9 : 131-139 ; 1 pi. Paris.
Gunther, R. W. T. 1925. Early Science in Oxford, 3 : 1. Biological Sciences. 2. Biological

Collections, xii + 564 pp. ; 64 pis., 73 text-figs. Oxford.

1928. Further Correspondence of John Ray. xxiv + 332 pp. ; 2 pis., 6 text-figs. London

(Ray Soc).

1945- Early Science in Oxford : 14, Life and Letters of Edward Lhwyd. xv -f- 576 pp. ;

5 pis., 43 text-figs. Oxford.

46 THE SLOANE SHELL COLLECTION

Hanley, S. 1842-1846. An Illustrated, Enlarged, and English edition of Eamarck's Species

of Shells. 224 pp. ; 3 pis. London.
1855. Ipsa Linnaei Conchylia. The Shells of Linnaeus, determined from his manuscripts

and collection. . . . Also, an exact reprint of the Vermes Testacea of the " Sy sterna Naturae "

and " Mantissa." 556 pp. ; 6 pis. London.

1842-56. An Illustrated and Descriptive Catalogue of Recent Bivalve Shells with 960

figures by Wood and Sowerby, forming an Appendix to the Index Testaceologicus. xviii + 392
pp. ; 24 pis. London.

Herrick, F. H. 1938. Audubon the Naturalist, edit. 2. xc + 500 pp. ; 114 pis. (Two vols.

in one.) New York & London.
Hind, A. M. 1922. Wenceslaus Hollar and his Views of London and Windsor in the Seventeenth

Century, xiv + 92 pp. ; 64 pis. and portrait. London.
Hwass, 1792. [in J. G. Bruguiere] Encyclopedic Methodique. Histoire Naturelle des Vers. Conus :

586-757.
Imperato, F. 1599. Dell' Historia Naturale, etc. xxiv + 791 pp. ; 1 pi., text figs. Napoli.

fol.
Jackson, J. W. 1917. Shells as evidence of the migrations of early culture. Pub. Univ.

Manchester, 112. xxviii + 216 pp. ; 13 text-figs.
Johnston, G. 1850. An Introduction to Conchology, etc. xvi -f 614 pp. ; 102 text-figs.

London.
Kaempfer, E. 1727. The History of Japan. . . . translated by J. G. Scheuchzer, etc.

[x] lii, [iv], 612, 75, 11 pp. ; 45 pis. London, fol.
Knorr, W. 1 760-1 773. Les delices des yeux et de V esprit, ou collection generate ... de

Coquillages, etc. 3 vols, illust. col. Nurnberg. 40.
Lamarck, J. B. P. A. de M. de. 1815-1822. Histoire Naturelle des Animaux Sans Vertebres,

presentant les caracteres generaux et particuliers de ces Animaux, etc. 7 vols. (Mollusques,

vols. 5, 6, 7.) Paris.
Lankester, Edw. 1848. Correspondence of John Ray. xvi + 502 pp. ; 2 pis. London

(Ray Soc).
Leach, W. E. 18 14-18 17. The Zoological Miscellany ; being descriptions of new, or interesting

animals . . . illustrated with coloured figures by R. P. Nodder. 3 vols. London. 40.
Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae . . . Editio decima, reformata. Tom. 1. 824 pp.

Holmiae.
Lister, M. 1685-1692(97). Historiae sive Synopsis methodicae Conchyliorum . . . liber

... S. et A. Lister fig ur as pin. 6 pt. [in 2 vols.] ; 1057 pis. Londini. fol.
(See also Catalogue of Library, Brit. Mus. {Nat. Hist.), 3, 1155.)

1770. Editio Altera. Recensuit ... G. Huddesford. iv + 6 (notes) + 7 (Exp. Ana-
tomical pis.) ; 108 1 pis. Oxonii. fol.

1694. Exercitatio Anatomica. In qua de Cochleis, maxime Terrestribus 6- Limacibus,

agitur. xi + 208 pp. ; 8 pis. Londini.

Macgillivrav, W. 1834. Lives of Eminent Zoologists, from Aristotle to Linnaeus. 391 pp. ;

1 pi. Edinburgh. {Edinburgh Cabinet Library, 16.)
Maton, G., & Rackett, T. 1803. An historical account of Testaceological writers. Trans.

Linn. Soc. 7 : 119-244.
Muller, O. F. 1773-1774. Vermium Terrestrium et Fluviatilium . . . Historia, etc. 2 vols.

Havniae & Lipsiae. 40.
Nicholson, H. A. 1886. Natural History, its rise and progress in Britain, etc. vi + 312 pp. ;

10 portraits, 7 text-figs. London & Edinburgh.
Petiver, J. 1 695-1 703. Musei Petiveriani, centuria prima {Secunda-decima) . Rariora

Naturae Continens. 93 [3] pp. ; 2 pis. London.

1696-1705. Philosophical Transactions. [Articles in vols. 19, 20, 21, 22 and 24.]

1764. Gazophylacium, etc. 3 vols. London.

THE SLOANE SHELL COLLECTION

47

Petiver, J. 1712. Pteri-graphia Americana, icones continens . . . 3 pp. ; 20 pis. London.

1 707-1 709. The Monthly Miscellany ; or Memoirs for the Curious. Ed. by J. Petiver.

3 vols. London.

- 1710. (re-issue Jan. 1707-Dec. 1708, in 2 vols). London.

[For full list of Petiver's works see Catalogue of Library, British Museum (Nat. Hist.), 4 :

I557-8-]
Rogers, Woodes. 1712. A Voyage round the World ... in iy 08-11. [in] R. Kerr [etc.]

A General Collection of Voyages and Travels, etc., 1824, 10 : 337-388. London.
Rymsdyk, J., & A. van. 1778. Museum Britannicum, being an Exhibition of a Great Variety

of A ntiquities and Natural Curiosities, belonging to ... the British Museum, etc. xvi -f

84 ; 30 pis. London, fol.

I79i- Second edition, revised ... by P. Boyle. 2 [7], xvii + 88 pp. ; 30

pis. London, fol.

Scilla, A. 1759- De Corporibus Marinis Lapidescentibus . . . addita dissertatione F.

Columnae De Glossopetris. Editio Altera emendatior. viii + 82 pp. ; 32 pis. Romae. 40.
Shaw, G. 1789-18 13. The Naturalist's Miscellany ; or Coloured Figures of Natural Objects ;

drawn and described . . . from Nature . . . the figures by F. P. N odder (and afterwards)

E. and R.P.N odder. 24 vols. Col. pis. London. 40.
Sloane, H. 1 707-1 725. A Voyage to the Islands Madera, Barbados, Nieves, S. Christophers and

Jamaica, with the Natural History of the Herbs and Trees, Four-footed Beasts, Fishes, Birds,

Insects, Reptiles, &-c, of the last of those islands ... 2 vols. 285 pis. London, fol.
Swainson, W. 1834. A Preliminary Discourse on the Study of Natural History. (Lardner's

Cabinet Cyclopaedia, vol. 59.) viii + 454 pp. ; Eng. title. London.

1840. Taxidermy ; with the biography of Zoologists, etc. (Lardner's Cabinet Cyclopaedia,

vol. 126.) 392 pp. ; text-fig. Engr. title. London.

Thiele, J. 1931-1935. Handbuch der Systematischen Weichtierkuade. 2 Bde. vi + 778 ;

v + 779-1154 pp. illust. Jena.
Wilkins, G. L. 1952. The shell collections of Sir Hans Sloane, Bart. ; with digressions upon

the books and people connected with them. /. Conch., 23 : 247-259 ; 2 pis.
Wood, W. 1828. Index Testaceologicus ', or a Catalogue of Shells British and Foreign . . .

Supplement, iv + 59 pp. ; 8 col. pis. (480 figs.). London.

5. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Thanks are due to Dr. H. W. Parker for extra facilities to carry out this work ; to
the Librarian of the Bodleian Library, Oxford, for permission to reproduce Martin
Lister's original drawings ; to Dr. A. J. Cain of the Department of Zoology and Com-
parative Anatomy, University Museum, Oxford, and his assistant Mr. J. Hull for
cordial help in the preliminary search for original Lister material in the University
Museum collections ; to Dr. W. J. Rees for his kindly advice and encouragement, and
to Sir Walter Gurner for elucidation of certain passages in the Latin preface to the
Historia Conchyliorum.

A particular word of thanks is due to Mr. J. V. Brown of the photographic staff of
the British Museum (Natural History) for his care in arranging the figured
Sloane shells in their original positions.

PRESENTED

6 JUN 1953

EXPLANATION OF PLATES
(With the exception of figure 50 all figures are actual size)

PLATE 1

Fig. 1. Inscription on the flyleaf of a copy of De Cochleis, forerunner of the Historia Conchy liorum,
and presented to Dr. Hans Sloane by Martin Lister on his departure for Jamaica in 1687. The inscrip-
tion is in Lister's holograph.

The inscription reads as follows:

" For his honoured Friend Dr. Hans. Sloane. M.L. He is desired to collect & transmitte
hither ye Land snails & such shells as shall be found in ye Fresh water rivers or ponds of Jamaica
which will verie much oblige his most humble servant — Martin Lister."

" Also to observe, whether there are any naked snails in Jamaica, I mean such as are naturallie
without shells at hand as with us."

Bull. B.M. [N.H.) History I, i

PLATE i

£m*c .

4

*£;■ ¥*+** **&%,

c^-jy/^ ^r-nfc^c. *rt»s^f \a, /*<-*/**?*,„</>

&~i

<&

is :*

; — inr

f':>'' s/ '. / /f . ■ -' • ' rJ^ v-

Fig. i.

Inscription in Sloane's Copy of -De Coc/i/eis in Martin Lister's Holograph.

PLATE 2

Fig. 2. Part of a page of Volume One of Sloane Manuscript catalogue, showing method of multiple
entries under items 1481 and 1482. Note oblique lines separating each acquisition.
Fig. 3. Continuation of item 1482 from opposite (blank) page.

Bull. B.M. (N.H.) History I, i PLATE 2

rtil

lr -&(. Li. y ,c h A , . 5w fa_* ~

*Z' ve7 y ' / i'*,L ft®- n* 1 fa (*,, 7

UA-K . -moil «,*•»* «J- . i^a.o ,„£ J I -\ Ura' «<■

Fig. 2.

Fig. 3.
Entries from Sloane Manuscript Catalogue.

PLATE 3

Fig. 4. Original description of the shell now known as Acavus haemastoma (L) sub-species melano-
tragus (Born), in Lister's writing and attributed by him to the museum of Dr. van Mildret.

Fig. 5. Original drawings from the Radcliffe Historia.

Fig. 6. Final engravings made from these drawings by Susanna Lister.

Figs. 7 and 8. Actual specimens from the Sloane collection, probably ex. Courten (S. 1963).

Bull. B.M. (N.H.) History I, I

PLATE 3

^cjiA^itu JXCi'frit' <x£/*^.e*— flutoxy/^. • /W/»>^/irv~ ** * \9f ^/Jk*^
* / OH .% ■ Un*^ MtU«*h . i

L U

Fig. 4.

Fig. 5.

43 cochlea, 'alts ct ivLartccwiUhtLS
jxncyt aonaia.

Fig. 7.

Fig. 8.

Fig. 6.

Acavus haemastomus. Original Drawings, Engravings and Specimens.

PLATE 4

Fig. 9. Ampullarius cornuarietis (L), Lister's original description; specimen attributed to the
museum of Dr. G. Curtein (Courten). Note the word " exotici " in the heading (footnote to p. 8
refers) .

Fig. 10. Original drawing from the Radcliffe Historia.

Fig. 11. Actual Sloane specimen (S. 1993).

Fig. 12. Final engraving by Susanna Lister. Historia Tab. 136.

Bull. B.M. (N.H.) History I, i

PLATE 4

<7Z2/«i* 9^+kcf '■■ &&*i*A*t 6°»y^'-

r>x cm *T>'f* (i*/***. I

Fig. 9.

Fig. 10.

Fig. 11.

Jectio. J .

Cocnle u Jfluvi atilibus Comjpre£Ci s .

40

Fig. 12.
Ampullarius cornuarietis. Original Drawing, Specimen and Engraving.

PLATE 5

Fig. 13. Engraving of Turritella exoleta (L) by Susanna Lister, with engraved heading, specific
description and stock border. Note alteration to mouth of shell by Anna Lister.

Fig. 14. Original drawing of damaged shell from Bodleian collection.

Fig. 15. Sloane specimen 1108, selected as the figured specimen.

Fig. 16. Single valve of Chlamys squamosa (Gmelin) Sloane No. ?

Figs. 17 and 18. Original drawing and final engraving by Anna Lister. Historia Tab. 184.

Bull. B.M. {N.H.) History I, i

PLATE 5

Fig. 14.

Fig. 13.

Fig. 15.

Fig. 16.

Fig. 17.

Fig. 18.

Altered Engraving, Original Drawing and Sloane Specimen of Turritella exoleta.
(below) Sloane Specimen, Drawing and Engraving of Chlamys squamosa.

PLATE 6

Fig. 19. Lister's original heading for his Sec. 16, later altered to Sec. 1 of Liber III (Multivalvium),
and original drawing by Anna Lister, both from the Bodleian collection.
Fig. 20. Final engraving, with heading and specific description.
Fig. 21. Sloane specimen 745, Pholas orientalis Gmelin (damaged).

PLA:TE 6

Bull. B.M. (N.H.) History I, i.

rfW$WiXX^.

Fig. 19.

Sectio 1 . cap.2.~bz
T\io\a.a3jjustr%uTnuci:ejta^rurrt Conchis,
c a* a truj) tcs Id en Its otubu.*d am. aUutv
b crfo rcUt* .

174 . p/iolas alius, Cirroct/}fas/ ad a csritd msvt. fife dor~<ri Icctits

431

Fig. 20.

Fig. 21.

PLATE 7

Fig. 22. S.2243 Cypraea mauritiana L.

Fig. 23. S.1584 Natica fulminea (Gmelin).

Fig. 24. S.1578 Lathyrus cingulifera (Lamk.)

Fig. 25. S.2239 Conus janus Hwass.

Fig. 26. S.2276 Busycon pyrum (Dillwyn).

Fig. 27. S.2659 Turritella variegata (L.).

Fig. 28. S.i 797 Cymbium tesselata (Lamk.).

Fig. 29. S.1013 Patella granulans L.

Fig. 30. S.i 105 Capulus intortus Lamk.

Bull. B.M. (N.H.) History I, i.

PLATE 7

4
\ I

\ * f

23

28

24

30

Sloane Specimens Figured by Martin Lister in the Historia Conchyliorum, 1685-92.

PLATE 8

Fig. 31. Voluta scapha Gmelin engraved by Anna Lister, Historia, Tab. 799.

Fig. 32. Original specimen from the Sloane collection. (Catalogue number not traced ;

Bull. B.M. (N-H.) History I, I.

PLATE 8

6. J§

t* CC is%4Jr>t^

Fig. 31.

y~m

/ 0

\

V

V^^w

Fig. 32.

VrAuin cr.n-bh.fi. ANNA LISTER'S ENGRAVING AND SLOANE SPECIMEN.

PLATE 9

Fig. 33. Sloane specimen 3871 Rostellaria rectirostris Lamk.

Fig. 34. Original drawing from Bodleian collection.

Fig. 35. Final engraving by Susanna Lister. Historia, Tab. 854, sp. 11.

Bull. B.M. (N.H.) History I, i.

PLATE 9

Fig. 33.

Fig. 34.

Fig. 35.
Original Specimen, Drawing and Susanna Lister's Engraving of Rostellaria rectirostris.

PLATE 10

Fig. 36. Fasciolaria distans Lamk., engraved by Anna Lister.

Fig. 37. Original drawing in the Bodleian collection.

Fig. 38. Sloane specimen 1481 ex. Courten " Bay of Campeche."
catalogue entry (Fig. 2).)

(See reproduction of Sloane

Bull. B.M. (N.H.) History I, i.

PLATE 10

Fig. 36.

Fig. 37.

Fig. 38.

Fasciolaria distans. Final Engraving, Drawing and Original Specimen.

PLATE ii

Original specimens collected by Sir Hans Sloane in Jamaica.

Fig. 39. S.1983 Pleurodonte acuta (Lamk.) var. patina C. B. Adams.

Fig. 40. S.i 130 Cerithium articulatus Ad. & Reeve.

Fig. 41. S.i 695 Pleurodonte aspera (Ferussac).

Fig. 42. S.1531 Nerita polita L.

Fig. 43. S.1594 Strombus gigas L. (Juvenile).

Fig. 44. S. 752 Trochus magus (L.). (Probably introduced.)

Fig. 45. S. . . . ? Chiton granulatus (Gmelin).

Fig. 46. S.i 787 Conus coronacivica Roding.

Fig. 47. S.1419 Chama macerophylla Gmelin. (Single valve.)

Fig. 48. S. 177 Trochus pica (L.).

Fig. 49. S.1443 Astraea calcar (L.).

Bull. B.M. {N.H.) History I, i.

PLATE ii

Shells Collected by Sir Hans Sloane in Jamaica.

PLATE 12

Fig. 50. Sloane specimens 886- — 887. Cristaria plicatus (Leach) with culture pearls attached
to each valve. Holotype (reduced).

Bull. B M. {N.H.) History I, I.

PLATE 12

Fig. 50.
Cristaria plicatus (Lkach) Holotype Mus. Sloane. (Slightly Reduced.

PRESENTED

6 JUN 1953

LOUIS AUGUSTE DESCHAMPS

|

i;

2 3 JAN 1954

C.

G.

G. J. VAN STEENIS,

M.

J-

VAN

STEENIS-KRUSEMAN

AND

C. A. BACKER

BULLETIN OF
THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY)
HISTORICAL SERIES Vol. i No. 2

LONDON: 1954

LOUIS AUGUSTE DESCHAMPS

BY

C. G. G. J. VAN STEENIS,
M. J. VAN STEENIS-KRUSEMAN

AND

C. A. BACKER

Pp. 49-68 ; PI. 13

BULLETIN OF
THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY)
HISTORICAL SERIES Vol. 1 No. 2

LONDON: 1954

THE BULLETIN OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM
(NATURAL HISTORY), instituted in 1949, is
issued in five series corresponding to the Departments
of the Museum, and an Historical Series.

Parts appear at irregular intervals as they become
ready. Volumes will contain about three or four
hundred pages, and will not necessarily be completed
within one calendar year.

This paper is Vol. 1, No. 2 of the Historical
series.

PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES OF
THE BRITISH MUSEUM

Issued January, 1954. Price Six Shillings.

LOUIS AUGUSTE DESCHAMPS

A PROMINENT BUT ILL-FATED EARLY
EXPLORER OF THE FLORA
OF JAVA, 1793-1798

By C. G. G. J. VAN STEENIS, M. J. VAN STEENIS-KRUSEMAN

and C. A. BACKER

1. INTRODUCTION

Though it is known that the Department of Botany of the British Museum (Natural
History) possesses a collection of plates and MSS. of Deschamps, no detailed account
based on these MSS. has hitherto been published. During a short stay in England
in November, 1946, my wife and I had the privilege of examining these plates and
MSS.

According to a letter dated 22nd December, 1936, from M. E. Deligny, librarian
of the Municipal Library of Saint Omer, France, to Dr. C. A. Backer, who had
asked for data concerning Deschamps for his volume on the etymology of Latin
plant names,1 Louis Auguste Deschamps2 was born at St. Omer on 22nd August,
1765. He completed the courses of the ancient medical Faculte de Douai on 22nd
July, 1788. He was later a member of the medical jury of the Pas de Calais and
physician in the hospital of St. Omer, where he died on 25th February, 1842. He
was very young when he began his scientific career, and his works were highly
appreciated by his contemporaries. In 1791 he was selected to serve as naturalist
on the fruitless expedition to Southern waters of the frigate "La Recherche" under
the command of A. R. J. Bruny D'Entrecasteaux, in search of the lost expedition
of J. F. De G. La Perouse in the " Boussole " and the " Astrolabe " (1785-88).

When " La Recherche " was seized in Java in 1793, Deschamps was for a short
time interned by the Dutch, but Governor Van Overstraten realized his abilities,
and generously allowed him to stay in Java and study natural history, for which
he obtained all facilities to extend his researches into the interior of the island.
Deschamps accepted, as he himself says, in the interest of science, and took leave
of his travelling companions. In the subsequent years he made numerous long
trips, and he certainly was the first to visit and make collections in many remote
regions, for he ascended dozens of then unknown mountains all over Java. It is

1 Verklarend Woordenboek, etc., 1936.

2 M. Deligny used as a source the Dictionnaire biographique du Departement du Pas de Calais 1879, by
Ad. de Cardevacque.

HIST, i, 2. 4§

52 LOUIS AUGUSTE DESCHAMPS

much regretted that apparently none of his botanical specimens has been preserved.
His diary, drawings and MS. papers suggest that what he prepared in the form of
botanical specimens was extremely valuable.

According to M. Deligny's letter, Deschamps returned to France in 1803, the ship
in which he was a passenger having been intercepted by the British Navy in the
English Channel. All his collections and papers the fruits of eleven years of research
were confiscated, and were apparently declared to be war booty.1 This material
was deposited in India House. Later John Reeves bought the Deschamps MSS.,
with a collection of dried plants from Java, at a sale at India House and in 1861
presented the manuscript to the British Museum.

The plant specimens are apparently lost, and there is no evidence that they were
ever received at the British Museum.2 The MSS. consist of his unpublished auto-
graph journals kept during the voyage and on subsequent travels in Java, with
materials for a flora of Java.3 These MSS. and plates include water-colours of
Javanese scenery, of plants (including those of De Noronha or Norofia, which were
sent to him by Governor Van Overstraten) and of animals, as well as other notes
and memoranda. They are now all preserved in the Library of the Department of
Botany, British Museum (Natural History).

During part of his travels Deschamps was accompanied by some young Javanese
assistants who were to help him in collecting material and in preparing drawings
of plants and animals (he also collected fishes). Afterwards he settled in Java
as a physician until 1802, in which year he sailed for Mauritius, and subsequently
to France. On the point of reaching his motherland, as mentioned above, he lost
his treasures. Shortly afterwards according to the information given by M. Deligny
he was nominated first class physician in the hospitals of the Navy. The Annates
des Voyages de Malte Brun and the Memoir es de I'Academie d' Arras contain valuable
observations of Deschamps, who was as interested in natural history researches as
he was inclined to historical studies. In the Memoir es de la Societe des Antiquaires
de la Morinie, of which he was an honorary member, he published in vol. 1, " Dis-

1 It is clear, however, that efforts were made to restore the collections to Deschamps, and the following
extract from a letter dated 29th July, 1803, from Sir Joseph Banks to Barth&emy Faujas de St. Fond
[Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Banks Corr. 14, fol. 101] is of interest :

" Mr. Deschamps, the Companion of La Billiardiere on board L' Entrecasteaux ship arrived here,

a prisoner, as Broussonet will have informed you — I have great pleasure in telling you that, as

soon as our Government heard of the Capture, they gave order, that, if any part of the collection

should be deemed by the Captors too valuable to be abandoned on the part of their Crews, those

things should be purchased at the expense of Government, and returned gratis to M. Deschamps.

" I have had much trouble in collecting his Property together, owing to the absence of Captors,

and mistakes that have arisen between the Custom House of Portsmouth and London. At present

I hope I have got the whole safe in the Custom House of London, in which case it will be forwarded

by the first opportunity to Calais".

In another letter dated 30th January 1804, to Robert Ferguson [Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Banks Corr.

14, fol. 205] Banks says : " Will you be so good as to tell M. Deschamps who you will hear of at the

Jardin des Plantes that if our Flag of Truce goes from the Thames I will do my best to send his things

in it."

2 Cf. Journ. Bot. 41 : 282-283 (1903).

3 " Plantes trouv6es dans mon voyage de cette annee 1798 a Tjiseroa " (with drawings in pencil) ;
Genera et species nova recondita in meo itinere e Cheribon usque Batavia " (with drawings) ; " Flora
Javanica seu Descriptio plantarum quae reperiuntur in insula Java" ; "La flora javane ou description
des plantes qu'on trouve dans ITsle de Java " ; " Appercu de l'lsle de Java et de ses productions "
(several lists of plants).

LOUIS AUGUSTE DESCHAMPS 53

sertation sur le Sinus Itius,"1 vol. 2, " Relation du Sac de 1771," vol. 3, " Precis
historique sur Ardres," vol. 4, " Notice sur Malsaut, comtesse d'Artois."

The well-known grass genus Deschampsia, of world-wide distribution, was named
in his honour by Palisot de Beauvois in 1812.

2. ITINERARY OF DESCHAMPS'S TRAVELS IN JAVA

From a study of the neatly written, illustrated French MSS. and a diary Mrs.
Van Steenis has compiled the following itinerary of Deschamps :

The expedition of the " Recherche " anchored at Surabaja, East Java, Oct. 28,
1793, where the members were not exactly interned but not allowed to go far inland.
Deschamps used his time in studying the native language and the flora. With
the other members he was transferred to Semarang (Central Java) in March, 1794,
where Governor Van Overstraten made him the above-mentioned proposal. He
started collecting in the environs of Un(g)aran(g), in the meanwhile preparing for
an extensive excursion into the interior. Leaving Semarang (May 8, 1795) for
Salatiga, from there climbing Mt. Merbabu (Marababou in his diary) via Kopeng
(15), and returning to Salatiga ; setting out (29) to Bojolali ; Djokjakarta ; trip
to the south coast (hot spring and caves) ; stay at Djokjakarta ; setting out with
Mr. Ijsseldijk on a tour (Aug. 2), via Bantol, Brosot, Selangon, Rawa, Padat, to
Caranbolon ( = Karangbolong on the south coast), collecting several new plants on
hills in the environs ; from Patanaga ( = Petanahan) to Rawa (large lake with
pelicans, etc.), Louvano (pepper plantations), Soerakarta (24) ; Sept. 2 via Bojolali
climbing Mt. Merapi and back ; Sept. 8 to Mt. Lawu, via Gondo (9), he himself
being too tired to reach the summit, but sending his collectors thither (n) ; back
at Solo ( = Surakarta) (12) ; return to Djokjakarta (18) ; to Djivo (28), Maniaran
(29), Bankat (30), through teak forest (31), Zuidergebergte, from Mounon (Oct. 1)
to Patiitan ( = Patjitan), back to Maniaran, Djivo (6), Baudion (or Bodion) (7),
via Magelang and Setron returning to Semarang ; in the vicinity of Mts. Soembing
and Sindoro (20), at Wonogiri (21), Soulocaton ( = Selokaton) (22) ; through teak
forest with many monkeys, Batan ( = Batang) (23) ; Pekalongan (24) ; via Pema-
lang to Tegal (26), giving up the idea of climbing Mt. Slamat, and returning to
Pekalongan (staying 3 weeks), from where (Nov. 22) via Batam ( = ? Batang) along
the coast to Plaburan, Panarouban, Bleri ( = Weleri) (leaving on the 23rd), Kendal
(24), and Semarang. The rainy monsoon was used for arranging and identifying
the collections. April 1796 setting out for a 6-month trip, accompanied by 2
draughtsmen, slaves etc. ; from Semarang to Masaron ; Siraguen (May 3), Djogorogo
(4), and the 5th proceeding by proa to E. Java : Ngawi at the junction of Solo and
Madiun River ; descending the river to Panolang (6), Searang (8), Camolan (9),
Doucon ( = Dukung) (10), and Grissee (n), visiting the environs of the latter place ;
by boat to Surabaja (23), from there (26) to Bangil, making a mountain trip (30)
to Pandangan and Ledu (June 2) : to Bagal ( = Bangil) (June 3), Pasuruan (5),
and the nth setting out to Tinguer ( = Mt. Tengger), visiting Mt. Bromo via Puspo,
the " mer de Cendre " ( = Zandzee), Bato(er), till the 14th, and then proceeding
to Malan(g) via Bangor (14), Poron(g) (15), Malang (15) ; Poron(g) (16) to Pasuruan

1 Port in N.W. France from where Caesar crossed the Channel to England.

54 LOUIS AUGUSTE DESCHAMPS

(16), Surabaja (20), embarking (25) for Madura, visiting Ban(g)kalan(g), making a
trip to the N. coast (26), and to Pamekas(s)an (30) ; from Bankalan (July 5) to
Sumenap ( = Sumenep) (6), staying till July 14; leaving the island by boat (15)
and forced to land near Besuki at Panarucan ( = Panarukan) in E. Java ; pro-
ceeding by land to Cape Sundana ( = Sedano) near Sombrouarou (Sumberwaru),
and to Banjuwangi via Batudodol (20) ; collecting in the environs of Banjuwangi
(also zoological objects) ; on his way (Aug. 8) to the Ydjieng ( = Mt. Idjen) via
Bandjar, visiting the crater ; back to Banjuwangi (n) with an extensive collection
of plants, etc. ; trip to the S. coast, collecting a new Passiflora, a Limonia, etc.,
and returning via Kradjagan ( = ? Gradjagan) (18), Panpan ( = Pangpang) (19),
making several small trips, and staying for 6 weeks at B(e)lambangan ; by sea
(Sept. 6) to Besuki ; proceeding to Probolinggo (9), and Pasuruan ; Surabaja,
Grisse(e) ; crossing to Madura (fort Sambilungan = Sembilangan) (20), and back
to E. Java, Sydayo ( = Sidaju) (21) ; to Crandji (22), Touban (23), Niangolon (24) ;
Centr. Java: Las(s)em, Rembang (26), Joinna ( = Joanna), from where (Oct. 2)
to (D) Japara, climbing Mt. Murai ( = Moeriah) (4), and returning to Japara (6) ;
back at Semarang (7). During the wet monsoon staying at Semarang. May 1,
1797 " en route " once more, this time to the west ; leaving Semarang (May 1),
via Kaliwongan ( = Kaliwungu), Kendal, Vleri ( = Weleri), Batan(g) (2), Pekalongan
(3), Tegal (June 5-13) ; setting out to Mt. Tagal or Mt. Sraia ( = Slamat), via
Bandiaran (14), Ramboul(i5), Tchibedel, not reaching the summit, but descending
on the 16th ; via Labaxio ( = Lebak Sioe) (16) ; returning to Tegal (17) ; the 19th
proceeding via Berbes ( = Brebes) to W. Java, Cheribon ; visiting some hot springs
in the environs of Cheribon (July 7 and 8), making a trip to the district West of
Mt. Tjerme ( = Tjeremai or Tjareme) ; to Ling(g)adjati (10), visiting slope of
Mt. Tjeremai ; the 13th trying to climb Mt. Tjerme, but being himself too tired, he
sent his collectors to the summit ; Cheribon (15-23) ; proceeding via Ragasvatjana
(24), Quali ( = Kawali) (26), Tj(i)amis (27), Konasin (30), Tjeboulon (31) ; by proa
downstream the river Tjeboulon (Aug. 1) and Tchelando, and crossing to Nusa
Kambangan (Island), visiting Manoudjai, N. Central coast of the island, some
caves (2), Pamotan (3), and walking along the S. coast of W. Java to the west (5) to
point Penandjon ( = Penandjung or Panindjoan Peninsula) ; Tchecomboulon
( = Tjikembulan), leaving the 6th for Soukapoura (staying 9-12) ; to Pamoijanan
(13), Panembon (14), trip to Mt. Papandajan (15), and from Panembon along the
foot of Mt. Guntur to Djatilaxano, and Prakamoutjon (W. of Sumedang) ; visiting
hot spring (18) ; Bando(e)ng (19) ; mountains N. of Bandung (21) ; to Tjeraton
(23), collecting in the environs (23-24) ; Bandung (25-26) ; to Batulaian (27),
collecting in the environs (29) ; Rajamandala (30), Tchekalon ( = Tjikalong) (31),
Tj(i)andjo(e)r (Sept. 1-5) ; Mt. Gede (not the summit), Tjipanas and environs
(6-n) ; back at Tjiandjur (12) ; from Bandung (17) to TcheCombar ( = Tjikembar)
(20), Tcheringin ( = Tjaringin) (21), and Wijnkoopsbaai or Pelabuan Ratu (22);
Pandjindang (23) ; Tchethourou ( = Tjitjurug) (24), Pondok Gede (25-30), Tsjero(e)a
and Megamendung (Oct. 1-8), Pondok Gede (9), Buitenzorg (10), Batutulis ; towards
the end of October proceeding to Batavia, 1798 at Buitenzorg (April) ; Sumedang,
P. Muntjang, Mt. Guntur, Mt. Tangkuban Prahu.

LOUIS AUGUSTE DESCHAMPS 55

3. IDENTIFICATION OF DESCHAMPS'S PLATES
OF JAVANESE PLANTS

Dr. Backer and I have refrained from identifying the numerous beautifully
detailed drawings of dissected flowers, etc., which illustrate the diary and other
MSS. of Deschamps, limiting ourselves to the collection of large quarto figures
in a portfolio, which was shown to the first two authors in November, 1946. Lack
of time then prevented us from making a close examination of the identity of the
species represented.

In 1947, with the kind permission of the Trustees of the British Museum, these
plates were sent on loan to Holland, where Dr. Backer and I could study them at
our leisure in detail.

The plates were intended by Deschamps for publication in a several-volumed
work Flora Javanica. A few plates were copied from Rumphius's Herbarium
Amboinense, viz. pi. 251 and 252, representing respectively Cocos nucifera and
Arenga pinnata. The others are obviously all original either made by Deschamps
himself or by draughtsmen (probably Indonesian) who accompanied him and
were placed at his disposal by his protector, Governor Van Overstraten.

Though Deschamps at some time received a copy of the plates made by or for
Norofia — which we have also identified — there is no agreement between the Latin
and vernacular names by Norofia and by Deschamps. Deschamps apparently did
not " borrow " anything from his predecessor. As a matter of fact his travels are
infinitely wider and more prolonged than the trip Noroha made. He appreciated
the latter's work apparently and named Nos. 188-189 a genus Norona ( = Salacia)
after him. He did not neglect other persons : in the first place his protector after
whom he named a Saurauja species Overstratia (No. 94) ; another was named after
Mr. Ijsseldijk Ijseldithia (No. 172), and there is Feberina (No. 73) after somebody
unknown to us.

The plates have been numbered by us (in pencil) in the sequence in which we
received them. They were already laid in five covers on which was noted : Poly-
petalae, Monopetalae, Monocots and Cryptogams. This arrangement was probably
done at the British Museum.

Some of the plates are water-colour drawings.

Sometimes analyses of flowers are added, and all plates bear the character of
being exceedingly artistic and accurate. Their composition must certainly have
given Deschamps real pleasure, and the diary shows how much he was interested by
and absorbed in a careful examination of the species. His zeal and untiring interest
must have been tremendous.

Most of the plates are accompanied by a native name, written by Deschamps in
the French manner as he understood them from the native pronunciation. These
native names are partly in Javanese and partly in Sundanese, indicating his collecting
respectively in the central and eastern parts of Java or the western part.

These vernacular names proved to be valuable in checking our identifications.

56 LOUIS AUGUSTE DESCHAMPS

Some of the names he cited are wrong. For interest we have added some
of the names in their present spelling in the third column. Moreover a good many
of the plates are provided with Latin plant names, which served apparently as
preliminaries for the intended future publication.

From the plates it is obvious that Deschamps made his trips to a large extent in
unknown country and that he was a keen observer in the field. It is curious to
note that Deschamps collected several species which are now very rare in Java.
The island was, in Deschamps's time, much less devastated and much less converted
to a " culture-steppe " than at the present time. Among the outstanding dis-
coveries is that of Rafflesia, of which a good drawing is preserved and of which
we have added a photograph to this paper (PI. 13). Twenty years later, sometime
between 1812 and 1819, Horsfield also collected an (immature) specimen of Rafflesia
in Java, but the first published record of the genus Rafflesia was only made as late
as 1820-22 by R. Brown in Trans. Linn. Soc. 13 : 201 (1821).

Some of the species or genera were apparently new to science in the opinion of
Deschamps, and in those cases he added the abbreviations G.N. (genus novum) or
S.N. (species nova).

That Deschamps did most of the drawings himself is likely, but of this we cannot
be certain. For instance we found on pi. 56, Lager stroemia, an indication that this
plate was made by a certain Soehati, whom we assume to be one of the Javanese
draughtsmen.

In addition to Rafflesia, some other records deserve comment. For example,
No. 6, Aeschynomene trachyloba., which is an exceedingly rare species and according
to Backer (Schoolflora, 1911, p. 333), has only been once found in Central-East Java
and not recorded since.

An outstanding record is no. 57 " Bombax lobatum," which represents unmistak-
able Cochlospermum religiosum, a plant which was doubtless introduced by the
Hindus1 as a sacred temple plant. Hitherto it has been found only very locally
in Bali Island. As Deschamps never visited that island, his record must have
been derived from a Javanese plant.

Among the plants depicted are some which evidently had at that time already
been introduced into Java ; examples of this kind are No. 43, Otophora alata
(native in Borneo), No. 47, Mesua ferrea (not found wild in Java), No. 39,
Hydrangea macrophylla from Eastern Asia, No. 125 represents Coffea arabica, of
which the cultivation in Java dates back to 1697-1698.

The collections reflect Deschamps' activities in nearly all types of vegetation ;
the dry arid parts of East and Central Java at low altitude, the coastal zone, the
mountains of East Java (cf. No. 44, Euonymus japonicus, and No. 60, Berberis
wallichiana) and the mountain forest of West Java.

As, of course, only very selected plants were drawn, his collections comprised
many more than the 270 species depicted and he must have possessed a unique
field knowledge of the Javanese flora, rivalled only by that later acquired by Hors-
field, Junghuhn and Zollinger.

1 Cf. Bull. Jard Bot. Buitenz., Ser. 3, 13 : 519 (1936) ; W« Males. I, Ser. I, 42 : 62-63 (i949)-

LOUIS AUGUSTE DESCHAMPS

57

4. LIST OF DESCHAMPS'S MS. PLATES
WITH THEIR IDENTIFICATION

Most of the plants could be identified as far as the family. Out of 271 (No. 196
is a plate with 2 pictures) only 12 remain entirely unidentified (Nos. 11, 35, 37, 78,
81, 84, 122, 134, 150, 161, 227, 228), 13 are only referred to a family, 49 numbers
could be assigned with a degree of finality to the genus only, and 197 could be
referred to a species with reasonable accuracy. Sometimes we added a short note,
either on the species or on the specific name.

The Latin names added by Deschamps on the drawings are placed in the first
column between quotation marks.

Deschamps was apparently sometimes in need of drawing-paper as No. 2 is drawn
on the back of No. 1, No. 24 is found on the back of 23 and unfinished sketches are
found on the backs of other sheets.

Some plates are drawn twice, as No. 58 is apparently the same as No. 9 and No.
105 is the same as No. 24.

Though some numbers apparently represent mixtures (No. 25, No. 134) and the
leaves of No. 62, Spondias pinnata (L.f.) Kurz, are drawn as uneven-pinnate, most
pictures are very skilfully done, and the details of flowers and fruits bear witness
of the love and care Deschamps bestowed on his drawing.

Numbers in the first column marked with an asterisk indicate that the plate is a
water-colour drawing.

Current vernacular name

or comment on those

given by Deschamps

tebalan is a common name
for Alysicarpus spp.

Number of plate and
name by Deschamps

pantawalan .
kakas .

bankon

kadelen

nomkatiisan .

manieran wono
(wono = wild)

" Poutio com-
munis "

kantjilan, " Tri-
carpon tripsa-
cum "

Present botanical identification

Alysicarpus bupleurifolius (L.)
DC.

HlPTAGE BENGHALENSIS (L.) Kurz

(on the back of No. 1)

PlTHECELLOBIUM cf. FAGIFOLIUM

Bl. ex Miq.
Piper nigrum L. (on the back of

No. 3)
Atylosia scarabaeoides (L.)

Benth.
Aeschynomene trachyloba Miq.
Smithia sensitiva Ait.

Pangium edule Reinw.

Aleurites moluccana (L.) Willd.

(sketch only, on the back of

No. 8)
Tetracera indica (Christm. &

Panz.) Merr. (T. assa DC)

bangkong, J.1

kedelen, J.

katisan, J.

native name wrong

putjung, J.

J. stands for the Javanese language, S for Sundanese, Md. for Madurese.

58

LOUIS AUGUSTE DESCHAMPS

Number of plate and
name by Deschamps

ii. nampo

12. zekkardangan

13-

djemporan

14.

" Dilennea "

15-

" Capparis "

16.

mojoo .

17-

—

18.

—

19.

—

20.

" Mimosa aqua-

tica "

21.

tomtoman

22.

23-

pate

24.

manis jangan

25-

" Cassia mono-

philla "

26.

—

27.

tajoeman

28.

" Hedera tomen-

tosa "

29.

djomboek

3^-

" Philanthus "

3i-

— ■

32.

cadjioe tai, "Evo-

nymus sterco-

rarius "

33. hipadali

34. gadangan

35. " Anensa java-

nica "

36. -

Present botanical identification

Quid ? Habit like Calophyllum,
fruit 7-celled, with 7 deep
grooves, large, inferior, thick
exo- and endocarp

Vallaris glabra (L.) Kuntze
(V. pergulana Burm. f.) (culti-
vated only)

Trevesia sundaica Miq.

DlLLENIA PENTAGYNA Roxb.

Cadaba capparoides DC. (rare,

in East Java only)
Aegle marmelos (L.) Correa
Allophylus cobbe Bl. sens. lat.

HlPPOCRATEA ? MACRANTHA Korth

cf. Tephrosia dichotoma Desv.
Neptunia oleracea Lour.

Indigofera hirsuta L.

Rubus lineatus Reinw. ex Bl.
Parkia speciosa Hassk.

Cf . ClNNAMOMUM BURMANNI Bl. (on

back of No. 23)

Leaf like that of Crotalaria
retusa L., flower of Cassia
occidentalis L. ; ? mixtum

Cassia javanica L.

Bauhinia hirsuta Weinm.

SCHEFFLERA Sp.

Xylocarpus granatum Koen.

Sauropus spectabilis Miq.

Actinidia callosa Lindl. (occurs
only in West Java)

cf. Geniostoma miquelianum
Koord. & Valet. (The native
name alludes to the fetid odour
of Lasianthus and other Rubi-
aceae, but the plate suggests
Geniostoma)

Cf. TURPINIA POMIFERA (Roxb.)

DC.

UVARIA RUFA Bl.

? EUPHORBIACEA : cf . OSTODES

Current vernacular name
or comment on those
given by Deschamps

dondong, S.

(sekar = flower)

misspelt Latin word

madja, J.

lorn — Indigofera, tomtoman
is used for several spp.
incl. this one.

pete or peteh.
manis djangan, J.

tajuman, J.

djomba, J.

vernacular name is wrong
and is that of Rader-

machera.

Sarcococca
Muell. Are

saligna (D. Don)

Number of plate and
name by Deschamps

37. " Melacephala

montana "
38- -

39-* —

40.

joeroehan

41.

tyamboe aer ma-

war poetie

42.

—

43-

—

44.

—

45-

—

46.

—

47-

nogosari

48.

? claion

49.

—

5°-

? tpons

5i-

lansap

52.

— ■

53-

" Acuticarpon

littorale "

54-

prouoco

55-

" Elaeocarpus

serrata "

56.

bajor, " Pentha-

pethes "

57-

" Bombax loba-

tum "

58. pogon kamirie,

" Camitium

59. tayoeman

60. " Berberia "

61. genitri

62. kedondon

63. sadan .

LOUIS AUGUSTE DESCHAMPS
Present botanical identification

? euphorbiacea

Xanthophyllum vitellinum
(Bl.) Nees

Hydrangea macrophylla
(Thunb.) Ser. (H. opuloides
(Lam.) C. Koch ; H. hortensia
Sieb.) (the cultivated plant)

MlCROMELUM PUBESCENS Bl.

59

Syzygium aqueum (Burm. f.)

Alston
Adenostemma lavenia (L.)

Kuntze sens. lat.
Otophora alata Bl. (a native

from Borneo)
Euonymus japonicus Thunb.
Evodia sp.

Begonia cf. isoptera Dryand.
Mesua ferrea L. (not native

in Java)
cf. Arytera littoralis Bl.

PlMPINELLA JAVANA DC.

Oenanthe javanica DC.
Lansium domesticum Correa
Antidesma ghaesembilla Gaertn.
Tristellateia australasiae A.

Rich.
Gaultheria leucocarpa Bl.
Elaeocarpus grandiflorus Sm.

Pterospermum javanicum Jungh.
(Soehati del.)

COCHLOSPERMUM RELIQIOSUM (L.)

Alston (This species has never
been found in Java as yet.
Identification unquestionable)

Aleurites moluccana (L.) Willd.

(nearly the same as No. 9)

Tinospora coriacea (Bl.) Beumee
(Cocculus coriaceus Bl.)

Berberis wallichiana DC. (typi-
cal high mountain plant)

Elaeocarpus sp.

Spondias pinnata (L.f.) Kurz (S.

mangifera Willd.) (leaves

wrongly drawn)
Passiflora horsfieldii Bl. (a

rare species ; cf . itinerary)

Current vernacular name
or comment on those
given by Deschamps

djeroekan (similar to
" djeroek " = citrus)
djamboe aer

tespong
langsap

purwo, J.

bajur

kemiri
tajuman

ganitri is used for more

than one sp.
kedongdong

6o

LOUIS AUGUSTE DESCHAMPS

Number of plate and
name by Deschamps

64.

65.
66.

" Melanostoma
an laevigata "
" Melanostoma "
ki arendon .

67. —

68. dialingan

69. " Anona '

70.

Kala .

7i-

" Michellia "

72.

" Michellia,"

" S.N."

73-

" Feberina ex-

celsa," tivo

soureso

74-

" Rhedia " .

75-

" Solitaria java-

nica "

76.

panpon

77-

wadon .

78.

" Ornitope "

79-

" Bo done a "

" Ptelea vis-

cosa "

80.

" Coocktia "

81.

" Ceanothus "

82.

djirac, " prunus

tinctoria "

83-

sasa

84.

k. binia ?

«5-

" olax "

86.

87.

ble ketebe

88.

labo walou .

89.

" Melanostoma " .

90.

kadondon " Ery- .

throsperma gla- .

bra "

9i-

" Cissus trilobus .

S.N."

Present botanical identification

Medinilla javanensis (Bl.) Bl.

Medinilla laurifolia (Bl.) Bl.
Macrolenes muscosa (Bl.) Bakh.
f. (Marumia muscosa (Bl.) Bl.)

FvUBUS ALCAEIFOLIUS Poir.

Rubus rosifolius Sm.

FlSSISTIGMA LATIFOLIUM (Dunal)

Merr. (Melodorum latifolium
(Dunal) Hook. f. & Thorns.,
non Bl.)
Desmos chinensis Lour. (Unona
discolor Vahl)

Cananga odorata (Lam.) Hook.

f. & Thorns.
Talauma candollii Bl.

Meliosma sp. (The fruits do not
agree with the detail drawings)

? Calophyllum sp.
Harrisonia brownii Juss.

SCHEFFLERA Sp.

Garcinia sp.

? SAPINDACEA ? TURPINIA

Dodonaea viscosa Jacq.

? Clausena harmandiana Pierre

(C. olivieri Koord.)
Quid?
Symplocos sp.

Symplocos sp.

Quid ? (The opposite pinnate

leaves suggest Turpinia)
Olax scandens Roxb. (beautiful

detail analysis)
Brucea amarissima (Lour.) Desv.
Sloanea sigun (Bl.) Szysz.
Trichosanthes anguina L.
Creochiton bibracteatus (Bl.) Bl.
Lannea coromandelica (Houtt.)

Merr. (L. grandis (Dennst.)

Engl.)
? Cissus aff. repens Lam.

Current vernacular name
or comment on those
given by Deschamps

ki harendong, a common
name for several genera
and spp. of Melasto-
mataceae.

tjalingan, J.

kalak is a general name for
Annonaceae and for this
one

ki tiwu, S. (for Meliosma)

wadon, wadung, J.

djirek, J., djirak, S.
sasah, S.

beleketebek, S.

native name is wrong

LOUIS AUGUSTE DESCHAMPS

61

Number of plate and
name by Deschamps

92.

—

93-

—

94-

" Overstratia "

95-

omor bohot .

96.

" illecebrum in

dicum "

97-

patina .

98. patio .

99.* (" T 191 ") •

100. maritja, "Piper

pallidum "

101. —

102. comoncoan,

" Piper cucu-
bea "
103.* (" 194 ") " My-
ristica "

104. " Myristica,"

" vol. 2, tab.
6"

105. manis jangan,
" Laurus "

106. " Laurus cuni-

folia "

107. kandon

108. " Lorhanthus "

109. Djndana, " San-

talum album ' '

no. upas, " antiar "

in. ttpas, " dele-

taria "
112. " Carimbonca

sylvatica "

113. kamadon, " Py-

reenia urens "

114. " Ficus axil-

laris "

115. " Ficus parvi-

f alius "

Present botanical identification

Ehretia microphylla Lam. (E.

buxifolia Roxb.)
Hydrangea aspera D. Don (H.

oblongifolia Bl.)
Saurauja sp.

Kadsura scandens (Bl.) Bl.
Alternanthera sessilis (L.)

Sweet.
Rap'flesia patma Bl. (male) (This

is the first record of the genus,

being earlier than that of Hors-

field)
Piper sulcatum Bl. (P. nigrescens

Bl.)
Piper cf. majusculum Bl.
Piper nigrum L.

Piper sp. (tinged with E.I. ink)
Piper sp.

Myristica fragrans Houtt. (small

size picture)
Myristica fragrans Houtt.

Cinnamomum burmanni Bl. (Same
as pi. 24)

LlTSEA Cf. DIVERSIFOLIA Bl.

Helicia serrata Bl.
Macrosolen cf. PSEUDOPERFOLI-

atus Miq. (only known from

East Java)
Santalum album L.

Antiaris toxicaria Lesch. (male)
(the famous poisonous tree)

Antiaris toxicaria Lesch. (fe-
male)

Nertera granadensis (L.f.)
Druce (A/, depressa Banks ex
Sol.) (beautiful details of the
minute flowers)

Laportea stimulans Miq.

FlCUS VARIEGATA Bl.

Ficus punctata Thunb.

Current vernacular name
or comment on those
given by Deschamps

maritja (common name for
pepper)

kendung, Md., kendang, J.

tjandana, tjendana, J.

upas

upas

hamaduan (— burning)

62

LOUIS AUGUSTE DESCHAMPS

Number of plate and
name by Deschamps

116.

saruban, " Bi-

sphaeria "

117.

crambi, " cram-

binum "

118.

sarangan, " fagus .

indica "

119.

" gandria acida " .

120.

oeran oeroengan

121.

hdmbaran

122.

—

123.

gondopouro .

124.

—

125.

koffie (Dutch !)

126.

—

127.

—

128.

" Ruellia " .

129. tingigonnon ,
" Erica "

130. " 5 dria "

131- —

132. momal

133. tankoro

134. amprou badak

135-

" Justicia Java

nica "

136.

" Justicia " .

!37-

cosma, " Garci

nia," " Dios

pyros "

138.

" Pergularia "

139*

—

140.*

—

141.*

—

142.

Present botanical identification

POIKILOSPERMUM SUAVEOLENS (Bl.)

Merr. (Conocephalus suaveolens
Bl.) (female specimen)

HOMALANTHUS POPULNEUS (Geis.)

Pax

QUERCUS Sp.

BOUEA MACROPHYLLA Griff.

Urticacea: either Pouzolzia,
Maoutia or Debregeasia

Ficus padana Burm. f. (F. toxi-
caria L.)

? Casearia sp.

Gaultheria fragrantissima
Wall.

Clerodendrum serratum Spr.

COFFEA ARABICA L.

Gmelina elliptica Sm. (G. villosa
Roxb.)

LlMNOPHILA PINNATIFIDA Bl.

Allaeophania rugosa (Bl.) Boerl.
or Spermacoce hispida L.

Gaultheria nummularioides D.
Don (The name tingigonnon
means : " from high moun-
tains " alluding to the micro-
therm habitat)

Dipterocarpus sp. (In Java 5
species occur, some of which are
closely allied)

DlPLYCOSIA HETEROPHYLLA Bl.

Sapotacea

? ostodes paniculata bl.

Quid ? (hamperu badak is used for
Voacanga and Tabernaemon-
tana. The plate suggests Ru-
biaceae, but the leaves are
drawn alternate)

Rhinacanthus nasuta (L.) Kurz

Eranthemum sp.
Diospyros (cf. aurea Teijsm. &
Binnend)

Telosma (Pergularia) sp.

Saurauja pendula Bl.

Saurauja bracteosa DC.

Jasminum crassifolium Bl. (beau-
tiful plate ; only in West Java
mountains)

IXORA JAVANICA (Bl.) DC.

Current vernacular name
or comment on those
given by Deschamps

karumbi

gandaria

name for various Urticaceae

hambaran

gandopouro, J.

LOUIS AUGUSTE DESCHAMPS

63

Number of plate and
name by Deschamps

143-
144.

145
146

147

149
150

1.51
152

153-
*54-
155-

156.

157-
158.

159.
160.
161.

162.
163.
164.
165.
166.

167.

168.

169.

sombon buma

" Rhododen-
drum "

" ? Morphea "
gatie boentoet,

" Plutonea "
kalei kambin

" Diannea inter-
gra " " st. 2 "

" Ligustrum

racemosum "
Melati costa,

" Gerardia "
" Pinguicula

unibracteata,

Garrisonniana '
? " Germinalia "
" arbutus " .
? manin idio,

" Arbutus "
" Pyrostria "
" Psychotria "
" Gentiana verti-

cillata "
" Mellia " .
" Pergularia "
" MicocaulaL."
" Elictres isora "
" Solanum spic-

tatum "
cronlack, " ippo-

mea bona nox "
kionga, " Eneia,

St. 5 "
kakas, " Molinda

L.M.," G.N.

170.* " Azalia indica "

Present botanical identification

Orophea hexandra Bl.
Psychotria, Hypobathrum or

allied genus (The leaves are not

all drawn as strictly decussate)
Gesneriacea ? Rhynchothechum

sp. or Cyrtandra sp.
Rhododendron javanicum

(Bl.) Benn.
Millingtonia hortensis L.f.

(only in East Java)
Rhododendron retusum (Bl.)

Benn.
Fagraea cf. auriculata Jack
Fagraea or Verbenacea

Tabernaemontana sphaero-

CARPA Bl.
DlDYMOCARPUS ASPERIFOLIUS

(Bl.) Bakh. f. (Good drawing,
leaves anisophyll, stamens 2)
Ligustrum glomeratum Bl.

Jasminum sambac (L.) Ait.

Epithema sp.

DlCHROA FEBRIFUGA Lour. S.l.
Vaccinium ? LAURIFOLIUM Miq.
Vaccinium varingifolium (Bl.)

Miq.
Meyna spinosa Roxb. ex Link
Psychotria sp.
Quid ? an Olacacea ?

acanthacea ? dlpteracanthus
Beaumontia ?
schoutenia ?
helicteres viscida bl.
Ardisia sp.

Ipomoea aculeata Bl.

PlTTOSPORUM MONTICOLA Miq.

" HlPTAGE BENGHALENSIS (L.)

Kurz " (H. madablota Gaertn.)
Apparently supposed to be a
new genus by Deschamps himself.
Rhododenron indicum Sw.

Current vernacular name
or comment on those
given by Deschamps

64

Number of plate and
name by Deschamps

171. " Garcinia "

" Diospyros "

172. goundo, " yssel-

dithia," " Cus-

173. " Eclyptica "

174.

175-
176.

177

178

179

180
181

182

183

184

185
186

187.

188.

189.

190."

191.

192.

193-

blontas, " Bac-
charis indica "

' Orobanche,"
" Cor. cocci-
nea "

" Orobantha "

" Coelestia cer-

rulea "
" Balansa pin-

nata "
" Balanea " .
" Ecbolium,"

" Justicia "
" Gratiola pedi-

culata S.N."
soenlar, " Con-

vulvulus "
caiou api
" Solatium "
" Ligustrum,"

" Echites par-

viflora "
" Richia " .

" Norona lit-
torea "

" Norona parvi-
flora "

rahengas, " Man-
ga deletaria "

" E. Luteo-rub-
rum "

" Epidendrum
scriptum "

LOUIS AUGUSTE DESCHAMPS
Present botanical identification

Diospyros sp.

Sphenoclea zeylanica Gaertn.
(Deschamps had apparently the
intention to call this plant after
Mr. Ijsseldijk with whom he had
associations) .

Adenostemma lavenia (L.)
Kuntze sens. lat. (same species as
in pi. 42)

Pluchea indica (L.) Less.

Pothos sp. (on back of pi. 174 ;

rough sketch)
Aeschynanthus longiflorus

(Bl.) DC.

Aeschynanthus radicans Jack

{A . pulcher Don)
Rhynchoglossum obliquum Bl.

Dysoxylum sp.

POLYOSMA Sp.
Eranthemum VISCIDUM Bl.

CURANGA FEL-TERRAE (Lour.)

Merr. (C. amara Juss.)

PORANA RACEMOSA Roxb.
AVICENNIA Sp.

Ardisia sp.
Apocynacea

TABERNAEMONTANA Cf. FLORI-
BUNDA Bl.

Salacia sp.
Salacia sp.
Gluta RENGHAS L.

Renanthera matutina (Bl.)

Lindl. vel aff.
Arachnis flos-aeris (L.)

Reichb. f. (Arachnanthe moschi-

fera (Bl.) Bl.)
Cymbidium cf. finlaysonianum

(Bl.) Lindl.

Current vernacular name
or comment on those
given by Deschamps

behmtas

kaju apt

LOUIS AUGUSTE DESCHAMPS

65

Number of plate and
name by Deschamps

194.

" Epidendrum

grandiflorum "

195-

" E. taxifolium "

196a.

" E. minus "

196&.

" E. spicatum "

197.

—

198.

" E. dissectum "

199.

—

200.

—

201.

' ' E . bulbi-

florum "

202.

—

203.

" E. caninum "

204.

" E. parvifo-

lium "

205.

" E. bracte-

atum "

206.

" E. flos aeris "

207.

" Ep. pendu-

lum "

208.

" Ep. distictts "

209. " Ep. furcum "

210. " E. medium "

211. " tenuifolium ' '

212. " E. elesans "

213.

214.

215-

" E. ramosum "
" E. tuberosum "

216.
217.
218.

" Ep. fulvum "
" E. rubrum "
" E. tomento-

sum "

219.

—

220.

—

221.

" Amomum car-
damomum "

222.

—

223.

— ■

224.

" Costus arabi-

cus "

Present botanical identification

Phalaenopsis amabilis (L.) Bl.
Appendicula sp.

BULBOPHYLLUM Sp. (with No. I96&

on one plate)
Oberonia sp.
Cryptostylis arachnites (Bl.)

Hassk.
? Eulophia squalida (Bl.) Lindl.
Arundina graminifolia (D. Don)

Hochr. {A. speciosa Bl.)
Dendrochilum sp.
Philidota sp.

Dendrobium tetraedre (Bl.)

Lindl.
Dendrobium sp.
Spathoglottis sp.

Appendicula cf. pendula Bl.

Trichoglottis retusa Bl.
Trichoglottis vel Eria sp.

Dendrobium aff. aloifolium (Bl.)

Reichb. f.
Vanda cf. tricolor Lindl.

ASCOCENTRUM MINIATUM (Bl.)

Schlechter

SARCANTHUS Cf. APICULATUS J. J.

Sm.
Aerides odorata Lour. (A. sua-

veolens Bl.)
? Calanthe sp.

Acriopsis javanica Reinw. ex Bl.
Phaius tancarvilleae (Banks

ex L'Herit.) Bl.
Spathoglottis affinis De Vriese

COELOGYNE MINIATA (Bl.) Lindl.

Eria cf. albidotomentosa (Bl.)

Lindl.
Dendrobium cf. mutabile (Bl.)

Lindl.
Zingiber sp.

ZlNGIBERACEA

Kaempferia sp.
Arthrocnemum indicum (Willd.)

Moq.
Costus speciosus Sm.

Current vernacular name
or comment on those
given by Deschamps

66

LOUIS AUGUSTE DESCHAMPS

Number of plate and
name by Deschamps

Present botanical identification

Current vernacular name
or comment on those
given by Deschamps

225.

—

Curcuma sp.

226.

" Marantacia .
galanga "

Alpinia galanga (L.) Stuntz

227.

—

? ZlNGIBERACEA

228.

—

Quid ? (drawing too sketchy)

229.

tonta

Zingiber sp.

230.

" Marantacia
malaccensis "

Alpinia sp.

231.

" Mavantana
minor " djankra

Globba strobilipera Zoll. & Mor.

232.

tommo contji
" Kaempferia
rotunda

Kaempferia rotunda L.

233-

g andos ouly ,
"Kaempferia
hedychium "

Hedychium sp.

234-

bangli, " Amo-
mum carda-
num "

Amomum sp.

235-

lankoas, " Mar an- .
tana galanga "

Alpinia sp.

236.

tpous, ".Amo-

Phaeomeria speciosa (Bl.) Koord. .

mum gigan-

(Nicolaia speciosa (Bl.) Horan.)

teum "

237-

" Amomum car-,
damoides S.N."

ZlNGIBERACEA

238.

wonsa, " Amo-
mum glabra "

Amomum maximum Roxb.

239.

" Amomum gi-

Phaeomeria speciosa (Bl.) Koord. .

ganteum "

(Nicolaia speciosa (Bl.) Horan.)

240.

capoloys, " Amo- .
mum carda-
mum "

ZlNGIBERACEA

241.

tpus, "Am. coc-

Amomum coccineum (Bl.) Benth.

cineum S.N."

& Hook.

242.

" Asphodellus "

DlANELLA ENSIFOLIA L.

243-*

toulan .

Gloriosa SUPERBA L.

244.

" Uvularia "

DlSPORUM CANTONIENSE (Lour. )

Merr. sens. lat.(D. pullum Salisb.,
D. chinense Sabine, etc.)

245-

" Pontederia "

Monochoria vaginalis (Burm. f.)
Kunth

246.

" Draco ntium "

Lasia spinosa (L.) Thw.

247.

" Arum probo-

Typhonium flagelliforme

cidum "

(Lodd.) Bl.

248.

sampi .

Lasia spinosa (L.) Thw.

249.

" Arum "

Cryptocoryne ciliata Fisch. ex
Wydler

250.

terkoso

Pothos sp. (The same figure as .
Pi- 175)

251-

" Cocos "

Cocos NUCIFERA L.

tongtak, S.

kuntji

gandasuli

banglai or bangle is some-
times used for Zingi-
beraceae sens. lat.

langkuwas is a general
name for Alpinia spp.

tepus is general name for

Amomum, Achasma, etc.

tepus

sungsang

Number of plate and
name by Deschamps

LOUIS AUGUSTE DESCHAMPS
Present botanical identification

67

Current vernacular name

or comment on those

given by Deschamps

252.

saguaster

Arenga pinnata (Wurmb) Merr. .

253-

" sirasi, air ana
aquatica ,,

Areca catechu L.

254-

saguaster

Metroxylon sagu Rottb. sens. lat. .

255.

" Cocos "

COCOS NUCIFERA L.

256.

senti

Palma (a species of rattan)

257-

" Calamus cunei-
folius "

? KORTHALSIA ROBUSTA Bl.

258.

" Calamus
minor "

Calamus sp.

259.

" Calamus brac-

Plectocomia elongata Mart, ex .

teatus "

Schult.

260.

—

Arenga pinnata (Wurmb) Merr. .

261.

" Sagus iner-

Metroxylon sagu Rottb. sens. .

mis "

lat. (on the back of this plate is
a faint sketch of pi. 37)

262.

saguaster

Arenga pinnata (Wurmb) Merr. .

263.

birou " Cory-

Licuala spinosa Wurmb (L. spec- .

pha "

tabilis Miq.)

264.

'

prob. Oncosperma filamentosum .
Bl.

265.

—

? Daemonorops sp.

266.

pinang bimbing
" Areca sil-
vestris "

PlNANGA KUHLII Bl.

267.

pinang rendu
" Areca minor "

Palma ? Pinanga sp.

268.

Simbar mend-.

Platycerium bifurcatum (Cav.)

iangan

C. Chr.

" Ophioglos-

sum pendulum

lum N."

269.

pakis oling .

Dipteris conjugata Reinw.

270

" Phallus reticu-

Dictyophora indusiata (Vent.)

lars "

Desv.

bingbing

This is the story of the extensive and intelligent labours in Java of Louis Auguste
Deschamps, whom ill fate deprived of all the results of his five years' research in
Java when in sight of his homeland. But for the misfortune of losing his material,
Deschamps would certainly have been first, by many decades, to reveal the treasures
of the Javan flora.1

1 The only published notes by Deschamps on his exploration in Java known to us appeared in Malte-
Brun, Ann. Voyages, vol. 1 (1809). The notes were published under the general title " Extrait d'un
voyage inedit dans l'int6rieur de ITsle de Java." Only two have been published. The first deals with
" Notice sur le pohon upas " (I.e., pp. 60-74). He mentions the occurrence of Antiaris toxicaria Lesch.
in East Java, states that the resin is used as dart poison, but he rejects the fabulous stories told about
this plant. He states further that Rumphius's plates of the flowers are wrong, and he gives a new
description of the male and female flowers himself. The origin of the fabulous stories he traced to a
custom of sending criminals to the Antiaris locality without food and clothes. The latter circumstances
caused their death.

The second is mainly ethnographic and is named " Moeurs, amusements, et spectacles Javanois "
(I.e., pp. 145-168). There are some note? on the " tuba " (Derris) which he calls Glycine frutescens .

68 LOUIS AUGUSTE DESCHAMPS

The authors wish to express their gratitude to the Keeper of Botany, British
Museum, for enabling them to make these historic notes, and especially to the
Trustees of the British Museum, who kindly gave their permission to have the
precious plates studied in detail in Holland by Dr. Backer, expert on the Javan
flora, and myself. Thanks are also due to Dr. E. D. Merrill, who read the MS.
of this paper and made many valuable suggestions, and to Dr. R. C. Bakhuizen
van den Brink, Leyden, for several nomenclatural corrections of the Latin names.

2 8 JAN 1954

Bull. B.M. (N.H.) History, i, 2.

PLATE 13.

ST^3^

..«&»

«<&r, rv^*,

^w*«

> /»■ Ih ^T'VW

'//

Plate 13. — Reproduction of the original drawing by Deschamps of Rafflesia patma Bl. in Java.
In all probability Deschamps was the first white man to see and examine Rafflesia (1797),
twenty years before Arnold found another species in Sumatra, and 27 years before the same
species was recollected in Nusa Kambangan by Blume.

PRESENTED

2 8 JAN 1954

PRINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN BY
ADLARD AND SON, LIMITED
BARTHOLOMEW PRESS, DORKING

I

A CATALOGUE AND

HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF

THE BANKS SHELL

COLLECTION

GUY L. WILKINS

BULLETIN OF
THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY)
HISTORICAL SERIES Vol. i, No. 3

LONDON: 1955

A CATALOGUE AND HISTORICAL
ACCOUNT OF THE BANKS SHELL

COLLECTION

BY

GUY L. WILKINS

Pp. 69-119 ; Pis. 14-19

^upr

j$<w,Ju

BULLETIN OF
THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY)
HISTORICAL SERIES Vol. 1 No. 3

LONDON: 1955

THE BULLETIN OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM
(NATURAL HISTORY), instituted in 1949, is
issued in five series corresponding to the Departments
of the Museum, and an Historical Series.

Parts will appear at irregular intervals as they become
ready. Volumes will contain about three or four
hundred pages, and will not necessarily be completed
within one calendar year.

This paper is Vol. 1, No. 3 of the Historical series.

PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES OF
THE BRITISH MUSEUM

Issued February, 1955 ' Price One Pound

A CATALOGUE AND HISTORICAL
ACCOUNT OF THE BANKS SHELL COLLECTION

By GUY. L. WILKINS

CONTENTS

Pages

i. Origin, Scope and General Description of the Collection . 71-74

2. Contemporary Collections and Efforts to Trace Them . . 74-78

3. Historical Background, from the Arrival of Dr. Solander in

England, to his Death in 1782 ...... 79-81

4. The Solander Manuscripts and their use by subsequent Authors 81-88

5. Contributors to the Collection . . . . . . 88—89

6. Descriptive Catalogue : 90-91

Part I. Shells from the localities visited by the Endeavour, 1768-

1771 ......... 91-108

Part II. Specimens given to Banks from various localities up to

the year 1782 ....... 108-116

7. References ........... 1 16-1 19

8. Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . .119

SYNOPSIS

In the following pages an attempt has been made to describe and catalogue the shell collection
of Sir Joseph Banks, presented to the British Museum by the Linnean Society of London in
1863, and untouched since that time. Although comparatively small and incomplete, this
unique collection is of historical interest in that it contains much of the original material
collected during Captain Cook's first voyage round the world (1768— 1 771).

This material, together with specimens given to Banks by several of his contemporaries, has
recently been identified and correlated with Solander's original manuscript labels and descrip-
tions. The plates include reproductions of a complete drawer of specimens, pages from the
Solander manuscripts, accompanied by the original shells described thereon (including three
Lectotypes), and a selection of specimens collected during the voyage of the " Endeavour."

1. ORIGIN, SCOPE AND GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE COLLECTION

Before the establishment and appreciation of great public museums, it was the
custom of most learned societies to endeavour to maintain collections relating to
their particular activities, a custom which invariably led to acute embarrassment
regarding storage space, efficient custody, and curating. The Linnean Society of
London, founded in 1788, was no exception to this general tendency, having accumu-
lated collections stowed away in attics and store-rooms where few ever entered

HIST. 1, 3. 5

72 THE BANKS SHELL COLLECTION

(Gage, 1938, p. 124), and it was not until 1863, during the presidency of Thomas Bell,
that at last the decision was taken to reduce the Society's collections to manageable
proportions.

Some collections were consequently distributed to several Natural History societies
in the north of England ; others, including the Banks shell and insect collections,
were sent to the more commodious, but overcrowded quarters of the British Museum
(then at Bloomsbury), the remainder of unwanted collections being sold at Stevens'
Auction Rooms in November 1863.

Nothing appears to have been recorded since the bare statement of the receipt
of the Banksian shells in the Annual Reports of the British Museum, and the History
of the Collections (1912, p. 19) for the year 1863. It must be presumed that the col-
lection, which admittedly could never have looked inviting, was put aside to be
dealt with at some later date, thereby eventually losing its original identity and even
becoming known (within living memory), as the " Hanley Collection." According
to a list of donations to the collections of the Linnean Society published in Volume
XI of the Transactions in 1815 (p. 430), " An extensive collection of shells" was
presented to the Society by Sir Joseph Banks, but, apart from this brief statement,
there is no indication of the size of the collection, whether it comprised one or more
cabinets, or the approximate number of specimens. Even the actual date of presen-
tation is uncertain, for in those days a complete volume of the Transactions covered
a period of several years, so the conclusion is that it was presented at some date
between the publication of Volume X of the Transactions in 181 1, and Volume XI in
1815. William Swainson, writing in 1820 (text to plate 23), the only contemporary
author so far known to have actually used the collection, completes the description
of a new species of Mitra with the following paragraph : " This superb shell is figured
from the matchless specimen brought home by that illustrious and lamented patron
of science, the late Sir J. Banks, from the Pacific Ocean ; it is now, together
with his entire collection of shells and insects, in the Museum of the Linnean Society."
It has already been stated in the synopsis to this paper, that the collection as it now
stands is evidently incomplete ; further comparison with Solander's manuscript
shows several genera to be entirely missing, and it is suggested that the Banks collec-
tion may have been inadvertently divided in 1863, the missing portion perhaps being
sold in the auction sale recorded above.

In view of Swainson's statement that Banks's entire collection of shells was in the
Linnean Society's museum in 1820, it seems unlikely that any came to the British
Museum with the Banksian library and collections in 1827, as was supposed by
Edgar Smith (1906, p. 704) ; certainly no shells that can be identified as Banks'
material have been found in the Museum collections, apart from the present series.

The collection fills seven drawers of a small ten-drawer cabinet, each drawer fitted
with a sliding wooden dust-cover, a typical feature of the eighteenth-century speci-
men-cabinet {fide Portland Sale Catalogue, 1786, Lot 1728 : " A small mahogany
shell cabinet, with seven drawers and covers "). The shells are placed in metal
containers, made in multiples of four, to fit the drawers, a feature that led to the sus-
picion of some connexion with the collection of Linne, who is known to have stored
his specimens in similar containers (Gage, 1938, p. 128). As the collection was

THE BANKS SHELL COLLECTION 73

alleged to have belonged to Sylvanus Hanley (1819-1899), it might easily be supposed
that he had either annexed the Linnean containers, when discarding them during his
work on Linne's shells in the 1850's (Jackson, 1888, p. 32), or that he had characteris-
tically adopted the same method in his own collection to emulate the immortal
Swede.

The possibility that Hanley may have purchased these shells at the sale in 1863
has not been overlooked, but it is inconceivable that such an ardent collector and
voluminous author could have left them untouched for over thirty years ; moreover,
Hanley's main collection is known to have been sold in 1900 to Henry Harvey,
a dealer in Houndsditch, only a few type specimens being purchased by the British
Museum.

The very early nomenclature appearing on the first few labels examined, however,
showed the collection to belong to a much earlier period than Hanley, subsequent
comparison with the Solander manuscripts proving beyond any doubt that this was
the Banks collection received from the Linnean Society in 1863, and that the metal
containers were probably the direct result of Solander's familiarity with the Linnean
cabinet during his student days in Sweden. One of the many containers from which
the shells were removed by Hanley, has been photographed beside the neater and
improved model, which could be used for either deep or shallow specimens simply by
reversing, a label flap being provided at the base as well as at the top of the container
(fig. 2 and 3) . Incidentally, the containers are lined with blue-coated paper, bearing
traces of the same Pro-Patria watermark that appears on many of Solander's manu-
script sheets.

The general condition of the shells is good, except in a few instances where they
are rust-marked through contact with the sides of the metal containers ; quite a
number of specimens still retain the periostracum, and in some the opercula are still
in place ; conditions which suggest that they were taken alive by Banks and Solander
during their collecting trips from the " Endeavour." Like most of Solander's work,
the collection was left in an unfinished condition, for although the labels in the
containers are numbered consecutively in each drawer, only a proportion have
been completed with name and locality ; some bear the name only, scrawled
roughly on scraps of paper torn from old letters (one such scrap still bears part of
a superscription directed to Dr. Solander in London) ; others have the localities
only, in full or abbreviated, while in the drawer containing the Muricidae, many
of the labels have only the number of the container in the drawer. It is obvious
from the writing on the labels that help was given by another person, for Solander's
rough labels, together with fair copies in an as yet unrecognized hand, are sometimes
found in the same container.

Solander died in 1782, so that the nomenclature he used is confined to the narrow
limits of the Vermes Testacea in the 12th edition of the Sy sterna Naturae (vol. 1,
pt. 2, 1767) ; therefore many species in the collection that did not occur in this
work were given a name by Solander who marked the label " MSS " and recorded
the full decription in the manuscript of his projected revision of the Sy sterna ; a task
that was incomplete and unpublished at the time of his sudden death.

This revision was compiled at a time when great strides were being made in all

74

THE BANKS SHELL COLLECTION

departments of Natural History, but even so, it is revealing to find on examining
Solander's manuscripts that, in the mollusca alone, the genus Venus totalled 120
species, compared with the modest thirty-eight described by Linne. The surviving
portion of the Banks collection contains 1120 specimens in all (392 species) distributed
by Solander among seven Linnean genera, allotted to the seven drawers as follows :

Drawer

1
2
3
4
5

6

Linnean

Number of

Recently identified

genus

specimens

species of various
genera

Venus (1)

120

47

Venus (2)

114

53

Ostrea

99

35

Mytilus

170

58

Conus

144

41

J"Cypraea

214

55

\ Bulla

57

IQ

Murex

202

84

392

2. CONTEMPORARY COLLECTIONS AND EFFORTS TO TRACE THEM

A striking feature of the surviving Banks shells is the complete absence of any
of the large and showy Volutes, Turbos, and Murices so frequently referred to in
auction sale catalogues and conchological works of the period ; a feature that
suggests that these rather small specimens may have been pocketed quite casually
by Banks and Solander on the way across beaches on their botanizing expeditions.
After all, botany was one of the former's main reasons for accompanying Cook in the
" Endeavour," and it is fairly certain that the collecting of the larger marine shells
and corals was left to the officers and crew, who undoubtedly distributed these
novelties to the many ardent collectors on returning home, to mutual advantage.
The Portland collection was certainly enriched in this way, also that of Thomas
Martyn, author of the elaborate Universal Conchologist, in the preface to which (vol.
1, p. 26, 1784) he records that it was the purchasing of many new species of shells
from several officers " lately returned from the Pacific Ocean ", that induced him to
produce this " Laborious, Expensive, and Arduous undertaking ".

While it is possible to trace the vicissitudes of some of the conchological specimens
brought to this country from Cook's voyages by Banks and others, in contemporary
sale catalogues, i.e., Humphrey (1779) ; Portland (1786) ; Calonne (1797) ; Lever
(1806) and Bullock (1819), the present location of the actual specimens (except in a
few instances) is extremely difficult, if not impossible, to determine, enquiries based
on the most reliable of contemporary records frequently giving completely negative
results.

A particular example of this kind of enquiry is a recent attempt to locate the shell
collection of the well-known Quaker physician, Dr. John Fothergill (1712-1780), which
was said to be second only in importance to the Duchess of Portland's, and certainly
contained shells collected during Cook's first voyage by one of Banks's assistants,

THE BANKS SHELL COLLECTION 75

Sydney Parkinson, also a Quaker. This gifted young artist died from the appalling
fever contracted by so many of the ship's company at Batavia towards the end of
1770, and thus the subsequent ownership of his collections and journals became the
subject of bitter controversy between Banks and Sydney's excitable and mentally
unbalanced brother StaiySfield Parkinson. The whole miserable story of this contro-
versy, during which Fothergill, as a prominent Quaker, was called in to mediate,
is told in the preface to Parkinson's Journal of a Voyage to the South Seas, first
published in 1773, and in a second edition circulated by Fothergill in 1784, after
Stan/field's death, with a further preface in which he (Fothergill) sought to dispel
the unpleasant and unfounded accusations appearing in the original. The outcome
of the good doctor's efforts at mediation was that he purchased Sydney Parkinson's
shells for considerably more than they were worth, and these specimens so unhappily
acquired must have formed part of the Fothergill collections sold to William Hunter
in 1780. (Fox, 1919, pp. 78 and 213.)

Further evidence that the shells were acquired by Hunter is to be found in Martyn's
Universal Conchologist (p. 12, para. 2), where he remarks that " The cabinet of the
late Dr. Hunter, since the addition of that great collection formerly in the possession
of Dr. Fothergill, is truly magnificent". The Hunterian Museum was taken over by
the University of Glasgow after Hunter's death, and is still administered by the
University Court, but recent search among the shell collections in the museum of the
Zoological Department of the University (to which the Hunterian zoological material
was removed in 1923) has failed to reveal any collection that can be traced to the
time of Cook or Fothergill. Numerous corals, figured by John Ellis in 1786 from
Fothergill's specimens, are on display and well-known, but no shells appear to have
been received with them. It must therefore be presumed, as with the Lister shells
at Oxford (Wilkins, 1953, p. 7), that they lost their identity in the course of time,
and may have been abandoned for lack of space.

It is difficult to conceive how this could actually happen, for in the General Account
of the Hunterian Museum, Glasgow, compiled by Captain James Laskey in 1813, no
less than ten closely printed pages were devoted to a description of the Conchological
Division of the museum, from which it is evident that most of the specimens were
contemporary with those in the Banks and Portland collections, and could only
have been acquired by Hunter from Fothergill in 1780.

In his introductory remarks, Laskey notes that " Linne has not described one-
fourth part of the objects contained here, and to remedy this deficiency we shall
have recourse in many instances, to the synonymies of the late Dr. Solander, which
will be designated by the letter " S ". From this note and the general wording of
his descriptions it is obvious that Laskey made use of an annotated copy of the
Portland Catalogue when compiling his account, and one item only, describing a
Malleus (p. 100), in which the wording is almost identical with that on p. 178 of the
Portland Catalogue, is sufficient to show once again that the Hunterian specimens
were contemporary with those in the Banks and Portland collections :

" Malleus, var. White Hammer Oyster, very rare. This specimen was brought
home by Captain Cook from the Coral Reef at Endeavour River and is very rare.
Twelve guineas have been given for a fine specimen."

76 THE BANKS SHELL COLLECTION

Although little authentic material appears to remain from the great collections
sold during the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, it may be worth
while to record some further details associated with the Cook and Banks period.

The earliest collection of interest seems to be that sold in 1779 by George Humph-
rey, a prominent eighteenth century dealer in shells and curiosities, who had business
premises at 48 Long Acre as early as 1768, moving later to Leicester Square, where he
resided until his final retirement in 1823 (Dawson, 1949, p. 46). This enterprising
dealer had a finger in every conchological pie of any importance for the best part of
half a century, the large amount of South Seas material included in this early sale
indicating that he was in touch with the officers and crews of most vessels returning
from the early voyages. It is now impossible to trace with any certainty the nume-
rous lots of shells sold in 1779 ; even the catalogue itself is extremely rare, the copy
in the library of the British Museum (Natural History), acquired after much patient
enquiry, is probably unique (Sherborn, 1905, p. 262).

Principal among the many sale catalogues prepared by Humphrey during his long
career was that of the famous collection formed by Margaret Cavendish, Dowager
Duchess of Portland (i7i4?-i785), which contained the choicest specimens of corals,
shells, precious stones, and works of art obtainable, and there is no doubt that the
pick of the many novelties brought home by Byron, Wallace, Cook and Banks,
found their way to the crowded cabinets in her Whitehall mansion, and at the great
house at Bulstrode in Buckinghamshire, replete with its many grottoes and aviaries
of exotic birds, at which Banks and Solander were frequent visitors (Dewes, p. 241 ;
Dobson, p. 117). The sale of the Portland collection, comprising over 4,000 separate
lots, opened on the 24th April, 1786, and continued for the next thirty-seven days,
prices ranging from a few shillings for odd lots of shells and fossils, to £1,029 f°r tne
famous Portland Vase, the ptice de resistance of the whole collection.

Although compiled by Humphrey, the numerous non-Linnean names in the
Portland Catalogue were the work of Solander, who spent a great deal of time on the
Duchess's collection, and for this reason the catalogue must be regarded as important
in conchological literature, and of particular interest in connexion with the smaller
Banks collection.

Solander worked conjointly on the Portland, Banks, and British Museum collec-
tions, marking his manuscript descriptions, and even some of his labels, to indicate
the presence of the various species in one, two, or all three of these collections ;
and as it seldom occurs that specimens are marked for the Banks collection and not
for the Portland, it seems that the Duchess had a prior claim to species lacking in her
collection.

Items bearing the collector's name appear occasionally in the Portland Catalogue,
notably Lot 3832 (p. 178), " A very large and fine specimen of the white variety of
Ostrea Malleus L. brought by Capt. Cooke from the Coral Reef oii Endeavour River —
very rare " ; and Lot 4039 (p. 190), " A very perfect specimen of Voluta pacifica, S.
brought by Capt. Cook, from the Reef off Endeavour River, on the Coast of New Hol-
land". A few Portland specimens have come to the British Museum through the
Calonne, Tankerville and Broderip collections (Wilkins, 1953, p. 23), but no authentic
Cook or Banks shells have yet been found among them.

THE BANKS SHELL COLLECTION 77

At the Portland sale in 1786, numerous lots were purchased by an agent acting
for the French Minister of State,, the Prince of Calonne, but within eleven years
these shells, together with the rest of his collection, were sent over to England and
offered for sale in 1797. As usual, George Humphrey had the handling of the busi-
ness, for which he compiled an imposing catalogue, published anonymously, with
the title Museum Calonnianum, a work which only narrowly missed becoming
of scientific importance. Humphrey used a new method in arranging the items in
the catalogue, including a number of new genera and species ; but as no proper
definitions of these were given, his names could hardly be accepted. William
Swainson (1840, p. 15 et seq.) even went so far as to say that this catalogue, finding
its way to France, " served as the main foundation, although unacknowledged, for
the subsequent system of Bruguiere, if not of Lamarck and Cuvier". The further
deliberations of Swainson need not be repeated here, but how far he was mistaken in
his enthusiasm for an unrecognized genius may be gathered from the following
paragraph of a letter from W. H. Dall to E. A. Smith, dated ioth December 1900,
pasted into the British Museum copy of the Museum Calonnianum : "In regard to
Humphrey, I have it in his own handwriting in one of my copies that the new
genera in his catalogue were 'from a manuscript of Mr. Hvas' (Hwass) Danish Consul
in Paris who monographed the Cones for the Encyl. Meth." The main interest in
the catalogue, however, is the frequent appearance of the initials " M. P.", indicating
that items so marked had come from the Portland Museum, and were purchased for
the Prince of Calonne in 1786.

Just two years after the Calonne sale, the death ocurred of a well-known biblio-
phile and collector, the Reverend Mordaunt Cracherode (1730-1799), who bequeathed
his valuable collection of books and shells to the British Museum. Cracherode was
a man of leisure, discrimination, and ample fortune, so that his collection of shells
contained only the finest specimens obtainable, for which he paid considerable
sums of money to the redoubtable George Humphrey. From the brief outline of
the character of the " mild Cracherode " given by Edwards (1870, p. 421), he was
hardly the man to attend public auctions, and there is ample evidence from contem-
porary sources that Humphrey made considerable profits from specimens, purchased
for a few shillings and sold to his more important clients at home and abroad for as
many guineas ; but, while appreciating the great demand for South Seas material
at the time, four guineas for a pair of New Zealand Trochus (Maurea tigris (Martyn)),
one of which was polished, certainly seems exorbitant.

In all fairness to Humphrey, however, it must be admitted that the Cracherode
specimens were exceptional for this period, and a group of juvenile Spondylus ameri-
canus Hermann, the brilliantly tinted Thorny Oyster of Florida, forms one of the
choicest specimens in the British Museum collection of Spondylus to-day. Several
Cracherode shells were found to be new to science, and were described by various
authors, notably Dr. W. E.- Leach in the Zoological Miscellany 1814-1817, in which
Haliotis Cracherodii perpetuates the name of one of the last eighteenth-century
collectors.

In 1806 the great collection of Sir Ashton Lever (1739-1788), known as the Leverian
Museum, was sold by auction on the premises near Blackfriars where it had been

78 THE BANKS SHELL COLLECTION

exhibited to the public by James Parkinson (1730-1813), who won the entire collec-
tion in a lottery promoted by Lever in 1784. Banks and Cook both presented
material to Lever's Museum, which found its way, after the sale, into the Humphrey,
Bullock, and Goodall collections. The last named has only recently appeared as a
possible source of original Banks material, for while examining a marked copy of
the sale catalogue of Bullock's London Museum (previously the Liverpool Museum),
sold by auction in 1819, the name of Dr. Goodall appeared frequently as a purchaser
of shells. As it is known from Bullock's own list of donors to his collection (1812,
p. vi) that Banks gave him specimens, this seemed a likely field for investigation,
particularly as a number of Goodall's shells are still extant in the British Museum
collection.

Dr. Joseph Goodall (1760-1840), Headmaster and later Provost of Eton, was
an enthusiastic naturalist and well-known to conchologists of the period ; his collec-
tions were sold shortly after his death in 1840, many lots being purchased for the
Museum, the shells amounting to about 840 specimens, all of which were registered
and incorporated in that year. The naming of Marginella Goodalli by Sowerby in
1825, and Chiton Goodalli by Broderip in 1835 are indications of the high esteem
accorded to him by his contemporaries.

The Bullock Catalogue of 1819, which has been fully described elsewhere (Bowdler
Sharpe, 1906 and Mullens, 1917) , contained a large number of vernacular names, in
addition to the Latin names of Linne and Solander, and as at that time there were
often five or more vernacular names in current use for the same shell, it is obviously
difficult to decide on the modern counterpart with certainty ; but the localities given,
many from the Cook voyages, are helpful, and there is no doubt that further search
will add more to the few Goodall specimens so far considered contemporary with
the early voyages.

This account of some contemporary collections may be suitably concluded with
a brief note of a sale which took place early in 1823, composed mainly of the residue
of the collections of George Humphrey, who was said by Swainson to be the " chief
commercial conchologist of his time". This sale marked his retirement from
business and may be regarded, not only as his swan song, but as the end of an era,
for it contained the remnants of his considerable stores of early voyage material, and
it was probably the last time that the old vernacular names were used in any sale
catalogue. The collection was small, comprising only 952 lots, which were sold at
moderate prices, ten guineas for an Orange Cowry (Cypraea aurantia) being the
highest price paid for any single lot.

Solander names were still used in the catalogue, and a certain number were marked
" M.C.", being the residue of Humphrey's own purchases at the Calonne sale in 1797,
or perhaps those bought back from relatives of earlier clients ; there were numerous
New Zealand shells offered, including an Imperial Sun Trochus [Astraea heliotr opium)
from Cloudy Bay, which sold for only fourteen shillings.

The details of this last Humphrey sale were obtained from a priced copy of this
rare catalogue, autographed and presented to the Linnean Society of London by
Hugh Cuming (1791-1865), who became the foremost shell collector of the nine-
teenth century.

THE BANKS SHELL COLLECTION 79

3. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND FROM THE ARRIVAL OF DR. SOLANDER
IN ENGLAND TO HIS DEATH IN 1782

The period covered briefly in this section is one in which collections of natural
history specimens increased beyond belief. The three voyages of Captain Cook
opened up vast coastlines hitherto known only vaguely as the Terra Australis Incog-
nita, from which plants and animals were brought in almost too great a profusion
to be dealt with by the few naturalists capable of the task. One of the most able
among these was Dr. Daniel Charles Solander, who accompanied Mr. Joseph Banks
on Cook's momentous first voyage round the World (1768-1771). He was born in
Norrland, Sweden, in 1736^ and received his later education at the University of
Uppsala where he took the degree of M.D., continuing his botanical studies under
Linne who looked on the young doctor as one of his most promising pupils. So great
was Linne's confidence that in 1759 he sent Solander to England with the strongest
recommendations to the well-known naturalist John Ellis, who introduced him to
many important people of the day.

This kindly attention was the result of a promise made to Linne in a long letter on
botanical and zoological matters, dated October 24th, 1758, in which Ellis gave
thanks for the gift of the first part of the Sy sterna, just received, concluding the letter
with the following paragraph : "I hear your pupil Mr. Solander intends to come to
England. Pray desire him to study English immediately, and in a month after he
comes here he will speak it fluently. I should be very glad to do him any services in
my power, as I find you have a great esteem for him " (Smith, 1821, 1, p. 108).

The recommendations of Ellis soon led to the employment of Solander at the
recently opened British Museum, in classifying and cataloguing ; by 1763 he was
given the post of assistant, becoming Assistant Keeper in 1765 and Keeper in 1773,
a position he retained for the rest of his life. Further proof of Solander's ability
was his election to the Royal Society within a comparatively few years of his arrival
in this country (7 June, 1764), and it was there that he met the youthful Banks in
1767.

These two young and ardent naturalists : Solander, the elder by a few years and
still imbued with the teaching of Linne, Banks, wealthy with his appetite for travel
sharpened by his recent voyage to Newfoundland with Phipps, were just in the mood
to join the expedition then being prepared to observe the transit of Venus from the
island of Otaheite (Tahiti) in 1769. Permission to join the vessel was soon obtained
from Banks's boyhood friend, Lord Sandwich, then First Lord of the Admiralty,
but the entire expense of the elaborate equipment for collecting, and a staff of artists
and servants, was paid for by Banks himself at a cost variously stated to be between
five and ten thousand pounds. Proof that he had no reason to regret this large
outlay from his private fortune lies in a letter describing the voyage in the " Endea-
vour," addressed to Count Lauragais, dated 6th December, 1772, quoted by Cameron
(1952, App. G., p. 319) in which Banks says : " The number of natural productions
discovered in this voyage is incredible ; about one thousand species of plants that
have not been described by any botanical author ; five hundred fishes ; as many

80 THE BANKS SHELL COLLECTION

birds ; with insects, sea and land, innumerable." The technical description of all
the acquisitions on the voyage was allotted to Solander, who acted as paid assistant
to Banks at the generous salary of £400 per annum.

The day-to-day story of this great voyage, said by Campbell to be the prelude
to the building of the Empire in the South Seas, has been told at length in the printed
Journals of Banks (Hooker, 1896) and Cook (Wharton, 1893), from which extracts
relating to shells will appear later in this paper ; but the failure of either Banks or
Solander to publish even meagre descriptions of the completely new genera and
species " innumerable " brought back to this country in 177 1 needs some
explanation.

From the large amount of manuscript available, it is obvious that Solander was
industrious, at any rate in his earlier years, noting accurately, and with the new
Linnean precision, plants and animals seen for the first time in their living state,
doubtless with the best intention to publish the results on returning to England.
The very success of the voyage, however, gradually slowed any efforts at publication,
for Solander, being of a lively and agreeable nature, was welcomed everywhere, so
that delay has usually been attributed to " interruption caused by other avocations,
the dissipation of London Society . . . and the indolence induced by a sedentary and
luxurious life " (Smith, 1821, 2, p. 2). Correspondence was likewise neglected, and
many were the complaints of broken promises from his friend and master, Linne,
in letters to John Ellis (October to December 1771) in which the ageing savant
expressed his concern at the apparent neglect of the unique material brought back
in the " Endeavour "; and it was not until early in January 1772 that Ellis, after
repeated invitations, at last persuaded Solander to call and see him about the corals
they were to describe together. During this visit Ellis confronted Solander with all
Linne's letters imploring samples of the new plants discovered in Terra Australis,
and at last exacted a promise that he would attend to the matter without delay
(Smith, 1821, 1, p. 276).

Solander's dilatoriness was partly due to the preparations he and Banks were
making to take part in Cook's voyage in the " Resolution " to the South Pole, a
scheme that fell through, partly because of the misdirected enthusiasm of Banks in
overloading the vessel with collecting gear, and partly owing to the restrictive
practices of Sir Hugh Palliser, then Comptroller of the Admiralty (Hooker, 1896,
p. xxvii). Banks had already engaged a staff to accompany him on the voyage,
and in order that they should not be left unemployed and all the expensive equip-
ment wasted, he and Solander decided on a trip to Iceland which duly took place
during the summer of 1772.

This was the last time these now inseparable companions left England on any
expedition, although another South Seas voyage was never far from their minds.
Solander was fully engaged on his work at the Museum ; acting as secretary and
librarian to Banks (in whose house he had been " domesticated " since the return of
the " Endeavour "), and of course attending the numerous scientific and social
functions at which he and Banks were seen in each other's company almost as fre-
quently as their literary contemporaries and acquaintances, Boswell and Johnson.
Banks himself became involved in many undertakings, the morning receptions in

THE BANKS SHELL COLLECTION 8r

the library of his handsome house in Soho Square eventually becoming the recognized
meeting place for informal discussion between visiting scientists of all nationalities.
The mass of personal correspondence, still extant in various parts of the world,
contains abundant evidence of the far-reaching influence of this imposing figure of
the eighteenth century, and it is not altogether surprising that the endless memoranda
and letters that flowed from Soho Square on such diverse subjects as the colonization
of Australia, the running of Kew Gardens, and the affairs of the Royal Mint, left
little time for the publication of scientific work, so that much of the detailed and
descriptive work on Banks's library and collections was left particularly to Solander
and, after his death, to the patient and persevering Jonas Dryander (1748-1810),
known affectionately to the quaint household at Soho Square as " Old Dry". When
it is realized that in addition to his other commitments Banks had a large estate at
Revesby in Lincolnshire, in the efficient running of which he was deeply interested,
it is remarkable that he and his helpers produced as much work as they did.

Solander published nothing independently but was largely responsible for the des-
criptions in Brander's Fossilia Hantoniensia published in 1766, and those in John
Ellis's Natural History of Zoophytes published posthumously by his daughter,
Martha Watt, in 1786, and dedicated by her to Sir Joseph Banks.

4. THE SOLANDER MANUSCRIPTS AND THEIR USE BY
SUBSEQUENT AUTHORS

Frequent reference has already been made to the Solander manuscripts, left
incomplete in 1782, and it now becomes necessary to describe these in more detail,
particularly the mollusca volumes, which are intimately connected with the Banks
shell collection.

Iredale (1916, p. 86) neatly describes the manuscripts as follows : " In the British
Museum (Natural History) is kept a cabinet containing Solander's manuscripts,
received with Sir Joseph Banks's collections, and from a glance over these it may be
suggested that he hoped to publish a Survey of Natural History, comparable to
Linne's Systema Naturae, but on an even more extensive and accurate scale than
Gmelin's edition as well as more replete with personal knowledge. A very large
quantity of manuscript deals with mollusca, which appear to have been a favourite
study of his since he collected them on his voyages." The manuscripts consist of
hundreds of slips, six inches wide by four inches deep, now bound in twenty-seven
volumes, of which fourteen deal with the mollusca. These slips, arranged in accord-
ance with the Twelfth Edition of the Systema Naturae were originally stored loose in
small Solander boxes, to facilitate the frequent additions and alterations made
over a period of years ; twenty-four similar volumes of botanical manuscripts which
formed the basis of Aiton's Hortus Kewensis, are also in existence.

As already stated these manuscripts contained many new names of plants and
animals, for apart from the specimens collected during Cook's voyages and other
sources, Solander re-described much of the earlier Museum material, mainly from
the Sloane collection, using the binominal nomenclature of Linne, so that a number

82 THE BANKS SHELL COLLECTION

of the manuscript volumes, particularly of insects and mollusca, are literally cata-
logues of the British Museum collections shortly after it was opened in 1759.

The mollusca slips are generally marked with initials, indicating in which collection
examples of the species described were to be found, usually in the following order :
M.C.P. (M. Cavendish Portland) ; J.B. (Joseph Banks), and M.B. (British Museum),
sometimes all three appearing on the same slip. The localities given for species
collected personally by Banks and Solander are often followed by the additional
initials J.B. or D.S.

The publication of Solander's work would have considerably altered the molluscan
nomenclature we know to-day. For instance, the well-known New Zealand lamelli-
branch, Chione stutchburii, named and figured by Wood in 1828, would have received
Solander's specific name antiquata* fully described by him from specimens now
extant in the Banks collection; similarly the North Australian and Queensland
Batissa triquetra, described by Deshayes from Australian specimens in the Cuming
collection in 1854, would be the erosa of Solander, labelled Nova Cambria (fig. 10).
While realizing the futility of reflecting on the might-have-been, it is still a matter
for regret that Solander's work remained unpublished in Sir Joseph Banks's library,
for as already noted, it would have been more extensive and accurate than the Thir-
teenth Edition of the Systema Naturae, eventually published by J. F. Gmelin (1788 to
1793), a work that contained sufficient errors and repetitions to indicate that the
author lacked Solander's practical experience and gift for concise description.

All the molluscan slips are in Solander's writing, and were evidently written at
different periods, some neatly, others hurriedly, with a fair number of alterations
and additions. The slips are numbered consecutively, as in the Twelfth Edition of
the Systema, one to each species, varieties being noted overleaf. Descriptions of
Solander's new species were numbered according to the approximate position they
would occupy in the completed revision ; thus the description of a new species of
Venus is marked 115-116, indicating that it was to be placed between the Linnean
Venus dysera (115) and Venus verrucosa (116), the latter presumably becoming 117
in the final renumbering of the slips. Incidentally, this particular slip was first
marked 93-94, the numbers given to these two species in the Tenth Edition of 1758,
from which it would appear that Solander's revision must have been started before
the publication of the Twelfth Edition of the Systema Naturae in 1766.

References are given on the slips to Linne's Systema and Mantissa, and to figures
and descriptions in the works of Lister, Petiver, Sloane, Kircher, Klein, Martini
and other contemporary authors on which some of Solander's names were based. In
some volumes pencilled observations made during the voyage of the " Endeavour,"
sometimes on the backs of old lists of Tahitian words and phrases, have been inserted
here and there. A slip in one of the volumes of Pisces is of particular interest, for it
records descriptions of certain fish, dictated to Solander by Omai, the native of
Tahiti brought to England by Captain Furneaux in the " Adventure," sister ship
to Cook's " Resolution," in 1774.

Before concluding this section with brief references to the authors who have used
or referred to the Solander manuscripts, it may be of interest to list the contents of

* Nomen nudum, Portland Catalogue, Lots 1562 and 2253.

THE BANKS SHELL COLLECTION

83

the " mollusca " volumes, previously unrecorded. These are numbered 1 to 14,
and were bound in the same order as in the original Solander boxes.

Vol.

1-

—Doris

>>

2-

—Chiton
Balanus
Lepas
Pholas
Mya
Solen

>>

3--

—Tellina
Cardium
Mactra
Donax

>>

4-

— Venus

Vol. 5. — Spondylus

Chama

Area
„ 6. — Ostrea
Vol. 7. — Anomia

Mytilus

Pinna

Argonauta

Nautilus
„ 8. — Conus
„ 9. — Cypraea and Bulla
„ 10. — Voluta

Vol. 11.— Voluta
„ 12. — Buccinum
„ 13. — Buccinum
Strombus
Murex
Trochus

Vol. 14. — Turbo
Helix
Nerita
Patella
Dentalium
Haliotis
Serpula
Teredo

Most of the genera in volume 14 have only a title slip giving the general characters
of the genus with one or two species. From volume 10 to 13, specimens are marked
only from the Portland collection, no further reference being made to the Banks or
British Museum collections. The genus Murex was never completed, and the only
species noted are those taken from Brander's Fossilia Hantoniensia, a fact that
accounts for the considerable number of unnamed Murex in the seventh drawer of
the Banks collection noted above (p. 73).

The Solander manuscripts appear to have been always available to workers,
first in the library of Sir Joseph Banks, and later in the British Museum, so that a
number of authors have used and referred to them from time to time, commencing
with George Humphrey in 1785-86, who used them extensively when compiling the
Portland Catalogue, and again in 1797, when he compiled the Museum Calonneanum,
a collection that contained much of the Portland material named by Solander.
In the preface to the Calonne catalogue (p.v.) Humphrey states that " The Linnean
name of each species, where it could be ascertained, or was not too indelicate, is
annexed . . . and those of the late Dr. Solander, from an unpublished MS of his,
descriptive of the shells in the Portland Cabinet".

Richard Pulteney frequently referred to Solander's names and to specimens in
the Portland Cabinet when compiling his Catalogue of the Shells of Dorset in 1799.
Pulteney was in constant touch with the Duchess for many years, for she relied much
on his judgment regarding' British species, of which she had many unique specimens
from the Weymouth and Portland districts of Dorsetshire. Gastrochaena dubia,
the Mya dubius of Pennant, described by him in 1777 (p. 69) was said by Pulteney
to have been " first distinguished by the late dowager duchess of Portland at Way-
mouth ".

In 1804 Dr. William Maton and the Rev. Thomas Rackett together published a

84 THE BANKS SHELL COLLECTION

Descriptive Catalogue of the British Testacea in Volume VIII of the Linnean Trans-
actions. This was a retrogressive work, mainly because of too strict an adherence
to the Linnean method. Accordingly, on page 22 of their paper, the authors state
that " Differently from the method pursued by some modern authors, who have
followed Dr. Solander's original suggestion, we prefer retaining the Linnean genus
Lepas undivided ". Nor did they agree with the separation of the pectinated species
from the Linnean genus Ostrea, to form the separate and clearly defined genus
Pecten. This obstinate attitude to progress is all the more remarkable since Mat on
and Rackett's paper was not read at the Linnean Society until some months after the
publication of Montagu's Testacea Britannica in September 1803, which contained
several logical improvements on the older classifications, so that their paper was,
in some respects, out of date even before it appeared in print.

In 1808 Montagu followed his previous work with a Supplement, with additional
plates, and a reprint of Boys and Walker's Minute and Rare Shells of Sandwich,
originally published in 1784, dedicated to the Duchess of Portland and Sir Joseph
Banks. This Supplement becomes of added interest to the period under review,
when it is learnt from the Introduction (p. ii) that apart from possessing the complete
cabinet of William Boys's Testacea minuta rariora, which contained specimens
labelled by Solander, Montagu also had the opportunity of examining an additional
collection, also labelled by Solander, lent to him by Captain Laskey, who had pur-
chased it at the Portland sale in 1786 for the modest sum of one guinea. (Lot 3088.
A curious collection of minute Shells from the English Coast, including most of the
new species figured by Walker in his Account of Minute Shells discovered at Sandwich,
with a MSS. catalogue). Montagu was thus able to compare many of Solander's
names printed in the Portland Catalogue with all the original material.

The next work directly associated with the Solander manuscripts to be noted
is A Descriptive Catalogue of Recent Shells, compiled by L. W. Dillwyn in 1817 and
" arranged according to the Linnean method, with particular attention to the
Synonymy". This work, dedicated to Banks, is stated by the author to be " an
attempt to elucidate the species of shells described in Gmelin's edition of the Systema
Naturae, and to pave the way for a better arrangement " ; but how far Dillwyn
succeeded in his object can best be judged from the critical notes on conchological
writers contained in Turton's Conchological Dictionary (1819, pp. xii-xv), in which he
speaks severely of Dillwyn's work at some length. He says inter alia that it offered
nothing more than a collation of different authorities, and that " Of the celebrated
manuscripts left by Dr. Solander, we learn little more than what we have long
known from the Portland and Calonnian catalogues". At this distance of time,
however, Dillwyn's two volumes are of value, not only for the very full synonymies,
but as the medium which validated some of Solander's names.

It is difficult to understand why Dillwyn did not make use of the Banks collection
when compiling his extensive catalogue ; had he done so, many errors in identifying
Solander's species would have been avoided. He had the full use of Banks's library,
without which " no writer on Natural History can hope to attain any tolerable
degree of perfection " (Advertisement, p. vi) ; and it is strange that he did not
realize the significance of the frequently recurring initials "J.B." throughout the

THE BANKS SHELL COLLECTION 85

manuscripts he examined so closely. Enquiries into the meaning of these initials
would have had little result at this date (c. 1817), for the erudite Dryander was long
since dead, and one feels that Banks himself would remember little of the work that
was so personal to Solander. But the collection itself (at that time already in the
Museum of the Linnean Society) could surely have been examined by a sufficiently
tenacious Fellow, when the connexion between initials, manuscripts and collection
would have become as obvious as it is to-day.

Dillwyn's only other conchological work was the important English Index to Martin
Lister's Historia Conchyliorum (1685-97), published at Oxford in 1823, which was a
vast improvement on the inadequate index provided by William Huddesford, in
his 1777 edition of Lister's great work. In his Occasional Remarks Dillwyn again
quotes the Solander manuscripts, taking the opportunity to correct several errors
in his own Descriptive Catalogue of 1817, and on page 16 of the Lister Index he casually
refers to a specimen he bought from Mr. Humphrey, " whose shells are often sold
under Solander's names ' ' — a chance remark that explains the origin of the many
Solander names used by Hwass, Bruguiere and other continental authors, apart from
those culled direct from the Portland Catalogue.

Dillwyn's apparent indifference leaves William Swainson as the only author
so far known to have actually used the Banks collection, during its sojourn of nearly
half a century in the Museum of the Linnean Society, when working on the first
series of his Zoological Illustrations, completed in 1823. In this same year, Edward
Donovan, a more elderly, but equally prolific compiler, started to publish the first
of his five volumes of The Naturalist's Repository, in the conchological portions of
which he referred frequently to the Solander manuscripts, making it again clear
that they have always been available to students. When describing a variety of
Voluta scapha Gmelin, in the text to plate iv, Donovan states that " The late
Dr. Solander, as it appears from his manuscripts preserved in the library of the late
worthy President of the Royal Society, Sir Joseph Banks, Bart, had designated this
kind of Voluta by the name of Nobilis .... It is however certain, that it is no other
than a variety of Voluta Scapha of the Linnean school. ... As a variety we admit
this shell to be distinct and well defined, and it is under this persuasion the term
Nobilis, assigned by Dr. Solander, is subjoined to the specific name Voluta Scapha."
Further on, in the text to plate xxxiv, referring to Terebratula sanguinea, he notes
that " This is one among the number of those very choice accessions to conchological
knowledge of the last century, that was derived from the scientific labours of our
first circumnavigators in the Southern Ocean ; it occurred to them upon the coast
of New Zealand ... so far plentifully that after the Banksian cabinet was supplied
there were several specimens to spare for distribution among the friends of Sir
Joseph Banks, Dr. Solander, and Captain Cook. From this little store the species
passed in the first instance into several collections, and among others into that
of the late Duchess of Portland, Dr. Chauncey, Mr. Cracherode, Mr. G. Humphrey
and some others." Donovan seemed rather hurt with Leach, who described this
species as Terebratula sanguinea in 1814 (vol. 1, p. 14.) without due acknowledgment,
and took some pains to show that the name originated with Solander, where it
stands in his manuscript as Anomia sanguinea.

HIST. I, 3. 6

86 THE BANKS SHELL COLLECTION

The description of this species in Solander's manuscript is followed by the name
of Forster, so it appears that specimens were brought back from Cook's second
voyage in 1775, and one of these, the Cracherode shell figured by Leach, is still extant
in the British Museum collection of Brachiopods.

The manuscripts were consulted again in 1825 by W. J. Broderip, when G. B.
Sowerby was compiling the sale catalogue of the famous Tankerville collection,
which contained a number of specimens from the earlier Portland and Calonne sales,
and it was for item No. 2150 that the following descriptions were printed in the
Appendix to the Tankerville catalogue (pp. xxix-xxx).

2150. Voluta Aulica, Solander

Observations. There can be no reason to doubt this being the identical specimen
which was described by Dr. Solander from the Portland collection. As any informa-
tion relating to the history of so beautiful and rare a shell may be interesting to our
readers, we copy Dr. Solander's description, which has been communicated to us by
W. J. Broderip, Esq., from the MS. in the late Sir Joseph Banks's library, together
with the notices relating to it from the catalogue of the Calonne collection.

I. From Dr. Solander's MS.

Spira apice mammillari

Aulica. Voluta emarginata, oblonga, inermis, albo luteoque nebulosa, spira conicd ; anfractibus
obliqub planis : mamilld laevi ; columella quadruplicata. Habitat in Oceano I.
M.C.P.

II. From the Catalogue of the Portland Collection

4021. A very fine specimen of Voluta Aulica, S., a beautiful red clouded species of the Wild
Music kind, its country unknown, unique.

III. From the Catalogue of the Calonne Collection

273. Aulica — le Courtisan ou le Nuage rouge — Courtier or red clouded — -Voluta aulica, Soland.
This beautiful shell is unique. Its country is unknown, but presumed to be from some
newly discovered island in the South Seas. M.P. 4021 .

This historic type specimen was purchased at the Tankerville sale by W. J. Brode-
rip, and came to the British Museum with his collection, purchased in 1837. It was
first figured in the Tankerville Catalogue in 1825, and later by Wood (1828), Sowerby
(1847), and Reeve (1849).

No further reference to the Solander manuscripts appears to have been made by
authors until 1855, when Sylvanus Hanley at last published the results of his work
on the Linnean shell collection, in the introduction to which (pp. 7-8) he quotes the
three interleaved copies of the Systema Naturae in the library of the Linnean Society,
used by him in elucidating the " more ambiguous " species, the third of which was
" the one possessed (ed. 12) by the ill-fated son of Linnaeus, which is identical, or
nearly so, with the manuscript of Solander, the esteemed conchological pupil of the
great master". A recent examination of this third copy (unpublished), certainly

THE BANKS SHELL COLLECTION 87

indicates that the younger Linne added several of Solander's names, particularly
to the genus Venus which was increased by at least twenty species in the interleaved
copy ; the additional names include Venus turgida, arguta, rubescens and rigida, all
Solander names to be found in the manuscripts, the actual specimens in the Banks or
Portland collections.

It seems fairly certain from the above that Solander may have shown the speci-
mens and descriptions to the younger Linne while he was visiting England during
1781 and 1782, spending much of his time studying in Banks's house. He was among
the first to go for extra medical aid when Solander had his fatal seizure on the morning
of 16th May, 1782 (Hooker, 1896, p. xlii).

Hanley again mentions the manuscripts in the list of references to his revised
edition of Wood's Index Testaceologicus, published in 1856, noting on p. xix that
they were " quoted chiefly by Dillwyn, but also evidently studied by Hwass and
Bruguiere. Although not printed, several copies have been taken ". The reference
to Dillwyn is correct, but no evidence in support of the rest of his statement has been
forthcoming, unless the Portland Catalogue is one of the " copies " referred to ; for
a number of Solander names were certainly used without acknowledgment by Hwass
and Bruguiere, notably Conus augur, nocturnus, quercinus and sulcatus (see p. 85
above) .

Hanley uses many of the Solander names taken up by Dillwyn in the text of his
revised edition of Wood's Index, but few references were made to them in his previous
work on the Linnean shells, and it seems odd that he did not make more use of the
actual manuscripts of the former pupil of Linne when facing the many problems that
arose. The Banks shell collection appears to have been unknown to him, although
at that time (c. 1850) it must have been housed in the same building as the collection
on which he was working. Swainson, as already stated, used it thirty years before,
but judging by the remarks of Gage (1938, p. 124), the " heterogenous mass of
material " stored in the rooms of the Linnean Society was not available for study.
Had Hanley been able to locate and examine the Banks collection, then probably
complete, it would have simplified his self-appointed task, for it contained specimens
contributed by some of the same collectors that supplied the Linnean cabinet.

Since 1856, notes and lists of Solander's names from the Portland Catalogue have
been published, notably by Iredale (1916), and by Dall (192 1), in which it was
proposed that certain names could be accepted if originally accompanied by the
citation of figures in the literature, so that a few specimens in the Banks collection,
described in manuscript by Solander, and later published in the Portland Catalogue
with reference to a figure, may be regarded as type specimens.

For example, the Venus nimbosa S. of the Portland Catalogue (Lot 3761, p. 175)
from Florida, referred to the figure of Favanne (tab. 49, fig. 1, I, 1780), is part of
the type set marked by Solander with the locator initials M.C.P., J.B., and M.B.
The two Banks specimens (fig. 16 and 16 a, b) are therefore original syntypes, the
Lectotype designated on p. no superseding the Neotype designated by Clench (1942,
p. 5)1 who follows Dall (1902, p. 351) in accepting the Solander name in preference

1 Provisions for replacing Neotypes with recently recovered type material have lately been pro-
posed in the Copenhagen Decisions on Zoological Nomenclature, 1953, Part 2, p. 31, para. 40.

88 THE BANKS SHELL COLLECTION

to the Venus gigantea Gmelin, 1791. It should be noted, however, that for Solander's
Venus nimbosa, there was no reference to a figure in his original manuscript descrip-
tion (reproduced in fig. 17), thus confirming that this and other references were
added by the anonymous compiler of the Portland Catalogue, in accordance with a
statement printed at the foot of the List of References (pp. v-vi) to the effect that
" Where the Name has no reference, it was given by the Compiler of this Catalogue ".
As it is known on the published authority of Dillwyn (1817, p. 117 and 1823, P- 5)
that the compiler was, in fact, George Humphrey, the latter may be regarded as the
first publisher of the names used therein, whether Solander's or his own.

This view has already been accepted by some recent authors, notably Rehder
(in Rogers, 1951), who prints a number of Portland names, unreservedly attributed
to Humphrey, in his List of Modern Names in the Second edition of The Shell Book
(pp. 487-503), where, needless to say, Macrocallista nimbosa [Humphrey] replaces
Callista gigantea (Gmelin) of the first edition.

The latest references to the Solander period are contained in an historical review
of the Linnean molluscs (Dodge, 1952 and 1953), to which further reference will be
made below.

5. CONTRIBUTORS TO THE COLLECTION

Unlike the shell collection of Sir Hans Sloane (Wilkins, 1953&), there was no sepa-
rate catalogue of the Banks collection, all the available information being recorded
on the labels or in the Solander manuscripts, which were intended to include descrip-
tions of all the species of shells then known, irrespective of ownership ; but as already
shown above, the three main collections from which they were recorded are duly
noted. Sometimes, the name of the actual collector or donor was also included,
but not in any way so consistently as in the Sloane catalogues. Many of the speci-
mens were collected by Banks and Solander themselves, so that the few additional
contributors can all be mentioned briefly below.

Margaret Cavendish Bentinck, Dowager Duchess of Portland (i7i4?-i785),
nee Harley ; married the Second Duke (1708-1762) in 1734. For many years she
was the leading patroness of natural history in England, and particularly devoted
to conchology. Her exotic shells and corals were worked on by Solander and Ellis,
and the British shells by Pennant and Pulteney. Sir Hans Sloane (in his later years) ,
Wallace, Cook, Banks and many other early voyagers contributed to the collection
sold in 1786, the year following her death. The few British shells in the Banks
collection were evidently given to him by the Duchess.

Admiral Sir Edward Hughes (1720-1794). Saw service in the East Indies from
1773 to 1777, and again from 1778 to 1783 ; co-operated in the capture of Negapatam
from the Dutch during 178 1, and Trincomali in the following year ; made Admiral
of the Blue in 1793.

Commodore The Hon. John Byron (1723-1786). Navigator ; grandfather of
the poet Byron ; commanded the Dolphin and Tamar during an abortive attempt
to find a strait between Hudson's Bay and the South Sea (1764-66) ; became Governor

THE BANKS SHELL COLLECTION 89

of Newfoundland (1769) and Rear Admiral (1775). Commanded the West Indies
fleet 1778-9 ; worsted off Granada (1779).

Johann Gerhard Koenig (1728-1785). Danish medical missionary in Tran-
quebar ; former pupil of Linne ; kept detailed lists of plants, animals and minerals
observed during his voyages, eventually bequeathed them to Banks (Banks MSS
37-55)- Koenig also sent numerous East Indian plants to Banks in 1776, together
with some shells, still extant and bearing his name on the labels.

Sir William Hamilton (1730-1803). Diplomat and archaeologist ; ambassador
at the Court of Naples for many years during which he published descriptions of
volcanoes and earthquakes ; purchased the famous Portland Vase from Byres,
the architect ; married Emma Hart in 1791 ; entertained Lord Nelson at Naples in
1798. Sent shells to Banks from the Bay of Naples.

Captain Tobias Furneaux (1735-1781). Circumnavigator ; second lieutenant
of the " Dolphin " which sailed with Wallaee 1766-68 ; commanded the " Adven-
ture ' ' on Cook's second voyage 1772-1775 ; visited Tasmania during separation
from the " Resolution," returning to England in 1774 with Omai, the first South
Sea islander to be seen in this country. Brought shells to Banks from the Pacific.

Captain The Hon. Constantine Phipps, Second Baron Mulgrave (1744-1792).
Oxford friend of Banks, who accompanied him on a voyage to Labrador and New-
foundland in H.M.S. " Niger," April to November, 1766 ; commanded the " Race-
horse " on the Polar Expedition of 1773, in which vessel Horatio Nelson served as
midshipman. Appointed a Lord of the Admiralty 1777 ; distinguished himself off
Ushant in 1778 while in command of the " Courageux."

Henry Smeathman (fl. 1750-1781). Botanist and entomologist, engaged by
Banks, Fothergill and Drury in 1771 to collect specimens from the west coast of
Africa ; sent home many new species of plants, insects and shells from Sierra Leone ;
wrote the first detailed account of the Termites of Guinea ; started a scheme for a
settlement of Poor Blacks near Sierra Leone, but died before this was accomplished.
The Passion Flower Smeathmannia was named after him (see also Fox, 1919, p. 213).

Johann Georg Forster (1754-1794). Naturalist and artist, son of Reinhold
Forster, with whom he came to England in 1766 ; assisted his father as naturalist on
Cook's second voyage (1772-5); elected F.R.S. in 1775 for his work on the South
Seas flora ; prematurely published an account of the voyage in 1777 in opposition to
the official one by Cook which appeared a few weeks after. Generously paid by
Banks, but caused much unpleasantness by further demands for money. On his
return to Germany, J. G. Forster was appointed professor of natural history at Wilna,
and later librarian at Mainz.

Note : — The names of the occasional contributors listed above do not necessarily
appear in the following descriptive catalogue, for the specimens added by them to the
Banks collection were in some instances included among the missing shells presumed
to have been sold in 1863.

go THE BANKS SHELL COLLECTION

|

6. DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF THE BANKS SHELL COLLECTION

Introduction

In his recent biography of Banks, Dr. H. C. Cameron concludes his acknowledg-
ments with a remark which is singularly apposite to the material described in the
following catalogue, when he says that " The trail of Captain Cook has been explored
so thoroughly and by so many, and the trail of Banks is so faint and overgrown, that
in either case the discovery of anything that has been overlooked or forgotten
brings with it, perhaps, a disproportionate degree of satisfaction ". This feeling was
certainly experienced during the examination of the forgotten Banks collection,
but it eventually gave place to the conviction that any satisfaction felt in recording
so many specimens of shells, collected by two of the principals in the voyage of
the " Endeavour," will not be out of proportion to the amount of interest aroused,
not only among conchologists, but also among students of the earlier voyages.

Some doubt has been felt about the best method to be employed in compiling this
catalogue, for it is almost certain that the surviving portion of the collection stands
as it was left by Dr. Solander in 1782, and it would have been appropriate for the
cataloguing to proceed drawer by drawer in the original order, preserving his number-
ing of the specimens on the labels, with the addition of the names by which they are
known to-day. This method, however, while serving to illustrate the numerous
improvements made by Lamarck and later authors to the polyglot genera of Linne,
would be rather too cumbersome, and it seemed more useful to group the specimens
geographically. Current names of the genera and species found in the collection,
and known to occur in the given localities, will be placed on the left of the pages, in
bold type, with selected details from the Solander labels and manuscripts on the right-
hand side, three dashes indicating that the label is blank or missing.

Sixty-one manuscript names occur on the labels in the Banks collection ; thirty-
three of these were printed by Dillwyn (1817), either as authentic species or as
synonyms ; fourteen names unrecognized by him are among the many nomina nuda
printed in the Portland Catalogue (1786), and an equal number remain in manuscript.
As it is now known to which species most of these nomina nuda and manuscript
names apply, the danger of needlessly adding to already overcrowded synonymies
is fully realized, and therefore, with very few exceptions, only the names used by
Dillwyn are included in the following lists, three asterisks indicating that the original
Solander name has been purposely omitted.

The localities on the original labels are frequently abbreviated, and must be taken
in the broadest sense, for it will be remembered that New Holland, the name given
by the Dutch to the North West coast of Australia, was in general use in Solander's
day and even much later ; the East coast, first charted by Cook in 1770, was for a
time known as New Wales, the Latinized Nova Cambria of the Solander labels and
manuscripts. According to Wharton (1893, p. x), the name New South Wales
was not bestowed without a great deal of consideration ; at one stage New Wales
was the name fixed upon, and in one of the three copies of Cook's Journal, it is

THE BANKS SHELL COLLECTION 91

so called throughout. Similarly New South Wales does not occur on any of Solander's
labels, or in his manuscripts ; Nova Cambria, or the abbreviation N.C. being used
throughout. Accordingly, the localities New Holland (N.H.), and Nova Cambria
(N.C.) are used somewhat indiscriminately, all referring to the progress of the
"Endeavour" along the east coast of Australia, from just below the present Cape
Howe to Possession Island where Cook " once more hoisted English colours, and in
the name of His Majesty King George the Third, took possession of the whole Eastern
coast ... by the name of New Wales, together with all the Bays, Harbours, Rivers,
and Islands situated upon the said coast " [Journal, 22nd August, 1770).

Cook is known to have been reticent about his names for newly discovered places,
and consequently Solander may have jotted down the " N.H. " on his rough labels
prior to Cook's announcement quoted above. In his own Journal, when summing-up
the results of the exploration of the East coast, Banks heads his chapter " Some
account of that part of New Holland now called New South Wales ", and this seems
to confirm that the name was finally agreed upon shortly before leaving Australia
on 26th August, 1770.

The Banks shell collection falls naturally into two groups, and will therefore be
catalogued in two parts : (1) specimens collected from classic localities visited by the
"Endeavour" from 1768 to 1771, and (2) specimens given to Banks from various
localities up to the year 1782. All the shells have been identified, including those
numbered but unnamed by Solander, and these will all appear in the catalogue.

Nomenclature used throughout is based mainly on Thiele's Handbuch (1931-35) ;
the papers of Iredale (1935 and 1939^) and Schilder & Schilder (1938) have been
consulted for records of Cypraeidae, and Allen's Australian Shells (1950) for the general
distribution of Australian species. The author alone is responsible for the identifi-
cations.

DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE PART I

Shells from localities visited by the " Endeavour," 1768-177 1

Rio de Janeiro

Cook and his party arrived here on Monday, 14th November, 1768 in " fine,
pleasant weather ", but great was the disappointment to Banks and Solander when
it was learned that only the Captain and a few men would be allowed ashore to pur-
chase supplies, and then only under strict surveillance, for doubt was expressed by
the Portuguese Viceroy as to the true character of the " Endeavour."

Banks however was not to be deterred by this veto, and managed to get ashore
before dawn one morning and stayed until " dark night ", having noted many of the
plants and animals of a country thought by him to have been unvisited by even
"tolerably curious " persons since the visit of Marcgrav and Piso in 1640 (Journal,
p. 28).

