tl ce - Folge re te Mesos items rete graces tetas 1 ay any Dr, | ae _—. Pry, Hig a SS Poet i Vi, a a ‘ nt Py hie ly . 7 a .* v D | oh ¥ ma ES 1 sy Al a ee Geo mh Lie wie A | a) vi ; a ‘ nat qi ¥ ‘ * ts f = ‘ < 7 di + a) e i if t j a . ' ry — I i i ; r 7 + 4 t Fs : { \ a) THE ‘GENERIC NAMES OF TE AS LEER FLIES AND THEIR TYPE-SPECIES (LEPIDOPTERA : RHOPALOCERA) FRANCIS HEMMING BULLETIN OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) ENTOMOLOGY Supplement 9 LONDON : 1967 ¥ a ALL iy i i wie my en ha ‘ bs ae We ie a 1h, h “4 Na Y ; < Pe I. , ha ie ve uae heel 5 peas i 4 oe ) as ip £4 Ryn 1g E WORN Een ose ays ‘ THE GENERIC NAMES OF THE BUTTERFLIES AND THEIR TYPE-SPECIES (LEPIDOPTERA: RHOPALOCERA) BY FRANCIS HEMMING | BULLETIN OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) ENTOMOLOGY Supplement 9 LONDON: 1967 THE BULLETIN OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY), instituted in 1949, 15, issued in five series corresponding to the Departments of the Museum, and an Historical series. Parts will appear at irregular intervals as they become veady. Volumes will contain about three or four hundred pages, and will not necessarily be completed within one calendar year. In 1965 a separate supplementary series of longer papers was instituted, numbered serially for each Department. This paper is Supplement No. g of the Entomologt- cal series. The abbreviated titles of periodicals cited follow those of the World List of Scientific Periodicals. World List abbreviation: Bull. Br. Mus. Nat. Hist. (Ent.), Suppl. © Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History) 1967 TRUSTEES OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) Issued 1st August, 1967 Prnce [8 tos: PREFACE ALTHOUGH the butterflies have probably been the subject of study for longer than any other group of insects, no comprehensive account of all their genera has been published since Doubleday and Westwood’s Genera of Diurnal Lepidoptera (1846- 50), which was long before the establishment of any Code of Nomenclature. The immense task of extracting, collating and verifying the names of these genera, and presenting them comprehensively, together with those of their type-species, could have been carried through only by one with a deep and intimate knowledge of the literature and a thorough understanding of the rules of zoological nomenclature. These attributes were possessed by the late Francis Hemming, who has used them to produce this major contribution to the stability of the generic nomenclature of the butterflies of the world. The Trustees are grateful to Mrs. M. F. W. Hemming for affording them the opportunity of publishing posthumously this important work, which the author had completed only a few days before his untimely death on February 22nd, 1964 ; to Mr. N. D. Riley for his valued assistance in preparing the manuscript for the printers, and to Mrs. Joan Newman for compiling the comprehensive index. British Museum (Natural History) J. P. DONCASTER, London, S.W. 7 Keeper 23rd September, 1966 Department of Entomology THE GENERIC NAMES OF IHE BUTTERFLIES AND THEIR T'YPE-SPECIES (LEPIDOPTERA: RHOPALOCERA) By FRANCIS HEMMING CONTENTS INTRODUCTION I. OBJECT OF THE PRESENT WORK - : : - ; II. APPLICATION OF THE REVISED INTERNATIONAL CODE OF ZOOLOGICAL NOMEN- CLATURE PUBLISHED IN 1961 (a) Incorporation in the present work of such modifications of previous conclusions as have been rendered necessary by the new Code (b) Revision of provisions relating to the determination of the precedence to be accorded to generic names published on the same date (c) Clarification of the provisions relating to the selection of lectotypes for nominal species : (d) Increased emphasis in the revised Code o on the need for stability and uniformity in zoological nomenclature III. Scope AND ARRANGEMENT (a) Compilation of a single world list instead of a series of SSS faunistic lists (b) Exclusion of systematic considerations and consequent adoption of an alphabetical basis for the arrangement of generic names (c) Determination of the taxa represented by nominal species which are the type-species of genera IV. COLLECTION OF THE INFORMATION (a) Building-up of the list of generic names (b) Determination of cases of generic homonymy (c) Determination of the type-species of genera and consequent aseorksin- ment of the status of the names of genera under the Law of Priority (d) Selection of type-species for genera found to be still in need of definition in this way V. DETERMINATION OF DATES OF PUBLICATION VI. FoRM OF ENTRY ADOPTED (a) Abbreviation of titles ; (b) Adoption of the form of entry employed by the International Comamis- sion on Zoological Nomenclature in the “‘ Official List of Generic Names in Zoology ”’ VII. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS AND THANKS ALPHABETICAL LIST OF THE GENERIC Wada) OF THE Bowimenr is OF THE WoRLD INDEX Page 6 FRANCIS HEMMING SYNOPSIS The names published for the genera of butterflies of the world from 1758 to the end of 1963 are listed alphabetically, with their type-species and requisite references. The methods em- ployed and the building up of the list are elucidated. INTRODUCTION I. OBJECT OF THE PRESENT WORK THE object of the present work is to provide as complete as possible a list of the generic names published for the butterflies from the inauguration of zoological nomenclature by Linnaeus in 1758 down to December 1963, with a full biblio- graphical reference to the place where each name was first validly published and the date of its publication. Each entry includes a statement of the name of the nominal species which is the type-species of the genus concerned, with a full bibliographical reference to the place and date of publication of the name of that species. Finally, particulars are given of the Article in the International Code of Zoological Nomen- clature under which the type-species was determined, wherever this appears desirable. The names enumerated in the present work fall into the following classes :— (x) names of genera duly established with a description or other indication; (2) names which are Incorrect Original Spellings of names originally published in two or more spellings ; (3) names which are Emendations of previously published names ; (4) names which are Incorrect Subsequent Spellings of earlier names, i.e. variant spellings of such names, other than spellings deliberately introduced as emenda- tions ; (5) names which originally appeared in works later rejected by the Commission as not being available under the Code for the purposes of zoological nomenclature or in works expressly suppressed for such purposes by the Commission under its Plenary Powers ; (6) names suppressed by the Commission under its Plenary Powers for the pur- poses either of the Law of Priority or of the Law of Homonymy or for both of those purposes. Special care has been taken to distinguish between Emendations and Incorrect Subsequent Spellings in view of the great difference in the status assigned in the revised Code (Article 32) to names belonging to these two categories. Emendations possess status in zoological nomenclature ; Incorrect Subsequent Spellings do not. [Editor's Note. In the Alphabetical List of the Generic Names, classes 1 and 3 above are printed in bold italic capitals ; classes 2, 4, 5 and 6 in italic capitals. Type-species of classes 1 and 3 are printed in bold upper and lower case, of the other classes in italics. | GENERIC NAMES OF BUTTERFLIES "| Il. APPLICATION OF THE REVISED INTERNATIONAL CODE OF ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE PUBLISHED IN 1961 (a) Incorporation in the present work of such modtfications of previous conclusions as have been rendered necessary by the new Code The revised text of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature adopted by the XVth International Congress of Zoology in London in 1958 and published in 1961 marks an immense improvement in the international regulation of zoological nomenclature. This improvement is attributable not only to the insertion of provisions relating to subjects not dealt with at all in the text previously in force (namely that adopted by the [Vth International Congress at Berlin 1go1), but also —and perhaps even more—to the clarification of numerous minor points in existing provisions, doubts as to the interpretation of which had long been a cause of difficulty. Nevertheless, as is inevitable, the introduction of any new set of rules involves certain difficulties in the transitional period immediately following the date on which those rules first come into force. In the case of the present work a great deal of the material on which it is based was compiled before the promulgation of the revised text of the Code. Accordingly, on the publication of that volume it became neces- sary to re-examine the whole of the material so far collected, in order, where necessary to bring the conclusions previously reached into harmony with the revised provisions of the Code. Fortunately, the majority of those provisions had already been adopted either by the Paris Congress of 1948 or by the Copenhagen Congress of 1953. In consequence, it was only in a small number of cases that it was necessary to modify in the light of the new Code the conclusions previously reached in respect of the names dealt with in the present work. It was necessary however to delete references to Article Numbers in the old Code, wherever they occurred, replacing them with references to the corresponding Articles in the revised text. (b) Revision of provisions relating to the determination of the precedence to be accorded to generic names published on the same date One of the most useful of the provisions in the new Code clarifying obscure and unsatisfactory provisions in its predecessor is Article 24(a) which relates to the precedence to be accorded to names published on the same date. In the course of the preparation of the present work numerous instances were found in which a nominal species which was the type-species of some genus bearing an available name was currently placed in some other genus published on the same date, without measures having been taken to ensure that the generic name so adopted should in all circum- stances take precedence over the name of the genus of which the species in question is the type-species. In every such case a First Reviser choice under Article 24(a) has now been made in my work Annotationes Lepidopterologicae, precedence being accord- ed by these choices to the generic name currently in use over the other name or names concerned. (c) Clarification of the provisions relating to the selection of lectotypes for nominal species Another provision in the revised Code which replaces a badly worded provision in 8 FRANCIS HEMMING the old Code is that which now appears as Article 74, which provides that in the case of any nominal species not based on a holotype any of the syntypes may be selected to be the lectotype of the species. This provision is of outstanding importance, wherever in its absence the interpretation of a nominal species would be either impracticable or at least open to serious doubt. In the course of the preparation of the present work it was found in a considerable number of cases that the nominal species which was the type-species of some genus was based on specimens or figures of specimens currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as being referable to more than one species, but no steps had been taken to secure a firm nomenclatorial basis for the interpretation adopted. In these cases the deficiency has now been made good by the selection in the work Annot. lepid. either of one of the syntypes of the species to be its lectotype or of a figure, either provided or cited by the original author, to represent the lectotype. (d) Increased emphasis in the revised Code on the need for stability and uniformity in zoological nomenclature The revised Code published in 1961 places much greater stress than its predecessor on the need for promoting stability in zoological nomenclature and for avoiding vexatious or confusing name-changing on narrow technical grounds. This new outlook, which is stated in express terms in the Preamble to the revised Code and is apparent also in many of its individual provisions, takes its most practical form in the Article (Article 79) now inserted in the Code for the first time setting out the grant to the Commission of Plenary Powers to suspend the normal operation of the rules in cases in which such action is judged by the Commission to be necessary in the interests of stability and universality in nomenclature. The next following Article (Article 80) also contains a provision of great importance in the present connection ; this prescri- bes that, if a case is submitted to the Commission, existing usage is to be maintained until the decision of the Commission is published. In the case of the butterflies there are at the present time some twenty applications pending for action under the Plenary Powers. The great majority of these relate to the names of genera considered to have been based upon misidentified type-species. In accordance with the provisions of Article 80 existing usage has been maintained in the present work in the case of all names, regarding which the Commission has been asked to give relief under the Plenary Powers. In each of these cases full particulars are given as to the situation which would arise if the normal provisions in the Code were to be applied and the action which the Commission has been asked to take under its Plenary Powers. III. SCOPE AND ARRANGEMENT (a) Compilation of a single world list instead of a series of zoo-geographical faunistic lists When in the early nineteen-thirties I conceived the idea of writing a book on the generic names of the butterflies, my idea was to divide the task into two portions, the first dealing with the names of genera occurring in the Temperate portion of the GENERIC NAMES OF BUTTERFLIES 9 Northern Hemisphere, that is, in the Palaearctic and Nearctic Regions, while the second portion would be concerned with the names of genera occurring in the Tropics of the Old World and the New. It seemed to me at that time that a division of the subject of this kind would have the advantage of providing in a compact form the information needed by lepidopterists, most of whom then (as now) confined their attention to the faunas of particular zoo-geographical areas, relatively few working on an all-world basis. What was intended to be a first instalment of the first of the foregoing works was published by the Trustees of the British Museum in 1934 as volume I of a work entitled “ The Generic Names of the Holarctic Butterflies”’. That volume dealt with names published from 1758 up to the end of 1863. This latter date was selected, because it was the last year before the publication of the first volume of the Zoological Record. The adoption of this date thus closed the awkward gap which had previously existed between the beginning of that serial and the closing year of the period covered by Sherborn’s Index Animalium. The names dealt with in the foregoing volume amounted to 500 in number and constituted a self- contained group in the sense that very few of the genera, the names of which were there listed occurred outside, as well as inside, the Holarctic Region. A very different situation was disclosed when the projected second instalment of the work on the Holarctic names came to be prepared. Here it was found that in addition to a large number of strictly Holarctic genera, there were also many nominal genera which from a faunistic point of view could not be classified so easily. Each of these genera had as its type-species a species that did not occur in the Holarctic Region but which was regarded subjectively on taxonomic grounds as being con- generic with the type-species of some other genus not represented in the Holarctic Region. Either to include such names in, or to exclude them from, a work con- cerned only with a particular zoo-geographical Region would inevitably have given rise to serious difficulties. If they were to be included, serious gaps would be created in the companion work on the names of extra-holarctic genera, unless the same particulars were to be inserted in that volume, a course which would have involved a substantial amount of repetition. The exclusion of these names from the book dealing with the names of holarctic genera would on the other hand have rendered very incomplete the subjective generic synonymies then currently accepted. The difficulties discussed above are inherent in any attempt to deal with a world fauna in a series of separate sections. Accordingly, it was finally decided to abandon the plan to present the two portions of the present subject in independent works, dealing respectively with the names of genera occurring in the Temperate and Tropi- cal parts of the world, and in its place to deal with the whole subject in a single work. Hence it is that the list now presented contains all the names so far published for genera of butterflies, irrespective of the zoo-geographical regions in which those genera occur. (b) Exclusion of systematic considerations and consequent adoption of an alphabetical basis for the arrangement of generic names As a corollary to the foregoing modification of the original plan, it was decided also to depart in another respect from the arrangement adopted in the volume published 10 FRANCIS HEMMING in 1934. In that volume the survey of the nomenclatorial issues arising in connec- tion with the names of genera occurring in the Holarctic Region was combined with a taxonomic appraisal of the status of the genera concerned. The generic names were grouped under the families in which the genera concerned were currently placed, and within each family were arranged in the systematic order then in general use. Names that were invalid either under the Law of Homonymy or by reason of being junior objective synonyms were cited immediately after the name accepted as the oldest nomenclatorially available name applicable to the genus in question. To these objective synonyms were added any generic names which, though available nomen- clatorially, were then currently treated as junior subjective synonyms. An arrangement of this kind is essential in any purely systematic check-list or catalogue, but is now considered inappropriate in a work such as the present, the purpose of which is purely nomenclatorial. Accordingly, in the present work the particulars given for each generic name are exclusively nomenclatorial in character. The only comment offered in supplement to the necessary bibliographical particulars is in respect of those cases in which a generic name is objectively invalid under the Code and in consequence could not in any circumstances be validly employed. The exclusion of subjective ideas regarding the taxonomic relationship towards one another of the genera bearing the names listed has made it possible to simplify the presentation of the whole subject by arranging the whole body of generic names in a single alphabetical list. The fact that the information now provided in relation to generic names is con- fined entirely to matters of objective nomenclatorial fact greatly enhances the value of the present work as a guide to the nomenclature of the genera of the butterflies. This does not do away with the need for a synonymic check list of the butterflies of the world ; it is only a step towards the preparation of one. (c) Determination of the taxa represented by nominal species which are the type-species of genera Many genera, especially those of older date, have as their type-species nominal species bearing names which are commonly treated as junior subjective synonyms of other names and are themselves practically unknown, except to specialists. Accord- ingly, in order to make clear the meaning of the entries made in respect of such names, brief notes have been added setting out the synonymy currently accepted for the names of the type-species concerned. These notes, which have been inserted by way of explanation only, have been kept entirely distinct from the entry made for the generic name itself, this latter, like all similar entries, being confined to the recording of the relevant objective nomenclatorial facts. IV. COLLECTION OF THE INFORMATION The information needed for the preparation of the present work was of three kinds. First, it was necessary to build up as complete as possible a list of the names so far published for genera of butterflies, and to ascertain by whom, when and in what GENERIC NAMES OF BUTTERFLIES II work each name was first validly published. Second, it was necessary to determine for each name its status in relation of the Law of Homonymy, that is, to ascertain whether it had previously been employed as the name for a genus in any part of the animal kingdom. The third and last stage was to ascertain the status of each name under the Law of Priority, that is, to determine whether it was an available name or whether it was a junior objective synonym of an available name of older date. This stage could be carried out only after the nominal species which were the type- species of the nominal genera concerned had been determined and in consequence it was possible to make sure that the nominal species which was the type-species of any given genus was or was not the type-species also of some other genus bearing an available name of older date. (a) Building-up of the list of generic names The first period to be examined was that beginning in 1758 and ending in 1863, for which there existed no comprehensive list of generic names, though the great majority of such names are to be found in the very important paper by Samuel Hubbard Scudder published in 1875 under the title ‘“ Historical Sketch of the Generic Names proposed for Butterflies (Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sct., Boston, 10). For this opening period, and especially the years 1851-1863 (about which at that time very little was known) it was necessary to search many books in case they might contain new generic names not subsequently detected. A number of previously overlooked names were brought to light in this way. As soon as possible after the discovery of such names type-species were selected by myself in such a way as to make the generic names in question either junior objective synonyms of names in current use or, where this was not possible, junior subjective synonyms of such names, objectionable name-changing being thereby avoided. Another valuable contemporary work of special value in the search for early generic names was the monumental Genera of diurnal Lepidoptera started by Doubleday in 1846 and completed after Doubleday’s death by Westwood in the period 1850-1852, for that work contains extensive generic synonymies which, though not accompanied by bibliographical references, were found to be of great use in drawing attention to obscure names published by earlier authors which might otherwise have been overlooked. Reference may conveniently be made at this point to an unfortunate practice adopted by Westwood in his continuation of Doubleday’s Genera, namely the frequent citation in generic synonymies of generic names stated by Westwood to have been proposed in manuscript by other authors, notably by the celebrated French entomologist J. B. A. Boisduval. The names published by Westwood in this way were long ignored, but their existence constituted a potential threat to stability, especially after the publication of the Code adopted by the Berlin Congress of 1901, which contained no provision denying the status of availability to such names. In order to set this particular danger at rest, I myself in 1941 (J. Soc. Bibl. nat. Hist. 1 : 413-446) selected type-species for these nominal genera in such a way as to make these names either junior objective synonyms, or junior subjective synonyms of names in current use, thereby depriving these names of any power of disturbing 12 FRANCIS HEMMING nomenclatorial practice. Twenty years later a provision—-Article 11(d)—-was inserted in the revised Code of 1961, containing an express ruling that the publica- tion of a name as a synonym does not confer upon it the status of availability. For generic names published after 1863 the principal sources were the successive volumes of the Zoological Record, of which the first volume dealt with the literature published in 1864 and the most recent (vol. 98) with that published in 1961. In addition, a certain number of generic names which up to that time had been over- looked by the editors of the Record were brought to light by the examination of catalogues, check-lists and synonymic revisions of various kinds. Finally, a few generic names published since 1961 and therefore not yet noted in the Record have come to light through the receipt of separates from the authors concerned. At the outset of the preparation of the present work I decided that, insofar as this was physically possible, I would myself examine the original descriptions of all the generic names dealt with, in order thereby both to check the spelling of the names concerned, to verify the bibliographical references involved, and to determine dates of publication more closely than had in many cases been thought necessary previous- ly. It is satisfactory to be able to record that the original references for the generic names listed in the present work—nearly 3400 in number—have all been personally inspected by myself, except two names. These are contained in works of which it has proved impossible to trace a copy in this country. In these cases only was it necessary to rely upon second-hand sources of information. A similar procedure was adopted in the preparation of bibliographical references for the names of nominal species which are the type-species of nominal genera. (b) Determination of cases of generic homonymy Until comparatively recent times, the task of determining whether a given generic name had previously heen employed as the name for a genus in some other part of the animal kingdom was laborious and time-consuming, it being necessary to consult successively such works as the “‘ Nomenclators’’’ compiled by Agassiz (1846), Marschall (1873), Scudder (1882), and for later years the annual volumes of the Zoological Record. It was therefore a great relief when in 1939-1940 there appeared the four volumes of Neave’s Nomenclator Zoologicus, which brought together the information contained in all previous “‘ Nomenclators ”’ and also that given in Sherborn’s Index Animalium, and moreover carried the record forward to the end of the year 1935 and, in the Supplement published in 1950, down to the end of 1945. For the later years it is still necessary, pending the publication of the next Supplement to Neave’s work, to consult the successive volumes of the Zoological Record. Much of the material on which the present work is based had been com- piled before the publication of Neave’s Nomenclator ; upon the appearance of that work all the evidence so far collected was re-checked by reference to it. A similar procedure was adopted on the publication (as noted above) of the supplementary volume of Neave’s work. The number of generic names in the butterflies that are invalid under the Law of Homonymy is considerable, but most of those requiring replacement were found already to have been replaced by the time that the survey described above was GENERIC NAMES OF BUTTERFLIES 13 carried out. In so far as it was found that this had not been done, replacement names were subsequently published in the Annot. Lep. if this was judged to be necessary on taxonomic grounds. (c) Determination of the type-species of genera and consequent ascertainment of the status of the names of genera under the Law of Priority For by far the greater number of nominal genera the type-species was determined by original designation by the author of the name concerned or was determined automatically by monotypy, one nominal species only having been cited by the original author as belonging to the genus concerned. Nevertheless, there are many hundreds of genera, the determination of the type-species of which rests on subse- quent selection. For most of the nominal genera falling in this last group the currently accepted type-designation consists of a statement by some later author that some particular one of the originally included species is the type-species, there being nothing in that statement to indicate whether the author making it was himself then making the type-selection or whether he looked upon himself merely as recording that the species in question was the type-species through action already taken by some unspecified author. Moreover, the widespread acceptance in the mid-XIXth century of the so-called “ Principle of Elimination ”’ led to the rejection in many cases of earlier type-selections which under the Code—not then in existence—were perfectly valid. Another misconception entertained by some authors in the same period, which led to the making of invalid type-selections, was the erroneous belief that a type-selection should be treated as acceptable even if the nominal species selected was not cited as belonging to the genus when the name of that genus was first published provided that, in the opinion of the author making the selection, it represented the same taxon as that represented by some nominal species which was originally included. For these and other reasons of a similar kind it was evident from the outset of the present work that a thorough search of the old literature was required, in order to determine as certainly as possible when, where, and by whom one of the originally included nominal species was first validly selected to be the type-species of each of the genera concerned. Since the essence of the rule relating to the selection of type-species by subsequent authors is that it is the earliest selection of one of the originally included species which alone is operative, it was decided that the search to be undertaken in the present instance should be carried out chronologically, books and other works which might contain type-selections being examined in the order in which they had been published. This procedure was found to work satisfactorily, for directly the selection of one of the originally included species to be the type-species of any given genus had been found, the generic name in question was eliminated from further consideration, it being necessary thereafter only to examine the literature for possible type-selections for those genera for which no type-species had as yet been determined. On the other hand, this procedure was extremely laborious and time-consuming. First, great care was needed in searching each volume, it being found in numerous cases that valid type-selections had been made in the most inconspicuous fashion, 14 FRANCIS HEMMING some almost parenthetically in a sentence dealing with some other subject. The greater part of the survey described above was concerned with works published from the beginning of the XIXth century—when authors such as Latreille began to select type-species for genera—up to the year 1875 when (as has already been explained) Scudder in his “ Historical Sketch ”’ set himself the task of determining the type-species of every nominal genus of butterflies known to him. Writing long before the adoption of the International Code, Scudder in many cases guided himself by rules which were never ultimately incorporated into the Code. In consequence many of the conclusions which he reached in the “ Historical Sketch ”’ are incorrect under the present Code. In spite of these inevitable defects this paper of Scudder’s remains by far the most important single contribution to the generic nomenclature of the butterflies published in the XIXth century. After Scudder’s time, the entomologists who established nominal genera without designating or indicating type-species became fewer and fewer, and in most cases if a name was published in this way, the deficiency was made good shortly afterwards, sometimes in the next following volume of the Zoological Record, sometimes by the next author to deal with the group concerned. The problem discussed above came to an end as from the close of 1930, in the sense that no new genus-group taxon published after that date acquired the status of availability unless, on publication, its author specified its type-species. This decision, which was adopted by the Budapest Congress in 1927, now appears in Article 13(b) in the revised Code. The search of the literature described above brought to light a number of previ- ously overlooked type-selections made for the most part in works which had never been studied—or at least had never been thoroughly studied—from this point of view. In some cases the discovery of these earlier type-selections had the effect only of confirming the position of the nominal species currently accepted as type-species, though as from an earlier date and in most cases from a different author. In other cases changes in type-species were involved, but none of these led to any serious disturbances in existing nomenclatorial practice, the names concerned becoming—or remaining—objective or subjective junior synonyms of older names in current use. The search of the literature was carried out as systematically as possible, and it is believed that very few previously overlooked type-selections escaped attention. In view however of the great mass of the literature involved, it would be too much to expect that no type-selection had been missed in the search, but it is hoped that the number of such cases is very small. (d) Selection of type-species for genera found to be still in need of definition in this way In the course of the search of the literature there was found to be a considerable number of nominal genera, for which no type-species had ever been selected. In the case of genera established in the XIXth century this lack of a type-species was due in many cases to an erroneous belief that the name in question was invalid and there- fore that the selection of a type-species was unnecessary. The generic names incorrectly rejected in this way were for the most part either the names of genera established without included nominal species—a method of publishing a name long GENERIC NAMES OF BUTTERFLIES 15 regarded by many authors, though erroneously, to invalidate the name concerned— or names incorrectly regarded as junior homonyms of similar, though not identical, names of older date. Type-species have now been selected for every genus found to be without one. In the interests of nomenclatorial stability the general principle followed in making these type-selections has been to secure that the generic names concerned should become junior objective synonyms of available names of older date or, where this was not practicable, junior subjective synonyms of such names. It was only when a type-species had been validly determined for every nominal genus that it became possible definitely to establish which generic names were available under the Law of Priority and which were invalid as junior objective synonyms of names of older date. In the case of each name found to be objectively invalid in this way, a brief explanatory note has been added to the text. V. DETERMINATION OF DATES OF PUBLICATION Throughout the whole of the XIXth century students of the butterflies—and indeed of the Lepidoptera generally—were greatly handicapped by the almost total lack of information available regarding the dates of publication of the principal works of the German entomologist Jacob Hiibner of Augsburg and of the post- humously issued supplements to certain of those works edited by his assistant Carl Geyer. These works, which were published over a period of forty years (1796-1838), were issued in parts of unknown size on unknown dates separated from one another by irregular intervals. The problem here involved was not simply one of ascer- taining the dates to be assigned to the numerous new names published in these works ; it was the much more important question of the priority to be accorded to many of these names in relation to other names published at about the same time by other authors for the same taxa. The most important of Hiibner’s works from the present point of view are his Verzeichniss bekannter Schmettlinge {sic} and his Samm- lung exotischer Schmetterlinge with its companion work the Zutrdge, all of which contain many new generic names, especially the Verzetchniss, the most important work from this point of view ever published on the Lepidoptera. Another important work containing great numbers of new generic names, about the dates of publication of which great doubts long existed and much consequent confusion was caused, is Edward Doubleday’s Geneva of Diurnal Lepidoptera. This work was published in parts, of which the first appeared in 1846, other parts appearing on various dates until Doubleday’s death in December 1849. Nearly a year later publication was resumed under the direction of J. O. Westwood who had been engaged by the publishers to carry out this task. The work was ultimately com- pleted in August 1852. Almost from the beginning there was a serious lack of balance between the rates at which plates and instalments of text were published. Ignorance regarding the relevant rates of publication of these two portions of this work gave rise to serious difficulties at the generic-name level, for there were often 16 FRANCIS HEMMING substantial differences between the way in which new generic names were employed on the plates and in the text respectively. When in the early nineteen-thirties, I began the preparation of the present work, it was evident that no satisfactory presentation of the generic names of the butter- flies would be practicable until the doubts as to the dates of publication of the component portions of the works by Htbner and Doubleday discussed above had been completely eliminated or at least reduced to very small dimensions. I had already at that time undertaken some investigations in regard to the foregoing works, and I decided to press on with these in every possible way, even if this were to involve—as it ultimately did involve—putting on one side for some time my investigations of the generic names as such. In the case of works by Htibner and his successor Geyer an immense stroke of luck occurred when in 1935 the surviving manuscripts of those authors suddenly became available for study after having been lost to sight for many years. It had long been believed that there might be a chance that after the death of Geyer these documents had been passed into the hands of Herrich-Schaeffer and that after his death they had been aquired by the well-known entomologist C. F. Freyer, a fellow-townsman of Hiibner’s and author of the earliest obituary notice of Hiibner’s life. All trace of the subsequent history of these documents was lost until, following a suggestion of C. D. Sherborn’s, investigation put in hand in 1935 established that they had many years earlier become the property of the great Berlin firm of booksellers R. Freid- lander und Sohn. These documents had never been examined after Hiibner’s death and on their presentation to the Royal Entomological Society of London by the late Mr. R. W. Lloyd by whom they had been purchased, it became evident at once that they contained a great deal of the most valuable information throwing light on the dates of publication of Hiibner’s works. I at once started with the assistance of Mr. Francis J. Griffin, at that time Registrar to the Royal Entomological Society, a detailed examination of the very varied and very numerous documents included in the collection. This search, which occupied the whole of the time at my disposal for over a year, made it possible ultimately to determine the precise date of publication of almost every plate and sheet of text of Hiibner’s works or, if this did not prove to be practicable, to establish publication dates within very narrow ranges. The result of these investigations was published by the Royal Entomological Society in my work entitled “‘ Hiibner ”’ (2 vols) which appeared in February 1937. Immediately after the conclusion of the Hiibner problem, work was resumed on the corresponding problem on Doubleday’s “Genera”. The first steps in this matter had been taken in 1931 and thereafter additional information of various kinds had accumulated during the time when the Hiibner problem was under investigation. Thereafter further information was obtained from various sources, this information interlocking with, and extending that previously collected. Finally it was possible to present a statement of conclusions, in which a precise date of publication was assigned to each sheet of text in, and to each plate comprised in, Doubleday’s ‘‘ Genera ”’ (Hemming, 1941, J. Soc. Bibl. Soc. nat. Hist. (1) : 335-411). The disappearance of doubt as to the dates to be assigned to new names published GENERIC NAMES OF BUTTERFLIES 17 , by Hubner in his various works and by Doubleday in his “ Genera ’’, eliminated two causes of confusion of a purely bibliographical nature which had for long seriously impeded the work of lepidopterists. VI. FORM OF ENTRY ADOPTED Two points regarding the form of entry adopted call for brief notice. (a) Abbreviation of titles For every name published in a serial publication, the abbreviation adopted in citing that serial is that laid down in the “‘ World List of Scientific Periodicals ’’, the 3rd edition of which records the titles of periodicals published in the period 1900-1950. In the case of names published in other serials not listed in the above volume, the titles are abbreviated in accordance with the principles adopted in the “World List’. In some cases it has been found possible, by combining elements in the abbreviations adopted in the “‘ World List ”’ for the titles of two or more serials having somewhat similar titles, to devise a form of abbreviation identical in type with that adopted in the ‘“‘ World List’’. In the case of serials bearing titles for which no near analogy can be found, abbreviations have been devised on lines in harmony with those that one might have expected to find in the ‘‘ World List ”’. The abbreviation of the titles of separate works is more difficult than that of the titles of serials, there being in this case no external guide such as the “‘ World List ”’. In the abbreviations here adopted for such works the aim has been to secure uni- formity and intelligibility. Many separate works bear titles containing words that appear also in the titles of other works, e.g. words used to denote particular zoo- geographical regions and explanatory words such as “ Introduction ’’, “ Beitrag ”’ and the like ; for all such words a uniform method of abbreviation has been adopted. As regards intelligibility, experience has often shown that the titles as commonly cited in standard works are abbreviated in so compressed—and therefore so incom- plete—a form that, unless the reader is already familiar with the work concerned, its identification in library catalogues is a matter of considerable difficulty. To over- come this, the form of abbreviation here adopted for the citation of the titles of a considerable number of separate works is fuller that that usually employed. Simi- larly, it often happens that important works forming contributions to some larger work—for example, some large faunistic work or the report of some widely based Expedition—are cited in such a way that the identification of the volume concerned is a matter of difficulty. In such cases the subsidiary Section Number, Teil Number or the like has been inserted in the abbreviation here adopted. In addition, in such cases, the name of the general editor or principal contributor has been added to the title cited, it being under the name of that author that the entire work is most commonly found in library catalogues. There is a considerable number of important contributions to the literature, which, though published in some serial, are habitually cited by their own titles as though they had appeared as separate works. A striking example of this incon- venient and misleading method of citation is provided by a very important work 18 FRANCIS HEMMING by Herrich-Schaeffer on the generic classification of the butterflies published in instalments over the years 1864-1871 in volumes 18-19 and 21-25 of the serial CorrespondenzBlatt der zoologisch-mineralogischer Verein in Regensburg. This work is almost invariably cited by reference to the re-paged off-print issued after the completion of the paper, where it appears as though it was a separate work published in three volumes under the title ‘““ Prodromus Systematis Lepidopterorum ’’, this being no more than the title of the paper as published in the CorrespondenzBlatt. A name published in a paper commonly misquoted in the foregoing way is cited in the present work as having been published in the serial in which it did in fact appear, followed by the number of the volume of the serial and the number of the page in that volume, the reference so given being followed in brackets—parentheses—by the incorrect reference under which the name has commonly been cited. (b) Adoption of the form of entry employed by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature in the “‘ Official List of Generic Names in Zoology”. The decision to employ in the present work an alphabetical, instead of a syste- matic, arrangement made it possible to introduce a simpler and shorter form for the entry of names than had previously been practicable. The form of entry adopted by the Commission for the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology contains all the information required for the purposes of the present work and moreover has the advantage that it is now well-known and generally understood. It has accordingly been adopted in the present work, with the exception that the statement of the type-species is given in a separate sentence, not in parentheses. VII. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS AND THANKS The present work was compiled at home in my spare time until 1953 in which year I retired from my former occupation and was able to devote the whole of my time to this task. This method of compiling this book was rendered possible only by the fact that I was able to rely for a great many of the references required upon my large private library of entomological works. Naturally, however, even when the fullest advantage had been taken of this source of information, there remained hundreds of names published in works which it was necessary to consult elsewhere and in addition a large number of works which needed to be consulted in case they contained type- selections of genera that had so far been overlooked. For this purpose full use was made of institutional libraries, such as those of the Zoological Society of London, the Linnaean Society of London and the Royal Entomological Society of London. In many cases books were borrowed from these libraries, while in many others, an examination of the books in question was actually carried out in the libraries of the institutions concerned. By these means the original references for almost all the generic names were examined and the titles of the works in which they had been published verified and only a relatively small number of works which it was thought might contain overlooked type-selections still required individual examination. For the facilities provided for examining the books which still needed to be consulted I am greatly indebted to the authorities of the British Museum (Natural History). GENERIC NAMES OF BUTTERFLIES 19 The members of the Scientific Staff of the Department of Entomology at the British Museum (Natural History), with whom my investigations brought me into contact, were uniformly kind and helpful, and I am happy to have this opportunity of expressing to them my grateful thanks. In particular I desire to thank my old friend Mr. N. D. Riley, who during the greater part of the period covered by the preparation of the present work, occupied the position of Keeper of the Department of Entomology, for the unstinted help given by him on numberless occasions on questions relating to individual names or on the writings of particular authors, and for the unfailing interest which he has shown in the progress of the present enter- prise. I would feel it a serious omission also if I did not express my warm feeling of gratitude to two very distinguished workers at the Museum whom death alone has made it impossible for me to thank in any other way. These were Dr. Charles Davies Sherborn, the most learned bibliographer of our time, and Dr. Karl Jordan, who in the course of a long life had acquired unrivalled knowledge of the Lepidoptera and the literature relating to them. My grateful thanks are also offered to the Learned Societies to which I have already referred and to the Library Officials of those Institutions. I am very grateful also to the numerous specialists, both at home and abroad, whom I have consulted at various times and who have most kindly given me the benefit of their views. Where these consultations brought to light valuable new information, the position has been explained in the entry relating to the generic name concerned and my thanks have been expressed to the specialists consulted. I wish to give my grateful thanks to Mrs. Joan Newman, who acted as my Personal Assistant in the period 1958-1960. She was of the greatest help to me both in verifying bibliographical references for the names of the type-species of genera and also in undertaking the laborious task of comparing references entered on the cards on which this work was compiled for the purpose of making sure that when a given work was referred to on more than one occasion, the form of abbreviation used in citing the title of that work was always the same. There is another matter, quite distinct from the facilities for the study of rare books and serials which were kindly put at my disposal, on which I desire to express my thanks to the Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History). As has already been explained, the subject matter of the present book is strictly nomen- clatorial save in one particular where taxonomic considerations have been taken into account. This one exception arises in connection with the notes added to the entries relating to certain generic names regarding the taxonomic status currently assigned to the taxa represented by the type-species of the genera concerned. Such notes have been inserted only in those cases where the taxon represented by the nominal species concerned is either subjectively identified with, or is treated as a subspecies of, the taxon represented by some other nominal species bearing a name of older date. The responsibility for the views expressed in these notes rests entirely with myself and in most cases those views represent the conclusions reached by myself from my own knowledge of the taxa concerned and of the literature relating to them. However, in a minority of cases—confined to the type-species of 20 FRANCIS HEMMING certain tropical genera—I did not feel that I possessed sufficient knowledge to form more than a provisional conclusion. In the case of these nominal species, about all of which the literature is extremely scanty, it was of very great assistance to be able to study the series represented in the Museum collection and in the light of that study either to confirm or modify the tentative conclusions previously reached. Finally, I wish to thank my family for the help given in various ways and for the constant interest shown in the progress of the present work. My wife has often given valuable help on such matters as logical presentation and generally on questions of methodology. In the course of the preparation of the typescript of this work help and advice have been given to me also by my daughters Rachel and Judith. VIII. ALPHABETICAL LIST OF THE GENERIC NAMES OF THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WORLD ABAEIS Hiibner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (7): 97. Type-species by selection by Scudder (1872, 4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. 1871: 61): Papilio nicippe Cramer, [1779], Uitl. Kapellen 3 (18) : 31, pl. 210, figs C, D. Scudder erroneously attempted in 1875 (Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10 : 99) to alter the type-species of this genus to Papilio avethusa Drury, [1773] (Ill. nat. Hist. 2 : index & 35). ABANANOTE Potts, 1943, Pan-Pac. Ent. 19 (1) : 31. Type-species by original designation : Acraea abana Hewitson, [1868], Ill. exot. Butts 4 : [31], pl. [18], figs 35, 36. ABANTIADES Fairmaire, 1894, Ann. Soc. ent. Belg. 38 : 395. Type-species through Section (i) (replacement names) of Article 67 : Abantis tettensis Hopffer, 1855, Ber. Verhandl. K. Preuss. Akad. Wissenschaften Berlin 1855 : 643. The name Abantiades is objectively invalid, as it was introduced quite unnecessarily as a substitute for Abantis Hopffer, 1855, which is an available name not in need of replacement. This name was introduced by Fairmaire in a rather peculiar way at the end of a paper on African Coleoptera, in a list of generic names which he stated Professor Berg had suggested should be changed. Fairmaire gave no further explanation. ABANTIS Hopffer, 1855, Ber. Verhandl. K. Preuss. Akad. Wissenschaften Berlin 1855 : 643. Type-species by monotypy : Abantis tettensis Hopffer, 1855, ibid. 1855 : 643. ABARATHA Moore, [1882], Lep. Ceylon 1 (4) : 181. Type-species by original designation : Pterygospidea ransonnetii Felder (R.), 1868, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien 18 : 284. ABISARA Felder (C.) & Felder (R.), 1860, Wien. ent. Monats. 4: 397. Type-species by selection by Scudder (1875, Proc. amey. Acad. Avis Sci., Boston 10 : 99) : Abisara kausambi Felder (C.) & Felder (R.), 1860, ibid. 4 : 397. ABLEPSIS Watson, 1893, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1893 : 19, 36. Type-species by original designation : Oileides vulpinus Hiibner, [1825], Samml. exot. Schmett. 2 : pl. [152]. ABRAXIMORPHA Elwes & Edwards, 1897, Tvans. zool. Soc. Lond. 14 : 123. Type-species by monotypy : Pterygospidea davidii Mabille, 1876, Bull. Soc. ent. Fr. 1876 : liv. ABROTA Moore, 1857, in Horsfield & Moore, Cat. lep. Ins. Mus. East India Coy (1) : 176. Type-species by monotypy : Abrota ganga Moore, 1857, 7m Horsfield & Moore, ibid. (1) : 178, pl. 6a, fig. 1 g. ACADA Evans, 1937, Cat. afric. Hesp. Brit. Mus. : 108. Type-species by original designation : Pamphila biseriata Mabille, 1893, Ann. Soc. ent. Belg. 37 : 54. ACALLOPISTES Holland, 1896, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1896 : 95. Type-species by original designation : Erionota holocausta Mabille, 1891, Aun. Soc. ent. Belg., Bull. 35, C.R. : cxi. GENERIC NAMES OF BUTTERFLIES 21 ACAPTERA Billberg, 1820, Enum. Ins. Mus. Billb.: 76. Type-species by monotypy : Papilio crisia Drury, [1782], Ill. nat. Hist. 3 : index et 51, pl. 37, figs 1, 2. ACCA Hiibner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (3) : 44. Type-species by selection by Scudder (1875, Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10 : 99) : Papilio venilia Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 478. ACENTROCNEME Scudder, 1875, Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10 : 100, 103. Type- species through Section (i) (replacement names) of Article 67 : Aegiale kollarvi Felder (C.) & Felder (R.), 1860, Wien. ent. Monats. 4 : 111, pl. 2, fig. 3 Q. Scudder stated (: 100) that this was a manuscript name proposed by Felder [presumably Felder (C.)] in a copy of the ‘‘ Lepidopterologische Fragmente "’ sent by him to Frauenfeld as a substitute for the name Aegiale Felder (C.) and Felder (R.), 1860. Later (: 103) Scudder amplified this statement, saying that in the Frauenfeld copy (which he explained was by this time in his own possession) Felder had erased the name Aegiale, substituting the name Acentrocneme for it. Scudder himself rejected the name A egiale on the ground that it was too close to Aegialea Latreille, 1807 (an argument which is not valid under the present Code) and accordingly accepted the name Acentrocneme which he believed (: 100) quite correctly to be still unpublished and of which he looked upon himself as the effective author for nomen- clatorial purposes. He specified Aegiale kollari as the type-species of Acentrocneme, but this was unnecessary because, as a substitute genus, Acentrocneme automatically takes that species as its type-species, it being the type-species of the genus (Aegiale) so replaced. The name Aegiale is an available name under the Code, and accordingly the name Acentrocneme, pub- lished as a replacement for it, is invalid and falls as a junior objective synonym of Aegiale. ACERBAS de Niceville, 1895, J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc. 9 (4) : 381. Type-species by original designation : Hesperia anthea Hewitson, 1868, Descr. One Hundred new Spec. Hesp. (2) : 29. ACESINA Moore, 1884, J. asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt II, 53 (1) : 41. Type-species by original designation : Amblypodia paraganesa de Niceville, 1882, ]. asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt II, 51: 63. ACHALARUS Scudder, 1872, 4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. 1871: 71. Type-species by original designation : Papilio lycidas Smith, 1797, in Abbot, Ins. Georgia 1 : 39, pl. 20. The name Papilio lycidas Smith is invalid as being a junior homonym of Papilio lycidas Cramer, [1777] (Uitl. Kapellen 2 (10) : 25, pl. 113, fig. A). It has been replaced by the name Proteides lyciades Geyer, [1832] (in Hiibner, Zutr. z. Samml. exot. Schmett. 4: 10, pl. [108], figs 621-622 9), which is thus the oldest available name objectively applicable to the present species. ACHILLIDES Hiibner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (6) : 85. Type-species by selection by Scudder (1875, Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10 : 100) : Papilio paris Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 459. ACHIVUS Kirby, 1896, in Allen’s Nat. Libr., Lepid. 1, Butts 2 : 286. Type-species by original selection : Papilio machaon Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 462. The name Achivus Kirby is invalid as it is a junior objective synonym of Papilio Linnaeus, 1758, of which the same species is the type-species. Kirby erroneously supposed that the word “‘ Achivus’’ had been used by Barbut in 1781 (Gen. Ins. : 169) as a genus-group name. In fact, however, Barbut placed all the Butterflies in the single genus Papilio. The species were grouped under terms given in Latin and French, the arrangements being identical with that adopted by Linnaeus, Fabricius and other XVIIIth century authors when enumerating the species attributed by them to various genera. By a Ruling given in its Opinion 124 (1936, Smithson. miscell. Coll. 73 (No. 1) : 1-2; republished in facsimile in 1958, Opin. int. Comm. zool. Nom. 1 (B) : 465-466) the Commission rejected terms published in this way and ruled that such publications did not confer upon such terms the status of subgeneric names as of that date. In all these cases 22 FRANCIS HEMMING it is necessary to search the literature, in order to find where the terms in question were first duly published as generic (or subgeneric) names. In the case of the term ‘‘ Achivus’’, the first author so to publish it was Kirby (1896) and the name Achivus accordingly ranks for nomenclatorial purposes as from that year and is attributable to Kirby by whom it was then published. ACHLYODES Hiibner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (7) : 108. Type-species by selection by Butler (1870, Ent. mon. Mag. 7 : 98) : Papilio busirus Cramer, [1779], Uitl. Kapellen 3 (22)'s 210, pl, 261, hes A, B,C. In accordance with the then fashionable “ Principle of Elimination ’’ Scudder (1875, Proc. amey. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10 : 100) considered that Papilio busirus was ineligible to be the type-species of this genus, and thereupon sought to make Achlyodes fridericus Hiibner, [1819] (Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (7) : 108) type-species in its stead. There was no justification for rejecting the selection of Papilio busivus as type-species, which is perfectly valid. More- over, even if at that time A chlyodes had been without a validly selected type-species, Scudder’s selection of Achlyodes fridericus would have been invalid, for when its name appeared in the Verzeichniss this was only a manuscript species, the name fridevicus being then only a nomen nudum. The species concerned remained without a validly published name until in 1832 (in Hiibner, Zutr. z. Sammi. exot. Schmett. 4 : 9, pl. [106], figs 611, 612) Geyer validated Hiibner’s manuscript name, using it in the same combination (Achlyodes fridericus). ACHNA Billberg, 1820, Enum. Ins. Mus. Billb. : 80. Type-species through Section (i) (replace- ment names) of Article 67: Uvrbanus phalaenoides Hiibner, [1812], Samml. exot. Schmett. Peeples). Achna was established by Billberg as a replacement for Helias Fabricius, 1807, and accord- ingly has as its type-species the species which is the type-species of Helias. How it happens that this genus has as its type-species a species bearing a name published after the publication of the name Helias is explained in the note given under that name. The name Helias Fabricius is an available name and Billberg was therefore in error in trying to substitute the name Achna for it. The latter is accordingly invalid as a junior objective synonym of Helias Fabricius. ACIDALIA Hiibner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2) : 31. Type-species by selection by Scudder (1875, Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10 : 101) : Papilio niphe Linnaeus, 1767, Syst. Nat. (ed. 12) 1 (2) : 785. The name Acidalia Hiibner is invalid as a junior objective synonym of Argyreus Scopoli, 1777, of which the same nominal species is the type-species. The taxon represented by the nominal species Papilio niphe Linnaeus is currently identified on taxonomic grounds with that represented by the older-established nominal species Papilio hyperbius Linnaeus, 1763, Amoen. acad. 6 : 408. ACLEROS Mabille, [1886], im Grandidier, Hist. phys. nat. pol. Madagascar 18, Lép. 2 : pl. 54. Type-species by monotypy : Cyclopides leucopyga Mabille, 1877, Ann. Soc. ent. Fr. (5) 7, Bull. : Lxxii. In the text published in 1887 (bid. 18, Lép. 1 : 347) Mabille again placed only the above species in this genus. ACMEPTERON Godman & Salvin, [1889], Biol. centy.-amer., Lep.-Rhop. 2: 179. Type- species by original designation: Pieris nemesis Latreille, [1813], 7 Humboldt, Voy. intéy. Amér., Obs. Zool. 2 : 78, pl. 35, figs 7, 8. ACOLASTUS Scudder, 1872, 4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. 1871 :71. Type-species by original designation : Hesperia savignyi [correction of savigny] Latreille, [1824], Ency. méth. 9 (Ins.) (2) : 741. The name Acolastus Scudder is invalid as a junior homonym of Acolastus Gerstaecker, 1855, MonatsBer. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1855 : 636. The taxon represented by the nominal species Hesperia savignyi Latreille is currently GENERIC NAMES OF BUTTERFLIES 23 treated on taxonomic grounds as representing a subspecies of the taxon represented by the older-established nominal species Papilio leo Gmelin, [1790] (im Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. (ed. 13) 1 (5) : 2363). For particulars of the subjective synonymy of the names published for this species, which has been more usually known by the name Polygonus lividus Hiibner, [1825, (Samml. exot. Schmett. 