It is unlikely that Banks stayed long in sight on the beach during this surreptitious
visit ashore, so the few Brazilian shells in the collection, some labelled " Rio Janeiro,"

92

THE BANKS SHELL COLLECTION

were probably taken from the island of Raza, beyond the Fort of Santa Cruz, where
the best part of a day was spent in collecting, unmolested by the Viceroy's men.

Cerithium atratum (Born)
Cypraea cinerea Gmelin. Juveniles
Cyphoma gibbosa (Linne)
Leucozonia brasiliana d'Orbigny.
Cymatium parthenopeus (von Salis)
Aulacomya ovalis (Lamarck) .
Modiolus falcatus (d'Orbigny)
Modiolus guanensis (d'Orbigny)
Pinctada vulgaris (Schumacher)
Pteria argentea (Reeve) .
Macrocallista maculata (Linne)

Tivela mactroides (Born)
Tivela trigonella (Lamarck)

Dosinia concentrica (Born)

Ventricola rigida (Dillwyn)
Lectotype (plate 19, figs. 23 and 24)

Cypraea bifasciata Sol. MSS.
Bulla gibbosa L.
Rio Janeiro.

Venus maculata L. Rio Janeiro,
Brasil. J. B. vars. a, b, c, d.

Venus. * * *

Brasil.

Venus dilatata Sol. MSS.

Rio Janeiro. J.B., D.S.

Venus rigida Sol. MSS.
Rio de Janeiro.

Dillwyn, Descriptive Catalogue of Shells {Venus), pp. 164-5, 1817.

Length
53 mm-

Heighl
49 mm.

Dimensions of Lectotype .

Type locality : Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Thickness.
38 mm.

Anomalocardia fiexuosa (Linne)

(fig. 20, a, b, c)
Atactodea striata (Gmelin)

Venus Phryne L.
Rio Janeiro.
Rio Janeiro.

Apart from the specimen designated as the Lectotype of V. rigida (Dillwyn),
other Rio de Janeiro shells of particular interest are the four specimens of Anomalo-
cardia, first identified by Solander as Venus fiexuosa, but afterwards altered on the
label and in the manuscript description to Venus Phryne, a Linnean species decided
by Hanley (1855, p. 171) and more recently by Dodge (1952, p. 102), to be inade-
quately described by Linne and therefore a doubtful species. The combined evid-
ence furnished by actual named specimens, further correlated with the critical notes
of Dodge and Hanley, suggests that the Linnean specimen selected and figured by
Hanley (pi. iv, f. 1.) as the Venus fiexuosa Linne, may be none other than the type of
Venus Phryne.

There is little doubt from all the available data that both Linne and Solander
failed at first to realize the extreme variability of the shells they were describing,
for an adequate series of A . fiexuosa may vary in colour from pale yellowish-white to
olive or chestnut brown, with or without the pronounced anterior beak of the shell
seen in some examples, but the violet veining of the posterior depression, mentioned
by Linn6 in his original description of Venus Phryne, is usually present. It was

THE BANKS SHELL COLLECTION 93

apparently only some time after his first description of Venus flexuosa (based on an
immature or intermediate stage, and marked M.B. in his manuscript), that Solander
appreciated the affinity between his V. flexuosa and Linne's V. Phryne, altered his
second description accordingly, and added three colour varieties, two in the Banks
collection (Fig. 20, a, b,) and one in the Portland.

On the reverse of his slip describing these varieties Solander noted that " the colour
is either brown or yellowish, and the beak in different shells is more or less produced ",
a note that does more than anything else to show that the variation in shape and
colour of the shell labelled Venus Phryne by Solander is identical with the range
noted for the Anomalocardia flexuosa of recent authors. In conclusion, it should be
noted that the specimen pronounced by Hanley to be the type of Venus flexuosa,
was not actually marked with that name in the Linnean collection, for he says
(1855, p. 67) : " I can find but a single shell in the whole Linnean collection that
possesses the required characteristics of this species," an admission overlooked by
Dodge (1952, p. 97), who refers to the " marked specimen found in the collection " ;
furthermore, it seems unlikely that Linne ever possessed a specimen of Solander's
V. flexuosa, for the original description was supplied to him by Solander and is duly
acknowledged in the text of the Twelfth Edition of the Systema Naturae (1131, 121),
where the species was first described, with augmented diagnosis and with the
locality " in Indiis ", instead of the more explicit " Oceano Atlantico prope Insulam
Adscensionis " of Solander's earlier manuscript, marked "M.B." and probably
described from a specimen in the series of shells from the Island of Ascension, known
to have been in the Sloane collection.

TlERRA DEL FUEGO

On the 20th January, 1769, Banks and his party explored the beaches of this
desolate place, and the results were recorded in his Journal as follows : "This
morning was very fine, so much so that we landed without difficulty at the bottom
of the bay and spent our time very much to our satisfaction in collecting shells and
plants. Of the former we found some very scarce and fine, particularly limpets ;
of several species of these we observed (as well as the shortness of our time would
permit) that the limpet with a longish hole at the top of his shell is inhabited by an
animal very different from that which has no hole. Here were also some fine whelks,
one particularly with a long tooth, and an infinite variety of Lepades, Sertulariae,
Onisci, etc., in much greater variety than I have anywhere seen. But the shortness
of our time would not allow us to examine them, so we were obliged to content
ourselves with taking specimens of as many of them as we could in so short a time
scrape together ". Later in the same day Banks remarks that they saw few fish fit
to eat, but " shell-fish, however, are in the greatest abundance, limpets, mussels,
clams, etc., but none of them delicate, yet such as they were we did not despise
them " {Journal, pp. 55 and 57).

Banks was quite correct in his observation of the animal inhabiting the " limpet
with a longish hole at the top of his shell " (Fissurella picta Lamarck), for the tufted
mantle margins and apical opening of the Fissurellidae are far more striking than the

94

THE BANKS SHELL COLLECTION

simpler animals and imperforate shells of the Patellidae. The whelk with the long
tooth was undoubtedly Acanthina ccdcar (Martyn) — the Buccinum monodon of
Solander's manuscript and the Portland Catalogue (Lots 372 and 3093, both from
Tierra del Fuego) — in which the compiler refers the species to Martyn's figure 100.
The tooth referred to is a projection on the outer Up of the shell (similar to that found
in many of the Muricidae) said to assist these predatory molluscs to open the shells
of lamellibranchs.

Fortunately the two shells particularly mentioned by Banks are still in the
collection, but unlabelled, and the " Mussels and Clams " are also well represented
among the specimens from Tierra del Fuego listed below.

Fissurella picta Lamarck
Acanthina calcar (Martyn)

Buccinulum antarcticum Reeve
Trophon philippianus Dunker
Aulacomya ovalis (Lamarck)
Mytilus chorus Molina .
Mytilus edulis Linn£
Modiolarca trapezina (Lamarck)

Marcia exalbida (Dillwyn)

Buccinum monodon Sol. MSS.
Terra del Fuego.

T. del Fuego.

Terra del Fuego.
Mytilus gibbus Sol. MSS.
T. de F. J.B.
Venus. * * *
Terra del Fuego.

The Tierra del Fuego specimens are characteristic of the locality and call for little
remark ; the large Mytilus chorus polishes remarkably well, and its fine purple and
mauve tinted valves adorned most of the older collections. From Solander's manu-
script description the large Marcia exalbida was extremely common, and must have
been principal among the clams said by Banks to be in great abundance, and not
to be despised as food.

Otaheite (Tahiti)

The stay at Tahiti was a long one (13th April to 12th July, 1769), with ample
opportunity for collecting, but little information regarding shells was given by
Banks or Cook in their Journals, for their time was much taken up by preparations
for observing the transit of Venus, and studying the manners and customs of the
people. The few representative species of shells in the collection show once again
that the larger and more attractive shells were probably gathered by others, for
there is no shortage of specimens from Otaheite in the catalogues of the period.

One interesting reference to the mollusca is recorded by Banks, for on the 30th
May, 1769, he notes : " Carpenters employed to-day in repairing the long-boat, which
is eaten in a wonderful manner ; every part of her bottom is like a honey-comb,
some of the holes being an eighth of an inch in diameter, such progress has this des-
tructive insect made in six weeks ". Banks was of course referring to the ravages of
a species of Ship Worm (Teredo), an enemy dreaded by the early voyagers, whose
vessels were constructed almost entirely of wood. No Banks specimens of this
Teredo are available, but Pacific species are known to be particularly active from
April to October (Ricketts & Calvin, 1948, p. 252).

THE BANKS SHELL COLLECTION

95

Shells of the Conidae form the bulk of the following list of Tahiti shells, several
of which were described for the first time by Solander in manuscript, and later
adopted by Bruguiere from the Portland Catalogue or from named specimens
purchased from Humphrey.

Modiolus auriculatus Krauss .

Modiolus metcalfei Hanley

Chlamys pallium (Linn6)

Amphiperas tortilis (Martyn) .
(= costellata Lamarck)

Mytilus modiolus

Otaheite.

Mytilus modiolus

Otaheite.

Ostrea pallium.

Otaheite.

Bulla imperialis Sol. MSS.

Otaheite.

Dillwyn (1817, p. 473) gave priority to Solander's manuscript name, first printed
in the Portland Catalogue (Lot 3391. Bulla imperialis, or pink mouth'd poached
egg, from the Friendly Isles), but this cannot be accepted, as no reference was given
to a figure. This species is the Cypraea tortilis figured by Martyn (1788, t. 60),
also from the Friendly Isles and included in Dillwyn's synonomy.

Cypraea ventriculus Lamarck

Cypraea caput serpent is Linne

Bullaria ampulla (Linne)
Large Tahiti form

Conus textile Linne
Conus striatus Linne
Conus litteratus Linne .
Conus sponsalis Bruguiere
Conus tessulata Born
Conus arenatus Bruguiere

Conus eburneus Bruguiere
Conus pulicarius Bruguiere
Conus ebraeus Linne
Conus vermiculatus Lamarck

Cypeaea achatina Sol. MSS.

Otaheite.

Cypraea caputserpentis L.

Bulla ampulla L. var. A.
Oceano Pacifico.

Conus textilis.

Otaheite.

Conus striatus.

Otaheite. J.B., D.S.

Conus literatus.

Otaheite.

Conus sponsalis Sol. MSS.

Otaheite. Byron Pacific Oc.

Conus tessulata.

Otaheite. J.B.

Conus arenatus Sol. MSS.

Otaheite.

Conus glaucus L.

Otaheite.

Conus pulicarius Sol. MSS.

Oceano Pacifico Otaheitensis.

Conus ebraeus L.

Oceano Pacifico Otaheitensis.

Conus princeps Martini.

Oceano Pacifico Otaheitensis.

Before following the course of the " Endeavour " south to New Zealand, there is a
specimen of Lathirus prismaticus (Martyn) to be recorded from the Banks collection,

96 THE BANKS SHELL COLLECTION

which may suitably follow the Tahiti series. The refractory powers of the periostra-
cum of this species caused a great deal of interest to the early collectors. It was
first figured by Martyn, (1784 1, fig. 26) as Buccinum prismaticum, from the Friendly
Islands, no doubt brought back from Cook's second voyage. Martyn inserted a leaflet
in the first volume of his work headed Observations on the Explanatory Table, the
special observations on fig. 2 reading as follows :

"A very singular appearance, hitherto never observed of any other shell, is pro-
duced on this, by dipping it in water. The many small risings, or ribs of the shell,
from a brown, are in a few moments changed to a rich and lucid blue, which beautiful
effect again gradually dies away, as the shell becomes dry . . . The shell is shown in
both its states."

Martyn succeeded in conveying this lucid blue of the nodules of the wet shell, by
having his figures coloured with thick dabs of an almost metallic blue paint, held
together with touches of gum arabic, a treatment that has caused the colour to crack
and flake off in some copies of the plate. Solander labelled this unusual shell
Buccinum Iris in the Portland collection, for it appears at least three times in the
printed catalogue, with a reference to Martyn's figure in each case, obviously added
by Humphrey.

Lot 301. Buccinum Iris, S. Martyn, Vol. x, fig. zb, the epidermis of this singular
species when wet is of various colours, and is exceeding scarce

(Sold for £2.18.0 cash.)

Lot 1455. Buccinum Iris, S. Martyn, Vol. i.fig. 2b, very fine and extremely scarce

(Sold for £2.2.0 to Humphrey).

Lot 3356. Four curious species of Buccina viz three of Purpuratum, one of Aulicum
one of Iris, 5. Martyn, Vol. 1, fig. 2b and four singular Murices, all rare

(Sold for £1.12.0 cash.)

The prices paid for this small but attractive shell indicate the interest aroused at
the time, not only here, but on the continent, for Chemnitz (vol. x, p. 284, 1788)
follows a repetition of Martyn's observations with the information that Spengler
paid as much as three guineas for a single specimen. To whom this was paid is not
recorded by Chemnitz, but there is little doubt that it was to the purchaser of Lot
1455 noted above.

Dillwyn (1817, p. 741), records the species as the Murex prismaticus of Chemnitz,
and repeats Humphrey's description of its iridescent properties. He later complains
that Buccinum Iris does not appear among Solander's manuscripts in Sir Joseph
Banks's library, an omission now known to be due to the fact that Solander left the
genus Buccinum incomplete.

The Banks specimen of L. prismaticus, when placed in water, shows the irides-
cent colour only near the Up of the shell, due perhaps to the perishing of the perios-
tracum during the last 180 years, but shells from the Cuming and Gray collections,
gathered over a century ago, still show a fine blue iridescence when placed in water.

the banks shell collection 97

New Zealand

As in the account of Tahiti, there is little of note regarding shells in Banks's
Journal during the circumnavigation of New Zealand (October 8th to March 31st,
1770), but there are one or two references to the mollusca as a welcome source of
extra food ; accordingly, on the 10th November, a meal of broiled shags was followed
by one of a different kind, supplied to Banks and his party at a small village in
Mercury Bay (N.W. Coast of N. Island), where they were " most civilly received
by the inhabitants, who treated us with hot cockles, or at least a small flat shell-fish
(Tellina), which was most delicious food ". This was probably Amphidesma ventri-
cosum (Grey), the Toheroa of New Zealand, said by Suter (1913, p. 959) to be parti-
cularly plentiful on the northern shores, especially the west coast, and still considered
a great delicacy. The next day, an oyster bank was found, and the " Endeavour's "
longboat was filled with " as good oysters as ever came from Colchester, and of about
the same size . . . the ship's company, I sincerely believe, did nothing but eat from
the time they came on board until night ". These were without doubt the famous
Auckland rock oysters, Ostrea glomerata Gould, common to the Hauraki Gulf, and
still consumed in large quantities from May to September (Suter, 1913, p. 891).

From Banks's concluding remarks on New Zealand (Journal, p. 227), where he
notes the plentiful supply of excellent oysters, cockles, clams and many other sorts of
shell-fish, etc., one would have expected rather more than the eight typical New
Zealand shells found in his collection and listed below, but again it is evident that
botany was his main pursuit, molluscs being attractive mainly as a source of extra
food.

Notirus reflexus (Gray) .... Venus. * * *

Nova Cambria (in error ?).
Aulacomya maoriana Iredale . . . Mytilus * * *

= magellanicus Auct. Novae Zelandiae.

N.Z. J.B., D.S.
Mytilus canaliculus Martyn . , . — — —

N.Z.
Musculus impactus (Hermann) . . Mytilus gibbus Sol. MSS.

(fig. 4, a, b, c) N.Z.

Chione stutchburii (Wood) . . . Venus antiquata Sol. MSS.

Nova Cambria (in error ?). J.B.
Struthiolaria papulosa (Martyn) . Murex — — —

Buccinulum tnultilineum Powell . . Murex. N.Z.

(fig- 9)
Cymatium parthenopeus (von Salis) . Murex olearium.

Notable species among these few New Zealand shells are the very characteristic
Chione stutchburii (Wood), and Musculus impactus (Hermann) (plate 15). The
former was given the locality Nova Cambria (New South Wales) by Solander, pro-
bably in error, for no records of its occurrence there are known. Chione stutchburii,
frequently attributed to Gray, was first figured by William Wood (1828, pi. 2, fig. 4),
from a specimen in the British Museum, with the locality Sandwich Islands. How
this locality came to be given to this typical New Zealand species is now impossible to

98 THE BANKS SHELL COLLECTION

say, but there are certainly two specimens attached to a tablet, with the locality
Sandwich Islands altered in pencil to New Zealand, and it seems quite likely that
it was from this tablet that Wood took his figured specimen, probably brought
back from one of Cook's voyages.

The clusters of Musculus impactus, one of which is shown in fig. 5, are of great
interest ; fresh and as firm as though collected recently, they are part of the first
consignment to be brought to this country in 1771, their similarity, except in size,
to our own Musculus discors (Linne), causing much confusion among contemporary
authors. Solander first confused it with his own Mytilus gibbus in the Banks Collec-
tion, then renamed it in his manuscript, where it will be seen to have been later
altered to the M. discors Linne (fig. 7). Da Costa (1778, p. 222-3) concludes his
description of the Linnean discors as follows :

" All that Linne had seen, as well as all those found on our coasts, are very
small, thin, and delicate ; but a kind no wise different, except in size and colour,
being larger than a great walnut, and quite brown, was brought from the
southern hemisphere by that great and national honour Capt. Cook, the circum-
navigator, in the late expeditions for the discovery of new countries. These
also were intirely unknown to all our collectors ; and, as they only differ in
size, thickness, and colour, but are exactly the same in structure, way of life, and
other particulars, as these of our coasts, is it a distinct species, or variety only? "
Donovan, in The Natural History of British Shells (Vol. 1, 1804, text to pi. xxv)
also concludes his description of M. discors in the same vein, remarking that, according
to Gmelin "it is likewise noted as a native of the Southern Ocean ", and then he
proceeds to repeat the observations of Da Costa verbatim, as a footnote, adding that
1 ' As a figure of this very analogous kind may be acceptable, it is introduced in the
annexed plate at fig. 2 ".

Gmelin certainly noted that M. discors occurred also in the Southern Ocean, and
included in his synonomy a reference to Hermann, in Volume XVII of the Natur-
forscher (1782), wherein this New Zealand species was clearly described as Mytilus
impactus, with quite good figures (pi. iii, figs. 5-8), but the idea that it was only
a large form of the Linnean discors persisted, partly due, no doubt, to the habit of
forming a nest of byssal threads, indulged in by both species. The systematic
position of Musculus impactus was in doubt for many years, for according to Suter's
synonomy (1913, p. 869), the species has been referred by various authors to Mytilus
Modiola, Crenella, Modiolaria and Modiolarca.

Australia (New South Wales and Queensland)

Having satisfactorily proved that New Zealand, the land seen by Tasman in 1642,
was a series of islands and not the edge of a vast Southern continent, as predicted
by the early geographers, the "Endeavour" progressed in a westerly direction,
eventually sighting land (South of Cape Howe), on the 19th April, 1770, the first
landing being made on the afternoon of the 28th, at Sting Ray Bay (later renamed
Botany Bay).

THE BANKS SHELL COLLECTION 99

Much botanical collecting was done by Banks and Solander at this classical
locality, and it appears that shells were also taken here, notably several Bullaria
botanica Hedley, one of the commonest species on the tidal flats of New South Wales.
On the 23rd May, a party went ashore further north, at Bustard Bay, where, apart
from shooting a large bustard, which provided the next day's dinner, and observing
various other birds, Banks noted that on the mud banks, under the mangrove trees
were " innumerable oysters, hammer oysters, and many more sorts, among which
were a large proportion of small pearl oysters. Whether the sea in deeper water
might abound with as great a proportion of full-grown ones, we had not an
opportunity to examine, but if it did, a pearl fishery here must turn out to immense
advantage".

The main Australian pearl fisheries are now carried on more to the north and
north-west (Torres Strait, Darwin, Broome, etc.) where the larger and more valuable
species occur. The small pearl shells mentioned by Banks, of which several are
in his collection (fig. 14), are typical of Port Hacking, Broken and Botany Bays,
and Sydney, " frequenting sandy mud-flats in tidal bays and inlets along the coast "
(Allen, 1950, p. 267). As already noted, examples of the Hammer Oysters {Malleus)
mentioned by Banks, were also brought back and duly described by Humphrey,
Donovan and other authors.

Although many specimens in the Banks Collection were not actually localized
by Solander, it is only reasonable to suppose that the bulk of them were brought
back from the " Endeavour " voyage, for while many of the species, especially the
Cowries, are common to the Indo-West-Pacific, and may have been collected earlier
by Captains Byron or Wallace, it cannot be entirely due to coincidence that so
many of these same species have been recorded from New South Wales and Queens-
land, particularly from the coastal districts of the latter, now known, appropriately
enough, as the Banksian Province of the Australian Region. Indeed, Iredale (19396,
p. 211) states quite definitely that " every shell known from Queensland before 1820,
must have been procured by Cook's party ". This statement seems to confirm the
view that the single unlabelled specimen of the dorsally speckled form of Cypraea
humphreyii Gray, said by the same author (1939, p. 126) to be common only to
Queensland and New South Wales, must have been brought back by the " Endeavour"
in 1771.

This small Cowry is presumably one of the shells collected on the Barrier Reef dur-
ing the prolonged stay (18th June-ioth July, 1770), while repairs were being made
to Cook's vessel, after the accident that so nearly proved fatal to all concerned.
In his Journal (Ed. 2, p. 144) Sydney Parkinson tells how " During the time we
stayed here we picked up a great many natural curiosities from the reef we struck
upon, consisting of a variety of curious shells, most of which were entirely new
to Mr. Banks and Dr. Solander".

During this period, the "Endeavour's" pinnace was often busy searching for
a passage through the shoals, and on one of these trips the crew landed on a dry
reef " where they found great plenty of shell-fish, so that the boat was completely
loaded, chiefly with a kind of cockle (Chama gigas) one of which was more than two
men could eat ; many indeed were larger. The coxswain of the boat, a little man,

ioo THE BANKS SHELL COLLECTION

declared that he saw on the reef a dead shell of one so large that he got into it, and it
fairly held him " (Banks's Journal, p. 284). This account was not exaggerated, for
the Giant Clams (Tridacna), grow to enormous sizes on the Barrier Reef, and have
been known to reach over three feet in length and weigh anything up to 500 lb.
(Allen, 1950, p. 321). Dampier also noted the occurrence of these large clams
during his visit to the north-west coast in 1699.

List of Australian Shells in the Banks Collection with occasional remarks.

Modiolus auriculatus Krauss
Amygdalum arborescens (Dillwyn) .
Brachidontes hirsutus (Lamarck) .

(fig- 15)
Septifer bilocularis
Lithophaga teres Philippi
Mytilus planulatus Lamarck .
Aulacomya maoriana Iredale .

Crenatula nigrina Lamarck
Electroma georgiana (Quoy & Gaimard)
Electrotna punctulata (Reeve)
Austrapteria lata (Gray)
Pinctada reeveana (Dunker) .
Pinctada margaritifera (Linne)
Pinctada vulgaris (Schumacher)
Pinctada vulgaris panasesae Jameson
Pinna muricata Linn6 .

Mytilus ornatus Sol. MSS.
New Holland.

Marked D.S. on label.
Mytilus lithophagus.
New Holland.
Mytilus discors Linn.
New Holland.

Mytilus hirundo L.
New Holland.

Pinna nebulosa Sol. MSS.

The last named may be the Quantul&pinna delsa of Iredale, who discusses the
species at length (1939&, p. 311) . In this Great Barrier Reef Report, much interesting
data will be found relating to the other species in this list, but as his single figure of
Q. delsa (pi. iv, fig. 16) shows little difference from accepted forms of the Linnean
P. muricata recently examined, the older name has been retained for the Banks
specimens.

Chlamys asperrimus (Lamarck) . . — — —

Lima ( Stabilima) tadena Iredale . . South Seas.

Lima (Austrolima) nimbifer Iredale . Nova Cambria.

Saxostrea commercialis Iredale & Rough- New Holland,
ley

This specimen of S. commercialis is attached to a fair-sized shell of Pyrazus ebeninus,
a common gastropod found on the mud-flats of New South Wales and Queensland
(fig. 11). The shell of the oyster is typical of the stunted and thickened seashore
form described by Iredale (1939&, p. 399), and is the common commercial oyster of
Australia, which is particularly abundant in New South Wales where large numbers
are marketed annually. An excellent description with photographs of modern
oyster culture, foreshadowed by the enjoyment of this same species of Australian

THE BANKS SHELL COLLECTION

oyster by Banks and his party, is given by Dakin in his book on the Australian
seashores (1953, pp. 289-92).

Batissa triquetra Deshayes

Venus erosa Sol. MSS.

This North Australian and Queensland species, of which there are two small but
fresh-looking specimens in the collection, was first described in manuscript by
Solander as Venus erosa, with the authentic locality Nova Cambria, and marked J.B.
This same locality is marked in pencil on the interior of both valves of one specimen
(fig. 10). The species appears twice in the Portland Catalogue, both entries worded
differently.

Lot 1603 (p. 71).
Lot 3961 (p. 186).

Venus Erosa, S. a large and singular fresh-water Bivalve, from New
South Wales, extremely rare.

Venus Erosa, S. a very curious undescribed species of freshwater
bivalve, with a black epidermis, and fine purple inside, the country
unknown, very rare.

Even more curious is the obvious discrepancy between these two entries, but as
they are separated by over 2,000 separate lots, it must be attributed to the flagging
zeal of the compiler. Dillwyn (1817, p. 177) places the Venus erosa of Solander in
the synonomy of Venus coaxans Gmelin, for which he quotes the Chemnitz locality
" Ceylon ", although he had seen the more reliable Nova Cambria and New
South Wales of the Solander manuscripts and Portland Catalogue.

The first part of Dillwyn's description is certainly applicable to Gmelin's Venus
coaxans, but he goes on to say : " I suspect that this is the Venus erosa of Solander,
and Mr. Humphrey describes the epidermis in one of the specimens in the Portland
cabinet to have been black, of which colour it had probably been stained by the mud,
as is frequently the case with many other fresh-water shells." This nearly black
epidermis, however, is a distinguishing feature of the Batissa triquetra Deshayes, as
opposed to the olive brown of Geloina ( = Cyrena) coaxans (Gmelin), both species
occurring together among the mangroves of Queensland (Allen, 1951, p. 403).

In the extract from p. 177 of Dillwyn's text, it is of importance to note the
reference to Humphrey as the author of the Portland Catalogue (see p. 88).

Codakia rugifera (Reeve)
Codakia tigerina (Linne) .
Corbis fimbriata (Linne) .

Liochoncha castrensis (Linne)
Lioconcha varians (Hanley)

Gafrarium scripta (Linne)

(fig. 8.)
Gafrarium pectinatum (Linne)

Gafrarium tumidum (Roding)

Venus tigrina Linn.
Venus fimbriata L.
Nova Cambria. J.B., D.S.
Venus castrensis L.
Venus juvenca Sol. MSS.
Nova Cambria. J.B.
Venus scripta var. B. D.S.

Venus pectinata L.
N.H. J.B., D.S.
Venus expansa Sol. MSS.
Nova Cambria. J.B., D.S.

Hist, i, 3.

THE BANKS SHELL COLLECTION

Pitaria pellucida (Lamarck)
Macrocallista maculata (Linn6)

Dosinia anus Philippi

Antigona puerpera (Linn6)
Antigona reticulata (Linne)

Chione marica (Linn6) .
Chione foliacea (Philippi)

Venus maculata L. var. A.

Nova Cambria.

Venus lincta.

N.H. Nova Cambria.

Venus puerpera L. J.B.

Venus reticulata L.

Nova Cambria. N.H.

Venus dysera L.
Nova Cambria.

The Banks specimen of this shell was identified from specimens labelled foliacea
in the British Museum collection, and is one of the species belonging to the Venus
dysera complex discussed very fully by Dodge (1952, pp. 89-92)

Paphia philippinarum (Reeve) . . Venus decussata L. var.

Asaphis deflorata (Linne) . . . Venus deflorata L.

Linne confined the distribution of Asaphis deflorata only to Europe, although it
had been recorded from Barbadoes and accurately figured by one of his chief mentors,
Martin Lister (Lib. Ill, 1687, pi. 425). Solander recorded several localities and
described no less than five colour varieties from the Indian Ocean, Japan, Pegu,
Suratte and Malacca, localities now recognized to have been obtained from the
Sloane collection and catalogues (Wilkins, 1953, p. 9 et seq.) ; but the locality New
Zealand, written on one of the ten specimens of A . deflorata in the Banks collection,
was probably intended for New Holland.

Notocorbula tunicata (Hinds) . . . Venus. * * *

Cerithideopsilla fluviatilis Potiez . . New Holland.

Pyrazus ebeninus (Bruguiere) . . . Murex aluco-nigra.

(fig. 11) New Holland.

P. ebeninus is still known to Australian conchologists as the Hercules Club, an
ancient vernacular name which appears several times in the Portland and other
early catalogues. It was first named and figured by Martyn in the Universal
Conchologist as Clava Herculea (vol. 1, 1784, f. 13) from a specimen in the Humphrey
collection ; it is also known as the Mud Whelk, the species being very common on
the sandy mud flats round Sydney, Botany Bay and the upper reaches of Port
Jackson. The presence of several specimens of this characteristic New South
Wales shell in the Banks collection confirms Allan's remark (1951, p. 87), that
" the Hercules Club was amongst the first shells to be taken back to England from
Australia, being taken there by Captain Cook ".

Cerithium nodulosum Bruguiere . . Murex aluco.

The C. nodulosum or Coral Reef Creeper, another species of Hercules Club, was
frequently confused with the smaller Pyrazus ebeninus by early authors. It is
essentially a coral reef form, particularly common on the Great Barrier Reef.

THE BANKS SHELL COLLECTION

103

Cerithium tuberculatum (Linne)

Cerithium morus Lamarck
Cerithium echinatum Lamarck
Cerithium (Aluco) aluco (Linne)
Cerithium (Rhinoclavis) vertagus (Linne)
Cerithium (Rhinoclavis) obeliscus Brug.
Cerithium (Rhinoclavis) lineatum Brug.

Cerithium (Rhinoclavis) asper (Linne) .

Amphiperas ovum (Linn6)

Murex tuberculatus.

New Holland.

New Holland.

Murex aluco.

Murex aluco Linn.

Murex vertagus.

Murex turris chinensis.

Murex turris obeliscus.

New Holland.

Murex granulatus Sol. MSS.

New Holland.

Bulla ovum.

The last named species, known commonly as the White Egg Cowry, is used in the
Pacific as a canoe ornament. Amongst other places it is recorded from the Solomon
and Torres Straits Islands, where it is reported by Jackson (1917, p. 175) to be worn as
an ornament for the neck, breast or leg. Spectacular pendants composed entirely
of A . ovum form an important part of the regalia of the aborigine Elders of Australia
(Allen, 1951, pi. 13).

Calpurnus verrucosus (Linne)
Pustularia cicercula (Linne)
Pustularia globulus (Linne)
Pustularia childreni (Gray)

Bulla verrucosa.
Cypraea cicercula.

The remaining Cypraeidae found in the Banks collection are listed under the
genera used by Schilder & Schilder (1938-39), and as most of the species are well-
known, their numerous sub-genera have been omitted for the sake of brevity. As
already noted, many of these Cowries are common Indo-West-Pacific species, but
all those included below have been recorded from New South Wales and Queensland.

Staphylaea staphylaea (L.)
Staphylaea facifer Iredale
Staphylaea nucleus (L.) .
Erosaria helvola (L.)
Erosaria poraria (L.)
Erosaria erosa (L.) .
Monetaria annulus (L.) .
Monetaria moneta (L.) nodulous form
Monetaria obvellata (Lamarck)
Erronea onyx (L.) Juvenile
Erronea errones (L.)
Erronea caurica (L.)
Palmadusta punctata (L.)
Palmadusta asellus (L.) .
Palmadusta clandestina (L.)
Palmadusta humphreyii (Gray)
Palmadusta ziczac (L.)
Evanaria hirundo (L.)
Evanaria coffea (Sowerby)
Blasicrura chinensis (Gmelin)
Cribraria teres (Gmelin) .

Cypraea staphylaea var. A.
C. oryza Sol. MSS.

Cypraea helvola L.

Cypraea annulus.
Cypraea moneta var. C.
Cypraea moneta.
Cypraea onyx-dubius.
New Holland.

Cypraea asellus L.

Cypraea zikzak.
Cypraea hirundo L. J.B.
Cypraea umbilicata Sol. MSS.
Cypraea morbillosa Sol. MSS.

HIST. I, 3.

7§

104

THE BANKS SHELL COLLECTION

Cribraria cribraria (L.)
Luria Isabella (L.)
Callistocypraea testudinaria (L.)
Talparia argus (L.) .
Talparia talpa (L.) .
Mauritia arabica (L.)
Mauritia arabica (L.) Juvenile .
Mauritia maculifera Schilder. Juv

Cypraea cribraria L.
Cypraea isabella L.
Cypraea testudinaria.
Cypraea argos.

Cypraea arabica.
Cypraea amethystea L.
Cypraea amethystea L.

Hanley (1855, p. 184) dealt very briefly with the Cypraea amethystea of Linne,
saying that the specimen marked for the species in the Linnean cabinet was an
example of the C. histrio of authors, having the outer coating of the dorsal surface
artificially removed. A recent examination of the type specimen reveals that it
is a typical and mature C. arabica L., rubbed or worn right down to the violet inner
layer, and sufficiently highly polished to give the appearance of natural enamel to a
not too critical eye.

Solander accepted C. amethystea as a good species, to which he referred specimens
now seen to be juveniles of the arabica group of Cowries ; these were accurately
described in his manuscript and marked as present in the Banks and Portland
collections. He had apparently seen beach-worn or polished shells of C. arabica,
showing a purple or violet dorsum, and placed them among his numerous varieties
of that species (C. arabica var. E. testa detrita dorso violaceo, M.C.P.). Dillwyn (1817,
p. 439) also considered the Linnean C. amethystea to be the juvenile stage of C.
arabica, listing it as such in his synonomy, and stating that young shells are bluish
grey, variously clouded or banded with brown ; later the back becomes brownish or
dull blue, in which stage of its growth it is known by the name of C. amethystea, or
Smoke Cowry. Then follows the suggestion that Linne was not aware of the
different appearances of the Cowries at different periods of growth " and from want
of this knowledge, he has described the present species under three different names."

The three names referred to by Dillwyn were C. arabica, which still stands, C.
amethystea, an error due to polishing, and C. fragilis, an intermediate stage of the
first. In 1845 Reeve (Cypraea, sp. 2) followed Dillwyn in attributing the Linnean
C. amethystea to juveniles of C. arabica ; and only recently Dodge (1953, p. 70-71),
working at long range, confessed his difficulty in identifying the species from the
available literature, even doubting the veracity of the dorso violaceo of Linne's
description. Three of the four authors mentioned above did not see the Linnean
holotype ; had they done so, the error in giving a name to this mature but mal-
treated shell would have become immediately apparent. Incidentally, Dodge (p. 70)
was unable to confirm the occurrence of worn arabica group Cowries showing a
violet dorsum, but beach-worn specimens of at least two species recently examined
show violet coloration of the dorsal area, which would equal the intensity of the
Linnean shell, if highly polished.

Mauritia maculifera Schilder
Mauritia histrio (Gmelin)
Mauritia mauritiana (Linne)
Mauritia mauritiana, Juvenile
Cypraea tigris (Linne), Juvenile

Cypraea arabica var. C.
Cypraea arabica var. D.
Cypraea mauritiana.
Bulla non-umbilicata.
Bulla cypraea.

THE BANKS SHELL COLLECTION

105

Dillwyn's statement regarding Linne's lack of knowledge of the growth stages in
Cypraea, can only be related to intermediate stages, for in the description of his
Bulla cypraea in the Tenth and Twelfth editions of the Systema Naturea he indicates,
by a cross reference, that the shell is a larval, or early stage of Cypraae. Bulla
cypraea was not numbered as a species in the Tenth Edition, being inserted in
Bulla " as a precautionary measure, because the less experienced naturalists would
naturally search for the names of the young Cowries in that genus " (Hanley, 1855,
p. 209).

Cypraea Vanelli L.
Cypraea Vanelli L., Juvenile

Cypraea lynx.
Cypraea vanelli L.

Cypraea Vanelli was described by Linne from an intermediate stage of his own
C. lynx, which appeared on the succeeding page of the Tenth Edition of the Systema
[p. 721, 303), a fact overlooked by Dillywn, who allowed it to remain as a good
species. Dodge (1953, p. 72) suggested that the substitution of C. Vanelli for the
well-known C. lynx would unnecessarily confuse the nomenclature, but Vanelli
had already been substituted by Iredale (1935, p. no), evidently on page precedence,
and now appears in the Australian literature, without comment (Iredale, 1939^,
p. 299 ; Allen, 1951, p. 126).

Cypraea vitellus L.
Cypraea carneola L.
Cymatium pyrum (L.)
Cytnatium tripus (Lamarck)
Cymatium part henopeus (von Salis)
Cymatium chlorostoma (Lamarck)

(fig- 13.)
Distortrix anus (L.)
Bursa albivaricosa (Reeve)
Bursa granifera (Lamarck)
Bursa rubecula (L.)
Pirulaficus (L.)
Murex monodon Sowerby
Murex adustus Lamarck
Murex torrefactus Reeve
Murex ternispina Lamarck
Murex haustellum L.
Nucella amygdala (Kiener)
Phos senticosa (Linne)
Engina alveolata Kiener
Galeodes pugilina (Linne)
Megalotractus aruanus (L.), Juvenile

Cypraea vitellus.
Cypraea carneola.
Murex pyrum.
Murex femorale.
Murex olearium.
Murex.

Murex anus.
Murex rana.
Murex gyrinus L.
Murex rubecula L.
Bulla ficus L.
Murex ramosus L.
Murex ramosus.
Murex ramosus.
Murex tribulus.
Murex haustellum.
Murex.
Murex senticosus.

Murex pugilinus.

M. aruanus, the False Trumpet shell of the Indo-Pacific and Northern Australia
may be over two feet in shell length when fully grown, and is used by the natives
as a very efficient water carrier, the long canal serving as a spout. The smooth
texture of the shell makes it particularly suitable for the manufacture of personal
ornaments. (Allen, 1951, p. 158).

io6

THE BANKS SHELL COLLECTION

Lathirus polygonus (Linne)
Lathirus gibbulus (Linne)
Lathirus nodatus (Quoy & Gaimard)
Peristernia nassatula (Lamarck)
Peristernia ustulata Reeve
Fasciolaria filamentosa Lamarck
Colus colus (Linne)

(fig. 12)

Fusus tuberculatus Lamarck .

Murex or Fusus polygonus striatus.

Murex or Fusus polygonus striatus.

Murex.

Murex.

Murex.

Murex colus.

Murex colus.

In concluding this list of Murex it should perhaps be noted again that Solander
did not complete his manuscript descriptions of the genus, and this accounts for the
number of repetitions and blank labels found in the Murex drawer of the collection.
It appears that an unknown worker commenced labelling as many shells as he could
from the available literature, after which Solander would give his final judgment,
naming and describing any species that did not agree with those already in the
Systema Naturae. Thus the three separate species monodon, adustus and torref actus,
all attributed by the helper to the Linnean M. ramosus, would have certainly been
described as new when critically examined by Solander.

Bullaria botanica Hedley

Bulla ampulla var.

The presence of this species, probably from Botany Bay, has already been men-
tioned (p. 99), and was formerly known as Bulla australis, a suitable but preoccupied
name used by Gray (1825, p. 408) when describing specimens collected by Captain
King, during his survey of the coast of Australia from 1817-1822.

Hydatina physis (Linne) .
Conus anemone Lamarck
Conus catus Bruguiere
Conus coronatus Gmelin
Conus distans Bruguiere

Bulla ***

Conus stercus muscarum.
Conus distans Sol. MSS.

C. distans is another example of an original Solander name taken from the Portland
Catalogue (Lot 1450), or from named specimens purchased from Humphrey.
Localized specimens in the British Museum collections show the range of the species
to be North Australia to Tahiti, but Bruguiere gave the type locality New Zealand,
and was followed in this by Dillwyn (1817, p. 389), and Tomlin (1937, p. 241).
No species of Conus have been found to occur in New Zealand.

Conus eburneus Bruguiere

Conus glaucus.
Nova Cambria.

There are twenty specimens of C. eburneus in all stages of growth in the collection,
many with the periostracum still preserved in situ. A further series of Conus,
all labelled Nova Cambria, are listed below with the specific names only :

THE BANKS SHELL COLLECTION

107

C. ebraeus Linn6
C.figulinus Linne
C.flavidus Lamarck
C. generalis Linne
C. lividus Bruguiere
C. quercinus [Humphrey]
C. nussatella Linne

C. litteratus Linne

C. magus Linn6

C. marmoreus Linne

C. pulicarius Bruguiere

C. textile Linne

C. virgo Linne

C. vermiculatus Lamarck

Conus quercinus is an example of part of a Martini trinomial name introduced
into the binomial nomenclature by Solander. The Conus Lignum Quercinum
of Martini (2, p. 299, f. 657, 1773) was referred to by Solander in his manuscript
description of C. quercinus, followed by the initials M. C. P., and thus it appears for
the first time in the Portland Catalogue in 1786 (Lot 1501), Conus quercinus S.
Martini, Vol. II, 657), and should therefore be attributed to Humphrey rather than
to Bruguiere, who next published the name in 1792 (p. 681). Dautzenburg (1937,
p. 206) places Bruguiere (1792) as the first publisher of the binomial name in his
ninety-five references to C. quercinus in the literature from 1742 to 1933, but this
exhaustive list does not include the earlier Portland entry 1501, although C. quercinus
Solander is quoted from Dillwyn (1817, p. 394) where it was duly recorded.

Although probably part of Solander's original material, no type status is claimed
for the large specimen of C. quercinus in the Banks collection, for it bears no label
beyond a scrap of paper marked N.C • (Nova Cambria), and the initials J. B. do not
occur in Solander's original description.

New Guinea to Java

Although there is little definite proof that the following miscellaneous Indonesian
species were actually gathered on the return voyage of the " Endeavour," there
appears to have been ample opportunity for collecting at Savu, Batavia and
Prince's Island, in spite of the intermittent bouts of fever and sickness suffered by
Banks and Solander. No specific mention of shells was made by Banks in his
Journal, but Solander mentions a few living molluscs in the Java section of his manu-
script list of animals observed during Cook's first voyage, notably Cypraea tigris L.
of which a fully grown specimen is in the Banks collection, clearly seen in the complete
drawer of Cypraea (see fig. 1).

Mytilus smaragdinus Linn6

Chlamys tigris (Lamarck)

Codakia punctata (Linn6)

Chione marica (Linne)

Terebellum subulatum Lamarck

Erronea caurica (Linne) .

Cypraea tigris Linn6

Colubraria distortus Schubert & Wagner

Colubraria testaceus Morch

Thais margariticola (Broderip)

Murex capusinus Lamarck

Turris cinguliferus (Lamarck) .

Venus punctata L.
Venus marica.
Bulla terebellum.
Maldives <S» Guinea.
Java Sol. MSS.

New Guinea.

Murex turris Babylonicus.

io8

THE BANKS SHELL COLLECTION

Turris citharella (Lamarck)
Turris javanus (Linne)
Turris tigrina (Lamarck)
Turris tornata (Dillwyn) .
Atys naucum (Linne)
Conus terebra Linne
Conus varius Linne
Conus musicus Bruguiere
Conus imperialis Linne .

Buccinum cithara.

Murex Javanus.

Murex Turris Babylonicus.

Murex.

Bulla naucum L.

Conus * * *

Conus corona imperialis.

Oceano pacifico. J.B., D.S.

DESCRIPTIVE CATLOGUE.— PART II

Specimens given to Banks from various localities up to the year 1782

1. Shells from British Columbia, Newfoundland, and the Atlantic Coast
of the United States of America.

(a) British Columbia (Vancouver Island).

Nucella lamellosa cymica (Dull).
Nucella canaliculata (Duclos).
Euthria dira (Reeve) .
Pteroytis foliatus (Gmelin).

These four typical species were undoubtedly brought back from Cook's third
voyage (1776-1780), collected during the stay of the " Discovery " and " Resolution "
in Nootka Sound, from 29th March to 26th April, 1778. P. foliatus is of particular
interest, for it appeared frequently in the early literature and sale catalogues. Cook
(1778, 2, p. 299) briefly described the molluscs of Nootka, where mention is made of
" a curious murex, rugged wilks, and a snail, all which are probably peculiar to this
place". It was first figured by Martyn in 1784 (vol. 2, pi. 66) as Purpura foliata
with the locality King George's Sound, the name chosen by Cook before adopting
the native name of Nootka. The species appears several times in the Portland
Catalogue of 1786, notably in Lot 1848, where it is referred to as " the foliated Pur-
pura, a new species from the N.W. Coast of America ", and in Lot 3036, with the
full locality " King George's Sound, on the N.W. Coast of America ".

Although the species was clearly described by Gmelin in 1791 (p. 3529, 174),
it still appeared in the catalogue of the Leverian Museum in 1806 as " a scarce
triplex from Nootka Sound (Lot 196), and the " foliated triplex, Nootka Sound " (Lot
2009). The two specimens of P. foliatus in the Banks collection were obviously
collected alive, for the dried animals and opercula are still within the shells.

(b) Newfoundland

Chlamys islandicus (Miiller)

Ostrea demissa Sol. MSS.

THE BANKS SHELL COLLECTION 109

Solander described this species in his manuscript as Ostrea demissa, later named
Pecten islandicus by Miiller (1776, p. 248), and Ostrea cinnabarina by Born (1778,
p. 87). Solander added a note to his manuscript saying that the specimen was
taken from a cod's maw by J. Banks on the banks of Newfoundland, and as this is
the only example of C. islandicus in the collection, it is presumed to be the actual
shell taken by Banks during his visit to Newfoundland and Labrador in H.M.S.
" Niger" from April to November, 1766. Dillwyn (1817, p. 256), who seems to
have been unaware of Miiller's name, retains the 0. cinnabarina Born, quoting
0. demissa Solander MSS. as a synonym, and duly records the information
(obviously taken from Solander 's manuscript note), that " Sir Joseph Banks procured
a specimen from the stomach of a cod on the banks of Newfoundland ".

(c) Atlantic Coast of the United States

Venus (Mercenaria) mercenaria Linne — — —

Connecticut Sol. MSS.

This is the Hard Shell Clam or Quahog of the east coast, and is eaten in quantity
in the form of " chowder " from April to September (Rogers, 1951, p. 348). Accord-
ing to various authorities the purple edge of the shell of this species was used by the
natives to form their wampum or treaty belts. The Banks specimen lacks the
purple coloration, and is the variety alba described by Dall.

Modiolus demissus (Dillwyn) . . Mytilus demissus Sol. MSS.

Lectotype. Plate 18, fig. 19. Carolina & Virginea

Dillwyn, Descriptive Catalogue of Shells (Mytilus), p. 314, 1817.

Length Height Thickness

Dimensions of Lectotype ... 95 mm. . 32 mm. . 29 mm.

Type locality : Carolina.

This is a straightforward example of a subsequent author's validation of a Solander
manuscript name. Dillwyn's description (1817, p. 314) based on Solander's MSS.
account, also referred to Lister's excellent figure of a specimen from Carolina (1687,
tab. 358).

The species occurs from Virginia to Florida on the Atlantic Coast, and in recent
years has been introduced into California on the Pacific Coast (Maxwell Smith,
1940, p. 99 and Keep, 1935, p. 64). Solander's manuscript (reproduced at fig. 18) is
marked with the full set of locator initials, and there is little doubt that the examples
in the Banks and Portland collections from Carolina were sent by Dr. Alexander
Garden the elder (i730?-i79i), of Charleston, who is known to have corresponded
with Ellis and Solander (Smith, 1821, p. 282 et seq.). Those marked M.B. would be
specimens brought from Carolina by Mark Catesby and given to Sir Hans Sloane
at a much earlier date.

There are actually two specimens of M. demissus in the Banks collection ; one large,
now designated the Lectotype (fig. 19), and one smaller specimen, labelled by the

THE BANKS SHELL COLLECTION

donor Salt Marsh Mussel, Pennsylvania. This was probably sent by John Bartram of
Philadelphia who supplied specimens of all kinds to the leading collectors of his day
including Linn6 himself (Wilkins, 1952, p. 252).

2. Shells from the Caribbean and Bahama Islands

Modiolus tulipa Lamarck
Modiolus modiolus (Linne)
Hormomya exustus (Linne)
Chlamys nodosus (Linn6)
Chlamys ventricosa (Sowerby)
Chlamys irradians (Lamarck) .
Pecten ziczac (Linne)
Lucina edentula (Linne) .

Mytilus modiolus L. vars. A,
Mytilus flavicans Sol. MSS.
Mytilus exustus.

Ostrea * * *
Ostrea * * *
Ostrea ziczac L.
Venus edentula L.

B.

It may be of interest to note that, unlike Linne who gave no reference to a figure
in his description of Venus edentula, Solander quoted Lister, tab. 260, fig. 96 (1687)
in his manuscript, noting that examples were in the Portland, Banks and British
Museum collections.

This is an instance where two out of the three examples so noted are in existence.
The British Museum specimen is in the Sloane collection and is the identical shell
figured by Lister. The interior shows the yellow coloration typical of the species
and fits over Lister's figure exactly, factors which help to confirm the true identity
of Linne's Venus edentula, discussed at such length by Hanley (1855, pp. 78-80)
and more recently by Dodge (1952, pp. 117-118).

Lucina columbella Lamarck
Lucina pensylvanica (Linn6)

Codakia orbicularis (Linne)
Amiantis circinata (Born)

Amiantis dione (Linne) .

Macrocallista nimbosa [Humphrey]
Lectotype. (Plate 17, fig. 16)

Venus pensylvanica L.

Jamaica.

Venus pensylvanica.

Jamaica, Barbadoes.

Antigua, Bahamas.

Venus rubescens Sol. MSS.

Jamaica.

Venus dione L.

Venus nimbosa Sol. MSS.
Florida and Antigua.

Catalogue of the Portland Museum, p. 175, Lot 3761, 1786
Dimensions of Lectotype .

Length
no mm.

Height
60 mm„

Thickness
26 mm.

Type locality : Florida.

Chione granulata (Gmelin)
Chione cancellata (Linne)

Chione beaui (Recluz)

Chione grata (Say)

Venus * * *

Venus cancellata L.

Bahamas.

Venus cancellata L.

Bahamas.

Venus * * *

THE BANKS SHELL COLLECTION

ill

Chione pygmaea (Lamarck)
Chione paphia (Linne)
Anomalocardia impressa (Anton)

Cerithium ferrugineum Say .
Trivia pediculus (Linne) .
Cypraea Zebra Linne
Cypraea Zebra, Juvenile .

Venus * * *

Venus paphia.

Venus rostrata Sol. MSS.

Jamaica.

Murex.

Cypraea pediculus.

Cypraea exanthema.

Cypraea exanthema et

Zebra dicta.

A very full discussion of the C. exanthema and C. Zebra of Linne was recently
published by Dodge (1953, pp. 61-63), from which it appears that the well-known
exanthema must inevitably give way to the earlier Zebra, described by Linne from
an immature banded specimen.

Cypraea spurca Linne
Cymatium pileare (Lamarck) .

Murex brevifrons Lamarck

Murex florifer arenarius Clench & Perez

Farfante
Lathirus infundibulum (Lamarck)
Lathirus ocellatus (Lamarck) .
Bullaria ampulla (Linne)
Bullaria solidula (A. Adams)
Bullaria occidentalis (A. Adams)
Hydatina undata (Bruguiere) .
Conus regius Gmelin
Conus granulatus Linne .
Conus mus Bruguiere

Cypraea spurca.
Murex olearium.
Jamaica.
Murex ramosus.
Murex ramosus.

Bulla amygdalus Sol. MSS.
Bulla amygdalus.

Bulla nitidula Sol. MSS.
Conus nebulosa Sol. MSS.
Conus granulatus L.

3. Shells from the East Indies
(a) Specimens sent to Banks by J. G. Koenig from the Coromandel Coast

Modiolus modiolus (Linne)
Septifer bilocularis (Linne)

Pinctada vexillum (Reeve)
Chlamys senatoria (Gmelin)
Chlamys tranquebaricus (Gmelin) .
Chlamys coralinoides D'Orbigny
Chlamys squamosa (Gmelin) .
Lima lima (Linne) ....
Lioconcha picta (Lamarck)

Pitaria albina (Lamarck) .
Macrocallista textile (Gmelin)

Macrocallista erycina (Linn6) .
Sunetta scripta (Linne) .
Meretrix formosa (Sowerby), Juvenile
Meretrix formosa (Sowerby), Juvenile
Paphia rotundata Linne .
Laternula plicata (Gray) .

Mytilus * * *
Mytilus bilocularis.
Koenig, Coromandel.

Ostrea pellucens Sol. MSS.
Ostrea undata Born.

Ostrea lima L.

Venus ornata Sol. MSS.

Koenig, Coromandel.

Koenig. Ind. Orient.

Venus polita Sol. MSS.

Koenig, Coromandel.

Venus erycina L.

Venus cytherea Sol. MSS.

Venus laeta L.

Venus * * *

Venus * * *

Mytilus pellucens Sol. MSS.

THE BANKS SHELL COLLECTION

(b) East Indian species from other sources

Lithophaga nasuta Philippi
Chlamys imbricatus (Gmelin)
Lioconcha castrensis (Linne) .
Pitar obliquata (Hanley)
Gafrarium dispar (Dillwyn)
Gafrarium divaricata (Gmelin)
Amiantis umbonella (Lamarck)
Amiantis umbonella var nivea Hanley
Macrocallista maculata (Linne)
Macrocallista florida (Lamarck)
Macrocallista lilacina (Lamarck)
Sunetta solanderii Gray .
Sunetta contempta Smith

Sunetta mer'oe (Linne) .

Meretrix casta (Gmelin) .
Meretrix ponderosa (Philippi) .
Antigona listeri (Gray)

Chione opima (Gmelin) .
Timoclea cochinensis (Sowerby)

Paphia literata (Linne) .

Paphia geographica (Gmelin) .
Paphia punicea (Deshayes)
Asaphis deflorata (Linne)

Cypraea (Erosaria) turdus Linn6
Cypraea (Erosaria) ocellata Linn6
Cypraea (Palmadusta) undata Linne
Cymatium cynocephalus (Lamarck)
Cymatium retusum (Lamarck)
Bursa crumena (Lamarck)
Ficus ficus (Linne)
Murex rujus Lamarck
Atys cylindrica (Hebling)
Conus amadis Gmelin

Mytilus lithophagus.
Ostrea pellucens Sol. MSS.

Venus divaricata ?
Venus meretrix.

Venus erycina var.

Venus erycina var.

Venus * * *

Venus cythereaea Sol. MSS.

Madras.

Venus meroe L.

Fort St. George.

Venus crassa Sol. MSS.

Venus nitida Sol. MSS.

Venus puerpera L.

Suratte, Siam.

Venus pectunculus Sol. MSS.

Madras, Pegu, etc.

Venus literata L.

Pegu.

Venus * * *

Venus * * *

Venus deflorata vars. A, B, C, D.

Pegu, Suratte, Malacca.

Cypraea undata.
Murex pyrum.
Murex pyrum.

Bulla ficus.
Murex ramosus L.

4. Shells from West Africa (Cape Verde Islands and Guinea Coast)

Smeathman, the botanist and entomologist, has already been mentioned among
the contributors to the Banks collection (p. 89), and there is little doubt that some
of the West African species listed below were collected during his employment by
Banks and others in 1771.

Cardita ajar Bruguiere

Cardium pectinatum Linne
Chlamys flabellum (Gmelin)

Venus rugosa L.
Coast of Guinea.

THE BANKS SHELL COLLECTION

"3

Pitaria floridella (Gray) .... Venus * * *

Coast of Guinea.

Cerithium sowerbyi Kiener . . . — — —

Cypraea (Zonaria) sanguinolenta Gmelin Cypraea purpurata Sol. MSS.

Murex megaceras Sowerby . . . — — —

Conus testudinaria Bruguiere . . Conus * * *

Conus testudinaria Bruguiere . . Conus St. Jago.

Two specimens of C. testudinaria have very clear St. Jago labels tucked inside the
shells, and it is likely that these were brought back from Cook's second voyage,
collected during the short stay at Port Praya on ioth July, 1772, perhaps by Capt.
Fumeaux whose name appears in the Solander manuscripts.

5. Specimens from the Mediterranean

Modiolus adriaticus Lamarck .

Lithophaga lithophaga (Linne)
Mytilus pictus Born
Chlamys opercularis (Linne)
var. Audouini Payraudeau

Chlamys opercularis (Linne)

var. subrufus Turton
Chlamys opercularis (Linne) .
Chlamys hyalina (Poli) .
Chlamys sulcatus (Born)
Chlamys flexuosus (Poli)
Lima lima (Linn6) ....
Lima inflata Lamarck
Lucina pecten Lamarck .
Macrocallista chione (Linne), Juvenile
Venus striatula Da Costa

Paphia aurea (Gmelin)
Corbicula fluminalis (Mull)

Cypraea (Zonaria) pyrum Gmelin .

Mytilus modiolus var: B.

Turkey.

Mytilus lithophagus.

Mytilus pictus.

Ostraea aspersa Sol. MSS.

Mare Neopolitano. Sir William

Hamilton.
Mediterranean .

Ostrea arguta Sol. MSS.
Ostrea glabra.
Ostrea glabra.

Ostrea lima.

Ostrea bullata.

Venus striatella.

Venus * * *

Venus casina L.

Gibraltar and Tangier.

Venus nebulosa Sol. MSS vars. A, B.

Venus fluminalis.

Euphrates.

Cypraea ochracea Sol. MSS.

6. British Species, mainly from Weymouth, Dorset

There are comparatively few British species in the Banks collection, but even these
are of interest, for most of them were given to him by the Duchess of Portland who
appears to have collected regularly at Weymouth and passed duplicates on to
Humphrey, Pulteney, Pennant, and many other workers on the British species.
It is seldom that her name does not occur somewhere in the conchological works of
the period. Thomas Pennant dedicated the fourth volume of his British Zoology
to her in 1777, " as a grateful acknowledgement of the many favours conferred by
Her Grace on her most obliged, and most obedient humble servant ". Richard
Pulteney, some years later, continually refers to the Portland cabinet in his Dorset-
shire Catalogue (1799), noting many species given to him by the Duchess.

ii4

THE BANKS SHELL COLLECTION

Modiolus adriaticus Lamarck
Mytilus edulis Linne

Mytilus ruber Sol. MSS.

Mytilus edulis with the small crab.

This specimen of M. edulis still contains the remains of the small crab (Pinnotheres
sp.) noted on the label (dated 1780).

Mytilus edulis Linne
Musculus discors (Linne)

Near Deptford.

Mytilus discors testa minor albida.

Weymouth and Cornwall.

The last named species is the real Linnean M. discors, so frequently confused by
eighteenth-century authors with the large M. impactus already referred to above
(p. 98).

Chlamys opercularis (Linne)

Chlamys tigrinus (Mtiller)

Cyprina islandica (Linne)

Dosinia exoleta (Linne) .

Venus verrucosa Linne .
Venus casina (Linne) Juvenile
V. (Timoclea) ovata (Pennant)

V. (Clausinella) fasciata (Da Costa)

V. (Chamelea) striatula (Da Costa)

Paphia aurea (Gmelin)

Paphia virginea (Linne) .

Paphia pullastr a (Linne) .

Paphia decussata (Linne)

Irus irus (Linne)

Hiatella arctica (Linne) .
Hiatella gallicana (Lamarck)
Gastrochaena dubia (Pennant)

Ostrea glabra.

Anglia.

Ostrea obsoletus Sol. MSS.

Anglia.

Venus islandica.

Weymouth.

Venus lincta Sol. MSS.

Anglia, Weymouth.

Venus verrucosa.

Venus * * *

Venus crenulata Sol. MSS.

Anglia, Weymouth.

Venus * * *

Anglia and Ireland.

Venus gallina.

Weymouth.

Venus nebulosa Sol. MSS.

Anglia, Weymouth.

Venus virginea L.

Anglia, Weymouth.

Venus decussata vars. A, B.

Weymouth.

V. decussata L.

Weymouth.

Donax irus Linn.

Oceano Anglicano prope.

Weymouth.

Venus arctica.

Anglia, Weymouth.

Mytilus rugosus.

Weymouth. Duchess of Portland.

Mytilus pholadeus Sol. MSS.

Weymouth. Duchess of Portland.

The four Banks specimens of G. dubia, the My a dubia of Pennant, described in
1777, are in all probability part of the original set collected by the Duchess who was
said by Pulteney to have been the first to observe its occurrence in England.

THE BANKS SHELL COLLECTION

115

Trivia monacha (da Costa)
Trivia arctica (Pulteney) .

Cypraea pediculus.
Weymouth.
Cypraea pediculus.
Weymouth.

Most of the earlier authors followed Linne in regarding the small British Cowries
as varieties of his larger and deeply sulcated C. pediculus of the West Indies. Both
Pennant (1777, p. 115) and Pulteney (1799, p. 39) retained the Linnean pediculus,
but the latter accepted Solander's name arctica (taken from the Portland Catalogue)
for the unspotted British form, with the reservation that it might only be a variety
in a depauperated state. Solander evidently intended his C. arctica to apply to
both spotted and unspotted shells, marking his manuscript accordingly (var. A.
testa maculis, var. B, testa immaculata). Montagu (1803, p. 200) followed Pulteney
in allowing Solander's arctica for the spotless form, but in his Supplement of 1808
(p. 88) he reconsidered the matter, choosing the name eurcpaea for both spotted and
unspotted forms, and saying without hesitation that they were quite different from
the deeply sulcated foreign C. pediculus L. E. M. da Costa, however, had already
called both forms C. monacha (1778, p. 33), and this name was given preference to
Montagu's europaea by Winckworth in his revised list of the British Marine Mollusca
(1932), where the spotted and unspotted shells appear as subspecies of Trivia monacha
(da Costa) (184*1, T. monacha monacha, 184&, T. monacha arctica). Winckworth's
decision to separate the two forms was based on the researches of Peile (1925) who
found the radulae to be distinct. The later work of Lebour (1933) demonstrated
that the veligers of the two forms differed sufficiently to justify the recognition of
two distinct species.

In fairness to the earlier authors and collectors who were frequently under the
impression that the true C. pediculus occurred on European shores, it should be
mentioned that dead but fresh-looking shells of this West Indian species are still
occasionally seen on the British coast. Quite recently specimens were obtained
from a rock-pool at Pembroke. Such occurrences are well-known and can usually
be traced to ship's ballast or the discarding of unwanted shell collections.

Neptunea antiqua (Linne)
Sipho gracilis (da Costa) .
Ocinebra erinacea (Linne)
Hoeminia hydatis (Linne)
Cylichna cylindracea (Pennant)

Philene aperta (Linne)
Scaphander lignaria (Linne) .

Murex antiquus.

Murex erinaceus.

Bulla * * *

Bulla * * *

Weymouth. Duchess of Portland.

Oceano Anglicano.

Bulla lignaria. <

Weymouth. Duchess of Portland.

The presence of 5. lignaria in the Banks collection (ex. Portland) is a particularly
agreeable record with which to terminate this descriptive catalogue ; for although
the shell had been quite well known to authors since very early times, the proper
function of the remarkable gizzard plates does not appear to have been noted until
about 1780. A specimen of the gizzard of S. lignaria (with a small shell in process
of digestion wedged between the plates) was sent to the Duchess of Portland by a

n6 THE BANKS SHELL COLLECTION

correspondent at Weymouth, and this was in her collection in 1786, appearing as
item No. 2219 in the sale catalogue, " A large specimen of Bulla lignaria, L. with its
stomach or gizzard taken out of it, a late and curious discovery ". It was bought by
Humphrey on behalf of Isaac Swainson who allowed him to describe it in a paper
read before the Linnean Society in 1789, and eventually published in the Transactions
with some excellent figures in 1794 (vol. 2, p. 15, tab. 2).

Specimens of S. lignaria from Weymouth complete with gizzard thereafter became
part of Humphrey's stock-in-trade, and were usually priced at one guinea (vide
Cracherode priced MSS. catalogue c. 1799).

In concluding this account of the Banks shell collection, it must be stated that
after such a long interval of time it has been necessary, here and there, to use corro-
borative evidence from other sources than the collection itself; but only the most
reliable evidence has been drawn upon, and supposition has been kept to a minimum.
Although a portion of the Banks collection is missing, enough remains to give a
fairly comprehensive idea of the contribution to knowledge of the mollusca made
by Solander and his contemporaries, during the eventful years of the second half of
the eighteenth century.

7. REFERENCES

Allen, J. 1950. Australian Shells, xix + 470 pp. ; 112 text-figs., 86 pis. Melbourne.
Banks, Sir J. Journal during Captain Cook's First Voyage in H.M.S. " Endeavour " in 1768-

71. Ed. by Sir Joseph D. Hooker, 1896. lii + 466 pp. ; 2 portraits ; 5 charts. London.
Beaglehole, J. C. 1947. The Exploration of the Pacific, xv + 411 pp. ; 4 maps. (2nd

edit.). London.
Brander, G. 1766. Fossilia Hantoniensia collecta et in Museo Britannico deposita, etc.

vi + 43 pp. ; 9 pis. Londini. 40.
British Museum (Natural History) 1906. The History of the Collections contained in the

Natural History Departments of the British Museum, 2 : 782 pp. Birds by R. B. Sharpe :

79-515 ; Mollusca by E. A. Smith : 701-30. London.

1 91 2. Ibid., 2 ; Appendix. 109 pp. London.

Broderip, W. J., & Sowerby, G. B. 1832. New species of the Genus Chiton. Proc. Comm.

Sci. Zool. Soc. (16) : 25-28.
Brugui&re, J. G. 1792. Encyclopedic Methodique. Histoire Naturelle des Vers. Conus :

586-757.
Bullock, W. 181 2. A Companion to Mr. Bullock's London Museum and Pantherion. 12th

ed. xii + 57 + 136 pp. ; 31 pis. London.

1819. Catalogue ... of the Roman Gallery . . . and the London Museum of

Natural History . . . which will be sold . . . by Mr. Bullock, etc. 5 parts ; v + 165
pp. London.

Cameron, H. C. 1952. Sir Joseph Banks, K.B., P.R.S. The Autocrat of the Philosophers.

xx + 341 pp. ; frontispiece and 9 pis. London.
Clench, W. J. 1942. The Genera Dosinia, Macrocallista and Amiantis in the Western

Atlantic. Johnsonia, 1, No. 3, pp. 1-8 ; 6 pis. Cambridge, Mass. 40.
Cook, J. 1784. A Voyage to the Pacific Ocean . . . for making discoveries in the Northern

Hemisphere ... in 1 776-1 780 . . . Vol. I and II by Capt. J. Cook, Vol. Ill by

Capt. J. King, etc. 3 vols. London. 40 and fol.

Journal during the First Voyage round the World in H.M. Bark " Endeavour " 1768-71.

A literal transcription of the original MSS. with notes and introduction. Ed. by Captain
W. J. L. Wharton, R.N., 1893. lvi + 400 pp. ; 4 pis. ; 1 portrait ; 7 maps. London.

THE BANKS SHELL COLLECTION 117

Costa, E. M. da. 1778. Historia Naturalis Testaceorum Britanniae, or The British Con-
chology containing the descriptions . . . of the Shells of Great Britain and Ireland ... in
English and French, xii + 254 + vi [3] pp. ; 17 pis. London. 40.

Dakin, W. J. 1953. Australian Seashores, xii + 372 pp. ; 23 text-figs. ; 100 pis. London.

Dall, W. H. 1902. Synopsis of the Family Veneridae and of the North American recent
species. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 26 : 335-412, pis. xii-xvi.

1 92 1. Species named in the Portland Catalogue. I. American, II. Foreign species.

Nautilus, 34 : Pt. 3, 97-100 ; Pt. 4, 124-132.

Dautzenberg, Ph. 1937. Resultats Scientifiques du Voyage aux Indes Orientales Neer-
landaises. Gasteropodes Marins. 3. Famille Conidae. Mem. Mus. R. d'Hist. nat. de
Belgique, 2, fasc. 18.

Dawson, W. R. 1949. Some Eighteenth Century Conchologists. /. of Conch., 23 : 44-47.

Dewes, S. (N. D.) Mrs. Delany. xii + 320 pp. ; 8 portraits. London.

Dillwyn, L. W. 1817. A Descriptive Catalogue of Recent Shells. 2 vols., xii -f- 1092 pp.
London.

1823. An Index to the Historia Conchyliorum of Lister, with . . . occasional remarks.

xiii + 48 pp. Oxford, fol.

Dobson, A. 1923. Rosalba's Journal and other papers. 304 pp. : 6 pis. Oxford.
Dodge, H. 1952. A Historical Review of the Mollusks of Linnaeus. Part 1. the Classes
Loricata and Pelecypoda. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 100 : 1-264.

1953- A Historical Review of the Mollusks of Linnaeus. Part 2. The Classes Cephalo-
poda and the Genera Conus and Cypraea. Ibid., 103 : 1-134.

Donovan, E. 1804. The Natural History of British Shells including figures and . . . scienti-
fic ... observations on each. 5 vols. Col. pis. London.

1822. The Naturalist's Repository. 5 vols. Col. pis. London.

Edwards, E. 1870. Lives of the founders of the British Museum. 1570-1870. x + 780 pp. ;

13 text illus. London.
Ellis, J., & Solander, D. C. 1786. The Natural History of . . . Zoophytes, collected

... by J. Ellis . . . described by D. Solander, etc. xii + 208 pp. ; 63 pis. London. 40.
Fox, H. 1919. Dr. John Fothergill and His Friends, xxiv-434 pp. ; 13 pis. London.
Gage, A. T. 1938. A History of the Linnean Society of London, viii + 175 pp. ; Frontis-
piece ; 1 text-fig.; 11 pis. London. 40.
Gmelin, J. F. 1790. C. a Linne . . . Sy sterna Naturae . . . Editio decima tertia . . .

cura J. F. Gmelin, 1788-93, 1 (6) : 3021-3910. Lipsiae.
Gray, J. E. 1825. A List and Descriptions of some Species of Shells not taken notice of by

Lamarck. Ann. Phil., 25 : 408.
Hanley, S. 1855. Ipsa Linnaei Conchylia. The Shells of Linnaeus, determined from his

Manuscripts and Collection . . . also, an exact reprint of the Vermes Testacea of the

" Sy sterna Naturae " and " Mantissa ". 556 pp. ; 6 pis. London.

1856. Index Testaceologicus, An Illustrated Catalogue of British and Foreign Shells . . .

by W. Wood . . . Revised Edition, xx-234 pp. ; 38 + 8 pis. London.

Hermann, J. 1782. Zweeter Brief fiber einige Conchylien au den Herausgeber. Der Natur-

forscher., 17 : 126-152, Tab. III.
Humphrey, G. 1779. Museum Humfredianum : a Catalogue of the . . . Museum of

Mr. G. Humphrey, etc., 168 pp. London.

1786. A Catalogue of the Portland Museum . . . which will be Sold by Auction . . .

on 24th April, 1786, and the Thirty-seven following days, etc. vii + 194 PP- ; 1 pi. London.

4°-

I794- Account of the Gizzard of ... Bulla lignaria. Trans. Linn. Soc. London.,

2 : 15-18 ; 1 pi.

1797- Museum Calonnianum, specification of the Various articles which compose the

. . . Museum of Natural History collected by M. de Calonne in France, etc. (Part 1.
viii -|- 84 pp.) London.

Iredale, T. 1916. Solander as a conchologist. Proc. Mai. Soc, 12 : 85-93.

n8 THE BANKS SHELL COLLECTION

Iredale, T. 1935. Australian Cowries. Part I. The Australian Zoologist, 8 (2) : 96-135; 2 pis.

1939a. Australian Cowries. Part II. Ibid., 9 (3) : 297-323 ; 3 pis.

19396. Great Barrier Reef Expedition 1928-29, Scientific Reports, 5, No. 6. Mollusca

Part 1, 209-425 ; 7 pis., 1 map. British Museum (Natural History). London. 40.

1948. Bullock Museum. The Australian Zoologist, 11 : 233-237 ; 1 text-fig.

Jackson, B. D. 1888. History of the Linnean Collections. Proc. Linn. Soc, 1887-88 ;

18-34.
Jackson, J. W. 191 7. Shells as evidence of the migrations of early culture. Pub. Univ.

Manchester, 112, xxviii + 216 pp. ; 13 text-figs.
Jeffreys, J. G. 1862-69. British Conchology. 5 vols., col. illus. London.
Keep, J. 1935. West Coast Shells, A Description of the Principal . . . Mollusks of the

United States . . . found West of the Sierra. Revised ed. by J. L. Bailey, Jr. xi + 350

PP- » 334 text-figs. California.
Laskey, J. 1813. A General Account of the Hunterian Museum, Glasgow, including Historical

and Scientific notices of various objects of . . . Natural History, etc. v + 133 pp. Glasgow.
Leach, W. E. 1814-17. The Zoological Miscellany ; being Descriptions of New, or Interesting

Animals . . . illustrated with coloured figures by R. P. Nodder. 3 vols. London. 40.
Lebour, M. V. 1933. The British species of Trivia : T. arctica and T. monacha. J. Mar.

biol. Ass. U.K., 18 : 477-484.
Lever, Sir A. 1806. Catalogue of the Leverian Museum. 7 parts and Appendix. 296 +

35 pp. London.
Linnaeus, C. 1758. Sy sterna Naturae . . . Editio decima, reformata, Tom. 1. 824 pp.

Holmiae.

1767. Systema Naturae . . . Editio duodecima reformata, Tom. 1. part 2 ; 533-1327

[36]. Holmiae.

Lister, M. 1685-92 (7). Historia sive Synopsis methodicae Conchyliorum . . . liber . . .

S. et A. Lister figur as pin. 6 pt. ; 1057 pis. Londini. fol.
Martini, F., & Chemnitz, J. 1769-1795. Neues Systematisches Conchylien Cabinet. 11

vols, illust. col. Nurnburg. 40.
Martyn, T. 1784-92. The Universal Conchologist, exhibiting the figure of every known shell

. . . drawn and painted . . . with a new systematic arrangement. 4 vols. 160 col.

pis. ; English titles. London, fol.
Maton, G., & Rackett, T. 1804. A Descriptive Catalogue of the British Testacea. Trans.

Linn. Soc. London, 8 : 17-250 ; 6 col. pis.
Montagu, G. 1803-1808. Testacea Britannica, or Natural History of Shells, Marine, Land

and Freshwater, etc., 2 vols, and Supplement. Col. pis. London. 40.
Montfort, P. de. 1808-10. Conchyliologie systematique et classification methodique des

Coquilles. 2 Tom. illus. Paris.
Muir, J. R. 1939. Captain Cook. 310 pp. ; 15 pis. ; 1 map. London.
Mullens, W. H. 1917. William Bullock's London Museum. Museums Journal, 17 : 51,

132, 180 ; 2 pis.
Parkinson, S. 1784. A Journal of a Voyage to the South Seas, in H.M.S. " Endeavour "

. . . [Ed. 2.] To which is now added, Remarks on the Preface, by ... J. F other gill

. . . and an Appendix, xxiii + lxxi + 353 PP- ; portrait ; 27 pis. ; 2 maps. London.

4°.

Peile, A. J. 1925. The differentiation as species of the two forms of British Trivia. Proc.
Mai. Soc. London, 16 : 195-197 : 1 text-fig.

Pennant, T. 1777. British Zoology. 4 vols. Illus. London. 40.

Powell, A. W. B. 1946. The Shellfish of New Zealand. Ed. 2. 106 pp. ; 26 pis. Auck-
land.

Pulteney, R. 1799. Catalogues of the Birds, Shells and some of the more rare Plants of Dorset-
shire. 92 pp. London, fol.

1813. Second ed. with additions by Rev. T. Rackett. iv + no pp. ; 24 pis. ; portrait.

London, fol.

THE BANKS SHELL COLLECTION 119

Reeve, L. 1841. Conchologia Systematica or Complete System of Conchology ; in which the

Lepades and Conchiferous Mollusca are described, etc. 300 col. pis. 2 vols. London. 40.
Ricketts, E., & Calvin, J. 1948. Between Pacific Tides, xxvii + 365 pp. ; 129 figs. ;

46 pis. California.
Rogers, J. E. 1951. The Shell Book, xvi-503 pp. ; 95 pis. (Ed. 2). Boston. 40.
Schilder, F. A., & Schilder, M. 1938-39. Prodrome of a Monograph on living Cypraedidae.

Proc. Mai. Soc. London, 23 : 1 19-231 ; text-fig. and maps.
Sharpe, R. B. 1906. See British Museum (Natural History).
Sherborn, C. D. 1905. Note on the " Museum Humfredianum " 1779. Ann. &> Mag.,

Nat. Hist. Ser. 7, 16 : 262-264.
Smith, E. A. 1906. See British Museum (Natural History).
Smith, Sir J. E. 1821. A Selection of the Correspondence of Linnaeus and other Naturalists,

from the Original Manuscripts. 2 vols. 10 pis. London.
Smith, Maxwell. 1940. World Wide Sea Shells, xviii + 139 pp. ; illus. Florida. 40.
Sowerby, G. B. 1825. A Catalogue of the Shells . . . of the late Earl of Tankerville . . .

with an Appendix, vii + 92 + xxxiv pp. ; 8 col. pis. London.

1847-87. Thesaurus Conchyliorum or Monographs of Genera of Shells. Ed. by G. B.

Sowerby, fun. 5 vols. ; illus. London. 40.

Suter, H. 1913. Manual of the New Zealand Mollusca. xxiii -f 1120 pp. ; 4 text-figs.
Wellington.

1 91 5. Atlas to the above. 71 pis. Wellington. 40.

Swainson, W. 1820-23. Zoological Illustrations or Original Figures and Descriptions of Rare,
or Interesting Animals, etc., Ser. 1. 3 vols. 182 col. pis. London.

1840. A Treatise on Malacology ; or the Natural Classification of Shells and Shell-fish.

(Lardner's Cabinet cyclopaedia, vol. 127), viii + 419 pp. ; 130 text-figs. Engr. title.
London.

Thiele, J. 1931-1935. Handbuch der Systematischen Weichtierkunde. 2 Bde. vi + 778 ;

v + 779-1154 pp. ; illust. Jena.
Tomlin, J. R. le B. 1937. Catalogue of Recent and Fossil Cones. Proc. Mai. Soc. London.

22 : 205-330.
Turton, W. 1819. A Conchological Dictionary of the British Islands, xxvii + 272 pp. ;

28 col. pis. London.
Wilkins, G. L. 1952. The Shell Collections of Sir Hans Sloane, Bart. /. Conch., 23 : 247-

259 ; 2 pis.

I953#- Notes from the British Museum. 1. Pinna. Proc. Mai. Soc. London, 30 :

23-29 ; 1 pi.

19536. A Catalogue and Historical Account of the Sloane Shell Collection. Bull. Brit.

Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Historical Series. 1, No. 1 : 1-47 ; 12 pis.

Winckworth, R. 1932. The British Marine Mollusca. /. of Conch., 19:211-252; 3

text-figs.
Wood, W. 1828. Index Testaceologicus ; or a Catalogue of Shells British and Foreign . . .

Supplement, iv + 59 pp. ; 8 col. pis. London.

8. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Thanks are due to Professor C. M. Yonge, F.R.S., Department of Zoology,
University of Glasgow, for his cordial permission and co-operation in the search
for contemporary material in the Hunterian collections ; to the Officers of the
Linnean Society of London for many kindnesses and to Dr. W. J. Rees for his
helpful criticism of the manuscript. Mr. J. V. Brown, of the photographic staff,
British Museum (Natural History), has taken his usual care with the photographs
reproduced in the accompanying plates. .-• ;--.\4;,

rwirt

EXPLANATION OF PLATES
(With the exception of figure I, all figures are actual size)

PLATE 14

Fig. 1. Complete drawer of specimens from the Banks collection, containing Cypraea and

Bulla.
Fig. 2. Banks reversible metal container.
Fig. 3. Original Linnean metal container.

Bull.

B.M,

{N.H.) History I, 3

PLATE 14

m .__

IjLlJHiw^ mm

■ ^n^a ^^^k 1MHV Ml ^- «■

■TOM! ^^^_

1 jMT __Ji_^jj

jgm| «■»

4K ' 'm^ ^h

rist&m

{ r *"- ____^ 1

js&. 9wfMX ?3ft S

lit n* il • * •

TTS2?1iBf

'*: Vl^tt

^J ^^ -ft ^

•*♦* V

H

.» i.*

Fig. i.

Fig. 3.

Fig. 2.

PLATE 15

Fig. 4. Musculus impactus (Hermann), New Zealand.

Fig. 5. Solander's pencilled locality label.

Fig. 6. Cluster of M. impactus, still enclosed in the byssal threads.

Fig. 7. Manuscript description, finally attributed to Mytilns discors L.

Bull. B.M. {N.H.) History I, 3

PLATE 15

Fig. 4.

Fig. 5.

"> fsi'

Fig. 6.

*/

r vf~

A*

0tj — $***■■■ ^c ^^

/

Fig. 7.

PLATE 16
Fig. 8. Circe scripta (L.).
Fig. g. Buccinulum mulHUneum Powell.
Fig. 10. Batissa triquetra Deshayes, marked Nova Cambria.
Fig. 11. Pyrazus ebeninus (Brug.), with Saxostrea commercialis attached.
Fig. 12. Colus colus (L.).
Fig. 13. Cymatium chlorostoma (Lamk.).
Fig. 14. Pinctada reeveana (Dunker).
Fig. 15. Brachidontes hirsutus (Lamk.).

Bull. B.M. [N.H.) History i, 3

PLATE 16

PLATE 17

Fig. 16. Lectotype of Macrocallista nimbosa [Humphrey], with Solander's label.
Fig. 16a, b. Smaller specimen of M. nimbosa marked Antigua, W.I.
Fig. 17. Manuscript description of Venus nimbosa.

Bull. B.M. (N.H.) History i, 3

PLATE 17

/*//_ /#t

0 &n% u~tnf&-

T

f

><#c»;

4L fnf*^

t^ri*

'tf^Zcrr* >&c4L ***

Fig. 17

PLATE i 8

Fig. 18. Solander's manuscript description of Mytilus demissus, with full set of locator
initials.

Fig. 19. Lectotype of Modiolus demissus (Dillwyn), with Solander label.

Fig. 20a, b, c. Anomalocardia flexuosa (L), with the Venus flexuosa label altered to Phryne L.

Bull. B.M. {N.H.) History i, 3

PLATE 1;

£>Qyryyt,^4c. v

ai ef

4jt4li^v a^lci frzL^t* o^ff-^t ixkun* &-/l/isrir&+

t / » t*^\

-</. ~f 2 ^g: /'9/]_ fr^CJ

°tt' •&£$rf~™ 0t*^ns» ^ &r**^'c*r ^

%*vrihr? r^t^lt 7 : i/W^i-

<Wl JL . ftHsD"

i^~~t^rt^

Fig. 20.

PLATE 19

Fig. 21. Solander's manuscript description of Venus rigida.

Fig. 22. Manuscript label found in the container.

Fig. 23-24. Lectotype of Ventricola rigida (Dillwyn), left valve marked with the type
locality Rio de Janeiro.

Bull. B.M. (N.H.) History I, 3

PLATE 19

//■*«*->

4.x/ar.

£}J^/* pi/6n

?'■

Cs> <?^n* flV 61 ,^-i %} y>}~f /i , i>y»t >

<Jjc<5Tlc ?i r«~u^i

X

V~ dL-TT\_C

III

i^f f*!2LL

^yZPu^ . Q^2^^2^~~^

~/a7fcT~ i* &*

Fig. 21.

tr

J/fo-y^r ^-C^C^I

Fig. 22.

Fig. 23.

Fig. 24.

PRESENTED

1 4 FEB 1955

'<>

3* *(/■

^

&L *$

THE

CRACHERODE

SHELL COLLECTION

GUY L. WILKIN S

(iM&ftfK vt(en)<iu*ihQmd&£)o

BULLETIN OF
THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY)
HISTORICAL SERIES Vol. i No. 4

LONDON : 1957

THE

CRACHERODE

SHELL COLLECTION

BY

GUY L. WILKINS

Pp. 121-184 ; Pis. 20-25

BULLETIN OF
THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY)
HISTORICAL SERIES Vol. 1 No. 4

LONDON: 1957

THE BULLETIN OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM
(NATURAL HISTORY), instituted in 1949, is
issued in five series corresponding to the Departments
of the Museum, and an Historical series.

Parts appear at irregular intervals as they become
ready. Volumes will contain about three or four
hundred pages, and will not necessarily be completed
within one calendar year.

This paper is Vol. 1, No. 4 of the Historical series.

PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES OF
THE BRITISH MUSEUM

Issued March 1957 Price Twenty-one Shillings

THE CRACHERODE SHELL COLLECTION

By GUY L. WILKINS

CONTENTS

i. Origin and Growth of the Collection

2. General Account and Present Condition .

3. Notes on the Cracherode Manuscript Catalogues

4. Use Made of the Collection by Various Authors

5. List of Cracherode Shells from the Calonne Collection

6. Conclusion .........

7. A Brief Biography of C. M. Cracherode .

8. References ........

9. Acknowledgments .......

Page
123
125
131
134
169

175
175
178
184

SYNOPSIS

The following account of the Cracherode shell collection is the last of a trilogy, in which
attempts have been made to place upon record some historical data concerning the seventeenth
and eighteenth century material still extant in the British Museum (Natural History). The
collection was bequeathed to the Museum by the Revd. Clayton Mordaunt Cracherode in 1799,
and was apparently the first to be added to the mollusca collections included in the vast private
museum of Sir Hans Sloane (1666-1753), acquired by the Government for the foundation of a
National Museum in 1753.

The existence of the Cracherode shells, which formed part of the first exhibited series, was
only previously known from the very inadequate account given by Edgar A. Smith in 1906.
A recent revaluation of the collection (long since incorporated into the large General collection),
together with the existing manuscript catalogues and contemporary literature, has revealed
that it is of considerable importance, since it contains a number of types and many figured
specimens not previously recorded. This revaluation also clears up the hitherto mistaken iden-
tities of the original compilers of the Cracherode manuscript catalogues, and emphasizes the
painstaking work of several officers of the British Museum during the formative years at Montague
House, Bloomsbury.

No attempt has been made to compile a complete catalogue of the Cracherode collection, but
lists have been prepared which include notes on the types and figured specimens. The plates
show reproductions of pages from the various manuscript catalogues, and a limited number of
the most important Cracherode specimens.

1. ORIGIN AND GROWTH OF THE COLLECTION

Natural productions formed only a part of the Cracherodean material bequeathed
to the Museum in 1799, for (as will be shown later) Cracherode was mainly a biblio-
phile and print collector, and according to the dating of his manuscript catalogues
a taste for natural history was acquired rather late in his life, from about 1788
onward. Nevertheless he was as particular in the selection of choice specimens of
shells as of books and prints, the recorded prices paid for individual specimens being
hist, i, 4. 8

124 THE CRACHERODE SHELL COLLECTION

remarkably high in relation to present-day standards. Money, however, was no
great object, for Cracherode had a comfortable and even ample income, and there is
no doubt he fully intended to build up a library and collection worthy of our first
National Museum, of which he was a most conscientious Trustee.

All that is vouchsafed to us in E. A. Smith's account noted above, under the year
1799, is that " In this year 794 specimens, still marked ' Mus. Cracherode ' were
bequeathed by the Rev. Clayton Mordaunt Cracherode. A MS. catalogue of this
collection is extant, and is of interest, as the specimens are marked with the prices
paid for them to the well-known dealer George Humphrey ".

The importance of the Cracherode bequest to the Museum, however, should not
be under-estimated, for it was the first addition to be made to the Sloane shells.
These must have been still in much the same condition as they were left by their
former owner when the Museum finally opened to the public in 1759. Admission to
view the collections in Montague House was then, and for some years after, a long
and tedious business. All but the largest specimens were kept in closed cabinets,
and the smaller objects could only be examined by special appointment, and as only
two officers could be provided to care for the whole of the natural history collections
(Fletcher, 1904, p. 343), it is not surprising that working naturalists still continued
to amass large private collections.

It has been shown elsewhere (Wilkins, 1953, p. 4) that Sir Hans Sloane added
little or no material to his collections after 1747, and as far as can be ascertained no
additional shells came to the Museum after his death until 1799.1 Thus there was
not a single conchological specimen in the National collection from all the new
localities visited by Byron, Wallace and Cook in both hemispheres during the
intervening years. Cracherode may have realized this, for his collection of shells
contained examples of the many novelties brought from New Holland, New South
Wales, New Zealand and North America by Cook and his contemporaries.

The paucity of material from these newly-discovered territories was partly due to
lack of purchasing power during the Museum's earlier years, returning voyagers
finding a more ready and speedy market for their curiosities among the legion of
wealthy collectors then resident in the metropolis. Principal among these were the
Duchess of Portland, Sir Joseph Banks, Dr. John Fothergill, William and John
Hunter, Thomas Martyn and a host of others eager to purchase the strange and
beautiful things brought back by the officers and men who accompanied Captain
Cook on his three important voyages.

It has been remarked by previous authors, notably Bowdler Sharpe (1906, pp.
162 & 226) that even Sir Joseph Banks, who had so much of this new material at his
disposal, allowed many of the natural history specimens to go to others at this time
instead of to the British Museum, of which he was a Trustee and otherwise liberal
donor. He occupied much the same position in the eyes of the vendors of specimens
as did Sir Hans Sloane at the beginning of the century, and that they frequently
applied to Banks first is clearly shown in the two following letters quoted by Smith
(i9ii,p.45):

1 There is the possibility that some shells came with the collections of the Royal Society, presented
to the Museum in 1781, but none have so far been identified.

THE CRACHERODE SHELL COLLECTION 125

Daniel Solander to Joseph Banks

" London, August 21, 1775. My dear Sir, Mr. Harlock has sent to your house the
plants I mentioned in my last letter. They are collected near Tranquebar by the
Brethren of the Moravians, and as good specimens as I have seen . . . Several of
the Resolution's men have called at your house to offer you their curiosities . . .
Captain Cook has sent all his curiosities to my apartments at the Museum. All
the shells are to go to Lord Bristol. Four casks have your name on them, and I
understand they contain Birds and Fish, etc."

The second letter is couched in humble terms and came from a certain John Marr
on board the Resolution, also dated 1775 :

" Begging pardon for my Boldness. I take this opportunity for acquainting
your Honour of our arrival. After a long and tedious Voyage. Having met with
extraordinary good success to the S'd and elsewhere, from many strange Isles I have
procured your Honour a few curiosities as good as could be expected from a person
of my capacity. Together with a small assortment of shells. Such as was esteem'd
by pretended Judges of Shells. We have many experimental men in our ship that
pretended to know . . . Depend upon it, Sir, I shall take special care of sending
the above mention'd articles. When in order and an opportunity serves ".

One suspects that the two formidable Forsters — father and son — who caused so
much unpleasantness on Cook's second voyage may have been among the " experi-
mental men " so scathingly referred to by Mr. Marr!

Thus for one reason or another none of the newly-discovered shells appear to have
reached the Museum until 1799, after the dispersal of several large collections, each
containing a fair proportion of these novelties. All Cracherode's shells were supplied
to him by George Humphrey (?i745-i83o), who during a long life disposed of many
famous collections, the largest being those of Dr. John Fothergill (sold in 1781), the
Duchess of Portland (1786), and the Prince of Calonne (1797). For each of these
Humphrey prepared elaborate catalogues. He greatly increased his own stock from
the last two of these sales, so that Portland and Calonne specimens, which included
many from Australia and New Zealand, eventually found their way into the
Cracherode collection, their origin being noted in the original manuscript catalogue.
Humphrey's large and comprehensive stock enabled him to supply Cracherode with
choice specimens at regular intervals, which he continued to do until shortly before
the latter's death on 5th April, 1799.

2. GENERAL ACCOUNT AND PRESENT CONDITION OF THE COLLECTION

According to the two finely-written catalogues, the Cracherode collection of
minerals, fossils, shells, corals and echinoderms was dealt with by the Museum
authorities very shortly after its reception. Although the manuscript catalogues
are not signed or dated, the paper used in the first is watermarked 1799 (minerals
and fossils) and that in the second 1801 (recent shells, corals and echinoderms). The
specimens were all numbered consecutively on the left hand side of the pages, each
group commencing with number one, the numbers being written in ink on the
corresponding specimens by the same hand. The numbers of fossil animals were

126 THE CRACHERODE SHELL COLLECTION

preceded by the letters ZZ and fossil plants by AAA. A small pink disc bearing
the full name " Cracherode ", " Crach " or " Cr." was at the same time attached
to each, a method that seems to have applied to all groups entered in these two
catalogues.

At the time of its receipt the collection of shells as listed contained 789 species or
varieties (794 including five cirripedes). In most instances only a single good
example of each kind was purchased by Cracherode, but occasionally two and some-
times three specimens of variable shells were included in the price charged by
Humphrey, and catalogued under the same number. Thus there are approximately
ninety-three extra shells to be added to the figure given above, making a grand
total of 897 Cracherode shells, which together with the minerals (excluding gems)
were valued for remittance of Legacy Tax in 1799 at £2,000 (Synopsis, Ed. 2, p. xxiv).

A recent search among the shells comprising the large General collection, with
which they were incorporated during the i82o's, reveals that most of the Cracherode
shells are still available and in reasonably good condition. All but the largest
specimens are mounted on the standard neutral grey tablets, each marked " Mus.
Crach " in the right hand bottom corner of the tablet (pi. 25, fig. 15). It is not
yet known how Cracherode stored his specimens, but in the early days most of the
smaller Museum specimens were kept in closed cabinets, and it was not until the
beginning of the nineteenth century, when freer access to the collections became
possible, that specimens began to be arranged in glass table cases for inspection by
the general public.

The Cracherodean minerals were among the first to be exhibited in this way,
together with the clearly written manuscript catalogue (Fletcher, 1094, p. 344), and
there is ample evidence that a selection of the Cracherode shells was also exhibited
at the same time. This evidence may be found in the second edition of the Synopsis
of the Contents of the British Museum, issued in 1809, in which is given a general
description of the contents of the thirty-eight rooms occupied by the collections in
Montague House. Room IX was devoted to "Petrifactions and Shells " (pp.
27-31) ; sixteen cases round the walls of this room held an assortment of fossil
bones, horns, corals and vegetables, with large shells, such as the Giant " Clamp "
(Tridacna) placed on top of them. The floor space was occupied by five table cases
containing various marine productions, table number one being devoted to the
Cracherode shells. The summary of the contents of this case is so brief that it may
well be quoted in full (pp. 28-30) :

(28)
ROOM IX. CRACHERODEAN COLLECTION OF SHELLS

In this table is deposited Mr. Cracherode's valuable collection of shells. Among
Nat. Hist, thegg some 0f the most remarkable are the following :
TABLE

I. Univalves

(Division 1.) A paper nautilus or argonaut shell, remarkable for the lightness of
its fabric, and the elegance of its shape. It is inhabited by an animal not unlike
a cuttle fish, by extending a pair of membranes adhering to the top of its longest
arms, has the power of sailing on the surface of the sea,

THE CRACHERODE SHELL COLLECTION

127

Agate and zebra snails : one of these being polished appears as a beautiful rose
colour.

(Div. 2.) Cone shells : a very rich assortment : among these are the admirals ;
the most remarkable of which are the orange admiral, and the cedo nulli : porce-
lain shells or cowries ; the argus cowry ; and the orange cowry, the

(29)

latter from New Holland ; sea ears, which are usually of an obscure colour

externally, but of a bright pearl-colour internally ; when uncoated and polished

the outside appears highly brilliant.

(Div. 3.) Snails properly so called, of various kinds ; one of the most remarkable

is the ringent or grinning snail, having the opening divided by tooth-like processes ;

the water pot.

(Div. 4.) The carrier trochus, covered with fragments of stone ; the wentle-

trap ; mitres ; a music shell ; the great oriental volute, or Voluta magnifica ;

the imperial volute ; the orange flag volute, &c.

Bivalves

(Div. 5.) The Chinese heart-cockle ; the yellow heart-cockle ; the red anomia, &c.
(Div. 6.) The mother-of-pearl shell, in its young or small state ; the hound's
ear oyster ; the cock's-comb oyster ; many beautiful shells of the scallop kind.
(Div. 7.) Several varieties of the red and white thorny oysters ; tellinae, &c.

ROOM IX.

Nat. Hist.

TABLE
I.

(30)

Multivalves

Among the most remarkable of these are the barnacle shells, some of which
often adhere to the bottom of ships and to other substances. One of the most
elegant species occurs in this collection, forming a group of numerous individuals
intermixed with small muscles, and is called the horn of plenty barnacle, or
Lepas cornucopiae.

(Div. 8.) Various beautiful specimens of corals, echini, &c. ; a pink pearl ; a
Medusa's head, and other star-fish, &c.

It is here to be observed, that the more general and scientific, but less splendid
collection of shells belonging to the Museum, is deposited in drawers in the imposts
round the room.

It will be noticed from this very brief itinerary that with one exception only
vernacular names were as yet used to describe the exhibited specimens. Nevertheless
a number of items particularly mentioned can readily be distinguished as those still
in existence. Among these are the polished zebra snail, a large artificially-polished
Achatina panther a (Crach. 83) ; the orange cowry, the well-known and still valuable
Cypraea aurantium (Crach. 204) ; the sea ears or Haliotis, including Leach's type
specimens of H. cracherodii and H. rubra (Crach. 237 & 233), and polished examples
of Haliotis irus and naevosa of which " the outside appears highly brilliant " (Crach.
231 & 232) ; the ringent or grinning snail Anostoma octodentatum (Crach. 269) ; the
thorny woodcock Murex scohpax (Crach. 296) ; the carrier trochus " covered with

128 THE CRACHERODE SHELL COLLECTION

fragments of stone " Xenophora conchyliophora (Crach. 444) and the great oriental
volute Voluta magnified (Crach. 47).

While it is unlikely that the Cracherode specimens were mounted and labelled on
tablets at this early period, some of the shells (particularly the bivalves) had the
Linnean and Gmelin names written boldly upon them in the hand of the compiler
of the Museum catalogue (PI. 21, fig. 3a, b, c), now known to be Dr. Edward Whitaker
Gray (1748-1806). At the time of the second edition of the Synopsis (1809) and for
a year or two afterwards, no more than fifteen people could be conducted through
the rooms of the Museum at one time, and as only a few minutes was allowed in each,
individual labelling was scarcely necessary, the summary of each room printed in
the Synopsis being considered sufficient " for persons who take the usual cursory
view of the Museum ". But manuscript catalogues similar to those compiled by
E. W. Gray for the Cracherode minerals and shells were apparently in preparation
for the use of students in all departments (Synopsis, ed. 2, p. xxxiv).

The mollusca collections were certainly mounted and labelled and in fairly good
order by 1828, for by that time William Wood was able to state in the Supplement
to his Index Testaceologicus published in May, 1828 (Preface, p. iii) that " the majority
of the shells have been figured from specimens in the British Museum, and the
names attached to them in that collection have been adopted ".

That the Museum collections were in good order, and even contained recently-
named and as yet unfigured specimens by 1828, indicates that a great deal of work
had been done in a comparatively short space of time, and that they had already
assumed an entirely different aspect from the days when the Cracherode shells formed
the only exhibited series. Attempts had certainly been made to arrange the
Cracherode collection according to Lamarck by Dr. Leach, who " cast aside con-
temptuously the fetters of the Linnean School " (Johnston, 1850, p. 555) ; but much
of the older Museum material " disposed in drawers in the imposts round the room ",
still remained to be sorted. Leach was mainly an entomologist and often became
absorbed in " many and various other similar interminable investigations " (Swainson
1840, p. 239), so that he probably did little more than start the rearrangement of
the collections before his illness and subsequent retirement in 1822.

The great changes that became evident during the years 1823 to 1828 were due,
firstly to the appointment of John George Children (i777-i8agr)to the Assistant
Keepership of the Natural History Department in 1823, and secondly to the appoint-
ment of a young man named John Edward Gray (1800-75) as his assistant in the
following year. Children became particularly interested in the mollusca, and one
of his first tasks was to compile a manuscript catalogue or check-list of the whole of
the collection, both recent and fossil, a task nobly carried out in a thick folio volume
still preserved in the Department of Zoology. Even this, however, did not include
all the earlier Sloane material (which appears to have been finally sorted at a later
date) only certain items being selected to complete the exhibited series.

Earlier lists compiled by Solander and later by E. W. Gray were naturally based
on the 10th, 12th and 13th (Gmelin) editions of Linne's Systema Naturae, for at
that time British conchology was entirely Linnean since the war with France pre-
cluded free access to continental literature. By the time of Children's appointment

THE CRACHERODE SHELL COLLECTION 129

(1823) the last three volumes of the Histoire Naturelle des Animaux sans Vertebres
were already available, and this gave the opportunity to start afresh, cataloguing
and arranging the Museum collections in accordance with Lamarck's system, which if
not absolutely faultless, was considered by Children to be " at least superior to any
other general system extant ".

The new catalogue or check-list was in effect an exact copy of all the families,
genera and species listed by Lamarck in the Histoire, entered in precisely the same
systematic order, with the tablet numbers of Museum specimens noted in red ink
in a special column. The donors' names (Cracherode's most prominent among
them) were also entered in red ink in another column. Occasional contributors to
the collection included Lamarck himself, Dufresne, Stutchbury, Goodall, Bonelli
and several lesser-known contemporary naturalists. At this time, and until 1837,
the mollusca collections included fossil as well as recent shells, thus a large number of
entries in Children's catalogue refer to fossil species (mostly from Grignon) and these
are distinguished by the letter " F " in red ink.

Children's firm attachment to Lamarck's system was emphasized by the publica-
tion of his only work on the mollusca, a translation of Lamarck's Genera of Shells,
which appeared in the Quarterly Journal of Science from 1822 to 1824, during his
editorship of that journal. Further reference to this will be made later, but as it
ran concurrently with the preparation of the Museum catalogue and rearrangement
of the exhibited collections, it entailed a thorough search for suitable specimens for
illustration and exhibition. Numerous Cracherode shells were used for both
purposes, and from Children's pencil notes in the E. W. Gray manuscript catalogue it
is evident that he checked practically the whole of the Cracherode collection at this
time (c. 1822-24).

No new species appear to have been described as a result of this examination, a
deficiency amply rectified by Children's new assistant Mr. J. E. Gray. Even at the
age of twenty-four he was no stranger to the mollusca, having already published A
Natural Arrangement of the Mollusca in the London Medical Repository for 1821.1
This was followed by some descriptions of new species in his own Zoological Miscellany
commenced in the same year. In 1824, the year of his Museum appointment, he
contributed a description of the shells in the Appendix to Parry's Voyage, and
several articles on mollusca in the first volume of the Zoological Journal. These
included the now classic monograph on the Cypraeidae, much of which was based on
Museum material and his own considerable private collection.

During the rearrangement and cataloguing of the mollusca collections by Children
and Gray, it was soon noticed that there were a number of species not known to
Lamarck, and these were published by Gray (but without figures) in the February
and June issues of the Annals of Philosophy for 1825. Some of the undescribed
Cracherode shells were included among Gray's new species, and these were accordingly
added to the Museum manuscript catalogue, labelled (many by Children himself),
and placed on exhibition, thus enabling Wood to figure them for the first time in

1 It may not be generally known that Gray's early arrangement published in this rather obscure
journal was given in full by Johnston (1850, pp. 560-7), where it is also noted that it was reprinted by
Ferussac in the French Bulletin in 1824.

i3o THE CRACHERODE SHELL COLLECTION

his Supplement of 1828. Children's catalogue was further added to from time to
time, often only in pencil in J. E. Gray's unmistakable scrawl, until in 1837 it was
finally laid aside in favour of the system of registration in use to-day.

The great change in the arrangement of the mollusca collections at this time can
readily be traced from the various editions of the Synopsis issued from 1823 onward,
that for the year 1827 (ed. 25) being particularly enlightening, for by that time the
exhibited collection had grown from the single table in 1809 to no less than 27 cases,
all arranged on Lamarckian lines. The descriptions of these cases occupies pages
59-67 of the Synopsis of 1827, in which particular attention is directed to the recent
change in the nomenclature used on the tablets. However, staunch adherents to
Linne had still to be accommodated, and this was accomplished by placing the
Lamarckian names on the left of the tablets and the Linnean on the right. No
tablets labelled in this way are now extant.

The testimony of an anonymous and somewhat disgruntled visitor to the Museum
at this period (published in Article II of the Magazine of Natural History for May
1828) is of interest. It was sent in the form of a letter to the editor, dated March
1828 (signed with the initial " B ") and purported to be some observations on the
causes that had retarded the growth of natural history in this country, and on the
" defective state of our Public Museums ", in which the correspondent opines " It
is more than twelve years since I was induced to expect that a scientific arrangement
of shells would be undertaken ; but after visiting the Museum for ten years . . .
I discontinued my visits, as there appeared every probability that the present
generation would pass away before it was accomplished. There were, indeed, some
cases, with shells placed to amuse the spectator by the splendour of their colours, or
the beauty of their forms ; but there was no systematic arrangement of them, nor
were the shells labelled or described ".

This account confirms the suggestion already made that the shells were not fully
labelled in the early 1800's. It is evident that some improvement was expected
from 1816 onward, during the regime of W. E. Leach, but for various reasons this
did not materialize. By 1826, " B " 's patience was exhausted, and visits to the
Museum were discontinued, but oddly enough it was just at this time that concrete
results of Children and Gray's efforts began to be seen in the public gallery, as proved
by the Synopsis of 1827 noted above. The publication of " B " 's criticism in May
1828 must have prompted some well-meaning friend to suggest a visit to the British
Museum, for in the very next issue of the Magazine of Natural History (Article II,
July 1828) " B " hastens to make amends, saying inter alia " I can truly say, it
gave me much pleasure to observe that a spirit of improvement had visited the
British Museum, and that some of the arrangements . . . were at length
accomplished in a satisfactory manner ". Room No. 8, " B " graciously observes
" contains the collection of recent shells, in 26 cases, well arranged, and conveniently
displayed for inspection. The names of Lamarck are on one side, and those of
Linnaeus (which are here more generally known) on the other ". But even this
improvement did not satisfy, for having previously complained that the earlier
exhibit of shells had been arranged merely for the splendour of colour or beauty of
form, " B " now regards the longed-for systematic collection " rather as a useful

THE CRACHERODE SHELL COLLECTION 131

than splendid one, compared even with private collections in this country ". The
only clue to the identity of this anonymous critic is a definite bias in favour of the
Paris collections, which were considered to be far in advance of our own.1 It is
some consolation to the museum worker to know that it was just as difficult to
satisfy everybody over a century ago as it is to-day.

After 1827 the mollusca collections continued to grow apace, due largely to the
continued interest of J. E. Gray, who with the assistance of Mrs. Gray was personally
responsible for their arrangement. By 1841 the exhibited series alone filled thirty-
eight cases. By 1856 this number had increased to fifty-two, until finally the
exhibited collection filled well over 200 cases.

During all these years from about 1802 until 1936, when the large shell gallery at
South Kensington was closed to the public, the Cracherode shells formed an integral
part of the exhibited series. The writer well remembers seeing tablets marked
" Mus. Crach " among the many thousands of shells comprising examples of every
known family and genus arranged in systematic order, which were always on view
for study by regular and casual visitors to the Museum. Even to-day a few
Cracherode shells — notably a polished Ear Shell (Haliotis iris), in the case devoted
to shell structure, and a group of red and white Thorny Oysters (Spondylus
americanus), both mentioned in the Synopsis of 1809 — are still on view in the much
smaller post-war gallery allotted to the mollusca, which was arranged and opened
in 1951.

In spite of long exposure to the light, the Cracherode shells are still in fairly good
condition. The large number of specimens available makes it economically
impossible to segregate them all from the General collection, but a representative
series including recently recognized types and figured specimens has been set aside,
to make the Cracherode collection comparable with those of Sloane, Banks and
Pennant now kept as separate units.

3. NOTES ON THE CRACHERODE MANUSCRIPT CATALOGUES

There are four manuscript catalogues connected with the Cracherode collection
in the British Museum (Natural History), two of which are preserved in the Depart-
ment of Minerals and two in the Department of Zoology. Three of these volumes
are in quarto and one in octavo, two of the quartos dealing with minerals, fossil
shells, corals and echinoderms, and one with recent shells, corals and echinoderms.
The remaining octavo contains recent shells only. One of each of these two pairs of
catalogues is a fair and well-written copy of the other, stating on the title page of
each that it was compiled from a catalogue prepared by George Humphrey, the
dealer who supplied Cracherode with the specimens (PL 20, fig. 1.). This declaration
is now known to be partly true of the mineral catalogue, but quite untrue of the one
dealing with the recent shells.

1 It is quite possible that the anonymous critic may have been Mrs. Sarah Bowdich (1791-1856),
wife of T. Bowdich (1791-1824) the well-known conductor of the Mission to Ashantee, and author of
the Elements of Conchology published in Paris and London in 1822. Mrs. Bowdich was versed in
conchology, having drawn all the plates for her husband's work. She also contributed several articles
under her own name in the early numbers of the Magazine of Natural History, mostly in praise of the
work of Cuvier, with whom she and her husband stayed during their residence in Paris,

13* THE CRACHERODE SHELL COLLECTION

The known hand-writing of the original mineral catalogue shows that it was
certainly started by Humphrey, and then apparently handed to Cracherode with the
representative collection systematically arranged and numbered. To this first
series Cracherode continued to add items from time to time, entering each one in
his own hand, and continuing the consecutive numbering from Humphrey's last
entry.

There is no doubt that the small, rather crabbed writing in darker ink (PI. 21,
fig. 2.), is that of C. M. Cracherode, for it has recently been compared with the
carefully written catalogue of his library (in his own autograph) now preserved in
the Department of Manuscripts at Bloomsbury (Add. 11360). Further proof may
be found in the personal monogram formed from the initials " C. M. C." written
upon the fly-leaf of the library catalogue, which is the counterpart of one in miniature
on the fly-leaf of the mineral catalogue dated 1788. This was the year in which
Cracherode's taste for acquiring natural history specimens may be said to have
started.

The Humphrey-Cracherode mineral catalogue, although numbered, does not
include the prices paid for individual specimens which appear in the fair copy,
and it therefore seems likely that Cracherode kept Humphrey's original priced labels
with the specimens, perhaps in the small " cards " then in vogue.1 The possibility
that there were other priced catalogues remaining in Humphrey's possession in 1799
and lent for copying has not been overlooked, but the presence of several rough
notes and computations of the number of species in the collection in E. W. Gray's
writing, bound in with the original Cracherode catalogue, indicates that it was from
this and the Humphrey labels that he compiled the fair copy, destroying the labels
when the work was completed.

The title page of the octavo catalogue containing the recent shells, dated 1791
by Cracherode, bears a note in the autograph of J. E. Gray to the effect that it was
the work of Edward Whitaker Gray. A further note was added by E. A. Smith on
the fly-leaf stating that " This is interesting as showing the large prices fetched for
some shells at that date ". Neither J. E. Gray nor Smith seem to have connected
this small catalogue with Cracherode, although the wording of the entries is almost
identical with that of the fair copy (PI. 22, figs. 4 & 5), and thus it appears in the
printed library catalogue of the British Museum (Natural History) (Vol. 2, p. 711,
1904) as a priced catalogue of shells by Edward Whitaker Gray, with Smith's brief
observation attached.

1 Many items in the Portland Catalogue of 1786 consist of varying numbers of "cards " containing
small shells ; Lot 2073 for instance comprises " Twenty-five cards containing various species of
univalves " and Lot 2193 " Seven cards of rare univalves ". Although this suggests that small shells
were glued to card mounts for safety, it is now known that the cards mentioned so frequently were in
fact early plain-backed playing cards utilized by collectors for specimen trays. Instructions for making
such trays may be found in a letter from Lewis Morris to his brother William Morris of Anglesea in 1756,
recently quoted by Matheson (1955, pp. 264-5) in which Lewis says " Cards can be bought ... at
4^d. and 6d. a pound, taking two pound together . . . They are such as have small blemishes not fit
to be put in ye packs ". He then goes on to explain in some detail the making of these trays or " Boats "
as he calls them. The Morris brothers were friends of Thomas Pennant and it is interesting to record
that a few contemporary examples of card boats have been found in the latter's shell collection in the
British Museum, Natural History, one or two of which still retain the playing card motives (notably a
complete three of spades) on the reverse. Trade and invitation cards were also used for this purpose,
until at a later date properly made cardboard trays were supplied by natural history dealers.

THE CRACHERODE SHELL COLLECTION 133

This whole catalogue, written in three parts (not two as stated in the B. M.
catalogue entry quoted above) was the work of C. M. Cracherode and compiled
between the years 1791 and 1799. The writing, although crabbed and at times
palsied, is quite legible but scarcely compares with his finely-written library catalogue,
for there are numerous alterations and erasures throughout, due no doubt to un-
familiarity with the objects themselves. Unlike the mineral catalogue, the shell
catalogue does not give the number of the entries, but the price paid for each item is
included, with some additional information not entered in the fair copy made by
E. W. Gray in 1801. Part I of this small shell catalogue is devoted to Univalves
(A to M only) ; Part II Bivalves and Part III Multivalves. Corals and echinoderms
are not included, but appear in the form of an appendix in the fair copy, which
again suggests that Humphrey's labels were with the specimens when received in
1799.

As already stated, the two fair copies made from Cracherode's originals were
certainly the work of Edward Whitaker Gray, great-uncle to John Edward and a
former Keeper of the Natural History Department and Secretary of the British
Museum. Here again authorship has been satisfactorily proved by comparison with
some E. W. Gray letters preserved at Bloomsbury (Add. 33981-59 & 63), and also
with his signature in the Charter Book of the Royal Society of London, of which
he was elected a Fellow in 1779 and Secretary in 1797.

It would have been difficult even for an expert to identify correctly all the shells
in the Cracherode collection at the time of its reception. E. W. Gray had the whole
of the Natural History Department, (which then included antiquities and coins)
in his custody, and could do little more than compile a numbered list from the
manuscript catalogues and Humphrey's labels. Humphrey was familiar with the
10th and 12th editions of Linne's Systema, but probably not with the 13th (Gmelin)
edition of 1791, so that if a Linnean name could not be found for a specimen he
frequently resorted to those of Solander used in the Portland and Calonne catalogues,
together with the old established vernacular names, modified forms of which are
still in use to-day.

E. W. Gray made a valiant attempt to supply the names of Gmelin and Chemnitz
wherever possible. These he entered under the appropriate number on the opposite
page of the catalogue, frequently leaving blanks where the species could not be
satisfactorily identified from available literature, or had not then been described.
Humphrey was a master of the conchological vernacular, so that the Cracherode
manuscript catalogues form most interesting " repositories " of such euphonious
names as the Brindled Music Shell, the Coronated Wild Music, the Guinea Admiral,
Undulated Midas's Ear, the Pullet's Egg Anomia and the Furbelowed Clamp.
Notwithstanding the passing of rather more than 150 years since Humphrey's
day, the examples quoted above are no more fanciful than many used quite recently.
An American author has ingeniously found or devised a vernacular name for each of
the 1,100 scientific names used in his book, from which it appears that the following
short paragraph, concluding a list of current vernacular names in the article
" Conchology " in the Encyclopaedia Londinensis (1810, p. 36), still retains a great
deal of truth. " Hence it is evident that trivial names may be applied to shells as

134 THE CRACHERODE SHELL COLLECTION

far as the species go, or as the fanciful imagination and invention of man can possibly
extend ".

A number of the later Cracherode shells came from the famous Calonne collection
sold by auction in 1797. Their origin was noted by Humphrey on his labels with the
letters " M. C. " plus the Calonne catalogue numbers — details which were recorded
by Cracherode in his own list but not copied by E. W. Gray in the Museum copy.
This is a pity, because it is now difficult to trace Calonne specimens among the
univalves beyond the letter " M ", where Part I of Cracherode's own catalogue ends,
and where E. W. Gray apparently continued from the Humphrey labels. The Calonne
shells are of interest, for in many instances they came from the Portland collection
and were named by Solander. Cracherode paid heavily for these shells, the twenty-
two marked " M. C." in his catalogue costing the not inconsiderable sum of one
hundred pounds sixteen shillings.

Humphrey's prices were not always so high, for there are several items charged at
as little as one, two or three shillings. The highest price paid was fifteen guineas for
a single fine specimen of Voluta imperialis or Coronated Wild Music, from Luconia
(Luzon, Philippine Is.).

It would be tedious to dwell too long on the various items of interest in these
manuscript catalogues at this point, but one cannot help noticing the care with which
the fair copies were compiled by E. W. Gray, long before separate guides to particular
groups were printed and published. They were apparently kept with the collections
for the use of students who eventually obtained permission to study the specimens
in detail. E. W. Gray's clear copperplate style (rather more formal than his usual
writing) was ideal for this purpose, with the popular and scientific names equally
in evidence.

4. USE MADE OF THE CRACHERODE COLLECTION
BY VARIOUS AUTHORS, WITH NOTES ON THE
TYPES AND FIGURED SPECIMENS

When endeavouring to trace every author and all the specimens mentioned or
described from an early collection, it is easy to overlook the obvious while searching
for the obscure, and the following account of authors who have used the collection
during the last 150 years is therefore offered with some slight reservation.

Cracherode is known to have welcomed visitors wishing to examine his books,
prints and coins, but no mention of his shell collection appears to have been made in
contemporary literature, although it must have been one of the finest in London at
the time. George Perry (f. 1810), appears to have been the first author to have
used the collection after it became available to the public at the beginning of the
nineteenth century. Little is known of Perry, beyond the fact that he published
two works on natural history during 1810 and 1811, the first being the Arcana,
and the second the more notorious Conchology. Since he figured a few Cracherode
shells, and mentioned the collection in glowing terms in both of his books, a short
account of these and the effect they had on subsequent authors should find a place
here.

The Arcana was a general miscellany covering several groups, similar in format

THE CRACHERODE SHELL COLLECTION 135

to the Naturalists' Miscellany of Shaw & Nodder. It appeared in monthly parts,
from January 1810 to September 181 1, each part consisting of four colour plates
with appropriate letterpress. For some reason the work aroused little interest until
early in the present century, but the larger and more expensive Conchology, which
contained a curious assemblage of good and bad figures, caused a great deal of
controversy several years after its first appearance, when J. E. Gray decided to
accept some of the previously-ignored names proposed therein.

These were added to the list of additions to his Monograph of Cypraea published in
April 1828, which also included references to the eighteen species of Cypraea then
being figured in Wood's Supplement published in the following month. Under
Cypraea princeps Broderip, Gray noted " The name must be changed, as it is C.
Valentia of Perry's Conchology t. 23, f . 2 where the individual specimen here described
is well figured ". To this was added a footnote saying " I have ventured to refer
to this work as I consider it just that every author should be quoted and this author
has anticipated Lamarck, Swainson and Sowerby in several species " — a seemingly
mild and honest statement that caused so much resentment and adverse criticism
from G. B. Sowerby (first of the name), and other authors that no further credence
was given to Perry's work until nearly the end of the nineteenth century.

While it must be admitted that much of the letterpress in both the Arcana and
the later Conchology is not particularly good, the figures (although at times fantastic
and of an almost dream-like quality) are sometimes excellent and clearly recognizable.
The descriptions, meagre or prolix according to the fancy of the author, are sufficiently
clear for there to have been no real reason to reject Perry's valid but unwelcome
names, even if it meant upsetting those established by the various British authors
who resolutely refused to study their predecessor's book.

Current opinions published by Sowerby and his fellow collaborators can of course
be found in the pages of the Zoological Journal, but as these volumes are not always
easily obtainable it may be permissible to quote a few of the opinions that led British
workers to ignore Perry's work.

The first hint of displeasure from the Sowerby stronghold appeared in a footnote by
G. B. Sowerby, appended to some critical remarks upon J. E. Gray's Monograph of
Cypraea by L. W. Dillwyn in 1827 (p. 315), in which the latter merely referred to the
C. Dama Perry. This was sufficient to call forth the remark that Perry's work was
" the worst of all bad books, it ought never to be cited ". One can imagine Sowerby 's
displeasure when shortly afterwards Gray added the footnote quoted above, accepting
more of Perry's names. Sowerby's immediate reactions were conveyed by letter to
W. J. Broderip (later published in the Zoological Journal) in which the former gave
an extremely destructive account of Perry's Conchology, accusing him of dreaming of
extraordinary shells and committing them to paper immediately on waking! The
letter contains more in the same vein, even the principal editor of the Zoological
Journal, N. A. Vigors, added a note on his own behalf and that of his numerous
editorial colleagues, to the effect that "It is the unanimous opinion that Perry's
Conchology is not a work worthy of being cited as an authority."

The result of all this criticism was far-reaching in its effect, for, as may be seen
from the conchological publications of British authors such as Wood, Burrows and

i36 THE CRACHERODE SHELL COLLECTION

Hanley, there are few references to Perry's names (except perhaps as synonyms)
although the Conchology must have been well known to all of them — for according
to Hopwood (1946, p. 152) copies were still being printed as late as 1836.

Feelings continued to run high well into the 1840's ; during the course of his
great Conchologia Iconica, Lovell Reeve paused several times to vilify Perry, notably
in the description of Ranella pulchra Sowerby, in which Reeve says he " cannot
agree with M. Deshayes in giving priority to the name assigned to the ' Finned Frog '
by Mr. Perry. That author has long forfeited the notice of scientific men by his
absurd names and pantomimic display of figures ". (1844, Ranella, sp. 47.) Again,
in the description of Cypraea melanostoma Sowerby (Ex. Leathes MSS.), Reeve makes
the strongly-worded observation that " If every charlatan who sets himself up for
a naturalist, with brush in one hand, and writing tool in the other, is to be regarded
as an authority on scientific matters ; all the zoological signboards in the Kingdom
might be quoted as figures of reference. For my own part, I consider the ' Came-
leopard of Perry "should no more enter the nomenclature of zoology than the ' Red
Lion of Brentford ' " (1845, Cypraea, sp. 17).

Reeve was referring of course to the Cypraea camelopardalis Perry 181 1 (pi. 19,
fig. 5) which caused so much annoyance to Sowerby when Gray adopted it "in
opposition to that cited from the MSS. of a scientific gentleman ". Incidentally,
it is interesting to see that the Cracherode specimen of C. Camelopardalis still bears
Children's original label C. melanostoma, which rather indicates that as an editorial
collaborator at the time of Vigor's note condemning Perry's work, he felt bound to
retain the name used by Sowerby in opposition to Gray (PI. 25, fig. i$g).

Both Sowerby and Reeve realized only too well that much of their careful work
would be upset by the general adoption of Perry's nomenclature, and their opinions
were therefore not without bias. By the force of their displeasure they succeeded in
keeping this awkward volume in the background for the rest of their lives, an
obscurity from which it did not emerge until referred to by Melvill in 1888 and by
both Hedley and Gatliff in 1902.

Since the above notes were prepared, John Q. Birch of California has published a
note on the resurrection of early names in his Minutes (1955, 152, pp. 2-3), in which
he makes a belated attempt to uphold the dictum of G. B. Sowerby, W. J. Broderip
and his followers in suppressing Perry's names. He apparently ignores the happen-
ings of the last fifty years, for even now he considers it presumptuous " for a student
in 1955 to bring up names rejected by such scholars, thereby upsetting over a century
of conchology ". Others have since joined in the discussion, which continues.

It has already been mentioned that Perry referred more than once to the Cracherode
collection in his Conchology of 181 1, and brief examples of these references are given
below. The first to be noted is the figure of a shell described as Polyplex rugosus
(pi. 9, fig. 2) stated to be in the collection of Mr. Cracherode in the British Museum.
This appears to be some form of Nucella, but a thorough search has failed to reveal
the original among the Cracherode shells. The second reference is to a bivalve
shell described as Donax variegatus (pi. 58, fig. 1) which can safely be assigned to
Egeria radiata (Lamarck) taken from a specimen from which the thick brown
periostracum had been removed by polishing, in order to show the bluish-green

THE CRACHERODE SHELL COLLECTION 137

rays on the shell surface. This also is missing and may have been disposed of years
ago as a spoilt specimen. Polished shells were much in vogue in Cracherode's day
and long after, for there are still several fine specimens of polished mussel and pearl
shells which at one time formed part of the exhibited collection.

Perry's pi. 59, dealing with the genus Spondylus is of particular interest, for he
follows the description of his quite remarkable figures with a footnote saying that
" These shells are found chiefly in the warmer climates of the globe, and from a
numerous assemblage, the greatest variety of which, in one collection, may perhaps
be seen in the museum of the late Mr. Cracherode, now united to that most valuable
repository, the British Museum ". This was no exaggeration, for the Cracherode
Spondylus must have formed a considerable ornament to the Museum collection,
which could previously have had only a few rather dingy examples from the earlier
Sloane collection. It is a pity that Perry chose to figure the odd-looking specimens
shown on his plate, when he had access to those he praised so highly.