2 : pl. [144], figs 1, 2 3, 3, 4 2) reference should be made to Evans, 1952 (Cat. Amer. Hesp. Brit. Mus. 2 : 53-54). The nominal species Hesperia savignyi Latreille, the type-species of Acolastus Scudder, is (as already explained) currently treated subjectively as representing a subspecies of the taxon represented by the nominal species Papilio leo Gmelin, while the nominal species Polygonus lividus Hiibner, the type-species of Polygonus Hiibner, [1825], is treated subjectively as representing the same taxon as that represented by the nominate subspecies of Papilio leo. Thus, from the subjective taxonomic point of view the taxa on which the genera Polygonus Hiibner and Acolastus Scudder are respectively based are not only congeneric but actually conspecific. Accordingly, the generic names Polygonus and Acolastus are subjective syno- nyms of one another. In consequence, even if Acolastus were an available name (instead of being, as already noted, objectively invalid under the Law of Homonymy), it would not have been required under current taxonomic ideas and would have been treated as a junior sub- jective synonym of Polygonus Hiibner. ACONTHEA Horsfield, [1829], Descr. Cat. lep. Ins. Mus. East India Coy (2) : explic. pls 5, 8. Type-species by selection by Hemming (1934, Gen. Names hol. Butts 1 : 93) : Aconthea primaria Horsfield, [1829], ibid. (2) : explic. pl. 8, fig. 6. Among the species figured by Horsfield as belonging to his new genus Aconthea was the new nominal species Aconthea primaria, which, in the opinion of all later systematists, represents the same taxon as that represented by the older-established nominal species Papilio aconthea Cramer, [1777] (Uitl. Kapellen 2 (12) : 59, pl. 134, figs D, E, F,G.). There can be no reason- able doubt that this was Horsfield’s view also and that it was because, in common with the general view of systematists of that time, he considered that tautonymy between the names of genera and included species was not permissible that, when he decided to use the word “ Aconthea ’’ as a generic name, he decided also to provide a new specific name for aconthea Cramer, giving it, as shown above, the specific name primaria. Subsequent authors have accepted the view that the names primaria Horsfield and aconthea Cramer represent the same taxon and those authors who have considered the question of the type-species of the genus Aconthea Horsfield, have concluded that the Principle of Absolute Tautonymy is applicable in this case and therefore that the type-species is Papilio aconthea Cramer. When I dealt with this matter in 1934 I realized that, not being an originally included species, Papilio aconthea could not be the type-species of this genus and stated that the type-species was Aconthea primaria Horsfield, that being both an originally included species and also the species com- monly identified with Papilio aconthea Cramer. I still however had the confused idea that the Principle of Absolute Tautonymy was applicable in this case, whereas in fact it was not, Horsfield not having cited the nominal species Papilio aconthea Cramer as an included species. The fact that I then definitely specified Aconthea primaria as the type-species makes that species the type-species by selection by myself in the passage referred to above. ACONTIA Westwood, 1848, Cabinet orient. Ent. : 76. Type-species by monotypy : Acontia doubledaii Westwood, 1848, ibid. : 76, pl. 37, fig. 4. The name Acontia Westwood is invalid under the Law of Homonymy, being a junior homonym (a) of Acontia Ochsenheimer, 1816 (Schmett. Europa 4:91) and (b) of Acontia Hiibner, [1823] (Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (17) : 257). The specific name doubledaii Westwood (the name of the type-species of the present genus) is invalid as a junior secondary homonym of an older-established name doubledaii Gray, [1846], as the result of the action of Westwood in [1850] (iz Doubleday, Gen. diurn. Lep. (2) : 291) in placing both the nominal species concerned (i.e. Acontia doubledaii Westwood, 1848, and Adolias doubledaii Gray (G.R.), [1846] (Descr. Fig. lep. Ins. Nepal : 13, pl. 13 (2 figs) in the genus Adolias Boisduval. Westwood realized that by this action he had invalidated 24 FRANCIS HEMMING his own doubledaii of 1848 and on the same page (: 291) he published the name Adolias siva as a replacement name for the name Acontia doubledaii. The Law of Secondary Specific Homonymy was modified as regards future cases by the Fifteenth International Congress of Zoology, London, 1958 but this left intact the old rule that a secondary homonym, once rejected and replaced, is to be treated as having been permanently invalidated thereby in cases in which (as here) the name was rejected before 1960 (Article 59(c)). Accordingly, in the present case the specific name doubledaii Westwood, 1848, is objectively invalid and its replacement, siva Westwood, [1850], is an available name and, being the oldest such name objectively applicable to the present species, is its valid name. The nominal genus Acontia Westwood has been replaced by the objectively identical nominal genus Neuvosigma Butler, 1868. ACRAEA Fabricius, 1807, Mag. f. Insektenk. (Illiger) 6 : 284. Type-species by selection by Scudder, 1875, Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10 : 101 : Papilio horta Linnaeus, 1764, Mus. Lud. Ulr. : 234. Already in 1872 (Cistula ent. 1 : 66) Crotch had stated that Papilio horta was “‘ a typical species ’’ of this genus, but it was not unequivocally selected as the type-species until (as shown above) it was so selected by Scudder in 1875. ACRAEA Hiibner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (6) : 93. Type-species by selection by Hemming (1938, Proc. R. ent. Soc. Lond. (B) 8: 135) : Papilio nerissa Fabricius, 1775, Syst. EN. 0: AVE. This is one of a number of cases in which Hiibner deliberately appropriated a generic name published by a previous author and used it in an entirely different sense. The name Acraea Hubner is invalid as a junior homonym of the name Acyvaea Fabricius, 1807 (q.v.). ACROMECIS Mabille, 1904, Gen. Ins. 17 (C) : 171. Type-species by monotypy : Apaustus neander Pl6tz, 1884, Stett. ent. Zig 45 : 154. ACROPHTALMIA Felder (C.) & Felder (R.), 1861, Wien. ent. Monats. 5 : 305. Type-species by monotypy : Acrophtalmia artemis Felder (C.) & Felder (R.), 1861, ibid. 5 : 395. ACROPHTHALMIA Felder (C.) & Felder (R.), [1867], in Reise Fregatte ‘‘ Novarva’’, Rhop. (3) : 486 (an incorrect Subsequent Spelling of Acvophtalmia Felder (C.) & Felder (R.), 1861.) It is possible that this was a deliberate emendation of the name Acrophtalmia published by the same authors in 1861, but they gave no explanation of their reasons for using this variant spelling, and accordingly it ranks not as an Unjustified Emendation but as an Incorrect Subsequent Spelling and as such possesses no status in zoological nomenclature. ACROPOLIS Hemming, 1934, Entomologist 67 : 77. Type-species by original designation : Acrophthalmia [sic] thalia Leech, 1891, Entomologist 24, Suppl. : 25. Acropolis was introduced as the name for a new genus and not as a replacement for the name Phana Fruhstorfer, [1911], of which also the above species is the type-species but which is invalid under the Law of Homonymy. For practical purposes therefore Acropolis acted as a substitute for the invalid name Phavia Fruhstorfer. ACTINOR Watson, 1893, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1893 : 92, 108. Type-species by original designation : Halpe radians Moore, 1878, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1878 (3) : 690, pl. 45, fig. 1. ACTINOTE Hiibner, [1819], Vevz. bekannt. Schmett. (2) : 27. Type-species by designation by the Commission by the Ruling given under its Plenary Powers in Opinion 214 (1954, Opin. int. Comm. zool. Nom. 4: 41-50) : Papilio thalia Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 467. The first author to select one of the originally included species to be the type-species of this genus was Scudder who in 1875 (Proc. amey. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10 : 102) so selected the nominal taxon which Hiibner had entered as the third of the species placed by him in his Actinote and which he cited as ‘‘ A. eurita Cram. 233, A. B.’”’. Reference to Cramer’s work (Uitl. Kapellen 3 (20) : 69, 70, pl. 233, figs A, B) shows that in this matter Cramer was under GENERIC NAMES OF BUTTERFLIES 25 a twofold misapprehension and that in this he was followed both by Hiibner and by Scudder. First, Cramer’s ‘‘ eurita’’ was a composite, the specimens figured by him as figs A and B belonging to different species, neither of which belongs to the genus always known as Actinote ; each of these is however an Acraeid, both being referable to the genus Bematistes Hemming, 1935 (formerly widely but incorrectly known by the name Planema Doubleday, [1848)). Second, Cramer did not look upon himself as the author of the name euryta, attributing it to Linnaeus, i.e. identifying it with Papilio ewrytus Linnaeus, 1758 (Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 487). This latter nominal species is currently considered subjectively on taxonomic grounds to represent the same taxon as that represented by the type-species of the genus Pseudacraea Westwood, [1850]. This genus is only distantly related to the Acraeids, but its species are mimics of species of the genus Acraea Fabricius. Under the Code an author erecting a new genus or selecting the type-species of a genus is to be treated as having correctly identified the taxon in question. If this principle had been applied in the present case, the confusion involved in nomenclature would have been very serious : Actinote, hitherto always used for the Acraeid genus containing Papilio thalia Lin- naeus, would have to be transferred to the totally different Acraeid-mimicking Nymphalid genus always known by the name Pseudacraea. This case was submitted to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature by myself in 1938 with a request that existing nomenclatorial practice should be protected by the use of Plenary Powers for the purpose of designating Papilio thalia Linnaeus as the type-species of the genus Actinole. As already noted, this proposal was approved by the Commission in 1954. Finally, in Opinion 214 the name Actinote Hiibner with Papilio thalia Linnaeus as type-species was placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology as Name No. 648. ACTIS Karsch, Ent. Nachr. 21 : 315. Type-species by selection by Hemming (1960, Amnnot. lep. (1) : 8) : Actis mimeta Karsch, 1895, Ent. Nachr. 21 : 315. ACTIZERA Chapman, 1910, Trans. ent. Soc. Lond. 1910 : 483. Type-species by selection by Hemming (1929, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (10) 3 : 220) : Lycaena atrigemmata Butler, 1878, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (5) 2 : 290. ACTIZIZERA Sharp, [1911], in Zool. Rec. 47 (Year 1910) Ins.: 321, (an Incorrect Subsequent Spelling of Actizerva Chapman, 1910). ACULHUA Kirby, 1871, Syn. Cat. diurn. Lep. : 301. Type-species through Section (i) (replacement names) of Article 67 : Limmnas cinaron Felder (C.) & Felder (R.), 1861, Wien. ent. Monats. 5 : tot. Kirby introduced the name Aculhua as a substitute name for the name Dryas Felder (C.) & Felder (R.), [1865], which is invalid under the Law of Homonymy. Kirby did not specify a type-species for Aculhua but, as that nominal genus was proposed as a substitute for Dryas Felder & Felder, it is automatically Limnas cinaron Felder & Felder, the type-species (by monotypy) of the genus replaced. ACYSTIPODA Rober, [1892], in Schatz, in Staudinger & Schatz, Exot. Schmett. Bd 1 (Th. 2) (6) : 256. Type-species by monotypy : Pandemos nymphidioides Butler, 1872, Cistula ent. 1 : 79. The taxon represented by the nominal species Pandemos nymphidioides Butler has been treated by some authors (e.g. Stichel, 1931, im Strand’s Lep. Cat. 44 : 721) as representing a subspecies of the taxon represented by the nominal species Nymphidium ethelinda Hewitson, 1870 (Ent. mon. Mag. 7 : 6). ACYTOLEPSIS Toxopeus, 1927, Tijdschr. Ent. 70: 271, 288. Type-species by original designation : Polyommatus puspa Horsfield, [1828], Descr. Cat. lep. Ins. East India Coy (x) +67. ADALUMA Tindale, 1922, Trans. R. Soc. S. Aust. 46 : 537. Type-species by original designa- tion : Adaluma urumelia Tindale 1922, ibid. 46 : 537, pl. 31, figs 1, 2 g. 26 FRANCIS HEMMING ADELOTYPA Warren, 1895, Novit. zool. 2: 82. Type-species by original designation : Adelotypa xanthobrunnea Warren, 1895, ibid. 2 : 82. Warren did not realize that the species which he was dealing with was a butterfly (family Riodinidae), erroneously supposing that it was a Geometrid moth. The taxon represented by the nominal species Adelotypa xanthobrunnea Warren is currently identified subjectively with the taxon represented by the nominal species Lemonias bolena Butler, 1867 (J. linn. Soc. Lond., Zool. 9 : 215, pl. 6, fig. 8). Viewed from the taxonomic point of view, the name A delotypa Warren is the oldest available name applicable to the genus which, owing to a misunderstanding as to its type-species, has hitherto erroneously been known by the name Echenais Hiibner, [1819] (q.v.). ADELPHA Hiibner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (3) : 42. Type-species by selection by Scudder (1875, Proc. amey. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10 : 102) : Papilio mesentina Cramer, [1777], Uitl. Kapellen 2 (14) : 102, pl. 162, figs B, C. ADIGAMA Moore, 1883, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1883 : 269. Type-species by original designa- tion : Euploea ochsenheimeri Moore, 1857, im Horsfield & Moore, Cat. lep. Ins. Mus. East India Coy (1) : 132. The name Euploea ochsenheimeri Moore is invalid as it is a junior primary homonym of the name Euploea ochsenheimeri Lucas, 1853 (Rev. Mag. Zool. (2) 5 : 315). The species which is the type-species of the present genus was without a species-group name which was both a nomenclatorially available name and also a name objectively applicable to it until in 1910 Fruhstorfer published the name hypanis as a replacement for the invalid name ochsenheimeri Moore. Fruhstorfer considered on taxonomic grounds that this taxon should be treated as a subspecies of the taxon represented by the older-established nominal species Crastia malayica Butler, 1878 (J. linn. Soc. Lond., Zool. 14 : 297) ; this led him to adopt the inconvenient course of publishing as a subspecific name his replacement (hypanis) of the name ochsenheimeri Moore, a name published by its original author (Moore) as a specific name. The name so published appeared as Euploea malayica hypanis Fruhstorfer, [1910] (in Seitz, Grossschmett. Evde 9 : 231). [The taxon discussed above is still currently treated in the manner suggested by Fruhstorfer, that is, it is still treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as a subspecies of the taxon represented by the older-established nominal species Crastia malayica Butler, 1878.] The name A digama is one of twelve nominal genera, all of which were published by Moore in the same paper and on the same date, all of which are currently regarded on taxonomic grounds as subjective synonyms of one another. The relative precedence of such names intey se depends on the choice made by the First Reviser. In this case the First Reviser appears to have been Bryk who in 1937 (in Bryk’s Lep. Cat. 78 : 209-210) adopted the name Adigama Moore, sinking the other names concerned as junior subjective synonyms. ADLERODEA Hayward, 1940, An. Soc. cienc. argent. 130 : 75, text-fig. 2. Type-species by original designation : Adlerodea modesta Hayward, 1940, ibid. 130 : 76, text-fig. 3 (3 figs of § genit.). ADMIRATIO Hemming, 1964, Annot. lep. (4) : 137. Type-species through Section (i) (replacement names) of Article 67 : Smithia paradoxa Mabille, [1880], Ann. Soc. ent. Fr. (6) 9, Bull. : clxxiii. The name Admiratio was introduced as a replacement of the name Smithia Mabille, [1880], which is invalid under the Law of Homonymy. [The choice of the Latin word “ admiratio”’’, meaning “‘ surprise ’’ as the name for this genus is an allusion to the feelings which Mabille may be thought to have had, when, on examining the new species which he designated as the type- species, he chose for its specific name the word “ pavadoxa ’’.| ADOLIAS Boisduval, 1836, (Roret’s Suite 4 Buffon), Hist. nat. Ins., Spec. gén. Lépid. 1: explic. p. pl. 3 (=pl. 3. A), fig. 11 (larva and pupa of Adolias aconthea), pl. 8 (=4.B), fig. 2 (Adolias boisduvalit). Type-species by selection by Butler ([1869], Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1868 (3) : 600) : Papilio aconthea Cramer, [1777], Uitl. Kapellen 2 (12) : 59, pl. 134, figs GENERIC NAMES OF BUTTERFLIES 27 BD, E, F, G. The drawings of the larva and pupa of what in the legend of pl. 3 Boisduval called Adolias aconthea were copied by him from the figures given by Horsfield in [1829] (Descr. Cat. lep. Ins. Mus. East India Coy (2) : explic. pl. 8, fig. 6) for his then new nominal species Aconthea primaria. It will be recalled from the discussion on the nominal genus Aconthea Horsfield, [1829], of which the foregoing nominal species is the type-species, that it seems likely that Horsfield looked upon Aconthea primaria as a substitute nominal taxon for the older-establish- ed nominal species Papilio aconthea Cramer but he gave no clear evidence that this was his view. On the present occasion however Boisduval by reproducing Horsfield’s figures under the name Adolias aconthea definitely established a subjective synonymy between the nominal species Papilio aconthea Cramer and Aconthea primaria Horsfield. The nominal genera Adolias Boisduval, [1836], and Aconthea Horsfield, [1829], thus have as their respective type-species nominal species which are currently considered on taxonomic grounds to represent the same taxon. As this synonymization rests only on a subjective basis, the later-published of these names, that is, Adolias Boisduval, remains a nomenclatorially available name. ADOPAEA Scudder, 1875, Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10 : 103 (an Incorrect Subse- quent Spelling of Adopoea Billberg, 1820). ADOPAEOIDES Godman, [1900], in Godman & Salvin, Biol. cent.-amer., Lep.-Rhop. 2 : 470. Type-species through Section (a) (misidentified type-species) of Article 70 provisionally applied, pending a decision by the Commission on an application submitted : Apaustus prittwitzi Plotz, 1884, Stett. ent. Zig 45 : 165. Godman designated Ancyloxypha simplex Felder (R.), 1869 (Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien 19 : 476) as the type-species of this genus. There is however clear evidence that he misidenti- fied the nominal species Ancyloxypha simplex Felder and that the species to which he incor- rectly supposed that name to apply was, in fact, Apaustus prittwitzi Plétz. First, Godman gave four figures ($ ups. ; g unds. ; venation, ¢ genit.) (figs 30-33 on pl. 92) of what he then identified as Ancyloxypha simplex ; all of these are referable to Apaustus prittwitzi. Second, Godman gave (: 471) a description of his “‘ simplex Felder”’ ; this applies to Apaustus prittwitzi but not to the true Ancyloxypha simplex of Felder. Third, he gave (: 470) a diagno- sis of the genus Adopaeoides which agrees with the characters shown by Apaustus prittwitzi but not with those of Ancyloxypha simplex. In the most recent treatment of this group (1955, Cat. Amer. Hesp. Brit. Mus. 4 : 309) Evans, after summarizing the evidence set out above, treated Apaustus prittwitzi as the type- species of this genus, at the same time identifying the true Ancyloxypha simplex Felder with the older-established nominal species Ancyloxypha aurantiaca Hewitson, 1868 (Descr. One Hundred new Spec. Hesp. (2) : 45). With this latter also there is identified the later-estab- lished nominal species Heteropterus procris Edwards, 1871 (Trans. amer. ent. Soc. 3 : 215), the type-species of the genus Copaeodes Speyer, 1877 (in Edwards, Trans. amer. ent. Soc. 6 : 49, 64). Thus on the basis of the subjective synonymy set out above the generic name Adopae- oides Godman would disappear as a junior subjective synonym of Copaeodes Speyer, if the true Ancyloxypha simplex Felder (the nominal species designated by Godman) and not the species Apaustus prittwitzi Plétz (the species misidentified with Ancyloxypha simplex by Godman, were accepted as the type-species of Adopaeoides. In that event the species A paustus pritt- witzt would lose the name Adopaeoides currently applied to it and would in future have to be known by the name Neadopaea Hayward, 1941, a name introduced against this contingency which however has not received a favourable reception. An application has been made to the Commission to use its Plenary Powers to secure that in harmony with Article 70(a) of the Code the nominal species to be accepted as the type-species of Adopaeoides Godman shall be Apaustus prittwitzi Plotz, the species intended by Godman when he erroneously used the name Ancyloxypha simplex Felder. In the interests of nomen- clatorial stability the name Adopaeoides is here provisionally treated, in anticipation of a ruling by the Commission, as though a ruling in the foregoing sense had already been given. 28 FRANCIS HEMMING ADOPOEA Billberg, 1820, Enum. Ins. Mus. Billb. : 81. Type-species by monotypy : Papilio linea [Denis & Schiffermiiller], 1775, Ankiindung [sic] eines syst. Werkes Schmett. Wiener Gegend : 160. The name Papilio linea [Denis & Schiffermiiller] is currently treated on taxonomic grounds as a junior subjective synonym of Papilio sylvestris Poda, 1761 (Ins. Mus. graec. : 79). AECAS Hemming, 1939, Proc. R. ent. Soc. Lond. (B) 8 : 137. Type-species by original designa- tion : Papilio aecas Stoll, [1781], 7 Cramer, Uitl. Kapellen 4 (29) : 102, pl. 343, figs A, B. Aecas was introduced as a new genus but the purpose of its introduction was to provide the genus with an available name, the name Flaccilla Godman, [1901] (in Godman & Salvin, Biol. centr-amer., Lep.-Rhop. 2 : 593), by which it was then known, being considered to be invalid as a junior homonym of the name Flacilla Koken, 1896 (Jahr B. geol. ReichsAnst. 46 : 92). In 1953 however the Fourteenth International Congress of Zoology introduced the so-called “One-Letter difference Rule’’ for determining generic homonymy and that Rule has now been embodied in the Code as Article 57(d). Under this Rule the words ‘‘Flacilla’’ and ‘‘Flaccilla’’, if used as generic names, are not homonyms of one another. Accordingly, contrary to what was believed in 1939 Flaccilla Godman, [1gor], is nota homonym of Flacilla Koken, 1896, but is on the contrary an available name. It must therefore be restored as the name for the present genus, the name Aecas Hemming, 1939, being sunk therefore as a junior objective synonym. AEGIALE Felder (C.) & Felder (R.), 1860, Wien. ent. Monats. 4: 110. Type-species by monotypy : Aegiale kollari Felder (C.) & Felder (R.), 1860, ibid. 4 : 111, pl. 2, fig. 3 2. Scudder in 1875 (Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10 : 103) sought to reject this generic name on the ground that it was a junior homonym of the name Aegialia Latreille, 1807 (Gen. Crust. Ins. 2 : 96), but (as explained above in the discussion of the name Aecas Hemming) Scudder’s action was incorrect under the “‘ One-Letter Difference Rule ’’ now embodied in Article 57(d) of the Code. Accordingly, the name Aegiale Felder & Felder is a nomenclatori- ally available name and the name Acentrocneme which Scudder introduced as a substitute for it is invalid as a junior objective synonym. The taxon represented by the nominal species Aegiale kollavi Felder & Felder is currently identified subjectively on taxonomic grounds with that represented by the nominal species Castnia hesperiavis Walker, 1856 (Cat. Lep.-Het. Brit. Mus. 7 : 1583). AEGRIS Holland, 1894, Ent. News 5: 27 (an Incorrect Subsequent Spelling of Eagris Guenée 1863). AELLA Mabille, 1904, Gen. Ins. 17 (B) : 140. Type-species by monotypy : Pamphila dryops Mabille, 1883, Ann. Soc. ent. Belg. 27, C.R. : Ixix. The taxon represented by the nominal species Pamphila dvyops Mabille is currently identi- fied subjectively with the older-established nominal species Uvrbanus mys Hiibner, [1808] (Samml. exot. Schmett. 1 : pl. [158}). AEMONA Hewitson, [1868], Jil. exot. Butts 4 : [64]. Type-species by monotypy : Clerome amathusia Hewitson, 1867, Tvans. ent. Soc. Lond. (3) 5 : 566. AEOLA Billberg, 1820, Enum. Ins. Mus. Billb. : 78. Type-species by selection by Hemming (1933, Entomologist 66 : 197) : Papilio iris Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 476. The name Aeola Billberg is invalid as a junior objective synonym of Apatura Fabricius, 1807. AEONUS Mabille, 1904, Gen. Ins. 17 (C) : 151 (an Incorrect Subsequent Spelling of Oeonus Godman, [1900)]). AERIA Hiibner, 1816, Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (1) : 9. Type-species by selection by Scudder (1875, Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10 : 103) : Papilio aegle Fabricius, 1777, Gen. Ins. : 255. AERNAUTA Berge, 1842, Schmetterlingsbuch : 19, 106-109. Type-species by selection by Hemming (1934, Entomologist 67: 38): Papilio machaon Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat (ed. 10) 1 : 462). GENERIC NAMES OF BUTTERFLIES 29 The name Aernauta Berge is invalid as a junior objective synonym of Papilio Linnaeus 1758. AERODES Billberg, 1820, Enum. Ins. Mus. Billb. : 79. Type-species by monotypy : Papilio idomeneus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 464. AEROMACHUS de Niceville, 1890, J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc. 5 (3) : 214. Type-species by original designation : Thanaos stigmata Moore, 1878, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1878 : 694. AEROPETES Billberg, 1820, Enum. Ins. Mus. Billb.: 79. Type-species by selection by Hemming (1943, Proc. R. ent. Soc. Lond. (B) 12 : 23) : Papilio tulbaghia Linnaeus, 1764, Mus. Lud. Ulr. : 284. AETHEIUS Hiibner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett.(7) : 109. Type-species by selection by Scudder (1875, Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10: 104) : Papilio archytas Stoll, [1787] (Aanhangs. Werk Uitl. Kapellen Pieter Cramer : 25, pl. 25, fig. 5). This generic name became lost in the literature some ninety years ago through an unfortu- nate misunderstanding as to the family to which the type-species is referable taxonomically. The circumstances were as follows : Hiibner established this genus for three nominal species, all of them members of the family now known as the Riodinidae. One of these nominal species was Papilio archytas Stoll. This species had been treated by Kirby in 1871 (Syn. Cat. diurn. Lep. : 632) as being a member of the family Hesperiidae, being placed by him in the genus Achlyodes Hiibner. Scudder based the systematic portion of his work on generic names on the arrangement adopted four years earlier by Kirby, and he therefore also was under the erroneous impression that the above species was a Hesperiid when he selected it to be the type-species of Aethetus Hiibner. Thereafter the name Aetheius virtually disappeared from the literature. The name of the type-species is currently treated—and for long has been treated—as a senior subjective synonym of the name Anteros axiochus Hewitson, [1867] (Ill. exot. Butts 4: [77], pl. [42], figs 1, 2), the name of the type-species of a genus called Ourocnemis by Baker in 1887 (Tvans. ent. Soc. Lond. 1887 : 175). The name Ourocnemis has been consistently employed for the nominal species discussed above ever since its publication over seventy years ago, while (as already explained) the name Aetheius has not been used at all. It would clearly be of no advantage if the long-neglected name Aetheius Hiibner were now to be substituted for the well-established name Ourocnemis Baker. In the interests of nomenclatorial stability the Commission is being asked to suppress the name Aetheius Hiibner, thus preventing the disappearance of the name Ourocnemis Baker. In accordance with the provisions of Article 80 the name Aetheius is here treated as being invalidated, pending the publication of the decision by the Commission on the application submitted. AETHEOPTERA Rippon, [1880], Icones Ornithopt. 1: 4. Type-species by original designa- tion : Ornithoptera victoriae Gray (G.R.), 1856, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond., Pt 24 (mo. ccci) : 7) Pl. 39 2. In addition, Rippon introduced this name as new on page 47 of Volume 1 of the above work. The cones was published in a peculiar way and the dates of publication of some of the portions in which it appeared are difficult to determine. The portion containing page 47 was pub- lished on some unascertainable date in the period 1890-1896. AETHILLA Hewitson, 1868, Descr. One Hundred new Spec. Hesp. (2) : 55. Type-species by monotypy : Aethilla eleusinia Hewitson, 1868, ibid. : 55. AETHIOPANA Bethune-Baker, 1915, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (8) 16: 191. Type-species by original designation : Papilio honorius Fabricius, 1793, Ent. syst. 3 (1) : 151. AFRODRYAS Stoneham, 1857, Bull. Stoneham Mus., Ent. Sect., Kitale No. 70: [1]. Type- species through Section (i) (replacement names) of Article 67 : Dryas leda Boisduval, 1847, im Delagorgue, Voy. Afrique austr. 2 : 588. AGALAIS Swinhoe, [1909], in Moore, Lep. ind. 7 (78) : 122 (an Incorrect Subsequent Spelling of Azalias Grote, 1900). 30 FRANCIS HEMMING AGANISTHOS Boisduval & Leconte, [1834], Hist. lépid. Amér. sept. : 194. Type-species by monotypy : Papilio orion Fabricius, 1775, Syst. Ent. : 485. The name Papilio orion Fabricius, 1775, is invalid as a junior homonym of Papilio orion Pallas, 1771 (Reise russisch. Provs 1: 471). The oldest nomenclatorially available name subjectively applicable to the present taxon is Papilio odius Fabricius, 1775 (Syst. Ent. : 457). AGANISTHUS Kirby, 1894, in Allen’s Nat. Libr., Lepid. 1, Butts 1:175 (an Incorrect Subsequent Spelling of Aganisthos Boisduval & Leconte, [1834)). AGANISTOS Boisduval, 1870, Consid. Lépid. Guatemala : 53 (an Incorrect Subsequent Spelling of Aganisthos Boisduval & Leconte, [1834]). AGAPETES Billberg, 1820, Enum. Ins. Mus. Billb. : 78. Type-species by selection by Scudder (1875, Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10: 104): Papilio galathea Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 474. Although it was a senior objective synonym of Melanargia Meigen, 1828, the name Agapetes Billberg was almost completely ignored, the name Melanargia Meigen being firmly entrenched in general usage. Accordingly, in order to avoid the confusion and name-changing which would have resulted from the application of the Law of Priority in this case, that is, if the virtually unknown name Agapetes Billberg had been substituted for the well-known name Melanargia Meigen, the Commission gave a Ruling in its Opinion 400 published in 1956 (Opin. int. Comm. zool. Nom. 12 : 419-432), suppressing the name Agapetes Billberg under its Plenary Powers for the purposes of the Law of Priority but not for those of the Law of Homonymy, at the same time placing that name on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology as Name No. 417. By this action a secure nomenclatorial status was assured to the name Melanargia Meigen. AGARA Mabille & Boullet, 1908, Ann. Sci. nat., Zool. (9) 7: 172, 204. Type-species by monotypy : Tamyris pardalina Felder (C.) & Felder (R.), [1867], Reise Fregatta ‘‘ Novara’, Lep.-Rhop. (3) : 507, pl. 70, figs 5, 6. AGATASA Moore, [1899], Lep. ind. 4 (42) : 127. Type-species by original designation : Nymphalis calydonia Hewitson, [1855], /l. evot. Butts 1 : [86], pl. [43], figs 3, 4. AGATHINA White, 1843, Zoologist 1: 29. Type-species by original designation : Evycina margaretta White, 1843, Zoologist 1 : 28. The taxon Agathina White was established as a subgenus of the genus Evycina Fabricius, 1807, and White designated as its type-species the nominal species which (as shown above) he had established on the immediately preceding page as a species of the genus Evycina with the name Evycina margaretta. The name Agathina White is invalid, as being a junior homonym of the name Agathina Férussac, 1807 (Essai Méthode conch. : 49), and of Agathina Rafinesque, 1831 (Enum. obj. Cab. 2 3). AGATHYMUS Freeman, 1959, Lepid. News 12 (3/4) : 82. Type-species by original designa- tion : Megathymus neumoegeni Edwards, 1882, Papilio 2 : 27. AGEHANA Matsumura, 1936, Ins. matsumur. 10 (3) : 86. Type-species by original designa- tion : Papilio maraho Shiraki & Sonan, 1934, Zephyrus 5 (4) : 177. The taxon represented by the nominal species Papilio mavaho Shiraki & Sonan is currently treated on taxonomic grounds as a subspecies of the taxon represented by the nominal species Papilio elwesi Leech, 1889 (Trans. ent. Soc. Lond. 1889 : 113, pl. 7, fig. 1 g). AGERONIA Hiibner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (3) : 42. Type-species by selection by Scudder (1875, Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10 : 104) : Papilio chloe Stoll, [1787], Aanhangs. Werk. Uitl. Kapellen Pieter Cramer : 22, pl. 5, fig. 1. AGLAIS Dalman, 1816, K. svenska Vetensk-Akad. Handl., Stockholm 1816 (1) : 56. Type- species by original designation : Papilio urticae Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 477. It is of interest to note that in this paper Dalman was the first author to introduce in the GENERIC NAMES OF BUTTERFLIES 31 butterflies the concept of a type-species for a genus, using the formula : “‘ Generis Typus : A. urticae.’’. AGLAURA Westwood, [1851], in Doubleday, Gen. diurn. Lep. (2) : 327. Type-species by selection by Hemming (1941, J. Soc. Bibl. nat. Hist. 1 : 420) : Zeuxidia luxerit Hiibner, [1826] (Samml. exot. Schmett. 2 : pl. [57]. The name Aglaura was introduced by Westwood as “‘ Aglaura Boisduval MS.”’ and placed in the synonymy of Zeuxidia Hiibner, [1826]. Under the revised Code (Article 11(d)) a name published in a synonymy does not thereby acquire the status of availability, and accordingly the name Aglaura as published by Westwood was invalid as from the time when it was first published. Even if this had not been the case, this generic name would have been invalid for two quite independent reasons : First, it would have been invalid under the Law of Homo- nymy ; the word “ Aglaura’’ had been used as a generic name by four different authors before it was so published by Westwood, the earliest of these uses having been Aglaura Péron & Lesueur, 1810 (Ann. Mus. Hist. nat., Paris 14 (83) : 351). Second Aglaura Westwood would have been invalid as a junior objective synonym of Zeuxidia Hiibner, [1826], of which also Zeuxidia luxerit Hiibner is the type-species. AGNOSTOGYNA Rober, 1925, Stett. ent. Zig 86: 176. Type-species by selection by Hem- ming (1943, Proc. R. ent. Soc. Lond. (B) 12 : 29) : Papilio pasiphae Cramer, Uitl. Kapellen E7): 527, pl. 80, fig. E. AGRAULIS Boisduval & Leconte, [1833], Hist. gén. icon. Lépid. Amér. sept. : 142. Type- species by monotypy : Papilio vanillae Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 482. AGRIADES Hiibner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (5) : 68. Type-species by designation by the Commission under its Plenary Powers by the Ruling given in Opinion 173 (1946, Opin. int. Comm. zool. Nom. 2 : 483-494) : Papilio glandon Prunner, 1798, Lepidopt. pedemont.: 76. This is a genus founded upon a misidentified type-species, and its position remained unsatisfactory until in 1946 this was remedied by the Commission under its Plenary Powers. The history of this name is set out briefly below. From the nominal species placed by Hiibner in the genus Agriades Scudder (1875, Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10 : 105) selected as the type-species the nominal species which Hiibner had entered as sp. no. 660, and to which he had applied the specific name orbitulus Prunner. There was never any doubt as to what species Hiibner had in mind in so using the name orbitulus Prunner, because he cited in the synonymy of that species the excellent figures which he himself had published in [1803-1804] (Samml. exot. Schmett. : pl. Pap. 103, figs 522-525) under the name Papilio meleagey. This High-Alpine and Circumpolar species continued to be known by the specific name orbitulus for just over one hundred years following the publication of the name Agriades Hiibner. In 1926 (Ent. Rec. 38 : 105), however, Verity drew attention to the fact that this usage of the name orbitulus was incorrect, Prunner having applied the name Papilio orbitulus not to the present species but to another mountain species known at the time of Verity’s paper and for many years previously under the specific name pheretes Hoffmannsegg (often misattributed to Hiibner), a name which had been introduced in 1804 (Mag. f. Insektenk. (Illiger) 3 : 187, as a replacement for the name Papilio atys Hiibner, [1803-1804] (Samml. europ. Schmett. : pl. Pap. 97, figs 495-496 ; pl. Pap. 107, figs 548-549). At the same time Verity pointed out that Prunner had given the name Papilio glandon to the species which prior to the publication of Verity’s paper, had for so long been incorrectly treated as bearing the name ovbitulus Prunner. If at the time when Verity’s paper was published, the Commission had shown a disposition to use its Plenary Powers to protect long-established names, the reasonable course would have been to ask that body to use its Plenary Powers to suppress the names orbitulus Prunner and glandon and to take such as action under those Powers as might be needed to ensure (a) that the name orbitulus, attributed to (say) Esper, by whom a good figure (pl. 112, fig. 4) had been 32 A FRANCIS HEMMING published in 1799, should become the oldest available specific name for the species Papilio glandon Prunner, and (b) that the specific name phevetes Hoffmannsegg should become the oldest available name for the species named Papilio orbitulus by Prunner. However, the tide of opinion was then running strongly in favour of the strict application of the Law of Priority in the case of specific names and it would have been pointless to make any application on the foregoing lines to the Commission. In the circumstances there was no alternative but to transfer the specific name orbitulus Prunner to the species till then always known by the specific name pheretes, and to apply the name glandon Prunner to the species till then wrongly known as orbitulus Prunner. The process was painful and protracted, often leading to confusion where an author writing a faunistic paper used the specific name orbitulus without indicating whether he was using that name in the time-honoured sense (as applying to Papilio glandon) or in the correct sense (as applying to the species formerly known by the specific name pheretes). This change-over in usage took about ten years to accomplish but was more or less complete by the later nineteen- thirties. But this change in itself was not sufficient to restore order in the nomenclature of these species because of consequential difficulties at the genus-name level. By this time these two species were considered by taxonomists to belong to different genera, Papilio glandon (=the false ovbitulus auct.) was placed in the genus Agviades Hiibner, while the true Papilio ovbitulus (=pheretes Hoffmannsegg) was placed in the genus Albulina Tutt, 1909 (q.v.). Under the salutary (and, indeed, necessary) objective nomenclatorial rule that an author establishing a nominal genus is to be assumed to have correctly identified the species placed by him in it and that a later author selecting such a species as type-species is similarly to be assumed to have correctly identified the species so selected, the type-species of Agviades Hiibner, as selected by Scudder (1875) would have been the true Papilio orbitulus Prunner ; in consequence that generic name would have become a senior subjective synonym of Albulina Tutt, of which the same species (under the name pheretes) is the type-species ; at the same time the species previously misidentified with ovbitulus Prunner, i.e. Papilio glandon Prunner would have been left without a generic name, for the only generic name ever applied to that species, apart from Agrviades Hiibner, namely Latiovina Tutt, 1909, suffers from the same defect as Agrviades Hiibner, that is, its type-species was designated under the misidentified specific name orbitulus Prunner ; in consequence it had to be interpreted as having as its type-species the true Papilio orbitulus Prunner (pheretes Hoffmannsegg) and, contrary to its author’s evident intention, became a subjective synonym of Albulina Tutt. Fortunately, it was never necessary in practice to alter the application of the generic name Agyviades Hiibner in the foregoing way, for before any such attempt had been made, I submit- ted in 1935 an application to the Commission asking for the designation under the Plenary Powers of Papilio glandon Prunner as the type-species of Agviades Hiibner, thus giving a valid foundation to the long-accustomed usage of thisname. This application was approved by the Commission at its Session held at Lisbon in 1935 but owing to administrative and other causes it was not until 1946 that the Opinion (Opinion 173) recording this Ruling was actually published. Later in Opinion 270 (1954, Opin. int. Comm. zool. Nom 6 : 25-40) the Commission placed the name Agriades Hiibner (type-species : Papilio glandon Prunner, 1798) on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology as Name No. 685. GRIAS Doubleday, 1844, List Spec. lep. Ins. Bit. Mus.1: 106. Type-species by selection by Scudder (1875, Proc. ameyr. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10 : 105, 106) : Papilio claudia Schulze, 1776, Der Naturforscher 9 : too, pl. 2, 2 figs. In his “‘ List ’’ Doubleday included a number of names which, though till then unpublished and therefore from a nomenclatorial point of view “‘ new ”’ names, had previously been coined by other authors and had acquired an irregular currency in manuscript. It seems likely that the present is a case of this kind, for, although Doubleday did not attribute the specific name claudia to Boisduval, he did so attribute the binomen Agvias claudia, thus signifying—it seems to me—that the generic name Agvias had already been used by Boisduval, possibly on the data label attached to some specimen. GENERIC NAMES OF BUTTERFLIES 33 AGRIAS Boisduval, 1870, Consid. Lépid. Guatemala: 52. Type-species by monotypy : Agrias aedon Hewitson, 1848, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. Pt 16 (182) : 46, pl. 1, 2 figs. This is one of a considerable number of cases where Boisduval introduced as a new name of his own a name already published by some other author. That this should have occurred is to be explained by the fact that Boisduval frequently distributed names in manuscript, either in correspondence or attached to the labels of specimens, and was then very slow in publishing those names—so slow, indeed, that, when ultimately he did publish such a name, he had often been anticipated by some author who was aware that the name in question had been proposed by Boisduval. Whatever course such an author might take, he was in a delicate situation : if he himself published the manuscript name, that name so published took prece- dence over the same name when ultimately published by Boisduval, while, if he introduced some entirely new name for the genus, his action invalidated as a junior synonym the manu- script name when later it was published by Boisduval. The name Agrias Boisduval, 1870, is invalid as a junior homonym of Agrias Doubleday, 1844. AGRODIAETUS Hiibner, 1822, Syst. alph. Verz.: 1-10. Type-species by selection by Hemming (1934, Gen. Names hol. Butts 1 : 109) : Papilio damon [Denis & Schiffermiiller], 1775, Ankiindung [sic] eines syst. Werkes Schmett. Wiener Gegend : 182. Hiibner used the word “‘ Agrodiaetus ’’ as a descriptive term applied to various species in the Zutrdge but he never there coupled this word with a specific name as a generic name. In the Verzeichniss he used this word in the plural (as “‘ Agrodiaeti’’) but he never employed it as a generic name. As shown above, he did however so employ it in 1822 in the Syst. alph. Verz., where he treated it as the generic name for all the European species of the family Lycaenidae known to him. Three years later (1825, Cat. Lep. Coll. Franck : 82) he again used the word “‘ Agrodiaetus ’’ in a strictly generic sense. In 1875 (Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10 : 106) Scudder selected Papilio damon [Denis & Schiffermiiller] as the type- species of Agrodiaetus but unfortunately he related that selection to that name as used by Hiib- ner in 1825 in the Franck Catalogue. The prior use of the name Agrodiaetus by Hiibner in 1822 in the Syst.-alph. Verz. remained unnoticed until attention was drawn to it by myself in 1934 (: 109). As noted above, I then selected Papilio damon as the type-species, thus validating the practice which had grown up in the period since the selection of that species by Scudder on the incorrect assumption that it was in the Franck Catalogue that the name Agrodiaelus was first published. AGRUSIA Moore, [1894], Lep. ind. 2 (18) : 144 ; 2 ibid. (19) : 169. Type-species by original designation : Melanitis esaca Westwood, [1851],im Doubleday, Gen. diurn. Lep. (2) : 405, nota. AGUNA Williams, 1927, Trans. amer. ent. Soc. 53 (3) : 286. Type-species by original designation : Eudamus camagura Williams, 1926, Tvans. amer. ent. Soc. 52 : 81. AHLBERGIA Bryk, 1946, Arkiv Zool. 388A (No. 3) : 50. Type-species through Section (i) (replacement names) of Article 67 : Lycaena ferrea Butler, [1866], J. linn. Soc. Lond., Zool. Re. As a replacement genus, Ahlbergia automatically takes as its type-species the nominal species which is the type-species of the genus replaced (Satswma Murray), namely Lycaena ferrvea Butler. Bryk, not realizing that for the above reason Lycaena ferrea must be the type-species of this substitute genus, designated Thecla frivaldszkyi Lederer, 1855 (Verh. zool.-bot. Ver. Wien 5 : too, pl. 1, fig. t J) erroneously as type-species. He took this action because he considered that the taxon represented by Lycaena ferrea was a subspecies of the taxon represented by the nominal species Thecla frivaldszkyt. The name A hibergia is invalid, because, as a substitute name, it was anticipated by the name Ginzia Okano, 1941. AIANTHIS Fruhstorfer, [1910], in Seitz, Grossschmett. Erde 9 : 217. T-ype-species by selection by Bryk, 1937 (in Bryk’s Lep. Cat. 78 : 6) : Danais anapis Felder (C.) & Felder (R.), 1861, Wien. ent. Monats. 5 : 300. 34 FRANCIS HEMMING AIDES Billberg, 1820, Enum. Ins. Mus. Billb. : 81. Type-species by selection by Watson (1893, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1893 : 130) : Papilio epitus Stoll, [1781], im Cramer, Uitl. Kapellen 4 (29) : 103, pl 343, figs E, F. Under the “ One-Letter Difference Rule’’ (Article 57(d)), Scudder (1875, Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10 : 106) was in error in rejecting the name Aides Billberg as a junior homonym of Azdos Hiibner (the name of a genus of moths), which he misdated 1816. (Actual- ly, the latter name was not published until 1820 (Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (12) : 191) ; thus, if the names Aides and Aidos had been homonyms of one another, difficulty would have risen in determining the relative priority to be accorded to these names. AILUS Billberg, 1820, Enum. Ins. Mus. Billb. : 81. Type-species through Section (i) (replace- ment names) of Article 67 : Papilio pylades Fabricius, 1793, Ent. syst. 3 (1) : 34. The position as regards this name is similar to that of the name Triphysa Zeller, 1850, described in detail in the note on that name. It is sufficient here to note that both these names were names published as replacements for earlier names which were invalid as junior homonyms of names published by Meigen in 1800. In the present case the earlier homonym was Zelima Meigen, 1800 (Nouv. Classif. Mouches deux Ailes : 34). The position of these replacement names would have been completely upset, if when dealing with an application submitted on behalf of dipterists for the suppression under the Plenary Powers of Meigen’s Nouv. classif., the Commission had acceded to that request without taking special measures to protect the position of the names in the Order Lepidoptera here under consideration. The decision taken in that case included a provision under which the names which were junior homonyms of Meigen, 1800 names and had long ago been replaced were themselves suppressed under the Plenary Powers for the purpose of the Law of Priority but not for that of the Law of Homonymy, the position of the replacement names involved being thus completely protected. Under this decision, which was embodied in the Commission’s Opinion 678 published in October 1963 (Bull. zool. Nom. 20: 339-342), the name Zelima Fabricius, 1807, was suppressed under the Plenary Powers for the purposes of the Law of Priority but was expressly kept alive for the purposes of the Law of Homonymy, the position of the replacement name Ailus Billberg, 1820, being thus fully safeguarded. AJANTIS Hiibner, 1816, Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (1) : 13. Type-species by selection by Scudder (1875, Proc. amey. Acad. Arts Sct., Boston 10 : 106) : Papilio sapho Drury, [1782], I/l. nat. Hist. 3 : index et 54, pl. 38, fig. 4. AKASINULA Toxopeus, 1928, Tijdschr. Ent. 71 : 181, 194. Type-species by original designa- tion : Polyommatus akasa Horsfield, [1828], Descy. Cat. lepid. Ins. Mus. East India Coy (@) 367, pl apags 1, 2A". ALAENA Boisduval, 1847, in Delegorgue, Voy. Afrique austy.2 : 591. Type-species by mono- typy : Acraea amazoula Boisduval, 1847, im Delegorgue, ibid. 2 : 591. That the above species was established by Boisduval as belonging to the genus Acraea Fab- ricius on the same page as that on which it became the type-species of the new genus Alaena is due to the fact that, after having described this species in this way, Boisduval added that it should, in his view, be placed in a genus of its own and thereupon established the genus Alaena for this purpose. ALAZONIA Hiibner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (3) : 46. Type-species by selection by Hemming (1934, Entomologist 67 : 37) : Papilio cydippe Linnaeus, 1767, Syst. Nat. (ed. 12) (AQ E FO; TO), 1153}, When citing the nominal species Papilio cydippe, Hiibner gave as the Linnean reference the number ‘“‘ 163’, which (as shown above) was the number allotted to this species by Linnaeus in 1767. Although the name Papilio cydippe (as applied to the present species) is commonly cited as having been first published in 1767 in the Twelfth Edition of the Syst. Nat., it was in fact first published four years earlier in 1763 (Amoen. acad. 6 : 409) ; this was clearly indicated by Linnaeus himself in 1767 by citing the earlier Amoen. acad. reference. It is no longer necessary however to take account of the usage of this name in 1763, for by a Ruling given GENERIC NAMES OF BUTTERFLIES 35 by the Commission under its Plenary Powers in its Opinion 501 (1958, Opin. int. Comm. zool. Nom. 18 : 1-64) all usages of the specific name cydippe in the combination Papilio cydippe published before 1767 were suppressed for the purposes both of the Law of Priority and of the Law of Homonymy. The effect of this Ruling was to validate the specific name cydippe Linnaeus, 1767, as published in the combination Papilio cydippe, which was thereupon placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology as Name No. 1474. (It should be explained that the action by the Commission described above formed part of a general plan for putting an end to a situation of great confusion which had arisen in connection with the interpretation of a different nominal species also bearing the name Papilio cydippe established by Linnaeus in 1761.) ALBERICIA Dufrane, 1945, Bull. Ann. Soc. ent. Belg. 81:98. Type-species by original designation : Albericia gomensis Dufrane, 1945, ibid. 81 : 98. ALBULINA Tutt, [April] 1909, Nat. Hist. Brit. Butts 3 (6) : 154. Type-species by original designation : Papilio pheretes Hiibner, [1805-1806], Samml. euvop. Schmett., Zifer : 45. The name Papilio pheretes Hiibner is invalid as a junior homonym of Papilio pheretes Hoffmansegg, 1804 (Mag. f. Insektenk. (Illiger) 3 : 187). Further, these names are objective synonyms, since each is based on Papilio atys Hiibner, [1803-1804] (Samml. europ. Schmett. : pl. Pap. 97, figs 495, 496). The discovery by Verity in 1926 (Ent. Rec. 38 : 105) that the nominal species Papilio orbitulus Prunner, 1798 (Lepid. pedement. : 75) had hitherto been misinterpreted had a dis- turbing effect on the nomenclature of this genus. First, it was now necessary to transfer to the species always known by the specific name pheretes Hiibner (or Hoffmannsegg) the specific name orbitulus Prunner, which for many decades also had been firmly attached to an entirely different species then—and now—regarded as belonging to a different genus. Second, this discovery affected also the application of the generic name Agriades Hiibner. Hitherto the species till then known by the specific name orbitulus had been regarded as the type-species of that genus ; the discovery that the name orbitulus Prunner applied not to that species but to the species till then known by the name pheretes had the effect of reducing the generic name Albulina Tutt to the status of a junior subjective synonym of Agviades Hiibner. The transfer of the name Agriades Hiibner would have led to great confusion. The situation so created has been explained in detail in the note on the name Agriades. The objectionable transfer of that name was prevented by the Commission using its Plenary Powers to designate Papilio glandon Prunner, 1798 (now found to be the oldest available name applicable to the species previously incorrectly known by the name orbitudus Prunner) to be the type-species of Agriades Hiibner. The action described above had the effect of leaving the name Albulina Tutt the oldest available name for the genus having Papilio pheretes as type-species. Unfortunately, how- ever, no action was judged to be practicable to prevent the confusing transfer of the specific name orbitulus Prunner, it being considered at the time when this matter came before the Commission that the painful process of transfer had already reached a point where the best course would be to allow the change to be completed unchecked. Accordingly, the specific name pheretes Hiibner, the specific name of the type-species of Albulina, remains a junior subjective synonym of the specific name orbitulus Prunner. The name Albulina Tutt was published as a new name twice in the year 1909. The first of these occasions was in Part 6 of volume 3 of Tutt’s Nat. Hist. Brit. Butts, which appeared in April of that year ; the second was in Part 5 (: 106) of volume 21 of the Ent. Rec., which ap- peared in May. ALCIDIS Scudder, 1875, Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10 : 107 (a cheironym). This is a ghost name, the appearance of which in print is due to a series of incomprehensible errors on the part of Scudder, which are all the more surprising, coming from an author normally so meticulously careful in his work. The facts are set out below. The first of the mistakes involved arose from a misreading of a paper by Felder (C.) & 36 FRANCIS HEMMING Felder (R.), published in 1860 (Wien. ent. Monats. 4 : 250), in which those authors described a new species under the name Nyctalemon (Alcidis) livis. Scudder was mistaken in believing that this taxon was a butterfly, whereas, in fact it was described:as a moth. Second, he overlooked altogether the fact that the Felders had treated their new species as belonging to the moth genus Nyctalemon Dalman, 1825 (K. svenska VetenskAkad. Handl., Stockholm 1824 (2) : 407) and had employed the name Alcidis only as a denomination for a subgenus of the genus Nyctalemon. Third, Scudder regarded the name Alcidis as a new genus-group name proposed by the Felders, who however gave no sign of looking upon themselves as proposing a new name. Possibly, they considered that they were using the name Alcidis Hiibner, [1823], (Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (19) : 289). Scudder stated in the introduction to his paper that specific names were used by him in the sense in which they had been accepted by Kirby in his Syn. Cat. of 1871. If this is what Scudder did in the present case he must have interpreted the name /ivis as being the specific component of the name Papilio liris Godart, [1819] (Ency. méth. 9 (1) (Ins.) : 72), the name of an Indo-Oriental Papilionid butterfly. It will be seen from the foregoing particulars that neither the Felders in 1860 nor Scudder in 1875 proposed or accepted Alcidis as the name for a genus or subgenus of butterflies. ALCYONEIS Hiibner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (3) : 35. Type-species by selection by Hemming (1933, Entomologist 66 : 197) : Alcyoneis almane Hiibner, [1819], ibid. (3) : 35. The specific name almane was introduced as a variant—presumably as an emendation, for it can hardly have been regarded as a mere change in gender—of the name almana as pub- lished in the combination Papilio almana Linnaeus, 1758 (Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 472). The name almane Hiibner is objectively invalid, the correct specific name for the type-species of this genus being almana Linnaeus, 1758. ALDANIA Moore, [1896], Lep. ind. 3 (26) : 46. Type-species by original designation : Diadema raddei Bremer, 1861, Bull. Acad. Sci. St. Petersb. 3 : 467. ALENIA Evans, 1935, Tvans. R. ent. Soc. Lond. 83 (3) : 409. Type-species by original desig- nation : Pyrgus sandaster Trimen, 1868, Tvans. ent. Soc. Lond. 1868 : 92. ALERA Mabille, 1891, Ann. Soc. ent. Belg. 35, C.R. : Ixxxiv. Type-species by monotypy : Alera furcata Mabille, 1891, ibid. 35, C.R. : lxxxiv. ALEREMA Hayward, 1942, An. Soc. cienc. argent. 134: 66. Type-species by original desig- nation : Alerema aeteria Hayward, 1942, ibid. 134 : 67. ALESA Doubleday, 1847, List Spec. lep. Ins. Brit. Mus. 2:1. Type-species by selection by Scudder (1875, Proc. amey. Acad. Avis Sci., Boston 10: 107) : Erycina prema Godart, [1824], Ency. méth. 9 (2) (Ins.) : 569. ALGIA Herrich-Schaeffer, 1864, CorvespBl. zool.-min. Ver. Regensburg 18 : 125 repaged offprint as Prodvomus ..1:27. Type-species by subsequent designation by Hemming (1964, Annot. lep. (4) : 124) : Cirrochroa satyrina Felder (C.) & Felder (R.), [1867], Reise Fregatte ‘‘ Novava’’, Lep.-Rhop. (3) : 389. The nominal genus Algia Herrich-Schaeffer was established in a generic key without cited nominal species. Owing to the diagnosis so provided, the name Algia became an available name as from the date of being so published but lacked precision until such time as it was provided by a later author with included nominal species and one of these was designated as type-species. An attempt to include a nominal species was made by Herrich-Schaeffer himself when in 1865 (loc. cit. 19 : 103) he cited what he called “‘ satyvina’”’ as belonging to this genus. Unluckily, that name was at that time a manuscript name. Accordingly, the name Algia Herrich-Schaeffer remained at that time without an included nominal species. The name A/lgia was next considered in 1875 (Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10 : 107) when Scudder, after expressing the opinion that Algia had been published without a description and that the name cited for the sole included species was a nomen nudum suggested that the name Algia should be “‘ dropped’’. In making this suggestion, Scudder was in error, for, as already shown, Algia was in fact provided with a diagnosis by Herrich-Schaeffer and so GENERIC NAMES OF BUTTERFLIES 37 rendered available. Scudder was however uncritically followed by later authors and it was not until 1964 that Civrochroa satyrina Felder (C.) & Felder (R.), [1867] was placed in this genus by myself and designated as type-species. The choice of this species was prompted partly by the fact that it was in harmony with the diagnosis given by Herrich-Schaeffer in 1864 and partly because in 1867 Herrich-Schaeffer had placed in this genus what he called “ satyrina ’’, a name which had not been published. It may reasonably be concluded however that it was the species which in 1867 the Felders established as the nominal species Cirrochroa satyvina which Herrich-Schaeffer had in mind when he established the genus Algia. Normally, it would be most undesirable to bring into use a long-neglected name, such as Algia Herrich-Schaeffer, for almost always to do so would involve the relegation to synonymy of some well-established name in current use, but this is not the case in the present instance. There are two names which are junior subjective synonyms of Algia Herrich-Schaeffer. These are : Paduca Moore, {[Nov.] 1886, and Ducapa Moore, [1900]. The name Ducapa was introduced by Moore as a replacement for Paduca, which he regarded as being invalid under the Law of Homonymy, as being a junior homonym of Paduka Distant, [April] 1886 (a name bestowed upon a genus of Hesperiids). The genus has since been generally known by the name Ducapa but this name is invalid, for under the ‘‘ One Letter Difference ’’ Rule now embodied in Article 56(a) Paduca Moore is not a homonym of Paduka Distant and is an available name. The name Paduca Moore has not, however, as yet been brought into use in place of Ducapa and in these circumstances it does not appear that there would be any ground for asking the Commission to suppress the name Algia ; for the result would only serve to make way for the name Paduca Moore, a name which (as already explained) is not in use and which has been compromised though having been (incorrectly) rejected under the Law of Homonymy. ALLANCASTRIA Bryk, 1934, Das Tierreich 64 : 19, 61-62. Type-species by original desig- nation : Thais cerisyi correction of [cerisy] Godart, 1822, Mém. Soc. linn. Paris 2 : 234, pl. 20, figs 3, 4. The name Allancastria first appeared in print in 1932 (Parnassiana 2 (6/8) : 104) in a paper by Bryk, but it is invalid as from the date of being so published, for Bryk provided no generic diagnosis and designated no type-species, both essential requirements for a generic name published after the close of 1930 (Article 13). ALLORA Waterhouse & Lyell, 1914, Butts Australia: 8, 215. Type-species by original designation : Ismene doleschalii Felder (C.), 1860, S.B. Akad. Wiss. Wien 40 : 460. ALLOTINUS Felder (C.) & Felder (R.), [1865], Reise Fregatte ‘‘ Novara”’, Lep.-Rhop. (2) : 285. Type-species by selection by Scudder (1875, Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10: 107) : Allotinus fallax Felder (C.) & Felder (R.), [1865], ibid. (2) : 285, pl. 35, figs 24 d, 25, 26 9. ALOEIDAS Hiibner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (5) : 73. Type-species by selection by Scudder (1875, Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10: 107): Papilio pierus Cramer, [1779], Uit. Kapellen 3 (21) : 84, pl. 243, figs E, F. ALTINOTE Potts, 1943, Pan-Pac. Ent. 19 (1) : 31. Type-species by original designation : Heliconius peleus Latreille, [1811], in Humboldt & Bonpland, Voy. Rég. equinox. Nouv. Continent, Pt II (Obs. Zool.), 2 (No. 2) : 86, pl. 36, figs 7, 8. AMARYNTHIS Hiibner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2) : 26. Type-species by monotypy : Papilio meneria Cramer, [1776], Uitl. Kapellen 1 (8) : 147, pl. 94, figs D, E. AMARYSSUS Dalman, 1816, K. svenska VetenskAkad. Handl., Stockholm 1816 (ray BG efop Type-species by original designation : Papilio machaon Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) a: 462: The name Amaryssus Dalman is invalid as a junior objective synonym of Papilio Linnaeus 1758. 38 FRANCIS HEMMING AMATHUSIA Fabricius, 1807, Mag. f. Insektenk. (Illiger) 6 : 279. Type-species by mono- typy : Papilio phidippus Linnaeus, 1763, Amoen. acad. 6 : 402. AMATHUXIDIA Staudinger, [1887], 7m Staudinger & Schatz, Exot. Schmett. Bd 1, Th. 1 (17) : 188. Type-species by monotypy : Amathusia amythaon Doubleday, 1847, Amn. Mag. nat. Hist. 19 : 175. AMAURA Geyer, [1837], im Hibner, Zutr. z. Samml. exot. Schmett. 5 : 39. Type-species by selection by Hemming (1943, Proc. R. ent. Soc. Lond. (B) 12 : 23 : Danais phaedone Godart, [1819], Ency. méth. 9 (1) (Ins.) : 183. Godart, when using the spelling “‘ phaedone ’’ in 1819, gave a back reference to Fabricius, 1794, thus showing that he was not introducing a new name, but only an emendation of the spelling ‘‘ phoedon ’”’ used by Fabricius. The name Danais phaedone Godart is thus invalid as an Unjustified Emendation of Papilio phoedon Fabricius, 1798 (Suppl. Ent. syst. : 423). The latter is the oldest available name applicable to the present species. AMAURINA Aurivillius, 1910, im Sjéstedt’s Kilimandjaro-Meru Exped. Bd 2, Abt. 9: 2. Type-species by selection by Bryk, 1937, Lep. Cat. 78 : 183 : Amauris ansorgei Sharpe, 1896, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (6) 18 : 158. The name Amaurina Aurivillius is invalid as a junior homonym of Amaurina Kolbe, 1895 (Stett. ent. Ztg 56 : 285). It has been replaced by the name Panamauris Bryk, 1937. AMAURIS Hiibner, [1816], Vevz. bekannt. Schmett.(1) : 14. Type-species by selection by Scudder (1875, Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10: 108) : Papilio niavius Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 470. Hiibner cited the specific name of the type-species as ‘‘ Niavia’’ ; this is here treated as having been due to Hiibner considering the generic name Amauris to be feminine in gender, in which case it would have been natural, if he considered the specific name to be an adjective, to «e ” alter its termination from “‘ -us’”’ to “ -a AMAXIDIA Staudinger, [1887], 7m Staudinger & Schatz, Exot. Schmett. Bd 1, Th. tr (17) : 188. Type-species by monotypy : Papilio aurelius Cramer, [1777], Uitl. Kapellen 2 (14) : 110, pl. 168, figs A, B. AMBLOPALA Leech, [1893], Butts China Japan Corea (2) (Text Pt 3) : 341. Type-species by monotypy : Amblypodia avidiena Hewitson, 1877, Ent. mon. Mag. 14 : 108. AMBLYGONIA Felder (C.) & Felder (R.), [1865] in Reise Fregatte ‘‘ Novava’’, Lep.