Before concluding this short account of Perry's Conchology it should be recorded
that although no Cracherode specimens figured by him have been traced, an
opportunity has nevertheless occurred to judge the extent to which the author erred
in his figures. PI. 24 is devoted to some fairly good representations of various
species of Conus. Fig. 3, named by Perry Conus fasciatus, was apparently an
attempt to portray the Conus genuanus Linne, the original of which was stated in
the text to be in the British Museum (not on this occasion in that of Mr. Cracherode).
At this time (181 1) the Museum shell collections comprised only those of Sloane and
Cracherode, so Perry's figured specimen could only have been in the former. On
examining the series of Conus included in the recently recognized Sloane shells this
was found to be so, the shell still retaining the Sloane catalogue number 2788.
This specimen is still in excellent condition and shows that the artist kept to the
general idea of the shell but, with the usual contumacy of the race, arranged the
pattern more to his liking. Thus the typical semaphore-like dark brown dots and
dashes interspersed with white became regular brown squares in the finished plate
with some imaginary blue and brown lines added for full measure, almost destroying
the true character of this well-known species. Although no defence of Perry is
deserved or intended, it may be only charitable to suggest that some of the more
peculiar figures may have been due to the artist engraver's interpretation of drawings
passed on to him for reproduction, with the unfortunate results so bitterly resented
by Sowerby and Reeve.

Early in the present century (1902) a more balanced view was taken of Perry's
work, when Hedley and Gatliff independently pointed out its importance to
Australian naturalists, particularly as Perry had access to the collection of Lt.-Col.
William Patterson, Lieutenant-Governor of New South Wales from 1800 to 1802,
who is acknowledged more than once in the text to the plates. In addition to the
British Museum collections and his own possessions, Perry also used no less than
twenty-four contemporary private collections — including those of Lady Wilson,
Lord Valentia (after whom he named Cypraea valentia), Dr. Coombe, Dr. Lettsom,
Humphrey, Bullock, Jennings, Stutchbury, Latham and Spurritt. From this it is
obvious that he had the choice of much new and unfigured material, and it is difficult

HIST. I, 4. 9

138 THE CRACHERODE SHELL COLLECTION

to understand why he did not confine his new names to these shells, rather than
interfere with those already established. Changing the well-known Oliva porphyria
(Linne) to Oliva Leveriana in "honour" of Sir Ashton Lever (pi. 41), was quite
inexcusable.

Perry's Conchology is of value to the taxonomist by virtue of the names adopted
or mentioned as synonyms by J. E. Gray (1828 & 1847) ; H. & A. Adams (1853-
58) ; Hedley & Gatliff (1902) ; Thiele (1931-35) and Tucker Abbot (1954). The
book has also a commercial value, the fine hand-coloured stipple engravings having
a certain charm of design and colour, which appeals strongly to the producers of
artistic trifles, a form of vandalism that is partly responsible for the extraordinary
increase in the market price of the volume, from 28s. in 1912 (Hopwood, 1946,
p. 153) to as many pounds at the present time.

The less-known and^much rarer Arcana seems to have lain unnoticed until 1912,
when Mathews & Iredale revived it as " An overlooked work " dealing very
thoroughly with the birds and shells (many from Australia) figured and described
therein. As the Arcana in some instances pre-dates the Conchology, it formed a
veritable sepulchre from which to resurrect long forgotten and unheard-of generic
and specific names, which had to be adopted under the rule of priority.

Little further need be said of the merits or demerits of the Arcana, except to deal
with direct references to the Cracherode collection. Two of these are noteworthy,
the first in a part of the text to pi. 47, describing Aranea gracilis, in which the author
says " The most elegant specimen of this shell which we have hitherto seen, is that
which was in the late Mr. Cracherode's collection and now deposited in the British
Museum, the comparative value being appreciated by the number, length and
preservation of the spines ". Although praising the Cracherode shell Perry did not
state that it was the original of his figure, and it may therefore have been obtained
from one of his numerous contacts, but there was certainly a suitable shell in the
collection, No. 295 in E. W. Gray's catalogue, listed as Murex tribulus Lin. Venus' s
Comb or the Double Thorny Woodcock from Hainan. The only comparable specimen
now present, however, is No 296 Murex tribulus var. Lin. The Great Thorny Woodcock
from China {Murex scolopax Dillwyn), which has less numerous spines than the
original of Perry's figure. Mathews & Iredale (1912, p. 12) considered this figure
to represent the Murex tenuispina Lamarck, and allowed that well-established
species to be superseded by A. gracilis Perry. However, a much more accurate
figure of tenuispina appeared in the Conchology of 1811 as Aranea triremis (pi. 44,
fig. 3.). It might be suggested that Mathews & Iredale were mistaken in identifying
Perry's Aranea gracilis as M . tenuispina Lamarck, and that this figure represented a
rather similar species, later described and dedicated to a famous malacologist, but to
print the name of this species would burden the synonomy to no useful purpose.

The second reference to be noted is in the text describing Strombus nigricans
(obviously the Strombus chiragra Linne), in which Perry praises such gifts as Brander's
fossils to the British Museum, at the same time eulogizing the nobility of mind
required to " appropriate the advantages of fortune to the improvement of science
and knowledge ... ". " Nor can we here omit the princely collection of shells
formed by the gift and legacy of Mr. Cracherode, which has not, nor ever will be

THE CRACHERODE SHELL COLLECTION 139

rivalled, containing specimens which cannot be removed or injured. Owing to the
judicious arrangement of the British Trustees, it will be a standing monument of
the general taste of the English nation ".

This excerpt gives some idea of the phraseology used throughout the text of the
Arcana, which contains rather a small amount of useful information among a great
deal of editorial padding. However, the stipple engravings of shells, drawn by G.
Perry and engraved by T. L. Busby, are on the whole more reliable than those in
the Conchology, and may now be regarded as the most useful part of this extremely
rare book.

The next author to be considered is the gifted but unfortunate Dr. William Elford
Leach F.R.S. (1790-1836), who would have had an even more brilliant career if his
health had not broken down early in life, forcing his retirement from the Assistant
Keepership of the Natural History Department of the British Museum, before he
had held the post long enough to make much impression on the apparent chaos
left behind by his predecessor George Shaw. The unfortunate state of the Zoo-
logical collections at the time of Leach's appointment (1813) has been recorded
(through not without prejudice) in the personal reminiscences of William Swainson
(1840, pp. 237-40), in which he says his friend's name " will be long cherished by
those who remember his warm, frank, and generous disposition ; and will ever rank
high in the science of this country, which, more than any other man, he released from
the thraldom of prejudice and bigotry ".

Leach was particularly interested in the mollusca but much of his work remained
unpublished at the time of his death in 1836 — notably the unfinished manuscript
of his Synopsis of the Mollusca of Great Britain, written between 1818 and 1820. x
This was later purchased, together with the original plates, by J. E. Gray and with
the permission of Leach's family was eventually edited and published in 1852, in
the belief " that it was an act of justice to lay before the public the favourite and
last work of my late friend " (Preface, p. vii).

Work published by Leach himself need only concern us here, however, and even
this is confined to the first two of the three volumes of the Zoological Miscellany
published between 1814 and 1817. As already noted in the account of the Sloane
shells (Wilkins, 1953, p. 11) Leach's three volumes were practically a continuation
of Shaw & Nodder's Naturalists' Miscellany completed in 1813, Nodder continuing
to produce the engravings, but with greater accuracy than in the previous series. Of
the thirty-three shells figured (many of which were new species), eleven have been
traced to the Cracherode collection and recovered, including nine holotypes of
Leach's new species. Since copies of the original Miscellany and even Chenu's
reprint of 1845 are now rare works the English part of the brief descriptions are
repeated here in full, together with the Cracherode catalogue entries.

As previously noted in the account of the Banks collection, it is now known to
which species certain unpublished manuscript names refer. Unless these have
already been published by Humphrey in the Calonne catalogue (1797) or used by

1 The first 116 pp., in proof only, were partly circulated in 1819.

i4o THE CRACHERODE SHELL COLLECTION

Dillwyn (1817) as synonyms, they have been discreetly omitted from this list.
Current generic and specific names, based largely on Thiele's Handbuch (1931-35)
are printed in bold face italics at the head of each description, on the left hand side
of the pages.

List of Cracherode Specimens Figured and Described
by W. E. Leach in the Zoological Miscellany 1814-15

Volume I. 1814

1. Ensis ceylonensis (Leach) Holotype.

Page 22. Tab. VII (dated February, 1814)
Solen ceylonensis — Ceylon Razor-shell

" Shell strait, with one extremity rounded, the other obliquely truncate ; the hinge ter-
minal, with one tooth in each valve ; the teeth unequal.

Inhabits Ceylon, where it seems not to be an uncommon species. The striae at the
base . . . run longitudinally, and turn abruptly in a transverse direction, giving an
appearance to the shell, of being obliquely divided into two parts, by a line running in a
diagonal direction from one corner to the other. "

Crach. No. 183. Solen vagina, Lin. Cross-striped Solen from Tranquebar . 8s.

Length Height Thickness

Dimensions of Holotype . 124 mm. . 20 mm. . 13 mm.

Type locality : Ceylon

Other records (vide B.M. collections) :

Aden ; Bombay ; Java ; Chandipur ; Ceylon.

The author's type locality seems reliable, as the species is common to the Indian Ocean
generally ; Humphrey's Tranquebar is itself a likely locality, though it appears also to have
been an early centre for the distribution of Indian Ocean material by J. G. Konig and the
Moravian Brethren mentioned in Solander's note to Banks (see p. 125 above).

2. Haliotis ruber Leach Holotype.

Page 54. Tab. XXIII (undated)
Haliotis ruber — Red Earshell

" Red, transversely waved, with elevated, longitudinal, wrinkled lines.
Inhabits New Holland. "

Crach. No. 233. Great Broad Ear Shell. New South Wales . . . -i is. od.

Length Breadth

Dimensions of Holotype .... 116 mm. . 92 mm.

Type locality : " New Holland " here designated Port Jackson.
Other records : New Holland (Martyn 1 784) .

Port Jackson (Whitelegge 1889).

New South Wales (Allen, 1950).

This species is now known in New South Wales as the Sydney or Warty Ear Shell, very
common on rocks and in crevices at low tide (Allan, 1950, p. 54). A larger polished specimen
in the collection is one of those particularly noticed in the Synopsis of 1809. Leach in 1814
and Wood in 1828 continued to quote New Holland for New South Wales, although Humphrey
had used the correct name for this part of Australia many years before.

THE CRACHERODE SHELL COLLECTION 141

3. Padollus scalaris Leach Holotype.

Page 66, Tab. XXVIII

Padollus scalaris — Staircase Padollus

" Whitish variegated with rufous ; whirls with three longitudinal elevated ribs ; basal
volution staircase-like above, with the inferior rib knotted, middle rib perforated (with
five holes), upper rib longitudinally striated, the spaces between the striae wrinkled.

There is one specimen of this rare shell in the British Museum, which is the only species
of the genus that I have had an opportunity of examining. Country unknown.

The number of perforations may probably not be constant ; the character is therefore
not introduced without caution. "

Crach. No. 240. The broad tuberculated Ear Shell from Hainan ... 8s.

Length Breadth

Dimensions of holotype . . . 33 mm. . 25 mm.

Type locality : Swan River, S. West Australia (here designated) .
Other records : Pai-ho, N.E. China (Cuming).

Java and Australia (Tryon, 1890).

Swan River (Cuming).

Western Australia (Allan, 1950).

From available records the distribution would appear to be from the Gulf of Po Hai (North
of the Yellow Sea) to Hainan, through the Java Sea to the West Coast of Australia.

The Chinese localities, however, may be doubtful, for the species was not recorded by Yen
in his Review of the Chinese Gastropods (1942), in which he notes the unreliability of some of
the early material said to come from China, hence the choice of the well-known Swan River as
the type locality. Lamarck gives Java as the locality of his Haliotis tricostalis (1822, p. 218),
which is synonymous with the present species.

A certain amount of confusion has arisen among authors (notably Reeve, 1846) in mistaking
the Padollus rubicundus Montfort 18 10 for Leach's P. scalaris. But a study of Montfort's
figure (18 10, p. 1 14), and his quite definite locality Africa leaves little doubt that the Padollus
rubicundus Montfort was the African Haliotis parva Linn6. The latter was well figured by Reeve
(pi. 15, sp. 53 a. b.) who, with his frequent inattention to detail, added the much-used Hab ?,
although Linne clearly gave 0. Africano as the locality {Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 12, p. 1256, 746).
Padollus scalaris Leach appears elsewhere in the literature as Haliotis tricostata Wood (1828)
and H. canaliculata Schubert & Wagner (1829).

It should be noted that the type specimen is immature, full-grown shells reaching a maximum
length of 100 mm.

4. Pteria chinensis (Leach) Holotype.

Page 86, Tab. XXXVIII
Fig. 1
Avicula chinensis — Chinese Avicula

" Dirty -citron colour, smooth, with two brownish-red radiating bands.

This pretty shell is found in the Chinese seas in great abundance. The letter a, points
out the situation of the byssus or beard by which it adheres to rocks, corals, and other hard
bodies. "

Crach. No. 84. Brown striped yellow Swallow Pearl Shell from China . . 10s. 6d.

Length Height Thickness

Dimensions of Holotype . 60 mm. . 35 mm. . 13 mm.

142 THE CRACHERODE SHELL COLLECTION

Type locality : " Chinese Seas " here designated, restricted to Ticao, Philippines.
Other records : Ticao (Cuming) .

New Caledonia (Cuming).

Ceylon (Craven, B.M.).

Isle de France (Lamarck).

Aden (Shopland, B.M.).
Widely distributed in the Indian Ocean and parts of the Indo-West Pacific, this species varies
considerably in size and colour, but the brownish-red radiating bands mentioned by Leach are
usually discernible. Specimens in the Museum collection from New Caledonia measure 135 mm.
in length, while those from the Philippines, Ceylon and Aden are approximately the size of the
type. Avicula crocea Lamarck and Avicula trochilus Reeve are synonyms.

5. Pteria morio (Leach) Holotype.

Page 86, Tab. XXXVIII
Fig. 2
Avicula morio — Black Avicula
" Black, striated concentrically ; epidermis brown, elevated into undulations, which are
arranged in lines radiating from the beak.

This rare shell was obtained from Pulo Condore, an East Indian Island, and is preserved
in the British Museum. "

Crach. No. 83. Mytilus hirundo. Lin. var. (Margaritifera hirundo). Large
brown variety of the Swallow Pearl Shell with a small cox-
comb oyster adhering. From Pulo Condore . . 10s. 6d.
Length Height Thickness
Dimensions of Holotype . . 122 mm. 60 mm. 22 mm.
Type locality : Pulo Condore.

Other records : Malacca Strait (Cuming B.M.).

From the above records the range of this species appears to be rather restricted, but it probably
occurs in other waters under different names — perhaps the very similar Avicula castanea and
signata Reeve, said to come from Singapore and Madras.

Leach's type specimen (from which the adherent oyster has long since been removed), was
figured for the second time by Wood in the Index Testaceologicus of 1825 (pi. 12, fig. 43) copied
from Leach's figure but without acknowledgment, and with the locality Red Sea. In his
monograph on Avicula (1857, sp. 71), Lovell Reeve gave an excellent figure drawn from the
Cracherode shell, with the original locality Pulo Condore, but he unfortunately ascribed it to
Avicula savignyi, a name published by Deshayes in 1830 (2, 100), and again in 1836 (7, 102),
where Leach's morio was merely mentioned as a variety of Deshayes' own, and much later
Avicula savignyi. Reeve attributes Leach's name to Dillwyn in his brief synonymy.

Similar inaccuracies, not uncommon at the time, occur throughout the many volumes of
the Conchologia Iconica and do much to mar its usefulness, but even these mistakes cannot
detract from the real beauty of the figures, the excellence of which " will for ever remain
unrivalled " (Melvill, 1900, p. 347).

6. Pinctada radiata Leach) Holotype.

Page 98, Tab. XLIII fig. 13.

Avicula radiata — Rayed Bird Shell
" Shell griseous with purplish rays : epidermis concentrically elevated, with processes
arranged into radiating lines.

This shell is generally supposed to inhabit the West-Indian Seas, but I have not been
able to ascertain the truth of this conjecture.

The elevated processes of the epidermis, on close examination, seem to be membra-
naceous, with fine concentric rings of shelly matter deposited on them,"

THE CRACHERODE SHELL COLLECTION 143

Crach. No. 82. Mytilus margaritiferus Linn. var. (margaritifera occidentalis)

West Indian Mother of Pearl Shell ..... 10s. 6d.

Length Height Thickness

Dimensions of holotype . . 55 mm. . 56 mm. . 23 mm.

Type locality : Here designated Gulf of Mannar.
Other records : Tranquebar (Wood, 1825).

Gulf of Mannar (B.M. collections) .

Maldive Islands, Persian Gulf, Red Sea, Suez, South and East
Africa, Malay Peninsular, N. Australia S. to Sydney (vide Jame-
son, 1901 ; Prashad, 1932 and Hynd, 1954, and B.M. collections) .

The Gulf of Mannar, chosen as the type locality of P. radiata, was still recongized by Hornell
in 1951 (p. 53), as the most important pearl fishery in India. From an account of the fishing
operations during March and April 1797 by H. J. Le Beck it appears to have been particularly
flourishing during the late eighteenth century and the most likely origin of some of Humphrey's
stock, for as the author says " no place in the East Indies abounds more with rare shells ".
Beck's excellent account, which includes an early attempt to describe the anatomy of Pinctada,
was considered of sufficient importance to be reprinted in full in the Annual Register for 1799
(pp. 380-91).

Jameson (1901 , p. 389) and Tucker Abbott (1954, P- 359) identify Pinctada radiata (Leach) with
the West Indian or Atlantic Pearl Oyster, but a careful comparison of the recently recognized
holotype with an extensive series from the pearl banks at Mannar, shows clearly that it is a
typical example from the Indian Ocean and not from the Atlantic. In consequence Leach's
name replaces the later P. vulgaris (Schumacher, 18 17) the name by which the Eastern Lingah
shells have usually been known. J. S. Hind (1954, pp. 113-4) discusses the merits of Schu-
macher's P. vulgaris, saying that his figure is too poor and his description too brief to be of any
real value, and he therefore chooses the Avicula fucata Gould (1850) to replace it, noting that
"This Australian species is conspecific with the lingah pearl oyster of the East Indies and the
Persian Gulf ". If this is so, the P. radiata (Leach, 1814) should be used in preference to the
later fucata Gould, particularly as Leach's type specimen (PI. 25, fig. 13) shows the same charac-
teristics as Hynd's own figure of a typical fucata from Torres Straits (pi. 1). The transverse
markings on the growth processes, said by Hynd to be absolutely diagnostic of the species,
must surely be the fine " concentric rings of shelly matter " referred to by Leach in his original
description.

Leach's original figure of P. radiata was clearly copied by Wood in 1825 (pi. 12 Mytilus, fig. 5),
this time with acknowledgment to the Zoological Miscellany, but with the very suitable locality
Tranquebar. The various species of the ubiquitous pearl oysters occurring in Oceania have
also been discussed by Prashad (1932, pp. 99-102) and Iredale (1939, pp. 333-40), the latter
suggesting the replacement of P. vulgaris Schumacher by P. radiata (Leach), but relating it to
the Atlantic area rather than to the Indo-Pacific.

The widely distributed Lingah shells are fished mainly for the contained pearls, often of great
value, the shells themselves being thin and of little use commercially. Fully mature specimens
seldom reach more than 70 mm. in length, and even these are left derelict by the pearl fishers.

7. Pinctada margaritifera (Linne) Holotype.

Page 108, Tab. XL VIII
Margarita sinensis — Chinese Pearl-shell

" Brown radiated with white ; internally pearly bordered with brown ; epidermis con-
centrically elevated, with processes arranged in somewhat radiating lines.

Inhabits the Sea of China, but is rarely found in such perfection as that exhibited in the
annexed plate. It seems to have been confounded with the common pearl-shell."

144 THE CRACHERODE SHELL COLLECTION

Crach. No. 81. Mytilus margaritiferus L. var. Lesser Chinese Mother of Pearl

Shell .......... 15s.

Width Height Thickness

Dimensions of holotype . . 100 mm. . 100 mm. . 27 mm.

Type locality : China.

It is curious that the observant Dr. Leach should have described this shell as a new species,
for it is only a small Pinctada margaritifera. The species is known by many trade names,
applying to the texture of shells from certain areas rather than to any real specific differences.
The present specimen appears from the list supplied by Jameson (1901, p. 375) to be Black-
edged Banda Shell, peculiar to the Malay Archipelago, China, Banda Sea and the Maldives,
and compares favourably with trade samples so labelled in the Museum collection. Leach's
new genus Margarita 18 14, of which his M. sinensis is the type species, is a synonym of Meleagrina
Lamarck 181 2 and of the still earlier Pinctada Roding 1798.

8. Pinna ( Streptopinna) sac cat a Linne Figured specimen

Page 130, Tab. LVII.

Pinna saccata — Bag Pinna

" Shell smooth, bag-shaped (anteriorly at least), ribbed, externally abruptly produced,
somewhat distorted. This rare pinna is readily distinguished from all other species by its
distorted irregular form. Some specimens are ribbed from base to point, others only
anteriorly.

Inhabits the Indian seas, and is esteemed a rare species."

Crach. No. 182. Pinna saccata Lin. Satchel or Crooked Pinna from Pulo

Condore . . . . . . . . £3 3s. od.

This Cracherode specimen is still in excellent condition and is a notable example of a species
which, with the exception of the Pinna Nuttallii Conrad 1837 and one or two unimportant
varietal names, has remained sacrosanct since it was first described by Linne in 1758. According
to Winckworth (1929, p. 289) it is a widespread species, having been recorded from the Red
Sea, Ceylon, S. Africa, Amboyna, Philippines, Sandwich Is., and Japan. Iredale recorded it
from Queensland in 1927 (p. 333) designating a new sub-species inusitata based partly on colour
variation — not a very reliable character in a species which normally ranges from white to yellow,
amber, red, purple and almost jet black !

9. Haliotis cracherodii Leach Holotype.

Page 131, Tab. LVIII
Haliotis cracherodii — Cracherodean Earshell

" Bluish-black above, umbo lateral-dorsal ; internally pearly and iridescent.

The shell from which the annexed figure is taken, forms a part of that splendid collection
of shells bequeathed to the British Museum by the late Rev. C. M. Cracherode, whose name
it bears. It is said to be a native of the Californian coast, and is generally esteemed a
rare species."

Crach. No. 237. Haliotis . . . Blackish-green Ear Shell, from California . £4 4s. od.

Length Breadth

Dimensions of holotype ..... 85 mm. . 70 mm.
Type locality : California.
Other records : Baja, Lower California (B. M. collections).

Coos Bay, Oregon to Lower California (Tucker Abbott, 1954).

This is the well-known Black Abalone which occurs fairly abundantly from Oregon to L.
California. It is edible and particularly enjoyed by the Mexicans. There are normally eight
holes in the shell, but these may vary in number or even be entirely absent, a feature that has

THE CRACHERODE SHELL COLLECTION 145

given rise to several subspecific names, notably imperforata Dall, holzneri Hemphill, and lusus
Finlay.

Haliotis califomiensis was described by Swainson in the Zoological Illustrations in 182 1 (Ser. 1,
2, pi. 80) based on the smoother 12-16 holed form of H. cracherodii, since recorded on the
islands from the Farallones to Guadalupe (Keep, 1935, p. 144), and now regarded as the only
reliable sub-species. Incidentally, H. cracherodii Leach provides good material for the study
of shell pigments, for the distinctive bluish-black outer layer of the shell is said to contain,
among other substances, a blue acid-soluble pigment related to indigotin, which has been the
subject of more study than any other single pigment extractable from shells (Comfort, 1949,
p. 86).

10. Clithon coronata Leach Holotype.

Volume II, 1815 Fig. 11

Page 122, Tab. CIV
Clithon coronata — Crowned Clithon
" Black ; first whirl above, with elongate, subsetaceous spines ; epidermis obliquely
elevated into lines ; pillar obtusely unidentate.

The locality of this species is not known ; it is certainly distinct from the Clithon corona
of De Montfort."
Crach. No. 354. Nerita corona. Linn. A culeated fresh-water Nerite. From

the Ganges . . . . . . . ^3 3s. od

Length of
Length Width spines

22 mm. 24 mm. 22 mm.

Type locality : Here designated Mauritius.
Other records : Rodriguez & Mauritius (B.M. collections).
Malagachian Islands (Baker, 1923).
Mauritius (Viader, 1937).
The Cracherode specimen is definitely the original of Leach's two figures shown on pi. 104 of
the Zoological Miscellany, but unfortunately both were reversed by the engraver. When
figured in 18 15 the spines were already damaged, the missing portions being indicated in the
engraving by dotted lines ; since then one more spine has gone, but even so the shell can still be
recognized as the original.

As pointed out by Baker (1923, p. 156) Montfort clearly figured this species when describing
his genus Clithon in 1810 (2, p. 326), but attributed it to Nerita corona Linne, a different species.
The spines in De Montfort's figure are at a different angle to those in the type specimen, in
which several spines rise at right angles to the shell surface — a feature common enough in a
long series, that may have led Leach to believe his shell to be distinct.

Judging from the price charged by Humphrey, the species must have been considered rare
at the time, and the Cracherode shell was probably the only one available for study. Clithon
coronata was renamed longispina by Recluz in 1841 (p. 312), Leach's earlier name being quoted
but denied priority in the rather carefree manner of the period. Humphrey's locality of the
Ganges seems to be without foundation, for none of the spined Neritinidae occur in India.

11. Anostoma octodentatum Fischer de Waldheim Figured specimen.

Page 128, Tab. CVII
Tomigeres ringens — Grinning Tomiger Fig. 10

" Shell whitish, spotted with ferruginous, the spots often running together ; mouth multi-
dentate, the teeth unequal. The mouth varies extremely in the number and proportion
of the teeth ; the internal lip generally has two teeth, rarely three ; the exterior lip has
from three to five teeth, which are always of unequal sizes."
Crach. No. 269. (Lucerna antiqua) Helix — Antique Lamp from Brazil . £8 8s. od.

146 THE CRACHERODE SHELL COLLECTION

This peculiar land shell, with its upturned mouth, has greatly intrigued conchologists since
it was first figured and described by Nehemiah Grew in 1681 (p. 136, pi. 11), in which he calls it
the Fore-Whirled Snail {Cochlea Turbine antico), because " contrary to all other shells I ever
yet saw, it hath the Turban or Whirle made before . . . The assertion of Aristotle that the
Turban always stands behind, is here proved false ".

Later authors, including Leach, referred this species to the Helix ringens Linn6 (the Grinning
or Ringent Snail particularly noticed in the Synopsis of 1809) ; but Hanley (1955, p. 363) after
due deliberation concluded that the Anostoma globulosa Lamarck was the true ringens Linne\
a decision with which Pilsbry agreed (1902, p. 114-5). This confusion arose because Linne
described his species from a specimen in the Tessinian Museum, of which no exact figure then
existed, references being given to figures which did not precisely fit the description but only
bore a resemblance to it.

No hint of locality was given in Leach's description quoted above, and it seems that in this
and other instances, he did not bother overmuch to consult the records then available, since the
correct locality agrees in the Cracherode and Calonne catalogues. It appears in the latter as
item No. 1128 (p. 61) " Lucerna Antiqua — L' Antique — Antique — Brasil — Helix ringens Linn.
Very rare ".

In concluding these notes on Leach's types and figured specimens from the
Cracherode collection, it may be of interest to say that although most of these were
marked " Mus. Cracherode ", only one had been transferred to the type collection.
Thus eight hitherto unrecognized figured holotypes have been identified from this one
source. This indicates the importance of occasionally re-examining old collections,
which may have been taken very much for granted in the past. The recent discovery
of the types of such well-known species as Haliotis cracherodii and Padollus scalaris
will, it is hoped, encourage other curators who have early collections in their charge
to re-examine them with similar results.

The appointment of the versatile John George Children to the Assistant Keepership
of the Natural History Department, in succession to W. E. Leach, has already been
referred to above, and in view of his translation of Lamarck's Genera of Shells, it
was thought that a search among the Cracherode shells for some of his figured
specimens would not go unrewarded. As a result, thirty specimens have so far
been recognized as the originals of those figured in the work hereafter referred to
as Children's Lamarck.

Before listing these surviving figured specimens, it would be as well to briefly
review the effect that the completion of the mollusca volumes of Lamarck's Histoire
had on the student and general collector of the period. Until that time the simple
but inadequate Linnean system had held ascendancy over all others, at least in
this country. Lamarck's work, although welcomed by the student, was greeted
with some dismay by the general collector who had hoped to name all his specimens
from it — a task made even more formidable by the greatly increased number of
genera and species. That it was written in French, a language less fashionable
than in the previous century, was another drawback to its immediate popularity
to the general user. Hence the appearance of several " translations ", compiled
with the expressed intention of simplifying the new method for those, as one author
put it " who may be disinclined to purchase an expensive book, or are altogether
unacquainted with the language in which it is written . . . thus enabling them

THE CRACHERODE SHELL COLLECTION 147

to keep pace with modern science, by understanding something of the new arrange-
ment ". (Dubois, 1825, p. 8.)

There were at least rive of these translations, three in England and two in America.
The first (1822-24) was by J. G. Children ; the second, called An Epitome of Lamarck's
Arrangement of Testacea by Charles Dubois, first published in 1823, with further
issues up to 1828 (the last with a few coloured plates) ; and the third, An Illustrated
Introduction to Lamarck's Conchology by E. A. Crouch was printed in 1827, w^h
fine lithographic plates by the author. Little more need be said of the last two
English translations, which were only intended to serve " those who are not
intimately acquainted with the science " (Crouch, p. iii). Nevertheless, both gave
clear and concise descriptions of the genera, with examples of the species. Dubois
apparently relied on his own judgment, but Crouch (being somewhat later in the
field) had the advantage of consulting both Dubois and Children's work, and at
least one of the latter's figures was copied and acknowledged (p. 2, pi. 1. fig. 7).
This fact contradicts Kennard & Woodward's statement (1922, p. 48), that, although
Crouch thanked Children for " polite attention " at the Museum, he did not appear
to have consulted Children's work in connection with his own.

The fourth attempt to be noted was a neat little translation by A. A. Gould
published in Boston in 1833, in which both Crouch and Children's works were noted,
the latter erroneously attributed to Leach. Gould's book, which merely gave lists
of species as examples of each genus, was followed by a Manual of Conchology,
published in New York by Thomas Wyatt in 1838, which professed to give " a free
translation of Lamarck's system, as simplified by de Blainville " and as usual was
" divested of numerous technicalities " a process which excluded all authorities for
the names used, many of which were additional to Lamarck's own lists of species.
Wyatt's Manual was overlooked by Kennard & Woodward in their paper of 1922,
but should have been included by virtue of the occasional use of the word " type ".
This appears first of all on the title page, which states that the book is illustrated by
thirty-six plates " containing more than two hundred types, drawn from the natural
shell " and further on (Introduction, p. v) "a type of almost every genus is given ".
On p. in Clausilia laevis is said to be " A regular type of this genus " from which it
is clear that " type " meant no more to Wyatt than " example ".

Children's Lamarck falls into a different category, and in recent years has become
of considerable importance. Whereas Dubois, Crouch and Wyatt gave only
examples of Lamarck's genera, Children apparently designated a type species for
each of the shell-bearing genera in the Histoire des Animaux sans Vertebres, a pro-
cedure not usual at the time of Lamarck's publication (1818-22). Thus only
examples of each genus were given by Lamarck in his Prodrome and later works,
and even these were frequently changed, sometimes for no apparent reason.
Practical use of Children's designations in modern taxonomy needs special knowledge,
to which an important contribution was made by Kennard, Salisbury & Woodward
in a paper published in 1931, where the matter is fully discussed and the valid type
species listed with critical notes.

The plates accompanying the parts of Children's Lamarck are of particular
interest, for they were principally drawn from specimens in the British Museum by

148 THE CRACHERODE SHELL COLLECTION

the author's daughter Anna Children, later Mrs. Atkins. This is yet another
example of filial devotion similar to that of Anna and Susanna Lister, who worked
so hard on the figures for their father's Historia Conchyliorutn, and again Lamarck's
devoted daughter Cornelie, who acted as amanuensis during the years of his approach-
ing and final blindness. According to Kennard & Woodward (1922, p. 48), Children's
figures were the first to be used to illustrate Lamarck's genera, " and it is unfortunate
that the figures were not better drawn ". Miss Children's work, however, if not
brilliant, is fairly competent, and had she been a more skilful artist versed in
conchology, she might have tried to improve on the specimens selected by her father
from the Museum collections. In fact she drew what she saw, and one must be
grateful that certain blemishes in the shells have been faithfully repeated in the
figures. One example only will illustrate the point — in the figure of Bulla lignaria
(pi. VII, fig. 23) the upper part of the lip of the shell is seen to be chipped, exactly
as in the Cracherode specimen (our pi. 23, fig. 8.), a blemish without which the
figure would have resembled any number of B. lignaria, since Miss Children's figures
were seldom drawn to scale.

While Kennard, Salisbury & Woodward (1931, p. 1) credit Children with an
understanding of " type " in its modern sense, there seems little doubt that the
latter's desire to figure an example of each Lamarckian genus (as far as possible
from actual specimens) , was governed by availability as well as suitability. Although
Children usually regarded the first species cited by Lamarck as the author's type of
the genus, in many instances the species figured in the translation was not the first
on the list, probably because actual specimens were not available at the time.
For example, Children names and figures F. colus (Linne) as the type of Fusus,
adding in a footnote that this is " Lamarck's third species ; his type is F. colosseus ".
According to Children's own manuscript catalogue this species was not then
represented in the Museum collections.

Sometimes species may have been selected because specimens of the first listed
species were too bulky to be carried home to Miss Children for figuring. Thus the
moderately-sized C. glauca (Linne) was selected as the type of Cassis, in preference
to the large and weighty C. madagascariensis , although the latter species appeared
at the head of Lamarck's list, and was noted by Children to be his type. Similar
replacements occur throughout the work, but are always mentioned by the author
at the foot of the relevant page.

In order to show the method of arrangement in the extremely rare Children's
Lamarck, one generic and specific description will be given, which also indicates the
preference for a specimen readily available from the Cracherode collection. The
example selected is the genus Haliotis, placed by Lamarck in the Macrostomiana,
the seventh family in his Order Trachelipoda.

Page 249 4. Haliotis

Shell auriform, usually flattened, spire very short, sometimes depressed, sublateral.
Aperture very large, longitudinal, and, in the perfect shell, entire. Disc perforated with
holes, disposed in a line parallel to, and near the left lip ; the last hole incomplete, forming
only a notch. No operculum.

THE CRACHERODE SHELL COLLECTION 149

Type. Haliotis Iris* (Idem. Gmel.)

Shell rounded-oblong, very large, thin, rugose-plicate, prettily varied with green, red,
and blue ; spire sub-prominent, obtuse ; left lip elevated. New Zealand. PI. VIII.
Fig. 158. 15 species.

The above generic and specific descriptions were a true translation of Lamarck's
originals taken from the Histoire (Tome 6, Pt. II, p. 214, April 1822) and appeared
in the fourth part of Children's Lamarck published in July 1823. It is of interest to
note that the species selected by Children as his type of Haliotis formed a spectacular
exhibit among the Cracherode shells in the public gallery, and was thus more readily
available for illustration than a specimen of H. midae from the Sloane collection,
much of which was probably still secreted in " drawers in the imposts round the
room ". A specimen was certainly there, purchased by Sloane with Petiver's
shells, and now available with the rest of the recently recognized Sloane material.

From the above notes it would seem that all Children intended to do was to give
a literal translation of Lamarck's generic descriptions, together with a figure and
description of one species of each genus. Nowhere in his introductory text does
he say anything to indicate that he understood the importance of designating type
species, which only developed during the latter half of the nineteenth century.
Indeed, in a PS. to his introductory text, the author unpretentiously notes that
" we believe every genus is now illustrated with an appropriate figure " (p. 259).
The present importance of Children's work, however, rests mainly on his use of the
word " type " rather than " example ". Whether intended or otherwise, his usage
agrees with the now established rules regarding the designation of type species by
subsequent authors (Article 30 (g) of the International Rules of Zoological
Nomenclature) .

Although Kennard, Salisbury & Woodward were mainly concerned with nomen-
clature, it is odd that they almost ignored the well-filled plates, merely remarking
on the apparent poorness of the figures. Thus several misidentifications, such as
Ceratodes cornuarietis for Planorbis corneus, and Fissurella picta for F. nimbosa
passed unnoticed. Children's main object was to familiarize the general worker
with Lamarck's new genera by means of illustrated examples, a task not attempted
before, and none too easy with the limited material available at the time. The
shells used for this purpose are of course no more than figured specimens, but as so
many of them have recently come to light, it is of interest to record their existence
in the National collection.

In the following list, the current generic and specific names of the figured
Cracherode specimens are shown in bold face type on the left of the page, with the
generic and specific names used by Children beneath, followed by references to the
plates and figures in the various parts of the Quarterly Journal of Science (Q.J.S. in
the list) . In addition each species is referred to Kennard, Salisbury & Woodward's
paper of 1931 (K. S. W. in the list), in which the errors and necessary alterations to
the nomenclature since Children's day were noted in detail. As in the previous list,
the Cracherode numbers and relevant catalogue entries are given, with brief additional
notes where necessary.

* A rainbow 2d species. — Lamarck's type is H. midae.

150 THE CRACHERODE SHELL COLLECTION

Cracherode Specimens Figured by J. G. Children when Selecting his Types for
Lamarck's Genera of Shells in 1823

i . Dentaliutn elephantinum Linne

Genus: Dentalium. Type: Dentalium elephantinum (Idem Linn.).

Q.J.S., XIV, p. 69, pi. Ill, fig. 2. October 1822. K. S. W., p. 4.

Crach. No. 222. Dentalium Elephantinum Linn. The Elephant's Tusk.

From China ........ 10s. 6d.

2. Ensis ceylonensis (Leach)

Genus : Solen. Type : Solen vagina (Idem Linn.).

Q.J.S., XIV, p. 83, pi. IV, fig. 26 (Interior and exterior). October, 1822.

K. S. W., p. 5.
Crach. No. 183. Solen Vagina Li nn. Cross-striped Solen. From Tranquebar 8s.

The specimen has already been described on p. 140 above, and appears to have been mistaken
by Children for the European species, probably because the name vagina was written upon it by
E. W. Gray in 1801 and taken to be correct.

3. Donax scortum Linne

Genus : Donax. Type : Donax scortum (Idem Linn.)
Q.J.S., XIV, p. 308, pi. V, figs. 49a, b. January 1823. K. S. W., p. 8.

Crach. No. 45. Donax Scortum. Sharp ridged Donax. From Tranquebar 8s.

4. Trapezium sowerbyi Hidalgo fig. 36.

Genus: Cypricardia. Type: Cypricardia guinaica (Chama oblonga Linn.).
Q.J.S., XIV, p. 316, pi. VI, figs. 61, 610. January 1823. K. S. W., p. 10.

Crach. No. 35. Chama oblonga Solander. Purple oblong Chama. From

Pulo Condore . . . . . . . • ^3 3s- °d-

The history of the confusion between the shell now known as Trapezium sowerbyi and the
Linnean Chama oblonga has been adequately recorded by Solem (1954, pp. 66-68), wherein he
notes that a great deal of the confusion was caused by a figure published by G. B. Sowerby in
1822 (pi. 77) which he attributed to Cypricardia oblonga Linne in error. It is now evident that
Sowerby figured the Cracherode specimen on which the name Chama oblonga had been inscribed
by E. W. Gray, copied from the original Cracherode manuscript catalogue. The same shell
was figured by Children as the type species of Cypricardia, with Lamarck's specific name guinaica,
now recognized by Solem as a synonym of the true T. oblongum (Linne). The Cracherode
specimen appears again in Lovell Reeve's Conchologia Systematica (1842, pi. LXXX) for which
Sowerby lent many of the plates used in the Genera of Recent and Fossil Shells (1820-25).

5. Cucullaea concamera (Bruguiere)

Genus : Cucullaea. Type : Cucullaea auriculifera (Area cucullus Gmel.).
Q.J.S., XIV, p. 318, pi. VI, figs. 64, 64a. January 1823. K. S. W., p. 11

Crach. No. 9. Area labiata Soland. Lipped or Valved Ark. From Nico-

bar Isles . . . . . . . . £4 4s. od.

K. S. W. state that the type of Cucullaea by tautonomy is C. cucullus (Gmelin) 1791, a synonym
of the earlier concamera Bruguiere 1789.

THE CRACHERODE SHELL COLLECTION 151

6. Prisodon syrmatophora (Gmelin)

Genus : Hyria. Type : Hyria avicularis (Mya syrmatophora ? Gmel.).

Q.J.S., XV, p. 25, pi. II, figs. 70, 70a. April 1823. K. S. W., p. 12.

Crach. No. 67. Mya . . . The Eared Mya. From Brazil. One Valve

uncoated and polished . . . . . . ^3 3s. od

There seems little doubt that Children's figured specimen is the Mya syrmatophora described
and figured in the Zoophylacium of Gronovius in 1778, quoted by Gmelin (p. 3222) and apparently
the var. B {testa transversim abbreviata) of Hyria avicularis noted by Lamarck in the Histoire.
The Cracherode shell certainly has the name Mya syrmatophora clearly written upon one of the
valves by E. W. Gray in 1801, some years before Lamarck's description of his more elongate
species ; furthermore there were only two species of Hyria in the Museum collection in 1822.
H. avicularis (catalogued with syrmatophora as a synonym) and H. corrugata, Lamarck's second
species, both Cracherode shells.

7. Crenatula folium Gray PI. 24, fig. 7.

Genus : Crenatula. Type : Crenatula modiolaris .

Q.J.S., XV, p. 35, pi. II, figs. 81, 8i«. April 1823. K. S. W., p. 13.

Crach. No. 93. Ostrea . . . (Vulsella folium) White Leaf elegantly marked

Vulsella, faintly rayed with violet. From . Unique. £8 8s. od.

This is one of the highly-priced Calonne shells and will be referred to more fully later. Accord-
ing to K. S. W. (p. 13) the name used by Children cannot stand as the type species of Crenatula
as it was not included in the genus when founded by Lamarck in 1802, and preference is
therefore given to the C. mytiloides selected by Gray in 1847 (p. 200). Once again this was
probably the only Crenatula available to Children for figuring, Lamarck's modiolaris seeming
nearest to it. Gray evidently disagreed with Children's determination and fully described the
Calonne shell as a new species in 1825.

8. Pteria chinensis (Leach)

Genus : Avicula. Type : Avicula crocea.

Q.J.S., XV, p. 37, pi. II, figs. 84, 840. April 1823. K. S. W., p. 14.

Crach. No. 84. Mytilus . . . Brown striped yellow Swallow Pearl Shell.

From China ........ 10s. 6d.

This is another example of the frequent disregard of existing names by some early nineteenth
century authors, for Children makes no mention whatever of Leach's name given to this actual
specimen a few years previously, and well-figured in the Zoological Miscellany — even Lamarck
makes it a synonym of his own Avicula crocea first published in the Histoire in 18 19 (6, (1), 148).

9. Pinctada margaritifera (Linne)

Genus : Meleagrina. Type : Meleagrina margaritifera (Mytilus margaritifera Linn.).
Q.J.S., XV, p. 37, pi. Ill, figs. 85, 85a. April 1823. K. S. W., p. 14.

Crach. No. 80. Mytilus margaritiferus Linn. (Margaritifera nigra) Black

Mother of Pearl Shell. From Otaheite £1 is. od.

The shell figured was probably brought from Tahiti by one of Capt. Cook's men, and as can
be seen from the figures the shell margins have been ground smooth and pierced for use as an
ornament.

i52 THE CRACHERODE SHELL COLLECTION

10. Pedum spondyloideutn (Gmelin)

Genus : Pedum. Type : Pedum spondyloideum (Ostrea spondyloideum Gmel.).
Q.J.S., XV, p. 38, pi. Ill, figs. 86, 86a. April 1823. K. S. W., p. 14.

Crach. No. 94. Ostrea ligo, The Spade or Hoe Oyster. From . Unique. ^10 10s. od.

This is an original Calonne specimen, No. 998 in the Museum Calonnianum of 1797, where it
was described by Humphrey as Ostrea ligo. An obvious fault in the upper valve of the shell,
repeated in the engraving, leaves no doubt that it is the original of Children's figure.

11. Placenta sella (Gmelin)

Genus: Placuna. Type: Placuna sella (Anomia sella Linn.).
Q.J.S., XV, p. 45, pi. Ill, figs. 96, 96a, b. April 1823. K. S. W., p. 16.

Crach. No. 86. Ostrea . . . (Placuna Ephippium Soland), Saddle Shell.

From Tranquebar . . . . . . . ^3 3s. od.

12. Chiton tuberculatus Linne

Genus: Chiton. Type: Chiton squamosus (Idem Linn.).
Q.J.S., XV, p. 224, pi. VII, fig. in. July 1823. K. S. W., p. 17.

Crach. No. 1. (Multivalves) . Chiton . . . Shagreen Chiton. From the

West Indies ........ 8s.

As might have been expected in the light of recent knowledge, the Cracherode specimen
figured by Children is actually C. tuberculatus Linne, which was so frequently mistaken for
the Linnean C. squamosus by most authors of the nineteenth century, a circumstance fully
discussed by Dodge (1952, p. 19, et seq.). This is a good example of the artist's faithful repro-
duction of the original specimen, for the girdle of the rather small Cracherode shell is dried and
shrivelled exactly as shown in the figure — -a blemish that a more gifted artist might have been
tempted to make good.

13. Scutus antipodes Montfort PI. 26, fig. 15J.

Genus : Parmaphorus. Type : Parmaphorus australis.
Q.J.S., XV, p. 227, pi. VII, fig. 115. July 1823. K. S. W., p.18.

Crach. No. 365. Patella . . . The White Duck's Bill Limpet. From New

South Wales . . . . . . . £1 is. od.

14. Fissurella picta (Gmelin)

Genus : Fissurella. Type : Fissurella nimbosa (Patella nimbosa Linn.).
Q.J.S., XV, 228, pi. VII, fig. 117. July 1823. K. S. W., p. 18.

Crach. No. 382. Patella . . . The Great Radiated Mask. From Falkland

Island ......... 15s.

The Cracherode specimen selected for illustration is not F. nimbosa Lamarck, but F. picta
(Gmelin), the first species on Lamarck's list and noted by Children to be his type. F. nimbosa
certainly has dark radiations, but the shell is more conical and there are other differences in
the apical opening and shell margin.

15. Scaphander lignarius (Linn6)

Genus : Bulla. Type : Bulla lignaria (Idem Linn.).
Q.J.S., XV, p. 232, pi. VII, fig. 123. July 1823. K. S. W., p. 19.

Crach. No. 77. Bulla Lignaria Linn. Wood-like Bulla, with its gizzard.
From Weymouth. See Transactions of the Linnean Society,

Vol. 2 . . . . . . . . ^1 is. od.

THE CRACHERODE SHELL COLLECTION 153

It is of particular interest to record the presence of S. lignarius in the Cracherode collection,
for a reference to Humphrey's paper of 1794 describing the gizzard of B. lignaria was given in
the account of the Banks collection (Wilkins, 1955, p. 116), quoting the above entry in the
Cracherode catalogue, showing the shell and gizzard to be a regular item of Humphrey's stock-in
trade. These two specimens were mounted on the same tablet by Edgar Smith, and were
exhibited with the British collection in the old shell gallery for many years.

16. Anostoma octodentatum Fischer de Waldheim PI 25, fig. 10.

Genus : Anostoma. Type : Anostoma depressum (sic) (Helix ringens Linn.).
Q.J.S., XV, p. 238-9, pi. VIII, fig. 132. July 1823. K. S. W., p. 20.

Crach. No. 269. Helix (Lucerna antiqua) Antique Lamp. From Brazil . £8 8s. od.

An account of this species has already appeared above among Leach's figured specimens
(p. 145), but it should perhaps be mentioned that the Cracherode shell was probably the only one
available to Children in 1823, and best suited to Lamarck's description of his A. depressa,
although not actually that species. Lamarck gives the Linnean Helix ringens as a synonym of
A. depressa, but as already noted the former is now known to be synonymous with the much
smaller A . globulosa Lamarck, the second of the two species cited in the Histoire, and of which
a good figure is given by Crouch (1827, pi. 14, fig. 18).

17. Ceratodes cornuarietis (Linne)

Genus: Planorbis. Type: Planorbis corneus (Helix cornea Linn.).
Q.J.S., XV, p. 242, pi. VII, fig. 141. July 1823. K. S. W., p. 22

Crach. No. 275. Helix Cornu-Arietis Linn. Banded Ram's Horn Land

Snail. From the West Indies . . . . . 15s.

There seems to have been some confusion with this species, firstly by Lamarck, who cited
this now well-known Ampullarid as the first species in the genus Planorbis, and secondly by
Children, who after remarking in a footnote that P. corneus is " Lamarck's second species.
His type, P. cornu arietis, Mr. Sowerby considers as an Ampullaria ", proceeded to give an
unmistakable figure of the West Indian shell. Dubois (1825, p. 190) follows Lamarck in citing
cornuarietis as his example of Planorbis without comment, but Crouch (1827, p. 29, pi. 15, fig.
10) gets the matter right by citing and figuring the true Planorbis corneus (Linne). Even as
early as 1686 (Lib. II, f. 40) Martin Lister included C. cornuarietis among the exotic freshwater
snails (Cochleis fluviatilibus compressis), giving an excellent figure of a specimen still in existence
in the Sloane collection.

18. Nerita textilis (Gmelin)

Genus : Nerita. Type : Nerita exuvia (Idem Linn.).
Q.J.S., XV, p. 247, pi. VIII, fig. 152. July 1823. K. S. W., p. 24.

Crach. No. 341. ^erita . . . Great Pied and Fluted Nerite. From Mada-
gascar ......... 5s.

Children's figure is clearly the N. textilis Gmelin selected in error for the smaller and more
closely ribbed exuvia Linne. Lamarck's references to the figures of Chemnitz for both these
species are in order, and it appears from this and other misidentifications that Children was not
always fully conversant with his subject.

19. Haliotis iris Gmelin (Ex. Martyn)

Genus : Haliotis. Type : Haliotis iris (Idem Gmel.).
Q.J.S., XV, p. 158, pi. VIII, fig. 158. July 1823. K. S. W., p. 25.

Crach. No. 231 . Haliotis Iris. The Iris Ear Shell in its native state. From New

Zealand £1 is. od.

HIST. I, 4. IO

154 THE CRACHERODE SHELL COLLECTION

This species has already been mentioned as an example of Children's choice of available
rather than suitable species for illustration, but this was particularly unfortunate as it was not
in the genus when founded by Linne, and cannot stand as the type. (K. S. W ., p. 25).

20. Solarium maximum (Philippi)

Genus : Solarium. Type : Solarium perspectivum (Trochus perspectivus Linn.).

Q.J.S., XV, p. 252, pi. VIII, fig. 164. July 1823. K. S. W., p. 27.

Crach. No. 424. Trochus perspectivus Linn. From China. A very large

one of the species . . . . . . £1 is. od.

This Cracherode shell is included among the figured specimens with some reservation, Chil-
dren's figure is not sufficiently clear to show the slight differences now separating the species
of the genus Solarium. It is a fine large shell and probably the best available at the time, thus
there is every reason to accept it as the original, particularly as S. maximum was not separated
from the perspectivum complex until 1848.

21. Astraea imperialis (Gmelin)

Genus : Trochus. Type : Trochus imperialis (Idem Gmel.).
Q.J.S., XV, p. 253, pi. VIII, figs. 166, 166a. July 1823. K. S. W., p. 27.

Crach. No. 396. Solaris Imperialis. The Imperial Sun Shell. From New

Zealand. In its young state . . . . • ^5 5s- °d.

Naturally this fine New Zealand species was not known to Linne when he founded the genus
Trochus in 1758, and as pointed out by K. S. W. (p. 27) Children's selection of Lamarck's first
species must give way to the T. maculatus designated by Iredale (1912, p. 225). The Imperial
Sun Shell has been a " collector's piece " since specimens were first brought to Europe by Captain
Cook, and later figured by Martyn, Chemnitz, Donovan and others, the last named describing
a specimen in the Leverian Museum with almost religious fervour (1823, pi. XI). According
to Dell (1955. p. 16) this shell is now known as the Circular Saw Shell, a harsh and unpleasant
name that almost demands a measure of priority in vernacular as well as scientific names. In
a recent note on this species (Wilkins, 1954), tne earlier specific name heliotropium Martyn 1784,
so regularly used by Suter, Powell and other New Zealand authors was given preference, but as
a petition to validate this and some more of Martyn's names is now before the International
Commission they are only used as synonyms in this present paper.

22. Vasum turbinellum (Linne)

Genus: Turbinella. Type: Turbinella cornigera (Voluta turbinellus Linn.).

Q.J.S., XV, p. 257, pi. VIII, fig. 175. July 1823. K. S. W., p. 28.

Crach. No. 315. Murex Diabolus (Voluta turbinellus Linn) The Devil

Murex. From Madagascar ..... 8s. 6d.

This spiny group of shells, formerly included in Turbinella is now placed in the genus Vasum
Roding by Thiele and other authors, while Xancus Roding (noted by K. S. W. as preceding
Lamarck's Turbinella) is reserved for the smoother group of Chank Shells, of which Xancus
pyrum (Linne) is the type.

23. Fusus colus (Linne)

Genus : Fusus. Type : Fusus colus (Murex colus Linn.).
Q.J.S., XV, p. 258, pi. VIII, fig. 178. July 1823. K. S. W., p. 29.

Crach. No. 324. Murex colus Linn. Slender Crane. From China . . £1 us. 6d.

THE CRACHERODE SHELL COLLECTION 155

24. Strut hiolaria stramineus (Gmelin)

Genus: Struthiolaria. Type: Struthiolaria nodulosa (Murex stramineus Gmel.).

Q.J.S., XVI, p. 49, pi. V, fig. 180. October 1823. K. S. W., p. 29.

Crach. No. 330. Murex . . . Knotted Murex. From South Seas . . £2 2s. od.

S. nodulosa Lamarck is a synonym of stramineus Gmelin 1791, which therefore becomes the
type species.

25. Tibia fusus (Linne)

Genus: Rostellaria. Type: Rostellaria curvirostris (Strombus fusus Linn.).

Q.J.S., XVI, p. 52, pi. V, fig. 184. October 1823. K. S. W., p. 30.

Crach. No. 402. Strombus Fusus, Linn. Great or Bellied Spindle in three

different stages of growth. From Arabia Felix . . £2 12s. 6d.

The figured specimen is an immature shell, probably the second growth stage, without the
tooth-like projections on the outer lip of the adult particularly mentioned by Lamarck in his
description. One can only conclude that Children could not locate the third specimen in
Cracherode's series, or even the fully-grown shell now known to have been in the Sloane collec-
tion.

26. Strombus latissimus Linne

Genus : Strombus. Type : Strombus latissimus (Idem. Linn.).

Q.J.S., XVI, p. 53, pi. V, fig. 186. October 1823. K. S. W., 31.

Crach. No. 403. Strombus latissimus Linn. (Alatus latissimus) Broad

Winged Alatus. From Amboyna . . . . £8 8s. od.

Children appears to have chosen this species mainly for its attractive form and markings, and
also because there were only juvenile specimens of Lamarck's first species (S. gigas) available
at the time.

27. Phalium glaucum (Linne)

Genus : Cassis. Type : Cassis glauca (Buccinum glaucum Linn.).

Q.J.S., XVI, p. 55, pi. v, fig. 188. October 1823. K. S. W., p. 31.

Crach. No. 51. Buccinum Bezoar (Cassida bezoar) Bezoar Helmet. From

Ceylon ......... 15s.

It is of interest to note the name bezoar in the Cracherode catalogue entry, for it was used by
Humphrey in the Calonne catalogue in 1797, in French and English (p. 19, No. 310 — Le Bezoire
— Bezoar — Buccinum glaucum Linn.), the colour of the shell having some fancied resemblance
to the greyish bezoar stones voided by certain mammals, and so greatly in demand for use in
early medicine as an antidote to poison. Lamarck also uses the term Casque Bezoar in the
Histoire.

28. Harpa major Roding

Genus : Harpa. Type : Harpa ventricosa (Buccinum harpa Linn.).

Q.J.S., XVI, p. 58, pi. V, fig. 193. October 1823. K. S. W., p. 32.

Crach. No. 34. Buccinum Harpa Linn. (B. Testudo Soland) (Harpa

Testudo). The Tortoiseshell Harp. From Madagascar . 15s.

The Linnean Buccinum harpa, as noted by Lamarck, was a composite species that included
practically all the Harp Shells, several distinct species being regarded only as varieties by

156 THE CRACHERODE SHELL COLLECTION

Bruguiere, Dillwyn and others. Hanley (1855, p. 251) considered H. nobilis to be the typical
form, but Melvill (191 6, p. 26), while appreciating Hanley 's decision suggested that as H.
ventricosa was the most frequent species it might be considered the best exponent of the Linnean
B. harpa and of the genus Harpa. Melvill's paper showed that Lamarck's genus Harpa and
several of his species were predated by Roding in 1798. Thus the well-established H. ventricosa
and H. articularis were to be known as major and davidis respectively, but it is noticed that
Thiele (1931, p. 344) still retains the H. ventricosa Lamarck and Nickles (1950, p. 113) H. rosea
Lamarck and not the H. dor is Roding.

In 1945 Winckworth dealt ably with the type species of the Boltenian genera, selecting H.
nobilis Gmelin {pars) as the type of the genus Harpa (p. 140), to which Children's selection must
presumably give way. This was after all only dictated by availability, for Lamarck's type,
the rare H. imperialis Lk., was not represented in the Museum collection until some years later.
The figured Cracherode shell is easily recognized by a definite fault in the shell, faithfully repro-
duced by the artist.

29. Tonna perdix (Linne)

Genus : Dolium. Type : Dolium perdix (Buccinum perdix Linn.).

Q.J.S., XVI, p. 59, pi. V, fig. 194. October 1823. K. S. W., p. 32.

Crach. No. 30. Buccinum Perdix Linn. (Dolium perdix). The Partridge

Tun. From China . . . . . . ^1 is. od.

K. S. W. (p. 32) and Children himself stated that the Buccinum galea Linne is the type species
of Dolium, the former from their fuller knowledge and the latter because it was Lamarck's first
species in the Histoire, but this again was not available to Children and in any case would have
made a less attractive or distinctive figure than the one chosen for illustration.

30. Terebellum terebellum (Linne)

Genus : Terebellum. Type : Terebellum subulatum (Bulla terebellum Linn.).

Q.J.S., XVI, p. 67, pi. V, fig. 205. October 1823. K. S. W., p. 34.

Crach. No. 516. Voluta . . . (Bulla terebellum Linn.). The Truncated

Olive. From New Caledonia . . . . . 10s. 6d.

The Linnean B. terebellum is the type species by tautonomy, Lamarck having changed the
name to subulatum in the Histoire, although he had used the former in the Prodrome in 1799.

The above item completes the list of Cracherode shells so far recognized as those
figured by Children in 1823, and as previously stated there are others among the
Sloane shells, notably Q.J.S., XV, pi. II, figs. 72 & 80, pi. Ill, fig. 105, pi. VII, fig.
112. There is every indication that further efforts would reveal a much larger series
of figured specimens, including material from the smaller donations recorded in
Children's manuscript catalogue of the mollusca collections.

The next period to consider is from 1824, when J. E. Gray started to publish his
papers largely based on Museum material, to 1828, when William Wood produced
the Supplement to the Index Textaceologicus, in which many figures of new species
appeared for the first time. Before proceeding to a discussion of these, it may be
of use to add a brief note on the work of the latter author, said by Swainson (1840,
p. 380) to be " now the most learned bookseller in London for works connected with
natural history ".

Born in 1774, William Wood eventually entered the medical profession and
practised in London until 1815, when he changed to bookselling and publishing,

THE CRACHERODE SHELL COLLECTION 157

carrying on his business from No. 428, Strand, London. He was elected Fellow of
the Linnean Society in 1798 and Fellow of the Royal Society in 181 2. His works
were of a semi-popular nature, dealing with general zoology, conchology and
entomology, but the strict adherence to the Linnean system caused them to be less
useful than they really deserved. Wood's first conchological publication was the
General Conchology of 1815 (reissued in 1835 with new title page) of which only the
first volume appeared, the second being abandoned from lack of public support.
This was followed by the first edition of the Index Testaceologicus in 1818, a second
edition very much enlarged and improved in 1825, and finally a reprint plus
Supplement in 1828.

Swainson (1840, p. 380) reports on Wood's Index as follows : " These figures are
executed with great neatness, and often with beauty. The arrangement, however,
is that of Linnaeus, and the synonyms often short and incorrect. Mr. Wood, Jun.,
by whom the plates were executed, has made every endeavour to procure original
specimens for deliniation ; but when the species could not be found in London
cabinets, he has very properly copied the original figure, quoted by Linnaeus, or
by his followers. A supplement has since been added ". Swainson gives the date
of the first edition (1818), in which the figures are anything but neat, and mostly
lack beauty, all in fact having a decidedly amateurish appearance. A minute
" W. W." engraved at the base of the plates indicates that William Wood had
rather unsuccessfully endeavoured to become artist as well as author and publisher.
The plates in the later enlarged editions of 1825 and 1828 (the first six of which were
engraved by J. Sowerby and the rest by Wood, Jun.) are of a distinctly higher
standard, and it seems therefore that Swainson was reporting on the 1825 edition
rather than the 18 18 as stated. The figures are particularly good in the Supplement,
where they have proved to be faithful reproductions by comparison with the original
specimens.

Used by itself this addition to the Index is very misleading, and has frequently led
to names being credited to Wood instead of Gray and vice versa. It was arranged
on the same Linnean plan as the larger work, which was principally a compilation,
the names appearing under the column headed " Linnean names ". In the Supple-
ment most of the names were, as the author says, wholly unknown to Linne, " yet
as the arrangement is Linnean, the head could not well be dispensed with without
injury to the body ". It does not seem to have occurred to him to place the
authorities after the names, if other than Linnean. Wood does, however, give a few
indications under the heading " Synon. & Ref." but these refer principally to the
various collections from which the shells were figured, the names attached to them
being adopted. Most of them, he says, were from specimens in the British Museum,
so that one gets a mixture of names which had to be sorted out by reference to a
list of Lamarckian names adapted to the Index at the end of the book, but even then
there were naturally a number unknown to Lamarck (indicated in italics) for which
no proper authority was given.

Much of the confusion created by Wood's Supplement was cleared up by Hanley
in his 1856 edition of the Index Testaceologicus, in which fairly full references to the
original authors were given, but even so names were attributed to the owners of

158 THE CRACHERODE SHELL COLLECTION

specimens labelled in manuscript, rather than to Wood as first publisher — Mactra
recurva for instance (p. 201), is attributed to Gray presumably because it was taken
from a manuscript name on a Museum tablet. Many of Mawe's manuscript names
are treated in the same way by Hanley, usually referred to as " Mawe. I. T ", and
thus it is that a number of names improperly attributed to Mawe are to be found
in Carpenter's Report of 1863 (p. 524) immediately following his eulogy on the
excellence of Hanley's edition of the Index.

The difficulties encountered in the use of Wood's Supplement were of course greatly
simplified by the advent of Sherborn's indispensable Index Animalium (1801-50),
but caution is still necessary when dealing with the combined efforts of Gray and
Wood.

J. E. Gray's early monograph on Cypraea (1824-28), has already been quoted
and there is no doubt that Cracherode shells were included among those referred to
" Mus. Brit.", but as several collections were often quoted (Mus. Brit., Sowb., Nost.,
etc.) it is not easy to select individuals, except when " Mus. Brit." occurs alone, as in
the case of the Cypraea aurora, or Orange Cowry (Zool. J., p. 150) where it is stated
that " This shell is considered a very great rarity without a hole in the side ; this
hole is formed by the natives of the Friendly Islands, where it constitutes one of
the ornaments worn by their chiefs ". The only Orange Cowry then available was
the Cracherode specimen (No. 204) from Otaheite, which certainly has a hole in
the side and shows evidence of considerable wear ; it was purchased by Cracherode
for eight guineas.

A most important paper was published by J. E. Gray in the Annals of Philosophy
for February 1825, with the following title and superscription :

A List and Description of some Species of Shells not taken Notice of by Lamarck.

By John Edward Gray Esq. M.G.S.

(To the Editors of the Annals of Philosophy)

British Museum. Jan. io, 1825.
Gentlemen,

In the following list I have referred several species, which have not been taken notice of
by Lamarck, to his genera, and have described some new ones that are contained in the
collection in the British Museum, where most of the species are exhibited with the names,
here adopted, attached.

Your obedient servant,
J. E. Gray.

Several Cracherode specimens were described as new species in this early paper,
namely Lucina Childrenae, Cytherea crassa, C. pinguis, C. Solanderii, C. aurisiaca
and Crenatula folium. Only three of these specimens have so far been located —
L. Childrenae, C. Solanderii and Crenatula folium. Cytherea pinguis and aurisiaca
are certainly represented in Gray's own collection, and were it not for the rather
large numbers usually placed on the shells by E. W. Gray, it might have been possible
for the Cracherode shells to have become mixed with J. E. Gray's own specimens,
but no trace of any numbers can be seen.

THE CRACHERODE SHELL COLLECTION 159

The three existing Cracherode type specimens described by Gray in 1825 are listed
below :

1. Miltha childrenae (Gray) Lectotype. PI. 24, fig. 6.

Crach. No. 216. Tellina (Acerata inaequivalvis) White Acerata with unequal

valves, and a gilded extender. From Brazil. Unique . £5 5s. 56I

There is no doubt that this is the original specimen, the " gilded extender " referred to being
merely a rim of yellowish periostracum still adhering to the outer margin of the under valve of
the shell, clearly shown in PI. 24, fig. 6 (natural size).

First Description
J. E. Gray, Zoological Journal, 1, p. 221, June 1824.

The first mention of this species appeared in rather an odd manner in the chapter on reversed
shells in Mr. Gray's Conchological Observations printed in the above journal, where the author
mentions two specimens of a new Lucina in the Tankerville collection, adding a footnote
saying " I call this new shell Lucina Childrinae [sic], it is distinguished from all other Lucinae
by being unequivalved, and approaching nearly in form to the Cytherea exuleta ; there is another
specimen in the British Museum ".

This footnote can hardly be called a good description, although actual specimens were referred
to, but adequate search in available catalogues and among existing collections of known pur-
chasers of the Tankerville shells (i.e. Broderip, Lincoln, Leathes, Goodall and the British Museum)
have failed to reveal the whereabouts of the two specimens first mentioned and it therefore
seems advisable to rely on Gray's second and proper description applied to the Cracherode
shell which certainly formed part of his original material.

It is pleasant to pause here to note that even at this early date J . E. Gray had already developed
his propensity for naming shells after the ladies of his acquaintance, such names as Georginae,
Sophae, and Emmae falling easily from his pen, and there is no doubt that he intended the name
of this new species as a compliment to the daughter of his friend, a kindred spirit, who was
said by the author to have " a well-selected cabinet " of her own (Zool. /., 1, p. 144).

Second Description

J. E. Gray, Annals of Philosophy, 9, p. 136, February 1825.

" Lucina Childrenae. Testa suborbiculata inaequivalvibus alba subantiquata ; tenussime
radiata substriata : long. 3. unc. Brazil, Humphreys nob." — Zool. J . 1, p. 221.

Reference to the above description was made in the Tankerville catalogue, which was
apparently published shortly afterwards, but with the date of the Annals of Philosophy shown
as 1824, and the masculine termination to the name.

G. B. Sowerby, Tankerville Catalogue, p. 11, No. 206, 1825.

Lucina Childreni (a.b.) Gray, in Annals of Philosophy (1824) 2 specimens : one being
the reverse of the other."

According to a priced copy of the catalogue in the British Museum (Natural History), once
the property of J. E. Gray, and said by him to be a copy of the one kept in the room for the
use of intending purchasers, these two shells were priced by Sowerby at ten guineas the pair,
the same pro rata price paid by Cracherode many years earlier. No figure of Gray's new species
was published until January 1826, when G. B. Sowerby included the interior of a single valve
in Part XXVII (Lucina) of the Genera of Recent and Fossil Shells. It is quite likely, although
the origin of the specimen was not mentioned, that it was a valve of one of the Tankerville
shells, for it is known that Sowerby took the opportunity to note and figure many of the
novelties in that collection for future use, while preparing the sale catalogue early in 1825.

160 THE CRACHERODE SHELL COLLECTION

The species was figured for the second time by Wood in the Supplement of 1828 (Tellina. p. 3,
pi. i, fig. 1), again spelt Childreni and referred to the British Museum, with the original locality
" Brazil ".

Since Humphrey's day this locality had always been accepted as correct for the species, then
as now a fairly rare shell. P. P. Carpenter, however, threw doubt on the locality " Brazil "
when noting American West Coast shells in the Tankerville catalogue in his Report of 1863,
where he makes the following categorical statements : (1 ) under the Tankerville specimen No. 206 :

" Lucina Childreni (described by Gray in Ann. Phil. 1824 ; v, also Zool. J. vol. i, 1825,
pp. 221-2.

" There is no authority for the statement that it came from Brazil. The Br. Mus.
specimens are from ' Mus. Cracherode ', and are probably West Coast. The only known
locality is Cape St. Lucas."

And again (2) on p. 620, No. 113 :

" Miltha Childreni (A few fresh specimens correct the habitat ' Brazil ', previously assigned
to this extremely rare and remarkable shell, which appears to be a gigantic Felania)."

These statements led Dall to record the species as a native of the Gulf of California and not
Brazil (1901, p. 812), and it was not until four years later that he was enabled to correct his
statement, having received a specimen of Miltha childrenae from Pernambuco, collected by
Carvalho " thus confirming Gray's original locality " (1905, p. in), a locality which originated
from the Cracherode collection via George Humphrey in the 1790's.

As noted by Dall, Carpenter's record of Cape San Lucas was a clear case of misidentification, for
a comparison between specimens from that place named by Carpenter, and the one from Pernam-
buco proved them to be " two very similar but distinct species ", the rarity of the shells being
responsible for the delay in discovering the mistake. To the Cape San Lucas shell Dall gave
the specific name xantusi, in honour of its discoverer, John Xantus, a Hungarian employee
of the United States Government. He spent eighteen months on Cape San Lucas as a tidal
observer from i860 to 1861, taking the opportunity while there to collect specimens of all groups
of marine animals for the Smithsonian Institution, thus adding zest to " his solitary and what
would otherwise have been monotonous life " (Carpenter, 1863, p. 617). Steinbeck & Ricketts,
however (1941, p. 61), make it fairly clear that when not assiduously collecting and watching
the tides, the life of Xantus was far more colourful and less monotonous than the good Dr.
Carpenter would have imagined, and that there is substantial living evidence to prove his sojourn
on the Cape to be something more than a legend to the present inhabitants.

Xantus made a real contribution to knowledge of the marine fauna of the Gulf of California,
adding at least sixty new molluscan species to those already in the great Mazatlan collections
gathered together by Frederick Reigen, an enthusiastic Belgian who filled his house with
decomposing molluscs to such an extent that the neighbours had to call in the police ! (Carpenter,
1863, P- 54°) • The same author tells us (p. 617) that " During the period Mr. Xantus was out
of employment owing to the derangements of the war, a portion of the duplicates were offered
for sale, and will be found in some of the principal collections." It was probably at this time
that the single Cape San Lucas specimen of M. xantusi in the Museum collection was obtained
by Hugh Cuming, duly labelled " California " with Cape St. Lucas written inside the shell
in pencil.

The sub-genus Miltha was erected by H. & A. Adams for the reception of M. childrenae in
1857 (2, p. 468), later authors, including Thiele (1935, p. 866) giving it full generic rank.

2. Sunetta solanderii (Gray) Holotype.

J. E. Gray, Annals of Philosophy, 9, p. 137, 1825 (Cytherea).

Crach. No. 170. Pectunculus . . . (Venus Hians Soland). Thick Lettered

Clam. From China ....... 10s. 6d.

There is little need to repeat Gray's original description, except to note that he recorded the
use of the name hians by Solan der and Humphreys in manuscript. The shell must at some time

THE CRACHERODE SHELL COLLECTION 161

have been labelled with this earlier name, for so it appears in Wood's Supplement (pi. 2, Venus,
fig. 11) in 1828, obviously drawn from the Cracherode type specimen described by Gray.

3. Crenatula folium Gray Holotype. PI. 24, fig. 7.

J. E. Gray, Annals of Philosophy, 9, p. 139, 1825.

In this description Gray tentatively suggested a new genus Dalacia for his Crenatula folium,
apparently based on the slightly different position of the umboes of the shells. The original
descriptions of genus and species were as follows : " Crenatula. This genus may be divided
into two sections, which may perhaps hereafter be considered as genera by the same character as
separates Mytilus from Modiola, 1. Testa quadrata umbonibus anterioribus, which includes the
species or rather varieties mentioned by Lamarck. 2. Testa ovata umbonibus sub anterioribus
(Dalacia) containing the following : Cre. folium. Testa albida radiata compressa ; latere
antico rotundato, postico alata. Brand's fournal XV, t. 2, f. 81, figura pulcherrima. Vulsella
folium. Humph. Mus. Cracherode."

This Cracherode specimen (No. 93), already referred to among those figured by Children in
1823 (No. 7), originated from the Calonne collection, having been purchased from George
Humphrey between 1797 and 1799 for the sum of eight guineas. It was described by Humphrey
on page 44 of the Museum Calonnianum (No. 821), under the genus Vulsella in 1797.

The shell has naturally become faded and somewhat damaged during the years, the faint
rays of violet only now being discernible on the lower valve of the shell, where it was attached
to the Museum tablet. Considering the friable nature of even fresh specimens of any Crenatula,
the Cracherode shell is in tolerably good condition. It was figured for the second time by
Wood in 1828 as Mytilus folium (pi. 2, Mytilus, fig. 4) " Locality unknown." Reeve figured the
species from excellent specimens in the Cuming collection (1858, Crenatula, sp. 5a, b) as a new
species, C. flammea, but this is certainly the C. folium Gray, having the same white, hair-like
radial markings not to be seen in any other species of Crenatula so far examined. Reeve
figured a shell he called C. folium (pi. II, sp. 7) but this was only a pale form of C. picta (Gmelin)
from the Red Sea, shown correctly in the previous figure on the same plate.

Reeve's figures of C. flammea, from New Caledonia, show the true colour of C. folium Gray,
and his locality, now adopted for the type, is further confirmed by specimens so marked in the
J. J. MacAndrew collection. This locality is particularly acceptable as Humphrey is known
to have had a supply of shells from New Caledonia, including several species of very charac-
teristic Placostylus.

Gray included his genus Dalacia (so uncertainly proposed in 1825) in his List of Genera and
Types in 1847, with D. folium as the type species (p. 200, No. 375), but few authors appear
to have bothered about it since, except to quote it as a synonym of Crenatula (H. & A. Adams,
1857, p. 528).

Cracherode Specimens Figured by William Wood in
the Supplement to the Index Testaceologicus 1828

The following series of type and figured specimens are of species said to be found
on the Museum tablets, and not included in the 1825 edition of the Index. A few
have already appeared in previous lists, but these must of necessity be mentioned
again to indicate the further use of the Cracherode shells.

1. Mactra striatula Linne

Mactra subplicata Lamarck. /. T. Supp., p. 4, pi. 1, Mactra, fig. 6. Tranquebar.
Crach. No. 58. Mactra striatula Linn. Half striated Mactra. From Tran-
quebar ......... 10s. 6d.

162 THE CRACHERODE SHELL COLLECTION

2. Mactra alata Spengler

Mactra alata, I. T. Supp., p. 4, pi. 1, Mactra, fig. 7. Locality unknown.

Crach. No. 221. Trigonella fimbriata, white fringed Trigonella. From

Brazil ......... 10s. 6d.

It appears that if localities were not mentioned on the Museum tablets Wood simply recorded
them as unknown, whereas if he had consulted the Cracherode or Children manuscript catalogues
he would have found many of them correctly entered therein ; M. alata is a well-known Brazilian
species.

3. Trapezium sowerby i Hidalgo. PL 22, fig. 36. Holotype ofT. angulata (Wood).

Chama angulata. I . T. Supp., p. 6, pi. 2, Chama, fig. 1. New Holland.

Crach. No. 35. Chama oblonga Soland. Purple oblong chama. From Pulo

Condore . . . . . . . . ^3 3s. od.

This species has been discussed on p. 150 above, but is included here because Wood gave it
the new name angulata (non-Lamarck), although he had previously figured it as oblonga Linne
(1825, p. 42, pi. 9, fig. 14), probably copied from Chemnitz ; how he obtained the locality New
Holland is not known, for Pulo Condore, recently confirmed as a genuine record, was clearly
shown on the tablet and in both manuscript catalogues.

4. Voluta subnodosa Leach

Voluta subnodosa. I. T. Supp., p. 9, pi. 3, Voluta, fig. 1. Locality unknown.

Crach. No. 475. Voluta . . . Great Undulated Volute. From the Straits

of Megellan. The only perfect one known . . . ^10 os. od.

This species was described and figured by Leach in 1814 (1, p. 24, Tab. VIII) also without
locality, and as recorded elsewhere (Wilkins, 1953, P- 41) was described from a specimen in the
Sloane collection, presumed to have come from the Straits of Magellan. Leach said he knew
of only two specimens, one in the British Museum and the other belonging to Mr. Bullock. No
mention was made of the very fine Cracherode shell which should have been available to him,
clearly catalogued and localized by E. W. Gray in 1801.

5. Tonna ringens (Swainson)

Buccinum ringens, I.T. Supp., p. II, pi. 4, Buccinum, fig. 1. Locality unknown.

Crach. No. 46. Buccinum (Cassida Auris-Leonis), Lion's Ear Helmet.

Fom Sibo, an Island near Panama . . . £5 5s. od.

Long confused with the less globular T. pomum (Linne) this species was described as Cassis
ringens by Swainson in 1822 {appendix, p. 4) from the collection of Mrs. Bligh, widow of a certain
Captain Bligh. No figure or locality was given with this description, thus the Cracherode shell
was the first to appear as an example of the new species in this country. The island of Sibo
mentioned in the catalogue entry was evidently an early spelling of Coiba, an island west of the
Bay of Panama, a known locality for T. ringens (Tomlin, 1927, p. 165).

This and other localities given correctly by Humphrey, and so little used by his followers,
show once again that these early records should not be ignored.

6. Phalium semigranosum (Lamarck)

Buccinum semigranosum, I. T. Supp., p. 11. Buccinum, fig. Locality unknown.

Crach. No. 52. Buccinum . . . Quaker Helmet, From New Holland . £2 2s. od.

Tryon (1885, p. 275) incorrectly attributes the name of this species to Wood instead of Lamarck
(1822), but gives the correct locality South Australia and Tasmania, thus confirming Humphrey's
" New Holland ".

THE CRACHERODE SHELL COLLECTION 163

7. Strombus galeatus Swainson (Juvenile) Paratype ofS. galea Wood.
Strombus galea junior, /. T. Supp., p. 14, pi. 4, Strombus, fig. 14. Locality unknown.

Crach. No. 408. Strombus . . . Grooved Wing Shell. Font Acapulca . £5 os. od.
This Cracherode shell was mentioned some time ago in a note designating a lectotype of
S. galeatus Swainson (Wilkins, 19536, p. 290), selected from aBroderip specimen, formerly labelled
5. crenatus Sowerby (1825). Apart from Wood, several collectors and authors seemed unaware
of Swainson's description of 1823, notably C. B. Adams (1852, p. 111) who gave preference to
Wood's S. galea, while accrediting the name S. galeatus to J. E. Gray. The range of the species
appears to be on the West Coast of Central America from Mazatlan to Peru, only fragments
being found in the Bay of Panama by Adams in 1850. In 1823 Swainson said that several full-
grown specimens had recently been brought from Peru, by whom he does not state, but it is
quite possible they arrived through ordinary commerce, or even from the voyage of Humboldt
and Bonpland, who visited Peru and Acapulco in the early 1800's. It is equally uncertain
who may have collected the Cracherode specimen of S. galeatus from Acapulco previous
to 1799, but evidence points to Joseph Dombey, the French botanist who was an early visitor
to the Panama province, arriving at Peru in 1778. Tomlin (1927, p. 167) records the species
from the islands of Coiba and Gorgona.

8. Strombus ther sites Swainson Lectotype.
Strombus Ther sites, I. T. Supp., p. 14, pi. 4, Strombus, fig. 17. Locality unknown.

Crach. No. 404. Strombus (Alatus marmoratus) Marbled Wing Shell. From

New Caledonia. Unique . . . . . . £6 6s. od.

Little need be said of this specimen as it was discussed in the paper designating it the lecto-
type of S. thersites Swainson (Wilkins, 1951, pp. 238-9), but it is of interest to recall that Wood's
figure of 1828 was the first and only figure of the Cracherode shell to appear until the halftone
reproduction accompanying the above paper.

9. Haliotis ruber Leach Holotype.
Haliotis rubra, I. T. Supp., p. 26, pi. 8, Haliotis, fig. 1. New Holland.

Crach. No. 233. Great Broad Ear Shell. New South Wales £1 is. od.

This specimen has already occurred above among the species described by Leach, but Wood's
misspelt rubra is to be noted, an error repeated by Hanley in his revised edition of the Index
in 1856 (p. 232).

10. Padollus scalaris Leach Holotype.
Haliotis tricostata, I. T. Supp., p. 26, pi. 8, Haliotis, fig. 2. Locality unknown.

Crach. No. 240. The Broad tuberculated Ear Shell from Hainan . . . 8s.

Wood's name seems to be merely an error for the H. tricostalis Lamarck, although he places
it in his Lamarckian index in italics, thus indicating that it is not to be found in the Histoire, but
whatever his intention, it is only a synonym of P. scalaris Leach.

1 1 . Stomatella sulcifera Lamarck

Haliotis sulcifera, I. T. Supp., p. 26, pi. 8. Haliotis, fig. 3. Van Dieman's Land.
Crach. No. 241. Haliotis . . . Clouded Haliotis. From Van Dieman's

Land £1 is. od.

In addition to the foregoing list of Cracherode shells figured by Wood in 1828,
there are several others referred to by J. E. Gray in two of his papers published at a

164 THE CRACHERODE SHELL COLLECTION

later date, in both of which he created new genera and species based mainly on
Museum material. The first of these papers appeared in the Magazine of Natural
History for 1837, (Art. VII, pp. 370-6) with the following title :

Art. VII. A Synoptical Catalogue of the Species of certain Tribes or Genera
of Shells contained in the Collection of the British Museum and
the Author's Cabinet ; with Descriptions of the new Species. By
John Edward Gray, F.R.S., &c. President of the Botanical Society
of London.

This paper dealt largely with Mactra, Spisula and Lutraria, several of the species
referred to originating from Cracherode specimens, although not always indicated
as such by the author, who was notoriously lax in giving proper details in his
descriptions. Not the least confusing habit was to attribute names to himself
rather than to another, as first publisher, thus at least three of the species to be
listed below, attributed to Gray in the paper of 1837, are in reality Gray's manuscript
names first published by Wood in 1828.

1. Mactra aspersa Sowerby Holotype o/M. tenera Wood.

Mactra tenera, I. T. Supp., p. 4, pi. 1, Mactra, fig. 4. Van Dieman's L.

Crach. No. 61. Mactra tenera. Thin Mactra. From Maria Island Van

Dieman's Land ... A New Species . . . £1 is. od.

" Spisula tenera Gray ", Mag. Nat. Hist. (New Ser.), 1, p. 373, 1837.

Although the Cracherode specimen remains the type of Wood's M. tenera it is only a synonym
of M. aspersa Sowerby described in the Tankerville catalogue in 1825 (App. p. ii). The type
came to the Museum in the Broderip collection much later, and was eventually mounted on the
same tablet as the Cracherode shell, correctly labelled Mactera aspersa Sowerby. It is perhaps
surprising to note that although Gray was quite aware of Sowerby's earlier name for this species,
and quoted it in his notes on Spisula, he still gives Wood's later name priority (attributed to
himself), in direct contradiction to his ideas on that subject expressed in the paper on Cypraea
already noted above (1828, p. 68). The subject of priority is again referred to by Gray in
1847 (p. 129), where he says it is needless for him to dilate on the importance of attending to
the law of priority " which I have always advocated, for that is now almost universally allowed,
yet I am quite prepared for hearing several conchologists complain of the changes which the observ-
ance of this just law will force them to make". While appreciating J. E. Gray's great services
to zoology, particularly in the building up of the Museum's great zoological collection (which
he made the greatest in the world) it is to be regretted that in his published work he did not always
observe the law he so strongly advocated. This neglect presents almost daily problems to
those who are obliged to study some of the results of his fifty years of almost feverish activity
in all branches of zoology.

2 (a) Labiosa lineata (Say) Holotype of Mactra cyprinus Wood.

Mactra cyprinus I. T. Supp., p. 4, pi. 1, Mactra, fig. 1. Peru. 1828.
Lutraria Cyprinus Gray. Gray, Mag. Nat. Hist. (New Ser.), 1, p. 375, 1837.

This thin and fragile shell has a long history, and although one valve was " holed " when
forced off its tablet by blast during World War II, it is still essentially complete and recognized
as the specimen purchased by Humphrey from the Calonne collection in 1797, and sold to C. M.
Cracherode for four guineas soon afterwards. This purchase was duly entered in the latter's

THE CRACHERODE SHELL COLLECTION 165

personal catalogue, followed by the letters " M.C.", the description only being copied into the
Museum catalogue by E. W. Gray in 1801 (pi. 25, fig. 9).

Crach. No. 59. Mactra Cyprini. Carp's Mouth Mactra. From Peru ?

Unique . . . . . . . . . ^4 4s. od.

There is no doubt that Wood's figure, quoted above, was adapted from the Cracherode shell,
for the pronounced radial rib and the rather widely gaping valves are shown to advantage, a
feature that led Gray to place the species in the genus Lutraria, where it appears in a separate
section in his paper of 1837, quoted as Lutraria cyprinus Gray, with a reference to Wood's
original figure of 1828. In 1840 Gray created a new genus Cypricia for these Mactroid shells
with the gaping valves, which first appeared in the Synopsis of the contents of the British Museum
(p. 149), a nomen nudum until confirmed in his List of Genera published in 1847 (No. 565, wrongly
dated 1837) with the genus Labiosa in use to-day as a synonym. Needless to say, the Cracherode
shell was duly labelled Cypricia cyprina at some time between 1840 and 1847 by J. E. Gray's
assistant Dr. W. Baird, who worked so hard curating the Museum collections from 1840 until
his death in 1872.

This Cracherode specimen was figured for the second time by Reeve in the Conchologia
Iconica as Mactra cyprinus Gray, but without locality (1854, Mactra, sp. 37), Cypricia cyprina
appearing only as a synonym. Reeve refers the specimen to " Mus. Cuming ", whereas it
should have been " Mus. Brit.", there being no doubt as to the origin of the figured specimen.
It exhibits a scar caused by damage to the shell during life (not shown by Wood) but noted on
the tablet by E. A. Smith some years later, when re-labelling the specimen Labiosa lineata Say,
and said by him to be the cause of the unusually wide gape to the shell (pi. 25, fig. 9). Inci-
dentally the question whether to favour the genus Labiosa Moller or Cypricia Gray was discussed
by E. A. Smith as recently as 1914 (p. 150), but although he inclined toward the use of the latter,
no alteration was made to his label.

Humphrey did right to query the locality " Peru " for according to Dall (1889, p. 65), the
species occurs on the East Coast of the United States from New Jersey south to Cuba, while
Abbott (1954, p. 449) records it from North Carolina to Texas — " uncommon in most areas of
its range ". Maxwell Smith (1951, p. 65) extends this range further south to Brazil.

3 (b). Labiosa lineata (Say) Holotype of Mactra recurva Wood. PL 25, fig. 12.

Mactra recurva I. T. Supp., p. 4, pi. 1, Mactra, fig. 2. Locality unknown.
Lutraria recurva Gray. Gray in Mag. Nat. Hist. (New Ser.), 1, p. 375, 1837.

Crach. No. 60. Mactra recurva. Recurved Mactra. From Brazil . . £1 is. od.

While agreeing that the shell originally named Mactra recurva by Humphrey in 1797, figured
by Wood in 1828 and referred to by Gray in 1837 *s somewhat smaller than the contemporary
Mactra cyprinus, it is rather surprising that neither of these three authors noticed that the two
shells were merely growth stages of one and the same species, for Conrad had already shown them
to be synonymous in 1831, a circumstance overlooked by Gray. However, he allowed the two
species recurva and cyprinus to form the separate section Lutraria to which the name Cypricia
was given later. When the six genera of Mactridae enumerated by Gray in 1837 were eventually
increased by him to eighteen in 1853 (pp. 33-4) Wood's recurva was selected to represent the
genus Cypricia, in the place of the Mactra anatina used in the earlier List of Genera (1847, No.

565).

Humphrey appears to have been more fortunate in his locality on this occasion, for as noted
above Labiosa lineata certainly occurs in Brazil.

The second paper by J. E. Gray in which appeared a few specimens in connexion
with Wood's Supplement of 1828, was published in the Analyst for July 1838 (pp.
302-9), and as it is of some importance, often quoted, but seldom seen, it may be
of interest to print the title and superscription in full :

166 THE CRACHERODE SHELL COLLECTION

' ' Catalogue of the species of the genus Cy therea, of Lamarck, with the description
of some new genera and species.

By John Edward Gray. F.R.S.
of the Zoological Department of the British Museum.

British Museum ist June, 1838.
Dear Sir,

As you have been kind enough to express a wish that I should send you a zoological
paper for insertion in your useful journal, I have great pleasure in enclosing you a mono-
graphic revision of the Genus Cytherea of Lamarck, which I have found necessary to divide
into several genera, and to which I have added the description of the new species which are
in the collection of the British Museum, or in my private cabinet.

Yours, very truly,

John E. Gray."
To the Editor of the " Analyst ".

This paper contains about twenty new species distributed among the eight genera
into which Gray divided the original genus Cytherea Lamarck ; thus we find the
Cytherea Solanderii of 1825 moved to Meroe, with the name misspelt Solandri, an
error repeated by future authors using the paper, notably Deshayes (1853, p. 44,
Cuneus Solandri) and Jukes-Brown (1914, p. 66, Sunetta Solandri) ; Venus
damaoides Wood becomes Trigona donacoides Gray (p. 304), and a new species of
Circe appears under the specific name Crachrodii, apparently an error for Cracherodei.
Although the type of this species is a Cracherode shell no mention was made to that
effect in Gray's description, from which it may be concluded that by this time (1838)
the Cracherode collection was very much a part of the Museum's general collection
and seldom referred to again individually, " Mus. Brit." or " B. M." becoming legion
for specimens from all sources.

In this, as in other papers, Gray mentions very few collectors or localities, but as
stated in his superscription, all the specimens were in the British Museum or in his
private cabinet, " My collection " appearing quite frequently. However, most of
the type specimens from the Gray collection are in the Museum, many having been
segregated by various workers after its presentation by Mrs. Gray in 1874 " who had
formed it during the many years of a happy married life " (Giinther, 1912, p. 28).
Figured specimens marked " Gray Cab " by Wood in his Supplement are still
occasionally recognized among this material, much of it collected during the various
voyages and travels undertaken by J. E. Gray's contemporaries.

Apart from Sunetta solanderii (Gray) already referred to, there are only two
other Cracherode shells so far recognized from the rather scanty descriptions, and
these may be briefly noted as follows :

1. Tivela damaoides (Wood) Holotype.

Venus Damaoides, Wood, /. T. Supp., p. 6, pi. 2, Venus, fig. 17. East Indies.
Trigona donacoides Gray, The Analyst, 8, p. 304.

Crach. No. 176. Pectunculus . . . Flat Thick Variegated Satchel Clam.

From East Indies ....... 5s.

THE CRACHERODE SHELL COLLECTION 167

The discrepancy in these two names must have been due to an error in transcribing a manu-
script label by Wood, for it is certainly the same shell as described by Gray, and must take the
earlier name. Gray ignores damaoides, referring his Tivela donacoides to Venus donacoides
Gray, " Wood. Supp. t. 2. f. 17." although no such name appeared in the Supplement. The
species was quoted by Deshayes (1853, p. 47), and Jukes-Brown (1913, p. 267) as Tivela damaoides,
attributed to Gray on each occasion. The latter author agreed with Hanley 1856 (p. 204) that
it was in all probability little more than a variety of T. Ponderosa (Koch), from the Red Sea.

2. Circe crachrodii (Sic) Gray Holotype. PI. 25, fig. 14.

J.E. Gray, The Analyst, 8, p. 307, 1838. Unfigured.

Crach. No. 169. Pectunculus . . . Oval variegated Clam. From Guinea . 5s.

The original spelling of this species has already been noted but it may be added that Deshayes
corrected it to Circe Cracherodii Gray without comment in his Catalogue of the Conchifera (1853,
pp. 92-93)-

The above species concludes the lists of type and figured specimens used by various
authors during the first half of the nineteenth century, when the Cracherode collection
became finally distributed among the large general collection, having ceased for
some time to be a separate entity. Some specimens were even mounted on tablets
with others of the same species from quite different collections. Before leaving this
period, during which Children and Gray accomplished so much in rehabilitating and
adding to the collections, it may be of interest to return for a moment to 1824 to
record a difference of opinion between William Swainson and J. E. Gray, which was
given a certain amount of publicity in the early numbers of the Zoological Journal
(1824-25) and closely associated with a Cracherode specimen of Thiara cancellata
Roding, then known as Melania setosa Swainson.

Thiara cancellata Roding

Crach. No. 472. Turbo . . . (Spirilla spinosa). Freshwater spiral spined

Shell. From Admiralty Island. New Guinea. . . £5 5s. od.

Melania setosa was described by Swainson as a new species in April 1824 (p. 13),
with particular notice of the curious bristle-like structures said to be embedded into
the hollow spines adorning the upper part of the whorls of the shell. In his further
observations, Swainson refers to these as " a formation altogether unprecedented
amongst this class of animals ", the bristles being " rooted as it were into the body
of the shell ". Gray read the description of this new species with evident surprise,
for in an article sent to the Zoological Journal soon afterwards (June, 1824, P- 254)
the following paragraph appears from his pen — " Now it happens that there are
two specimens of this ' new and most extraordinary ' shell in the British Museum,
one of which was in the Cracherode collection, No. 472, and named by Humphreys
' Spirilla spinosa, fresh water spiral spined shell, from Admiralty Island, New Guinea,'
and another presented by Dr. Leach ; both have to my knowledge been exposed to
the public view for upwards of three years, and I am very much inclined to believe
that the Buccinum aculeatum of Lister's Mantissa, t. 1055. £ 8. is intended for this
shell ; but from the name of Humphreys, I some time ago named the specimen in
the Museum Melania spinosa."

168 THE CRACHERODE SHELL COLLECTION

Gray goes on to say there is little difference from Melania amarula except that in
the species under discussion the spines are tubular with the periostracum drawn in
and enclosed in the tube, the processes of which form the " bristles ". He then
proceeds to figure the two museum specimens (Zool. J. pi. VIII, figs. 6, 7, 8) with a
more detailed one of the periostracal processes. The first figure is the Cracherode
shell No. 472 (which had lost its bristles) and the second Dr. Leach's more perfect
specimen, from which the enlargement of the bristles was taken. Gray cites
Neritina corona (Clithon coronata) as another analagous species, in which the spines are
tubular, at any rate in the earlier growth stages. In the next number of the Zoo-
logical Journal (October, 1824, p. 399) Swainson replied to Gray's criticism in a
letter to the editors dated 15th August 1824, couched in truly Swainsonian style, in
which he counters Gray's suggestion that the shell was not new to science, or that it
presented nothing extraordinary in its construction. He was particularly incensed
at Gray's remark that he had already named the specimen in the Museum collection,
for " until now, naturalists have considered a species to be new, which has not been
described or figured in any printed book. But, according to the singular doctrine
of this writer, we are bound to make the tour of all the museums — public or private —
native or continental, and consult all their manuscript catalogues, before we venture
to say we are describing a new object. Melania setosa appears to exist in the British
Museum, and to be named in the manuscript catalogue. The shell may be in a
dozen collections, and have a dozen manuscript names, for ought I know to the
contrary. What follows? Why, that the shell is not new to science ; although it
has confessedly never been described, or publicly recorded ".

Swainson then continues, much in the same tone, suggesting that in supposing
Lister's figure (tab. 1055, fig. 8) to represent Melania setosa, Gray was flouting the
authority of Linnaeus, Gmelin, Martini and Lamarck, " who had all quoted this
identical figure as representing M. amarula, Lam ". This was due to the fact that
Lister's figure (which is certainly Swainson's shell), in common with most early
figures, did not show the bristles peculiar to the species, but not absolutely necessary
for its identification. In Lister's specimen the bristles were broken off, thus causing
most early authors to consider it a variety of Melania amarula. Even the Cracherode
shell figured by Gray was practically denuded of bristles, a feature that drew another
volley from Swainson, who was obviously too annoyed to realize that it had been
used merely to illustrate the hollow spines, which are quite well shown, while
Leach's shell (well drawn in Gray's fig. 7) shows the bristles to better advantage.
These two specimens were the only ones available to Gray at the time, but sufficient
to prove his point.

In the following January Gray replied to Swainson's attack, producing further
evidence to prove his statements, quoting at least four early authors who had figured
or described the species. Swainson had objected to Gray's analogy of Neritina
corona as a tubular spined species, citing five original descriptions from ' ' the greatest
naturalists who have written on the subject " including Chemnitz, to disprove it.
Unfortunately he did not seek further than these authors' specific characters, for
in his full description of the shell now known as Clithon coronata Leach, Chemnitz
clearly stated that the spines " are inwardly hollow like a reed ", a point which Gray

THE CRACHERODE SHELL COLLECTION 169

did not hesitate to bring home, in addition to other references overlooked by his
opponent.

Nothing more appeared in the Zoological Journal from the pens of Gray or
Swainson on this subject, but in 1833, when the latter again published a description
and excellent figure of his Melania setosa in the Zoological Illustrations (Ser. 2) the
text to plate 1 of Melania concludes with the following paragraph — " We were
unwillingly drawn into a controversy respecting this shell some years ago. Our
sentiments, in every thing that regards the shell itself, are unchanged. Not so with
respect to the individual. The civilities and attentions we have since received from
Mr. Gray, leave us to regret, very sincerely, that such a discussion should have ever
taken place ".

The importance of this discussion has of course receded with the years particularly
since the introduction of many of the names used in the Museum Boltenianum of
1798 into the current nomenclature, sponsored by Sherborn & Sykes (1906) and Dall
(1915), wherein the shell formerly known as Melania setosa Swainson, appears as
Thiara cancellala, clearly referred to the figure of Chemnitz (9, t. 134, figs. 1220'
1221, 1786) and here attributed to P. F. Roding as first publisher.

As already stated Cracherode specimens were seldom, if ever, referred to as such
after 1838 — one or two specimens were certainly figured by Reeve in the Conchologia
Iconica, and marked " Mus. Brit.", notably the Luiraria cyprinus already recorded,
and a juvenile specimen of Cymbium tessellata (Lamarck) figured in the monograph
of that genus (1861, sp. 106, c), and catalogued by E. W. Gray in 1801 as follows :

Crach. No. 480. Voluta Haustrum Soland. (Melo . . .) The Coronated

spotted Melon. From Japan . . . . . £5 5s. od.

This is the Voluta haustrum of the Portland Catalogue (1786, No. 3054) referred to a figure in
Martini & Chemnitz (1777, fig. 781) and said to come from China. Lamarck quotes the same
figure in his original description, also that of Lister (t. 797, fig. 4), of which the original is still
in the British Museum. Maxwell Smith (1942, p. 47) records the species from the Indian Ocean
and China.

5. LIST OF CRACHERODE SPECIMENS
ORIGINALLY IN THE CALONNE COLLECTION

The Calonne collection has of necessity been referred to several times in the preced-
ing pages, and was also briefly mentioned in connexion with the Banks collection
(Wilkins, 1955, p. 77). As the Cracherode shells included a number of specimens
described in the Museum Calonnianum in 1797 (purchased by George Humphrey
at the sale and resold to Cracherode) it seems appropriate to include a list of these
with some further notes on its famous contemporary, particularly as a study of the
manuscript catalogues revealed a number of Calonne specimens hitherto unknown to
exist in the British Museum collections. Jackson (1937, p. 333) records a few
Calonne specimens in the Manchester Museum, bearing Humphrey's labels, and once
the property of William Swainson (purchased by his father in 1815), but beyond these,
and one or two shells from the Broderip {Ex. Tankerville) collection, little was known
of the whereabouts of the Calonne shells distributed by public auction in 1797. A
very full description of the Calonne catalogue, or " Specification " as the anonymous
author called it, was given by Iredale in 1937, (pp. 408-19) . This included an exhaus-

HIST. I, 4. II

170 THE CRACHERODE SHELL COLLECTION

tive list of all the authors who had partially or fully adopted the many new specific
and generic names found therein, even suggesting, in direct opposition to Dall and
other experts, that some further action should be taken to rescind Opinion 51 of the
International Commission (1912). This completely rejected the use of the Museum
Calonnianum as a basis for any nomenclatorial work. Nevertheless, as explained
by Iredale, the printed Calonne catalogues were fairly widely circulated, so that many
of the names have come to be accepted in the works of later British and continental
authors.

The main interest here, however, is with actual Calonne specimens which can be
linked with those in the Cracherode collection. The descriptions given in E. W.
Gray's manuscript catalogue of 1801 (copied from Cracherode's personal catalogue
and Humphrey's labels) agree with the Calonne entries in most respects, showing
that Humphrey used these entries as a basis for labels supplied with Calonne
specimens sold by him after 1797. Sixteen Calonne shells have so far been recognized
and are listed below, preceded as usual by the modern name in bold face type,
followed by the Cracherode and Calonne catalogue entries under their respective
numbers. One or two of these may have appeared in previous lists, but are
repeated here for easy comparison.

1. Murex (Pteronotus) pinnatus Swainson

Crach. No. 320. Murex (Triplex pinnatum) Finned triple ridged Triplex.

From Java . . . . . . £3 3s. od.

Calonne No. 741. Triplex Pinnatum — La Coquille a Nageoire — Finned — Java — Murex
tripterus Born. Extremely scarce.

It is of interest to note that Triplex was one of the genera used by George Perry in the Concho-
logy of 181 1, and marked as " now first invented and adopted by the Author of this work " —
even the Linnean genus Patella was marked in the same way ! The M. tripterus Born does not
apply to this species, which was first described by Swainson in 1822 (p. 17), but is frequently
attributed to Wood (1828).

2. Murex (Alipurpura) acanthopterus Lamarck PI. 26, fig. 15c.

Crach. No. 321. Murex (Triplex pungitium) The Stickleback Triplex . . ^3 3s. od.

Calonne No. 742. Triplex Pungitium — Les Piquants — Stickleback — very rare.

While it is undesirable to quote hitherto unknown names for established species, it would be
useless to conceal those that appear under a printed catalogue number, which can be checked
and recognized, so that now and again exceptions are made for the sake of historical sequence,
bearing in mind that Calonne names are not available unless validated by a later author.
Dillwyn printed a number of Calonne names in his synonymies, but he does not seem to have
recognized Humphrey's M. pungitium.

3. Echinochama arcinella (Linne) PI. 26, fig. 156.

Crach. No. 39. Chama arcinella Linn. (Gryphus spinosus), Thorny Heart

Gryphus. From Martinique . . . . . £3 3s. od.

Calonne No. 1020a. Lacinia spinosus var. a. White outside, yellow within — Le Coeur
Epineaux — Thorny Heart — Martinique — Chama arcinella Linn.

In the Museum copy of the Calonne catalogue the genus Lacinia (p. 53) is altered by the author
(Humphrey) to Gryphus, under which name the specimen was sold to Cracherode, the Linnean

THE CRACHERODE SHELL COLLECTION 171

name being given preference by E. W. Gray. Sherborn (1902, p. 440) quotes " ' Gryphus.
Humph. 1797 ' Scudd. I cannot find this word ", from which it appears Scudder was using an
altered copy and Sherborn an unaltered one, for he later records " Lacinia G. Humphreys,
Mus. Calonne 1797 " without comment (p. 509). Two of these altered copies of the Calonne
catalogue are known ; one in the British Museum (Nat. History) mentioned above (once the
property of J. E. Gray, with his MSS. notes), and another in the Manchester Museum, recorded
by Jackson (1937, p. 337), in which the alterations noted by him coincide almost exactly with
those in the former. A third, privately-owned copy, is completely free from alterations.

" Gryphus Humph. MSS. 1797 " and " Licinia. Humphrey 1797 " were both mentioned as
synonyms of Chama and Arcinella by Gray in 1847 (Nos. 657, 658), but with a characteristic
error in the spelling of Lacinia, and to make matters worse, these two numbers were referred to
Licina (Cyclophorus) , in the index.

4. Pseudochama radians (Lamarck)

Crach. No. 41. Chama . . . (Lacinia contraria) Contrary furbelowed Shell.

The beak winds to the left. From Martinique . . £1 is. od.

Calonne No. 1016. Lacinia contraria — La Contraire — Contrary — The beak of this species
winds to the left contrary to the rest.

In his Conchological Observations (1824, p. 222) J. E. Gray refers to reversal among the attached
and inequivalved shells, noting that Lamarck divided his Chamae into " those which have the
beaks turned to the right, and those which have them turned to the left ; when the fact is
that they are only attached by the right or left valve ".

There are several species of these apparently sinistral or " mirror images " among the
Chamidae, the anatomy and prodissoconchs varying sufficiently for the creation of a separate
genus Pseudochama by Odhner in 1917 (p. 28). Tucker Abbott (1954. P- 393) refers to
P. radians as the Atlantic Left-handed Jewel Box, which occurs from Southern Florida to
the West Indies, the only species to be found in Eastern America. Pseudochama exogyra
Conrad and P. echinata Broderip are Pacific species which also have the beaks turning the
opposite way to the true Chamas.

5. Labiosa lineata Say Pi 25, fig. 9.

Crach. No. 59. Mactra Cyprini. Carp's Mouth Mactra. From Peru ?

Unique ^4 4s. od.

Calonne No. 838. Tellina Cyprini — La Gueule de Carpe — Carp's Mouth — Extremely
scarce. The country is unknown. Perhaps Peru.

This species has already been fully dealt with, but it may be noted that with the passing of
the years the vernacular name has changed to the Smooth Duck Clam, its congener L. plicatella
Lamarck being known as the Channeled Duck Clam, thus distinguishing them from the heavier
Spisulas or Surf Clams of the Eastern Coast of America.

6. Mytilus chorus Molina

Crach. No. 71. Mytilus Peruvianus. The Peruvian Muscle. From Aca-

pulca. Uncoated and polished . . . . £5 5s. od.

Calonne No. 786. Mytilus Peruvianus — La Peruvienne — Peruvian — Peru. Extremely

scarce.

This fine large species has always been popular in collections, particularly when polished, the

Cracherode shell being of a fine lustrous purple and still in excellent condition. The shells were

largely used by the early natives of South America for domestic purposes, the edges frequently

being sharpened for use as very efficient razors. A medium-sized specimen so sharpened is in

i72 THE CRACHERODE SHELL COLLECTION

the Sloane collection, brought from the Straits of Magellan in the early part of the seventeenth
century. M. chorus was recorded by d'Orbigny from Chili and Peru (1847, 5, p. 648).

7. Crenatula folium Gray PI. 24, fig. 7.

Crach. No. 93. Ostrea . . . (Vulsella folium) White Leaf elegantly
marked Vulsella, faintly rayed with violet. From . . .
Unique . . . . . . . . £8 8s. od.

Calonne No. 821. Vulsella Folium. La Feuille d'Arbre Blanche — White Leaf — The
country of this very singular and delicate species is not known. Its
form and texture is extremely curious, and it is the only one we know of.

For a full description of this specimen see p. 161 above.

8. Pedum spondyloideum (Gmelin)

Crach. No. 94. Ostrea Ligo. The Spade or Hoe Oyster. From . . .

Unique ......... ^10 10s. od.

Calonne No. 998. Ligo — La Houlette — Spade, or Hoe — This is the only individual of this
very singular species that we recollect to have seen. It seems to consti-
tute a link between the Ostreae and Spondyli, or is perhaps a new
Genus, of which species 997 may be considered as another kind. Its
native country is unknown.

It is not surprising that this shell was considered such a rarity in the old days, living as it
does immured in blocks of madrepore, fixed by a strong byssus, with only the tips of the valves
showing above the surface. The first good figure and description was published by Chemnitz
in 1785 (8, figs. 669-70), with the name Ostrea spondyloidaea. Humphrey, who frequently
referred to Chemnitz in the Portland Catalogue in 1786, ignored or was not yet aware of the
name finally established by Gmelin in 1791 (p. 3335, 109), based on the figures of Chemnitz.
However, Humphrey was not far wrong in his suggestion of a connecting link between Ostrea
(which then included Pecten) and Spondylus. Pedum was placed between Semipecten and
Spondylus by Thiele (1935, P- 809), the shells of the former — although thinner — greatly
resembling the orbicular juvenile stage of Pedum.

The finest figures of the species (in situ in a coral block) were given by Quoy & Gaimard
(1835, pi. 76, figs. 15-21). Mature and juvenile shells were included, together with several
anatomical figures showing details of the ocelli or " eyes ", so characteristic a feature of the
mantle edges of Pecten and Spondylus.

9. Solenotellina violacea (Lamarck)

Crach. No. 186. Solen violaceus Soland. (Trulla violacea) Violet Solen.

From Tranquebar . . . . . . £3 3s. od.

Calonne No. 807. Solen violaceus — Le Baquet — Violet Tray — Tranquebar — Solen vio-
laceus Soland.

The name violaceus can be traced further back to the Portland Catalogue of 1786, where it
it appears on p. 161, No. 3514 : " A very fine Solen violaceus, S, from China — extremely scarce ",
and it is evident that the name was adopted by Lamarck from this or the Calonne catalogue.
Humphrey may have obtained his specimens from Tranquebar, but the Portland locality seems
more likely, for the species is synonymous with the Soletellina adamsi Reeve, named in MSS.
by Deshayes in the Cuming collection, from specimens collected on the Island of Negros in the
Sulu Sea. The Cracherode specimen has had the yellowish-green periostracum removed to show
the fine violet colouring, but in all other respects it exactly matches Reeve's figure and type
sp»ecimen.

THE CRACHERODE SHELL COLLECTION 173

10. Spondylus americanus Hermann

Crach. No. 190. Spondylus armatus. Large scarlet and white armed Spondy-
lus or hinged Oyster, with long palmated spines. From
St. Domingo . . . . . . . . £4 4s. od.

Calonne No. 1021. Spondylus — Huitre a Charniere — Hinged Oyster. Armatus var. K.
White and scarlet, the spines long and palmated. L'Arme — Armed
— St. Dommgo-Spondylus Gaedaropus var. Linn. &> Solander.

The Cracherode Spondylus have always proved a great attraction since they were first
exhibited in the early i8oo's, but it is only recently that they have been recognized as original
Calonne specimens, described in some detail by Humphrey in the Museum Calonnianum
(pp. 54-55). There were in all twenty-six varieties of his S. armatus, each listed under a letter
of the alphabet, the four specimens purchased by Cracherode being varieties b, k, v & x. The
prices ranged from three to five guineas each, which may not seem so exorbitant, even allowing
for changing values, when it is learnt that shells of Spondylus americanus in as fine condition as
the Cracherode specimen are still considered very rare, and may cost as much as fifty dollars
in the American market to-day (Abbott, 1955, p. 56).

There is no need to repeat the catalogue entries relating to the three remaining specimens,
entered consecutively by E. W. Gray in 1801 (Nos. 191-3) but 193 is the particularly attractive
group of four juveniles of varying colours still on exhibition. The locality given for these
Calonne shells, St. Domingo, is of interest, for it shows them to be contemporary with those
examined by Hermann when first describing the species in 1781. There is no doubt they were
in some other great continental collection before being purchased by the Prince of Calonne and
ultimately sold in England in 1797.

For many years this well-known species had been attributed to the S. americanus of Lamarck
(1819, p. 188), but in 1898 Dall dealt very thoroughly with the recent and fossil Spondylus
occurring from Florida to Cape Hatteras, deciding that S. echinatus Martyn 1784 should replace
the later americanus Lamarck. This was accepted until 191 2, when Hedley and Pilsbury
discovered a paper in an old German periodical by Hermann1 in which the author described
the difference between the Mediterranean and American forms of Spondylus. He gave each a
name, with a brief Latin description, based on the form of the ligament. The paper was sent to
the editor in the form of a letter, part of which, translated from the German, runs as follows :

" Honoured Friend,

Here are a few shells for the naturalist, they seemed new to me a short time ago when I
classified my collection by the system of Linn6 with the help of the best known authors.
Should some of it be already published, please put my not knowing about this down to
the dearth of literature and lack of time to read all of it.

Spondylus

The collector has good reason to distinguish the so-called spined oysters which come from
Malta, from those which come from America and are brought via St. Domingo to France,
but I do not remember seeing the differences described anywhere. Even the excellent
Herr v. Born does not mention it in his Ind. Mus. Caes. Vindob. I am quite sure that
both varieties are in the collection of Vienna. The difference between them consists of an
elongation of the lower shell posterior of the " lock ", which is said by Linn6 to be flat or
sawn off, and is completely smooth and without a groove. Whereas in the American there
is a groove in the centre, and the black cartilage, situated in the median dell seems to extend
along it.

1 Jean Hermann (1 738-1 800). French physician and professor at Strasbourg, author of Tabula
ajfinitatum animalium 1783.

174 THE CRACHERODE SHELL COLLECTION

I should therefore call the first

Spondylus (mediterraneus) valva inferiore pone cardinem abrasa integra

and the other

Spondylus (americanus) valva inferiore pone cardinem abrasa sulco cartilaginiferor
exarata."

Since Herman referred to Linne in his paper it seems odd that he did not use S. gaedaropus
for the Mediterranean form, but nevertheless, in separating the Eastern and Western forms he
was well in advance of many later authors, notably Dillwyn (1817, pp. 209-10), who applied
the Linnean gaedaropus indiscriminately to all species of Spondylus irrespective of locality.
He even suggested that the distinctive 5. regius Linne was " probably nothing more than one
of the almost endless varieties of S. gaedaropus " . Actually the last-named species is far less
variable than some species of the genus, and can usually be separated even without the aid of
the closed ligamental pit mentioned by Hermann, an excellent character in distinguishing some
of the more puzzling features of certain forms of Spondylus with doubtful localities.

While admitting that Hermann was speaking rather collectively in his description of S.
americanus in 1781, there is really no doubt of the species referred to, for the port then known
as St. Domingo (now Port-au-Prince, capital of the Haytian Republic) was within reach of
localities where it still occurs, but perhaps not quite in the " grande quantite " noted by Chem-
nitz (1784, p. 79). Fulton, however, who had accepted Hermann's name in 1915 (p. 356) later
suggested that as no adequate description or reference to a figure was given, the 5. americanus
Hermann 1781 was simply a nomen nudum, and should be replaced by the next oldest name,
S. dominicensis Roding 1798, but since a name, brief description and reasonable locality were
given by Hermann his name is still favoured in current literature.

In 1856 Reeve created a number of species from the various forms of S. americanus found
in the Cuming collection, most of which were listed as synonyms of that species by Dall in 1898
(p. 760), when he maintained that with one exception (S. gussoni Costa) all forms of Spondylus
from the West Indian region were variations of one and the same species. Fulton (1937, P- 3^)
and Perry & Schwengel (1955, p. 45) allowed two species — S. americanus Hermann for the
typical unattached white and red form, with the long foliated spines, and S. ictericus Reeve
for the attached and more variably coloured, shorter spined shells so common to the West
Indies. This seems reasonable enough, for long series of shells appear to fall into two groups,
but it would perhaps be preferable to refer to Reeve's ictericus as a related form rather than a
distinct species, particularly as clusters of shells may be composed of individual examples of
this and other so-called species, all living within the compass of a few inches.

Florida seems to be the headquarters of the typical form of S. americanus Hermann, fine
specimens measuring five to six inches in length being recorded by Johnson (191 1, p. 11) from
ten fathoms off Rock Island, one of the Anclote Keys. Fine unattached specimens occur in
about five fathoms at Tarpon Springs, where they are brought up by the sponge fishers, frequently
covered with sponge, thus preserving the long and delicate spines from damage (Perry &
Schwengel, 1955, p. 45). It was probably from similar localities that the Calonne shells were
collected and taken to the French port of St. Domingo for shipment to Europe in the eighteenth
century.

14. Spondylus aurantius Lamarck

Crach. No. 194. Spondylus Hystrix. Porcupine Spondylus. From China.

A young one . . . . . . . £1 2s. od.

Calonne No. 1029. Spondylus Hystrix var a. White and orange, mottled with black.

15. Spondylus auriantius Lamarck

Crach. No. 195. Spondylus Hystrix var. Orange variety of Porcupine Spon-
dylus. From China . . . . . . . £6 6s. od.

Calonne No. 1029. Spondylus Hystrix var. a. White and orange mottled with black.

THE CRACHERODE SHELL COLLECTION 175

These two specimens are typical forms of S. aurantius, a fairly common Indian Ocean species
recorded by Lamy from Mauritius, India, China, Philippines and the Seychelles (1938, p. 193).
As with other species of the genus, S. aurantius appears in the literature under names too numerous
to mention. It was frantically over-described by Reeve in the Conchologia Iconica monograph
of 1856, his S. butleri, castus and spectrum are all synonyms of S. aurantius Lamarck, the charac-
ters of two or even all three of these so-called species sometimes occurring in a single specimen,
but always there are the black or brown spots on the umbos, noted by Humphrey. Many of
Reeve's and even Chemnitz's names were given credence by Lamy in his rather disappointing
Revision of 1938, in which one might have expected some of these obvious errors of judgment to
have been rectified.

16. Spondylus gaedaropus Linne

Crach. No. 200. Spondylus gaedaropus Linn. (S. purpureus) Purple Spon-
dylus. From the Mediterranean . . . . . /i is. od.

Calonne No. 1023. Spondylus Purpureus var. c. having a foliated under-valve .5. . Le

Pourpre — Purple — Mediterranean — Spondylus Gaedaropus var. Linn.

&• Soland.

This specimen is a typical gaedaropus, rich in colour, with a touch of orange in the foliations

of the under-valve and is the first of six specimens listed by Humphrey under No. 1023, all

of which are apparently the same species but differing slightly in colour and formation. Six

further species are noted (Nos. 1024-1029) but most of these are evidently colour forms of S.

aurantius, except S. hystrix (No. 1029) already stated to be a typical aurantius Lamarck.

6. CONCLUSION

The above entry concludes the detailed lists of Cracherode specimens and also
the account of the Cracherode collection as a whole. This has been shown to be of
greater importance than formerly realized, and to include specimens still extant from
the very early days when the British Museum, if not exactly in its infancy, had yet
to become one of the greatest institutions of its kind in the world. From a study of
the collection it has also been possible to trace in some measure the rapid growth and
development of a serious interest in the mollusca in this country from the end of
the eighteenth century to the middle of the nineteenth century, a period during
which Conchology and Malacology came to be recognized as important sciences,
rather than pastimes for the mere dilettante.

Cracherode certainly looked on his shell collection simply as a series of attractive
objects acquired for his own enjoyment, but having a true " nobility of mind " he
made sure that his carefully selected treasures would be available for the use and
enjoyment of others, a gesture that has been fully justified. The Cracherode shells
have formed an integral part of the exhibited and study collections for over 150
years, and have provided material and given inspiration to many early workers and
collectors.

7. A BRIEF BIOGRAPHY OF C. M. CRACHERODE M.A., F.R.S., 1730-1799

Clayton Mordaunt Cracherode was born at Taplow, Buckinghamshire, on the 23rd
June 1730, the only son of Colonel Mordaunt Cracherode who had command of the
Marines on Anson's voyage round the world. His mother was Mary, daughter of
Thomas Morice, paymaster to the British forces in Portugal, but contrary to these

176 THE CRACHERODE SHELL COLLECTION

strong military connexions, it was the father's wish that his son Clayton should
make the Church his profession. He entered Westminster School in 1742, and went
on to Christ Church Oxford in 1746, taking his B.A. in 1750 and M.A. 1753, later
holding the Curacy of Binsey, near Oxford, but " neither sought nor obtained
preferment ".

On the death of his father in 1773, Clayton Cracherode inherited an ample fortune,
said to be several hundreds a year in landed property, and nearly one hundred
thousand pounds invested in the " sweet simplicity of three per cents ". (Edwards,
1870, p. 419.) He also became the owner of the Manor of Great Wymondley, held
from the Crown subject to the service of presenting to the King the first cup from
which he drinks at his coronation. The apprehension of being called upon to perform
such service caused no little uneasiness to the new owner, who is said never to have
visited his Hertfordshire estate, and at no time travelled further than to the Uni-
versity of Oxford.

Cracherode was a man of extremely regular habits, and was accustomed for
forty-one years of his life to go every day from his home in Queen's Square,
Westminster, first to Elmsly's the booksellers in the Strand, and then to Tom
Payne's by the Mews-gate, a literary coffee house where he would meet and talk
to friends with similar tastes to his own. Though Cracherode was heard often to
complain of the high prices asked for books and prints his purchases continued
unabated until his death in 1799, when his library contained no less than 4,500
volumes, all remarkable for their rareness or excellence of impression, together with
many portfolios of exquisite prints and drawings which included the finest examples
of Rembrandt and Diirer.

Coins, medals, gems and minerals " worthy of an imperial cabinet " also formed
a part of the collection which it was the principal aim of his life to amass. Modesty
seems to have been the keynote of Cracherode's " noiseless " career, for he was wont
to refer to his great possessions as mere " specimen collections ", and yet his bequest
of them to the British Museum eclipsed most of the earlier gifts made after 1753.
Although he " carefully avoided the bustle and grandeur of public life " Cracherode
enjoyed the company and conversation of a small circle of friends, some of whom
" were not less enobled by their talents and their virtues, than by their exalted rank
and well-supported dignities ". To these, who included his two greatest friends —
Shute Barrington, Bishop of Durham, and Cyril Jackson, Dean of Christ Church —
his house was always open when they wished to consult his books, prints, coins
and medals.

Mr. Cracherode was elected a Trustee of the British Museum in 1784, and a Fellow
of the Royal Society in the following year. His conscientious nature is exemplified
in a small manuscript notebook (B.M. Add. 4761 1), in which he recorded some of
the happenings at the Trustees' meetings, at which he appears to have been a constant
attendant. It covers the period 1784 to 1796 and is devoted largely to carefully
written lists of his fellow Trustees, and the all too frequent changes brought about
by death. Staff changes were also recorded, together with outstanding acquisitions,
principally books and antiquities, although there is one note of a collection of
shells, insects, etc. made by Lord Charles Cavendish, presented in 1784.

THE CRACHERODE SHELL COLLECTION 177

Unlike many private notebooks of the period, this one is rather disappointingly
free from any personal opinions, being just a plain and straightforward record of
attendances and business transacted, but even so it contains many interesting notes
relating to the early history of the Museum while in Montague House.

Although so fond of books, Cracherode's own literary efforts were confined to a
single set of Latin verses printed in the Carmina Quadragesimalia, composed by
students of his house at Oxford in 1748, a fact not overlooked by contemporary
lampooners, to whom his collecting propensities and love of fine volumes were well
known, through his frequent visits to the literary coffee house at the Mews-gate,
where many of their best shafts were prepared. The following lines by Mathias
were quoted from the Pursuits of Literature (1794), in the Gentleman's Magazine for
April 1799, and again by Edwards (1870, p. 421), but in the later version Doctor
Dibdin replaces the " Doctor Dewlap " of the original :

" Or must I, as a wit, with learned air,

Like Doctor Dewlap, to Tom Payne's repair,

Meet Cyril Jackson and mild Cracherode there?

' Hold! ' cries Tom Payne, ' that margin let me measure,

and rate the separate value of the treasure '

Eager they gaze. Well, Sirs, the feat is done

Cracherode's Poetae Principes have won! "

It is recorded in the same issue of the Gentleman's Magazine that the " mild
Cracherode " paid his last visit to the parlour of the old bookshop on the Monday
before his death " in a manner that could not escape the observation of its owner,
to whom, as to his father, he had been so liberal a customer ". He died on the follow-
ing Friday (25th April) and was buried in the East Cloister of Westminster Abbey,
attended only by his friends Lord Spencer and the Bishop of Durham.

Cracherode's considerable fortune passed to his sister Ann Cracherode, then nearly
eighty years of age (d. 1802), and as already stated the whole of his library and collec-
tions were bequeathed to the British Museum.

In 1806, not long after Cracherode's death, a certain amount of unpleasantness
was caused by the theft of a number of his rarer prints from the Museum by Robert
Dighton, the caricaturist, who rather foolishly sold them to dealers to whom they
were well-known, the prints being of so rare a nature that the purchasers became
suspicious. Most of them were recovered later, but the episode led to the dismissal of
William Beloe (1756-1817), who was then in charge of the Cracherode prints and
books. The story goes that Dighton insinuated himself into the good graces of the
easygoing bon-vivant custodian by sending him delicacies for his table. Dibdin of
course made lighthearted use of the theft of these treasures in his Bibliographical
Decameron (1817, 3, pp. 326 et seq.) and prints a dramatic version of the happenings
when related to Cracherode and some of his cronies, imaginatively staged in the
" shades below ".

There is no doubt as to the extraordinary value of the Cracherode books, prints,
coins and minerals, but little was recorded regarding the collection of shells in
the few biographical notices available. It is therefore felt that the present paper

178 THE CRACHERODE SHELL COLLECTION

will have remedied this deficiency and rendered some slight extra service to the
memory of .the man whose generosity did so much to strengthen the foundations
of our National Museum.