-Rhop. (2) : 308. Type-species by selection by Hemming (1943, Proc. R. ent. Soc. Lond. (B) 12: 29) : Amblygonia amarynthina Felder (C.) & Felder (R.), [1865], zbid. (2) : 309. This generic name is invalid as a junior homonym of Amblygomia Herrich-Schaeffer, [1858] (Samm. aussereurop. Schmett. Heteroc. 69, fig. 39). Luckily, the type-species of Amblygonia is the type-species of Parcella Stichel, 1910, which, being an available name, replaces the invalid name Amblygonia. AMBLYPODIA Horsfield, [1829], Descr. Cat. Lepid. Ins. Mus. East India Coy (2) : 98. Type- species by selection by Boisduval (1870, Consid. Lépid. Guatemala : 14) : Thecla narada Horsfield, [1828], Descr. Cat. lepid. Ins. Mus. East India Coy (1) : explic. pl. 1, fig. 8. Scudder (1875, Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10 : 108), who was an adherent of the so-called “‘ principle of elimination ”’ sought incorrectly to set aside Boisduval’s valid selection of Thecla navada in 1870, arguing that that species was ineligible as type-species owing to a “restriction ’’ made by Westwood in [1852] (in Doubleday, Gen. diurn. Lep. (2) : 477) ; Scudder thereupon sought to select Papilio apidanus Cramer, [1777] (Uit. Kapellen 2 (12) : 63, pl. 137, figs F, G). Many years later Riley (1922, Entomologist 55 : 25) advanced a new argument in favour of Scudder’s attempted selection of Papilio apidanus as the type-species of this genus, pointing out that, when discussing (: 111) his new nominal genus Amblypodia, Horsfield had said (: 111) of the third of the five sections into which he divided that taxon, that he considered the third as being “‘ typical’ of Amblypodia. From this Riley argued that “e GENERIC NAMES OF BUTTERFLIES 39 whatever species might be selected as the type-species of Amblypodia, it could only be one of those included by Horsfield in this third section and further that, as Papilio apidamus had been selected as the type-species by Scudder and was a member of that Section, Scudder’s selection of that species as type-species was perfectly valid. Riley recognized that, if this view were to be accepted, it would be necessary to transfer the name A mblypodia to the genus long known as Arhopala Boisduval, 1832 and that, as Arhopala would become a junior subjective synonym of Amblypodia, a new name would be needed for the genus hitherto known as Arhopala ; this was supplied by Riley who then introduced the name Horsfieldia with Thecla navada as type-species. Fortunately, the argument advanced by Riley was invalid, depending upon the same so-called “ restriction ’’ principle as that recognized by Scudder in 1875 but never recognized in the International Code, for Horsfield’s third section comprised four species and it is not possible for the author of a generic name, while not designating a type-species, to indicate that only some—in this case, four—of the included species shall be eligible for selection as type-species by a later author. The position is therefore (a) that Thecla narada Horsfield is the valid type-species of A mbly- podia Horsfield by selection by Boisduval in 1870, and (b) that the name Horsfieldia Riley, 1922, of which also the above species is type-species (by original designation) is invalid as a junior objective synonym of Amblypodia Horsfield. The normal species Papilio apidanus Cramer, the pseudotype of Amblypodia adopted by Scudder in 1875 and again by Riley in 1922, belongs to the large group of species habitually treated until recently as belonging to the genus Arhopala Boisduval. Under a revision of the Arvhopala-Group made by Evans in 1957 (Bull. Br. Mus. nat. Hist., (Ent.) 5 : 85-141) the species hitherto placed in Arhopala were re-arranged to form a number of genera, the greater number being placed in Narathura Moore, [1879] ; one of the existing genera then accepted by Evans as taxonomically required was Flos Doherty, 1889, which had till then been treated as a junior subjective synonym of Arhopala Boisduval (or, according to the view taken as to the type-species of Amblypodia, asa junior subjective synonym of that generic name). The type-species of Flos Doherty is (by original designation) Papilio apidanus Cramer, the one-time pseudotype of Amblypodia Horsfield. AMBLYSCIRTES Scudder, 1872, 4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. 1871 : 75. Type-species by original designation : Hesperia vialis Edwards, 1862, Proc. Acad. nat. Sci. Philad. 1862 : 58. AMECERA Butler, 1867, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (3) 19 : 162. Type-species by selection by Butler, February 1868, Ent. mon. Mag. 4: 195) : Papilio megera Linnaeus, 1767, Syst. Nat. (ed. 12) 1 (2) : 771. Butler selected the above species as type-species in 1868. The selection cited above is the earlier, the other (Cat. diurn. Lep. Satyridae Brit. Mus. : 123) not having been published until July of that year. The name Amecera Butler is invalid as it is a junior objective synonym of Lasiommata Westwood, 1841, of which the same species is the type-species. (Under the erroneous belief that a nominal species could not be the type-species of more than one genus and that, where such a situation arose, it was permissible to change the type-species of the later- established of the two genera concerned, Moore ([1893, Lep. ind. 2 (13) : 12 nota) sought to change the type-species of this genus to Hipparchia eversmanni (F. de W., ms.) Eversmann, 1847 (Bull. Soc. imp. Nat. Moscou 20 (3) : [no text], pl. 2, figs 5, 6). AMECHANIA Hewitson, [June 1861], J/l. exot. Butts 2 : [87]. Type-species by monotypy : Amechania incerta Hewitson [1861, ibid. 2 : [88], pl. [44] 2 figs. AMENIS Watson, 1893, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1893 : 11, 12. Type-species by original desig- nation : Pyrrhopyé¢a [sic] pionia Hewitson, [1857], [/l. evot. Butts 2 : [120], pl. [60], fig. 9. AMETRON Hayward, 1940, An. Soc. cienc. argent. 130 : 85. Type-species by original desig- nation : Ametron subviridis Hayward, 1940, ibid. 130 : 87, fig. 10 (3 figs). 40 FRANCIS HEMMING AMMIRALIS Rennie, 1832, Conspectus Butts. Moths: 10. Type-species by monotypy : Papilio atalanta Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 478. The name Ammiralis Rennie is invalid as a junior objective synonym of Vanessa Fabricius, 1807, of which the same species is the type-species. AMNOSIA Doubleday, 1849, Gen. diurn. Lep. (2) : pl. 51, fig. 4. Type-species by monotypy : Amnosia decora Doubleday, 1849, ibid. (2) : pl. 51, fig. 4. The text relating to this generic name was not published until after Doubleday’s death, appearing in [1850] in Westwood’s continuation (ibid. (2) : 259). The name Ammosia first appeared in print in 1844 in Doubleday’s List. Spec. lep. Ins. Brit. Mus. 1: 88, but it aquired no status in nomenclature by reason of being so published, for Doubleday provided it with no diagnosis and included no established nominal species in it, the only specific name cited (decova) being at that time a manuscript name. AMOENA Stichel, [1909], im Seitz, Gvrossschmett. Evde 1: 156 (an Incorrect Subsequent Spelling of Aemona Hewitson, [1868]). AMPHICHLORA Felder (C.), 1861, Nova Acta Leop. Carol. 28 (No. 3) : 19. Type-species by selection by Scudder (1875, Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10: 109) : Papilio feronia Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 473. AMPHIDECTA Butler, 1867, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (3) 20 : 404. Type-species by monotypy : Amphidecta pignerator Butler, 1867, ibid. (3) 20 : 405, pl. 9, fig. 11. AMPHIDEMA Felder (C.), 1861, Nova Acta Akad. Caes. Leopold. 28 (No. 3): 27. Type- species by monotypy : Diadema beckeri Herrich-Schaeffer, [1853], Samml. aussereurop. Schmett. (2) : [19], fig. 8 ; ibid. (2) : 54. AMPHIRENE Doubleday, 1844, List. Spec. lep. Ins. Brit. Mus. 1: 86. Type-species by selection by Scudder (1875, Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10 : 110) : Vanessa epaphus Latreille, [1811], iz Humboldt & Bonpland, Voy. Rég. equinox. Nouv. Continent, Pt II (Obs. Zool.) 2 (No. 2) : 74, pl. 35, figs 3, 4. AMPHIRENE Boisduval, 1870, Consid. Lépid. Guatemala : 43. Type-species by monotypy : Vanessa epaphus Latreille, [1811], 21 Humboldt & Bonpland, Voy. Rég. equinox. Nouv. Continent, Pt II (Obs. Zool.). 2 (No. 2) : 74, pl. 35, figs 3, 4. The name Amphivene was originally devised by Boisduval and it was as a manuscript name of Boisduval’s that it was published by Doubleday in 1844. Boisduval always ignored the action of any author who (as Doubleday in this case) published a name which he himself had made known in MS. and when later he published the name himself, he treated it as a new name. ‘This is what he did in this case. AMPHISELENIS Staudinger, [April 1888], im Staudinger & Schatz, Evot. Schmett. Bd 1 (Th. 1) (Lief. 20) : 257. Type-species by monotypy : Lasaia chama Staudinger, [October 1887], 7n Staudinger & Schatz, ibid. Bd 1 (Th. 1) (Lief. 19) : pl. or. It will be observed that in the text published six months after the plate (pl. 91) on which the new species Lasaia chama had been figured, Staudinger had changed his mind as to the generic affinities of that species and had decided to remove it from the genus Lasaia Bates, in which it had been placed when it was first figured, and to place it in a new genus. He ex- plained that Dr. Hahnel, from whom he had received the type material, had suggested that this species should be removed from Lasaia Bates and placed in a new genus for which he had proposed the name Amphiselenis in manuscript. Staudinger, as shown above, thereupon published the name Amphiselenis, but he appears not to have been completely convinced as to its necessity. AMPHISELENIS Rober, [1892], 7m Schatz, im Staudinger & Schatz, Evot. Schmett. Bd 1, Th. 2 (6) : 248. Type-species by monotypy : Lasaia chama Staudinger, [1887], 1m Staudinger & Schatz, Exot. Schmett. Bd 1, Th. 1 (Lief. 19) : pl. or. R6ber introduced his Amphiselenis as a “‘ Gen. nov.’’ of hisown. As the specialist charged with the completion of this Theil of the Exot. Schmett. after Schatz’s death, he must certainly aw.) GENERIC NAMES OF BUTTERFLIES 41 have known of the publication of the name Amphiselenis. It may be concluded that the reason why he decided to republish this as a new name of his own was that he felt that Staudinger’s rather ambiguous attitude, when introducing that name, was such as not to qualify that name as having been validly published. The name Amphiselenis Rober is invalid both as a junior homonym of Amphiselenis Staudinger, [1888], and as a junior objective synonym of that name. AMPHRISIUS Swainson, 1833, Zool. Illustry. (2) 3: pl. 98. Type-species by monotypy ; Amphrisius nympalides [sic] Swainson, 1833, ibid. (2) 3 : pl. 98. AMPITTIA Moore, [1882], Lep. Ceylon 1 (4) : 171. Type-species by original designation : Hesperia maro Fabricius, 1798, Suppl. Ent. syst. : 432. AMYCLA Doubleday, [1849], Gen. diurn. Lep. (1) : 223. Type-species by monotypy : Eunice taurione Geyer, [1832], in Hiibner, Zutr. z. Samml. exot. Schmett. 4 : 39, pl. [135], figs 783, 784. Doubleday placed in this genus two other nominal species besides Eunice taurione, but against the names of each of the two other nominal species he placed a mark of interrogation, thus indicating that he referred these species to this genus only doubtfully. This action of Doubleday’s rendered both of these species ineligible for selection as type-species (Article 67(h)). £. taurione, as the only nominal species unequivocally placed in this genus by Doubleday, accordingly becomes automatically its type-species by monotypy. The name Amycla Doubleday is invalid as it is a junior homonym of Amycla Rafinesque, 1815 (Analyse de la Nature : 118). AMYNTHIA Swainson, 1831, Zool. Illustr. (2) 2 : pl. 65 [recte 63]. Type-species by original designation : Papilio maerula Fabricius, 1775, Syst. Ent. : 479. The specific name of the type-species was misspelled as ‘‘ merula '’ by Swainson. The generic name Amynthia Swainson is invalid as a junior objective synonym of Anteos Hiibner, [1819] (Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (7) : 99), of which the same nominal species is the type-species. ANADARA Moore, 1883, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1883 : 317. Type-species by original designa- tion : Salpinx gamelia Hiibner, [1825] Samml. exot. Schmett. 2 : pl. [10]. The generic name Anadara Moore is invalid as it is a junior homonym of the name Anadara Gray, 1847 (Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 15 (178) : 198). It has also sometimes been said to be a junior homonym of an alleged name Anadara Deshayes, 1830 (Ency. méth. Hist. nat. Vers 2 : 37), but reference to Deshayes’ work shows that that author did not employ the word “ Anadara’’ as a generic name ; all that he did was to discuss the use of this word by the pre-Linnaean author Adanson in 1757 Hist. nat. Sénégal Coquillages : 148 [recte 248], pointing out that, as used by Adanson, it had been a denomination applied to a species of the “‘ genre Arche ’’, i.e. the genus named Arca by Linnaeus in 1758 Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 693. ANADEBIS Butler, 1867, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (3) 19: 50. Type-species through Section (i) (replacement names) of Article 67 : Mycalesis (?) himachala Moore, 1857, in Horsfield & Moore, Cat. lep. Ins. Mus. East India Coy (1) : 234. Butler proposed the name Anadebis as a replacement for the name Theope Moore, 1857, which is invalid under the Law of Homonymy. The name Anadebis Butler is itself invalid, being a junior objective synonym of Ethope Moore, [1866], a replacement name for Theope Moore published by Moore himself in the year immediately before that in which the name Anadebis Butler appeared. ANAEA Hiibner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (3) 48. Type-species by selection by Scudder (1875, Proc. amer. Acad, Arts Sci., Boston 10: 111) : Papilio troglodyta Fabricius, 1775, Syst. Ent. : 502. ANAEOMORPHA Rothschild, 1894, Novit. zool. 1: 687. Type-species by monotypy : Anaeomorpha splendida Rothschild, 1894, ibid. 1 : 687. 42 FRANCIS HEMMING ANAPERUS Mabille & Boullet, 1919, Ann. Sci. nat., Zool. (10) 2 (4/6) : 232. Type-species through Section (i) (replacement names) of Article 67 : Eudamus caicus Herrich-Schaeffer, 1869, CorrvespBl. zool.-min. Ver. Regensburg 23 : 188. This generic name was introduced as a replacement for the name Phoedinus Godman & Salvin, [1894], which is invalid under the Law of Homonymy. Unfortunately, the substitute name Anaperus Mabille & Boullet was itself found to be invalid under the Law of Homonymy. In its turn it was replaced in 1934 by the name Caicella Hemming. ANAPHAEIS Hiibner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (6) : 93. Type-species by selection by Scudder (1875, Proc. amey. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10: 111) : Papilio creona Cramer, [1776], Uitl. Kapellen 1 (8) : 148, pl. 95, figs B, C. ANARTIA Hiibner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (3) : 33. Type-species by selection by Scudder (1875, Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10 : 111) : Papilio jatrophae Linnaeus, 1763, Amoen. acad. 6 : 408. ANATIELLA Fruhstorfer, 1907, Int. ent. Z. 1 (16) : 112. Type-species by monotypy ; Vanessa lytrea Godart, [1819], Ency. méth. 9 (1) (Ins.) : 299. ANASTRUS Hiibner, [1824], Samml. exot. Schmett.2 : pl. [149]. Type-species by monotypy : Anastrus obscurus Hiibner, [1824], zbid.2 : pl. [149], figs 3, 4 “‘ 2”’ [recte ‘‘ J ’’] (represent- ing the lectotype selected by Evans (1953, Cat. Amer. Hesp. Brit. Mus. 3 : 182). Evans (l.c. : 180) pointed out that Hiibner had figured two species under the name A nastrus obscurus, figs 1/2, which Hiibner considered to be the male, belonging to one species, and figs 3 and 4, which Hiibner considered to be the female, being in reality the male of a second species. Evans went on to say that Watson in 1893—the reference presumably being to Watson, 1893, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1893 : 43, 54—had selected ‘‘ the second species (figs 3 and 4) as representing obscurus and as the type of the genus [Anastrus]’’. This does not appear to be correct ; all that Watson seems to have done was to base his diagnosis of Anas- tvus upon Anastrus obscurus, as interpreted by Hiibner’s figs 3 and 4, without commenting on the composite nature of the nominal species Anastrus obscurus as established by Hiibner. Watson cannot therefore be accepted as having established the interpretation of this nominal species. Evans however quite definitely selected the species figured as Anastyvus obscurus in figs 3 and 4 on Hiibner’s plate (pl. [149]) as that to which the above name should adhere, to the exclusion of the species figured by Hiibner under the same name in figs 1 and 2 on the same plate. Evans in this passage was the first author to make an effective lectotype selec- tion for the nominal species A nastvus obscurus Hiibner, the lectotype so selected being the male specimen figured (erroneously as a female) by Hiibner in figs 3 and 4 on the plate referred to above. Evans added that, in his opinion, the taxon figured by Hiibner as Anastrus obscurus in figs 1 and 2 of the above plate was that represented by the nominal species Papilio philemon Fabricius, 1775 (Syst. Ent. : 534), placed by Evans (l.c. : 203) in the genus Ephyriades Hiibner, [1819]. ANATOLE Hiibner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2) : 24. Type-species by selection by Scudder (1875, Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10: 111) : Lemonias zygia Hiibner, [1807, Samm. exot. Schmett. 1 : pl. [35]. As noted by myself in 1934, Anatole Hiibner is invalid as a junior objective synonym of Lemonias Hiibner, [1807 (Sammil. exot. Schmett. 1 : pl. [35]), the two genera having the same species as type-species. ANATRYTONE Dyar, 1905, J]. N. Y. ent. Soc.13 : 140. Type-species by original designation : Hesperia delaware Edwards, 1863, Proc. ent. Soc. Philad. 2 : 19, pl. 5, 2. The taxon represented by the nominal species Hesperia delawave Edwards is currently on taxonomic grounds either identified with, or considered to be a subspecies of, the taxon represented by the nominal species Hesperia logan Edwards, 1863, Proc. ent. Soc. Philad. 2 : 18, pl. 1, fig. 5). Since the specific names delaware Edwards and logan Edwards were published in the same work and on the same date, the relative precedence to be accorded to these names GENERIC NAMES OF BUTTERFLIES 43 depends on the choice made by the First Reviser. In this case, the First Reviser was Edwards who (as Mr. Cyril F. dos Passos has kindly pointed out 7m /itt.) in 1872 (Syn. N. Amer. Butts : 44) identified Hesperia logan with Hesperia delaware and sank the specific name logan as a junior subjective synonym of the name delaware. The same course was taken by Godman & Salvin in 1900 (Biol. centr.-amer., Lep. Rhop. 2 : 490). It should be added that under the idea that in cases of this kind relative precedence should be determined in accordance with the principle of page precedence Barnes & McDunnough (Contrib. nat. Hist. Lepid. N. Amer. 3 (2) : 132) gave preference to the name /ogan over the name delaware by reason of its having been published one page earlier than delaware (on page 18 as compared with page 19). This contention was already invalid at the time of the publication of Barnes & McDunnough’s paper, for Article 28 of the Code then in force provided that a case such as this was governed by the First Reviser principle, and this is even more explicitly prescribed in the revised text of the Code (Article 24(a)) now in force. ANCHIPHLEBIA Butler, July 1868, Cat. diurn. Lep. Satyridae Brit. Mus : 106. Type- species by original designation : Antivrhea archaea Hiibner, [1822], Samml. exot. Schmett. 2: pl. [81]. Anchiphlebia was published on the above occasion as the name of a new genus. It is therefore not to be treated as an Incorrect Subsequent Spelling of, or as an Unjustified Emendation of the slightly earlier name Anchyphlebia Butler, February 1868 (see below). Further, under the ‘‘ One-Letter-Difference ’’ Rule (Article 56(a)) the names Anchiphlebia Bulter and Anchyphlebia Butler are not homonyms of one another. The name Anchiphlebia Butler, July 1868, is however, invalid as a junior objective synonym of Anchyphlebia Butler, February 1868. Both these names are in addition invalid as junior objective synonyms of Antirrhea Hiibner, [1822]. ANCHYPHLEBIA Butler, February 1868, Ent. mon. Mag. 4: 195. Type-species by original designation : Antirrhea archaea Hiibner, [1822], Samml. exot. Schmett. 2 : pl. [81]. This name is invalid as a junior objective synonym of Antirrhea Hiibner, [1822], of which the same species is the type-species. ANCISTROCAMPTA Felder (C.) & Felder (R.), 1862, Wien. ent. Monats. 6 : 183. Type- species by monotypy : Ancistrocampta syllius Felder (C.) & Felder (R.), 1862, ibid. 6 : 184. ANCISTROIDES Butler, 1874, Trans. ent. Soc. Lond. 1874 : 436. Type-species by original designation : Ancistroides longicornis Butler, 1874, ibid. 1874 : 436. ANCYLOXYPHA Felder (C.), 1862, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien 12: 477. Type-species by original designation : Hesperia numitor Fabricius, 1793, Ent. syst. 3 (1) : 324. ANCYLURIS Hiibner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2) : 23. Type-species by selection by Seudder (1875, Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10: 112) : Ancyluris pyrete Hiibner, [1819], tbid. (2) : 23 (a nominal taxon objectively identical with the nominal species Papilio meliboeus Fabricius, 1777 (Gen. Ins. : 271) through the lectotype selection made by Hemming (1964, Annot. lep. (3) : 101). The nominal species Ancyluris pyrete was established by Hiibner on the basis of two bibliographical references, the first to Papilio pyretus Cramer, [1777] (Uitl. Kapellen 2 (12) : 76, pl. 144, figs. A, B), the second, to Papilio meliboeus Fabricius, 1777. Prior to 1958 there existed no means for determining the relative precedence to be accorded to names published in the same year by Fabricius and Cramer respectively. In 1958 however the Commission promulgated its Opinion 516 (Opin. int. Comm. zool. Nom. 19 : 1-44), in which, while dealing with this situation in relation to the year 1775 it gave a Ruling that precedence be accorded to Fabrician names over those published by Cramer. The situation in this matter obtaining in relation to the year 1777 is exactly similar to that in 1775, and accordingly the name Papilio meliboeus Fabricius is to be treated as having precedence over Papilio pyretus Cramer published in the same year. By the lectotype-selection made by Hemming in 44 FRANCIS HEMMING 1964, the nominal species which is the type-species of Ancyluvis Hiibner becomes objectively identical with the nominal species (Papilio meliboeus Fabricius) which bears the oldest nomenclatorially available name applicable to the present taxon, these two nominal species having the same specimen as their respective lectotypes. ANDARA Capronnier, 1874, Ann. Soc. ent. Belg. 17:21. Type-species by monotypy ; Papilio helius Cramer, [1779], Uitl. Kapellen 3 (17) : to, pl. 198, fig. B. Capronnier attributed the name Andarva to Boisduval but it was never published by that author and must be credited to Capronnier as the author responsible for its publication. ANDASENA Moore, 1883, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1883 : 270. Type-species by original designa- tion : Danais swainsoni [correction of swainson] Godart, [1824], Ency. méth. 9 (Ins.) (2) : 815. The specific name of the type-species of this genus was published by Godart in the defective form ‘‘ swainson’”’ and is here corrected to the form “ swainsoni’’ in accordance with the automatic provisions of Article 31(a). ANDASENODES Moore, [1898], Lep. ind. 3 (32) : 146. Type-species by original designation : Neptis mimetica Grose-Smith, 1895, Novit. zool. 2 : 78. On the page cited above, Moore introduced the above name with many other names in a synoptic table, in which no diagnoses were provided for the new genera, but a type-species was designated for each. Moore provided a detailed diagnosis for this genus in [1899] (Lep. ind. 4 (39) : 44). ANDINA Rober, [1909], in Seitz, Grossschmett. Evde 5:97. Type-species through Section (i) of Article 67: Tvifurcula huanaco Staudinger, 1894, Iris 7: 56, pl. 1, figs 7, 16, 17. Rober introduced the name Andina as a replacement for the name Tvifurcula Staudinger, 1894, which is invalid under the Law of Homonymy. Rober attributed the name Andina to Staudinger, clearly being of the opinion that that author had himself replaced in this way (possibly only in manuscript) the invalid name Tvifurcula which he had published in 1894. The name Andina Rober is invalid as a junior objective synonym of Piercolias Grote, 1903, R6ber having been anticipated by Grote in replacing the name Tvifurcula Staudinger. « ANDINUS Hayward, 1940, Rev. Soc. ent. argent. 10 (3) : 284. Type-species by original designation : Andinus venustus Hayward, 1940, ibid. 10 (3) : 285. ANDRAPANA Moore, [1898], Lep. ind. 3 (32) : 146. Type-species by original designation : Papilio columella Cramer, [1780], Uitl. Kapellen 4 (25) : 15, pl. 296, figs A, B. As in the case of the name Andasenodes, Moore published the name Andvapana in a synoptic table, not giving a diagnosis for this genus until the following year ([1899], Lep. ind. 3 (35) : 218). ANDRASENODES Moore, [1899], Lep. ind. 3 (36) : 248 (an Incorrect Subsequent Spelling of Andasenodes Moore, [1898]). ANDRONYMUS Holland, 1896, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1896 : 80. Type-species by original designation : Pamphila philander Hopffer, 1855, Ber. Verh. Akad. Berlin 1855 : 643. The taxon represented by the nominal species Pamphila philander Hopffer is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as a subspecies of the taxon represented by the nominal species Hesperia caesay Fabricius, 1793 (Ent. syst. 3 (1) : 340). ANDROPODUM Hibner, 1822, Syst.-alph. Verz. : 2-5, 7-9. Type-species by selection by Hemming (1933, Entomologist 66 : 199) : Papilio brassicae Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. Io) i BAGH. The name Andvopodum Hiibner is invalid, as it is a junior objective synonym of Pieris Schrank, 1801, of which the same species is the type-species. ANDROPODUM Scudder, 1875, Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10: 112. Type-species by original designation : Mylothris margarita Hiibner, [1825], Sammi. exot. Schmett. 2 : pl. [120]. GENERIC NAMES OF BUTTERFLIES 45 Scudder was under the misapprehension that the name Andropodum had been first pub- lished by Hiibner in 1825 in that author’s Cat. Lép. Coll. Franck (: 84), but, as shown above, it had in fact first been published by that author in his Syst.-alp. Verz. It was from among the species placed in this genus on the later of these two occasions that Scudder selected Mylothris margarita Hubner as type-species. Employed in this erroneous sense, the name Andyvopodum attained a limited degree of cur- rency, having been adopted by Talbot in 1932 (im Bryk’s Lep. Cat. 53 : 183) in place of the name Glutophrissa Butler, 1887, which would have been a junior subjective synonym of Andropodum Hiibner since it had in fact Mylothris margarita Hiibner as its type-species. As misused in the foregoing sense—there being no such name as Andropodum Hiibner 1825—the name Andropodum can be attributed only to Scudder (1875), by whom it was definitely recognized as a genus with the above species as type-species. The name Andyro- podum Scudder, 1875, is invalid, as it is a junior homonym of Andropodum Hiibner, 1822. ANEMECA Kirby, 1871, Syn. Cat. diurn. Lep.: 179. Type-species through Section (i) of Article 67 : Morpheus ehrenbergii Geyer, [1833], i Hiibner, Samml. exot. Schmett. 3 : pl. [5). Kirby introduced the name Anemeca to replace the name Morpheis Geyer, [1833], of which the same species is the type-species. ANELIA Hiibner, [1823], Samml. exot. Schmett. 2 : pl. [22] (as Anetia), pl. [23] (as Anelia). Type-species by monotypy : Anelia numidia Hiibner, [1823], bid. 2 : pls [22], [23]. As shown above, there were two original spellings of this generic name. Accordingly, under Article 32(a) of the Code, the question as to which of these spellings is to be accepted as the Correct Original Spelling is determined by the application of the First Reviser procedure. The First Reviser in this case was Geyer who in [1833] (in Hiibner, Samml. exot. Schmett. 3 : pl. [6]) adopted the spelling ‘‘ Anelia ’’, which is accordingly the Correct Original Spelling of this name. ANETIA Hiibner, [1823], Sammi. exot. Schmett.2 : pl. [22]. (As explained above, this is one of two Multiple Original Spellings and under Article 32(a) is the Incorrect Original Spelling, the Correct Original Spelling being A nelia.) ANISOCHORIA Mabille [1877], Ann. Soc. ent. Fr. (5) 6 (1876), Bull. : cci. Type-species by selection by Watson (1893, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1893 : 44, 59) : Anisochoria polysticta Mabille, [1877], bid. (5) 6 (1876), Bull. : cci. ANISYNTA Lower, 1911, Tvans. R. Soc. S. Aust. 35 : 141. Type-species by original designa- tion : cyclopides cynone Hewitson, [1874], J/l. exot. Butts 5 : [115], pl. [60], fig. 17. ANISYNTOIDES Waterhouse, 1932, Aust. Zool. 7: 198. Type-species by original designa- tion : Cyclopides argenteoornatus Hewitson, 1868, Descy. One Hundred new Spec. Hesp. (art 4r. ANKOLA Evans, 1937, Cat. Afr. Hesp. Brit. Mus. : 106. Type-species by original designation : Osmodes (?) fan Holland, 1894, Ent. News 5 : or. ANOPS Boisduval, [1836], (Roret’s Suite 4 Buffon), Hist. nat. Ins., Spec. gén. Lépid. 1: explic. pl. 23 (=7C). Type-species by monotypy: Papilio phaedrus Fabricius, 1781, Spec. Ins. 2 : 125. The taxon represented by the nominal species Papilio phaedrus Fabricius is currently identified on taxonomic grounds with the taxon represented by the older-established nominal species Papilio thetis Drury, [1773] (Jll. nat. Hist. 2 : index & 16, pl. 9, figs 3, 4). The name Anops Boisduval is invalid as it is a junior homonym of Anops Bell, 1833, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1 (1833) (8) : 99. ANOSIA Hiibner, 1816, Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (1) : 16. Type-species by selection by Scudder (1875, Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10: 113) : Papilio gilippus Cramer, [1775], Uitl. Kapellen 1 (3) : 41, pl. 26, figs E, F. 46 FRANCIS HEMMING Scudder followed his normal practice of printing in heavy-faced black type the species which he accepted as type-species and citing that species under the specific name employed for that species by Kirby in 1871 in his Syn. Cat. diurn. Lep., placing immediately after each name the name or names under which that species was cited by the author of the genus. In the present case Scudder grouped together three of the nominal species recognized by Hiibner (the species bearing the specific names menippe, vincedoxici and evesima) and treated them all (as Kirby had done) as representing the same taxon as that represented by the nominal species Papilio gilippus Cramer, which he then selected as type-species. Normally, such a procedure would not suffice to effect a valid type-selection ; it may, however, be accepted as adequate on this occasion, for, in citing the name Anosia vincedoxici Hiibner, 1816, Hiibner added that the taxon so named represented the same taxon as that represented by the nominal species Papilio gilippus Cramer. Under Article 69 (a) (i) the citation of the name of a nominal species in the synonymy of a species recognized by the author of a genus as a valid species confers upon the nominal species, the name of which is so cited, the status of an originally included species. Accordingly, Papilio gilippus Cramer ranks as one of the nominal species originally included by Hiibner in the genus Anosia and Scudder was therefore perfectly in order in selecting Papilio gilippus as the type-species of that genus. ANTANARTIA Rothschild & Jordan, 1903, Novit. zool. 10 : 508. Type-species by original designation : Papilio delius Drury, [1782], Jl. nat. Hist. 3 : index & 18, pl. 14, figs 5, 6. ANTEOS Hiibner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (7) : 99. Type-species by selection by Godman & Salvin ([1889, Biol. centy-amey., Lep.-Rhop. 2 : 148) : Papilio maerula Fabricius, 1775, Syst. Ent. : 479. ANTEROS Hiibner, [1819, Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (5) : 77 (type-species by selection by Scudder (1875, Proc. amey. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10 : 113) : Papilio formosus Cramer, [1777], Uitl. Kapellen 2 (10) : 33, pl. 118, fig. G. ANTHANASSA Scudder, 1875, Bull. Buffalo Soc. nat. Sci. 2 : 239, 268. Type-species by original designation : Eresia cincta Edwards, 1864, Proc. ent. Soc. Philad. 2 : 502. The taxon represented by the nominal species Evesia cincta Edwards is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as the same as that represented by the nominal species Evesia leucodesma Felder (C.), & Felder (R.), 1861, Wien. ent. Monats. 5 : 103. ANTHENE Doubleday, 1847, List. Spec. lep. Ins. Brit. Mus.2 : 27. Type-species by selection by Hemming (Tvans. R. ent. Soc. Lond. 83 : 435) : Papilio larydas Cramer, [1780], Uitl. Kapellen 3 (24) : 160, pl. 282, fig. H. ANTHOCARIS Hemming, 1934, Gen. Names hol. Butts 1 : 132 (an Incorrect Subsequent Spelling of Anthocharis Boisduval, Rambur & Graslin, [June 1833)). ANTHOCHARIS Boisduval, Rambur & Graslin, [June 1833], Coll. icon. hist. Chenilles Europ. (21) : pl. 5. Type-species by monotypy : Papilio cardamines Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 468. Formerly, it was commonly believed that the name Anthocharis Boisduval was first pub- lished in [1836] in the Spec. gén. Lépid. (1 : 556) of the Hist. nat. Ins. in Roret’s Suite a Buffon. From the species placed in this genus in that work Doubleday ([1847, Gen. diurn. Lep. (1) : 56) selected Papilio cavdamines as type-species. Luckily, therefore, the fact that this generic name was first published in a different work did not affect the type-species of this genus. Scudder (1875, Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10 : 113), who erroneously believed that this generic name was first published in the Spec. gén., overlooked the type-selection made by Doubleday in 1847, and supposing that this genus, as published in the above work, was still without a type-species himself selected Papilio genutia Fabricius, 1793 (Ent. syst. 3 (1) : 193) ; this selection would have been invalid in view of Doubleday’s prior action, quite apart from the fact that the species selected by Scudder was not included in this genus when first established by Boisduval in 1833. GENERIC NAMES OF BUTTERFLIES 47 ANTHOMASTER Scudder, 1872, 4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. 1871 : 78. Type-species by original designation : Hesperia leonardus Harris, 1862, Treatise Ins. injur. Veget. (Flint’s ed.) : 314, fig. 138 3. ANTHOPSYCHE Wallengren, 1857, K. svenska VetenskAkad. Handl., Stockholm (n.f.) 2 (1) (No. 4): 10. Type-species by selection by Scudder (1875, Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10 : 114) : Papilio achine Stoll, [1781], in Cramer, Uitl. Kapellen 4 (29) : 94, pl. 338, figs E, F. The name Papilio achine Stoll is invalid as it is a junior homonym of Papilio achine Scopoli, 1763 (Ent. carn. : 156). The taxon represented by the nominal species Papilio achine Stoll is currently identified subjectively on taxonomic grounds with the taxon represented by the nominal species Anthocharis antevippe Boisduval, [1836] (Roret’s Suite a Buffon), Hist. nat. Ins., Spec. gén. Lépid. 1 : 572, pl. 18 (=pl. 2C), and, as the name achine Stoll is objectively invalid, is currently known by the name antevippe Boisduval. ANTHOPSYCHE Wallengren, 1858, Ofvers. VetenskAkad. Forh., Stockh. 16 : 76. This was published as the name for a new genus and cannot be treated as a subsequent usage of the same name as published in the previous year. It is invalid as a junior homonym of Anthopsyche Wallengren, 1857. ANTHOPTUS Bell, 1942, Amer. Mus. Novit. 1205 : 7. Type-species by original designation : Hesperia epictetus Fabricius, 1793, Ent. syst. 3 (1) : 330. ANTHORA Doubleday, 1844, List. Spec. lep. Ins. Brit. Mus. 1:99. Type-species by mono- typy : Papilio eurinome Cramer, [1775], Vitl. Kapellen 1 (6) : 109, pl. 70, fig. A. This name was attributed by Doubleday to Boisduval, by whom in accordance with that author’s common habit, it had presumably been distributed in manuscript. It had not been published by Boisduval at the time of the appearance of Doubleday’s work. The generic name Anthora Doubleday is invalid, as it is a junior objective synonym of Euxanthe Hiibner, [1819], of which the same species is the type-species. ANTIGIUS Sibatani & Ito, 1942, Tenthredo, Kyoto 3 (4) : 318. Type-species by original designation : Thecla attilla Bremer, 1861, Bull. Acad. Sci. St. Petersb. 3 : 469. ANTIGONIS Felder (C.), 1861, Nova Acta Leop. Carol. 28 (No. 3) : 21. Type-species by monotypy : Cybdelis pharsalia Hewitson, [1852], //l. exot. Butts 1 : [64], pl. [32], figs 14, 15. This name is commonly cited incorrectly as having been published in a work entitled “ Neues Lepid. .. .’’, but this is merely an abbreviated form of the title of the paper in which this name was published in the serial cited above. Scudder (1875, Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10 : 114) claimed that the name A nti- gonis Felder was invalid inder the Law of Homonymy, but none of the names (Antigonus; Antigona; Antigonia) is identical in spelling with Antigonis. In consequence, under the “ One-Letter-Difference ’’ Rule (Article 56(a)), none of these names is a homonym of any of the others. Scudder’s rejection of Antigonis Felder was therefore unjustified. Unluckily, it misled Kirby (1871) into publishing the unnecessary replacement name Lincoya. ANTIGONUS Hiibner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (7) : 108. Type-species by monotypy : Urbanus erosus Hiibner, [1812], Sammi. exot. Schmett. 1 : pl. [153]. Hiibner cited the specific names of two species which he regarded as belonging to this genus. One of these was the name evosus which, as shown above, was published (in the combination Urbanus erosus) in 1812 ; the other name was ustus which was at that time a manuscript name and which was not published until after Hiibner’s death (A ntigonus ustus Geyer, [1832], Zutr. z. Samml. exot. Schmett. 4 : 28, [124], figs 719, 720). Thus, as stated above, the nominal species Urbanus erosus Hiibner was the only duly established nominal species placed by Hiibner in the genus Antigonus and is automatically its type-species by monotypy. Butler (1870, Ent. mon. Mag.7 : 98), not realizing that at the time when the name A ntigonus was published by Hiibner the specific name uwstus Hiibner was no more than a manuscript name, fell into the error of selecting that “‘ species ’’ as the type-species of this genus. 48 FRANCIS HEMMING ANTILLEA Higgins, [1959], Lepid. News 12 (5/6) : 164. Type-species by original designation : Papilio pelops Drury, [1773], [//. nat. Hist. 1 : index et 38, pl. 19, figs 3, 4. ANTIRRHAEA Westwood, [1851], 7 Doubleday, Gen. diurn. Lep. (2) : 365 (an Emendation of Antivrhea Hubner, [1822)]). ANTIRRHAEA (Boisduval MS.) Westwood, [1851], 77 Doubleday, Gen. diuyn. Lep. (2) : 365. Type-species by selection by Hemming, 1941 J. Soc. Bibl. nat. Hist. 1: 415 : Papilio nereis Drury, [1782], Ill. nat. Hist. 3 : index et 48, pl. 35, figs 2, 3. The name Antivrhaea was introduced by Westwood as “ Antivrhaea Boisduval MS.”’ in his treatment of the genus Haeteva Fabricius, 1807. That genus was divided by Westwood into two main divisions, each of which was then divided into sections, these latter in turn being subdivided into subsections. He did not himself give names to these sections and subordinate divisions, but in some cases he inserted at the head of one of these units one or more generic names, these names in some cases having already been published by other authors, in others being manuscript names only. The present name appeared in this way at the head of the second of his main divisions of Haetera, together with other names, of which Pierella, also then unpublished, was one. The status to be assigned to names published in synonymies was a matter of doubt until finally in the revised text of the Code promulgated in 1961 it was laid down in Article 11(d) that names published in this way possessed no status in zoological nomenclature. In the mean time in 1941 I selected Papilio neveis Drury, [1782], to be the type-species of A ntivrhaea as published by Westwood in 1851. This species was deliberately selected for this purpose from among those placed by Westwood in his second main division, because it was already (by selection by Butler in 1868) the type-species of Pievella Herrich-Schaeffer, 1865. The name Antivvhaea Westwood, [1851], is thus invalid as being a name published in a synonymy, while by the type-selection made in 1941 it falls in the synonymy of Pvevella, of which it is an objec- tive synonym. ANTIRRHAEA Boisduval, 1870, Consid. Lépid. Guatemala : 61. Type-species by selection by Hemming, 1943, Proc. R. ent. Soc. Lond. (B) 12: 23: Papilio philoctetes Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 465. Boisduval stated definitely that the name Antivvhaea was a new name of his own and it is necessary to take him at his word in this matter. Accordingly, from the two species cited by Boisduval as belonging to this genus, I selected (1943) Papillo philoctetes Linnaeus to be the type-species. This species, it may be noted parenthetically, is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as being congeneric with Antirrhea archaea Hubner, [1822], the type- species of the genus Antivrvhea Hiibner, [1822]. As already noted, Westwood emended to Antivrvhaea the name Antivrhea Hiibner, [1822] ; he treated the taxon concerned as a subgenus of Haeteva Fabricius. Westwood’s emendation Antivrhaea was an Unjustified Emendation, but, as an Emendation, it nevertheless possesses status in nomenclature (Article 33(a) (i)). The later name Antivvhaea Boisduval is therefore invalid as a junior homonym of Antivvhaea (emendation of Antivyhea Hiibner) Westwood, [1851]. ANTIRRHEA Hibner, [1822], Sammi. exot. Schmett. 2 : pl. [81]. Type-species by monotypy : Antirrhea archaea Hiibner, [1822], ibid. 2 : pl. [81]. AOA de Niceville, 1898, J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc. 12 (1) : 153. Type-species by original designation : Pieris affinis Snellen van Vollenhoven, 1865, Essai Faun. ent. Archipel. Indo-Néerland., Monogr. 2 (Pierid.) : 40, pl. 5, fig. 2 2. APALLAGA Strand, 1911, Ent. Rundsch. 28 : 143. Type-species by monotypy : Apallaga separata Strand, 1o11, ibid. 28 : 144. Gaede reported in 1917 (Mitt. zool. Mus. Berlin 8 : 401) that he had examined the holotype of the nominal species A pallaga sepavata Strand and had found it to be a specimen of Ptery- gospidea mokeezi Wallengren, 1857 K. svenska Vetensk.Akad. Handl., Stockholm (n.f.) 2 (rz) (No. 4) : 54. GENERIC NAMES OF BUTTERFLIES 49 APANTHESIS Scudder, 1889, Ann. Rep. U.S. geol. Survey 8 (1) : 459. Type-species by mono- typy : Apanthesis leuce Scudder, 1889, ibid. 8 (1) : 459, pl. 52, figs 12, 13. This is a fossil genus based upon material obtained from the Tertiary deposits of Florissant. APATURA Fabricius, 1807, Mag. f. Insektenk. (Illiger) 6 : 280. Type-species by selection by Curtis (1831, Brit. Entom. 8 : pl. 338) : Papilio iris Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 476. Except for a short time when an attempt was made by some lepidopterists to secure acceptance for the generic names introduced by Hiibner in the pamphlet entitled the ‘‘ Ten- tamen”’ distributed in 1806, the name Apaturva Fabricius has been in continuous use ever since it was first published over 150 years ago. In fact, however, this name as used by Fabricius was a junior objective synonym of Potamis Hiibner, [1806], and a junior homonym of Apatura [llliger], 1807. The first of these defects was made good when the Commission by the Ruling given in its Opinion 97 rejected the ‘‘ Tentamen ’’, in which the name Potamis Hiibner, [1806], was published, thereby depriving that name of the status of availability. The second difficulty was overcome by the action of the Commission in suppressing the name Apatura [Illiger], 1807, for the purposes both of the Law of Priority and of the Law of Homo- nymy. Details of the action described above are given in the notes on Potamis Hiibner and Apatwura (Illiger] respectively. At the time when the second of the above decisions was taken the Commission by its Ruling given in Opinion 232 (1954, Opin. int. Comm. zool. Nom. 4 : 249-274) placed the name Apatura Fabricius, 1807, on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology as Name No. 657. In order to put an end to doubts as to the interpretation of the nominal species Papilio iris Linnaeus, 1758, the Commission, acting under its Plenary Powers, designated a lectotype for that species by the Ruling given in its Opinion 264 (1954, Opin. int. Comm. zool. Nom. 5 : 343-354). The lectotype so selected was the male specimen illustrated as fig. 1 on plate 29 of R. South’s work The Butterflies of the British Isles, published in 1906 ; at the same time the Commission designated ‘‘ England ’’ (=‘ Anglia’’ of Linnaeus, 1758) as the restricted locality for the nominate subspecies of this species. A note of these decisions was added to the entry (as Name 48) of the specific name ivis Linnaeus on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology. APATURA [Illiger], r9th Dec. 1807, Allgem. Lit. Ztg, Halle [Jena] 1807 (No. 2) : 1181. Type- species by monotypy : Papilio amphinome Linnaeus, 1767, Syst. Nat. (ed. 12) 1 (2) : 779. This generic name was published in an anonymously published paper in which Illiger reviewed the first 34 plates then published in volume I of Hiibner’s Sammlung exot. Schm. and in certain cases gave new generic names to the species figured on those plates. In the present case he introduced the name A patura only for the species figured on Hiibner’s plate [47], thus establishing a new monobasic genus for that species. A full description of Illiger’s paper by myself was published in 1939 (Proc. R. ent. Soc. Lond. (B) 8 : 181-191), the purpose of that paper being to set out the nomenclatorial problems involved as a preliminary to the submis- sion of the case to the Commission for action under its Plenary Powers. In the present case Illiger’s paper had two nomenclatorial effects, both arising from the fact that Illiger’s new names were the same as those introduced by Fabricius in 1807 in his paper in volume 6 of Illiger’s Mag. f. Insektenk, and have precedence over the Fabrician names, having been published on 19th December 1807, as contrasted with the Fabrician which, having been published on some unknown date in 1807, rank for priority as from 31st December of that year. The first effect of Illiger’s action in the present case, if accepted, would have been the transfer of the name Apatura to the genus Hamadryas Hiibner, [1806], the two genera having the same species as type-species. Taken by itself, no harm would have resulted from this transfer, since the name Hamadryas Hiibner, [1806], has priority over Apatura {Illiger], with the result that the name A patura would have disappeared in the synonymy of the name Hamadryas. No disturbance would have been caused by this, but very great disturbance and confusion would have resulted if the nominal species Papilio ivis Linnaeus and its allies had been deprived of the name Afpatuva Fabricius which they had borne with scarcely a break since the year 1807. 50 FRANCIS HEMMING It was to prevent this situation from arising that in 1954 the Commission in its Opinion 232 (Opin. int. Comm. zool. Nom. 4 : 249-274) gave a Ruling under its Plenary Powers suppressing the name A patura [Illiger], 1807, for the purposes both of the Law of Priority and of the Law of Homonymy ; at the same time the Commission placed the name A patura [Illiger] on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology as Name No. 37. APATURA Hiibner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (3) : 35. Type-species by selection by Hemming (1943, Proc. R. ent. Soc. Lond. (B) 12: 26) : Papilio bisaltide Cramer, [1777], Uitl. Kapellen 2 (9) : 9, pl. 102, figs C, D. This is one of a number of cases where Hiibner appropriated a name published by some previous author and used it as a name for a new genus of his own. The name Apatuva Hiibner is invalid as a junior homonym of Apatura Fabricius, 1807. The type-species selected for this genus made it objectively identical with Doleschallia Felder (C.) & Felder (R.), 1860. APATURIA Sodovskii, 1837, Bull. Soc. imp. Nat. Moscou 1837 (6) : 81 (an Unjustified Emenda- tion of Apatura Fabricius, 1807). APATURINA Herrich-Schaeffer, 1864, CorvespBl. zool.-min. Ver. Regensburg 18 : 124 ; 1865, ibid. 19 : 101 (commonly cited as “‘ Prodromus . .”’, the abbreviated title of a repaged separate, 1:26, 75). Type-species by monotypy: Papilio erminea Cramer, [1779], Uitl. Kapellen 3 (17) : 5, pl. 196, figs A, B. Herrich-Schaeffer’s paper was published in instalments. In the first instalment published in 1864 the name Apaturina appeared in a key without included species ; the descriptive notes appeared in 1865 in the second instalment and it was here that Papilio erminea was cited as sole species. APATUROPSIS Aurivillius, 1898, K. svenska VetenskAkad. Handl., Stockholm 31 (No. 5) : 128, 151. Type-species by selection by Bryk (1938, 7m Stichel in Bryk’s Lep. Cat. 86 : 373) : Apatura cleochares Hewitson, 1873, Ent. mon. Mag. 10 : 58. The type-selection for this genus was inserted in Stichel’s contribution to the Lep. Cat. by Bryk in his capacity as General Editor. The last syllable of the specific name of the type-species of this genus was spelled “ -es ”’ by Hewitson in his description of this species and was correctly cited with this spelling both in the index of new species and in the general index of that volume. It was misspelled “ -is’”’ by Kirby in [1875 (Zool. Rec. 10 (Year 1873) : 382), and this misspelling was repeated by various later copyists, including Aurivillius. APAUSTUS Hiibner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (8) : 113. Type-species by monotypy : Papilio menes Stoll, [1782], in Cramer, Uztl. Kapellen 4 (33) : 215, pl. 393, figs H, I. APELLES Hemming, 1931, Trans. ent. Soc. Lond. 79 : 323. Type-species by original designa- tion : Polyommatus melanops Boisduval, [Nov. 1828], Europ. Lepid. Index : 13. APHACITIS Hiibner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2) : 19. Type-species by selection by Scudder (1875, Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci. Boston 10: 116) : Papilio dyndima Cramer, [1780], Uitl. Kapellen 3 (23) : 142, pl. 271, figs G, H. The taxon represented by the nominal species Papilio dyndima Cramer is currently identi- fied subjectively on taxonomic grounds with that represented by the older-established nominal species Papilio lucinda Cramer, [1775] (Uitl. Kapellen 1 (1) : 3, pl. 1, figs E, F). APHANOPELTIS Mabille, 1887, im Grandidier, Hist. phys. nat. pol. Madagascar 18, Lép. 1: 85. Type-species by selection by Hemming, 1935 (Stylops 4 : 2) : Papilio horta Linnaeus, 1764, Mus. Lud. Ulv. : 234. This name is invalid, as it is a junior objective synonym of Acraea Fabricius, 1807. APHANTOPUS Wallengren, 1853, Skand. Dadfjdr.: 9, 30. Type-species by monotypy: Papilio hyperantus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 471. GENERIC NAMES OF BUTTERFLIES 51 APHARITIS Riley, 1925, Novit. zool. 32: 70, 78. Type-species by original designation : Polyommatus epargyros Eversmann, 1854, Bull. Soc. imp. Nat. Moscou 27 (2) : 178, ple, figs 1, 2 9. APHNAEMORPHA de Niceville, 1890, Butts India Burmah Ceylon 3 : 347. Type-species by original designation : Papilio orcas Drury, [1782], J/l. nat. Hist. 3 : index et 46, pl. 34, figs 2, 3. Dae panic is invalid, as it is a junior objective synonym of A phanaeus Hiibner, [1819]. APHNAEOMORPHA Riley, 1922, ]. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc. 28 : 465 (an Incorrect Subsequent Spelling of Aphnaemorpha de Niceville, 1890). APHNAEUS Hiibner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (6) : 81. Type-species by selection by Scudder (1875, Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci, Boston 10 : 116) : Papilio orcas Drury, [1782], Ill. nat. Hist. 3 : index et 46, pl. 34, figs 2, 3. APHNIOLAUS Druce, 1902, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1902, 2 (1) : 117. Type-species by original designation : Myrina pallene Wallengren, 1857, K. svenska VetenskAkad. Handl., Stockholm (n.f.) 2 (1) (No. 4) : 36. APHRISSA Butler, 1873, Lep. exot. : 155. Type-species by original designation : Papilio statira Cramer, [1777], Uitl. Kapellen 2 (10) : 35, pl. 120, figs C, D. APHRODITE Hiibner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (6) : 95. Type-species by selection by Klots (1933, Ent. amer. (n.s.) 12 (3) : 153, 194) : Papilio euippe Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 469. My selection of Papilio eborea Stoll, [1781] (in Cramer, Uitl. Kapellen 4 (30) : 120, pl. 352, figs C, D) as type-species in 1934 (Entomologist 67 : 38) was made in ignorance of the fact that in the previous year Klots had already made a valid selection of Papilio ewippe Linnaeus. The name Aphrodite Hiibner is invalid, as it is a junior homonym of Aphrodite Link, 1807 (Beschr. Nat. Samml. Univ. Rostock (3) : 159). This name of Link’s was an Emendation of A phrodita Linnaeus, 1758 (Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 655), and as an emendation it invalidates any later use of the name (Article 33(a) (i)). APHYSONEURA Karsch, [June] 1894, Ent. Nachr. 20: 190. Type-species by monotypy : Aphysoneura pigmentaria Karsch, 1894, ibid. 20 : 191. APODEMIA Felder (C.) & Felder (R.), [1865], Reise Fregatte ‘‘ Novara’’, Lep. Rhop. (2) : 302. Type-species by selection by Stichel (1911, im Wytsman’s Gen. Ins. 112B : 285, 287) : Lemonias mormo Felder (C.) & Felder (R.), 1859, Wien. ent. Monats. 3 : 271. Scudder (1875, Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10 : 116) sought to reject this name, believing it to be a homonym of the older name A podemus Kaup, 1829 (Skizz. Europ. Thierw. : 154), but this action was incorrect, as these names are not homonyms of one another under the “ One-Letter-Difference ’’ Rule (Article 57(d)). APORIA Hiibner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (6) : 90. Type-species by monotypy : Papilio crataegi Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 467. APOSTICTOPTERUS Leech, [1893], Butts. China Japan Corea (2) (Text Pt 5) : 630. Type-species by monotypy : Apostictopterus fuliginosus Leech, [1893], ibid. (2) (Text ite>)e: 631, pl. 28. APOSTRAPHIA Hiibner, 1816, Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (1) : 13. Type-species by selection by Scudder (1875, Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10 : 116) : Papilio charithonia Linnaeus, 1767, Syst. Nat. (ed. 12) 1 (2) : 757. This name is invalid, as it is a junior objective synonym of Heliconius Kluk, 1802, the two genera having the same species as type-species. This name was placed by the Commission in Opinion 382 (1956, Opin. int. Comm. zool. Nom. 12 : 43-58) on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology as Name No. 385. APPIA Evans, 1955, Cat. Amer. Hesp. Brit. Mus. 4 : 300, 324. Type-species by original designation : Appia appia Evans, 1955, ibid. 4 : 324, pl. 76, fig. M. 11 g§ genit., 3 figs. 52 FRANCIS HEMMING APPIAS Hiibner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (6) : 91. Type-species by selection by Butler (1870, Cistula ent. 1 : 49) : Papilio zelmira Stoll, [1780], im Cramer, Uitl. Kapellen 4 (27) : 64, pl. 320, figs C, D. The taxon represented by the nominal species Papilio zelmira is currently treated subjective- ly on taxonomic grounds as representing the same taxon as that represented by the older- established nominal species Papilio libythea Fabricius, 1775 (Syst. Ent. : 471). APPORASA Moore, 1884, J. asiat. Soc. Bengal Pt II, 53 (1) : 38. Type-species by monotypy : Amblypodia atkinsoni Hewitson, [1869], J/l. diurn. Lep., Lycaenidae 1 (text) : 14g ; 2 (plates) : pl. 3b, figs 48, 49. APROTOPOS Kirby, 1871, Syn. Cat. diurn. Lep. : 19 (an Incorrect Original Spelling of A pro- topus Kirby, 1871, by selection by Kirby, [1872], in Zool. Rec. 8 (year 1871) : 359). When introducing this generic name, Kirby (as shown above) used two Original Spellings, Aprotopos on page 19 and Aprotopus on page 661 in the index. Under Article 32(b), the determination of the spelling to be accepted as the Correct Original Spelling depends on the choice made by the First Reviser. In this case the First Reviser was Kirby himself who in the following year chose A protopus as the Correct Original Spelling. APROTOPUS Kirby, 1871, Syn. Cat. diurn. Lep.: 19 (as Aprotopos), 661 (as Aprotopus). Type-species by monotypy : Thyvidia aedesia Doubleday, [July 1847], Gen. diurn. Lep. (1) : pl. 16, fig. 4 (text published in October 1847, ibid. (1) : 118). Kirby stated that he was erecting this genus for Thyridia as used by “‘ Doubl. (nec. Hiibn.) ”’ on page 117 in the Gen. diurn. Lep., and placed three species in this genus. Of these only one, namely Thyridia aedesia Doubleday, was included in the above work on the page cited by Kirby, and that species is therefore the type-species of Aprotopus by monotypy. Further it was expressly selected as such by Kirby himself in the following year ([1872], in Zool. Rec. 8 (year 1871) : 359). Details as to the circumstances in which the spelling A protopus became the Correct Original Spelling of this generic name have been given in the note on the spelling A protopos. The name A protopus Kirby is invalid, as it is a junior objective synonym of the older name Xanthocleis Boisduval, 1870, the two genera having the same nominal species as type-species. APSITHRA Moore, [1899], Lep. ind. 4 (39) : 58. Type-species by original designation : Papilio cocles Fabricius, 1787, Mantissa Ins. 2 : 7. APYRROTHORIX Lindsey, 1921, Univ. Iowa Stud. Nat. Hist. 9 (No. 4) : 15. Type-species by original designation : Evycides avaves Hewitson, 1867, Descy. One Hundred new Hesp. (Ga), $2. ARAMINTA Moore, 1886, J. linn. Soc. Lond., Zool. 21:50. Type-species by monotypy ; Papilio demolion Cramer, [1776], Uitl. Kapellen 1 (8) : 140, pl. 89, figs A, B. ARANDA Fruhstorfer, 1909, Int. ent. Z. 3: 134. Type-species by original designation : Pronophila schrenku Ménétries, 1858, Bull. phys. math. Acad. Sci. St. Petersb. 17 : 215. This generic name is invalid, as it is a junior objective synonym of Ninguta Moore, [1892], of which the same nominal species is the type-species. ARAOTES Doherty, December 1889, J. asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt II, 58 (4) : 413, nota, 428. Type-species by original designation : Myrina lapithis Moore, 1857, 7m Horsfield & Moore, Cat. lep. Ins. Mus. East India Coy (1) : 48. ARAOTES de Niceville, February 1890, Butts India Buyvmah Ceylon 3 : 20, 445. Type-species by original designation : Myrina lapithis Moore, 1857, im Horsfield & Moore, Cat. lep. Ins. Mus. East India Coy (1) : 48. This name was published by de Niceville as a name which had originally been proposed by Doherty in manuscript but which he now published as a new name of his own. The name Avaotes.de Niceville is invalid, both as a junior homonym of, and as a junior objective synonym of, Avaotes Doherty, 1880. GENERIC NAMES OF BUTTERFLIES 53 ARARAGI Sibatani & Ito, 1942, Tenthredo, Kyoto 3 (4) : 318. Type-species by original designation : Thecla enthea Janson, 1877, Cistula ent. 2 : 157. ARASCHNIA Hiibner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (3) : 37. Type-species by selection by Scudder (1875, Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10: 117): Papilio levana Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 480. Scudder erroneously treated Papilio levana as type-species by monotypy because the only other nominal species (Papilio prorvsa) placed in this genus by Hiibner represented only a [seasonal] form of Papilio levana. This misconception does not however invalidate Scudder’s selection of Papilio levana as type-species. ARAWACUS Kaye, 1904, Trans. ent. Soc. Lond. 1904 : 197. Type-species by original desig- nation : Papilio linus Sulzer, 1776, Abgekiirzte Gesch. Ins. nach dem Linn. Syst. : pl. 19, figs 10, IT. ARCAS Swainson, 1832, Zool. Illustr. (2) 2 (19) : pl. 88. Type-species by monotypy : Papilio imperialis Cramer, [1775], Uitl. Kapellen 1 (7) : 120, pl. 76, figs E, F. ARCHAEOGERYDUS Fruhstorfer, [1916], in Seitz, Grossschmett. Erde 9: 816. Type- species by selection by Hemming (1960, Annot. lep. : 9) : Gerydus croton Doherty, 1889, J. asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt I1, 58 (5) : 439, pl 23, fig. 9 3. ARCHAEOPREPONA Fruhstorfer, [1916], in Seitz, Grossschmett. Erde 5 : 553. Type-species by original designation : Papilio demophon Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 464. ARCHIGENES Fruhstorfer, [1914], in Seitz, Grossschmett. Erde 9 : 784. Type-species by original designation : Abisara aita de Niceville,1893, ]. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 8 : 49, pl. L, fig. 10 3. ARCHIMESTRA Munroe, 1949, J. N. Y. ent. Soc. 57 : 73. Type-species by original designa- tion : Argynnis teleboas Ménétriés, 1832, Bull. Soc. imp. Nat. Moscou 5 : 307. ARCHON Hiibner, 1822, Syst.-alph. Verz. : 2, 6, 8,9. Type-species by selection by Scudder (1875, Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10 : 117) : Papilio thia Hiibner, [1805-1806], Sammi. europ. Schm. : pl. Pap. 124, figs 635-636 ; [1806], ibid. (Ziefer) : 60. The taxon represented by the nominal species Papilio thia Hiibner is currently treated subjectively as representing the same taxon—at the species-level but not at the subspecies- level—as that represented by the nominal species Papilio apollinus Herbst, 1798 (in Jablonsky, Natursyst. Ins., Schmett. 9 : 156, pl. 250, figs 5-8). ARCHONDESA Moore, [1892], Lep. ind. 1 (11) : 270. Type-species by original designation : Lethe lanaris Butler, 1877, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (4) 19 : 95. ARCHONIAS Hiibner, [1827-1831], Zutr. z. Samml. exot. Schmett. 3:19. Type-species by selection by Scudder (1875, Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10: 117) : Archonias marcias Hiibner, [1827-1831], ibid. 3 : 19, pl. [80], figs 461, 462. Scudder, erroneously believing that Archonias marcias was the only species placed in this genus by Hiibner, stated that that species was the type-species by monotypy. In fact, however, it was one of three species treated by Hiibner as belonging to Aychonias. This misconception on the part of Scudder does not however invalidate his selection of the above species as type-species. The taxon represented by the nominal species Aychonias marcias is currently treated subjectively as representing the same as that represented by the older-established nominal species Pieris tereas Godart, [1819] (Ency. méth. 9 (Ins.) (1) : 38). ARDARIS Watson, 1893, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1893: 11, 13. Type-species by original designation : Pyrropyga eximia Hewitson, 1871, Tvans. ent. Soc. Lond. 1871 : 167. In addition to establishing the nominal species Pyvrhopyga eximia in 1871 in the Trans. ent. Soc. Lond., as shown above, Hewitson, published a description with accompanying figures of this species in the same year in his own work (I//. exot. Butts 4 : [98], pl. [52], figs 12). The exact date of publication in 1871 of the relevant Part of the Tyans. is not known, but the corresponding Part of the J//ustr. was received in the British Museum on 19th October of that 54 FRANCIS HEMMING year. It may be concluded that the Tvans. was the earlier, because in the [/lusty. Hewitson gave a bibliographical reference to the Tvans. ARESTA Billberg, 1820, Enum. Ins. Mus. Billb.: 79. Type-species by selection by Scudder (1875, Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10: 117) : Papilio laomedia Linnaeus, 1767, Syst. Nat. (ed. 12) 1 (2) : 772. The taxon represented by the nominal species Papilio laomedia Linnaeus is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as representing the same taxon as that represented by the older-established nominal species Papilio atlites Linnaeus, 1763 (Amoen. acad. 6 : 407). ARETHUSANA de Lesse, 1951, Rev. franc. Lépid. 