Only one likeness of C. M. Cracherode was ever taken, and that only in pencil by
Edridge, by order of Lady Spenser, but even this was not allowed to be engraved
during his lifetime. Engravings from it were eventually published by T. F.
Dibdin in the third volume of the Bibliographical Decameron in 1817 (facing p. 327)
and by William Clarke in his Repertorium Bibliographicum in 1819, (facing p. 11).
The line drawing appearing on the cover and title page of this Bulletin was adapted
from the latter by the present author.

8. REFERENCES

Abbott, R. T. 1954- American Seashells. xiv + 541 pp. ; 100 text-figs. ; 40 pis. New
York. 40.

1955. Introducing Sea Shells. 64 pp. ; 19 text-figs. ; 8 pis. New York. 40.

Adams, C. B. 1852. Catalogue of Shells collected at Panama, with notes on their Synonymy.

Station and Geographical Distribution, vii + 334 pp- New York.

Adams, H. & A. 1853-58. The Genera of Recent Mollusca ; arranged according to their organiza-
tion. 3 vols. ; 138 pis. London.

Allan, J. 1950. Australian Shells, xix + 470 pp. ; 112 text-figs., 86 pis. Melbourne.

" B." 1828. Observations on the Causes that have retarded the progress of Natural History
in this Country . . . etc. Loudon's Mag. Nat. Hist. 1 : 14-17 : 181-184.

Baker, H. B. 1923. Notes on the radula of the Neritidae. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad.
75 : 117-178 ; 16 pis.

Beck, H. J. Le. 1799. An Account of the Pearl Fishery in the Gulf of Manar in March and
April 1797. Asiatic Researches. Trans. Soc. Bengal, 5 : 393-411. (See also Annual
Register, 41 : 380-391. 1799.)

Birch, J. Q. 1955. Resurrection of Ancient Names. Minutes Conch. Club. Calif. No. 152 :

2-3-
Bolten, J. F. 1798. See Roding 1798.
British Museum. 1809. Synopsis of the Contents of the British Museum. 2nd edition.

xxxii + 2 ; 96 + 13 pp. London.
■ 1827. Ibid. 25th edition. 2 + 188 pp. London.

1840. Ibid. 42nd edition, iv + 370 pp. London.

British Museum (Natural History). 1903-40. Catalogue of the Books, Manuscripts, Maps
and Drawings in the British Museum [Natural History). 8 vols. London. 40.

• 1904. The History of the Collections contained in the Natural History Departments of the

British Museum. 1 : xvi -f- 442 pp. Minerals by L. Fletcher : 343-442.

1906. Ibid. 2 : Birds by R. Bowdler Sharpe : 79-515. Mollusca by E. A. Smith : 701-

73°-

1912. Ibid. 2 : Appendix by A. Gunther : 109 pp.

Carpenter, P. P. 1855-7. Catalogue of the Reigen Collection of Mazatlan Mollusca in the
British Museum, xvi + 552 pp. London.

1864. A Supplementary Report on the Present State of our Knowledge with Regard to

the Mollusca of the West Coast of North America. Rep. Brit. Assoc. 1863 [Pub. August
1864).

Chenu, J. C. 1845-46. Bibliotheque Conchy liologique. Ser. I— II. 5 vols, illus. Paris. 40.

Children, J. G. 1822-4. Lamarck's Genera of Shells translated from the French. 177 pp. ;
10 pis. London. Originally issued in Quart. Journ. Sci. etc. 14 : 15 : 16. (For full
collation see Catalogue of Library, British Museum (Nat. Hist.) 3 : 1049, and Kennard &
Woodward, 1926 p. 371)

THE CRACHERODE SHELL COLLECTION 179

Clarke, W. 1819. Repertorium Bibliographicum. xlviii + 673 pp. ; 12 pis. London.

Comfort, A. 1949. Biochemistry of Molluscan shell pigments. Proc. Mai. Soc. 28 : 79-85 .

Conrad, T. A. 1831. American Marine Conchology. iv -f- 72 pp. ; 17 pis. Philadelphia.

■ 1837. Descriptions of new Marine Shells from Upper California, collected by Thomas

Nuttall, Esq. /. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 7 : 227-268.

Cracherode, C. M. 1791. Manuscript Catalogue of Shells. 3 parts (in one vol.). London.

Crouch, E. A. 1827. An Illustrated Introduction to Lamarck's Conchology . . . being a
literal translation of the Recent and Fossil Genera etc., etc. iv + 44 pp. ; 22 col. pis. Lon-
don. 40.

Dall, W. H. 1889. A Preliminary Catalogue of Shell-bearing Marine Molluscs and Brachiopods
of the S. E. Coast of the United States. 221 pp. ; 74 pis. Washington.

1898. Tertiary Fauna of Florida. Trans. Wagner. Free. Inst. Sci. 3 ; (4) 571-947 ;

35 pis.

1901. Synopsis of the Lucinacea and the North American species. Proc. U.S. N. M.

23 : 779-833 I 4 Pls-

1905. Note on Lucina (Miltha) Childreni Gray, and on a new species from the Gulf of

California. Nautilus 18 : 110-112.

— — 1915. An Index to the Museum Boltenianum. Smithsonian Inst. Publication 2360.
Dawson, W. R. 1949. Some Eighteenth Century Conchologists. /. Conch. 23 : 44-47.
Dell, R. K. 1955. Native Shells. 64 pp. ; 143 text-figs. (Native in New Zealand series.)

Wellington.
Deshayes, G. P. 1830-32. Histoire Naturelle des Vers . . . Par M. Bruguiere (. . . con-

tinuee par M. G. P. Deshayes) Tom. II & III, Encyclopedic Methodique. Paris. 40.

1853. Catalogue of the Conchifera of Bivalve Shells in the Collection of the British Museum.

Part 1. Veneridae etc., 216 pp. London.

Dibdin, T. F. 1817. The Bibliographical Decameron. 3 vols, illus. London.
Dillwyn, L. W. 1817. A Descriptive Catalogue of Recent Shells. 2 vols, xii + 1092 pp.
London.

1827. Remarks on Cypraea described by Mr. Gray. Zool. J. 3 ; 315-317.

Dodge, H. 1952. A Historical Review of the Mollusks of Linnaeus. Part 1. The Classes
Loricata and Pelecypoda. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. 100 : 1-264.

Donovan, E. 1823-27. The Naturalist's Repository , or Miscellany of exotic Natural History,
etc., etc. 5 vols. ; 180 col. pis. with descriptive letterpress. (Reissued 1834.) London.

4°-
Dubois, C. 1825. An Epitome of Lamarck's Arrangement of Testacea ; being a free translation

of his work De l'Histoire Naturelle des Animaux sans Vertebres . . . Second Edition.

xxx + 317 pp. London.

■ 1828. . Third Edition. 15 col. pis. London.

Edwards, E. 1870. Lives of the Founders of the British Museum, x + 780 pp. ; 13 text illus.

London.
Encyclopaedia Londinensis, or Universal Dictionary of Arts, Sciences etc., etc., compiled,

digested and arranged by John Wilkes. Article Conchology, Vol. 5 : 14-41 ; 16 col. pis. &

col frontispiece. 1810. London. 40.
Fischer von Waldheim, G. 1806-7. Museum Demidoff (mis en ordre systematique et decrit

par G. Fischer) . . . catalogue . . . des curiosites de la Nature et de I' Art, donnees a

I'Universite imperiale de Moscou par . . . P de Demidoff. 3 Tom. (in 1) illus. Moscow.

4°-
Fletcher, L. 1904. See British Museum (Nat. Hist.).
Fulton, H. C. 1915. A List of the Recent Species of Spondylus Linne, with some Notes and

Descriptions of six New Forms. /. Conch. 14 : 331-362.

1937. Notes on the Recent Spondylus of Florida. Nautilus, 51 : 38-39.

Gatliff, J. H. 1902. Notes on Perry's Conchology . Victorian Naturalist, 19 : 75-76.
Gmelin, J. F. 1790. C. a Linne . . . Systema Naturae . . . Editio decima tertia . . .

cur a J. F. Gmelin, 1788-93, 1 (6) : 3021-3910. Lipsiae

180 THE CRACHERODE SHELL COLLECTION

Gould, A. A. 1833. Lamarck's Genera of Shells, with a Catalogue of Species. Translated from
the French, vii + no pp. ; 1 pi. Boston.

1850. Shells from the United States Exploring Expedition. Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist,

3 : 309-12.

Gray, E. W. 1799. Manuscript Catalogue of Minerals bequeathed to the British Museum by the
Rev. Clayton Mordaunt Cracherode A. M . 96 pp. London. 40.

1801. Manuscript Catalogue of Shells bequeathed to the British Museum by the Rev. Clayton

Mordaunt Cracherode A.M. 98 pp. London. 40.

Gray, J. E. 1821. ANatural Arrangement of the Mollusca. London Med. Repos. 15 : 229-2 39.

1821-31. The Zoological Miscellany,^. 1-86 ; 6 pts. {All published.) 4 pis. London.

4°-

1824. Conchological Observations, being an attempt to fix the study of Conchology on

a firm basis. Zool. J . 1 : 204-224.

1824-28. Monograph on the Cypraeideae, a Family of Testaceous Mollusca. Ibid. 1 :

71-80, 137-152, 367-391 (1824), 489-518 (1825) ; 3 : 363-371, 567-576 (1828) ; 4 : 66-88,
213-216. Index (1828).

1824. On the structure of Melania setosa. Ibid. 1 : 253-255.

1824. Reply to Mr. Swainson on Neritina Corona and Melania setosa. Ibid. 1 : 523-526.

1825. A List and Description of some Species of Shells not taken Notice of by Lamarck.

Pt. 1. Ann. Phil. 9 : 135-140.

1837. A Synoptical Catalogue of the Species of certain Tribes or Genera of Shells . . .

with Descriptions of the New Species. Charlesworth's Mag. Nat. Hist. (New Ser.) 1 : 370-
376.

1838. Catalogue of the species of the genus Cytherea, of Lamarck. The Analyst, 8:

302-309.

— ■ — 1847. A List of the Genera of Recent Mollusca, their Synonyma and Types. Proc. Zool.
Soc. London, 1847 : 129-219. (Reprinted in vol 4 of M. E. Gray's Figures of Molluscous
Animals, 1859 with original pagination.)

1852. Molluscorum Britanniae Synopsis etc. (Edited from W. E. Leach's proofs and

MSS. by J. E. Gray.) xvi + 376 pp. ; 13 pis. London.

1853. A Revision of the Genera of some Families of Conchifera or Bivalve Shells. Ann.

Mag. Nat. Hist. (Ser. 2), 11 : 33-44.

Grew, N. 1681. Musaeum Regalis Societatis, or a Catalogue <£>> Description of . . . Rarities

belonging to the Royal Society etc. 10 + 386 + 43 ; 31 pis. Engr. portrait. London, fol.
Gronovius, L. T. 1763-81. Zoophylacium Gronovianum, exhibens Animalia, Quadrupeda,

Amphibia, Pisces, Insecta, Vermes, Mollusca, Testacea et Zoophyta. 3 pts. vi + 380 [18]

vi pp. ; 20 pis. Lugduni Batavorum. fol.
Gunther, A. 1 91 2. See British Museum (Nat. Hist.).
Hanley, S. 1855. Ipsa Linnaei Conchylia. The Shells of Linnaeus, determined from his

manuscripts and collection. ... 556 pp. ; 6 pis. London.
— ■ — 1856. Index Testaceologicus, An Illustrated Catalogue of British and Foreign Shells . . .

by W. Wood. Revised edition, xx + 234 pp. ; 38 + 8 col. pis. London.
Hedley, C. 1902. Studies on Australian Mollusca. Part VI. Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales,

27 (1) : 7-29 ; 2 pis.

& Pilsbry, H. 1912. Strange names for old acquaintances. Nautilus, 26 : 45-46.

Hermann, J. 1781. Erster Brief fiber einige Conchylien an den Herausgeber. Der Natur-

forscher 16 : 50-56.
Hopwood, A. T. 1946. Miscellaneous Notes. 1. Perry's Conchology. Proc. Mai. Soc.

London, 26 : 152.
Hornell, J. 1951. Indian Molluscs, iv + 96 pp. ; 70 text-figs.; 1 col. pi. (Bombay

Natural History Soc.) Bombay.
[Humphrey, G.] 1786. A Catalogue of the Portland Museum . . . Sold by Auction . . .

24th of April, 1786, and the thirty-seven following days etc. viii + 194 + 6 pp. Engr.

portrait & frontispiece. London. 40.

THE CRACHERODE SHELL COLLECTION 181

Humphrey, G. & Cracherode, C. M. 1788. Manuscript Catalogue of Fossils. 123 pp.

London. 40.
Humphrey, G. 1794. Account of the Gizzard of ... Bulla lignaria. Trans. Linn. Soc.

London, 2 : 15-18.
[Humphrey, G.] 1797. Museum Calonnianum, specification of the Various articles which

compose the ... Museum of Natural History collected by M. de Calonne in France, etc.

Part 1. viii + 84 pp. London.
Hynd, J. S. 1954. A Revision of the Australian Pearl-shells, Genus Pinctada (Lamelli-

branchia). Aust. J. Mar. &• Freshwater Res. 6 : 98-137 ; 13 pis.
Iredale. T. 1912. New Generic names and new species of Marine Mollusca. Proc. Mai.

Soc. London, 10 : 217-228.

1927. Caloundra Shells. Aust. Zool. 4 : 331-336.

1937- The Truth about the Museum Calonnianum. Festschrift fur Prof. Dr. Embrik

Strand, 3 : 408-419. (Univ. Riga.)

1939- Great Barrier Reef Expedition 1928-29, Scientific Reports, 5, No. 6. Mollusca,

Part 1 209-425 ; 7 pis. ; 1 map. British Museum (Natural History). London. 40.

Jackson, J. W. 1937. A letter from George Humphrey to William Swainson. 18 15. /.

Conch. 20 : 332-337.
Jameson, H. L. 1901. On the Identity and Distribution of the Mother-of-Pearl Oysters;

and a Revision of the Subgenus Margaritifera. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1901, 1 : 372-394.
Johnson, C. W. 191 i. Note on Spondylus echinatus Martyn. Nautilus, 25 : 11.
Johnston, G. 1850. An Introduction to Conchology . xvi + 614 pp. ; 102 text figs. London.
Jukes Brown, A. J. 1913. On Tivela and Grateloupia. Proc. Mai. Soc. London, 10 : 266-273.

1914- Synopsis of the Veneridae. J&ii. 11 : 58-94.

Keep, J. 1935. West Coast Shells. Revised by Joshua Bailey, Jr. xi + 350 pp., 334 text-
figs. California.

Kennard, A. S. & Woodward, B. B. 1922. On the genesis of the designation of " Types "
among Malacological writers. Proc. Mai. Soc. London, 15 : 47-51.

1926. Synonomy of the British non-Marine Mollusca. xxiv + 447 pp. British Museum

(Nat. Hist.).)

Salisbury, A. E. & Woodward, B. B. 1931. The Types of Lamarck's Genera of

Shells as selected by J. G. Children in 1823. Smithsonian Miscel. Coll. 82, No. 17.

Lamarck, J. B. P. A. de M. de. 1799. Prodrome d'une nouvelle classification des Coquilles.
Mem. Soc. Hist. Nat. Paris, 163-191.

1815-22. Histoire Naturelle des Animaux Sans Vertebres, presentant les caracteres generaux

et particuliers de ces Animaux, etc., 7 vols. Paris.

1835-45. Ed. 2 ... revue at augment6e . . . par ... G. P. Deshayes.

11 vols. Paris.

Lamy, E. 1938. Revision des Spondylus vivants du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle de

Paris. /. Conchyl. 82 : 177-214 ; 265-306.
Leach, W. E. 1814-17. The Zoological Miscellany ; being descriptions of new, or interesting

animals . . . illustrated with coloured figures by R. P. Nodder. 3 vols. London. 40.
Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae . . . Editio Decima, reformata. Tom. 1. 824 pp.

Holmiae.

1767. Editio duodecima reformata. Tom. 1. Part 2 ; 533-1327 [36]. Holmiae.

Lister, M. 1685-92(97). Historia sive Synopsis methodicae Conchyliorum . . . liber . . .

S. et A. Lister figur as pin. 6 pt. [in 2 vols.] ; 1057 pis. Londini. fol.
Martini, F., & Chemnitz, J. 1769-95. Neues Systematisches Conchylien Cabinet. 11 vols.

illust. Col. Nurnburg. 40.
Matheson, C 1954. Thomas Pennant and the Morris Brothers. Ann. Sci. 10 : 258-271.
Mathews, G. M., & Iredale, T. 1912. Perry's Arcana — An overlooked work. Victorian

Naturalist, 29 : 7-16.
Melvill, J. C. 1888. On the genus Cypraea. Mem. Proc. Manchester Lit. Phil. Soc. (Ser. 4),

1 : 184-252.

i82 THE CRACHERODE SHELL COLLECTION

Melvill, J. C. 1900. Lovell Reeve : A brief sketch of life and career. /. Conch. 9 : 344-357.

■ 1916. Notes on the genus Harpa. Ibid. 15 : 25-40.

Montfort, P. De. 1808-10. Conchy liologie Systematique et Classification Methodique des

Coquilles. 2 Tom. illus. Paris.
Nickles, M. 1950. Mollusques testaces Marins de la Cote occidentale d'Afrique. Manuels

Ouest-Africains , 2 : vi -f- 269 pp. Paris.
Odhner, N. 1917. Results of Dr. G. Mjobergs Swedish Scientific Expeditions to Australia.

1910-13. K. Svensk. Vet. Akad. Handlingar, 52 : 16 ; 115 pp. ; 3 pis. ; 51 text-figs.
Orbigny, A. d' 1835-47. Voyage dans I'Ame'rique Meridionale execute pendant 1826-33. 7

vols. & atlas. Paris. 40.
Parry, Sir W. E. 1821. Journal of a Voyage for the Discovery of a North West Passage . . .

performed in ... 1819-20, in H.M.S. Hecla and Griper . . . with an Appendix.
xxxix + 310 + clxxix pp. 14 pis. 6 maps. London. 40.

1824. Supplement to the Appendix etc. clxxxi-cccx pp. 6 pis. (Shells by J. E. Gray.)

London. 40.

Perry, G. 1810-11. Arcana, or The Museum of Natural History ; containing the most recent
discovered objects . . . with . . . plates, and . . . descriptions. 84 col. pis. with
descriptive letterpress. London.

181 1. Conchology of the Natural History of Shells . . . illustrated by coloured engravings

. . . including the latest discoveries. 4 pp. intro. 61 col. pis., with descriptive
letterpress.

Perry, L., & Schwengel, J. 1955. Marine Shells of the Western Coast of Florida. Frontis-
piece ; 318 pp., 54 pis. ; 6 text-figs.

Philippi, R. A. 1848. Centuria tertia Testaceorum novorum. Zeitsch. fur Malak. 5 : 151-176.

Pilsbry, H. A. 1902. Manual of Conchology (Ser. 2) Pulmonata, 14. Philadelphia.

Prashad, B. 1932. The Lamellibranchia of the Siboga Exopedition. Systematic Part. II.
Pelecypoda. 353 pp. ; 9 pis. ; 1 map. Leiden. 40.

Quoy, J. R., & Gaimard, J. 1830-35. Voyage de ... I'Astrolabe . . . pendant 1826-
29, sous le commandement de M. J . Dumont d'Urville, etc., Zoologie ; 4 vols. & atlas. Paris.
8° & fol.

Recluz, C. A. 1841. Description de quelques nouvelles especes de Nerites vivantes. Rev.
Zool. (Soc. Cuv.) 4 : 2 pts. 102 ; 273.

Reeve, L. 1841. Conchologia Systematica or Complete System of Conchology : in which the
the Lepades and Conchiferous mollusca are described, etc., 2 vols. 300 col. pis. London. 40.

& Sowerby, G. B. 1843-78. Conchologia Iconica or Illustrations of the Shells of Mollus-
cous Animals. (Continued by G. B. Sowerby.) 20 vols. Illust. in Col. London. 40.

Roding, P. F. 1798. Museum Boltenianum . . . Pars Secunda Conchylia, etc., viii + x99
pp. Hamburghi.

1906. Reprint of 1798 edition, with introductory note by C. D. Sherborn and E. R. Sykes.

viii + 199 pp. London.

Rogers, J. E. 1908. The Shell Book, xvi + 503 pp., 95 pis. Boston. 40.

1951- Second edition [with list of modern names by Harald A. Rehder.]

Say, T. 1822. An Account of some of the Marine Shells of the Shells of the United States.
/. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 2 : 221-248 ; 257-325.

1858. The Complete writings of Thomas Say on the Conchology of the United States. Ed.

by W. G. Binney. vi + 252 pp., 75 col. pis.

Schubert, G. H., & Wagner, J. A. 1829. Neues Systematisches Conchylien Cabinet, ange-

fangen von Martini und Chemnitz. Bd. 12. Nurnberg. 40.
Schumacher, C. F. 1817. Essai d'un Nouveau Systeme des Habitations des Vers Testaces. 2

+ 287 pp. 22 pis. Copenhagen 40.
Sharpe, R. B. 1906. See British Museum (Nat. Hist.).
Sherborn, C. D. 1902. Index Animalium sive index nominum quae ab a.d. 1758 generibus

et speciebus animalium imposita sunt . . . Sectio prima . . . usque ad finem . . .1800.

lix + 1 195 pp. Cantabrigiae.

THE CRACHERODE SHELL COLLECTION 183

Smith, E. 191 1. The Life of Sir Joseph Banks. President of the Royal Society, etc. xvi -j- 348

pp., Frontispiece ; 16 pis. London.
Smith, E. A. 1906. See British Museum (Nat. Hist.).

1914- On Australian Mactridae. Proc. Mai. Soc. London, 11 : 137-151.

Smith, M. 1942. A Review of the Volutidae. 127 pp. Frontispiece ; 26 pis. Florida. 40.
1951- East Coast Marine Shells. 4th edition revised, vii + 314 pp. ; 77 pis. Florida.

4°-
Solum, A. 1954. Living species of the Pelecypod Family Trapeziidae. Proc. Mai. Soc.

London, 31 : 64-84.
Sowerby, G. B. 1825. A Catalogue of the Shells ... of the late Earl of Tankerville . . .

with an appendix, vii -f- 92 + xxxiv pp. ; 7 col pis. London.

1828. Notes on Mr. Gray's Additions and Corrections to a Monograph on Cypraea, in

a letter addressed to W. J. Broderip, Esq. Zool. J . 4 : 217-221.

Sowerby, J. The Genera of Recent and Fossil Shells for the use of students in Conchology and
Geology. Commenced by J. Sowerby . . . and continued by G. B. Sowerby (is/) . . .
with . . . plates by J . Sowerby and J . D. C. Sowerby. 2 vols. 267 col. pis. with descrip-
tive letterpress. London.

Steinbeck, J., & Ricketts, E. 1941. Sea of Cortez ; a leisurely Journal of travel and research.
x + 598 pp. ; 40 pis. New York. (Annottaed Phyletic Catalogue and Bibliography, pp.
283-586.)

Swainson, W. 1820-23. Zoological Illustrations of Original figures and descriptions of New,
Rare or Interesting Animals, etc., Ser. 1. 3 vols. col. pis. Descriptive letterpress.
London.

1829-33. Ibid. Ser. 2. 3 vols. col. pis. Descriptive letterpress. London.

1822. A Catalogue of the Rare and Valuable Shells, which formed the celebrated collection of

the late Mrs. Bligh. With an appendix, iv + 22 pp. ; 2 col. pis. London.

1823. The Specific Characters of several undescribed Shells. Phil. Mag. & Journ. 62 :

401-403.

1824. Description of Two New and Remarkable Fresh Water Shells : Melania setosa

and Unio gigas. Q. Journ. Sci. (R. Inst. Gt. Brit.) 17 (33) : 13-17.

1824. Observations on Melania Setosa in reply to Mr. Gray. Zool. J . 1 : 399-403.

1840. Taxidermy ; with the biography of Zoologists, etc., (Lardner's Cabinet Cyclopaedia,

vol. 126) ; 392 pp. ; text fig. Engr. Title. London.
Thiele, J. 1931-35- Handbuch der Systematischen Weichtierkunde. 2 Bde. vi + 77^ ;

v -f 779-II54 PP- Ulust. Jena.
Tomlin, J. R. Le B. 1927. The Mollusca of the "St. George " Expedition (1). /. Conch.

18 : 154-170.
Viader, R. 1937. Revised Catalogue of the Testaceous Mollusca of Mauritius and its

Dependencies. Maurit. Inst. Bull. 1, pt. 2. Mauritius.
Wilkins, G. L. 1951. Strombus thersites Swainson : Designation of a Lectotype. Proc.

Mai. Soc. London, 28 : 238-239 ; 1 pi.

I953«- A Catalogue and Historical Account of the Sloane Shell Collection. Bull. Brit.

Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Historical Series, 1, No. 1 : 1-47 ; 12 pis.

I953&- Notes on some recently recognized types in the British Museum (Natural History).

Designation of two Lectotypes. /. Conch. 23 : 290-294.

1954- Captain Cook's Imperial Sun Trochus. Ibid. 24 : 7-12.

1955- A Catalogue and Historical Account of the Banks Shell Collection. Bull. Brit.

Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Historical Series, 1, No. 3 : 71-119 ; 6 pis.
Winckworth, R. 1929. Marine Mollusca from South India and Ceylon. Ill : Pinna.

With an index to the recent species of Pinna. Proc. Mai. Soc. London, 18 : 276-297.

1945- The types of the Boltenian genera. Ibid. 26 : 136-148.

Wood, W. 1815. General Conchology ; or, a description of shells arranged according to the

Linnean system, iv + 246 pp. 60 col pis. (Reissued 1835 with new title page.) London.

4°-

184 THE CRACHERODE SHELL COLLECTION

Wood, W. 1818. Index Testaceologicus, or a Catalogue of Shells British and Foreign . . . viii
X 188 pp. ; 8 col pis. London.

1825. Ibid. 2nd Edition ; viii -J- J88 pp. 38 col. pis. London.

1828. Ibid. . . . Supplement, iv + 59 pp. ; 8 col. pis. (480 figs.). London.

Wyatt, T. 1838. A Manual of Conchology , according to the system laid down by Lamarck,

with the late improvements by de Blainville. ix + 191 pp. ; 36 col. pis. New York.
Yen, T. 1942. A Review of Chinese Gastropods in the British Museum. Proc. Mai. Soc.
London, 24 : 170-289 ; pis. 11-28.

9. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Thanks are due to Dr. C. A. Wright and Mr. I. C. J. Galbraith for carefully reading
the manuscript ; to Mr. T. J. Brown of the Department of Manuscripts, British
Museum, Bloomsbury for his kind co-operation in producing original documents in
confirmation of the various handwritings, and particularly for drawing the author's
attention to C. M. Cracherode's notebook while a Trustee of the Museum. Mr. J. V.
Brown of the Photographic Staff of the British Museum (Natural History) has
again devoted much care to the preparation of the photographs appearing on the
accompanying plates.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES

(With the exception of those on plate 25 the figures are all natural size.)

PLATE 20

Fig. 1. Title page of the Catalogue of the Cracherode Shell collection written by Dr. E. W.
Gray in 1801.

Bull. B.M. (N.H.) History i, 4.

PLATE 20

fe

m

Zoo!. Dept
MOLLUSC

jy fit (%ei^ \ *

fivfaUi

*y

/

Fig. 1.

PLATE 21

Fig. 2. Upper portion of page 94 of the Humphrey-Cracherode mineral catalogue ; item
one written by George Humphrey, items two and three added by C. M. Cracherode.

Fig. 3. Cracherode specimens exhibiting E. W. Gray's catalogue numbers and names written
on the shells.

a. Spondylus americanus Hermann, Crach. No. 197.

b. Trapezium sowerbyi Hidalgo, Crach. No. 35.

c. Chlamys tranquebaricus (Gmelin), Crach. No. 122.

(Note pink disc attached to figs, a and c.)

Bull. B.M. (N.H.) History I, 4.

PLATE 21

H

o.

-/ . /£>«- e*reeA»i* G^ A-*^-f^/-i.t£

cr

Fig. 2.

liA*Jl*

Fig. 3.

PLATE 22

FlG. 4. A page from the small octavo catalogue (dated 1791) written entirely by Cracherode.

Fig. 5. Page 25 of the E. W. Gray Catalogue showing items copied exactly, with numbers
uided.

Bull. B.M. {N.H.) History i, 4. PLATTE 22

;

\m^—~ -^ — y • ^> «J» ^

Fig. 4.

ftrofi/.^uuZ Jt'rorrvi/i'ew JZeadb&Mv. % ^/zect-rhen^

&U, ^nco^saf-. . f),3,6-t-'

Fig.

PLATE 23

Fig. 6. Lectotype of Lucina Chiedrenae Gray, Crach. No. 216.

Fig. 7. Holotype of Crenatula folium Gray, attached to original tablet. Crach. Xo. 93,
ex Calonne No. 821.

Fig. 8. Scaphander lignarius (Linne), with original gizzard plates, as sold by Humphrey
to Cracherode. Crach. No. 77.

Butt. B.M. {N.H.) History I, 4.

PLATE 23

Fig. 6.

Fig. 7.

Fig. 3.

PLATE 24

Fig. 9. Labiosa lineata (Say), Holotype of Mactra cyprinus Wood, attached to original
tablet with E. A. Smith's label. Crach. No. 59, ex Calonne No. 838.

Fig. 10. Anostoma octodentatum F. de Waldheim. Crach. No. 269.

Fig. 11. Holotype of Clithon coronata Leach. Crach. No. 354.

Fig. 12. Labiosa lineata (Say), Holotype of Mactra recurva Wood, on original tablet with
E. A. Smith's label, and J. R. le B. Tomlin's type label in top left-hand corner. Crach. No. 60.

Fig. 13. Holotype of Pinctada radiata (Leach). Slight damage to shell replaced by dotted
line. Crach. No. 82.

Fig. 14. Circe cracherodii Gray. Holotype. Crach. No. 169. -

Bull. B.M. (N.H.) History I, 4.

PLATE 24

Fig. 9.

Fig. 10.

1 Type- *C IX. e**A**r-t>v fc-xrtr* I ,_/■-■ j&ji|

^^teaJSfgMM

^9H

1 1 'sHk ' *

BBBHBHHff^ n € **• ^ - ^SBI

[^ ^**^K#i^KwJ^::f.,/-'>i5'^^V-Jj'iH

Fig. 11.

Fig. 12.

Fig. 13.

Fig. 14

PLATE 25

This plate shows a selected series of Cracherode specimens still mounted on the early Museum
tablets, marked Mus. Cracherode, and still bearing J. G. Children's original paper labels. The
original tablets have not been cut in any way, thus giving an idea of the appearance of the
early exhibited collections.

Fig. 15a. Thais columellaris Lamarck. Crach. No. 58.

b. Echinochama arcinella (Linne). Crach. No. 39, ex Calonne 1020a.

c. Murex acanthopterus Lamarck. Crach. No. 321, ex Calonne 742.

d. Murex permaestas Hedley (capucinus Auct.). Crach. No. 314.

e. Acavus haemastomus (Linne). Crach. No. 258, said by Humphrey to have come from the
famous collection of Pierre Lyonet (1707-89) of Gravenhage, Holland, a Dutch Lawyer whose
shells were sold in 1796.

/. Cvpraea ventriculus Lamarck, Crach. No. 216, labelled C. achatina Solander by Children,
ex Humphrey in Cracherode MSS. catalogue.

g. Cypraea camelopardalis Perry, Crach. No. 214, labelled Cypraea melanostoma Leathes
by Children.

h. Murex scorpio Linne. Crach. No. 317.

j. Scutus antipodes Montfort. (Parmaphorus aushalis Lamarck). Crach. No. 365.

{All the above figures have been reduced by approximately one-fifth.)

Bull. B.M. (N.H.) History i, 4.

PLATE 25

^'-^w.^*.<m£

THE GRONOVIUS FISH
COLLECTION :

A CATALOGUE AND
HISTORICAL ACCOUNT

ALWYNE C. WHEELER

BULLETIN OF

THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY)

HISTORICAL SERIES Vol. i No. 5

LONDON : 1958

THE GRONOVIUS FISH COLLECTION:
A CATALOGUE AND HISTORICAL ACCOUNT

BY

ALWYNE C. WHEELER

Pp. 185-249 ; Plates 26-34

BULLETIN OF
THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY)
HISTORICAL SERIES Vol. 1 No. 5

LONDON: 1958

THE BULLETIN OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM
(NATURAL HISTORY), instituted in 1949, is
issued in five series corresponding to the Departments
of the Museum, and an Historical Series.

Parts will appear at irregular intervals as they become
ready. Volumes will contain about three or four
hundred pages, and will not necessarily be completed
within one calendar year.

This paper is Vol. 1, No. 5 of the Historical
series.

Trustees of the British Museum

PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES OF
THE BRITISH MUSEUM

Issued June, 1958 Price One Pound

THE GRONOVIUS FISH COLLECTION:
A CATALOGUE AND HISTORICAL ACCOUNT

By ALWYNE C. WHEELER

9
10

CONTENTS

Introduction ......

A Biographical Note .....

Gronovius and Contemporary Ichthyology
The Gronovius Fishes between 1778 and 1853
The Manuscript .....

6. The Collection of Fishes

7. Contributors to the General Collection

8. Systematic Catalogue
Acknowledgments ....
References ......

Page
187
188
191

193

197
199
201
202
246
246

SYNOPSIS

The fishes collected by Laurens Theodoras Gronovius, and now preserved in the British Museum,
have been re-examined. They were described by the collector during his lifetime, and in a
posthumously published work ; publications that were frequently referred to by Linnaeus in
the tenth and twelfth editions of the Sy sterna Naturae. Many of these type specimens are
still extant. They have been identified and are listed in the catalogue.

A short biography of Gronovius and an historical account of the collection precede the cata-
logue ; while the plates show some of the specimens, a page and an illustration from the
manuscript, and the only known portrait of Gronovius.

1. INTRODUCTION

A little over a century ago a collection of fish skins preserved dry, and mounted on
sheets of paper, was offered for sale in the auction rooms of Mr. Phillips of Bond
Street, London. J. E. Gray, then Keeper of the Department of Zoology in the British
Museum, viewed the collection and considering it " would be an advantageous
purchase", acquired it at the sale. Subsequently, a manuscript which had been
missing earlier was delivered to him. On examining the specimens he had decided
that they could be dated to "about the time of Gronov", and having seen the manu-
script he identified it, and the fishes, as part of Gronovius's own collection.

The specimens were incorporated in the collection of fishes at the British Museum,
and the manuscript, edited by Gray, was published by order of the Trustees, in 1854.
Beyond this and the publication of a short note (Gray, 1854a) in which he announced
the acquisition of the collection, Gray took no further interest in it, but Giinther,
while preparing the Catalogue of Fishes, examined and identified the skins. It
was he who first recognized some of the specimens as the types of Linnaean species,
and noticed them as such in the Catalogue ; but a number of these type specimens

HIST. I, 5.

12

188 THE GRONOVIUS FISH COLLECTION

were not so recognized and, as the collection has never been systematically examined
since his day, their significance has remained unappreciated.

I began to examine the Gronovius specimens while curating the " dry " fish collec-
tion and, in preparing a catalogue of the types described in 1854 (the manuscript
edited by Gray) , I realized that most of the skins were the same specimens which
Gronovius had described in his earliest publications, the Museum Ichthyologicwm
(1754-56) and the Zoophylacium (1763). Although both works were non-binominal,
later authors had given valid names to many of the descriptions, and chief amongst
these was Linnaeus, who in the tenth and twelfth editions of the Sy sterna Naturae
had named many species wholly or partly on references to these works. Many of
these specimens are thus part of the type series of Linnaean species. When I found
that only a few had ever been recognized as such, it became obvious that a careful
study of the whole collection would have more than an historical value. It is, however,
essential to know something of the background to an early and historical museum
collection. Such details that I have been able to give of the life of Gronovius amount
to the most full account of the man whom Gray (1854a) described as, " one of the
best ichthyologists of the latter part of the last century ".

2. A BIOGRAPHICAL NOTE

Work on an early collection of any kind inevitably leads to a desire to know some-
thing of its history, and particularly something about the collector. In this case
the standard works of reference are of little value, for Laurens Theodorus is usually
eclipsed by the lengthy notes on his famous father, his grandfather (Jacob) and even
earlier ancestors. Most authors merely list his published works and mention that
he was a Dutch naturalist of the eighteenth century, of some civic importance in his
native town of Leiden, and although primarily an ichthyologist, the author or editor
of several works on general natural history.

Other sources are scarcely better and have mainly concentrated on the Zoophyla-
cium. Whitley (1929) in drawing attention to the binary names of fishes that appeared
in the index to that work, was interested mainly in the repercussions that their
resurrection would have on nomenclature.1 Higgins (1950) accepted Whitley's
account of the history of this work, and added a few biographical details, which,
however, prove to be a translation of Gronovius's public offices and honours as they
appeared after the author's name on the title page of the Zoophylacium. He also
noted that Laurens Gronovius " edited the 9th edition of the Systema " of Linnaeus,
an undertaking for which the elder Gronovius was actually responsible. Finally,
a major work on the history and the genealogy of the Gronovius family (Bijleveld,
1942) traces it from the early sixteenth to the beginning of the twentieth centuries,
and this has been followed for the purposes of the present study.

Laurens Theodorus Gronovius was born in Leiden on the 1st of June, 1730, and,
baptized in the Hooglandse Kerk three days later. He was the only son of Johan
Frederic Gronovius (1 686-1 762), although the latter had two daughters by a previous

1 They have since been declared unacceptable by the International Commission on Zoological Nomen-
clature (1950).

THE GRONOVIUS FISH COLLECTION 189

marriage, one of whom had died before Laurens was born. The elder Gronovius
was a man of some importance in his native town of Leiden, being successively
Senator, Sheriff and Burgomaster of the city, and also a practising doctor of medicine.
Although he is remembered chiefly as a botanist, the author of the Flora Virginica
(1739-43) and the Flora Orientalis (1755), he published a number of papers of
zoological interest. As a member of the small circle of Dutch and foreign students
of natural history then gathered in Holland, he was on intimate terms with Linnaeus,
Artedi, van Royen, Boerhaave, Lawson, Seba and others whose names are perhaps
less well known to-day. His second wife, the mother of Laurens, was Johanna
Susanna Alensoon (i 698-1 774) of Leiden.

The younger Gronovius was admitted to the Academy at Leiden on the 20th of
March, 1744, and seven years later his Disseriatio juridica inauguralis was published.
It seems probable that between the completion of his studies and 1762 (nearly
eleven years), when he became increasingly occupied with civic affairs, he spent
much of his time studying his father's collections. His main interest was in zoology,
and his published works are nearly all concerned with vertebrate animals, and par-
ticularly fishes. In 1754 he published the first fascicle of the Museum Ichthyologicum
(fascicle II-1756), a work which clearly reflected his ability in this field, although his
methods and classification owe much to the work of Artedi. Despite the fact that his
father may have helped in the preparation of the work (although there is no evidence
that he did so), it is noteworthy that when the first volume was published the author
was only twenty-four years old.

In addition, during these eleven years (1751-62) Gronovius published the Biblio-
theca Regni animalis . . . (1760), reissued and edited part of Seguier's Bibliotheca
Botanica . . . (1760), and made several contributions to the Uitgezogte Verhand-
lingen and Acta Helvetica. He also translated into Dutch, Alexander Russell's
Natural History of Aleppo which was published in Leiden in 1762. Gronovius had
corresponded with Russell and had been sent specimens of the fishes found in the
vicinity of Aleppo, which were described and figured in the first fascicle of the Zoo-
phylacium (Wheeler, 19566). This fascicle was published in 1763, and the second
part a year later, but much of both fascicles must have been written before 1762.
Although Gronovius was only thirty-three years old, this was almost the last publi-
cation of his lifetime. The Record of the Royal Society shows that he was elected a
Fellow on the 10th of March, 1763 ; and he became a member of the Hollandsche
Maatschappij der Wetenschappen te Haarlem on the 25th of May, 1762.

In that year his preoccupation with his father's collections came to an end, and
unhappily this coincided with their becoming his property, for on the 14th of July,
at the age of 76, his father died, and Laurens, the only son, inherited his library,
collections and responsibilities. Three days later he succeeded his father as a member
of the Council of Forty (Veertig-raad)1. The Council was chosen from the citizens of
the town and was largely concerned with the administration of the community, and
the making and enforcement of local laws. He held this position until his death.

1 The civic posts that Gronovius held I quote parenthetically in Dutch, for it is often difficult to
interpret them into English equivalents, and indeed many of them have no counterpart in English
local administration.

190 THE GRONOVIUS FISH COLLECTION

On the 31st of August, 1765, the banns of Gronovius's marriage to Anna Apollonia
Verbeek were published, and on the 15th of September they were married at Zierikzee.
They lived in Leiden in a house that had belonged to the family for some years ;
it still stands in the Rappenburg opposite the buildings of the University. They had
two children, Johannes, born the 4th of August, 1768, and Samuel Ulric, baptized in
the Pieterskerk, Leiden, on the 2nd of December, 1772. The elder, a lawyer, went to
the Dutch East Indies, where he died in 1822 ; his brother became the Dutch
Ambassador at Baden, and died in Karlsruhe in 1810.

In 1767 Gronovius was elected to the College of Sheriffs (Schepen), which was in
some ways the precursor of the modern town council. Four years later he was
appointed (probably as treasurer), to the Waterschap, a group of prominent citizens
responsible for the maintenance of the dykes. A year later he became a member of
the council of the City Fathers ( Vroedschap) , and in 1773, Weesmeester, the regent or
surveyor of the city's orphanages. The highest civic dignity that he attained was
asa " Depute de la Chambre des Comptes de la province de Hollande a la Haye ",
and as a member of the board which controlled the finances of the richest and
most prosperous province of the country, he would have enjoyed considerable
prestige.

In the year before he became a Depute, however, both his wife and his mother died.
His wife died on the 29th of January and his mother in December 1774 ; both were
buried in the Pieterskerk in Leiden. Gronovius's last years were marked with tragic
irony; in 1773 his appointment as Weesmeester gave him charge over the orphanages
of the province, and at the time, the possibility that his own sons would within
four years be orphans, must have seemed very remote indeed. Yet, a year later,
both their mother and grandmother had died, and on the 8th of August, 1777, at the
age of 47, Gronovius died suddenly. He was buried beside his wife and parents in
the family vault in the Pieterskerk, on the 15th of August.

Gronovius's death was probably as unexpected as it was sudden, for no trace of a
will can be found, nor was there apparently any provision made for the guardianship
of his sons. The famous Gronovius collections were on view in Leiden on the 1st
and 2nd of October, 1778, and were offered for sale on the 7th and 8th of that month ;
the library was sold on the 5th of October. It is possible that some of the more valuable
of the mineral specimens, such as pearls and specimens of gold and silver, that were
included in the manuscript Lithophylacium, were sold separately. A loose sheet
of paper in that manuscript lists some of these substances, and against each is
written a value in guilders. This may, however, be only a valuation for the
purposes of the sale, for there are a number of precious metals listed in the sale
catalogue.

As an example of the decline of his biological work with his increase in civic
importance, the period from 1765 until his deathis outstanding. During those years
Gronovius published only two short papers in two journals, although his edition of
the Historiae Naturalis of Plinius Secundus, which was published posthumously
(1778) must have been almost complete, if not in the press, at the time of his death.
Added to this, at his death, there were at least three unpublished manuscripts
in varying stages of completion all of which have been preserved or published.

THE GRONOVIUS FISH COLLECTION 191

These were, the third fascicle of the Zoophylacium published by F. C. Meuschen1
in 1781 ; the incomplete manuscript which Gray (1854) published, and a still unpub-
lished manuscript, the Lithophylacium, a catalogue of the mineral specimens, fossils
and other natural calcareous products in his collection. There were also two other
manuscripts, which were mentioned by Boddaert in the letter of which a translation
is given on p. 195. These have presumably perished.

There has been some confusion amongst authors as to the learned societies of
which Gronovius was a member. This probably originated from the rather cryptic
abbreviation of his personal titles which appear on the title page of the Zoophylacium
— " Societatis Physico-Medicae Regiae Londinensis, Basilaeensis, atque Hollandicae
Socius ". This has been freely translated (Higgins, 1950) into " member of several
learned societies, including the Royal Physico-Medical Society of London ". It
appears, however, that there has never been such a society in existence in London,
although there was a Physico-Medical Society of London founded in 1771 (a copy of
its rules, printed in 1774, is preserved in the British Museum), but this was eight
years after Gronovius was using the title. This Society was not entitled to, and
apparently never used the prefix Royal. The explanation lies in a less literal rendering
than the above, and this gives the information that Gronovius was a Fellow of the
Royal Society (of London), a member of the Physico-Medical Society of Basle, and
the Dutch Society of Science at Haarlem. The Physico-Medical Society was founded
in 1751 and a number of Gronovius's shorter publications were published in its
journal, Acta Helvetica.

3. GRONOVIUS AND CONTEMPORARY ICHTHYOLOGY

It is not an easy matter to assess the influence that Gronovius had on the history of
systematic ichthyology, but there can be little doubt that it was not great. It is,
however, of interest to note that amongst his contemporaries at least he was held
in some esteem. Linnaeus (1758 : 241) in his introduction to the section on fishes in
the tenth edition of the Sy sterna, ranked him as one of the " Ichthyologi Theoretici ";
preceded only by Artedi and Linnaeus himself ! Another reference occurs in a letter
written by Peter Collinson shortly after the publication of the Museum Ichthyologicum,
to Linnaeus, (Smith, 1821). Collinson, a friend of the older Gronovius, wrote,
. . . young Gronovius, whom I much admire for dedicating his youth to useful
knowledge."

Later authors were bound to take a more objective view, and Giinther's assessment
of Gronovius's influence, although seemingly severe, was nevertheless very near the
truth. He wrote, " Two contemporaries of Linnaeus (Klein and Gronovius) attempted
a systematic arrangement of fishes ; both had considerable opportunities for their
study, especially in possessing extensive collections ; but neither exercised any

1 Frederic Christian Meuschen (1719-ca. 1800) was at one time Secretary to the Legation of Denmark
and later to the Duke of Saxe-Coburg, at the Hague. He possessed a very fine collection of shells, and
conchology was obviously his principal biological interest. He compiled many sale catalogues of
zoological collections and at least ten are attributed to his authorship, including the catalogue of the
Gronovius collection (1778) (Tomlin, 1942). A contemporary of Gronovius, it is very likely that they
were familiar for both studied law at Leiden at the same period (Meuschen entered in 1742).

igz THE GRONOVIUS FISH COLLECTION

influence on the progress of Ichthyology ". Detailed studies of the history of ich-
thyology have been given by a number of authors, so it is not necessary to enlarge on
that subject here. The more ambitious accounts can be found in Cuvier & Valenciennes
(1828), in Giinther (1880) and in Jordan (1905), (the latter both owe an unacknow-
ledged debt to the previous authors), and study of these will give a general idea of
the role that Gronovius played in the history of the knowledge of fishes.

That Gronovius's work had so little lasting influence may seem rather surprising when
one considers his undoubted ability in this field, and in view of the fact that his work
usually exceeded that of his contemporaries in both volume and accuracy. Primarily,
it may be attributed to the fact that he never attempted a complete account of the
then known fishes, as for example, did Artedi (1738). Both his major works (the
Museum Ichthyologicum and the Zoophylacium) were more concerned with description
of specimens in the Gronovius collection than with a general account of fishes ;
and although the latter work did take into account some species which were not
represented, it was only in a very superficial manner. This is also true of the manu-
script published by Gray in 1854, which, although Gray supplied the title, could have
been no more aptly named than as a " Catalogue of Fish collected and described by
Laurence Theodore Gronow ... " Had the work which Boddaert described
(p. 195) as a Historia Naturalis Piscium been completed and published by the author,
it may possibly have made a greater mark on ichthyology than any of his other
works. Secondarily, I think that Gronovius's slight influence on later systematists
can be attributed to his failure to adopt binominal nomenclature until after the
major part of his work had been published.1

On the credit side, however, Gronovius excelled in the description of his specimens.
A number of recent authors have commented on the clarity and accuracy of the
descriptions in both his major works, and have favourably compared them with those
of his contemporaries. Moreover, Linnaeus based many of his names either partly
or wholly on his diagnosis of species. There were, in fact, a total of one hundred
and thirteen references to Gronovius in the Pisces and Amphibia Nantes sections of
the tenth edition of the Systema Naturae, and in the twelfth edition this number
increased to one hundred and twenty-five. These figures give some idea of the impor-
tance of Gronovius's contribution to the Systema, in the tenth edition of which some
four hundred fish species were recognized.

With regard to the classification of fishes that Gronovius adopted it has already
been pointed out that it closely followed that proposed by Artedi. In the Museum
Ichthyologicum he followed this system closely in the four classes of fishes, Malacop-
terygii, Acanthopterygii, Branchiostegi and Chondropterygii, while the Plagiuri
were placed in a group apart as being " piscis cauda horizontali." His genera were
with eight additions all after Artedi. In the first fascicle of the Zoophylacium, however,
there is evidence of some original thinking, and, in addition to increasing still further
the number of known genera, Gronovius abandoned the distinction between Artedi's
Malacopterygii and Acanthopterygii (which had been distinguished by " Pinnis
inermibus " and Pinnis aculeatis " respectively), and replaced them by the class

1 None of the fishes described by Gronovius have been accepted as binominal, with the exception of
those published in Gronovius (1772), and those in the manuscript published by Gray (1854).

THE GRONOVIUS FISH COLLECTION 193

Branchiales. In this arrangement the Chondropterygii remained unchanged and
included lampreys, sharks, rays, chimaeras and sturgeons. The Branchiostegi,
however, had been greatly expanded, and although formerly embracing only the
plectognaths, Cyclopterus and Lophius, now included Muraena, Gymnotus, Syngnathus
and Gonorhynchus. This heterogeneous collection was further divided by variations
in the position of the pelvic fins.

The major class of fishes, Gronovius's Branchiales, was divided according to
the position of the pelvic fins, and each division arranged by the number of dorsal
fins. This arbitrary splitting inevitably produced some strange bed-fellows, for exam-
ple Callyodon, Pleuronectes , Echeneis and Blennius all adjacent in the same sub-
division of the Branchiales. This was, however, certainly no worse in this respect
than the classification that Linnaeus proposed in 1758, where there were several
innovations, not all of which appear to have been justified, such as the removal of
the Pisces Chondropterygii to form a group (Nantes) of the Amphibia. With the
exception of the Branchiostegi, the remainder of the Linnaean (tenth edition)
system departed from Artedi's still further, and was divided according to the presence
or position of the pelvic fins, to form the Apodes, Jugulares, Thoracici and Abdomi-
nales. Although the two systems of Linnaeus in 1758, and Gronovius in 1763, appear
to be widely different, particularly in their terminology, they both relied to some
extent on the same characters, and in fact, approach one another fairly closely.
It is, I think, possible that the classification of Gronovius was a modification of that
of Linnaeus.

4. THE GRONOVIUS FISHES BETWEEN 1778 AND 1853

Both the collection of fishes and the manuscript describing them were purchased at
the sale rooms of a Mr. Phillips in Bond Street, London, but beyond this little is
known of their history between the death of Gronovius and their reappearance in
London nearly eighty years later. Gray (1854) mentions that the other lots at the
auction consisted of " ... Bronzes and other objects of Vertu, imported from
Paris ", but from this somewhat ambiguous statement it is not clear if the collection
was also brought from Paris for the sale. He did, however, give a few details (1854a)
of the London sale, which for the sake of their general interest are quoted here :

" A box of dry skins of fish arranged between sheets of cartridge paper like a
collection of dry plants, said to be accompanied by a MS. description, was offered
for public sale in a collection of objects of vertu in Bond Street.

" At the time of the sale and while on view the MS. could not be found ;
however, as a slight examination of the specimens showed they were a partially
named collection of about the time of Gronov (better known by his Latinised
name of Gronovius), who was, without doubt, one of the best ichthyologists of
the latter part of the last century, and by a person who used the names which he
had introduced, and I found there were sundry Dutch names on the specimens,
and the paper of Dutch manufacture, I considered the collection even without
the MS. would be an advantageous purchase.

194 THE GRONOVIUS FISH COLLECTION

" The day after the sale the MS. was found and delivered, and I was much
pleased to find it consisted of 120 separate sheets of gilt-edged quarto letter
paper, containing the generic and specific characters and detailed descriptions
of the new species in the collection, with a reference to their synonyma, illustrated
with 84 similar sheets, consisting of original drawings of the more important
species, some engravings extracted from Gronovius's ' Museum Ichthyologicum ',
and some of the original drawings from whence other figures in that work and the
' Gazophylacium ' (sic) of the same author had been engraved."

From his remarks it is evident that in the period between the Gronovius sale
(1778) and the auction in London, this part of the collection had completely lost its
identity. This, as Gray surmised, indicated that it had come through the hands of
persons who were neither naturalists nor interested in natural history. Further
testimony supporting this opinion is not diificult to find. Gray referred to the
numbers that had been written against each genus in the manuscript and on the sheets
of the collection, and also to the generic names which were written on the sheets.
He, quite correctly, observed that it was evident that both numbers and generic
names were additions to the manuscript by a hand not the author's, and in one or
two instances the names were incorrectly spelled. In addition, there are several
errors in correlating the specimens with the descriptions by means of these generic
names and the numbers ; for instance, several widely different fishes were referred
to the genus Callorhynchus. He also noted that from the appearance of both the box
and the padlock fastening it (neither article has been preserved) it was doubtful if
it had been more than cursorily examined since the death of the original owner. From
all these points it can be concluded that the unknown owner (or owners) of the
Gronovius fishes were not naturalists.

Although the fishes were included in the sale of the collection in 1778, they were
not sold, and a letter dated 1791 (thirteen years after the death of Gronovius) shows
that both the fish skins and the manuscripts relating to them were still in the posses-
sion of the sons and their guardians. This unpublished letter from Pieter Boddaert
to Sir Joseph Banks, is of such interest in this connection that I quote a translation
of the relevant portion of it, in full.

Sir,

M. van Dielen, a young nobleman of much merit is leaving for London with
Mme. the Ambassadress and I take advantage of this to write to you to express
my sincere regards ; and what is more, to inform you that the young M. Grono-
vius and the guardians of his brother have offered me the manuscripts of their
father, the late L. T. Gronovius for publication. I can not refuse this kind offer
and the confidence these gentlemen have been pleased to put in my humble
talents. It includes descriptions of about three hundred fishes with drawings in
Chinese ink of most of them. But M. Gronovius died twelve years ago ; and many
of the books and observations of Mm. Broussonet as well as Block, Gmelin, ....
and others, have been published and have enriched ichthyology, I will add these
to the manuscript of M. Gronovius. There is still another manuscript containing

THE GRONOVIUS FISH COLLECTION 195

Insects which is nearly complete and which will serve as a supplement to the
Zoophylacium. Therefore, Sir, I ask for your patronage for this work and the
honour of dedicating it to you, as much in my own name as in that of my friend
Johannes Gronovius. I beg you, Sir, to agree to my request. The work of as
great a man as the late M. Gronovius, dedicated to a man of whom all Europe
knows ; the combination can surely not fail to succeed.

In order to complete these descriptions, M. Gronovius the son, has sent me
about 500 very well preserved dried fishes, and since he has become interested in
old coins (of which he has a wonderful collection) he has commissioned me to
sell them in England (because here natural history is dead, and France is too
much occupied with revolutions and other troubles). Therefore, if the British
Museum, or some amateur, perhaps yourself, Sir, or maybe M. Latham, M.
Smith or the owner of the cabinet of M. Ashton Levers, would like to buy them,
they can have them for fifty guineas, with all the descriptions and illustrations,
for which the late M. Gronovius paid three florins each. The other works left
by M. L. T. Gronovius are notes for a Philosophia Ichthyologicum and a Historia
Naturalis Piscium which I intend to publish. Perhaps Sir, you will inform me
as to whether you will do me the honour of accepting the dedication or not.
I will not fail to have the work produced as attractively as the others . . .
If you wish to reply to this letter M. van Dielen is returning in three months
and will willingly be the bearer of it. He counts it as a great honour to know
personally the man whom the learned of Europe admire . . .

Finally, Sir, I end my letter by assuring you of my deepest respects
and recommending my friend, I am

Sir,

Your very humble servant,
Boddaert.
Utrecht, the 6th August, 1791.

Unfortunately it has proved impossible to discover more than this tantalizing
glimpse into the history of the fish collection between 1778 and 1853. I can find no
record of Banks's answer to this first letter, although that he did reply is certain
from the ensuing correspondence. In July 1793, Boddaert again wrote to Banks
with news of the manuscript.

Sir,

I am taking the present opportunity to write you this letter, M. de Westreenen,
Seigneur de Temaat is leaving for England accompanied by his wife, and they wish
to be entrusted with my letter. I take the liberty, therefore, of recommending
him as a very amiable man, who having completed his studies, made what is
known as the Grand Tour, and after seeing Paris, Rome, Naples etc. came back
to this country and applied himself to the study of Botany . . . We are,
however, very poorly served in this Science and it is this ardour for Botany
which has made him undertake the journey to England . . .

M. de Te-maat (sic) will also be carrying my manuscript of M. Gronovius's

ig6 THE GRONOVIUS FISH COLLECTION

works on fish, of which you have kindly accepted the dedication. I thank you
for the obliging letter ... I would willingly accept your offers but my
income is too limited for me to see London and its treasures, although there is
still hope of paying you a visit. Three or four months ago, I wrote to Mr.
Whyte, printer of London, about the publishing of my manuscript and added
your obliging letter as recommendation, but up to the present I have received
no reply. M. de Themaat (sic) is entrusted to show my work to him or to choose
another printer who will take it ; it is up to him.

The unfortunate war1 we have in our country has caused the taste for natural
history to fall off, and I shall have to resolve the trouble by having the work
printed in your fortunate country where the sciences are nourishing . . .

Boddaert .
Utrecht, 7th July, 1793.

Nor was this all, for in the next year (5th May, 1794) he wrote telling Banks that
M. de Themaat had taken the manuscript to London, but had failed to find a
publisher. The offer to sell the collection of dry fishes was never mentioned again,
and it was not until sixty years later that approximately half of it came to the
British Museum.

There is nothing further to add, save perhaps, to note that Boddaert died only
two years after he wrote the last letter. In those troubled years he apparently never
made his anticipated visit to London, nor succeeded in finding a publisher for the
Gronovius manuscript.

In this context, however, it is of interest to mention the history of the only other
part of the Gronovius collection that is known to be in existence to-day. In the Royal
Library at the Hague there is an annotated copy of the rare sale catalogue of the
Museum Gronovianum, and the notes are of interest in relation to the sale of the
herbarium. At the foot of page forty-two, a note,2 in an unknown Dutch hand,
reads ;

"The Herbarius Vivus whose principal value consisted of the Virginian plants
that formed the basis of the Flora Virginica written by Dr. Jo. Fred. Gronovius
with the assistance of Dr. Car. Linnaeus, of which plants a part was missing
and possibly to be found at Vienna at Mr. Jacquin's, was bid up to 350 guilders
by several bidders ; to 625 guilders by D. van Royen, a price exceeding the
value in the opinion of all connoisseurs ; and was bought by the bookseller
Bennet of Rotterdam on behalf of Lord Bute of London, at 650 guilders. The
commission was practically unlimited."

To which, perhaps rather envious note, was added,

"The bookseller told me that he regretted to stand in my way ; and afterwards
when he had become the buyer, that he had a commission of £250-^300, and
moreover need not stint a bagful of Dutch guilders."

1 The Napoleonic Wars.

2 During my own short visit to Holland I was unable to see the work in the Koninklyjke Bibliotheek
at the Hague, and I am indebted to Dr. W. H. van Seters for the translation from the Dutch, and indeed
for drawing my attention to this annotated copy of the Museum Gronovianum in the first place.

THE GRONOVIUS FISH COLLECTION 197

This passage, however, appears to contradict Murray's (1904) statement, for which
he gave no authority, that " John, Earl of Bute, . . . bought it (the herbarium)
for £90 in 1778 ".

The new owner of the herbarium was John Stuart, third Earl of Bute (1713-94),
at the time of Gronovius's death a prominent political figure in England. He formed
a famous collection of paintings, astronomical and mathematical instruments, and
a vast botanic garden, from which presumably sprang his interest in the herbarium.
His prints, part of his library and his natural history specimens were sold after his
death, and at the sale Sir Joseph Banks purchased both the herbarium and part of
the library. Eventually, after Banks's death the collection passed to the British
Museum, and is now preserved in the general herbarium of the British Museum
(Natural History). Part of the library of Gronovius evidently followed the same
course as the plant collection, for in the library of the British Museum there is
preserved a (Banksian) copy of Leonhart Rauwolf's (1583) travels, with a note
on the flyleaf, " Exemplar hoc est qus usus est Johannes Fridericus Gronovius
in adornanda Flora Orientalis quisque annotationes manu propri addidit ".

5. THE MANUSCRIPT

As neither the authorship of the manuscript nor the identity of the collection were
known at the time of the sale in London, Gray listed several reasons why he ascribed
it to Gronovius, although he had apparently little doubt that it was the Gronovius
collection. His chief evidence was that several of the illustrations in the manuscript
are the originals of figures in the Museum Ichthyologicum, the Zoophylacium and
other illustrations of Gronovius's published works, but it should be added that the
manuscript is written in the same hand as the manuscript Lithophylacium, which
has the author's name on the title page, and as the Gronovius letters preserved by
the Linnean Society of London.

The manuscript consists of one hundred and twenty separate sheets of quarto
paper, together with eighty-five sheets of illustrations. Gray arranged the loose
sheets in the order in which the work was published, and they are now bound with
the illustrations (which were not published) inserted at the end of the genus to which
they refer. The illustrations are the work of possibly six artists, three of whom have
signed their drawings. The maj ority are by Isaac la Fargue van Nieuwland (1726-1805) ,
whose signature appears on nineteen of them, and to whom I ascribe a further thirty-
two ; there are also three others which may be his work. The signature J. J. Bylaert
appears on two plates ; one, a pencil sketch, and the other a fine sepia chalk drawing
(Plate 27) of the Raja rhinobatus of the manuscript (1854 : I0)- Four more of the
illustrations are in the same medium, and as their style closely resembles that of the
above I assume that these also are the work of Bylaert. There are in addition three
pencil sketches which are probably his work. The third illustrator was A. Delfos
whose signature appears on the original of one of the figures of Scorpaena monstrosa
Gronovius 1854 published in the Zoophylacium (tab. II, fig. 1) ; the other two draw-
ings of this fish are obviously by the same hand. There is a possibility that he is also
the author of four other unsigned drawings. There are sixteen illustrations which
are the work of possibly three other unknown artists. Eleven of the total of eighty-

198 THE GRONOVIUS FISH COLLECTION

five illustrations are " engravings extracted from the published works of the author "
and these, probably cut from a copy of the Zoophylacium, are mounted on the same
gilt-edged, quarto paper as the remainder of the manuscript. I have already com-
mented (Wheeler, 1956) on Gronovius's habit of reproducing the figures of his
earlier works to illustrate his later ones, and he obviously intended to follow this
course with the manuscript if it had been published.

The earliest artist working for Gronovius was probably Abraham Delfos. Several of
the plates in the Museum I chthyologicum (I— III), the Zoophylacium (XI-XIII) were his
work, as was the figure accompanying the description of Cyclogaster liparis in Acta
Helvetica (1760) . An unpublished drawing by Bylaert is dated 1768, and he contributed
at least one of the figures to the Zoophylacium (pi. IX) and probably several more.
To some extent these dates limit the period in which the manuscript was written ;
Gray (1854a) assumed that it was prepared between 1774 and 1777, and fixed the
earlier date as several of the van Nieuwland drawings are dated 1774, although
he also mentioned the one signed " J. J. Byland (Bylaert,) 1768 ". I am inclined
to agree with this opinion, but as the manuscript was largely an extension and
revision of the first fascicle of the Zoophylacium, it is quite possible that Gronovius
began compiling it shortly after the completion of that work. To rely entirely on the
dates of the illustrations may, however, give a false impression, as there is no
guarantee that the artist was working at the same time as the author. Indeed in the
case of van Nieuwland, who normally resided at the Hague, it is quite probable that
all his drawings were executed during 1774 (the date on a number of them) when
he was living in Leiden. It was during this period that he painted the portrait of
Gronovius which now hangs in the Lakenhal Museum, in Leiden (PI. 26). It would
be interesting to know for certain, as seems likely, if he was the artist whose work
was that " for which the late M. Gronovius paid three florins each ".

From internal evidence we can be fairly sure that the manuscript was commenced
between 1766 and 1772, and that parts of it were not written until as late as 1775,
although the fact that the descriptions of several genera (Mystus and Dascillus for
example) were never finished, show that it was still incomplete at the time of his death.
Several fishes still preserved in the collection which were not mentioned in the
manuscript, may be another indication of its unfinished state. The reason for giving
the later date as 1772, is that in that year Gronovius published a note on several
fishes, amongst them a Callorynchus americanus, and in the description of it he
referred to two other species of that genus — C. atlanticus and Calloryncho elephantino.
Although neither name is valid as of that date they were again used in the manuscript
when they were reinforced with adequate descriptions. This is, I think, adequate
proof that this part of the manuscript was already written at that time. That the
author wrote part of it after 1775 is conclusively proved by the reference in the
synonymy Muraena myrus (1854 : 20)» to Muraena cinerea Forskal. This name
was given to a species described in Forskal's Descriptiones Animalium (: 22, n. 2),
which was not published until 1775. The many references to the twelfth edition
of the Systema Naturae in the synonymies of different species indicate that it was
not begun until that work had been published in 1766, for these references are
obviously contemporary, and are not additions to an existing text.

THE GRONOVIUS FISH COLLECTION 199

To summarize the evidence relating to the date of the manuscript, it is very likely
that it was begun shortly after 1766, and certainly was in preparation before 1772,
and continued in this state until the author's death in 1777. The dates of the illustra-
tions to some extent verify this conclusion for two are dated 1768 and the majority
1774.

6. THE COLLECTION OF FISHES

One characteristic of the collection which has never failed to attract attention, is
its method of preservation, dry and " arranged between sheets of cartridge paper like
a collection of dry plants " (Gray, 1854a). This method of preserving the skins was
very successful and the specimens are, in general, in a much better state of preserva-
tion than many dried skins and stuffed specimens collected a century later. Fortun-
nately we know the details of the method used to preserve these specimens, for on
the 4th of March, 1742, Peter Collinson read to the Royal Society a communication
on " A Method of preparing Specimens o/Fish, by drying their Skins, as practised by
John Frid. Gronovius1 M.D. at Leyden ", which was later printed in the Philosophical
Transactions (1744). This note is fully reproduced.

There are requisite for this Purpose.

A Pair of Scissars, with very fine Blades, and sharp Points.

Small wooden Plates (of the Lime-tree, or wooden Trenchers).

A very fine Needle.

Slips of Parchment as large as the Fishes.

Minnikin Pins, or small Pins.

" Take hold of the Fish with your Left Hand, so as that the Belly may be
towards the Hollow of your Hand, and its Head pointed to your Breast. Then
with the Needle make a Wound behind its Head, into which introduce one of the
Points of your Scissars, cutting gently from thence along to the Tail. If you
would preserve the Right Side, the Scissars are to be conducted on the Left
Side of the Fins. This being done from the Head to the Tail, the Scissars are to
be pointed deeper, and the Flesh divided quite to the Back-bone. Then turn the
Fish with its Back downwards, and its Belly upwards, and proceed in the same
manner, cutting with the Scissars through both the Head and Jaws. Take away
the Brain and Gills. The Fish then easily parts, the Intestines appear, which
may be easily taken away. The Back-bones are then cut assunder, the Fish is
to be washed, rubbed till it is dry with a Linen Cloth, and placed upon a Board,
in such a manner as that the Skin, covered with its Scales, may lie uppermost,
and all the Fins and Tail are to be expanded with Pins. Let it then be exposed
to the Sun, if in Summer, or, if in Winter, to the Fire, till the Skin grows quite
dry and hard, when it must be turned, and the Flesh exposed to the Sun or
Fire, till it is also dry ; and then the Skin may be separated from the Flesh with
very little Trouble, and, being put betwixt Papers, must be pressed flat. But
as a sort of glutinous Matter, in pressing, is always forced out from betwixt

1 Giinther (1880) and other authors, have erroneously credited the younger Gronovius "with the
invention of preparing flat skins of fishes in a dry state and preserving them in the manner of an
herbarium ".

200 THE GRONOVIUS FISH COLLECTION

the Scales and the Skin, a Piece of Parchment is to be laid under the Fish,
which is easily separated from the Scales, but Paper always sticks : for this
Reason it is necessary, that after an Hour or two, a fresh Piece of Parchment
should be applied : And thus, in the Space of 24 Hours, the Fish is prepared."

Even this account, full as it is, was further amplified by J. F. Gronovius when
writing to John Bartram in America ;

" I sent at this occasion to you a few specimens of dryed fishes, to be kept as
plants in an Herbarius ; the great misfortune is, that the colour perish, else it
shows a good way to find out the characters 1. by nummer of the bones in the
membrana branchiostega, which you see in the flying Trigla marked with blak ;
2. by the nummer and position of the Fins, and the bones in them. 3. by the
Course of the linea lateralis running in each fish from the blak (back ?) part of
the head to the tail. Hebenstreit1 a professor at Leipsich hath invented this
methode, but he never would communicate the way to prepare them so ; till
at last I found it out a few years ago ... ".

There is little doubt that most of the specimens in the collection are preserved by
this method, and some of the skins bear small holes and show signs of stress where
the " Minikin pins " had stretched them in drying. There were, however, other
methods of preservation used, for the portrait of L. T. Gronovius (PI. 26) shows
animals preserved in bottles (probably of spirits of wine). Although preservation
in spirit was accompanied by greater risks than any other method, it was more
commonly used at this time than is generally realised to-day.

There appears to have been some variation in the preservation of the skins, for
some are coated with a thin, still almost transparent varnish, while others have a
very thick inferior coating, a difference due, no doubt, to their varying origins. The
skins sent by Alexander Garden to Gronovius (and to Linnaeus), were prepared in
America, and mounted on paper in Europe, for the collector had written a serial
number in ink on each skin — and this obviously could only have been done to dry
specimens.

While discussing the subject of the preservation of the collection it is interesting to
refer to another letter that the elder Gronovius wrote to Bartram, dated Leyden,
2nd July, 1746, which reads,

" ... all things you send to me come very well over, except the two
fishes, which were spoiled. I take therefore the liberty to communicate to you
two prescriptions, of which one is a varnish that preserves the fishes, and any
other thing, in a great perfection, viz :

Gumm Copal §iij
Mastiches
Sandarach a §ij
Spirit, vini rectificantes lb. ijss
M. lege artis.

1 Johan Ernst Hebenstreit travelled in Africa, and returned with a large collection in 1735, when he
was elected Professor at Leipzig, where he died 5th December, 1757.

THE GRONOVIUS FISH COLLECTION 201

" The other is a powder, by which any creature, as quadrupeds and birds,
are preserved and become very hard. I have several times made the experiment
with a fowl, larger than a duck, putting him, with his excrementae and all,
into a box, which is well closed, and putting this dose of a powder all over it :
when the creature becomes in a few weeks very hard.

Pulv. aloes §iij
Myrrhae §ij
Sulphur
Alumin. a §j

M. f. pulvis.1

" I don't doubt it will do very well with the fishes, without taking the intestines
out of them, except that they may not be too thick ; then the intestines must be
careful (by a gentle hole, made in the mid of the belly) taken out."

The whole collection of fish skins was mounted on folio sheets of good quality
paper with usually one specimen, sometimes more, depending on their size, fastened
to each sheet. Some sheets bear the name given to the specimens in the manuscript,
and probably all were so named. Unfortunately Gronovius wrote in pencil in the
bottom left hand corner of the sheet, and the dust, and rubbing against the sides of the
original box had combined to obliterate many of these names, when Gray wrote in
1854. The subsequent treatment of the collection has aggravated this defect. In
addition to these, many generic and Dutch vernacular names, and serial generic
numbers (mentioned earlier) have been added by an unknown hand (one suspects
Boddaert). The register number of this Museum has been added to the sheet since
its acquisition and Giinther wrote his identification under each specimen. It is to be
regretted that several specimens have been cut out of their sheets in the last fifty
years, an action which although it may have made the specimen more easily examined,
has for certain, resulted in the destruction of several of the original names written
by Gronovius, and has disrupted the continuity of the collection.

7. CONTRIBUTORS TO THE GENERAL COLLECTION

Unfortunately we have little knowledge of the way the collections were built up,
but it has already been pointed out that they were the work of both father and son,
a fact that appears to have escaped general notice. As I have pointed out elsewhere
(Wheeler, 1955) a large part of it was acquired as gifts from various naturalists in

1 These formulae translate as follows :

Copal . . . . .3 apothecaries' ounces (30 grms.).

c a f • • .Of each 2 apothecaries' ounces (20 grms.).

Rectified spirits of wine . . i\ apothecaries' pounds (350 cc).

(90% ethyl alcohol)

Mix according to the law of the art.

Powdered aloes . . .3 apothecaries' ounces.

Myrrh . . . . .2 apothecaries' ounces.

« I *L > . . .Of each 1 apothecaries' ounce.

Mix to form a powder.
hist. 1, 5. 13

202 THE GRONOVIUS FISH COLLECTION

foreign lands with whom they were in correspondence. This was, of course, the manner
in which the famous collection of Clayton's Virginian plants came into the possession of
the elder Gronovius, and his correspondence with other American naturalists con-
tains many references to sending specimens or addressing packets.

Another collector, this time an Englishman whose main interest was in minera-
logical specimens, was William Borlase, author of The Natural History of Cornwall
(1758). His name occurs very frequently against various minerals in the manuscript
Lithophylacium, and possibly he sent the Cornish specimens listed by J. F. Gronovius
in his Index Lapideae . . . (1740). Borlase had evidently sent a considerable
collection to Leiden, and he mentioned this correspondence with the elder Gronovius
in the preface to his work. The Lithophly actum also contains the names of many
persons who enriched the Gronovius cabinet with other gifts, and here Bartram,
Neese and Jacquin are frequently mentioned ; Scopoli, Meuschen, Poda, Brunnich,
Gmelin and Pennant occur less frequently. Similarly, the Zoophylacium also contains
the names of many donors of specimens and in the first fascicle we find the names of
Luyx Massis, Arnold Vosmaer, Johannis Ammani, Cornelius van Hoey, Wilhelm
Kramer, Alexander Russell and Johan d'Annone.

Of those mentioned we need only concern ourselves particularly with two, both of
whom presented a number of specimens of fish still preserved. Daniel Luyx Massis
(to whom as " Amicorum optimo ", the second fascicle of the Zoophylacium was
dedicated), obtained many of his specimens " from the Governors of the India
Company, Surinam etc." (Index to the State Archives at the Hague.) He was a
director of the West India Company. The second, Arnold Vosmaer, was the owner
of a large collection purchased in 1766 by the widow of Prince William IV, which
formed the basis of the cabinet of the Stadholders. Vosmaer was appointed director
of the cabinet and its adjacent menagerie (Engel, 1939).

The period in which the collection was made (which I regard as taking about
forty years i.e. circa 1737-77), coincided with a peak of Dutch colonial expansion,
and specimens were probably collected and brought back by the crews of the sailing
ships, perhaps at the special request of Gronovius, or maybe, only for sale to the
curious. Certainly, this is the impression given by J. F. Gronovius, who wrote to
Cadwallader Colden (6th August, 1743).

" I get by our men of war an immense collection of natural things, of which my
chief est delight is in the Lapides and Testacea ... "

One can be sure that of the specimens collected by the crews of " our men of war "
fishes would be in a high proportion.

8. SYSTEMATIC CATALOGUE

In this catalogue of the Gronovius fishes, all the skins preserved in this Museum
have been identified so far as their state of preservation will allow. Under each name
are given the references to works in which Gronovius described the specimen, and
also the name he applied to it in the manuscript published by Gray (1854). The
entry concludes with the register number of this Museum and a note of the standard
length on the skin. In the Marsipobranchii, Selachii, and Apodes, however, the length

THE GRONOVIUS FISH COLLECTION

203

given is the total length. In a number of cases where these specimens are the sole
types of an early described species, a short description of the skin has been given.
As far as possible these descriptions have been drawn up using the methods adopted
by recent workers on the group, but this has not been possible in all cases. A
list of measurements of various parts of the specimen precedes these descriptions,
and the figures in parentheses following these measurements represent that length
as a percentage of the standard length ; it should be stressed, however, that in
measuring dry material a certain inaccuracy must be taken into consideration.
This is primarily caused by the shrinkage of the skin on drying.

MARSIPOBRANCHII

PETROMYZONIDAE

Lampetra fluviatilis (L.), 1758

Mus. Ichth. 1 : 64, 144. Zoophyl. 1 : 38, 159.

Petromyzon fluviatilis, Gronovius (Gray), 1854 : 2.

1853. 1 1. 1 2. 209. 149 mm.

Lampetra planer i (Bloch), 1784

Zoophyl. 1 : 38, 160.

Petromyzon branchialis L., Gronovius (Gray), 1854 : 2.

1853. 1 1. 12. 208. 147 mm.

SELACHII

PLE UROTREMA TA

Orectolobidae

Chiloscy Ilium indicum (Gmelin), 1788

Mus. Ichth. 1 : 61, 133. Zoophyl. 1 : 34, 150.

Squalus caudatus Gronovius (Gray), 1854 : 8. Holotype.

As Gmelin (1788) based the name Squalus indicus solely on the description in
the Zoophylacium this specimen must be regarded as the holotype of that species.
This is also the case with Shaw's (1804) name Squalus gronovianus.

In the description in the Museum Ichthyologicum the statement " pinna ani nulla "
has led to much confusion, causing Gunther (1870) to state that " the anal fin is
cut away ". Regan (1908), however, pointed out, "it is true that the species was
described by Gronov as lacking an anal fin, but this was because he made the very
natural mistake of regarding the anal fin as part of the caudal, as is evident from his
description (1854) : ' Lobis qui subtus caudam occupant bini lineares, longi, aequales
convexi '."

1853. II. 12. 205.

274 mm.

Snout to eye

16 (6)

Space between second dorsal and

,, ,, first dorsal .

105 (38)

caudal .....

,, ,, second dorsal

156 (57)

First dorsal base

„ pectoral origin

39 (M)

Second dorsal base

,, ,, pelvic origin

79 (29)

Front edge of first dorsal

,, ,, anal origin .

190 (70)

,, second dorsal

,, upper caudal origin

212 (78)

Body depth behind first dorsal

Space between dorsals

36 (13)

43

(16)

10

(4)

11

(4)

16

(6)

14

(5)

17

(6)

204 THE GRONOVIUS FISH COLLECTION

This skin of a small female is much shrunk, particularly anterior to the pelvic
fins, which has made accurate measurement very difficult. Examination of the teeth
is also very difficult as the jaws have shrunk inwards and less than half of each jaw
remains.

Head approximately 7-5 times in total length of the body, mouth ventral. Pectoral
relatively large, its length almost equal to the head length. Body long and slender,
tapering posteriorly. First dorsal fin placed well back, about its own basal length
behind the pelvic fins ; the fin is small, rather higher than long, with a rounded upper
angle, and a rather rectangular lower angle, and both the margins apparently slightly
convex. The second dorsal fin is similar in shape and size to the first, but is slightly
less high. The upper lobe of the caudal fin is much reduced and rises above the middle
of the base of the anal fin, but at the tip of the tail it is expanded to nearly the
same height as the lower lobe. The anterior lower lobe of the caudal is relatively
long and low, and is a little less than the head length. The anal fin lies immediately
before the anterior lower caudal lobe and is almost exactly of the same dimensions.

Colour : The skin is now largely a uniform dark brown ; anterior to the pelvic
fins no colour pattern can be distinguished. Below the first dorsal, however, there
are two vertical, irregular darker lines nearly as far apart as the base of the fin, and
posterior to this a number of similar markings can be distinguished. Above the anal
fin the marks are more distinct and there are six dark bands from the origin of the
anal fin to the tip of the caudal fin, and a dark spot in the area of the last vertebrae.

Carcharinidae

Carcharinus longimanus (Poey), 1861

Zoophyl. 1 : 32, 143.

Squalus carcharias {-non L.), Gronovius (Gray), 1854 : 5.

The description in the Museum Ichthyologicum (1 : 63,138) may also refer to this
specimen, although there it is stated that a whole young fish, presented by Luyx
Massis, was described.

1853. 1 1. 12. 204. 400 mm.

Mustelus mustelus (L.), 1758

Mus. Ichth. 1 : 62, 135. Zoophyl. 1 : 31, 142.
Squalus mustelus, Gronovius (Gray), 1854 : 4.
1853. 11. 12. 203. 290 mm.

Squalidae
Squalus acanthias L., 1758

Mus. Ichth. 1 : 61, 134. Zoophyl. 1 : 34, 149.
Squalus acanthias, Gronovius (Gray), 1854 : 8.
1853. 11. 12. 206. 225 mm.

Squatinidae
Squatina squatina (L.), 1758

Zoophyl. 1 : 34, 151.

Squatina angelus Gronovius (Gray), 1854 : 14. Holotype.

THE GRONOVIUS FISH COLLECTION 205

The use of the specific name angelus in the manuscript, appears to have been
independent of its use by de Blainville (1825), forty-eight years after Gronovius's
death.

1853. 1 1. 12. 207. 251mm.

HY POT REM AT A

TORPEDINIDAE

Dasyatis pastinaca (L.), 1758

Mus. Ichth. 1 : 64, 141. Zoophyl. 1 : 37, 158.

Pastinaca laevis Gronovius (Gray), 1854 : 11. Holotype.

1853. 1 1. 12. 200. 400 mm.

Narke capensis (Gmelin), 1788

Zoophyl. 1 : 35, 152, " Habitat ad promontorium Bonae Spei".
Torpedo capensis (non Gmelin) Gronovius (Gray), 1854 : 13. Holotype.

The description in the Zoophylacium is the only reference given by Gmelin (1788 :
1512), this specimen is thus the holotype of his Raja capensis.

235 mm.

Snout to first dorsal . .174 (74)

Base of first dorsal . . 11 (5)

Height of first dorsal . . 14 (6)

Space between first dorsal and

caudal base . . . 12 (5*5)

The skin of this specimen is thin and shrivelled and exact measurement is very
difficult. The whole of the ventral surface has been cut away, with the exception of
the area around the pelvic fins. The presence of small claspers shows this individual
to have been a young male.

The disc is practically circular, but with a slight lateral compression, its width
being only slightly less than its length, and 56% of the total length. The tail length
is equal to the length of the disc minus the snout. The snout, measured from the
anterior edge of the orbit is 1-4 times the interorbital width, which is 4-3 times the
diameter of the orbit. The spiracles are large, almost twice the diameter of the orbit
with the edges slightly crenulate.

The dorsal fin rises well behind the pelvics, its base is only slightly less than the
interspace between the dorsal and the origin of the caudal, and 1-3 in its height.
The anterior profile of the fin is strongly convex, with a rectangular hind angle.
The origin of the upper lobe of the caudal fin is slightly posterior to the lower lobe ;
which is the least developed.

The colour is a dark sandy brown around the edges of the disc and along the
sides of the trunk, while the median portion of the disc and trunk are a much
darker brown. Both the dorsal and the caudal fins are dark brown and the edges
of the spiracles are black. The claspers and the adjacent portion of the pelvic
fins are lighter, almost yellow.

Disc width .

. 132

(56)

,, length

127

(55)

Snout to eye

22

(9)

Interorbital width

15

(6)

Diameter of orbit

3'

5 (i-5)

Diameter of spiracle

6-

5 (3)

206 THE GRONOVIUS FISH COLLECTION

Raiidae
Raja montagui Fowler, igio

Mus. Ichth. 1 : 64, 142. Zoophyl. 1 : 36, 155.
Raja miraletus L., Gronovius (Gray), 1854 : 9.

1853. 11. 12. 197. Disc length 120 mm.

Raja clavata L., 1758

Mus. Ichth. 1 : 63, 140. Zoophyl. 1 : 36, 154.
Raja clavata, Gronovius (Gray), 1854 : 9.

1853. 11. 12. 198. Dorsal surface, disc length 81 mm.

1853 .11.12. 199. Ventral surface, disc length 75 mm.

Raja clavata L., 1758

Zoophyl. 1 : 37, 157.

Raja leiobatos Gronovius (Gray), 1854 : 10. Holotype.

1853. 11 .12.201. Disc length 155 mm.

OSTEICHTHYS

ACIPENSERIDAE

Acipenser sturio L., 1758

Mus. Ichth. 1 : 60, 131 ; 2 : 42. Zoophyl. 1 : 30, 140.
Acipenser sturio, Gronovius (Gray), 1854 : 3.

The first description was probably compiled from earlier works, but in the second
fascicle of the Museum Ichthyologicum there is a very full account including anatomical
details. This description was referred to by Linnaeus, and the present specimen may
thus be part of the original type material, although it would seem more likely that
the specimen so fully described by Gronovius was larger than the present very
small individual.

1853. 1 1. 12. 210. 496 mm.

PISCES

ISOSPONDYLI

Clupeidae
Brevoortia tyr annus (Latrobe), 1802

Clupea carolinensis Gronovius (Gray), 1854 : 140. Holotype.

This specimen has an ink " No. 16 " on its side, and was part of Alexander Garden's
collection from Carolina.

1853. 11 .12.109. 101 mm.

Clupea harengus L., 1758

Mus. Ichth. 1 : 5, 21. Zoophyl. 1 : in, 348.
Clupea harengus, Gronovius (Gray), 1854 : 139.

In the Museum Ichthyologicum Gronovius distinguished between two unnamed
varieties (" a " and " b ") of this species. They were characterized by " a " having

THE GRONOVIUS FISH COLLECTION 207

eight rays in the ventral fin and sixteen in the anal, while " b " had nine ventral
rays and only ten in the anal. The low anal count of the second variety is well
outside the normal variation of the species, and Gronovius's specimen must have
been either a teratological condition or damaged. Examination of the anal fin of the
larger of these specimens shows it to have only ten rays, and there is every indication
that the posterior rays have been damaged. For this reason I regard this specimen as
being the one from which Gronovius drew up his description. The smaller specimen
agrees very well in fin ray counts, with the specimen from which he described his
variety " b ".

The name Clupea harengus was based by Linnaeus on a specimen in his own col-
lection, and on descriptions by Gronovius (variety " a "), and Artedi (1738, 3 : 31).
The smaller specimen is therefore probably part of the type material of this species.

1853. 11. 12. in. 185 mm.

1853. 11 .12.112. 236 mm.

Alosa alosa (L.), 1758

Mus. Ichth. 1 : 6, 23. Zoophyl. 1 : 111, 347.
Clupea alosa, Gronovius (Gray), 1854 : 139.

Gronovius (1754) recognized two varieties of this species ; one with twenty anal
rays and eight pelvic rays, and the other with seventeen anal rays and seven pelvic
rays. Linnaeus (1758) specifically indicated that the Gronovius specimen he recog-
nized as Clupea alosa had twenty anal rays (D. 18. P. . . . V.8. A.20. C. ... );
he named the species from a specimen in his own collection, and by reference to
descriptions by Artedi (1738, 3 : 34), Gronovius and Hasselquist (1757 : 388).

Of the present specimens the smaller seems to have been utilised by Gronovius
in his description, for the counts of fin rays recently made on this specimen agree
exactly with those published. This specimen is therefore probably part of the type
series. The larger specimen has seventeen rays in the anal fin, and I suspect that
this low number may be due to damage in the preparation of the specimen.

1853. 11. 12. 179. 155 mm.

1853. 11 .12. 180. 306 mm.

Salmonidae
Thymallus thymallus (L.), 1758

Mus. Ichth. 2 : 12, 162, " Inhabitat Rhenum propre Basileam ". Zoophyl. 1 : 122, 375.
Salmo thymallus, Gronovius (Gray), 1854 : 153.

The name Salmo thymallus was based by Linnaeus on three earlier descriptions ;
one by Artedi (1738, 3 : 41), his own description in the Fauna Svecica (1746 : 314)
and to the Museum Ichthyologicum (although the number quoted in his reference
is incorrect.) Neither Artedi's nor Linnaeus's specimens appear to be extant, and
this present specimen is probably the only remaining part of the type series.

1853. 11. 12. 159. 139 mm.

208 THE GRONOVIUS FISH COLLECTION

Coregonus oxyrinchus (L.), 1758

Mus. Ichth. 1 : 18, 48. Zoophyl. 1 : 122, 374.
Salmo oxyrhynchus, Gronovius (Gray), 1854 : 152.

Linnaeus based this name on two descriptions by previous authors, Artedi (1738,
3 : 37) , and Gronovius. The fin ray counts given by Gronovius agree very well with
those made on this specimen, and it may therefore be regarded as part of the type
series.

1853. 11 .12. 160.

343 mm.

GONORHYNCHIDAE

Gonorynchus gonorhynchus (L.), 1766

Plate 28, fig. 2.

Zoophyl. 1 : 55, 199, tab. 10, fig. 2.

Cobitis gonorhynchus, Gronovius (Gray), 1854 : 41, " Patria. Promontorium Bonae Spei ",

Linnaeus based his name Cyprinus gonorhynchus solely on the reference to the
Zoophylacium and this specimen is therefore the holotype of the species.

1853. 11 .12.120.

Head length .
Snout to pectoral base
,, ,, pelvic base

,, dorsal fin .

,, anal base .

„ orbit

187 mm.

32(17) Diameter of orbit .

38 (20) Body depth at pectoral
125 (66) ,, ,, ,, dorsal

132 (70) Base length of dorsal

159 (84) „ ,, ,, anal

13 (7) Depth of caudal peduncle

Dorsal 13. Anal 9. Pelvic 9. Pectoral 11.

8 (4)
20 (10)
18 (9)

14 (7)
11 (6)

10 (5-5)

Body slender, tapering, covered with many rows of small ctenoid scales, head also
scaled with pointed snout and ventral mouth. Head length about six in the standard
length ; snout 2-5 times in head : orbit1 about four in head. Dorsal fin origin in the
last third of body, rising immediately posterior to the pelvic fins. Of the thirteen
dorsal fin rays, the first two are very short and inconspicuous, and the longest ray
a little greater than the dorsal base, which is 2-3 times in the head. Origin of the
anal fin midway between the origin of the dorsal and the caudal. There are approxi-
mately 163 rows of scales between the upper edge of the operculum and the origin
of the caudal rays ; 19 rows above the lateral line to the base of the dorsal and 12
below to the pelvic base.

The colour is almost a uniform golden-brown, but lighter ventrally than above.
There is a suggestion of a dark patch on the snout, and on the edge of the operculum.
The membranes of the upper pectoral fin rays, the pelvic fin, the upper dorsal
fin and parts of the caudal fin are dark, but the forepart of the anal fin, the hind edge
of the dorsal and the tips of both caudal lobes are conspicuously lighter.

1 In life the eyes of these fishes are covered with a thick layer of skin and in the preparation of this
specimen most of the bony orbit has been removed, consequently it is difficult to make an accurate
measurement.

THE GRONOVIUS FISH COLLECTION 209

HAPLOMI

Umbridae
Umbra krameri Walbaum, 1792

Zoophyl. 1 : 114, 355, " Habitat in Danubio ".

Umbra lucifuga Gronovius (Gray), 1854 : 143. Holotype.

It is worth noting that the name Umbra catulus proposed by Meuschen in the
Museum Gronovianum (1778), antedates the name applied by Walbaum, although
it is not now available for use (Opinion 260) . The skin is badly damaged, the whole of
the mid-part of the body being missing.

1853. 1 1. 12. 98. 87mm.

Esocidae
Esox lucius L., 1758

Mus. Ichth. 1 : 9, 28. Zoophyl. 1 : 117, 361.
Esox lucius, Gronovius (Gray), 1854 : 146.

Linnaeus quoted only two references under this name, the first was to a description
by Artedi (1738, 3 : 53), the second to Gronovius. This specimen should therefore be
regarded as part of the type series.

1853. 11. 12. 114. 165 mm.

INIOMI

SUDIDAE

Paralepis sp.

There appears to be no reference to this specimen in the manuscript published by
Gray (1854). The specimen bears the figure 8 in the top right corner of the sheet on
which it is mounted, but in the manuscript this refers to the genus Callorhynchus.
The specimen is rather distorted but bears some resemblance to a specimen oiParalepis
speciosus of comparable size. The right side of the head is also preserved on the same
sheet.

1853. 11. 12. 216. 85 mm.

Gasteropelecidae
Gasteropelecus sternicla (L.), 1758 Plate 29, fig. 3.

Mus. Ichth. 2 : 7, 155, tab. 7, fig. 5. Zoophyl. 1 : 135, 409.
Gasteropelecus sternicla, Gronovius (Gray), 1854 : 171.

Linnaeus based his Clupea sternicla on two specimens, one of which was in his
private collection, for he gave fin ray counts and a brief diagnosis but made no
reference to any published work. The description in the Museum Ichthyologicum
was also referred to, and thus this specimen has type status. Giinther (1864 : 343)
claimed this as the type of the species, and Fraser-Brunner (1950) mentioned " the
type from Surinam ", but neither author apparently considered the status of the
Linnaean specimen, although neither Giinther (1899) nor Lonnberg (1896) list the
specimen in the recognized Linnaean type material.

2io THE GRONOVIUS FISH COLLECTION

Gronovius failed to notice the adipose fin on his specimen, and he neither figured
it nor mentioned it in his description, and at first sight I considered that it belonged
to a genus lacking this fin (e.g. Carnegiella) but after careful examination it can be
distinguished adhering to the back of the skin, and concealed by the varnish.

1853. II. 12. 211.

41 mm.

Head length

• 10 -5 (25)

Depth of caudal peduncle .

4

(10)

Snout to orbit .

• 2-5 (6)

Last dorsal ray to caudal origin

9-

5 (23)

„ „ dorsal origin

• 29 (71)

Length of pectoral fin

20

(49)

,, ,, anal origin .

. 28-5 (69)

,, ,, dorsal base

4

(IP)

Diameter of orbit

• 3 (7)

,, „ anal base .

12

(29)

Greatest depth of body

. 20 (49)

Dorsal 11. Anal 28.1 Pectoral IX.

Body deep, greatly compressed laterally, and covered with conspicuous scales ;
head small, about four in standard length, snout 4-5 times in head. Dorsal fin short
and not high, origin in last third of body, anal long, origin almost beneath dorsal
fin. There are 33 scales in a longitudinal series from the upper edge of the operculum
to the caudal origin. (This number fails to agree with the 28 given for this species by
Fraser-Brunner.) In the series running from the origin of the anal fin to just behind
the dorsal base there are 13 scales. Predorsal scales 22.

The mandible bears a single row of 7 tricuspid teeth, while there are 10 tricuspid
teeth in the premaxillary but only 2 maxillary teeth.

The colour is a uniform brown. The upper two rays of the pectoral fin appear to be
darker than the rest of the rays. Most of the scales on the thoracic keel are missing
which makes it impossible to describe any markings on the keel, while the pectoral
fin covers the area of the lateral band, if present. The scales above the anal fin still
retain their striking iridescence.

Gymnotidae
Sternopygus carapus (L), 1758

Mus. Ichth. 1 : 29, 72, " Vivit in Surinamae Brasiliaeque fluminibus ". Zoophyl. 1 : 41,

168.
Gymnotus carapo, Gronovius (Gray), 1854 : 22.

The description in the Museum Ichthyologicum gave the length of the specimen
described as 16-75 inches, and this is almost the exact length of the larger of these
two specimens.

1853. 11 . 12. 172. ca. 180 mm.

1853. 11. 12. 173. ca. 438 mm.

Cyprinidae
Leuciscus leuciscus (L.), 1758

Zoophyl. 1 : 106, 337.

Cyprinus salax Gronovius (Gray), 1854 : 186. Holotype.

1853. 11 . 12. 157. 217 mm.

1 There is a gap in the fin where I estimate by measurement that two rays are missing,
this number to the count made of 26.

I have added

THE GRONOVIUS FISH COLLECTON 211

Rutilus rutilus (L.), 1758

Zoophyl. 1 : 107, 338.

Cyprinus pigus Gronovius (Gray), 1854:183, "in fluminibus lacubusque Europaeis ".
Holotype.

This use of the name pigus is apparently independent of the proposal of the same
name by Lacepede (1803).

1853. 11. 12. 154. 128 mm.
Scardinius erythropthalmus (L.), 1758

Mus. Ichth. 1 : 3, 9 (probably the variety " a " as there are only seven pelvic rays).

Zoophyl. 1 : 107, 340, " Frequens in arudinatis Belgiis ".
Cyprinus rutilus (non L.) Gronovius (Gray), 1854 : 183.

1853. 11. 12. 155. 126 mm.

Scardinius erythropthalmus (L.), 1758

Mus. Ichth. 1 : 2, 8. Zoophyl. 1 : 107, 399.

Cyprinus ery(thr)opthalmus, Gronovius (Gray), 1854 : 183.

The spelling of the specific name as eryopthalmos in the manuscript is repeated in
several places showing that the change was intentional. The " thr " in parenthesis
in the published work was inserted by Gray.

1853. 11. 12. 158. 325 mm.

Phoxinus phoxinus (L.), 1758

Cyprinus phoxinus, Gronovius (Gray), 1854 : 185.

1853. 11. 12. 177. 61 mm.

Abramis brama (L.), 1758

Mus. Ichth. 1 : 3, 14. Zoophyl. 1 : no, 345.
Cyprinus brama, Gronovius (Gray), 1854 : 180.

There were three references quoted by Linnaeus under this name, namely, the
Fauna Svecica (1746 : 318), Artedi (1738 ; 3 : 20), and Gronovius. Of the three
only the Gronovius reference and that of Artedi gave fin ray counts in their descrip-
tions ; thus this specimen is part of the type series.

1853. n. 12. 147. 256 mm.

Abramis vimba (L.), 1758

This specimen does not appear to have been included in the manuscript, and Gunther
(1868 : 303) considered that Gronovius had " confounded this species with others
(A. ballerus) etc.), as is evident from his description and synonymy ". It is possible
that this accounts for its omission.

1853. 11. 12. 153. 205 mm.

Blicca bjoerkna (L.), 1758

Zoophyl. 1 : no, 344.

Cyprinus latus Gronovius (Gray), 1854 : 180. Holotype.

This specific name was also proposed, apparently independently, by Gmelin (1789)
although he probably derived it from Bloch (1782 : 65).

1853. n. 12. 146. 172 mm.

212 THE GRONOVIUS FISH COLLECTION

Cyprinus carpio L., 1758

Mus. Ichth. 1 : 5, 19. Zoophyl. 1 : 104, 330.
Cyprinus carpio, Gronovius (Gray), 1854 : 177.

Linnaeus based his name on descriptions by Artedi (1738, 3 : 25) and Gronovius,
and on a specimen in his own collection. One of these skins (139) is normally scaled
and is probably the specimen which Gronovius described, and thus part of the type
series.

1853. 11 . 12.139. 184 mm.

1853. 11. 12. 141. 187 mm.

Cyprinus carpio L., 1758

Cyprinus specularis Gronovius (Gray), 1854 : 178, " in Danubiae paludosis locis ".

Holotype.
1853. 11. 12. 140. 214 mm.

Squalius cephalus (L.), 1758

Zoophyl. 1 : 106, 335, " in Rheno propre Lugdunum ".

Cyprinus salmoneus Gronovius (Gray), 1854 : 186. Holotype.

1853 .11.12. 138. 388 mm.

Squalius cephalus (L.), 1758

Cyprinus leuciscus (non L.) Gronovius (Gray), 1854 : 184.

1853. 11 .12.156. 150 mm.

Carassius carassius (L.), 1758

? Mus Ichth. 1 : 3, 11. ? Zoophyl. 1 : no, 343.
Cyprinus carassius, Gronovius (Gray), 1854 : 179.

In view of the discrepancies between the earlier descriptions and the counts made
on this specimen, I am doubtful if this was the specimen described by Gronovius.

1853 .11.12. 142. 195 mm.

Carassius auratus (L.), 1758
Zoophyl. 1 : 108, 342.
Cyprinus chinensis Gronovius (Gray), 1854 : 181, varieties 1, 6, 8, 12. Syntypes.

It is interesting to note that one specimen (150) was given to Gronovius by Job
Baster who, in 1760, bred the goldfish at Zierikzee, and who later published an
account of his observations in Acta Harlem.

1853. n. 12. 149 89 mm.

1853. n. 12. 150. 62 mm.

1853. n. 12. 151. 112 mm.

1853. n. 12. 152. 75 mm.

Barbus barbus (L.), 1758

Mus. Ichth. 2 : 3, 20. Zoophyl. 1 : 104, 331.
Cyprinus barbus, Gronovius (Gray), 1854 : 177.

The Museum Ichthyologicum was one of two works quoted by Linnaeus, the other
being that of Artedi, who, however, gave no fin ray counts in his description ;
Linnaeus also had a specimen in his own collection, for which he gave fin ray counts.
This specimen is therefore part of the type material.

1853. 11 . 12. 144. 265 mm.

THE GRONOVIUS FISH COLLECTION 213

Tinea tinea (L.), 1758

Mus. Ichth. 1 : 4, 18. Zoophyl. 1 : 103, 328.

Cyprinus tinea, Gronovius (Gray), 1854 : 179.

1853. 11. 12. 143. 132 mm.

COBITIDAE

Cobitis taenia L., 1758

Mus. Ichth. 1 : 2, 5. Zoophyl. 1 : 56, 200.
This specimen is not apparently included in the manuscript ; it is not likely that it
was referred to as C. barbatula as Gunther (1868 : 362) suggested.

1853. 11. 12. 176. 79 mm.

Misgurnus fossilis (L.), 1758

Mus. Ichth. 1 : 2, 7. Zoophyl. 1 : 56, 201.
Cobitis fossilis, Gronovius (Gray), 1854 : 40.

This specimen was also described by J. F. Gronovius in Acta Upsala, 1748 : 79,
tab. 3. Linnaeus based his name on three references to earlier authors, namely, to
J. F. Gronovius, descriptions by Artedi (1738, 4 : 2) and to his own Museum
Adoiphi Friderici (1754 : 76). This appears to be the original Gronovius specimen
and should therefore be regarded as having type status.

1853. 11. 12. 121. 163 mm.

SILUROIDEA

DORADIDAE

Doras cataphractus (L.), 1758

Mus. Ichth. 1 : 28, 71, tab. 3, figs. 3 and 4. Zoophyl. 1 : 127, 390, " Habitat in Americes

Meridionalis rivulis ".
Callichthys asper Gronovius (Gray), 1854 : 157. Holotype.

In listing this specimen in the Catalogue of Fishes Gunther (1864) said, " this is not
the typical specimen of the species, described and figured by Gronow ; he says that
he saw it in Seba's collection ; and besides, the present specimen is considerably
larger than the one figured ". Actually Gronovius did not say that he saw the speci-
men in Seba's collection, but " Comparavi ex Museo Sebae ", a remark that often
occurs in that work. It is difficult to understand why Gunther should have used the
plate as a guide to the length of the specimen. It is more probable that the figure was
reduced or enlarged during drawing and engraving so that it best fitted the space
available in the plate. For example, the figure of Callorhynchus on plate five of the
Museum Ichthyologicum measures ten and a half inches, while the text gives the length
as nine and two-third inches. Also, several of van Nieuwland's drawings in the manu-
script are badly foreshortened, solely to fit them on to the small quarto paper used.
For these reasons I disagree with Gunther's conclusion, and regard this specimen as
the one which was described by Gronovius in 1754. This description was referred to
by Linnaeus, who also mentioned the description in Catesby (1743 : 19, tab. 9), and
this specimen is thus part of the type series.

1853. 1 1. 12. 193. 93 mm.

2I4

THE GRONOVIUS FISH COLLECTION
SlLURIDAE

in Sinu Harlemensi frequens

Silurus glanis L., 1758

Mus. Ichth. 1 : 6, 25, tab. 6, fig. i, "

Zoophyl. 1 : ioi, 323.
Silurus glanis, Gronovius (Gray), 1854 : 134.

The reference in the Museum Ichthyologicum was quoted by Linnaeus following two
references to his own works (1751 : 61), (1756 : 34), and one to Artedi (1738, 4 : 82).
1853. 11. 12. 168. 191 mm.

LORICARIIDAE

Loricaria ? cataphracta L., 1758 Plate 28, fig. 1.

Mus. Ichth. 1 : 26, 69. Zoophyl. 1 : 127, 392.
Plecostomus flagellaris Gronovius (Gray), 1854 : 158.

The measurements given in 1754 agree perfectly with those made on the specimen,
except that part of the caudal filament is missing. The description in this work,
was referred to by Linnaeus under Loricaria cataphracta and is the sole reference
under his variety B ; it must be regarded as the type of this variety. Neither Regan
(1904) nor Giinther (1864) apparently recognized that this was one of the types of
the species. I am doubtful if the specimen does belong to this species (of authors) ,
but it is to be hoped that any future revision of these fishes will take this specimen
and its resulting problem, into consideration.

1853. II. 12. 195.

Upper

surface

183 mm.

1853. II. 12. I96.

Lower surface.

Head length

29

(16)

Dorsal fin, base

.

16 -5 (9)

Snout to orbit .

19

(10)

,, height

.

.

4-8 (3)

,, nostril

16

(9)

Anal fin, base .

9 (5)

,, dorsal fin origin .

54

(29)

Pelvic fin, base

6 (4)

Diameter of orbit

7'

5 (4)

,, length

.

.

26 (14)

Vent to anal fin origin

15

(8)

Width of interorbital

7-5 (4)

Pectoral fin, base

9

(5)

Pectoral fin, length

.

33 (18)

Dorsal i*

7. Anal 6.

Pelvic 1 "5. Pectoral 1

•6.

Snout broad and long ; orbit of moderate size, maximum diameter, measured to
the extremity of the posterior notch, equals the interorbital width, which is about
3-5 in head length. Nape armed with three paired median spines. The underside
of the head naked, with the barbels and sensory papillae around the mouth visible
although completely dessicated. Four teeth on each side of the maxilla, and four in
the left mandible, three in the right (probably one broken off short, as the others are
spaced irregularly). Those in the mandible thin and long, curved slightly upwards,
more than twice the length of the others, which are expanded sub-terminally and
bear a weak cusp laterally.

Ventrally the scutes are irregular, small and numerous, but the outer series are
more regular and posteriorly elongate ; there are ten scutes between their commence-
ment and the base of the pelvic fins. There are three scutes between the vent and the
origin of the anal fin, and 26 ventral scutes from anus to caudal fin. Thirty- two
spined scutes, counting along the upper row from the head to the caudal fin, including

THE GRONOVIUS FISH COLLECTION 215

one which is on the head, and thirty-three spinous scutes in the lower row from the
pectoral fin base to the caudal fin. The two rows of spines converge fourteen scutes
from the tail.

APODES

Anguillidae
Anguilla anguilla (L.), 1758

Mus. Ichth. 1 : 16, 45. Zoophyl. 1 : 40, 166.
Muraena anguilla, Gronovius (Gray), 1854 : 18.

1853. 1 1. 12. 169. c«. 500 mm.

MURAENESOCIDAE

Muraenesox ferox (Costa), 18501

Muraena myrus (non Briinnich) Gronovius (Gray), 1854 : 20, " ... in Mari Mediter-

raneo ... ". Holotype.
1854. 11. 12. 171. 447 mm.

CONGRIDAE

Conger conger (L.), 1758

Muraena conger, Gronovius (Gray), 1854 : 19, " ... in Mari Mediterraneo ".

1853. 11. 12.170. 392 mm.

SYNENTOGNATHI

Belonidae
Belone belone (L.), 1758

Mus. Ichth. 1 : 10, 30. Zoophyl. 1 : 117, 362.

Macrognathus scolopax Gronovius (Gray), 1854 : 147. Holotype.

Linnaeus based his name Esox belone on three earlier descriptions, in Artedi
1738, 5 : 27), Linnaeus (1746 : 305) and the Museum Ichthyologicum. This specimen
is therefore part of the type series.

Although Gronovius (1854) indicated plainly enough that his Macrognathus scolopax
was synonymous with Esox belone of Linnaeus, by listing the latter as a " synonym "
(in this he was followed by Giinther (1866 : 254)), Regan listed Macrognathus Grono-
vius as a synonym of Macrorhamphosus. Jordan (1919 : 259) in copying Regan,
added further to the confusion by listing " Macrognathus Gronow 147 ; logotype
Centriscus scolopax L. Name preoccupied ; a synonym of Macrorhamphosus Lac."
It is unfortunate that neither Regan nor Jordan had referred to the description in
Gronovius (1854), had they done so this confusion could never have occurred.

1853. 11. 12. 147. c«. 730 mm.

Hemirhamphidae
Hemirhamphus brasiliensis (L.), 1758

Zoophyl. 1 : 118, 363.

Macrognathus brevirostris Gronovius (Gray), 1854 : 148. Holotype.

Neither Gray (1854) nor Giinther (i860 : 270) recognized this specimen as the
Gronovius type.

1853. 11. 12. 115. 180 mm.

1 This species is probably synonymous with M. savana (Bancroft), 1831. Regan (19 15) claimed the
two to be distinct, but the specimens he identified as Muraenesox ferox, are certainly not that species
and appear to be more closely related to the American M. coniceps than to any West African-Mediter-
ranean species.

216 THE GRONOVIUS FISH COLLECTION

EXOCOETIDAE

Exocoetus ? volitans L., 1758

Zoophyl. 1 : 116, 358. " Reperitur in Mari Hispanico ".
Exocoetus evolans L. Gronovius (Gray), 1854 : 144.

Linnaeus (1766 : 521) based the name Exocoetus evolans primarily on the descrip-
tion by Gronovius in the Zoophylaciuni, therefore this specimen, which corresponds
very well with the description, may be regarded as the holotype of that species.
Brunn (1935 : 22) examined this specimen and wrote of it, " Examination . . .
could only determine naturally, that it was really an Exocoetus, but whether E.
volitans or E. obtusirostris could not be quite settled with certainty, as the gill rakers
could not be examined. The transverse scales were, however, fairly well preserved
and showed 6| rows, a result that Mr. J. R. Norman kindly confirmed. In all proba-
ability therefore E. evolans is synonymous with E. volitans." I can add nothing to
this statement except, perhaps, to confirm the count of 6| scales, and I consider that
Brunn was justified in indicating that the two species were synonymous.
1853. 11. 12. 181. 113 mm.

SOLENICHTHYES

AULOSTOMATIDAE

Aulostomus maculatus Valenciennes, 1842

Zoophyl. 1 : 119, 366.

Solenostomus chinensis non L. Gronovius (Gray), 1854 : 147.

For a detailed discussion of the status of this specimen, see Wheeler (19556).

1853. 1 1. 12. 102. 304 mm.

Syngnathidae

(The portion of the manuscript dealing with this genus is missing, if indeed it was even
completed.)

Entelurus aequoreus (L.), 1758

Mus. Ichth. 1 : 1, 2. Zoophyl. 1 : 43, 171.
This specimen is labelled in Gronovius's hand Syngnathus ophidion, and it is one
of the types of that species, for Linnaeus referred to the description in the Museum
Ichthyologicum under that name. This misunderstanding was probably caused by
Gronovius erroneously stating that there was no caudal fin (it is indeed difficult to
see). Fortunately no nomenclatorial change need ensue from this composite type
series, for the specimen described in Linnaeus (1746 : 334) and also referred to under
this specific name in Linnaeus (1758) appears to be the species accepted as
S. ophidion.

1853. 11 . 12.185. 500 mm.

Syngnathus acus L., 1758

Mus. Ichth. 1 : 1, 3. Zoophyl. 1 : 43, 172.
Gronovius's (1754) description was given as the second reference by Linnaeus ;

THE GRONOVIUS FISH COLLECTION 217

this specimen is therefore part of the type series. The other references were to Artedi
(1738), and to Linnaeus (1746 : 335).

1853. 11. 12. 184. 378 mm.

ANACANTHINI

Merlucciidae
Merluccius merluccius (L.), 1758

Zoophyl. 1 : 97, 315.

Merlucius lanatus Gronovius (Gray), 1854 : 130. Holotype.

The use of Merlucius in the manuscript considerably antedates its first published
usage by Rafinesque in 1810.

1853. 11. 12. 113. 283 mm.

Gadidae
Gadus callarias L., 1758

Mus. Ichth. 1 : 21, 58. Zoophyl. 1 : 99, 319.
Gadus callarias, Gronovius (Gray), 1854 : 131.

Linnaeus based the specific name callarias on five references, namely Linnaeus
(1746:293), Artedi (1738,3:63), Gronovius (1754), Linnaeus (1745:87) and
(1751 : 220). This specimen is therefore part of the type series.

1853. 11. 12. 162. 195 mm.

Gadus luscus L., 1758

Mus. Ichth. 1 : 21, 60. Zoophyl. 1 : 99, 320.

Gadus colias (non L.) Gronovius (Gray), 1854 : 131. Holotype.

1853. 11. 12. 163. 161 mm.

Gadus aeglefinus L., 1758

Mus. Ichth. 1 : 12, 59. Zoophyl. 1 : 99, 321.
Gadus aeglefinus, Gronovius (Gray), 1854 : 131.

The 1754 description is the third of five quoted by Linnaeus ; this specimen may
therefore be regarded as a syntype.

1853. 11 .12.164. 255 mm.

Gadus merlangus L., 1758

Mus. Ichth. 1 : 20, 55. Zoophyl. 1 : 91, 316.
Gadus merlangus, Gronovius (Gray), 1854 : 132.

The description in Gronovius (1754) is the third of three references given by Lin-
naeus ; these specimens may thus be considered syntypes of the species.

1853. 11. 12. 165. 177 mm.
1853. 11 . 12. 166. 148 mm.

Gadus virens L., 1758

Mus. Ichth. 1 : 20, 55. Zoophyl. 1 : 98, 317.
Gadus carbonarius L. Gronovius (Gray), 1854 : 132.

This specimen was also described by J. F. Gronovius in Acta Upsaliensis (1748),
the length of the present specimen agrees very well with that given in that description,

HIST. I, 5. 14

218 THE GRONOVIUS FISH COLLECTION

and I consider that it can be regarded as the original specimen. Linnaeus (under this
name), referred to only two earlier descriptions, namely to his own Fauna Svecica
(1746 : 296) and to J. F. Gronovius (1748). This specimen may therefore be regarded
as part of the Linnaean type series.

1853 .11.12. 167. 284 mm.

Lota lota (L.), 1758

Mus. Ichth. 1 : 21, 61. Zoophyl. 1 : 97, 313.

Enchelyopus lota, Gronovius (Gray), 1854 : 101.

1853. 11 . 12. 119. 159 mm.

Onos mustelus (L.), 1758

Mus. Ichth. 1 : 21, 62. Zoophyl. 1 : 97, 314.
Enchelyopus mustela, Gronovius (Gray), 1854 : 101.

A description of this species by the elder Gronovius (1746) was referred to by
Linnaeus, but as the specimen described was nine inches long I do not regard it as
the same as the present specimen.

1853. 11. 12. 118. 109 mm.

PERCOIDEA

Serranidae
Serranus cabrilla (L.), 1758

Zoophyl. 1 : 89, 295. " ... Mare Mediterraneum insulam Melitam ".

Perca mormyrus (non L.) Gronovius (Gray), 1854 : 109.

1853. 11. 12. 56. 121 mm.

Petrometopon cruentatus (Lacepede), 1803

Perca punctata {non L.) Gronovius (Gray), 1854 : 109.
This is probably one of the specimens collected by Garden in Carolina, for the
manuscript reads, " ... in Mari Americano ad Carolinam ". The number that
Garden usually wrote on the side of the fish is missing in this case.

Not registered. ca. 108 mm.

Centropristes striatus (L.), 1758

Perca atraria L. Gronovius (Gray), 1854 : III.
This was one of Alexander Garden's specimens, it bears his number 7 on its side.
Garden also sent to Linnaeus the holotype of Perca atraria, which is preserved in
the collection of the Linnean Society (Giinther, 1899).

1853. 11. 12. 107. 230 mm.

Morone labrax (L.), 1766

Gronovius, J. F., Acta Upsala. 1751 : 39, tab. 4. Mus. Ichth. 1 : 41, 95. Zoophyl.

1 : 91, 300.
Perca labrax, Gronovius (Gray), 1854 : 115.

Linnaeus based his name Perca labrax on the descriptions by Gronovius (1751)
and Artedi (1738, 4 : 41). This specimen is identical in length with that described
and it is therefore probably part of the type series.

1853. 11. 12. 1. 169 mm.

THE GRONOVIUS FISH COLLECTION 219

Percidae
Acerina cernua (L.), 1758

Mus. Ichth. 1 : 41, 94. Zoophyl. 1 : 86, 288.
Perca cernua, Gronovius (Gray), 1854 : 112.

Gronovius (1754) was one of the three descriptions to which Linnaeus referred ;
this specimen is therefore one of the original types.

1853. 11. 12. 5. 101 ram.

Acerina schraetser (L.), 1758

Zoophyl. 1 : 86, 289. " ... in Danubio ".

Perca danubiensis Gronovius (Gray), 1854 : 112. Holotype.

Although Gronovius identified this specimen with Perca schraetser Linnaeus by
listing the latter in the " synonymy ", he also gave it the new name of danubiensis.
1853. 11. 12. 41. 118 mm.

Perca fluviatilis'L., 1758

Mus. Ichth. 1 : 42, 96. Zoophyl. 1 : 91, 301.
Perca vulgaris Gronovius (Gray), 1854 : 114.

Gronovius (1754) was listed by Linnaeus after references to Artedi (1738, 3 : 74)
and his own Fauna Svecica (1746 : 285), this specimen is therefore part of the type
series of Linnaeus's species.

1853. 11. 12. 3. 130 mm.

Perca fluviatilisl.., 1758

? Zoophyl. 1 : 92, 302.

Perca helvetica Gronovius (Gray), 1854 : 113. Holotype.

1853. 11. 12.2. 107 mm.

Aspro zingel (L.), 1766

Zoophyl. 1 : 92, 303, " Habitat in Danubio ... ".
Perca asper (non L.) Gronovius (Gray), 1854 : 115.

Linnaeus (1766) based his name Perca zingel on three earlier references, namely,
Gronovius (1763), Schaeffer (1761:58, tab. 3, fig. 1) and Kramer (1756:386).
The present specimen should therefore be considered as one of the types. It should
be noted that this specimen was given to Gronovius by Kramer.

1853. 11. 12. 81. 177 mm.

POMATOMIDAE

Pomatomus saltatrix (L), 1766

Chromis epicurorum Gronovius (Gray), 1854 : 149. Holotype. " Habitat in mari
Carolinam alluente. Piscis sapidissimus et palato. Epicurorum gratissimus . . .
Anglis Carolinam inhabitantibus audit Fat back et Ship Jack."

This specimen bears the Garden collection number n.

1853. 11. 12. 45. 366 mm.

22o THE GRONOVIUS FISH COLLECTION

Rachycentridae
Rachycentron canadus (L.), 1766

Thynnus canadensis, Gronovius (Gray), 1854 : 122. "... in Mari Carolinam
Meridionalem alluente."

Gronovius had written on the back of the skin the name Scomber canadensis,
but the drawing of this specimen in the manuscript is labelled Thynnus canadensis.
This is another of Garden's Carolina specimens.

1853. 11. 12. 161. 500 mm.

Carangidae

Chorinemus sancti-petri C. & V., 1831

Zoophyl. 1 : 93, 305.

Thynnus moluccensis Gronovius (Gray), 1854 : 121. Holotype.

Gronovius (1763) confused this species with Scomber thynnus Linnaeus, andjas a

result Linnaeus (1766) included the description in the Zoophylacium in his synonymy

of that species.

1853. 11. 12. 29. 142 mm.

Naucrates ductor (L.), 1758

Zoophyl. 1 : 94, 309, " Inhabitat Mare Mediterraneum ... ".
Thynnus pompilus Gronovius (Gray) 1854 : 123. Holotype.

Gray identified this specimen as Sarda immaculata of the manuscript, but this is
obviously incorrect. Sarda immaculata is probably a synonym of Scomber pelagicus
(= Coryphaena hippurus L.).

1853. 11. 12. 41. in mm.

Caranx hippos (L.), 1766

Mus. Ichth. 1 : 34, 82. Zoophyl. 1 : 94, 307.

Trachurus cordyla Gronovius (Gray), 1854 : 124. Holotype.

1853. 1 1. 12. 93. 59 mm.

Caranx chrysos (Mitchill), 18 15

Trachurus squamosus Gronovius (Gray), 1854 : 125. Holotype.
This specimen bears Garden's number of 17, it formed part of his Carolina collection.

1853. 1 1. 12. 94. 270 mm.

Trachurus trachurus (L.), 1758

Mus. Ichth. 1 : 34, 82. Zoophyl. 1 : 94, 308.

Trachurus europaeus Gronovius (Gray), 1854 : 125. Holotype.

1853. 11. 12. 95. 189 mm.

Chloroscombrus chrysurus (L.), 1766

Scomber latus Gronovius (Gray), 1854 : 127. Holotype.
This specimen was also part of Garden's Carolina collection.

1853. 1 1. 12. 96. 227 mm.

THE GRONOVIUS FISH COLLECTION 221

LUTIANIDAE

Lutjanus kasmira (Forskal), 1775

Perca lineata Gronovius (Gray), 1854 I HO. Holotype.
The longitudinal stripes on the body of this specimen, now faded to a light greeny-
blue, are five in number, placing it in the form quinquelineatus.

1853. 11. 12. 58. 174 mm.

Leiognathidae
Leiognathus equulus (Forskal), 1775

Although named (but not in Gronovius's hand), as Scomber indicus and bearing
the number 50 which relates to Scomber in the manuscript, there is no description
which agrees with this specimen.

1853. 11. 12. 97. 138 mm.

SCIAENIDAE

Cynoscion regalis (Bloch (Schneider)), 1801

Cestreus carolinensis Gronovius (Gray), 1854 : 49. Holotype.
This specimen is part of Garden's collection, and is referred to in the manuscript
as the " Sea Trout ", a vernacular name which Jordan & Everman (1898 : 1407) also
give for this species.

1853. 1 1. 12. 42. 344 mm.

Orthopristis chrysopterus (L.), 1766

Although this specimen was part of Alexander Garden's collection it is not men-
tioned in the manuscript. It is of interest to note that Linnaeus described this
species from a specimen from the same source.

1853. 11. 12. 43. 220 mm.
Umbrina cirrosa (L.), 1758

Mus. Ichth. 1 : 39, 92. Zoophyl. 1 : 59, 212.

Sciaena cestreus Gronovius (Gray), 1854 : 52. Holotype.

Linnaeus based his name Sciaena cirrosa on two earlier references namely, to Artedi
(1738, 4 : 38), and to Gronovius's description in the Museum Ichthyologicum (although
this reference was followed by a question mark). Two points in the Gronovius
description require clarification. In 1754 the locality for the species was given as the
rivers of Surinam (" Locus natalis Surinamae fluvius est "), but in the Zoophylacium
it was altered to " Habitat in Mari mediterraneo ", while the manuscript reads
" Habitat in Mari Americano, quandoque et Mediterraneo ".I have already commented
(Wheeler, 19556) on the unreliability of some of Gronovius's locality ascriptions,
and I would have considered it legitimate to ignore the locality of Surinam, if it
were not for a discrepancy in the dorsal fin count for this specimen and the number
given in the Museum Ichthyologicum. Here it is stated that there are thirty-six
rays in the dorsal fin, of which the first ten are " simplicia et aculeata ", but this
specimen has a dorsal fin comprised of ten spines and twenty-four soft rays. This
agrees with the number given in the manuscript, and for this reason, I conclude that
this specimen was not the same as the one described in the Museum Ichthyologicum,

222 THE GRONOVIUS FISH COLLECTION

and as such it is not one of the types of Sciana cirrosa. It is probable that this skin
was an addition to the collection after the publication of the Zoophylacium, which
would also explain its excellent condition.

1853. ii. 12. 74. 367 mm.

Menticirrhus americanus (L.), 1758

Sciaena alburnus (non L.) Gronovius (Gray), 1854 : 51.
There is an excellent figure in the manuscript of this specimen, which bears Garden's
collection number 2.

1853. 11 .12.75. 228 mm.

MULLIDAE

Mullus barbatus L., 1758

Mus. Ichth. 1 : 43, 99. Zoophyl. 1 : 85, 286.
Mullus barbatus, Gronovius (Gray), 1854 : 108.

Linnaeus based his name on two references, and on a specimen in his own collection.
The two references were to Artedi (1738, 4 : 43) and to Gronovius's description in the
Museum Ichthyologicum. This specimen is therefore probably one of the original
type series.

1853 .11.12.14. 2°5 mm-

Sparidae
Pachymetopon blochii (Val.), 1830

This specimen is not included in the manuscript, although the description of Cynaedus
striatus fits it fairly well. There are, however, several discrepancies, notably in the
locality " Oceano Indico ", although this species appears to occur only off the South
African coast ; and in the length of the specimen, nine and a half inches, against the
published " longitudo semipedalis ".