13 (3/4) : 40. Type-species by original designation : Papilio arethusa [Denis & Schiffermiiller], 1775, Ankiindung syst. Werkes Schmett. Wiener Gegend : 169, no. F. 16. This species, when designated as the type-species of Avethusana, was attributed by de Lesse to Esper (i.e. Papilio avethusa Esper, [1781], Die Schmett. 1 (Bd 2) Forts. Tagschmett. : 103, pl 69, fig 3 6, 4 2), but Esper did not publish this as a new name of his own, correctly attributing it to Denis & Schiffermiiller. Until recently there was some doubt as to the availability of the specific name avethusa for the present species, owing to the possibility that it might be a junior homonym of the specific name avethusa Cramer, [1775], also published in the combination Papilio avethusa. Luckily, this question was settled by the Commission in 1958 (Opin. int. Comm. zool. Nom. 19 : 1-44) when by its Ruling given in Opinion 516 it determined the relative precedence to be accorded to certain works on the Lepidoptera published in 1775 ; for it then ruled that the names introduced in Denis & Schiffermiiller’s work were to be accorded precedence over those introduced in that year in Cramer’s work. Under this Ruling the specific name avethusa [Denis & Schiffermiiller], 1775, as published in the combination Papilio avethusa, became without question the oldest available specific name for the present species. ARGE Hiibner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (4) : 60. Type-species by selection by Butler (1868, Ent. mon. Mag. 4 : 196) : Papilio psyche Hiibner, [1799-1800], Sammi. europ. Schmett. : pl. Pap. 44, figs 198, 199. The reference given above for the type-species is that furnished by Hiibner himself in the Verzeichniss ; he had, however, previous to the publication of plate Pap. 44 of the Sammlung, published the same name for this species in an earlier work, [1790-1793] (Dey Schmett. Lepid. linn. : 9). The name Arge Hiibner is invalid, as it is a junior homonym of the name Arge Schrank, 1802 (Fauna boc. 2 (2) : 200). By the Ruling given in its Opinion 400 (1956, Opin. int. Comm. zool. Nom. 12 : 419- 432) this name was placed by the Commission on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology as Name No. 416. ARGEFORMIA Verity, 1953, Farfalle diurn. d’'Ital. 5:47, 49. Type-species by original designation : Papilio arge Sulzer, 1776, Gesch. Ins. linn. Syst. : 144, pl. 16, figs 8, 9 9. ARGESTINA Riley, [1923], Tvans. ent. Soc. Lond. 1922 : 469. Type-species by original designation : Callerebia waltoni Elwes, 1906, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1906 : 482, pl. 36, figs 14 g, 15 9. ARGIOLAUS Druce, 1891, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (6) 8 : 143. Type-species by original desig- nation : Anops silas Westwood, [Dec. 1851], im Doubleday, Gen. diurn. Lep. (2) : pl. 74, fig. 5 ; (In the text as Jolaus silas Westwood, [March 1852], 7m Doubleday, ibid. (2) : 481, nota). ARGON Evans, 1955, Cat. Amey. Hesp. Brit. Mus. 4: 205, 221. Type-species by original designation : Carystus argus Moschler, 1878, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien 48 : 212. ARGOPTERON Watson, 1893, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1893 : 72, 88. Type-species by original designation : Syrichthus [sic] aureipennis Blanchard, 1852 im Gay, Faun, Chile 7: 40, pl 3, fig 5a, 5b, 6, GENERIC NAMES OF BUTTERFLIES 55 ARGUS Scopoli, 1763, Ent. carn. : 176. Type-species by selection by Hemming (1933, Entom- ologist 66 : 224) : Papilio coridon Poda, 1761, Ins. Mus. graec. : 77. For over 150 years the name Argus Scopoli, 1763, was completely overlooked, it being thought that this name had been first used by Scopoli in 1777 in the Introd. Hist. nat., where he employed it for a genus belonging to an entirely different family (Satyridae). When in 1929 (Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (10) 3 : 222) I first drew attention to the present name, I did not think it necessary to select a type-species for Argus Scopoli, 1763, because, like the name Argus Scopoli, 1777, it was invalid as a junior homonym of Argus Bohadsch, 1761 (De quibusdam Anim. marinis .. Liber : 56) a name bestowed upon a genus of marine Gastropods. Later, however, I thought it desirable that a definite place should be provided for Argus Scopoli, 1763, in the synonymy of the Lycaenidae, and, as shown above, I then (1933) selected from among the six common species placed in this genus by Scopoli the nominal species Papilio covidon Poda, 1761. The action described above would have brought the present case to a close, if it had not been for the fact that in 1944, by a Ruling given under its Plenary Powers, the Commission in its Opinion 185 (Opin. int. Comm. zool. Nom.3 : 3752) suppressed Bohadsch’s Liber of 1761 for nomenclatorial purposes. For as the result of that Opinion the name Argus Bohadsch, 1761, which till then had invalidated under the Law of Homonymy all later uses of the generic name, itself lost the status of availability. In consequence, the name Argus Scopoli, 1763, suddenly emerged as an available name in the Lepidoptera (family Lycaenidae), and by reason of its very early date, it became the oldest such name in the family. The situation so created was not immediately observed, but in 1952 an application was submitted to the Commission by Mr. Cyril F. dos Passos and myself, asking for a Ruling restoring the position in the nomenclature of the Lycaenidae, as it had existed prior to the disturbance created by the suppression of Bohadsch’s Liber of 1761. This application was approved by the Commission which thereupon used its Plenary Powers to limit the decision in regard to the Liber promulgated in Opinion 185 to secure that while all new names in that work were to be unavailable for the purposes of the Law of Priority, their status under the Law of Homonymy was not to be held to be affected by the Ruling given in that Opinion. This supple- mentary Ruling was published in 1956, being promulgated in Opinion 429 (Opin. int. Comm. zool. Nom. 14 : 323-338). Under the Ruling so given the name Argus Bohadsch, 1761, regained its power to invalidate all later uses of the name Argus, and accordingly the name Argus Scopoli, 1763, was restored to its former status as an invalid name under the Law of Homonymy. Inthe same Opinion the name Argus Scopoli, 1763, so invalidated, was placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology as Name No. 733: ARGUS Scopoli, 1777, Introd. Hist. nat. : 432. Type-species by selection by Scudder (1872, 4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. 1871: 27) : Papilio eurydice Linnaeus, 1763, Amoen. acad. 6 : 406. The name Argus Scopoli, 1777, is invalid as a junior homonym of the older-published name Argus Bohadsch, 1761. The rather peculiar history of the last-mentioned name has been explained in the discussion given above under the name Argus Scopoli, 1763. The nominal species which is the type-species of Argus Scopoli, 1777, later became the type-species of the nominal genus Satyrodes Scudder, 1875. ARGUS Boisduval, [1832], Icon. hist. Lépid. Europe 1 (5/6) : 49. Type-species by selection, by Hemming, 1933, Entomologist 66 : 224) : Papilio alcon {Denis & Schiffermiiller], 1775, Ankiindung syst. Werkes Schmett. Wien. Gegend : 182, no. N4. The name Argus Boisduval, like Argus Scopoli, is invalid as a junior homonym of Argus Bohadsch, 1761. The nominal species which is the type-species later became the type-species of the nominal genus Maculinae van Eecke, 1915. The name Argus Boisduval has been placed by the Commission in its Opinion 429 on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology as Name No. 734. 56 FRANCIS HEMMING ARGUS Gerhard, 1850, Versuch. Mon. europ. Schmett. (1) : 4. Type-species by monotypy : Lycaena ledevert Boisduval, 1848, Bull. Soc. ent. Fr. 1848 : 29. Like the two immediately preceding names, the name Arvgus Gerhard is invalid as a junior homonym of Avgus Bohadsch, 1761. ARGYNNINA Butler, 1867, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (3) 19 : 165. Type-species by selection by Bulter (1868, Ent. mon. Mag. 4 : 196) : Lasiommata hobartia Westwood, [1851], in Double- day, Gen. diurn. Lep. (2) : 387, nota. ARGYNNIS Fabricius, 1807, Mag. f. Insektenk. (Illiger) 6 : 283. Type-species by selection by Latreille (1810, Consid. gén. Anim. Crust. Avachn. Ins. : 440) : Papilio paphia Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 481. Formerly there was some doubt as to the acceptability of Latreille’s Consid. gén. as a work containing valid type-selections of genera, but these were set at rest by the Commission by the Ruling given in Opinion 11 1910, Smithson. Publ. 1938 : 17-18 ; facsimile published in 1958, Opin. int. Comm. zool. Nom. 1 (B) : 17$18, as supplemented by the Ruling given in Opinion 136 (1939, ibid. 2 : 13-20). There are two later, and, of course, invalid type-selections for this genus. These were the selection (a) of Papilio adippe Linnaeus, 1767 (Syst. Nat. (ed. 12) 1 (2) : 786) by Dalman in 1816 (K. svenska VetenskAkad. Handl., 1816 (1) : 57), and (b) of Papilio aglaia Linnaeus, 1758 (Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 481) by Curtis in 1830 (Brit. Entom. a2 joll, Zoya). Up to the beginning of the nineteen-thirties it was commonly considered subjectively on taxonomic grounds that Papilio paphia Linnaeus, the type-species of the present genus, and Papilio niphe Linnaeus, 1767 (Syst. Nat. (ed. 12) 1 (2) : 785) were congeneric with one another. Accordingly, a difficult situation arose when specialists began to take the view that these species should be placed in separate genera, for in 1928 Reuss had selected Papilio niphe as the type-species of Argyveus Scopoli, 1777, with the result that all those workers—then the majority—who considered these species to be congeneric, the name Argynnis Fabricius became a junior subjective synonym. In fact, however this change was never made, special- ists considering that it would be so disturbing to existing practice that the proper course would be to ask the Commission to intervene to prevent it from happening. The Commission thereupon gave a Ruling that, without prejudice to the use on taxonomic grounds of the generic name Argyveus Scopoli for those authors who considered that its type-species was not conge- neric with that of Avgynnis Fabricius, the name Argyveus was not to be substituted for the name Argynnis in those cases where specialists considered the type-species of these nominal genera were congeneric with one another. At the same time the name Arvgynnis Fabricus was placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology as Name No. 609. These decisions of which the first was taken by the Commission under its Plenary Powers, were promulgated in 1945 in the Commission’s Opinion 161 (Opin. int. Comm. zool. Nom. 2 : 307-318). ARGYREA Billberg, 1820, Enum. Ins. Mus. Bilb. : 77 (an Unjustified Emendation of Argyveus Scopoli, 1777). When I dealt with this name in 1933 (Entomologist 66 : 197), there were no clear provisions in the Code regarding either the status of names published as emendations of older names or the criteria to be adopted for determining when one generic name should be regarded as a homonym of another. As regards the first of these questions, I thought it best to select as the type-species of this genus the nominal species Papilio paphia Linnaeus, 1758, in order to make this name a junior objective synonym of Avgynnis Fabricius, 1807 ; as regards the second point, I treated Avgyvea Billberg as a junior homonym of Argyvia Hiibner, 1818 Zutr. z. Sammi. exot. Schmett 1 : 28, 30. Both the questions in doubt in 1933 have since been clarified by the International Congresses of Zoology and revised provisions have been inserted in the Code. On the first of the above questions the Code provides (Article 33) that an Emendation of a generic name takes the same type-species as the name so emended ; accordingly, my selection in 1933 of Papilio paphia Linnaeus as the type-species of Argyrea is invalid, that GENERIC NAMES OF BUTTERFLIES 57 emendation taking automatically as its type-species the same species as Argyreus Scopoli, namely Papilio niphe Linnaeus. On the second of the above points, the revised Code provides (Article 56(a)) that names are not to be treated as homonyms of one another if they differ in spelling even by a single letter. Under this provision Argyrea Billberg and Argyria Hiibner are not homonyms of one another. The name Argyrea Billberg is invalid, as being an Unjustified Emendation of Argyreus Scopoli, 1777, and is therefore a junior objective synonym of that name. ARGYREUS Scopoli, 1777, Introd. Hist. nat. : 431. Type-species by selection by Reuss (1928, Int. ent. Z. 22 : 146) : Papilio niphe Linnaeus, 1767, Syst. Nat. (ed. 12) 1 (2) : 785. The name Papilio niphe Linnaeus, 1767, was introduced as a replacement name for Papilio hyperbius Linnaeus, 1763 (Amoen. acad. 6 : 408). This replacement was entirely unnecessary, and the name hyperbius Linnaeus, 1763, is an available name and, as the oldest such name applicable to the present species, is therefore its valid name. By the Ruling given in Direction 2 (1954, Opin. int. Comm. zool. Nom. 2 : 613-628) the name Argyreus Scopoli has been placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology as Name No. 758. ARGYROCHEILA Staudinger, 1892, Jvis 4 (2) : 215. Type-species by monotypy : Argy- rocheila undifera Staudinger, 1892, ibid. 4 (2) : 215. ARGYROGRAMMA Stichel, 1910, Berl. ent. Z. 55 (1/2) : 12. Type-species by original designation : Evycina stilbe Godart, [1824], Ency. méth. 9 (Ims.) (2) : 574. This name is invalid, as it is a junior homonym of Argyrogramma Hiibner, [1823] (Zutr. z. Sammil. exot. Schmett. 2: 29). This name has been replaced by the name Argyrogrammana Strand, 1932. ARGYROGRAMMANA Strand, 1932, Folia zool. hydrobiol., Riga 4 (1) : 144. Type-species through Section (i) (replacement names) of Article 67: Erycina stilbe Godart, [1824], Ency. méth. 9 (Ins.) (2) : 574. This name was introduced as a replacement for Argyrogramma Stichel, 1910, which is invalid under the Law of Homonymy. ARGYRONOME Hiibner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2) : 32. Type-species by selection by Scudder (1875, Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10: 120) : Papilio laodice Pallas, 1771, Reise durch verschied. Prov. Russisch. Reichs 1 : 471. ARGYRONYMPHA Mathew, 1886, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1886 : 346. Type-species by selection by Hemming (1943, Proc. R. ent. Soc. Lond. (B) 12 : 23) : Argyronympha pulchra Mathew, 1886, zbid. 1886 : 347, pl. 34, fig. 4. ARGYROPHENGA Doubleday, 1845, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. 16: 307. Type-species by monotypy : Argyrophenga antipodum Doubleday, 1845, ibid. 16 : 307. The name Argyrvophenga has commonly, though incorrectly, been treated as having been first published in 1848 (Lep. Spec. lep. Ins. Brit. Mus., Appendix : 31), whereas it was in fact first published in November 1845. ARGYROPHORUS Blanchard, 1852, in Gay, Hist. fis. pol. Chile, Zool. 7 : 30. Type-species by monotypy : Argyrophorus argenteus Blanchard, 1852, im Gay, ibid., Zool. 7 : 30, pl. 2, figs 9, 10 d, 11 9. ARHO PALA Boisduval, 1832, in d’Urville, Voy. ‘‘ Astrolabe’, Faun. Ent. 1 (Lép.) :75. Type- species by selection by Scudder (1875, Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10 : 120) : Arhopa- la phryxus Boisduval, 1832, in d’Urville, zbid., Faun. Ent. 1 (Lép.) : 75. Scudder erroneously supposed that Avhopala phryxus was the only species included in this genus by Boisduval and accordingly stated that that species was the type-species by mono- typy. This misconception on Scudder’s part does not detract from the force of his statement 58 FRANCIS HEMMING that Arhopala phryxus was the type-species and accordingly that statement ranks as a valid type-selection. (Previously, in 1840 (Hist. nat. Ins. 3 : 462) Blanchard had selected Papilio apidanus Cramer, [1777], but this action was invalid, because that nominal species was not included in Arvhopala by Boisduval at the time when he established that genus. Although, as explained above, Papilio apidanus is not the type-species of Avhopala, it was, until the recent revision of the Avhopala-Group by Evans (1957), commonly regarded as being congeneric with Arhopala phryxus. Inevitably, therefore, at the time when Papilio apidanus was erroneously believed to be the type-species of the older-established genus Amblypodia Horsfield, [1829], the name Arvhopala Boisduval was (equally incorrectly) treated as a junior subjective synonym of Amblypodia. When however it was established that the above view in regard to the type-species of Amblypodia was incorrect, the name Arhopala was once more (correctly) recognized as the oldest available generic name for the group always known as the Arhopala-Group. This purely taxonomic question is referred to here, in order to put on record that the name, if it can be so called, Amblypodia auct. nec Horsfield falls in the synonymy of Arhopala Boisduval in the broad sense in which that name was used prior to Evans’s revision of the Avhopala-Group. Though Papilio apidanus, the former pseudotype of Amblypodia, is still treated as a member of the Avhopala-Group, it is no longer—under Evans’s arrangement— treated as actually being a member of the genus Arhopala (sens. sty.), having been removed to the genus Flos Doherty, 1889, of which it is the type-species by original designation. (Prior to Evans’s revision, the name Flos Doherty, it may be noted, never won any general accept- ance and was treated as being no more than a junior subjective synonym of Arhopala.) The nominal species Avhopala phryxus Boisduval, the type-species of Arvhopala, is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as representing the same taxon as that represented by the older-established nominal species Papilio helius Cramer, [1779] (Uitl. Kapellen 3 (17) : 15, pl. 201, figs F, G). This name is not however available for the present species because it is a homonym of the name Papilio helius Cramer (ibid. 3 (17) : Io, pl. 198, fig. B) (a name applying to a species of a different family) and precedence was given by the First Reviser (Hemming, 1934, Gen. Names hol. Butts 1 : 121) to the name as applied on page to (pl. 198), to the non-Lycaenid species, over this name as applied on page 15 (pl. 201) to the present Lycaenid species. This selection was made under the misapprehension that the prinicple of page precedence applied in cases of this sort, but this does not invalidate the choice then made as to the relative precedence to be accorded to these two names, which was quite definite and is therefore valid (Article 24 (a)). ARIADNE Horsfield, [1829], Descr. Cat. Lepid. Ins. Mus. East India Coy (2) : [3] (ref. pl. vi]. Type-species by monotypy : Papilio coryta Cramer, [1776], Uvztl. Kapellen 1 (8) : 136, pl. 86, figs E, F. The taxon represented by the nominal species Papilio coryta Cramer is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as being the same as that represented by the nominal species Papilio aviadne Linnaeus, 1763 (Amoen. acad.6 : 407). It may certainly be concluded that Horsfield himself held this taxonomic view and that it was on this account that he chose the name “ Ariadne ’’ as the name for this genus. ARICIA R. L., 1817, Jenaische Aligem. Lit. Ztg, Jena 14, No. 1 : 280. Type-species by selec- tion by Tutt (15th May 1906, Ent. Rec. 18 : 131) : Papilio agestis [Denis & Schiffermiiller], 1775, Ankiindung eines syst. Werkes Schmett. Wiener Gegend : 184, No. N.13. Tutt selected the above species as type-species twice almost simultaneously in 1906, the second selection being published on 15th July of that year (Nat. Hist. Brit. Butts 1 (12) : 313). ARICORIS Westwood, [October 1851], iz Doubleday, Gen. diuvn. Lep. (2) : pl. 72, figs 7, 8. Type-species by selection by Scudder (1875, Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10 : 120) : Aricoris tisiphone Westwood, [October 1851], in Doubleday, ibid. (2) : pl. 72, fig. 7. Westwood placed two species in this genus in his plate 72, but he added five other species in his text (: 449), which was published a little later—on 7th November 1851. The importance GENERIC NAMES OF BUTTERFLIES 59 of these dates lies in the fact that only the two species shown on the plate are eligible for selection by a later author. Scudder (1875), when fixing the type-species of new genera introduced in the Gen. diurn. Lep., ignored the plates (the dates of publication were then unknown and assumed to be the same as those of the corresponding text). In the present case no harm resulted because the species selected by Scudder was fortunately one of the two cited on the earlier-published plate (pl. 72), and the selection so made is therefore perfectly valid. The nominal species Avicoris tisiphone Westwood is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as representing the same taxon as that represented by the older-established nominal species Evycina turana Godart, [1824] (Ency. méth. 9 (Ins.) (2) : 577). ARISBA Doubleday, 1847, List. Spec. lep. Ins. Brit. Mus.2.: 11. Type-species by monotypy : Papilio agacles Dalman, 1823, Analecta ent. : 47. ARISBE Hiibner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (6) : 89. Type-species through Section (a) (misidentified type-species) of Article 70, provisionally applied, pending a decision by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature on an application submitted : Papilio leonidas Fabricius, 1793, Ent. syst. 3 (1) : 35. Hiibner placed two nominal species in this genus, and of these Scudder (1875, Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10 : 121) selected the first to be the type-species. It has long been agreed by all authorities that the name similis Linnaeus applied by Hiibner to this taxon was based upon a misidentification of the Linnaean species which is a Danaid, whereas the species which, as the reference which he gave to Cramer’s plate 9 clearly showed, Hiibner intended to denote was a Papilionid species having a somewhat Danaid-like pattern. It follows that the genus Arisbe Hiibner is, through the type-selection made by Scudder, a genus based upon a misidentified type-species. The details of this case are set out briefly below. The genus Arisbe was placed by Hiibner among the Papilionids ; the entry which he made for the species selected as the type-species by Scudder was as follows : “‘ 933. Arisbe similis Linn. Syst. Pap. 193. Cram. g. B.C.’ The full reference for ‘‘ similis Linn.”’ is : Papilio similis Linnaeus, 1758 (Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 479, no. 128 (the no. ‘‘ 193 "’ cited by Hiibner being the species no. allotted to this species by Linnaeus in 1767 in the 12th edition of the Syst. Nat.)). This species is a Danaid and is the type-species (by original designation) of the genus Radena Moore, [1880]. The full reference to the Cramer plate cited by Hiibner is : Papilio similis [attributed to Linnaeus] Cramer, [1775] (Uitl. Kapellen 1 (1) : 14, pl. 9, figs B, C). The African Papilionid so figured by Cramer was at that time without a name of its own, and it remained without a name until it was given the name Papilio leonidas by Fabricius in 1793 (Ent. syst. 3 (1) : 35). The figure given by Cramer represents one of the syntypes. Hiibner’s misidentification of Papilio leonidas as Papilio similis Linnaeus was noted by Kirby in 1871 (Syn. Cat. diurn. Lep. : 520) and the same view was taken by Aurivillius (1898, K. svenska VetenskAkad. Handl., Stockholm 31 (No. 5) : 487) and later authors. From the foregoing particulars it will be seen (a) that the genus Avisbe Hiibner is based on a misidentified type-species, (b) that the species (Papilio similis Linnaeus) actually cited by Hiibner is a Danaid, (c) that the species which Hiibner misidentified with this Linnaean species is the Papilionid later named Papilio leonidas Fabricius, (d) that the acceptance of the true Papilio similis Linnaeus as the type-species of Avisbe Hiibner would involve two con- fusing consequences : first, the generic name Arisbe would have to be transferred from the family Papilionidae (the position intended by Hiibner and accepted by all subsequent workers) to the family Danaidae to which this genus has never been assigned ; second, the name Arisbe Hiibner, having the same type-species as that of the Danaid genus Radena Moore, would actually replace that well-established generic name. In these circumstances the present appeared to me to be clearly a case where the Commis- sion should be asked to use its Plenary Powers to designate Papilio leonidas Fabricius to be the type-species of the present genus, and an application in this sense has been submitted to the Commission under Article 70 (a)). In accordance with the provisions of Article 80, Papilio leonidas Fabricius, as the species customarily treated as the type-species of the genus 60 FRANCIS HEMMING Arisbe Hibner, is so treated here, pending a decision by the Commission on the application referred to above. ARITA Evans, 1955, Cat. Amer. Hesp. Brit. Mus. 4: 89, 162. Type-species by original designation : Cobalus arita Schaus, 1902, Proc. U.S. nat. Mus. 24 : 331. ARLETTA Hemming, 1935, Stvlops 4:3. Type-species through Section (i) (replacement names) of Article 67: Polyommatus vardhana Moore, [1875], Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1874 (4) : 572, pl. 66, fig. 5. I introduced this name as a replacement for Moorea Toxopeus, 1927, which is invalid under the Law of Homonymy. ARMANDIA Blanchard, 1871, C. R. Acad. Sci., Paris 72 : 809, nota 3. Type-species by monotypy : Avmandia thaidina Blanchard, 1871, ibid. 73 : 809, nota 3. This name is invalid, as it is a junior homonym of Avmandia Filippi, 1862 (Arch. Zool. Anat. Fisiol. (2) : 215). ARNETTA Watson, 1893, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1893 : 72, 81. Type-species by original designation : Isoteinon atkinsoni Moore, 878, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1878 : 693, pl. 45, fig. 10. AROMA Evans, 1955, Cat. Amer. Hesp. Brit. Mus. 4: 401, 458. Type-species by original designation : Hesperia aroma, 1867, Descr. One Hundred new Spec. Hesp. (1) : 24. AROTES Westwood, [1851], im Doubleday, Gen. diurvn. Lep. (2) : 450. Type-species by selection by Hemming (1941, J. Soc. Bibl. nat. Hist. 1 : 434) : Aricoris (Setabis) myrtis Westwood [1851], 27 Doubleday, zbid. (2) : 450, nota. The name Avotes was introduced by Westwood in the synonymy of Setabis Westwood as “ Avotes Boisd. MS.”’. Ata time when it was still uncertain what treatment should be accord- ed to names published in synonymies in this way I selected (1941) Avicoris (Setabis) myrtis Westwood, one of the species placed by Westwood in Setabis and therefore in Avotes, to be the type-species of Avotes, thereby making Avotes a junior objective synonym of Setabis. Since the foregoing type-selection was made, a provision has been inserted in the Code (Article 11(d)) ruling that the publication of a name in a synonymy does not confer upon it the status of availability. Thus the name A votes Westwood has been invalid from the time of its publication. Even if the name Avotes, when published in 1851, had not been published in the synonymy of another name and even if it were not a junior objective synonym of an older name, it would still have been invalid, for it is a junior homonym of the name Avotes Gravenhorst, 1829 (Ichneum. Europ. 1 (Conspectus) : 64). AROTIS Mabille, 1904, in Wytsman’s Gen. Ins. 17 (C) : 151. Type-species by monotypy : Arotis sirene Mabille, 1904, zbid. 17 (C) : 151. ARPIDEA Duncan, 1837, in Jardine’s Nat. Liby., Ent. 5 (Foreign Butts) : 180. Type-species by monotypy : Papilio chorinaeus Fabricius, 1775, Syst. Ent. : 484. ARRHENELLA Waterhouse, 1937, Proc. linn. Soc. N.S.W. 62 (3/4) : 122. Type-species by original designation : Pamphila marnas Felder (C.), 1860, S.B. Akad. Wiss. Wien 40 : 462. Waterhouse expressed the opinion that the name Avrhenes Mabille, 1904, which he had previously used for the genus typified by Pamphila marnas Felder, was not properly applicable to that species, and believing there was no valid generic name applicable to that species, he introduced the name Avrrhenella to fill the gap. Waterhouse was correct in thinking that the name Arrhenes as of Mabille, 1904, could not be employed in the sense in which he had previously used it. For reasons which stem from a change in the Code made long after Waterhouse introduced the name Avrhenella, the name Arrhenes is properly applicable to the present genus as from Evans, 1934, Avvhenella Waterhouse thus becoming a junior objective synonym. An explanation of the complicated history of the present case will be found in the note given below for the name Avrvhenes Evans. GENERIC NAMES OF BUTTERFLIES 61 ARRHENES Mabille, 1904, in Wytsman’s Gen. Ins. 17 (B) : 142. Type-species by selection by Evans (1934, Entomologist 67 : 206): Pamphila marnas Felder (C.), 1860, S.B. Akad. Wiss. Wien 40 : 462. This name was introduced by Mabille when dealing with the generic name Ocybadistes Heron, 1894, in the synonymy of which he placed it as ‘‘ Avrhenes Mabille, in litt.’’ As shown below in the note on the name Arrhenes Evans, numerous attempts were later made to employ this generic name for Pamphila marnas, one of the species cited by Mabille in 1904 for Ocybadistes (= Arrhenes Mabille in litt.) in the ensuing period when it was still believed that a name published in a synonymy acquired the status of availability thereby. All these were seen to be invalid when a provision was inserted in the revised Code ruling that a name published in the foregoing manner (Article 11(d)) was not thereby made available. Under this provision the name Arrhenes Mabille, 1904, possesses no status in zoological nomenclature. ARRHENES Evans, 1934, Entomologist 67 : 206. Type-species by original designation : Pamphila marnas Felder (C.), 1860, SitzBer. Akad. Wiss. Wien 40 : 462. As shown in the immediately preceding note, the name Arrhenes acquired no status of availability through being published by Mabille in 1904 in the synonymy of Ocybadistes Heron. Accordingly, Mabille’s action on that occasion did not invalidate any later use of this generic name, provided that that use complied in other respects with the requirements of the Code, that is, provided that the author using this name (a) gave a generic diagnosis and (b) designa- ted a type-species. Since a period of nearly sixty years elapsed between Mabille’s use in synonymy of the name Arrhenes and the publication of the revised Code containing the provision under which it was ruled that names so published have no status of availability, it was to be expected therefore that the first nomenclatorially valid use of the name Arrhenes would be when some author, while attributing this name to Mabille, 1904, provided a diagno- sis for the genus and designated a type-species for that genus. The first author to do this was Evans in 1934 and the name Arrhenes is accordingly attributable to Evans and ranks from 1934. The difficulty in this case arose primarily from the fact that Mabille misinterpreted Ocybadistes and placed in that genus species not currently regarded as belonging to it, and it was for the reception of these species that authors initially brought into use the name Arrhenes Mabille, instead of leaving it, as they would otherwise have done, in the synonymy of Ocvbadistes. ARRHENOTHRIX de Niceville, 1890, Butts India Burmah Ceylon 3 : 18, 336. Type-species by original designation : Arrhenothrix penicilligera de Niceville, 1890, ibid. 3 : 337, pl. 28, 214 ¢. The nominal species Arrhenothrix penicilligera is currently treated subjectively on taxo- nomic grounds as representing a subspecies of the taxon represented by the nominal species Amblypodia vidura Horsfield, [1829] (Descr. Cat. lep. Ins. Mus. East India Coy (2) : 113). ARRHENOTRIX Evans, 1927, Ident. Ind. Butts (ed. 1) : 133, (an Incorrect Subsequent Spel- ling of Arrhenothrix de Niceville, 1890). ARRUGIA Wallengren, 1872, Ofvers. VetenskAkad. Foérh., Stockh. 29, No. 3:47. Type- species by selection by R6ber ({1892], im Schatz, in Staudinger & Schatz, Exot. Schmett. Bd 1 Theil 2 (6) : 277) : Papilio protumnus Linnaeus, 1764, Mus. Lud. Ulr. : 340. ARTEUROTIA Butler & Druce, 1872, Cistula ent. 1: 112. Type-species by original designa- tion : Arteurotia tractipennis Butler & Druce, 1872, ibid. 1 : 112. ARTINES Godman, [1901], ix Godman & Salvin, Biol. centr.-amer., Lep. Rhop. 2 : 608. Type-species recommended to the Commission for designation under Article 70(a) (misidenti- fied type-species) : Hesperia aquilina Pl6tz, 1883, Stett. Ent. Zig, 44 : 33. Godman designated Thracides aepitus Geyer, [1832] (in Hiibner, Zutr. z. Sammi. exot. Schmett. 4:18, pl. [114], figs 659, 660) as the type-species of this genus. It is quite clear however from the descriptions and figures that he gave that the species to which he applied that name 62 FRANCIS HEMMING was in reality Hesperia aquilina Plétz, 1883. First, he gave two figures of what he called Thracides aepitus ; these were fig. 47 (venation of forewing) and fig. 48 ($ genit.) on plate 103. Both of these figures represent aquilina Plétz and not aepitus Geyer. Second, he described under the name Artines atizies a new nominal species, for which he gave two figures on plate 103, namely fig. 49 (g¢ underside) and fig. 50 (g genit.). Both these figures represent the true aepitus Geyer. What happened therefore was that Godman was in possession of specimens both of aepitus and of aquilina but that he made the mistake of applying the name aepitus to aquilina and, thinking that the species to which the name aepitus properly applies was an undescribed species, gave to it the new specific name atizies. The genus Avtines Godman was thus based upon a misidentified type-species. Accordingly, the Commission is being asked to designate under Article 70(a) the nominal species Hesperia aquilina Pl6tz, 1883, to be the type- species of Avtines Godman. In accordance with the provisions of Article 80 that species is here treated as the type-species of this genus, pending the publication of the Commission’s decision on the application submitted. ARTIPE Boisduval, 1870, Consid. Lép. Guatemala : 14. Type-species by original designation : Papilio amyntor Herbst, 1804, in Jablonsky, Natursyst. Ins., Schmett. 11 : 27, pl. 300, figs 5, 6 9. The nominal species Papilio amyntor is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as representing the same taxon as that represented by the nominal species Papilio eryx Linnaeus, 1771 (Mantissa Plant. : 537). ARTITROPA Holland, 1896, Pyoc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1896: 92. Type-species by original designation : Pamphila erinnys Trimen, 1862, Tyvans. ent. Soc. Lond. (3) 1 : 290. ARTOGEIA Verity, 1947, Farfalle diurn. d’Ital. 3: 192, 193. Type-species by original designation : Papilio napi Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 468. ARTOPOETES Chapman, 1909, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1909 : 473. Type-species by mono- typy : Lycaena pryeri Murray, 1873, Ent. mon. Mag. 10 : 126. ARUNENA Swinhoe, 1919, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (9) 3 : 317. Type-species by original designa- tion : Arunena nigerrima Swinhoe, 1919, ibid. (9) 3 : 317. ASBOLIS Mabille, 1904, in Wytsman’s Gen. Ins. 17 (B) : 134. Type-species by selection by Lindsey (1925, Ann. ent. Soc. Amer. 25 : 79) : Goniloba sandarac Herrich-Schaeffer, 1865, CorrespBl. zool.-min. Ver. Regensburg 19 : 54. The nominal species Goniloba sandarac is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as representing the same taxon as that represented by the nominal species Eudamus capucinus Lucas, 1856 (in Sagra, Hist. fis. pol. nat. Cuba 7 : 625). ASCANIDES Geyer, [1837], im Hiibner, Zutr. z. Sammi. exot. Schmett. 5 : 32. Type-species by monotypy : Papilio triopas Godart, [1819], Ency. meth. 9 (Ins.) (1) : 33. The name Papilio triopas Godart is invalid as it is a junior homonym of Papilio triopas Stoll, [1780] (7 Cramer, Uztl. Kapellen 4 (27) : 64), and has been replaced by the name Parides ygdvasiulla Hemming, 1935 (Entomologist 68 : 41), which is therefore the valid name for the type-species of this genus. ASCIA Scopoli, 1777, Introd. Hist. nat. : 434. Type-species by selection by Scudder (1872, 4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. 1871 : 61) : Papilio monuste Linnaeus, 1764, Mus. Lud. (WU, 2227). Hampson in 1918 (Novit. zool. 25 : 385) sought to claim that Papilio cvataegi Linnaeus, 1758, was automatically the type-species of this genus because it was the first of the species cited by Scopoli under the name Ascia. This claim was misconceived, because the so-called “First-Species Rule’ was at no time recognized in the Code as a method for determining the type-species of genera. ASHTIPA Fruhstorfer, [1910], in Seitz, Grossschmett. Evde 9 : 205, 209 (an Incorrect Subse- quent Spelling of Asthipa Moore, 1883). GENERIC NAMES OF BUTTERFLIES 63 ASLAUGA Kirby, 1890, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist (6) 6: 261. Type-species by selection by Bethune-Baker (1924, Trans. ent. Soc. Lond. 1924: 209): Liphyra vininga Hewitson, 1875, Ent. mon. Mag. 11 : 183. ASPITHA Moore, 1951, Cat. Amer. Hesp. Brit. Mus. 1: 6, 83. Type-species by original designation : Prrhopyéga [sic] aspitha Hewitson, [1866], Trans. ent. Soc. Lond. (3) 2 (6) : 481. ASTEROCAMPA Rober, [1916], in Seitz, Grossschmett. Erde 5:549. Type-species by selection by Bates (1926, Ent. News 37 : 154) : Apatura celtis Boisduval & Leconte, [1834], Hist. gén. icon. Lépid. Chen. Amér. sept. (25) : 210, pl. 57, figs 1, 2 (imago), 3 (larva), 4 (pupa). ASTEROPE Hiibner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (5) : 66. Type-species by selection by Scudder (1875, Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10 : 122) : Oreas sapphira Hiibner, [1816], Samm. exot. Schmett. 1 : pl. [96}. ASTHIPA Moore, 1883, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1883 : 246. Type-species by original designation: Danais vitrina Felder (C.) & Felder (R.), 1861, Wien. ent. Monats. 5 : 300. The name A sthipa Moore was published on the same date and in the same work as the name Ravadeba Moore, and in consequence the relative precedence to be accorded to these names depends on the choice of the First Reviser. That choice was made by Bryk in 1937 (Lep. Cat. 78 : 135) when he gave precedence to the name Ravadeba Moore above the name Asthipa Moore. ASTICTOPTERUS Felder (C.) & Felder (R.), 1860, Wien. ent. Monats.4 : 401. Type-species by selection by Butler (1870, Ent. mon. Mag. 7 : 95) : Astictopterus jama Felder (C.) & Felder (R.), 1860, ibid. 4 : gor. ASTRAEODES Staudinger, [October 1887], in Staudinger & Schatz, Exot. Schmett. Bd 1, Th. 2 (19) : pl. 95 ; [April 1888], zbid. Bd 1, Th. 1 (20) : 263. Type-species by monotypy : Pandemos areuta Westwood, [October 1851], in Doubleday, Gen. diurn. Lep. (2) : pl. 70 fig. 5 ; [October 1851], ibid. (2) : 440. ASTRAEODES Rober, [1892], in Schatz, in Staudinger & Schatz, Exot. Schmett. Bd 1, Th. 2 (6) : 256. Type-species by monotypy : Pandemos areuta Westwood, [1851]. Rober attributed this name to Schatz but he clearly did not realize that it had already been published by Staudinger and treated itasanew name. It is invalid both as a junior homonym of, and as a junior objective synonym of, Astraeodes Staudinger, [1887]. ASTRAPTES Hiibner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmeit. (7) : 103. Type-species by selection by Scudder (1875, Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10 : 122) : Papilio aulestes Cramer, [1780], Uitl. Kapellen 3 (24) : 161, pl. 283, figs E, F, G. The name of the type-species, Papilio aulestes Cramer, [1780], is invalid, as being a junior homonym of the name Papilio aulestes Cramer, [1777] (Uitl. Kapellen 2 (11) : 47). The oldest nomenclatorially available name subjectively applicable to the taxon represented by the nominal species Papilio aulestes Cramer, [1780] is considered on taxonomic grounds to be Papilio narcosius Stoll, [1790] (Aanhangs. werke Uitl. Kapellen, Pieter Cramer: 171, pl. 39, fig. 8). It is currently considered that the taxa represented by the nominal species which are the type-species respectively of Astvaptes Hiibner and Telegonus Hiibner are congeneric with one another. As these names were published in the same work and on the same date, the relative precedence to be accorded to these names depends on the choice made by the First Reviser. In the present case the First Reviser was myself (1934, Gen. Names hol. Butts 1 : 158), when I gave preference to the name Astraptes over the name Telegonus. At that time I erroneously supposed that this preference followed automatically under the principle of page precedence. This misconception does not however invalidate the First Reviser action then taken. ASTYCUS Hiibner, 1822, Syst.-alph. Verz.: 1, 3, 5, 6, 8-10. Type-species by selection by Hemming (1933, Entomologist 66 : 200) : Papilio tages Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 485. Hiibner placed in this genus all the European species of the family Hesperiidae known to him. 64 FRANCIS HEMMING Scudder (1875, Proc. amey. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10 : 122) erroneously supposed that the name Astycus was not published until 1825 (Cat. Lép. Coll. Fvanck : 85) and on this basis selected Papilio augias Linnaeus, 1763 (Amoen. acad. 6 : 410) as type-species. This type- selection is invalid, as Papilio augias was not one of the originally included species when Hiibner established this nominal genus in 1822. The name A stycus Hiibner is invalid, as it is a junior objective synonym of Evynnis Schrank, 1802, of which also Papilio tages is the type-species. ATALOPEDES Scudder, 1872, 4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. 1871 : 78. Type-species by original designation : Hesperia huron Edwards, 1863, Proc. ent. Soc. Philad. 2 : 16, pl. 1, figs 1 g, 2 Q. The taxon represented by the nominal species Hesperia huyon is currently treated subjective- ly on taxonomic grounds as representing the same taxon as that represented by the older- established nominal species Hesperia campestris Boisduval, 1852 (Ann. Soc. ent. Fr. (2) 10 : 316 3). ATARNES Godman & Salvin, [1897], in Biol. centy.-amer., Lep. Rhop. 2 : 443. Type-species by monotypy : Leucochitonea sallei Felder (C.) & Felder (R.), [1867], in Reise Fregatte “ Novara’’, Lep.-Rhop. (3) : 525, pl. 74, fig. 25. ATE Godman & Salvin, [1895], iz Godman & Salvin, Biol. centy.-amer., Lep. Rhop. 2 : 401. Type-species by original designation : Papilio jovianus Stoll, [1782], 7m Cramer, Uitl. Kapellen 4 (33) : 213, pl. 392, figs L, M. This name is invalid, as it is a junior objective synonym of Pythonides Hiibner, [1819], of which the same nominal species is the type-species. ATEGANA Stichel, 1906, 72 Wytsman’s Gen. Ins. 36:10. Type-species by selection by Hemming (1935, Stvlops 4: 1) : Papilio phidippus Linnaeus, 1763, Amoen. acad. 6: 402. As published by Stichel, this name had the appearance of having been introduced as the name for a subgenus of Amathusia Fabricius, 1807 ; Stichel had, however, the peculiar habit of applying to groups of species within a given genus Latin words in the nominative plural. It is possible therefore that Ategana, despite its appearance of being a Latinized word in the nominative singular—and therefore a subgeneric name—may have been intended by Stichel to be a group-term in the neuter nominative plural and not a genus-group name at all. Ategana Stichel—if it is a genus-group name—is a junior objective synonym of Amathusia Fabricius, of which also Papilio phidippus Linnaeus is the type-species. ATELEOMORPHA Warren, 1926, Trans. ent. Soc. Lond. 74:19, 87. Type-species by selection by Hemming (1934, Stvlops 3 : 143) : Hesperia onopordi Rambur, [1840], Faun. ent. Andal. 2 (Livr. 5) : 319, pl. 8, figs 13 g, P (genit). ATELLA Doubleday, [Nov. 1847], Gen. diurn. Lep. (1) : pl. 22, fig. 3 ; id. [May 1848], ibid. (1) : 165. Type-species by selection by Scudder (1875, Proc. amey. Acad. Avts Sci., Boston 10: 123) : Atella eurytis Doubleday, [1847], ibid. (1) : pl. 22, fig. 3. The taxon represented by the nominal species Afedlla eurytis is currently considered on taxo- nolic grounds to be the same as that represented by the older-established nominal species Papilio columbina Cramer, [1779] (Uitl. Kapellen 3 (20) : 76, pl. 238, figs A, B). ATERCOLORATUS Bang-Haas, 1938, Ent. Z. 52 (22) : 178. Type-species by original designation : Coenonympha alini Bang-Haas, 1937, Ent. Z. 51 (22) : 223. ATERICA Boisduval, 1833, Nouv. Ann. Mus. Hist. nat., Paris 2 (2) : 195, (as Lép. page 47 in re-paged separate under the title ““ Faun. ent. Madagascar ’’). Type-species by monotypy : Aterica rabena Boisduval, 1833, ibid. 2 (2) : 195, pl. 8, fig. 2. ATHALIAEFORMIA Verity, 1950, Farfalle diurn. d’ Ital. 4 : 89, 90, 157. Type-species by original designation : Papilio athalia Rottemburg, 1775, Dey Naturforscher 6 : 5. Verity introduced this name for what he called the “‘ athalia gruppo ”’ of Higgins (: 189) and later (: 157) for the genus Mellicta Billberg as interpreted by Higgins for the same group. It GENERIC NAMES OF BUTTERFLIES 65 cannot be doubted that Verity intended to indicate that Papilio athalia was the type-species of the present subgeneric taxon, to which he then gave a name compounded of the specific name athalia, and it appears reasonable to conclude that the indications which he gave amounted, in his view, to the designation of that species as such. Accordingly, Athaliae- formia is here treated as having Papilio athalia as type-species by original designation. It will be realized that, as Athaliaefoymia was published after 1930, it would automatically be an invalid name, if it were treated as having been published without a type-species. The view that it was so published was expressed by Higgins in 1955 (Tvans. R. ent. Soc. Lond. 106 : 4) when that author selected Papilio athalia to be the type-species. If in fact Athaliaeformia had been published without a designated type-species and, as a post-1930 name, it had as a conse- quence automatically been invalid, the selection of a type-species by a later author would not have validated it. ATHARIA Moore, [1898], Lep. ind. 3 (32) : 146. Type-species by original designation : Limenitis consimilis Boisduval, [1832], im d’Urville, Voy. ‘‘ Astrolabe’’, Faun. ent. 1 (Eép.) : 133. When Moore introduced the name Atharia, he designated a type-species, but gave no generic diagnosis. He made good this deficiency in the following year ([1899], ibid. 4 (39) : 44). ATHENA Hiibner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (3) : 36. Type-species by monotypy : Papilio thetys Fabricius, 1777, Gen. Ins. : 264. The taxon represented by the nominal species Papilio thetlys is currently identified subjec- tively on taxonomic grounds with that represented by the older-established nominal species Papilio petreus Cramer, [1776] (Uitl. Kapellen 1 (8) : 138, pl. 87, figs D, E). ATHESIS Doubleday, [July 1847], Gen. diurn. Lep. (1) : pl. 16, fig. 3 ; id., [September 1847], ibid. (1) : 109. Type-species by monotypy : Athesis clearista Doubleday, [July 1847], ibid. (ae pk 16, fig. 3. ATHIS Hiibner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (7) : tor. Although this was described as a genus of butterflies, its type-species by monotypy, Papilio palatinus Cramer, [1777] (Uitl. Kapellen 2 (14) : 98, pl. 159, figs B, C) is not a butterfly but a moth. ATHYMA Westwood, [1850], in Doubleday, Gen. diurn. Lep. (2) : 272. Type-species by selection by Scudder (1875, Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10 : 123) : Papilio leucothoe Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 478. There has been considerable confusion regarding the proper application of the name Athyma Westwood, owing partly to doubts, until recently, as to the interpretation of originally included nominal species, and partly to taxonomic difficulties in certain respects. Normally, difficulties of this latter kind would fall outside the scope of the present work, but in the present instance some explanation is necessary for the proper understanding of the purely nomenclatorial issues. The first point to be noted is that what Scudder selected as type-species was cited by Westwood as “‘ Jewcothoe Linn., 1764’. However, Linnaeus did not describe a new nominal taxon in 1764 under the name Papilio leucothoe ; what he did do in the Mus. Lud. Ulr. (: 292) in that year was to redescribe the nominal species Papilio leucothoe established by himself in 1758 (Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 478). Unfortunately, as specialists are agreed, Linnaeus in 1764 included under the name Papilio leucothoe two quite different taxa. This was first clearly established by Aurivillius in 1882 (K. svenska VetenskAkad. Handl., Stockholm 19, No. 5: 68, 93, 94). What in 1764 Linnaeus described as the male of Papilio leucothoe was a species of the “‘ Neptis-Group ’’, while what he described as the female was a species of the group often incorrectly known in the xixth and early xxth century as the ‘“‘ Pantoporia-Group’”’ and more recently as the “‘ Pavathyma-Group.”’ The next point to be considered is the identity of the species to which the name Papilio leucothoe Linnaeus, 1758, properly belongs. On this subject there is general agreement that 66 FRANCIS HEMMING this name applies to the “‘ Pantoporia-Group ’’ species which is one of the two taxa to which Linnaeus in 1764 applied this name. It is further agreed subjectively on taxonomic grounds that the taxon represented by the nominal species Papilio leucothoe Linnaeus, 1758, is the same as that taxon established on an earlier page (: 471) in the same work. The specified names leucothoe and perius, both of Linnaeus, 1758, are therefore subjective synonyms of one another. The relative precedence to be accorded to these names depends on the choice made by the First Reviser. This was Aurivillius (1882, loc. cit. : 68) who gave preference to the name pevius Linnaeus over the name /eucothoe Linnaeus. Thus, on the basis of the subjective taxonomic view discussed above, the oldest available specific name for, and there- fore the valid name of, the “‘ Pantoporia-Group ”’ species here in question is pevius Linnaeus 1758. Up till comparatively recent times there was no official guidance to the procedure to be followed in cases in which an author established a nominal genus on the basis of a misidentified type-species, some authors taking as the type-species the taxon to which the specific name cited by the author of the generic name properly applies, while others sought to establish the identity of the species intended by the author of the generic name and, having reached a conclusion on this subject, treated the species so determined as the type-species of the genus concerned. Under the revised Code (Article 70) an author of a generic name is to be assumed to have correctly identified the nominal species placed by him in the genus in question, save where he makes it plain that he is applying a given specific name in some sense other than that of the original author of the specific name in question. This latter provision does not apply in the present case, as Westwood said nothing to imply that he was using the specific name leucothoe in a sense different from that in which it had been originally applied by Linnaeus— and, indeed, could not have done so, in view of the fact that it was not until many years later that the identity of the taxa to which that specific name was applied by Linnaeus when (i) when he first published it, and (ii) when he used it again in the Mus. Lud. Ulr. was definitely established by Aurivillius (1882). The present therefore is a case in which it is necessary to assume that Westwood correctly identified the nominal species Papilio leucothoe Linnaeus when he placed it in his new genus Athyma. Thus, under the Code the type-species of Athyma is the species of the ‘‘ Pantoporia -Group ’’to which the name Papilio leucothoe is properly applicable. When we turn to examine the interpretation of the genus Athyma by authors subsequent to Westwood, we find (a) that over a long period it was treated as having a type-species belonging to the “‘ Pantoporia-Group and was widely used in this sense, and (b) that a minority of authors, including myself in 1934 (Gen. Names hol. Butts 1 : 87) treated this genus as having a species of the “‘ Neptis-Group ”’ as its type-species, the name Athyma being treated by these latter authors as a junior subjective synonym of the older name Nepfis Fabricius, 1807. It will be seen therefore that the acceptance—as now seen to be required under the Code—of the “‘ Pantoporia-Group ”’ species as the type-species of Athyma is fully in harmony with the general practice of authors. As pointed out by myself in 1934 (loc. cit. 1 : 87), the name Pavathyma Moore, [1898] would be the oldest available generic name for species of the “‘ Panto- poria-Group ”’ if it were necessary—as is now seen not to be the case—to apply the name Athyma to the “ Neptis-Group.’”’ Even the name Pavathyma Moore will not be adversely affected by the acceptance of the name Athyma Westwood as the valid name for the genus having as its type-species the nominal species Papilio leucothoe Linnaeus, 1758 (=a junior subjective synonym of Papilio peyvius Linnaeus, 1758) if currently considered subjectively on taxonomic grounds to be distinct from that having Papilio sulpitia Cramer, [1779], as type- species, that is, as being distinct from the genus Pavathyma Moore, [1898]. ATHYMODES Moore, [1896], Lep. ind. 3 (25) : 10. Type-species by original designation : Atyma [sic] nycteis Ménétriés, 1858, Bull. phys. math. Acad. Sci. St. Petersb. 17 : 215. The nominal species Atyma nycteis Ménétriés is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as representing the same taxon as that represented by the nominal species Atyma cassiope Ménétriés, 1858, ibid. 17 : 214). Since these names were published in the same work GENERIC NAMES OF BUTTERFLIES 67 and on the same date, the relative precedence to be accorded to them depends on the choice made by the First Reviser. The First Reviser was Leech who in [1892] (Butts China Japan Corea (1) (Text-Pt 2) : 155) gave precedence to the specific name nycteis Ménétriés over the name cassiope Ménétriés. ATHYRTIS Felder (C.) & Felder (R.), 1862, Wien. ent. Monats. 6: 413. Type-species by monotypy : Athyrtis mechanitis Felder (C.) & Felder (R.), 1862, ibid. 6 : 414. ATHYSANOTA Karsch, 1895, Ent. Nachr. 21 : 297. Type-species by monotypy : Lycaena ornata Mabille, 1890, Ann. Soc. ent. Fr. (6) 10 : 24, pl. 2, fig. 6. The binomen Lycaena ornata has been published as a new name for various taxa on a number of occasions, but this appears to be the earliest of these homonyms and therefore to be an available name nomenclatorially. It is accordingly here treated as the valid name for the present species. ATLANTEA Higgins, [1959], Lepid. News 12 (5/6) : 162. Type-species by original designa- tion : Synchloe perezi Herrich-Schaeffer, 1862, CorrespBl. zool.-min. Ver. Regensburg 16 : 119. The text containing this generic name is dated 1958 but the wrapper (folder) in which the Part was published is dated “‘ 30 April 1959’. ATLIDES Hiibner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (5) : 80. Type-species by selection by Scudder (1875, Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10: 124) : Papilio halesus Cramer, [1777], Uitl. Kapellen 2 (9) : 3, pl. 98, figs B, C. The name Atlides Hiibner was published on the same date and in the same work as the name Brangas Hiibner, [1819], and in consequence the relative precedence to be accorded to these names depends on the choice of the First Reviser. Of these names Aflides is in current use, whereas Brangas is virtually unknown. Accordingly, as no formal First Reviser choice appeared to have been made, I, acting as First Reviser, accorded precedence to Aftlides over Brangas in 1964 (Annot. lep. (3) : 82). ATROPHANEURA Reakirt, [1865], Proc. ent. Soc. Philad. 3 : 446. Type-species by mono- typy : Atrophaneura erythrosoma Reakirt, [1865], ibid. 3 : 447. Corbet has pointed out (1943, Entomologist 76 : 206) that, although the volume containing the name Atrophaneura is dated “ 1864 ’’. it contains an account of a meeting held on 12th December 1864 and cannot therefore have been published before 1865. The taxon represented by the nominal species A trophaneura erythrosoma Reakirt is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as representing the same taxon as that represented by the older-established nominal species Papilio semperi Felder (C.) & Felder (R.), 1861 (Wien. ent. Monats. 5 : 296). The type-species of the present genus and Papilio diphilus Esper, [1793], the type-species of Pachliopta Reakirt, [1865], are commonly treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as being congeneric with one another ; and, as the names Alvophaneura and Pachliopta were published in the same work and on the same date, the relative precedence to be accorded to them depends on the choice made by the First Reviser. When in 1943 (oc. cit. 76 : 206) Corbet, on the discovery that the name Polydorus Swainson, 1833, was invalid under the Law of Homonymy, introduced the name Atrophaneura Reakirt in its place, he mentioned at the same time the name Pachliopta Reakirt, but he did not definitely accept Atrophaneura at the expense of Pachliopta, though it certainly seems likely that he considered the type-species of these nominal genera to be congeneric with one another. In order to clear up the position, I have made (1964, Annot. lep. (3) : 84) a First Reviser’s choice definitely according precedence to the name Atvophaneura Reakirt over the name Pachliopta Reakirt. ATRYTONE Scudder, 1872, 4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. 1871: 77. Type-species by original designation : Hesperia iowa Scudder, 1869, Tvans. Chicago Acad. Sci. 1 (2) : 336. The taxon represented by the nominal species Hesperia iowa Scudder is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as representing the same taxon as that represented by the 68 FRANCIS HEMMING older-established nominal species Hesperia avogos Boisduval & Leconte, [1834] (Hist. gén. icon. Lépid. Chenilles Améyr. sept. : pl. 76, figs 3 3, 4 5, 5 2 [mo text]). ATRYTONOPSIS Godman, [1900], in Godman & Salvin, Biol. centy.-amer., Lep. Rhop. 2 : 497. Type-species by original designation : Hesperia deva Edwards, 1876, Tvans. Amer. ent. Soc. 5 : 292. AUBERTIA Oberthur, 1896, Etud. ent. 20: 40. Type-species by selection by Lindsey (1925, Ann. ent. Soc. Amey. 18: 79) : Aubertia dulcis Oberthur, 1896, ibid. 20: 40, pl. 9, fig. 16 g. The taxon represented by the nominal species A ubertia dulcis Oberthur is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as representing the same taxon as that represented by the nominal species Cartevocephalus christophi Groum-Grschmailo, 1891 (Hor. Soc. ent. ross. 25 : 460). AUCA Hayward, 1953, Acta zool. liiloana 13 : 30. Type-species by original designation : Satyrus pales Philippi, 1860, Linnaea ent. 14 : 268. AUDRE Hemming, 1934, Entomologist 67 :157. Type-species by original designation : Papilio epulus Cramer, [1775], Uitl. Kapellen 1 (5) : 79, pl. 50, figs C, D. The nominal species Papilio ebulus Cramer has had an unfortunate history in the matter of the generic name used for it for taxonomic purposes. For many years it was erroneously considered to be the type-species of Hamearis Hiibner, [1819], it having been so selected by Scudder in 1875 (Proc. amer. Acad. Avts Sci., Boston 10 : 183), despite the fact that (as Scudder realized) Curtis as far back as 1830 had selected as the type-species the nominal species Papilio lucina Linnaeus, 1758, which belongs to an entirely different section of the family Riodinidae. Scudder based his rejection of Curtis’ selection of Papilio lucina on the ground that that species was at that time already the type-species of another genus (Nemeo- bius Stephens, 1827). Authors in Scudder’s day and for long afterwards were much handicap- ped by the fact that there was no internationally agreed code of zoological nomenclature and were forced to follow whatever unofficial rules seemed to them best. One of these rules which never found its way into the Code when it was enacted at Berlin in 1901 but which prior to that date had a considerable vogue and which was followed amongst others by Scudder was that based on the so-called principle of elimination. Scudder’s idea—followed by him in the present case—that a species was not eligible for selection as the type-species of a genus if it had already been made the type-species of some other genus. The position as regards this latter point, though implicit in the terms of Article 30 as adopted in Berlin, was not then dealt with in express terms. This matter was however finally settled by the ruling given by the Commission in its Opinion 62 published in 1914 (Smithson. Publ. 2256 : 147-149 ; facsimile published in 1958, Opin. int. Comm. zool. Nom. 1 (B) : 147-149), in which it was laid down that a species which was already the type-species of one genus was not ineligible for selection as the type-species of another. As from 1914, therefore the use of the generic name Hamearis Hubner for Papilio epulus Cramer was definitely contrary to the provisions of the Code. The incorrect use of this name in this sense lingered on however for a considerable time, Stichel using this name in this sense as late as 1930 (im Strand’s Lep. Cat. 41 : 691). That the use of the name Hamearis should have continued for so long after it became manifestly incorrect was no doubt due partly to the fact that few specialists of the Riodinidae dealt both with the Neotropical Region (the habitat of the pseudotype Papilio epulus) and also with the Palaearctic Region (the habitat of the true type-species Papilio lucina), with the result that for these specialists these two species were not in active competition with one another for acceptance as the type-species of Hamearis. Another contributory reason is no doubt to be found in the fact that, if students of the Neotropical Region were to abandon the incorrect use of Hamearis for Papilio epulus, it was not at all clear what generic name they ought to use for that species and its allies. When in 1933 I was preparing my book on the Generic Names of the Holarctic Butterflies, I considered the possibility of employing for Papilio epulus the generic name Lemonias Hiibner, as used in volume 1 of that author’s Sammi. exot. Schmett., for that genus was still GENERIC NAMES OF BUTTERFLIES 69 without a type-species and Papilio epulus was one of the species figured in it as belonging to the genus Lemonias. In all, there are five plates pls [35]—[39] of Lemonias species in the above work, that showing Papilio epulus being pl. [38]. At that time all that was known regarding the date or dates of publication of the plates in volume 1 of the Sammi. exot. Schmett. was that they had been issued during the period 1806-1819, the new names on all of them ranking therefore from the end of 1819. On this basis all five of the Lemonzas plates ranked from the same date for the purposes of priority. Papilio epulus ranked on this basis as one of the originally included species of the genus Lemonias. Accordingly, in order to provide a generic name for the species formerly incorrectly known by the generic name Hamearis, I then selected Lemonias epulus Cramer (1933, Entomologist 66 : 223) to be the type-species of Lemonias Hiibner. Unfortunately, the settlement so devised was short-lived, for the dis- covery soon afterwards of the Hiibner manuscripts showed that the plates of the Sammlung depicting species referred by Hiibner to the genus Lemonias were published on different dates, that the first plate to be published was pl. [35] [1807] containing figures of what was then a new species, Lemonias zygia, and that the plate (pl. [38]) figuring Papilio epulus Cramer, did not appear until some time in 1812 (see Hemming, Hiibner 1 : 401-402). In these circum- stances Papilio epulus was seen not to be one of the originally included species of the genus Lemonias and my selection of that species as the type-species of that genus accordingly fell to the ground. Further, the species now seen to be the type-species of Lemonias is considered on taxonomic grounds to belong to a genus far removed from Papilio epulus. At this point it became apparent that there was no genus bearing a nomenclatorially available name to which the species Papilio epulus could be referred. It was at this stage that I came to the conclusion that the introduction of a new name was inevitable, and I accordingly then established the genus Audre, designating Papilio epulus as its type-species. AUGIADES Hiibner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (7) : 112. Type-species by selection by Butler (1870, Ent. mon. Mag. 7: 58) : Papilio crinisus Cramer, [1780], Uitl. Kapellen 4 (25) : 20, pl. 300, figs G, H. This generic name was misused for a long period through the action of Scudder in 1872 (4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. 