1853. 1 1. 12. 85. 200 mm.

Stentomus chrysops (L.), 1766

Cynaedus brama Gronovius (Gray), 1854 : 56. Holotype.

Giinther (1859 : 4°9) failed to recognize this specimen as the type of Cynaedus
brama Gronovius, and made it one of the four syntypes of his own Sargus ambassis,
and synonymized the Gronovius name with Sargus unimaculatus (Bloch). Jordan &
Everman (1898 : 1360) copied Giinther in this synonymy but relegated his Sargus
ambassis to the synonymy of Stenotomus chrysops.

This specimen bears the Garden collection number 13.

1853. 11. 12. 76. 163 mm.

Archosargus probatocephalus (Walbaum), 1792

Perca leonina Gronovius (Gray), 1854 : 113. Holotype.
Gronovius under this name, refers to the Zoophylacium (1 : 60, 213) which,
however, is a description of the South African species Chrysoblephus laticeps (a speci-
men of which is still preserved in the collection) . The present specimen, although not
now in good condition, is well illustrated in the manuscript, and this is labelled in
Gronovius's hand, thus confirming the identification.

1853. 11. 12. 34. 300 mm.

THE GRONOVIUS FISH COLLECTION

223

Boops boops (L.), 1758

Zoophyl. 1 : 63, 218.

Cynaedus gracilis Gronovius (Gray), 1854 : 57. Holotype.

1853. 11. 12. 22.

Boops salpa (L.), 1758

Zoophyl. 1 : 62, 216

Cynaedus onias Gronovius (Gray), 1854 : 55.

1853. 1 1. 12. 83.

Holotype.

125 mm.

Spondylisoma cantharus (Gmelin), 1788

Apparently this specimen was not included in the manuscript.

1853. 11. 12. 84. 98 mm.

Lithognathus lit hognat litis (Cuv.), 1829

On the back of this skin there is a label in Gronovius's hand, but unfortunately
only the generic name Cynaedus is clear although the last three letters of the specific
name appear to be ... ius. There is no such termination to any of the names in
this genus in the manuscript. The sheet on which the specimen is mounted also bears
a label Cynaedus cyprinoides, but again this name is not recorded in the manuscript.
1853. 11. 12. 23. 204 mm.

Argyrozona argyrozona (Val.), 1830

Zoophyl. 1 : 60, 214.

Cynaedus lupus Gronovius (Gray), 1854 : 54. Holotype.

1853. 11 . 12.20. 368 mm.

Chrysoblephus laticeps (Cuv.), 1830

Zoophyl. 1 : 60, 213.

Cynaedus torvus Gronovius (Gray), 1854 : 54. Holotype.

Gtinther confused this skin with Perca leonina of Gronovius (see p. 222) although in
both cases the fishes themselves are labelled in Gronovius's hand, and there are good
figures in the manuscript.

It is of interest to note that Smith (1949 : 272) gives as the vernacular name of
this species " Roman or Red Roman ", and Gronovius (1763) added to his descrip-
tion " Inhabitat Mare Promontorium Bonae Spei alluens, ubi ab incolis Rooman
a rubro colore vocatur ".

1853. 11 .12.21. 254 mm.

GlRELLIDAE

Dipterodon capensis Cuv. & Val., 183 1

Zoophyl. 1 : 66, 226.

Coracinus aper Gronovius (Gray), 1854 : 57. Holotype.

1853. 11 .12.215. 200 mm.

SCATOPHAGIDAE

Scatophagus argus (L.), 1766 Plate 29, fig. 1.

Sargus maculatus Gronovius (Gray), 1854 : 65. Holotype.
This specimen was given to Gronovius by Pieter Boddaert, who in 1770 published
a very detailed description of the species, in " ... de Chaetodonte Argo ... ".

224

THE GRONOVIUS FISH COLLECTION

The specimen that he described he had purchased from the collection of Johannes
Albert Schlosser, an Amsterdam physician, and the owner of a large collection of
natural history specimens, who died during 1769. The measurements given by
Boddaert, " Altitudinem a Ventre ad Dorsam trium pollicum, totodemque linearum
inveni, et longitudinem trium pollicum, cum quinque lineis ", fit the present specimen
well, and it seems probable that this is the same specimen that was purchased at the
sale of Schlosser's collections.

1853. 11. 12. 82. 83mm.

Chaetodontidae
Heteropyge sexstriatus Cuv. & Val., 1831

Chaetodon resimus Gronovius (Gray), 1854 : 71. Holotype.
There is a fine drawing of this specimen in the manuscript, labelled C. resimus
in Gronovius's hand, which proves that this specimen is the one described under
that name, and that Giinther was in error in claiming this as the type specimen of C.
vorticosus (a synonym of Holacanthus annularis Bloch).

1853. 11. 12.61. 115 mm.

Holacanthus ciliaris (L), 1758

? Zoophyl. 1 : 68, 231.

Chaetodon aculeatus Gronovius (Gray), 1854

1853. 11. 12. 64.

72. Syntype.

248 mm.

Holacanthus ciliaris (L.), 1758

Mus. Ichth. 2 : 36, 192. Zoophyl. 1 : 69, 232.

Chaetodon aculeatus Gronovius (Gray), 1854 : 73. Syntype.

The description of the colour pattern in the Museum Ichthyologicum agrees
exactly with the markings on the present specimen. Linnaeus, in naming this species,
referred to the description in that work, before the other references he gave (Linnaeus,
1754 : 62 ; 1757 : 273). This is therefore part of the original type series, although
Fraser-Brunner (1933) who examined the specimen, did not note it as such.
1853. 11 . 12.65. 85 mm.

Pomacanthus annularis (Bloch), 1787

Chaetodon vorticosus Gronovius (Gray), 1854 : 74. Holotype.

1853. 11. 12. 66. 124 mm.

Chaetodontoplus mesoleucus (Bloch), 1787

Chaetodon atratus Gronovius (Gray), 1854 : 72. Holotype.
Fraser-Brunner (1933) ascribed to this specimen the locality of Singapore, although
Gronovius merely stated " Habitat in India ".

1853. 11. 12. 62. 127 mm.

Chelmon rostratus (L.), 1758

Mus. Ichth. 1 : 48, 109. Zoophyl. 1 : 69, 233.
Chaetodon rostratus, Gronovius (Gray), 1854 : 73.

The detailed measurements given (1754) of the specimen described, correspond
very closely with the present specimen if allowance is made for the damage to the
snout and caudal fin.

THE GRONOVIUS FISH COLLECTION 225

The description in the Museum Ichthyologicum was one of the two references that
Linnaeus gave for his species Chaetodon rostratus. The other was to a description in
his Museum Adoiphi Friderici (Linnaeus, 1754 : 61). The present specimen is there-
fore part of the type series.

1853. 11. 12.63. 115 mm.

Chaetodon striatus L., 1758

Mus. Ichth. 1 : 49, no; 2 : 38, no. Zoophyl. 1 : 70, 235.
Chaetodon striatus, Gronovius (Gray), 1854 : 68.

Linnaeus based his name striatus on four earlier descriptions, namely those of
Linnaeus (1754 : 62 ; 1749 : 313), Artedi (1738, 3 : 95) and Gronovius (1754 : 49).
This specimen is therefore part of the original type material.

1853. n. 12.67. 54 mm.

Chaetodon capistratus L., 1758

? Mus. Ichth. 2 : 37, 195. ? Zoophyl. 1 : 70, 237.
Chaetodon capistratus, Gronovius (Gray), 1854 : 67.

There is a table of measurements given in the Museum Ichthyologicum in which the
total length is given as 2-3 inches, the present specimen, however, measures three
inches. It is therefore doubtful if it is the original specimen described by Gronovius,
and it would not be surprising if this common Atlantic fish had been replaced in the
collection.

It is of interest to note in this context that Linnaeus based his name on three
references ; Linnaeus (1754 : 63 ; 1749 : 314) and Gronovius's description in the
Museum Ichthyologicum, so that if this specimen is the original of the Gronovius
description it must be considered part of the type series. Meek & Hildebrand (1928 :
787) were thus in error when they stated that this species was " based on a specimen
in Mus. Adoiphi Frederici (sic) " (Linnaeus, 1754). Although their contention that
this name should be restricted to the Atlantic species is supported by the Gronovius
specimen (the locality for which was " Mare Atlanticum sub Zone torrida "), this
was in direct contradiction with Linnaeus's " Habitat in Indiis ".

1853. 1 1. 12. 68. 66 mm.

Chaetodon punctato-fasciatus Cuv. & Val., 183 1

Chaetodon punctato-lineatus Gronovius (Gray), 1854 : 70. Holotype.
1853. 11 . 12.70. 56 mm.

Chaetodon octofasciatus Bloch, 1787

Chaetodon octolineatus Gronovius (Gray), 1854 : 69. Holotype.

1853. 11 . 12.71. 67 mm.

Coradion chrysozonus (Cuv. & Val), 1831

Chaetodon guttatus Gronovius (Gray), 1854 : 71. Holotype.
There is a figure of this specimen in the manuscript, signed by van Nieuwland
" ad viv del 1774 ". A small paper label with the number 16 printed on it is pasted on
the back of the specimen.

1853. n .12.72. 121 mm.

226

THE GRONOVIUS FISH COLLECTION

Chaetodon sp.

Chaetodon unifasciatus Gronovius (Gray), 1854 : 69.
This specimen is very poorly preserved.
1853. 11. 12. 69.

Holotype.

35 mm.

ClCHLIDAE

Crenicichla saxatilis (L.), 1758 Plate 30, fig. 2.

Mus. Ichth. 2 : 28, 185, tab. 6, fig. 3. Zoophyl. 1 : 67, 229, tab. 6, fig. 3.
Scarus pavoninus Gronovius (Gray), 1854 : 63. Holotype.

Linnaeus based his species Sparus saxatilis on two earlier descriptions, one in his
own Museum Adolphi Friderici (1754 : 65) and the other in the Museum Ichihyologicum
Lonnberg (1896) does not list the former specimen as being amongst those still
preserved in the University of Upsala, and presumably it is no longer in existence.
This specimen is therefore probably the only remaining part of the type material.
It was not mentioned by Regan (1905),

1853. II. 12. 24.

107 mm.

Length of head

36

(34)

Width of premaxillary

3

(3)

Snout to eye .

IO-

5(io)

Body depth at dorsal origin

26

(25)

„ „ pectoral origin

37

(35)

Length of dorsal fin base .

67

(63)

„ ,, dorsal origin .

35

(33)

,, ,, anal fin base

15

(14)

,, ,, anal origin

81

(76)

Longest pectoral ray

20

(19)

Diameter of orbit

8

(8)

,, pelvic ray .

19

(18)

Postorbital length

18

(17)

Depth of caudal peduncle .

12-

5(12)

Dorsal XVII .

14. Anal III. 9.

Pelvic I.5. Pectoral 14.

Head with pointed snout, lower jaw protruding ; gape equal to snout, two and a
half times in head, eye moderate, in anterior half of head. Dorsal fin origin above
the upper edge of the operculum and extending from thence to the caudal
peduncle, moderately low, spines (except for the first three) all equal in height, soft
rays a little longer, fourth from the last the longest. The hind margin of the fin is
angular. Caudal fin broadly rounded, middle rays slightly produced. Anal fin short,
its height as great as the dorsal, and also with a pointed posterior margin, it ends
slightly anterior to the last rays of the dorsal fin. Pelvic fin strong, mid rays longest,
pectoral fin weak, longest rays about equal to pelvic rays.

There are twenty-four, and ten scales in the lateral lines. At the end of the spinous
dorsal there are 3! rows above the anterior line, and 9! below ; 4 above and below
the posterior line, counted on the caudal peduncle.

Colour : In general, this skin has faded to a golden-brown, lighter below than above,
but a few marks can be distinguished on it. There is a dark ocellus, rather larger
than the orbit, above and slightly behind the pectoral fin base. Also there is an
indistinct mark behind the orbit, and a number of dark blotches scattered over the
sides and back but too indistinct to be clearly described. The caudal peduncle has
a dark mark across the base of the fin rays, and on the origin of the upper caudal
rays there is another smaller ocellus. The membrane of the caudal fin appears to
have alternate light and dark markings. The edge of the membrane of both dorsal
and anal fins is tinged dark, as are the tips of the middle rays of the caudal fin.

THE GRONOVIUS FISH COLLECTION 227

Chilodactylidae

Chilodactylus fasciatus Lacepede, 1803

Zoophyl. 1 : 64, 221, tab. io, fig. 1.

Trichopterus indicus Gronovius (Gray), 1854 : 162. Holotype.

1853. 11. 12. 25. 181 mm.

POMACENTRIDAE

Premnas biaculeatus (Bloch), 1790

Sargus ensifer Gronovius (Gray), 1854 : 66. Holotype.

1853. 11. 12. 32. 103 mm.

Amp hiprion poly mnus (L.), 1758

Mus. Ichth. 1 : 38, 91. Zoophyl. 1 : 66, 227.

Coracinus vittatus Gronovius (Gray) 1854 : 57- Holotype.

1853. 11. 12.33. 62 mm.

Dascyllus trimaculatus (Riippell), 1828

Sparus nigricans Gronovius (Gray), 1854 : 61. Holotype.
There is small slip of paper with a printed number 3, stuck on the back of this skin.
A figure of the specimen is labelled Sparus ******} in the manuscript, which name
was evidently altered later in the text.

1853. 11. 12. 103. 95 mm.
Pomacentrus fuscus Cuv. & Val., 1830

This specimen is not included in the manuscript, although Giinther (1862 : 31)
regarded it as part of Gronovius' Sparus nigricans. I am unable to uphold this
view as the figure and the description of that species agree so well the specimen listed
above, and but poorly with this skin.

1853. 11. 12. 104. 72 mm.

Abudefduf saxatilis vaigiensis (Quoy & Gaimard), 1824

Mus. Ichth. 1 : 37, 89. Zoophyl. 1 : 64, 222.

Sparus fasciatus Gronovius (Gray), 1854 : 60. Holotype.

This specimen shows no signs of the colour pattern, usually so distinct in this
species, but an illustration of the skin in the manuscript shows the transverse bands
distinctly. The fifth band is confined to the caudal peduncle, which, according to
de Beaufort (1940 : 408) is typical of this subspecies.

Linnaeus based his name Chaetodon saxatilis on three earlier descriptions ; two
in his own works (Linnaeus, 1754 : 64 ; 1749 : 312), and the third in the Museum
Ichthyologicum. Lonnberg (1896) has shown that the specimen described in the first
of these works is actually the American subspecies, which Cuvier & Valenciennes,
Giinther and authors called Glyphisodon saxatilis. De Beaufort (1940) and others
have accepted Lonnberg's determination without reservation, and it has never
been pointed out that Linnaeus based his name on more than one reference, and
consequently on more than one specimen. Gronovius gave no locality for his fish
in the original description, but in the manuscript it is given as " Habitat in Mari
Indico ", and the identification of the illustration leaves no doubt that the specimen
came from the Indo-Pacific. Thus it appears that the Linnaean species is composite,

228 THE GRONOVIUS FISH COLLECTION

and the name must therefore be restricted in the sense used by the first reviser. This
appears to have been Bloch (ed. Schneider) (1801 : 833, tab. 1), where the species
is said to come from " in aquis dulcibus Surinami ". and the plate given by Bloch
(1794) almost certainly represents an American specimen. This fortunately means that
no change in the accepted name is called for.

1853. 11. 12. 105. 95 mm.
Abudefduf coelestinus (Cuv. & Val.), 1830

This specimen does not appear to have been described in the manuscript, although
there is an unnamed illustration of it there.

1853. 11. 12. 106. 81 mm.

Labridae
Sparisoma viride (Bonnaterre), 1788

Callyodon psittacus (non L.) Gronovius (Gray), 1854 : 84.

This is another of Garden's specimens, it bears his number 13 on its side.

1853. 11. 12. 36. 336 mm.

Platyglossus bivittatus (Bloch), 1792

Labrus multicostatus Gronovius (Gray), 1854 : 81. Holotype.
This specimen bears Garden's collection number 2 on its side. The same collector
also sent specimens of this species to Linnaeus who, however, confused it with his
own Labrus radiatus, and he listed it as Sparus radiatus in 1766.

1853. 11. 12. 38. 165 mm.

Thalassoma lunate (L.), 1758

Mus. Ichth. 2 : 26, 180, tab. 6, fig. 2. Zoophyl. 1 : 71, 242, tab. 6, fig. 2.
Labrus lunaris, Gronovius (Gray), 1854 : 82.

Linnaeus based the name Labrus lunaris on a specimen in his own collection, and
on the description in the Museum Ichthyologicum. This specimen is therefore part of
the type series.

1853. 11. 12. 39. 145 mm.

Callyodon bicolor (Riippell), 1828

? Zoophyl. 1 : 72, 245 (probably from authors only).
Callyodon scriptus Gronovius (Gray), 1854 : 85. Holotype.

1853. 11. 12. 37. 337 mm.

Callyodon mutabilis Gronovius (Gray), 1854.

Callyodon mutabilis Gronovius (Gray), 1854 : 86. Holotype.
There is an ink and wash figure of this specimen in the manuscript, which is labelled
C. *******>as also is the skin, although the name was altered in the manuscript to
that published by Gray.

This species is one of the few of Gronovius's names which were valid when published
in 1854, although as Giinther (1862 : 231) failed to list the specimen, the fact that
the type exists has been overlooked.

1853. 11. 12. 87. 156 mm.

THE GRONOVIUS FISH COLLECTION

229

Head length . . %

• 47 (30)

Length of dorsal fin base

• 87(56)

Snout length

. 19 (12)

Depth of caudal peduncle

• 21 (14)

Orbit diameter

. 10 (6)

„ ,, body

. 60 (38)

Depth of cheek .

. 12 (8)

Length of anal fin base

. 40 (26)

Snout to dorsal origin .

• 50 (32)

Length of the pectoral fin

• 34 (22)

,, ,, pectoral base .

• 47 (3o)

Dorsal IX. 10. Anal III. 9. Pectoral 1. 11.

Head 3-3 in body, eye about the middle of the head. There are two rows of scales on
the cheek, with five scales in the upper row and six in the lower ; two rows also on
the lower preopercular limb. The origin of the dorsal and the pelvic fins is slightly in
advance of the posterior edge of the operculum, which is itself slightly anterior to the
pectoral fin base. The base of this fin is oblique, the upper ray longest, two and a half
times longer than the lowest ray. Dorsal fin low, both spines and rays less than the
snout length, it terminates just before the caudal peduncle. The anal fin is almost
as high as the dorsal but much shorter, its origin beneath the second dorsal ray, it
extends a little past the end of the dorsal base. Caudal fin fairly short, its posterior
edge rather square. There are 18 + 7 scales in the lateral line, with two rows above
and six below. Both the upper and lower jaws have two posterior caniniform teeth,
those in the lower jaw being closer together and rather larger than the upper.

Colour : There is a general greenish tinge on all the scales, except those of the
abdomen and head. The dorsal surface of the head is darker than elsewhere, with
green lines at the base of the lips ; the line on the lower jaw runs upwards to meet
the upper and together they run back to the lower front margin of the eye. This line
appears to continue behind the orbit to a level with the pupil, and is then produced
into a short backwardly directed line. Another at the back upper edge of the orbit
runs over the top of the eye and then across the interorbital. A few green spots on
the front lower limb of the operculum. The lips are edged with green. There are two
distinct green stripes on the dorsal fin, the lower just above the scaly sheath and
extending only as far as the third ray. The other commences at about the last
dorsal spine. The caudal fin has its outer rays tinged with green along their whole
length, while the anterior half of the membrane is distinctly green. The anal fin
has two distinct green lines, one rising about half way up the first spine and running
along the whole fin, to end almost at the tip of the last ray. The other streak runs
along the scaly sheath and ends as a series of faint blotches.

Callyodon sp.

This specimen does not appear to have been included in the manuscript. There is
a small printed label with the figure 5 on the back of the skin.

1853. 11. 12. 88. 192 mm.

Bodianus mesothorax (Bloch), 1801

Scarus mordax Gronovius (Gray), 1854 : 64. Holotype.
There is a very good pencil sketch of the specimen in the manuscript, the work of
Bylaart and dated 1768.

1853. 11. 12.89. 139 mm.

230 THE GRONOVIUS FISH COLLECTION

Labrus merula L., 1758 0

Zoophyl. 1 : 67, 228.
Scarus viridis (non L.) Gronovius (Gray), 1854 : 63.

1853. 11. 12.90. 185 mm.

Hemigymnus melapterus (Bloch), 1791

This skin was not apparently included in the manuscript, and it does not agree
with any of the species of Scarus described there, although a pencil note in Gray's
hand reads Scarus caninus. Unless the published figure of 19 dorsal-fin spines in
that species is incorrect it cannot be S. caninus as there are only nine spines in the
present specimens' dorsal fin.

1853. 11. 12.91. 227 mm.

Ammodytidae

Ammodytes lancea Yarrell, 1836

Mus. Ichth. 1 : 13, 35. Zoophyl. 1 : 133, 404.

Ammodytes tobianus (non L.) Gronovius (Gray), 1854 : 159.

1853. 11. 12. 108. 145 mm.

Trachinidae
Trachinus viper a Cuvier, 1829

Mus. Ichth. 1 : 42, 97 (part).

Trachinus horridus Gronovius (Gray), 1854 : 46. Holotype.

In the Museum Ichthyologicum Gronovius recognized two varieties of Trachinus ;
one was Trachinus draco L., the other was this species. The fin ray counts he gave on
that occasion are identical with those made on this specimen, and it may be assumed
that this is the specimen which he described in 1754.

1853. 11. 12. 6. 104 mm.

Trachinus draco L., 1758

Mus. Ichth. 1 : 42, 97 (part). Zoophyl. 1 : 80, 274.
Trachinus draco, Gronovius (Gray), 1854 : 46.

The description in the Museum Ichthyologicum was the third cited by Linnaeus
under this name. This skin is therefore part of the type series.

1853. 11. 12.7. 290 mm.

Uranoscopidae
Uranoscopus scaber L., 1758

Callionymus araneus Gronovius (Gray), 1854 : 44. Holotype.

1853 .11.12.10. 135 mm.

ACANTHUROIDEA

Zanclidae
Zanclus cornutus (L.), 1758

Gonopterus moerens Gronovius (Gray), 1854 : 77. Holotype.
1853. 11. 12.73. 54 mm.

Acanthuridae
Acanthurus hepatus (L.), 1766 Plate 31.

Zoophyl. 1 : 113, 353.
A cronurus fuscus Gronovius (Gray), 1854 : 191. Holotype.

THE GRONOVIUS FISH COLLECTION

231

Linnaeus based his name on five earlier descriptions, Brown (1756 : 455),
Gronovius (1763 : 113), Seba (1758 : 104), Catesby (1743 : 10), and Valentyn (1726 :
77). The Gronovius description is the only one in which fin ray counts are given,
and in which the description is at all detailed. As none of the specimens described in
the other works are known to be in existence, the present specimen should be regarded
as the type. It has already been accorded this status by Jordan & Evermann
(1898 : 1692).

1853.xx.x2.xox. 123 mm.

SlGANOIDAE

Siganus javus (L.), 1766 Plate 30, fig. 1.

Zoophyl. 1 : 113, 352, tab. 8, fig. 4.
Teuthis brevirostris Gronovius (Gray), 1854 : 143. Holotype.

Linnaeus based his name Teuthis javus on descriptions in the Zoofthylacium,
and in Valentyn's Oud & Nieuw Oost-Indien (1726), although the latter reference
was probably copied from Gronovius who gave it in his " synonymy " of the species.

The illustration in Valentyn's work, like most of his figures, is very poor indeed,
and the description gives no critical information. It appears to me, however, to
represent, not a siganid but one of the species of Acanthurus. This opinion is inde-
pendently confirmed by Cuvier & Valenciennes (1835 : 123) who wrote, " Gronovius
lui-m&me se trompe en citant la figure 410 de Valentyn comme celle de son poisson :
elle represente un acanthure ". Moreover, in the same volume (: 191) these authors
refer this figure to Acanthurus glaucopareius Cuvier, 1829, although having regard
to the quality of the description referred to, I can neither deny nor confirm
this identification. This then, leaves the Linnean species as if based only on the
specimen described by Gronovius.

There is no doubt that the present skin is the original of the Gronovius description,
for the counts given there agree exactly, and the illustration is obviously of the same
fish. After examination of the specimen I have concluded that although it is the
type-specimen of Teuthis javus L., it is actually referable to the species that has
hitherto been known as Siganus oramin Bloch, 1801. Some nomenclatural change is
therefore inevitable. The name Siganus oramin becomes a synonym of Siganus
javus (sensu stricto), and the species previously known as 5. javus needs another
name. Fortunately, it is not necessary to introduce another name as Amphacanthus
russelii Cuv. & Val. is clearly a synonym of S. javus of authors. To summarize, the
species previously known as S. javus (L.) must become Siganus russelii (Cuv. & Val.)
and the name Siganus oramin Bloch must be replaced by S. javus. Teuthis brevirostris
Gronovius (Gray) is an objective synonym of Siganus javus (L.).
1853. 11. 12. 30.

Head length
Snout length
Diameter of orbit
Depth of suborbital
,, „ caudal peduncle
,, body at anus
Snout to dorsal origin

133 mm.

• 35 (26)

Length of dorsal base .

88 (67)

13 (10)

,, ,, anal base

54 (41)

12 (9)

,, ,, pectoral fin .

23 (17)

10 (8)

„ first dorsal spine .

13 (10)

10 (8)

„ fifth „

19 (14)

47 (36)

,, ,, last

10 (8)

38 (29)

,, ,, second anal spine .

17 (13)

Dor

salX

[II. 10. Anal VII. 9. Pectoral 12.

232 THE GRONOVIUS FISH COLLECTION

Body almost regularly oval, head nearly four times in standard length. Snout
blunt, upper jaw prominent ; the nape to the upper jaw in a straight line. Pelvic
fin origin posterior to the pectoral which is only slightly posterior to the first dorsal
spine ; anal fin origin below the ninth dorsal spine. Pelvic fins shorter than the
pectorals. Both dorsal and anal fins extend to the caudal peduncle which is very
narrow and compressed. The caudal fin is forked. The third, fourth and fifth spines
in the anal fin are nearly subequal, the first slightly longer than these and as long as
the longest dorsal spine. The soft anal is low and the rays equal, but the tips are
much damaged.

Colour : The dorsal surfaces of the snout, head and nape are a medium-dark
brown, and the dorsal surface of the body light golden-brown, as are the fin spines
and membranes, while below the colour is silvery. The head, body and tail are covered
with numerous small round white blotches, which appear to be smaller than the ground
colour in between each spot. There is a definite dark spot above the pectoral and
at the base of the lateral line. The tips of the caudal fork are regularly coloured
brown, and the markings on the caudal appear to be regular.

Siganus vulpinus (Schlegel & Muller), 1839-40

Teuthis tubulosa Gronovius (Gray), 1854 : 142. Holotype.

1853. 11 . 12.31. 214 mm.

SCOMBROIDEA

SCOMBRIDAE

Scomber scombrus L., 1758

Mus. Ichth. 1 : 34, 81. Zoophyl. 1 : 93, 304.
Cordylus scombrus, Gronovius (Gray), 1854 : 163.

The description in the Museum Ichthyologicum is the third quoted by Linnaeus.
The other two references were to his own Fauna Svecica (1746 : 287) where no fin
ray counts were given, and to Artedi (1783, 3 : 68). This specimen is therefore part
of the type series.

1853. 11 . 12.28. 202 mm.

GOBIOIDEA

GOBIIDAE

Gobioides broussoneti Lacepede, 1 799-1 800

Zoophyl. 1 : 82, 277.

Cepola unicolor Gronovius (Gray), 1854 : 188. Holotype.

For a detailed discussion of the nomenclature of this specimen see Palmer &

Wheeler (1955).

1853. 11. 12. 81. 170 mm.

CA LLIONYMOIDEA

Callionymidae
Callionymus lyra L., 1758

Mus. Ichth. 1 : 23, 64. Zoophyl. 1 : 57, 206.
Uranoscopus lyra Gronovius (Gray), 1854 : 42.

THE GRONOVIUS FISH COLLECTION 233

Linnaeus based his name on descriptions in five earlier works, of which the Museum
Ichthyologicum was the third. This specimen is therefore part of the type series.

1853.11.12.11. 164 mm. (Male.)
Callionymus lyra L., 1758

Mus. Ichth. 1 : 23, 65. Zoophyl. 1 : 57, 205.

Uranoscopus dracunculus (L.) Gronovius (Gray), 1854 : 42.

Although the name dracunculus was used by early authors for the female of
Callionymus lyra, this specimen is a male.

1853. 11. 12. 12. 169 mm.
Callionymus lyra L., 1758

Mus. Ichth. 1 : 21, 63. Zoophyl. 1 : 57, 204.

Uranoscopus micropterygius Gronovius (Gray), 1854 : 43. Holotype.

Linnaeus based his name dracunculus on the description in Gronovius (1754),
and on a brief description given in Artedi (1738, 4 : 49). This specimen is therefore
one of the type specimens of that species. Callionymus dracunculus is recognized
by authors as a synonym for the female of C. lyra.

1853. 11. 12. 13. 137 mm.

BLENNIOIDEA

Anarhichadidae
Anarhichas lupus L., 1758

Mus. Ichth. 1 : 16, 44. Zoophyl. 1 : 131, 400.
Anarhichas lupus, Gronovius (Gray), 1854 : 188.

Linnaeus based this name on references to two earlier descriptions, one to Artedi
(1738, 4 : 23), and the other to the description in the Museum Ichthyologicum. The
latter is the only reference against which fin ray counts are given, and Artedi's
account is very brief and generalized. This specimen is therefore part of the type
series.

1853. 11. 12. 27. 421mm.

Blennidae
Blennius cornutus L., 1758

Zoophyl. 1 : 76, 264.

Adonis cornutus, Gronovius (Gray), 1854 : 95.

1853. 11. 12. 53. 121 mm.

Blennius ocellaris L., 1758

Adonis pavoninus Gronovius (Gray), 1854 : 93. Holotype.

1853. 11. 12. 54. 128 mm.

Blennius cristatus L., 1758 Plate 29, fig. 4.

Mus. Ichth. 1 : 32, 75. Zoophyl. 1 : 76, 263, tab. 6, fig. 4.
Adonis cristatus, Gronovius (Gray), 1854 : 95.

Linnaeus based the name Blennius cristatus on the description of this specimen in
the Museum Ichthyologicum, and it is therefore the holotype of that species.

1853. 11. 12. 55. 48 mm.

HIST. I, 5. 15

234 THE GRONOVIUS FISH COLLECTION

Head length

. 13 (26)

Length of dorsal base

39

(81)

Snout length .

5-5(i2)

,, ,, anal base .

23

(48)

Snout to dorsal origin

• 12 (25)

Diameter of orbit

4

(9)

,, anal origin .

• 24 (50)

Body depth at pectoral origin

13

(26)

Maxillary length

• 5 (10)

„ ,, ,, anal origin

11

(24)

Dorsal XII. 14.

Ana'

18. Pectoral 14.

Body naked, short and deep, with a deep head the profile of which is almost vertical ;
vertical fins long and moderately high ; dorsal rising just posterior to the orbit
and anal nearly opposite the mid-point of the body. The head is relatively large,
its length nearly four in the standard length, and depth equal to or greater than,
the greatest body depth. Mouth small, both jaws armed with a single row of small
incisiform teeth, sixteen in the upper jaw, and fifteen in the lower. There is a single
posterior caniniform tooth in the lower jaw. The eye is situated high on the head,
about two in snout, and on the dorsal border of the orbit, there is a small branched
cirrus. There is an extensive patch of cirri on the nape, originating above the centre
of the orbit and extending to the origin of the first dorsal ray. The nostril also bears
a small bunch of cirri.

Pectoral fin large, the longest ray nearly equal to the head length, and extending
well past the anal origin. Pel vies are jugular, origin at a level mid-way between
the orbit and the pectoral origin. The first twelve rays of the dorsal fin are simple, and
rather shorter than the branched rays. The first two anal rays are short and were
apparently fleshily thickened, the remainder are of equal height. The last dorsal
and anal rays just reach the origin of the caudal which is regular and truncate.

Colour : Appears to have been uniformly dark brown dorsally, and rather lighter at
the sides and ventrally. No colour pattern is visible.

It should be noted that the original description contained no reference to locality,
and Linnaeus (1758 : 256) wrote " Habitat in Indiis ", although Pinto (1954) has
redescribed the species from material collected in the Districto federal, Brazil, and
claimed that this could be assumed to be the region in which the present specimen
was collected.

Clinidae
Clinus superciliosus (L.), 1758

Blennius mycterizans Gronovius (Gray), 1854 : 97. Syntypes.
Although the Linnaean species Blennius superciliosus was based on a specimen
described in the Museum Ichthyologicum, none of the present specimens agree
sufficiently well with that description to be safely considered to be the original
specimens.

1853. 11. 12. 49. 143 mm.

1853. 11 . 12.50. 205 mm.

1853. 11 . 12.51. 224 mm.

Clinus ? superciliosus (L.), 1758

Blennius ignobilis Gronovius (Gray), 1854 : 98. Holotype.
This is not the specimen described in the Museum Ichthyologicum (2 : 21, 173),
which was 4-66 inches (120 mm.) long.

1853. 11. 12. 52. 184 mm.

THE GRONOVIUS FISH COLLECTION 235

Pholididae
Centronotus gunnellus (L.), 1758

Zoophyl. 1 : 78, 267.

Pholis gunnellus, Gronovius (Gray), 1854 : 99.

1853. 11. 12. 148. 158 mm.

Zoarcidae
Zoarces viviparus (L.), 1758

Mus. Ichth. 1 : 65, 145. Zoophyl. 1 : 77, 265.
Enchelyopus viviparus, Gronovius (Gray), 1854 : 100.

The Museum Ichthyologicum was the third of five references quoted by Linnaeus
under the name of Blennius viviparus. This specimen is therefore probably part of
the original type material.

1853. 11. 12. 122. 253 mm.
Zoarces viviparus (L.), 1758

This may be the specimen which Gray (in Gronovius (Gray), 1854) indicated
was described as Enchelyopus americanus in the manuscript, but unfortunately the
sheet on which these specimens were mounted has been cut in half, and the lower
part which would have borne the Gronovius name, is missing. It is possible that the
sheet was whole when Gray identified, it but we have no means of confirming this.
If it is the type specimen of E. americanus (type locality — Oceano Americano), then
one would expect that it would be referable to Zoarces anguillaris (Peck), 1804,
but this is not the case. The dorsal and anal fin ray counts do not agree with those
given for that species by Jordan & Evermann (1898 : 2457), although there is an
indication that the colour pattern on the head of this specimen might be the same as
that which is described for the American species.

1853. 11. 12. 123. 175 mm.

Ophidiidae
Ophidion barbatum L., 1758

Zoophyl. 1 : 131, 401.

Ophidion congrus Gronovius (Gray), 1854 : 164. Holotype.

1853. 11. 12. 124. 508 mm.

Stromateidea
Mupus ovalis (Valenciennes), 1833

This specimen was not apparently included in the manscript, nor does its sheet
bear a Gronovius name.

1853. 11. 12. 46. 57 mm.

ANABANTOIDEA

Anabantidae

Trichogaster trichopterus (Pallas), 1769.

Stethochaetus biguttatus Gronovius (Gray), 1854 : 174. Holotype. " Habitat in India ".

This specimen was discovered whilst curating the dry collection of Stethojulis,

with which genus it had been confused. The Gronovius name was a species inquirendae

236 THE GRONOVIUS FISH COLLECTION

until Fraser-Brunner (1952) published an account of its discovery ; he was, however,
not correct in stating that " its identity has not been established up to the present
time ", for Gray (1854a) in listing the Gronovius names which would have had
priority had the manuscript been published shortly after it was written, included
Stethochaetus is a synonym of Trichopus Lacepede, in which genus this species was
then included.

Fraser-Brunner has pointed out the confusion that resulted from the ignorance
of the identity of this name. Jordan & Seale (1926) had used the name Stethochaetus
to replace Heterothrissa (Gunther), an engraulid fish, but, to do this had to alter
the published facts to fit their theory. They assumed that the number of anal rays
(36 in the manuscript) was a misprint for 63, ignored the statement that the first
eleven rays were stated to be aculeate, and added " the pectoral filament is said to
be as long as the body ", whereas, the description quite clearly states that the
filament was in place of the pelvic fin. Probably Jordan was responsible for this
curious perversion of Gronovius's description, for earlier (1919 : 259) he had stated,
" Stethochaetus Gronow . . . a synonym of SetapinnaSw. (Telara Gthr.) ". Fowler
(1941) followed Jordan & Seale in applying Stethochaetus as a subgenus of Setapinna.

This specimen is loose and no longer mounted on its sheet of paper, which was
possibly its condition when the collection was purchased, as it has a label in Gray's
hand tied to it. Fortunately, it can be identified for certain as Gronovius material
by the original label which is stuck on the back of the skin. It has suffered some
damage to the tip of the caudal rays, the pelvic filament, and the head and snout.
1853. 11. 12. 77. 89 mm.

MUGILOIDEA

MUGILIDAE

Mugil framada Risso, 1826

Mus. Ichth. 1 : 35, 85. Zoophyl. 1 : 129, 397.

Mugil cephalus (non L.) Gronovius (Gray), 1854 : 162.

1853. 1 1. 12. 26. 266 mm.

Atherinidae
Atherina presbyter Cuv. & Val., 1829

Mus. Ichth. 1 : 23, 66. Zoophyl. 1 : 130, 399.

Atherina hepsetus (non L.) Gronovius (Gray), 1854 : 190.

In Gronovius (1754) the anal fin was stated to have ten rays, which is possibly
the reason why Gunther (1861 : 392) suggested that the Gronovius specimen had been
damaged. However, he failed to recognize this specimen as the Atherina described
by Gronovius, and a careful count of the rays in that fin shows that there are sixteen,
although damage makes the last rays difficult to count.

The description in the Museum Ichthyologicum was used by Linnaeus as one of
three references on which he based his Atherina hepsetus. The other references
were to Artedi (1738, 5 : 117), and to Hasselquist (1757 : 382). There seems to be no
doubt that the specimen described by Artedi, was in fact, the Atherina hepsetus
of authors, although the inclusion of the Gronovius description in the type series
made the Linnaean species composite. There is no necessity for any nomenclatural

THE GRONOVIUS FISH COLLECTION 237

change, however, for the species appears to have been adequately restricted to the
hepsetus of authors by Bloch (1794 : 158, pi. 393, fig. 3.).

1853. 11. 12. 79. 65 mm.

POLYNEMOIDEA

POLYNEMIDAE

Polynemus hexanemus Cuv. & Val., 1829

Polynemus senarius Gronovius (Gray), 1854 : 176. Holotype.

1853. 11. 12. 59. 118 mm.

SCLEROPAREI

SCORPAENIDAE

Scorpaena sp.

Mus. Ichth. 1 : 46, 103. Zoophyl. 1 : 87, 290.

Scorpaena barbata Gronovius (Gray), 1854 : 116. Holotype.

Linnaeus's species Scorpaena scrofa was based on two references, the Museum
Ichthyologicum being one. The other is to Artedi's (1738, 4 : 47, 5 : 76) description.
The status of this Linnaean species is most confusing for Artedi gave no real descrip-
tion and only a pectoral fin ray count. Linnaeus was obviously dubious that the
description by Gronovius was of the some species, for he put a mark of interrogation
after the reference. I am doubtful if this specimen is referable to the Scorpaena
scrofa of authors (it has seventeen pectoral rays, scrofa has 19-20 (Norman, 1935)),
and it seems desirable that this problem should receive attention in some future
revision of the genus.

1853. 11 .12.8. 63 mm.

Dendrochirus brachyptera (Cuvier), 1829

Mus. Ichth. 2 : 33, 191. Zoophyl. 1 : 89, 294.
Scorpaena volitans (non L.) Gronovius (Gray), 1854 : 119.

There is a figure, probably of Pterois volitans but labelled Perca **** in the manu-
script, but it does not represent the present specimen.

Linnaeus's name Gasterosteus volitans (= Pterois volitans) was primarily based on
the description given by Gronovius in the Museum Ichthyologicum, for this is the
only reference against which fin ray counts are given. The other references were to
Willughby's Ichthyologicum (1686 : app. 1, tab. 2), Ruysch (1710 : 39, tab. 2, fig. 3),
and Valentyn (1726 : 413, 415). There is no doubt that the specimen described in
1756 by Gronovius, was the present skin, for the counts and measurements that he
gives are identical with those made on the specimen, and it must therefore be part
of the type series of Pterois volitans (L.). Fortunately, of the other descriptions
Linnaeus cited, that of Ruysch, and possibly also that of Willughby, can be considered
to be compiled from specimens of Pterois. There is therefore no necessity to interfere
with the accepted nomenclature of this well known species.

1853. 11 . 12.9. 109 mm.

238

THE GRONOVIUS FISH COLLECTION

Head length . . ,

• 45 (41)

Snout to first dorsal

• 37 (34)

Maxillary length .

• 19 (17)

,, ,, anal origin

• 82(75)

Diameter of orbit

• 13 (12)

Length of dorsal base .

. 69 (63)

Length of snout .

• 14 (13)

,, ,, anal base

. 17 (16)

Depth of suborbital

• 15 (14)

,, ,, pectoral fin .

• 57 (52)

„ ,, caudal peduncle

• 13 (12)

Dorsal XIII. 10. Anal III. 6. Pectoral 17.

Body moderately deep, about 2-25 in standard length, head relatively large and
very rugose. Mouth large, maxillary extending to below pupil ; the eye is large and
equals the snout which is -33 of the head length. There is a pronounced spiny ridge
across the cheek, and this ends opposite three flattened spines on the preoperculum.
The upper edge of the orbit is well armed with five large spines or groups of spines
and this series is continued in a ridge across the upper margin of the operculum ;
there are also two groups of spines on the nape. This specimen still shows the long
fleshy orbital tentacle and a shorter one on the edge of the nostril.

Dorsal fin long, the spines both long and pungent, the soft rays are much shorter,
the longest only a little more than half the length of the longest spine. The rays in
both the pelvic and pectoral fins are elongate, particularly in the latter, where they
are almost equal to the body length. Head and body covered with large ctenoid
scales, about fifty in the lateral line and eight above it to the base of the eighth dorsal
spine. Pectoral rays two to nine are branched.

Colour : Body and vertical fins marked with six conspicuous dark wide vertical
stripes, between which the colour is light golden-brown. These wide dark bands
alternate on the back with shorter, narrower bands within the light stripes. The
membrane of the pectoral and pelvic fins appears dark, while the fin rays are light.
The conspicuous vertical stripes on the body, extend to the head, one wide stripe
crossing the upper edge of the operculum to the pectoral base, and another running
through the eye and vertically down the cheek. There appears to be another stripe
running across the snout to the end of the maxillary.

Sebastichthys capensis (Gmelin), 1788 Plate 32.

Zoophyl. 1 : 88, 293.

Perca afra Gronovius (Gray), 1854 : 113. Holotype.

The description of this specimen in the Zoophylacium is the only one quoted by

Gmelin ; this is thus the holotype of this species.

1853. 1 1. 12.? 80. 229 mm.

Head length

. 100 (44)

Length of snout

29 (13)

Depth of body .

. 1 00 (44)

Snout to first dorsal .

. 88 (38)

Length of maxillary .

43 (i9)

,, ,, anal fin

• 170 (74)

Depth of maxillary

• 14 (6)

Depth of caudal peduncle .

22 (10)

Diameter of orbit

25 (11)

Length of dorsal base

• 133 (60)

Length of anal base .

30 (13)

Length of pectoral fin

61 (26)

Dorsal XII . 13. Anal III . 6. Pectoral 18.

Body and head deep and thickset, head 2-25 into standard length. Eye large,
nearly four into head, its hind edge vertically above the end of the maxillary when

THE GRONOVIUS FISH COLLECTION 239

mouth is closed. Head moderately well armed, four large spines at angle of pre-
operculum, of equal size and equally spaced ; tip of operculum angulate, with two
flattened, partially concealed spines anteriorly. Remains of the head armour can
be seen in this skin, and consist of a large supra-orbital spine, and behind it two
smaller spines lying in the same plane ; there is an equally large spine on the nape.

The body is broadly ovate and covered with medium sized scales, about forty-two
in the lateral line, and eight above it to the seventh dorsal spine. The spinous
dorsal origin is above the pelvic origin, while the pectoral fin rises below the third
dorsal spine ; the first anal spine is directly beneath the origin of the dorsal fin. The
first two and the lower nine pectoral rays are simple. The head, with the exception of
the lower jaw, is closely scaled. Both jaws armed with numerous fine teeth in a
broad band in front, but narrower laterally.

Colour : Head darker than the rest of the body, the dorsal surface of the body
darker than the belly. There are several small light blotches on the back, each smaller
than the orbit, and the edge of the dorsal fin membrane appears light. Lower rays
of the pectoral fin have dark tips, and there appears to be a darker central spot in
many of the scales on the body. Otherwise the colour is mainly light golden-brown.

Triglidae
Trigla gurnardus L., 1758

Mus. Ichth. 1 : 44, 101. Zoophyl. 1 : 84, 283.

Trigla aspersa Gronovius (Gray), 1854 : 105. Holotype.

The description in the Museum Ichthyologicum was referred to by Linnaeus
under the name of Trigla gurnardus ; he also gave Artedi's (1738, 4 : 46) description,
and in addition, apparently had a specimen in his own collection.

1853. 11. 12. 15. 243 mm.

Trigla lucerna L., 1758

Mus. Ichth. 1 : 44, 100. Zoophyl. 1 : 84, 284.
Trigla cuculus (non L.) Gronovius (Gray), 1854 : 105.

The description of this specimen in the Museum Ichthyologicum was referred to by
Linnaeus, as was a description by Artedi (1738, 4 : 45). The present specimen is
therefore part of the type series.

1853. 11. 12. 16. 221 mm.

CONGIOPODIDAE

Congiopodus torvus (Gronovius), 1772 Plate 33.

Blennius torvus Gronovius, 1772 : 47, tab. 3. Holotype.

Cephalinus glaber Gronovius (Gray), 1854 : 159. Holotype. ... in Mari Indico ".

Despite the fact that the name Blennius torvus was validly published in 1772, and
the species was adequately described, recent authors persistently attribute it to
Walbaum (1792 : 187) who, however, quite plainly referred to the Gronovius descrip-
tion of the fish.

1853. 1 1. 12. 99. 434 mm.

240

THE GRONOVIUS FISH COLLECTION

Head length

. 113 (26)

Length of anal base .

46 (10)

Snout length

• 57 (13)

„ „ pectoral fin

in (26)

Orbit diameter .

• 27 (6)

Greatest body depth .

122 (28)

Snout to pectoral base

94 (22)

Depth of caudal peduncle .

24 (5)

„ ,, anal origin .

• 276 (63)

Length of third dorsal spine

146 (33)

Dorsal XXI. 13.

Anal 1 1. 7. Pectoral 9.

Body laterally compressed, high, with steep profile. Greatest depth at level of
pelvic fin base, posterior to which the depth gradually decreases. Head and body
naked, skin smooth, a series of pores in the lateral line, sixteen in number, follows
the dorsal profile at a height of less than -33 of the body depth below the profile.
Head protected by rugose plates, mainly confined to the upper half, with narrow
plates bordering the orbit, above, below and behind ; and a more massive plate
above the pre-operculum and below the fourth and fifth dorsal spines. A small plate
is situated on the upper angle of the operculum. Orbit large, nearly 1-5 times in
snout, but the eye diameter is about half that of the orbit, although this may be due
to shrinkage. Mouth protractile, gape small, about six in head length, both jaws
lined with extensive bands of villiform teeth. Lower part of head smooth and
unarmoured. (Part of the snout immediately in front of the eye is missing.)

Dorsal fin origin above pupil, single, its anterior part composed of strong stout
spines, of which the first seven are very long ; the third spine is longest and about
1*3 times the head length. Dorsal rays not greatly produced, about two in head,
first three simple, the rest all branched. Caudal fin small slightly forked, one of the
the upper rays greatly swollen (hyperosteosis) . The anal fin is short based; its longest
rays slightly longer than the branched dorsal rays. Pectoral and pelvic fins both long,
almost equal, pectoral base just anterior to that of the pelvic ; the length of the
pelvic equals the head.

Colour : A uniform dark brown, with only the membrane of the high spinous
dorsal and the pectoral and pelvic fins darker, especially the latter where the
membrane is almost black.

COTTIDAE

Cottus scorpius L., 1758

Mus. Ichth. 1 : 46, 104. Zoophyl. 1 : 78, 268.
Cottus scorpius, Gronovius (Gray), 1854 : 102.

The description in the Museum Ichthyologicum was quoted by Linnaeus in his
description of Cottus scorpius, although there are references also to two of his own
works (Linnaeus 1751:325; 1749, 1:70), and to a description by Artedi (1738,
3:86; 4 : 49).

1853. 11. 12. 17. 143 mm.

Agonidae
Agonus cataphractus (L), 1758

Mus. Ichth. 1 : 46, 105. Zoophyl. 1 : 79, 271.
Cottus cataphractus, Gronovius (Gray), 1854 : 103.

1853. 11. 12. 18. 100 mm.

1853. 11. 12. 19. 136 mm.

(Lateral surface.)
(Dorsal surface.)

THE GRONOVIUS FISH COLLECTION

241

Cyclopteridae
Cyclopterus lumpus L., 1758

Mus. Ichth. 1 : 56, 127. Zoophyl. 1 : 54, 197.
Cyclopterus lumpus, Gronovius (Gray), 1854 : 39.

Under this name Linnaeus quoted four references, two were to descriptions in his
own earlier works (1749, 1 : 57 ; 1746 : 275), one was to Artedi's (1738, 4 : 62)
description, and the fourth was to the Museum Ichthyologicum. Of these references
the only adequate description with fin ray counts included, is that of Gronovius.
This specimen is therefore part of the original type series.

1853. 11. 12. 183. 371 mm.

Liparis liparis (L.), 1758

LlPARIDAE

Plate 29, fig. 2.

Mus. Ichth. 2 : g, 157. Acta Helvetica 1760, 4 : 265, 165, tab. 13, " Hab. ad littora

nostra marina ". Zoophyl. 1 : 55, 198.
Cyclogaster liparis, Gronovius (Gray), 1854 : 40.

The original drawing of the figure in Gronovius (1760) is still preserved in the
manuscript.

The name Cyclogaster liparis was based on two references, namely to Artedi (1738,
5 : 117) and to Gronovius's descriptions of 1760 and 1756. The reference to Artedi,
who gave no more than a list of synonyms and not a description, was, however,
qualified by a question mark, and Linnaeus was obviously doubtful of its application
to the specimen described by Gronovius. It is obvious then,that this specimen should
be regarded as the type of the species.

1853. 11. 12. 182. 85 mm.

Head length
Snout length
Orbit diameter
Snout to dorsal origin

24 (27) Snout to anal origin

9 (10) Height of dorsal fin

3 (3) Maxillary length .

24 (27) Length of disc

Dorsal 35. Anal 30. Pectoral 33.

47 (53)
10(11)
11 (12)
!3 (15)

Body short and deep, with a heavy depressed, blunt head. Mouth broad, gape
wide, jaws bearing several rows of very small teeth, each with a high central point
and two weaker lateral lobes. At the tip of the jaw these rows of teeth are greatly
increased. The snout is blunt and round, the lower jaw in included, gape extends to
front edge of eye. The first rays of the dorsal fin are considerably shorter than the
hind rays, the fifth and sixth rays being the shortest. Posteriorly the rays rise
evenly and are longest at approximately the twentieth to the twenty-fifth rays,
after which they decrease in length ; the last ray is joined to the caudal by a short
membrane. Caudal fin short ; truncate, its rays a little longer than those in the
dorsal fin ; the connection with the last dorsal ray only involves the posterior
quarter of the tail. Anal fin similar to the dorsal but shorter.

The disc in this specimen is folded over on itself and against the pectoral fin,
rendering it almost impossible to measure exactly. The figure given above (13 mm.)
is as near an approximation as could be made.

242 THE GRONOVIUS FISH COLLECTION

Colour : A nearfy uniform golden-brown, dorsally on the head darker. Some
indistinct markings on the dorsal and anal fins appear to be the remains of a fairly
general darker brown mottling which ran in irregular lines on those fins. (Recent
collecting has shown that the colour pattern of this species is very variable within
each locality, and undue reliance cannot be placed on it as of taxonomic importance,
as has been suggested by authors.)

THORACOSTEI

Gasterosteidae
Gasterosteus aculeatus L., 1758

Mus. Ichth. 1 : 49, ill. Zoophyl. 1 : 134, 405.
Gasterosteus aculeatus, Gronovius (Gray), 1854 : 167.

1853. 11. 12. 47. 52 mm.

Pygosteus pungitus (L.), 1758

Mus. Ichth. 1 : 50, 122. Zoophyl. 1 : 134, 406.
Gasterosteus pungitus, Gronovius (Gray), 1854 : 167.

1853. 11. 12. 212. 29 mm.

1853. 11. 12.213. 31mm.

1853. 11. 12. 214. 33 mm.

Spinachia spinachia (L.), 1758.

Mus. Ichth. 1 : 50, 133. Zoophyl. 1 : 134, 407.

Gasterosteus marinus Gronovius (Gray), 1854 : 168. Holotype.

1853. 11 .12.48. 128 mm.

HETEROSOMATA

SCOPTHALMINAE

Scopthalmus maximus (L.), 1758

Mus. Ichth. 2 : io, 159. Zoophyl. 1 : 74, 254.
Pleuronectes rhombus (non L.) Gronovius (Gray), 1854 : 90.

Linnaeus referred to descriptions in four earlier works, of which one was the
Museum Ichthyologicum, this specimen is therefore part of the original type series.
The other references were to Linnaeus (1745 : 178 ; 1746 : 298), and Artedi (1738,
4 : 18). There are two specimens of this species in the Linnaean collection (Gunther,

1899).

1853. 11. 12. 135. 173 mm.

Pleuronectidae

Hippoglossus hippoglossus (L.), 1758

Mus. Ichth. 2 : 10, 158. Zoophyl. 1 : 73, 247.
Pleuronectes hippoglossus, Gronovius (Gray), 1854 : 87.

Linnaeus based his name on three earlier descriptions, in Linnaeus (1746 : 302),
Artedi (1738, 4 : 17) and Gronovius Museum Ichthyologicum. This specimen is there-
fore part of the type series.

1853. 11 .12. 127. 340 mm.

THE GRONOVIUS FISH COLLECTION

243

Litnanda limanda (L.), 1758

Mus. Ichth. 1 : 15, 41. Zoophyl. 1 : 73, 249.

Pleuronectes linguatula L. (part) Gronovius (Gray), 1854 : 88.

The Linnaean name Pleuronectes linguatula was based on references to two earlier
descriptions, by Artedi (1738, 4 : 17) and Gronovius (1754) respectively. The present
specimens are thus part of the type series. Norman (1934) has already pointed out
that this Linnaean species is composite, but he considered that Schneider ( inBloch,
1801) restricted the use of the name adequately, and that no nomenclatural change
was necessary.

1853. 11. 12. 128.

1853. 11. 12. 129.

143 mm.
134 mm.

(Ocular side.)
(Blind side.)

Pleuronectes platessaL., 1758

Mus. Ichth. 1 : 14, 36. Zoophyl. 1 : 72, 246.
Pleuronectes platessa, Gronovius (Gray), 1854 : 87.

The description in the Museum Ichthyologicum was mentioned by Linnaeus
under this name, as the fourth of four references. These specimens are therefore
probably part of the original type series.

1853. 11. 12. 130.

1853. 11. 12. 131.

211 mm.
203 mm.

Glyptocephalus cynoglossus (L), 1758
Mus. Ichth. 2 : 11, 3q. Zoophyl. 1

Plate 34.

2 : 11, 39. Zoophyl. 1 : 74, 252.
Pleuronectes cynoglossus, Gronovius (Gray), 1854 : 88.

In the Museum Ichthyologicum the total length of the specimen described was given
as fourteen inches, which agrees with the present specimen. Linnaeus referred to
only one earlier description, namely that in the Museum Ichthyologicum, and this
specimen is therefore the holotype of the species. Norman (1934 : 366) listed this
specimen as having been examined, although he also remarked that the type could not
be traced.

1853. II .12.126.

317 mm.

Head length

• 54

(17)

Width of body

. 96

(3i)

Maxillary length .

11

(3-5)

Snout to anal origin

. 80

(26)

Snout length

9

(3)

Longest anal ray .

• 25

(8)

Orbit diameter

. 14

(4)

pectoral ray

• 34

(«)

Length of lower jaw

• 17'

5 (°)

Length of caudal fin

• 58

(19)

Dorsal

112. Anal

102. Caudal 16.

Body regularly ovoid, width nearly three in length. Head moderately large,
about 5-5 in standard length, lower jaw protruding. Eyes large, the lower slightly
in advance of upper ; interorbital ridge narrow and apparently low. Maxillary
extends to below the edge of the lower eye, its length about five in head length ;
teeth in a single row in each jaw, blunt and rather compressed.

The pectoral fin is moderately long but is less than the head length, its origin is
directly above the pelvic origin. Anal fin origin immediately behind the pelvic,

244 THE GRONOVIUS FISH COLLECTION

the rays longest between the eleventh and the fifty-second rays, after which they
decrease in size gradually ; longest ray equals nearly half the head. The dorsal
fin is a similar shape, its origin above the centre of the upper eye, and the longest
rays between the thirtieth and the seventieth, equal the anal fin rays in length.

The body is covered with rather large cycloid scales, which in this specimen are
nearly all missing ; there appear to be between no and 115 in the lateral line but
due to the pectoral fin overlying it and the damage to the scales, it is not possible
to count more accurately than this. The lateral line is almost straight but with a
slight curve upwards in the region of the pectoral fin.

Colour : No general colour pattern visible except for the usual golden-brown
of the covering varnish ; the tips of the pectoral and caudal fins, and possibly the
vertical fins also, appear to be rather darker than the body.

Platichthys flesus flesus (L.), 1758

Mus. Ichth. 1 : 15, 40. Zoophyl. 1 : 73, 248.
Pleuronectes flessus, Gronovius (Gray), 1854 : 88.

Linnaeus referred to five earlier works under this name, and the Museum Ichthyo-
logicum was the fourth of them. These specimens are therefore probably part of the
original type series. The other references were to descriptions in Artedi (1738,
3 : 59 ; 4 : 17) and Linnaeus (1751 : 326 ; 1746 : 300).

1853. 11. 12. 133. 143 mm. (Ocular side.)

1853 .11.12. 132. 139 mm. (Reversed specimen, ocular side.)

1853. 1 1. 12. 134. 152 mm. (Blind side.)

Soleidae
Solea solea (L.), 1758

Mus. Ichth. 1 : 14, 37. Zoophyl. 1 : 74, 251.

Pleuronectes solea, Gronovius (Gray), 1854 : 89.

1853. 11. 12. 125. 146 mm.

DISCOCEPHALI

ECHENEIDIDAE

Echeneis naucrates L., 1758

Mus. Ichth. 1 : 13, 34, " ... mare Atlanticum ". Zoophyl. 1 : 75, 257.

Echeneis fusca Gronovius (Gray), 1854 : 92. Holotype.

1853. 11. 12. 117. 213 mm.

PLECTOGNATHI

Balistidae
Batistes vetula L., 1758

Zoophyl. 1 : 53, 195.

Batistes equestris Gronovius (Gray), 1854 : 31. Holotype.

1853. 11. 12. 190. 113 mm.

Batistes carolinensis Gmelin, 1788

Mus. Ichth. 1 : 53, 117. Zoophyl. 1 : 51, 187.

Batistes capriscus Gronovius (Gray), 1854 : 30. Holotype.

THE GRONOVIUS FISH COLLECTION

245

Gmelin founded his species Batistes capriscus on a series of earlier descriptions and
figures, but primarily on the two descriptions by Gronovius as cited above. Giinther
(1870 : 217) claimed that this specimen was the type of Gmelin's capriscus, and in
this he was largely correct, for the remaining twelve references are all apparently
copied straight from the " synonymy " given by Gronovius.

1853. 1 1. 12. 187. 43 mm.

Batistes carolinensis Gmelin, 1788

Balistes carolinensis Gronovius (Gray), 1854 : 29. Holotype.
Although this specimen is not labelled as such it is very probable that it was part of
Garden's collection. The note in the manuscript " Anglis Carolinam inhabitantibus
audit Rabbit Fish " also suggests this. The Gronovius (Gray) name carolinensis
appears to be an independent proposal to that of Gmelin.

1853. 11. 12. 186. 251mm.

Batistes niger Park, 1794

Balistes verrucosus Gronovius (Gray), 1854 : 33. Holotype,
1853. 11. 12. 194.

. . in Mari Indico ".
259 mm.

in mari Indico ".
188 mm.

Balistapus undulatus (Park), 1794

Balistes porcatus Gronovius (Gray), 1854 : 32. Holotype, "
1853. 11. 12. 192.

Xanichthys ringens (L.), 1758

Zoophyl. 1 : 53, 196.

Balistes nitidus Gronovius (Gray), 1854 : 36. Holotype, " in Oceano Americano ".

The description in the Zoophylacium was the only reference given by Gmelin
(1788). under his name Balistes curassavicus, this specimen is therefore the holotype
of that species, and that name a synonym of Xanichthys ringens.

1853. 1 1. 12. 189.

Xanichthys ringens (L.), 1758

Zoophyl. 1 : 52, 190.

Balistes notatus Gronovius (Gray), 1854 : 36.

1853. 11. 12. 188.

Holotype.

76 mm.

133 mm.

Canthidermis maculatus (Gmelin), 1788

Zoophyl. 1 : 52, 192. " ... in Oceano Americano ".
Balistes rufus Gronovius (Gray), 1854 : 36. Holotype.

This specimen is also the holotype of Gmelin's Balistes americanus, for the descrip-
tion in the Zoophylacium was the only one quoted under that name.

1853 .11.12. 193. 32 mm.

MONACANTHIDAE

Monacanthus chinensis (Bloch), 1786

Balistes granulosus Gronovius (Gray), 1854 : 34. Holotype, " ... in mari Indico ".

This is not the specimen described in the Museum Ichthyologicum to which Bloch

(1786) and Gmelin (1788) referred, for the length was given there as two inches.

246 THE GRONOVIUS FISH COLLECTION

There is a drawing labelled B. granulosus in the manuscript, which is not of the
present specimen, it may represent the earlier one.

1853. ii. 12. 191. no mm.

Tetrodontidae
Amblyrhynchotes honckenii (Bloch), 1785

Holocanthus lagocephalus (non L.) Gronovius (Gray), 1854 : 25.
This is not the specimen described in the Zoophylacium (1 : 49, 183) as the
measurements there are inconsistent with those made on this specimen.
1853. n. 12. 174. 178 mm.

Lagocephalus laevigatus (L), 1766

Holocanthus melanothos Gronovius (Gray), 1854 : 24. Holotype.
This specimen is part of Garden's Carolina collection (number 17). Jordan &
Evermann (1898) state that the Gronovius species was " based on Tetrodon laevigatus
of Linnaeus " which is plainly incorrect. Linnaeus's type specimen came from the
same collector, however, which may have led to this confusion.

1853. n. 12. 175. 335 mm.

PEDICULATI

A NTENNARIOIDEA

Antennaridae
Histrio histrio (L.), 1758

Mus Ichth. 1:53, 116. "Mare Atlanticum, Hispanicum atque Indicum, ubi inter

Algas multoties reperitur ". Zoophyl. 1 : 58, 208. " Habitat in Mari Fucoso ".
Lophius histrio, Gronovius (Gray), 1854 : 48.
1853. 11. 12. 92. 36 mm.

9. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

I would like to express my thanks to the following persons, all of whom have helped
me materially in the course of my work on Gronovius and his collection ; to Dr.
W. H. van Seters, who most generously gave me access to his notes on Gronovius ;
to Prof. H. Engel, who also gave me information on the life of Gronovius ;
to Miss Liesbeth van den Broek, who helped me in many ways in the early stages of
this study ; to Mr. N. B. Marshall and Mr. G. Palmer for their help and advice with
the systematic catalogue ; to my wife for much general help and encouragement
during the course of the work and in the preparation of the manuscript ; and to
Mr. K. Kilburn for the elucidation of certain obscure passages in Boddaert's letters
quoted in the text.

10. REFERENCES
Artedi, P. 1738 (ed. Linnaeus, C.). Ichthyologia sive Opera omnia de Piscibus ... 5 pts.

in 1 vol. Leiden.
Bijleveld, W. J. 1942. Het geslacht Gronovius. De Nederlandsche Leeuw 59 : 1-8.
Bloch, M. E. 1782. Naturgeschichte der Fische Deutschlands, 1 : 65.

1785-95. Naturgeschichte der auslandischen Fische, 1-9. Berlin.

i8oi (ed. Schneider, J. G.). Systema Ichthyologiae. 2 vols. 584 pp. Berlin.

THE GRONOVIUS FISH COLLECTION 247

Boddaert, P. 1770. Epistola . . . ad Johannem Burmanium . . . de Chaetodonte

Argo. 43 pp. Amsterdam.
Browne, P. 1756. The Civil &• Natural History of Jamaica. 503 pp. London.
Brunn, A. 1935. Flying-Fishes (Exocoetidae) of the Atlantic. Rep. Dana Exped. 6 : 22.
Catesby, M. 1743. The Natural History of Carolina, 2 : 1-3 1. London.
Cuvier, G. & Valenciennes, A. 1828. Hist. Nat. Poissons, 1, 270 pp. Paris.

1835. op. cit. 10. 482 pp. Paris.

de Beaufort, L. 1940. Fishes of the Indo- Australian Archipelago, 8 : 408.

de Blainville, H. D. 1825. Faune Francaise (13) : 53.

Engel, H. 1939. Alphabetical List of Dutch Zoological Cabinets . . . Bijdragen tot de

Dierkunde, 27 : 247-306.
Forskal, P. 1775. Descriptiones Animalium ... 164 pp. Hauniae.
Fowler, H. W. 1941. Fishes of the Philippine Islands . . . Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. 100,

13 : 691.
Fraser-Brunner, A. 1933. A revision of the Chaetodont fishes of the subfamily Poma-

canthinae. Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. : 543-599.

1950. A revision of the Fishes of the family Gasteropelecidae. Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (12)

3 : 959-970-

1952. The true identity of the fish Stethochaetus biguttatus. Ibid. (12) 5 : 138.

Gmelin, J. 1789. C. a Linne Sy sterna Naturae. Editio decima tertia . . . cura J. F.

Gmelin, 1 (3) : 1126-1516. Lipsiae.
Gray, J. E. 1854 (in Gronovius, 1854). Catalogue of Fish collected . . . by Laurence

Theodore Gronow ... 196 pp. London.
1854a. Account of a MS. of Laurens Theodore Gronov lately purchased for the British

Museum, with a collection of dry fish . . . Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (2) 13 : 41-45.
Gronovius, J. F. 1738-43. Flora Virginica exhibens Plantas Quas V.C. Johannes Clayton

in Virginia obsernavit atque collegit. 2 pt. 206 pp. Leiden.
— ■ — 1740. Index suppellectilis Lapideae, quam collegit J. F. Gronovius. 31 pp. Leiden.

1744- A method of preparing specimens of fish by drying their skins. Phil Trans, roy.

Soc. 1742-43. 42 : 57-58.

1746. Pisces Belgii . . . Acta Soc. R. Sci. Upsal. (1741) : 67-76.

1748. Pisces Belgii Descripti . . . Ibid. (1742) : 79-107. Tab. 3.

1751. Pisces Duo . . . Ibid. (1744-50) : 36-42. Tab. 4.

1755. Flora Orientalis sive Recensio Plantarum quas Botanicorum Coryphaeus Leohardus

Rauwolffus . . . collegit, etc. 150 pp. Leiden.

Gronovius, L. T. 1751. 1751. Dissertatio juridica inauguralis ... 34 pp. Leiden.

1754- Museum Ichthyologicum, sistens Piscium indigenorum & quorundam exoticorum,

qui in Museo Laurenti Theodori Gronovii . . . adservantar 70 pp. 4 pis. Leiden.

1756. Musei Ichthyologici tomus secundus ... 88 pp. 3 pis. Leiden.

■ 1757. Brief aan N . . . , behelzende eene Nieuwe Waarneeming omtrent zeker Zee-

gewas. Uitgez. Verh. 2 : 219-221.

1760. Bibliotheca Botanica sive Catalogus Auctorum et Librorum, qui de Re Botanica, de

Medicamentis ex Vegetabilibus . . . 587 pp. Leiden.

1760. Bibliotheca Regni Animalis atque Lapidei . . . 326 pp. Leiden.

■ 1760. Animalium in Belgio Habitantium. Acta Helvetica, 4 : 243-270. 1 pi.

1762 (ed.). Naauwkeurige en Natuurlijke Beschrijving van de stad Aleppo . . . 294 pp.

8 pis. Leiden.

1763. Zoophylacii Gronoviani (fasciculus primus). 136 pp. 14 pis. Leiden.

1764. (fasciculus secundus) 95 pp. 4 pis. Leiden.

1772. Animalium Rariorium Fasciculus. Pisces. Acta Helvetica! : 43-52. 2 pis.

1778 (ed.). Caji Plinii Secundi Historiae Naturalis. 98 pp. Leiden.

1 78 1. Zoophylacii Gronoviani (fasciculus tertius) . 139 pp. 3 pis. Leiden.

1854. Catalogue of Fish collected and described by . . . now in the British Museum.

196 pp. London (ed. J. E. Gray).

248 THE GRONOVIUS FISH COLLECTION

Gronovius L. T. MS. Lithophylacium. An unpublished manuscript catalogue of minerals,
fossils etc. in the Gronovius collection — now preserved in the Library of the University of
Amsterdam.

Gunther, A. 1859-70. Cat. fish. Brit. Mus. 8 vols. London.

1880. An Introduction to the Study of Fishes. 720 pp. Edinburgh.

1899. The President's Anniversary Address. Proc. Linn. Soc. Lond. 1898-99 : 15-38.

Hasselquist, F. 1757. Iter Palaestinum . . . 619 pp. Stockholm.

Higgins, L. G. 1950. The " Zoophylacium Gronovianum " 1781, and Meuschen's Index. /,

Soc. Bibl. nat. Hist. 2 : 185-186.
International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. 1950. Meuschen's Index to

Gronovius 1763-1781, " Zoophylacium Gronovianum." Bull. zool. Nom. 4 : 502-504.

1954- Opinion 260. Opin. Declar. int. Comm. zool. Nomencl. 5 (21) : 265-280.

Jordan, D. S. 1905. A Guide to the Study of Fishes, 1 : 386-427. New York.
1919. The Genera of Fishes, 2 : 248-249.

& Evermann, B. W. 1898. Fishes of North and Middle America. Bull. U.S. Nat.

Mus. 47, 3313 pp.

& Seale, A. 1926. Review of the Engraulidae . . . Bull. Mus. Cornp. Zool. 67

(11) :364.

Kramer, W. H. 1756. Elenchus . . . Animalium per Austriam . . . observatorum 400 pp.

Vienna.
Lacepede, B. G. 1803. Histoire Naturelle des Poissons, 5, 803 pp.
Linnaeus, C. 1745. Oldndska och Gothldndska Resa . . . 344 pp. Stockholm.

1746. Fauna Svecica . . . sistens Animalia Sveciae Regni. 411 pp. Stockholm.

— ■ — ■ 1749. Museum Adolpho-Friderici anum (a Laurent Balk). Amoenitates Academicae, 1 :

54 PP-
1751. Skanska Resa . . . 434 pp. Stockholm.

1754- Museum S.R.M. Adolphi Friderici Regis. 96 pp. Holmiae.

1756. K. Svensk. Vet. Akad. Hand. (1775) 16 : 34, pi. 3.

1758. Systema Naturae . . . Editio decima reformata. Tom. 1 : 230-338. Holmiae.

1766. . . . Editio duodecima reformata. Tom. 1 (1) : 394-532. Holmiae.

Lonnberg, E. 1896. Linnaean Type-specimens of . . . Fishes in the R. University of

Uppsala. Bihang K. Svenska Vet. Akad. Handlingar, 22, 4 : 4-45.
Meek, S. & Hildebrand. 1928. Marine Fishes of Panama. Field Mus. Nat. Hist. (Zool.

Ser.) 15.
Meuschen, F. C. 1778. Museum Gronovianum . . . 252 pp. Leiden.

1781 (ed.). Zoophylacium Gronovianum (fasciculus tertius). 139 pp. 3pls. Leiden.

Murray, G. 1904. History of the Collection ... in the Natural History Departments of the

British Museum, 1 : 152.
Norman, J. R. 1934. A systematic monograph of the Flatfishes (Heterosomata), 1, 459 pp.
London.

1935- Coast fishes (South Atlantic). Rep. Discovery Exp. 12 (1) : 20-32.

Osbeck, P. 1757. Dagbok ofver en Ostindisk Resa aren 1750-52 . . . 376 pp. Stockholm.
Pinto, S. Y. 1954. Redescricao de Blennius cristatus. Bol. Inst. Oceanogr. Sao Paulo, 5

(1) : 213-223.
Rauwolf, L. 1583. L. Rauwolfen . . . Aigentliche Beschriebung der Raiss, so er vor

diser Zeitgegen Auffgang inn die Morgenldnder , furnemlich Syriam, Judaeam, Arabiam . . .

vollracht 514 pp. Langingen.
Regan, C. T. 1904. A Monograph of the fishes of the family Loricariidae. Trans, zool. Soc.

Lond. : 265-280.

1905. A revision of the fishes of the South American Cichlid genera, Creacara, Batrachops

and Crenicichla. Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. : 265-280.

1908. A revision of the sharks of the Family Orectolobidae. Ibid. : 347-364.

1914. A synopsis of the fishes of the Family Macrorhamphosidae. Ann. Mag. nat. Hist.

(8) 13 : 17-21.

THE GRONOVIUS FISH COLLECTION 249

Regan, C. T. 1915. A collection of fishes from Lagos. Ibid. (8) 15 : 125-126.

Ruysch, F. 1710. Thesaurus animalium. 40 pp. Amsterdam.

Schaeffer, J. C. 1761. Piscium Bavarico-Ratisbonensium pentas. 82 pp. Ratisbon.

Seba, A. 1758. Locupletissimi rerum naturalium thesauri accurata descriptio ... 3,

212 pp. Amsterdam.
Shaw, G. 1804. General Zoology (Pisces) 5, 463 pp. London.
Smith, J. E. 1821. A Selection of the Correspondence of Linnaeus and other Naturalists from

the Original Manuscripts. 2 vols. 10 pis. London.
Smith, J. L. B. 1949. Sea Fishes of Southern Africa. 550 pp.

Tomlin, J. R. 1942. Shell Sales IV — Meuschen. Proc. Malac. Soc. Lond. 25 : 96-97.
Valentyn, F. 1726. Oud en niew Oost-Indien. 3 (1). 582 pp. Amsterdam.
Walbaum, J. J. 1792 (ed.). Petri Artedi renovati . . . Ichthyologica, 3. 723 pp. Grypes-

waldiae.
Whitley, G. P. 1929. Names of Fishes in Meuschen's Index to the Zoophylacium Grono-

vianum. Rec. Aust. Mus. 17 : 297-307.
Wheeler, A. C. (in Palmer, G. & Wheeler, A. C.). 1955. Further notes on the genus Gobiodes.

Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (12) 8 : 67-68.

1955&. A preliminary revision of the fishes of the genus Aulostomus. Ibid. (12) 8 :

613-623.

1956. The Zoophylacium of Laurens Theodore Gronovius. /. Soc. Bibl. nat. Hist. 3 :

I52-I57-

19566. The type species of Mastacembelus and the second edition of Russell's " Natural

History of Aleppo ". Bull. Raffles Mus. 27 : 91-92.

Willughby, F. 1686. ... de Historia Piscium . . . 373 pp. Oxonii.

hist. 1, 5. 16

PLATE 26

Laurens Gronovius and his sons Johannes and Samuel ; from a portrait by Isaac la Fargue
van Nieuwland (ca. 1774), now in the Stedelijk Museum (Lakenhal), Leiden, and published by
permission of the Director, Mr. J. N. van Wessem.

Bull. B.M. (N.H.) Hist, i, 5

PLATE 26

HIST. I, 5.

!7

PLATE 27
The illustration and description of Raja rhinobatus in the Gronovius manuscript.

Bull. B.M. (N.H.) Hist, i, 5

PLATE 27

B

r^p~- — *

,J01.

PLATE 2l

Fig. i. Loricaria cataphracta L.

Fig. 2. Gonorynchus gonorhynchus (L.). Holotype.

s

V

s

<3>

x

^

CM

PLATE 29

Fig. 1. Scatophagus argus (L.).

Fig. 2. Liparis liparis (L.). Holotype.

Fig. 3. Gasteropelecus sternicla (L.). Holotype.

Fig. 4. Blennius cristatus L. Holotype.

CO

N

"i

cm

PLATE 30

Fig. 1. Siganus javus (L.). Holotype.

Fig. 2. Crenicichla saxatilis (L.). Holotype.

Bull. B.M. (N.H) Hist, i, 5

PLATE 30

♦7 £+lMl4 Ct/£4^7siAsristsfil^^ '.

J3.//.n,j3/)

'(*-'*&. SvriX-4,. J?,/;/±,l4

HIST. I, 5.

18

PLATE 31

Acanthurus hepatus (L.). Holotvpe.

HIST. I, 5.

i8§

PLATE 32

Sebastichthys capensis (Gmelin). Holotype.

PLATE 33

Congiopodus torvus (Gronovius). Holotype.

Bull. B M. (N.H.) Hist, i, 5

PLATE 33

V

PLATE 34

Glyptocephalus cynoglossus (L.). Holotype.

Is

\
1

i

'4 V

iimm

Mill

40

SOME EIGHTEENTH
CENTURY BIRD PAINTINGS

IN THE LIBRARY OF
SIR JOSEPH BANKS (1743-1820)

AVERIL LYSAGHT

BULLETIN OF
THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY)
HISTORICAL SERIES Vol. I, No. 6

LONDON: 1959

SOME EIGHTEENTH CENTURY

BIRD PAINTINGS IN THE LIBRARY

OF SIR JOSEPH BANKS (1743-1820)

BY

AVERIL LYSAGHT

Pp. 251-371 ; Plates 35-37

BULLETIN OF
THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY)
HISTORICAL SERIES Vol. 1, No. 6

LONDON: 1959

THE BULLETIN OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM
(NATURAL HISTORY), instituted in 1949, is
issued in five series corresponding to the Departments
of the Museum, and an Historical series.

Parts appear at irregular intervals as they become
ready. Volumes will contain about three or four
hundred pages, and will not necessarily be completed
within one calendar year.

This paper is Vol. 1 No. 6 of the Historical series.

Trustees of the British Museum, 1959

PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES OF
THE BRITISH MUSEUM

Issued April, 1959 Price Two Pounds

{ » -*l- .i'\hfid&fi

SOME EIGHTEENTH CENTURY BIRD PAINTINGS
IN THE LIBRARY OF SIR JOSEPH BANKS

By AVERIL LYSAGHT

CONTENTS

Page
i. Introduction .......... 253

2. Material and Sources ........ 255

3. Biographical Notes ; Sir Joseph Banks, John Latham, Daniel

Solander, Sydney Parkinson, Peter Paillou, Reinhold and Georg
Forster, William Anderson, William Ellis, John Webber, Phillip
D'Auvergne, J. F. Miller (Miiller), Francis Masson and Colonel Gordon,
Mrs. Brant, John Greenwood ....... 257

4. A General Note on the Paintings with a Key to Abbreviations 265

5. Paintings by Sydney Parkinson and Peter Paillou of Birds

Collected by Banks in Newfoundland and Labrador in 1766 266

6. Birds Painted by Sydney Parkinson on Cook's First Voyage,

1768-71 ........... 272

7. Birds Painted by Georg Forster on Cook's Second Voyage,

1772-75 ........... 280

8. Birds Painted by an Unknown Artist on Cook's Second Voyage 310

9. Birds Painted by William Ellis on Cook's Third Voyage, 1776-80 322

10. Birds Painted by John Webber on Cook's Third Voyage . 339

11. Paintings by Philip D'Auvergne and J. F. Miller of Birds

Collected on J. C. Phipps's Voyage Towards the North Pole in

1773 344

12. Bird Paintings by Colonel Gordon Acquired by Francis Masson

at the Cape of Good Hope, 1772-76 ..... 345

13. Some Miscellaneous Bird Paintings Bound with Some of the Above

and Executed at Approximately the Same Period . . 347

14. References ........... 349

15. Appendices —

A. List of birds collected by Sir Joseph Banks in Newfoundland and

Labrador, May-October, 1766 . . . . . . -357

B. Index to the birds described by Solander on Cook's first voyage,

1768-71 359

C. Cook's itineraries ......... 362

16. Index ............ 366

1. INTRODUCTION

This study is an account of a number of the bird paintings, many of them still
unpublished, which were executed for Sir Joseph Banks by various naturalists
and artists in the latter part of the eighteenth century, particularly those connected
hist, i, 6. 17

254 SOME EIGHTEENTH CENTURY BIRD PAINTINGS

with the voyages of Captain Cook. As a result of the primitive methods used in
preserving bird skins at that time travellers' specimens tended to deteriorate,
especially on long sea voyages, so that the drawings of newly-discovered species
were sometimes the only basis of the published descriptions. This is made clear
in Latham's General Synopsis of Birds (1781-85) which was largely used by Gmelin
in the new and greatly enlarged edition of the Systema Naturae 1788-89, where he
gave scientific binomials to a great number of new species. It thus happens that
some of these drawings from Banks's collection are in fact the types of the species,
and that the localities noted on them are the type localities. Their significance
is further increased on account of the profound alterations in habitat that have
occurred since the eighteenth century in many of the islands visited by Cook, with
the result that some of the birds discovered at that time have now become greatly
reduced in numbers, if not extinct.* They are also valuable in that together with
the descriptions made by Cook's naturalists they constitute the first comprehensive
records of petrels and other oceanic birds from the then almost unknown seas of the
southern hemisphere.

The importance of the principal collections of bird drawings made on Cook's
voyages was recognized by Bowdler Sharpe in the History of the Collections (1906).
Earlier workers include Banks's contemporaries John Latham and Thomas Pennant ;
Heinrich Kuhl, a brilliant young zoologist who died in Java in 1821 at the age of
twenty-four ; the later nineteenth century ornithologists Lionel Wiglesworth and
Osbert Salvin ; and, more recently, Gregory Mathews, Tom Iredale and Dr.
Stresemann. Many others have made less extensive use of the material.

Owing to the scattered nature of earlier publications on the Banksian drawings,
the re-discovery of some folios that have remained unpublished, and the increase
in our knowledge of many southern and Polynesian species as a result of the Whitney
expedition, it seems opportune to attempt some reassessment of the drawings
noted above. These do not include all the bird drawings in the Banksian collection
but it is hoped that some others of particular interest may be dealt with in a later
paper.

I should like to express first of all my indebtedness to the late Sir Norman
Kinnear who originally suggested that I should attempt this work, and without
whose kindness and co-operation it could never have been carried out ; to the
Hakluyt Society who gave me a grant and who have assisted generously with
expenses incurred in connection with the Cook collections ; to the staff of the Bird
Room of the British Museum (Natural History) ; I have much pleasure also in
thanking the staffs of the libraries of the British Museum (Natural History) ; Mr. A.
E. Popham and Mr. Croft-Murray very generously gave me every facility for examining
the Banksian collection of drawings now in the Print Room, British Museum ; Dr. G.
C. A. Junge helped me to trace birds from Cook's expeditions that are still in the
Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie at Leiden ; and Professor Berlioz gave me
every facility for examining the Commerson-Sonnerat MSS. in the Museum

* Mr. Greenway's most interesting book (1958) on the factors concerned with the extinction or near-
extinction of many of the birds mentioned in these pages appeared when this paper was already in
proof and it was not possible to include references to it.

SOME EIGHTEENTH CENTURY BIRD PAINTINGS 255

National d'Histoire Naturelle. My thanks are also due to Dr. A. C. Stephen, of the
Royal Scottish Museum, and to Mr. Finlayson, Keeper of Manuscripts in the Uni-
versity of Edinburgh, in connection with the identification of the Cook drawings
in that city ; to Dr. John Evans, Director of the Australian Museum, and to Miss
Mander Jones of the Mitchell Library of Sydney for their co-operation over the
Cook drawings there ; to Miss Margaret Hibbard for calling my attention to the
existence of Banks's Newfoundland notebook in the McGill University Library,
and to Mr. Richard Pennington for permission to use it. Many other friends and
colleagues, particularly the late Captain C. H. B. Grant, Dr. A. Wetmore, Miss
Lindsay McDougall, Dr. J. S. Richardson, Mr. W. T. Stearn, Professor Joseph Ewan,
Dr. R. A. Falla and Mr. Graham Turbott, have helped me and stimulated my work
in various ways. My special thanks are due to Dr. W. R. P. Bourne for helping me
with the notes on petrels, and for having read the page proofs.

2. MATERIAL AND SOURCES

The paintings listed and discussed in the following paper are for the most part
the work of a number of eighteenth century professional and amateur artists employed
by Banks ; in addition there are some he seems to have purchased. Some of the
larger collections were indexed as a whole in the printed catalogue of Banks's library
prepared by Jonas Dryander (1748-1810) who became librarian after the death
of Solander in 1782. Dryander's catalogue consisted of five volumes which appeared
at intervals from 1796 to 1800. A second edition, with MS. additions to the original
text, was prepared but never actually published ; it is now in the British Museum
(Natural History). The first edition was a most useful work and was greatly in
demand at the time of publication ; the volumes concerned with botany, zoology
mineralogy were arranged under an elaborate series of headings, historical, geographi-
cal, systematic, bibliographical and so on ; a number of collections of plant and
animal drawings were briefly catalogued (2 : 15-17 ; 3 : 63-69) and include those of
Georg Forster (Cook's second voyage), William Ellis and William Webber (Cook's
third voyage). The work of minor contributors is not mentioned, nor is that of
Sydney Parkinson, a member of Banks's staff and the principal natural history
painter on the first of Cook's voyages.

Dryander also compiled a detailed MS. catalogue, arranged systematically, of the
animal drawings in Banks's library which were apparently made generally available
to visiting scientists, a few being published at the time, with or without
acknowledgment.

The Banksian library ultimately passed to the British Museum but when in 1880
the Natural History Collections were transferred to South Kensington a number of
Banksian natural history drawings were overlooked and left behind in the Department
of MSS. In 1913 these were nearly all transferred to the Print Room but since the
artists concerned were of little account in the bright galaxy of stars already there they
were practically forgotten. So when Bowdler Sharpe and his colleagues wrote
their magnificent Catalogue of Birds in the British Museum (1874-98, 27 vols.)

256 SOME EIGHTEENTH CENTURY BIRD PAINTINGS

their rich bibliographical material included many references to the drawings by
Georg Forster and W. Ellis, to a large proportion of those by Sydney Parkinson in
this Museum, but not to those by Parkinson, Webber and their contemporaries,
that had remained in the Print Room. In the History of the Collections contained
in the Natural History Departments of the British Museum, 2 (1906) Sharpe published
descriptions of the bird paintings by Parkinson, Forster and Ellis, but again made
no reference to the work of Webber, nor to the Parkinson drawings that had been
left in Bloomsbury, neither does he appear to have known of the Dryander MS.
Catalogue, nor of the Solander and other contemporary MSS. in which the animals
collected on Cook's first voyage and painted by Parkinson and his fellow artists
are described. According to Gregory Mathews {Birds of Australia, 1912-13,
2 : 3) these descriptions had been overlooked after Gray had worked on them in
1 871 and he states that they were not consulted either by Salvin or Godman in their
works on petrels. Salvin had, however, known of some of the Solander MSS. as,
when he is discussing Parkinson's drawings of petrels (1875 : 223), he says " They all
bear the signature of Sydney Parkinson [this is incorrect] ; the date when, and fre-
quently the latitude and longitude where they were made, are also written upon
them. This much is entered in ink ; but besides these marks they have notes in
pencil inscribed upon them in another handwriting, and evidently by someone who
was present at the time the sketches were executed. These pencil-notes always
include a generic and specific name, which correspond with those employed in
Solander's MS. to which I have had access." On p. 226 he makes it clear that some
of the MSS. were not available and that the MS. notes he quotes are from Solander's
interleaved twelfth edition of the Systema Naturae.

Mathews did a great service to zoologists by searching for more Solander MSS.
in the British Museum and finally found a large bundle of these precious historical
documents labelled " Copies ". These were fair copies, prepared for publication,
of Solander's systematic work on the animals collected on the first of Cook's voyages.
About this time the Dryander MS. catalogue of drawings was also brought out of
obscurity ; it is indexed for the first time in the Catalogue of the Library, British
Museum (Natural History), 6, 1922.

Much of the less-known material in the following paper was found as a result of
Dryander's careful work. Thus a successful search for the Webber drawings re-
sulted from his entry on p. 17 of vol. 2 of the Cat. Bibl. Hist. -Nat. J. Banks " Icones
pictae Avium et Piscium 46, quas in Cookii ultimo itinere delineavit Gulielmus
Webber ". This led to another discovery. Mr. Theed Pearse of Vancouver, who
is working at a history of the ornithology of that region, visited the Print Room to
see the Webber drawings and noticed an open volume on a table with unsigned
drawings from Cook's second voyage. As he was about to leave this country he was
unable to work at these drawings himself and told the present writer of them. They
were in a bound folio with a large number of other drawings of much interest including
those by Paillou of birds that had been brought back from Newfoundland and
Labrador by Banks in 1766. This in turn led to some drawings by Parkinson
of some other Newfoundland birds in another volume, and to a comparison of the
second voyage drawings by an unknown artist with those in the Royal Scottish

SOME EIGHTEENTH CENTURY BIRD PAINTINGS 257

Museum and with a similar series in the Australian Museum, Sydney. Many of
these drawings are noted in Dryander's MS. catalogue, and some of his notes on
localities and authorship have been very useful.

3. BIOGRAPHICAL NOTES

Banks and Latham are already well known to most ornithologists, and a good
deal of information about some of the other naturalists and artists mentioned below
is available in Mrs. E. G. Allen's delightful History of North American Ornithology
(1951) which includes a useful bibliography. The following notes are therefore
not intended to be comprehensive; in addition to brief biographical statements
they contain only some general information about the whereabouts of some MSS.
concerned with the less-known voyages, with some details of itineraries that bear
directly on type localities, and on matters connected with the attributions of some
of the unsigned paintings. William Anderson is dealt with in greater length than
the other people, partly because the paintings in the Royal Scottish Museum appear
to have been in his possession, and partly because it is hoped that the publication of
some hitherto unknown details of his life in Scotland may lead to the discovery
of his missing diary of Captain Cook's second voyage round the world, which may
well be in private hands, or in some Scottish library.

(a) Sir Joseph Banks, F.R.S., 1743-1820

Banks went on his first voyage as a serious naturalist in 1766, when twenty-three
years of age, sailing with his friend Lieutenant Constantine Phipps, afterwards Lord
Mulgrave, on the Niger commanded by Captain Thomas Adams who was concerned
with the fisheries of Newfoundland and Labrador. Banks's diary of this journey is
now in Adelaide ; a transcript, his botanical notebook, and drawings by Ehret of
some of the plants collected, are in the Botany Library, British Museum (Natural
History), the drawings of birds by Parkinson and Paillou are in the Print Room,
British Museum, and many sheets of his zoological notes are in the McGill Univer-
sity Library, Montreal. In an entry in the diary for 2nd August, 1766, Banks
complains that he has been unable to work during July on account of " a fever,
which to my great misfortune confined me the greatest part of that month to the
ship . . . [My Servant] shot several Birds for me, but my situation far too weak
and dispirited by my Illness, to Examine systematically : anything that was
brought has made my Bird Tub a chaos, of which I cannot give so good an account
as I could wish ". Some of these birds were, however, stuffed and in 1767 and 1768
were painted by Parkinson ; paintings of others by Paillou are undated. The
paintings, Banks's notes and the unpublished lists of skins in his collection, show
that he collected about seventy species of birds in his five and a half months visit
to Newfoundland and Labrador (see appendix A), and it is the first comprehensive
collection from that part of Canada. Captain George Cartwright, who visited
Labrador in 1770 and lived there for nearly sixteen years, is usually regarded as the
first naturalist to have recorded the birds of that region.

258 SOME EIGHTEENTH CENTURY BIRD PAINTINGS

Although Banks accompanied Captain Cook on only the first of his three major
voyages he acquired most of the natural history drawings from all of them, and also
a large quantity of specimens, and thus owned an invaluable collection from the newly-
discovered countries of the Pacific as well as from the seas of the Arctic and Antarctic
regions. He was exceedingly generous in allowing free access to these collections and
contemporary zoologists as well as botanists owe him more than can easily be
assessed. Pennant, for instance, made use of his unpublished Newfoundland diary,
borrowed his birds, and had engravings made from the paintings by Parkinson
and Paillou : Kuhl worked on some of the drawings of the petrels collected on
Cook's voyages ; the paintings of fishes were studied and in some cases published
by Bloch and Schneider ; Latham, more punctilious in his thanks than Pennant,
used both drawings and skins of many of the birds ; and Fabricius worked exten-
sively on the insects. So, generally speaking, a certain amount of the work of the
naturalists and artists employed by Banks did filter here and there into print but
it is impossible not to regret that the comprehensive studies by Solander on the
great bulk of the Banksian material remained in MS. and that his names for the
newly-discovered plants and animals were allowed to lapse, or were published by
other workers who thus became the recognized authors of the species concerned.

A very much abridged edition of Bank's Endeavour diary was published by J. D.
Hooker in 1896. A carefully annotated edition of the original MS. is now being
printed by the Mitchell Library and should be available shortly.

(b) John Latham, M.D., 1 740-1 837

Latham was three years older than Banks. His General Synopsis of Birds began
to appear in 1781 and was completed in 1785, with a two-volume supplement following
in 1787 and 1802. His Index Ornithologicus was published in 1790, with a supple-
ment twelve years later, and the General History of Birds in 1821-28.

The General Synopsis of Birds is of special importance to ornithologists as many
of the specimens new to science which were collected on Cook's voyages were first
described in it and then given valid binomials by Gmelin in 1788-89 in his revision
of the Systema Naturae. Gmelin, in fact, on many occasions simply -translated
Latham's account of a species into Latin, and by referring to the General Synopsis
it is often possible to find out whether Latham based his description on drawings
or specimens, and so to trace the type locality.

Latham freely acknowledged his debt to Banks who is said to have handsomely
given him access to all his collections and allowed him to copy some of the drawings.
Latham actually etched all his own plates, and most of them are signed with the
initial L. He was punctilious in giving acknowledgment to the writers of the MSS.
quoted by him and often refers to Reinhold Forster and William Anderson (q.v.).

(c) Daniel Solander, 1736-82

In addition to what we already know of Solander, an unpublished translation by
Miss Nora Gourlie of the commemorative lecture on him by R. E. Fries (1940) is now
available in the British Museum (Natural History). His most important MSS.

SOME EIGHTEENTH CENTURY BIRD PAINTINGS 259

are listed in the Cat. Library Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) 5, 1915, where there are twenty-
one entries under his name. Amongst these is a fair copy of his detailed descriptions
of the animals collected on Cook's first voyage which include fifty-four species of
birds, most of them oceanic species. Together with Parkinson's paintings these
constitute the earliest comprehensive record of an ornithological transect of both the
Atlantic and Pacific oceans. Many of these descriptions were first published by
Gregory Mathews in 1912, and briefly discussed by Iredale in 1913.

(d) Sydney Parkinson, 1745-71

An account of this gifted young man has already appeared (Sawyer, 1950) and
further details of his life and work are given in H. C. Cameron's book on Banks
(1952) and in the Hakluyt Society's edition of Cook's journals (1, 1955). A large
number of Parkinson's natural history drawings are in the Print Room at Blooms-
bury and in the Botanical and Zoological Departments at South Kensington ; his
sketchbook and a number of other drawings are in the Manuscript Room at Bloom-
bury, others are in private hands. Some of his paintings were used by Pennant,
and lithographs of 319 of his drawings, with determinations by James Britten, were
published by the British Museum (1900-05). Most of his drawings have, however,
remained unpublished, and those in the Print Room have not hitherto been properly
examined. This was perhaps partly due to the fact that most of them were pasted
on to folios so that the notes on localities were not available. It was only when
Paillou's paintings of the Newfoundland birds were found in the Print Room that
it was obvious that the Parkinson drawings there should be carefully checked. An
old register showed that Parkinson had also painted birds from Newfoundland, and
Mr. Croft-Murray kindly allowed the paintings to be lifted from their mounts so
that Banks's notes could be read. In the present study the only Parkinson draw-
ings to be catalogued are those of birds collected by Banks in Newfoundland and
Labrador, and by Banks and Solander on Cook's voyage in the Endeavour.

(e) Peter Paillou, n.d.

Little is known of this painter who worked both for Banks and Pennant. He is
frequently confused with a miniaturist of the same name who may have been his
son and who is said to have lived in Islington and exhibited at the Royal Academy
from 1786 to 1800 : he was apparently still working in Glasgow in 1820. The
earliest surviving work of the older man appears to be a large series of natural history
drawings executed for Taylor White, F.R.S., of Wallingwells, Notts, an enthusiatic
naturalist and collector. White refers to specimens of North American birds being
collected for him by his " learned friend Hodgkinson Banks " but it has not been
possible to find any biographical details of this man. His collection of drawings
is now in the Blacker Library, McGill University, Montreal and a list of them has been
given by Casey Wood who states (1931 : 131-132, 504) that the earliest folio of paint-
ings by Paillou is dated 1720. There are several folios of later works by him and
Charles Collins. It seems probable that it was this Peter Paillou who was a member
of the Society of Artists and exhibited " A Horned Owl (from Peru) in Feathers "

260 SOME EIGHTEENTH CENTURY BIRD PAINTINGS

which was mentioned in their catalogue of an exhibition of 1778. He was still
active about 1784 as the splendid frontispiece of Pennant's Arctic Zoology is his
work. It would appear that he died soon after that. In his Literary Life (1793)
Pennant states: " About the year 1761 I began my British Zoology, which, when
completed, consisted of cxxxii plates on imperial paper. . . . The painter was
Mr. Peter Pallou [sic !], an excellent artist, but too fond of giving gaudy colours to
his subjects. He painted, for my hall, at Downing, several pictures of birds and
animals, attended with suitable landscapes. ... all have their merit, but occasion
me to lament his conviviality, which affected his circumstances and abridged his
days ".

(f) johann reinhold forster, 1729-98, and his son
Johann Georg Adam Forster, 1754-94

Reinhold Forster's general account of the scientific results of Cook's second
voyage round the world (1778) was a useful contribution to knowledge but unfor-
tunately most of his detailed descriptions of the animals collected were not published
until 1844 when they were edited by Lichtenstein and appeared with the title
Descriptiones Animalium quae in itinere ad maris australis terras per annos 1772
I773 d I774 suscepto collegit observavit et delineavit Joannes Reinholdus Forster.
These descriptions are of considerable importance, more especially since in addition
to the dates and localities Forster usually noted whether or not there was a drawing
by Georg of the animal in question. There is an annotated MS. list of the unpub-
lished drawings in the British Museum (Natural History), with some notes on
localities, the scale of the drawings etc., and although this list is in an unknown
hand the details in it suggest that it, or a similar list, must have been dictated
by Reinhold Forster. Shortly after the return of the expedition he published an
account of the penguins that had been collected, and a memoir on albatrosses.

Georg Forster was only eighteen when he sailed on the Resolution and only a
fragment of the diary he kept on the voyage now remains, but it contains some
interesting observations on oceanic birds. Banks was always generous to him, in
spite of his quarrels with Reinhold who fell out with everyone, and bought his
drawings for £400. They are a most interesting collection, and include a particularly
fine series of paintings of fishes. A few rather poor copies of the bird paintings are
in the Australian Museum, Sydney. The fate of a set of copies by a professional
artist which were made for presentation to King George III is unknown ; owing
to a dispute between the Forsters and Lord Sandwich the presentation was never
actually made. It is just possible that four paintings jby Gertrude Metz of birds
collected on the second voyage were part of that set (see p. 348).

(g) William Anderson, 1750-78

It is a pleasure to acknowledge the kind help I have received from Dr. J. S.
Richardson of North Berwick in tracing the family history of this young Scottish
surgeon. He was highly thought of by Cook and acted as official naturalist on the
third voyage.

SOME EIGHTEENTH CENTURY BIRD PAINTINGS 261

William was the second son of Robert Anderson, a schoolmaster of North Berwick,
and was born on 28th December, 1750. He studied in the Medical Faculty at Edin-
burgh University from 1766 to 1769, and passed the examinations of the Royal
College of Surgeons in England in 1768 and 1770. He sailed as surgeon's chief
mate on the second of Cook's voyages, and probably benefited considerably from
working with the Forsters. He was chief surgeon as well as naturalist on the third
voyage from which he did not return. He kept a diary on the second voyage, and
had it with him on the third but its fate is unknown. Two volumes of his diary
of the third voyage are in the Public Record Office ; a third has been lost. His
natural history notebooks are in the British Museum (Natural History). As far as
we know at present, no papers of his are in public collections in Scotland with the
exception of a chart in his handwriting which is bound at the end of a volume of
bird paintings from the second voyage, now in the Royal Scottish Museum. These
paintings are the work of an amateur, and companion sets by the same man are in
the Print Room, British Museum, and in the Mitchell Library, Sydney. The
Scottish set was sent to Sir Norman Kinnear for identification some years ago
when the existence of the companion sets was unknown, and it then seemed quite
probable that the artist was William Anderson. This supposition was based on
the fact that Anderson was connected with Edinburgh University, and that the
chart mentioned above was a copy of one by Georg Forster showing the track of
the Resolution but with the place names written in Anderson's hand. In his will
Anderson left his natural curiosities to Banks, but most of his belongings to his
sisters Betty and Rabinah, and to his uncle William Melvill who was the tenant of
the farm North Berwick Mains until the end of 1776 when he returned to Fife.
Anderson's family was befriended, according to a letter to Banks from Lord Sand-
wich, then First Lord of the Admiralty, by a Mr. Dempster who saw that they
received payment for the use of William's papers. This was almost certainly George
Dempster, one of Boswell's closest Scottish friends, and M.P. for Fife for about
thirty years.

The bird paintings and the chart were given to Edinburgh University by Professor
Alexander Monro (secundus) who had taught Anderson anatomy and surgery. The
inscription on the title page is as follows : " Thirty-eight coloured Drawings of
Birds of the Southern Hemisphere executed from the Life, in the course of Captain
Cook's Second Voyage. They are the Figures of thirty-eight different Species, which
belong to the following Orders of Linnaeus ... . Presented to the Museum of
the University by Dr. Alexander Monro Professor of Anatomy." Mr. C. P. Finlayson,
Keeper of MSS., University of Edinburgh Library, tells me that the writing is that of
Professor John Walker, who was Keeper of the University Museum 1779-1803. The
drawings may indeed have been part of the collection of natural objects, including
some from Cook's voyages, given to the Museum in 1785 by a number of gentlemen
including Lord Hailes (a great friend of Dempster's) and Professor Monro. This
presentation was mentioned in the Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal, 1854, 47 :
33, but the details of it have not yet been traced.

The Sydney set, recently transferred from the Australian Museum to the Mitchell
Library, was originally in the possession of Admiral Isaac Smith, a cousin of Mrs.

262 SOME EIGHTEENTH CENTURY BIRD PAINTINGS

Cook's who was on the first and second of Cook's voyages. The notes in his hand
appear to have been written years later and are largely misleading. The set in the
Print Room is recorded in the Museum register as having been made " by or under
the direction of Captain Clerke " who was on all three voyages ; Banks has noted
the localities on the back of these drawings and added " Capt. Clarke [sic!] 1775 ".
There is apparently no other suggestion in the Cook and Banks MSS. that Captain
Clerke drew animals or plants. There is also no record of Anderson's having drawn
or painted. Had he done so it seems likely that this would have been mentioned
by Banks or Dryander, or by Dr. Walker. Cook's men were acclaimed everywhere
after the voyages, but Anderson was the only man for whom Cook expressed a warm
personal regard. Another fact that makes it doubtful that the drawings are the
work of Anderson is that nowhere in the pages of his diary or notebooks, nor in his
will, does he refer to drawings, though had he executed them himself he would have
most probably mentioned them in his notebook in order to supplement his careful
descriptions. Finally it seems not improbable that having laboured at learning
such a technique on the second voyage he would have used it on the third to make
drawings of Hawaiian and North American birds.* None of these drawings is
mentioned in Dryander's MS. catalogue of the zoological paintings in Banks's library.

(h) William Ellis, d. 1785

Little is known of this painter and surgeon who signed on as surgeon's second
mate on the Resolution's sister ship, the Discovery on 22nd March, 1776. He died
in 1785 on his way to Germany (Gentleman's Magazine, 1785, 55 : 571) " where the
Emperor had engaged him on advantageous terms to go on a voyage of discovery ".
There is a sheet of notes on the animals of Pulo Condore bound with his paintings
in the Zoology Library of the British Museum (Natural History) but nothing is
known of the whereabouts of his other MSS.

(i) John Webber, ? 1750-93

Webber sometimes signed himself William Webber but more often John ; Dryander
calls him Gulielmus Webber in the published catalogue of Banks's library (2 : 17).
He was a son of Abraham Webber, a Swiss sculptor, who came to this country as a
young man but sent John to Berne for his education. Later he studied in Paris.
His portrait of his brother in an exhibition at the Royal Academy attracted Solander's
attention and led to his appointment as artist to Cook's third expedition. His
natural history drawings were only incidental to his landscape and figure work ;
they are now to be seen in the Print Room, British Museum.

(;*) Philip D'Auvergne, Due de Bouillon, 1754-1816

I am indebted to Miss Lindsay McDougall, Archivist at the National Maritime
Museum, for supplying me with the following details about D'Auvergne, especially
since he was overlooked by the compilers of the Dictionary of National Biography,

* According to Solander they were the work of a midshipman. See J. C. Beaglehole, ed., Journals of
Captain James Cook, 1959, 2, for. p. CLXV, Graphic Records.

SOME EIGHTEENTH CENTURY BIRD PAINTINGS 263

and his paintings were not sufficiently notable to merit his inclusion in the standard
reference books on art. He is, however, mentioned in James Harrison's Life of
Nelson (1806 : 34) and he wrote a short autobiography in the Naval Chronicle (13
1805 : 169). He came from Jersey and sailed as a midshipman with Banks's friend
Phipps on his unsuccessful search for a north-east passage to the East Indies.
In his autobiography, which was written in the third person, he says, " The engravings
that elucidate the account of the Voyage to Spitzbergen, which was published by
Captain Phipps in 1774, were all taken from original sketches [which he lists] made
on the spot by Mr. D'Auvergne who was also charged with the meteorological
registers ". Actually only three of the published engravings are ascribed to him.
The few bird paintings listed below have considerable charm.

D'Auvergne became a F.R.S. in 1786, and rose to be a vice-admiral of the red.

(k) John Frederick Miller or Muller, n.d.

This artist who painted the Ivory Gull described by Phipps from the above
voyage, was one of the twenty-seven children of Johann Sebastian Muller, a Nurem-
berg engraver who came to England in 1744 and was highly successful in his en-
gravings of portraits of King George, Queen Charlotte and other members of the
royal family. Probably on account of the numbers of his children there seems to be
uncertainty about the dates of their births and deaths.

J. F. Miller accompanied Banks and Solander to Iceland in 1772. He executed
the sixty plates which appeared 1776-85 under the title Various Subjects of Natural
History. They were republished in 1796 as the Cimelia Physica, with text by G.
Shaw who later became Keeper of Natural History and Modern Curiosities at the
British Museum. Miller's brother James was also a draughtsman and both of them
made botanical drawings for Banks.

(/) Francis Masson, 1741-1805, and Robert Jacob Gordon, 1741-95

Masson was born in Aberdeen but came to London and worked under Aiton as
an under-gardener at Kew for several years. His abilities attracted attention and in
1772 he was sent out as botanist and collector to the Cape of Good Hope by Sir
John Pringle, then President of the Royal Society (Britten, 1884 : 114). He was
markedly successful, and his botanical achievements were such that his zoological
collections attracted little interest. It was not until Sir Norman Kinnear drew my
attention to the inscription " Sent from the Cape of Good Hope to Sir John Pringle
by Mr. Mason " on the back of a loosely mounted painting of the Namaqua Grouse,
in the Print Room volume 199* B 4, that we realized that the Mr. Mason was in
fact the famous botanist ; Banks's spelling was always shaky.

Masson's first visit to the Cape of Good Hope was from 1772 to 1775. During
this time he made three expeditions {Phil. Trans. 66, 1776 : 268) which have been
discussed in detail by Hutchinson (1946 : 617-618) . On the third of these (September,
to December 1774) he and Thunberg went away north across Olifant's River and then
inland to a dry, barren country, the Hantum, beyond the Bockland Mts., and about
350 miles north of the Cape of Good Hope. This was the most northerly country

264 SOME EIGHTEENTH CENTURY BIRD PAINTINGS

visited by Masson. From there they journeyed to the Rhinoceros River, south-east
to the Rogge Veld Mts., and so to Cape Town.

Masson knew Gordon and together with Thunberg they had in 1773 visited the
mountains between Cape Town and False Bay for a week's collecting.

Colonel Gordon was a Dutchman of Scottish extraction with a keen interest in
natural history. He was in charge of the Dutch East India Company's garrison
at the Cape. A great admirer of the Prince of Orange — he had named the Orange
River after him — he had gratitude and affection for the English who had given
asylum to the Prince. When therefore the British sent a naval force to the Cape
in 1795 to take Cape Town lest their enemies, the French, should do so, Gordon
handed the town over to them. Reactionaries at the Cape accused him of cowardice
and this slur on his military honour led him to commit suicide. His obituary on
pp. 442-443 of the Gentleman's Magazine for 1796 contains a good deal about his
interest and work in natural history. Gordon is said to have drawn careful outlines
of his specimens himself but to have employed a draughtsman to colour them.
Dyer has pointed out (1949 : 59) that some of his botanical plates are indistinguishable
from those attributed to Masson. Masson's Stapeliae Novae (1796) is his best known
work, and Britten (1884), Baker (1885) and others have assumed that he illustrated
it himself. Hutchinson, however, considers that this is not so, and it now seems
possible that those plates as well as the South African natural history paintings in
Banks's possession were Gordon's work. After Gordon's death his widow brought
his paintings to London hoping to sell them, but neither Banks nor the British
Government were willing to purchase them. In 1913 they were bought by the
Rijks Museum in Amsterdam where they now are. In September 1956, Dr. W. R. P.
Bourne kindly examined them on my behalf and he tells me that those of birds and
mammals are identical in style with those in the Print Room vol. 199* B 4 attributed
to Masson, and that some are indeed duplicates. It is of interest that in 1818 I. B.
Ker stated that Masson had acquired a valuable portfolio of natural history drawings,
the work of a gifted Dutch soldier, at the Cape of Good Hope. He goes on to say
that many of the drawings endorsed in Banks's hand " Mr. Mason, Cape of Good
Hope, 1775 " had been given by Banks to the Department of Botany, British
Museum. A similar endorsement appears on the back of some of the South African
bird paintings listed below.

(m) Mrs. Brant

Mr. Warren R. Dawson has kindly given me these notes on the Brant (also
spelt Brandt or Brand) family. Christoffel Brant was born at the Cape of Good
Hope in 1730, and when a young man entered the service of the Dutch East India
Company. He entertained Cook and Banks when the Endeavour visited Cape
Town in 1771. Mr. and Mrs. Brant sent plants (including some collected by Skene,
surgeon of the Morse), animals and drawings to Banks ; the drawings in the Print
Room vol. 199* B 4 are unsigned but are so similar to Colonel Gordon's work that
I should not have hesitated in ascribing them to him were it not for the fact that some
of them are dated 1772, and according to Dyer (1949) Gordon did not reach the Cape

SOME EIGHTEENTH CENTURY BIRD PAINTINGS 265

until 1773. It is possible that they are the work of the draughtsman who later
entered Gordon's service.

(«) John Greenwood, 1727-92

This portrait painter was born in Boston, Mass. At the age of fifteen he was
apprenticed to Thomas Johnston, an artist in water colour, heraldic painting,
japanning and engraving. Ten years later he went to Surinam where according to
the Dictionary of National Biography he remained until 1757, making a considerable
success of his paintings of the wealthy Dutch planters, and collecting and sketching
plants and animals. In 1758 he went to Amsterdam for further training, and he
finally settled in London where he realized that his work was so inferior to that of
his friend Gainsborough that he gave up painting and became art critic and auctioneer.
According to Dryander, Banks owned seven of his drawings ; two of these were
reproduced in Pennant's History of Quadrupeds (1781 : pis. 49, 50). (See also
Burroughs, 1943.)

4. A GENERAL NOTE ON THE PAINTINGS,
WITH A KEY TO ABBREVIATIONS

All the drawings listed in the following pages are either pencil sketches or water-
colour drawings, sometimes with the addition of a good deal of body-colour. I have
usually indicated whether they are sketches or finished paintings, but when the whole
collection consists of finished work, as in the case of the Parkinson paintings on vellum
which include his Newfoundland birds, and the Webber water-colours of birds from
Cook's third voyage, this is noted at the beginning of the series and not for each
drawing.

The drawings are numbered with the number of the folio on to which they are
affixed. The numbering is not necessarily consecutive since some of the collections
are mixed. Even the first drawing in a volume is not always numbered " 1 " as,
for instance, in the case of the Webber drawings which begin at 105, and must
be part of a larger series, the whereabouts of the remainder being so far unknown.

In the transcription of the MS. notes on the drawings those believed to be by the
artist are placed first and are not preceded by a bracketed initial ; those by Banks,
Dryander etc. are always preceded by a bracketed initial, according to the abbre-
viations given below : those by Latham and later writers have not been identified
with certainty and are simply preceded by Al.

An asterisk indicates that the published description of the species was based on
that particular drawing which should therefore be regarded as the type. Cross
references to other paintings of a species in Banks's library are given at the end of
the notes on each drawing.

Trinomials have been used when geographical distribution appears to justify them.
Many of them are, in fact, based on the specimens collected on these expeditions.

Cross references to other drawings of a species are given only for birds collected
on Cook's voyages.

266 SOME EIGHTEENTH CENTURY BIRD PAINTINGS

The principal abbreviations used are the following : B„ Sir Joseph Banks ; D., Jonas
Dryander ; J. R. F., Johann Reinhold Forster ; S. Daniel Solander ; A.M., paintings
from the volume formerly in the Australian Museum, now in the Mitchell Library,
Sydney; M.E., paintings from the volume in the Royal Scottish Museum; P.R.,
paintings from the Print Room volume 199 B 4.

5. PAINTINGS BY SYDNEY PARKINSON AND PETER PAILLOU OF
BIRDS COLLECTED BY BANKS IN NEWFOUNDLAND AND
LABRADOR IN 1766

(a) Parkinson's Paintings (15) Contained in Brit. Mus. {Print Room) Vol. 199* B i,

ff- 8-39-
These water-colour drawings on vellum were catalogued by Dryander. Some of
them have been trimmed so that Banks's notes on locality etc. on the back have been
lost or mutilated but it has been possible to trace some specimens from notes in
Banks's diary, or from his MS. now in McGill University Library. I am most
grateful to Dr. T. H. Manning for checking my identifications of the paintings of
these northern birds.

8. Dendroica petechia (Linn.), 1766. Yellow Warbler, male.

" Sydney Parkinson pinxt, 1767. Motacilla petechia. Olivacea, subtus flava rubro
guttata, pileo rubro. Habitat in America septentrionali Linn." (B.) " Dry specimen.
Newfoundland. Gold Bird. N. 63." (A I.) " 156."

Parkinson's notes do not agree with the painting since the bird he painted had no
red cap, and is a fair representation of D. petechia. Banks seems to have used the
vernacular name " Gold Bird " for three warblers : the Yellow Warbler D. petechia,
the Palm Warbler Dendroica palmarum (Gm.), 1789 and Wilson's Pileolated Warbler
Wilsonia pusilla (Wilson), 181 2. The male Palm Warbler is similar to the Yellow
Warbler but has a chestnut cap and is almost certainly the bird referred to by
Parkinson in his note on this painting. Banks clearly described the male and female
of Wilson's Pileolated Warbler as " Gold Bird " in the McGill MS. He also noted a
bird similar to the female of this last species, but paler, which was probably the
female of the Yellow Warbler. All these warblers were taken at St. John's in early
June.

14. Passer ella iliaca (Merrem), 1786. Eastern Fox Sparrow.

" Sydney Parkinson pinxt 1767." (B.) " [Dr]y specimen. [Newfoundland." {Al.)
" Fringilla betula."

Banks described this bird as an unknown Fringilla when he first collected it at
St. John's on 26th May ; on 7th October he took it again at Croque and then
re-described it, giving it the MS. binomial of F. betula.

19. Lagopus lagopus alleni Stejneger, 1884. Allen's Willow Ptarmigan.
" Sydney Parkinson pinxt. 1768. Tetrao Lagopus Linne."
Banks has left no special notes on this ptarmigan but described in detail the main-
land race from Chateau Bay. Parkinson's painting shows a bird in nearly full winter
plumage, and the brown colouring of the webs along the dark shafts of the primaries

SOME EIGHTEENTH CENTURY BIRD PAINTINGS 267

show that it is intended to represent the race known as Allen's Willow Ptarmigan
which is restricted to Newfoundland.

20. Crocethia alba (Pallas), 1764. Sanderling.

" Sydney Parkinson pinxt. 1767." (B.) " [Dry spjecimen [Newfoundland gregarious."
(A I.) " Tringa hypoleucos. 12."

The Sanderling passes through Newfoundland as an autumn migrant.

21. Erolia minutilla (Vieill.), 1819. American Stint or Least Sandpiper.

" Sydney Parkinson pinxt. 1767." (B.) " [Dry] specimen Newfoundland No. 37 125."
Banks gave this bird the MS. name of Tringa littorea, and states that he collected
it in marshes near the sea at Chateau Bay in August.

23. Surnia alula caparoch (Muller), 1776. American Hawk Owl.

" Peint d'apres nature par Sidney Parkinson 1768. Strix funerea Linne Syst. nat."
(B.) " [Newfoundland No. 10 79."

According to Banks this owl was taken both at Croque in Newfoundland and at
Chateau Bay. It is now said to be very rare in Newfoundland.

26. Somateria mollissima (Linn.), 1758. Eider Duck.

" Peint d'apres nature par Sidney Parkinson. Anas mollissima mas & femina. Length
from the point of the tail to the tip of the bill 28 inches." (B.) " Newfoundland. No. 29."

Three races of these eider ducks, in addition to the King Eider which belongs to
another species, have been recorded from Newfoundland and Banks appears to have
collected them all. The American Common Eider 5. m. dresseri Sharpe, 1871 is
regarded as the common nesting bird there ; the Northern Common Eider S. m.
borealis (Brehm), 1824 is abundant in the non-breeding season ; and the Pacific
Common Eider S. m. v-nigra Gray, 1856 is said to be a rare visitor.

Parkinson's painting shows a male bird's head tilted so that the frontal processes
can be clearly seen ; it appears to be a Northern Common Eider. Banks comments
on the enormous numbers of eider ducks nesting at Hare Bay ; they were most
probably the American Common Eider which still nests there and is thought to be
the only breeding species. However, it is clear that he took the Pacific Common
Eider there as well, since in his notes on an eider duck taken at Hare Bay in June
he says " sub gula linea nigra " and it is the presence of the black " v " beneath
the throat that distinguishes this last species from the otherwise similar American
Common Eider.

The King Eider Somateria spectabilis (Linn.), 1758 was painted by Paillou (f. 109)
but we know nothing of the circumstances in which it was obtained save for Banks
having written on the painting that it was a Newfoundland specimen.

27. Anas acuta tzitzihoa Vieillot, 1816. Pintail, young bird.

" Sydney Parkinson pinxt 1767."
Banks's notes have been trimmed away save for " No. 28 " and the typical
nourishes of some letters, presumably the top of his "Newfoundland." It is

HIST. I, 6. l8

268 SOME EIGHTEENTH CENTURY BIRD PAINTINGS

probable that this bird was taken at Chateau Bay since Banks describes one as
" Anas gracilis," which he collected there in September.

28. Anas discors Linn., 1766. Blue-winged Teal, female.

" S. Parkinson pinxt. 1767. Anas discors (mas) tectricibus alarum caeruleis, remigibus
secondariis extus viridibus, fascia frontali alba. Habitat in America septentrionali.
Linneus." (B.) " No. 27."

This species was taken at Chateau Bay on September 12th.

29. Anas crecca carolinensis Gm., 1789. Green-winged Teal.

" Sydney Parkinson pinxt. 1767. Anas discors (femina)." (B.) " Specimen [New]-
foundland. The female of the Blue winged Teal." (Al.) " 114."

Banks's description of a young teal {Anas phascas from Chateau Bay in MS.)
seems to apply to this species. Austin (1932 : 44) considers that it is a rare visitor
in Labrador. Its status in the eighteenth century may well have been different.

31. Colaptes auratus (Linn.), 1758. Yellow-shafted Flicker.

" Sydney Parkinson pinxt. 1768. Picus auratus Linne." (B.) " No. 22."
The Yellow-shafted Flicker commonly occurs in Newfoundland in the summer.

35. Falco columbarius columbarius Linn., 1758. Eastern Pigeon Hawk, a young bird.

" Peint d'apres nature par Sydney Parkinson. Falco columbarius Faemina."

36. Falco columbarius columbarius Linn., 1758. Eastern Pigeon Hawk, male.

" Sydney Parkinson pinxt. 1767. Falco columbarius (mas), cera lutea, corpore
fusco-subtus albido, caudo fusca fasciis linearibus quatuor albis." (B.) " [Spjecimen, bird
shot in Newfoundland."

Banks collected this species, which he called Falco vigil, on 26th September,
1766 when he was at Chateau Bay.

38. Canachites canadensis (Linn.), 1758. Spruce Grouse.

Unsigned painting. " Tetrao canadensis, pedibus hirsutis, rectricibus nigris, apice
fulvis, lituris duabis albis ad oculos. Linneus syst. nata." (B.) " [D]ry specimen Wood
partridge. Male and female. [Newfound] land.

Banks commented on the abundance of " partridges " at Chateau Bay, and he
described this species from a specimen taken there in September.

39. Numenius borealis (Forster), 1772. Eskimo Curlew.

" Sydney Parkinson pinxt. May 1767."

Banks considered that there were three species of curlew at Chateau Bay, all of
which were good eating, but his only detailed description left to us is of the Hudsonian
Whimbrel. The entry in his diary for 9th August contains the following passage :
" The country . . . abounds in game, . . . But particularly at this Season,
with a Bird of Passage, called here a Curlew, from his great likeness to the smaller
sort of that Bird found in England ; their chief food is berries, which are here in

SOME EIGHTEENTH CENTURY BIRD PAINTINGS 269

great abundance, of several sorts ; with which they make themselves very fat,
and I think (tho' prejudiced), almost as good as our Lincolnshire Ruff and Reeve :
I have not yet been able to trace their course, but find, that by the latter end of
September they arrive at Trinity Bay, after having coasted so far along the Island of
Nfland, in vast abundance ; where they proceed, or when they return I cannot
learn : I have heard, but not from any certain Authority that they go to the vast
Lakes at the Head of the River St. Lawrence." It is probable that these migrating
birds were Eskimo Curlews since Banks says they were like whimbrel.

Forster's description of the Eskimo Curlew, published six years later, was of a
bird sent to the Royal Society from the Governors of the Hudson Bay Company,
as part of a collection made in connection with observations on the Transit of Venus.
In 1785, three years later, Pennant published an engraving of Parkinson's painting
without reference either to Banks or Parkinson, and in 195 1 this engraving was
reproduced by Mrs. Allen (fig. 33) who was then unaware that it was Parkinson's
work.

(b) Paillou's Paintings (14) Contained in Brit. Mus. (Print Room) Vol. 199* B 4,
ff. 89-110.

These are all water-colour drawings on cartridge paper. They are bound in a
volume of miscellaneous natural history paintings from Banks's collection.

89. Melanitta perspicillata (Linn.), 1758. Surf Scoter, female.

Unsigned painting. (B.) " Newfoundland." (D.) " Paillou."
The feathering on the culmen is clearly shown on this painting, but the pale
colouring on the cheeks is undivided. Banks described a young male of this species
taken at Chateau Bay on 13th September.

98. Arenaria interpres (Linn.), 1758. Ruddy Turnstone.

Unsigned painting. (B.) " Newfoundland " (D.) " Paillou."

Banks took this species at Chateau Bay in September, and had four skins in his
collection from Labrador.

♦99. Tringa melanoleuca (Gm.), 1789. Greater Yellowlegs.

Unsigned painting. (B.) " [Drijed specimen. Newfoundland."
Banks gave detailed notes on this species, taken at Chateau Bay in August.
Latham (1785 : 153) and Pennant (1785 : 468) based their descriptions on Banks's,
and since Gmelin quotes them and no other author it would appear that this is a
painting of the type specimen, and that Chateau Bay is the type locality.

100. Eremophila alpestris (Linn.), 1758. Horned Lark.
Unsigned painting of two males.
There are no MS. notes on this painting but we know from the MS. lists of the
birds in Banks's collection that he had three skins of this species from Labrador.