1871 : 79) when he rejected Butler’s prior selection of Papilio cryinisus—in accordance with the so-called principle of elimination (discussed above in the portion of the note on the name Audve Hemming, where it is explained how a similar situation of confusion arose through the rejection by Scudder of the earliest (and perfectly valid) type- selection made for the genus Hamearis Hiibner). In the present case, after rejecting the type-selection made by Butler, Scudder went on to select Papilio syluanus Esper, [1777] (Die Schmett. 1 (6) : pl. 36, fig. 1 2 ; id., [1779], ibid. 1 (9) : 343). Scudder’s mistake could hardly have been more unfortunate, for it led to the use of the name A ugiades for a holarctic genus of Hesperiine Skippers instead of for the purely Neotropi- cal group of Pyrgine Skippers to which it properly applies. I drew attention to this mistake in 1934 (Gen. Names hol. Butts 1 : 160) and expressed the view that Papilio syluanus and its allies in the Palaearctic Region could properly be united on taxonomic ground with their Nearctic relatives by being placed in the genus Ochlodes Scudder, 1872 (of which Hesperia nemorum Boisduval, 1852, is the type-species). This arrangement was suggested to me by Evans who later re-characterized both Augiades and Ochlodes, listing the species which he considered referable to each Evans, 1949, Cat. Hesp. Eur. Asia Austr. Brit. Mus. : 350-357 (Palaearctic Ochlodes) ; id., 1955, Cat. Amer. Hesp. Brit. Mus. 4 : 301, 341-343 (Nearctic Ochlodes) ; id., 1952, Cat. Amer. Hesp. 2 : 5, 6, 27-28 (Augiades, exclusively Neotropical). AULOCERA Butler, 1867, Ent. mon. Mag. 4: 121. Type-species by selection by Butler (Feb. 1868, Ent. mon. Mag. 4: 194) : Satyrus brahminus Blanchard, [1844], in Jacquemont, Voy. Inde 4 (Zool.) : 22 (descr. of g nec ““ 9”’, pl. 2, fig. 4 gd, nec 6“ 9’’]. Blanchard confused two species in his description of his Satyrus brahminus. His “ 3’’ was the new species which he was then describing, but his so-called “ 2 ’’ belonged to a different, though allied, species named at almost exactly the same time, namely Satyvus swaha Kollar, [1844]. 70 FRANCIS HEMMING The name Aulocerva Butler has been placed by the Commission by the Ruling given in its Opinion 278 (1954, Opin. int. Comm. zool. Nom. 6 : 135-178) on the “ Official List of Generic Names in Zoology ’’ as Name No. 697. AUREA Evans, 1957, Bull. By. Mus. nat. Hist., (Ent.) 5 (No. 3) : 88, 126. Type-species by original designation : Amblypodia aurea Hewitson, 1862, Spec. Cat. Lep. Lycaenidae : 8, pl. 8, figs 87, 88 g. Evans inadvertently cited the specific name of the type-species as having been originally published in combination with the generic name Avhopala instead of with Amblypodia, the name actually used by Hewitson. AURINA Evans, 1937, Cat. afr. Hesp. Brit. Mus. : 2,26. Type-species by original designation : Aurina dida Evans, 1937, ibid. : 26, pl. 2, figs 10 g, 11 Q, pl. 10, fig. [2] (genit. ; 3 figs). AUROTIS Dalman, 1816, K. svenska VetenskAkad. Handl., Stockholm 1816 (1) : 63, 90. Type-species by monotypy : Papilio betulae Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 482. This name is invalid, as it is a junior objective synonym of Thecla Fabricius, 1807, of which the same species is the type-species. AUROTIS Kirby, 1862, Manual europ. Butts : 87. Type-species by monotypy : Papilio voboris Esper, [1793], Die Schmett. Suppl. Bd, 1 Abschn. Tagschmett. : 59, pl. 103, fig. 4 2. It is curious that Kirby, who was a most careful worker, should have given the name Aurotis to a new genus, for he must have been well aware of the existence of Dalman’s genus of the same name. He made no indication at all that he was dealing with the genus Aurotis Dalman, and the sole species which he cited was not cited by Dalman, all of whose species were here placed by Kirby in the genus Thecla Fabricius. In the circumstances it seems best to treat Aurotis as used by Kirby on the present occasion as a new genus of his own. The name Aurotis Kirby is invalid, first as a junior homonym of Awrotis Dalman, 1816, and, second, as a junior objective synonym of Laeosopis Rambur, 1858, of which also Papilio voboris is the type-species. AUSTROMYRINA Felder (C.) & Felder (R.), [1865], in Reise Fregatta ‘‘ Novara’’, Lep. Rhop. (2) : 260. Type-species by selection by Hemming (1960, Amnot. lep. (1) : 9) : Papilio evagovas Donovan, 1805, Epitome nat. Hist. Ins. New Holland, signature F : [1]. This generic name is invalid, as being a junior objective synonym of Jalmenus Hiibner, 1818, of which the same species is the type-species. AUSTROZEPHYRUS Howarth, 1957, Bull. By. Mus. nat. Hist., (Ent.) 5 (6) : 237 (ina key without type-species), 270 (type-species designated). Type-species by original designa- tion : Dipsas absolon Hewitson, [1865], Jil. diurvn. Lep. Lycaenidae 1 (text): 65; 2 (plates) : pl. 30, figs 11, 12 g. AUTOCHTON Hiibner, [1823], Zuty. z. Samml. exot. Schmett. 2 : 13. Type-species by mono- typy : Autochton itylus Hiibner, [1823], ibid. 2 : 13, pl. [44], figs 249, 250. AUTODEA Westwood, [1850], ix Doubleday, Gen. diurn. Lep. (2) : 253. Type-species by selection by Hemming (1941, J. Soc. Bibl. nat. Hist. 1 : 424) : Lucinia sida Hibner, [1823], Sammi. exot. Schmett. 2 : pl. [35]. This name was published by Westwood in the synonymy of Lucinia Hiibner, [1823], Westwood entering it there as ‘“‘ Autodea Boisd. MS.’”’. Asa name published in a synonymy, it is automatically invalid under the revised Code (Article 11(d)). Prior to the introduction of this rule, I had already made it an invalid name as a junior objective synonym of the older name Lucinia Hiibner by selecting as its type-species Lucinia sida, which is also the type- species of Lucinia Hubner. AUTONEMA Westwood, [1850], ix Doubleday, Gen. diurn. Lep. (2) : 266. Type-species by monotypy : Pvothoe fyanckii Hubner, [1824], Samml. exot. Schmett. 2 : [54]. This name was published as “‘ Autonema Boisd. MS.” in the synonymy of Prothoe Hiibner, [1824]. Asso published, the name Autonema Westwood would be invalid as a junior objec- GENERIC NAMES OF BUTTERFLIES 71 tive synonym of Prothoe Hiibner, even if it were otherwise available. Under Article 11(d) however the name Autonema Westwood, as a name published in a synonymy, possesses no status in zoological nomenclature, and is invalid on this account, quite apart from being a junior objective synonym of Prothoe Hiibner. AUZAKIA Moore, [1898], Lep. ind. 3 (32) : 146, 148. Type-species by monotypy : Limenitis danava Moore, 1857, in Horsfield & Moore, Cat. lep. Ins. Mus. East India Coy (1) : 180, pl. 6a, fig. 2 3. AVA Grote, 1900, Proc. amer. phil. Soc. 39 : 29 (an Incorrect Subsequent Spelling of Aoa de Niceville, 1898). AXIOCERSES Hiibner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (5) : 72. Type-species by monotypy : Papilio perion Stoll, [1782], in Cramer, Uitl. Kapellen 4 (32) : 176, pl. 379, figs B, C. The taxon represented by the nominal species Papilio perion is currently identified sub- jectively with that represented by the older-established nominal species Papilio harpax Fabricius, 1775 (Syst. Ent. : 829). AZALAIS Grote, 1900, Proc. amer. phil. Soc. 39 : 13. Type-species by original designation : Leucophasia gigantea Leech, 1890, Entomologist 23 : 45. AZANIA Martin, 1903, Iris 16 (1) : 160. Type-species by selection by Hemming (Proc. R. ent. Soc. Lond. (B) 8 : 133) : Papilio camillus Fabricius, 1781, Spec. Ins. 2 : 11. AZANUS Moore, [1881], Lep. Ceylon 1 (2): 79. Type-species by original designation : Papilio ubaldus Stoll, [1782], in Cramer, Uitl. Kapellen 4 (33) : 209, pl. 390, figs L, M 3. AZONAX Godman & Salvin, [1893], in Biol. centr.-amer., Lep. Rhop. 2 : 267. Type-species by original designation : Myscelus typhaon Hewtison, 1877, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (4) 20: 320. BACALORA Moore, [1898], Lep. ind. 3 (32) : 146. Type-species by original designation : Neptis pata Moore, 1858, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 26 (cccxlvii) : 4, pl. 49, fig. 1 3. When Moore introduced this name in 1898, he designated a type-species but did not give a diagnosis ; this he supplied however in the following year (Lep. ind. 4 (39) : 43). BADACARA Moore [1890], Lep. ind. 1 (3) : 65. Type-species by original designation : Danais nilgiriensis Moore, 1877, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (4) 20: 44. BADAMIA Moore, [1881], Lep. Ceylon 1 (4) : 156. Type-species by original designation : Papilio exclamationis Fabricius, 1775, Syst. Ent. : 530. BAEOTIS Hiibner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2) : 21. Type-species by selection by Scudder (1875, Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10: 125) : Baeotis hisbaena Hiibner, [1819], ibid. (2) : 21. The name Baeotis hisbaena was introduced by Hiibner as a replacement name for Papilio hisbon Cramer, [1775], Uitl. Kapellen 1 (7) : 130, pl. 83, fig. C. This action on Hiibner’s part was quite uncalled for, as the specific name hisbon Cramer is perfectly available nomen- clatorially. In consequence, the specific name hisbaena Hiibner is invalid as a junior objective synonym of hisbon Cramer. The latter is the oldest available name objectively available for the present species, and, as there is no older subjective synonym, it is the valid name for this species. BAEOTUS Hemming, 1939, Proc. R. ent. Soc. Lond. (B) 8 : 136. Type-species by original designation : Megistanis baeotus Doubleday, [Aug. 1849], Gen. diurn. Lep. (2) : pl. 48, fig. 2 (as beotus) ; Westwood, [Nov. 1850], in Doubleday, ibid. (2) : 312 (beotus emended to baeotus. The name Megistanis baeotus was first published—unfortunately as a manuscript name— by Doubleday, 1844 (List. Spec. lep. Ins. Brit. Mus. 1 : 109), where, as shown, the first 72 FRANCIS HEMMING syllable was spelled ‘‘ bae-’’. When it was first validly published by Doubleday in 1849 on plate 48, it appeared in the defective spelling “‘ be-’’, which was however corrected to ‘‘ bae-” by Westwood in the text of the same work published (in 1850) after Doubleday’s death. This is considered to be a clear case of an original spelling ‘‘ beotus ’’ being demonstrably due to an inadvertent error. In accordance with the provisions of Article 32(a) of the revised Code the spelling “‘ baeotus’’ used in the text of the same work is the Correct Original Spelling. If however the view were to be taken that the spellings ‘‘ beotus ’’ and “‘ baeotus ’’ should be regarded as a pair of Incorrect Original Spellings and therefore that this case should be dealt with under Section (c) of Article 32 instead of under Section (a) of that Article, the spelling “ baeotus ”’ would still rank as the Correct Original Spelling, it having been used in preference to the spelling “‘ beotus ’’ by Westwood, acting as First Reviser in 1850 (in the text of Double- day’s book). The generic name Baeotus was introduced in order to provide an available name for the genus hitherto incorrectly known by the name Megistanis Doubleday, 1844. The latter is an available name but Scudder’s selection in 1875 (Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10 : 213) of Megistanis baeotus as type-species was invalid because at that time the name Megistanis baeotus was (as already noted) only a manuscript name, and no description or indication for it was then provided by Doubleday. BAHORA Moore, 1883, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1883 : 245. Type-species by original designation : Euploea philomela Zinken, 1831, Nova Acta Leop. Carol. 15 (1) : 184, pl. 16, fig. 17. By a First Reviser choice made in 1937 (Lep. Cat. 78 : 135) Bryk accorded to Bahora Moore precedence below the name Ravadeba Moore, 1883, published in the same paper and on the same date. The taxon represented by the nominal species Euploea philomela Zinken is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as representing a subspecies of the taxon represented by the nominal species Papilio aspasia Fabricius, 1787, Mantissa Ins. 2 : 15. BAKERIA Tutt, [1907], Nat. Hist. Brit. Butts 2 : 142. Type-species by original designation : Lycaena ledevevt Boisduval, 1848, Bull. Soc. ent. Fr. 1848 : 29. The name Bakeria Tutt is invalid, because it is a junior homonym of the name Bakeria Kieffer, 1905 (Ann. Mus. civ. Stor. nat. Genova 42 : 34). BALANGA Moore, [1898] Lep. ind. 3 (32) : 146. Type-species by original designation : Athyma kasa Moore, 1858, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 26 (cccxlviii) : 19, pl. 51, fig. 6. When establishing this nominal genus Moore designated its type-species but did not give a diagnosis ; this he provided in a later Part (Part 34) of the same volume (: 208) published in the same year. The name Balanga Moore was published on the same date (and in the same work) as the name Pavathyma Moore, and in consequence the relative precedence to be accorded to these names depends on the choice of the First Reviser. This was made by myself in 1964 (Annot. lep. (3) : 80), when I accorded precedence to the name Balanga Moore below the name Para- thyma Moore. BALIGNINA Moore, [1902], Lep. ind. 5 (57) : 187. Type-species by original designation : Papilio neptunus Guerin-Ménéville, [Feb. 1840], Rev. zool. (Soc. Cuv.) : 343. The name Balignina Moore was published on the same date and in the same work as the name Losavia Moore, and in consequence the relative precedence to be accorded to these names depends on the choice made by the First Reviser. That choice was made by myself in 1964 (Annot. lep. (3) : 85) when I accorded precedence to the name Balignina Moore below the name Losaria Moore. BALIOCHILA Stempfier & Bennett, 1953, Bull. By. Mus. nat. Hist., (Ent.) 3: 85. Type- species by original designation : Lycaena aslauga Trimen, 1873, Tvans. ent. Soc. Lond. 1873 : Tele BALONCA Moore, [1901], Lep. ind. 5 (52) : 73. Type-species by original designation : Dodona deodata Hewitson, 1876, Ent. mon. Mag. 13 : 151. GENERIC NAMES OF BUTTERFLIES 73 BALTIA Moore, 1878, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (5) 1: 228. Type-species by monotypy : Mesapia shawii Bates, 1873, in Henderson & Hume, Lahore to Yarkand : 305. BANTA Evans, 1949, Cat. Hesp. Europ. Asia Austr. Brit. Mus. : 41, 414-415. Type-species by original designation : Banta banta Evans, 1949, ibid. : 415. BAORIS Moore, [1881], Lep. Ceylon 1 (4) : 165. Type-species by original designation : Hesperia oceia Hewitson, 1868, Descr. One Hundred new Spec. Hesp. (2) : 31. BAORYNNIS Waterhouse, 1932, Austr. Zool. 7 : 201. Type-species by original designation : Pamphila amalia Semper (G.), 1878, J. Mus. Godeffroy, Hamburg 14 : 183. BARACUS Moore, [1881], Lep. Ceylon 1 (4) : 162. Type-species by original designation : Isoteinon vittatus Felder (C.), 1862, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien 12 : 480. BARBAROTHEA Scudder, 1892, Bull. U.S. geol. Survey 93 : 21. Type-species by monotypy : Barbarothea florissanti Scudder, 1892, ibid. 93 : 21. This is a fossil genus based upon material obtained from the deposits of Florissant. BARBARUS Crotch, 1872, Cistula ent. 1: 60. No originally included species and no type- species by subsequent designation. This name was mentioned by Crotch in a paper in which he discussed generic names propo- sed by early authors. Among these he included the terms placed by Linnaeus (1758) between generic and specific names. These latter many years later were ruled by the Commission in its Opinion 124 as not having acquired the status of subgeneric names in virtue of having been so published (1936, Smithson. miscell. Coll. 73 (No. 8) : 1-2 ; facsimile edition published in 1958, Opin. int. Comm. zool. Nom. 1 (B) : 465-466). In most of these cases Crotch provided a type-species by subsequent designation ; he did not do so in the case of Barbarus, con- fining himself to observing that this was ‘‘ a heterogeneous group which has not since been accepted ’’. Scudder in his work on the generic names of the butterflies published three years later (1875, Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10 : 125) mentioned Crotch’s paper but added that this term ‘‘ does not seem to me to have ever been used, even by Linné, in a generic sense.’ No subsequent author has adopted Barbarus as a generic name, and it re- mains therefore either a nomen nudum cited by Crotch or perhaps better as a cheironym alluded to by that author. Whichever of these views is taken it, possesses no status in zoological nomenclature. BARBICORNIS Godart, [1824], Ency. méth. 9 (Ins.) (2) : 706. Type-species by monotypy : Barbicornis basilis Godart, [1824], ibid. 9 (Ins.) (2) : 706. BARCA de Niceville, 1902, J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc. 14 (2) : 251. Type-species through Section (i) (replacement names) of Article 67 : Dejeania bicolor Oberthur, 1896, Etud. ent. 20 : 40, pl. 9, fig. 163 3. This name was introduced as a substitute name for Dejeania Oberthur, 1896, which is invalid, as being a junior homonym of Dejeania Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830 (Mém. présentés Acad. Roy. Sci. Inst. Fy. 2 : 33) and also of Dejeania [Blanchard], 1850 (Cat. Coll. ent. Mus. Hist. nat. Paris, Coléopt. 1 : 96). BARISANA Moore, [1902], Lep. ind. 5 (53) : 100. Type-species by original designation : Zemeros emesoides Felder (C.) & Felder (R.), 1860, Wien. ent. Monats. 4 : 396. BARONIA Salvin, 1893, Trans. ent. Soc. Lond. 1893 (4) : 331. Type-species by monotypy : Baronia brevicornis Salvin, 1893, ibid. 1893 (4) : 331. BASILARCHIA Scudder, 1872, 4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. 1871: 29. Type-species by original designation : Papilio astyanax Fabricius, 1775, Syst. Ent. : 447. The taxon represented by the nominal species Papilio astynax Fabricius is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as a subspecies of the taxon represented by the older- established nominal species Papilio avthemis Drury, [1773] (lll. nat. Hist. 2 : index et 17, pl. Io, figs 3, 4). 74 FRANCIS HEMMING BASPA Moore, 1882, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1882 : 250. Type-species by monotypy : Papilio melampus Stoll, [1781], im Cramer, Uitl. Kapellen 4 (31) : 142, pl. 362, figs G, H. The name of the type-species, Papilio melampus Stoll, is invalid, as it is a junior homonym of the name Papilio melampus Fuessly, 1775 (Verz. schweiz. Ins. : 31, pl. 1, fig. 6). The nominal species bearing the oldest available which is considered subjectively on taxonomic grounds to represent the same taxon as Papilio melampus Stoll is Thecla sorya Kollar, [1844] (in Hiigel’s Kashmir 4 (2) : 414, pl. 5, figs 1, 2). On this basis the type-species of this genus should therefore be known by the name sorvya Kollar. BASSARIS Hiibner, [1821], Sammi. exot. Schmett.2: pl. [24]. Type-species by monotypy : Papilio itea Fabricius, 1775, Syst. Ent. : 408. BASSARONA Moore, [1897], Lep. ind. 3 (27) : 49, 59. Type-species by original designation : Adolias teuta Doubleday, [Dec. 1848], Gen. diurn. Lep. (2) : pl. 44, fig. 2 ; Westwood, [Oct. 1850], im Doubleday, ibid. 2 : 291. BASSLERODEA Bell, 1940, Amer. Mus. Novit. No. 1094: 4. Type-species by original designation : Basslerodea mida Bell, 1940, ibid. No. 1094 : 6, fig. 8 (genit.). BATELUSIA Druce, 1910, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1910 (1) : 367. Type-species by original designation : Batelusia zebra Druce, 1910, ibid. 1910 (1) : 368. BATESIA Felder (C.) & Felder (R.), 1862, Wien. ent. Monats. 6: 112. Type-species by monotypy : Batesia hypochlora Felder (C.) & Felder (R.), 1862, ibid. 6 : 113. BATTUS Scopoli, 1777, Introd. Hist. nat. : 433. Type-species by selection by Lindsey (1925, Ann. ent. Soc. Amer. 18 : 80) : Papilio polydamas Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 460. BEBEARIA Hemming, 1960, Annot. lep. (1) : 12-17. Type-species by original designation : Euryphene iturina Karsch, 1894, Ent. Nachr. 20 : 215. This nominal genus was erected for the large Ethiopian genus of Limenitids hitherto treated as belonging to the genus Euryphene Westwood, [1850]. This was found to be neces- sary because Westwood never established a new genus under the name Euryphene, all that he did being to misspell, or emend the spelling of, the name Euriphene Boisduval, 1847, the type- species of which (Euriphene coerulea Boisduval, 1847) belongs to quite a different genus. The reputed name Euryphene Westwood, [1850], is therefore a cheironym. BELENOIS Hiibner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (6) : 92. Type-species by monotypy : Papilio calypso Drury, [1773], Jil. nat. Hist. 2 : index et 30, pl. 17, figs 3, 4. BEMATISTES Hemming, 1935, Trans. R. ent. Soc. Lond. 83 : 374. Type-species by original designation : Papilio umbra Drury, [1782], [/l. nat. Hist. 3 : index et 23, pl. 18, figs 1, 2. This genus was established for the species previously but incorrectly placed in the genus Planema Doubleday, [1848], as the result of later authors ignoring the type-selection made for that genus in 1875. BERBERIA de Lesse, 1951, Rev. frang. Lépid. 13 (3/4) : 41. Type-species by original designa- tion : Satyrus abdelkader Pierret, 1837, Ann. Soc. ent. Fr. [1] 6: 19, pls 5, 6. BERETHIS Moore, 1883, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1883 : 228. Type-species by monotypy : Papilio phoedon Fabricius, 1798, Suppl. ent. syst. : 423. This name is invalid, as it is a junior objective synonym of Amaura Geyer, [1837]. BERGMANIA Bryk, 1946, Ark. Zool. 38A (No. 3) : 52. Type-species by original designation : Dipsas flamen Leech, 1887, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1887 : 410-411, pl. 26, fig. 2 9. The taxon represented by the nominal species Dipsas flamen Leech, is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as representing a subspecies of the taxon represented by the nominal species Thecla vaphaelis Oberthur, 1880 (Etud. ent.5 : 20, pl. 5, fig. 1 $), and it was so cited by Bryk when he established the present genus. Bryk’s irregular manner of citing the name of the type-species misled Shirozu & Yamamoto in 1956 (Sizeboldia 1 (4) : 34) into GENERIC NAMES OF BUTTERFLIES 75 thinking that it was Thecla raphaelis and not Dipsas flamen that had been designated as the type-species. BETANGA Moore, 1883, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1883 : 273. Type-species by original designa- tion : Euploea megaera Butler, 1866, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1866 : 276. BETAPORIA Matsumura, March 1919, Ent. Mag., Kyoto 3 (3/4) : 146. Type-species by original designation : Pieris moltrechti Oberthur, 1909, Bull. Soc. ent. Fr. 1909 (2) : 48. Matsumura published the name Betaporia as a new name twice in 1919, on each occasion designating the above species as type-species. The first was in the serial cited above ; the second in his work Thous. Ins. Japan, Addit. on page 496 of volume 3. Luckily, the exact date of publication is known in each case : Part 3/4 of volume 3 of the Ent. Mag. is dated “March 1919’, while volume 3 of the Addit. was published 23rd April 1919, as is noted in manuscript on the endpaper of the copy in the library in the British Museum (Natural History). The taxon represented by the nominal species Pieris moltrechti Oberthur is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as representing a subspecies of the taxon represent- ed by the older-established nominal species Pieris agathon Gray, 1831 (Zool. Miscell. (Gray) 1 : 33). BHAGADATTA Moore, [1898], Lep. ind. 3 (32) : 146, 154. Type-species by original designa- tion : Lebadea austenia Moore, 1872, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1872 : 560, pl. 32, fig. 1 3. BHUTANITIS Atkinson, 1873, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1873 : 570. Type-species by monotypy : Bhutanitis lidderdalii Atkinson, 1873, ibid. 1873 : 571, pl. 50 (2 figs). BIA Hiibner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (4) : 51. Type-species by monotypy: Bia actoriaena Hiibner, [1819], ibid. (4) : 51 (a taxon objectively identical with Papilio actorion Linnaeus, 1763 (Amoen. acad. 6 : 409) through the designation by Hemming (1964, Annot. lep. (3) : 92) of the specimen figured as fig. 2 on plate 36 of Clerck’s Jcones to represent the lectotype of both of these species. The nominal genus Bia was established by Hiibner solely upon bibliographical references to the works of previous authors. The new nominal species Bia actoriaena was the sole species recognized as belonging to this genus and is therefore the type-species by monotypy. The first of the bibliographical references cited by Hiibner was to the nominal species Papilio actorion Linnaeus. In the original description of that taxon Linnaeus gave the follow- ing reference to a plate in Clerck’s Icones : ‘‘ Clerk t.36f.2'’. This plate formed part of the second instalment of Clerck’s cones Ins. vay., which was not published until 1764. It is no matter for surprise however that Linnaeus should have referred to this plate before it was published, for the preparation of Clerck’s cones was carried out under the close supervision of Linnaeus and it was Linnaeus who supplied to Clerck the names inscribed on his plates. In the paper referred to above, I designated figure 2 on Clerck’s plate 36 to represent the lecto- type of Papilio actorion Linnaeus. Since, as explained above, Bia actoriaena Hiibner was based in part on Papilio actorion Linnaeus, the type-material of Linnaeus’s nominal species forms part of the syntypes of Bia actoriaena. This made it possible to designate the specimen representing the lectotype of Papilio actorion Linnaeus to represent also the lectotype of Bia actorviaena Hiibner. This designation was made in the paper of mine referred to immediately above. By these two lectotype-selections, the names Bia actorviaena Hiibner and Papilio actovion Linnaeus became objective synonyms of one another, the nominal species bearing these names having the same specimen as lectotype. BIAKA Joicey & Talbot, 1917, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (8) 20: 225. Type-species by original designation : Biaka albidiscus Joicy & Talbot, 1917, ibid. (8) 20 : 225. The nominal genus Biaka Joicey & Talbot is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as representing the same genus-group taxon as that represented by the nominal genus Mimene established by Joicey & Talbot on the same date and in the same paper. In these circumstances, the relative precedence to be accorded to these names depends on the choice of the First Reviser. This choice was made by myself in 1946 (Annot. lep. (3) : 86), when, as First Reviser, I accorded precedence to the name Mimene over the name Biaka. 76 FRANCIS HEMMING BIBASIS Moore, [1881], Lep. Ceylon 1 (4) : 160. Type-species by original designation : Goniloba sena Moore, [1866], Pvoc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1865 : 778. The name Goniloba sena was first published by Moore in 1857 (2m Horsfield & Moore, Cat. lep. Ins. Mus. East India Coy (1) : 245), and this has sometimes been treated as the date attribu- table to this name. As published in 1857, it was however a nomen nudum, the data then given by Moore about this species being particulars as to the localities where the specimens available to him had been captured. As shown above this nominal species was not validly established with a description until the publication in 1866 of Moore’s paper in the Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. for 1865. BIBISANA Moore, 1883, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1883 : 273. Type-species by original designa- tion : Euploea horsfieldii Felder (C.) & Felder (R.), [1865], in Reise Fregatte ‘“‘ Novara’’, Lep. Rhop. (2) : 333, pl. 40, fig. 4. BIBLA Mabille, 1904, in Wytsman’s Gen. Ins. 17 (B) : 113, 122. Type-species by monotypy : Hesperia papyria Boisduval, [1832], im d’Urville, Voy. “ Astvolabe’’, Ent. 1 (Lép.) : 166. BIBLIA Westwood, [1851], iw Doubleday, Gen. diurn. Lep. (2) : 410 (an Incorrect Subsequent Spelling of Byblia Hiibner, [1819]}). BIBLIS Fabricius, 1807, Mag. f. Insektenk. (Illiger) @ : 281. Type-species by absolute tautony- my under Article 68(d) : Papilio biblis Fabricius, 1775, Syst. Ent. : 505. Scudder was one of numerous authors who considered that a generic name should be rejected if the word of which it consisted was the same as the specific name of its type-species (Scudder, 1875, Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10: 127). It was presumably because of Scudder’s action that for a long time the name Bzblis fell out of use. This genus has been unlucky in the name applied to it, for from 1844 (Doubleday, List. Spec. lep. Ins. Brit. Mus. 1 : 144) onwards for many years the name Didonis Hiibner, [1819], was wrongly applied to this genus. This was due no doubt to the fact that Papilio biblis Fabricius was one of the two originally included species in the genus Didonis. No author selected that species to be the type-species of Didonis, and, as shown above, even if any author had done so, the only effect would have been to make Didonis a junior objective synonym of Biblis Fabricius. After 1875 (Proc. amery. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10 : 156) there was no possible justification for the continued use of the name Didonis in this way, for Scudder then selected as the type-species Papilio vitellia Stoll, [1781], the second of the two species placed in this genus by Hiibner. This species is not even a Nymphalid, being an Elymniad Satyrid. The name Papilio biblis Fabricius, 1775, for the type-species of this genus is invalid, it being a junior homonym of Papilio biblis Drury, [1773] (Ill. nat. Hist. 1 : index et 9, pl. 4, fig. 2 (2 figs)). It is subjectively considered on taxonomic grounds that the oldest available name applicable to the present species is Papilio hyperia Cramer, [1779] (Uitl. Kapellen 3 (20) : 74, pl. 236, figs E, F). The specific name by which on the foregoing taxonomic view the type-species of Biblis Fabricius should be known is therefore hypevia Cramer. BICYCLUS Kirby, 1871, Syn. Cat. diurn. Lep. : 47. Type-species through Section (i) (replace- ment names) of Article 67 : _Idiomorphus hewitsonii Doumet, 1861, Rev. Zool. (2) 13: E75, Dl, tee 2 Kirby introduced the name Bicyclus as a replacement for the name Idiomorphus Doumet, 1861, that name being invalid as a junior homonym of Idiomorphus de Chaudoir, 1846 (Bull. Soc. imp. Nat. Moscou 19 (4) : 515). BIDAS PA Moore, 1882, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1882 : 250. Type-species by original designation: Thecla nissa Kollar, [1844], 7 Hiigel, Kashmir 4 (2) : 412, pl. 4, figs 3, 4. BIDUANDA Distant, 1884, Rhop. malayana : 233, 237. Type-species by original designation : Myrina thesmia Hewitson, [1863], Jil. diurn. Lep. Lycaenidae 1 (text) : 32 ; 2 (plates) : pl. 14, figs 25, 27 3, 26 @. BIGAENA van Eeccke, 1915, Nova Guinea, 13 (1) : 66. Type-species by monotypy : Bigaena pumilio van Eecke, 1915, zbid. 13 (1) : 66, pl. 2, fig. 9. GENERIC NAMES OF BUTTERFLIES 77 BIMBISARA Moore, [1898], Lep. ind. 3 (32) : 146. Type-species by original designation : Neptis amba Moore, 1858, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 26 (cccxlvii) : 7, pl. 49, fig. 4 3. When Moore established this genus in 1898, he designated a type-species but did not provide a generic definition. In the following year ([1899], Lep. ind. 4 (37) : 1) he made good this deficiency. The taxon represented by the nominal species Neptis amba Moore is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as being the same as that represented by the older- established nominal species Limenitis sankara Kollar, [1844] (in Hiigel, Kashmir 4 (2) : 428). BINDAHARA Moore, [1881], Lep. Ceylon 1 (3) : 111. Type-species by monotypy : Hesperia phocides Fabricius, 1793, Ent. syst. 3 (1) : 282. BINGHAMIA Tutt, [1908], Nat. Hist. Brit. Butts 3: 41, 43. Type-species by original designation : Hesperia parrhasius Fabricius, 1793, Ent. syst. 3 (1) : 289. BISAPPA Moore, [1898], Lep. ind. 3 (32) : 146. Type-species by original designation : Neptis neriphus Hewitson, [1868], J//. exot. Butts 4 : [46], pl. [25], figs 6, 7. When Moore established this nominal genus, he designated a type-species but did not give a generic diagnosis. This he supplied in the following year ([1899], loc. cit. 4 (37) : 13. The taxon represented by the nominal species Neptis neriphus Hewitson is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as a subspecies of the taxon represented by the older-established nominal species Neptis nirvana Felder (C.) & Felder (R.), [1867], in Reise Fregatte ‘‘ Novara’’ (3) : 426). BITHYS Hiibner, 1818, Zutr. z. Samml. exot. Schmett. 1:18. Type-species by selection by Riley (1922, J]. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc. 28 : 466) : Bithys leucophaeus Hiibner, 1818, ibid. 1 : 18, pl. [16], figs 87, 88. The name Bithys Hiibner, 1818, is invalid for the purposes of the Law of Priority but not for those of the Law of Homonymy, having been ruled to be such by the Commission under its Plenary Powers by the Ruling given in its Opinion 541 (1959, Opin. int. Comm. zool. Nom. 20: 87-102). Under this Ruling the name Bithys cannot be validly used in the sense in which it was employed by Hiibner in 1818 but despite its having been suppressed in this way, it nevertheless retains its power to invalidate as junior homonyms any later uses ofthe name. Further in the Opinion cited above, the name Bithys Hiibner was placed by the Commission on the “‘ Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology ’’ as Name No. 1234. The grounds on which the Commission was invited to suppress the name Bithys Hiibner are set out in detail in the application submitted to the Commission by Riley and myself and published in the Opinion already referred to (1959, loc. cit. 20 : 90-97). Briefly, the problem arose in this case from the doubts which formerly existed as to the relative precedence to be accorded to new names published in volume 1 of the Zutrdge and in the Verzeichniss respective- ly, preference at that time being given to the Verzeichness over the Zutrdége. On the discovery of the Hiibner manuscripts it was found (Hemming, 1937, Hiibney 1 : 462-468, 517) that, as previously believed, the text of volume 1 of the Zutrdge was published in 1818 but that the text of the butterfly section—other than the first 16 pages—of the Verzeichniss was not published until 1819. In the present, and in certain other cases, the fact that the first volume of the Zutrdge had priority over the Verzeichniss led to a change of type-species, the species included in the genus in the Verzeichniss not being the same as those included in the Zutrdge. Type-selections for the genus Bithys, as used in the Verzeichniss ((5) : 75) were made by two authors : the first and valid selection was made by Scudder in 1875 Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10 : 127, the species so selected being Papilio strepbhon Fabricius, 1775 (Syst. Ent. : 522). This selection was never effectively acted upon, mainly no doubt because then, as now, the great mass of Neotropical species were in need of thorough revision and were all grouped together, though very incongruously, in a single genus—currently the genus Stvymon Hiibner, 1818. The second—but invalid—type-selection made for Bithys in the Verzeichniss sense was that of Papilio quercus Linnaeus, 1758 (Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 482), this selection 78 FRANCIS HEMMING having been made by Tutt ([1907], Nat. Hist. Brit. Butts 2 : 231, 234). The species so selected by Tutt belongs to an entirely different group of Hairstreaks, namely the true Theclids (sens. sty.) and it was with this group that the name Bithys quickly (though incorrectly) came to be associated. Neither of the above species was included by Hiibner when he first pub- lished the name Bzthys, and both accordingly ceased to be connected with this case, except historically. The species included in the Zutvdge which, as already noted, was selected by Riley in 1922 as the type-species of Bithys, namely Bithys leucophaeus Hiibner, 1818 (then a new species) belongs to the so-called Strymonid Hairstreaks ; its acceptance as the type- species of Bithys Hiibner would thus have led to a most confusing transfer of that generic name from the true Theclids, where it was firmly (though invalidly) entrenched, to the Strymonids, for which it had never been used since Hiibner’s time. It was this situation which was prevented from arising by the decision by the Commission to suppress the name Bithys under its Plenary Powers. BLAKEA Grote, 1875, Trans. amer. ent. Soc. 5: 118. Type-species by original designation : Papilio gundlachianus Felder (C.) & Felder (R.), 1864, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien 14 : 294. The name Papilio gundlachianus Felder & Felder has been treated by some authors as a junior subjective synonym of Papilio columbus Herrich-Schaeffer, 1862 (CorvvespBl. zool.-min Ver. Regensburg 16: 141). The latter name is however invalid as a junior homonym of Papilio columbus Kollar, 1850 (Denkschry. Akad. Wiss. Wien 1 : 351). Thus, the name gundlachianus Felder & Felder, despite the above subjective synonymy, remains the oldest available name for, and therefore taxonomically the valid nameof, the type-species of this genus. BLANAIDA Kirby, 1871, Syn. Cat. diurn. Lep. : 699, 42. Type-species through section (i) (replacement names) of Article 67: Lasitommata (?) bhadva Moore, 1857, in Horsfield & Moore, Cat. lep. Ins. Mus. East India Coy (1) : 227. Kirby proposed this name as a replacement for Neope Butler, 1867, which without giving particulars, he rejected as invalid under the Law of Homonymy. He was correct in regarding Neope Butler as invalid under the Law of Homonymy, for the same name had been used by Moore in the previous year (Moore, [1866], Pvoc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1865 : 770), by whom it had also been proposed as a replacement for Enope Moore, 1857 (a name which is invalid under the Law of Homonymy). Thus, the name Blanaida Kirby, 1871, is invalid as a junior objective synonym of the name Neope Moore, [1866]. The name Neope Moore is a nomenclatorially available name and, as the oldest such name applicable to the present genus, is its valid name. BLANCHARDIA Buchecker, 1880, Syst. Ent. 2: pl. 51. Type-species by monotypy : Heliconia choavina Hewitson, 1872, Ent. mon. Mag. 9 : 83.) The specific name dismorphia for the type-species of this genus was introduced in a most unsatisfactory way. What happened was this: At the head of plate 51 the words “‘ Genus Blanchardia Buch.’’ were printed, while at the foot of the plate were printed the words “ Blanch. Dismorphia Buch.’’. At some stage—presumably before publication—the words “Dismorphia Buch.”’ at the foot of the plate were ruled off between parallel lines and the word “ Choarina’’ was inserted in their place. In these circumastances it may be assumed that Buchecker originally intended to place in the genus Blanchardia a new species to which he planned to give the specific name dismorphia, that, after the plate had been printed with this specific name on the legend, he realized that the species concerned had already been given the specific name choarina, and that he accordingly decided to abandon his idea of publishing the specific name dismorphia, for this purpose ruling out that name on the legend to his plate 51 and inserting in its place the specific name choavina. The specific name dismorphia Buchecker must therefore be regarded as a manuscript name which, as it were, just failed to be published, being abandoned by its author at the last moment. The taxon represented by the nominal species Heliconia choayina Hewitson is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as a subspecies of the taxon represented by the older-established nominal species Heliconia hecuba Hewitson, [1858] (lll. exot. Butts 2 : [25], joule, ([aeg}y SS Tea)). GENERIC NAMES OF BUTTERFLIES 79 The generic name Blanchardia Buchecker is invalid under the Law of Homonymy, it being a junior homonym of Blanchardia Castelnau, 1875 (Philadelphia Centennial Exped. of 1876 Official Rec. : 47). BLEPOLENSIS Rober, 1906, Soc. ent. 21:18. Type-species by selection by Hemming (1943, Proc. R. ent. Soc. Lond. (B) 12 : 25) : Caligo batea Hiibner, [1821], Samm. exot. Schmett. 2 : pl. [70]. R6ber clearly considered that of his three originally included species Caligo batea was representative of this genus, but he did not actually designate it as type-species. This deficiency was made good by myself (as shown above) in 1943. BLETOGONA Felder (C.) & Felder (R.), [1867], in Reise Fregatte ‘‘ Novara’’, Lep. Rhop. (3) : 465. Type-species by monotypy : Bletogona mycalesis Felder (C.) & Felder (R.), [1867, ibid. (3) : 465, pl. 68, figs 6, 7. BOEBERIA Prout, 1901, Ent. Rec. 12 : 233, nota. Type-species through Section (i) (replace- ment names) of Article 67 : Papilio parmenio Bober, 1809, Mém. Soc. imp. Nat. Moscou 2 : 306, pl. 19 (2 figs). This name was introduced by Prout as a replacement for Evebomorpha Elwes, 1899, which is invalid under the Law of Homonymy. BOLBONEURA Godman & Salvin, 1877, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1877 : 62. Type-species by original designation : Temenis sylphis Bates, 1864, Ent. mon. Mag. 1 : 113. BOLLA Mabille, 1903, in Wytsman’s Gen. Ins. 17A : 16, 72. Type-species by selection by Lindsey (1921, Univ. Iowa Stud. nat. Hist: 9, No. 4 : 43) : Bolla pullata Mabille, 1878, Petit. Nouv. Ent. 2 : 229. The specific name pullata was first published by Mabille in 1878 (Petit. Nouv. Ent. 2 (196) : 229), but, as there published, it appeared as a universal name without an associated generic name and is accordingly invalid. It was not until 1903 that this name was duly published (by Mabille) in binominal form and it is accordingly from that date and not from 1878 that it must be dated. BOLORIA Moore, [1900], Lep. ind. 4 (48) : 243. Type-species by original designation : Papilio pales [Denis & Schiffermiiller], 1775, Ankiindung eines syst. Werkes Schmett. Wiener Gegend : 177. BORBO Evans, 1949, Cat. Hesp. Europ. Asia Austr. : 44, 436. Type-species by original designation : Hesperia borbonica Boisduval, 1833, Nouv. Ann. Mus. Hist. nat., Paris 2 (2) : 213, pl. 9, figs 5, 6 (as page 65 in the re-paged separate issued under the title ‘‘ Faun. ent. Madagascar, Lép.’’). BOTHRIA Chapman, 1908, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1908 : 677. Type-species by original designa- tion : Cyaniris chennellit de Niceville, 1884, J. asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt II, 52 (2/4) : 72, pl. 1, fig. 10 3. The name Bothria Chapman is invalid, as it is a junior homonym of Bothvia Rondani, 1856 (Dipt. ital. Prodr. 1 : 203), an emendation of Botria Rondani, 1856 (loc. cit. 1 : 68). The invalid name Bothria Chapman was replaced in 1909 by the name Bothyinia Chapman. BOTHRINIA Chapman, 1909, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1909 : 473. Type-species through Section (i) (replacement names) of Article 67: Cyaniris chennellii de Niceville, 1884, J. asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt II, 52 (2/4) : 72, pl. 1, fig. 10 ¢. This name was introduced by Chapman to replace the name Bothria published by himself in 1908, which (as noted) is invalid under the Law of Homonymy, being a junior homonym of Bothria Rondani, 1858. BRACHYCNEME Herrich-Schaeffer, 1869, CorrespBl.-zool.-min. Ver. Regensburg 23 : 73, 132, 138. Type-species by selection by Hemming (1964, Annot. lep. (4) : 136) : Papilio peleus Linnaeus, 1763, Amoen. acad. 6 : 409. Herrich-Schaeffer placed two nominal species in this genus on page 73 (where he stated that 80 FRANCIS HEMMING this was a manuscript name proposed by Felder [presumably Felder (C.) was here intended] ; he made a passing reference to this genus on page 132, but on page 138 he definitely adopted this genus and placed it in a key with other genera. By the type-selection which I made in 1964, the name Brachycneme became invalid, as a junior objective synonym of Entheus Hubner, [1919]. The taxon represented by the nominal species Papilio peleus is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as representing the same taxon as that represented by the older-establi- shed nominal species Papilio priassus Linnaeus, 1758 (Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 487). BRACHYCORYNE Mabille, 1904, in Wytsman’s Gen. Ins. 17 (B) : 81. Type-species by monotypy : Papilio flyas Stoll, [1780], 72 Cramer, Uitl. Kapellen 4 (28) : 78, pl. 328, fig. E. This name first appeared—in the genitive singular as Brachycorynae—in the middle of a description in Latin of another species contained in a paper by Mabille published in 1883 (Bull. Soc. ent. Belg. 1883 : 53). This method of publication did not suffice to provide the status of availability for this generic name or even definitely to establish the termination in the nominative singular that Mabille considered appropriate for this name. It was first duly published in the nominative singular in 1904 in the work cited above and it is therefore from that year that this name ranks for the purposes of priority. The taxon represented by the nominal species Papilio flyas is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as representing the same taxon as that represented by the older- established nominal species Papilio philemon Fabricius, 1775 (Syst. Ent. : 534). Further, the taxon so named is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as representing a subspecies of Papilio arcas Drury, [1773] (Jil. nat. Hist. 1 : index et 38, pl. 19, figs 5, 6). BRACHYGLENIA Marschall, 1873, Nomencl. zool. : 280 (an Incorrect subsequent Spelling of Brachyglenis Felder (C.) & Felder (R.), 1862). BRACHYGLENIS Felder (C.) & Felder (R.), March 1862, Wien. ent. Monats. 6: 73. Type- species by monotypy : Brachyglenis esthema Felder (C.) & Felder (R.), 1862, ibid. 6 : 73. BRANGAS Hiibner, [1819], Vervz. bekannt. Schmett. (5) : 80. Type-species by selection by Scudder (1875) Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10 : 128 : Papilio caranus Stoll, [1780], im Cramer, Uitl. Kapellen 4 (28) : 24, pl. 332, figs C, D. Papilio cavanus Stoll is subjectively considered on taxonomic grounds to be closely allied to Papilio halesus Cramer, [1777], the type-species of Atlides Hiibner, [1819]. The names Brangas and Atlides were published on the same date and in the same work, and in consequence the relative precedence to be accorded to these names on the choice made by the First Reviser. The name Atlides has been widely used, while the name Brangas is virtually unknown. How- ever, when I examined this matter it did not appear that any author had made a definite First Reviser choice as between these two names. Accordingly, in order to safeguard estab- lished practice, I made a choice in 1964 (Amnot. lep. (3) : 82), in which, as First Reviser, I accorded precedence to Bvangas Hiibner below Athdes Hiibner. BRASSOLIS [llliger], 1897, Aligem. Lit. Zig, Halle [Jena] 1807 (No. 2) : 1181. Type-species by selection by Hemming (1964, Annot. lep. (4) : 122) : Potamis leonte Hiibner, [1807], Sammi. exot. Schmett. 1 : pl. [79]. The present case is substantially similar to that already explained in the note on the name A patura [Illiger], [1807]. It is therefore not necessary here to do more than recapitulate briefly the history of the present name. The difficulty arose out of the discovery in the late nineteen-thirties that in an anonymous review published in 1807 Illiger, the author of that review, had employed certain of the generic names which were published as new by Fabricius a little later in the same year and had placed in the genera in question species quite different from those placed by Fabricius in the genera established by him with the same names. In these cases the Fabrician names became invalid as junior homonyms of the corresponding Illiger names. The greatest confusion would have arisen if this situation had been allowed to develop, and accordingly an immediate request was made to the Commission to suppress the Illiger names in question, thereby validating the well-known and long-accepted Fabrician GENERIC NAMES OF BUTTERFLIES 81 counterparts. This request was approved by the Commission whose decision in this matter was embodied in its Opinion 232 published in 1954 (Opin. int. Comm. zool. Nom. 4 : 249-274). By the ruling given in that Opinion the Commission suppressed the name Brassolis [Illiger], [1807], for the purposes both of the Law of Priority and of the Law of Homonymy, and placed that name on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology as Name No. 38. In the majority of cases the Illiger names suppressed under the Plenary Powers by the above Opinion had been published by Illiger as the names for monotypical genera ; in a few cases, however, of which the present name is one, he placed two or more species in a genus. As no type-species had been selected by any subsequent author, it was not possible to assign these generic names, after they had been suppressed, to the synonymy of the name of any given generic taxon bearing an available name. In order to overcome this difficulty in the present case, I selected from the three nominal species cited by Illiger the nominal species Potamis leonte Hiibner, [1807] to be the type-species of Brassolis [Illiger]. The nominal species Potamis leonte is considered subjectively on taxonomic grounds to represent the same taxon as that represented by the nominal species Papilio achilles Linnaeus, 1758, the type- species of the genus Morpho Fabricius, 1807. Accordingly, the name Brassolis [Illiger], 1807, as suppressed by the Commission in the Opinion discussed above, is now an objectively invalid name, placed subjectively in the synonymy of the name Morpho Fabricius, 1807. BRASSOLIS Fabricius, 1807, Mag. f. Insektenk. (Illiger) 6 : 282. Type-species by selection by Blanchard (1840, Hist. nat. Ins. 3 : 453) : Papilio sophorae Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. ro) 1 : 471. As explained in the note given above, the name Brassolis Fabricius, 1807, was invalid as a junior homonym of Brassolis [Illiger], until that name was suppressed by the Commission under its Plenary Powers. At the same time the Commission placed the name Brassolis Fabricius, 1807, so validated, on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology as Name No. 658. BREMERIA Moore, [1896], Lep. ind. 3 (25) :9. Type-species by original designation : Adolias schrenkii Ménétriés, 1858, Bull. phys. math. Acad. Sci. St. Petersb. 17 : 215. The name Bremeria Moore is invalid, it being a junior homonym of the name Bremeria Alphéraky, 1892 (in Romanoff, Mém. Lép. 6 : 7). BREMERIA Tutt, 1906, Nat. Hist. Brit. Butts 1 : 296. Type-species by selection by Lindsey (1921, Univ. Iowa Stud. nat. Hist.9, No. 4 : 37) : Syrichtus bieti Oberthur, 1886, Etud. ent. 11 : 26, pl. 6, fig. 50. The name Bremeria Tutt is invalid under the Law of Homonymy, being a junior homonym of Bremeria Alphéraky, 1892 (in Romanoff, Mém. Lép. 6 : 7) and also of the name Bremeria Moore, [1896]. BRENTHIS Hiibner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2) : 30. Type-species by selection by Scudder (1872, 4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. 1871 : 45) : Papilio hecate [Denis & Schiffermiiller], 1775, Ankundung eines syst. Werkes Schmett. Wiener Gegend : 179. BREPHIDIUM Scudder, 1876, Bull. Buffalo Soc. nat. Sci. 3 : 123. Type-species by original selection : Lycaena exilis Boisduval, 1852, Ann. Soc. ent. Fr. (2) 10 : 294. BRINTESIA Fruhstorfer, [1911], in Seitz, Grossschmett. Evde 9 : 307. Type-species through Section (i) (replacement names) of Article 67 : Papilio proserpina [Denis & Schiffermiiller], 1775, Ankiindung syst. Werkes Schmett. Wiener Gegend : 155, 169, pl. 1a, fig. 9, pl. 1b, figs ga, 9b. Fruhstorfer proposed the name Brintesia as a substitute for the name Oveas Hiibner, [1806], of the Tentamen, which is invalid in consequence of the rejection of that work for nomenclatorial purposes by the Commission by the Ruling given in its Opinion 97. The only nominal species placed by Hiibner in Oveas in the Tentamen was Papilio proserpina [Denis & Schiffermiiller]. This nominal species is therefore automatically the type-species of Brintesia. 82 FRANCIS HEMMING The nominal species Papilio proserpina is currently treated subjectively as representing the same taxon as that represented by the nominal Papilio civce Fabricius, 1775 (Syst. Ent. : 495). Fruhstorfer, accepting this synonymy of these names and giving precedence to the specific name cirvce Fabricius over the name proserpina [Denis & Schiffermiiller], both of these names being names published in the same year, designated Papilio civce Fabricius to be the type-species of his genus Brvintesia. In this he was in error, for Brintesia as a replacement name, automatically takes as its type-species the nominal species which is the type-species of Oveas Hiibner, the generic name so replaced. Thus under the Code the nominal species which is the type-species of Brintesia is the nominal species Papilio proserpina [Denis & Schiffer- miiller], despite the designation as such by Fruhstorfer of the nominal species Papilio circe. This minor nomenclatorial error on Fruhstorfer’s part is of no practical importance, since the taxonomic identity of the taxa presented by these nominal species is firmly accepted sub- jectively by all workers in this group. The A nkiindung of Denis & Schiffermiiller and the Syst. Ent. of Fabricius are two of a num- ber of works published in the year 1775 for which the available bibliographical data were insufficient to provide a firm basis on which to assign a definite order of precedence. This was for long a cause of uncertainty and often of diversity of practice in those cases in which two or more of these works each contain names for new nominal taxa considered subjectively by specialists to represent the same taxon. In order to put an end to these uncertainties this matter was submitted to the Commission which in its Opinion 516 (published in 1958 (Opin. int. Comm. zool. Nom. 19 : 1-44) gave a Ruling under its Plenary Powers which provided intey alia, that precedence be given to the Syst. Ent. of Fabricius over the Ankiindung of Denis & Schiffermiller. Under this Ruling therefore the name Papilio civce Fabricius, 1775, takes precedence before the name Papilio proserpina [Denis & Schiffermiiller, 1775] consequentially upon the adoption of the above Opinion, the Commission rendered a Direction (Direction 96) (1958, ibid. 19 : (i)—(xiv), in which the Commission gave an express Ruling to the above effect and placed the name circe Fabricius, 1775, as published in the combination Papilio circe on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology as Name No. 1513). In the same Direction the Commission placed the name Brintesia Fruhstorfer on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology as Name No. 1269. BRITOMARTIS de Niceville, 1895, J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc. 9 (3) : 304. Type-species by original designation : Camena cleoboides Elwes, [1893], Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1892 (4) : 637, Pl. 44, figs 4d, 5 9. BRONTIADES Hiibner, [1819], Vevz. bekannt. Schmett. (8) : 113. Type-species by selection by Butler (1870, Ent. mon. Mag. 7: 94) : Papilio procas Cramer, [1777], Uitl. Kapellen A) (iS) B WEA, jolls 7, es, 1D); BRUASA Moore, [1894], Lep. ind. 2 (18) : 144 ; 1tbid. 2 (19) : 164. Type-species by original designation : Melanitis penanga Westwood, [1851], 22 Doubleday, Gen. diurn. Lep. (2) : 405, nota. BRUASA Evans, 1937, Cat. Afr. Hesp. Brit. Mus.: pl. 7 (an Incorrect Original Spelling of Brusa Evans, 1937, ibid. : 8,173). This is clearly a case where the spelling intended by the author was the spelling given in the text (i.e. Byusa), the spelling on the legend to the relevant plate (i.e. Bywasa), which is not Evans’s own writing, being due to inadvertence on the part of the printer. The First Reviser in this case is the Editor of the Insecta Section of the Zoological Record 74 (year 1937) (: 310 Ins.) (published in 1938), who cited both spellings, and accepted the spelling Brusa, treating the spelling Bruasa as an Incorrect Original Spelling. No doubt this First Reviser choice reflects the intention of Evans, who was a careful worker and who was well aware of the fact that many years earlier Moore had applied the name Bruasa to a Satyrid, Evans having himself cited the name Bruasa Moore as a junior subjective synonym of Elymnias Hiibner in his work The Identification of Indian Butterflies (ed. 2) : 96) published in 1932, that is, only five years before he introduced the present name for an Hesperiid genus. GENERIC NAMES OF BUTTERFLIES 83 BRUNA Evans, 1955, Cat. Amer. Hesp. Brit. Mus. 4 : 265, 273. Type-species by original designation : Bruna bruna Evans, 1955, ibid. 4 : 274, pl. 72, fig. L.5 (3 figs of § genit.). BRUSA Evans, 1937, Cat. Afr. Hesp. Brit. Mus. : 8, 173. Type-species by original designa- tion : Parnara saxicola Neave, 1910, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1910 : 82, pl. 3, fig. 10. This is the Correct Original Spelling of this name which was published in two Original Spellings. For particulars on this point see the note given above under the Incorrect Original Spelling Bruasa. BRYNA Evans, 1912, J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc. 21 : 284. Type-species by selection by Swin- hoe ([1913], in Moore, Lep. ind. 10 (123) : 348) : Lycaena stoliczkana Felder (C.) & Felder (R.), [1865], in Reise Fregatte ‘‘ Novara’’ (2) : 283, pl. 35, figs 10, 11 ¢. Prior to the discovery of Swinhoe’s type-selection for the present genus I selected Papilio icavus Rottemburg, 1775, to be type-species (1929, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (10) 3 : 224), but that action is now seen to have been invalid. BUCASIA Moore, [1897], Lep. ind. 3 (27). Type-species by original designation : Adolias calliphorus Felder (C.) & Felder (R.), 1861, Wien. ent. Monats. 5 : 302. Moore gave only a type-designation for this genus in Part 27 (: 49) of his Lep. ind., but in the next following Part (Pt 28, page 86) in the same volume he made good this deficiency by providing a generic diagnosis. BULBONEURA Staudinger, [1886], in Staudinger & Schatz, Exot. Schmett. Bd 1, Th. 1 (13) : 114 (an incorrect Subsequent Spelling of Bolboneura Godman & Salvin, 1877). BULLIS de Niceville, 1897, J. asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt II, 66 (3) : 558. Type-species by original designation : Britomartis buto de Niceville, 1895, J]. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc. 9 (3) : 308 pl Py Ar g. BUNGALOTIS Watson, 1893, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1893 : 18, 28. Type-species by original designation : Papilio midas Cramer, [1775], Uitl. Kapellen 1 (6) : 99, pl. 63, fig. G. BURARA Swinhoe, 1893, Tvans. ent. Soc. Lond. 1893 : 329. Type-species by selection by Swinhoe ([1912], 77 Moore, Lep. ind. 9 (106) : 234) : Ismene vasutana Moore, [1866], Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1865 : 782. The name Ismene vasutana first appeared in print in 1857 (tm Horsfield & Moore, Cat. lep. Ins. Mus. East. India Coy (1) : 247), but, as there published, it was a nomen nudum ; it was accompanied however by particulars of the localities of capture of the specimens on which Moore already planned to establish in his projected paper in the Proc. zool. Soc. Lond., which however (as shown above) did not actually appear until the volume of that serial for the year 1865. BURCA Bell & Comstock, 1948, Amer. Mus. Novit. No. 1379 : 10-11. Type-species by original designation : Nisoniades concolor Herrich-Schaeffer, 1864, CovrespBl. zool.-min. Ver. Regensburg 18 : 172. BUTLERIA Kirby, 1871, Syn. Cat. diurn. Lep. : 624. Type-sepcies by selection by Kirby, [1873] im Zool. Rec. 8 (year 1871) : 365) : CGarterocephalus exornatus Felder (C.), 1862, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien 12 : 494. The taxon represented by the nominal species Carterocephalus exornatus Felder is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as the same as that represented by the older- established nominal species Syrichthus flavomaculatus Blanchard, 1852 (Hist. fis. pol. Chile Zool. 7 : 44, pl. 3, figs'oa, ‘b). BUZYGES Godman, [1900], in Godman & Salvin, Biol. centr-amer., Lep. Rhop. 2 : 497. Type-species by monotypy : Buzyges idothea Godman, [1900], in Godman & Salvin, ibid., Lep. Rhop. 2 : 497, pl. 95, figs 1, 2, 3 gd, 4, 592. BYASA Moore, 1882, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1882 : 258. Type-species by original designation : Papilio philoxenus Gray, 1831, Zool. Miscell. (Gray) (1) : 32. The name Papilio philoxenus Gray is invalid, as it is a junior homonym of Papilio philoxenus 84 FRANCIS HEMMING Esper, [1780], Die Schmett. 1 (Bd 2) : Forts. Tagschmett. : 25. The taxon represented by the invalid name Papilio philoxenus Gray is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as the same as that represented by the nominal taxon Papilio philoxenus letincius Fruhstorfer, 1908, Ent. Z. 22 (18) : 72. Further, the taxon represented by the foregoing nominal taxa is currently considered subjectively on taxonomic grounds as being a subspecies of the taxon represented by the nominal species Papilio polyeuctes Doubleday, 1842 (Zool. Miscell. (Gray) (5) : 74). BYBLIA Hiibner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2) : 28. Type-species by monotypy : Papilio ilithyia Drury, [1773], [/l. nat. Hist. 2 : index et 29, pl. 17, figs 1, 2. BYTHIS Geyer, [1827-1831], im Hiibner, Zuty. z. Sammi. exot. Schmett. 3 : 11 (an Incorrect Subsequent Spelling of Bithys Hiibner, 1818). CABARES Godman & Salvin, [1894], Biol. centy.-amer., Lep. Rhop. 2 : 337. Type-species by original designation : Thanaos potrillo Lucas, 1857, im Sagra, Hist. Cuba 7 : 641. CABIRUS Hiibner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (7) : 102. Type-species by selection by Scudder, 1875, Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10 : 129 : Papilio julettus Stoll, [1790]. Aanhangs. werk Uitl. Kapellen Pieter Cramer (2) : 43, pl. 9, fig. 1. The taxon represented by the nominal species Papilio julettus Stoll is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as being the same as that represented by the older- established nominal species Papilio procas Cramer, [1777] (Uitl. Kapellen 2 (15) : 127, pl. 179, fig. D). CACYREUS Butler, [1898], Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1897 (4) : 845. Type-species by original designation : Papilio lingeus Stoll, [1782], 7m Cramer, Uitl. Kapellen 4 (32) : 176, pl. 379, figs F, G. Butler introduced the name Cacyreus as a replacement name for Hyveus Hiibner, [1819], which is invalid under the Law of Homonymy. At the time of the publication of Butler’s paper the genus Hyveus Hiibner was without a type-species; accordingly, Butler was fully entitled to take the course which he did, namely to designate one of the nominal species originally included in Hyrveus to be the type-species of his replacement genus Cacyreus, thereby—under Section (i) of Article 67—-designating the same species to be also the type- species of Hyveus Hiibner. CADUGA Moore, [June] 1882, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1882 (1) : 235. Type-species by mono- typy : Danais tytia Gray, 1846, Descr. lepid. Ins. Nepal : 9, pl. 9, fig. 2. CADUGA Moore, 1883, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1883 : 249. Type-species by original designation : Danais tytia Gray, 1846. Moore published the name Caduga as a new name, despite the fact that in the previous year he had (as shown above) established a genus with the same name and the same type-species. This can only have been due to some inadvertence, the only difference between the two publications of this name being that on the first occasion the type-species was determined by monotypy and on the second by original designation. The name Caduga as of 1883 is invalid, first as a junior homonym of the same name as of 1882, and second as a junior objective synonym of that name. CADUGOIDES Moore, 1882, Pyoc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1882 : 260. Type-species by original designation : Papilio agestor Gray, Zool. Miscell. (Gray) (1) : 32. CADYTIS Moore, 1883, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1883 : 226. Type-species by monotypy : Danais vashti Butler, 1869, Cistula ent. 1: 1. CAECINA Hewitson, 1868, Descy. One Hundred new Spec. Hesp. (2) : 55. Type-species by selection by Scudder (1875, Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10 : 129) : Caecina calathana Hewitson, 1868, loc. cit. (2) : 56. GENERIC NAMES OF BUTTERFLIES 85 The name Caecina Hewitson, 1868 is invalid, as it is a junior homonym of the name Caecina Stal, 1863, Ann. Soc. ent. Fr. (4) 3: 48. It was replaced by Lindsey in 1925 by the name Ocyba. CAENIDES Holland, 1896, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1896: 85. Type-species by selection by Lindsey (1925, Ann. ent. Soc. Amer. 18 : 81) : Hesperia dacela Hewitson, 1876, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (4) 18 : 451. CAENYRA Butler, 1868, Cat. diurn. Lep. Satyridae Brit. Mus. : 147 (an Incorrect Subsequent Spelling of Coenyra Hewitson, 1865). CAEROIS Hiibner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (4) : 56. Type-species by monotypy : Caerois arcesilae Hiibner, [1819], ibid. (4) : 56. The name Caerois arcesilae Hiibner was an unnecessary nom. nov. for what Hiibner called [Papilio] arcesilaus ‘‘ Cramer ’’; Cramer however did not publish this as a new name, what he did being to provide a figure of Papilio arcesilaus Sulzer, 1776 (Gesch. Ins. : 142, pl. 14, fig. 4). This nominal species is currently considered subjectively on taxonomic grounds to represent the same taxon as that represented by the older-established nominal species Papilio chorinaeus Fabricius, 1775 (Syst. Ent. : 484). CAEROUS Herrich-Schaeffer, 1865, CorrespBl.-zool.-min. Ver. Regensburg 19 : 73 (an Un- justified Emendation of Caerois Hiibner, [1819] and therefore an invalid name). CAERULEA Forster, 1938, Mitt. miinchn. ent. Ges. 28 : 108. Type-species by original desig- nation: Lycaena coeligena Oberthur var. coelestis Alphéraky, 1897, in Romanoff, Mém. Lép. 9 : 113. CAICELLA Hemming, 1934, Stylops 3: 144. Type-species through Section (i) of Article 67 : Eudamus caicus Herrich-Schaeffer, 1869. CorrespBl. zool.-min. Ver. Regensburg 23 : 188. This name was introduced as a replacement for the name Phoedinus Godman & Salvin, [1894], which is invalid under the Law of Homonymy. Prior to the publication of the name Caicella, the name Phoedinus Godman & Salvin had already been replaced by the name Anaperus Mabille & Boullet, 1919, but unfortunately that name also was invalid under the Law of Homonymy. CALAIDES Hiibner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (6) : 86. Type-species by selection by Rothschild & Jordan (1906, Novit. zool. 13 : 358) : Papilio androgeos Cramer, [1775], Uitl. Kapellen 1 (2) : 24, pl. 16, figs C, D. In 1875 (Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci. Boston 10 : 129) Scudder selected Papilio androgeos Cramer, [1776] (Uitl. Kapellen 1 (8) : 142, pl. 91, figs A, B), but that selection is invalid, because this was not one of the species originally included in this genus by Hiibner. The name Calaides Hiibner was published on the same date (and in the same work) as the name Heraclides Hiibner, and in consequence the relative precedence to be accorded to these names depends on the choice of the First Reviser. This choice was made by myself in 1964 (Annot. lep. (3) : 85), when I chose the name Heraclides Hiibner to take precedence over the name Calaides Hiibner. CALAIS Boisduval, [1836], (Roret’s Suite 4 Buffon), Hist. nat. Ins., Spec. gén. Lépid. 1 : 584. Type-species through Section (i) (replacement names) of Article 67 : Pontia chrysonome Klug, 1829, in Ehrenberg, Sym. Phys. Ins. 1: signature G, 4, pl. 7, figs 9, 10 g, 11 @. Boisduval introduced the names Idmais and Calais simultaneously, but adopted the name Idmais, sinking Calais as a synonym, adding the words “‘ nobis olim’”’. He explained on the following page (: 585) that he had formerly applied this name to the present genus but had come to the conclusion that it was inconvenient to have a genus bearing a name consisting of the same word as the specific name (of one of its best-known species, namely Papilio calais Cramer, [1775] (Uitl. Kapellen 1 (5) : 84, pl. 53, figs C, D)). He had therefore decided to substitute the name Jdmais for the name Calais which he had previously proposed to intro- duce. These two nominal genera are thus absolutely identical, and Pontia chrysonome Klug, 86 FRANCIS HEMMING the type-species (by selection by Scudder (1875)) of Idmais Boisduval, is automatically the type-species also of Calais Boisduval. Quite apart from the fact that Calais Boisduval is an objective synonym of Idmais Boisduval that name would have been objectively invalid for two other reasons : (a) It is invalid under the Law of Homonymy, being a junior homonym of Calais Rafinesque, 1815 (Analyse de la Nature : 99); (b) under a provision introduced into the revised Code (Article 11 (d)) a name published in a synonymy—as was the name Calais Boisduval—does not thereby acquire the status of availability. CALEPHELIS Grote & Robinson, 1869, Tvans. amer. ent. Soc. 2 : 310. Type-species proposed to be designated by the Commission under the plenary powers under Article 70 (a) : Erycina virginiensis Gray, 1832, im Griffith’s Cuvier’s Anim. Kingd. 15 : 58, fig. 1.* Grote & Robinson established the taxon Calephelis as a subgenus of Chavis Hiibner, [1819]. They placed two nominal species in it, but did not designate a type-species; they did however state that the included species which they cited as “‘ C. caenius [sic] ’’ was “‘ typical’ of this genus. That species, with its specific name correctly spelled as “‘ caeneus ’’, was selected as the type-species by Kirby two years later ([1871], in Zool. Rec. 7 (year 1870) : 391). At this point it must be noted that the full reference given by Grote & Robinson for the above species was “‘ Papilio caenius Linn. Syst. Nat. II, p. 796, n. 273’. The following is the correct version of the above reference :— Papilio caeneus Linnaeus, 1767. Syst. Nat. (ed. 12) 1 (2) : 796, no. 273. The above name is one of two homonyms published in the same volume, the other one being Papilio caeneus Linnaeus, 1767, Syst. Nat. (ed. 12) 1 (2) : 766 no. 111. Thename here in question is an Unjustified Emendation of Papilio ceneus Linnaeus, 1758 (Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 487, no. 181). Realising that by an oversight he had applied the binomen Papilio caeneus to two entirely different species in the same volume, Linnaeus at the end of the same volume introduced the replacement name Papilio ceveus for the name Papilio caeneus, as introduced by him on page 796, thereby, as First Reviser, according precedence to the name Papilio caeneus as published on page 766; the full reference for this replacement name is Papilio cereus Linnaeus, 1767, Syst. Nat. (ed. 12) 1 (2) : Errata [an unnumbered page at the end of the volume]. The name Papilio ceneus Linnaeus, 1758 (emended to Papilio caeneus in 1767 (: 766) applies to an Indo-Oriental species currently placed in the genus Delias Hiibner, [1819]. The name Papilio cereus Linnaeus, 1767 (a replacement name for Papilio caeneus Linnaeus, 1767, as published on page 796) applies to a Neotropical species currently placed in the genus Emesis Fabricius, 1807. The description and incidental remarks in Grote & Robinson’s paper show at once that their Calephelis is a genus based upon a misidentified type-species. For it is immediately apparent the taxon to which they applied the specific name caenius (= a misspelling of caeneus Linn- aeus) was not the Neotropical Riodinid to which that name properly applies but an entirely different member of the same family occurring in North America. It is perfectly clear what was the species misidentified by them as “ caenius ’’, for in the synonymy of that species they cited the name of the nominal species Evycina virginiensis Guérin and that of Nymphidia pumila Boisduval. The latter of those two was then, as now, was treated on taxonomic grounds as representing the same taxon as that named virginiensis by Guérin. Further, these authors underlined the fact that it was this Nearctic species with which they were dealing by stating that “‘ Our specimens were collected in Georgia by Mr. Jas Ridings, and agree well with Boisduval’s descriptions and figures [of Nymphidia pumila] cited above ’’. The subsequent history of the name Calephelis is similar to that of many other names given to genera based upon misidentified type-species, that is, the name has been widely used in the sense intended by its authors, namely for Evycina virginiensis, though by some authors the provisions of the Code have been strictly applied, the name Calephelis being discarded and a new name being provided for this genus. The authors who took this latter view were Barnes & Lindsey when in 1922 (Ann. amer. ent. Soc. 15 : 93) they established the nominal genus * This proposal was approved by the Commission, whose decision was published in 1966, Opinion 775-—N. D. Riley. GENERIC NAMES OF BUTTERFLIES 87 Lephelisca with Erycina virginiensis Guérin as designated type-species. The action so taken by those authors secured however only a limited degree of acceptance. In order to secure a stable name for the genus here in question, an application has recently been submitted to the Commission by dos Passos (1963, Bull. zool. Nom. 20 : 313-20), asking for the designation under the plenary powers of Erycina virginiensis Guérin as the type-species of Calephelis Grote & Robinson. In accordance with the provisions of Article 80, this species is, in the interests of stability in nomenclature, being treated as the type-species of Calephelis, pending the promulgation of the Commission’s decision on the application submitted. On this basis Calephelis replaces Lephelisca and becomes the oldest available name for the present genus. A word of explanation is needed as to the authorship and date to be attributed to the name Erycina virginiensis, the name of the species here treated as the type-species of the genus Calephelis. This name was published by two different authors. Of these, one (as already noted), was Guérin (Iconographie Ins. : 489, pl. 81, fig. 1), the other being Gray (in Griffith’s Cuvier’s Anim. Kingd. 15 : pl. 58, fig. 1). As published by Gray, this name unquestionably ranks for priority as from 1832. The only question to be considered is therefore the date to be attributed to this name as published by Guérin. The dating of the /conographie was discussed by Sherborn in 1922 (Index Anim. Pars secund. : Ixiii), where he noted (a) that the text was issued in one block in September 1844, and (b) that without doubt proof-sheets were “ circulated as the text is often quoted between 1836 and 1842’. More recently McDunnough published a note showing that some of the plates—including plate 81, the plate here in question —were circulated still earlier, the date for plate 81 being stated to be 1831. It is very un- fortunate when the dates to be attributed to name arise, as in this case, owing to lack of information as to the dates on which important books, or parts of them, were published. It would be most helpful if the question of the dating to be adopted for the /conographie were to be examined in the light of the whole of the information obtainable from the records of the leading libraries and museums, from notes published bearing on this matter and from any surviving sale-catalogues, advertisements and the like. The conclusions so reached could then be submitted to the Commission, with a view to the addition of the title of the Icono- graphie being added, with particulars of the dates so ascertained, to the Official List of Works Approved as Available for Zoological Nomenclature. For the present, however, it is possible only to rely upon such few firmly established facts as are available. On this basis Gray’s useage of the name Evycina virginiensis takes precedence over that of Guérin. CALEPHILIS Kirby, [1871], in Zool. Rec. 7 (year 1870) (Ins.) : 391 (an Incorrect Subsequent Spelling of Calephelis Grote & Robinson, 1869.) CALETA Frubhstorfer, [1922], in Seitz, Grossschmett. Erde9 : 890. Type-species by monotypy : Lycaena caleta Hewitson, [1876], Ill. exot. Butts 5 : [87], pl. [46], fig. 1 3g. CALICHARIS Oberthur, 1876, Etud. ent.1 : 18. Type-species by selection by Hemming (1939, Proc. R. ent. Soc. Lond. (B) 8 : 135) : Anthocharis delphine Boisduval, [1836], (Roret’s Suite a Buffon), Hist. nat. Ins., Spec. gén. Lépid. 1 : 577. The taxon represented by the nominal species Anthocharis delphine Boisduval is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as being the same as that represented by the nominal species Anthocharis antigone Boisduval, [1836] (loc. cit., Spec. gén. Lépid. 1 : 572). As names published on the same date and in the same work, the specific names delphine Boisduval and antigone Boisduval depend, for their relative precedence, under Article 24 (a) of the Code, upon the choice made by the First Reviser. This choice was made by Aurivillius (1898, K. svenska VetenskAkad. Handl., Stockholm 31, No. 5 : 440), when as First Reviser, he accorded precedence to the name antigone Boisduval over the name delphine Boisduval. CALIGO Hiibner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (4) : 51. Type-species by selection by Scudder (1875, Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10 : 129) : Papilio eurilochus Cramer, [1775], Uitl. Kapellen 1 (3) : 53, pl. 33, fig. A. Hiibner had a curious habit of altering the terminations of specific names listed in the Verzeichniss; doing this not only when it was required in order to make an adjectival specific 88 FRANCIS HEMMING name agree in gender with the generic name in question, but also sometimes in other cases. In the present case he altered from -us to -e the termination of the specific name eurilochus Cramer. It is not considered that the altered spelling should be looked upon as a definite emendation, and accordingly the name of the type-species of the present genus is here cited not as euviloche Hiibner, [1819], but as eurvilochus Cramer, [1775]. Westwood ([1851], 77 Doubleday, Gen. diurn. Lep. (2) : 341) stated that Papilio teucer Linnaeus, 1758, and Papilio eurilochus Cramer were the “‘ types’”’ of this genus, but, as he specified two species and not one species only, his action has no significance under the Code. As shown above, the type-species of this genus was validly fixed as Papilio euvilochus by Scudder in 1875. CALIGO Boisduval, 1870, Consid. Lépid. Guatemala : 54. Type-species by selection by Hem- ming (1943, Proc. R. ent. Soc. Lond. (B) 12 : 25): Opsiphanes sallei Doubleday, [1849], Gen. diurn. Lep. (2): pl. 57, fig. 2; Westwood, [1815], 7 Doubleday, ibid. (2) : 346. The generic name was expressly attributed by Boisduval to himself, and it is for this reason that it is here treated as a name distinct from Caligo Hiibner. It is invalid, both as a junior homonym of Caligo Hiibner and as a junior objective synonym of Opsiphanes Doubleday, [1849]. CALIGOPSIS Seydel, 1924, N. Beitr. syst. Insektenk. 3 (4) : 30. Type-species by monotypy : Pavonia seleucida Hewitson, [1877], Jil. exot. Butts 5 : [45], pl. [25], fig. 1. CALIGULANA Bell, 1942, Amer. Mus. Novit. No. 1205: 5. Type-species by original desig- nation : Hesperia (?) caligula Schaus, 1902. Pyoc. U.S. nat. Mus. 24 : 456. CALINAGA Moore, 1857, im Horsfield & Moore, Cat. lep. Ins. Mus. East India Coy (1) : 162. Type-species by monotypy : Calinaga buddha Moore, 1857, in Horsfield & Moore, zbid. (1) : 163, pl. 3a, fig. 5 dg. CALISTO Hiibner, [1823], Zuty. z. Sammi. exot. Schmett.2 : 16. Type-species by selection by Butler (1868, Ent. mon. Mag. 4 : 194) : Papilio zangis Fabricius, 1775, Syst. Ent. : 486. In accordance with what amounted to a general practice in the preparation of the text of the Zutrdge, Hiibner cited for this genus one species in a prominent way and a second in a very obscure way. The species prominently cited was a new species which he figured (pl. [47], figs 269, 270) and to which he applied (: 16) the name Calisto herophile; the species obscurely entered as belonging to this genus was Papilio zangis Fabricius. As shown above, the first author to select a type-species for this genus was Butler who selected Papilio zangis. A few years later—in 1875 (Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10 : 130)—Scudder, overlooking the inclusion of the above species in Calisto, erroneously stated that Calisto herophile was the type- species by monotypy. CALLARGE Leech, [1892], Butts China Japan Corea (1) (text-part 1) : 57. Type-species by original designation : Zethera sagitta Leech, 1890, Entomologist 23 : 26. CALLEAGRIS Aurivillius, [1925], im Seitz, Grossschmett. Evde 13: 571. Type-species by monotypy : Antigonus jamesoni Sharpe, 1890, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (6) 6 : 348. CALLEREBIA Butler, 1867, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (3) 20: 217. Type-species by original designation : Erebia scanda Kollar, [1844], in Hiigel, Kashmir 4 (2) : 452, pl. 17, figs 3, 4. CALLIADES Mabille & Boullet, 1912, Ann. Sci. nat., Zool. (9) 16: 108. Type-species by selection by Lindsey (1925, Ann. ent. Soc. Amer. 18 : 81) : Eudamus phrynicus Hewitson, 1867, Descy. one Hundred new Spec. Hesp. [1] : 19. CALLIANA Moore, 1878, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1878 : 686. Type-species by monotypy : Calliana pieridoides Moore, 1878, ibid. 1878 : 687, pl. 45, fig. 2. CALLIANIRA Hibner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (3) : 38. Type-species by monotypy: Callianiva ephestiaena Hibner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (3) : 38 as defined by the speci- men shown as figure 1 on plate 25 of Stoll’s Aanhangs. Werk. Uitl. Kapellen Pieter Cramer (published in 1790) and named Papilio ephestion on page 121 of the same work selected by GENERIC NAMES OF BUTTERFLIES 89 Hemming (1964, Annot. lep. (3) : 95) to represent the lectotype both of the present nominal species and of Papilio ephestion Stoll, [1790]. Hiibner based the name Callianiva ephestaena on two bibliographical references; the first of these was to Papilio ephestion Stoll (referred to above), the second to Najas ephestion Hiibner, [1813] (Sammi. exot. Schmett1 : pl. [67]). It isnot known whether, when Hiibner published the name Najas ephestion, he looked upon himself as establishing a new nominal species or whether the specific name ephestion which he then used was no more than a subsequent usage by him of the name ephestion Stoll. The status of the name Callianiva ephestiaena Hiibner differs according to which of these hypotheses is adopted. If the name ephestion as used by Hiibner in the Verzeichniss was not looked upon by him as a new name, the name Callianiva ephestiaena is seen to be a straightforward—though unnecessary—replacement of the name Papilio ephestion Stoll. On this basis the lectotype of Stoll’s ephestion is automatically the lectotype also of Callianiva ephestiaena. If on the other hand, Hiibner looked upon his Najas ephestion as a new name introduced by himself, the nominal species Callianiva ephestiaena is seen to have been a new nominal species established on the basis jointly of Papilio ephestion Stoll and Najas ephestion Hiibner. In that case Callianiva ephestiaena would be without a type-specimen until some author selected a lectotype for it from among syntypes. The situation discussed above was met when in 1964 (in the paper cited at the head of the present note) I selected the specimen shown in figure 1 on plate 25 of Stoll’s Aanhangsel to represent the lectotype (a) of Papilio ephestion Stoll (thus providing Callianira ephestiaena with a lectotype on the first of the alternatives outlined above) and (b) of Callianiva ephestiaena (thus meeting the situation arising on the second of those alternatives). The taxon represented by the nominal species Callianiva ephestiaena Hiibner (i.e. the objectively identical Papilio ephestion Stoll) is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as being the same as that represented by the older-established nominal species Papilio astyanax Fabricius, 1775 (Syst. Ent. : 447). This latter is similarly treated subjectively as a subspecies of the taxon represented by the nominal species Papilio arthemis Drury, [1773] (Ill. nat. Hist. 2 : index et 17, pl. 10, figs 3, 4). The generic name Callianiva Hiibner is invalid under the Law of Homonymy, as it is junior homonym of Callianira Péron & Lesueur, 1810 (Ann. Mus. Hist. nat., Paris 15 (85) : 65), the name of a genus of Mollusca. CALLIANIRA Doubleday, [1847], Gen. diurn. Lep. (1): pl. 28, fig. 1. Type-species by monotypy : Callianiva alcmena Doubleday, [1847], ibid. : pl. 28, fig. 1; Westwood, [1850], in Doubleday, ibid. : 251. Doubleday, who attributed this name to Boisduval in MS., first published this name in 1844 (List Spec. lep. Ins. Brit. Mus. 1 : 91), but he then gave no generic diagnosis and no included nominal species, save one cited with a note of interrogation. So published, this name was without an “indication ’’ and was accordingly invalid. As shown above, it was however validly published by Doubleday in his Gen. diurn. Lep. in 1847. The genus Callianiva Doubleday is totally distinct from Callianira Hiibner, being a Eunicine Nymphalid and not a Limenitid. The name Callianiva Doubleday is invalid under the Law of Homonymy, being a junior homonym of Callianiva Hiibner, [1819], discussed above, and, like that name a junior homo- nym of Callianiva Péron & Lesueur, 1810. CALLICISTA Grote, 1873, Bull. Buffalo Soc. nat. Sci. 1: 178. Type-species by monotypy : Callicista ocellifera Grote, 1873, ibid. 1 : 178. The taxon represented by the nominal species Callicista ocellifera Grote is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as being the same as that represented by the older-estab- lished nominal species Hesperia columella Fabricius, 1793 (Ent. syst. 3 (1) : 282). CALLICORE Hiibner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (3) : 41. Type-species by selection by Scudder (1895, Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10 : 130) : Papilio astarte Cramer, [1779], Uitl. Kapellen 3 (22) : 110, pl. 256, figs C, D. 90 FRANCIS HEMMING Barnes & Lindsey (1922, Ann. ent. Soc. Amey. 15 : 92) argued that under a ruling given by the Commission in its Opinion 6 (1910, Smithson. Publ. 1938 : 7-9; facsimile published in 1958 (Opin. int. Comm. zool. Nom. 1 (B) : 7-9) Papilio astarte Cramer had automatically become the type-species of Callicove Hiibner, when in 1820 Billberg (Enum. Ins. Mus. Billb. : 78) made Papilio clymena Cramer, [1775], the only other originally included species in Callicore, the type-species of a new monobasic genus to which he gave the name Diaethvia. When the rulings given in interpretative Opinions previously rendered by the Commission were reviewed, it was decided not to include in the revised Code a provision embodying the Ruling given in Opinion 6 in 1910. Accordingly, the argument in the present case advanced by Barnes & Lindsey in 1925 is no longer valid. Fortunately, (as shown above), Scudder, the first author to select a type-species for this genus, selected the same species (Papilio astarte Cramer) as would have been the type-species if the Ruling given in Opinion 6 had still been in force. CALLICTITA Bethune-Baker, 1908, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1908 (1) : 118. Type-species by original designation : Callictita cyara Bethune-Baker, 1908, ibid. 1908 (1) : 19, pl. 8, fig. 1 3g. CALLIDRYAS Boisduval & Leconte, [1830], Hist. gén. icon. Lépid. Chenilles Amér. sept. (8) : 73. Type-species by selection by Blanchard (1840, Hist. nat. Ins. 3 : 432) : Papilio eubule Linnaeus, 1767, Syst. Nat. (ed. 12 1 (2) : 764. The taxon represented by the nominal species Papilio eubule Linnaeus is currently treated as a subspecies of the taxon represented by the older-established nominal species Papilio sennae Linnaeus, 1758 (Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 470). CALLIDULA Hiibner, [1819], Vevz. bekannt. Schmett. (5) : 66. Type-species by selection by Hemming (1943, Proc. R. ent. Soc. Lond. (B) 12 : 26) : Callidula pyrame Hiibner, [1819], ibid. (5) : 66). The spelling pyvame introduced by Hiibner is an emendation of the spelling pyvamus. Hiibner, when bringing forward this name, cited the name pyvamus as used for this species by Stoll (i.e. Papilio pyvamus Stoll, [1790] (Aanhangs. Werk Uitl. Kapellen Pieter Cramer : 145, pl. 32, fig. 3). Stoll did not regard this as a new name of his own, giving instead a reference to Papilio pyramus Drury, [1782] (Ill. nat. Ins. 3 : index et 32, pl. 23, figs 3, 4). Actually, it was Fabricius in 1781 (Spec. Ins. 2 : 130) who first applied the name Papilio pyramus to the present species. The name Papilio pyramus Fabricius is invalid, as it is a junior homonym of the older- established name Papilio pyvamus Cramer, [1779], (Uitl. Kapellen 3 (21) : 87), a name applied to a Hesperiid. The next oldest name applied to this species appears to be the emended name Callidula pyvame Hiibner, [1819], and, as an emendation is, under Article 33 (a) (ii) a name possessing status in nomenclature as from its own date and authorship, it is available for use for the present species. Accordingly, as the oldest such specific name for this species, it is its valid specific name. CALLIMA Herrich-Schaeffer, 1858, Samml. aussereurop. Schmett. (2) : 54 (an Unjustified Emendation of Kallima Doubleday, [1849)). CALLIMORMUS Scudder, 1872, 4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. 1871 : 74. Type-species by original designation : Callimormus juventus Scudder, 1872, zbid. 1871 : 74. CALLIONA Bates, [1868], J. linn. Soc. Lond., Zool. 9 : 447. Type-species by selection by Scudder (1875, Proc. amey. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10 : 131) : Lemonias irene Westwood, [1851], 7 Doubleday, Gen. diurn. Lep. (2) : 459, nota. CALLIPAREUS Scudder, 1872, 4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. 1871 : 51. Type-species by original designation : Stvyymon melinus Hiibner, 1818, Zutr. z. Samml. exot. Schmett. 1: 22 pl. [21], figs 121, 122. The name Callipavus Scudder is invalid as it is a junior objective synonym of Strvymon Hiibner, 1818, Zuty. z. Sammi. exot. Schmett. 1 : 22, which has the same type-species. GENERIC NAMES OF BUTTERFLIES gI CALLIPLOEA Butler, 1875, Trans. ent. Soc. Lond. 1875 (1) : 1. Type-species by original designation : Danais darchia MacLeay, [1826], in King, Survey Australia 2 : 461. CALLIPSYCHE Scudder, 1876, Bull. Buffalo Soc. nat. Sci. 3 : 106. Type-species by original designation : Thecla behrii Edwards, 1870, Trans. amer. ent. Soc. 3 : 18. CALLISTIUM Stichel, 1911, 7 Wytsman, Gen. Ins. 112 (B) : 257. Type-species by original designation : Charis cleadas Hewitson, [1866], //l. exot. Butts 3 : [114], pl. [57], fig. 10. CALLITAENIA Felder (C.), 1861, Nova Acta Leop. Carol. 28 (3) : 50. Type-species by subsequent designation through Article 69 (a) (ii) : Callitaenia doris Felder (C.) & Felder (R.), April 1861, Wien. ent. Monats. 5 : 107. The nominal genus Callitaenia Felder (C.) was published on some unknown date in 1861 without any nominal species cited as belonging to it. The same name was published in a paper by Felder (C.) & Felder (R.) which appeared (as shown above) in April of the same year and in which only the new nominal species Callitaenia doris was cited. In this latter paper reference was made by the joint authors to the introduction of this name by Cajetan Felder in the Nova Acta, and it is for this reason that that paper is here treated as having been the earlier. The name Callitaenia Felder is invalid under the Law of Homonymy, it being a junior homonym of Callitaenia Agassiz, 1848, Nomencl. zool., Index univ. : 173), an Emendation of Calotaenia Stephens, 1830 (//l. Brit. Ent., Haustell. 3 : 99). CALLITAERA Butler, 1868, Cat. diurn. Lep. Satyridae Brit. Mus. : 101. Type-species by selection by Brown (F. M.), (1942, J. N.Y. ent. Soc. 50 : 316) : Haetera pireta Cram. ?, var. aurora Felder (C.) & Felder (R.), 1862, Wien. ent. Monats. 6 : 126. CALLITHEA Feisthamel, 1835, Mag. Zool., Cl. LX Ins. 5 : pl. 122 et explic. Type-species by monotypy : Callithea leprieuri Feisthamel, 1835, ibid. 5 : pl. 122 et explic. CALLITHEA Boisduval, [1836], (Roret’s Suite 4 Buffon), Hist. nat. Ins., Consid. gén. Lépid. 1 : explic. pl. 10 [= pl. 6B). Type-species by monotypy : Oveas sapphira Hiibner, [1816], Sammi. exot. Schmett. 1 : pl. [96}. The name Callithea Boisduval is invalid under the Law of Homonymy, as it is a junior homonym of Callithea Feisthamel, 1835. Even if this had not been so, this generic name would have been invalid, as it is a junior objective synonym of Asterope Hiibner, [1819]. CALLITHOMIA Bates, 1862, Trans. linn. Soc. Lond. 23 (3) : 522. Type-species by selection by Scudder (1875, Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10 : 132) : Callithomia alexirrhoe Bates, 1862, loc. cit. 23 (3) : 522. CALLIZONA Doubleday, [1848], Gen. diurn. Lep. (1) : pl. 29, fig. 2. Type-species by mono- typy : Papilio acesta Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 4709. The name Callizona Doubleday is invalid, as it is a junior objective synonym of Tigridia Hiibner, [1819]. CALLOLERIA Godman & Salvin, [1879], in Biol. centy.-amer., Lep. Rhop. 1 : 33. Type-species by original designation : Ithomia tutia Hewitson, [1852]. J/l. evot. Butts 1 : [22], pl. [11], fig. 6. CALLOPHRYS Billberg, 1820, Enum. Ins. Mus. Billb. : 80. Type-species by selection by Scudder (1875, Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10 : 132) : Papilio rubi Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 483. CALLOSUNE Doubleday, [1847], Gen. diurn. Lep. (1) : 57. Type-species by selection by Scudder (1875, Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10 : 132) : Papilio danae Fabricius, 1775, Syst. Ent. : 476. CALLYPHTHIMA Butler, 1880, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (5) 5 : 335. Type-species by original designation : Pseudonympha wardii Butler, 1879, Cistula ent. 2 : 391). The taxon represented by the nominal species Pseudonympha wardii Butler is currently 92 FRANCIS HEMMING treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as being the same as that represented by the older- established nominal species Strabena smithi Mabille, 1877 (Petit. Nouv. ent. 2 : 157). CALOCIASMA Stichel, 1910, Berl. ent. Z.55 (1/2) : 59. Type-species by original designation : Nymphidium ictericum Godman & Salvin, 1878, Pvoc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1878 : 367. CALOPHRIS Barragué, 1954, Bull. Soc. Hist. nat. Afrique du Nord 45 (3/4) : 185 (an Incorrect Subsequent Spelling of Callophrys Billberg, 1820). CALOPIERIS Aurivillius, 1898, K. svenska VetenskAkad. Handl., Stockholm 31 No. 5 : 385, 415. Type-species by monotypy : Pontia eulimene Klug, 1829, Ehrenberg, Sym. Phys., Ins. 1 : signature G, pl. 7, figs 5-8. CALORNIS Billberg, 1820, Enum. Ins. Mus. Billb. : 77. Type-species by selection by Scudder, 1875, Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10 : 132 : Papilio thalia Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 467. The name Caloynis Billberg is invalid, as it is a junior objective synonym of the older name Actinote Hiibner, [1819]. CALOSPILA Geyer, [1832], in Hiibner, Zuty. z. Samml. exot. Schmett. 4 : 28. Type-species by selection by Scudder (1875, Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10 : 133) : Calospila ther- modoe Geyer, [1832], in Hiibner, zbid. 4 : 28, pl. [123], figs 715, 716. This is one of the cases in which one species was prominently placed in a new genus in the text of the Zutrdge and a second species unobtrusively placed in the same genus, and Scudder, overlooking the unobtrusively cited species erroneously supposed that the prominently placed species was alone included and was therefore the type-species by monotypy. The fact that Scudder was under this apprehension does not invalidate his action in stating that Calospila therymodoe Geyer (identified by him with Papilio parvthaon Dalman) was the type-species of this genus. The taxon represented by the nominal species Calospila thermodoe is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as being the same as that represented by the older- established nominal species Papilio parthaon Dalman, 1823 (Analecta ent. : 46). The taxon represented by the nominal species Papilio parthaon Dalman is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as being congeneric with that represented by the nominal species Papilio zeanger, [1790] (Aanhangs. Werk Uitl. Kapellen Pieter Cramer : 165, pl. 37, fig. 2), which, following an erroneous type-selection by Scudder in 1875 (Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10 : 254) has been incorrectly accepted by later authors as the type-species of the genus Polystichtis Hiibner, [1819]. Correctly interpreted, Polystichtis is a subjective junior synonym of Emesis Fabricius, 1807, and the name Calospila Geyer is the oldest available name for the genus miscalled Polystichtis Hiibner by Scudder and others. CALPODES Hiibner, [1919], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (7) : 107. Type-species by selection by Scudder (1872, 4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. 1871 : 82) : Papilio ethlius Stoll, [1872], im Cramer, Uitl. Kapellen 4 (33) : 212, pl. 392, figs. A, B. CALTORIS Swinhoe, 1893, Tvans. ent. Soc. Lond. 1893 : 323. Type-species by selection by Swinhoe [1893], iz Moore, Lep. ind. 10 (121) : 299 : Hesperia kumara Moore, 1878, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1878 : 687. CALV US Hemming, 1939, Proc. R. ent. Soc. Lond. (B) 8: 137. Type-species by original designa- tion : Lemonias calvus Staudinger, [1887], im Staudinger & Schatz, Exot. Schmett. Bd 1 (Th. 1) : 259; idem, [1887], ibid. Bd 2: pl. 92. Calvus, which has the same type-species as Dvepanula Rober, [1892], a genus bearing a name which is invalid under the Law of Homonymy, was established as a new genus and not as a replacement name for the invalid Dvepanula Rober, because it was desired to provide this genus with a more adequate “‘ indication’ than that which R6éber had published for his Drepanula. At the time when the name Calvus was published, it was not realized that the name Drepanula had already been replaced by Strand. The name Calvus is therefore invalid as a junior objective synonym of Boebverella Strand, 1932. GENERIC NAMES OF BUTTERFLIES 93 CALYCOPIS Scudder, 1876, Bull. Buffalo Soc. nat. Sci. 3: 108. Type-species by original designation : Rusticus poeas Hiibner, [1811], Samm. evot. Schmett. 1: p. [rot], figs 1, 2 3, 3, 4 &. The taxon represented by the nominal species Rusticus poeas is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as being the same as that represented by the older-established nominal species Hesperia cecrops Fabricius, 1793, Ent. syst. 3 (1) : 270. CALYDNA Doubleday, 1847, List. Spec. lep. Ins. Brit. Mus. 2:5. Type-species by selection by Scudder (1875, Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10 : 133) : Papilio thersander Stoll, [1780], in Cramer, Uitl. Kapellen 4 (28) : 87, pl. 335, figs A, B. CALYSISME Moore, [14th Dec. 1880], Lep. Ceylon 1 (1) : 20. Type-species by selection by Moore ([1891], Lep. ind. 1 (8) : 172) : Papilio drusia Cramer, [1775], Uitl. Kapellen 1 (7) : 132, pl. 84, figs C, D. The first point to be noted is that Moore published Calysisme as a new name twice in the year 1880. On one of these occasions this name appeared in volume 1 of the Lep. Ceylon, on the other in the Tvans. ent. Soc. Lond. The relevant Part of the Lep. Ceylon is known to have appeared on 14th December 1880, while that of the Tvans. was also published in December on some unknown date. Inthese circumstances the name Calysisme of the Lep. Ceylon takes precedence over the Calysisme of the Tvans., which ranks for priority only as from 31st December 1880, the earliest date on which it is definitely known to have been published. By way of confirmation that these two publications were published in the foregoing order, it may be noted that when in 1891 (loc. cit. : 172) Moore selected a type-species for this genus, he cited both the Lep. Ceylon and the Trans., giving precedence to the former. Moore cited and figured four nominal species in the Lep. Ceylon (1880) as belonging to the genus Calysisme, the first of these being Papilio drusia Cramer, the last Papilio mineus. He subsequently in 1891 (Lep. Ind. 1 : 183) synonymized Papilio drusia Cramer with the earlier Linnaean species Papilio mineus, and referred to Papilio polydecga Cramer (1777) the insect which in 1880 (Lep. Ceylon) he had called Papilio drusia Cramer. It may be considered that this is a case of a genus being based on a misidentified type species, but Moore made his selection in the words ‘“‘ Type.; C. dvusia (mineus) ’’, thus uniting as a single taxon two nominal species previously regarded by him as distinct, and both originally included nominal species. There does not therefore appear to be any ground for advancing the view that, as intro- duced in the Lep. Ceylon, the genus Calysisme Moore was based on a misidentified type-species. CALYSISME Moore, [December 1880], Tvans. ent. Soc. Lond. 1880 (4) : 161. Type-species by selection by Moore [1891], Lep. ind. 1 (8) : 172 : Papilio drusia Cramer, [1775]. This name is invalid, first as a junior homonym of the slightly older name Calysisme Moore [14th December 1880], of the Lep. Ceylon. Full particulars of the history of these two names have been given in the discussion of the older of these two names. CAMARAGA Moore, [1897], Lep. ind. 3 (27) : 49; (28) : 74. Type-species by original desig- nation : Zynthia damalis Erichson, 1834, Nova Acta Leop. Carol. 16 (Suppl.) : 280, 404, pl. 50, fig. 4. This name was published on the same date and in the same work as Senadipa Moore, [1897], and in consequence the relative precedence to be accorded to these names depends on the choice made by the First Reviser. This choice was made by myself in 1964 (Annot. lep. (3) : 79), when I gave precedence to the name Camaraga Moore over the name Senadipa Moore. CAMENA Hewitson, [1865], Ill. diurn. Lep. Lycaenidae 1 (text) : 47. Type-species by mono- typy : Camena ctesia Hewitson, [1865], ibid. 1 (text) : 48; 2 (plates) : pl. 20, figs 1, 2 3. The name Camena Hewitson is invalid under the Law of Homonymy, it being a junior homonym of Camena Martens, 1860 (in Albers, Helic. (ed. 2) : 165), an emendation of Camena Albers, 1850 (Helic. (ed. 1) : 85). CAMPTOPLEURA Mabille, 1877, Petites Nouvelles ent. 2 (180) : 166. Type-species by selection by Kirby ([1879], in Zool. Rec. 14 (year 1877) (Ins.) : 139) : Camptopleura thera- menes Mabille, 1877, ibid. 2 (180) : 166. 94 FRANCIS HEMMING CANDALIDES Hiibner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (5) : 73. Type-species by selection by Scudder (1875, Pyoc. amey. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10: 133) : Rusticus xanthospilos Hiibner, [1817], Sammi. exot. Schmett. 1 : pl. [99]. CANOPUS Felder (C.), 1861, Nova Acta Leop. Carol. 28 (No. 3) : 33. Type-species by mono- typy : Papilio meleagris Cramer, [1775], Uitl. Kapellen 1 (6) : 102, pl. 66, figs A, B. The name Canopus Felder is invalid under the Law of Homonymy, being a junior homonym of no less than three older generic names consisting of the same word; these are (a) Canopus Fabricius, 1803 (Syst. Rhyng. : 127), (b) Canopus Denys de Montfort, 1808 (Conch. 1 : 290), and (c) Canopus Rafinesque, 1850 (The Good Book : 65). In addition, the name Canopus Felder is invalid under the Law of Priority, being a junior objective synonym of Hamanumida Hiibner, [1819]. CANTHA Evans, 1955, Cat. amey. Hesp. Brit. Mus. 4: 46, 69. Type-species by original designation : Cyclopides celeus Mabille, 1891, Bull. C. R. Soc. ent. Belg. 35 : \xxiv. CAPILA Moore, [1866], Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1865 (3) : 785. Type-species by monotypy : Capila jayadeva Moore, [1866], ibid. 1865 : 785, pl. 42, fig. 3. The specific name jayadeva first appeared in print in the combination Ismene jayadeva in 1857 (in Horsfield & Moore, Cat. lep. Ins. Mus. East India Coy (1) : 248) where it was cited as the name of a nominal species which it was proposed to establish in a then projected paper to be published in the Pyoc. zool. Soc. Lond. (i.e. in the paper in which it was first validly pub- lished nine years later). In 1857 Moore gave particulars regarding the locality in which his proposed type-material had been obtained but gave no other information. CAPRONA Wallengren, 1857, K. svenska VetenskAkad. Handl., Stockholm (n.f.) 2 (1) No. 4: 51. Type-species by monotypy : Caprona pillaana Wallengren, 1857, zbid. (n.f.) 2 (1) No. 4: 51. In the year following the establishment of this genus Wallengren again published Caprona as a new name (1858, Ofvers. VetenskAkad. Férh., Stock. 15 : 82), on this occasion desig- nating Caprona pillaana as the type-species (“species typica’’). Later, Plétz (1879 Steit. ent. Ztg 40 : 179) sought to change the type-species of this genus to a nominal species which had not even described and named at the time when Wallengren published the name Capyona. The species in question was Caprona canopus Trimen, 1864 (Tvans. ent. Soc. Lond. (3) 2 : 180), which later became the type-species of the monobasic genus Netyvobalane Mabille, 1903. CAPYS Hewitson, [1865], Jl]. diuvn. Lep. Lycaenidae 1 (text) (Pt 2) : 59. Type-species by monotypy : Papilio alpheus Cramer, [1777], Uitl. Kapellen 2 (16) : 131, pl. 182, figs E, F. The first question which has to be examined in connection with this generic name is whether or not it is invalid—as has sometimes been suggested—under the Law of Homonymy. Fortunately, there is bibliographical reference which makes it possible to clear up this matter beyond possibility of question. The name which is a homonym of the present name and requires examination from the foregoing point of view is Capys Stal (Hem. afric. 2 : 119), a name introduced for a genus in the Order Hemiptera. This name is often attributed to the year 1865, but, as Dr. W. E. China has kindly informed me, Bergroth (1919, Ent. Mitt. 8 : 190— 191) has examined the dates to be assigned to the Hemiptera Africana and has shown that volume 2, containing the name Capys was, not published until May 1866. The question of the dates of publication of the various Parts of Hewitson’s Jil. diurn. Lep. Lycaenidae was ex- amined in a paper of mine published in 1935 (Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (10) 15 : 117—120), in which I showed that Part 2, containing Hewitson’s Capys, was published on 24th June 1865. Thus, the name Capys Hewitson, in the Lepidoptera has clear priority over the name Capys Stal in the Hemiptera. Although not invalid under the Law of Homonymy, the name Capys Hewitson is an invalid name, as it is a junior objective synonym of Scopfes Hiibner, [1819]. CARCHARODUS Hibner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (7) : 110. Type-species by desig- nation by the Commission under its Plenary Powers: Papilio alceae Esper, [1780], Die Schmett. 1 (Bd 2) Forts. Tagschmett. : 4, pl. 51, fig. 3 9. GENERIC NAMES OF BUTTERFLIES 95 This genus, following the type-selection made by Pl6tz in 1879 (Stett. ent. Ztg 40: 179), was based on an erroneously determined type-species. The type-species selected by Pl6tz was the third of the species placed by Hiibner in the present genus and was there styled by him “ Caychardodus malvae Schiff.’’. Denis & Schiffermiiller did not publish the specific name malvae as a new name, all that they did being to make use of that name as published in the combination Papilio malvae by Linnaeus, 1758 (Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 485). Unfortun- ately, Denis & Schiffermiiller (1775, Ankiind. eines syst. Werke Schmett. Wiener Gegend : 159, No. A.1) misidentified the nominal species Papilio malvae Linnaeus, applying the specific name malvae Linnaeus to the species, then still unnamed, to which five years later Esper gave the name Papilio alceae. This erroneous identification was accepted by many authors for upwards of sixty years. Ever since the middle of the XIXth century the species here in question has however been consistently called by its correct specific name alceae Esper. In the same period the generic name Carcharodus has been applied to this species consistently, except by a few authors who at one time used in its place the name Spilothyrus Duponchel, 1835, a junior objective synonym. The interpretation of the genus Carcharodus described above corresponds exactly with the intention of Hiibner when he established this nominal genus. Following the introduction of the International Code in rgor it became necessary to assume that the author of any given genus correctly identified the species cited by him as belonging to it. This meant in the present case that the species to be accepted as the type-species of Carcharodus was the true Papilio malvae Linnaeus and not Papilio alceae Esper, to which Hiibner had erroneously attributed the specific name malvae Linnaeus. The change in practice which this would have caused would have been highly confusing : the name Carcharodus Hiibner would have become a subjective synonym of Pyrgus Hiibner, [1819], the nominal species (Papilio alveolus Hiibner) being currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as representing the same taxon as that represented by the nominal species Papilio malvae Linnaeus; at the same time the nominal species Papilio alceae, confused by Hiibner with Papilio malvae, would have been left without a generic name objectively applicable to it. These changes were not accepted by any specialist in the Lepidoptera, Papilio alceae continuing, though technically incorrectly, to be treated as the type-species of Carcharodus Hiibner. It was in the hope of putting an end to this very unsatisfactory situation that in 1935 I submitted an application to the Commission, asking that the Plenary Powers should be used to designate Papilio alceae Esper as the type-species of Carcharodus, thus both giving effect to the intention of Hiibner at the time when he established this genus, and also validating the long-established usage of this generic name. The foregoing application was approved by the Commission at its Session held at Lisbon in September 1935 but for various reasons, including the difficulties caused by the outbreak of war in Europe in 1939, it was not until 1947 that the Commission's decision was promulgated in its Opinion 181 (1947, Opin. int. Comm. zool. Nom. 2 : 589-621). This case was com- pleted by the Commission in 1954 (loc. cit. 6 : 35-40) by the Ruling given in its Opinion 270, in which the name Carchayvodus Hiibner, [1819] (type-species : Papilio alceae Esper, [1780]}]) was placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology as Name No. 686, the specific name alceae Esper, [1780], as published in the combination Papilio alceae, being at the same placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology as Name No. 88. CARIA Hiibner, [1823], Zutr. z. Samml. exot. Schmett. 2:14. Type-species by monotypy : Caria colubris Hiibner, [1823], zbid. 2 : 14, pl. [44], figs 251, 252. The taxon represented by the nominal species Caria colubris is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as representing the same taxon as that represented by the nominal species Hesperia plutargus Fabricius, 1793 (Ent. syst. 3 (1) : 329). CARIOMOTHIS Stichel, 1910, Berl. ent. Z. 55 (1/2) : 54. Type-species by original designa- tion : Papilio erythromelas Sepp (J.), [1848], Swrvinaam. Vlinders : 65, pl. 29. CARRHENES Godman & Salvin, [1895], in Biol. centy.-amer., Lep. Rhop. 2 : 388. Type- species by selection by Lindsey (1925, Ann. ent. Soc. Amery. 18 : 81): Leucochitonea fusce- scens Mabille, 1891, Bull. C.R. ent. Soc. Belg. 35 : \xii. 96 FRANCIS HEMMING CARTEA Kirby, 1871, Syn. Cat. diurn. Lep. : 308. Type-species through Section (i) (replace- ment names) of Article 67 : Limnas vitula Hewitson, [1852], Il. exot. Butts 1 : [118], pl. [59], fig. 5. Kirby introduced the name Cartea as a replacement for Ovestias Felder (C.) & Felder (R.), 1862, which is invalid, as being a junior homonym of Ovestias Valenciennes, 1839. CARTEROCEPHALUS Lederer, 1852, Verh. zool.-bot. Ver. Wien 2: 26. Type-species by selection by Scudder (1875, Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10 : 134) : Papilio paniscus Fabricius, 1775, Syst. Ent. : 531. This generic name has an unfortunate history, both as to the way in which it was introduced and as to the way in which its type-species was subsequently selected. Lederer cited three nominal species as belonging to this genus, the first of these being Papilio paniscus Fabricius. At the time when Lederer published the name Cartevocephalus, the nominal species Papilio paniscus and its allies were commonly placed in the genus Stevopes Boisduval as employed by that author in 1836 (Roret’s Suite a Buffon), Hist. nat. Ims., spec. gén. 1 : pl. 13, fig. 7 (Stevopes paniscus). This usage was incorrect because the foregoing was not the first work in which Boisduval used the name Steropes; he had in fact already used it in 1832 (7m d’Urville, Voy. “ Astrolabe’’, Faune ent. 1 (Lép.) : 167). It was because Lederer realized that Boisduval’s later usage (in 1836) of the name Stevopes was untenable that, as he explained in a supple- mentary note on page 49, he decided to introduce the name Carterocephalus for Papilio paniscus and its allies which he perceived were without a generic name applicable to them. Scudder in 1875 (Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10 : 134) treated the generic name Carterocephalus with rather less than his usualacumen. First, while noting Lederer’s remark that this name was introduced to take the place of Stevopes Boisduval and duly recording the usages of this name by Boisduval in 1832 in d’Urville’s Voy. “ Astvolabe’’ and in 1836 in Roret’s Suite a Buffon, he concluded that the name Cartevocephalus had been published by Lederer as nom. nov. pro Stevopes Boisduval of the “ Astrolabe’’. He clearly realized however that this treatment was inconsistent both with Lederer’s definition of Carterocephalus and also with the species included by Lederer in his genus, though these were themselves consistent with that definition. He sought to get over this difficulty—quite illogically, on the premises which he adopted—by deliberately ignoring the logical consequences of the adoption of those premises and treating the species cited by Lederer as the sole included species of the genus Carterocephalus. Next, he referred to the action by Snellen in 1867 (Vlinders van Nederland : 83) implying that he had given “ palaemon (paniscus) ’’ as the type-species of this genus. In fact, however, Snellen did not do more than cite Papilio paniscus as an included species. Scudder’s acceptance of what he (incorrectly) believed Snellen had done amounts to a selection of the above species as the type-species by Scudder himself. Further, in his con- cluding note at the foot of the page Scudder stated that “‘ the name [Cartevocephalus] must fall before Pamphila, virtually limited in 1832 to this group’”’. Reference to Scudder’s treatment of the name Pamphila (on page 236) shows that in the passage quoted above he there treated Papilio paniscus as the type-species of the genus Pamphila. If despite the action described above, it were to be argued that Scudder had failed to make an acceptable type-selection, the nominal species would still be Papilio paniscus through the explicit selection by myself in 1934 (Gen. Names hol. Butts 1 : 166). Long before then however that species had in practice been accepted as the type-species, but the type-selections made before 1934 were all technic- ally defective owing to the fact that the authors making those selections (e.g. Barnes & McDunnough, 1916, Contrib. nat. Hist. Lepid. North America 3 (1) : 124) were not fully acquainted with the facts. As has already been explained above, it is currently considered subjectively on taxonomic grounds that the taxon represented by the nominal species Papilio paniscus Fabricius is conspecific with the taxon represented by the nominal species Papilio palaemon Pallas, 1771 (Reise durch verschieden. Prov. Russisch. Reichs 1 : 471). At the subspecies level, however, it is considered that paniscus Fabricius, the type-locality of which is Leipzig, is distinct from the nominate palaemon Pallas, the type-locality of which is Southern Russia, the taxon named by GENERIC NAMES OF BUTTERFLIES 97 Fabricius being looked upon as the West European subspecies of the taxon named Papilio palaemon by Pallas. CARYSTINA Evans, 1955, Cat. amer. Hesp. Brit. Mus. 4 : 207, 243. Type-species by original designation : Carystus lysiteles Mabille, 1891, Bull. C.R. ent. Soc. Belg. 35 : cxvi. CARYSTOIDES Godman, [1901], in Godman & Salvin, Biol. centr.-amer., Lep. Rhop. 2 : 611. Type-species by monotypy : Hesperia basoches Latreille, [1824], Ency. méth. 9 (Ins.) (2) : 747. CARYSTUS Hiibner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (8) : 114. Type-species by selection by Butler (1870, Ent. mon. Mag. 7 : 92) : Papilio jolus Stoll, [1782], in Cramer, Uitl. Kapellen 4 (33) : 213, pl. 392, figs I, K. CASSIONYMPHA van Son, 1955, Butts S. Africa (Mem. Transvaal Mus. No. 8) 2: 96. Type-species by original designation : Satyrus cassius Godart, [1824], Ency. méth. 9 (Ins.) (2) : 526. CASS US van Son, 1955, Butts S. Africa (Mem. Transvaal Mus. No. 8)2.:79. Type-species by original designation : Papilio cassus Linnaeus, 1764, Mus. Lud. Ulr. 269. CASTALIA Westwood, [1850], iz Doubleday, Gen. diurn. Lep. (2) : 303. Type-species by monotypy : Limenitis dichroa Kollar, [1844], in Kashmir 4 (2) : 429, pl. 8, figs 1, 2. Westwood placed in this genus two nominal species, namely Limenitis dichroa and another species at that time undescribed. The former is alone available for consideration and is accordingly (as stated above) type-species by monotypy. The name Castalia is often incorrectly attributed to Moore (1857 in Horsfield & Moore, Cat. lep. Ins. Mus. East India Coy (1) : 199) but as shown above Moore was anticipated by Westwood by seven years. The fact that this name was published independently by two authors (Westwood; Moore) may be explained by the fact that Castalia was one of the names put into an irregular currency through the action (as noted by Westwood) of Boisduval in distributing it as a manuscript name, thereby confusing his contemporaries and making it difficult for them to know where it had first been validly published, if at all. Luckily, the fact that the name Castalia must now be attributed to Westwood (1850) instead of to Moore (1857) makes no practical difference, for, even if it had first been published by Moore in 1857, its type-species would still have been Limenitis dichroa, that species having been one of Moore’s included species and having been selected as the type-species in 1875 (Proc. amer Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10 : 135) by Scudder who overlooked the fact that Moore had been anticipated by Westwood in publishing this generic name. The name Castalia Westwood is however invalid under the Law of Homonymy, having been anticipated no less than three times : the names of which Castalia Westwood is a junior homonym are the following :— (a) Castalia Lamarck, 1810 (Anim. sans Vertébr. 6 (1) : 67); (b) Castalia Savigny, 1822 (Egypte 1 (3) (Ann.) : 46); (c) Castalia Laporte & Gory, 1837 (Hist. nat. Coléopt., 1 Buprest. : 3). Moore in 1882 (Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1883 : 240) replaced the name Castalia Westwood by the substitute name Sephisa. CASTALIUS Hiibner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (5) : 70. Type-species by selection by Scudder (1875, Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10 : 135) : Papilio rosimon Fabricius, 0775; Syst. Ent. : 523. Scudder, who was an adherent of the so-called principle of elimination, erroneously supposed that Butler in 1869 (Cat. diurn. Lep. Fabricius Brit. Mus. : 162) had made the above species the type-species by citing it as the sole species of this genus. CASTNIA ([Illiger], Aligem. Lit. Ztg, Halle [Jena] 1807, No. 2: 1180. Type-species by mono- typy : Urbanus licus Hiibner, [1887], Samml. exot. Schmett. 1 : pl. [150]. Hiibner regarded the type-species of this genus as an Hesperiid butterfly, placing it (as noted above) in his genus Urbanus, but it is in fact a moth. Like A patura [Illiger], which has already been discussed, the genus Castnia was established 98 FRANCIS HEMMING by Illiger in an anonymous paper published in December 1807 with priority slightly above that of the corresponding well-known nominal genera with homonymous names established by Fabricius in the Mag. f. Insektenk. of Illiger. In order to avoid the confusion consequent upon type-changing which would otherwise have been involved, the Commission in its Opinion 232 (1954, Opin. int. Comm. zool. Nom. 4 : 249-274) used its Plenary Powers to suppress all these Illigerian names of 1807. As part of this decision, the name Castnia [Illiger], so sup- pressed, was then placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology as Name No. 39. CASTNIA Fabricius, 1807, Mag. f. Insektenk. (Illiger) 6 : 280. Type-species by selection by Latreille (1810, Consid. gén. Anim. Crust. Avachn. Ins. : 440, 357) : Papilio icarus Cramer, [1775], Uitl. Kapellen 1 (2) : 26, pl. 18, figs A, B. Like Castnia [Illiger], 1807, discussed above, the nominal genus Castnia Fabricius was established in the erroneous belief that it was a genus of butterflies, whereas it is, in fact, a genus of moths. By a Ruling given in Opinion 232 (1954, Opin. int. Comm. zool. Nom. 4 : 249-274), the name Castnia Fabricius was placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology as Name No. 659. Besides having been established as a genus of butterflies the genus Castnia Fabricius has an interest to specialists in the Rhopalocera, because the name of its type-species (Papilio icarus Cramer, [1775]) is a homonym of the name of the type-species (Papilio icarus Rottemburg, 1775) of the Lycaenid genus Polyommatus Latreille, 1804. The fact that there was no avail- able means for determining the relative priority of the specific names icavus Cramer and icarus Rottemburg was for long a source of embarrassment to specialists in the groups concerned. Similar difficulties existed also in the case of a considerable number of other pairs of names published in 1775 in the works not only of Cramer and von Rottemburg but also in those of Fabricius and others. In order that an end might be put to these uncertainties, this matter was submitted to the Commission which in its Opinion 516 (1958, Opin. int. Comm. zool. Nom. 19 : 1-44) gave directions under its Plenary Powers as to the relative precedence to be accorded to new names in these works published in the year 1775. Of the decisions so taken the one which is immediately relevant to the present case was that under which names published in Cramer’s Uztl. Kapellen were given precedence below those in Rottemburg’s celebrated paper in the serial Dey Naturforscher. Thus, the name Papilio icarus Cramer, [1775], the name of the type-species of Castnia Fabricius is invalid as a junior homonym of Papilio icavus Rottemburg, 1775. Following the adoption of the above Opinion, the Commis- sion adopted a Direction (Direction 96, published in 1958 in Opin. int. Comm. zool. Nom. 19 : (i)-(xiv), in which it placed the objectively invalid name icavus Cramer [1775], as pub- lished in the combination Papilio icarus, on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Specific Names in Zoology as Name No. 520. At the same time consideration was given (1958, loc. cit. 19 : (ix)) to the question of the oldest available name subjectively applicable to the type-species of Castnia Fabricius, this having become a practical question in view of the decision that the name Papilio icarus Cramer, objectively applicable to it had been ruled to be invalid. The conclusion then reached was that the oldest name subjectively applicable to this species was Castnia penelope Schaufuss, 1870 (Nunqu. otios. 1: 9). Accord- ingly, in order to complete this case the Commission (/oc. cit. 19 : (iii)—(iv)) placed the specific name penelope Schaufuss, 1870, as published in the combination Castnia penelope, on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology as Name No. 1516. CASTNIUS Hiibner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (7) : 102 (an Unjustified Emendation of Castnia Fabricius, 1807). Castnia Fabricius is an Unjustified Emendation of Castnius a genus of moths mistakenly regarded by its original author as a genus of butterflies. CASYAPA Kirby, 1871, Syn. Cat. diurn. Lep. : 576. Type-species through Section (1) (replace- ment names) of Article 67 ; Chaetocneme corvus Felder (C.), 1860, S.B. Akad. Wiss. Wien 40: 640. GENERIC NAMES OF BUTTERFLIES 99 Kirby introduced the name Casyapa as a replacement for Chaetocneme Felder (C.), 1850, which, following Scudder 1875, Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10 : 139), he erroneously rejected as a junior homonym of Chaetocnema Stephens, 1831. Under the ‘‘ One-Letter”’ Rule now embodied in Article 57(d) these names are not to be looked upon as being homonyms of one another. Accordingly, the name Chaetocneme Felder is an available name, and its replacement name Casyapa Kirby is invalid as a junior objective synonym of Chaetocneme Felder. CATACHRYSOPS Seitz, [1909], Grossschmett. Evde (English ed.) 1 : 292 (an incorrect Subse- quent Spelling of Catochrysops Boisduval, 1832). CATACORE Dillon, 1948, Sci. Publ. Reading publ. Mus. 8 : 104. Type-species by original designation : Catagramma kolyma Hewitson, [1852], //l. exot. Butts 1 : [68], pl. [34], figs 3) 4- CATACROPTERA Karsch, 1894, Berl. ent. Z. 39 : 2. Type-species by original designation : Papilio cloanthe Stoll, [1781], in Cramer, Uitl. Kapellen 4 (29) : 93, pl. 338, figs A, B. CATAGRAMMA Boisduval, [1836], (Roret’s Suite 4 Buffon), Hist. nat. Ins., Consid. gén. Lépid. 1: pl. 9 [= pl. 5B] fig. 2. Type-species by monotypy : Catagramma hydaspes Boisduval, [1836], ibid. 1 : pl. 9, fig. 2. The taxon represented by Boisduval on his plate 9 is currently identified on taxonomic grounds with that represented by the nominal species Nymphalis pygas Godart, [1824] (Ency. méth. 9 (Ins.) (2) : 423). On his plates Boisduval placed at the foot of each plate the name of each species figured; sometimes he added the name of the author of the specific name concerned, but not always. In the present case he cited no author’s name. In the leaflet printed at some unknown but certainly considerably later date with the title ‘‘ Species Géneral des Lépidoptéres : Explication des Planches composant les deux livraisons qui accompagnent le premier volume ’’ the information given at the foot of plates was supplemented by the following information :— ‘‘ Catagramma Hydaspes, Fab. (non God.). Brésil’’. When I dealt with this matter in 1934 (Gen. Names hol. Butts 1 : 85) 1 treated Catagramma as a genus based on a misidentified type-species. I now consider however that, in view of the fact that Boisduval gave no author’s name for hydaspes at the foot of the plate, the preferable course would be to treat the name Catagramma hydaspes, as there published, as being a new name of Boisduval’s own, more especially in view of the fact that the information given in the later- published leaflet gives no clear indication of the name, if any, which—according to that leaflet—its author considered was objectively applicable to the taxon figured on plate 9g. The procedure here proposed is in harmony with the provision now embodied in Article 70(b) —which did not exist at the time when this matter was considered by myself in 1934—under which, when an author deliberately uses for the type-species of a genus an older name in some qualified sense, he is to be treated as having thereby himself established a new nominal species. CATAGRAMMINA Bates, [1868], J. Linn. Soc. Lond., Zool. 9 : 411. Type-species by mono- typy : Necyria tapaja Saunders, 1859, Tvans. ent. Soc. Lond. (2) 5 : 108, pl. 11, fig. 17 [nec 18}. CATAPAECILMA Butler, 1879, Trans. linn. Soc. Lond. (2) Zool. 1 (8) : 547. Type-species by monotypy : Hypochrysops elegans Druce, 1873, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1873 : 350, pl. 32, fig. 12. CATAPOECILMA Scudder, 1882, Nomencl. zool., Univ. Index : 55 (an Unjustified Emenda- tion of Catapaecilma Butler, 1879). CATARGYNNIS Rober, [1892], in Schatz, in Staudinger & Schatz, Evot. Schmett. Bd 1 (Th. 2) (6) : 284, nota. Type-species through Section (i) (replacement names) of Article 67 : Daedalma pholoe Staudinger, [1892] im Staudinger & Schatz, Evot. Schmett. Bd 1, (Th. 2) : 234. Earlier in the same volume—also in 1892—-R6ber established a new nominal genus to which he gave the name Pseudomaniola (: 222), without realizing that in 1890 Weymer had used the I0o FRANCIS HEMMING same name for a quite different genus. Just as the last part of this portion of the Evot. Schmett. was going to press, Rober realized that the name Pseudomaniola that he had published was invalid under the Law of Homonymy as a junior homonym of Pseudomaniola Weymer, 1890; he remedied this in a footnote on the last page of the index, introducing there the re- placement name Catargynnis here in question. CATARGYRIA Hiibner, [1823], Samml. exot. Schmett. 