270 SOME EIGHTEENTH CENTURY BIRD PAINTINGS

Paillou has not shown any yellow areas on the face or throat, and his painting is
inaccurate since it shows the downcurved eye stripe to be concurrent with the black
chest-band, and the rufous area on the sides of the breast to extend right across it.
It seems that this may be the " lark of St. Julian's Isle " to which Banks refers
in his notes but he gives no description.

ioi. Botaurus lentiginosus (Montagu), 1813. American Bittern.

Unsigned painting. (B.) " Dry specimen brought from Newfoundland." (D.) " Paillou."
Neither Latham nor Pennant refer to Newfoundland as within the range of this
species. Banks mentions it in an incomplete list of his specimens but there is no
description in the MS. that has survived.

102. Falco peregrinus anatum Bonaparte, 1838. American Peregrine Falcon, or Duck
Hawk.

Unsigned painting of a young bird. (B.) " Newfoundland." (D.) " P[ai]ll[ou]."
Only the top of Dryander's ascription is visible as the painting has been trimmed.
On the verso is a pencil sketch of the bird with measurements, the total length
being given as 19 inches.

♦103. Buteo lagopus sancti-johannis (Gm.), 1788. Rough-legged Hawk.

Unsigned painting. (B.) " No. 2 fore view. [D]ry specimen [Newfoundland F. lagopus
2nd." (D.) " Paillou. Lath. 77 n. 58." (Al.) " St. John's Falcon Latham."

Latham described the race from this and the next drawing. Pennant (op.
cit.) added Hudson's Bay to Newfoundland, the only locality given by Latham, and
referred to a specimen in the " Bl. Mus. ", that is, Mrs. Blackburne's collection.
However, since Latham's was the earlier publication and his account was copied
first by Pennant (op. cit. : 201), and later by Gmelin who gave the species a scientific
binomial (1788 : 273), it would appear that this painting and the next are the types
of the race. Moreover, in the McGill MS. there is a description of this subspecies
with the date Sept. 20th, 1766, and the locality " Chateaux ", so that the type locality
should be Chateau Bay, Labrador, instead of Hudson Strait and Newfoundland
(see Friedmann, 1950 : 328) ; f . 107 is a third painting of the subspecies ; it represents
a young bird in the dark phase.

♦104. Buteo lagopus sancti-johannis (Gm.), 1788. See f. 103.

Unsigned painting. (B.) " No. 2 back view [Nejwfoundland. [D]ry specimen —
Lagopus 2da." (D.) " Paillou. Lath. 77. n. 58." (Al.) " St. John's Falcon Latham
Publ. in Pennant's Arctic Zoology t. 9, p. 200."

The reference to Pennant's plate is correct and the bird in it is directly copied
from this painting save that it is shown standing on a bough instead of a rock ;
the background is " improved " to become a landscape, and the whole plate, which
includes a representation of an immature bird (see f . 107) thought by Pennant to be
a different species, bears Moses Griffith's signature and not that of the original artist.
This painting and the last are together the types of the subspecies.

SOME EIGHTEENTH CENTURY BIRD PAINTINGS 271

105. Circus cyaneus hudsonius (Linn.), 1766. American Marsh Hawk.

Unsigned painting of a juvenile bird ; on the back is a pencil sketch with some dimen-
sions. (B.) " [Dry] specimen. [Newfoundland. Pygargus foemina." (D.) " Paillou,
Lath. 54. n. 34. b." (Al.) " White Rumpd Bay Falcon Latham Aeruginosus ?."

Latham's description fits this painting very closely, and since he refers to a drawing
in Banks's collection there seems little doubt that this is it. The synonymy of this
race is given in considerable detail by Friedmann (op. cit. : 504-515) who, however,
makes no direct reference to the White-rumped Bay Falcon.

*io6. Accipiter gentilis atricapillus (Wilson), 1812. American Goshawk.

Unsigned painting of a young bird. (B.) " Newfoundland. Buteo americanus." (D.)
" Paillou. Lath. 79. n. 60." (Al.) " Newfoundland Falcon Latham." (Plate 35.)

Latham described the Newfoundland Falcon from this drawing (1781 : 79) and his
account was copied by Pennant (1785 : 201). Gmelin based his Falco novae-terrae
(1788 : 274) on both but the name does not appear in the Cat. Birds Brit. Mus.
Friedmann places novae-terrae at the head of this list of synonyms of this race (1950 :
153) but in fact it seems clear that it is in fact the valid name, and that this painting
is the type. In Banks's unpublished notes he described the breast and abdomen
as white with black streaks but he had more than one specimen and Paillou's illus-
tration shows the ochraceous black-streaked breast sometimes seen in young birds.
Banks notes that he took the bird both at Croque and Chateau Bay and the type
locality should be altered accordingly. I am grateful to Dr. Wetmore for having
checked my identification of this drawing.

107. Buteo lagopus sancti-johannis (Gm.), 1788. Rough-legged Hawk.

Unsigned painting ; pencil sketch with measurements on verso. (B.) " Dry specimen.
Newfoundland. Lagopus prima." (D.) " Paillou. Lath. 76. n. 57." {Al.) " Published in
Pennant's Arctic Zoology tab. 9. p. 201. Placentia Falcon Latham."

This painting of a young Rough-leg in the dark phase was carefully copied by
Moses Griffiths and engraved by Mazell for Pennant (loc. cit.) who called the bird
the Chocolate-coloured Falcon ; the engraved bird is shown in the plate already
referred to in the note on f. 104, which therefore depicts, though Pennant was
unaware of the fact, both adult and immature stages of the above subspecies.
Latham placed his description of the young bird next to that of the adult (1781 : 76,
77). Gmelin confused Forster's Chocolate-coloured Falcon, i.e. Circus cyaneus
hudsonius (f. 105) which is a harrier, with Pennant's (1788 : 273), which is a buzzard.
Friedmann (op. cit. : 329) refers only the upper figure in Pennant's plate to B.
lagopus sancti-johannis.

108. Stercorarius sp. A young skua.

Unsigned painting of a young bird, possibly an Arctic Skua.

What remains of a scrap of writing on the back has been so rubbed that it is no

longer legible, except for " Newfoundland " very faintly discernible in Banks's

hand. On p. 78 of the transcript of his diary he writes : " The People here tell a

remarkable Fact, if it is a true one : of a kind of Duck, called here Lords and Ladies,

272 SOME EIGHTEENTH CENTURY BIRD PAINTINGS

who they say at times Pursue the Gulls, whom they persecute, till they make them
dung ; which they catch with great dexterity, before it reaches the water ; and
immediately leave off the chace." This is how the skuas behave to make the gulls
vomit their catch. Banks was mistaken over the popular name which is that of the
Harlequin Duck, a bird that dives for its food.

109. Somateria spectabilis (Linn.), 1758. King Eider.

Unsigned painting of a male. (B.) " [Newfoundland." (D.) " Paillou." (Al.) " Anas
spectabilis."

Latham and Pennant both call this bird the Bering Goose and neither records it
from Newfoundland.

no. Histrionicus histrionicus (Linn.), 1758. Harlequin Duck.

Unsigned painting of the male and female. (B.) " Newfoundland where they were said
to be male and female." (D.) " Paillou." (Al.) " Anas histrionica."

Neither Latham nor Pennant refers to this drawing, and although the former
includes Newfoundland in the range of the species he gives Edwards as his authority.
Banks described this duck in MS., but gave no locality.

6. BIRDS PAINTED BY SYDNEY PARKINSON
ON COOK'S FIRST VOYAGE, 1768-71

Parkinson's Paintings (35) Contained in Vol. 1 of His Unpublished Drawings in
Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Zoology Library, ff. 7-38.

Parkinson seems to have sketched the birds as they were collected but seldom
finished his paintings of them. Fortunately, however, he made notes on the colour,
usually on the back of the painting, and Banks usually added the date, locality and
the name given to the bird by Solander at the time. In a number of cases Solander's
unpublished descriptions of the animals collected on the first voyage have been
useful in identifying these drawings, most of which are to scale.

7. Milvago chimango (Vieill.), 1816. Chimango Caracara.

Unsigned pencil sketch. " The colour of the beak pale blueish grey, the feet a dirty
grey blue." (B.) " Terra del Fuego. No. 12, Falco."

This bird was not given a scientific name until Vieillot described it from notes
published 1802-05 by Don Felix de Azara, a Spanish brigadier-general and
distinguished naturalist and geographer who travelled extensively in South America
during the last twenty years of the eighteenth century.

8. Cyanoramphus zealandicus (Latham), 1790. Red-rumped Parrot.

Unsigned painting. " Aa." (B.) " No. 5, Green perroquet." (D.) " S. Parkinson."
(S.) " Otahite." {AL) " Psittacus pacificus V. S.N. XIII 329 n. 88."

When Latham described this bird from a specimen in the British Museum he
erroneously gave New Zealand as its habitat, hence its inappropriate specific name.

SOME EIGHTEENTH CENTURY BIRD PAINTINGS 273

It was confined to Tahiti where it was last collected in 1844 ; presumably it became
extinct about that time.
Forster, f. 47.

9. Vini peruviana (P. L. S. Miiller), 1766. Tahitian Blue Lory.

Unsigned pencil sketch. " Avinne. The face, throat and breast white the rump and
rect. dirty grey turng. blue towards the edge, the feet and beak a bright orange claws
black all the rest of the body wt dark ultramarine shaded wt. P.B. like shining blue
steel." (B.) " No. 3, Blue Perroquet, Otahite." (D.) " S. Parkinson." (Al.) Latham
255-59. Psittacus taitianus S.N. XIII 329 n. 91. Psittacus . . . ? Forster."

This small lory was first made known to European scientists by Commerson,
naturalist to Bougainville on his voyage round the world in 1767-69. A coloured
drawing remains with the Commerson MSS. in the Museum d'Histoire Naturelle,
Paris, to-day. In 1779 Buffon described this bird from Commerson's notes, and a
plate by Martinet entitled " La Petite Perruche d'Otahiti," was published in 1783
in Daubenton's Planches Enluminees : 455, no. 2. Previously, however, Statius
Miiller had published the scientific name by which it is known in the supplement
to his edition of the Sy sterna Naturae (1776 : 80). He quotes Buffon as his authority
and it is probable that he knew him and had access to his MSS., but he must have
muddled his notes and wrongly gave Peru as the habitat, hence the specific name.

Forster, f. 49, M.E. 12 ; Ellis, f. 14 ; Webber, f. 140.

10. Calyptorhynchus magnificus magnificus (Shaw), 1790. Banksian Cockatoo.

Unsigned pencil sketch. " The whole bird black spots on the head and on the shoulders
dirty white the breast feathers wav'd wt pale brown, the outer feathers of the tail scarlet
and yellow wt narrow facia of black. The iris dark brown the pupil black, the beak dirty
white with the point of the upper mandible dark grey." (B.) " Black Cocatoa." (Al.)
" Latham 260 n. 61."

Latham (1787 : 63) says that Banks brought one of these birds back from New
Holland. It is likely that Shaw used specimens sent back to England by John
White, Surgeon-General to the settlement at Port Jackson, who stated that he
deposited his birds in the Leverian Museum (1790 : A2, 139) ; Arthur Phillip, the
first Governor of New South Wales, also described this bird but failed to give it
a scientific name (1789 : 267).

11. Anas flavirostris flavirostris Vieill., 1816. Yellow-billed Teal.

Unsigned pencil sketch. " The beak very dark brown changing gradually into yellowish
toward the base of the upper mandible the feet purple brown. The length of the wing in
the natural size 7! inches. 17. Anas antarctica." (D.) " S. Parkinson." (B.) " Terra
del Fuego."

Vieillot described this bird from specimens taken at Buenos Aires. He does not
tell us who collected them.
Sol. MS. Z4: 1.

12. Oceanites oceanicus oceanicus (Kuhl), 1820. Wilson's Petrel.

Unsigned pencil sketch. " The head, neck breast and back soot colour which gradually
grows paler on the coverts of the wings to their edges — which are bordered wt white, the

274 SOME EIGHTEENTH CENTURY BIRD PAINTINGS

large wing feathers and the tail of the same sooty colour by shaded with M. blk the upper
coverts of the tail and the sides pure white, the beak blk as are the Feet wt a spot of yellow
on each web." (B.) " Deer. 22. 1768 P. oceanica." (D.) " S. Parkinson."

Kuhl described this bird (1820 : 136) referring to this drawing, but he also used
a specimen which was then in Temminck's collection.
Solander MS. Z4 : 55.

♦13. Pelagodroma marina marina (Lath.), 1790. White-faced Storm Petrel.

Unfinished and unsigned painting. " The throat breast and belly white the Remiges,
Rectrices and beak black the feet black on the webs marks of yellow as markd out in the
figure." (D.) " S. Parkinson." (B.) " Dec. 23. 1768. Lat. 37 South. No. 6 Procellaria
aequorea."

Latham's description was drawn up from this drawing in Banks's collection (1785 :
410, 1790 : 826) which therefore becomes the type. See also Kuhl 1820 : 137.
Sol. MS. Z4 : 57.

14. Fregetta grallaria (Vieill.), 1817. White-bellied Storm Petrel.

Unsigned, unfinished painting. " The large feathers of the wing, the tail, Beak and
feet are black the belly and coverts of the tail white." (B.) " Decr 23d. 1768. Lat. 37.
South No. 7. Procellaria fregata." (D.) " S. Parkinson."

Dr. Bourne tells me that Vieillot's type (1817, 25 : 418) is from Boudin's voyage,
and is in Paris. He gives New Holland and the southern seas as its habitat. Actually
this species does not breed in Australia but does so on Lord Howe Island, in the
Austral Group, on Juan Fernandez, Tristan da Cunha, Gough Is., and probably, in the
past, St. Paul and Amsterdam Islands.

The first part of Solander's note on Procellaria fregata (MS. Z4 : 51) refers to
F. grallaria Vieill. the second to F. tropica Gould.

15. ? Pachyptila belcheri (Mathews), 191 2. Slender-billed Whale Bird.

Unsigned pencil sketch. " The beak a pale blueish lead colour — the legs and toes pale
blue wt a cast of purple the webs a dirty white." (B.) " Feb. 1st. 1769. Lat 59.00. 14
Procellaria turtur." (D.) " S. Parkinson."

This drawing appears to represent the above species but since Solander's description
(MS. Z4 : 65) contains no measurements of the width of the bill one cannot be certain
of this. Kuhl's Procellaria turtur (1820 : 143) was based on this drawing and there-
fore becomes indeterminate. A note on the ensuing changes in nomenclature is
being published by Dr. R. A. Falla who kindly confirmed the above comments for me.

Ellis, f. 43.

16. Pterodroma longirostris (Stejneger), 1893. A gadfly petrel.

Unsigned pencil sketch. " The beak black the legs and toes pale violet, grey on the
outermost toe the webs dirty white and partly grey veind wt dirty purple." (B.) " Feb.
15. 1769. Lat. 48.27, Long . 93.22 Procellaria velox." (D.) " S. Parkinson "

Solander gives blue feet as a diagnostic character for the gadfly petrels he collected
across the Pacific (MS. Z4 : 68), which as Dr. W. R. P. Bourne has pointed out

SOME EIGHTEENTH CENTURY BIRD PAINTINGS 275

(personal communication) probably included eight of the nine small gadfly petrels
discussed by Falla (1942 : in). Parkinson's bird must belong to one of the two
species exploiting this zone of surface water in the south-eastern Pacific, that is to
Pterodroma cookii G. R. Gray or to P. longirostris ; as it has the short bill typical
of the latter species it is very probably a member of the race of longirostris that
nests at Juan Fernandez. Procellaria velox, which was restricted by Mathews to
Parkinson's bird (1912 : 170), must therefore be regarded as a synonym of Aestralata
longirostris Stejneger, 1893.

Sharpe thought that this was perhaps a drawing of the Blue Petrel Halobaena
caerulea (Gm.) but Solander's description does not apply to that bird.

17. Macronectes giganteus (Gm.), 1789. Giant Petrel, Stinker or Nellie.

Unsigned pencil sketch. (B.) " Procellaria gigantea a. 18 Procellaria gigantea Febry 2nd,
1769. Lat. 59 S." (D.) " S. Parkinson."

There was a specimen in the British Museum.

Parkinson, f. 18 ; Forster, f. 93a ; Ellis, ff. 39, 42 ; Solander MS. Z4 : 73.

18. Macronectes giganteus (Gm.), 1789. Giant Petrel, Stinker or Nellie.

Unsigned painting, complete except for the legs and feet. " Mem. the feet are Gray."
(B.) " Deer. 23. 1768. Procellaria gigantea (3." (D.) " S. Parkinson."

See notes on f . 17.

19. Procellaria equinoctialis aequinoctialis Linn., 1758. White-chinned Petrel, Shoemaker,

or Cape Hen.

Unsigned pencil sketch, the beak coloured. (B.) " 19. Procellaria fuliginosa. Feb. 2nd,
1769, Lat. 58." (D.) " S. Parkinson."

Although this drawing is uncoloured except for the bill, Solander's description
(MS. Z4 : 77) makes it quite clear that it represents the White-chinned Petrel
described by Linnaeus from George Edwards's drawing.

20. Pterodroma incerta (Schlegel), 1863. Schlegel's Petrel.

Unsigned and unfinished painting. " Mem. The beak is black the legs and upper part
of the feet pallid white the lower part where mark'd off dark brown the claws black the
under part of the whole bird is white." (B.) " Deer. 23, 1768. No. 4 Procellaria sandaleata."
(D.) " S. Parkinson."

This painting and Solander's description of the bird depicted (MS. Z4 : 89) have
been much discussed and it has been suggested that two species were involved since
it seemed clear that although Solander had described P. incerta the painting bore
some resemblance to P. arminjoniana (Gigl. & Salv.). A careful comparison of
the plate with series of skins of arminjoniana and incerta shows that it is closer to the
latter species, especially with regard to the structure of the bill, and the colouring
of the chin, throat and wings. The drawing is dated and labelled in Banks's hand,
and in his diary he says that on 22nd Dec. 1768, " Dr. Solander and myself went out
in the boat and shot . . . two shearwaters, both prov'd new : Procellaria

276 SOME EIGHTEENTH CENTURY BIRD PAINTINGS

Gigantea and sandaliata ". Now it is much more likely, as Dr. Bourne has pointed
out to me, that incerta rather than arminjoniana would be in the same zone of surface
water as Macronectes gigantea, and Solander's description of sandaliata as a bird
ijI inches long could scarcely apply to arminjoniana. It does appear, therefore,
that both the drawing and the description are of P. incerta.

21. Pterodroma inexpectata (Forster), 1844. Mottled Petrel, the Rain Bird of New Zealand.

Unsigned pencil sketch. " The bill entirely black the iris of the eye brown pupil black."
(B.) " 15 Procellaria lugens. Feb. 1st., 1769. Lat. 59.00." (D.) " S. Parkinson."

Details of the colouring of this petrel are given by Solander (MS. Z4 : 91). Since
the throat and jugular area are white and the breast grey with wavy white markings
we cannot accept Sharpe's suggestion that it was Pterodroma brevirostris (Lesson)
a wholly dark grey species. Parkinson's drawing shows the scutellations on the
head and the ruffled inner white webs of the primaries which are conspicuous in
some skins of P. inexpectata, a bird with a very wide range, described by Forster
(ed. Lichtenstein) in 1844. The name Procellaria lugens with a reference to Banks's
i.e. Parkinson's drawings, was published by Kuhl (1820 : 144-145, pi. XI, fig. 9)
but his figure and description could apply either to the species known as Pterodroma
brevirostris Lesson, or to the dark phase of P. mollis Gould, and therefore becomes
indeterminate (Bourne, Ibis, 1957).

Forster, f. 97.

22. Pterodroma inexpectata (Forst), 1844. Mottled Petrel, the Rain Bird of New Zealand.

Unsigned pencil sketch. " The beak black the legs and that part of the foot next them
dirty white the remainder black." (B.) " Febry 3d, 1769 15, Procellaria lugens. Sketch
made by mistake." (D.) " S. Parkinson."

See notes on f . 21.

23. Puffinus griseus (Gm.), 1789. Sooty Shearwater or New Zealand Muttonbird.

Unsigned pencil sketch. " The beak fuscus the lower mandible paler to blueish the
feet of the same colour." (B.) " 23 Nectris fuliginosa. Feb. 15. 1769. Lat. 48 : 27. Long.
92." (D.) " S. Parkinson."

A specimen was in the Leverian Museum.
Forster, f. 94 ; Solander MS. Z4 : in.

24. Puffinus assimilis ? subsp. Little or Allied Shearwater.

Unsigned pencil sketch. " The beak blue grey towards the back and the point black the
legs and feet the same colour as in the Procellaria cyanopeda." (B.) 24. " Nectris munda."
Feb. 15. 1769. Lat. 48.27. Long. 93." (D.) " S. Parkinson."

On pp. 115-116 of MS. Z4, Solander describes two birds under the name Nectris
munda, one taken on 15th February, 1769, which was the bird drawn by Parkinson,
and the other on 6th January, 1770, when the Endeavour was west of Hokianga,
New Zealand. Parkinson's sketch is clearly the type of Kuhl's Procellaria munda
(1820 : 146), now a nomen rejectum. Precise classification of these southern ocean
forms of P. assimilis is still unsettled.

SOME EIGHTEENTH CENTURY BIRD PAINTINGS 277

25. Diomedea exulans Linn., 1758. Wandering Albatross.

Unsigned painting, not quite finished, of an immature bird. " The face and throat
white as markd off one the figure the whole body above fusca palido the belly the feet
whitish wt a cast of blue and the nails white." (B.) " Decr. 23 . 1768. Lat. 37 South.
No. 9 Diomedea exulans."

Forster, f. 99, A.M. 43 ; Ellis, f. 44.

26. Phoebetria palpebrata (Forst.), 1785. Light-mantled Sooty Albatross.

Unsigned pencil sketch. " The bill intirely black, the iris of the eyes yellow Brown the
pupil black the skin that goes along the beak from the head pale violet clouded w* pale
brown." (B.) " 13 Diomedea antarctica Feb. 1st 1769 Lat. 59." (D.) " S. Parkinson."

Solander described a Light-mantled Sooty Albatross (MS. Z4 : 9) caught on the
day Parkinson made this sketch and as they both used the name Diomedea antarctica
there seems no doubt about the identification of this drawing.

A.M. 49 ; Forster, f. 102.

27. Diomedea chrysostoma Forster, 1785. Grey-headed Albatross.

Unsigned pencil sketch. " The beak black excepting the back of the upper mandible
and part of the under one which is a dirty greenish white." (B.) " 21. Diomedea profuga.
pebry 3d I759 Lat. 57.30." (D.) " S. Parkinson."

Sharpe, following Gray & Salvin, thought that this was a sketch of Diomedea
chlororhynchos Gm., but, according to Murphy (1936 : 521), that species has not
been found on the west coast of South America or in the eastern Pacific. Parkinson's
note on the colour of the bill suggests that his bird was an immature specimen of
D. chrysostoma and this is confirmed by Solander's account (MS. Z4 : 11-12) of
" Diomedea profuga " taken on 3rd and 15th February, 1769, that is SW. and W.
of Cape Horn.

Forster, f. 101.

28. Fregata magnificens Mathews, 1914. Magnificent Frigate Bird.

Unsigned pencil sketch. " The Beak is of a lead colour whitish towards the base of the
upper mandible the bag is of a dirty orange the feathers of the whole body is quite black
having a cast of Purple on the back the feet and Claws lead Colour." (B.) " Rio Janeiro.
Pelecanus aquilus B. Specimen lost No. 3. To be coloured from No. ... in Log
No " (D.) " S. Parkinson."

Solander MS. Z4 : 19.

29. Phalacrocorax albiventer (Lesson), 1831. King Shag.

Pencil sketch, unsigned. " The beak and all the bare part round the eye is a brownish
grey — the point only excepted which is whitish the iris of the eyes grey pupil black, the
feet something reddish." (B.) "Terra del Fuego. No. 11. Pelecanus antarcticus."
(D.) " S. Parkinson."

In the entry in his diary for 27th January, 1769, Banks says: " at noon a shag
Pelecanus antarcticus came on board the ship and was taken." Solander (MS.
Z4 : 15) gives a description of the bird and says that it was dusky black above,
white below and that there were two white wing bars. He also gives the measure-
ments and some other details. Dr. R. A. Falla has kindly examined this drawing

278 SOME EIGHTEENTH CENTURY BIRD PAINTINGS

and Solander's notes, and he says that the bird was clearly a sub-mature individual
of the above species.

30. Sula bassana serrator Gray, 1843. New Zealand Gannet or Takapu.

Unsigned pencil sketch, the head, tail and feet coloured. (B.) " 1. Pelecanus sectator.
Ahie ne Mauwe." (D.) " S. Parkinson."

According to Solander (MS. Z4 : 17) this bird was taken on 24th December, 1769.

31. Phaethon rubricauda melanorhynchos Gm., 1789. Red-tailed Tropic Bird.

This plate consists of two paintings, a signed one of the bird in flight, another, unsigned,
of its head. " Sydney Parkinson pinx* 1769. Tawai. Phaethon erubescens." On the
lower painting, i.e., that of the head, is written in an unknown hand " on the same Paper
with the Bird."

Latham refers to a specimen in Banks's collection. The upper painting has been
reproduced in Vol. I of the Hakluyt Society's edition of Cook's journals.
Ellis, f . 48 ; Solander MS. Z4 : 29.

32. Larus maculipennis Lichtenstein, 1823. Patagonian Gull.

Unsigned pencil sketch. "The beak and feet the colour of minium- the breast and belly
white w* a cast of red the same as in the Coccatoo w* the red crest the claws dark brown,
the length of the Wing in the natural size 11 inches." (B.) " Larus gregarius. Terra del
Fuego. " (D.) " S. Parkinson."

This sketch was identified by Sharpe as Larus glaucodes but in 1925 D wight
pointed out (p. 299) that the names maculipennis and glaucodes had been given to
birds of one and the same species but in different stages of plumage.

Solander MS. Z4 : 35.

33. Gygis alba Candida Gm., 1789. White Tern.

Unsigned pencil sketch. " Eperai. The whole bird intirely white the beak a lead colour,
as are also the toes, the webs between white the Rachi of the wing feathers pale brown and
those of the tail black." (B.) " No. 2 Egg Bird." (S.) " Otahite." (D.) " S. Parkinson."

This species was represented in the Leverian Museum. A bird belonging to another
race of the species was drawn by Ellis (f . 56) at Christmas Island in 1778.

34. Ptilinopus purpuratus (Gm.), 1789. Latham's Purple-crowned Pigeon.

Unsigned painting, the colouring of the feet has not been completed. " Oopau." (D.)
" Parkinson." (B.) " No. 4. Green Dove." (S.) " Otahite." (Al.) " Columba porphyracea
Forster purpurata S.N. XI 1 1 n. 64."

A specimen from Tahiti was in the Leverian Museum.
Forster, f. 140.

35. Gallicolumba erythroptera (Gm.), 1789. Latham's Garnet-winged Pigeon.

Unsigned, partly coloured, pencil drawing. " Amaho. The red on the neck brighter
some of a fine shiny purple." (B.) " No. 1 Columba pectoralis." (S.) " Otahite." {Al.)
" Latham 2 p. 624 n. 12. Columba erythroptera S.N. XIII 775 n. 10." (D.) " S. Parkinson."

Notes on this species are given under Forster's f. 136.
M.E. 30.

SOME EIGHTEENTH CENTURY BIRD PAINTINGS 279

36A. Ramphocelus bresilius (Linn.), 1766. Brazilian Tanager.

Unsigned pencil sketch, with some touches of bright red. " The whole wings and tail
black a little inclining to brown, the feathers of the Back at their bases are black and their
edges scarlet which makes it look darker — the scarlet of the Belly is more yellow than the
rest, the legs fusca the beak black excepting the oblong space mark'd of on the base of
the under mandible which is white." (D.) " S. Parkinson." (B.) " No. 1. Rio Janeiro.
Preservd dry in Box no " (Al.) " Loxia mexicana."

Sharpe identified this as a drawing of Xipholena atropurpurea but this is incorrect ;
it is quite a good representation of the above tanager.

36B. Turdus magellanicus P. P. King, 1830. Magellanic Thrush-
Unsigned pencil sketch. (D.) " S. Parkinson." (B.) "No. 11. Turdus. Terra del
Fuego."

This sketch agrees very well with pi. 14, Cat. Birds British Museum, 5.

37A. Sporophila caerulescens (Vieill.), 1817. Screaming Seedeater.

Unsigned painting of a male bird, only the eye is uncoloured. (D.) " S. Parkinson."
(B.) " No. 2. Rio de Janeiro. Case no "

Vieillot based his description on notes from de Azara ; see f. 7.

37B. Volatinia jacarina (Linn.), 1766. Blue-black Grassquit.

A charming signed painting of the bird on a stem of grass. " Sydney Parkinson pinx1 ad
vivum 1768. Loxia nitens." (B.) " Brasil. Of the Coast of Brasil Nov. 8th, 1768."

Solander MS. Z4 : 119.

38A. Motacilla flava Linn., 1758. A young Yellow Wagtail.

Signed painting. " Sydney Parkinson pinxt. 1768 Motacilla avida." (B.) " Septr 28,
1768. Lat. 19.000. north."

Banks and Solander tell us that this bird flew on board (MS. Z4 : 121).
Ellis, f. 91.

38B. Oenanthe oenanthe (Linn.), 1758. European Wheatear.

Signed painting. " Sydney Parkinson pinx1 ad vivum 1768 Sept. T10.P.6. Sept. 4. 1768.
Motacilla velificans." (B.) " Off the coast of Spain."

Solander MS. Z4 : 123 ; Ellis, f. 90.

An additional drawing by Sydney Parkinson from Cook's first voyage, bound
with some of his other natural history drawings in Brit. Mus. (Print Room) vol.
199* B 1, f. 52.

Pterodrotna mollis Jeae (Salvadori), 1899. Soft-plumaged Petrel. (PI. 36b.)

Signed painting. " Sydney Parkinson pinxt. 1768." (B.) " Oct 7 1766 Lat. . . .
north."

According to Banks's diary this bird was taken at 6° 50' N. 230 46' W. on 15th
October, 1768, to the south of the Cape Verde Islands. Banks says that he shot
" a bird of the shearwater kind ... it prov'd to be not describ'd ; it was about

280 SOME EIGHTEENTH CENTURY BIRD PAINTINGS

as large as the Common, but it differ'd from it in being whiter, especially about the
face. Call'd it Procellaria crepidata, as its feet were like the gulls shot last week,
black without but white near the leggs." In Solander's description of it (MS.
Z4 : 87) which was published in full by Mathews (1912 : 164-165), he states " Habitat
intra tropicos ", and refers to a plate which Mathews was unable to find. The date
on the back seems quite irrelevant. At that time Banks was at Croque on the
Newfoundland coast, where this petrel does not occur.

Dr. W. R. P. Bourne comments (personal communication) that the figure is an
excellent likeness of P. mollis, and lacks dark shoulder patches, a character of
the light phase of the North Atlantic race feae ; in a separate pencil sketch, to
scale, the bill is 27 mm. long, which is close to the mean, 27*8 mm., for the subspecies.

An abridged version of Banks's diary was published in 1896 by J. D. Hooker,
and in it the description of Procellaria crepidata quoted above. The name had,
however, been published by Gray in 1844, from Solander's MSS., as a synonym of
P. melanopus Gm., and must therefore be regarded as a nomen nudum.

7. BIRDS PAINTED BY GEORG FORSTER
ON COOK'S SECOND VOYAGE, 1772-75

Forster's Paintings (140) Contained in Vol. 1 of His Unpublished Drawings in Brit.
Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Zoology Library, ff. 32-168.

Most of these water-colour drawings which are now in the British Museum (Natural
History), are unsigned, the " Ge. Forster " on the bottom left hand corner having
been added later by Dryander. Georg Forster, however, often named and dated the
drawing, sometimes adding the vernacular name and the locality ; the locality is
not always in his hand but was now and then written on the back or the front of
the drawing by his father. I have not noted the position of the MS. notes, nor have
I tried to attribute authorship to the later comments, to the references to Latham's
publications, or to Gmelin's edition of the Systema Naturae etc. We have, fortunately,
a photographic copy of the fragmentary diary (now in the Museum d'Histoire
Naturelle, Paris), kept by Georg Forster during the first part of the voyage, which has
been of great assistance in deciding which comments were in his hand ; a photograph
of a letter written by his father to Linnaeus in 1775 has also been used as a guide.
I feel sure that in spite of these aids I must have made some mistakes in attribution
which would be obvious to an expert in calligraphy, but I hope that by calling
attention to the various people who have annotated these drawings some miscon-
ceptions about localities of some of the specimens collected on this voyage will be
cleared up. In many cases where no locality has been mentioned it has been possible
to trace it by reference to the Descriptiones Animalium, edited by Lichtenstein
from Reinhold Forster's notes, and published in Berlin in 1844 : It is referred to
only by date and page number in the following notes. The descriptions in it often
begin with the date, the scientific name and then, in brackets, Fig. pict. G. Whether
this makes the drawing the type seems doubtful.

Ff. 82, 87 (head only) and 95 are being reproduced in Vol. 2 of the Hakluyt
Society's edition of Cook's journals.

SOME EIGHTEENTH CENTURY BIRD PAINTINGS 281

32. Sagittarius serpentarius (J. F. Miller), 1779. Secretary Bird.

Unsigned painting, made at the Cape of Good Hope in 1775 (1844 : 396). (D.) " Ge.
Forster, the background by Hodges." (Al.) " Falco Sagittarius, serpentarius, S.N. XIII,
250 " is lightly pencilled across the front.

The painting is slightly stained, possibly by rain when it was being painted, as
the background shows a very stormy sky. We do not know the origin of Miller's
specimen but Latham (1781 : 31) says that his own description is drawn from three
birds he had seen in captivity in England, two of which had later been given to the
Leverian Museum.

♦33. Polyborus plancus plancus (J. F. Miller), 1777. Southern Caracara.

Unsigned painting of a bird collected on 26th Dec, 1774, in Terra del Fuego (1844 : 321).
" Falco Plancus." (J. R. F.) " [TJerra del Fuego." (D.) " Ge. Forster. published by
J. F. Miller tab. 17." {Al.) " S.N.XIII, 257, Lath. 34, n.9."

Miller's published plate (1777 : no. 17), a close copy of this one, shows the date
1776 on the rock on which the bird is perched ; this painting appears to be the
type of the species. No reference to a specimen is made by Miller or Latham
(1781 : 34).

34. Phalcoboenus australis (Gm.), 1788. Forster's Caracara.

Finished painting. " Statenland, Jany. 3rd. 1775." (J. R. F.) " Falco leucurus."
(Al.) " — australis, S.N.XIII, 259. Lath. 40, n.19." (D.) " Ge. Forster."

Latham's notes on this bird were based on J. R. Forster's information but
apparently he did not see this drawing. Forster himself was not sure whether this
bird was the female of Polyborus plancus, or a different species (1844 : 323).

*35. Accipiter novaehollandiae novaehollandiae (Gm.), 1788. White Goshawk.

Unsigned pencil sketch of a bird captured by Captain Furneaux in Tasmania in the late
summer of 1773, before he joined Captain Cook at Queen Charlotte's Sound in New Zealand
(1844 : 70). " Falco leucaetos, New Holland." (J. R. F.) " Van Diemen's Land." (D.)
" Ge. Forster." (Al.) " — novae hollandiae S.N.XIII : 264. New Holland White Falcon
Lath. p. 50. n. 18."

The drawing was made from the dried skin. Latham says that he was indebted to
J. R. Forster for his account.

36. Falco novaeseelandiae Gm., 1788. New Zealand Bush Hawk or Karearea.

An unsigned, unfinished painting of a sub-mature female collected 4th April, 1773
(1844 : 68). " Falco Harpe. mas adultus. Irides dark brown." (J. R. F.) " New
Zealand Charlotte's Sound." (D.) " Ge. Forster." (Al.) " — nova Seelandia S.N.XIII.
268."

Latham's notes on this species were based on specimens in the Leverian and the
British Museums. Mr. Graham Turbott kindly drew my attention to the fact
that Forster had mistaken the sex of these birds.

282 SOME EIGHTEENTH CENTURY BIRD PAINTINGS

37. Falco novaeseelandiae Gm., 1788. New Zealand Bush Hawk or Karearea.

Unsigned, unfinished painting of a young female collected in Dusky Sound. " Falco
Harpe mas junior." (J. R. F.) " New Zealand Dusky Bay." (D.) " Ge. Forster." {Al.)
" — nova Seelandia S.N. XIII, 268."

38. Falco novaeseelandiae Gm., 1788. New Zealand Bush Hawk or Karearea.

Unsigned but finished painting of an old male. " Falco Harpe. Fern. Kare-area. N.Z.
Charlotte's Sound." (D.) " Ge. Forster." (Al.) " — nova Seelandia S.N. XIII. 268."

39. Ninox novaeseelandiae novaeseelandiae (Gm.), 1788. Morepork or Ruru.

Finished painting, unsigned, of a bird collected 30th May, 1773 (1844 : 71). " Strix
fulva. herobroo. Queen Charlotte's Sound, N.Z." {Al.) " — nova Seelandia S.N. XIII :
296. Latham p. 149 no. 39."

Latham acknowledges his debt to J. R. Forster for his notes on this bird.

40. Artamus leucorhynchus (Linn.), 1771. White-breasted Wood Swallow.

Unsigned painting of one of the birds collected from shrubs on the shore of New Cale-
donia (1844 : 272). " Loxia ? melaleuca. Poemanghee. Sept. 7th. g 1774" (D.) " Ge.
Forster." (Al.) " Lanius leucorhynchus S.N. XIII : 305."

41. Laniarius ferrugineus ferrugineus (Gm.), 1788. Cape Boubou Shrike.

Unsigned painting of a bird collected at the Cape of Good Hope in 1775 (1844 : 398-399).
(J. R. F.) " Cape of Good Hope." (D.) " Ge. Forster." (Al.) " Lanius cafer. Lath. 163
n. 8. — ferrugineus S.N. XIII : 306."

Lichtenstein (1844, loc. cit.), in a footnote, says that Forster is describing Latham's
Lanius boulboul but his notes on colour clearly apply to L. ferrugineus. Latham
described this species from specimens in the collections of Miss Blomefield and
Banks (1781 : 164).

42. Prosopeia tabuensis tabuensis (Gm.), 1788. Red-breasted Musk Parrot.

Unsigned painting. " Octob. 12, 1773. Psittacus hysginus." (J. R. F.) " Tonga
Tabboo." (D.) " Ge. Forster." (Al.) " Lath. p. 214. n. 16. — tabuensis S.N. XIII : 317.
n. 56. amsterdam.

The bird depicted was apparently taken at Eua in the Tonga group (1844 : 159).
It lacks the conspicuous blue collar of the type specimen in the Leverian Museum
which was described and illustrated by Latham and given a binomial by Gmelin.
No blue collar was mentioned by Forster, neither does it appear in the painting
by Ellis (f. 11) of another bird from Eua nor in one which was sent to the Edinburgh
University Museum (Jardine & Selby, 1829 : pi. 74) apparently with no note of its
locality. Jardine & Selby state that they knew of only three specimens : one
of which was the type in the Leverian Museum which eventually went to Vienna
(von Pelzeln, 1873 : 30) ; another belonged to a Mr. Leadbeater ; the third, in Edin-
burgh, may have been a later acquisition, possibly presented in 1826 by Dr. MacLeod
who then gave a number of birds from New Zealand and other parts of the Pacific.
Latham, writing to Sir William Jardine on 9th September, 1831, stated that he had
examined only two specimens (letter with Sir Norman Kinnear). Sharpe (1906 : 199)

SOME EIGHTEENTH CENTURY BIRD PAINTINGS 283

believed that the bird figured by Ellis could not be identified as P. tabuensis on
account of the absence of the blue collar. He pointed out that Salvadori (1891 :
496) had suggested that Forster's plate, which agrees with Ellis's, represented
P. koroensis Layard (currently the race of tabuensis from the island of Koro in the
Fiji group). More recently, however, Amadon (1942a : 10) has shown that a few
birds taken by later explorers on Eua have the blue collar reduced to the same extent
as in P. tabuensis koroensis. He goes on to lend support to a statement by Salvadori
(1891 : 495) that tabuensis was introduced into Eua from Fiji and he suggests that
the present population of Eua may thus be a hybrid one. In the light of this, that
population may conveniently be regarded as belonging to the nominate race,
Prosopeia tabuensis tabuensis. Amadon states that this species was actually taken
by Cook's naturalists on the island of Tongatabu. This, however, appears doubtful.
Although " Tonga Tabboo " is pencilled on the back of Georg Forster's drawing
in what I take to be J. R. Forster's hand, the latter states categorically {op. cit. : 159)
" Habitat in insula Eaoowe ubi unum eius specimen emi.". .Cook was at Eua on
the 2nd and 3rd of October, 1773, and at Tonga from the 4th to the 7th ; this
painting was made at neither place as on 12th October, the date pencilled on the
plate, the Resolution had been at sea for five days, on her way to New Zealand.

43. Eunymphicus cornutus (Gm.), 1788. Crested Parakeet.

Unsigned painting, not quite finished. " Psittacus bisetis. N. Caledonia, nth Sep-
tember. 1774." (D.) " Forster." (Al.) " Lath. p. 248, n.48. — cornutus S.N. XIII : 327. n. 81."

Latham refers to a fine and perfect specimen in Banks's collection, which he
believed to be the only one in England (1781 : 248).

A. J. Cain (1955 : 432) considers that Eunymphicus cornutus is congeneric with
Purpureicephalus spurius (Kuhl) of south-western Australia, and that Eunymphicus
therefore should be regarded as a synonym.

P.R.20, 64 ; A.M.3.

44. Cyanoramphus novaezelandiae (Sparrm.), 1787. Red-fronted Parakeet or Kakariki.

Unsigned pencil sketch. " Psittacus pacificus N.Z." (D.) " Ge. Forster." (Al.)
" Latham p. 252-56. S.N.XIII : 329. n. 88."

See also ff. 45, 46, A.M.2 and Ellis f. 12.

45. Cyanoramphus novaezelandiae (Sparrm.), 1787. See pis. 44 and 46.

Unsigned pencil sketch. " Psittacus pacificus Var. N.Z. S.C.Q.C.S.N.Z. 6 N. 1774."
(D.) " Ge. Forster." {Al.) " Latham p. 252-56. p. S.N.XIII : 329. n. 88."

The letters in Georg Forster's hand refer to Queen Charlotte's Sound, New Zealand,
where Cook stayed for about three weeks in October and November 1774. J. R.
Forster states that this parakeet occurs throughout the South Island of New Zealand
(1844 : 73).

46. Cyanoramphus novaezelandiae (Sparrm.), 1787. See ff. 44, 45.

Unsigned painting. " Psittacus pacificus Varietas N.Z. Dusky Bay. April 5th. 1773.
Kagha-areeku." (D.) " Ge. Forster." (Al.) " Lath. p. 252, n. 56. p. S.N. XIII : 329.
n.88."

HIST. I, 6. 19

284 SOME EIGHTEENTH CENTURY BIRD PAINTINGS

47. Cyanoramphus zealandicus (Latham), 1790. Red-rumped Parrot.

Unsigned painting of a bird taken at Tahiti in 1774 (1844 : 238). " Psittacus pacificus.
Var. Tropicorum. Tahaitee." (D.) " Ge. Forster." (Al.) " y S.N. XIII : 329. Latham
as well as Forster seems to confound this with a New Zealand Parrot."

Salvadori mentions this drawing (1891 : 580) in the synonymy of Cyanoramphus
erythronotus (Kuhl) 1820 which Peters regards as synonymous with C. zealandicus.
Sharpe's remarks (1906 : 181) are not accurate as he remarks that Salvadori identifies
it as C. auriceps (Kuhl) 1820 which is not the case ; he makes another slip in saying
that it is Var. C of Latham's Pacific Parrot (1781 : 253) instead of Var. B which,
as he says, was distinguished by its red rump. Var. C was a New Caledonian bird,
and Latham's description agrees well enough with that of C. novaezelandiae saisseti
Verreaux & Des Murs i860. Latham saw a fine specimen of C. zealandicus in Banks's
collection (1781 : 249) and thought that it came from New Zealand ; confusion of
localities seems to have prevented him from identifying the bird he discusses on
p. 253 with that which he describes in detail on p. 249. J. R. Forster, as far as one
can judge from the notes on the paintings, did not confuse the New Zealand (ff.
44-46) and Tahitian birds, but thought that the latter was a variety of the former ;
however when Lichtenstein published his MS. two species were described as Psittacus
pacificus, the New Zealand one on pp. 73-74, and the Tahitian one on p. 238.
C. zealandicus apparently became extinct about 1844 when a specimen was taken
by Lieutenant de Marolles (Rothschild, 1907 : 69).

Parkinson, f. 8.

48. Charmosyna palmarum (Gm.), 1788. Green Palm Lorikeet.

Unsigned painting of a specimen collected in Tanna, New Hebrides (1844 : 259). " Psit-
tacus palmarum. Tanna. 16th Aug. 1774." (D.) " Ge. Forster." (Al.) " Lath. p. 253
n.57. S.N.XIII : 329. n.89."

The male and female of this species were described as Psittacus palmarum and
P. Pygmaeus, respectively, by Gmelin (1788 : 329-330), the description of the latter
being based on Latham's Pygmy Parrot (1781 : 256) a specimen of which was in the
Leverian Museum and was said to have come from Tahiti. Latham's type, labelled
" from Botany Bay" in the sale catalogue of the Leverian Museum, went to Vienna
(von Pelzeln, 1873 : 31 ; Sassi, 1928 : 53). C. palmarum is now confined to the
New Hebrides and some nearby islands, and it seems most improbable that it ever
occurred in Tahiti. J. R. Forster (loc. cit.) gives only Tanna as the habitat.
Amadon considers Charmosyna to be a subgenus only and places this species in
Vini (1942 : 2).

49. Vini peruviana (P. L. S. Miiller), 1776. Tahitian Blue Lory.

Unsigned painting of a bird collected in Tahiti in 1773 (1844 : 201). The colours here
appear to have deteriorated with time. " Ps. sapphirinus Taheitee." (Al.) " Latham
p. 255, 59. Psittacus taitianus S.N.XIII : 329. n. 91."

One of these birds was in the Leverian Museum. Full notes on the species are
given under Parkinson's f . 9.

M.E. 12 ; Webber, f. 140 ; Ellis, f. 14.

SOME EIGHTEENTH CENTURY BIRD PAINTINGS 285

50. Nestor meridionalis meridionalis (Gm.), 1788. Green Kaka.

Unsigned painting of a bird collected in the South Island of New Zealand in 1773 (1844 :
72). " Psittacus hypopolius. Kaghaa. N.Z. Dusky Bay." (D.) " Ge. Forster." (Al.)
" Latham p. 264-70. — meridionalis S.N. XIII : 333^.98."

Latham's account was of a bird in the Leverian Museum.
A.M. 1 ; P.R. 13 ; Ellis, f. 15.

51. Agapornis carta carta (Gm.), 1778. Grey-headed Lovebird.

Unsigned painting of a bird from Madagascar (1844 : 399). " Psittacus May 4th. 1775.
Madagascar." (D.) " Forster." {Al.) " — cinereocephalus mas Brisson. Poliocar Forst.
Lath, p-315, n.122. canus S.N. XIII : 350. n.131."

Georg Forster drew this from a living bird, probably in the extensive menagerie
at the Cape of Good Hope. Latham saw one in the Leverian Museum.

52. Callaeas cinerea (Gm.), 1788. Orange-wattled Crow or South Island Kokako.

Unfinished painting of a bird collected at Queen Charlotte's Sound, New Zealand.
" Callaeas cinerea. S.C.Q.C.S.N.Z. 4 3d N. 1774." (D.) " Ge. Forster." (Al.) " Lath. ind.
ornithol. 149. Wattlebird Lath.i p. 364. t. 14. Glaucopis cinerea S.N. XIII : 363."

One of these birds was in the Leverian Museum. J. R. Forster states that it
occurs in both islands of New Zealand ; this comment appears more than once in
his notes on New Zealand birds although he did not visit the North Island ; the
Adventure did, however, and it seems that Captain Furneaux may have brought him
skins of the northern species from Poverty Bay. It is quite certain that Banks
and Solander collected birds from the North Island as they refer to their fine
specimens but there is a curious blank in surviving MSS. from that point of view.

M.E. 6 ; P.R. 12 ; A.M. 19.

♦53. Graucalus caledonicus (Gm.), 1788. New Caledonian Cuckoo-shrike.

Unsigned painting of a specimen taken 7th Sept., 1774 (1844 : 260). " Corvus cinereus.
N. Caledonia." (D.) " Ge. Forster." (Al.) " — caledonicus S.N. XIII : 367. Lath. p. 377.
n. 7."

This painting is the type since Latham (1781 : 377) tells us that he described the
bird from a drawing in the collection of Sir Joseph Banks.
M.E. 14 ; P.R. 19 ; A.M. 6.

54. Aplonis striatus (Gm.), 1788. Glossy Starling.

Unfinished painting of both a male and female collected 8th Sept., 1774 (1844 : 261).
" Coracias pacifica foem. mas. N. Caledonia." (D.) " Ge. Forster." (Al.) " — striata
S.N. XIII : 381. Lath. 414. n. 13. tab. 16. II faut les copier sur deux feuilles les faire de
cet grandeur."

Forster' s name of Coracias pacifica was applied by Latham (1801 : xxvii) to another
bird, Eurystoma orientalis Linn., but, as Sharpe points out (1890 : 127), he had earlier
given a brief description of this starling and reproduced Georg Forster's painting
1781 : 414, pi. 16). This shows the male as a striped instead of an iridescent bird
and, as Dr. Cain has suggested to me, Forster was using a standard water-colour
technique in employing a brilliant underlay before washing over with a duller colour

286 SOME EIGHTEENTH CENTURY BIRD PAINTINGS

to give the effect of a sheen. Latham copied this unfinished painting of the male
but gives a much better plate of the female although he used the outline of Forster's
sketch. He gives no acknowledgment to the Forsters in this instance.
M.E. 37 ; A.M. 30.

55. Conopoderas caff r a ? subsp. Long-billed Warbler.

Unsigned painting of a bird from Tahiti in the Society Group, captured in 1773 (1844 :
163). " Oriolus Musa." (D.) " Ge. Forster." (Al.) "Otahaite."

The races of this species and their distribution have been discussed by Murphy
& Mathews (1928, 1929). Georg Forster's bird agrees to some extent with C. caff r a
caffra (Sparrm.), 1786 from Tahiti but is larger, the exposed culmen in the drawing
being 34 mm. whereas in the birds measured by Murphy & Mathews it is only 25-28
mm. J. R. Forster (loc. cit.) states that the bird was 8| inches long and the size of a
common starling. His measurements were clearly not taken from this drawing
of a bird gl inches in length ; furthermore he states that his bird came from Ulietea,
i.e. Raiatea, an island in the Society group some way from Tahiti. Murphy &
Mathews do not refer to any race from there and it is possible that Forster's descrip-
tion concerns a bird which has since become extinct ; it was apparently meant to
refer to the species painted by Georg Forster since the description begins with a note
on the drawing. Sharpe thought that it represented Tatare longirostris (1883 : 525)
i.e. C. caffra longirostris (Gm.), 1789.

M.E. 8 ; A.M. 28 ; Webber, f. 139 ; Ellis, f. 76.

56. Eudynamis taitensis (Sparrm.), 1787. Long-tailed Cuckoo or Koekoea.

Unsigned painting of specimen from Tahiti collected in 1773 (1844 : 101). " Cuculus
fasciatus Areva-reva. Taheitee- Tayarabboo." (D.) " Ge. Forster " — almost obliterated.
{Al.) " — tahitius S.N. XIII : 412. Lath. p. 514. n.4."

J. R. Forster gives both Tahiti and Huahine as localities for this species ; the
variety he mentions was probably a young bird. Latham saw a specimen in the
Leverian Museum. See Mayr (1944) for a discussion of the genus.

♦57. Chalcites lucidus (Gm.), 1788. Shining Cuckoo or Pipiwharauroa.

Unsigned painting of a bird from Queen Charlotte's Sound, N.Z. " Cuculus nitens Poopoo-
arouro. New Zealand, Nov. 5 1773. [Qu]een Charlotte's Sound." (D.) " Ge. Forster."
(Al.) " — lucidus S.N. XIII : 421. Latham p. 528-24."

J. R. Forster apparently confused this with the Didric Cuckoo of South Africa,
Lampromorpha caprius (Bodd.) and in his account gives both Queen Charlotte's
Sound and the Cape of Good Hope as localities (1844 : 151). This drawing is the
type of C. lucidus since Latham's description (1782 : 528, pi. 23) was based on it.

M.E. 36 ; A.M. 5.

58. Halcyon venerata venerata (Gm.), 1788. Latham's Respected Kingfisher.

Unsigned painting of a bird from Tahiti. " Erooro at Taheitee." (D.) " Ge. Forster."
{A I.) " Alcedo collaris."

J. R. Forster states that this bird was found in Tahiti, Huahine, Ulietea (Raiatea)
and Otaha ; it is, in fact, confined to Tahiti (Mayr, 1949). The two varieties

SOME EIGHTEENTH CENTURY BIRD PAINTINGS 287

he mentions from Tonga and Sta. Christina (Tahuata in the Marquesas) were con-
sidered by Sharpe (1892 : 262) to belong to H. sacer, which, according to Peters
(1945), is H. chloris sacra (Gm.) 1788 — restricted to Tonga by Wetmore. This
is true for Var. I ; Forster's description of Var. II, however, clearly applies to
H. godeffroyi Finsch, 1877 from the Marquesas.
Webber, f. 135.

59. Halcyon sancta vagans (Lesson), 1828. Sacred Kingfisher or Kotare.

Unsigned painting. " Alcedo cyanea. ghotarre. N.Z. Dusky Bay. April 4th. 1773."
(D.) " Ge. Forster." (A I.) " — sacra $ S.N. XIII : 453. n. 30. Lath. p. 622. n. 12. c."

Although this bird was discovered in 1773 (1844 : 76, 156) it was not until after the
French expedition round the world in 1822-25, that Lesson, one of the zoologists
on board La Coquille, described it.

60. Halcyon leucocephala acteon (Lesson), 1830. Grey-headed Kingfisher.

Signed painting of one of these kingfishers against an extensive background, with a
couple of brightly painted crabs in the foreground. Georg Forster's tiny monogram is
painted on a piece of split wood, right centre. " St. Jago. Alcedo cancrophaga." (D.)
" Forster." {Al.) " Alcedo senegalensis S.N. XIII : 456."

J. R. Forster's description of this species (1844 : 4) from the Cape Verde Islands
is dated 13th August, 1772.
M.E. 18 ; A.M. 10.

61. Prosthemadera novaeseelandiae (Gm.), 1788. Tui or Parson-bird.

Unsigned painting of a bird taken in 1773 (1844 : 78). " Certhia cincinnata. Q. Char-
lotte's Sound." (D.) " published by Dr. Forster in Cook's voyage vol. 1, tab. 52." (Al.)
" Merops nova Seelandia S.N. XIII : 464. Lath. p. 682. n. 17."

The earliest illustration of this bird was published by Peter Brown in 1776 who
worked from " a stuft specimen in tolerable preservation, in the possession of
Marmaduke Tunstall Esq." Tunstall's collection eventually went to Newcastle-on-
Tyne but the specimen no longer survives. Latham's specimen of the " New Zealand
Creeper " was in the Leverian Museum (1782 : 682). There is a reference in Gadow
(1884 : 257) to an illustration of this bird which appeared in Levaillant's Oiseaux
d'Afrique in 1800 (pi. 92), the specimen having been sent from London to Gigot-
D'Orcy, a French Inspector of Mines with interests in natural history ; he was a
correspondent of Banks. Tuis were taken on board the Resolution and lived for
many weeks on a diet of sugar and water.

M.E.17 ; P.R. 23, 63 ; A.M. 20 ; Ellis, f. 25.

62. Anthornis melanura (Sparrm.), 1786. New Zealand Bellbird or Korimako.

Unsigned painting. " Certhia olivacea Q. Charlotte's Sound, he-ghobarra." (Al.)
" — sannio S.N. XIII : 471. Lath. p. 735. n. 39."

It seems possible that this species and the last were described by J. R. Forster
from specimens taken in Dusky Sound and not from those painted by his son as
the dates of capture given by him are, respectively, 3rd April and 30th March,

288 SOME EIGHTEENTH CENTURY BIRD PAINTINGS

I773 (I844 : 78-79). The Resolution " was in Dusky Sound from 26th March to
nth May, and in Queen Charlotte's Sound from 18th May to 7th June."
M.E. 33 ; A.M. 22.

63. Myzomela cardinalis cardinalis (Gm.), 1788. Cardinal Honey-eater.

Unsigned painting, with a pencil sketch of the head and tongue. " Certhia cardinalis
Tanna. 16th August 1774." (D.) " Ge. Forster." (Al.) " S.N. XIII : 472. n.38."

J. R. Forster tells us that the natives of the New Hebridean island where he took
this bird, called it Kuyameta (1844 : 262). There was a specimen in the Leverian
Museum.

64. Foulehaio carunculata (Gm.), 1788. Wattled Honey-eater.

Unsigned painting of a species taken at the Friendly Isles in 1773 (1844 : 165). " Certhia
carunculata Tonga Tabboo Amsterdam Isle." (D.) " Ge. Forster." {Al.) " S.N. XIII : 472.
n. 39"

Georg Forster referred to this species in an article in the Gbtting, Mag. Wiss. Lit.
(1780 : 349) but did not publish its scientific name ; his father reported it from
both Eua and Tongatabu, and Latham mentioned specimens in the Leverian
Museum (1782 : 732). It was still abundant in 1925 when it was collected by the
Whitney Expedition from 37 islands in the Tonga group (Mayr, 1932 : 7) ; it also
occurs in Samoa and some of the Fijian islands. It is one of the sweetest singers
amongst the Polynesian birds.

♦65. Chloephaga picta picta (Gm.), 1788. Upland Goose.

Unsigned painting of a bird taken on New Year's Island off Statenland. " Anas picta
[Stat]enland. Jany. 2d. 1775." (D.) " Ge. Forster." (Al.) " S.N.XIII : 504. Lath.
443-n.Q."

Gmelin based his description on Latham's account of the Painted Goose (1785 :
443) which was founded on a drawing in Banks's collection so that this is the type.

66. Chloephaga hybrida hybrida (Molina), 1782. Kelp Goose.

Unsigned painting of an adult female, with the white male swimming in the distance,
collected at New Year's Island, off Statenland (1844 : 336-338). " Anas Ganta. Terra del
Fuego. 1774 ", a further date is illegible. (D.) " Ge. Forster." [Al.) " Anas antarctica
S.N.XIII : 505. n. 57. Lath. 442^.7 . . . comes nearest to A. magellanica S.N.XIII 56."

A female of the species was in the Leverian Museum.
A.M. 34.

♦67. Casarca variegata (Gm.), 1789. Paradise Duck or Putangitangi.

Unsigned painting of the female. " Anas Cheneros. Pooa dugghie dugghie. No. 24.
Dusky Bay. N.Z. April 7th. 1773." (D.) " Ge. Forster." (Al.) "—variegata S.N.XIII :
505. n. 58. Lath. 441. n. 6."

Latham used this drawing as the basis of his description (1785) and it therefore
is the type. J. R. Forster describes both the male and the female (1844 : 92).

SOME EIGHTEENTH CENTURY BIRD PAINTINGS 289

68. Tachyeres pteneres (Forster), 1844. Magellanic Flightless Steamer Duck.

Unsigned painting. " — nd. Statenland. January 2d. 1775. Anas pteneres [brachyptera
has been crossed out]. The English Seamen call this Bird Racehorse." (A I.) " — cinerea
S.N. XIII : 506. n.6o. Lath. 439. n. 16."

Forster's account is a detailed one (1844 : 338), Murphy (1936 : 957) considers
that his remarks on the plumage, size and habits refer to the flightless species
T. pteneres, but that his notes on wing span and body length may apply to the smaller
Steamer Ducks which have not lost the power of flight.

69. Casarca carta (Gm.), 1789. African Shelduck, Berg-eendt.

Unsigned pencil sketch with the colours written over the drawing. J. R. Forster has
dated his notes on this bird November, 1772 (1844 : 44) when the Resolution called at Cape-
town for provisions, and Sparrman joined the Forsters as an additional naturalist. He
gives Schumacher as the artist of this and the following sketch, not that they reflect much
credit on him. It is possible that this pencil sketch represents the female since there is a
line of demarcation on the head which has no colour written on the area it encloses and
was possibly intended to be left white. " Anas montana. Cape." {Al.) " Probably Anas
cana S.N. XIII : 510. cf. Lath. p. 458 n. 19. Bergenten."

The remains of Dryander's ascription to Forster can just be made out in the bottom
left-hand corner. Latham confused the sexes ; there was at least one specimen
in the Leverian Museum (1785 : 458).

70. Casarca cana. See f. 69.

An unfinished wash drawing, apparently intended to represent the male African Shelduck
since the head is grey and no white is shown on it.

The MS. notes are the same as those on the last plate save that the vernacular
name is spelt Bergendt.

♦71. Anas georgica Gm., 1789. South Georgia Teal.

Unsigned painting of a specimen collected at South Georgia (1844 : 342) when this island
was discovered on the homeward voyage in 1775. " Anas xanthorhyncha Jan. 17. 1775.
South Georgia." (D.) " Ge. Forster." (Al.) " — georgica S.N. XIII : 516. Lath. 478. n. 34."

Latham's account (1785) of this species was based on this drawing which is
therefore the type.

72. Anas undulata undulata Dubois, 1837. Yellow-billed Duck.

Unfinished wash drawing of a bird seen at the Cape of Good Hope on the outward journey,
November, 1772. " Anas xanthorhyncha. Capensis. Cape of Good Hope." (D.) " Ge.
Forster." (Al.) " — georgica S.N.XIII : 516. Lath. 478."

J. R. Forster considered that this was a variety of the South Georgia Teal (1844 :

45, 342).

73. Anas erythrorhyncha Gm., 1789. Red-bill Teal.

Unsigned painting of a duck which, like the last, was collected at the Cape of Good Hope
on the outward journey (1844 : 45). " Anas pyrrhorhyncha Cape of Good Hope." (D.)
" Ge. Forster." (Al.) " — erythrorhyncha S.N.XIII : 517. Lath. 507. n. 52."

Latham mentions neither specimen nor drawing in his account of the species.

2go SOME EIGHTEENTH CENTURY BIRD PAINTINGS

74. Hymenolaimus malacorhynchos (Gm.), 1789. New Zealand Blue Duck or Whio.

Unsigned painting. " Anas malacorhyncha. Dusky Bay. April 3d. 1773. he-weeyo."
(D.) " Ge. Forster." (Al.) "—os S.N.XIII : 526. Lath. 522. n. 67."

There is the beginning of a pencil sketch, perhaps of Dusky Sound, on the back.

Latham apparently described this bird (1785 : 522) from the accounts of the voyage
published by Cook and Forster. Forster's description is on p. 94 of the Descriptiones
Animalium.

♦75. Anas capensis Gm., 1789. Cape Wigeon.

Finished painting, signed " G.F.1773 ", of this South African duck collected on the
outward journey (1844 : 46). " Anas assimilis. Cape Good hope." [Al.) " — S.N.XIII :
527 Lath. 519. n. 64. capensis Smith."

This is the type since Latham based his account (1785) of the bird on it. For a
note on Forster's date see f. 112.

76. Dendrocygna viduata (Linn.), 1766. White-faced Duck.

Unfinished and unsigned painting of a bird which does not appear to have been recorded
by J. R. Forster. " Anas viduata Linn. Cape of Good Hope." (Al.) " S.N.XIII : 536."

Some writing on the bottom left-hand corner has been worn away.

*77. Anas superciliosa superciliosa Gm., 1789. New Zealand Grey Duck, or Parera.

Unsigned painting of a specimen taken in 1773 (1844 : 93). " Anas leucophrys he-Tarrera.
drawn in Dusky Bay and to be found in Charlotte's Sound." (Al.) " — superciliosa
S.N.XIII : 537. Lath. 497^.45."

The bird is also outlined on the back of the sheet. This painting was the basis
of Latham's account (1785) and is therefore the type of the species.

78. Anas specularioides specular ioides King, 1828. Crested Duck.

Unsigned painting. " Anas lophyra [cristatella crossed out]. Staten Land. Jany. 2d.
1775." (D.) " Ge. Forster." (Al.) " — cristata S.N.XIII : 540. Lath. 543. n.81."

See J. R. Forster (1844 : 340).

*79. Nyroca novaeseelandiae (Gm.), 1789. New Zealand Scaup, Black Teal or Papango.

Unsigned painting of the male, taken in 1773 (1844 : 95). " Anas atricilla he-patek
Dusky Bay." (D.) " Ge. Forster." (Al.) " — nova Selandia S.N.XIII : 541. Lath. 543.
n. 80.

Latham's account (1785) of the species was based on this painting which is therefore
the type.

80. Eudyptes chrysolophus schlegeli Finsch, 1876. Royal Penguin.

Unsigned and unfinished pencil sketch of a penguin collected by one of Captain Furneaux's
sailors in Adventure Bay, Tasmania, March, 1772 (J. R. Forster, 1781). " Aptenodytes
chrysocoma — van Diemens Land." (D.) " Ge. Forster Aptenodytes chrysocome. J. R.
Forster in Commentat. Gotting. 3. p. 135." (Al.) S.N.XIII : 555. n.i."

This sketch has been much discussed and I am indebted to Dr. R. A. Falla for
kindly examining it and giving the above identification. He points out that it
might possibly represent the Macaroni Penguin Eudyptes chrysolophus chrysolophus

SOME EIGHTEENTH CENTURY BIRD PAINTINGS 291

Brandt, 1827 but that there is nothing to suggest that the bird's throat was black.
Moreover the Macaroni Penguin has not been recorded from Tasmania whereas
the Royal has been noted on several occasions (Cashion, 1953).

J. R. Forster tells us that the bird lived for some days after being captured and
that he examined and described the skin which, when stuffed, was drawn by his son.
He commissioned J. F. Miller to make a painting of a skin from the Falkland Islands,
thinking that it belonged to the same species as the bird collected in Tasmania ;
from this painting of Miller's an engraving was made and published in the Comm.
Gott. (1781) with the name of Aptenodytes chrysocoma. The accompanying descrip-
tion included characters of both the Royal and Macaroni Penguins as well as of the
Rock-hopper Eudyptes crestatus crestatus Miller, 1784. Miller's painting was pub-
lished in 1784 with references to Forster's publication and localities. Mathews &
Iredale (1921a) reviewed the nomenclature and decided that chrysocoma Forster
was too much of a mixture to be safely used. They thought that Forster's drawing
represented the Thick-billed Penguin Eudyptes pachyrhynchus G. R. Gray but
the crest and bill are clearly not characteristic of this species. The names of the
three species confused by J. R. Forster are therefore those given above.

81. Aptenodytes patagonicus J. F. Miller, 1778. King Penguin.

Unsigned painting of a male taken at South Georgia. " Aptenodytes patachonica [hyper-
polius crossed out] Jany. 17th. 1775. 36 inches high." (D.) " Ge. Forster Aptenodytes
patachonica J. R. Forster in Comm. Cotting. 3. p. 137. published by Mr. Pennant in his
genera of birds tab. 14." {Al.) " S.N.XIII : 556.n.2."

Both Cook and J. R. Forster commented on the large size of the penguins taken
at South Georgia and their remarks have sometimes been interpreted as evidence that
Emperor Penguins were also found ; Cook, however, who says that they were the
largest he had ever seen, gives their weight as 29 to 38 lb. and Forster as about
40 lb. Since the recorded weights of adult Emperors range from 57 to 94 lb. it
seems clear that none of the latter species was observed.

Miller's plate of A . patagonicus was antedated by one published in 1776 by Sonnerat
in his Voyage a la nouvelle Guinie. King Penguins have never been recorded north
of New Zealand and Tasmania, and it is only stragglers that occasionally occur in these
two countries. Sonnerat had, in fact, published a drawing by Jossigny, draughtsman
to Commerson, the gifted naturalist who accompanied Bougainville on his voyage
round the world, 1767-69. Commerson had collected extensively in and about
the Straits of Magellan and appears to have found King Penguins there ; according
to Murphy they were once resident in that region (1936 : 344). Commerson did not
return to France with Bougainville but remained in Mauritius where he died in
1773. Some of the drawings of South American birds that he had left were used by
his recently acquired assistant, Sonnerat, to illustrate his own book on New Guinea,
a country he had never actually visited ; this proceeding led to some confusion.
Sonnerat gained some credit for having assisted his uncle Poivre, Intendant of
Mauritius, to break the Dutch spice monopoly, and his lack of scruple over
Commerson's material seems to have been overlooked by most of his contemporaries
although Cuvier was aware of it (Lysaght, 1952).

292 SOME EIGHTEENTH CENTURY BIRD PAINTINGS

Miller's plate is very close to this one of Forster's but since Latham refers to speci-
mens in both the Leverian and the British Museums (1785 : 563) we cannot be sure
that Miller based his description on this drawing and not on a specimen.

P.R. 9 ; Ellis, f. 46 ; Webber, f. 124.

82. Pygoscelis antarctica (Forster), 1781. Bearded Penguin.

Unsigned painting of a penguin against a background of sea and ice, taken in December
1772 or January 1773 (1844 : 56-58). " Aptenodytes antarctica Indian Ocean South of
Kerguelens Land, about 2/3 natural size." (D.) " Ge. Forster. Aptenodytes antarctica
J. R. Forster in Commentat. Gotting. 3. p. 144. tab. 4 this figure." (Al.) " S.N. XIII : 557.
n. 4."

J. R. Forster noted that this species was usually gregarious and that it was
commonly to be found on ice floes far from land. See also f. 101.
A.M. 50.

83. Spheniscus magellanicus (Forster), 1781. Magellan Penguin.

Unsigned painting. " Aptenodytes magellanica very near natural size Staten Land."
(D.) " Aptenodytes magellanica Forster in Comm. Gott. 3. p. 143. tab. 5. this figure. Published
by J. F. Miller tab. 34." {Al.) " S.N.XIII : 557 n.5."

Many thousands of these penguins were reported by J. R. Forster at New Year's
Island, off Statenland, (1844 : 35I_352) in January 1775, when this one was taken.

84. Eudyptula minor (Forster), 1781. Little Blue Penguin or Korora.

Unsigned painting of a bird belonging to a species discovered at Dusky Sound, New
Zealand, 31st March, 1773 (1844 : 101). " Aptenodytes minor New Zealand." (D.) " Ge.
Forster. Aptenodytes minor J. R. Forster in Commentat. Gotting. 3. p. 147." (Al.)
" S.N.XIII : 558. n. 9."

The whole upper surface here is brownish-black ; the bird depicted is smaller
than that in the next painting, which is slaty-blue above.
P.R. 8.

85. Eudyptula minor (Forster), 1781.

Unsigned painting ; the MS. notes correspond to those on f. 84 but the Maori name of
the bird, Kordra, has been added.

This may be the Cook St. subspecies.

86. Halobaena caerulea (Gm.), 1789. Blue Petrel.

An unsigned, fully-coloured painting of one of these petrels in flight, probably the specimen
taken on 28th Dec, 1772 as J. R. Forster gave this date and noted a painting by his son
when he described the species (1844 : 59). " Procellaria similis. Southern Ocean " ;
there is also an indecipherable note which appears to be in Georg Forster's hand. Dryander's
ascription of the drawing to him has been almost trimmed away.

J. R. Forster pointed out (loc. cit.) the superficial resemblance between this species
and Pachyptila vittata (next folio) but stated that they were clearly different ; the
drawing shows the characteristic white tips of the rectrices. According to Latham
there was a specimen of the Blue Petrel in the British Museum.

A.M. 40.

SOME EIGHTEENTH CENTURY BIRD PAINTINGS 293

87. Pachyptila vittata (Forster), 1777. Broad-billed Whale Bird.

This is an unsigned painting of one of these birds with outstretched wings, from above;
there is also a side view of the head with the beak wide open to show the tongue and the
laminae of the upper mandible. " Procellaria vittata. Southern Ocean." (D.) " Ge.
Forster." (A I.) " S.N.XIII : 560. n. 10."

J. R. Forster gives a clear account of the bill, describing the laminated structure
of the upper mandible and the pouch between the rami of the lower one (1844 :
22). His son's painting was reproduced on a small scale, without the drawing of
the head, in the Penny Cyclopaedia for 1840 (18 : 47) where there is a long and
interesting article on petrels. Latham refers to a specimen in the Leverian Museum.

A.M. 41.

88. Pelecanoides urinatrix (Gm.), 1789. Common Diving Petrel or Kuaka.

Unsigned painting of a bird taken 7th November, 1773 (1844 : 150), with an additional
painting of the head showing dilatation of the pouch beneath the lower mandible. " Procel-
laria tridactyla. Teetee. Eyes blackish blue. Queen Charlotte's Sound. Nov. 24th."
(D.) " Ge. Forster." (Al.) " — urinatrix S.N.XIII : 560. n. 11."

The Maoris use the name " Titi " for both the Sooty Shearwater and the Cook's
petrel but apparently not for this bird. An engraving from this painting was
reproduced in the Penny Cyclopaedia for 1840 (see f. 87). The pouch below the
bill was described both by Forster (loc. cit.) and by Latham, who, however, makes
no reference to a specimen or to this drawing (1785 : 413).

M.E. 23.

89. Pagodroma nivea (Forster), 1777. Snow Petrel.

Fully-coloured, signed painting of one of these birds swimming on a blue-green sea with
dark clouds in the background. " G.F.30th Decemb. 1772. Procellaria nivea Southern
Ice Ocean ", the last three words are not quite clear owing to trimming of the paper.
(D.) " Ge. Forster." {Al.) " S.N.XIII : 562. n. 15."

J. R. Forster says that these petrels occurred in the Antarctic Ocean, south of
Lat. 520, especially in the vicinity of ice (1844 : 58). Latham speaks of specimens
in both the British and the Leverian Museums (1785 : 408).

A.M. 39, 53.

90. Pagodroma nivea (Forster), 1777. See last folio.

Unsigned pencil sketch of the bird in flight, with one of the ships and some icebergs in
the distance. " Procell. nivea." (D.) " Ge. Forster." {Al.) " S.N.XIII : 562. n. 15."

91. Fulmarus glacialoides (Smith), 1840. Silver-grey Petrel.

Unsigned completed painting of one of these birds floating on a brilliant sea, painted on
14th Oct., 1772, when the Resolution was west of the Cape of Good Hope (1844 : 25).
" Procellaria glacialis. South Atlantic Ocean. S.L.360." (D.) " Ge. Forster." {Al.)
" S.N.XIII : 562. n. 13 (after 16)."

The colouring of the bill in this painting makes it clear that this was not the
Northern Fulmar with which it was confused at that time.
A.M. 42.

294 SOME EIGHTEENTH CENTURY BIRD PAINTINGS

92. Adamastor cinereus (Gm.), 1789. Grey Petrel, Pediunker or Great Grey Shearwater;
Pediunker is the vernacular name at Tristan da Cunha.

Unsigned painting, not quite finished. It is just possible to decipher " ... laria
inexpectata."

J. R. Forster says that the bird was captured on 10th January, 1774 (1844 :
208-209) m Lat. 480 S., about midway between New Zealand and Cape Horn, and
he remarks on the number of cephalopod beaks that he found in its stomach ; he
called the species Procellaria haesitata but before his work appeared in print that
name had been published for another bird. Georg Forster seems to have confused
this painting with No. 97. Latham (1785 : 405) gives notes on a specimen he saw
in the British Museum but seems to have taken his observations on the colours
of the soft parts from this drawing or from the Forsters' MSS.

A Pediunker was taken on the first voyage (Sol. MS. Z4 : 71) on 2nd October,
1769, Lat. 370 10' S., and Long. 1710 5' W., when the Endeavour was east of New
Zealand. We do not agree with Matthew's suggestion that Ellis's f. 41 represents
this species (1912-13 : 124).

93a. Macronectes giganteus (Gm.), 1789. Nellie, Bone-breaker or Giant Petrel.

Unsigned pencil sketch of the head and neck ; probably of the bird taken on 28th
December, 1774 (1844 : 343) as J. R. Forster refers to this sketch. There was a specimen
in the British Museum.

Parkinson, f. 17 ; Ellis, ff. 39, 42.

93b. Pterodroma macroptera macroptera (Smith), 1840. Great-winged Petrel.

A rather roughly-executed unsigned painting in sepia, probably of the bird taken on
12th October, 1772 (1844 : 23) near Tristan da Cunha, one of the breeding grounds of this
species. " Procellaria fuliginosa. Atlantic Ocean. S.Lat. 35." (Al.) " — grisea S.N.XIII :
564. n. 20."

94. Pufftnus griseus (Gm.), 1789. Sooty Shearwater or New Zealand Mutton Bird.

A pale wash drawing, unsigned and unfinished, of a specimen taken in a high southern
latitude (1844:205) in 1773. " Procell fuliginosa ? South Seas April [?] 500 S." (Al.)
" — grisea S.N.XIII : 564. n. 20."

Forster's note is very faint and an indistinct word appears to be April though they
were not so far south in that month in 1773 or in the other years. Mathews discusses
this drawing in some detail (1912-13 : 94) but is mistaken in giving 480 S. as the
locality ; J. R. Forster gives that latitude only as the northern limit of the range
of the species. Latham refers to a specimen in the Leverian Museum (1785 : 399).

Solander MS. Z4 : in : Parkinson, f. 23.

95. Thalassoica antarctica (Gm.), 1789. Antarctic Petrel.

Unsigned, fully finished painting of the bird in flight against drifting cloud. The edges
of the paper are worn and have been cut in one place. " Procellaria antarctica." (Al.)
" S.N.XIII : 565. n. 23."

J. R. Forster gave a brief description of this petrel from a sight record in 1772
but it was not until 1773 that he was able to get two specimens and draw up a detailed

SOME EIGHTEENTH CENTURY BIRD PAINTINGS 295

description (1844 : 60, 202). Latham does not mention the source of his information
about this species.
A.M. 38.

96. Daption capensis (Linn.), 1758. Cape Pigeon or Pintado Bird.

Unsigned painting, in sepia wash, of a bird, swimming high in the water, that was taken
with a fishing line on 12th October, 1772 (1844 : 20). " Procell. capensis." (D.) " Ge.
Forster." {A I.) " S.N.XIII : 565. n.5 (after 23) ".

There were specimens in both the Leverian and British Museums.

A.M. 37, 37A.

97. Pterodroma inexpectata (Forster), 1844. Mottled Petrel.

Unsigned sepia painting of a bird in flight, taken in the Antarctic Ocean, 1773 (1844 : 204).
" Procellaria haesitata." (D.) " Ge. Forster " (almost obliterated). {Al.) " Oe. gularis see
Monograph of Petrels, p. 236. F. D. G."

J. R. Forster says (loc. cit.) that this species was found with the Antarctic Petrel.
Godman (1909 : 236) suggested that haesitata was written on this painting by
Solander but the writing is not like the annotations in Solander's copy of the 12th
edition of the Systema Naturae, and seems more like that of Georg Forster. In
view of the fact that Georg Forster wrote inexpectata on pi. 92, which represents
a species referred to as haesitata by his father, it seems to be a case of simple human
error, and one easily understood in the circumstances under which they were working.

Solander described P. inexpectata (MS. Z4 : 91-92) under the name of lugens.

Parkinson, ff. 21, 22.

98. Pterodroma lessonii (Garnot), 1926. White-headed Petrel.

Unsigned painting of the bird in flight. " Procellaria leucocephala." {Al.) " Procellaria
leucocephala (Forst.) "
This species was first described by the French scientist Garnot amongst others
he saw at the Falkland Islands when he was on La Coquille at anchor in French
Bay, East Falkland Island, November-December 1822 (1826 : 54). On p. 55 he
says that it occurs in the vicinity of Cape Horn and in the Pacific, 520 N. (error for
S.) and 850 W. The first locality he mentions, however, is clearly that of the type,
and this was confirmed many years later by Bennet (1931 : 12) who, in August 1925,
saw three specimens of this unmistakable petrel off the East Falklands. J. R.
Forster (1844 : 206) says that it occurred right across the Pacific, from near New
Holland to Cape Horn, but seldom north of 400 S. ; he refers to it as the New Holland
Shearwater. According to Murphy & Pennoyer (1952) this bird is closely related
to Pterodroma incerta (Schl.).

99. Diomedea exulans Linn., 1758. Wandering Albatross.

Finished, unsigned painting of the bird at rest on the water : this may have been one

of the nine Wanderers caught with hook and line on the 24th October, 1772 (Georg Forster's

diary, p. 42), a date agreeing with his father's description (1844 : 27). " Diomedea exulans.

Atlantic Ocean." (D.) " Ge. Forster." {Al.) " S.N.XIII : 566."

J. R. Forster noted that the wing span varied from only 7 feet in the smallest

of these birds to over 10 in the largest ; it seems therefore that he also had specimens

2Q6 SOME EIGHTEENTH CENTURY BIRD PAINTINGS

of the smaller Tristan race, D. exulans dabbenena Mathews, 1929, a form which has
been separated comparatively recently. Both the British and the Leverian Museums
possessed specimens of Wandering Albatrosses.

Parkinson, f. 25 ; A.M. 43 ; Ellis, f. 44 ; Solander MS. Z4 : 5-7.

100. Diomedea chlororhynchos Gm., 1789. Yellow-nosed Albatross.

An almost completed, unsigned painting " Diomedea chry so stoma. Irides brown. Under
eyelid white. Head dark pearly grey, gradually and very softly vanishing into a fine
clear white on the neck. A more dark Spot over the Eye. The middle of the Back black
gradually turning into pearl grey and then into white towards the Neck- But abruptly
bounded by white on the Uropygium end. Feet pale greyish white." Over the outline of
the foot is written, — " This Leg is something too large." {Al.) " — chlororhynchos S.N.XIII :
568. n. 3. D. chlororhyncha."

This is a representation of a bird which was not quite mature. It is certainly
very similar to the sketch of D. chrysostoma on the next folio and differs mainly
in the absence of the pale line along the ramal border of the lower mandible. Also
there is no white beneath the eye though the MS. notes suggest that this is an acci-
dental omission ; this white patch exists in both species but is not always obvious.
Chlororhynchos and chrysostoma are difficult to separate when immature except by
the shape of the posterior border of the culmen (Mathews, 1912 : 274) ; mature
birds may also be distinguished also by the presence in chrysostoma of a yellow or
horn-coloured ramal stripe along the lower mandible, a character lacking in chloro-
rhynchos (Mathews & Iredale, 1921 : f. 2) which however possesses a vertical orange
stripe at the base of the lower mandible, a character lacking in chrysostoma.

D. chlororhynchos has a more northerly range than D. chrysostoma, and Murphy
says that it has not been found in the eastern Pacific or off the west coast of South
America (1936 : 520-521) and that, primarily, it is a bird of the milder Atlantic
and Indian Ocean regions. Tristan da Cunha is one of its breeding grounds and it
is probable that the bird collected in early October 1772, between Tristan da Cunha
and the Cape of Good Hope (1844 : 24-25) was in fact a member of this species,
although Forster's detailed description published under that date refers unmistakably
to D. chrysostoma, as may be seen in the notes on the following painting. Since
Forster noted that chrysostoma occurred in the far south, circa Lat. 710 S., and in
South Georgia {op. cit. : 210, 313), as well as in the vicinity of the Cape of Good
Hope, it seems clear that he collected both species but did not realize that they
differed — hence the placing of the description of chrysostoma under a locality and a
date that in all probability pertained to chlororhynchos. No dates or places were
noted on the drawings in question.

1 01. Diomedea chrysostoma Forster, 1785. Grey-headed Albatross.

Unsigned pencil sketch ; on the back is a pencil sketch of two Bearded Penguins,
Pygoscelis antarctica (see f. 82). (D.) " Ge. Forster." (Al.) " Diomedea chrysostoma —
chlororhynchos S.N.XIII : 564. n.3."

J. R. Forster described and figured this species in 1785 ; a further account by
him was published in 1844 : 24-25. For some reason the second description has
been assumed to refer to D. chlororhynchos (Salvin, 1896 : 452, etc.) but the description

SOME EIGHTEENTH CENTURY BIRD PAINTINGS 297

of the bill, quoted below, is unmistakable — " Rostrum nigrum, supra linea flava :
mandibula inferior a plumis divisa margine elevato, membranaceo angusto aureo,
decurrente postice per fauces et ultra sub oculis, infra desinente in lineam flavam
ante apicem terminatam." Murphy has already pointed out that Peters (1931)
is incorrect in the type locality he quotes and has suggested that it should be changed
to South Georgia where Forster found this albatross in January 1775.
Parkinson, f. 27 ; Solander MS. Z4 : 11.

102. Phoebetria palpebrata (Forst.), 1785. Light-mantled Sooty Albatross.

Signed, fully finished painting of an albatross taken in the South Pacific. " G. Forster
delin 1773. ad vivum in mari Antarctici. Diomedea palpebrata. die 20 Jan. Anni. 1773."
(D.) " Ge. Forster." (Al.) " South Sea. Diomedea fuliginosa S.N. XIII : 568 : n. 4 Ph. corni-
coides F.D.G."

J. R. Forster's first description of this species was published in Paris in 1785,
and the second in 1844 : 55-56 ; he gives its range as the Antarctic Ocean from Lat.
470 to 71-10° S.

A.M. 49 ; Parkinson, f. 26.

103. Phalacrocorax punctatus (Sparrm.), 1786. Spotted Shag or Parekareka.

Unsigned, finished painting of a Spotted Shag taken on 27th May, 1773 (1844 : 104).
" Pelecanus punctatus Charlotte's Sound, N.Z. Pa-degga-degga." (D.) " Ge. Forster."
(^4/.) " Charlotte's Sound N.Z. S.N. XIII : 574. n. 20. — naevius ib. 575. n. 24."

M.E. 22 ; P.R. 14 ; A.M. 47.

104. Phalacrocorax carunculatus (Gm.), 1789. Rough-faced Shag.

Unsigned painting of a bird taken on 20th May, 1773 (1844 : 102). " Pelecanus carun-
culatus. Queen Charlotte's Sound." (D.) " Ge. Forster." (Al.) " S.N. XIII : 576. n. 25."

J. R. Forster apparently confused this species with P. albiventer (Lesson) since
he states that he saw it in Terra del Fuego and Statenland as well as in New Zealand
(1844 : 102). Specimens of both the Rough-faced and the Spotted Shag were in
the Leverian Museum (Latham, 1785 : 602-603).

105. Phalacrocorax magellanicus (Gm.), 1789. Rock or Megallanic Shag.

Unsigned, almost completed painting. " Tierra del Fuego. £. 28th Dec. 1774.
Pelecanus magellanicus." {Al.) " S.N. XIII : 576. n. 26."

J. R. Forster described this shag in detail (1844 : 313) ; he also refers to having
seen it at South Georgia (op. cit. : 313) but perhaps confused it with P. atriceps,
a Blue-eyed Shag which occurs there as well as in Terra del Fuego. Latham mentions
that a specimen of the Magellanic Shag was in the Leverian Museum (1785 : 604).

M.E. 21 ; A.M. 48.

106. Phalacrocorax varius varius (Gm.), 1789. Pied Shag or Karuhiruhi.

Finished, unsigned painting of one of these shags on the water ; an egg is shown too.
" Pelecanus pica. Queen Charlotte's Sound." (D.) " Ge. Forster." [Al.) " — varius
S.N. XIII : 576. n. 27. Lath. 605. n. 21. similar."

Latham (1785 : loc. cit.) discusses a specimen in the Leverian Museum and com-

298 SOME EIGHTEENTH CENTURY BIRD PAINTINGS

pares it with this drawing. J. R. Forster mentions that a specimen was taken
in Dusky Sound (1844 : 104) and gives notes on breeding times.

107. Sula dactylatra personata Gould, 1846. Australian Masked Gannet.

Unsigned painting. " Pelecanus piscator Linn. Norfolk Isles. Oct. 9th. 1774." (D.)
" Forster."

Since the Forsters believed that this species had already been described by
Linnaeus they apparently did not trouble to make any notes about it save for a
comment on the nests (1844 : 279), and many years passed before it received a
scientific name. The mask of the bird in Forster's plate is a dark yellowish grey.

Ellis, f. 47.

108. Sula leucogaster plotus Forster, 1844. Australian Brown Gannet or Booby.

A painting, unsigned and unfinished. " Pelecanus Plotus [crossed out] Fiber Linn.
N. Caledonia. §. 16th Sept. 1774." (D.) " G. Forster."

This species had been taken on the first voyage when the Endeavour was off the
Australian coast (Solander MS. Z4 : 23) but was then confused with Sula sula
Linn., 1766 : Forster compares the size of the two species (1844 : 278), referring to
5. sula as Pelecanus fiber Linn., a synonym based on an immature bird.

P.R. 16 ; A.M. 46.

109. Larus ? novae hollandiae scopulinus Forster, 1844. Silver Gull or Tarapunga.

An unsigned, unfinished painting of a gull in flight. " New Zealand, he talla." (J. R. F.)

" Larus scopulinus."

When J. R. Forster described this bird (1844 : 106) he stated that it was painted
by Hodges, an attribution that there seems no reason to doubt. It was first taken
in Dusky Sound, 13th April, 1773 ; the painting shows a young bird, in first juvenal
plumage. Messrs. G. Turbott and J. M. Cunningham have seen this drawing and
have pointed out that it shows some resemblance to L. bulleri Hutton ; it is possible
that Forster had specimens of both species.

no. Sterna fuscata serrata Wagler, 1830. Sooty or Wideawake Tern.

Unsigned, finished painting. " N. Caledonia. $. Sept. 16th. 1774." (Al.) " Sterna
serrata."

Wagler's description of this bird is almost identical with Forster's (1844 : 276)
and he acknowledges Forster as the source of his information.
See also P.R. 21 ; A.M. 44 ; Ellis, f. 55.

in. Nycticorax caledonicus (Gm.), 1789. New Caledonian Night Heron.

Unfinished, unsigned painting. " Ardea ferruginea nth Sept. 1774. N. Caledonia."
(D.) " Ge. Forster." {Al.) " Ardea caledonica S.N. XIII : 626."

J. R. Forster states (1844 : 274) that this bird lived in an intensely foetid swamp.
Latham says that Forster described it to him (1785 : 55).

SOME EIGHTEENTH CENTURY BIRD PAINTINGS 299

112. Ardea sp.

A charming, signed painting of a heron. " G. F. 1773." (D.) " Ge. Forster." (Al.)
" Ardea cocoi S.N. XIII : 629. Prom, bon spei in vivario."

This plate shows a young blue-grey heron, lacking a crest, with dark streaks
down the neck and breast, a horn-coloured bill, blue-grey legs, and feet with black
claws. One might assume that the locality is doubtful since Georg Forster dated
the plate 1773 and the Resolution left Capetown in November 1772, but it seems
more probable that this and some other paintings of Cape birds (see ff. 115, 116)
were finished at sea and dated only then. It is difficult to accept Sharpe's suggestion
(1906 : 189) that this may be a representation of Demigretta sacra, a bird lacking
the streaks on the neck, and with yellow legs ; besides, Georg Forster's plate 114
is quite a good likeness of that species. The two birds closest to the painting are
immatures of A. cocoi Linn, and A. cinerea Linn. ; both of these are grey herons
with streaks on the neck, but A. cocoi when immature has whitish thighs and dull
black legs and feet, while A. cinerea has greenish legs. The latter is a South
African breeding bird but the former is a South American species unlikely to have
been in a South African menagerie during the eighteenth century. If Forster
made a preliminary sketch in November 1772, when he was at the Cape, and finished
it later at sea from memory, that might account for the colour of the legs being
wrong, in which case the painting would be acceptable as a not very good represen-
tation of A . cinerea.

113. ? Ardea cinerea Linn., 1758. Common Grey Heron.

Rather a hastily executed unsigned, pencil sketch of a bird seen, apparently, in the
menagerie at the Cape of Good Hope. (D.) " Forster." (Al.) " Prom bon Spei in Vivario.
Ardea cocoi."

Sharpe thought that this drawing was unidentifiable (1906 : 189). The details
of the bill, crown and crest, and the markings on the lower surface of the neck and
breast, however, suggest that it may represent A . cinerea which as noted above, is a
South African breeding bird.

114. Demigretta sacra sacra (Gm.), 1789. Blue phase of the Reef Heron or Matuku-Moana.

Unsigned painting, not quite finished, or a New Zealand specimen of this heron. " Ardea
jugularis. Queen Charlotte's Sound. Matook." (D.) " Ge. Forster." {Al.) " — coerulea
S.N.XIII : 631. n. 17."

J. R. Forster noted the extensive range and colour variation in this species and
thought that it might be due to hybridization (1844 : 172-173).
Webber, f. 118.

115. Bugeranus carunculatus (Gm.), 1789. Wattled Crane.

A signed and finished painting, attributed by J. R. Forster to Schumacher (1844 : 47),
but in view of Georg Forster's having written his monogram on the actual painting we can
scarcely doubt that he was the artist. The crane was in the menagerie at the Cape. " G.F.
1773. Ardea palearis. Cape B. Sp." (D.) " G. Forster " (almost obliterated). [Al.)
" Ardea carunculata S.N.XIII : 643."

For a comment on the date see f. 112. Another painting of a Wattled Crane
(P.R. 56 — Masson's collection), appears to have been made at the same time ;
HIST. 1, 6. 20

300 SOME EIGHTEENTH CENTURY BIRD PAINTINGS

Latham's plate of the species (1785 : pi. 78) seems to be a composite of that and of
Forster's.

116. Geronticus calvus (Bodd.), 1783. Bald Ibis.

Signed and finished painting of a bird in the menagerie at Capetown (1844 : 49). " G.F.
1773." (D.) " Ge. Forster." (Al.) " Tantalus cafer — calvus S.N. XIII : 649."

For comment on the date see f. 112.

117. Theristicus caudatus melanopis (Gm.), 1789. Black-faced Ibis.

Unsigned, almost completed painting. " Staten Land. 3 Jany. 1775. Tantalus
melanops." (Al.) " — is. S.N. XIII : 653."

Forster's specimen went to Banks's collection (Latham, 1785 : 109) ; J. R.
Forster described it in detail (1844 : 332-333).
M.E. 19 ; P.R. 15, 22, 62 ; A.M. 52.

118. Erolia testacea (Pallas), 1764. Curlew Sandpiper.

Signed and completed painting. " G.F. 1773. Scolopax Cafra." (D.) " Ge. Forster."
(A I.) " — africana Cape of Good Hope."

This bird breeds in Northern Asia but winters in Africa and other countries south
of the equator. J. R. Forster sent four specimens in spirit back to the Royal Society
(1844 : 49).

119. Numenius tahitiensis (Gm.), 1789. Bristle-thighed Curlew.

Almost finished, unsigned painting. " Scolopax tahitiensis. Tewea. May 3. 1774."
[Al.) " 18^/37. Otaheiti. S.N.XIII : 656. "

Latham does not state whether he saw a drawing or a specimen in Banks's collection
(1785 : 122). J. R. Forster described this bird in some detail (1844 : 242-244)
comparing it with the European Curlew. For almost one hundred years after its
discovery it was believed to be confined to the Pacific and its breeding place was
unknown, but in May 1869, examples were collected by Bischoff in Alaska ; it
was not until 1948 that the nest and eggs were actually discovered in that country
by D. G. Allen, a member of an American expedition (National Geographic Magazine,
Dec, 1948). This painting was reproduced in the Illustrated London News in June
that year, with an account of the purpose of the expedition.

120. Prosobonia leucoptera (Gm.), 1789. Latham's White- winged Sandpiper.

Unsigned painting, with the background lightly sketched in, of a curious little sandpiper
now extinct. " Tringa pyrrhetraea. Torowe. Taheitee." (Al.) " — leucoptera S.N.XIII :
678."

Full notes on this species are given under Ellis, f. 65. J. R. Forster remarks
(1844 : 175) that the 15th and 16th primaries [probably secondaries] of the wing were
white on the right and black on the left of the bird he examined. He adds that he
was unable to get hold of another specimen. Latham remarks on variability in
the birds he saw (1785 : 172).

EUis, f. 65 ; Webber, f. 166.

SOME EIGHTEENTH CENTURY BIRD PAINTINGS 301

121. Thinornis novaeseelandiae (Gm.), 1789. Sand Plover or Tuturuatu.

Finished, unsigned painting. " Charadrius torquatula. Doodoorroo-attoo. Charlotte's
Sound." (D.) " G. Forster." {Al.) " — nova Seelandia S.N.XIII : 684."

This species was actually discovered at Dusky Sound New Zealand (1844 : 108),
although Georg Forster's specimen was from Queen Charlotte's Sound. It now
occurs only at the Chatham Islands. It was represented in Banks's collection
(Latham, 1785 : 206, pi. 83).

P.R. n ; M.E. 26.

122. Pluviorhynchus obscurus (Gm.), 1789. New Zealand Dotterel or Tuturiwhatu.

Unsigned, finished painting of a bird in breeding plumage. " Charadrius Glareola.
Hapoho-era. April 4th. 1773. Dusky Bay." (D.) " Ge. Forster." {Al.) " — obscurus
S.N.XIII : 686."

J. R. Forster gave a very careful description of this bird (1844 : 109-110). Latham
may have seen a specimen as well as this drawing (1785 : 211).

123. Pluvialis dominica fulva (Gm.), 1789. Asiatic Golden Plover.

Unsigned, finished painting of a Golden Plover assuming winter plumage. " Charadrius
Glaucopus. Tonga Tabboo or Amsterdam I." (D.) " Ge. Forster." (Al.) " Charadrius
fulvus S.N.XIII : 687."

Gmelin refers to Latham's account of this species (1785 : 211) and quotes a descrip-
tion from Forster. This painting does not, however, appear to be the type since
J. R. Forster gives only Tahiti as the habitat (1844 : 176) and neither of the Golden
Plovers figured by his son (see next f .) came from there.

Ellis, f. 68.

124. Pluvialis dominica fulva (Gm.), 1789. Asiatic Golden Plover.

An unfinished and unsigned wash drawing of the species figured in f. 123. " Charadrius
glaucopus var. N. Caledonia. Poemanghee <J. Sept. 6. 1774. Cap. fuscum striatis
fulvis, Collum simile sed pallidius. Eyes dark brown. Macula aurium fusca. Maculae
flavescentes & albadors. Tectrices alarum cinereofusca, albicante variae. Cauda rufa, fasciis
fuscis." [Some of the terminations of the Latin words are indistinct and do not appear
logical.] (D.) " Ge. Forster."

The monochrome used in this figure gives the bird the appearance of the Grey
Plover Squatarola squatarola (Linn.) but the MS. notes clearly show that it is indeed
the Golden Plover ; it is in rather fuller plumage than the bird in f. 123.

125. Chionis alba (Gm.), 1789. Sheath-bill.

Unsigned, completed painting. " Staten Land. Jany. 2d. 1775." (J. R. F.) " Chionis
lactea." (Al.) " Vaginalis alba S.N.XIII : 705."

J. R. Forster refers to this species (1844 : 312, 313, 330), giving its habitat as
New Year Island off Statenland, and South Georgia. Latham added New Zealand
to its range (1785 : 269), a mistake which was copied by Gmelin. Latham's account
suggests that he saw specimens ; his plate (no. 89) bears little resemblance to
Forster's.

M.E. 31 ; A.M. 51.

302 SOME EIGHTEENTH CENTURY BIRD PAINTINGS

126. Gallirallus australis australis (Sparrm.), 1786. South Island Weka of New Zealand.

Unsigned, finished painting of a member of this once-abundant species, discovered in
Dusky Sound (1844: no), March 1773. " Rallus Troglodytes N. Zeeland. wegga." (D.)
" Ge. Forster." {A I.) " S.N.XIII : 713. ' '

Latham, using Forster's notes and a specimen in the Leverian Museum (1785 :
229) distinguished the forms of this rail as separate species. There is considerable
variation throughout the genus which has long caused confusion in the nomenclature
(Buller, 1888, etc.). Peters (1934 : 178) thinks it unlikely that there is another
South Island race of G. australis, since the ranges of two supposedly distinct forms
overlap ; he considers that more probably one form exists in two colour phases.

M.E. 28, 29 ; P.R. 17, 61 ; A.M. 33.

♦127. Rallus philippensis ecaudata J. F. Miller, 1783. Banded Rail.

Unsigned, finished painting of a rail from Tonga (1844 : 178). " Rallus pacificus.
Namoka. $. July 1st, 1774." (D.) " Ge. Forster." (Al.) " — ■philippensis S.N.XIII : 714."

The date, only just legible, was two days after Cook left Tonga and probably
refers to the time the painting was finished. J. R. Forster (1844 : 178) described
this bird as a Tongan variety of Rallus pacificus from Tahiti. In the first description
published by Miller, whose plate was clearly taken from Forster's drawing, Tahiti
was erroneously given as the habitat. This led to confusion and to another name
being given to the Tongan bird which appears in current literature both as R. p.
ecaudata Miller and R. p. forsteri Hartlaub. A note on the synonymy has been
published elsewhere (Lysaght, 1953 : 75). Miller makes no reference to a specimen
and it is probable that this painting is the type.

128. Rallus pacificus Gm., 1 789. Pacific Rail.

Unsigned painting, finished except for one leg. " Rallus pacificus Oomeeo-keteow.
Oomnaoe. Taheitee." (D.) " Ge. Forster." {Al.) "—philippensis p S.N.XIII : 714."

Gmelin's description of this species (1789 : 717) was based on that of Latham who
does not state whether he saw a specimen or a drawing. No museum specimens
now exist and the plate in Rothschild's Extinct Birds (1907 : pi. 26) is a copy of this
painting of Forster's ; there is a translation of J. R. Forster's description (1844 : 177)
in the same work. This species has been confused with Rallus philippensis ecaudata
(f. 127) ; the synonymy is discussed briefly in the note on that species.

♦129. Rallus caerulescens Gm., 1789. Kaffir Rail.

A signed and completed plate of a bird in a menagerie at the Cape of Good Hope (1844 : 50).
" G.F.1773. Rallus Cafer." (D.) " Ge. Forster." (Al.) " Prom. bon. spei. — caerulescens
S.N.XIII : 716."

Latham's account was based on this drawing (1785 : 234) which is therefore the
type. The date of this drawing does not refer to the time when the specimen was
collected (see f. 112 etc.).

130. Porzana nigra (Miller), 1784. Polynesian Black or Sooty Rail.

Finished, unsigned painting of this widely distributed little rail, discovered in 1773
(1844 : 178). " Rallus minutus. Maho. Taheitee." (D.) " Ge. Forster." (Al.) " — tabuensis
S.N.XIII : 717. n.20."

SOME EIGHTEENTH CENTURY BIRD PAINTINGS 303

This species was recorded by J. R. Forster from both the Friendly and Society
Islands. Latham gave Tanna as the habitat of a variety (1785 : 235) but Amadon
(1942) discussing this bird under the name of P. tabuensis (see Lysaght, 1956),
thought that there were no valid grounds for dividing the Polynesian birds into
races although he has separated a form that occurs in Tasmania, New Zealand and
the Chatham Islands.

Most of Sharpe's notes on this painting (1906 : 192) apply to the next one.

131. Poliolimnas cinereus tannensis (Forster), 1844. White-browed Crake.

Unsigned pencil sketch of a crake from Tanna, New Hebrides. " Rallus tanensis. $.
12th August, 1774." (D.) " Ge. Forster."

J. R. Forster described this bird (1844 : 275) and it is possible that M.E. 27 and
A.M. 8 are other representations of it.

132. Limnocorax flavirostra (Swainson), 1837. Black Crake.

Unsigned painting, lacking detail, of a South African bird collected on the homeward
voyage. " Rallus aethiops (C. B. S.) April 24^1.1775." (Al.) " — niger S.N. XIII : 717.
n.21. Prom, bon spei."

J. R. Forster described this bird (1844 : 400) but Swainson's account appeared
seven years earlier.

133. Afrotis afra afra (Linn.), 1766. Black Korhaan.

An elaborate painting with an arum and other plants in the foreground, and a background
of sea and hills. There is no doubt that, although this bears some resemblance to Hodge's
work, it is by Georg Forster since his monogram and the date are written on a leaf near
the middle of the foreground. " G.F.1773." (Al.) " Otis afra S.N. XIII : 724."

J. R. Forster (1844 •' 52) remarks that he sent one of these birds from Capetown
to the Royal Society.

134. ? Afrotis afra afra (Linn.), 1766. Black Koorhaan.

An unfinished and unsigned painting, perhaps representing the female and young of the
above species as Sharpe suggested (1906 : 193). (D.) " Ge. Forster." (Al.) " Otis afra
S.N. XIII : 724. Cape of Good Hope."

135. Francolinus capensis (Gm.), 1789. Cape Francolin.

Unsigned, unfinished painting of a bird collected at the Cape on the homeward voyage
(1844 : 400-404). " Tetrao capensis " [some notes on colouring are indecipherable]. (D.)
" G. Forster." (Al.) " Pheasant. Prom, bon Spei."

J. R. Forster discusses this species at length and points out that although it is
called a pheasant locally it is very different from the true pheasants. Latham
spoke of a specimen in the British Museum (1782 : 756).

P.R. 36.

136. Gallicolumba erythroptera (Gm.), 1789. Latham's Garnet-winged Pigeon.

Finished, unsigned painting of a bird collected in 1773. " Columba leucophrys. Taheitee."
(D.) " Ge. Forster." (Al.) " — pectoralis MSS — erythroptera S.N. XIII : 775. n. 10."

This species was collected in the Society Islands on all three of Cook's voyages

304 SOME EIGHTEENTH CENTURY BIRD PAINTINGS

to the Pacific. The birds painted by Parkinson and Forster came from Tahiti ;
on the third voyage Ellis painted one from Eimeo (Moorea), an island not far from
Tahiti, and in that specimen the abdomen as well as the breast was white. Latham
described one in the Leverian Museum which agrees with Forster's and which came
from Eimeo, and noted, in Banks's collection, a variety with a ferruginous eye-
stripe from Tahiti (1783 : 624-625) ; Gmelin, basing his account on Latham's,
gave Eimeo as the habitat of the type. Temminck (1808-n : 123) stated that he
saw several in London collections ; there is now one in the Leiden Museum labelled
" Voyage de Cook. O. Tahiti. Cab. Bullock."

This species apparently became extinct in Tahiti and the other islands of the Society
group in the eighteenth century, but was collected in the Tuamotu Islands by Captain
Belcher (1 skin) and by T. R. Peale (2 skins) in the nineteenth century, and again
in 1922 by the Whitney Expedition (20 adults ; Murphy, 1924).

Parkinson, f. 35 ; M.E. 30 ; Ellis, f. 71.

137. Hemiphaga novaeseelandiae (Gm.), 1789. New Zealand Pigeon or Kereru.

Unsigned, almost completed painting. " Columba argetraea. Dusky Bay (N.Z.) April
3rd 1773. hagarreroo." (D.) " Ge. Forster." (Al.) " — Nova Seelandia S.N.XIII : 773."

The first published reference to this pigeon was by Parkinson (1773 : 115) who
observed it at Queen Charlotte's Sound, in January 1770 ; his notes on the colours
of the soft parts were published amongst his brief descriptions of Australian birds
(Lysaght & Serventy, 1956). Latham's was the first detailed account (1783 : 640)
but he gave no particulars about his sources of information. J. R. Forster's remarks
(1844 : 80) contain nothing of particular interest about the species.

M.E. 5 ; A.M. 26.

♦138. Ptilinopus tannensis (Latham), 1790. Tanna Fruit Dove.

Finished, unsigned painting of a specimen collected in Tanna, New Hebrides, 1774 (1844 :
264). " Tanna." (J. R. F.) " Columba xanthura." (D.) " Ge. Forster." {Al.) " — curvi-
rostra p S.N.XIII : 777."

Latham described this dove from this drawing (1783 : 632, 1790 : 600) which is
therefore the type ; both he and Gmelin first regarded it as a variety of Treron
curvirostra (Gm.), quite a different species.

139. Ducula pacifica pacifica (Gm.), 1789. Pacific Pigeon.

Unsigned, finished painting. "Columba globicera. Ooroobaria. Tongatabo. Amsterdam
I." (D.) " Ge. Forster." (Al.) " — aenea S.N.XIII : 780. Sonnerat Nov. Guin. 169. 1. 102."

Sharpe (1906 : 193-194) thought that this plate probably represented the Pacific
Pigeon.
A.M. 11 ; Ellis, f. 72.

140. Ptilinopus purpuratus purpuratus (Gm.), 1789. Purple-crowned Fruit Pigeon.

Unsigned, finished painting. " Columba porphyracra. Oo-obpa. Taheiti." (D.) " Ge.
Forster." (Al.) " — purpurata S.N.XIII : 784. n. 64."

J. R. Forster's notes on colour variation in these fruit pigeons (1844 : 167-168)
are of interest especially in connection with recent work on the group by Ripley &

SOME EIGHTEENTH CENTURY BIRD PAINTINGS 305

Birckhead (1942). Latham refers to a specimen from Tahiti in the Leverian
Museum.

Parkinson, f. 34.

141. Ptilinopus porphyraceus porphyraceus (Temminck), 1821. Crimson-crowned Fruit
Pigeon.

Fully finished, unsigned painting of a Tongan fruit pigeon. " Columba porphyracra.
Amsterdam I." (Al.) " — purpurata S.N. XIII : 784. n. 64."

J. R. Forster gives only a brief note on this Tongan bird (1844 : 167).
M.E. 13 ; A.M. 12.

142. ? Gallicolumba ferruginea (Wagler), 1829. Tanna Ground Dove.

Unsigned, finished painting, without much detail, of a bird collected at Tanna, New
Hebrides. " Columba ferruginea. Tanna. $. 17th Aug. 1774." (D.) " Ge. Forster."

J. R. Forster gives a number of details about this bird (1844 : 265) which has
been the subject of much discussion since this is the only record of its occurrence in
Tanna. Salvadori pointed out (1893) that it was very close to Gallicolumba stairi
Gray, 1856 from Samoa ; since then Mayr (1935) has described a new and uncommon
species, santaecrucis , close to stairi, from the Santa Cruz Islands and Espiritu
Santo in the northern New Hebrides. In the British Museum there is a skin of a
female from Betap, Espiritu Santo, collected in 1933, which is rather similar to
Forster's painting. Variation in stairi, in which there are two types of female plumage,
is discussed in some detail by Amadon (1943) ; in view of the assumption of a male
type of plumage by some females in that species there are grounds for hesitating
to adopt Stresemann's suggestion that Forster sexed his specimen incorrectly
(1950 : 84).

*i43. Anthus novaeseelandiae (Gm.), 1789. New Zealand Pipit or Pihoihoi.

Unsigned, finished painting. " Alauda littorea. Kogoo uroiire. Q. Charlotte's Sound."
(D.) " New Zealand Lark. Latham syn. 2. p. 384. n.17. tab. 51. from this drawing." {Al.)
" — nova Seelandia S.N. XIII : 799." On the back is also a little note in Georg Forster's hand,
" 2 N.Z. Mammalia, 35 N.Z. birds, 2 N.H.do., S.C.Q.C.S. N.Z. 7th Nov. 1774." N.H.
probably means New Holland ; two birds were brought from there by Captain Furneaux.

Latham (1783 : 384) says that his description was taken from Banks's collection
of drawings, and this one therefore is the type. Some of the white paint seems to have
discoloured with age. See also M.E. 32 and A.M. 31.

144. Creadion carunculatus (Gm.), 1789. New Zealand Saddleback or Tieke.

An unsigned, finished painting of two birds, an adult above and an immature below.
" Sturnus carunculatus. N.Z. Charlotte's Sound." (D.) " Ge. Forster." (Al.) " — S.N. XIII :
805."

Latham described this species (1783 : 9) from specimens in the Leverian Museum
as well as from J. R. Forster's notes ; he confused the colouring of the female with
that of an immature bird just as Forster did (1844 : 81). The birds were taken in
March 1773, in Dusky Sound, as well as in May or June in Queen Charlotte's Sound,

306 SOME EIGHTEENTH CENTURY BIRD PAINTINGS

that is of course the southern autumn and early winter ; the immature plumage
persists for a year, a fact which misled some later observers. The Saddleback was
once common throughout New Zealand but is now very rare except in a few outlying
islands.

M.E. 7 ; A.M. 19 ; Ellis, f. 73.

145. Turnagra capensis (Sparrm.), 1789. South Island Thrush or Piopio.

An unsigned, finished painting of an adult from Dusky Sound, another, not quite com-
pleted, of an immature bird from Queen Charlotte's Sound, and a pencil sketch of a bill."
" Turdus crassirostris golobeeo. Dusky Bay, April 4th. 1773." (The localities are also
pencilled against the birds.) (D.) " Ge. Forster." (Al.) " S.N. XIII : 815^.43."

J. R. Forster noted (1844 : 85) that there were two types of plumage but did not
state that these were due to age or sex. Latham (1873 : 34) assumed that the
younger, brighter bird was the female ; he described a specimen from the Leverian
Museum, and his type ultimately went to the Natural History Museum in Vienna.

A.M. 29.

146. Aplonis ulietensis (Gm.), 1789. A starling ; Latham's Bay Thrush.

Unsigned, finished painting of a bird from Raiatea in the Society Islands. " Turdus
badius. Raietea |jj June 1st. 1774." (Al.) " — ulietensis. S.N. XIII : 815^.44."

The synonymy of this bird has been discussed by Wiglesworth (1892 : 45) who
pointed out that the type and only specimen of Aplonis mavornata Buller, 1887
(A inornata Sharpe, 1890) which Sharpe had suggested might be the type of A.
ulietensis (1890 : 135-136), did not in fact agree with the measurements of Latham's
Bay Thrush, the bird quoted by Gmelin in his description of A. ulietensis.
Wiglesworth had apparently not seen Forster's drawing which differs from the type
of A. mavornata not only in size, but also in colour, shape of the tail, and other
features ; one striking difference is that while the feathers of the head and neck in
A . mavornata are tiny and lanceolate those in Forster's bird are fan-like with wavy
transverse barring so that the head has a slightly curly appearance. A number
of Polynesian species of Aplonis have recently been discussed by Mayr (1942) but
no specimens further east than the Cook Islands were mentioned ; if these should
occur it may be possible to revise our ideas of Georg Forster's bird which his father
regarded as belonging to a new and distinct genus (1844 : 239). This painting
was reproduced by Seebohm (1881) but the copy was a poor one since the whole
aspect of the bird was changed.

147a. Cossypha caffra (Linn.), 1771. Cape Robin.

Unsigned, finished painting of a specimen collected in 1775 (1844 : 404). Turdus
phoenicurus Cape of Good Hope." (Al.) " S.N. XIII : 816."

147b. Cercomela familiaris (Stephens), 1826. Familiar Chat.

Finished, unsigned painting of a bird collected in 1775 (1844 : 404). " Turdus sordidulus.
Cape of Good Hope."

SOME EIGHTEENTH CENTURY BIRD PAINTINGS 307

148. Petroica (Miro) australis (Sparrm.), 1788. South Island Robin or Toutouwai, of New
Zealand.

Unsigned, finished painting. " Turdus ochrotarsus No. 3. N.Z. Dusky Bay. March 28th.
1773. Gha-Toitoi." (D.) " G. Forst " (almost trimmed away). (Al.) " — albifrons x
S.N.XIII : 822."

The colouring here is fairly accurate but the bird has been made too plump.
J. R. Forster says (1844 : 82) " Suaviter cantillat homines non formidat, — saepius
manu captus vel pileo." This little bird is still common in some localities and is
remarkably tame, even more so than the English robin.

149. Petroica macrocephala (Gm.), 1789. Yellow-breasted Tit or Ngiru-ngiru.

Unsigned, finished painting of both the male (upper figure), and the female ; this species
was collected in New Zealand in 1773 (1844 : 83) " Turdus minutus, Mirro-mirro. Queen
Charlotte's Sound. N.Z."

Latham saw either a specimen or a drawing of this bird in Banks's collection.

150. Petroica multicolor (Gm.), 1789. Scarlet-breasted Robin of Norfolk Island.

Unsigned, finished painting of the male (left) and female. " Turdus dibaphus. Norfolk
Isle, (J nth. Oct. 1774."

J. R. Forster described both sexes (1844 : 267). Latham states (1783 : 343)
that there was a male in Banks's collection and a female in the Leverian Museum.
M.E. 35 ; A.M. 13.

151. Turdus poliocephalus xanthopus Forster, 1844. Vinous-tinted Blackbird.

Unfinished, unsigned painting : the vinaceous wash of the breast is not shown and there
is little detail. The specimen was collected in Sept., 1774, in New Caledonia (1844 : 266).
" Turdus xanthopus [flavipes crossed out]. N. Caledonia." (D.) " Ge. Forster." (Al.)
" — aurantius S.N.XIII : 832."

Mathews regarded xanthopus as a full species (1930 : 580), but we have followed
Mayr's arrangement (1931 : 22 ; 1941) whereby the Australonesian thrushes with
yellow bills and legs are placed in Turdus poliocephalus, a species embracing a number
of island races.

152. Euplectes orix (Linn.), 1758. Red Bishop-bird.

Signed, dated and completed plate of a specimen collected at the Cape of Good Hope,
November 1772 (1844 : 53) : " G.F.1773." [See ff. 112, 116 etc. for note on this date.]
(D.) " Ge. Forster." {Al.) " Loxia orix S.N.XIII : 863. Emberiza orix L. Cape."

J. R. Forster sent several of these birds to the Royal Society (loc. cit.).

♦153. Acalanthe psittacea (Gm.), 1789. Parrot-finch.

Barely finished, unsigned painting of a New Caledonian bird collected in September 1774
(1844 : 273). " New Caledonia." (D.) " Ge. Forster." {Al.) " Loxia pulchella Fringilla
psittacea S.N.XIII : 903."

This painting is very similar to Latham's (1783 : pi. 48) and his description is so
close to J. R. Forster's {loc. cit.) that it seems that the painting represents the type.

308 SOME EIGHTEENTH CENTURY BIRD PAINTINGS

154a. Fringillaria capensis Linn., 1766. Cape Rock-bunting.

Unsigned, finished painting of a specimen collected on the homeward voyage, in 1775
(1844 : 405). " Fringilla bicincta. Cape of Good Hope." (Al.) " — -naevia S.N. XIII : 911."

1546. Spheneacus afer (Gm.), 1789. Cape Grass-bird.

Unsigned, finished painting of another South African bird collected at the Cape of
Good Hope on the homeward voyage (1844 : 407) " Muscicapa dubia. Cape of Good Hope "
{Al.) "—afra S.N.XIII : 940. ' '

Latham gives no information about the source of his material (1783 : 332).

155. Rhipidura fuliginosa (Sparrm.), 1787. New Zealand Fantail or Piwakawaka.

Unsigned, finished painting. " Muscicapa ventilabrum. No. 4. N.Z. March 28th. 1773.
diggo wagh wagh." (D.) " Fan-tailed Flycatcher. Latham syn. 2. p. 340. n. 33. tab. 49.
from this drawing." {Al.) " — flabellifera S.N.XIII : 943."

Latham's plate is very close to Forster's but he also saw some specimens. J. R.
Forster noted that this bird was very tame (1844 : 86) and that it would perch on a
man's head or shoulder to catch the flies he disturbed. It is a species that has
adapted itself to settlement and it readily enters houses in the country or on the
outskirts of towns.

156. Pomarea nigra (Sparrm.), 1786. Society Islands Flycatcher.

Finished, unsigned painting of a young bird. " Muscicapa lutea. Oo-ma-mao pooo hou.
Taheitee." (D.) " Ge. Forster." (Al.) " S.N.XIII : 944. n. 70."

The sexes are alike. J. R. Forster described the young bird as Muscicapa lutea
(1844 : 169) and the adult as the male of Muscicapa atra (p. 170) ; the Tongan
bird which he thought was the female has not yet been identified. Murphy &
Mathews do not mention a Tongan species in their paper on Pomarea (1928).

♦157. Mohoua ochrocephala (Gm.), 1789. Yellow-head or Mohua.

Unsigned, finished painting. " Muscicapa Chloris. Queen Charlotte's Sound. S.C.Q.C.S.
N.Z. 4. 3d. N. 1774." (D.) " Ge. Forster." {Al.)" — ochrocephala S.N.XIII : 944 n. 71."

Latham's account of the bird (1783 : 342). the basis of Gmelin's description, was
founded on this drawing which is therefore the type. J. R. Forster's account of
the species is dated April 4th, 1773, when they were at Dusky Sound (1844 : 87).

♦158. Zosterops flavifrons flavifrons (Gm.), 1789. Yellow-fronted White-eye.

Unsigned, finished painting of a specimen collected in Tanna, New Hebrides. " Musci-
capa ? heteroclita. Tana. Aug. 7th. 1774." (D.) " Ge. Forster." {Al.) " — flavifrons
S.N.XIII : 944. n. 72."

Latham described this species (1783 : 343) from this drawing which can therefore
be regarded as Gmelin's type. See also J. R. Forster, 1844 : 271-
A.M. 16.

159. Lalage leucopyga montrosieri Verreaux and des Murs, i860. New Caledonian Cater-
pillar-catcher or Long-tailed Triller.

Unsigned, almost finished painting of a specimen collected September 1774 (1844 : 269).
" Muscicapa naevia N. Caledonia." {Al.) " S.N.XIII : 944, n. 73."

SOME EIGHTEENTH CENTURY BIRD PAINTINGS 309

I have followed Mayr & Ripley (1941) in using Lalage as the generic name of this
bird. Gmelin described it in 1789 but employed a name that was pre-occupied ;
therefore the later name and description of the French authors became valid.

160. Cinclodes patagonicus (Gm.), 1789. Patagonian Cinclodes.

Unsigned, finished painting of a bird found feeding on the shore, 26th December, 1774,
at Christmas Sound or nearby, in Terra del Fuego (1844 : 324). " Terra del Fuego."

(Al.) " Motacilla gracula . . . patagonica S.N. XIII : 957."

The Forsters' specimens apparently went to the Leverian Museum where they were
seen by Latham (1783 : 434).

161. Aphrastura spinicauda spinicauda (Gm.), 1789. Thorn-tailed Creeper.

Almost finished, unsigned painting. " Motacilla seticauda. Terra del Fuego. December
21st. 1774." (D.) " Thorn-tailed Warbler. Latham syn. 2. p. 463. n. 71. tab. 52 from
this figure and the following." (Al.) " — spinicauda S.N. XIII : 978."

Latham's plate seems to be a composite of this painting and the pencil sketch
on the next folio ; he says that his material was derived from Banks's collection.

162. Aphrastura spinicauda spinicauda (Gm.), 1789. See f. 161.

Unsigned pencil sketch of the head, back and one wing, with a detailed drawing of the
tail. (Al.) " Motacilla seticauda."

This drawing may not be by Georg Forster ; his father refers to " Fig. pict.
F. et G." (1844 : 328), dating his description 26th December, and it may be that he
himself made this sketch ; in his other references to artists he has given the whole
name at least once.

♦163. Scytalopus magellanicus (Gm.), 1789. Magellanic Babbler.

Unsigned, almost finished painting. " Motacilla Magellanica. Terra del Fuego. 28th
December 1774." (D.) " Forster." (Al.) " S.N. XIII : 979. n. 137."

According to J. R. Forster (1844 : 327) these small Babblers feed amongst rocks
and heaps of stones as does the European Wren. It was from this painting that
Latham drew up his description (1783 : 464) and it is therefore the type.

164. Acanthisitta chloris (Sparrm.), 1787. Rifleman or Titi-pounamu.

Unsigned, finished painting of an adult female. " Motacilla Citrinella. Dusky Bay,
New Zealand." (D.) " Ge. Forster." {Al.) "—a S.N.XIII : 979. n. 138."

This species was collected by the Forsters on 2nd April, 1773 (1844 : 89).
A.M. 15, M.E. 39.

♦165. Xenicus longipes (Gm.), 1789. Bush Wren or Matuhi.

Unsigned, finished painting. " Motacilla longipes. E.Teetee tu poonom. New Zealand.
Dusky Bay." [Al) " S.N.XIII : 979. n. 139."

Georg Forster appears to have confused the Maori name of this wren with that of
the Rifleman in the preceding painting. His father does not mention it in his account

310 SOME EIGHTEENTH CENTURY BIRD PAINTINGS

(1844 : 88). Latham refers his description to this drawing (1783 : 465) which is
thus the type.

*i66. Finschia novaeseelandiae (Gm.), 1789. Brown Creeper or Pipipi.

Unsigned, finished painting of a specimen collected in New Zealand in 1773 (1844 : 90).
" Parus Urostigma. Toe-Toe. Dusky Bay." (D.) " Ge. Forster." (Al.) " — nova Seelandia
S.N.XIII : 1013."

Oliver (1930 : 478) thought that this painting had been reproduced by Gray in the
Voyage of the Erebus and Terror (Zool., Birds, 1845) but the supposed copy lacks
the streaks on the undersurface and the white eye-stripe which are so conspicuous
in Forster's plate. J. R. Forster gives only a brief note on this species (1844 : 90).
Latham based his account on this drawing which is therefore the type (1783 : 558).