2 : pl. [64]. Type-species by mono- typy : Catargyria laura Hiibner, [1823], zbid. 2 : pl. [63], figs 1, 2 g nec figs 3, 4 [“ 2”’]. The first point to be noted is that in volume 2 of the Sammi. exot. Schmett. Hiibner devoted three plates to species assigned by him to genus Catargyvia. These are the plates now conventionally treated as bearing the plate numbers [62], [63] and [64]. The nominal species figured on these plates were : Catargyrvia sevaphina, C. dvuryi, and C. laura respectively. When in 1875 (Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10 : 136) Scudder considered the question of the species to be selected as the type-species of this genus, nothing was known as to the relative dates of publication of the plates of Hiibner’s Sammi. exot. Schmett. and in consequence he inevitably treated all three of the plates cited above as having been published on the same date. On this assumption he selected as the type-species Catargyvia servaphina, figured by Hiibner as a new species on his plate [62]. The discovery in 1935 of the surviving Hiibner manuscripts and their subsequent examination (Hemming, 1937, Hiibner 1: : 407) showed however that the plates here in question were not all published at the same time, plates [62] and [63] having been published in 1825 and plate [64] in 1823. In these circumstances Scudder’s selection of Catargyrvia sevaphina as the type-species was seen to have been invalid, that not having been an originally included species, the plate (pl. [62]) not having been published until two years after pl. [64] was issued. Further, as pl. [64], depicting Catargyria laura, was the only plate published in 1823, that species is the type-species by monotypy. Hiibner gave four figures on his plate [64], figs 1 and 2 depicting the male (upperside and underside) of Catargyria laura, figs 3 & 4 purporting to depict the corresponding surfaces of the female of that species. As pointed out by Kirby in 1871 (Syn. Cat. diurn. Lep. : 262), the specimens treated by Hiibner as the g and 9 respectively of his nominal species Catargyria laura are not conspecific with one another, the specimen which Hiibner treated as being the female of the above species being, in fact, referable to the nominal species Catargyria druryt, a nominal species established by Hiibner in 1825 on pl. [63] of the same work. In order to provide the nominal species Catargyvia laura Hiibner with a fully determinate content, it is necessary that a formal lectotype-selection should be made for it. This I did in 1939 (Proc. R. ent. Soc. Lond. (B) 8 : 134) when, as First Reviser, I selected the specimen figured by Hiibner as fig. 1 (upperside) and fig. 2 (underside) on pl [64] of volume 2 of the Sammi. exot. Schmett. to be the lectotype of the nominal species Catargyria lauva Hiibner. The nominal species Catargyvia lauva Hiibner is currently considered subjectively on taxo- nomic grounds as representing the same taxon as that represented by the older-established nominal species Papilio laure Drury, [1773] (Ill. nat. Hist. 2: index et 31, pl. 17, figs 5, 6). CATASTICTA Butler, 1870, Cistula ent. 1 : 34, 43. Type-species by original designation : Euterpe nimbice Boisduval, [1836], (Roret’s Suite 4 Buffon), Hist. nat. Ins., Spec. gén. Lépid. 1 : 409. CATHAEMIA Hiibner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (6) : 92. Type-species by selection by Scudder (1875, Proc. amer. Acad. Aris Sci., Boston 10 : 136) : Cathaemia anthyparete Hiibner, [1819], zbid. (6) : 92. Hiibner established the nominal species Cathaemia anthyparete, in order to provide a nomenclatorially available name for the taxon of which a male was figured on the upperside and underside as figs A and B on pl. 210 in vol. 3 of Cramer’s Uztl. Kapellen, and a female also on the upperside and underside as figs E and F on pl. 339 in volume 4 of the same work. (In the text relating to these plates (loc. cit. 3 : 30-31; 4 : 95-96) the foregoing taxon was erroneously cited as Papilio hyparete Linnaeus, 1758, a name which applies to an entirely different species.) GENERIC NAMES OF BUTTERFLIES IOI The taxon represented by the nominal species Cathaemia anthyparete Hiibner—which according to modern taxonomic ideas is referable to the genus Delias Hiibner, [1819]—is currently treated subjectively as representing the same taxon as that represented by the nominal species Papilio ceneus Linnaeus, 1758 (Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 487). This species is commonly called by the emended version of its name, that is caeneus. This however is incorrect for this emendation is an Unjustified Emendation, having been made long after the appearance (in 1758) of the spelling ceneus. It should be noted that the name Cathaemia Hiibner has been misused by a number of authors who have treated it as though its type-species were Papilio hivlanda Stoll, [1790], which was also one of Hiibner’s originally included species. In consequence the authors in question have incorrectly sunk the name Cunizza Grote, 1900, as a junior synonym of Cathaemia. CATIA Godman, [1900], in Biol. centr.-amer., Lep. Rhop. 2 : 462, 481. Type-species by original designation : Hesperia druryi [automatic correction of drury] Latreille, [1824], Ency. méth. 9 (Ins.) (2) : 767. The name of the type-species is one of a considerable number, which Latreille gave to new nominal species, consisting of non-Latinized patronymics. Under Article 31(a) such names are subject to automatic correction by the addition (as shown above) of the termination “‘ -2 ”’ the name being thereby converted into the genitive singular of a notional Latin patronymic. CATOBLEPIA Stichel, 1902, Berl. ent. Z. 46 (4) : 491. Type-species by selection by Hem- ming (1943, Proc. R. ent. Soc. Lond. (B) 12 : 26) : Papilio xanthus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 472. CATOCHRYSOPS Boisduval, 1832, im d’Urville, Voy. ‘‘ Astrolabe”, Ent. 1 (Lép.) : 87. Type-species by selection by Scudder (1875, Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci. Boston 10 : 136) : Hesperia strabo Fabricius, 1793, Ent. syst. 3 (1) : 287. CATOCYCLOTIS Stichel, 1911, in Wytsman’s Gen. Ins. 112 (B) : 328. Type-species by original designation : Hesperia aemulius Fabricius, 1793, Ent. syst. 3 (1) : 322. CATODAULIS Speyer, 1878, Stett ent. Zig 39: 179, 181. Type-species by monotypy : Pyrgus tethys Ménétriés, 1857, Enum. Corp. Anim. Mus. imp. Acad. Sci. petrop., Ins. (2) : 126, pl. ro, fig. 8. The name Catodaulis Speyer is invalid, because it is a junior objective synonym of the older name Daimio Murray, 1875. CATONEPHELE Hiibner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (3) : 40. Type-species by selection by Hemming (1943, Proc. R. ent. Soc. Lond. (B) 12: 27) : Catonephele eupalemaena Hiibner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (3) : 40 (as defined by the specimen figured as fig. 3 on plate 68 in Daubenton’s work entitled ‘‘ Planches enluminées d’Histoire naturelle par Martinet ’’, which, by selection by Hemming (1964, Annot. lep. (3) : 96) represents the lecto- type of Papilio antiochus Fabricius, 1775 (Syst. Ent. : 480, no. 164) and, as such, by selection by Hemming (1964, loc. cit. : 97) represents the lectotype of Catonephele eupalemaena Hiibner and by a further selection made by Hemming in the same paper (: 97) represents also the lecto- type of the nominal species Papilio acontius Linnaeus, 1771 (Mantissa Plant.: 537)). An attempt to select a type-species for this genus was made by Scudder in 1875 (Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10 : 136) but that attempt was unsuccessful, because, instead of picking out one—and only one—of the nominal species cited by Hiibner as belonging to this genus to be its type-species, he took two of those species, grouping them together both as subjective synonyms of one another and as junior synonyms of a third nominal species (Papilio acontius Linnaeus) which had not been cited by Hiibner, with the result that he failed to indicate it was one of the originally included species that he was seeking to select as type- species. This genus remained without a validly established type-species until (as shown above) I selected as type-species the nominal species Catonephele eupalemaena Hiibner, the first of the nominal species placed in this genus by Hiibner. By the three interlocking lectotype-selections specified at the head of the present note the interpretation of the nominal species Catonephele eupalemaena has been placed on a firm basis. 102 FRANCIS HEMMING The second of the nominal species cited in synonymy by Hiibner when establishing the fore- going nominal species was Papilio antiochus Fabricius, 1775 (Syst. Ent. : 480, no. 164), of which the type-specimen, whether holotype or lectotype, is therefore one of the syntypes of Catonephele eupalemaena. When describing the foregoing nominal species, Fabricius cited in synonymy figs 3 and 4 on plate 68 of Daubenton’s (Aubenton’s) work entitled ‘“‘ Planches enluminées d’Histoire Naturelle par Martinet’’. By the first of the lectotype-selections referred to above, the specimen shown as fig. 3 on Daubenton’s plate 68 became the representa- tive of the lectotype of Papilio antiochus Fabricius, and, by the next-following lectotype- selection the same specimen became the representative of the lectotype of Catonephele eupalemaena Hiibner. By this action, the specific names ewpalemaena Hiibner and antiochus Fabricius became objectve synonyms of one another, but the later-published of these names Catonephele eupalemaenia Hiibner is not invalidated on the above account, for the name Papilio antiochus Fabricius is itself invalid, as it is a junior homonym of the older name Papilio antiochus Linnaeus, 1767 (Syst. Nat. (ed. 12) 1 (2) : 1068, no Addenda 12). The figures on Daubenton’s plate 68 referred to above were cited also by Linnaeus, when he established the nominal species Papilio acontius in 1771 (Mantissa Plant. : 537). By the last of the lectotype-selections referred to above, the specimen shown as fig. 3 on Daubenton’s plate 68 was selected to represent the lectotype of Papilio acontius, with the result that all three of the nominal species discussed above have the same specimen as lectotype. The oldest of these names is Papilio acontius Linnaeus, 1771, and it is therefore the valid name for the species, the other two names Papilio antiochus Fabricius, 1775 (which, as already explained, is invalid under the Law of Homonymy) and Catonephele eupalemaena Hiibner falling as junior objective synonyms. CATOPHAGA Hiibner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (6) : 93. Type-species by selection by Scudder (1875, Proc. amer. Acad. Avts Sci., Boston 10 : 136) : Papilio paulina Cramer, [1777], Util. Kapellen 2 (10) : 21, pl. 110, figs E, F. CATOPSILIA Hiibner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (7) : 98. Type-species by selection by Scudder (4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Arts Sci. 1871 : 58) : Papilo crocale Cramer, [1775], Uitl. Kapelien 1 (5) : 87, pl. 55, figs C, D. The taxon represented by the nominal species Papilio crocale Cramer, the type-species of this genus, is currently considered subjectively on taxonomic grounds to be congeneric with the taxon represented by the nominal species Mancipium minna Hiibner, [1810], which itself is considered to represent the same taxon as that represented by the older-established nominal species Papilio pyvanthe Linnaeus, 1758. The point here to be noted is that Mancipium minna is the type-species of the genus Wurvtia Hiibner, which was established on the same page of the same work as Catopsilia. The relative precedence to be accorded to these generic names depends therefore upon the choice made by the First Reviser. In this case the First Reviser was Kirby (1871, Syn. Cat. diuvn. Lep. : 481), who selected the name Catopsilia to take precedence over the name Murtia. CATOPYROPS Toxopeus, 1929, Tijdschr. Ent. 72 (3/4) : 230. Type-species by monotypy : Lycaena ancrya Felder (C.), 1860, S. B. Akad. Wiss. Wien 40 : 457. The above is the first of two occasions on which Toxopeus published Catopyrops as a new name. The second was in 1930 (Soort Functie Plats Tijd Lycaenidae : 146). On this second occasions Toxopeus expressly designated Lycaena ancrya Felder as type-species. CATUNA Kirby, 1871, Syn. Cat. diurn. Lep. : 238. Type-species through Section (1) (replace- ment names) of Article 67 : Papilio crithea Drury, [1773], [//. nat. Hist. 2 : index et 29, pl. 16, figs 5, 6. Catuna Kirby was introduced as a replacement name for Euomma Felder (C.) & Felder (R.), [1867] (Reise Fregatte ‘“‘ Novava’”’ Lep. Rhop. (3) : 425), which is invalid under the Law of Homonymy. Inits turn, Euomma was a replacement name for Jaeva Hiibner, [1819], which is also invalid under the Law of Homonymy. A replacement genus can under the Code take as its type-species only the species which is the type-species of the genus replaced or, if no GENERIC NAMES OF BUTTERFLIES 103 type-species has been designated or selected for that genus at time of its replacement, which- ever of the nominal species originally included in the replaced genus may later be selected as type-species of the rejected genus or designated or selected as the type-species of the replace- ment genus. At the time of the establishment of the replacement genus Catuna no type-species had been selected for Jaeva, the replaced genus and no species had been designated or selected as the type-species of its replacement Euvomma. Further, in introducing the replacement genus Catuna in 1871, Kirby did not designate a type-species for it. In order to determine what is the type-species of Catwna and therefore also of Euomma and Jaera, it is necessary to search the literature subsequent to 1871, to find who was the first author validly to select a type- species for any of these genera—and therefore for all of them—bearing in mind however that, in order that such a selection may be a valid selection, the species selected must be one of the nominal species placed by Hiibner in his genus Jaera. The first author to select a type-species for any of these nominal genera was Kirby in [1873] (Zool. Rec. 8 (year 1871) : 360), who selected Euomma angustatum Felder (C.) & Felder (R.), [1867] (Reise Fregatte ‘‘ Novara’’, Lep. Rhop. (3) : 425) to be the type-species both of Euomma Felder (C.) & Felder (R.), [1867] and also of Jaeva Hiibner, [1819]. If Euvomma had been an independently established nominal genus, Kirby’s selection of Euomma angustatum would have been valid for that genus, for it was one of the species included at the time when that genus was established, but, as shown above, this was established not as a new genus but as a replacement for the rejected Jaeva Hiibner and its type-species must in consequence be one of the species orginally included by Hiibner in Jaeva. However, Euomma angustatum was unfortunately not one of the three species originally included by Hiibner in the genus Jaera and therefore the selection made by Kirby is invalid. Thereafter for many years however this genus was treated in the general sense proposed by Kirby. It was clearly undesirable however that this indeterminate situation should be allowed to persist indefinitely, and accordingly in 1943 (Proc. R. ent. Soc. Lond. (B) 12 : 28) I selected Papilio crithea Drury (the third of Hiibner’s original species) to be the type-species of Jaera Hiibner, thereby automatical- ly selecting that species to be the type-species also of the replacement genus Catuna Kirby and of its nomenclatorially invalid predecessor Euomma Felder & Felder. Luckily, from the taxonomic point of view Papilio crithea is closely related to Euomma angustatum, Kirby’s pseudotype, and accordingly its selection as type-species ensured continuity of practice, while at the same time providing Catuna with a validly selected type-species. CAUDATI Koch, 1860, Stett. ent. Zig 21: 230. Type-species by selection by Hemming (1935, Entomologist 68 : 40) : Papilio turnus Linnaeus, 1771, Mantissa Ins. 2 : 536. This name is invalid under Article 11(f) by reason of having been published in the nominative plural instead of in the nominative singular. Quite apart from the foregoing consideration, this name would have been invalid because by the deliberate choice made in 1935 of Papilio turnus as type-species it became a junior objective synonym of Jasoniades Hiibner, [1819] (Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (6) : 83). The taxon represented by the nominal species Papilio turnus is currently treated subjective- ly on taxonomic grounds as representing a form of the taxon represented by the older- established nominal species Papilio glaucus Linnaeus, 1758 (Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 460). CECROPS Hiibner, 1818, Zutr. z. Samml. exot. Schmett. 1 : 30. Type-species by monotypy : Cecrops zavex Hiibner, 1818, ibid. 1 : 30, pl. [32], figs 183, 184. This name is invalid, because it is a junior homonym of Cecrops Leach, 1816 (Ency. Brit. Suppl. to 4th—6th eds 1 (2) : 405). CECROPTERUS Herrich-Schaeffer, 1869, CorvespBl. zool.-min. Ver. Regensburg 23: 131. Type-species through Section (i) (replacement names) of Article 67 : Cecyrops zavex Hiibner, 1818, Zutr. z. Sammi. exot. Schmett. 1 : 30, pl. [32], figs 183, 184. This name was introduced by Herrich-Schaeffer as a replacement for Cecrops Hiibner, 1818, which, as shown above, is invalid under the Law of Homonymy. 104 FRANCIS HEMMING CELAENA Doubleday, [1849], Gen. diurn. Lep. (1) : 214. Type-species by selection by Hem- ming (1941, J. Soc. Bibl. nat. Hist. 1 : 425) : Papilio fatima Fabricius, 1793, Ent. syst. 3 (1) : 81. This name was published by Doubleday in the synonymy of Anartia Hiibner, [1819] as “ Celaena Boisd. MSS.”’ Under Article 11(d) of the present revised Code names published in synonymies possess no status of availability. The name Celaena Doubleday, [1849] is therefore invalid. Even if this generic name had been duly published by Doubleday, it would have been invalid under the Law of Homonymy as a junior homonym of Celaena Stephens, 1829 (Nom. Brit. Tas ae AaD) CELAENORHINUS Hibner, [1827-1831], Zuty. z. Samml. exot. Schmett. 3 : 38 (an Incorrect Subsequent Spelling of Celaenorrhinus Hiibner, [1819)). Although this name was published after Hiibner’s death, it is attributable to Hiibner and not to Geyer who completed the Zutvdge, for the whole of the text of volume 3 had been written by Hiibner before his death. CELAENORRHINUS Hiibner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (7) : 106. Type-species by selection by Scudder (1875, Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10 : 137) : Papilio eligius Stoll, [1781], 7 Cramer, Uitl. Kapellen 4 (30) : 123, pl. 354, fig. H. CELASTRINA Tutt, 1906, Ent. Rec. 18 : 131. Type-species by original designation : Papilio argiolus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 483. CELEBINA Fruhstorfer, [1899], Stett. ent. Ztg 59 (9/10) : 263. Type-species by selection by Hemming (1935, Stylops 4: 1) : Celebina inga Fruhstorfer, [1899], zbzd. 59 (9/10) : 263. CELOENA Boisduval, 1870, Consid. Lép. Guatemala : 38. Type-species by monotypy : Papilio fatima Fabricius, 1793, Ent. syst. : 3 (1) : 81. This name has been somewhat overlooked through having been confused with the name Celaena in which spelling it was published by Doubleday in 1849 in the synonymy of Anartia Hiibner, [1819]. That usage—full particulars of which have been given above in the discus- sion on Celaena Doubleday—is invalid under Article 11(d) of the Code which provides that names published in synonymies do not thereby acquire the status of availability. Doubleday’s action has moreover a special relevance to the present case since he stated that the name Celaena, as there published by himself, was a manuscript name proposed by Boisduval. Boisduval was an author who habitually distributed—on labels, in correspondence or otherwise—names which he had coined but had not published. Usually Boisduval published these manuscript names of his at some later date but often not for many years after he had first given them an irregular currency in manuscript. When he did ultimately publish such names, he invariably—perhaps naturally from his point of view—published them as new names of his own, irrespective of whether they had in the meantime been published by some other author. This is what he did on the present occasion. It will be noted that in publishing this name, Boisduval used the spelling “‘ Celoena’’ and not the spelling “‘ Celaena’’ used by Doubleday, as the result probably of a misreading by that author of Boisduval’s handwriting. At the time when Boisduval did ultimately publish this name in 1870, the word Celoena had not been used for a generic name by any author, and in consequence Celoena Boisduval, 1870, is a nomenclatorially available name. ” CELOTES Godman & Salvin, [1899], Biol. centr.-amer., Lep. Rhop. 2 : 452. Type-species by monotypy : Pholisora nessus Edwards, 1877, Canad. Ent. 9 : 192. CELTIPHAGA Barnes & Lindsey, 1922, Ann. ent. Soc. Amer. 15:92. Type-species by original designation : Apatura celtis Boisduval & Leconte, [1834], Hist. gén. icon. Lépid. Chen. Amér. sept. (25) : 210, pl. 57, figs 1, 2 (imago), 3 (larva), 4 (pupa). CEPHISE Evans, 1952, Cat. Amer. Hesp. Brit. Mus. 2 : 136, 153. Type-species by original designation : Eudamus cephise Herrich-Schaeffer, 1869, CorvespBl. zool.-min. Ver. Regens- burg 23 : 186—in re-paged separate as ‘‘ Prodr. ... 3 : 66”. GENERIC NAMES OF BUTTERFLIES 105 CEPHRENES Waterhouse & Lyall, 1914, Butts Australia : 8, 199, 206. Type-species by original designation (: 206) : Hesperia sperthias Felder (C.), 1862, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien 12 : 492. The taxon represented by the nominal species Hesperia sperthias Felder is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as a subspecies of the taxon represented by the nominal species Hesperia augiades Felder (C.), 1860 (S.B. Akad. Wiss. Wien 40 : 461). CEPORA Billberg, 1820, Enum. Ins. Mus. Billb. : 76. Type-species by selection by Scudder (1875, Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10: 138) : Papilio coronis Cramer, [1775] Uitl. Kapellen 1 (4) : 69, pl. 44, figs B, C. The taxon represented by the nominal species Papilio coronis Cramer is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as being the same as that represented by the nominal species Papilio nerissa Fabricius, 1775 (Syst. Ent. : 471). As these names were both pub- lished in the year 1775 and there was no sure evidence as to which was the first to be published, there has always been some doubt as to which of these names should be used in preference to the other. For the most part however authors have used the specific name nerissa Fab- ricius rather than the name corvonis Cramer. The underlying question here involved affected a considerable number of pairs of names, not only names published by Fabricius and Cramer in 1775 but also by other authors published in that year, notably von Rottemburg and Denis & Schiffermiiller. This question was considered in a preliminary way in 1948 by the Commis- sion which directed that a detailed investigation should be carried out and a report submitted to it for consideration. The report so called for was considered by the Commission in 1957. The decision then taken by the Commission was later embodied in the Commission’s Opinion 516 (1958, Opin. int. Comm. zool. Nom. 19: 1-44). In that Opinion the Commission ruled, inter alia, that the Systema Entomologiae of Fabricius is to be treated as having priority over those Parts of Cramer’s Uitl. Kapellen published in 1775. Under this ruling the specific name nerissa Fabricius, 1775, published in the combination Papilio nerissa, takes precedence over the name coronis Cramer, [1775], published in the combination Papilio coronis. ‘Thus, on the subjective taxonomic view indicated above, the name nerissa Fabricius, 1775, is the oldest available specific name subjectively applicable to the type-species of the present genus. CERATINIA Hiibner, 1816, Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (1) : 10. Type-species by selection by Scudder (1875, Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10 : 138) : Nereis neso Hiibner, [1806], Sammi. exot. Schmett. 1 : pl. [5]. It should be noted that for a time there was a certain amount of misuse of the generic name Ceratinia, following the erroneous action of Haensch in 1909 (in Seitz, Grossschmett. Erde 5 : 128) in applying this name to the genus of which the true name is Hypothyris Hiibner, 1821, while calling the true genus Ceratinia by the name Calloleria Godman & Salvin, [1879]. CERATONIA Boisduval, 1870, Consid. Lépid. Guatemala : 32. Type-species by selection by Kirby, [1871], in Zool. Rec. 7 (year 1870) (Ins.) : 383 : Ithomia stella Hewitson, [1854], il. exot. Butts 1 : [36], pl. [18], fig. 52. This name is invalid, as it is a junior homonym of Ceratonia Costa, 1839 (Corresp. Zool. 1 : 33). CERATRICHIA Butler, 1869, Cat. diuvn. Lep. Fabricius : 274. Type-species by original designation : Papilio nothus Fabricius, 1787, Mantissa Ins. 2 : 88. CERCYONIS Scudder, 1875, Bull. Buffalo Soc. nat. Sci. 2 : 235, 241. Type-species by original designation : Papilio alope Fabricius, 1793, Ent. syst. 3 (1) : 229. Scudder stated that the name Cercyonis was a manuscript name of Speyer’s. CETHOSIA Fabricius, 1806, Mag. f. Insektenk. (Illiger) 6 : 280. Type-species by selection by Latreille (1810, Consid. gén. Anim. Crust. Avachn. Ins. : 440) : Papilio cydippe Linnaeus, 1767, Syst. Nat. (ed. 12) 1 (2) : 776. The name Papilo cydippe Linnaeus, 1767, has been used almost continuously throughout 106 FRANCIS HEMMING its history for the Oriental species which is the type-species of the present genus. This usage was however invalid because this name was invalid as a junior homonym of the name Papilio cydippe Linnaeus, 1761 (Faun. svec. (ed. 2) : 281), aname bestowed upon a Swedish Fritillary of the group usually placed in the genus Avgynnis Fabricius, 1807. Until the early years of the XXth century the specific name cydippe Linnaeus, as applied to the Fritillary, was gener- ally ignored, that species being known by the name adippe Linnaeus, 1767 (Papilio adippe Linnaeus, 1767, Syst. Nat. (ed. 2) 1 (2) : 786), aname introduced by Linnaeus as a replacement name for his cydippe of 1761 (a name which however was not in need of replacement, not being a junior homonym of any earlier name). Apart from the fact that the junior objective synonym adippe Linnaeus, 1767, was used instead of its senior objective synonym cydippe Linnaeus, 1761, the really serious confusion in regard to the name for the Fritillary took a turn for the worse when in 1913 (J. linn. Soc. Lond., Zool. 32 : 173-191) Verity published a critical review of the types of certain of the Linnaean butterflies, in which he showed that the name adippe Linnaeus (and its senior synonym cydippe Linnaeus) applied not to the species to which those names had hitherto been thought by all to apply, but to another rather similar, but very distinct, species of the same genus. The confusion created by this discovery proved absolutely intractable, owing to the impossibility, as it was found, of determining which of various XVIIIth century names was the oldest certainly applying to the species for so long erroneously known as adippe Linnaeus. This led, after many years of fruitless controversy, to the submission of an application to the Commission for the use of the Plenary Powers to provide a nomenclatorially available name for the species hitherto wrongly known as adippe Linnaeus. The relevance of this application to the present case lies in the fact it was part of it that the specific name cydippe should be eliminated altogether as a name for a Fritillary and to validate name adippe for use for the species to which it had for so long been—though incor- rectly—applied. For the first of these purposes the Commission was asked to suppress, under its Plenary Powers, the specific name cydippe Linnaeus, 1761, as published in the combination Papiho cydippe, and at the same time to invalidate all uses of the foregoing specific name in the above combination published prior to 1767. Under this proposal the specific name cydippe Linnaeus, 1767 (Papilio) given by Linnaeus to the Cethosiid here in question would become the oldest available for that species and would moreover invalidate under the Law of Homony- my any later uses of the name Papilio cydippe for a Fritillary. The application, of which the above proposals form part was approved by the Commission, its decision being embodied in Opinion 501 published in 1958 (Opin. int. Comm. zool. Nom. 18 : 1-64, 3 pls, 1 text-fig.). Under that Opinion the name Papilio cydippe Linnaeus, 1761 and all usages of that binomen published prior to 1767 were suppressed under the Plenary Powers for the purposes both of the Law of Priority and of the Law of Homonymy. In consequence, the name Papilio cydippe Linnaeus, 1767, the name of the type-species of Cethosia Fabricius was validated. This decision was completed, so far as the name Cethosia was concerned, by the action of the Commission in placing the specific name cydippe Linnaeus, 1767, as published in the combination Papilio cydippe, on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology as Name No. 1474. CHAEREPHON Godman, [1900], in Godman & Salvin, Biol. centy.-amer., Lep. Rhop. 2 : 462, 474. Type-species by original designation : Pamphila citrus Mabille, 1889, Le Naturaliste (2) 3: 144, fig. I. This generic name is invalid, as it is a junior homonym of Chaevephon Dobson, 1878 (Cat. Chiropt. Brit. Mus. : 431), an emendation of Choevephon Dobson, 1874 (J. asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt Il, 43 (2) : 144). ; The name Chaerephon Godman has been replaced by the name Yuretta Hemming, 1935. CHAETOCNEME Felder (C.), 1860 S.B. Akad. Wiss. Wien 40: 460. Type-species by selection by Butler (1870, Ent. mon. Mag. 7:57) : Chaetocneme corvus Felder (C.), 1860, ibid. 40 : 460. This is a nomenclatorially available name, for, as already explained, Scudder (1875) was in GENERIC NAMES OF BUTTERFLIES 107 error in rejecting it as a junior homonym of Chaetocnema Stephens, 1831, as also was Kirby (1871) in replacing it by the name Casyapa. The taxon represented by the nominal species Chaetocneme corvus is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as being the same as that represented by the older-estab- lished nominal species Papilio helirius Cramer, [1775] (Uitl. Kapellen 1 (5) : 94, pl. 60, fig. D). CHAETONEURA Felder (C.) & Felder (R.), 1862, Wien. ent. Monats. 6: 185. Type-species by monotypy : Chaetocneme hippulus Felder (C.) & Felder (R.), 1862, ibid. 6 : 186. The taxon represented by the nominal species Chaetocneme hippulus is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as being the same as that represented by the older-estab- lished nominal species Hesperia nearchus Latreille, [1817] (tn Humboldt, Voy. Intér. Amér., Obs. Zool. 2 (2) : 135, pl. 43, figs 3, 4). CHAETOPROCTA de Niceville, {Jan.] 1890, im Marshall & de Niceville, Butts India Burmah Ceylon 3:17, 311. Type-species by monotypy : Dipsas odata Hewitson, [1865], Jl. diurn. Lep. Lycaenidae 1 (text) : 66 ; 2 (plates) : pl. 30, figs 13, 14 3. The name Chaetoprocta was published as a new name by de Niceville twice in the same year : first, in January 1890 in the Butterflies of India, etc. (as shown above) ; second, in April 1890 (Trans. ent. Soc. Lond. 1890 (1) : 87). CHALCERIA Scudder, 1876, Bull. Buffalo Soc. nat. Sci. 3: 125. Type-species by original designation : Chrysophanus rubidus Behr, 1866, Proc. ent. Soc. Philad. 6 : 208. CHALCONE Evans, 1955, Cat. Amer. Hesp. Brit. Mus. 4 : 303, 371. Type-species by original designation : Augiades chalcone Schaus, 1902, Proc. U.S. nat. Mus. 24 : 438. CHALINGA Moore, [1898], Lep. ind. 3 (32) : 146. Type-species by original designation : Limenitis elwesi Oberthur, 1883, Bull. Soc. ent. Fy. 1883 : cxxviii. When establishing this nominal genus in Part 32, Moore designated a type-species, but did not give a generic diagnosis. In the following Part (Part 33 : 172), also published in 1898, he made good this deficiency. CHALODETA Stichel, 1910, Berl. ent. Z. 55 (1/2) : 15. Type-species by original designation : Charis theodora Felder (C.) & Felder (R.), 1862, Wien. ent. Monats. 6 : 72. CHALYBS Hiibner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (5) : 76. Type-species by selection by Scudder (1875, Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10: 139): Papilio janias Cramer [1779], Uitl. Kapellen 3 (18) : 36, pl. 213, figs D, E. CHAMAELIMNAS Felder (C.) & Felder (R.), [1865], in Reise Fregatte ‘‘ Novara”’, Lep. Rhop. (2) : 304. Type-species by monotypy : Chamaelimnas tircis Felder (C.) & Felder (R.), [1865], ibd. (2) : 410, pl. 38, figs 17, 18. CHAMUNDA Evans, 1949, Cat. Hesp. Europ. Asia Austral. : 14, 127. Type-species by original designation : Plesioneura chamunda Moore, [1866], Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1865 : 788. CHANAPA Moore, 1883, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1883 : 270. Type-species by original designa- tion : Danais corinna MacLeay, [1826], in King, Narr. Survey Australia 2 : 462. The taxon represented by the nominal species Danais corinna is currently treated subjective- ly on taxonomic grounds as being a subspecies of the taxon represented by the older-established nominal species Danais eleutho Godart, [1824], in Ency. méth. 9 (Ins.) (2) : 815). CHAOSPES [anon.], [1959], in Zool. Rec. 94 (year 1957), (Ins.) : 438 (an Incorrect Subsequent Spelling of Choaspes Moore, [1881}). CHAPRA Moore, [1881], Lep. Ceylon 1 (4) : 169. Type-species by original designation : Hesperia mathias Fabricius, 1798, Suppl. Ent. syst. : 433. CHARANA de Niceville, 1890, in Marshall & de Niceville, Butts India Burmah Ceylon 3 : 19, 401. Type-species by original designation : Myrina mandarinus Hewitson, [1863], JI. diurn. Lep. Lycaenidae 1 (text) : 28 ; 2 (plates) : pl. 28, figs 6, 7 9. 108 FRANCIS HEMMING CHARAXES Ochsenheimer, 1816, Schmett. Euvopa 4:18. Type-species by monotypy : Papilio jasius Linnaeus, 1767, Syst. Nat. (ed. 12) 1 (2) : Errata. The type-species of this genus was given the name Papilio jason in 1767 in the main text of the 12th edition of the Syst. Nat. (1 (2) : 749). While this volume was passing through the press it was realized by Linnaeus that in 1758 (Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 485), he had already given this name to a taxon which it has not been found possible by later workers to recognize. When Linnaeus discovered that he had used the name in this way, it was too late for him to substitute some other name for the name jason which he had given to the present species on page 749 ; what he did therefore was to substitute the name jasius for the name jason in the unnumbered “ Errata ’’ page at the end of the volume. In view of the fact that the correction made by Linnaeus was sometimes overlooked and the name jason Linnaeus, 1767, consequently used for this species, an application was submitted to the Commission by myself in 1957 (1958, Bull. zool. Nom. 13 : 327-330), asking, inter alia, that the specific name jason Linnaeus, 1767, as published in the combination Papilio jason should, as a junior homonym of jason Linnaeus, 1758, published in the same combination, be placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Specific Names in Zoology. The pro- posals so submitted were approved by the Commission, whose decision was embodied in Opinion 577 (1959, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 17 : 140-142). In that Opinion the specific name jason Linnaeus, 1767, as published in the combination Papilio jason, was, as requested, placed on the Official Index, being given the Name No. 605 ; at the same time the name jasius Linnaeus, 1767, as published in the combination Papilio jasius, was placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology as Name No. 1693. Finally, the generic name Chavaxes Ochsenheimer, 1816, was placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology as Name No. 1386. CHARES Swinhoe, 1885, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1885 : 145 (an Incorrect Subsequent Spelling of Charus Moore, [1881)]). CHARIDIA Mabille, 1903, in Wytsman’s Gen. Ins. 17 (A) : 45, 73. Type-species by mono- typy : Leucochitonea lucaria Hewitson, 1868, Descy. One Hundred new Spec. Hesp. (2) : 50. CHARIDRYAS Scudder, 1872, 4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. 1871 : 47. Type-species by original designation : Melitaea nycteis Doubleday, [October 1847], Gen. diurn. Lep. (1) : ple 235 ig4 3: The text relating to the name Melitaea nycteis, which contains no description but gives the type-locality for the species, was not published by Doubleday until [August 1848] (Joc. cit. (()) B) zits)e))e CHARIS Hiibner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2) : 21. Type-species by selection by Scudder (1875, Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10: 140) : Charis ania Hiibner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2) : 21, a nominal species, of which, by selection by Hemming (1964, Annot. lep. (3) : 101), the specimen figured as fig. B on plate 92 in Part 8 (published in 1776) in volume 1 of Cramer’s Uitl. Kapellen and named Papilio auius on page 144 of the same volume, represents the lectotype, the same specimen representing also the lectotype of Papilio auius Cramer, by selection by Hemming in 1964 in the paper referred to above (: Ior). The nominal species Charis ania was established by Hiibner on the basis of three biblio- graphical references, of which one was to Papilio auius Cramer [1776] (Uitl. Kapellen 1(8) : 144, pl. 92, fig. B). A determinate content was given to the nominal species Charis ania by the selection of the specimen figured by Cramer as fig. B on plate 92 to represent the lectotype, first, of Papilio auius Cramer, and, second, of Charis ania Hiibner. In addition, by this action, the specific name ania Hiibner (the specific name of the type-species of Chavis Hiibner) became a junior objective synonym of the specific name auius Cramer, the oldest nomencla- torially available name applicable to the taxon concerned. It should be noted that, although (as shown above) the type-species of this genus is Charis ania Hubner (by selection by Scudder in 1875), there have been authors, e.g. Stichel (1930, in GENERIC NAMES OF BUTTERFLIES 109 Strand’s Lep. Cat. 40 : 526), who have erroneously treated the genus Charis as though its type-species were Papilio gyas Cramer, [1775] (Uitl. Kapellen 1 (3) : 45), the second of the two nominal species originally included in the genus by Hiibner. CHARMA Doherty, 1886, J. asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt II, 55 (2) : 117. Type-species by original designation : Zophoessa baladeva Moore, [1866], Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1865 (3) : 769, pl. 41, fig. 5. CHARMION de Niceville, 1894, J. asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt II, 63 (1) : 48. Type-species by original designation : Hesperia ficulnea Hewitson, 1868, Descy. One Hundred new Spec. Hesp. (2) : 37. CHARMONA Stichel, 1910, Berl. ent. Z. 55 (1/2) : 15. Type-species by original designation : Papilio auius Cramer, [1776], Uitl. Kapellen 1 (8) : 144, pl. 92, fig. B. As has been explained in connection with the generic name Charis Hiibner, the nominal species Papilio auias Garner [1776] has as its lectotype the same specimen as is the lectotype of the nominal species Charis ania Hiibner, [1819], the type-species of the genus Charis Hiibner. The name Charmona Stichel is therefore invalid as being a junior objective synonym of Charis Hiibner. Even if the name Chaymona Stichel had not been invalid for the reason explained above, it would still have been invalid, as it is a junior homonym of the name Chaymona Billberg, 1820 (Enum. Ins. Mus. Billberg. : 82). CHARMONANA Strand, 1932, Folia zool. hydrobiol., Riga 4 (1) : 145. Type-species through Section (i) (replacement names) of Article 67 : Papilio auius Cramer, [1776]. On noticing that the name Chaymona Stichel, 1910, was (as explained above) invalid under the Law of Homonymy, Strand replaced it with the name Chaymonana. Although not invalid under the Law of Homonymy, as the name Chaymona Stichel is, the name Charmona Strand is nevertheless an invalid name, as it is a junior objective synonym of Charis Hiibner, [1819]. CHARONIAS Rober, [1908], in Seitz, Grossschmett. Evde 5 : 68. Type-species by selection by Klots (1931, Ent. amer. (n.s.) 12 (3) : 153, 200) : Euterpe eurytele Hewitson, [1852], J//. exot. Butts 1 : 9, pl. [5], fig. 1. CHARUS Moore, [1881], Lep. Ceylon 1 (4) : 149. Type-species by orginal designation : Papilio helenus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 459. CHATTENDENIA Tutt, [April] 1908, Nat. Hist. Brit. Butts 2 : 483. Type-species through Section (i) (replacement names) of Article 67 : Papilio w-album Knoch, 1782, (Beitr. Insektengesch. 2 : 85, pl. 6, figs 1, 2). Tutt published the name Chattendenia as a new name twice in 1908 : first in April in the work cited above, and then in June (Ent. Rec. 20 (6) : 143). The name Chattendenia was introduced as a replacement for the name Edwardsia Tutt, [1907], which is invalid, as it is a junior homonym (a) of Edwardsia Costa, 1838 (Fauna Regno Napoli, Crust. : Edwardsia 1) and (b) of Edwardsia Quatrefages, 1841 (L’ Institut 5 : 427). The type-species of the present genus is commonly considered subjectively to be congeneric with Thecla thalia Leech, [1893], the type-species of Stvrymonidia Tutt, [1908], a nominal genus established on the same page as Chattendenia. The name Strymonidia is in fairly wide use, while the name Chattendenia is virtually forgotten. In order to protect the position, I made a First Reviser choice in 1964 (Annot. lep. (3) : 83) giving precedence to the name Strymonidia over the name Chattendenia. CHAZARA Moore, [1893], Lep. ind. 2 (13): 21. Type-species by original designation : Papilio briseis Linnaeus, 1764, Mus. Lud. Ulr. : 276. The type-species of this genus is currently treated subjectively as being congeneric with Satyrus hanifa Herrich-Schaeffer, 1850, the type-species of the genus Philareta established by Moore in the same Part (Part 13) ( : 23) of the Lep. ind. The name Chazava Moore is now in fairly wide use, while name Philareta Moore is virtually unknown in the literature. In order 110 FRANCIS HEMMING to protect the position, I therefore made a First Reviser choice in 1964 (Annot. lep. (3) : 77), giving precedence to the name Chazava Moore over the name Philareta Moore. CHEIMAS Thieme, 1907, Berl. ent. Z. 51 (2) : 175. Type-species by original designation : Oxeoschistus opalinus Staudinger, 1897, Jvis 10 : 145-146, pl. 5, fig. Io. CHENDRANA Moore, [1898], Lep. ind. 3 (32) : 146. Type-species by original designation : Athyma pravara Moore, 1857, im Horsfield & Moore, Cat. lep. Ins. Mus. East India Coy (@)iee7B apie santige ae When introducing this genus, Moore designated a type-species but did not provide a generic diagnosis. Later in the same year ([1898], ibid. 3 (33) : 182) he made good this omis- sion. CHERITRA Moore, [1881], Lep. Ceylon 1 (3) : 109. Type-species by original designation : Myrina jafra Godart, [1824], Ency. méth. 9 (Ins.) (2) : 593. The taxon represented by the nominal species Myrina jafra is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as a subspecies of the taxon represented by the nominal species Hes- peria freja Fabricius, 1793, (Ent. syst. 3 (1) : 263). CHERITRELLA de Niceville, 1887, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1887 : 456. Type-species by monotypy : Cheritrella truncipennis de Niceville, 1887, zbid. 1887 : 456, pl. 39, figs 3 9, 46. CHERSONEA Rober, [1888], in Schatz, im Staudinger & Schatz, Exot. Schmett. Bd 1, Th. 2 (4) : 154, 156 (an Incorrect Subsequent Spelling of Chersonesia Distant, 1883). CHERSONESIA Distant, 1883, Rhop. malayana : 86,142. Type-species by original designa- tion : Cyrestis rahria Moore, 1857, in Horsfield & Moore, Cat. lep. Ins. Mus. East India Coy (1) : 147, pl. 3a, fig. 2. CHILADES Moore, [1881], Lep. Ceylon 1 (2) : 76. Type-species by original designation : Papilio laius Stoll, [1780], 7m Cramer, Uitl. Kapellen 4 (27) : 62, pl. 319, figs D, E. CHILARGYNNIS Bryk, 1944, Ark. Zool. 36A (No. 1) : 8. Type-species by original designation: Papilio cytheris Drury, [1773], Ill. nat. Hist. 2 : index et 7, pl. 4, figs 3, 4. This generic name is invalid, as it is a junior objective synonym of Yvamea Reuss, 1920. CHILASA Moore, [1881], Lep. Ceylon 1 (4) : 153. Type-species by original designation : Papilio dissimilis Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 479. The taxon represented by the nominal species Papilio dissimilis Linnaeus is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as an infra-subspecific form of the taxon represen- ted by the nominal species Papilio clytia Linnaeus, 1758 (loc. cit. (ed. 10) 1 : 479). As the specific names clytia and dissimilis were published on the same date and in the same work (indeed, on the same page), the relative precedence to be accorded to them depends upon the choice of the First Reviser. That these names apply to different forms of the same specific unit has long been the view of systematists in this group. It is not altogether easy however, to determine who was strictly the First Reviser in this case, owing to the fact that far into the X1Xth century many leading authors treated zoological nomenclature as not beginning before 1767 and in consequence neglected the roth edition of the Syst. Nat. However Butler in 1869 (Cat. diurn. Lep. Fabricius : 244) certainly acted asa First Reviser, according precedence to the name clytia Linnaeus over the name dissimilis Linnaeus ; a similar choice was made by Kirby in 1871 (Syn. Cat. diurn. Lep. : 532-533). This arrangement has been followed by all subsequent authors. CHILDRENA Hemming, 1943, Proc. R. ent. Soc. Lond. (B) 12: 30. Type-species through Section (i) (replacement names) of Article 67: Argynnis childreni Gray, 1831, Zool. Miscell. (Gray) (1) : 33. This name was introduced as a replacement name for Eudvyas Reuss, 1926, which is invalid under the Law of Homonymy, three previous authors having used the word “‘ Eudryas’”’ asa generic name. GENERIC NAMES OF BUTTERFLIES I1t CHILEA Billberg, 1820, Enum. Ins. Mus. Billb.: 79. Type-species through Section (i) (re- placement names) of Article 67 : Papilio celtis Laicharting, 1782, in Fuessly, Archiv Insek- tengesch., Heft 2 (4) : 1, pl. 8, figs 1-3. The name Chilea was proposed by Billberg as a replacement for Libythea Fabricius, 1807. This action was entirely uncalled-for, as the name Libythea Fabricius is an available name, not in need of replacement. The name Chilea Billberg is thus invalid, as a junior objective synonym of Libythea Fabricius. CHIMASTRUM Godman & Salvin, [1886], Biol. centy.-amer., Lep. Rhop. 1: 407. Type- species by selection by Stichel (1910, im Wytsman’s Gen. Ins. 112 (A) : 228) : Mesene argentea Bates, 1866, Ent. mon. Mag. 3 : 154. CHIOIDES Lindsey, 1921, Univ. Iowa Studies nat. Hist. 9 (No. 4) : 25. Type-species by original designation : Eudamus albofasciatus Hewitson, 1867, Descr. One Hundred new wpec. Hesp. [1] : 3. CHIOMARA Godman & Salvin, [1899], Biol. centy.-amer., Lep. Rhop. 2 : 453. Type-species by original designation : Achlyodes mithrax Méschler, 1878, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien 48 : 225. CHIONEIGIA Heron, 1909, Trans. zool. Soc. Lond. 19 (2) : 172. Type-species by original designation : Chioneigia leggei Heron, 1909, ibid. 19 (2) : 173, pl. 5, figs 15-18. CHIONABAS Doubleday, 1848, List Spec. lep. Ins. Brit. Mus., Appendix : 31 (an Incorrect Subsequent Spelling of Chionobas Boisduval, [1833}). CHIONANEMA Ureta, 1955, Bol. Mus. nac. Hist. nat. Chile 26 : 66. Type-species by original designation : Hypsochila (Chionanema) penai Ureta, 1955, ibid. 26 : 66, 67, pl. 1, fig. 3 ; pl. 2, fig. 4. CHIONOBAS Boisduval, [1833], Icon. hist. Lépid. Europe 1 (15/16) : 182. Type-species by selection by Blanchard (1840, Hist. nat. Ins. 3 : 457) : Papilio aello Hiibner, [1803-1804], Sammi. exot. Schmett. : pl. Pap. 102, figs 519, 520 3, 521 &. The nominal species Papilio aello is currently considered subjectively on taxonomic grounds to represent the same taxon as that represented by the older-established nominal species Papilio glacialis Moll, 1785 (tn Schrank & Moll, Naturh. Briefe Oesterreich 1 : 102). CHIROSA Moore, 1883, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1883 : 284. Type-species by original designation : Euploea brenchleyi Butler, 1870, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (4) 5 : 357. CHIROSIA Sharp, [1904], in Zool. Rec. 39 (year 1902) (Ins.) : 205 (an Incorrect Subsequent Spelling of Chivosa Moore, 1883). CHITIRA Griinberg, 1908, S.B. Ges. naturf. Fr. Berl. 1908 : (290) (an Incorrect Subsequent Spelling of Chittiva Moore, [1880)}). CHITORIA Moore, [1896], Lep. ind. 3 (25): 10. Type-species by original designation : Apatura sordida Moore, [1866], Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1865 (3) : 765, pl. 41, fig. 2. CHITRALIA Evans, 1932, Ident. ind. Butts (ed. 2) : vi, 307. Type-species through Section (i) (replacement names) of Article 67 : Eogenes alcides var. lesliei Evans, 1912, J]. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc. 21 (3) : roo. The taxon represented by the nominal species-group unit which is the type-species of the present genus, though (as noted above) originally described as belonging to the subspecies- category, is currently treated on taxonomic grounds as being a full species. CHITTIRA Moore, [1880], Lep. Ceylon 1 (1): 8. Type-species by original designation : Danais fumata Butler, 1866, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1866 : 52. The taxon represented by the nominal species Danais fumata is currently treated subjec- tively on taxonomic grounds as being the same as that represented by the nominal species Danais taprobana Felder (C.) & Felder (R.), [1865], Reise Fregatte ‘“‘ Novara’’, Lep. Rhop. (2) : 349, pl. 42, fig. 4. 112 FRANCIS HEMMING CHLIARIA Moore, 1884, J. asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt II, 53 (1) : 32. Type-species by original designation : Hypolycaena othona Hewitson, [1865], Ill. diuwyn. Lep., Lycaenidae 1 (text) : 50; 2 (plates) : pl. 22, figs 17, 18 g. CHLORIPPE Doubleday, 1844, List. lep. Ins. Brit. Mus. 1: 108. Type-species by selection by Scudder ([Feb.] 1875, Bull. Buffalo Soc. nat. Sci. 2 : 248) : Nymphalis laurentia Godart, [1824], Ency. méth. 9 (Ins.) (1) : 376. Doubleday, when publishing this name, stated that it was a manuscript name of Bois- duval’s. As will be seen from the entry given immediately below, it was actually published by that author as a new name of his own many years later. On some date in 1875, at present unknown but certainly after February, Scudder (1875, Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10 : 140) selected Papilio agathina Cramer, [1777] (Uz2tl. Kapellen 2 (14) : 109, pl. 167, figs E, F) as type-species, without making any reference to his earlier and perfectly valid selection of Papilio lauwrentia Godart. The two nominal species discussed above are currently considered subjectively on taxonomic grounds to represent taxa which are congeneric with one another. Accordingly, even if any author had been misled into adopting the later of the two type-selections made by Scudder, no harm would have ensued from the taxonomic point of view. CHLORIPPE Boisduval, 1870, Consid. Lépid. Guatemala : 47. Type-species by selection by Hemming (1939, Proc. R. ent. Soc. Lond. (B) 8 : 134) : Nymphalis laurentia Godart, [1824]. This is one of the numerous cases where Boisduval devised a name in manuscript and gave it an irregular currency as such with the result usually that it was first validly published by some other author. In the present case (as shown above) the first author to publish this name with an “‘ indication ’’ was Doubleday in 1844. This was either unknown to, or was ignored by Boisduval when in 1870 he himself published this name, claiming it as his own. This name is invalid under the Law of Homonymy, being a junior homonym of Chlorippe Doubleday, 1844. Further, through the species deliberately selected as type-species by myself in 1939, it is invalid also as a junior objective synonym of Chlovippe Doubleday, 1844. CHLORISSES Swainson, 1832, Zool. Illusty. (2) 2: pl. 89. Type-species by monotypy : Papilio sarpedon Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 461. This name is invalid, as it is a junior objective synonym of Grvaphium Scopoli, 1777. CHLOROCHOPSIS Fruhstorfer, 1899, Bevl. ent. Z. 44 : 76 (an Incorrect Subsequent Spelling of Chlorochropsis Rothschild, 1892). CHLOROCHROPSIS Rothschild, 1892, [vis 5 : 430. Type-species by monotypy : Chloro- chropsis dohertyi Rothschild, 1892, ibid. 5 : 430, pl. 4, fig. 3 dg. The taxon represented by the nominal species Chlovochropsis dohertyi is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as representing the same taxon as that represented by the older-established nominal species Lintovata menadensis Moore, 1883, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1883 : 229. CHLOROPOEA Aurivillius, 1898, K. svenska VetenskAkad. Handl., Stockholm 31 (No. 5): 174. Type-species through Section (i) (replacement names) of Article 67 : Papilio semire Cramer, [1779], Uitl. Kapellen 3 (17) : 3, pl. 194, figs B, C. Aurivillius established this taxon as a replacement for Panopea Hiibner, [1819], which name is invalid under the Law of Homonymy ; he treated this taxon as a subgenus of Pseudacraea Westwood, [1850]. Aurivillius did not designate a type-species for his replacement-genus Chlovopoea, but it must under the Code be whatever is the type-species of Panopoea Hiibner, the genus so replaced. The latter however did not have a type-species at the time when Aurivillius introduced the replacement name Chlorvopoea and remained without one until in 1943 (Proc. R. ent. Soc. Lond. (B) 12 : 28-39) I selected Papilio semive Cramer. CHLOROSELAS Butler, [1886], Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1885 (4) : 765. Type-species by original designation : Chloroselas esmeralda Butler, [1886], ibzd. 1885 (4) : 765, pl. 47, fig. 4. GENERIC NAMES OF BUTTERFLIES 113 CHLOSYNE Butler, 1870, Cistula ent. 1 : 38. Type-species through Section (i) (replacement names) of Article 67 : Papilio janais Drury, [1782], Jil. nat. Hist. 3 : index et 22, pl. 17, figs 5, 6. Butler introduced Chlosyne as a replacement name for Synchloe Doubleday, 1844, which is invalid under the Law of Homonymy. Butler cited no nominal species for his Chlosyne, the _ type-species of which however must be the same species as the type-species of Synchloe Double- day, 1844. That genus—and therefore also Chlosyne—was without a type-species until in 1875 (Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10 : 141) Scudder selected Papilio janais Drury as type-species of Chlosyne Butler. CHOASPES Moore, [1881], Lep. Ceylon 1 (4) : 158. Type-species by original designation : Hesperia (Thymele) benjaminii Guérin-Ménéville, 1843, im Delessert, Souvenirs Voy. Unde (2) 279, pi. 22, fig. 2. CHONALA Moore, [1893], Lep. ind. 2 (13) : 14. Type-species by original designation : Debis masoni Elwes, 1882, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1882 : 405, pl. 25, fig. 2. CHONDROLEPIS Mabille, 1904, in Wytsman’s Gen. Ins. 17 (C) : 170. Type-species by monotypy : Pamphila murga Mabille, 1890, Amn. Soc. ent. Fr. (6) 10 : 31. The taxon represented by the nominal species Pamphila murga is currently considered subjectively on taxonomic grounds to be the same as that represented by the older-established nominal species Hesperia niveicornis Pl6tz, 1883, Stett. ent. Zig 44 : 33. CHORANESA Moore, [1892], Lep. ind. 1 (11) : 270. Type-species by original designation : Lethe trimacula Leech, 1890, Entomologist 23 : 27. CHORANTHUS Scudder, 1872, 4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. 1871: 79. Type-species by original designation : Hesperia radians Lucas, 1856, in Sagra, Hist. phys. pol. nat. Ile de Cuba 7 : 650. Lucas stated that the name Hesperia radians was a manuscript name of Lefebvre’s—whose unpublished manuscript was finished by Lucas. CHORDIS Fox, 1940, Trans. amer. ent. Soc. 66 : 191 (an Incorrect Subsequent Spelling of Choridis Boisduval, 1870). CHORIDIS Boisduval, 1870, Consid. Lépid. Guatemala : 33. Type-species by monotypy : Ithomia peridis Hewitson, [1853], Jil. evot. Butts 1 : [25], pl. [13], fig. 20. CHORINEA Gray, 1832, in Griffith, Cuvier’s Anim. Kingdom, 15 (Cl. Ins. 2) : pl. 102. Type- species by monotypy : Erycina (Chorinea) xanthippe Gray, 1832, im Griffith, zbid. 15 (Cl. Ins. 2) : pl. 102 (as Evycina xanthippe on page 677). It is not always easy to determine the authorship of new names in Griffith’s Cuvier’s Animal Kingdom. In the present case however the position is quite free of doubt for in the volume here in question (vol. 15) there is a statement that Gray was responsible for the notices of new genera and species introduced in it ; moreover the name vanthippe was attributed to Gray on the legend to plate 102. In the text the name Chorinea was not applied to this species, which appeared only as Erycina xanthippe. The taxon represented by the nominal species Evycina (Chorinea) xanthippe is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as being the same as that represented by the older- established nominal species Papilio licursis Fabricius, 1775 (Syst. Ent. : 532). CHORISTONEURA Mabille, [1890], Bull. Soc. ent. Fr. 1889: clvi. Type-species by monotypy : Choristoneura apicalis Mabille, [1890], ibid. 1889 : clvi. The nominal species Choristoneura apicalis is currently considered subjectively on taxo- nomic grounds to represent the same taxon as that represented by the older-established nominal species A stictoplerus johnstonii Butler, 1887 (Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1887 : 573). This generic name is invalid, as it is a junior homonym of Chovistoneuwva Lederer, 1859 (Wien. ent. Monats. 3 : 242). 114 FRANCIS HEMMING CHORTOBIUS [Dunning & Pickard], 1858, Accentuated List Brit. Lep.: 5. Type-species by selection by Hemming (1934, Gen. Names hol. Butts 1: 44) : Papilio pamphilus Lin- naeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 472. The authorship attributed to this anonymously published name is based upon the evidence of Hagen (1862, Bibi. ent. (1) : 199). Dunning & Pickard stated that this name was originally proposed in manuscript by Guenée. Although the name Chortobius Doubleday has long been known and has been widely used, its senior homonym Chortobius Dunning & Pickard was for long overlooked. CHORTOBIUS Doubleday, 1859, Zoologist syn. List Brit. Butts (ed. 2) : 2. Type-species by selection by Moore ([1893], Lep. ind. 2 (14) : 51, 52) : Papilio pamphilus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 472. Like Dunning & Pickard, Doubleday stated that this name was originally proposed in manuscript by Guenée. CHROMA Gray, 1832, in Griffith, Cuvier’s Anim. Kingdom 15 (Cl. Ins. 2) : pl. 102. Type- species by monotypy : Barbicornis basilis Godart, [1824], Ency. méth. 9 (Ins.) (2) : 706. Like Chorinea, the name Chroma was introduced in Griffith’s Cuvier on the legend of a plate where it was treated as the name for a subgeneric unit, the legend on the plate reading : Barbiconis (Chroma) basilis (the name basilis being there accidentally misspelled “‘ basalis’’. The attribution of the name to Gray rests upon the evidence already explained in connection with the name Chorinea. The name Chroma is invalid, as it is a junior objective synonym of Barbicornis Godart, [1824]. CHRYSILIS Westwood, [1851], in Doubleday, Gen. diurn. Lep. (2) : 427. Type-species by selection by Hemming (1941, J. Soc. Bibl. nat. Hist. 1 : 434) : Papilio valens Fabricius, 1787, Mantissa Ins. 2 : 67. The taxon represented by the nominal species Papilio valens is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as the same as that represented by the older-established nominal species Papilio formosus Cramer, [1777] (Uitl. Kapellen 2 (10) : 33, pl. 118, fig. G), the type- species of Antevos Hiibner, [1819]. The purpose of this type-selection was to dispose of the long-forgotten name Chrysilis Westwood by sinking it as a junior subjective synonym of Anteros Hiibner. The name Chrysilis was published by Westwood as a manuscript name of Boisduval’s and was placed by him in the synonym of Antevos Hiibner. At the time when the above type- selection was made for the present genus, the status of generic names published in synonymies was obscure, there being no provision in the Code dealing with this subject. Under the revised Code, however, it is provided—in Article 11(d)—that a name published in a synonymy does not acquire the status of availability thereby. Accordingly, the name Chrysilis (Bois- duval MS.), Westwood, [1851], is an objectively invalid name. CHRYSOBIA Boisduval, 1869, Ann. Soc. ent. Belg. 12 : 52. Type-species by original designa- tion : Chrysobia mormonia Boisduval, 1869, ibid. 12 : 52. The taxon represented by Chrysobia mormonia is currently treated subjectively on taxo- nomic grounds as being the same as that represented by the older-established nominal species Lemonias mormo Felder (C.) & Felder (R.), 1859 (Wien. ent. Monats. 3 : 271), the type-species of Apodemia Felder (C.) & Felder (R.), [1865]. CHRYSOPHANUS Hiibner, 1818, Zuty. z. Samml. exot. Schmett. 1:18. Type-species by selection by Riley (1922, J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc. 28 : 457) : Chrysophanus mopsus Hibner, 1818, loc. cit. 1 : 24, pl. [24], figs 135, 136. The name Chrysophanus Hiibner has had a most unfortunate history as the result of having been published in different senses by Hiibner in each of two works issued at dates very close to one another, the later of these works having for long been erroneously believed to be the earlier. As shown above, the earlier of the two occasions on which the name Chrysophanus was published was in the first volume of Hiibner’s Zutrage zur Sammlung exotischer Schmetterlinge GENERIC NAMES OF BUTTERFLIES 115 which was issued in 1818. The later occasion on which the name Chrysophanus was published by Hiibner was when it appeared in that author’s Verzeichniss bekannter Schmettlinge (on page 72 in signature 5). The dates of publication of the various instalments in which this latter work was published was for long a matter of argument and doubt. These doubts were only set at rest finally on the publication in 1937 (Hemming, Hiibney 1 : 517) of the evidence provided by the then recently discovered surviving Hiibner manuscripts. This evidence showed conclusively that the relevant portion of the Verzeichniss was not published until 1819. It followed that it was in volume r of the Zutydge and not in the Verzeichniss, as previously supposed, that the name Chrysophanus was first published. The first author to select a type-species for this genus was Scudder who, in the belief that this name had first been published in the Verzeichniss, selected Papilio hyllus Cramer, [1775] in 1872 (4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. 