167. Hirundo tahitica Gm., 1789. Tahitian Swallow.

Finished, unsigned painting of a specimen collected in 1774. " Taheitee." (^4/.)
"Hirundo pyrrholaema, —tahitica S.N.XIII : 1016."

Latham saw one of these swallows in Banks's collection. J. R. Forster's account
is a detailed one (1844 : 241).

168. Collocalia leucophaea leucophaea (Beale), 1848. Tahitian Swiftlet.

Unsigned, finished painting of a bird collected in 1774 (1844 : 240). " Hirundo peruviana.
Taheitee. (D.) " Forster." (Al.) " (Brisson b.) — cinerea S.N.XIII : 1026."

The synonymy of the species is discussed by Hartert (1892 : 502) who, however,
does not refer to this painting. J. R. Forster thought that this swiftlet occurred in
Peru as well as in Tahiti but this is not so.

8. BIRDS PAINTED BY AN UNKNOWN ARTIST
ON COOK'S SECOND VOYAGE

Three sets of these paintings exist. The first is in the Royal Scottish Museum
and each of the 38 paintings comprising it bear the letters M.E. and a number.
M.E. is believed to stand for Museum Edinense. The possible identity of the painter
is discussed in the notes on William Anderson who is believed to have owned the
paintings. The second set is in the British Museum (Print Room). It was acquired
by Banks who has written on the back of most of the plates " Captain Clarke [sic\]
1775." They are clearly by the artist responsible for the two other sets. The third
set is now in the Mitchell Library, Sydney, but for many years it was in the Australian
Museum and was generally regarded as the work of Georg Forster (Iredale, 1925) ;
it includes copies of ten of his paintings This set was orginally in the possession of
Admiral Isaac Smith, a cousin of Mrs. Cook's. He was with Cook on the Newfound-
land survey, a midshipman then master's mate on the first voyage round the world,
and master's mate on the Resolution on the second voyage. The paintings were
bought by the Agent-General for New South Wales from Canon Frederick Bennett,
the son of Mrs. Cook's executor and residuary legatee (Beaglehole, 1955, cxcvii,
590). Isaac Smith apparently named the birds and noted the localities long after

SOME EIGHTEENTH CENTURY BIRD PAINTINGS 3"

the voyage, and much of his information is misleading. His MS. is pasted inside
the volume and Canon Bennett copied his notes on to the drawings. The task of
identifying the birds from photographs was made easier by the existence of 36
duplicates in the Edinburgh and London sets ; later I was able to visit Sydney
and examine the originals myself. I have assumed that on the whole the localities
given by Banks are correct. See footnote p. 262.

(a) Thirty-eight Coloured Drawings of Birds of the Southern Hemisphere, executed from
the Life, in the Course of Captain Cook's Second Voyage. Royal Scottish Museum,
ff- 5-42.

5. Hemiphaga novaeseelandiae (Gm.), 1789. New Zealand Pigeon.
A.M. 26 ; Forster, f. 137.

6. Callaeas cinerea (Gm.), 1788. Orange-wattled Crow or South Island Kokako.
P.R. 12 ; Forster, f. 52 ; A.M. 19.

7. Creadion carunculatus (Gm.), 1789. Saddleback or Tieke of New Zealand.
A.M. 19 ; Forster, f. 144 ; Ellis, f. 73.

8. Conopoderas caffra longirostris (Gm.), 1789. Long-billed Warbler of the Society

Islands. [PI. 37a.]
A.M. 28 ; Forster, f. 55 ; Ellis, f. 76 ; Webber, f . 139.

9. Philemon diemensis (Lesson), 1831. New Caledonian Friar Bird.
P.R. 18 ; A.M. 21.

10. Myzomela cardinalis cardinalis (Gm.), 1788. Cardinal Honey-eater, New Hebrides.
A.M. 24 ; Forster, f. 63.

11. Glyciphila melanops (Lath.), 1801. Tawny-crowned Honey-eater, Tasmania.
Gadow has pointed out that some immature birds have a yellow patch on the

throat (1884 : 211) ; this can be seen in some of the skins in the Museum and in
this drawing. The Tasmanian race of this bird has a particularly long bill. Latham
appears to have seen specimens.
A.M. 23.

12. Vini peruviana (P. L. S. Miiller), 1776. Tahitian Blue Lory.
Parkinson, f. 9 ; Forster, f . 49 ; Ellis, f. 14 ; Webber, f. 140.

13. Ptilinopus porphyraceus porphyraceus (Temm.), 1821. Crimson-crowned Fruit Dove,
Tonga.

A.M. 12 ; Forster, f. 141.

312 SOME EIGHTEENTH CENTURY BIRD PAINTINGS

14. Graucalus caledonicus (Gm.), 1788. New Caledonian Cuckoo Shrike.
Forster, f. 53 ; P.R. 19 ; A.M. 6.

15. Halcyon chloris ? subsp. A White-collared Kingfisher.

The width of the superciliary stripe, the nuchal collar and the blue stripe below
the eye, suggest that the race depicted is erromangae Mayr, 1938, from Erromanga
in the New Hebrides ; the pale undersurface, mainly white with a few faint touches
of buff, is however more characteristic oijuliae Heine, i860 which occurs in the central
New Hebrides and could have been collected in Malekula. The circumstances in
which Cook landed on Erromanga make it unlikely that any collecting was done there
apart from a water-snake which the Forsters caught from their boat.

16. Lichmera incana (Lath.), 1790. New Caledonian Honey-eater.

Latham copied his description of this species from Anderson's MS. (Char. brev.
avium in itin. 1772-75 : 13). J. R. Forster described this bird as Certhia chlorophaea
from New Caledonia (1844 : 264) but his son did not paint it.

17. Prosthemadera novaeseelandiae (Gm.), 1788. Tui or Parson-bird, New Zealand.
P.R. 23, 63 ; A.M. 20 ; Forster, f. 61 ; Ellis, f. 25.

18. Halcyon leucocephala actaeon (Lesson), 1830. Cape Verde Islands Kingfisher.
A.M. 10 ; Forster, f. 60.

19. Theristicus caudatus melanopis (Gm.), 1788. Black-faced Ibis, from New Year
Island off Statenland.

P.R. 15, 22, 62 ; A.M. 52 ; Forster, f. 117.

20. Tachyeres pteneres (Forster), 1844. Magellanic Steamer Duck, Statenland.
Forster, f. 68.

21. Phalacrocorax magellanicus (Gm.), 1789. Magellanic or Rock Shag, Terra del Fuego.
A.M. 48 ; Forster, f. 105.

22. Phalacrocorax punctatus punctatus (Sparrm.), 1786. Spotted Shag or Parekareka,
New Zealand.

23. Pelecanoides urinatrix urinatrix (Gm.), 1789. Common Diving Petrel or Kuaka, New

Zealand.

Forster, f. 88.

24. Fregetta fuliginosa (Gm.), 1789. Latham's Sooty Petrel.

According to a note on the back of a duplicate, P.R. 10, of this painting, this bird
was taken at Tahiti. It is very similar to the unique type specimen of Fregetta
moestissima (Salvin), 1879, from Samoa. I have followed Bourne (1957) in his
identification of the species which he has discussed in detail on the basis of these

SOME EIGHTEENTH CENTURY BIRD PAINTINGS 313

old illustrations, and with reference to recent work by Murphy & Snyder on Fregetta
albigularis (Finsch), 1877.

25. Rallus philippensis swindellsi (Math.), 191 1. New Caledonian Banded Rail.
A.M. 7.

26. Thinornis novaeseelandiae (Gm.), 1789. Sand Plover or Tuturuatu, New Zealand.
P.R. n ; Forster, f. 121.

27. ?Poliolimnas cinereus tannensis (Forster), 1844. White-browed Crake, probably from
Tanna, New Hebrides.

A.M. 8 ; Forster, f. 131.

28. Gallirallus australis australis (Sparrm.), 1786. South Island Weka of New Zealand.
The identification of this crude sketch would have been impossible had there not

been two finished paintings, P.R. 17, 61, of the same bird, identical in outline, in
the companion set in the Print Room. See also next folio.

29. Gallirallus australis australis (Sparrm.), 1786. South Island Weka of New Zealand.
A smaller and better drawing than f. 28.

P.R. 17, 61 ; A.M. 33 ; Forster, f. 126.

30. Gallicolutnba erythroptera (Gm.), 1789. Latham's Garnet-winged Pigeon, probably
from Tahiti.

Parkinson, f. 35 ; Forster, f. 136 ; Ellis, f. 71.

31. Chionis alba (Gm.), 1789. Sheath-bill, most probably from New Year Island off Staten-
land.

A.M. 51 ; Forster, f. 125.

32. Anthus novaeseelandiae (Gm.), 178. New Zealand Pipit.
Forster, f. 143 ; A.M. 31.

33. Anthornis melanura (Sparrm.), 1786. New Zealand Bellbird or Korimako.
A.M. 22 ; Forster, f. 62.

34. Pomarea nigra (Sparrm.). Society Islands Flycatcher.

F. 41, below, and Forster's f. 156 show a young bird of this species which was
described (1844 : 169) as Muscicapa lutea.

35 Petroica multicolor multicolor (Gm.), 1789. Scarlet-breasted Robin of Norfolk Island.

This race differs from that of the New Hebrides in having much more white
on the forehead.

A.M. 13 ; Forster, f. 150.

3H SOME EIGHTEENTH CENTURY BIRD PAINTINGS

36. Chalcites lucidus (Gm.), 1788. Shining Cuckoo or Pipiwharauroa of New Zealand.
A.M. 5 ; Forster, f. 57.

37. Aplonis striatus striatus (Gm.), 1788. Glossy Starling, a female, New Caledonia.
A.M. 30 ; Forster, f. 54.

38. Pachycephala xanthetraea (Forster), 1844. New Caledonian Thickhead, a male.
A.M. 17.

39. Acanthisitta chloris (Sparrm.), 1787. Rifleman or Titi-pounamu of New Zealand.
A.M. 15 ; Forster, f. 164.

40. Porzana nigra (Miller), 1784. Polynesian Black or Sooty Rail, widely distributed in the
Pacific islands

Forster, f. 130.

41. Pomarea nigra (Sparrm.), 1786. Society Islands Flycatcher, young bird.
See f. 34 for the adult. Forster, f. 156.

42. Gerygone flavolateralis (Gray) , 1859. Fantail Warbler, New Caledonia.
A.M. 14.

(b) Seventeen Paintings by an Unknown Artist Contained in Brit. Mus. (Print
Room) Vol. 199* B 4, ff. 7-23.

7. ?Circus cyaneus Linn., 1766. Cinereous Harrier.

Unsigned painting. (B.) " Capt. Clarke 1775 Staten Land." (Al.) " Falcon."
Curiously enough this is the only record of this harrier from either the first or
second voyages ; the painting is almost identical with A.M. 32, q.v., which is marked
New Caledonia.

8. Eudyptula minor minor (Forster), 1781. Little Blue Penguin.

Unsigned painting. (B.) " New Zeland Captn. Clarke 1775. Spec, sic." " Sp. vin.
from Captn. Cooke ", and " Georgia ", also in Banks's hand have been crossed through.
(Al.) " Aptenodytes minor Forster."

The date perhaps denotes the year in which the plate was given to Banks ; the
Resolution was in New Zealand both in 1773 and 1774 but not in 1775.
Forster, ff. 84, 85.

9. Aptenodytes patagonicus J. F. Miller, 1778. King Penguin.

Unsigned painting. (B.) " s Georgia Captn. Clarke 1775. et in sp. vin. Captn. Cooke."
(Al.) " Aptenodytes pataghonica Forster." " hyperpolius " in the same hand has been
crossed out.
This painting is rather a better representation of a King Penguin than Forster's
f. 81. The Resolution visited South Georgia in 1775.
Ellis, f. 46 ; Webber, f. 124.

SOME EIGHTEENTH CENTURY BIRD PAINTINGS 315

10. Fregettaj uliginosa (Gm.), 1789. Latham's Sooty Petrel.

Unsigned painting. (B.) " Captn. Clarke 1775 Otaheite." (Al.) " Procellaria."
This painting is a close copy of M.E.24, and the identity of the species is discussed
in the notes on that painting, which is not on the same type of paper.

11. Thinornis novaeseelandiae (Gm.), 1789. New Zealand Sand Plover, or Tuturuatu.

Unsigned painting. (B.) " Captn. Clarke 1775 New Zealand in sp. vin." (Al.) " Chara-
drius torquatula Forster."

This painting (on Whatman paper) and M.E. 26 are very similar indeed, but the
latter is on different paper.

12. Callaeas cinerea (Gm.), 1788. South Island Kokako, or Orange-wattled Crow.

Unsigned painting. (B.) " New Zeland Captn. Clarke 1775." (Al.) " Callaeas cinerea."

This is very similar to A.M. 19 and M.E. 6, except that in them the bough on which
the bird stands is only a fragment of the tree shown in this painting.
Forster, f. 52.

13. Nestor meridionalis (Gm.), 1788. Green Kaka.

Unsigned painting. (B.) " New Zealand Captn. Clarke 1775." [Al.) " Latham p. 265-70
Psittacus hypopolius Forster."

The outline of this kaka is almost identical with that in the first painting of the
Australian Museum series, but the former is a landscape and the latter an upright.
The legs of both birds are ill-proportioned. In A.M. 1 the kaka is shown standing
on a bare stump ; in the other the painter has drawn the stems of a curious New
Zealand lily, the Supple-jack (Rhipogonum scandens Forster, 1776), twisting about
the stump, and a tree-fern in the distance, details that were almost certainly noted
on the spot. This latter painting is on Whatman paper.

Neither of these drawings resembles Georg Forster's representation of the same
species, f. 50, or that by Ellis, f. 15.

14. Phalacrocorax punctatus (Sparrm.), 1786. Spotted Shag or Parekareka.

Unsigned painting. (B.) " [Cajptn. Clarke New Zeland 1775." {Al.) " Pelecanus
punctatu[s] Forster."

This plate is very close to M.E. 22 and also A.M. 47 ; it does not resemble Forster's
version of the same species, f. 103.

15. Theristicus caudatus melanopis (Gm), 1789. Black-faced Ibis.

Unsigned painting. (B.) " [Christjmas harbour Terra del Fuego Captn. Clarke 1775."
(Al.) " Tantalus melanops Forster. Tantalus."

There are three versions of this ibis in this volume : f. 22 is on the same paper as
this one, and all the annotations are the same save that Banks's remarks have not
been trimmed. F. 62 is a highly professional copy by Gertrude Metz, on Whatman
paper. M.E. 19 is almost identical with ff. 15 and 22 but the carefully drawn legs

HIST. I, 6. 21

316 SOME EIGHTEENTH CENTURY BIRD PAINTINGS

and feet are uncoloured and there is no attempt at a background ; it is on paper that
differs from both kinds used in the B.M. versions. Forster's f. 117 differs from all
of these and is more like Latham's (1785 : pi. 79), but Latham says (op. cit. : 109)
" The specimen is in the collection of Sir Jos. Banks ", so none of these drawings
is the type.

16. Sula leucogaster plotus Forster, 1844. Australian Brown Gannet of Booby.

Unsigned painting. (B.) " [Cap]tn Clarke [New] Caledonia." (Al.) " Pelecanus fiber."
This appears to be identical with A.M. 46.
Forster, f. 108.

[7. Gallirallus australis australis (Sparrm.), 1786. South Island Weka of New Zealand.

Unsigned painting. (B.) " New Zeland Captn. Clarke 1775." {Al.) " Rallus Troglodytes
Forster."

This is a finished version of M.E. 28 which is so crude that it is scarcely recog-
nizable. F. 61 in this volume is a highly professional copy by Gertrude Metz.
A.M. 33 ; M.E. 28, 29 ; Forster, f. 126.

18. Philemon diemensis (Lesson), 1831. New Caledonian Friar Bird.

Unsigned painting. No. MS. notes.
This is very similar to M.E. 9 but a less good representation of the bird in that
the brownish colouring of the back is too much reduced.

19. Graucalus caledonicus (Gm.), 1788. New Caledonian Cuckoo Shrike.

Unsigned painting. Most of Banks's note on the back has been trimmed away but the
remains of " Caledonia " can be made out and also " sice". {Al.) " Corvus cinereus
Forster Lath, p 377 n.7."

This is a close copy of M.E. 14 ; Forster's f. 53 of this species is very different.

20. Eunymphicus cornutus (Gm.), 1788. Crested Parakeet.

Unsigned painting. (B.) " New Caledonia. Captn. Clarke 1775. [s]pec. sice." {Al.)
" Psittacus bisetus Forster Lath p. 248 n. 48."

This differs from Forster's plate of the species, and is not represented in the Edin-
burgh collection. It seems, however, to be a close copy of A.M. 3.

F. 64 in this volume is an accomplished study by Gertrude Metz of one of these
parrots.

21. Sterna fuscata Linn., 1766. Sooty or Wideawake Tern.

Unsigned painting. (B.) " [Cajledonia." {Al.) " Sterna serrata Forster."
This is a copy of A.M. 44 ; Forster's f. no differs.

22. Theristicus caudatus melanopis (Gm.), 1789. Black-faced Ibis.

Unsigned painting. (B.) " Christmas Harbour Terra del Fuego Captn. Clarke 1775."
See f. 15.

SOME EIGHTEENTH CENTURY BIRD PAINTINGS 317

23. Prosthemadera novaeseelandiae (Gm.), 1788. Tui or Parson-bird.
Unsigned painting. (Al.) " Lath. p. 602-17."
This is a much better painting than the Edinburgh version (M.E. 17). Forster's
f. 61 differs considerably from both. F. 63 in this volume is a more professional
but less accurate painting of a tui by Gertrude Metz.

(c) Fifty-four Paintings by an Unknown Artist of Birds from Captain Cook's Second
Voyage, formerly attributed to Georg Forster and Owned by the Australian
Museum, now in the Mitchell Library, Sydney, ff. 1-53.

1. Nestor meridionalis (Gm.), 1788. Green Kaka of New Zealand.

This was reproduced by Oliver (1930) as a Forster painting but it is not his work.
P.R. 13 is very similar.
Forster, f. 50 ; Ellis, f. 15.

2. Cyanoramphus novaezelandiae (Sparrm.), 1787. Red-fronted Parakeet or Kakariki of

New Zealand.

Forster, ff. 44-46 ; Ellis, f. 12.

3. Eunymphicus cornutus (Gm.), 1788. Crested Parakeet of New Caledonia.
This seems to be identical with P.R. 20, q.v.

P.R. 64 ; Forster, f. 43.

4. Eudynamis taitensis (Sparrm.), 1787. Long-tailed Cuckoo.

This bird breeds in New Zealand and winters in Tahiti and other Pacific islands.
Forster f. 56.

5. Chalcites lucidus (Gm.), 1788. Shining Cuckoo or Pipiwharauroa.

This species breeds in New Zealand and winters in the Solomon and other islands
of the south-west Pacific.

This painting appears to be a copy of M.E. 36.

6. Graucalus caledonicus (Gm.), 1788. New Caledonian Cuckoo Shrike.

This is very similar to M.E. 14 and P.R. 19 but in those two there is much more
detail in the background.
Forster, f. 53.

7. Rallus philippensis swindellsi (Math.), 191 1. New Caledonian Banded Rail.

This is an obvious copy of M.E. 25, which represents the above rail, even the details
of the background are very similar.

8. ? Poliolimnas cinereus tannensis (Forster), 1844. White-browed Crake, probably from

Tanna.

There is an MS. note " A small plover from New Zealand " on this painting but
it is identical with M.E. 27 which is unfinished but has been tentatively identified

3i8 SOME EIGHTEENTH CENTURY BIRD PAINTINGS

as the above crake ; the legs are too small but this is noticeable in nearly all the
paintings by this artist.
Forster, f. 131.

9. Halcyon chloris ? subspecies. A White-collared Kingfisher.

This painting appears to be of the bird depicted in M.E. 15, q.v.

10. Halcyon leucocephala acteon (Lesson), 1830. Cape Verde Islands Kingfisher.

This is a copy of Georg Forster's f . 60. The bird is well done but the rest of the
painting is poor and it seems unlikely that it is Forster's work.
M.E. 18 is quite a different painting of this species.

11. Ducula pacifica pacifica (Gm.), 1789. Pacific Pigeon.

This was probably taken at Tonga where Georg Forster painted this widespread
Pacific species.
Ellis, f. 72 ; Forster, f. 139.

12. Ptilinopus porphyraceus porphyraceus (Temm.), 1821. Crimson-crowned Fruit Pigeon

of Tonga.

This appears to be a copy of M.E. 13.

See also Forster, f. 141. Iredale gives Tahiti as the locality and quotes this species
as Forster, f . 140, but this seems to be a typographical slip since the latter drawing
(q.v.) represents another pigeon.

13. Petroica multicolor multicolor (Gm.), 1789. Scarlet-breasted Robin of Norfolk Island.
Apparently a close copy of M.E. 35.

Forster, f. 150.

14. Gerygone flavolateralis (Gray), 1859. Fantail Warbler of New Caledonia.
This painting is similar to M.E.42.

15. Acanthisitta chloris (Sparrm.), 1787. Rifleman or Titi-pounamu of New Zealand.
Apparently a close copy of M.E. 39.

Forster, f. 164.

16. Zosterops flavifrons flavifrons (Gm.), 1789. Yellow-fronted White-eye from Tanna,
New Hebrides.

Forster, f. 158.

17. Pachycephala xanthetraea (Forster), 1844. New Caledonian Thickhead, a male.
Apparently a close copy of M.E. 38.

18. Creadion carunculatus (Gm.), 1789. Saddleback or Tieke of New Zealand.
Apparently a close copy of M.E. 7.

Forster, f . 144 ; Ellis, f, 73.

SOME EIGHTEENTH CENTURY BIRD PAINTINGS 319

19. Callaeas cinerea (Gm.), 1788. Orange-wattled Crow or South Island Kokako.
Apparently a copy of M.E. 6 and P.R. 12.

Forster, f. 52.

20. Prosthemadera novaeseclandiae (Gm.), 1788. Tui or Parson-bird of New Zealand.
Apparently a copy of P.R. 23.

Forster, f. 61 ; M.E. 17 ; P.R. 23, 63 ; Ellis, f. 25.

21. Philemon diemenensis (Lesson). New Caledonian Friar Bird.
Apparently a close copy of M.E. 9.

P.R. 18.

22. Anthornis melanura (Sparrm.), 1786. New Zealand Bellbird or Korimako.
Apparently a close copy of M.E. 33.

Forster, f. 62.

23. Glyciphila melanops (Lath.), 1801. Tawny-crowned Honey-eater of Tasmania.
Apparently a close copy of M.E. 11.

24. Myzomela cardinalis cardinalis (Gm.), 1788. Cardinal Honey-eater of the New
Hebrides.

Apparently a close copy of M.E. 10.
Forster, f. 63.

25. Myiagra caledonica Bonaparte, 1857. Broad-billed Flycatcher.

This painting shows the bird's head tilted slightly so that the width of the bill
is noticeable, and there seems no doubt that it is intended to be a representation
of this flycatcher. The Prussian blue of the head, upper back and breast, and absence
of white on the rump preclude its being the White-breasted Wood Swallow, as Iredale
suggested.

26. Hemiphaga novaeseclandiae novae seelandiae (Gm.), 1789. New Zealand Pigeon or
Kereru.

This appears to be a copy of M.E. 5.
Forster, f. 137.

27. Hemiphaga novaeseelandiae spadicea (Latham), 1801.
Norfolk Island Pigeon, now extinct.

28. Conopoderas caffra longirostris (Gm.). Long-billed Warbler of the Society Islands.
Apparently a copy of M.E. 8.

Forster, f . 55 ; Ellis, f. 76 ; Webber, f . 139.

29. Turnagra capensis (Sparrm.), 1789. South Island Thrush or Piopio of New Zealand.
Forster, f. 145.

320 SOME EIGHTEENTH CENTURY BIRD PAINTINGS

30. Aplonis striatus (Gm.). Glossy Starling, female, New Caledonia.

According to Iredale this is a representation of the New Zealand Robin Petroica
(Miro) australis (Sparrm.), 1788, but we find this difficult to accept. It is a fair
representation of the New Caledonian bird.

M.E. 37.

31. Anthus novaeseelandiae (Gm.), 1789. New Zealand Pipit.
Apparently a copy of M.E. 39.

Forster, f. 143.

32. ? Circus approximans Peale. New Caledonian Harrier.

The identity of this harrier is doubtful since the painting is almost identical in
detail with P.R. 7 (q.v.) which appears to represent a harrier from Staten Land.
Reinhold Forster recorded a harrier from the Isle of Pines (1844 : 257) so that in
this instance we should not perhaps doubt the locality, New Caledonia, given by
Isaac Smith. Nevertheless there is such a close resemblance between the two paint-
ings that it seems clear that they are intended to represent the same bird.

33. Gallirallus australis (Sparrm.), 1786. South Island Weka of New Zealand.

A finished version of M.E. 28 ; the details of the feet and tail are closer in outline
to that preliminary sketch q.v. than to the finished study of P.R. 17.
P.R. 61 ; M.E. 28, 29 ; Forster, f. 126.

34. Chloephaga hybrida (Molina), 1782. Kelp Goose of Terra del Fuego.

The light colour of the beak, the white tail and other details of this plate show that
it is intended to represent the female Kelp Goose which was painted in an almost
identical position by Forster, f. 66. The locality, New Zealand, on the A.M. plate
is obviously incorrect.

35. Tachyeres pteneres (Forster), 1844. Magellanic Steamer Duck.

Apparently a copy of M.E. 20.
Forster, f. 68.

36. Pterodroma macroptera (Smith), 1840. Great- winged Petrel.
This is a poor version of Forster's f. 93b.

37» 37a- Daption capensis (Linn.), 1758. Cape Pigeon or Pintado Bird.

The first of these two drawings is a poor copy of Forster's f. 96. The second
differs in some respects.

38. Thalassoica antarctica (Gm.), 1789. Antarctic Petrel.

This is an inadequate version of Forster's f. 95 which is a fine piece of work.

SOME EIGHTEENTH CENTURY BIRD PAINTINGS 321

39. Pagodroma nivea (Forster), 1777. Snow Petrel.

This is not Forster's work ; there are two studies of this bird by him, ff. 89, 90.
See also f . 53 below.

40. Halobaena caerulea (Gra.), 1789. Blue Petrel.
A copy of Forster's f . 86.

41. Pachyptila vittata (Forster), 1777. Broad-billed Whale Bird.

A copy of Forster's f. 87, lacking the little additional sketch of the head in the
original.

42. Fulmarus glacialoides (Smith), 1840. Silver-grey Petrel.
A fair copy of Forster's f. 91.

43. Diomedea exulans Linn., 1758. Wandering Albatross.
A fair copy of Forster's f. 99.

44. Sterna fuscata Linn., 1766. Wideawake or Sooty Tern.

This appears to be identical with P.R. 21.
Forster, f. no.

45. Sterna sumatrana Raffles, 1822. Black-naped Tern.
A painting of an immature bird.

46. Sula leucogaster plotus Forster, 1844. Australian Brown Gannet or Booby.

This appears to be identical with P.R. 16 ; the background was washed in first
so that the horizon shows through the white breast in both paintings.
Forster, f. 108.

47. Phalacrocorax punctatus (Sparrm.), 1786. Spotted Shag or Parekareka of New Zealand.
This is a close copy of M.E. 22 and differs from P.R. 14 in only one or two

insignificant details.
Forster, f. 103.

48. Phalacrocorax magellanicus (Gm.), 1789. Magellanic or Rock Shag of Terra del Fuego.
A close copy of M.E. 21. The horizon line cuts through the white breast of the

bird in both cases.

49. Phoebetria palpebrata (Forst.), 1785. Light-mantled Sooty Albatross.
A good copy of Forster's f. 102.

50. Pygoscelis antarctica (Forster), 1781. Bearded Penguin.
A fair copy of Forster's f. 82.

322 SOME EIGHTEENTH CENTURY BIRD PAINTINGS

51. Chionis alba (Gm.), 1789. Sheath-bill from Statenland.

A close copy of M.E. 31. The staining or discoloration in both plates is so similar
that one can only conclude that they were made at one time and the same paint used
for both.

Forster, f. 125.

52. Theristicus caudatus melanopis (Gm.), 1789. Black-faced Ibis.

The other drawings of this ibis are discussed in the notes on P.R. 15.

53. Pagodroma nivea (Forster), 1777. Snow Petrel.

A fair copy of Forster's f. 89. See also his f. go, and f. 39 above.

9. BIRDS PAINTED BY WILLIAM ELLIS
ON COOK'S THIRD VOYAGE, 1776-78

Paintings by William Ellis (90) in a Volume of His Unpublished Drawings in Brit.
Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Zoology Library, ff. 7-96.

Ellis's plates are water-colour drawings of considerable charm and delicacy.
In many cases he included accurate life-size pen and ink sketches of the head which
has helped in identifying the species.

7. Falco peregrinus (? japonensis Gm.), 1788. Siberian Peregrine Falcon.

Signed painting. " W. W. Ellis ad. viv. delint. et pinxt. 1779. Flew on board off
Japan." [Al.) " Oriental Falcon Lath. p. 34 n. 7c ".

Since these peregrine falcons vary according to age and sex, and from one part of
their range to another, it is difficult to identify this drawing with certainty. The
bird depicted does not altogether agree with Latham's description (1781 : 33-34*)
of the " Japonese Hawk " that flew on board off the coast of Japan but the narrow
moustachial stripe, the spots on the upper surface of the tail and the general colouring
show less resemblance to F. peregrinus pealei Ridgway, 1873 than to the British
Museum skins of F. p. harterti Buturlin, 1907 which, according to Friedmann (1950 :
665) and Stresemann (1949 : 253), should probably become a synonym of F. peregrinus
japonensis Gm. It is curious that there is no reference to this bird in the official
account of the voyage.

8. Surnia ulula caparoch (P. L. S. Miiller), 1776. American Hawk Owl.

Unsigned painting. " Sandwich Sound, N.W. Coast of America." (D.) " W. Ellis."

(A I.) " Strix funerea."

Sandwich Sound is now known as Prince William Sound, NE. of Kodiak Island.
Sharpe correctly identified this bird as 5. ulula (Linn.), 1758, with a reference to
his own work (1875 : 131) where he places caparoch Miiller in the synonymy of
S. ulula. Muller's description was based on Edward's pi. 62 (1747) which represented
a bird from Hudson Bay, but Miiller incorrectly gave Europe as the habitat.

Stresemann (1949 : 250) considers that Ellis's painting represents Tengmalm's
Owl, Aegolius funereus richardsoni (Bonaparte), 1838. It seems that he cannot

SOME EIGHTEENTH CENTURY BIRD PAINTINGS 323

have had an opportunity of examining it himself since the transverse barring of the
undersurface, the length and markings of the tail and the arrangement of the spots
on the upper surface of the wing, as well as some other characters, show that it is
quite a different species from A.funereus.

9. Aplonis tabuensis tabuensis (Gm.), 1788. Polynesian or Striped Starling.

Signed painting. " W. W. Ellis ad. viv. delint. et pinxt. 1778. The Friendly Isles."
(Al.) " Lath. sup. 164-9."

Latham described this bird from a specimen in the Leverian Museum (1781 : 164).

10. Kittacincla malabarica macroura (Gm.), 1789. Shama.

Signed painting. " W. Ellis ad. viv : delint. et pinxt. 1780. Pulo Condore."
One of these Shamas was in the Leverian Museum.

11. Prosopeia tabuensis tabuensis (Gm.), 1788. Red-breasted Musk Parrot.

There is a pencil sketch of the head as well as the painting of the whole bird on this
signed plate. " From Middleburgh." (D.) " W. Ellis." {Al.) " Psittacus hysginus
Forster Lath. p. 214 n. 16."

Sharpe thought that this bird from the Friendly Isles could not be P. tabuensis
since it lacks the crescentric blue collar described and illustrated by Latham (1781 :
214) ; other specimens however, lack this character too, and it appears that the
population on Eua (Middleburgh) is a hybrid one the origins of which are discussed
in the notes on Forster's f. 42.

12. Cyanoramphus novaezelandiae (Sparrm.), 1787. Red-fronted Parrakeet or Kakariki.

Signed painting. " W. W. Ellis ad viv : delint : et pinxt : 1777. New Zealand."
(Al.) " Latham p. 252-56 Psittacus pacificus Forster."

Forster, ff. 44-46 ; A.M. 2.

13. Vini australis (Gm.), 1788. Blue-crowned Lory.

Signed painting. " W. W. Ellis ad viv : delint : et pinxt : 1778. Friendly Isles."
(Al.) " P. euchloris Forst. Latham p. 254-58."

Latham's description of this lory was based on a bird in the Leverian Museum.

14. Vini peruviana (P. L. S. Midler), 1776. Tahitian Blue Lory.

Signed painting. " Willi : Ellis ad viv : delint : et pinxt : 1778 Otaheite." (Al.)
" Latham p. 255-59 Psitacus saphirinus Forst."

For full notes on this bird see Parkinson, f. 9.
Forster, f. 49 ; M.E. 12 ; Webber, f. 140.

15. Nestor meridionalis (Gm.), 1788. Green Kaka.

Pencil sketch of the head as well as a painting of the whole bird. Unsigned. " New
Zealand." (D.) W. Ellis. (Al.) " Latham p. 264-70. Psitacus hypopolius Forster."

Forster, f. 50 ; A.M. 1 ; P.R. 13.

324 SOME EIGHTEENTH CENTURY BIRD PAINTINGS

16. Platycercus caledonicus (Gm.), 1788. Green Rosella, Green Parrot or Yellow-bellied
Parrakeet.

Pen and ink sketch of the head as well as the painting of the whole bird. Signed. " W.
Ellis ad vivum delint : et pinxt : 1777. Adventure Bay New Holland." (Al.) " flavi-
ventris."

Latham saw this Tasmanian bird in Banks's collection ; he erroneously stated
(1781 : 248-249) that it came from New Caledonia, and suggested that it was perhaps
the female of Eunymphicus cornulus (Gm.), 1788 which is found only in that island
and the Loyalty group ; his mistake was perpetuated by Gmelin in his choice of
the specific name.

17. Dissemurus paradiseus Greater Racket-tailed Drongo.

Unsigned pencil sketches, one of the entire bird, the other of a head only. " Princes
Island and Pulo Condore." (D.) " W. Ellis."

Here is perhaps the place to quote a description of a drongo which occurs on a
single sheet of Ellis's MS. notes on the plants and animals of Pulo Condore ; this
MS. is bound with these paintings.

" Coracias. C. atro-viridis, cauda sub-forficata ; pennis duabus exterioribus
longissimis, medio denudatis apice intortis. Habitat in Insula Pulo-Condore. —
Tota avis atro-viridis, rostro pedibusque exceptis, quibus nigris sunt. Alae subtus
alba maculatae, et crissum. — Retrices 10. Nares pennis setaceis secumbentibus
obtecta. Pennae frontis erectae."

The upper sketch of a bird with short rackets appears to represent Dicrurus
paradiseus platurus Vieillot, 1817 from Princes Island, and the lower one, the subject
of Ellis's notes, the head of Dicrurus paradiseus hypoballus Oberholser, 1926, from
Pulo Condore. Stresemann considers (1950 : 81) that one of these birds is D. p.
malayensis (Blyth, 1859) which Vaurie (1949) places in the synonymy of D. p.
hypoballus, but that the other is D. p. formosus. The large size of the crest in
formosus, however, seems to preclude its being either of the birds figured by Ellis,
whereas skins of platurus in the British Museum agree with the upper sketch. Ellis's
note on the spots beneath the wing and on the under-tail coverts of the bird from
Pulo Condore (i.e. hypoballus, the subject of the lower sketch) does not necessarily
imply that this was an immature bird as some of these spots persist and are bright and
distinct in birds that are adult. We are not altogether satisfied with Stresemann's
identification of D. p. formosus with Latham's Tropic Crow, Corvus tropicus Gmelin,
1788, which was said to be a bird from Hawaii with no crest or rackets and with a
rounded tail ; its size and iridescent plumage, however, make it clear that it is not
the Hawaiian Crow, Corvus hawaiiensis Peale, 1848.

18. Lalage natka (Gm.), 1788. Polynesian Triller, one of the cuckoo-shrikes.

Signed painting. " W. W. Ellis ad viv : delint : et pinxt : 1778." (D.) " 0/10.
Friendly Isles. Ellis." (Al.) " T. pacificus Lath. ? "

This painting was identified by Sharpe as Lalage pacifwa Gm., 1789, which was
based on Latham's Pacific Thrush (1783 : 38). Ellis's bird agrees with the description

SOME EIGHTEENTH CENTURY BIRD PAINTINGS 325

except that Latham does not mention the white marks on the wing or the pale grey
of the rump ; he does not say whether he had a specimen or a drawing. Stresemann
(1950 : 73) considers that Latham's description refers to a female or a young bird,
and that the male was described as Lanius natka by Gmelin (1788 : 309) from
Pennant's Natka Shrike (1785 : 239).

Mathews (1930 : 548) thought that Gmelin's description was not applicable to
any Lalage ; he makes no reference to Ellis's illustration. He was followed by
Mayr & Ripley (1941 : 7-8) who suggest that, in the absence of the type, L. pacifica
is now indeterminable. Skins of a new race described by them, Lalage maculosa
tabuensis from Tonga, however, compare very favourably with Ellis's painting
(Stresemann, loc. cit.) and there seems no doubt that Gmelin's Lanius natka (said
to come from Natka, i.e. Nootka) was one of these birds. In a number of cases
wrong localities were published for the birds and other animals brought back from
these voyages.

19. Colaptes cafer (Gm.), 1788. North-western Flicker.

Signed painting. " W. Ellis ad viv : delt : et pinxt : 1778. King Georges' Sound."
(A I.) " Picus auratus."

Latham described C. cafer as var. A of the Gold-winged Woodpecker (1782 :
599) from the Cape of Good Hope instead of the Bay of Good Hope which was the
old name for the entrance to King George's or Nootka Sound. Gmelin therefore
gave it a specific name suggesting South Africa as its home (Palmer, 1916).

Webber, f. 136.

20. Picoides tridactylus fasciatus Baird, 1870. Alaskan Three-toed Woodpecker.

Signed painting. " W. W. Ellis ad viv : delint : et pinxt : 1778. Norton Sound."
Picoides tridactylus tridactylus had been described from Europe by Linnaeus

in 1758 and it was not until 1870 that the Alaskan birds were separated as a distinct

race.

Webber, f. 138.

21. Sitta europaea albifrons Tacz., 1882. Northern Nuthatch.

Signed painting. " W. Ellis ad viv : delint : et pinxt : 1779. Kamtschatka. Pedibus
ambulatoriis." {A I.) " Sitta europaea."

22. Halcyon tuta (Gm.), 1788. Latham's Respected Kingfisher.

Pen and ink sketch of the head as well as a signed painting of the whole bird. " W. W.
Ellis ad viv : delint : et pinxt : 1777. Otaheitee."

Sharpe apparently considered that this was a painting of a kingfisher which he had
named Todirhamphus wiglesworthi (1906 : 182, 201). His remarks on the synonymy
of the species are a little confusing since he was not aware that Gmelin's description
was based on Latham's account of a young bird which is olive green above whereas
the adult, which was painted by Ellis, is a brilliant greenish-blue. The type is in
the Rijksmuseum in Leiden, and must have been brought back from this voyage.

326 SOME EIGHTEENTH CENTURY BIRD PAINTINGS

23. Halcyon verier ata ? youngi (Sharpe), 1892. Venerated Kingfisher.

Unsigned painting. " Friendly and Society Isles. (Otaheiti-Errooro) (Ulietea-Tautoria)."
(D.) " Ellis."

This pale bird is more like H. venerata youngi than H. venerata venerata Gm.,
1788. Neither Forster nor Ellis remarked on the presence of the distinct varieties
which occur in the islands of the Society group. Since youngi is thought to be
confined to Moorea it is possible that Ellis's bird, which was collected at either
Raiatea (Ulietea) or Tahiti, may have been taken there by the natives. I am grate-
ful to Dr. Mayr for this suggestion ; he tells me that he knows of several records of
kingfishers having been moved about the islands in this way.

24. Promerops cqfer (Linn.), 1766. Cape Sugar Bird.

Unsigned painting. " Cape of Good Hope." (D.) " W. Ellis."

25. Prosthemadera novaeseelandiae (Gm.), 1788. Tui or Parson-bird.

Unsigned painting. " New Zealand." (Al.) " Certhia cincinnata Forster."
The first illustration of this bird was published in 1776 by Peter Brown, a Dane

who worked for Pennant ; a comment on it has already been made, see Forster,

f. 61.

M.E. 17, A.M. 20 ; P.R. 23, 63.

26. Moho nobilis (Merrem), 1786. Double-plumed Moho ; the native name for this bird is
in fact O-o.

There are two pen and ink drawings of the head in addition to the signed painting.
" W. W. Ellis delint : et pinxt : ad viv : 1779. Sandwich Isles." (Al.) " Lath. 683-18."

Merrem (1784 : 9) tells us that he described this species from a bird that was sent
with a very fine collection of New Zealand works of art to the Gottingen Museum
by King George of England, Elector of Hanover. He published its scientific name
in the Latin translation of his book which appeared in 1786. In their interesting
notes on the Moho, Wilson & Evans (1890-99) give an account of the use that was
made of the yellow feathers in the cloaks of Hawaiian royalty. Ellis himself remarks
(1783) that the feathers were used in fly flaps for people of high rank while the hoi
polloi were obliged to employ cocks' feathers for the same purpose. This beautiful
bird has apparently become extinct.

27. Drepanis pacifica (Gm.), 1788. Yellow-rumped Mamo.

Signed painting. " W. W. Ellis ad vivum delint : et pinxt : 1779."
Gmelin's description of the Mamo was based on Latham's account of a bird in the
Leverian Museum. According to Rothschild (1907) there are specimens in Ley den
and Vienna and four other museums. Living birds have not been seen since 1898
(Bryan & Greenway, 1944).
Webber, f. 129.

28. Hemignathus obscurus (Gm.), 1788. Hook-billed Green Creeper or Akialoa.

Signed painting. " W. W. Ellis ad viv : delint : et pinxt : 1779. Sandwich Isles.
{Al.) " Lath. p. 703 n.4."

SOME EIGHTEENTH CENTURY BIRD PAINTINGS 327

The birds from which Latham drew up his account were in the Leverian Museum
and at its final disposal one specimen was bought by Lord Derby and the other by
Temminck.

Webber, f. 130.

29. Vestiaria coccinea (G. Forst.), 1780. Red Sickle-bill, Olokele or Iiwi ; an adult female
above and an immature bird below.

Signed painting. " W. W. Ellis ad viv : delint : et pinxt : 1779. Sandwich Isles."
(Al.) " Lath. p. 704. n.5."

Bartholdi Lohmann, one of Cook's seamen, took four skins of this species to Cassel
where Georg Forster saw and described them in the first volume of the Gottingisches
Magazin which was largely devoted to travel.

Webber, f. 133.

30. Himatione sanguinea (Gm.), 1788. Crimson Creeper or Apapane.

Signed painting. " W. W. Ellis ad viv: delint: et pinxt: 1779. Sandwich Isles."
(Al.) " Lath, p.739- n.43."

It was described by Latham from a specimen in the Leverian Museum. According
to Wilson & Evans (1890-99) there are many references to the Apapane and its
sweet song in Hawaiian legends.

Webber, f. 132.

31. Chlorodrepanis virens (Gm.), 1788. Olive-green Creeper or Amakihi ; the upper figure
is a male and the lower a female.

Signed painting. " W. Ellis ad viv : delint : et pinxt : 1779. Sandwich Isles."
One of these birds was part of the Hawaiian collection in the Leverian Museum.
Webber, f. 128.

32. Selasphorus rufus (Gm.), 1788. Rufous Humming Bird.

This charming painting was the upper part of a plate but some philistine cut it in half ;
the rest is f. 60 which is signed. "King George's Sound." (D.) " W. Ellis." (Al.)
" Trochilus."

Latham described this as the Ruff-necked Humming Bird (1782 : 785). He does
not disclose the source of his information about this species.

33. Clangula hyemalis (Linn.), 1758. Long-tailed Duck.

A pen and ink sketch of the head as well as the painting ; signed plate. " W. W. Ellis
ad viv : delint : et pinxt : 1779. Kamtschatka." (Al.) " Anas hyemalis."

34. Histrionicus histrionicus pacificus W. S. Brooks, 1915. Harlequin Duck.

In this unsigned painting the legs and feet are uncoloured. " Kamtschatka." (D.) " W.
Ellis." (Al.) " Anas histrionica."

Linnaeus described the nominate species of this duck from North America in
1758 but it was not until 1915 that the Pacific race was separated as a distinct one.
Webber, f. 126.

328 SOME EIGHTEENTH CENTURY BIRD PAINTINGS

35. Polysticta stelleri (Pallas), 1769. Steller's Eider.

Unsigned painting. " Kamtschatka." (D.) " W. Ellis." (Al.) " Anas stelleri."

36. Mergus serrator (Linn.), 1758. Red-breasted Merganser.

Unsigned painting. "Sandwich Sound. N.W. Coast of America." (D.) " W. Ellis."
(A I.) " Mergus serrator Faemina."

37. Lunda cirrhata (Pall.), 1769. Tufted Puffin.

Signed painting. " W. Ellis ad vivum delint. et pinxit. 1778. Coast between Asia
and America." {Al.) " Alca cirrhata."

38. Aethia cristatella (Pall.), 1769. Crested Auklet.

Painting of the top of the head in addition to one of the whole bird ; signed. " W. Ellis
ad vivum delint: et pinxt: 1778. Bird Island between Asia and America." {Al.) "Alca
cristatella."

Bird Island is another name for St. Matthew Island between the Pribiloff group
and Bering Straits. A skin from this expedition was in Bullock's Museum (1816 :
42).

39. Macronectes giganteus (Gm.), 1789. Giant Petrel, Nellie or Bone-breaker.

Signed painting of the whole bird with a pen and ink sketch of the beak. " W. Ellis ad
vivum delint : et pinxt : 1776. Island of Desolation." {Al.) " Procellaria gigantea."

The Island of Desolation was Cook's name for Kerguelen Land.

40. Puffinus tenuirostris (Temm.), 1835. Short-tailed Shearwater.

Signed painting. " W. W. Ellis ad — delint : et pinxt : Amongst the ice." {Al.)
" between Asia and America."

The date and the word vivum have both been cut off, and the locality added in a
hand very different from Ellis's. " Between Asia and America " was also written
on the back of f. 41 in the same hand, and the fresh dark pencil suggests that it
was written long after Ellis's note " amongst the ice." Sharpe (1906) considered
that this painting was unidentifiable but Stresemann (1953 : 371) considers that it
represents Puffinus tenuirostris and we agree with him.

41. Fulmarus glacialis rodgersii Cassin, 1863. Pacific Fulmar; the light phase of the

North Pacific race.

Signed painting. " W. W. Ellis ad viv : delint : et pinxt : 1779. Amongst the ice."
{Al.) " Between America and Asia."

Sharpe (1906 : 203) thought that this was a Diomedea sp. but Ellis was familiar
with albatrosses and the bill in his drawing is clearly that of a petrel. Mathews
(191 2-13 : 124) believed it to be a good representation of the Grey Petrel
or Pediunker Adamastor cinereus Gm., 1789 but it is unlikely that that petrel of the
southern oceans should have been found in Bering Straits, and in any case the painting
closely resembles the Pacific Fulmar.

SOME EIGHTEENTH CENTURY BIRD PAINTINGS 329

42. Fulmarus glacialis rodgersii Cassin, 1863. Pacific Fulmar ; the dark phase of the north

Pacific race.

Signed painting. " W. W. Ellis ad viv : delin et pinxt : 1779. Amongst the ice."

Sharpe thought that this was Macronectes giganteus (f. 39) a petrel confined to
the southern oceans, and seldom recorded north of the Tropic of Cancer, save once on
the west coast of America. However, although in this painting the bill is rather
massive and not well proportioned the details of the lower mandible are typical of
the Pacific Fulmar and not of Macronectes, the bill of which was accurately drawn
by Ellis in f. 39.

43. ?Pachyptila belcheri (Math.), 1912. Slender-billed Whale-bird.

A pen and ink sketch at the bottom of the plate possibly represents another species.
Signed plate. " W. W. Ellis ad viv : delint : et pinxt : 1776. Island of Desolation."
(Al.) " Pro. desolata." [PI. 37b.]

The slender structure of the beak and the distance between the nostrils and the
nail suggest that Ellis's painting of the whole bird may represent belcheri and not
Pachyptila desolata (Gmelin), 1789 as Sharpe thought (1906). It seems to have been
Ellis's usual practice to make his detailed sketches life-size and in the pen and ink
one of the head (below the painting) the bill itself is too small to be that of any
prion other than Pachyptila turtur (Kuhl), 1820, while the distance between the
nostrils and the nail of the beak is much less in proportion than in the painting,
a character again suggesting turtur rather than belcheri. There is, however, no
drawing from the dorsal aspect, and according to Falla (1940) only the crassirostris
forms of the P. turtur assemblage occur at Kerguelen Land. Since but one skin of
P. crassirostris exists in the British Museum, this plate of Ellis's has been reproduced
in the hope that someone more familiar with the prions than is the writer may be
able to form an opinion about its identity.

Parkinson, f. 15.

44. Diomedea exulans Linn., 1758. Wandering Albatross.

A pen and ink sketch of the bill at the bottom of the plate ; unsigned. " Albatross,
— at sea between Van Diemens Land and New Zealand." (D.) " W. Ellis." (Al.)
" Diomedea exulans."

Parkinson, f. 25 ; Forster, f. 99 ; A.M. 43.

45. Eudyptes crestatus filholi (Hutton), 1879. Rockhopper Penguin.

Signed plate. Ellis painted two birds and made a pencil sketch of the head of the one
with the more conspicuous crest. " W. Ellis ad vivum delint : & pinxit : 1776 Kerguelen's
Land. Island of Desolation." (Al.) " Aptenodytes chrysocoma Forster."

Since in all the figures the superciliary streak, from which the tufts of the crest
arise, begins only slightly in front of the eye, there seems to be little doubt that
filholi is the race depicted.

46. Aptenodytes patagonicus J. F. Miller, 1778. King Penguin.

Unsigned painting, with a pen and ink sketch of the head and a small one of the foot.
" Kerguelens Land. Island of Desolation." (D.) " W. Ellis." (Al.) " Aptenodytes pata-
chonica (hyperrhina) Forster."

330 SOME EIGHTEENTH CENTURY BIRD PAINTINGS

King Penguins have been divided into two races but Murphy doubts whether these
are admissable (1936 : 354).
Webber, f. 124 ; Forster, f. 81 ; P.R. 9.

47. Sula dactylatr a per sonata Gould, 1846. Australian Masked Gannet.

A large signed painting of the head and a small one of the bird in flight. " W. W. Ellis
ad vivum delt : & pinxt : 1777. Turtle Island."

Turtle Island is another name for Christmas Island in the Line Islands. A different
Turtle Island, west of Tonga, was visited on Cook's second voyage, in July 1774.
Forster, f. 107.

48. Phaeton rubricauda melanorhynchos Gm., 1789. Red-tailed Tropic Bird.

Painting of an adult and an egg, with a pen and ink sketch of the head. " W. Ellis ad
vivum delt : & pinxit. 1777. Palmerston Island."

Parkinson, f. 31 ; Solander MS. Z4 : 29-30.

49. Cepphus columba columba Pall., 181 1. Pigeon Guillemot.

" W. Ellis ad vivum del & pinxt. 1778. Unalaschka." (D.) " W. Ellis." (Al.) " Colymbus
grylle."
This is the Pacific representative of the Black Guillemot of the North Atlantic
Ocean.

50. Uria lomvia arra (Pall.), 181 1. Pallas's Murre or Guillemot.

Signed painting. " W. Ellis ad vivum delint : et pinxt. 1778. Unalaschka." (D.)
" W. Ellis." {Al.) " Colymbus troile."

51. Rissa tridactyla pollicaris Ridgway, 1884. The Pacific Kittiwake.

Signed painting, with a pen and ink sketch of the head. " W. Ellis ad vivum delint :
et pinxt : 1778. Kamtschatka." (Al.) " Larus tridactylus L."

Var. 2 of Latham's Tarrock Gull (1785 : 383) is this kittiwake. The European
race was mentioned by Solander, MS. Z4 : 37.

52. Larus ? marinus schistisagus Stejneger, 1884. The Slaty-backed Gull.

Signed painting with a pen and ink sketch of the head. " W. W. Ellis ad viv : delt : et
pinxt : 1779. Kamtschatka." (Al.) " Larus canus L."

Sharpe stated (1906) " apparently Larus vegae, " i.e. one of the Herring Gulls,
but it seems rather too dark and we are inclined to think that Stresemann (1953 :
371) is right in suggesting that it may be the Slaty-backed Gull. On the other hand
Ellis's sketch of the head is small for a representation of schistisagus and is closer
in this respect to Larus argentatus vegae Palmen. Both birds occur at Kamtschatka.

53. Anous stolidus pileatus (Scop.), 1786. Common Noddy.

Unsigned painting with a pencil sketch of the head. " Palmerston Island." (D.) " W,
Ellis." (Al.) " Sterna stolida."

SOME EIGHTEENTH CENTURY BIRD PAINTINGS 331

54. Sterna vittata vittata Gm., 1789. Wreathed or Swallow-tailed Tern.

Coloured plate, signed, with pen and ink sketch of the head. " W. W. Ellis ad viv :
delint : et pinxt : 1776. Isle of Desolation."

In Latham's account of this bird, which he saw in Banks's collection (1785 : 359),
he states that it conies from Christmas Island, a misprint for Christmas Harbour,
Kerguelen Land, as Saunders pointed out (1896 : 51).

55. Sterna fuscata Linn., 1766. Sooty Tern or Wideawake.

Signed painting, with a pen and ink sketch of the head. " W. W. Ellis ad viv : delint :
et pinxt : 1778. Turtle Island." (Al.) " Sterna serrata Forst."

Turtle Island in this case is another name for Christmas Island (see f. 47).
Webber, f. 122 ; Forster, f. no ; A.M. 44 ; P.R. 21.

56. Gygis alba Candida (Gm.), 1789. White Tern.

Signed painting. " W. W. Ellis ad viv : delint : et pinxt : 1778. Turtle Isle."
This bird was taken at Christmas Island ; a specimen from there was in the
Leverian Museum (Latham, 1785 : 363).
Parkinson, f. 33.

♦57. Sterna striata Gm., 1789. White-fronted Tern.

Signed painting, with a pen and ink sketch of the head. " W. W. Ellis ad viv : delint :
et pinxt : 1777. At sea between New Zealand and Mo-dieu. At sea between New Zealand
and Whatdue." (Al.) " Latham, t. 98. S. striata Gm."

Whatdue or Mo-dieu are phonetic equivalents for Atiu or Wateeo in the Cook
group, visited by Cook at the beginning of April 1777. Gmelin's description was
derived from this drawing in Banks's collection, which therefore becomes the type.
It was published by Latham (1785 : pi. 98).

58. Demigretta sacra (Gm.), 1789. Reef Heron, white phase.

Unsigned painting, with pen and ink sketch of the head. " At the Friendly Islands."
(D.) " W. Ellis."

There were two of these birds in Banks's collection according to Latham.
Forster, f. 114 ; Webber, f. 118.

59. Chionis minor (Hartlaub), 1841. Lesser Sheath-bill.

Signed painting, with a pen and ink sketch of the head. " W. Ellis ad vivum delint :
et pin . . . 1776. Kerguelens Land. Isle of Desolation."

For notes on this bird see Webber, f. in.

60. Erolia minutilla (Vieillot), 18 19. Least Sandpiper.

There is a pen and ink sketch of a head on this signed plate which is the lower half of
no. 32. " W. Ellis ad vivum delint : et pinxit. 1778." " King Georges Sound."

Sharpe thought that the painting probably represented the Least Sandpiper and we
agree with him. The pen and ink sketch of the head however is of another bird,
the Semipalmated Sandpiper Ereunetes pusillus (Linn.) ; the two species are often

HIST. I, 6. 22

332 SOME EIGHTEENTH CENTURY BIRD PAINTINGS

confused. We are much indebted to Dr. A. Wetmore for kindly identifying these
two drawings.

61. Erolia alpina pacifica (Coues), 1862. American Dunlin or Red-backed Sandpiper.

Signed painting, with pen and ink sketch of the head. " W. W. Ellis ad viv. delint:
et pinxt : 1778. King George's Sound."

62. Aphriza virgata (Gm.), 1789. Surf Bird.

Signed painting, with pen and ink sketch of the head. " W. W. Ellis ad viv : delint :
et pinxt : 1778. King Georges Sound." {Al.) " Tringa Borealis."

Although Sharpe correctly identified the Surf Bird of f . 66 he mistook this one for
the Wandering Tattler, Heteroscelus incanus (Gm.), 1789. The painting is, however,
a fair representation of A . virgata in winter plumage, and the detailed sketch of the
beak shows clearly that it could not have been intended for that of H incanus.
Stresemann (1949 : 249) has followed Sharpe's identification. Latham called this
the Boreal Sandpiper, and says " size uncertain " (1785 : 181) ; it would seem,
therefore, that he cannot have examined a specimen, and that his description was
based on this painting with which it agrees except for his statement that the legs are
deep brown ; in the painting they are a greenish-grey. He seems to have examined
specimens in summer plumage but believed them to be another species which he
called the Streaked Sandpiper (see f. 66).

Webber, f. 113.

63. Lobipes lobatus (Linn.), 1758. Red-necked or Northern Phalarope.

Signed painting. " W. Ellis ad vivum delint : et pinxt : 1778. Between Asia and
America."

Pennant (1785 : 494-495) describes the Red-necked and Grey Phalaropes as the
male and female of what he calls the " Red Phalarope ", " found by the navigators
between Asia and America ", but he was aware that Linnaeus regarded them as
two species. His account of the Grey Phalarope Phalaropus fulicarius Linn., 1758,
seems to refer to an immature bird or one in winter plumage.

Latham (1785 : 272) states that his plate (the frontispiece of that volume)
represents a bird in Banks's collection, which he describes as Var. A of the Red
Phalarope, from Lat. 66-690 N. between Asia and America ; the bird he depicts is
similar to the one painted by Ellis, except that it is standing on land instead of
swimming.

Stresemann (1949 : 252) suggests that Ellis's painting represents Phalaropus
fulicarius but the chestnut patch on the sides of the neck and the white underparts
show that this cannot be so.

64. Aechmorhynchus cancellatus (Gm.), 1789. Christmas Island Sandpiper.

Signed painting. " W. W. Ellis ad viv : delint : et pinxt : 1778. Christmas Isle."
Latham apparently saw a specimen of this sandpiper in Banks's collection since
he states that it was y\ inches long (1785 : 274), a measurement which agrees neither
with Ellis's drawing nor with Anderson's MS. description. For long this species

SOME EIGHTEENTH CENTURY BIRD PAINTINGS 333

was regarded as extinct as it was known only from Ellis's drawing, but it was re-
discovered in the Tuamotu Archipelago by Peale (1848 : 235) in 1839. Townsend
& Wetmore (191 9 : 182) discussed four specimens from the Tuamotu group in which
the throat and abdomen were unmarked ; they considered that these belonged to
the species Peale had named Tringa [= Aechmorhynchus] parvirostris. In Ellis's
bird there is some barring of the underparts and it occurs also in all the five skins,
collected by Beck, in the British Museum although it varies in extent. Lowe (1927)
thought that there was insufficient ground for separating the species and that
therefore parvirostris should be regarded as a synonym of cancellatus.

Sharpe identified the painting as the Wood Sandpiper, Tringa glareola Linn.,
1758.

65. Prosobonia leucoptera (Gm.), 1789. Latham's White-winged Sandpiper.

Unsigned painting. " Tringa pyrrhetraea Forster. Te-Te. Eimeo or York Isle." (D.)
" W. Ellis." (^4/.) " Prosobonia ellisi Sharpe." The last remark is in the handwriting of
either Sharpe or Chubb.

Latham (1785 : 172, pi. 82) remarks " This bird varies. In one specimen
which came under my view the crown of the head was dusky, the line over the eye
ferruginous, and a tinge of the same was visible throughout the whole of the
plumage ". Latham's plate differs from Ellis's in having only one white patch
on the wing ; Webber shows two, and so does Forster though they are wider apart
in his painting than in Ellis's or Webbers' ; Forster's bird came from Tahiti, nine
miles distant from Eimeo, and it had a white spot above the eye which is not visible
in the other paintings. J. R. Forster noted asymmetry of marking in the specimen
he described (1844 : 174). The only remaining skin is now in the Leiden Museum.

A later plate is that by Lodge in Rothschild's Extinct Birds. It is a charming
picture but not a good representation of the bird portrayed by Cook's artists.

Forster, f. 120 ; Webber, f. 116.

66. Aphriza virgata (Gm.), 1789. Surf Bird.

Unsigned painting of a bird in summer plumage. " Sandwich Sound." (D.) " W.
Ellis." (Al.) " Tringa virgata."

Latham called this the Streaked Sandpiper and noted that it was the size of the
Common Snipe (1785 : 180). See notes on f. 62 which represents a bird of this species
in winter plumage.

Webber, pi. 113.

67. Charadrius rubricollis Gm., 1789. Hooded Dotterel of Tasmania.

Signed painting. " W. Ellis ad vivum delint : et pinxit : 1777. Adventure Bay."
Ellis's bird has a large white spot on either side of the neck, which appears to
correspond with the " large chestnut spot, the size of a silver penny, almost meeting
together at the back part " which Latham describes on the neck of his Red-necked
Plover (1785 : 212), the basis of Gmelin's C. rubricollis. Mathews (1913 : 131)
suggests that Latham confused his notes on this bird with those on the Red-necked
Phalarope. Gmelin's description was not recognized for many years and Vieillot's

334 SOME EIGHTEENTH CENTURY BIRD PAINTINGS

name of C. cucullatus, 1818 was accepted for the Hooded Dotterel ; Peters (1934)
has, however, reverted to Gmelin's name and, it is therefore used here. Latham
probably used this drawing since he gives the colours of the soft parts, but he may
have had a specimen also.

68. Pluvialis dominica fulva (Gm.), 1789. Asiatic Golden Plover.

Signed painting, with pen and ink sketch of the head. " W. W. Ellis ad viv : delint :
et pinxt : 1778. Christmas Isle."

Forster, ff. 123, 124.

69 Gallinula chloropus sandvicensis Streets, 1877. Hawaiian Gallinule or Alae.
Unsigned painting. " Sandwich Isles." (D.) " W. Ellis."
The bright red frontal shield in this bird was associated in Hawaiian legend with
the discovery of fire (Wilson & Evans 1890-99 : 163).

70. Pennula sandwichensis (Gm.), 1789. Sandwich Rail.

Signed plate. " W. W. Ellis ad viv : delint : et pinxt : 1779. Sandwich Isles."
Gmelin based his name on Latham's description of the Sandwich Rail (1785 :
236) in Banks's collection. There are apparently only two specimens of this bird in
existence, one in Leiden and another in Vienna ([Stresemann] 1957). The synonymy
has been fully discussed by Rothschild (1900 : 239-244) ; he suggests that Latham's
Dusky Rail, if it really came from Hawaii, is synonymous with the Sandwich Rail.
Ellis's plate was reproduced by Wilson & Evans (1890-99 : 175).

71 ? Gallicolumba erythroptera (Gm.), 1789. Latham's Garnet-winged Pigeon.

Signed painting, with a pen and ink sketch of the head. " W. W. Ellis ad viv. delint :
et pinxt. 1777. York Isle or Eimeo, Oo-00-widou." (Al.) " Columba pectoralis."

Latham had at least three birds on which to base his description of this pigeon
and its varieties (1783 : 624-625). The curious thing about Ellis's bird is that the
whole of the undersurface is white and it is now impossible to decide whether he
actually made a mistake (possibly through finishing the painting from memory),
or whether there was indeed at that time a variety of this ground dove with a white
breast and abdomen. Sharpe (1906) suggests that Latham's type from the Leverian
Museum was probably the actual type figured by Ellis but this seems scarcely likely
as Latham says " the back between the wings, the quills, tail, lower part of the breast,
belly, and vent are all black ". Notes on the rarity of the species are given under
Forster's f . 136.

Parkinson, f. 35 ; M.E. 30.

72. ? Ducula pacifica pacifica (Gm.), 1789. Pacific Pigeon.

Signed painting. " W. W. Ellis ad viv: delint: et pinxt: 1778. Friendly Isles."
{Al.) " C. pacifica Gm."

Typical members of this species have ferruginous under-tail coverts, and the under-
surface of the breast and abdomen is washed with light brown or a vinaceous colour.

SOME EIGHTEENTH CENTURY BIRD PAINTINGS 335

These hues are clearly shown in Forster's painting, f. 139, and Latham (3 1187
629) described the bird as the " Ferruginous- vented Pigeon " but Ellis drew it in
such a way that the under-tail coverts do not show at all, and painted the breast and
abdomen pale grey with no tinge of brown.

The genus Ducula was partly revised by Amadon (1943), and there are some
interesting comments on variation in this genus by Mayr (1931) who points out that
even in identical localities individuals differ much more than is generally realized.

A.M. n.

73. Creadion carunculatus (Gm.), 1789. New Zealand Saddleback or Tieke.

Signed painting with pen and ink sketch of the head. " W. W. Ellis ad vivum delt :
et pinxt : 1777 ; New Zealand." {Al.) " Sturnus carunculatus Forster."

Forster, pi. 144 ; M.E. 7 ; A.M. 19.

74. (1) Ixoreus naevius (Gm.), 1789. Varied Thrush (upper figure).

Signed painting. " W. Ellis ad vivum delint : & pinxt : 1778. King Georges Sound."
(Al.) " T. naevius."

This thrush was figured by Pennant (1785 : pi. 15), but his plate was not copied
from Ellis's.

(2) Turdus tnigratorius Linn., 1766. American Robin (lower figure).
(Al.) " Turdus tnigratorius."
Latham thought that this bird was the female of I. naevius (1783 : 27) although
he had already described both sexes of T. migratorius from the eastern coast of
North America (loc. cit. : 26).

75. Luscinia calliope camtschatkensis (Gm.), 1789. Greater Kamchatka Nightingale or

Siberian Ruby- throated Robin.

Signed painting. " W. Ellis ad viv : delint : et pinxt : 1779. Kamtschatka."

Latham named the Kamtschatka Thrush from a specimen in the Leverian Museum
(1783 : 28) and two years later this account was quoted by Pennant in the Arctic
Zoology (2 : 343).

76. Conopoderas cafira caffra (Sparrm.), 1786. Tahitian Reed-warbler.

Signed painting, with pencil sketch of the head. " Otaheite." Ellis also wrote
" Eimeo " on the front of the painting ; this was crossed out but on the back, in his hand,
is " Eimeo or York Island." (D.) " W. Ellis." (Al.) " Turdus longirostris."

Ellis's bird is dull in colour and appears to be the form still to be found at Tahiti.
Murphy & Mathews (1928, 1929) discuss a brown phase in this species which they
think may not be a matter of age ; it is possible that Ellis's bird was assuming the
colour of this brown phase. For further notes see Forster, f . 55 ; M.E. 8 ; A.M. 28 ;
and Webber, f. 139.

336 SOME EIGHTEENTH CENTURY BIRD PAINTINGS

77. Phaeornis obscura (Gm.), 1789. Hawaiian Thrush.

Signed painting with pen and ink sketch of the head. " W. W. Ellis ad viv : delint :
et pinxt : 1779. Sandwich Isles." (Al.) " Turdus sandwichcensis."

Gmelin based his name on Latham's account of a specimen in the Leverian Museum.
Wilson & Evans (1890-99) say that the commonest native name for it is the Omau
and that its sweet song " fairly entitles it to be called the Hawaiian Nightingale ".

78. Coracina novae hollandiae (Gm.), 1789. The Black-faced Cuckoo-shrike.

Signed painting with pen and ink sketch of the head. " W. W. Ellis ad viv : delt :
et pinxt : 1777. Adventure Bay, Van diemens Land."

Latham thought that this bird was a thrush and was followed by Gmelin whose
description was for many years not recognized as applying to a cuckoo-shrike.
The synonymy has been fully discussed, with reference to this painting, by Mathews
(1921 : 113).

79. Psittirostra psittacea (Gm.), 1789. Ou.

Signed painting with pen and ink sketch of the head. " W. W. Ellis ad viv : delt :
et pinxt : 1779. Sandwich Isles."

Latham's name for the Ou was the Parrot-billed Grosbeak (1783 : 108, pi. 42) ;
he refers to a male and a female in the Leverian Museum.

80. Calcarius lapponicus alascensis Ridgway, 1898. Alaska Longspur.

Signed painting. " W. W. Ellis ad viv : delint : et pinxt : 1778. Unalaschka."
The nominate species of this bunting was described by Linnaeus in 1758 but the
Alaskan form was not separated until Ridgway described it in 1898.

81. Zonotrichia atricapilla (Gm.) 1789 (= Z. coronata (Pallas), 181 1). Golden-crowned

Sparrow.

Signed painting. " W. Ellis ad vivum delint : & pinxt : 1778. Sandwich Sound."
The sexes are alike in this species. Stresemann suggests (1953 : 371) that the
reference to the supposed female in Cook & King (1784, 2 : 378) applies to a Fox
Sparrow, Passerella iliaca unalaschkensis (Gm., 1789), and that the type locality of
that bird is therefore erroneous. There seems no reason however why the latter
species should not have been collected both at Unalaska and at Prince William
(i.e. Sandwich) Sound since according to Swarth (1920 : 127, 129) an adult male was
collected at " Ounalaska " in 1894. Latham (1783 : 202) had long since stated that
a specimen was collected at Aoonalaska. The " female " referred to by Stresemann
is described in Cook & King in their account of animals collected at Prince William's
Sound not Nootka Sound.

82. Passerculus sandwichensis sandtvichensis (Gm.), 1789. Aleutian Savannah Sparrow.

Signed painting with nest and eggs. "W. Ellis ad vivum delint : & pinxt : 1778.
Sandwich Sound of Unalaschka."

Sharpe (1906) thought that this was the female of Zonotrichia coronata Pall.,
but Stresemann has already pointed out (1949 : 250) that it represents the above

SOME EIGHTEENTH CENTURY BIRD PAINTINGS 337

species. Ellis's plate agrees with the skins in the British Museum save that in these
the tail feathers are dark with pale edges while in Ellis's bird they are pale with dark
edges. There was a specimen in Banks's collection.

83. Leucosticte brunneonucha (Brandt), 1842. Japanese Snow-finch.

Signed painting. " W. W. Ellis ad viv : delint : et pinxt : 1779. Off the Coast of
Japan."

Webber, f. 109.

84. Fringilla montifringilla Linn., 1758. Female Brambling.

Signed painting with a partly coloured sketch of an outstretched wing. " W. W. Ellis
ad viv : delint : et pinxt : 1779. Off the Coast of Japan. "

85. Loxops coccinea coccinea (Gm.), 1789. Scarlet Akakane.

A finished and signed painting of one bird on a branch and a delicate pen and ink sketch
of another on the ground. " W. W. Ellis ad viv : delint: 1779. Sandwich Isles."

Gmelin's description of this bird was based on Latham's account of a bird in
the Leverian Museum.Wilson & Evans (1890-99) reported that the Scarlet Akakane
was very scarce when they were in Hawaii, and Bryan & Greenway (1944) say that
it has not been recorded since 1893.

86. Petroica macrocephala (Gm., 1789). Yellow-breasted Tit or Ngiru-ngiru.

Signed painting. " W. W. Ellis ad vivum delt : et pinxt : 1777. New Zealand."
[Al.) " cf. Turdus minutus Forster."

Sharpe thought that this identification was wrong (1906 : 207) and suggested
that Ellis's drawing was more like P. toi-toi (Garn.). The latter is, however, a
bird found only in the North Island of New Zealand where there was no collecting
on the third voyage. Ellis's bird is badly drawn and the colour on the breast seems
to have darkened with age but the pattern on the tail feathers is diagnostic. Forster's
representation (f. 149) of this bird is more accurate. Latham's plate of the species
was taken from a bird in Banks's collection (1783 : pi. 55).

87. Chasiempis sandwichensis (Gm.), 1789. Hawaiian Flycatcher or Elepaio ; a young
bird.

Signed painting, with a pen and ink sketch of the head. " W. W. Ellis ad viv : delint :
et pinxt : 1779. Sandwich Isles."

Apparently two of these birds were brought back to England, an immature one
in Banks's collection, which Latham called the Sandwich Flycatcher, and an adult
bird in the Leverian Museum, which Latham called the Spotted- winged Flycatcher
and Gmelin described as Muscicapa maculata. Rothschild places the latter in the
synonymy of C. sandwichensis (1893-1900, 2 : 71) though Wilson & Evans give
some grounds for uncertainty about this (1893-99 : 126) ; there is doubt about the
exact locality where the bird was collected.

338 SOME EIGHTEENTH CENTURY BIRD PAINTINGS

88. Wilsonia pusilla pileolata (Pall.), 1811. Northern Pileolated Warbler.

Signed painting. " W. W. Ellis ad viv : delint : & pinxt : 1778. Between Asia and
America."

It seems probable that this is pileolata ; Sharpe was reluctant to admit the validity
of the various races into which the species has been divided (1906 : 207) but Hellmayr
accepts them (1935 : 452-454).

89. Luscinia svecica Linn., 1758. Bluethroat.

" On the ice." (D.) " W. Ellis."
This is an excellent painting of a female Bluethroat.

90. Oenanthe oenanthe Linn., 1758. European Wheatear.

Signed painting. " W. Ellis ad viv : delint : 1778. On the Ice." (Al.) " Oenanthe ? "
Parkinson, f. 38 ; Solander MS. Z4 : 123.

91. Motacilla flava Linn., 1758. A Yellow Wagtail.

Signed painting. " W. W. Ellis ad viv : delint : et pinxt : 1778. Lat : 66° : oo' N.
Caught on Board."

This is a young bird and its race is uncertain.

92. Conopoderas aequinoctialis (Lath.), 1790. Christmas Island Reed Warbler.

Signed painting. " W. W. Ellis ad viv : delint : et pinxt : 1778. Christmas Isle."
This bird was also figured by Webber, f . 107, whose painting differed from Ellis's
in showing the bars on the tail ; these were mentioned by Anderson and referred to
by Latham (1787 : 187) who based his account on Anderson's MS. notes.

Murphy & Mathews discuss the species (1929) and point out that there is some
colour variation, apparently determined by wear. There are no adult skins of this
bird in the British Museum. Mrs. Cooper, who was living on Christmas Island in
1953-54, tells me that the birds were still to be heard there then, though they were
shy and seldom seen.

93. Parus ater insularis Hellmayr, 1902. Coal Tit (upper figure).

Parus major minor Temm. and Schl., 1848. Great Tit (lower figure).

Signed painting. " W. W. Ellis ad viv : delint : et pinxt : 1779. Coast of Japan."
(Al.) " ater, major."

94. Parus ductus alascensis (Prazak), 1895. Alaska Chickadee.

Signed painting. " W. W. Ellis ad viv : delint : et pinxt : 1778. Norton Sound."
Hellmayr points out (1934 : Jj) that Norton Sound is a typical locality.
Stresemann (1949 : 252) considers that this chickadee should be known as Parus
lathami Stephens, since Stephens based his description (1817 : 44-45) on the accounts
by Latham and Pennant of a titmouse in the Leverian Museum which agrees with
Ellis's plate and which Pennant says (1785 : 424) was found " as high as lat. 640 30'

SOME EIGHTEENTH CENTURY BIRD PAINTINGS 339

on the western side of North America ". Stephens incorrectly stated that the fore-
head was white.

95. Malurus cyaneus cyaneus (Ellis), 1783. Superb Blue Wren.

Signed painting. " W. W. Ellis ad viv : delint : et pinxt : 1777. Adventure Bay."
Ellis very briefly described this Tasmanian wren (1783 : 22).

96. Collocalia spodiopygia townsendi Oberholser, 1906.

Signed painting with pencil sketch of the head. " Friendly Isles." (D.) " W. Ellis."
Stresemann (1950 : 74, 87) has pointed out that Gmelin's name of Hirundo
unalaschkensis (1789 : 1025), based on Latham's erroneous locality, is valid for
this Tongan species but that it would cause confusion to revert to it.

10. BIRDS PAINTED BY JOHN WEBBER
ON COOK'S THIRD VOYAGE

Paintings by John Webber (38) Contained in a Volume of His Unpublished Paintings
in Brit. Mus. {Print Room) ff. 105-143.

The paintings of birds and fishes made by Webber on this voyage may have been
part of a larger series that was broken up for some reason. Only three of these
paintings have been lifted from their mounts and there may be additional remarks
on the backs of the others.

105. Parus cinctus alascensis (Prazak), 1895. Alaska Chickadee.

" Jo/n Webber, 1778. Taken on the continent of the West Coast of America. Lat.
64°.3o. Long. i98°.30. Sept. 1778."

Stresemann's suggestion that the name of this bird should be changed (Ellis, f. 94)
has been adopted in the American Check-list of 1957, which was published after this
paper went to press.

106. Malurus cyaneus cyaneus (Ellis), 1782. Superb Blue Wren.

" J. Webber, 1777. New Holland. Adventure Bay. Van Diemen's Land."
Cook called at Adventure Bay, Tasmania, in January 1777, but did not visit the
mainland of Australia on this voyage.
Ellis, f. 95.

107. Conopoderas aequinoctialis (Lath.), 1790. Christmas Island Reed Warbler.

" Jon Webber f. 1777 Dec. 31.* Christmas or Turtle Isle."
Ellis, f. 92 ; Anderson's MS. notebook, p. 12.

108. Loxops coccinea coccinea (Gm.), 1789. Scarlet Akakane.

" Sandwich Isle." (D.) " J. Webber, Sandwich Isle."
Ellis, f. 85.

34© SOME EIGHTEENTH CENTURY BIRD PAINTINGS

109. Leucosticte brunneonucha (Brandt), 1842. Japanese Snowfinch.

" J. Webber, del. 1778, Japan. Taken of the Island of Japan in lat. 400 N, 1420 E."
(D.) " Fringilla Linaria."

Ellis, f. 83.

no. Bombycilla garrulus pallidiceps Reichenow, 1908. Bohemian Waxwing.

" J. Webber del., 1778. Taken on the continent of the West coast of America in Lat.
64-30 Longde. 198.30. Sepr. 1778.

in. Chionis minor Hartlaub, 1841. Lesser Sheath-bill.
" John Webber, f. 1777. The Island of Desolation."
The date should be 1776 as Cook left Kerguelen on 30th December of that year
but Webber probably completed his drawing later. Although both species of Sheath-
bill were taken on Cook's voyages they were confused in Latham's description and
it was not until 1841 that the bird painted by both Ellis (f. 59) and Webber received
its scientific name.

112. Erolia acuminata (Horsfield), 1821. Siberian Pectoral Sandpiper or Sharp-tailed
Sandpiper.

" Jn°. Webber del. 1778." Taken between [Lat.] 69J Long. 191-2."

113. Aphriza virgata (Gm.), 1789. Surf Bird.

" Jo/n Webber, del. 1778."
Ellis, ff. 62, 66.

114. Phalaropus fulicarius (Linn.), 1758. Grey or Red Phalarope.

There is a sketch of the beak and foot in the top left-hand corner. " Jo/n Webber del.
1778. Taken between Asia and America in Latitude 69J Long. 191 J East. Sept. [?] 1778."

115. Pluvialis dominica dominica (P. L. S. Muller), 1776. American Golden Plover.

" John Webber delin. 1777. Sandwich Isles."

116. Prosobonia leucoptera (Gm.), 1789. White-winged Sandpiper.

" Te-te. Eimeo or York Island." (D.) " J. Webber. Tringa pyrrhetraea Forster."
This species is extinct and the only known specimen is in the Leiden Museum.
Forster, f. 120, Ellis, f. 65.

117. Heteroscelus incanus (Gm.), 1789. Wandering Tattler.

" John Webber, 1777. Palmerston Island."
Latham called this bird an " Ash-coloured Snipe " ; it was in Banks's collection.

118. Demigretta sacra (Gm.), 1789. Reef Heron, blue form.

" Society Isles." (D.) " J. Webber."
Forster, f. 114 ; Ellis, f. 58.

SOME EIGHTEENTH CENTURY BIRD PAINTINGS 341

119. ? Sterna sp. A tern.

" John Webber delin., 1777. Christmas Isle."
This painting agrees very closely with a skin of Sterna striata Gm., 1789, in the
British Museum, a specimen of which was taken between New Zealand and the Cook
Islands and painted by Ellis, pi. 57, 1777. Hindwood (1946), however, who has
gone very thoroughly into the question has been unable to find any reliable record
of the species outside the Neozelanic region and considers that reported occurrences
elsewhere are based on immature specimens of the Crested Tern Thalasseus bergii
cristatus (Stephens), 1826.

120. Procelsterna cerulea (Bennett), 1840. Blue-grey Noddy.

" J. Webber del. 1778. Christmas Isle. Turtle Isle."
Stresemann (1950 : 78) considers that Latham's Southern Tern is in fact the Blue-
grey Noddy, and that Bennett's name is therefore a synonym of Procelsterna australis
(Gm.), 1789, which was represented in the Leverian Museum.

121. Thalasseus bergii cristatus (Stephens), 1826. Crested Tern.

" J. Webber del. 1777. Friendly Isles."
Latham saw a specimen in the British Museum.

122. Stern fuscata ? subsp. Sooty Tern or Wideawake.

" John Webber del. Jan. 3, 1778. Christmas Isle, Turtle Island." (Al.) " Sterna serrata

Forster."

Ellis also painted this bird (f. 55), but gave Turtle Isle as the locality. Cook

called at two islands with this name, one in the Tonga group in 1774, and another

(known generally as Christmas Island) in the Line Islands on this voyage. This

is confirmed by the MS. map which is bound in with Anderson's bird paintings.

123. Eudyptes chrysolophus (Brandt), 1837. Macaroni Penguin.

" Jo/n Webber, ex Jan. 1777. Island of Desolation." (Al.) " Aptenodytes chrysocoma
Forster."
Painted after leaving Kerguelen.

124. Aptenodytes patagonicus Miller, 1778. King Penguin.

" Island of Desolation." (D.) " J. Webber. Aptenodytes pataghonica Forster."
No date or locality are given.
Ellis, f. 46 ; Forster, f. 81.

125. Melanitta perspicillata (Linn.), 1758. Surf Scoter.

" J. W., f. 1778. Coast of America." (D.) " J. Webber." (Al.) " Anas perspicillata L."

126. Histrionicus histrionicus paciflcus W. S. Brooks, 1915. Pacific Harlequin Duck.

" John Webber del. 1778. That part of the body which is covered by the Wings is of
a brownish colour resembling that over the eyes but rather darker. Duck of Analaska.
Samganouda Harbour. Isle of Aonashka." (D.) " J. Webber." (Al.) " Anas histrionica.
Kamtschatka ...
Ellis, f. 34.

342 SOME EIGHTEENTH CENTURY BIRD PAINTINGS

127. Meliornis novae-hollandiae canescens (Lath), 1790. Yellow-winged Honey-eater.

"Adventure Bay, New Holland." (D.) " J. Webber."
Canescens is the Tasmanian race of this bird, and the skins in the British Museum
agree with this painting. Latham's account was based on Anderson's notes.

128. Chlorodrepanis virens (Gm.), 1788. Lathams' Olive-green Creeper, Amakihi.

" Sandwich Isled." (D.) " J. Webber." (Al.) " Lath. 740, n.44."
A specimen was in the Leverian Museum.
Ellis, f. 31.

129. Drepanis pacifica (Gm.), 1788. Yellow-rumped Mamo.

" Sandwich Isled." (D.) " Webber." (Al.) " Lath. p. 703, no. 3."

The species apparently became extinct about the end of last century. A specimen
was in the Leverian Museum.
Ellis, f. 27.

130. Hemignathus obscurus (Gm.), 1788. Hook-billed Green Creeper, Akialoa.

" J/n°. Webber, del. 1779, A kie-a-roa, Sandwich Isles, Owhy-hee." (Al.) " Lath.,
703, n.4."

This species, too, was in the Leverian Museum.
Ellis, f. 28.

131. Moho nobilis (Merrem), 1786. Yellow-tufted Bee-eater, Double-plumed Moho.

" Hoo-hoo the name given by the natives, Sandwich Isles." (D.) " J. Webber."
King George of England, who was also Elector of Hanover, sent one of these birds
with other curiosities to the Gottingen Museum and it was there that Merrem
described it. It now appears to be extinct (Bryan & Green way, 1944). A specimen
was in the Leverian Museum.
Ellis, f. 26.

132. Himatione sanguined (Gm.), 1788. Crimson Creeper, Akakane.

" J. Webber del. 1779. Sandwich Isles, A ka-kan-ne." (D.) " Lath. p. 739 no. 43."
This bird and its sweet song were popular in Hawaiian legend. Latham saw one
in the Leverian Museum.
Ellis, f. 30.

133. Vestiaria coccinea (G. Forster), 1780. Red Sickle-bill, Iiwi.

" Jo/n Webber del, 1779. Sandwich Isles, He-ee-vee." (D.) " Lath. 704, no. 5."
This was in the Leverian Museum.
Ellis, f. 29.

134. Alcedo cristata cristata Pallas, 1764. Malachite-crested Kingfisher, Cape of Good Hope.

" Kingfisher of the Cape. Cape of Good Hope." (D.) " J. Webber."

SOME EIGHTEENTH CENTURY BIRD PAINTINGS 343

135. Halcyon venerata venerata (Gm.), 1788. Latham's Venerated Kingfisher.

" Jo/n Webber ins. f. 1777. Society Isles."
Ellis, f. 23 ; Forster, f. 58.

136. Colaptes cafer (Gm.), 1788. North-western Flicker.

" King Georges Sound." (D.) " J. Webber, Picus auratus." (A I.) " America."
A skin from Vancouver Island in the British Museum shows the breast suffused with

pink just as Webber has painted it. Latham says that two specimens were in the

Leverian Museum (1782 : 599).
Ellis, f. 19.

137. Sphyrapicus varius ruber (Gm.), 1788. Reb-breasted Sapsucker.

" Jn. Webber del., 1778. King Georges Sound." (D.) " Lath. p. 561, n. 8. Picus
erythrocephalus L."

This plate is of particular interest as it shows clearly that a whole specimen was
taken on this voyage and is additional evidence for Swarth's conclusion on the type
locality (1912 : 35-38). Latham did not see this drawing since he describes a speci-
men from Cayenne (sicl) with legs and tail missing (1782 : 563). He described the
tail in 1787 (p. 106) and referred the bird tentatively to one described by Cook from
Nootka Sound, which is confirmed by the note on this plate — King George's Sound
being another name for Nootka Sound.

See also Stresemann 1949 : 249.

138. Picoides tridactylus fasciatus Baird, 1870. Alaskan Three-toed Woodpecker ; male.

" Jo/n Webber, 1778. Taken on the continent of the west coast of America. Lat.
64.30 Long. 193.3. Sepr. 1778. Norton Sound."

Ellis, f. 20.

139. Conopoderas caffra longirostris (Gm.), 1789. Long-billed Warbler.

" Morea, Otahaitie Eimeo or York Island." (D.) " W. Webber."
Latham refers to specimens from Eimeo or York Island (other names for Morea)
which he saw in the Leverian Museum and in Banks's collection (1783 : 67).
Ellis, f. 76 ; Forster, pi. 55 ; M.E. 8 ; A.M. 28.

140. Vini peruviana (P. L. S. Miiller), 1776. Otaheitan Blue Parrakeet.

" John Webber delin 1777. Parroquet of Tahaite." (D.) " Latham p.255, no. 59.
Psittacus saphharinus Forster." (A I.) " Loriquet of Otaheite."

Parkinson, f. 9 ; Ellis, f. 14 ; Forster, f. 49 ; M.E. 12.

141. Buceros rhinoceros Linn., 1758. Indian Hornbill, female.

Only the beak and skull are depicted. " Princes Island." (Al.) " This bird is black
with a white tail Princes Isle Webber."

142. Missing.

344 SOME EIGHTEENTH CENTURY BIRD PAINTINGS

143. Pardalotus striatus striatus (Gm.), 1789. Striated Pardalote.
" J. Webber, f. ins. 1777. New Holland, Adventure Bay."
Banks actually had a specimen, according to Latham (1787 : 188) who does not
mention this drawing but refers to Anderson's papers.

11. PAINTINGS BY PHILIP D'AUVERGNE AND J. F. MILLER OF

BIRDS COLLECTED ON PHIPPS'S VOYAGE TOWARDS

THE NORTH POLE IN 1773

Paintings by D'Auvergne and Miller Contained in Brit. Mus. (Print Room) Vol.
199* B 4, ff. 2, 3, 6 and 74.

2. Carduelis flatnmea (Linn.), 1758. Mealy Redpoll.

Unsigned painting. (B.) " D'Auvergne del. Fringilla linaria. Came on board his ship.
Capt. Phipps." " Spitzbergen," also in Banks's hand, has been crossed out.

This bird is not mentioned amongst those listed in the appendix to the published
account of Phipps's voyage (1774) so we do not know where it was taken.

3. Fratercula arctica (Linn.), 1758. Puffin.

Unsigned painting of a freshly decapitated head. (B.) " D'Auvergne del. Alca arctica.

Capt. Phipps Spitzbergen." {Al.) " Sea Parrot, of Marten, shot in the N. of Spitzbergen.

I773-"

As only the head of bird is shown and we do not know whether the drawing is

life size, we cannot tell whether or not it represents the larger race found in that

region.

6. Plectrophenax nivalis (Linn.), 1758. Snowbunting.

Unsigned painting of the adult male. (B.) " Emberiza nivalis. Capt. Phipps Spitzbergen
1773." (D.) " D'Auvergne."

In the appendix to the Voyage (pp. 188-189), Phipps notes that large flocks of
these birds occur on the ice at Spitzbergen as well as on land, and he wonders what
constitutes their food.

74. Pagophila eburnea (Phipps), 1774. Ivory Gull.

Signed painting. " John Frederick Miller, pinxt. 1773." (B.) " Larus eburneus Capt.
Phipps Spitzbergen 1773."

Phipps gave a detailed description of this bird (loc. cit. : 187). Latham mentions
a specimen in the Leverian Museum (1785 : 377) which was probably the bird painted
by Miller whose plate was reproduced in his Various Subjects of Natural History,
pi. 12, 1776. The reproduction is a looking-glass copy and in neither this work
nor in the later edition, the Cimelia Physica of 1796, is the colouring very accurate.
The detail in the background has been reduced and altogether the published plates
are poor in quality compared with the original painting.

SOME EIGHTEENTH CENTURY BIRD PAINTINGS 345

12. BIRD PAINTINGS BY COLONEL GORDON ACQUIRED BY
FRANCIS MASSON AT THE CAPE OF GOOD HOPE, 1772-76

Paintings by Colonel Gorden (17) Contained in Brit. Mus. {Print Room) Vol. 199*
B 4, ff. 35-57-

35 Fulica cristata Gm., 1789. Red-knobbed Coot.

Unsigned painting. (B.) " Mr. Mason Cape of good hope 1773." {Al.) " Fulica."

36 Francolinus capensis (Gm.), 1789. Cape Pheasant or Francolin.

Unsigned painting. (B.) " Sent from the Cape of Good Hope to Sir John Pringle by
Mr. Mason who gave it to me." {Al.) " called here Pheasant ; inhabits coppices by the
Sides of Rivers, and in marshes amongst the Reeds, digs up and eats the small bulbs of
Ixia's Gladiolus's about the Size of a Poulet. Magnitudine Gallina."

37. Pterocles namaqua (Gm.), 1789. Namaqua Sand Grouse.

Unsigned painting. (B.) " Tetrao fontana mas The tail had been rubb'd off in a cage."
For notes on this species see f. 41.

38. Pterocles namaqua (Gm.), 1789. Namaqua Sand Grouse.

Unsigned painting. (B.) " Tetrao fontana foemina." {Al.) " a little too large."
See f. 41.

39. Francolinus afer Stephens, 1819. Grey-wing or Cape Partridge.

Unsigned painting. (B.) " Tetrao. Sent from the Cape of Good Hope to Sir John
Pringle by Mr. Mason who gave it to me with a dried specimen. Common Cape Partridge."
{Al.) " Magnitudine T. perdix."

Banks's specimen was described by Latham (1783 : 773) whose account was used
by Stephens.

40. Vidua macroura (Pallas), 1764. Pin-tailed Whydah.

Unsigned painting. (B.) " Mr. Mason Cape of good hope 1775." {Al.) " Emberiza
vidua L."

♦41. Pterocles namaqua (Gm.), 1789. Namaqua Sand Grouse. (PL 36a.)

Unsigned painting. (B.) " Tetrao fontana mas." {Al.) " Natural magnitude. Sent
from the Cape of Good Hope to Sir John Pringle by Mr. Mason who gave it to me, with a
dried specimen. Namaqua Partridge being generally found towards the Country of the
Namaqua Hottentots, inhabiting the dry thirsty Deserts, are easily shot by watching
near a fountain, where Somitimes {sic) 300 will come at once to drink/ : Fountains being
very rare in those Deserts. If it is a Tetrao it is remarkably different from its Congeners ;
making long flights like the Columba ; Their note is different from the Tetraones. Feeds
on Seeds of herbs ; the one which I have stuffed, The Crope was full of the Seed of the
Salvia aethiopica ; eats also Corn."

Latham (1783 : 750) described this bird not from the specimen but from this draw-
ing as his notes show, so that the drawing becomes the type. He writes " Less than
a partridge : length nine inches. It is of that size and length in the drawing . . .

346 SOME EIGHTEENTH CENTURY BIRD PAINTINGS

These inhabit the country of the Namaqua Hottentots, and in the day-time frequent
the thirsty deserts ; but are easily shot, by watching near the fountains . . .
From the papers of Sir Joseph Banks." His notes are copied from those on the back
of this drawing but he misquotes the locality ; Gmelin's account is an abbreviated
version (1789 : 754), and he perpetuated Latham's slip about the locality. Since
it is clear from what we know of Masson's itinerary that he in fact went no further
north than the Hantum country, about 350 miles north of the Cape of Good Hope,
it is also clear that Namaqualand is not the type locality which should accordingly
be changed to the most northerly desert country explored by Masson.
Ff. 37, 38.

42. Casmerodius albus melanorhynchus (Wagler), 1827. Great White Heron.

Unsigned painting. (B.) " Cape of Good Hope. Mr. Mason. 1775. Ardea."

43. Himantopus himantopus (Linn.), 1758. South African or Black- winged Stilt.

Unsigned painting. (B.) " Charadrias." (A I.) " \ magnitude. Himantopus ? Sent
from the Cape of Good Hope to Sir John Pringle by Mr. Mason, who gave it to me. Inhabits
Marshes by Lakes, is very rare."

44. Rostratula benghalensis (Linn.), 1758. Painted Snipe.

Unsigned painting. (B.) " Scolopax capensis." (A I.) " Natural magnitude. Sent from
the Cape of Good Hope to Sir John Pringle by Mr. Mason who gave it to me with a dried
specimen, is but rare ; the common Snipe here being the S. gallinago."

45. Agapornis carta (Gm.), 1788. Grey-headed Lovebird.

Unsigned painting. (B.) " Mr. Mason. Cape of good hope 1775. birds from Mada-
gascar."

Forster, f. 51.

52. Scopus umbretta bannermani Grant, 1914. Greater Hammerkop.

Unsigned painting. (B.) " Cape of Good Hope Rallus cristatus. Umber Brown p. 90
t. 35 Pennant Gen. Av. N. 64."

There is a pencil sketch of the same bird on the back.

53. Plegadis sp. An unidentified ibis.

Unsigned painting of a bird with an orange beak, grey legs, a fully feathered head streaked
with black and white which extends only a short distance down the neck, and with dark
blackish-blue plumage. Banks called it " Scolopax leucocephala."

54. Sagittarius serpentarius (Miller), 1779. Secretary Bird.

Unsigned painting, very stylized. (B.) " Cape of Good Hope. Falco grallarius. Falco
Sagittarius."

Forster, f. 32.

55. Dendrocygna -viduata (Linn.), 1766. White-faced Duck.

Unsigned painting. (B.) " Anas Leucopus. Cape of Good Hope." (Al.) Anas viduata."
Forster, f. 76.

SOME EIGHTEENTH CENTURY BIRD PAINTINGS 347

56. Bugeranus carunculatus (Gm.), 1789. Wattled Crane.

Unsigned painting. (Al.) " Wattled Heron. Latham Syn. 3 p. 82 n. 49 tab. 78 from this
drawing."

Forster, f. 115.

57. Choriotis kori (Burchell), 1822. Kori Bustard.

Unsigned painting. (B.) " Otis cristata Cape of Good Hope."

13. SOME MISCELLANEOUS BIRD PAINTINGS BOUND WITH SOME
OF THE ABOVE AND EXECUTED AT APPROXIMATELY
THE SAME PERIOD

Miscellaneous Bird Paintings (19) Contained in Brit. Mus. {Print Room) Vol. 199*
B 4 #.49-130

(a) Two unsigned paintings from Mrs. Brant are so similar in style to those sent
by Masson that one can scarcely avoid the conclusion that they are by the same hand.
The legend beneath them (pis. 49, 58) is in a flowing hand and some of the letters
and spellings are characteristically Dutch. There is a legend in a similar style
beneath a painting of a jackal, pi. 50. A third painting by J. F. Miller of a bird
she sent to Banks is included here for convenience.

49. Porphyrio madagascariensis (Lath.), 1801. Purple Gallinule.

Unsigned painting. (B.) " Sent from the Cape of Good Hope By Mrs. Brant 1772.
Fulica Porphyrio." {Al.) " Riet Haantje Cape."

Latham makes no reference to this painting in his description.

58. Tauraco corythaix (Wagler), 1827. Knysna Lourie.

Unsigned painting. (B.) " Sent from the Cape of Good — By Mrs. Brant 1772. Cuculus
persa." [Al.) " Loerie from the Cape."

75. Goura cristata cristata (Pallas), 1764. Crowned Pigeon.

Painting signed by J. F. Miller. " John Miller pinxt. 1772. Columba coronata." (B.)
" Taken from a living Bird sent me from the Cape of Good hope by Mrs. Brant 1772."

Miller did not colour the tail in this painting of the Crowned Pigeon which comes
from New Guinea, but he published a finished version of it in his Various Subjects
of Natural History (pi. 16), giving the Cape of Good Hope as the habitat.

(b) Three bird paintings acquired by Banks from John Greenwood.

119. Jacana spinosa jacana (Linn.), 1766. Common Jacana.
Unsigned painting, unfinished.

Dryander ascribed this painting to Greenwood and gave Surinam as the locality.
There is a heavy black margin round it which makes it impossible to read the writing
on the back ; these three drawings are pasted down.

HIST. 1, 6. 23

348 SOME EIGHTEENTH CENTURY BIRD PAINTINGS

119 (lower figure). Capella paraguaiae (Vieillot), 1816. Paraguayan Snipe.
Unsigned painting. (D.) " Greenwood."

127. Colinus cristatus Linn., 1766. Crested Quail.
Unsigned painting of two of these birds.
This may be the painting of the stuffed Tetrao ascribed by Dryander to Greenwood ;
there is nothing to indicate the locality in his catalogue, nor on the painting.

(c) Nos. 61, 62, 63 and 64 are unsigned paintings by Gertrude Metz, a professional
painter of considerable ability who was working and exhibiting in London in the
latter part of the eighteenth century. These four paintings are copies or different
versions of four species collected on Cook's second voyage which were painted by
the unknown artist referred to earlier. The birds in question are :

Gallirallus austalis australis (Sparrm.), 1786. South Island Weka of New Zealand.
See also P.R. 17.

Theristicus caudatus tnelanopis (Gm.), 1789. Black-faced Ibis.
See also P.R. 15.

Prosthemadera novaeseelandiae (Gm.), 1788. Tui or Parson-bird.
See also P.R. 23.

Eunymphicus cornutus (Gm.), 1788. Crested Parakeet.
See also P.R. 20.

(d) Some paintings by J. F. Miller.

71. Crax rubra rubra Linn., 1758. American Curassow.
A signed painting by J. Miller jun.

72 Pionites melanocephala (Linn.), 1758. Black-headed Caique.

Signed painting by John Frederick Miller, 1775, who reproduced it the following year
(pi. 4). On the back is written in Banks's hand " The bird was sent alive from the West
Indies as a present to Miss Ray in whose collection it was drawn. — nd spec, in Sp. vin."

Miss Ray was beloved by Lord Sandwich for many years ; she was a woman of
great charm and gentleness, and able to disarm criticism to a large extent. Pionites
melanocephala is a South American species ; it does not occur in the West Indies.

73. Paroaria cucullata (Lath.), 1790. Red-crested Cardinal.
A painting signed by John Frederick Miller, 1774.
Latham's description of this South American species was based on a plate by
Peter Brown as well as on this one but since Brown's is mentioned first this one cannot
be regarded as the type.

SOME EIGHTEENTH CENTURY BIRD PAINTINGS 349

(e) The following paintings are the work of Peter Paillou. They are obviously
his work although they are unsigned. They were indexed by Dryander with most
of the others in this series.

87. Podiceps cristatus (Linn.), 1758. Great Crested Grebe.

A version of this painting was reproduced in the folio edition (1766, pi. 67) of
Pennant's British Zoology, but it does not compare with the original which is much
more richly coloured. One is reminded of Pennant's complaint that Paillou's
colours were " gaudy " ; he perhaps was responsible for having them altered so
sadly.

88. Caprimulgus europaeus Linn., 1758. European Nightjar.

An engraving from this painting was reproduced in the smaller (1768, pi. 59)
as well as in the folio edition of British Zoology (pi. 51) ; it is inferior to the original.

90. Merops viridis Linn., 1766. A race of the Little Green Bee-eater.

PI. 7 in Pennant's Genera of Birds (1781) was engraved from this painting.

96. Platalea leucorodia (Linn.), 1758. Common Spoonbill.
This has apparently not been published.

97. Grus antigone (Linn.), 1758. Sarus Crane.

Dryander states that this was painted from a living bird.

(/) Plates by an unknown painter.

The artist who executed the last two paintings in this volume has not been
identified. One, f. 130, is of the Purple Gallinule Porphyrio madagascariensis
which is also figured on pi. 49 (one of Mrs. Brant's birds) ; the other, f . 129, represents
Vidua macroura, the Pin-tailed Whydah, also figured on f. 40 (one of Masson's birds).
The MS. note on the Whydah is " a Bird of Passage Dolsa, when the fruits of the
Capparis are in season."

The note on the Gallinule states : " Bird of Passage — generally comes here at
this time of the year when the wheat is in Season. We call it Chroata colum — .
Tabernetty, 20 Dec. 1787."

REFERENCES

Alexander, W. B. 1928. Birds of the Ocean. New York and London.

1954- 2nd- ed- New York.

Allen, E. G. 1951. The History of American Ornithology before Audubon. Trans. Amer.

Phil. Soc. n.s. 41 : 398-591.
Amadon, D. 1942. Birds collected during the Whitney South Sea Expedition. 49. Notes

on some non-passerine genera. 1. Amer. Mus. Novit. 1175 : I— II.

1942a. Birds collected during the Whitney South Sea Expedition. 50. Notes on some

non-passerine genera. 2. Notes on Polynesian Lories. Ibid. 1176 : I— 21.

1943- Birds collected during the Whitney South Sea Expedition. 52. Notes on some

non-passerine genera. 3. Ibid. 1237 : 1-22.

35Q SOME EIGHTEENTH CENTURY BIRD PAINTINGS

Anderson, William [n.d.] Characteres breves Avium (in itinere nostro circum orbe visa)
adhuc incognitarum anni 1 772-1 775. MS. British Museum (Natural History). 13 pp.

Zoologia nova seu characteres & historia Animalium hactenus incognitorum qui in itinere

nostro videbantur 1776 in Unguis Latinis & Anglicis traditus. The appendix is dated 1777.
MS. British Museum (Natural History). 38 pp.

(1776-78). A Journal of a Voyage made in his Majesty's Sloop "Resolution." May

16th 1776. MS. Public Record Office, London.

Anon. (1772-75). [Unpublished Drawings of Birds from Cook's Second Voyage round the
World, 1 772-1 775, ff. 7-23 in Natural History Drawings by various Artists in the Collection
of Sir Joseph Banks, q.v.] British Museum, Print Room.

(1772-75). Thirty-eight coloured Drawings of Birds of the Southern Hemisphere, executed

from the Life, in the Course of Captain Cook's Second Voyage. M.E.5-42. Royal Scottish
Museum.

(1772-75). {Unpublished Drawings of Birds from Cook's Second Voyage round the World,

1 772-1 775 ; ff. 1-53]. Mitchell Library Sydney.

Austin, O. L., Jr. 1932. The Birds of Newfoundland Labrador. Mem. Nuttall Ornith. Club,

7 : 1-229.
Azara, F. de. 1802-05. Apuntamientos para la historia natural de los Pdxaros del Paraguay

y Rio de la plata. 3 vols. Madrid.
Baker, J. G. 1885. A monograph of the genus Gethyllis. J. Bot. 23 : 227.
Banks, Joseph. 1766. Journal of a Voyage to Newfoundland and Labrador : commencing

April ye jth and ending November the 17th 1766. MS. in South Australian Branch of Royal

Geographical Society, Adelaide. (Microfilm in British Museum, Natural History).

1766. M.S. Catalogue of animals and plants collected in Newfoundland and Labrador.

McGill University Library.

1768-71. Journal of a Voyage round the world with Captain Cook 1768-1771. MS. in

Mitchell Library, Sydney (now being published). (Photographic copy in British Museum.)
See Hooker.

n.d. [MS. Lists in an unknown hand of the Bird Skins in Banks's Collection, from

Labrador, the voyages of Captain Cook, the Cape of Good Hope etc.] 4 pts. [In British Museum
(Natural History).)

[1822.] MS. Inventory of the Library of Sir Joseph Banks. 2 vols. British Museum.

■ n.d. [Natural History Drawings by Various Artists namely, D'Auvergne, Cleveley,

Colnett, Engleheart, Gilpin, Gordon, Greenwood, Metz, Miller, Paillou, Perrin, Rymsdyk,

Sowerby et al. in the collection of Sir Joseph Banks.] In British Museum, Print Room, 199*

B4.
Banks, Sophia. 1772. Transcript of Journal of a Voyage to Newfoundland and Labrador etc.

by her brother q.v. MS. British Museum (Natural History).
Beaglehole, J. C. 1955. (ed.) The Journals of Captain James Cook. The Voyage of the

Endeavour, 1 768-1 771. Hakluyt Society.
Bennet, A. G. i 93 i. Additional Notes on the Birds of the Falkland Islands and Dependencies.

Ibis, 13th ser., 1 : 12-13.
Bishop, L. B. 1938. Correct names for the Red-backed Sandpiper and the Northern Long-
billed Curlew. Condor, 40 : 225-226.
Bloch, M. E. & Schneider, J. G. 1801. M. E. Blochii — Systema Ichthyologiae iconibus

CX illustratum. Post obitum auctoris opus inchoatum absolvit, correxit, interpolavit Jo.

Gottlob Schneider, Saxo. 2 vols. Berolini.
Boswell, James. 1951. Boswell's London Journal 1762-1763. Yale Editions of the Private

Papers of James Boswell. London.
Bourne, W. R. P. 1957. The Sooty Petrel of Latham, Fregetta fuliginosa (Gmelin). Bull.

Brit. Orn. CI. 77 : 40-42.
Britten, James. 1884. Francis Masson. /. Bot. 22 : 1 14-123.

Masson's Drawings of South African Plants. Ibid. 22 : 144-148.

1885. The Forster Herbarium. Ibid. 23 : 360-368.

SOME EIGHTEENTH CENTURY BIRD PAINTINGS 351

Britten, James. 1900-05. Illustrations of Australian Plants collected in 1770 during Captain

Cook's Voyage — with determinations by J. Britten. London.
Brown, Peter. 1776. Nouvelles Illustrations de Zoologie. London. (Text both in French

and English.)
Bryan, E. H. Jr. & Greenway, J. C. Jr. 1944. Contribution to the Ornithology of the

Hawaiian Islands. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard, 94 : 79-142.
Buffon, Count G. L.L. de. 1779. Histoire Naturelle des Oiseaux, 6. Paris.
Buller, Walter L. 1887-88. History of the Birds of New Zealand. 2nd ed. 2 vols.

London.
Bullock, W. 1816. A Companion to the London Museum, and Pantherion .... London.

1 8 1 9. Catalogue — of the Roman Gallery — and the London Museum of Natural History — •

which will be sold — by Mr. Bullock. London. (Annotated Copy. British Museum
(Natural History).)

Burroughs, Alan. 1943. John Greenwood in America. Harvard.

Cain, A. J. 1955. A Revision of Trichoglossus haematodus and of the Australian platycercine

parrots. Ibis, 97 : 432-479.
Cameron, H. C. 1952. Sir Joseph Banks, K.B., P.R.S. The Autocrat of the Philosophers.

London.
Cartwright, George. 1792. A journal of transactions — during a residence of nearly sixteen

years on the coast of Labrador. 3 vols. Newark.
Cashion, T. G. 1953. The Royal Penguin in Tasmanian Waters. Emu, 53 : 209-211.
Cook, James. 1955. The Journals of Captain James Cook. The Voyage of the Endeavour,

1768-1771. Ed. J. C. Beaglehole. Hakluyt Society.

1777- A Voyage towards the South Pole and round the World. Performed in H .M .S Reso-
lution and Adventure, in 1 772-1 775. In Which is included Capt. Furneaux's Narrative etc.
2 vols. London.

& King, James. 1784. A Voyage to the Pacific Ocean undertaken by command of his

Majesty for making discoveries in the Northern Hemisphere etc. 1 776-1 780. London.
Daubenton, E. L. 1771-86. Histoire Naturelle des Oiseaux. (Edition with " Planches

enluminees " drawn by Martinet.) 10 vols. Paris.
D'Auvergne, Philip. 1773. [Original drawings of birds and fishes executed on Phipps's

voyage towards the North Pole in 1773] ; ff. 2-6 in Natural History Drawings by Various

Artists in the Collection of Sir Joseph Banks q.v.

1805. Biographical Memoir of Philip D'Auvergne, Duke of Bouillon ... . Naval

Chronicle, 13 : 1 69-191.

De Beer, Sir G. R. 1952. The Relations between Fellows of the Royal Society and French
Men of Science when France and Britain were at war. Notes and Records Roy. Soc. 9 : 244-

299.

Dempster, George. 1934. Letters of George Dempster to Sir Adam Fergusson 1756-1813.

With some account of his life. Ed. James Fergusson. London.
Dryander, Jonas, n.d. Manuscript Catalogue of the drawings of Animals in the Library of

Sir J. Banks arranged in systematic order. 251. pp. (In British Museum (Natural

History).)

n.d. [Manuscript Catalogue of drawings of birds by W. W. Ellis and William Webber, and

of specimens collected on Captain James Gook's Third Voyage round the World 1 776-1 780.]
16 pp. (In British Museum (Natural History).)

1 796-1 800. Catalogus Bibliothecae Historica-N aturalis J. Banks. 5 vols. London.

Dwight, Jonathan. 1925. The Gulls (Laridae) of the World. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.

52 : 63-408.
Dyer, R. A. ? 1949. Colonel Robert Jacob Gordon's Contribution to South African Botany.

5. African Biol. Soc. Pamphl. 14 : 44-62.
Edwards, George. 1743-51. A Natural History of Birds. 4 pts. London.
Ellis, William W. 1776-80. [Unpublished Water-colour and Pencil Drawings of Animals

made during Cook's Third Voyage.] (In British Museum (Natural History).)

352 SOME EIGHTEENTH CENTURY BIRD PAINTINGS

Ellis, William W. 1783. An Authentic Narrative of a Voyage performed by Captain Cook and
Captain Clerke in His Majesty's Ships Resolution and Discovery, during the years 1777, 1778,
1779 and 1780. 2 vols. London.

Falla, R. A. 1937. B.A.N. Z. Antarctic Research Expedition. Reports, ser. B, 2 : Birds.
14 + 288 pp. Adelaide.

1940. The Genus Pachyptila Illiger. Emu, 40 : 218-236.

1942. Review of the smaller forms of Pterodroma and Cookilaria. Ibid. 42 : 111-118.

Fergusson, James. See Dempster, George.

Fleming, C. A. 1950. Some South Pacific Sea-bird Logs. Emu, 49 : 169-188.
— — > & Serventy, D. L. 1943. The Races of Puffinus assimilis in Australia and New Zealand.
Emu, 43 : 1 13-125.

1952. On the specific name of the Little Shearwater. Ibid. 52 : 17-23.

Forster, J. G. A. 1772-75. [Unpublished Water-colour and Pencil Drawings of Animals made
during Cook's Second Voyage.'] Fol. British Museum (Natural History).

n.d. [Catalogue of the drawings and collections of Animals taken on Cook's Second Voyage,

1772-1775.] List 1 : an annotated list of the drawings (28 pp.). List 2 : a list of speci-
mens with localities (21 pp.). MS. British Museum (Natural History).

1777- A Voyage Round the World in His Britannic Majesty's Sloop, Resolution, commanded

by Capt. James Cook, during the years 1772-5. 2 vols. London.

1780. Beschreibung des rothen Baumlaufers von der Insel O-Waihi. Gottingisches Mag.

Wiss. Litt. 1, pt. 2 : 346-351.

Forster, J. R. 1778. Observations made during a Voyage round the World, on Physical
Geography , Natural History and Ethnic Philosophy ... . London.

1781. Historia Aptenodytae. Generis avium orbi australi proprii. Comm. Soc. Reg.

Sci. Gott. 1780, 3 : 121-148.

1785. Memoire sur les Albatros. Mem. Math. Phys. Paris {Acad. Sci.) 10 : 563-572.

1844. Descriptiones Animalium quae in itinere ad maris australis terras per annos 1772,

1773 et 1774 suscepto collegit observavit et delineavit Joannes Reinoldus Forster. Ed.
Lichtenstein, Berlin.

Friedmann, H. 1950. Birds of North and Middle America. Pt. II. Families Cathartidae,
Accipitridae, Pandionidae, Falconidae. Bull. Smithsonian Inst. U.S. Nat. Mus. 50 :

13 + 793 pp.
Fries, R. E. 1940. Daniel Solander 1733-1782. K. svenska Vetensk. Akad. Arsbok. 38 :

279-301.
Gadow, H. 1884. Passeriformes : Cinnyrimorphae. Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. 9 : 257.
Garnot, M. P. 1826. Remarques sur la Zoologie des iles Malouines faites pendant le Voyage

autour du monde de la Corvette la Coquille, execute en 1822, 1823, 1824 et 1825. Ann.

Sci. Nat. 7 : 39-59.
Gmelin, J. F. 1788-93. Systema Naturae . . . Editio Decima Tertia . . . cura J. F. Gmelin.

3 vols. Lipsiae.
Godman, F. Du Cane. 1907-10. Monograph of the Petrels. London.
Gordon, R. J. n.d. [Original Drawings of South African Birds and other Animals ; ff. 32-60

in Natural History Drawings by Various Artists in the Collection of Sir Joseph Banks,

q.v.]
Grant, C. H. B.& Mackworth-Praed, C. W. 1952. On the Species and Races of the Yellow

Wagtails from Western Europe to Western North America. Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.)

Zool. 1 : no. 9, 255-268.

1954. Notes on some petrel names. Bull. Brit. Orn. CI. 74 : 71-73.

Gray, G. R. 1844. List of the Specimens in the Collection of the British Museum, 3. London.

& Sharpe, R. Bowdler. 1844-75. Zoology of the Voyage of H. M.S. Erebus and Terror.

Birds. London.

Greenway, J. C. 1958. Extinct and Vanishing Birds of the World. New York.
Greenwood, John. n.d. [Original Drawings of Birds and other Animals ; ff. 116-119, 127,
in Natural History Drawings by Various Artists in the Collection of Sir Joseph Banks, q.v.]

SOME EIGHTEENTH CENTURY BIRD PAINTINGS 353

Harrison, James. 1806. Life of the Right Honourable Horatio Lord Viscount Nelson ...

2 vols. London.
Hartert, E. 1892. Picariae (in part). Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. 16.
Hellmayr, C. E. 1919-49. Catalogue of Birds of the Americas and the adjacent islands in

the Field Museum of Natural History. Publ. Field Columbian Mus. Zool. Ser. 13, pts.

I— II.
Hindwood, K. A. 1946. The White-fronted Tern {Sterna striata) in Australia. Emu,

45 : 179-200.
Hooker, Sir J. D. 1896. Journal of the Right Hon. Sir Joseph Banks Bart., K.B., P.R.S.

during Captain Cook's First Voyage in H.M.S. Endeavour in 1768-1771 to Terra del Fuego,

Otahite, New Zealand, Australia, The Dutch East Indies etc. Ed. by J. D. Hooker. London.
Hutchinson, John. 1946. A Botanist in South Africa. London.
Iredale, Tom. 1913. Solander as an Ornithologist. Ibis, 10th ser., 1 : 127-135.

1925. George Forster's Paintings. Austr. Zool. 4 : 48-53.

1925a. Captain Cook's Artists. Austr. Mus. Mag. 2 : 224-230.

J937- J- R- and Gr. Forster, Naturalists. Emu, 37 : 95-99.

Jardine, W. & Selby, P. J. 1826-35. Illustrations of Ornithology. Edinburgh.

Keevil, J. J. 1933. William Anderson, 1748-1778, Master Surgeon, Royal Navy. Ann.

Med. Hist. n.s. 5 : 511-524. (Reprinted in /. Roy. Naval Med. Service, 1935.)
Ker, LB. 18 18. Of the three species of the natural Order Orchideae, represented in Plate VI.

/. Sci. Arts, 4 : 199-206.
Kozlova, E. V. 1945. Individual variation of Cyanosylvia svecica (L.) and the probable

trend of its evolution. Zool. J . Moscow, 24 : 299-308. (English Summary.)
Kuhl, Heinrich. 1820. Beitrdge zur Zoologie und vergleichenden Anatomic Frankfurt-am-

Main.
Latham, J. 1781-1802. A General Synopsis of Birds. 3 vols, (in 6), with two Supplements

(2 vols.).

1790. Index Ornithologicus . 2 vols. London. A supplement appeared later and was

bound in the 2nd volume of the supplement to the General Synopsis. Sherborn {Index
Animalium) gives 1801 as date of publication but Zimmer {Cat. Ayer Ornithological Library)
gives some evidence that 1802 is more probable.

1821-28. General History of Birds. 11 vols. London.

Lefranc, J. 1929. Bougainville et ses Compagnons. Paris.

Lesson, R. P. 1827. Description du genre Todiramphe, et de deux especes d'oiseaux. Mem.
Soc. d'Hist. nat. Paris, 3 : 419-422.

1828. Manuel d'Ornithologie. 2 vols. Paris.

Levaillant, F. 1 796-18 12. Histoire naturelle des Oiseaux d'Afrique. 6 vols. Paris.
Lever, A. 1806. Catalogue of the Leverian Museum. 7 pts. with appendix. London.

(Annotated copy with sale prices etc. in British Museum (Natural History).)
Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae. Tom. 1, 10th ed., Holmiae.

1766. Systema Naturae. Tom. 1, 12th ed., Holmiae. (An interleaved copy with MS.

notes by Solander is in the British Museum (Natural History).)

Lonnberg, E. 1921. The Birds of the Juan Fernandez Islands. Nat. Hist. Juan Fernandez
and Easter Island (ed. C. J. F. Skottsberg), 3, Zoology : 1-17.

Notes on Birds from Easter Island, op. cit. : 19-24.

Lowe, P. R. 1927. On the anatomy and systematic position of Aechmorhynchus cancellatus
(Gmelin), together with some notes on the Genera Bartramia and Mesoscolopax etc. Ibis,
12th ser. 3 : 1 14-132.

Lysaght, Averil. 1952. Manchots de l'Antarctique en Nouvelle-guinee. L'Oiseau et
R.F.O. 22 : 120-124.

1953- A Rail from Tonga, Rallus philippensis ecaudata Miller, 1783. Bull. B. O. CI.

73 : 74-75-

1956. A note on the Polynesian Black or Sooty Rail Porgana nigra (Miller), 1784. Ibid.

76 : 97-98.

354 SOME EIGHTEENTH CENTURY BIRD PAINTINGS

Lysaght, Averil & Serventy, D. L. 1956. Some erroneous distribution records in Parkinson's
" Journal of a Voyage to the South Seas, 1773." Emu, 56 : 129-130.

Masson, Francis. 1776. An Account of Three Journeys from the Cape Town into the
Southern Parts of Africa ; undertaken for the discovery of new Plants, towards the
Improvement of the Royal Botanical Gardens at Kew. By Mr. Francis Masson, one of his
Majesty's Gardeners. Addressed to Sir John Pringle, Bart., P.R.S. Phil. Trans. 66,
pt. 1 : 268-317.

Mathews, G. M. 1910-27. Birds of Australia. 13 vols. London.

1927-30. Sy sterna Avium Australasianarum. 2 vols. London.

1931- John Latham (1740-1837) : an early English Ornithologist. Ibis, 13th ser.

1 : 466-475.

1938. Pachyptila, or the Prions. Emu, 37 : 280-284.

& Iredale, Tom. 1921. A Manual of the Birds of Australia, 1. London.

1921a. Notes of interest. Australian Avian Record, 4, no. 6 : 139-164.

Mayr, E. 1931. Birds collected during the Whitney South Sea Expedition. 13. A syste-
matic list of the birds of Rennell Island with descriptions of new species and sub-species.
Amer. Mus. Novit. 486 : 29 pp.

• 1932. Birds collected during the Whitney South Sea Expedition. 18. Notes on Meli-

phagidae from Polynesia and the Solomon Islands. Ibid. 516 : 30 pp.

1935- Birds collected during the Whitney South Sea Expedition. 30. Descriptions of

twenty-five new species and sub-species. Ibid. 820 : 6 pp.

1941. Birds collected during the Whitney South Sea Expedition. 47. Notes on the

genera Halcyon, Turdus and Eurostopodus. Ibid. 1152 : 7 pp.

1942. Birds collected during the Whitney South Sea Expedition. 48. Notes on the

Polynesian species of Aplonis. Ibid. 1166 : 6 pp.

1944- Birds collected during the Whitney South Sea Expedition. 54. Notes on some

genera from the southwest Pacific. Ibid. 1269 : 8 pp.

1945. Birds of the Southwest Pacific. New York.

1949. Artbildung und Variation in der Halcyon-Chloris Gruppe. Ornithologie als

Biologische Wissenschaft . . . Festschrift . . . E. Stresemann : 55-60. Heidelberg.

■ & Amadon, D. 1941. Birds collected during the Whitney South Sea Expedition. 46.

Geographical variation in Demigretta sacra (Gmelin). Amer. Mus. Novit. 1144 : 11 pp.

& Ripley, S. D. 1941. Birds collected during the Whitney South Sea Expedition.

44. Notes on the genus Lalage Boie. Ibid. 1116 : 18 pp.

Merrem, Blasius. 1784-86. Beytrdge zur besondern. Geschichte der Vogel. Gottingen.

1786-87. Avium rar. et minus cognit. Icones et descript. (A Latin edition of the Beytrdge,

with scientific binomials.) Lipsiae.

Merrill, E. D. 1954. The Botany of Cook's Voyages and its Unexpected Significance in
Relation to Anthropology, Biogeography and History. Chronica Botanica, 14, nos. 5/6 :
162-384.

Metz, Gertrud. n.d. [Original Drawings of Birds from Cook's Scond Voyage round the
World, 1772-1775 ; ff. 61-64 m Natural History Drawings by Various Artists in the Collec-
tion of Sir Joseph Banks q.v.]

Miller, J. F. n.d. [Original Drawings of Birds and other Animals ; ff 65-86 in Natural
History Drawings by Various Artists in the Collection of Sir Joseph Banks, q.v.]

1776-85. Various Subjects of Natural History, wherein are delineated Birds, Animals

and many curious Plants, etc. London. (See Sherborn & Iredale, 1921.)

1796. Cimelia Physica. London. (Another edition of the previous work, with text by

George Shaw.)
Mullens, W. H. 1915. Some Museums of Old London. 1 . The Leverian Museum. Museums

J. 15 : 162-172.
Muller, Philipp Ludwig Statius. 1773-76. Des Ritters C. von Linne . . . vollstdndiges

Natursystem nach der zwolften Lateinischen Ausgabe, etc. 6 Thl. and Suppt. (in 9 vols.).

Niirnberg.

SOME EIGHTEENTH CENTURY BIRD PAINTINGS 355

Murphy, R. C. 1924. The Whitney South Sea Expedition. A sketch of the Bird Life of
Polynesia. Natural History, 24 : 539-553.

1924a. Birds collected during the Whitney South Sea Expedition. 1. Amer. Mus.

Novit. 115 : 11 pp.

1927. On certain forms of Puffinus assimilis and its allies. Ibid. 276 : 15 pp.

1936. Oceanic Birds of South America. 2 vols. New York.

& Irving, Susan. 1951. Review of the Frigate-petrels (Pelagodroma) . Amer. Mus.

Novit. 1506 : 17 pp.

& Mathews, G. M. 1928. Birds collected during the Whitney South Sea Expedition.

5. Ibid. 337 : 18 pp.

1929. Birds collected during the Whitney South Sea Expedition. 6. Ibid. 350 :

21 pp.

& Pennoyer, J. M. 1952. Birds collected during the Whitney South Sea Expedition.

60. Larger Petrels of the Genus Pterodroma. Ibid. 1580 : 43 pp.

& Snyder, J. Pennoyer. 1952. The " Pealea " phenomenon and other notes on

storm petrels. Ibid. 1596. 16 pp.

Oliver, W. R. B. 1930. New Zealand Birds. Wellington.

Paillou, Peter, n.d. [Original Drawings of Birds and other Animals ; ff. 87-110 in Natural

History Drawings by Various Artists in the Collection of Sir Joseph Banks q.v.]
Palmer, T. S. 1916. The Type Locality of Colaptes cafer. Auk, 33 : 322-324.
Parkinson, Sydney. 1766-68. [Drawings of Birds, Fishes etc.] British Museum, Print

Room, 199* B 1, ff. 1-52.
— — ■ 1768-71. [Unpublished Water-colour Drawings of Animals made during Cook's First

Voyage.] Fol. British Museum (Natural History).
— ■ — 1773. A Journal of a Voyage to the South Seas in His Majesty's Ship The Endeavour.

London.
Peale, Titian R. 1848. Mammalia and Ornithology. United States Exploring Expedition

during 1838-42, etc. 8.
Von Pelzeln, A. 1873. On the Birds in the Imperial Collection at Vienna obtained from

the Leverian Museum. Ibis, 3rd ser. 3 : 14-54 ; 107-124.
Pennant, T. 1766. British Zoology. London and Chester.
1781. History of Quadrupeds . London.

1781a. Genera of Birds. London.

• 1784-87. Arctic Zoology. 2 vols, and suppt. London.

1793. The Literary Life of the Late Thomas Pennant Esq. London.

Peters, H. S. & Burleigh, T. D. 1951. The Birds of Newfoundland. Boston.
Peters, J. L. 1931-51. Check List of Birds of the World. 7 vols. Cambridge, Mass.
Phillip, Arthur. 1789. The Voyage of Governor Phillip to Botany Bay ... . London.

(Compiled from various journals.)
Phipps, C. J. 1774. A Voyage towards the North Pole undertaken by His Majesty's Command

1773. London.
Pritzel, J. A. 1872. Thesaurus Literaturae Botanicae. nov. ed. Lipsiae.
Ripley, S. D. & Birckhead, H. 1942. Birds collected during Whitney South Sea Expedition.

51. On the fruit pigeons of Ptilinopus purpuratus group. Amer. Mus. Novit. 1192 : 14 pp.
Rothschild, W. 1893-1900. The Avifauna of Laysan, 3 pts. London.

■ 1907. Extinct Birds. London.

Rowley, G. D. (ed.). 1875. Ornithological Miscellany , 1. London and Brighton.
Salvadori, T. 1891. Psittaci or Parrots. Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. 20.

1893. Columbae or Pigeons. Ibid. 21.

Salvin, O. 1875. Critical Notes on Procellariidae. Pt. 1. Banks's unpublished Drawings.

Rowley's Ornithological Miscellany, 1 : 223-238.

1879. On some Birds transmitted from the Samoan Islands by the Rev. T. Powell.

Proc. Zoo. Soc. London : 128-131.

— — 1896. Tubinares (Petrels and Albatrosses). Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. 25.

356 SOME EIGHTEENTH CENTURY BIRD PAINTINGS

Sassi, M. 1928. Hypocharmosyna pygmaea Gm. — Hypocharmosyna palmarum Gm. Ornith.

Monatsber. 36 : 53.
Saunders, H. 1896. Gaviae (Terns, Gulls and Skuas). Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. 25.
Sawyer, F. C. 1950. Some Natural History Drawings made during Captain Cook's first

voyage round the world. /. Soc. Bibl. Nat. Hist. 2 : 190-193.
Seebohm, H. 1 88 1. Cichlomorphae : Part 2 containing the family Turdidae (Warblers and

Thrushes). Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. 5.
Sharpe, R. Bowdler. 1875. Striges. Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. 2.

1883. Cichlomorphae : part 4. Ibid. 7.

1890. Passeriformes or Perching Birds : Sturniformes etc. Ibid. 13.

1892. Picariae (in part). Ibid. 17.

1906. The History of the Collections contained in the Natural History Departments of the

British Museum : Birds, 2 : 79-515.

Shaw, George. 1796. See Miller, J. F., 1796.

1800-26. General Zoology or Systematic Natural History. 14 vols, (in 28). (Completed

by J. F. Stephens.) London.

& Nodder, F. P. 1789-1808. The Naturalist's Miscellany. 19 vols. London.

Sherborn, C. D. 1902-33. Index Animalium. 11 vols. London.

1940. Where is the Collection ? Cambridge.

— — & Iredale, Tom. 192 i. J. F. Miller's Icones. Ibis, nth ser., 3 : 302-309.
Skottsberg, C. J. F. (Ed.). 1921.-40. The Natural History of Juan Fernandez and Easter

Island. 3. Zoology. See Lonnberg, E.
Smith, Edward. 191 i. Life of Sir Joseph Banks ... . London.
Solander, D. C. n.d. [Descriptions of animals observed during Captain Cook's First Voyage.]

Solander MS. Z4 ; in British Museum (Natural History).

n.d. MS. annotations to the Systema Naturae, 12th ed. See Linnaeus, 1766.

Sparrman, A. 1786. A Voyage to the Cape of Good Hope, towards the Antarctic Polar Circle,

and Round the World but chiefly into the Country of the Hottentots and Caffres from the year
1772 to 1776. Translated from the Swedish original [by G. Forster]. 2nd ed. London.

1786-89. Museum Carlsonianum. 4 fasc. Holmiae.

Sprengel, Wilhelmina. 1799. [Autograph Letter to Sir Joseph Banks. ~\ British Museum,

Manuscript Room. Add. MSS. 8098 : 486-487.
Stickney, E. H. 1943. Birds collected during the Whitney South Sea Expedition. 53.

Northern Shore Birds in the Pacific. Amer. Mus. Novit. 1248 : 9 pp.
[Stresemann, E.] 1927. Eine Pennula sandwichensis im Wiener Museum entdeckt. Orn.

Monatsber. 35 : 49.
Stresemann, E. 1949. Birds collected in the North Pacific Area during Capt. James Cook's

last voyage (1778 and 1779). Ibis, 91 : 244-255.

1950. Birds collected during Capt. James Cook's last expedition (1776-80). Auk, 67 :

66-88.

1953- Additions and correction to " Birds collected in the North Pacific Area during

Capt. James Cook's last voyage." (' Ibis ', 1949 : 244-255). Ibis, 95 : 371.

Swainson, W. 1840. Taxidermy with the Biography of Zoologists and Notices of their Works.

London.
Swarth, H. S. 191 2. Report on a collection of birds and mammals from Vancouver Island.

Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool. 10 (1) : 125 pp.

1920. Revision of the avian genus Passer ella with special reference to the distribution

and migration of the races in California. Ibid. 21 : 75-224.

Temminck, C. J. {in Knip, P. de). 1809-n. Les Pigeons. Paris.

Townsend, C. H. & Wetmore, A. 1919. Reports on the Scientific Results of the expedition

to the tropical Pacific in charge of Alexander Agassiz, on the — •" Albatross " — 1899-1900 — •.

21. The Birds. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard, 63 : 151-225.
Vaurie, C. 1949. A Revision of the Bird Family Dicruridae. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.

93 : 205-342.

SOME EIGHTEENTH CENTURY BIRD PAINTINGS 357

Vieillot, Louise-Pierre. 1816-19. Articles on birds in the Nouveau Dictionnaire d'Histoire

Naturelle. 2nd ed., 36 vols. Paris.
Wagler, J. 1829. Beytrage und Bemerkungen zu dem ersten Bande seines Systema Avium

(Fortsetzung III). I sis, 22 : 736-762.
1830. Natiirliches System der Amphibien mit vorangehender Classification der Saugthiere

und Vogel. Miinchen, Stuttgart und Tubingen.
Webber, John. 1776-80. [Unpublished Water-colour Drawings of Animals made during

Cook's Third Voyage.] Print Room, British Museum.
White, John. 1790. Journal of a Voyage to New South Wales. London.
Whittell, H. M. 1954- The Literature of Australian Birds : A History and a Bibliography of

Australian Ornithology. Perth.
Wiglesworth, L. W. 1891. Aves Polynesiae. A Catalogue of the Birds of the Polynesian
Subregion (not including the Sandwich Islands). Abh. Ber. Konig. Zool. Mus. Dresden

1890-91 : 10 + 92 pp.
Wilson, Scott B. & Evans, A. H. 1890-99. Aves Hawaiienses : The Birds of the Sandwich

Islands. London.
Wood, Casey A. 1931. An Introduction to the Literature of Vertebrate Zoology. London.

APPENDIX A

List of Birds Collected by Sir Joseph Banks in Newfoundland and Labrador, May-
October, 1766.

Most of the birds in this list have been identified from Banks's detailed descriptions
in the McGill MS. of the animals he collected in Newfoundland and Labrador. His
notes, now bound together, were originally on loose sheets for, as he explains,
" I could not carry any Book without submitting it to the inspection of every petty
Officer who chose to peruse it, I was contented with notes taken on small pieces of
paper" (Transcript, S. Banks : 41). That many sheets are now unfortunately
missing is shown by some catalogue numbers and by numbered references in the
diary to descriptions of animals other than birds only two of which can now be
found. Some of the notes on birds are also missing but it has been possible to
supplement those that have survived by reference to brief descriptions in the diary, to
the annotated lists of bird skins in his collection at a later date, and to the paintings
by Parkinson and Paillou discussed elsewhere in this study. The species listed
below are arranged systematically. A detailed account of Banks's collections will
be published elsewhere.

Colymbidae Colymbus immer Brunn., 1764.

Colymbus stellata Pontoppidan, 1763.

Podicipidae Podiceps auritus (Linn.), 1758.

Ardeidae Botaurus lentiginosus (Montagu), 18 13.

Anatidae Anas acuta tzitzihoa Vieillot, 1816.

Anas crecca carolinensis Gm., 1788.
Anas discors Linn., 1766.
Histrionicus histrionicus (Linn.), 1758.
Somateria mollis sima (Linn.) 1758.
Somateria spectabilis (Linn.), 1758.

358

SOME EIGHTEENTH CENTURY BIRD PAINTINGS

Anatidae

ACCIPITRIDAE

Tetraonidae

Charadriidae

SCOLOPACIDAE

Phalaropodidae

Stercoraridae
Laridae

Alcidae

Strigidae
Alcedinidae

PlCIDAE

Melanitta fusca deglandi (Bonaparte), 1850.
Melanitta perspicillata (Linn.), 1758.
Camptorhynchus labradorius (Gm.), 1789.
Mergus serrator Linn., 1758

Accipiter gentilis novae-terrae (Gm.), 1788.

Buteo lagopus s.-johannis (Gm.), 1788.

Aquila chrysaetos canadensis (Linn.), 1758.

? Haliaeetus leucocephalus washingtoniensis (Audubon), 1827.

Circus cyaneus hudsonius (Linn.), 1766.

Falco peregrinus anatum Bonaparte, 1838.

Falco columbarius columbarius Linn., 1758.

Lagopus lagopus lagopus (Linn.), 1758.
Lagopus lagopus alleni Stejneger, 1884.
Canachites canadensis (Linn.), 1758.

Charadrius hiaticula semipalmatus Bonaparte, 1825.
Pluvialis dominica dominica (Muller), 1776.
Arenaria interpres (Linn.), 1758.

Capella gallinago delicata (Ord.), 1825.

Numenius phaeopus hudsonicus Latham, 1790.

Numenius borealis (Forster), 1772.

Actitis macularia (Linn.), 1766.

Tringa melanoleuca (Gm.), 1789.

Erolia melanotos (Vieillot), 1819.

Erolia fuscicollis (Vieillot), 1819.

Erolia minutilla (Vieillot), 1819.

Erolia alpina pacifica (Coues), 1862.

Limnodromus griseus (Gm.), 1789.

Ereunetes pusillus (Linn.), 1766.

Limosa haemastica (Linn.), 1758.

Crocethia alba (Pallas), 1764.

Phalaropus fulicarius (Linn.), 1758.
Lobipes lobatus (Linn.), 1758.

Stercorarius sp. (immature bird).

Larus marinus Linn., 1758.
Rissa tridactyla (Linn.), 1758.

Pinguinus impennis (Linn.), 1758.
Cepphus grylle (Linn.), 1758.

Surnia ulula caparoch (Muller), 1776.

Ceryle alcyon (Linn.), 1758.

Colaptes auratus (Linn.), 1758.

Dendrocopus villosus terraenovae (Batchelder), 1908.

Alaudidae

Eremophila alpestris (Linn.), 1758.

SOME EIGHTEENTH CENTURY BIRD PAINTINGS
Hirundinidae Hirundo rustica erythrogaster Boddaert, 1783.

359

CORVIDAE

TURDIDAE

Laniidae

Perisoreus canadensis nigricapillus Ridgway, 1883.
Cyanocitta cristata bromia Oberholser, 1921.

Turdus migratorius (Linn.), 1766.
Hylocichla ustulata (Nuttall), 1840.

Lanius excubitor borealis Vieillot, 1807.

Compsothlypidae Dendroica petechia (Linn.) , 1766.

Dendroica breviunguis (Spix), 1824.
Dendroica palmarum (Gm.), 1789.
Wilsonia pusilla (Wilson), 181 1.

Icteridae Euphagus carolinus (P. L. S. Muller), 1776.

Fringillidae Pinicola enucleator leucura (P. L. S. Muller), 1776.

Loxia leucoptera Gm., 1789.

Passerculus sandwichensis labradorius Howe, 1901.
Passerella iliaca (Merrem), 1786.
Melospiza georgiana (Lath.), 1790.
Plectrophenax nivalis (Linn.), 1758.

APPENDIX B

Index to the Birds Described by Solander on Cook's First Voyage 1768-71.

The birds of Captain Cook's first expedition were drawn and described in the
field by Parkinson and Solander, and a number of skins were preserved. A fair copy
of Solander' s descriptions was drawn up after his return to England but, perhaps
owing to his premature death was never published. It is now at the British
Museum (Natural History) (Solander MS. Z4.). Lists of the drawings of birds from
Cook's second and third expeditions and a catalogue of bird skins in Bank's collec-
tion were recently discovered by Dr. Bourne. The Solander MS. contains the
first descriptions of many southern petrels ; although it was never published it
influenced the study of the group because it was known to many later authors,
including Kuhl, Gray, and Bonaparte, who introduced Solander's names for the same
or similar species. The history of the manuscript is discussed by G. M. Mathews
{The Birds of Australia, 2, 1912) who published all the most important descriptions.

In the following index Solander's species are arranged in alphabetical order of
genera and species with the MS. page numbers, cross references to Parkinson's
drawings, and provisional identifications ; the dates and localities are normally
taken from Solander, and where they are taken from the plate they are given in
brackets. Mathews has already analysed much of this list according to the place
and date of origin of the petrels, many of which were collected at one time ; further
information on the date and locality of many specimens, together with additional
sight records of many species, are contained in Banks's Endeavour diary (now in
the press) and while this additional information has not been incorporated in the

360 SOME EIGHTEENTH CENTURY BIRD PAINTINGS

present list it is hoped that the publication of the provisional identifications here
will make it possible to identify the birds mentioned in other diaries of Cook's
voyages and help to trace the original source of names first published by Gmelin,
Kuhl, Forster, Gray, and Mathews. The final draft of this list was kindly revised
for me by Dr. W. R. P. Bourne.

Anas antarctica (p. i, f. n). Terra del Fuego. Anas flavirostris Vieill.

Diomedea antarctica (p. 9, f. 26). Antarctic Ocean and Terra del Fuego ; 1 Feb. 1769, 590 S.

Phoebetria palpebrata (Forster).
Diomedea exulans (p. 3, f. 25). 23 Dec. 1768, 370 S. ; 3 Mar. 1769, Pacific Ocean, 360 49' S.

in0 30' W. Immature Diomedea exulans Linn.
Diomedea exulans var. (p. 5). Antarctic Ocean south of Terra del Fuego ; 3 Feb. 1769, 580 30'

S. Young female Diomedea exulans Linn.
Diomedea exulans var. (p. 7). Southern Ocean ; 2 Oct. 1769, 370 io' S. 1710 5' W. ; 6 Jan. 1770,

350 8' S. 1 88° 30' W. ; 11 Apr. 1770, 390 17' S. 2040 6' W. Old male Diomedea exulans Linn.
Diomedea impavida (p. 13). Southern Ocean ; 11 April 1770, 390 17' S. 2040 6' W. Diomedea

melanophris Temm.
Diomedea profuga (p. 11). Antarctic Ocean ; 3 Feb. 1769, South of Terra del Fuego, 580 30' S. ;

15 Feb. 1769, South Pacific, 480 27' S. Diomedea chrysostoma Forster.
Larus canus (p. 33). " As Larus canus Linn."
Larus crepidatus (p. 39). " Between the Tropics " (In the Atlantic). Possibly immature

Stercorarius pomarinus (Temm.).
Larus fuliginosa (p. 41). 4 Dec. 1768, Rio de Janeiro. Possibly immature Stercorarius para-
siticus Linn.
Larus gregarius (p. 35, f. 32). Shores of Terra del Fuego. Larus maculipennis Licht.
Larus naevius (p. 37). " As Larus naevius Linn." Rissa tridactyla Linn.
Larus nigricans (p. 43). 4 Dec. 1768, Rio de Janeiro. Adult Stercorarius parasiticus Linn.
Larus skua (p. 45). Southern Ocean ; 23 Feb. 1770, 440 40' S. 1880 W. Catharacta skua

Briinnich.
Lox'ia nitens (p. 119, f. 37B). South Brazil. Volatinia jacarina (Linn.).

Motacilla avida (p. 121, f. 38A). 28 Sept. 1768, 190 N. (Off West Africa). Motacilla flav a Linn.
Motacilla velificans (p. 123, f. 38B). 3 Sept. 1768, at sea off France and Spain. Oenanthe

oenanthe (Linn.).
Nectris carbonaria (p. 113). 24 Dec. 1769, near Three Kings Islands, 1870 W. (New Zealand).

Puffinus carneipes Gould. Var. 1 from 380 52' S. 1750 30' W. and Var. 2 from the sea south

of New Holland, 250 33' S., 18 May 1770, are probably Puffinus pacificus (Gmelin).
Nectris fuliginosa (p. in, f. 23). Southern Ocean ; 15 Feb. 1769, 480 27' S. 930 W. ; 2 Oct.

1769, 37° 10' S. 1710 5' W. ; 6 Jan. 1770, 350 8' S. 1880 30' W. ; 11 Apr. 1770, 390 17' S.

2040 6' W. Puffinus griseus (Gmelin).
Nectris munda (p. 115, f. 24). Southern Ocean ; 15 Feb. 1769, 480 27' S. 930 W. ; 6 Jan. 1770,

350 8' S. 1 88° 30' W. Puffinus assimilis Gould.
Nectris nugax (p. 117). Sea of New Holland. 6 June 1770, 190 S. 213' W. Puffinus I'herminieri

Lesson.
Otis pileata (p. 105). Bustard Bay, Australia. Eupodotis australis Gray.
Pelecanus antarcticus (p. 15, f. 29). Terra del Fuego. Phalacrocorax albiventer Lesson.
Pelecanus aquilus (p. 19, f. 28). Tropical America (Rio de Janeiro). Fregata magnificens

Mathews.
Pelecanus piscator (p. 21). " Pelecanus piscatrix Linnaeus."
Pelecanus sectator (p. 17, f. 30). Southern Ocean ; 24 Dec. 1769, 33-360 S. 185-1870 W. Sula

serrator Gray.
Pelecanus sula (p. 23). The Southern Ocean near New Holland, within the tropics. Sula

leucogaster (Boddaert).
Phaeton aethereus (p. 27). Tahiti. Phaethon aethereus Linn.

SOME EIGHTEENTH CENTURY BIRD PAINTINGS 361

Phaeton erubescens (p. 29, f. 31). 21 Mar. 1769, near Tahiti. Phaethon rubricauda melano-

rhynchos Gm.
Procellaria agilis (p. 69). South Pacific ; 3 Mar. 1769, 360 49' S. in0 30' W. ? Pterodroma

externa cervicalis (Salvin).
Procellaria aequorea (p. 57, f. 13). South American Seas; 23 Dec. 1768, 370 S. Pelagodroma

marina (Latham).
Procellaria atrata (p. 81). South Pacific, 21 Mar. 1769, 250 21' S. 1290 W. Possibly the dark

phase of Pterodroma heraldica (Salvin).
Procellaria capensis (p. 79). Between 300 and 400 S. in the Southern Ocean. Daption capensis

(Linn.).
Procellaria crepidata (p. 87, f. 52 (vol. 199* Bi)). Between the tropics (off West Africa). Ptero-
droma mollis feae (Salvadori).
Procellaria fregata (p. 51, f. 14). Var. A, South American Seas ; 22 Dec. 1768, 370 S. Fregetta

grallaria (Vieill.). Var. B, Southern Ocean south of Terra del Fuego ; 2 Feb. 1769, 580 S.

Fregetta tropica (Gould).
Procellaria fuliginosa (p. 77, f. 19). Southern Ocean ; 2 Feb. 1769, south of Terra del Fuego,

580 S. ; 23 Feb. 1769, 440 35' S. 1090 2' W. Procellaria dequinoctialis Linn.
Procellaria gigantea var. A. (p. 73, f. 17). Off Terra del Fuego ; 2 Feb. 1769, 580 S. Macro-

nectes giganteus (Gmelin) .
Procellaria gigantea var. B. (p. 75, f. 18). South American Seas ; 22 Dec. 1768, 370 S. Macro-

nectes giganteus (Gmelin) .
Procellaria latirostris (p. 61). Southern Ocean. 2 Oct. 1769, 370 io' S. 1710 5' W. ? Pachyptila

vittata Forster.
Procellaria longipes (p. 63). Southern Ocean. 2 Oct. 1769, 370 10' S. 1710 5' W. ; 6 Jan. 1770,

350 8' S. 1880 30' W. ; 14 Feb. 1770, 420 34' S. 1850 W. ; 11 Apr. 1770, 390 17' S. 2040 6' W.

Garrodia nereis (Gould).
Procellaria lugens (p. 91, ff. 21, 22). Southern Ocean. 1 Feb. 1769, south of Terra del Fuego,

590 S. 3 Mar. 1769, 360 49' S. in° 30' W. Pterodroma inexpectata (Forster).
Procellaria melanopus (p. 85). South Pacific ; 3 Mar. 1769, 360 49' S. 1110 30' W. ; (no date),

250 21' S. 1290 W. ; 7 Jan. 1770, 350 6' S. 1880 30' W. ; 11 Apr. 1770, 390 17' S. 2040 6' W.

Pterodroma neglecta (Schlegel).
Procellaria oceanica (p. 55, f. 12). Oct. 1768, Atlantic, 90 43' S. 23 Dec. 1768, 370 S. ; 11 Apr.

1770, 390 17' S. 2040 6' W. Oceanites oceanicus (Kuhl).
Procellaria pallipes (p. 71). Southern Ocean ; 2 Oct. 1769, 370 io' S. 1710 5' W. Adamastor

cinereus (Gmelin).
Procellaria paserina (sic) (p. 59). Southern Ocean ; 19 Sept. 1769, 290 10' S., 159° 20' W.

Pelagodroma marina (Latham).
Procellaria pelagica (p. 53). " As Procellaria pelagica Linnaeus."
Procellaria puffinus (p. 99). Between England and Spain, 7 July 1771. Puffinus gravis

(O'Reilly).
Procellaria remigans (p. 97). Between England and Spain, 7 July 1771. Fulmarus glacialis

(Linn.).
Procellaria saltatrix (p. 49). Southern Ocean ; 14 Feb. 1770, 420 34' S. 1850 W. Garrodia

nereis (Gould).
Procellaria sandaliata (p. 89, f. 20). South American Seas ; 22 Dec. 1768, 370 S. Pterodroma

incerta (Schlegel).
Procellaria sordida (p. 83). South Pacific. 3 Mar. 1769, 360 49' S., 1110 30' W. ; 21 Mar. 1769,

250 21 ' S. 1290 W. Pale phase of Pterodroma neglecta (Schlegel).
Procellaria turtur (p. 65, f. 15). South American Seas. 1 Feb. 1769, 590 S., south of Terra del

Fuego. ? Pachyptila belcheri Mathews.
Procellaria vagabunda (p. 95). Antarctic Ocean. 3 Feb. 1769, 580 30' S., south of Terra del

Fuego ; 19 Sept. 1769, 290 io' S. 1590 20' W. ; 11 Apr. 1770, 390 17' S. 2040 6' W. Ptero-
droma lessonii (Garnot).

362 SOME EIGHTEENTH CENTURY BIRD PAINTINGS

Procellaria veleficans (p. 93). South Pacific. 23 Feb. 1769, 440 35' S. 1090 2' W. ; 3 Mar.
1769, 360 49' S. tii° 30' W. Pterodroma externa externa (Salvin).

Procellaria velox (p. 67, f. 16). Southern Ocean. 15 Feb. 1769, 480 27' S. 930 W. (folio 16) ;
23 Feb. 1769, 440 39' S. 1090 2' W. ; 3 Mar. 1769, 360 49' S. 1110 30' W. ; 21 Mar. 1769,
250 21/ S. 1290 W. ; 19 Sept. 1769, 290 10' S. 1590 20' W. ; 2 Oct. 1769, 370 io' S. 1710 5' W.;
7 Oct. 1769, 380 59' S. 1750 30' W. ; 6 Jan. 1770, 350 8' S. 1880 30' W. ; 14 Feb. 1770,
420 9' S. 1850 W. ; 11 Apr. 1770, 390 17' S. 2040 6' W. This description applies to any
member of the subgenus Cookilaria, and it seems probable that Solander examined a
number of species of the group, and possibly examples of the races of Pterodroma hypoleuca
(Salvin) as well. The bird figured has the characteristic short bill of Pterodroma longi-
rostris (Stejneger) ; the two birds of October 1770, are stated to have been heavier than
the others examined and may belong to Pterodroma hypoleuca ; the bird from 390 S. 2040 W.
may be Pterodroma leucoptera (Gould) ; the remainder probably belonged either to Ptero-
droma cookii (Gray) or Pterodroma longirostris .

Sterna nasuta (p. 103). Tahiti and at sea near New Holland, 26 May 1770. Thalasseus bergii
(Lichtenstein).

Sterna nigripes (p. 101). Pacific near Otaha (Society Islands), 28 July 1769. ? Sterna hirundo
Linn.

APPENDIX C

Cook's Itineraries (Cook's names are given in brackets).

The First Voyage

1768
Madeira, 14th-! 9th September.
Cape Verde Islands. (Cook did not anchor.)
Rio de Janeiro, 14th November~7th December.

1769
Tierra de Fuego

Vincent Bay, 15th January.
Bay of Good Success, i6th-2ist January.
Tuamotu Islands, 4th-7th April. (Fishing but no landing.)
Society Islands

Tahiti, 13th April-i3th July.
Huahine, 17th-20t.l1 July.
Raiatea (Ulietea), 2ist-24th July.
Tahaa (Otaha), 28th-2gth July.
New Zealand (both islands), 9th October-

1770
-31st March.

Australia (east coast) 29th April-23rd August. (This August day Cook landed on Booby Island,

north west of Cape York.)
New Guinea

Cook Bay, north of Cape False, 3rd September.
Savu, i8th-2ist September.
Djakarta (Batavia), nth October-26th December.

1771
Princes Island, 6-1 5th January.
Cape of Good Hope, 15th March-i5th April.
St. Helena, 2nd-4th May.

SOME EIGHTEENTH CENTURY BIRD PAINTINGS 363

The Second Voyage

1772
Madeira, 29th July-ist August.
Cape Verde Islands

St. Jago, ioth-i4th August.
Cape Town, 30th October-22nd November.

1773

Cook sailed south to latitude 670 15' on 17th January, that is SSE. of Cape Town, longitude
390 35' E. of Greenwich.

New Zealand (South Island only)

Dusky Bay, 26th March-nth May.
Queen Charlotte Sound, 18th May~7th June.
(Captain Furneaux, the Adventure.
Tasmania

Adventure Bay, nth-i5th March.
New Zealand

Ship Cove and Queen Charlotte Sound, 7th April-7th June.
Poverty Bay, gth-i6th November.

Queen Charlotte Sound, 30th November-23rd December.)
Society Islands

Tahiti, 17th Agust-ist September.
Huahine, 3rd-7th September.
Raiatea, 8th-i7th September.
Tahaa was visited by Pickersgill by boat.
Friendly Islands

Eua (Middleburgh), 2nd-3rd October.
Tongatabu (Amsterdam), 4th~7th October.
New Zealand

Queen Charlotte Sound, 2nd-25th November.
In December Cook sailed south-east of New Zealand to latitude 67° 5' S., and at the end of
January 1774, reached the most southerly point of all his voyages, latitude 710 10' S., longitude
1060 54' W.

1774
Easter Island, nth-i6th March.
Marquesas

Sta. Christina, 7th-nth April.
Tuamotu Islands

Takaroa (Tiookea), 17th April.
Society Islands

Tahiti, 22nd April-i4th May.

Huahine, I5th-23rd May.

Raiatea, 25th May~4th June.
Palmerston Island, 17th June. (No landing.)
Niue (Savage Island), 20th-2ist June.
Friendly Islands

Nomuka (Rotterdam), 27th-2gth June.
Fiji Islands

Vatoa (Turtle Island), 2nd July.
hist. 1, 6. 24

364 SOME EIGHTEENTH CENTURY BIRD PAINTINGS

New Hebrides

Mallicolo, 22nd-23rd July.

Erromango, 4th August. The Forsters tried to land and caught a watersnake but it

seems unlikely that any other collecting was done.
Tanna, 5th-2oth August.
Espiritu Santo, 26th August. Two boats landed in the Bay of St. Philip and St. James.

New Caledonia

Cook sailed along the coast 4th September~3rd October. He landed at Balade on 5th
September and collections were made during the next eight days.

Isle of Pines, 30th September.
Norfolk Island, ioth-nth October.
New Zealand

Queen Charlotte Sound, 18th October- 10th November.
Tierra del Fuego

Christmas Sound, 2oth-28th December.
New Year Island, off Staten Land, 31st December~3rd January, 1775.

Mr. Gilbert landed at New Year Harbour, Staten Land.

1775
South Georgia, 17th January. Cook was off the island i6th-24th January.
South Sandwich Islands, 31st January~3rd February. (No landing.)
Cape Town, 23rd March-27th April.
St. Helena, i6th-2ist May.
Ascension Island, 28th~3ist May.
Azores

Fayal, i3th-ioth July.

The Third Voyage

1776
Tenerife, ist~4th August.
Cape of Good Hope, 18th October~3oth November. Anderson went up country i6th-2oth

November.
Prince Edward's Isles, 12th December. (No landing.)
Kerguelen Land (Island of Desolation), 24th~3oth December.

1777
Tasmania

Adventure Bay, 26th-3oth January.
New Zealand

Queen Charlotte Sound, i2th-23rd February.
Cook Islands

Mangaia, 30th March. (No landing.)

Atiu (Wateeoo), 3rd April.

Takutea (Otakootaia), 4th April.

Hervey Island, 6th April.
Palmerston Island, I4th-i7th April.
Friendly Islands

Mango (Komango), 29th April. (No landing but rails, pigeons and violet-coloured coots
were taken from the natives.)

Nomuka, 2nd-i4th May.

Haapai group : Foa, Lifuka (Lefooga), i7th-2oth May.
Holeva (Halaiva), 26th May.

SOME EIGHTEENTH CENTURY BIRD PAINTINGS 365

Kotu group : Kotu (Kotoo), 2nd~4th June.

Nomuka group : Nomuka, 5th-8th June.

Tongatabu group : Tongatabu, 10 June-ioth July.

Eua (Middleburgh), I2th-i7th July.
Society Islands

Tahiti, 14th August-30t.l1 September.

Eimeo (Moorea or York Island), 30th September- 10th October.

Huahine, nth October-2nd November.

Raiatea, 3rd November-7th December.

Bolabola (Borabora), 8th December.
Line Islands

Christmas or Turtle Island (to be distinguished from Turtle Island, Vatoa, Fiji group),
25th December-2nd January, 1778.

1778
Hawaiian Islands (Sandwich Isles)

Kauai (Atooi), 20th-23rd January.

Niihau (Oneeheeow), 29th January-2nd February.
Nootka or King George's Sound, 31st March-26th April.
Kaye's Island, nth May.

Sandwich or Prince William Sound, I2th-i8th May.
Cook Inlet (Cook's River), 1st June.
Aleutian Islands

Unalaska (Oonalashka), 27th June-2nd July.
Cape Newenham, 16th July.
Bird or St. Matthew Island, 29th July.
Sledge Island, 5th August.
Tschutski country, 10th August.
Furthest north, latitude 700 44', 18th August.
Norton Sound, 9th-i7th September.

1779

Hawaiian Islands, 25th November, 1 778-1 5th March, 1779.

The ships lay off the islands and traded from 25th November until 6th January when
Bligh landed at the southern end of Hawaii. On 16th January they anchored in
Kealakekua Bay and made their headquarters there until 4th February when they
sailed to a more northerly bay where Bligh landed.. They returned to Kealakekua Bay
on nth February where, three days later, Cook was killed. During the rest of
February and in the early part of March they cruised round the rest of the Hawaiian
Islands and visited Oahu (Woahoo), Kauai (Atooi) and Niihau (Oneehoe).

Avatcha Bay

Petropavlovsk, 29th April-i2th June.

North through Bering St., 5th July.

South through Bering St., 30th July.

Avatcha Bay

Petropavlovsk, 24th August-gth October.

Macao-Canton, 2nd December, 1 779-1 2th January, 1780.

1780
Pulo Condore, 2ist-28th January.
Princes Island, I3th-i8th February.
Cape of Good Hope, 13th April-9th May.
Stromess (22nd Aug.).

366

INDEX

INDEX

Names of birds listed in the appendices are not included in this index.

Acalanthe, 307

Acanthisitta, 309, 314, 318

Accipiter, 271, 281

acteon. Halcyon leucocephala,

287, 312
acuminata, Erolia, 340
acuta, Anas, 267
Adamastor, 294, 328
Aechmorhynchus, 332, 333
Aegolius, 322
aenea, Columba, 304
aequinoctialis, Conopoderas, 338,

339

aequinoctialis, Procellaria, 275

aequorea, Procellaria, 274

Aeruginosus, 271

Aestrelata, 275

Aethia, 328

aethiops, Rallus, 303

afer, Francolinus, 345

afer, Spheneacus, 308

afra, Afrotis, 303

afra, Muscicapa, 308

afra, Otis, 303

africana, Scolopax, 300

Afrotis, 303

Agapornis, 285, 346

alascensis, Calcarius lapponicus,

336
alascensis, Parus cinctus, 338,

339
Alauda, 305

alba, Chionis, 301, 313, 322
alba, Crocethia, 267
alba, Vaginalis, 301
alba Candida, Gygis, 278, 331
albifrons, Sitta europaea, 325
albifrons, Turdus, 307
albigularis, Fregetta, 313
albiventer, Phalacrocorax, 277,

297
albus melanorhynchos, Casmero-

dius, 346
Alca, 328, 344
Alcedo, 286, 287, 342
alleni, Lagopus lagopus, 266
alpestris, Eremophila, 269
alpina pacifica, Erolia, 332
americanus, Buteo, 271
Anas, 267, 268, 272, 273, 288,

289, 290, 327, 328, 341, 346
anatum, Falco peregrinus, 270
Anous, 330

antarctica, Anas, 273, 288
antarctica, Aptenodytes, 292
antarctica, Diomedea, 277
antarctica, Procellaria, 294

antarctica, Pygoscelis, 292, 321
antarctica, Thalassoica, 294, 320
antarcticus, Pelecanus, 277
Anthornis, 287, 313, 319
Anthus, 305, 313, 320
antigone, Grus, 349
Aphrastura, 309
Aphriza, 332, 333, 340
Aplonis, 285, 306, 314, 320, 323
approximans, Circus, 320
Aptenodytes, 290, 291, 292, 314,

329, 341
aquilus, Pelecanus, 277
arctica, Alca, 344
arctica, Fratercula, 344
Ardea, 298, 299, 346
Arenaria, 269

argentatus vegae, Larus, 330
argetraea, Columba, 304
arminjoniana, Pterodroma, 275,

276
arra, Uria lomvia, 330
Artamus, 282
assimilis, Anas, 290
assimilis haurakiensis, Puffinus,

276
assimilis munda, Puffinus, 276
ater insularis, Parus, 338
atra, Muscicapa, 308
atricapilla, Zonotrichia, 336
atricapillus, Accipiter gentilis,

271
atriceps, Phalacrocorax, 297
atricilla, Anas, 290
atropurpurea, Xipholena, 279
aurantius, Turdus, 307
auratus, Colaptes, 268
auratus, Picus, 268, 325, 343
auriceps, Cyanoramphus, 284
australis, Falco, 281
australis, Gallirallus, 302, 313,

316, 320, 348
australis, Petroica, 307
australis, Phalcoboenus, 281
australis, Procelsterna, 341
australis, Vini, 323
avida, Motacilla, 279

badius, Turdus, 306
bannermani, Scopus umbretta,

346
bassana serrator, Sula, 278
belcheri, Pachyptila, 274, 329
benghalensis, Rostratula, 346
bergii cristatus, Thalasseus, 341
betula, Fringilla, 266

bicincta, Fringilla, 308
bisetis, Psittacus, 283, 316
Bombycilla, 340
borealis, Numenius, 268
borealis, Somateria mollissima,

267
borealis, Tringa, 332
Botaurus, 270
boulboul, Lanius, 282
bresilius, Ramphocelus, 279
brevirostris, Pterodroma, 276
brunneonucha, Leucosticte, 337
Buceros, 343
Bugeranus, 299, 346
bulleri, Larus, 298
Buteo, 270, 271

caerulea, Halobaena, 275, 292,

321
caerulescens, Rallus, 302
caerulescens, Sporophila, 279
cafer, Colaptes, 325, 343
cafer, Lanius, 282
cafer, Promerops, 326
cafer, Rallus, 302
cafer, Tantalus, 300
caffra, Conopoderas, 286, 311,

319, 335. 343

caffra longirostris, Conopoderas,
286, 311, 319, 343

caffra, Cossypha, 306

cafra, Scolopax, 300

Calcarius, 336

caledonica, Ardea, 298

caledonica, Myiagra, 319

caledonicus, Corvus, 285

caledonicus, Graucalus, 285, 312,
316, 317

caledonicus, Nycticorax, 298

caledonicus, Platycercus, 324

Callaeas, 285, 311, 315, 319

calliope camtschatkensis, Lus-
cinia, 335

calvus, Geronticus, 300

Calyptorhynchus, 273

camtschatkensis, Luscinia cal-
liope, 335

cana, Anas, 289

cana, Agapornis, 285, 346

cana, Casarca, 289

Canachites, 268

canadensis, Canachites, 268

canadensis, Tetrao, 268

cancellatus, Aechmorhynchus,

332, 333
cancrophaga, Alcedo, 287

INDEX

367

Candida, Gygis alba, 278
canescens, Meliornis novae-hol-

landiae, 342
canus, Larus, 330,
caparoch, Surnia ulula, 267, 322
Capella, 348

capensis, Anas, 289, 290
capensis, Daption, 295, 320
capensis, Francolinus, 303, 345
capensis, Fringillaria, 308
capensis, Procellaria, 295
capensis, Scolopax, 346
capensis, Tetrao, 303
capensis, Turnagra, 306, 319
Caprimulgus, 349
caprius, Lampromorpha, 286
cardinalis, Certhia, 288
cardinalis, Myzomela, 288, 311,

3*9
Carduelis, 344

carolinensis, Anas crecca, 268
carunculata, Ardea, 299
carunculata, Certhia, 288
carunculata, Foulehaio, 288
carunculatus, Bugeranus, 299,

346

carunculatus, Creadion, 305,

3". 3i8, 335
carunculatus, Pelecanus, 297
carunculatus, Phalacrocorax, 297
carunculatus, Sturnus, 305, 335
Casarca, 288, 289
Casmerodius, 346
caudatus melanopis, Theristicus,

300, 312, 315, 316, 322, 348
Cepphus, 330
Cercomela, 306
Certhia, 287, 288, 312, 326
cerulea, Procelsterna, 341
Chalcites, 286, 314, 317
Charadrius, 301, 333, 334
Charmosyna, 284
Chasiempis, 337
cheneros, Anas, 288
chimango, Milvago, 272
Chionis, 301, 313, 322, 331, 340
Chloephaga, 288, 320
chloris, Acanthisitta, 309, 314,

3i8
chloris, Halcyon, 287
chloris, Muscicapa, 308
Chlorodrepanis, 327, 342
chlorophaea, Certhia, 312
chloropus sandvicensis, Gallinula

334
chlororhynchos, Diomedea, 277,

296
Choriotis, 347
Chroata, 349
chrysocoma, Aptenodytes, 290,

329. 34 I
chrysolophus, Eudyptes, 290,

34i

chrysostoma, Diomedea, 277,

296
cincinnata, Certhia, 287, 326
Cinclodes, 309

cinctus alascensis, Parus, 338,

339
cinerea, Anas, 289
cinerea, Ardea, 299
cinerea, Callaeas, 285, 311, 315,

3*9

cinerea, Glaucopis, 285
cinerea, Hirundo, 310
cinereocephalus, Psittacus, 285
cinereus, Adamastor, 294, 328
cinereus, Corvus, 285, 316
cinereus tannensis, Poliolimnas,

303, 313. 317
Circus, 271, 314, 320
cirrhata, Alca, 328
cirrhata, Lunda, 328
citrinella, Motacilla, 309
Clangula, 327
coccinea, Loxops, 337, 339
coccinea, Vestiaria, 327, 342
cocoi, Ardea, 299
coerulea, Arde a, 299
Colaptes, 268, 325, 343
Colinus, 348
collaris, Alcedo, 286
Collocalia, 310, 339
Columba, 278, 303, 304, 305,

334- 347
columba, Cepphus, 330
columbarius, Falco, 268
Colymbus, 330
Conopoderas, 286, 311, 319, 335,

338, 339, 343
cookii, Pterodroma, 275
Cookilaria, 275
Coracias, 285
Coracina, 336

cornicoides, Phoebetria, 297
cornutus, Eunymphicus, 283,

316, 317, 324, 348
coronata, Columba, 347
coronata, Zonotrichia, 336
Corvus, 285, 316, 324
corythaix, Tauraco, 347
Cossypha, 306

crassirostris, Pachyptila, 329
crassirostris, Turdus, 306
Crax, 348

Creadion, 305, 311, 318, 335
crecca, Anas, 268
crepidata, Procellaria, 280
crestatus, Eudyptes, 290, 329
crestatus filholi, Eudyptes, 329
cristata, Alcedo, 342
cristata, Anas, 290
cristata, Fulica, 345
cristata, Goura, 347
cristata, Otis, 347
cristatella, Aethia, 328
cristatella, Alca, 328
cristatus, Colinus, 348
cristatus, Podiceps, 349
cristatus, Rallus, 346
cristatus, Thalasseus bergii, 341
Crocethia, 267
cucullata, Paroaria, 348
cucullatus, Charadrius, 334

Cuculus, 286, 347
curvirostra, Treron, 304
curvirostra, Columba, 304
cyanea, Alcedo, 287
cyaneus, Circus, 271, 314
cyaneus hudsonius, Circus, 271
cyaneus, Malurus, 339
cyanopeda, Procellaria, 276
Cyanoramphus, 272, 283, 284,
317. 323

dabbenena, Diomedea exulans,

296
dactylatra personata, Sula, 298,

33o
Daption, 295, 320
Demigretta, 299, 331, 340
Dendrocygna, 290, 346
Dendroica, 266
desolata, Pachyptila, 329
dibaphus, Turdus, 307
diemensis, Philemon, 311, 316,

319
discors, Anas, 268
Diomedea, 277, 295, 296, 297,

321, 329
Dissemurus, 324
dominica, Pluvialis, 301, 334,

340

dominica fulva, Pluvialis, 301,

334

Drepanis, 326, 342

dresseri, Somateria mollissima,

267
dubia, Muscicapa, 308
Ducula, 304, 318, 334

eburnea, Pagophila, 344

eburneus, 344

ecaudata, Rallus philippensis,

302
Emberiza, 307, 344
equinoctialis, Procellaria, 275
Eremophila, 269
Ereunetes, 331

Erolia, 267, 300, 331, 332, 340
erromangae, Halcyon chloris,

312
erubescens, Phaethon, 278
erythrocephalus, Picus, 343
erythronotus, Cyanoramphus,

284
erythroptera, Columba, 278, 303
erythroptera, Gallicolumba, 278,

303. 313. 334
erythrorhyncha, Anas, 289
euchloris, [Psittacus], 323
Eudynamis, 286, 317
Eudyptes, 290, 329, 341
Eudyptula, 292, 314
Eunymphicus, 283, 316, 317,

324. 348
Euplectes, 307

europaea albifrons, Sitta, 325
europaeus, Caprimulgus, 349
Eurystoma, 285

368

INDEX

exulans, Diomedea, 277, 295,

321, 329

Falco, 268, 270, 271, 281, 282,

322, 346

familiaris, Cercomela, 306
fasciatus, Cuculus, 286
fasciatus, Picoides tridactylus,

325
feae, Pterodroma mollis, 279,

280
ferruginea, Ardea, 298
ferruginea, Columba, 305
ferruginea, Gallicolumba, 305
ferrugineus, Laniarius, 282
fiber, Pelecanus, 298, 316
filholi, Eudyptes crestatus, 329
Finschia, 310

fiabellifera, Muscicapa, 308
flammea, Carduelis, 344
flavifrons, Muscicapa, 308
flava, Motacilla, 279, 338
flavifrons, Zosterops, 308, 318
flavirostra, Limnocorax, 303
flavirostris, Anas, 273
flaviventris, [Psittacus], 324
flavolateralis, Gerygone, 314,

3i8
fontana, Tetrao, 345
formosus,Dissemurusparadiseus,

324
forsteri, Rallus philippensis, 302
Foulehaio, 288
Francolinus, 303, 345
Fratercula, 344
Fregata, 277
fregata, Procellaria, 274
Fregetta, 274, 312, 313, 315
Fringilla, 266, 307, 308, 337, 344
Fringillaria, 308
Fulica, 345, 347
fulicarius, Phalaropus, 332, 340
fuliginosa, Diomedea, 297
fuliginosa, Fregetta, 312, 315
fuliginosa, Nectris, 276
fuliginosa, Procellaria, 275, 294
fuliginosa, Rhipidura, 308
Fulmarus, 293, 321, 328, 329
fulva, Pluvialis dominica, 301,

334
fulva, Strix, 282
fulvus, Charadrius, 301
funerea, Strix, 267, 322
funereus richardsoni, Aegolius,

322
fuscata, Sterna, 298, 316, 321,

33i. 34i

Gallicolumba, 278, 303, 305,

313. 334
Gallinula, 334
Gallirallus, 302, 313, 316, 320,

348
ganta, Anas, 288
garrula pallidiceps, Bombycilla,

34°

gentilis, Accipiter, 271

georgica, Anas, 289

Geronticus, 300

Gerygone, 314, 318

gigantea, Procellaria, 275, 328

giganteus, Macronectes, 275, 294,

328, 329
glacialis, Procellaria, 293
glacialis rodgersi, Fulmarus, 328,

329
glacialoides, Fulmarus, 293, 321
glareola, Charadrius, 301
glareola, Tringa, 333
glaucodes, Larus, 278
Glaucopis, 285
glaucopus, Charadrius, 301
globicera, Columba, 304
Glyciphilia, 311, 319
goderfroyi, Halcyon, 287
Goura, 347
gracilis, Anas, 268
gracula, Motacilla, 309
grallaria, Fregetta, 274
grallarius, Falco, 346
Graucalus, 285, 312, 316, 317
gregarius, Larus, 278
griseus, Puffinus, 276, 294
Grus, 349

grylle, Colymbus, 330
gularis, Oestrelata, 295
Gygis, 278, 331

haesitata, Procellaria, 294, 295
Halcyon, 286, 287, 312, 318, 325,

326, 343
Halobaena, 275, 292, 321
harpe, Falco, 281, 282
harterti, Falco peregrinus, 322
hawaiiensis, Corvus, 324
Hemignathus, 326, 342
Hemiphaga, 304, 311, 319
heteroclita, Muscicapa, 308
Heteroscelus, 332, 340
Himantopus, 346
Himatione, 327, 342
Hirundo, 310, 339
histrionica, Anas, 272, 327, 341
Histrionicus, 272, 327, 341
hudsonius, Circus cyaneus, 271
hybrida, Chloephaga, 288, 320
hyemalis, Anas, 327
hyemalis, Clangula, 327
Hymenolaimus, 290
hyperpolius, Aptenodytes, 291
hyperrhina, Aptenodytes, 329
hypoballus, Dissemurus para-

diseus, 324
hypoleucos, Tringa, 267
hypopolius, Psittacus, 285, 315,

323
hysginus, Psittacus, 282

iliaca, Passerella, 266

iliaca unalaschkensis, Passerella,

336
incana, Lichmera, 312
incanus, Heteroscelus, 332, 340

incerta, Pterodroma, 275, 276,

295
inexpectata, Pterodroma, 276,

294, 295
inornata, Aplonis, 306
insularis, Parus ater, 338
interpres, Arenaria, 269
Ixoreus, 335

Jacana, 347

jacana, Jacana spinosa, 347

jacarina, Volatinia, 279

japonensis, Falco peregrinus, 322

jugularis, Ardea, 299

juliae. Halcyon chloris, 312

Kittacincla, 323
kori, Choriotis, 347
koroensis, Prosopeia tabuensis,
283

lactea, Chionis, 301

Lagopus, 266

lagopus, Buteo, 270, 271

lagopus, Tetrao, 266

Lalage, 308, 324, 325

Lampromorpha, 286

Laniarius, 282

Lanius, 282, 325

lapponicus alascensis, Calcarius,

336
Larus, 278, 298, 330, 344
lathami, Parus, 338
lentiginosus, Botaurus, 270
lessonii, Pterodroma, 295
leucaetos, Falco, 281
leucocephala acteon, Halcyon,

287, 312
leucocephala, Procellaria, 295
leucocephala, Scolopax, 346
leucogaster, Sula, 298, 316, 321
leucophaea, Collocalia, 310
leucophrys, Anas, 290
leucophrys, Columba, 303
leucoptera, Prosobonia, 300, 333,

34°
leucoptera, Tringa, 300
leucopus, Anas, 346
leucopygia montrosieri, Lalage,

308
leucorhynchus, Artamus, 282
leucorhynchus, Lanius, 282
leucorodia, Platalea, 349
Leucosticte, 337, 340
leucurus, Falco, 281
Lichmera, 312
Limnocorax, 303
linaria, Fringilla, 344
littorea, Alauda, 305
littorea, Tringa, 267
lobatus, Lobipes, 332
Lobipes, 332
lorn via arra, Uria, 330
longipes, Motacilla, 309
longipes, Xenicus, 309
longirostris, Aestrelata, 275

INDEX

369

longirostris, Conopoderas cafrra,

286, 311, 319, 343
longirostris, Pterodroma, 274
longirostris, Tatare, 286
longirostris, Turdus, 335
lophyra, Anas, 290
Loxia, 279, 282, 307
Loxops, 337, 339
lucidus, Chalcites, 286, 314, 317
lugens, Procellaria, 276, 295
Lunda, 328
Luscinia, 335, 338
lutea, Muscicapa, 308, 313

macrocephala, Petroica, 307, 337
Macronectes, 275, 294, 328, 329
macroptera, Pterodroma, 294,

320
macroura, Kittacincla mala-

barica, 323
macroura, Vidua, 345, 349
maculata, Muscicapa, 337
maculipennis, Larus, 278
maculosa tabuensis, Lalage, 325
madagascariensis, Porphyrio,

347. 349
magellanica, Aptenodytes, 292
magellanica, Motacilla, 309
magellanicus, Pelecanus, 297
magellanicus, Phalacorcorax,

297. 3I2« 321
magellanicus, Scytalopus, 309
magellanicus, Spheniscus, 292
magellanicus, Turdus, 279
magnificens, Fregata, 277
magnificus, Calyptorhynchus,

273
major minor, Parus, 338
malabarica macroura, Kittacin-
cla, 323
malacorhyncha, Anas, 290
malacorhynchos, Hymenolaimus,

290
malayensis, Dissemurus para-

diseus, 324
Malurus, 339

marina, Pelagodroma, 274
marinus schistisagus, Larus, 330
mavornata, Aplonis, 306
melaleuca, Loxia, 282
Melanitta, 269, 341
melanocephala, Pionites, 348
melanoleuca, Tringa, 269
melanopis, Theristicus caudatus,

300, 312, 315, 316, 322, 348
melanops, Glyciphila, 311, 319
melanops, Tantalus, 300, 315,

348
melanopus, Procellaria, 280
melanorhynchos, Phaethon rub-

ricauda, 278, 330
melanorhynchus, Casmerodius

albus, 346
melanura, Anthornis, 287, 313,

319

Meliornis, 342
Mergus, 328

meridionalis, Nestor, 285, 315,

317. 323
meridionalis, Psittacus, 285
Merops, 287, 349
mexicana, Loxia, 279
migratorius, Turdus, 335
Milvago, 272
minor, Aptenodytes, 292
minor, Chionis, 331, 340
minor, Eudyptula, 292, 314
minor, Parus major, 338
minutilla, Erolia, 267, 331
minutus, Rallus, 302
minutus, Turdus, 307, 337
moestissima, Fregetta, 312
Moho, 326
Mohoua, 308

mollis, Pterodroma, 279, 280
mollissima, Anas, 267
mollissima, Somateria, 267
montrosieri, Lalage leucopygia,

308
montana, Anas, 289
montifringilla, Fringilla, 337
Motacilla, 279, 309, 338
multicolor, Petroica, 307, 313,

3i8
munda, Nectris, 276
munda, Procellaria, 276
musa, Oriolus, 286
Muscicapa, 308, 313, 337
Myiagra, 319
Myzomela, 288, 311, 319

naevia, Fringilla, 308
naevia, Muscicapa, 308
naevius, Ixoreus, 335
naevius, Pelecanus, 297
namaqua, Pterocles, 345
natka, Lalage, 324, 325
natka, Lanius, 325
Nectris, 276

Nestor, 285, 315, 317, 323
niger, Rallus, 303
nigra, Pomarea, 308, 313, 314
nigra, Porzana, 302, 314
Ninox, 282
nitens, Cuculus, 286
nitens, Loxia, 279
nivalis, Emberiza, 344
nivalis, Plectrophenax, 344
nivea, Pagodroma, 293, 321, 322
nivea, Procellaria, 293
nobilis, Moho, 326
Nova Seelandia, Alauda, 305
Nova Seelandia, Anas, 290
Nova Seelandia, Columba, 304
Nova Seelandia, Merops, 287
novae-hollandiae canescens, Mel-
iornis, 342
novae-terrae, Falco, 271
novaehollandiae, Accipiter, 281
novaehollandiae, Coracina, 336
novaehollandiae, Larus, 298
novaeseelandiae, Anthus, 305,

313. 320
novaeseelandiae, Falco, 281, 282

novaeseelandiae,
novaeseelandiae,

304,311, 319
novaeseelandiae ,
novaeseelandiae ,
novaeseelandiae ,

287, 312, 317,
novaeseelandiae,

313. 315

novaezelandiae,
283, 284, 317,

novaezelandiae
ramphus, 284

Numenius, 268,

Nycticorax, 298

Nyroca, 290

Finschia, 310
Hemiphaga,

Ninox, 282
Nyroca, 290
Prosthemadera,
319, 326, 348
Thinornis, 301,

Cyanoramphus,

323

saisseti, Cyano-

300

obscurus, Hemignathus, 326, 342

obscurus, Pluviorhynchus, 301

Oceanites, 273

ochrocephala, Mohoua, 308

ochrotarsus, Turdus, 307

Oenanthe, 279, 338

Oestrelata, 295

olivacea, Certhia, 287

orientalis, Eurystoma, 285

Oriolus, 286

orix, Emberiza, 307

orix, Euplectes, 307

orix, Loxia, 307

Otis, 303, 347

Pachycephala, 314, 318
Pachyptila, 274, 292, 293, 321,

329
pachyrhynchus, Eudyptes, 290
pacifica, Coracias, 285
pacifica, Drepanis, 326, 342
pacifica, Ducula, 304, 318, 334
pacifica, Erolia alpina, 332
pacifica, Lalage, 324, 325
pacificus, Histrionicus histrioni-

cus, 327, 341
pacificus, Psittacus, 272, 283,

284, 323
pacificus, Rallus, 302
pacificus, [Turdus], 324, 325
pacificus tropicorum, Psittacus,

284
Pagodroma, 293, 321, 322
Pagophila, 344
palearis, Ardea, 299
pallidiceps, Bombycilla garrula,

340
palmarum, Charmosyna, 284
palmarum, Dendroica, 266
palmarum, Psittacus, 284
palpebrata, Diomedea, 297
palpebrata, Phoebetria, 277, 297,

321
paradiseus, Dissemurus, 324
paraguaiae, Capella, 348
Pardalotus, 344
Paroaria, 348
Parus, 310, 338, 339
parvirostris, Aechmorhynchus,

333

37o

INDEX

Passerculus, 336
Passerella, 266, 366
patachonica, Aptenodytes, 291,

34i
patagonica, Motacilla, 309
patagonicus, Aptenodytes, 291,

3H. 329. 34i
patagonicus, Cinclodes, 309
pectoralis, Columba, 278, 303,

334

Pelagodroma, 274
Pelecanoides, 293, 312
Pelecanus, 277, 278, 297, 298,

315. 3i6
Pennula, 334
peregrinus anatum, Falco, 270,

322
peregrinus harterti, Falco, 322
peregrinus japonensis, Falco, 322
peregrinus pealei, Falco, 322
persa, Cuculus, 347
personata, Sula dactylatra, 298,

330
perspicillata, Anas, 341
perspicillata, Melanitta, 269, 341
peruviana, Hirundo, 310
peruviana, Vini, 273, 284, 311,

323. 343
petechia, Dendroica, 266
petechia, Motacilla, 266
Petroica, 307, 313, 318, 337
Phaethon, 278, 330
Phalacrocorax, 277, 297, 312,

315. 32i
Phalaropus, 332, 340
Phalcoboenus, 281
phascas, Anas, 268
Philemon, 311, 316, 319
philippensis, Rallus, 302, 313, 317
Phoebetria, 277, 297, 321
phoenicurus, Turdus, 306
pica, Pelecanus, 297
Picoides, 325
picta, Anas, 288
picta, Chloephaga, 288
Picus, 268, 325, 343
pileatus, Anous stolidus, 330
pileolata, Wilsonia pusilla, 338
Pionites, 348
piscator, Pelecanus, 298
Placentia, 271
plancus, Falco, 281
plancus, Polyborus, 281
Platalea, 349
platurus, Dissemurus paradiseus,

324

Platycercus, 324

Plectrophenax, 344

Plegadis, 346

plotus, Sula leucogaster, 298, 316,
321

Pluvialis, 301, 334, 340

Pluviorhynchus, 301

Podiceps, 349

Poliocar, 285

poliocephalus xanthopus, Tur-
dus, 307

Poliolimnas, 303, 313, 317
pollicaris, Rissa tridactyla, 330
Polyborus, 281
Polysticta, 328
Pomarea, 308, 313, 314
porphyracea, Columba, 278
porphyraceus, Ptilinopus, 305,

3". 3l8
porphyracra, Columba, 304, 305
Porphyrio, 347, 349
porphyrio, Fulica, 347
Porzana, 302, 314
Procellaria, 274, 275, 276, 280,

292, 293, 294, 295, 328
Procelsterna, 341
profuga, Diomedea, 277
Promerops, 326
Prosobonia, 300, 333, 340
Prosopeia, 282, 283, 323
Prosthemadera, 287, 312, 317,

319, 326, 348
psittacea, Acalanthe, 307
psittacea, Fringilla, 307
psittacea, Psittirostra, 336
Psittacus, 272, 273, 282, 283, 284,

285, 315, 316, 323, 324, 343
Psittirostra, 336
pteneres, Anas, 289
pteneres, Tachyeres, 289, 312,

320
Pterocles, 345
Pterodroma, 274, 275, 276, 279,

280, 294, 295, 320
Ptilinopus, 278, 304, 305, 311,

3i8
Puffinus, 276, 294, 328
pulchella, Loxia, 307
punctatus, Pelecanus, 297, 312,

321
punctatus, Phalacrocorax, 297,

312, 315, 321
purpurata, Columba, 278, 304,

305
purpuratus, Ptilinopus, 278, 304
Purpureicephalus, 283
pusilla, Wilsonia, 266, 338
pusilla pileolata, Wilsonia, 338
pusillus, Ereunetes, 331
Pygargus, 271
pygmaeus, Psittacus, 284
Pygoscelis, 292, 321
pyrrhetraea, Tringa, 300, 333,

340
pyrrholaema, Hirundo, 310
pyrrorhyncha, Anas, 289

Rallus, 302, 303, 313, 317, 346

Ramphocelus, 279

rex, Sula serrator, 278

rhinoceros, Buceros, 343

Rhipidura, 308

richardsoni, Aegolius funereus,

322
Rissa, 330
rodgersi, Fulmarus glacialis, 328,

329
Rostratula, 346

ruber, Sphyrapica varius, 343

rubra, Crax, 348

rubricauda melanorhynchos,

Phaethon, 278, 330
rubricollis, Charadrius, 333
rufus, Selasphorus, 327

sacer, Halcyon chloris, 287
sacra, Demigretta, 299, 331
sacra, Halcyon chloris, 287
Sagittarius, Falco, 281, 346
Sagittarius, 281, 346
saisseti, Cyanoramphus novae-

zelandiae, 284
sancta, Halcyon, 287
sancti-johannis, Buteo lagopus,

270, 271
sandaleata, Procellaria, 275
sandaliata, Procellaria, 276
sandvicensis, Gallinula chloro-

pus, 334
sandwichensis, Chasiempis, 337
sandwichensis, Passerculus, 336
sandwichensis, Pennula, 334
sanguinea, Himatione, 327, 342
sannio, Certhia, 287
santaecrucis, Gallicolumba, 305
sapphirinus, Psittacus, 284, 323,

343

schistisagus, Larus marinus, 330
schlegeli, Eudypteschrysolophus,

290
Scolopax, 300, 346
scopulinus, Larus novaehollan-

diae, 298
Scopus, 346
Scytalopus, 309
sectator, Pelecanus, 278
Selasphorus, 327
senegalensis, Alcedo, 287
serpentarius, Falco, 281, 346
serpentarius, Sagittarius, 281,

346
serrata, Sterna fuscata, 298
serrator, Mergus, 328
serrator, Sula bassana, 278
seticauda, Motacilla, 309
similis, Procellaria, 292
Sitta, 325

Somateria, 267, 272
sordidulus, Turdus, 306
spadicea, Hemiphaga novaesee-

landiae, 319
spectabilis, Anas, 272
spectabilis, Somateria, 272
specularioides, Anas, 290
Spheneacus, 308
Spheniscus, 292
Sphyrapicus, 343
spinicauda, Aphrastura, 309
spinicauda, Motacilla, 309
spinosa jacana, Jacana, 347
spodiopygia townsendi, Collo-

calia, 339
Sporophila, 279
spurius, Purpureicephalus, 283

INDEX

37i

squatarola, Squatarola, 301

stairi, Gallicolumba, 305

stelleri, Anas, 328

stelleri, Polysticta, 328

Stercorarius, 271

Sterna, 298, 316, 321, 330, 331,

34i
stolida, Sterna, 330
stolidus pileatus, Anous, 330
striata, Sterna, 331, 341
striatus, Aplonis, 285, 314, 320
striatus, Pardalotus, 344
Strix, 282, 322
Sturnus, 305, 335
Sula, 278, 298, 316, 321, 330
sumatrana, Sterna, 321
superciliosa, Anas, 290
Surnia, 267, 322
svecica, Luscinia, 338
swindellsi, Rallus philippensis,

313. 317

tabuensis, Aplonis, 323
tabuensis, Lalage maculosa, 325
tabuensis, Prosopeia, 282, 283,

323
tabuensis, Rallus, 302, 303
Tachyeres, 289, 312, 320
tahitica, Hirundo, 310
tahitiensis, Numenius, 300
tahitiensis, Scolopax, 300
tahitius, Cuculus, 286
taitensis, Eudynamis, 286, 317
taitianus, Psittacus, 273, 284
tanensis, Rallus, 303
tannensis, Poliolimnas cinereus,

303. 313. 317
tannensis, Ptilinopus, 304
Tantalus, 300, 315
Tatare, 286
Tauraco, 347
tenuirostris, Puffinus, 328
testacea, Erolia, 300
Tetrao, 266, 268, 303, 345
Thalasseus, 341

Thalassoica, 294, 320
Theristicus, 300, 312, 315, 316,

322, 348
Thinornis, 301, 313, 315
Todirhamphus, 325
toi-toi, Petroica, 337
torquatula, Charadrius, 301
townsendi, Collocalia spodiopy-

gia, 339
Treron, 304

tridactyla, Procellaria, 293
tridactyla pollicaris, Rissa, 330
tridactylus, Larus, 330
tridactylus fasciatus, Picoides,

325

Tringa, 267, 269, 300, 332, 333,

340
Trochilus, 327
troglodytes, Rallus, 302
troile, Colymbus, 330
tropica, Fregetta, 274
tropicorum, Psittacus pacificus,

284
tropicus, Corvus, 324
Turdus, 279, 306, 307, 324, 325,

335. 337
Turnagra, 306, 319
turtur, Pachyptila, 274, 329
turtur, Procellaria, 274
tuta, Halcyon, 325
tzitzihoa, Anas acuta, 267

ulietensis, Aplonis, 306

ulula caparoch, Surnia, 267, 322

umbretta bannermani, Scopus,

346
unalaschkensis, Passerella iliaca,

336
unalaschkensis, Hirundo, 339
undulata, Anas, 289
Uria, 330

urinatrix, Pelecanoides, 293, 312
urostigma, Parus, 310

vagans, Halcyon sancta, 287

Vaginalis, 301
variegata, Anas, 288
variegata, Casarca, 288
varius, Phalacrocorax, 297
varius ruber, Sphyrapicus, 343
vegae, Larus argentatus, 330
velificans, Motacilla, 279
velox, Procellaria, 274, 275
venerata, Halcyon, 286, 326, 343
ventilabrum, Muscicapa, 308
Vestiaria, 327, 342
Vidua, 345, 349
viduata, Anas, 290, 346
viduata, Dendrocygna, 290, 346
vigil, Falco, 268
Vini, 273, 284, 311, 323, 343
virens, Chlorodrepanis, 327, 342
virgata, Aphriza, 332, 333, 340
virgata, Tringa, 333
viridis, Merops, 349
vittata, Pachyptila, 292, 293,

321
vittata, Procellaria, 293
vittata, Sterna, 331
v-nigra, Somateria mollissima,

267
Volatinia, 279

wiglesworthi, Todirhamphus, 325
Wilsonia, 266, 338

xanthetraea, Pachycephala, 314,

3i8
xanthopus, Turdus poliocepha-

lus, 307
xanthorhyncha, Anas, 289
xanthura, Columba, 304
Xenicus, 309
Xipholena, 279

youngi, Halcyon venerata, 326

zealandicus, Cyanoramphus, 272,

284
Zonotrichia, 336
Zosterops, 308, 318

hist, i, 6.

25

PLATE 35

Accipiter gentilis atricapillus (Wilson), 1812. Young American Goshawk. By Peter Paillou
(B.M. 199* B.4, pi. 106). Banks collected this specimen in Newfoundland in 1766.

Bull. B.M. (N.H.) Hist, i, 6

PLATE 35

••

PLATE 36

(a) Pterocles namaqua (Gmelin), 1789. Namaqua Sand Grouse. Unsigned. (B.M. 199*
B.4, pi. 41). One of a collection of paintings sent to Sir John Pringle by the botanist Masson
from South Africa in 1775.

(b) Pterodroma mollis feae (Salvadori), 1899. Soft-plumaged Petrel. By Sydney Parkinson.
(B.M. 199* B.i, pi. 52). Collected on Cook's first voyage and noted by Banks as " Procellaria
crepidata " .

Bull. B.M. {N.H.) Hist, i, 6

PLATE 36

<%

36a

•-.( < 1 .7,6/;/

366

PLATE 37

(a) Conopoderas caffra longirostris (Gmelin), 1789. Long-billed Warbler of the Society
Islands. By an unknown artist, on Cook's second voyage. (Royal Scottish Museum M.E. 8.)

(b) (?) Pachyptila belcheri (Math.) 1912. Slender-billed Whale-bird. By W. Ellis, on Cook's
third voyage, with a sketch of a head of another species. (B.M. (N.H.) Ellis Drawings, pi. 43.)

oq

INDEX TO VOL. I

Abbott, R. T.

. 138

Aberdeen ....

• 263

Academy at Leiden

. 189

Acta Harlem.

212

Acta Helvetica

189,

191, 198

Acta Upsaliensia

• 213, 217

Adams, A. . .

• 138

Adams, H. .

• 138

Adams, T. .

• 257

Adelaide ....

• 257

Admiralty Island, New Guinea

167

Adventure ....

. 8;

!, 89, 285

Adventure Bay

• 339

Africa .....

. 89

Aiton, W

81, 263

" A.L." [i.e. Anna Lister]

. 6-7

Alaska .....

• 3°o

Alaskan birds .

• 325

Albemarle, Duke of see : Monck

Aleppo ....

. 189

Allen [i.e. Allan, J.],

91, 102

Allen, D. G

• 3°o

Allen, Mrs. E. G. .

257, 269

Amadon, D. . 283, 284,

303.

305. 335

America . . -27, 35,

H7.

200, 332

America, Atlantic coast of

109

America, north

. 124

America, north-west coast of, .

. 108

America, west coast of .

• 329

American specimens

. 228

Ammani, P. .

202

Amsterdam ....

224, 265

Amsterdam, island

• 274

Amsterdam, Rijksmuseum

. 264

Analyst. ....

• 165

Andalusia ....

11

Anderson, Betty

261

Anderson, Rabina .

261

Anderson, Robert .

260

Anderson, W. . . 257,

258,

260-262

[biographical note] . 310, 338

.341

342, 344

[manuscript]

312,

332, 338

animal drawings, .

• 255

Animal Kingdom .

11

animals collected on Cook's first voyage . 256
Annates des Voyages . . 52, 67 fn.

Annals of Philosophy . . . 129, 158

Annesley, George, Viscount Valentia, after-
wards 2nd Earl of Mountnorris . .137
Anson, G. ..... . 175

Anson's voyage . . . . 175

Antarctic Ocean .... 293, 297

Antarctic region ..... 258
Apothecary to the Charterhouse . . 8

Arcana ; or the Museum of Natural History

&-c 134, 135, 138, 139

Arctic region ..... 258

Arctic Zoology, &>c. .... 260

Artedi, P. 189, 191-193, 207-209, 211-217, 222,

232, 233, 236, 237, 239, 241, 242, 244

Ashmole, E.

Ashmolean Museum

Asia ....

Asia, eastern

Asia, northern

Assistance

Astrolabe

Atlantic Ocean

Atiu ....

Atkins, Mrs., n£e Children

Auckland

Austin, O. L..

Austral Group

Australia . 81, 100,

Australia, east coast of

Australia, mainland

Australia, north

Australia, north-west coast of

Australia, south-western

Australian birds

Australian museum

Australian museum series

Australian oyster

Australian pearl fisheries

Australian Seashore etc.

Australian shells

Azara, F. de .

259.

6
6-7
332

56
300

27

5i
269

33i

148

97

268

274

102, 125, 138, 274
90, 91

• 339
105, 106

90

• 283

• 304
255. 257. 26o> 3IQ

• 315
100

99

100

91

272, 279

Backer, Dr. C. A. . . . 51

Baden . . . . . . . 190

Bahama Islands ..... 5

Baker, J. G. 264

Bakhuizen van den Brink, Dr., C. R. . 68

Bali Island ...... 56

Banks, Sir Joseph 12, 52, 71-116, 124, 125, 131,
194, 195, 197, 257-258

[biographical note] . . 310, 345-347

Banks, birds collected in Newfoundland and

Labrador, Appendix A. . . 357~359

Banks, bird paintings in the library of, 253-371
Banks, bird paintings, general note on . 265
Banks, collection 33, 98, 139, 169, 278, 285, 300,

301, 304, 307, 309, 310, 324, 332, 337, 340, 341,

343

374

Banks Correspondence

Banks diary

Banks Endeavour diary

Banks Journal

Banks library

Banks library catalogue

INDEX

52

• 257

• 359
90, 93. 94. 97. ioo» ">7

82-84, 255> 262
255, 262

Banks Newfoundland notebook . . 255

Banks shell and insect collections . . 72

Banks shell collection, descriptive catalogue

90-116
Banks shell collection, contributors to 88-89
Banks shell collection, historical back-
ground ..... 79-81

Banks shell collection, origin and descrip-
tion ...... 71-74

Barbados . . . . .6, 27, 101

Barrier Reef ..... 99, 100

Barrington, Shute, Bishop of Durham . 176
Bartram, J. . . . 10, no, 200, 202

Basire, J. . . . . .11

Baster, J. ..... . 212

Bay of Gold Hope ..... 325

Bay of Naples ..... 89

Beaglehole, J. C. .... 262 fn.

Beaufort, L. F. de . . . . . 227

Beauvois, P. de . . . -53

Beck, R. H 333

Belcher, Captain ..... 304

Bell, T. 72

Beloe, W. ...... 177

Bennet, Charles, 4th Earl of Tankerville

12, 76, 169
Bennett, Mr. [of Rotterdam] . . .196

Bennett, F. C. . . . . 310, 341

Bering Straits, ..... 328

Berlin .

Berlioz, Prof.

Berne

Betap .

Bibliographical Decameron

Bibliotheca Botanica

Bibliotheca Regni animalis

Birckhead & Ripley

Binsey, near Oxford

Birch, J. Q

Bird Island ....

bird drawings

bird paintings

bird paintings, material and sources

Birds of Australia .

177.

280

254
262

305

178
. 189
. 189

• 304
176
136

• 328
261
261

255-257
256, 359

birds collected by Banks in Newfoundland

and Labrador .... 266-272
birds from Cook's first voyage . 272-280

birds from Cook's second voyage . 280-310
birds from Cook's second voyage, painted

by unknown artist . . 310-322

birds painted on Cook's third voyage 322-339
birds painted on Cook's third voyage by

John Webber .... 339-344
birds painted by Col. Gordon, acquired by

Francis Masson .... 345~347

birds painted by D'Auvergne and Miller on
Phipps's voyage .... 344

birds painted by unknown artist . .310

Bischoff, F. ..... 300

bivalve shells from the coast of India . 9
Blacker library . . . . .259

Blainville, H. M. D. de . . . 147

Bloch, M. E. 194, 2ii, 228, 237, 243, 245, 258
Blomefield collection . . . .282

Bloomsbury . . . . . .256

Bockland Mts. ..... 263

Boddaert, P. 191, 192, 194-196, 201, 223, 224
. . . . 6

. 189

Prince of Canino . 359

129

7

. 147

202

Bodleian Library
Boerhaave, H
Bonaparte, C.L.J.L
Bonelli, F. A.
Book of Benefactors
Boston

Borlase, W. .
Born, I. von .
Boswell, J.

• 13. 44. 1Q9
80, 261
Botanical Department, South Kensington

259, 264
botanical drawings . . . .263

botanical notebook
Botany Bay,
Botany Library
Boudin's voyage

• 257
98, 99, 102, 106

• -257

• 274
273, 291

Bougainville, L. A. de
Bourne, Dr. W. R. P.

255, 264, 274, 276, 280, 312, 359
Boussole ...... 51

Bowdich, Mrs. Sarah . . . 131 fn.

Bowdich, T. E. . . . 131 fn.

Boys, W 84

Brander, G. . . . . .81, 83, 138

Brandt, J. F. . . . . . 291

Brant, C. ..... . 264

Brant, Mrs. ..... 264-265

[biographical note] . . . 347, 349

Brazil ....... 234

Brazilian shells . . . . .91

Bristol, Lord see : Hervey

Bristol merchants . . . . .10

British coast . . . . .115

British factories ..... 9

British Government . . . .264

British Museum 4, 5, 9, 124, 132, 138, 147, 157
166, 168, 175-177. 187, 191. 197. 255. 256, 259,
272, 275, 281, 292, 294-296, 303, 305, 324, 333,

337- 338, 341-343
British Museum collection . 11,110,169

British Museum (Print Room), 254, 255, 257,

259, 261-264, 279. 3r°. 3X3. 314. 339. 344. 345
British Museum (Natural History) 6, 12, 44, 51,

131, 132, 187, 197, 254, 257, 259, 261, 264
British navy . . . . . .52

British Zoology, The . . 113,260,349

Britten, J. .... 259, 264

INDEX

375

Brock, Liesbeth van der

Broderip, W. J. 12, 76, 78, 86, 135,

Broderip collection.

Broken Bay .

Broome

Broussonet, P. M. A.

Brown, P.

Brown, R.
Brown, S.
Browne, P.
Bruguiere, J. G.
Brunn, A. .
Brunnich, M. T.
Bryan & Greenway
Bullock, W. .

[sale catalogue] .
Bullock's Museum .
Bullock shell collection
Buenos Aires
Buffon, G. L. L. de
Buonanni, F.
Burroughs, A.
Burrows, E. J.
Busby, R. L.
Bustard Bay
Bute, Lord see : Stuart
Bylaert, J. J.
Byres, architect
Byron, The Hon. John

77. 85, 87,

87,

95.

246
136, 169

• 76
99
99

• 195
326, 348

• 56

9

. 231

106, 107

216

202

• 337
78, 137

74
. 328

• *37

• 273

• 273

7

• 265

• 135

• 139

99

197, 198, 229

. 89

76, 88, 99, 124

Cain, A. J.

California

Calonne, Prince

Calonne catalogue

Calonne collection

Calonne sales.

Calonne shells

Calonne specimens

Camelli (or Father Kamel)

Cameron, Dr. C.

Canada

Cape birds, painting of .

Cape of Good Hope

9, 263, 285, 286, 296, 325, 345-347
Cape Horn ..... 294, 295

. 283, 285

109

77.125

84. J33. !39, 17°
76, 86, 125, 134, 169

74. 76, 77. 86

169, 170

125, 169, 170

9
79, 80, 90, 259

• 257

• 299

Cape Howe .

Capetown

Cape Verde Islands

" CAR "

Cardevacque, A. de

Caribbean

Carmina Quadragesimalia

Carolina

Carolina collection

Carolina, Garden's collection from

Carolina specimens,

Carpenter, P. P.

Cartwright, G.

Cat. Bibl, Hist.-Nat. J. Banks ,

90, 98

264, 299, 303

279, 287

9

5i

12 fn.

• 177
5, 9, 10, 109, 218

220

206

. 220

• 158

• 257

• 256

Catalogue of Bird in the British Museum . 255
Catalogue of Fishes . . 187,192,213

Catalogue of the Library, British Museum

(Natural History) . . . 256, 259

Catalogue of Mollusca in the British Museum 12
Catalogue of Shells of Dorset ... 83
Catalogue of the Sloane Shell Collection . 13-44
Catesby, M. . . 5, 10, 34, 35, 213, 231

Cavendish-Bentinck, Margaret, Duchess of

Portland 74, 76, 83, 85, 88, 113, 114, 115,

124, 125
Cavendish, Lord Charles . . .176

Cayenne ...... 343

Charleston . . . . . .109

Charlton, Mr. [i.e. Courten, William] . . 5, 22

Charter Book of the Royal Society of

London ...... 133

266, 267, 268, 270, 271

3°!. 303

• 85

Chateau Bay
Chatham Islands
Chancey, Dr.
Chemnitz, J. H.
Chenu, J. C.
Children, Anna
Children, J. G.

10, 96, 133, 168, 169

• 139
. 148

11, 44, 128, 129, 136, 146-148
156, 167

• 13°
146-148

Children's catalogue

Children's Lamarck

China .

Christ Church

Christmas Harbour

Christmas Island

Cimelia Physica

Clarke, W. .

Clayton collection,

Clench, W. J.

Cloudy Bay .

Colchester

Colden, C.

Collins, C.

Collinson, P. .

Combe, Dr. .

Commerson, P.

Commerson-Sonnerat manuscript

Conchologia Iconica

Conchological Dictionary

Conchologist , The .

" Conchology "

Conchology, or the natural history of

etc. .
Conchology, system of

9

176

• 331

278. 33L 338. 34i

263, 344

. 178

. 202

• 87
. 78

• 97
. 202

• 259
10, 191,199

6
273. 291

• 254
10, 136, 169

. 84
. 8fn.

• 133

shells :

10, 134-139
13

Cook, James 71, 74, 79-82, 85, 86, 88-91, 98,
99, 102, 108, 124, 258, 262, 283, 291, 302, 310,
312, 331, 339-341. 343
Cook's diaries .... 261, 360

Cook's Journal . 90, 91, 94, 259, 278, 280
Cook's voyages . . . 98, 254, 303

Cook's first voyage. 74, 79, 107, 255, 259, 314
Cook's second voyage

89, 95, 113, 161, 255, 256, 260, 310, 314, 330,

348

376

INDEX

Cook's third voyage . io8, 161, 255, 260,

262, 265, 304, 322, 337, 339
Cook's second & third voyage, catalogue of

birds 359

Cook Islands, .... 306, 341

Cook group ...... 331

Cook, Mrs., n£e Batts . . . .310

Cook & King ..... 336

Coombe, Dr. . . . . . .137

Coombe shell catalogue, . . . 137

Cooper, Mrs. ...... 338

Copenhagen Decision on Zoological Nomen

clature .....
Coromandel Coast

Courageux .....
Courten, W

87
in

89

5, 7, 12, 20, 21, 22, 42

Cracherode, The Rev. Mordaunt

12, 77, 85, 86, 116, 123-174, 175-178

[biographical note]
Cracherode bequest
Cracherode collections
Cracherode collections of minerals,

shells, corals and echinoderms
Cracherode library catalogue
Cracherode manuscript catalogue
Cracherode priced MSS. catalogue
Cracherode shells .
Cracherode shell collection, general account

1 25-1 3 1
Cracherode shell collection, origin

growth .....
Cracherode specimens
Cracherode specimens figured by J.

Children .....
Cracherode specimens figured by W

Leach in Zoological Miscellany
Cracherode specimens figured by W. Wood

in the Supplement to the Index Testace-

77
175-178
fossils,

125-126
• 132
123, 131-134
116
77

and
123-125

• 175
G.

150-161
E.
140-161

ologicus
Cracherode specimens originally

Calonne collection
Cracherode collection, use made of
Cracherode, Ann
Cracherode, Mary, n£e Morice .
Croft-Murray, E.
Croque
Crouch, E. A.
Cuming, H.
Cuming collection
Cunningham, J.
Cuvier, G.L.C.F.D
Cuvier & Valenciennes

-169

161-
the

169-175
134-140

• 177

• 175
254. 259

266, 267, 271, 280

. 147

. 78

. 96

9. 39. 298

11, 77, 131 fn., 192, 291

227, 231

d'Annone, J. . . . . . 202

Da Costa, E. M. . 4, 6, 10, 22, 44, 98, 115

Dakin, W. J. ..... 100

Dall, W. H. . . 77, 87, 109, 169, 170

Dalrymple, Sir David, (Lord Hailes) . 261

Dampier, W. . . 9, 10, 34, 44, 100

10
99

• 273
262-263

• 344
107
264

22

. 8 fn.

197, 198

5i» 52

261

52
Museum

259-264
. 6, 12
. 131
History and

10
• 131. 187

" Dampier's 2nd circumnavigation "
Darwin ....

Daubenton, L. J. M.
D'Auvergne, Philip due de Bouillon

[biographical note]
Dautzenburg, P.
Dawson, W. R.
Decades
De Cochleis .
Delfos, A.
Deligny, M. E.
Dempster, G.
De Noronha or Norona .
Department of Botany, British

(Natural History)
Department of Geology .
Department of Minerals .
" Department of Natural

Modern Curiosities " .
Department of Zoology .
Derby, Lord see : Stanley

Deschamps, L. B. . . . . 51-67

Deschamps, itinerary of travels in Java 53-54
Descriptiones Animalium, etc. . . 260-280

Descriptive Catalogue of the British Testacea 84
Descriptive Catalogue of Recent Shells, A 84-85
Deshayes, G. P. . . . 82, 136, 166

Des Murs, M.A.P.O. & Verreaux, J. . 284

Dictionary of National Biography . 262,265
Dictionnaire biographique du Departement

du Pas de Calais . . . .51

Dibdin, T. F 177, 178

Dielen, van ..... 194, 195

Dighton, R. . . . . . . 177

Dillwyn, L. W. 42, 84, 85, 87, 88, 90, 95, 96,

101, 104, 105, 106, 107, 109, 135, 138, 140

Discovery . . . . .108, 262

Dissertation sur le Sinus Itius . . 52

Dodge, H. . 92, 93, 102, 104, 105, no, in

Dolphin 88, 89

11, 85, 98, 99
. 278

Donovan, E.
D'Orcy, Gigot
Dorsetshire Catalogue
Downing
Drury, D.
Dryander, J.

113

260

81, 85, 255, 256, 262, 265, 266,
270, 280, 289, 347-349
147
34
129

34

176

287, 288, 290, 298, 301, 305, 308

i, 264

190

191

201

278

264

9. 35

Dubois, C.

Duchess

Dufresne, L. .

Duke

Durrer, A.

Dusky Sound

Dutch East India Company

Dutch East Indies

Dutch Society of Science at Haarlem

Dutch vernacular names

Dwight, J

Dyer, R. A

East India Company

INDEX

377

East Indies ..... 88, 263

Faujas de Saint-Foud, B.

52

East and West Indies .... 8

Fauna Svecica

218, 219, 232

Edinburgh . . . . . . 311

Ferguson, R.

52

Edinburgh collection . . . .316

Ferussac, A. E. J. P. J. F.

d'Audebard de 129 fn.

Edinburgh, University of . . 255, 261

Fiji ....

. 283

Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal . 261

Fijian islands

. 288

Edinburgh University Museum . .282

Finlayson, C. P.

255, 261

Edmonds, J. M. . . . . . 6

fishes, paintings of

.

. 260

Edridge, H. .

. 178

Flora of Java

51-68

Edwards, E. .

77. 177

Flora Javanica

.

55

Edwards, G. .

. 5, 272, 275

Flora Orientalis

.

. 189

drawings .

. 322

Flora Virginica

.

. 189

Ehret, G. D. .

• 257

Florida

.

87, 109

Eimeo (Moorea)

304. 333. 343

Forster, J. G. A.

86, 89, 255-260

Elements of Conchology

131 fn.

[biographical note]

261, 269-347

Ellis, J.

75. 79-8i, 88, 109

Forster's paintings

. 280

Ellis, W.

255, 256, 262

Forster's unpublished drawings

. 280

[biographical note] 278, 282, 283, 294, 300,

Forster, J. R.

89, 258-260

304, 315, 322, 324-326, 328, 329, 330,

[biographical note]

281, 360

332-334. 337-341

Forster MSS.

.

• 294

manuscript ..... 324

Fort St. George (Madras)

9

Elmsley, P.

176

Fossilia Hantoniensia

81, 83

Empson, J. .

4

Fothergill, Dr. J. .

74, 75, 89, 124

Emuy .

9

Fothergill collection & catalogue

• 125

Encyclopaedia Londinensis . . 133

France ....

291

Endeavour . 71, 73, 74, 79, 80, 82, 90, 91, 95,

Fraser-Brunner, A.

209, 210, 224, 236

97-99, 107, 259, 264, 276 294, 298

French Bay .

. 295

Endeavour, diary ..... 258

Friedmann, H.

271, 322

Endeavour material

79-80

Friendly Islands

95. 96, 303. 323

Endeavour shells .

91-108

Friendly Islands, natives of

• 158

Endeavour River

75

Fries, R. E. .

. 258

Engel, H.

202, 246

Furneaux, T. .

82, 89, 113. 285

England

27, 39, 102, 147, 281

English Channel

52

Gadow, H. .

.

287, 311

Entrecasteaux, J. A. Bruni d' 51

Gage, A. T.

. 87

Epitome of Lamarck's Arrangement of

Gainsborough, T.

. 265

Testacea, An . . . . .147

Garden, Dr. A.

109, 200, 220-222

Erromanga ...... 312

Garden's collection.

206, 222, 245

Espiritu Santo ..... 305

Garden specimens

. 228

Eua, Tonga .... 282, 283, 288

Garnot, P. .

• 295

Eua (Middleburgh) ..... 323

Gatliff, J. H.

136-138

Europe .... 102, 200, 325

Gazophylacium Naturae et Artis

8, 22, 44

Evans, Dr. J. . . . . . 255

Genera of Birds

• 349

Evans & Wilson . 326, 327, 334, 336, 337

Genera of Shells

11, 129, 146

Evelyn, J 5

General Account of the Hunterian Museum,

Evermann & Jordan 221, 222, 231, 235, 246

Glasgow

• 75

Ewan, Prof. J. . . . . . 255

General Conchology

• 157

Exercitatio Anatomica .... 22

General History of Birds .

. 258

Exotica . . . . . 8 fn.

General Synopsis of Birds

• 254, 258

Extinct Birds .... 302, 333

Gentleman's Magazine

177, 262, 264

Extrait d'un voyage inedit dans I'interieur de

George III (H.M.) .

90, 260, 263, 326, 342

I' Isle de Java . . . . 67 fn.

Glasgow

• 259

Glasgow, University of .

75

Fabricius, J. C. . . . . 258

Gmelin, J. F. 13, 44, 81-

-84, 98

, 108, 128, 133,

factories, British ..... 9

168, 194, 202, 203, 213

, 238,

244, 254, 258,

Falkland Islands .... 291, 295

269-271, 282, 284, 28I

5, 3°i-

-309, 324, 327,

Falkland Islands, East .... 295

33

1-337. 346, 360

Falla, Dr. R. A. . 255, 274, 277, 290, 329

Gmelin names

. 128

False Bay ...... 264

Godman, F. Du Cane

256, 295

Fan Mussel . ,

11

Goodall, Dr. J.

.

■ • 78

378

Goodall, shells
Gordon, R. J.

[biographical note]
Gordon, Mrs.
Gottingen Museum,

INDEX

• 78
263-264

• 345
264

326, 342

Hanley, S.

Gottingisches Magazin der Wissenschaften und
Litteratur .... 288, 327

Gough Island . . . . -274

Gould, A. A. . . . . . 147

Gourlie, Nora . . . . .258

Governor of Jamaica .... 26

Granada ...... 89

Grant, C. H. B. . . . . .255

Gray, Dr. E. W. . 128, 132, 133, 138, 169

Gray, manuscript catalogue . . .170

Gray, G. R. . . . . 277, 280, 291

Gray, J. E. 11, 12, 43, 44, 97, 106, 128-139,
156-159, 164-169, 187, 188, 191-194, 197, 199,
201, 202, 209, 211, 215, 220, 230, 235, 236, 256,

3IQ. 359

96, 129, 158

131, 166

102

176

• 265
• 347. 348

• 337

n
270, 271

53. 54

. 89

187, 188-191

192-246

199-202

systematic

202-246
190

Gray collection
Gray, Mrs.
Great Barrier Reef
Great Wymondley
Greenwood, J.

[biographical note]
Greenway & Bryan
Griffith, E. .
Griffith, Moses
Griss^e
Guinea
Gronovius, L. T.

[biographical note]
Gronovius, collection of fishes
Gronovius collection of fishes

catalogue .
Gronovius collection on view
Gronovius and contemporary ichthyology

191-193
Gronovius fishes .... 193-197

Gronovius letters . . . . .197

Gronovius manuscript . . 197-199

Gronovius, Anna Apollonia, n6e Verbeck . 190
Gronovius, J. . . . . .188

Gronovius, Johanna Susanna, n6e Alensoon

Gronovius, J. F. .

Gronovius, J.

Gronovius, S. U. .

Gunther, Dr. R. T. 6, 7, 21, 22, 166, 187, 191,

192, 199 fn., 201, 203, 209, 211, 213-215, 218,
222-224, 227, 228, 236, 242, 245

Hailes, Lord see : Dalrymple
Hakluyt Society . . 254, 259, 278, 280

Hamilton, Sir William .... 89
Handbuch der Systematischen Weichtierkunde

13 fn., 91, 140
Handisyd, Mr, , , * , , 9, 34

189
188
188
190

13. 42, 43. 73. 87, 92, 93. 104, 105,
no, 136, 157, 158

Hanley collection

Hanley's main collection, sale of

Hantum

Harlock, Mr.

Harrison, J. .

Hart, Emma

Hartert, E. .

Harvey, H. .

Hasselquist, F.

Hauraki Gulf

Hawaii,

Hawaiian birds

Hawaiian collection

Hebenstreit, J. E.

Hedley, C. .

Hellmayr, C. E.

Herbarium Amboinense

Hercules Club

Hermann, Dr. H. J.

Hervey, Rt. Rev. Frederick Augustus, 4th

Earl of Bristol
Hibbard, M.
Higgins, L. G.
Hildebrand & Meek
Hindus

Hindwood, K. A.
Histoire Naturelle

Vertebres
Historia Conchyliorum,

des

72

73
263, 346

• 125

• 263
. 89

• 3IQ
73

207, 236

• 97
324. 334. 337

262

• 327
200 fn.

136, 137, 138

• 338
55

102
9.98

125
255
191
225
56
34i

Animaux sans

129, 146, 147, 149

5-8, 13, 22, 34, 35,

44, 85, 148

Historiae Naturalis, . . . .190

Historia Naturalis Piscium . . 192, 195

History of the Collections contained in the

Natural History Department of the British

Museum 72, 254, 256

History of Japan

History of North A merican Ornithology

History of Quadrupeds

Hodges, C. H.

Hodgkinson Banks.

Hoey, C. van.

Holland

Hooker, J. D.

Hopwood, A. T.

Horsefield, T.

Hortus Kewensis

Huahine ...... 286

Huddesford, W. . . 5, 6, 8, 22, 85

Hudson's Bay . . . 88, 270, 322

Hudson Bay Company . . . .269

Hudson Strait . . . . .270

Hughes, Sir Edward
Humphrey, G. 10, 76, 77, 83, 85, 88, 95, 99, 101,
102, 106, 107, 113, 116, 124, 126, 131-134, 137,
139. !67, 169, 170
Humphrey's catalogue ... 74, 76

Humphrey's collection . . . .102

Humphrey's collection, sale of , . 78

. 34

257
265
298

259
202

55. 189
258, 280

136. 138
• 56

INDEX

Humphrey's shell collection

• 137

Jordan & Evermann 221, 222, 2

Hunter, J. .

. 124

Jossigny, P. .

Hunter, William

75. 124

Journal of Botany .

Hunterian Museum

75

Journals of Captain James Cook

Hutchinson, J.

263, 264

Journal of the Royal Society .

Hutton, F. W. .

. 298

Journal of . . . Sir Joseph Banks . . .

Hwass, C. H. .

• 77. 85, 87

Journal of a Voyage to the South Sea
Juan Fernandez

Iceland ....

80, 263

Jukes-Brown, A. J.

Ichthyologi Theoretici

. 191

Junge, Dr. C. A. .

Identification of Javanese plants

55-68

Junghuhn, F. W.

etc.

Illustrated and Descriptive Catalogue of

bivalve Shells, An . . . .43

Illustrated Introduction to Lamarck's Con-

chology, An ..... 147

Illustrated London News .... 300
Index Animalium . . . . .158

index of bird names . . . 366-371

index to birds described by Solander from

Cook's first voyage. Appendix B. 359-365
Index [Hist. Conch.] .... 85
Index Lapideae ..... 202
Index Ornithologicus . . . .258

Index Testaceologicus

11, 43, 87, 128, 157, 158, 161

India ....
India Company, Governors of

9

. 202

India House .

• 52

Indian Ocean

296

Indo-Pacific .

105, 227

Indo-West Pacific

99

Indonesia

107

Iredale, T. 81, 87, 91,

99, 100, 105, 169, 254,

259. 3i°. 318-320

Iredale & Mathews.

138, 291, 296

Island of Ascension

.

93

Island of Chusan .

.

9

Island of Desolation

. 328

Isle of Pines

• 320

Itinerary of Deschamp's

travels in Java 53-54

Jackson, C, Dean of Christchurch . .176

Jackson, J. W.

40, 103, 169

Jacquin

196, 202

Jacobs, R.

9

Jamaica

8, 9. 27

Japan .

.

8,

34, 102, 322

Jardine & Selby

.

. 282

Java .

5i. 55, 56

Java, Central-East

• 56

Java, East

.

• 56

Java, West .

.

• 56

Jennings, H. C.

• 137

Jennings, shell collection

• 137

Jersey .

• 263

Johnson, S.

80

Johnston, G.

129 fn.

Johnston, T.

• 265

Jones, Rev. H.

9

Jordan, D. S- ,

.

1

92, 215, 236

Kaempfer, Dr. E. .
Kamel, Father, or Camelli
Kamtchatka ....
Karlsruhe ....
Kendal ....

Kennard & Woodward .
Kennard, Salisbury & Woodward
Ker, I. B.

Kerguelen Land . 328, 329, 331,

Kew Gardens
Kilburn, K. .
King, J.
King & Cook
King George's Sound or Nootka Sound

108,
Kinnear, Sir Norman . 254, 261,

Kircher, A. .
Klein, J. T. .
Knorr, G. W.
Kodiak Island
Konig [i.e. Koenig, CD. E.]
Koenig [i.e. Konig, J. G.]
Koro, island of
Kramer, W. .
Kuhl, H. . 254, 258, 274, 276,

379

291

52

262

22

80

75

274. 275

. 166

• 254

• 56

• 8,34

9

• 330
190

53. 54
147, 148

148-149

264

34°, 34i

81, 263
. 246

106

• 336

325. 343

263, 282

. 82

82, 191

10

• 322

11

89, in

. 283

202, 219

359, 360

Labrador . . 89, 256, 257, 259, 266-270

La Coquille ..... 287, 295
Lakenhal Museum, Leiden . . . 198

Lamarck, Cornelie . . . . .148

Lamarck, J. B. P. A. de Monet de 11, 13, 44,

77, 90, 128, 129, 135, 136, 138, 146-149, 157.

166, 168
Lamarckian names. . . . 130, 157

Landon, S. .

La PeVouse, J. F. de Galaup .
" La Petite Perruche d'Otahiti "
La Recherche

" lark of St. Julian's Isle "
Latham, J. . . 137, 195. 254. 257. 258

[biographical note] 269-273, 278-312, 322-
327. 330-339. 342-348
Latham shell collection . . . .137

Lauraguais, L. L. F., comte de, due de

Brancas ....
Laurenti, J. N.
Lawson, I. , , , ,

9
51

273
5i

270

79

40

189

38o

INDEX

Leach, Dr. W., IS, 12, 40-42, 44, 77, 85, 86, 126

128, 130, 139, 146, 167, 168

Leadbeater, B. 282

Lebour, M. V. . . . . .115

Leicester Square ..... 76

Leiden .

Leiden, Academy of
Leiden, Lakenhal Museum
Leiden Museum

254, 264, 304, 325, 326, 334, 340
Lennox, Charles, 3rd Duke of Richmond

and Lennox . . . . .11

Lesson, R. P. . . . . . 287

Lettsom, Dr. J. C. . . . . 137

Lettsom shell collection . . .137

Lever, Sir Ashton . . 77, 78, 138, 195

Lever Catalogue ..... 74

Leverian Museum 77, 108, 273, 276, 278,

281-297, 3°2, 304. 3°5. 3°7> 309, 323. 326, 327,

33i, 334-344
Lhwyd, E. . . . . . 7, 21, 22

Lichtenstein, M. H. C. . . 260, 280, 282

Life of Nelson ..... 263

Lincolnshire . . . . .81

Linnaeus, C. 13, 42, 44, 72, 79, 80-82, 89, 90, 98,

102-104, no, in, 115, 128, 130, 133, 137, 138,

148, 157, 168, 188-192, 20c, 206-228, 230-244,
246, 275, 280, 298, 325, 327, 332
Linnaeus, C. jun. . . . . 86-87

Linnean cabinet . . . . .104

Linnean collection .... 93, 242
Linnean names . . . 128, 130, 157

Linnean Society of London

71, 85, 116, 157, 197, 218
Linnean Society's collections . 71-73, 85

Line Island ..... 330, 341
List of Modern Names .... 88
Lister, Anna . . . . . 5, 44, 148

Lister, Martin 5-7, 13, 20-22, 27, 34, 35, 42, 44,
82, 85, 102, 109, no, 148, 168

Lister's collection .

7

" Lister MS. 9 " .

6

Lister, Susanna

5-7. 44. 148

Lithophylacium

190, 197, 202

Lodge, G. E.

• 333

Lohmann, B. .

• 327

London

• 3". 348

London Medical Repository

129

London sale .

• 193

Long Acre, No. 48

. 76

Lonnberg, E. .

209, 226, 227

Lord Howe Island .

• 274

Lowe, P. R. .

• 333

Loyalty Group

• 324

Luzon, Philippine Islands

• 134

McGill Manuscript

270, 257

McGill University Library

255. 257. 259, 266

52.

Madras

Magazine of Natural History . 130, 131 fn.

Mainz .

Malacca .

Malekula

Malte-Brun, E.

Manchester Museum

Manila .

Manning, T. H.

Manual of Chonchology

manuscript, Commerson-Sonnerat

Manuscript Room, Bloomsbury

Maori names

Maoris, ....

Marcgrav [i.e. Marcgravius, Georgius]

Marolles, Lieut, de

Marr, J.

9
164

Marshall, N. B.
Martinet/ A.
Martini, J. H. F. .
Martyn, T.
Maryland
Mason, Dr. W.
Massis, D. L.
Masson, F.

[biographical note]
Masson's collection .
Matheson, C.

102

312

67 fn.

169

9

266

'47

254
259
309
293
91
284

125
246

273

82, 107, 168

74. 75. 94-96, 102, 108, 124

9

• 83

202

263-264

345-347. 349
. 299
. 132

Mathews, G. 254, 256, 259, 275, 294, 296, 307,
325. 328, 333, 336, 359, 360
Mathews & lredale. . . 138, 291, 296

Mathews & Murphy . . 268, 308, 335

Mathias, T. J. . . . . . 177

Manton & Rackett .... 7

Mauritius ..... 52, 291

Mawe, J. ..... . 158

Mawe's manuscript names . . -158

Mayr, E. . . 286, 305, 307, 326, 335

Mayr & Ripley .... 309, 325

Mazell, P. ..... 271

Meek & Hildebrand

Melville, J. C.

Melville, W. .

Memoires de I'Academie d' Arras

Memoires de la Societi des Antiquaires de la

Morinie
Memoirs for the Curious
Mercury Bay
Merrem, B. .
Merrill, Dr. E. D. .
Metz, G.
Meuschen, F. C.
Mews-gate

Middle Temple, London
Miller or Miiller, J. F.

[biographical note]

281, 291, 302, 344, 347, 348
" Minikin pins " . . . 200

Minute and rare shells of Sandwich . 84

Minutes Conchologists' Club , , .136

225
136
261

52

• 52
22, 44

• 97
326, 342

. 68
260, 315-317. 348
191, 202, 209
176, 177
5

• 263

INDEX

38i

Miscellaneous bird paintings . . 347-349

Mitchell library of Sydney

255. 258, 261, 310
Mission to Ashantee . . . 131 fn.

Mo-dieu ...... 331

Moeurs, amusements et spectacles Javanois 67
Mono ....... 326

Moluccas ...... 9

Mollusca catalogue . . . .12

Mollusca and Radiata . . . .11

Monck, Christopher, 2nd Duke of Albemarle 26
Monograph of Cypraea . . . 135

Monro, A. ..... . 261

Montagu House . . . 124, 126, 177

Montagu, G. . . . . . 84, 115

Montagu .John, 4th Earl of Sandwich

79, 260, 348
Monthly Miscellany or Memoirs for the
Curious . . . . . . 9, 22

(Moorea) Eimeo .... 304, 326

Moravians, Brethren of the . . -125

Morice, T. . . . . . 175

Morris, L. . . . . . .132

Morris, W. ...... 132

Morse ....... 264

Mullens, W. H 78

Muller, J. S. . . . 109, 263, 322

Miiller, S. ..... . 273

Murphy, R. C. 277, 289, 291, 296, 297, 330

Murphy & Mathews . 286, 308. 335, 338

Murphy & Pennoyer .... 295

Murphy & Snyder . . . -313

Murray ...... 197

Museum Adolphi Friderici . 213, 225, 226

Museum, Ashmolean
Museum Boltenianum
Museum Britannicum
Museum Calonnianum
Museum Collection
Museum Cracherode
Museum Edinense
Museum Gronovianum
Museum d'Histoire Naturelle
Museum, Hunterian
Museum Ichthyologicum 188,

• 6,7
169

11, 40

77, 83, 169, 170

5. 168

124, 126, 131, 146

• 3IQ
196, 209
273, 280

• 75
189, 191, 192, 197,

198, 203, 206-210, 212, 213, 215, 216, 221-244
Museum, Leverian, see : Leverian Museum
Museum material . . . .10

Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle . 254
Museum Petiverianum .... 8
" M.P." = Portland Museum ... 77

" naked snails " .

8

Naples .....
Namaqua Hottentots
Namaqualand
National Collections

89, 195

• 346

• 346
124

National Geographical Magazine

. 300

National Maritime Museum . . .262

Natural Arrangement of the Mollusca . 129

Natural History . . . . .10

Natural History of Aleppo . . .189

Natural History of British Shells . . 98

Natural History Collections . . . 255

Natural History of Cornwall . . . 202

Natural History of Carolina . . .10,34

Natural History Department . 4, 133, 139, 146

natural history drawings and specimens . 258
Natural History of Jamaica 5, 8, 22, 27, 33, 44

natural history notebooks [Anderson] . 261

Natural History of Zoophytes . . .81
Naturalists' Miscellany

Naturalists' Repository
Naturforscher, Der
Naval Chronicle
Neese .
Negapatan
Nelson, H.
Neozelanic region
New Caledonia
New Caledonian birds
Newcastle-on-Tyne
Newfoundland

10, 135. 139

• 85
. 98

• 263
. 202

. 89

• 34i

312, 314, 320, 324

. 284

. 287

79, 89, 108, 109, 256, 257, 259,

266-272

Newfoundland birds
Newfoundland coast
Newfoundland diary
Newfoundland Survey
New Guinea
New Hebrides

New Holland
New South Wales
New Year's Island
New York

• 259
. 280

• 258

• 310
291, 347

284, 288, 305, 312, 313

90, 91, 102, 124, 274, 295

90, 91, 99-101, 124, 273, 310

292, 301

. 147

New Zealand 85, 95, 97, 98, 102, 106, 124, 125,

272, 276, 282-285, 291, 294, 301, 303, 306, 314

317, 320, 326, 337, 341

New Zealand lily .

Nieuwland, I. la Fargue van

Nieuwland drawings

Niger .

Nodder, R. .

Nodder & Shaw

Nootka Sound

Norman, J. R.

Norona or De Noronha

Norrland

North America

North America, eastern coast

North American birds

North Atlantic Ocean

North Australia

North Berwick

North Berwick Mains

North Island

North Pole .

Norton Sound

Notice sur le pohon upas

■ 315

197, 198, 225

213

89, 109, 257

10, 41

• 139
108, 336, 343
216, 237, 243

52, 55

• 79

• 327

• 335
259, 262

. 280
101
260
261

. 285

• 344

• 338
67 fn,

382

INDEX

Notice sur Malsant, comtesse d'Artois . 53
Nova Cambria . 90, 91, 97, 101, 106, 107
Nuremberg ...... 263

Pegu ....... 102

Peile, A. J. . . . . . . 115

Pembroke . . . . . .115

Pennant, T. 83, 88, 113, 114, 115, 131, 132, 202,
254, 258-260, 265, 269-271, 325, 332, 335, 338,

Observations on the Coast of Net

v Hollanc

1 • 9

349

Observations on the Explanatory Tables

. 96

Pennington, R. . . . . . 255

Occasional Remarks

• 85

Pennoyer & Murphy .... 295

Ocean, Indian

102

Perry, G i34~r39

Ocean, Pacific

• 72

Peru ...... 273, 310

Oceanic birds

• 254

Peters, J. L. . . 284, 287, 297, 302, 334

" Old Dry " .

81

Petiver, J. . 8, 9, 12, 13, 22, 27, 39, 44, 84

Olifant's River

. 263

Petiver shells . . . . .149

Oliver, W. R. B. .

. 310

Petiverianum, Museum

8

Omai ....

82, 89

Philadelphia .

no

Orange River

264

Philippine Islands

9

Otaha ....

. 286

Phillip, A. . . .

• 273

Otaheiti (Tahiti)

75

. 95. 158

Phillips, of Bond Street

187, 193

Overstraten, van .

5i. 52

Philosophia Ichthyologicum

• 195

oysters

9

Philosophical Transactions

8, 9. 23, 44, 263

Oxford

• 5, 7

Phipps, C. J., 2nd Baron Mulgrave

Oxford, University Museum

6

79. 89. 257, 263

Phipps's voyage ..... 344

Physico-Medical Society of Basle

. 191

Pacific 72, 89, 103, 259, 282, 295, 296,

300, 304

Pigeon, E. . . . .

11

Pacific coast .....

109

Pinto, S. Y. .

• 234

Pacific, eastern

• 277

Piso, G.

9i

Pacific islands

• 317

Plinius Secundus

190

Pacific region

• 258

Plymouth

26

Pacific, south-eastern

• 275

Poda

. 202

Paillou, P. . . .

256-259

Poivre, P.

. 291

[biographical note]

Polynesian birds

. 288

260, 266, 267, 270,

271. 349

Polynesian species

• 306

Paillou illustrations

271

Popham, A. E.

• 254

Paillou, paintings .

• 357

Port Hacking

99

paintings by unknown artists

• 314

Port Jackson.

102, 273

paintings of fishes .

• 258

Port Praya .

• 113

Palmer, G.

246

Port Royal .

• 27

Palmer & Wheeler,

• 232

Portland

• 83

Palisser, Sir Hugh .

80

Portland, Duchess of see

• Cavendish

Paris ....

195, 262

Portland cabinet . . . . 1 01, 113

Paris collection

• 131

Portland Catalogue 72, 74, 75, 76, 82 fn., 83, 84,

Paris, sale

• 193

85, 87, 88, 90, 94, 95, 101, 106-108, 115, 132,

Parkinson, J.

. 78

133

Parkinson, S. . . 75, 99

255-259

Portland collection. . . . 75. 76

[biographical note] 266, 275, 277,

279, 3°4

[sale] .

83, 86

Parkinson's drawings

. 276

[sale] . . 93,

104,

109, 1

10, 125, 134

Parkinson's drawings & descriptions

• 359

Portland specimens

• 125

Parkinson's unpublished drawings .

272

Portland vase

76, 89

Parkinson's journal

99

Possession Island

90

Parkinson's notes ....

. 266

Poverty Bay

• 285

Parkinson's paintings

Pribiloff group

■ 328

259, 265, 266, 269,

272, 367

Prince's Island

107, 324

Parkinson's shell collection

74-75

Prince William Sound

• 322

Parkinson, Stansfield

• 75

Pringle, Sir John .

• 263

Patterson, Lieut.-Col. W.

• 137

Prodrome, Lamark's

• 147

Payne, T. . . .

176

Public Record Office

261

Peale, T. R. .

304. 333

Pulo Condor .

9, 262, 324

Pearse, T.

• 256

Pulteney, R.

Peattie, J. C.

.

• 35

Pursuits of Literatu

re

• *77

INDEX

Quarterly J ournal of Science II, 129, 149, 156
Queen Charlotte's Sound 283, 286, 301, 304, 305
Queen's Square, Westminster . .176

Queensland ..... 99-101

Ruysch, F. .
Rymsdyk, J. & A. van

383

• 237
ii, 40, 44

Racehorse

. 89

Rackett, Rev. T. .

83, 84

Radcliffe Science Library

6

Rafflesia

• 56

Rafinesque-Schmaltz, C. S.

217

Raiatea (Ulietea) .

• 326

Rappenburg

190

Rauwolf, L. .

• 197

Ray, J

8, 9, 21, 22, 27

Ray, Miss

• 348

Raya, Island

92

Recherche

• 53

Record of the Royal Society

. 189

Reeve, L. . . 10, 86, 104, 136, 137, 169

Regan, C. T. . . . 203, 214, 215, 226

Rehder, H. A. . . . .88

Relation du Sac de 1771 .

53

Rembrandt, H. van Rijn

176

Repertorium Bibliographium

. 178

Report ....

• 158

Resolution 80, 82, 89, 108, 125, 260-262, 283,

299. 3IQ. 3M

Revesby ...... 81

Rhinoceros River . . . . .264

Richardson, Dr. J. S. . . . . 255

Richmond, Duke of, see : Lennox

Ridgway, R.

• 336

Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie,

Leiden . 254, 264, 304, 325, 326, 334, 340
Rio de Janeiro .... .91,92

Ripley & Birckhead .... 304

Ripley & Mayo .... 309, 325

Roding, P. F 169

Rogers, Julia Ellen .... 109

Rogers, Woodes . . . . 10, 34

Rogge Veld Mts. . . . . .264

Rome ...... 195

Rothschild, The Hon. Lionel Walter,
afterwards 2nd Baron Rothschild

302, 326, 333, 334, 337
Royal Academy .... 259, 262

Royal College of Surgeons . . .261

Royal Library, at The Hague . . .196

Royal Mint ...... 81

" Royal Physico-Medical Society of
London " . . . . . . 191

Royal Scottish Museum 255, 256, 261, 310, 311
Royal Society 12, 79, 157, 176, 191, 199, 263,

269, 300, 303, 307
Royal Society, Journal of . .22

Royen, D. van .... 189, 196

Rumphius [Rumpf, G. E.] 55

Russell, A. . . . . . 189, 202

St. Jago 113

St. Lawrence ..... 269

St. Matthew Island .... 328
St. Paul Island . . . . -274

Sta. Christina (Tahuata in the Marquesas) 287
Sale of large collections in the 18th and 19th
centuries .

. 76

147-149

283, 284, 305

254, 256, 277

288, 305, 312

Salisbury, A. E.

Salvadori, T. A. .

Salvin, O. .

Samoa

Sandwich, Lord see : Montagu

Sandwich Islands .... 97, 98

Sandwich Sound . . . . .322

Santa Cruz . . . . .92, 305

Saunders, H. ..... 331

Savu ....... 107

Sawyer, F. C. . . . . . 259

Schaeffer, J. C. . . . . . 219

Schilder & Schilder . . . 91, 101

Schlosser, J. A. . . . . 224

Schneider, J. G 243, 358

Scopoli, G. A. . . . . . 202

Seale, A 236

Seba, A 189, 231

Seba collection . . . . .213

Seebohm, H. 306

Seguier, J. F. . . . . . 189

Selby & Jardine 282

Seter, Dr. W. H. van . . 196 fn., 246

Sharks Bay ..... 9

Sharpe, Bowdler R. 78, 124, 254, 255, 256,

275-279. 282, 285, 286, 299, 303, 304, 306, 322,

324, 325, 328-332, 334, 337, 338

Shaw, G. . . 10, 11, 139, 203, 263, 273

Shaw & Nodder . . . 135, 139

Shell Book, The ..... 88

Shell collections .... 74-78

shell fish ...... 9

shells collected by Sloane in Jamaica 26-34

shells collected by various donors . 34~39

shells figured by Martin Lister. . 13-22

shells figured by James Petiver . 22-26

shells from Australia . . . 98-107

shells from Britain . . . 11 3-1 16

shells from British Columbia . . .108

shells from the Caribbean and Bahama

Islands 110-111

shells from the East Indies . . 111-112

shells from the Mediterranean . . 113

shells from Newfoundland . . .108

shells from New Guinea, Java . 107-108

shells from New Zealand . . . 97~98

shells from Otaheite (Tahiti) . . 94~96

shells from Rio de Janeiro . . 9I_93

3»4

INDEX

shells from Tierra del Fuego . . 93-94

shells from the United States Atlantic coast

i 09-110

34-39
112-113
158
169
89
224
264

259
102, 124, 131, 149

• 137
93, 102, no, 149

128, 149

• 3-12
13-44

• ". 39-44

89, 112

132, 191, 195, 223

261

109

• 313

• 259
286, 303
3°4. 326

• 56

shells collected by various donors
shells from the West Indies
Sherborn, CD.
Sherborn & Sykes
Sierra Leone .
Singapore

Skene, surgeon on the Morse
sketchbook .

Sloane, Sir Hans 3-44, 82, 88,
Sloane catalogue
Sloane collection . .81
Sloane material
Sloane shell collection
[historical account]
Sloane specimens .
Smeathman, H.
Smith, E. A. 12, 72, 77, 123,
Smith, I.
Smith, M.
Snyder & Murphy
Society of Arts
Society Islands
Society group
Soehati
Soho Square .
Solander, D. C.

71-116, 125, 128, 133. !34»
255-258
[biographical note] 259, 262, 263, 272-280,

285, 295, 330
Solander journal . . . . .91

Solander manuscript 72-73, 81-86, 256, 279, 280
Solander 's original material . . .107

Solomon Islands
Sonnerat, P. .
South Africa
South African coast
South African bird paintings
South African breeding birds
South African natural History paintings
South African species
South America
South American birds
South American coast of
South American species
South Georgia
South Island
South Kensington

South Pole
South Seas .
South Sea Islanders
South Seas material
Southern Hemisphere
Southern Ocean
Sowerby, G. B.
Sower by, J. .
Spanish shipping
species, types of

103. 317
291

• 325
222
264

• 299
264
222

277. 348
291
296

• 299
291, 296, 297, 301, 314

283, 302

7. 131. 255

80

10, 80, 88

. 89

• 76

• 311
85,98

78, 86, 135-137

157

10

254

Spencer, Lord see : Spencer, George John,

2nd Earl Spencer . . . 177

Spencer, Lady Lavinia . . . .178

Spengler, L. . . . . . .96

Spenser, Lady see : Spencer
Spurritt, [probably C. J. Spurrell] . . 137

Spurritt shell collection . . . 137

Stanley, Edward Smith, 13th Earl of Derby 327
State Archives, The Hague . . . 202

Statenland . . . 292, 297, 301, 320

Stearn, W. T. ..... 255

Steenis, van ...... 53

Stephen, Dr. A. C. . . 255, 338, 345

Steven's Auction Rooms ... 72

Sting Ray Bay ..... 98

Straits of Magellan. . 9, 12, 34, 41, 42, 291

Strand No. 428 . . . . 157, 176

Stresemann, Dr. E. 254, 305, 322, 324, 325,

328, 330, 332, 336, 338, 339, 34i

Stuart, John, 3rd Earl of Bute . 196, 197

Stutchbury, S. . . . . 129, 137

Stutchbury shell collection . ... 137

Supplement [Testacea Britannica, etc.] . 115
Supplement [Testaceologicus]

n, 128, 130, 135, 156-158, 165, 166
Surat ....... 9

Suratte ...... 102

Surinam .... 21, 22, 265, 347

Suter, H. . . . . . 97, 98

Swainson, I. . . . . .116

Swainson, W. n, 72, 77, 85, 87, 135, 139, 156,

157, 167-169, 303
• 336. 343

• 79
99, 102, 310, 311

• 255
169

• 157
the British

126, 128, 130

of

Swarth, H. S.

Sweden

Sydney

Mitchell Library
Sykes & Sherborn
Synon. &■ Ref. (Wood)
Synopsis of the Contents

Museum

Synopsis of the Mollusca of Great Britain . 1 39
Systema Naturae 13, 73, 79, 81, 82, 84, 86, 93,

105, 106, 128, 133, 188, 191, 192, 198, 254, 258,

273, 280, 295
System of Conchology . . . 13

Systematic catalogue of the Gronovius

fishes ..... 302-246

Tabernetty ...... 349

Tahiti, (Otaheiti) 79, 82, 94, 106, 273, 278, 286,
301, 302, 304, 305, 310, 312, 317, 318, 326, 333,

335
Tahitian birds ..... 284

Tamar ...... 88

Tankerville, Earl of see : Bennet

Tankerville collection . . . 76, 86

Tankerville Catalogue .... 86

Tankerville sale ..... 86

INjDE|X

385

Tanna .....

284,

303. 305

Valentia, Lord see .

Annesley

Taplow, Buckinghamshire

• 175

Valentia, shell collection

• 137

Tasman, A. J.

. 98

Valentyn, F.

231, 237

Tasmania . . . 89,

291,

303. 339

Vancouver

• 256

Tasmanian birds

• 324

Vancouver Island .

• 343

Temminck, C. J. .

304. 327

Various Subjects of Natural

History

Temminck collection

• 274

263,

344. 347

Tengmalm, P. G. .

• 322

Venus ....

79.94

Terra Australis Incognito

79. 80

[transit of]

269

Testacea Britannica

. 84

Verklarend Woordenboek

5i

The Hague, Royal Library

196, 202

Verreaux & Des Murs

. 284

Thiele, J. . . . 13 fn

■.91.

138, 140

Vieillot, L. J. P. .

272,

273.

279. 333

Thunberg, C. P.

263, 264

Vienna

282, 284

Tierra del Fuego

94. 297

Vienna Museum

326, 334

"Titi"

• 293

Vigors, N. A..

135. 136

Tomlin, J. R. le B.

106, 191 fn.

Virginia

109

Tonga . . . 287, 302,

318,

325. 330

Virginian plants

202

Tonga group

288, 341

Vosmaer, A.

202

Tongan birds.

• 308

Voyage a la nouvelle Guinee

291

Tongatatu ....

283, 288

Voyage of the Erebus and Terror

• 310

Torres Strait

99

Voyage [towards the North Pole undertaken

Torres Straits Islands

. 103

■ ■ ■ 1773]

• 344

Townsend & Wetmore

• 333

Voyage to Spitzbergen .

• 263

Tradescant, J.

5

" Tradescant's Ark "

5

Tranquebar ....

89, 125

Transactions [of the Linnean Society]

72, 116

Wagler, J. . .

. 298

Trincomali ....

. 88

Walbaum, J. J.

209, 239

Trinity Bay ....

. 269

Walker, Dr. .

1

262

Tristan da Cunha .

274, 296

Walker, G. .

. 84

Tropic of Cancer

• 329

Walker, J. .

261

Trustees [of the British Museum]

139. 176

Wallace, A. R.

76, 88, 8c

>. 99. 124

Tuamotu Islands .

• 304

Wateeo

• 33i

Tuamotu Archipelago

• 333

Water colour drawings

. 266

Tunstall, M. ...

. 287

Watt, Martha, nee Ellis

81

Turbott, G. ...

255.

281, 298

Webber, A. .

262

Turtle Island = Christmas Island

Webber, G. .

262

330.

33i. 341

Webber, W. .

255.

256, 262

Turton, W. ....

. 84

[biographical note]

333

338-

-340. 343

type localities

• 254

West Africa .

112

types of the species

• 254

West India Company
West Indies .
Westminster Abbey

89.

202

"5. 348

• 177

Uitgezogte Verhandlingen

. 189

Westminster School

176

Ulietea (Raiatea) .

. 286

Wetmore, Dr. A. .

255.

271,

287, 332

Unalaska ....

336

Wetmore & Townsend

• 333

Universal Conchologist

74. 75. 102

Weymouth .

83.

113, 116

University Court, Glasgow

• 75

Wharton, Sir William

90

University of Edinburgh . •

• 255

Whatdue

• 33i

University Museum, Edinburgh

. 282

Wheeler & Palmer

• 233

University of Glasgow

75

White, J.

• 273

University Museum, Oxford

6

White, T.

• 259

unpublished drawings

260, 322

Whitley, G. P.

. 188

unpublished paintings

• 339

Whitney expedition,

254.

288, 304

Uppsala ....

• 79

Whyte, printer of Londoi

1

196

Uppsala University

226

Wiglesworth, L.
Wilkins, G. L.
Williams, Madame

254. 3°6
6

9

Valenciennes, A. .

192

Willughby. F.

• 237

Valenciennes & Cuvier

227, 231

Wilna .

. 89

386

INDEX

Wilson, A.

Wilson shell collection

Wilson & Evans

Wilson, Lady ....

Winckworth, R. .

Wood, Casey ....

Wood, jun. .....

Wood, W. ii, 42-44, 82, 86, 87, 97,

129, 135, 156-158, 164-166
Woodward & Kennard . . . 147-149
Wyatt, T 147

35

■ 137

326, 327, 334, 336, 337

• 137

• 115

• 259

• 157
128,

York Island (Morea) .... 343

Zierikzee ..... 190, 212

Zollinger, H. ..... 56

Zoology Department, B.M. (N.H.) . 3, 259

Zoological Illustrations . . . 85, 169

Zoological Journal . 129, 135, 158, 167-169

Zoological Miscellany . 11, 40, 77, 129, 139
Zoophylacium 188, 191, 192, 195, 197, 198, 202,
203, 216, 220-222, 231, 238, 245, 246

PRINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN BY
ADLARD AND SON, LIMITED
BARTHOLOMEW PRESS, DORKING