1871 : 56). In 1875 (Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10 : 141-142) he concluded that the above selection offended against the “ principle of elimination ’’ and was consequently out of order, and he thereupon selected Papilio hip- pothoe, 1761, as type-species. Both these selections were invalid, because neither of the species concerned was included in Chrysophanus in the Zutrdge. Both these species belong to the Palaearctic and Nearctic group known of Lycaenids known to lepidopterists in all English- speaking countries as ‘‘ The Coppers’’. In consequence of Scudder’s action, the name Chrysophanus was almost exclusively used for this group, so much so indeed that the name Chrysophanus immediately evokes in the mind of the reader the ‘‘ Coppers Group "’ and no other. The first author to deal with the genus Chrysophanus was Riley (1922) who, overlook- ing the fact that, in addition to giving a full description and figure of one species (Chryso- phanus mopsus) Hiibner had cited the name of another species as belonging to this genus, stated that Chrysophanus mopsus was the type-species by monotypy. Though his premises were unsound, Riley’s action constitutes a valid type-selection of the above species, which is far removed from the “ Coppers ’’ and belonging to the large (at present unrevised) assemblage of largely New World “ Hairstreak ’’ Lycaenids, known loosely as the Strymonids. The overthrow of the long-established use of the name Chrysophanus for the ‘‘ Coppers ”’ and its transfer to the Strymonid “ Hairstreaks ’’ would have caused an intolerable state of confusion. It was accordingly decided to call in the aid of the Commission. In the form finally adopted this application asked for the suspension of the name Chrysophanus Hiibner, 1818, under the Plenary Powers for the purposes of the Law of Priority but not for those of the Law of Homonymy. The effect of the decision would make it impossible thereafter validly to use the generic name Chrysophanus Hiibner and impossible also to use any later generic name consisting of the word “‘ Chrysophanus ’’, as any such name would be invalid as a junior homonym of Chrysophanus Hiibner which under the proposal was to be kept alive for this limited purpose only. The proposal so submitted was approved by the Commission, the decision of that body being embodied in its Opinion 541. This was published in 1959 (Opin. int. Comm. zool. Nom. 20 : 87-102). By the ruling so given the generic name Chrysophanus Hiibner, 1818, was suppressed under the Plenary Powers. On being so invalidated, this name was then plac- ed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology as Name No. 1235. CHRYSOPLECTRUM Watson, 1893, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1893 : 17, 24. Type-species by original designation : Eudamus otriades Hewitson, 1867, Descy. One Hundred new Spec. Hesp. [1] : 6. CHRYSOPTERA Tutt, 1906, Ent. Rec. 18 : 131 (an Incorrect Subsequent Spelling of Chysop- teva Zinchen, 1817). CHRYSORITIS Butler, [April 1898], Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1897 (4) : 848. Type-species by original designation : Zeritis oreas Trimen, 1891, Pyoc. zool. soc. Lond. 1891 : 176. CHRYSORYCHIA Wallengren, 1857, K. svenska VetenskAkad. Handl., Stockholm (n.f.) 2 (1) (No. 4) : 44. Type-species by selection by Scudder 1875 (Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10 : 142) : Papilio thyra Linnaeus, 1764, Mus. Lud. Ulr. : 329. 116 FRANCIS HEMMING CHRYSORYCHIA Wallengren, 1858, Ofvers. VetenskAkad. Forh., Stockh. 15: 80. Type- species by original designation : Papilio thyva Linnaeus, 1764. Apparently forgetting that he had already published the name Chrysorychia in 1857, Wallen- gren republished it as a new name in 1858. On this occasion he designated Papilio thyva as the type-species, using in relation to it the expression “‘ species typica ’’. As published in 1858, the name Chrysorychia Wallengren is invalid, both as a junior homonym of, and as a junior objective synonym of the same name as published by him in 1857. CHRYSOZEPHYRUS Shirozu & Yamamoto, 1956, Sieboldia 1 (14) : 381. Type-species by original designation : Thecla smaragdina Bremer, 1861 Bull. Acad. Sci. St. Petersb. 3 : 470. CHYSOPTERA Zincken, 1817, Allgem. Lit. Ztg, Halle [Jena] 1817, No.3 : 75. Type-species by selection by Tutt (1906, Ent. Rec. 18 : 131) : Papilio virgaureae Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat (ed. 10) 1 : 484. Zincken established this nominal genus for the species which Ochsenheimer in 1808 (Schmett. Europa 1 (2) : 67-94) had grouped in what he called ‘“‘Familie VIII’ (not families 8 and 9, as incorrectly stated by Tutt in 1906) of the genus Papilio Linnaeus. The nominal species Papilio virgaureae is one of the species included by Ochsenheimer in the foregoing “‘ Familie ”’ and therefore one of the originally included species of the genus Chysopterva Zincken. Accord- ingly, Tutt’s selection of that species to be the type-species of Chysopteva was perfectly valid. The generic name Chysopieva Zincken is invalid, as it is a junior objective synonym of the older name Heodes Dalman, 1816. CHUCAPA Moore, [1897], Lep. ind. 3 (27) : 49. Type-species by original designation : Adolias franciae Gray, 1846, Descr. lep. Ins. Nepal : 12, pl. 14. When Moore introduced this name in 1897, he designated a type-species, but gave no generic diagnosis. This deficiency was made good in [1898] (loc. cit. 3 (31) : 137). CIGARITIS Donzel, 1847, Ann. Soc. ent. Fr. (2) 5: 528. Type-species by selection by Scudder (1875, Proc. amey. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10: 142): Cigaritis zohra Donzel, 1847, ibid. (2) 5 : 528. CINCLIDIA Hiibner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2) : 29. Type-species by selection by Scudder ([Feb.] 1875, Bull. Buffalo Soc. nat. Sci. 2 : 266) : Papilio phoebe [Denis & Schiffer- miller] 1775, Ankiindung eines syst. Werkes Schmett. Wiener Gegend : 179. After selecting Papilio phoebe as type-species in February 1875 in the paper cited above, Scudder again selected that species later in the same year (1875, Proc. amerv. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10 : 142). CIRROCHROA Doubleday, [Oct. 1847], Gen. diurn. Lep. (1) : pl. 21, fig. 2. Type-species by monotypy : Cirrochroa aoris Doubleday, [1847], ibid. (1) : pl. 21, fig. 2. Cirrochroa aoris was the only species placed in this genus, when Doubleday introduced this generic name on the legend to his plate 21, published in October 1847. In the relevant portion of the text ((1) : 158) Doubleday placed five species in this genus, but this was not published until April 1848. CISSIA Doubleday, 1848, List. lep. Ins. Brit. Mus., Appendix 33. Type-species by monotypy : Papilio clarissa Cramer, [1780], Uitl. Kapellen 4 (25) : 10, pl. 313, figs D, E. When establishing the genus Cissia, Doubleday cited also the name of a second nominal species, but, as he only doubtfully referred it to this genus, it is ineligible under Article 67(h) for selection as the type-species. In consequence Papilio clavissa Cramer, as the only eligible nominal species placed by Doubleday in his genus Cissia, becomes automatically the type- species of that genus by monotypy. The taxon represented by the nominal species Papilio clavissa is currently treated subjec- tively on taxonomic grounds as representing the same taxon as that represented by the older- established nominal species Papilio penelope Fabricius, 1775 (Syst. Ent. : 493). GENERIC NAMES OF BUTTERFLIES 117 CITHAERIAS Hiibner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (4) : 53. Type-species by selection by Scudder (1875, Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10 : 143) : Papilio andromeda Fabri- cius, 1775, Syst. Ent. : 467. CITHAERIS Druce, 1876, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1876 : 211 (an Incorrect Subsequent Spelling of Cithaerias Hiibner, [1819]). CITRINOPHILA Kirby, 1887, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (5) 19 : 367. Type-species by original designation : Citrinophila marginalis Kirby, 1887, ibid. (5) 19 : 368. Aurivillius ([1819], in Seitz, Grossschmett. Erde 13 : 326) treated Citvinophila marginalis as the male of Citrinophila similis Kirby and called the species so recognized by the name similis. Stempffer however (in litt.) treats these nominal species as representing separate taxa at the species-level. CLEIS Guérin, [1838], in Duperry, Hist. nat. Crust. Avachn. Ins. Coy. “‘ Coquille’ (22) : pl. Ins. 18. Type-species by monotypy : Cleis posticalis, 1831, ibid. (22) : pl. Ins. 18. In the text of his work (: 272) Guérin quoted a note published by Boisduval in the Insectes section of the Voy. ‘“‘ Astrolabe’”’ after the appearance of the plate on which Guérin had figured his new species Cleis posticalis, in which Boisduval stated that the taxon represented by this nominal species was “‘ certainement une nocturne ’’. Boisduval added that he had himself described the species concerned under the name Damias melaxanthe Boisduval, [1832] (tm d’Urville, Voy. ‘‘ Astrolabe’’, Ent. 1 (Lép. (1) : 260). Later in the Hist. nat. (: 286) Guérin, commenting on Boisduval’s note, stated that he was unable to accept the view there put forward. Boisduval was however perfectly right. Cleis is not a genus of butterflies. CLEODIS Boisduval, 1870, Consid. Lépid. Guatemala : 30. Type-species by subsequent selection by Hemming (1964, Amnot. lep. 1 (4) : 117) : Callithomia alexirrhoe Bates, 1862, Trans. linn. Soc. Lond. 23 (3) : 522. Boisduval established Cleodis as a subgenus of Xanthocleis,a genus then also newly establish- ed. He gave a diagnosis for this genus, which, though brief and vague according to modern standards, is sufficient to validate this name. He did not however cite any nominal species as belonging to Cleodis. The name was either ignored by later authors or was incorrectly treated as having been published as a nomen nudum, until in 1960 I selected Callithomia alexirrhoe Bates to be type-species of this taxon. Before making this type-selection, I consulted Dr. Richard Fox, the well-known authority on the Ithomiids, who expressed the opinion that of the species likely to have been known to Boisduval and in his mind when he published the name Cleodis the species which best fitted Boisduval’s diagnosis was Ithomia napho Felder (C.) & Felder (R.), [1865], a species now placed in the genus Callithomia Bates, 1862. Mr. N. D. Riley, whom I also consulted, agreed that the characters cited by Boisduval agree best with those exhibited by the genus Calli- thomia but considered that in the case of a long-neglected name such as Cleodis the best course would be to select as the type-species a nominal species which would make the generic name in question a junior objective synonym of a name of older date and not merely a junior subjective synonym, such as Cleodis would be, if [thomia napho were to be selected to be the type-species. I agree with the view expressed by Mr. Riley in this matter, and have accordingly selected as the type-species the nominal species Callithomia alexivrhoe Bates to be the type-species of Cleodis. As that species is currently treated as being congeneric with Ithomia napho, its selection as type-species is in harmony with the taxonomic view expressed by Dr. Fox as to the general position best assigned to Cleodis, while the fact that it is also the type-species of Callithomia Bates secures the desired end of rendering the name Cleodis invalid, by making it a junior objective synonym of the older-established name Callithomia Bates. CLEOSIRIS Boisduval, [1836], (Roret’s Suite 4 Buffon), Hist. nat. Ins., Consid. gén. Lépid. 1: explic. pl. 23 [=pl. 7C]. Type-species by monotypy: Tetvagonus catamitus Geyer, [1832], 7 Hiibner, Zutr. z. Sammil exot. Schmett. 4 : 17, pl. [113], figs 653, 654. The name Cleosivis was published by Boisduval on the legend to a plate on which all the 118 FRANCIS HEMMING other species figured were butterflies. It was presumably for this reason that this generic name came to be listed as the name of a butterfly. It was mentioned in 1875 (Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10 : 143) by Scudder who quite correctly stated that the single species figured by Boisduval was not a butterfly. It is in fact a moth which, as shown above, had already been named and figured by Geyer in his continuation of Hiibner’s Zutrdge at the time when Boisduval’s plate appeared. (It may be noted that the name Cleosivis Boisduval is invalid, being a junior objective synonym of Tetvagonus Geyer.) CLEROME Westwood, [Dec. 1850], 7 Doubleday, Gen. diurn. Lep. (2) : pl. 54, fig. 5. Type- species by monotypy : Papilio arcesilaus Fabricius, 1787, Mantissa Ins. 2 : 28. In the text ((2) : 333) Westwood placed three species in this genus, but this was not pub- lished until January 1851, that is, not for about six weeks after the appearance of plate 54*, on which (as shown above) only one species was placed in this genus, and this species is therefore the type-species by monotypy. CLITO Evans, 1953, Cat. Amer. Hesp. Brit. Mus. 3: 16, 152. Type-species by original designation : Papilio clito Fabricius, 1787, Mantissa Ins. 2 : 92. CLOSSIANA Reuss, Oct. 1920, Ent. Mitt.9 : 192 nota. Type-species by original designation : Papilio selene [Denis & Schiffermiiller], 1775, Ankiindung. eines syst. Werkes Schmett. Wiener Gegend : 321. In addition to publishing the name Clossiana in October 1920, Reuss published it as a new name on no less than three other occasions, twice in 1921 and once in 1922. The references are as follows: (a) April 1921, Soc. ent., Stuttgart 36:16; (b) Nov. 1921, Ent. Mitt. 10: 190 ; (c) 1922, Arch. Naturgesch. 87 (1921), A. II : 225. CLOTHILDA Blanchard, 1840, Hist. nat. Ins.3 : 440. Type-species by original designation : Argynnis briarea Godart, [1819], Ency. méth. 9 (Ins.) (1) : 261. The taxon represented by the nominal species Avgynnis briavea is currently treated sub- jectively on taxonomic grounds as representing the same taxon as that represented by the older-established nominal species Papilio panthevata Martyn, [1797] (Psyche : pl. 12, fig. 27, pl. 14, fig. 35). CLYTIA Swainson, 1833, Zool. Illusty. (2) 3: pl. 120. Type-species by tautonymy under Article 68 (d) ; Papilio clytia Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 479. This generic name is invalid under the Law of Homonymy, it being a junior homonym (a) of Clytia Lamouroux, 1812 (Nouv. Bull. Soc. philomat. Paris 3 (63) : 184) and (b) of Clytia Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830 (Mém. présentés Acad. voy. Sci. Inst. Fy. 2 : 287). CNODONTES Stempffer & Bennett, 1953, Bull. By. Mus. nat. Hist., (Ent.) 3: 101. Type- species by original designation : Durbania pallida Trimen, 1898, Tvans. ent. Soc. Lond. 1898": x27 plier igs 7 oy 18 2: COATLANTONA Kirby, 1871, Syn. Cat. diurn. Lep.: 178. Type-species through Section (i) (replacement names) of Article 67 : Papilio janais Drury, [1782], Ill. nat. Hist. 3 : index et 22, pl. 17, figs 5, 6. The name Coatlantona was introduced by Kirby as a replacement for Synchloe Doubleday, 1844, a name which is invalid under the Law of Homonymy. At the time when established the nominal genus Coatlantona, and the replaced name Synchloe Doubleday were without a type-species, as Kirby did not designate a type-species for Coatlantona. Prior to Kirby’s action, Butler had established the nominal genus Chlosyne in 1870, this also being introduced as a replacement for Synchloe Doubleday. Butler did not designate a type-species for Chlosyne, but in 1875 (Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10 : 141) Scudder selected Papilio janais Drury as the type-species of Chlosyne Butler and therefore automatically as the type species of the replaced genus Syuchloe Doubleday also. (It may be noted that, although (as noted above) Scudder fully realized that Chlosyne Butler was a replacement name for Synchloe Doubleday and had selected Papilio janais Drury to be its type-species, he adopted a different and entirely inconsistent course when dealing with the genus Coatlantona Kirby (loc. cit. 10: GENERIC NAMES OF BUTTERFLIES 119 144). After referring to the action which he had just taken in the case of Chlosyne Butler, Scudder went on to express the taxonomic view that not all the species placed by Kirby in Coatlantona could be regarded as being congeneric with one another ; he went on to express the nomenclatorially erroneous view that in these circumstances those of Kirby’s species which were not removed to Chlosyne as the result of the type-selection for that genus which he himself had just made could be left in the genus Coatlantona, for which he thereupon selected Papilio narva Fabricius, 1793 (Ent. syst. 3 (1) : 249) to be the type-species. This action was, of course, invalid, for Coatlantona must, as a replacement name for Synchloe, take the same species as type-species, and Scudder himself had already selected Papilio janais Drury as its type-species through his action in selecting that species as the type-species of the older replacement name Chlosyne Butler.) The name Coatlantona Kirby is invalid as a junior objective synonym of Chlosyne Butler, 1870. COBALOIDES Hayward, 1938, An. Soc. cienc. argent. 126 : 448, fig. 9 (venation). Type- species by original designation : Cobaloides argus Hayward, 1938, ibid. 126 : 449, text- fig. 21 ($ genit., 2 figs). COBALOPSIS Godman, [1900], in Godman & Salvin, Biol. centr.-amer., Lep. Rhop. 2 : 537. Type-species by original designation : Pamphila edda Mabille, 1891, Bull. C. R. Soc. ent. Belg. 35 : clxx. The taxon represented by the nominal species Pamphila edda is currently treated subjec- tively on taxonomic grounds as representing the same taxon as that represented by the older- established nominal species Hesperia autumna Pl6tz, 1883 (Stett. ent. Ztg 44 : 43). COBALUS Hiibner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmeit. (8) : 115. Type-species by selection by Butler (1870, Ent. mon. Mag. 7 : 92): Papilio virbius Cramer, [1777], Uitl. Kapellen 2 (12) : 75, pl. 243, fig. G. COCCEIUS Godman & Salvin, [1894], Biol. centy.-amer., Lep. Rhop. 2 : 336. Type-species by original designation : Eudamus pylades Scudder, 1870, Proc. Boston Soc. nat. Hist. 13: 207. CODATRACTUS Lindsey, 1921, Univ. Lowa Studies nat. Hist. 9 (No. 4) : 26. Type-species through Section (i) (replacement names) of Article 67 : Heteropia imitatrix Mabille, 1889, Le Naturaliste (2) 11 : 68. Lindsey established the nominal genus Codatractus as a replacement for Heleropia Mabille, 1889, the name of which is invalid under the Law of Homonymy. Lindsey designated Heteropia imitatrix Mabille as the type-species of his Codatractus, but this action was unnecessary, for that species, as the type-species (by selection by Watson, 1893) of the replaced genus Heteropia Mabille is automatically the type-species also of its replacement name Codatractus. The taxon represented by the nominal species Hetevopia imitatyvix Mabille is currently treated as representing the same taxon as that represented by the older-established nominal species Telegonus vmalena Butler, 1872 (Lepid. exot. : 109, pl. 40, fig. 1). Further, the taxon represented by the nominal species Telegonus imalena Butler is itself currently treated as representing a subspecies of the taxon represented by the older-established nominal species of Eudamus bryaxis Hewitson, 1867 (Descr. One Hundred new Spec. Hesp. [1] : 11). COEA Hiibner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (3) : 48. Type-species by selection by Scudder (1875, Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10 : 144) : Papilio acheronta Fabricius, 1775, myst. Ent. + 501. The taxon represented by the nominal species Papilio acheronta Fabricius is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as representing the same taxon as that represented by the nominal species Papilio cadmus Cramer, [1775] (Uitl. Kapellen 1 (2) : 33, pl. 22, figs A, B). This one of the cases in which two nominal species established in the same year are considered to represent the same taxon and there has been doubt as to which of the names 120 FRANCIS HEMMING concerned is the older and should therefore be used in preference to the other. Luckily, this difficulty has now been disposed of by the Commission in its Opinion 516 (1958, Opin. int. Comm. zool. Nom. 19 : 1-44) in which it laid down the relative precedence to be accorded to certain works, including those by Fabricius and Cramer, published in 1775. In this Opinion the Commission ruled under its Plenary Powers that the Syst. Ent. of Fabricius was to take precedence before the portions of Cramer’s Uitl. Kapellen published in 1775. Under this ruling therefore the name Papilio acheronta Fabricius is confirmed in the position normally attributed to it and becomes the oldest name subjectively applicable to the species here in question. COELIADES Hiibner, 1818, Zutr. z. Sammi. exot. Schmett.1 : 31. Type-species by selection by Hemming (1935, Tvans. R. ent. Soc. Lond. 83 : 436) : Papilio forestan Stoll, [1782], in Cramer Uitl. Kapellen 4 (33) : 210, pl. 391, figs E, F. The name Coeliades was published by Hiibner in 1818 in the first volume of the Zutrdge and in 1819 in the Verz. bekannt. Schmett. ((7) : 106). Scudder in 1875 (Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10 : 145) overlooked the publication of the name Coeliades in the Zutrdge and fell into the error of treating this name as having been first published in the Verzeichniss. On this basis he selected as the type-species of this genus the nominal species Papilio dubius Stoll, [1781]. This choice was unfortunate because this species was not included in the genus Coeliades when first established by Hiibner in the Zutvdge. Scudder’s action was therefore invalid. This genus remained without a type-species until Papilio fovestan was selected as such by myself in 1935. COELITES Westwood, [1850], in Doubleday, Gen. diurn. Lep. (2) : pl. 66, fig. 2. Type-species by monotypy : Coelitis nothis Westwood, [1850], 1m Doubleday, ibid. (2) : pl. 66, fig. 2. Some authors have erroneously treated this generic name as having been first published by Westwood in the text of the above work ((2) : 367) where that author placed in Coelites two nominal species (Coelites nothis and another). In fact, however, the text was not published until April 1851, whereas plate 66 was published in December 1850. No practical incon- venience has however arisen from this mistake, because Butler, the first author to select a type-species for this genus on the basis of the name having been published first in the text, so selected (1868, Ent. mon. Mag. 4 : 195) Coelites nothis which, as explained above, had in fact been the type-species by monotypy ever since the first appearance in December 1850 of the name Coelites on the legend to plate 66. COENONYMPHA Hibner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (5) : 65. Type-species by selection by Butler (1868, Ent. mon. Mag. 4: 194): Papilio geticus Esper, [1793], Die Schmett., Suppl. Band 1 Abschn. Tagschmett. : 51, pl. 102, fig. 2 9. When establishing the genus Coenympha, Hiibner placed at the head of the list of included species his own new nominal species Coenonymphia oedipe, which in accordance with his cus- tom in the Vervzeichniss was based entirely upon bibliographical references to plates or portions of text published by previous authors. The second of the three specific names so cited was geticus Esper. Under Article 69(a) (i) the citation of a specific name in the synonymy of one of the originally included species given by the author when establishing a genus confers upon the species bearing the specific name so cited the status of an originally included species. Butler’s selection of Papilio geticus Esper as the type-species of the genus Coenonympha Hiibner was therefore perfectly in order. The taxon represented by the nominal species Papilio geticus is currently treated subjec- tively on taxonomic grounds either as a subspecies of, or as the same as, the taxon represented by the nominal species Papilio oedippus Fabricius, 1787 (Mantissa Ins. 2 : 31). COENOPHLEBIA Felder (C.) & Felder (R.), 1862, Wien. ent. Monats. 6 : 422 nota. Type- species by monotypy : Siderone archidona Hewitson, [1860], Jil. evot. Butts 2: [77], pl. [39], figs 1, 2 . COENOPTYCHIA Le Cerf, 1919, Bull. Mus. Hist. nat. Paris 25 : 328. Type-species by original designation ; Coenoptychia boulleti Le Cerf, 1919, ibid. 25 : 328-329. GENERIC NAMES OF BUTTERFLIES 121 COENURA Gaede, 1931, in Bryk’s Lep. Cat. 46 : 412 (an Unjustified Emendation of Coenyra Hewitson, 1865). COENYRA Hewitson, 1865, Tvans. ent. Soc. Lond. (3) 2 (4) : 281. Type-species by mono- typy : Yphthima hebe Trimen, 1862, Trans. ent. Soc. Lond. (3) 1 : 280. COENYROPSIS van Son, 1958, Lepid. News 12: 6. Type-species by original designation : Satyrus natalii Boisduval, 1847, in Delegorgue, Voy. Afrique austr. 2 : 593. COGIA Butler, 1870, Trans. ent. Soc. Lond. 1870 : 508. Type-species by monotypy : Cogia hassan Butler, 1870, ibid. 1870 : 509. COLACITICUS Stichel, 1910, in Wytsman’s Gen. Ins. 112 (A) : 138. Type-species by original designation : Monethe johnstoni Dannatt, 1904, Entomologist 34 : 174, pl. 7, fig. 2 COLADENIA Moore, [1881], Lep. Ceylon 1 (4) : 180. Type-species by original designation : Plesioneura indrani Moore, [1866], Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1865 (3) : 789. COLAENIS Hiibner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2) : 32. Type-species by selection by Scudder (1875, Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10 : 146) : Papilio julia Fabricius, 1775, Syst. Ent. : 509. This name is invalid, as it is a junior objective synonym of Dryas Hiibner, [1807]. COLIAS Fabricius, 1807, Mag. f. Insektenk. (lliger) 6 : 284. Type-species by designation by the Commission under the Plenary Powers in Opinion 146 : Papilio hyale Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 469. The first author to select one of the originally included species to be the type-species of Colias Fabricius was Latreille who in 1810 (Consid. gén. Anim. Crust. Avachn. Ins. : 440) selected Papilio rhamni Linnaeus, 1758 (Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 470). The next author to select a type-species for this genus was Swainson (1820, Zool. Illusty. (1) 1: pl. 5) who so selected Papilio eubule Linnaeus, 1767 (Syst. Nat. (ed. 12) 1 (2) : 764), but that selection was automatically invalid, as the species selected was not one of those cited by Fabricius when he established the genus Colias in 1807. In 1829 (Brit. Entom. 6: pl. 242) Curtis selected Papilio hyale Linnaeus, 1758 (Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 469) to be the type-species of this genus. Later, Butler (1870, Cistula ent. 1 : 43) selected as the type-species Papilio palaeno Linnaeus, 1761 (Faun. svec. (ed. 2) : 272), a nominal species both then and now considered subjectively as representing a taxon that is congeneric with that represented by the nominal species Papilio hyale Linnaeus which (as already noted) Curtis had already selected to be the type- species of the genus Colias Fabricius. Partly perhaps because of doubts as to the validity of the method adopted by Latreille in selecting type-species in the Consid. gén. of 1810, that author’s selection of Papilio rhamni Linnaeus as the type-species of the genus Colias Fabricius, never won an acceptance and the name Colias came into universal use as the name for Papilio hyale and Papilio palaeno, that is for the group of Pierids known as “‘ Clouded Yellows ’’ in England and as “‘ Sulphurs ”’ in North America. Occasionally, some author pointed out that this usage was incorrect and used some other name, e.g. Eurymus Horsfield, 1829, for this genus, but these efforts were never successful, the name Colias firmly holding its ground as the generic name for the “‘ Cloud- ed Yellows’’. This then was the position when in 1933 I was asked by the Royal Entomologi- cal Society of London to draw up a report on the generic names properly applicable to the British butterflies. In the Report then submitted (1934, Gen. Names Brit. Ins. : 34-36) the view was expressed that this was a case where the application of the normal rules in the Code would lead to the most serious confusion, for the deeply-established usage of the name Colias Fabricius would have to be abandoned and that generic name would need to replace the equally well-known name Gonepleryx [Leech], 1815, the genus so named having the same species (Papilio rhamni) as its type-species as Colias Fabricius under the selection made by Latreille in 1810 ; in consequence it was strongly recommended that an approach should be made to the Commission for an Opinion preserving the use of the name Colias Fabricius for Papilio hyale Linnaeus and its numerous allies. On the publication of this Report a request in the fore- 122 FRANCIS HEMMING going sense was submitted to the Commission. The request so made was approved by the Commission at its Session held at Lisbon in September 1935. Administrative and other difficulties prevented the Commission from taking immediate action to give effect to this and other decisions taken at Lisbon. In the present case the Commission’s decision was promul- gated in Opinion 146 published in September 1943 (Opin. int. Comm. zool. Nom. 1 : 109- 121). By the ruling given in the foregoing Opinion the Commission acting under its Plenary Powers designated Papilio hyale Linnaeus, 1758, to be the type-species of the genus Colias Fabricius, 1807. At the same time the name Colias Fabricius, so defined, was placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology. When later the entries on the Official List were given consecutive Name Nos., the name Colias Fabricius was allotted the Name No. 572. COLIAS Hiibner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (7) : 99. Type-species by selection by Hem- ming (1939, Proc. R. ent. Soc. Lond. (B) 8 : 136) : Papilio sennae Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 470. This is one of a number of cases in which in the Verzeichniss Hiibner appropriated as his own a name already published by another author. The name Colias Hiibner is invalid as being a junior homonym of the name Colias Fabricius, 1807. COLIASTES Hemming, 1931, Entomologist 64 : 273. Type-species by original designation : Papilio hyale Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 469. This name was introduced by myself to provide a nomenclatorially available name for Papilio hyale Linnaeus when it became apparent that under the Code the name Colias Fab- ricius was not properly applicable to the above species and before I decided to join with others in asking the Commission to use its Plenary Powers to validate the use of the name Colias Fabricius for Papilio hyale. Following the adoption by the Commission of its Opinion 146 Papilio hyale Linnaeus, 1758, became (as explained in the note on Colias Fabricius) the valid type-species of that genus. In consequence the name Coliastes Hemming is now invalid as a junior objective synonym of Colias Fabricius. COLIATES Scudder, 1875, Mem. amer. Ass. Adv. Sci. 1: 51. Type-species by monotypy : Coliates proserpina Scudder, 1875, ibid. 1 : 51. This is a fossil genus. COLOBURA Billberg, 1820, Enum. Ins. Mus. Billb.: 79. Type-species by monotypy : Papilio dirce Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 477. COLOTIS Hibner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (7) : 97. Type-species by selection by Scudder (1875, Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10 : 146-147) : Papilio amata Fabricius, 1775, Syst. Ent. : 476. For a long time there was considerable difficulty in determining the nominal species to be accepted as the type-species of this genus. This was due in part to the rather obscure nature of the type-selection made by Scudder in 1875 and in part to the ambiguity in the Code as to the species to be accepted as the originally included species of any given genus. Fortunately, as will be seen below, these difficulties disappeared with the publication of the present revised Code. The details of this case are set out below. Hiibner recognized seven species as belonging to the genus Colotis. Of these the first five are currently treated as belonging to the genus Colias Fabricius, the last two to the present genus. Of these, the first (Species No. 1033) Hiibner called by the name calais, which he attributed to Cramer, though in fact it was published by Stoll after Cramer’s death and for this he cited the plate and figure reference “ 351.A.B.’’. The second of Hiibner’s species (No. 1034) he called by the name cypraea Fabricius. Throughout his work Scudder followed the taxonomic disposition made by Kirby in his Syn. Cat. diurn. Lep. of 1871. When dealing with the nominal species here in question Kirby (: 499) identified Papilio calais, as figured by Stoll on plate 351, and also as previously figured by Cramer himself on plate 53, with the nominal species Papilio amata Fabricius, 1775. He identified with that species also the nominal species Papilio cypraea Fabricius, 1787. Thus, the nominal species recognized by Hiibner as GENERIC NAMES OF BUTTERFLIES 123 belonging to his genus Colotis were treated by Kirby as representing the same taxon, being united under the name amata Fabricius. Scudder, following the same course stated that amata Fabricius was the type-species of this genus. Scudder’s action was accepted by later authors as constituting the selection of the first of Hiibner’s species (i.e. that to which he applied the name calais Cramer and for which he cited figs A & B on plate 351) as the type-species of Colotis, this view being considered justifiable because he had cited amata Fabricius in the synonymy of calais. At this point it is necessary briefly to leave the strictly nomenclatorial field, in order to examine the interpretation of the nominal species Papilio calais Cramer owing to the bearing of this question on the interpretation of the present genus. First, it must be noted that according to long-established taxonomic opinion two different taxa were described and figured under the name Papilio calais in Cramer’s Uitl. Kapellen. These taxa are considered to be subspecies of a single species, the name usually used for the collective-species so recognized being calais Cramer. The taxon recognized as the nominate subspecies of this collective species occurs over a wide area in Tropical Africa, outside which it has only been recorded from Aden. The second taxon figured under the name calais in the Uitl. Kapellen is currently known by the name amata Fabricius and occurs from Syria through Persia to Central and Southern India. On the basis of the foregoing taxonomic analysis the figures given in Cramer’s Uitl. Kapellen may be examined as follows : The specific name calais as published by Cramer in 1775 (Uitl. Kapellen 1 (5) : 84, pl. 53, figs C, D) isa nomenclatorially available name and is the oldest such name applicable to the taxon occurring in Tropical Africa. The taxon described and figured as Papilio calais by Stoll in 1781 (im Cramer, Uitl. Kapellen 4 (30) : 118, pl. 351) is that which, as explained above, occurs from Syria to Southern India and is currently identified with the taxon named Papilio amata by Fabricius in 1775. It is this taxon which Scudder in 1875 selected as the type-species of Colotis Hiibner. For many years it was considered that the type-species of a nominal genus must be one which the author of the generic name in question had accepted as a taxonomically good species. On this basis the genus Colotis Hiibner was considered to have been based upon a misidentified type-species. Its type-species was commonly cited—as it was by myself in 1934 (Gen. Names hol. Butts 1 : 133)—as Papilio calais Cramer, Stoll, [1781], nec Cramer, that name being synonymized simultaneously with the name Papilio amata Fabricius. Luckily, this difficulty disappeared on the publication of the present revised Code which embodies in Article 69(a) (i) a decision taken by the Thirteenth International Congress of Zoology in Paris in 1948, under which a nominal species, the name of which is cited in the synonymy of an included species at the time of the establishment of a genus, itself ranks as an originally included species. Under this provision the nominal species Papilio amata Fabricius, the name of which (as already noted) was cited by Hiibner in the synonymy of the first of the species included by him in Colotis—i.e. Species No. 1033, to which Hiibner erroneously applied the specific name calais Cramer, itself acquires the rank of an originally included species. Further, in view of the action (already described) taken by Scudder in 1875 the nominal species Papilio amata Fabricius becomes the unchallengeable type-species of the genus Colotis Hiibner. Finally, there is a point which requires examination in connection with the relative prece- dence to be accorded to the names Papilio calais Cramer and Papilio amata Fabricius which (as already explained) are considered subjectively to apply to two subspecies of a single specific unit. These names were both published in the year 1775 and there was until recently no means for determining which of these names was the first to be published. This difficulty was overcome in 1958 (Opin. int. Comm. zool. Nom. 19 : 1-44) when the Commission promul- gated its Opinion 516, in which it was ruled under the Commission’s Plenary Powers that the Syst. Ent. of Fabricius is to be accorded precedence above the portions of Cramer’s, Uitl. Kapellen also published in 1775. Under this ruling the name Papilio amata Fabricius 1775, takes precedence over the name Papilio calais Cramer, [1775]. It thus becomes the oldest nomenclatorially available name subjectively available to the present species. It also becomes automatically the name for the nominate subspecies, and the name calais Cramer 124 FRANCIS HEMMING while ceasing to be the specific name of the collective species (as it has hitherto commonly been treated as being), becomes the name for the Tropical African subspecies of that species. COLPODES Hiibner, [1826], Verz. bekannt. Schmett., Anzeiger : 5 (an Incorrect Subsequent Spelling of Calpodes Hiibner, [1819]). COMMA Rennie, 1832, Conspectus Butts Moths : 8. Type-species by monotypy : Papilio c-album Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 477. COMPHOTIS Stichel, 1910, in Wytsman’s Gen. Ins. 112 (A) : 176. Type-species by original designation : Cricosoma irroratum Godman, 1903, Trans. ent. Soc. Lond. 1903 : 540, Olle 7473, iakez, (5), COMPSOTERIA Hewitson, 1870, Equatorial Lep. Buckley (4) : 57. Type-species by mono- typy : Compsoteria cascella Hewitson, 1870, ibid. (4) : 57. COMPSOTERA Fassl, 1918, Ent. Rundsch. 35: 48 (an Incorrect Subsequent Spelling of Compsoteria Hewitson, 1870). CONDOCHATES Moore, [1898], Lep. ind. 3 (32) : 146. Type-species by original designation : Limenitis opalina Kollar, [1844], in Hiigel, Kashmir 4 (2) : 427. When Moore established this genus, he designated a type-species but did not give a generic diagnosis. He made good this deficiency a little later in the same year ([1898], loc. cit. 3 (33) : 187). The name Condochates Moore was published on the same date (and in the same work) as the name Pavathyma Moore, and in consequence the relative precedence to be accorded to these names depends on the choice of the First Reviser. This was made by myself in 1964 (Annot. lep. (3) : 80), when I accorded precedence to the name Condochates Moore below the name Pavathyma Moore. CONGA Evans, 1955, Cat. amer. Hesp. Brit. Mus. 4 : 266, 294. Type-species by original designation : Pamphila chydaea Butler, 1877, Tvans. ent. Soc. Lond. 1877 : 152. CONOGNATHUS Felder (C.) & Felder (R.), 1862, Wien. ent. Monats. 6: 181. Type-species by monotypy : Conognathus platon Felder (C.) & Felder (R.), 1862, ibid. 6 : 181. CONOGNATUS Mabille, 1903, in Wytsman’s Gen. Ins. 17 (A) : 47 (an Incorrect Subsequent Spelling of Conognathus Felder (C.) & Felder (R.), 1862). CONOPLOEA Guenée, 1865, in Vinson, Voy. Madagascar, Annexe F : 27. Type-species by monotypy : Danais phaedone Godart, [1819], Ency. méth. 9 (Ins.) (1) : 183. Guenée gave no indication that he was aware that this was still only a manuscript name ; he attributed it to Boisduval, by whom it was no doubt originally proposed. The name Danais phaedone Godart is invalid, being no more than an Unjustified Emendation of Papilio phoedon Fabricius, 1798 (Suppl. Ent. syst. : 423). The generic name Conoploea Guenée is invalid as a junior objective synonym of Amaura Geyer, 1837. CONOPLOEA Oberthur, 1876 (a cheironym). Oberthur has been treated as having published Conoploea as a new name in 1876 (Etud. ent. 1 : 36, nota (**)). In that passage he made some observations on the problem of mimicry in the butterflies, in the course of which he made the following passing reference to this name : “Les Idaea [sic] sont copiées par le Pap. Idaeoides ; . . . les Conoploea par le Papilio caenea ; ” It is quite evident from this quotation that Oberthur looked upon the name Conoploea as already a well-established name ; he was well acquainted with the work of Guenée, by whom the name was first published (in 1865) and also with that of Boisduval by whom it was first devised in manuscript, and he probably looked upon this name as having been introduced by one or other of these lepidopterists. In any case it is certain that Oberthur himself never introduced the name Conoploea as a new name of his own. This ghost-name would not be worth mentioning if it were not for the fact that it has been treated as a duly published name of Oberthur’s in a number of well-known later publications GENERIC NAMES OF BUTTERFLIES 125 and the omission of any reference to it might be misinterpreted as being due to inadvertence. References to this alleged but non-existent name will be found in, amongst others, the follow- ing publications : (a) Kirby, [1878] (Zool. Rec. 13 (year 1876) : Ins. 151) ; (b) Scudder, 1882, (Nomencl. zool., Univ. Index : 76) and (c) Bryk, 1937 (Lep. Cat. 78 : 431). CONSUL Hiibner, [1806], Tentamen : [1]. Type-species by monotypy: Papilio fabius Cramer, [1776], Uitl. Kapellen 1 (8) : 141, pl. 90, figs C, D. The pamphlet entitled ‘‘ Tentamen ..’’, in which this name appeared was rejected for nomenclatorial purposes as not having been properly published by the ruling given by the Commission in its Opinion 97 published in 1926 (Smithson. miscell. Coll. 73 No. 4 : 19-30— also numbered as Publication 2873) and republished in facsimile in 1958 (Opin. int. Comm. zool. Nom. 1 (B) : 355-366). The name Consul Hiibner of the Tentamen is therefore invalid. In 1954 (Opin. int. Comm. zool. Nom. 6 : 135-178) the Commission in its Opinion 278 placed this name on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology as Name No. 77. CONSUL Hiibner, [1807], Samml. exot. Schmett. 1 : pl. [148]. Type-species by monotypy ; Papilio fabius Cramer, [1776], Uitl. Kapellen 1 (6) : 141, pl. 90, figs C, D. On plate [148] where the generic name was (as shown above) introduced and where alone it was used by Hiibner, the sole species figured appeared under the name Consul gravis fabius and without any indication of its authorship. It may certainly be concluded however that, as so used, this was not a new name of Hiibner’s but merely a usage of the specific name fabius Cramer in a new combination. COOKSONIA Druce, 1905, Trans. ent. Soc. Lond. 1905 : 256. Type-species by original designation : Cooksonia trimeni Druce, 1905, ibid. 1905 : 257, pl. 13, fig. 3. COPAEODES Speyer, 1877, in Edwards, Trans. amer. ent. Soc. 6 : 49, 64. Type-species by Kirby [1879], in Zool. Rec. 14 (year 1877) (Ins.) : 139 : Heteropterus procris Edwards, 1871, Trans. amer. ent. Soc. 3 : 215. The name Copaeodes was published in an Appendix to a paper by W. H. Edwards who there stated : “‘I give the definitions of Sections and Genera of the Hesperidae [sic], as sent to me by Dr. Speyer with his notes’. A note attached to the definition of Copaeodes was initialled Jo. [—opeyer]. The taxon represented by the nominal species Heteroplerus procris is currently considered subjectively on taxonomic grounds as being the same as that represented by the older- established nominal species Ancyloxypha aurantiaca Hewitson, 1868 (Descr. One Hundred new Spec. Hesp. (2) : 45). COPHANTA Moore, 1884, J. asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt II, 53 (1) : 35. Type-species by original designation : Jolaus illurgis Hewitson, [1869], //l. diurn. Lep., Lycaenidae 1 (text), Suppl. : 1o ; 2 (plates), Suppl. : suppl. pl. 4, figs 37, 38 d. The name Cophanta Moore is invalid, as it is a junior homonym of the name Cophanta Walker, 1864 (List Spec. lep. Ins. Brit. Mus. 30 : 964). CORACHIA Seitz, [1917], Grossschmett. Evde 5 : 709 (an Incorrect Subsequent Spelling of Corrachia Schaus, 1913). CORADES Hewitson, [1849], Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 16 (187) : 115. Type-species by mono- typy : Corades enyo Hewitson, [1849], ibid. 16 (187) : 117, pl. 4. CORBULIS Boisduval, 1870, Consid. Lépid. Guatemala : 32. Type-species by selection by Kirby [1871], in Zool. Rec. 7 (year 1870) : 383: Ithomia aggripina Hewitson, [1863], ii exot. Butis 3: [ra], pl. [7], fig. 152. CORDELIA Shir6ézu & Yamamoto, 1956, Sieboldia 1 (4) : 339, 349. Type-species by original designation : Dipsas comes Leech, 1890, Entomologist 23 : 41. CORDILLANA Hayward, 1941, Rev. Mus. La Plata (n.s.), Zool. 2 : 288. Type-species through Section (i) (replacement names) of Article 67 : Andinus venustus Hayward, 1940, Rev. Soc. cienc. argent. 10 (3) : 285, text-fig. 9 (¢ genit.). 126 FRANCIS HEMMING Hayward introduced the name Cordillana as a replacement for the older-established name Andinus Hayward, 1940, which he erroneously believed was invalid under the Law of Homo- nymy. When introducing the name Cordillana, Hayward designated Andinus venustus as type- species. That species was however automatically the type-species of Cordillana, since it is the type-species of Andinus which Cordillana was established to replace. Since Andinus is a nomenclatorially available name, Cordillana, introduced as a replace- ment for it, is invalid as a junior objective synonym. COREANA Tutt, [1907], Nat. Hist. Brit. Butts 2 : 276. Type-species by original designation : Thecla raphaelis Oberthur, 1880, Etud. ent. 5 : 20, pl. 5, fig. 1 J. CORECALLA Rober, [1916], in Seitz, Grosschmett. Erde 5 : 501. Type-species by selection by Hemming (1934, Gen. Names hol. Butts 1: 85): Papilio clymena Cramer, [1775], Ujitl. Kapellen 1 (2) : 38, pl 24, figs E, F. The name Covecalla Rober is invalid, for by the type-selection made in 1934 it became a junior objective synonym of Diaethria Billberg, 1820. CORONE Mabille, 1878, Petites Nouvelles ent. 2 (190) : 205. Type-species by selection by Kirby ([1880], in Zool. Rec. 15 (year 1878) (Ins.) : 189) : Covone ismenoides Mabille, 1878, loc. cit. 2 (190) : 205. The generic name Corone Mabille is invalid, as it is a junior homonym of Covone Kaup, 1829 (Skizz. Europ. Thierr. : 99) and of Corone Morris, 1837 (1n Wood, Naturalist 2 (9) : 123). The nominal species Covone ismenoides is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as representing the same taxon as that represented by the nominal species Hesperia sperthias Felder (C.), 1862. The latter, as has been explained in the note on Cephrenes Waterhouse & Lyall, 1914 (of which it is the type-species) is currently treated subjectively as representing a subspecies of the taxon represented by the older-established nominal species Hesperia augiades Felder (C.), 1860. CORRACHIA Schaus, 1913, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1913 (3) : 351. Type-species by original designation : Corrachia leucoplaga Schaus, 1913, ibid. 1913 (3) : 351, pl. 53, fig. 1. CORTICEA Evans, 1955, Cat. amer. Hesp. Brit. Mus. 4: 46, 63. Type-species by original designation : Hesperia corticea Plotz, 1883, Stett. ent. Ztg 44 : 56. CORYBANTES Hiibner, [1819], Vervz. bekannt. Schmett. (7) : rot. None of the six nominal species placed in this genus by Hubner is a butterfly. CORYBAS Westwood, [1850], in Doubleday, Gen. diurn. Lep. (2) : 252. Type-species by selection by Hemming (1941, J. Soc. Bibl. nat. Hist. 1 : 426 ; corrigendum page 470) : Papilio tiphus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 485. The name Corybas was published by Westwood as “‘ Corybas Boisd. MS.”’ in the synonymy of Pyrrhogyva Hiibner, [1819]. At a time when there was no provision in the Code defining the status of names published in synonymies, I made the foregoing type-selection for Covybas, in order to secure for it a definite position in the nomenclatorial system. This matter was however finally settled in the revised Code which provides (Article 11(d)) that the publication of a name in a synonymy does not confer upon that name the status of availability. The name Corybas Westwood is therefore an invalid name. The taxon represented by the nominal species Papilio tiphus Linnaeus is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as being the same as that represented by the nominal species Papilio neaevea Linnaeus, 1758 (loc. cit. 1 : 479). As names published on the same date and in the same work the specific names #iphus and neaevea depend for their relative precedence upon the choice of the First Reviser. This choice appears to have first been made by Auri- villus in 1882 (K. svenska VetenskAkad. Handl., Stockholm Bd 19 (No. 5) : 97) when he adopted the specific name naearvea Linnaeus, sinking #iphus Linnaeus as a junior synonym of that name. GENERIC NAMES OF BUTTERFLIES 127 CORYBAS Boisduval, 1870, Consid. Lépid. Guatemala : 43. Type-species by selection by Scudder (1875, Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10 : 148) : Papilio tipha Linnaeus, 1767, Syst. Nat. (ed. 12) 1 (2) :/776. The specific name tipha Linnaeus, 1767, used by Boisduval, is no more than an Unjustified Emendation of the specific name ti#phus Linnaeus, 1758, published in the combination Papilio tiphus. As has been explained above in the note on the name Corybas Westwood, the name Papilio tiphus Linnaeus and Papilio nearea Linnaeus, both of 1758, are currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as synonyms of another, and by a First Reviser choice made by Aurivillius in 1882 the name neaevea Linnaeus takes precedence over the name tiphus Lin- naeus, The name Corybas Boisduval is invalid, because it is a junior objective synonym of the name Pyrrhogyra Hiibner, [1819], of which also Papilio tiphus Linnaeus is the type-species. CORYCIA Hiibner, [1825], Samml. exot. Schmett. 2: pl. [55]. Type-species by monotypy : Corycia appias Hiibner, [1825], ibid. 2 : pl. [55]. This generic name is invalid under the Law of Homonymy, being a junior homonym of the name Corycia Hiibner, [1823] (Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (17) : 265), a name bestowed by Hiibner upon a genus of Noctuid moths. CORY DON Hewitson, [1869], J//. diurn. Lep., Lycaenidae : 1 (text), Suppl. : [1]. Type-species by monotypy : Corydon boisduvalii Hewitson, [1869], ibid. : 1 (text), Suppl. : [1]; 2 (plates), Suppl. : suppl. pl. 1, figs 1, 2. The name Corydon Hewitson is invalid under the Law of Homonymy, it being a junior homonym of no less than four older generic names consisting of the same word. The references to these earlier names are the following : (a) Corydon Lesson, 1828 (Tvaité Orn. 1 : 177) ; (b) Corydon Wagler, [1832] (Abh. K. bayern. Akad. Wiss. Wien 1 (1829-1830) : 504) ; (c) Corydon Gloger, 1841, Gemein. Naturg. (1) : 264 ; (d) Corydon Deyrolle, 1864, Ann. Soc. ent. Belg. 8: 114. The name Corydon Hewitson was replaced by the name Hewitsonia by Kirby in 1871. CORYPHAEOLA Butler, 1878, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (5) 2: 284. Type-species by original designation : Kallima eurodoce Westwood, [Dec. 1850], in Doubleday, Gen. diurn. Lep. (2.25, nora, pl. 54*, fig. 1. CORYTHAEOLOS Mabille, 1904, in Wytsman, Gen. Ins. 17 (H) : 105 (an Incorrect Subse- quent Spelling of Koruthaialos Watson, 1893). COSMODESMUS Haase, [1891], Bibl. zool., Heft 8 (Erster Th.) (Lief. 1) : 15. Type-species by selection by Hemming (1964, Annot. lep. (4) : 135) : Papilio protesilaus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 463. Commenting on this name, Kirby in 1896 (im Allen’s Nat. Liby., Lepid. 2 : 272) stated : “We may perhaps restrict this name, used by Haase with a very wide extension, to the follow- ing species (protesilaus Linn.) and its allies.’ Formerly, I looked upon this as constituting the selection of the above species as the type-species of this genus, but later I took the view that, although Kirby certainly intended that this species should be regarded as typifying Cosmodesmus, the words quoted above—and, in particular, the use of the word ‘‘ perhaps ’’— fall short of a definite type-selection. Accordingly, in order to dispel any doubts on this subject, I myself in 1964 selected Papilio protesilaus as type-species. The name Cosmodesmus Haase, so defined, is invalid, as it is a junior objective synonym of the name Protesilaus Swainson, 1832. COSMOLYCE Toxopeus, 1927, Tijdschr. Ent. 70 : 268, nota. Type-species by monotypy : Papilio boeticus Linnaeus, 1767, Syst. Nat. (ed. 12) 1 (2) : 789. The name Cosmolyce Toxopeus is invalid, as it is a junior objective synonym of Lampides Hiibner, [1819]. It was proposed during the short period when it was erroneously supposed that a quite different species (Lampides zethus Hiibner, [1819]) was the type-species of the the genus Lampides Hiibner. 128 FRANCIS HEMMING COSMOSATYRUS Felder (C.) & Felder (R.), [1867], Reise Fregatte ‘‘ Novarva’’, Lep. Rhop. (3) : 495. Type-species by monotypy : Cosmosatyrus leptoneuroides Felder (C.) & Felder (R.), [1867], ibid., Lep. Rhop. (3) : 495. CRASTIA Hiibner, Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (1) : 16. Type-species by selection by Scudder (1875, Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10: 148) : Papilio core Cramer, [1780], Uitl. Kapellen 3 (23) : 133, pl. 266, figs E, F. CREBETA Moore, [1893], Lep. ind. 2 (13): 11. Type-species by original designation : Hipparchia (Pararga [sic]) deidamia Eversmann, 1851, Bull. Soc. imp. Nat. Moscou 24 (2) : 617. The name Crebeta Moore was published on the same date (and in the same work) as the name Lopinga Moore, and in consequence the relative precedence to be accorded to these names depends on the choice of the First Reviser. This choice was made by myself in 1964 (Annot. lep. (3) : 78) when I chose the name Lopinga Moore to take precedence over the name Crebeta Moore. CREMNA Doubleday, 1847, List Spec. lep. Ins. Brit. Mus. 2:14. Type-species by mono- typy : Papilio actoris Cramer, [1776], Uitl. Kapellen 1 (8) : 146, pl. 93, fig. D Q. Doubleday cited five nominal species as belonging to this genus, but four of these were manuscript species at that time. Accordingly, Papilio actoris, the only published nominal species cited, is, as stated above, the type-species by monotypy. The position of the nominal genus Cvemna is complicated by the fact that Papilio actoris Cramer, the type-species of this genus, is also the nominal type-species of the older-established nominal genus Napaea Hiibner, [1819]. The last mentioned genus is however based upon a misidentified type-species, for the species which Hiibner placed in the genus Napaea with the specific name actoris is not, as he supposed, the same species as that to which Cramer had applied that specific name. This was recognized as long ago as 1867 when Bates introduced the name Cremna eucharila for the species misidentified by Hiibner as actoris eucharila being in effect a nom. nov. for Hiibner’s actoris. The present difficulty only arose when in 1937 on the discovery of the Hiibner manuscripts, it was found that the nominal species Napaea actoris Cramer, Hiibner nec Cramer was the type-species of Napaea Hiibner by monotypy. The case of Napaea Hiibner is, as will be seen from the foregoing particulars, a clear instance of a nominal genus based upon a misidentified type-species. As such, it is being submitted to the Commission under Article 7o(a) with a request that the species figured by Hiibner, namely the nominal species Cremna eucharila Bates, be designated as the type-species of Napaea Hiibner in place of the nominal species Papilio actoris Cramer, with which Hiibner misidentified the species which he figured. Pending the outcome of the foregoing application, the existing practice is here maintained in the interest of nomenclatorial stability in accordance with the provisions of Article 8o. Accordingly, although at present Crvemna Doubleday (type-species : Papilio actovis Cramer) is invalid as a junior objective synonym of Napaea Hiibner, [1819], it is here treated as an avail- able name for the genus having Papilio actoyvis Cramer as type-species. CRENIDOMIMAS Karsch, 1894, Ent. Nachy.20 : 258. Type-species by monotypy : Harma concordia Hopffer, 1855, Ber. Verh. Akad. Berlin 1855 : 641. CRENIS Hibner, 1821, Index exot. Lep. [2]. Type-species by monotypy : Crenis brylle Hubner, 1821, ibid. : [2]. The name Crenis brylle was introduced as a nom. nov. pro the name Nereis delila Hiibner, [1813] (Samml. exot. Schmett. 1 : pl. [13]). This replacement was quite unnecessary and the earlier name delila Hiibner is the valid name for this taxon. The taxon represented by the nominal species Nereis delila Hiibner is currently treated on taxonomic grounds as representing a form of the taxon represented by the nominal species Papiho doris Linnaeus, 1771, Mantissa Plant. 2 : 536). GENERIC NAMES OF BUTTERFLIES 129 CRENIS Boisduval, 1833, Nouv. Ann. Mus. Hist. nat., Paris 2 (2) : 196 (separately paged offprint as Faun. ent. Madagascar, Lép. : 48). Type-species by monotypy : Crenis madagas- cariensis Boisduval, 1833, ibid. 2 (2) : 196. The name Cvenis Boisduval is invalid, as it is a junior homonym of Crenis Hiibner, 1821 (see above). It has been replaced by the name Sallya Hemming, 1964, Annot. Lep. (3) : 139. CREON de Niceville, 1896, J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc. 10 (2) : 179. Type-species by original designation : Polyommatus cleobis Godart, [1824], Ency. méth. 9 (Ins.) (2) : 634. CRESSIDA Swainson, 1832, Zool. Illustr. (2) 3 (21) : pl. 94. Type-species by selection by Bryk (1929, in Strand’s Lep. Cat. 35 : 8) : Cressida heliconides Swainson, 1832, ibid. (2) Si(2n)\: pl. 94. Swainson wrote of this genus: ‘‘ Types, Cressida heliconides and harmonides ’’, but, as he cited two, and not one nominal species, this action of his is of no nomenclatorial significance. The taxon represented by the nominal species Cressida heliconides is currently identified subjectively on taxonomic grounds with that represented by the nominal species Papilio cressida Fabricius, 1775 (Syst. Ent. : 448). CRETEUS Westwood, [1852], in Doubleday, Gen. diurn. Lep. (2) : 511. Type-species by tautonymy under Article 68(d) : Papilio creteus Cramer, [1780], Uitl. Kapellen 3 (24) : 163, pl. 284, figs C, D. This name was published by Westwood in the synonymy of Goniloba (then also a new name). Westwood attributed the name Creteus to Hiibner, but this was a mistake, because Hiibner never published a generic name consisting of this word. The first species placed by Westwood in Goniloba and therefore also in its synonym Creteus was Papilio creteus Cramer, which there- fore becomes the type-species of Creleus Westwood by tautonymy, as was pointed out by myself in 1941 (J. Soc. Bibl. nat. Hist. 1 : 443). Since I dealt with this name in 1941, the position has changed completely through the action of the Fifteenth International Congress of Zoology, London, 1958, in inserting in the revised Code a provision in Article 11(d), under which a name published in a synonymy acquires no status in zoological nomenclature thereby. The name Creteus Westwood, [1852], is therefore invalid. CRETEUS de Niceville, 1895, J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc. 9 (4) : 385. Type-species by original designation : Hesperia cyrina Hewitson, 1876, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (18) 4 : 450. As explained in the immediately preceding entry there is an older name Creteus Westwood, [1852], but under a provision (Article 11(d)) introduced into the present revised Code a name published in a synonymy, as was the name Creteus Westwood, acquires no status of availability thereby. Accordingly, the name Cretews de Niceville is not invalid under the Law of Homo- nymy. Prior to the introduction into the Code of the foregoing provision, the name Creteus de Niceville was rejected under the Law of Homonymy and was replaced by the name Cyrina Hemming, 1939 ; in the altered circumstances described above that replacement name has become a junior objective synonym of Creteus de Niceville. CREUSA de Niceville, 1896, J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc. 10 (2) : 176. Type-species by original designation : Cveusa culta de Niceville, 1896, ibid. 10 (2) : 177. This name is invalid, as it is a junior homonym of Creusa Zittel, Schenk & Scudder, 1875 (in Zittel, Handbuch Palaeont. 1 (2) : 539). CRICOSOMA Felder (C.) & Felder (R.), [1865], Reise Fregatte ‘‘ Novava’’, Lep. Rhop. (2) : 292. Type-species by monotypy : Cricosoma leopardinum Felder (C.) & Felder (R.), [1865], zbid. (2) : 293, pl. 37, figs 29, 30. CROCOZONA Felder (C.) & Felder (R.), [1865], Reise Fregatte ‘‘ Novara’’ Lep. Rhop. (2) : 296. Type-species by monotypy : Crocozona pheretima Felder (C.) & Felder (R.), [1865], zbid. (2) : 296, pl. 36, figs 16, 17. CROITANA Waterhouse, 1932, Ausiy. Zool. 7: 199. Type-species by original designation : Cyclopides croites Hewitson, [1874], Jil. evot. Butts 5 : [115], pl. [60], fig. 14. 130 FRANCIS HEMMING CRONIADES Mabille, 1903, in Wytsman’s Gen. Ins. 17 (A) : 7, 13. Type-species by selection by Lindsey (1925, Ann. ent. Soc. Amer. 18 : 84) : Pyrrhopyéga [sic] pieris Hewitson, [1857], Til. exot. Butts 2 : [120], pl. [60], fig. ro. CROSSIURA de Niceville, 1892, J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc. 7 (3) : 350. Type-species by monotypy : Crossiura penicillatum de Niceville, 1892, ibid. 7 (3) : 351, pl. J, figs 1 3, 29 CRUDARIA Wallengren, 1875, Ofvers. VetenskAkad. Férh., Stockh. 32 (No. 1) : 86. Type- species by monotypy : Arhopala (?) leroma Wallengren, 1857, K. svenska VetenskAkad. Handl., Stockholm (n.f.) 2 (1) (No. 4) : 42. CTENANDRA Kirby, 1894, im Allen’s Nat. Libr., Lep. 1: 151 (an Incorrect Subsequent Spelling of Cynandra Schatz, [1887}). Kirby said that ‘‘ Schatz has recently founded the genus Ctenandva for C. opis (Drury).” Schatz never established a genus with this name. In 1887 he had however established a genus with the name Cynandra and there is no doubt that this was the name that Kirby was referring to when he inadvertently used the misspelling Ctenandva. It may be noted that, even if Kirby had deliberately introduced a genus with the name Cfenandva, that name would have been invalid under the Law of Homonymy, for already in 1861 (S.B. Acad. Wiss. Wien 43 (No. 1) : 38) Cajetan Felder had introduced Ctenandyva as a new genus of moths. CTENOPTILUM de Niceville, 1890, J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc. 5 (3) : 220. Type-species by original designation : Achlyodes vasava Moore, [1886], Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1865 (3) : 786. CULAPA Moore, [1879], Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1878 (4) : 825. Type-species by monotypy : Mycalesis mnasicles Hewitson, [1864], Jil. exot. Butts 3 : [88], pl. [44], figs 32, 33. CUMBRE Evans, 1955, Cat. amer. Hesp. Brit. Mus. 4: 89, 169. Type-species by original designation : Phanis cumbre Schaus, 1902, Proc. U.S. nat. Mus. 24 : 445. CUNIZZA Grote, 1900, Proc. amer. phil. Soc. 39 : 35. Type-species by original designation : Papilio hirlanda Stoll, [1790], danhangs. Werk Uitl. Kapellen Pieter Cramer : 156, pl. 35, fig. De In 1908 (im Seitz, Gvossschmett. Evde 5 : 69) Rober made the mistake of placing Papilio hivlanda in Cathaemia Hiibner, sinking Cunizza as a junior synonym. In this erroneous course Réber was followed for a time by various authors. But this has now ceased and Cathaemia is currently used in the correct sense as the name for a genus of the Delias-Group. CUPHA Billberg, 1820, Enum. Ins. Mus. Billb.: 79. Type-species by monotypy : Papilio erymanthis Drury, [1773], Jil. nat. Hist. 1 : index et 29, pl. 15, figs 3, 4. CUPIDESTHES Aurivillius, 1895, Ent. Tidsky. 16: 215. Type-species by monotypy : Cupidesthes robusta Aurivillius, 1895, ibid. 16 : 215. CUPIDO Schrank, 1801, Fauna boic. 2 (1) : 153, 206. Type-species by designation by the Commission under its Plenary Powers by the ruling given in Opinion 503 : Papilio minimus Fuessly, 1775, Verz. bekannt. schweiz. Ins. : 31. Schrank included in his genus Cupido all the species of what is now known as the family Lycaenidae known to him as occurring in the area covered by his book. For reasons which will shortly become apparent, it is necessary to consider in a little detail the one nominal species included by Schrank which was then introduced as a new species. This was the nomi- nal species Papilio puer Schrank (loc. cit. 2 (1) : 215). Schrank gave an elaborate description of this nominal species, providing a separate diagnosis for what he considered to be each sex; each of these was followed by a short synonymy, which in turn was succeeded by an extended description of what he considered to be two varieties (Spielarten) found in each sex. The synonymies given by Schrank included references to the three following previously established nominal species : Papilio minimus Fuessly ; Papillio tivesias Rottemburg, 1775 ; Papilio pseudolus Bergstrasse, [1779]. It has long been recognized that two quite distinct species GENERIC NAMES OF BUTTERFLIES 131 were confused together under the name Papilio puer. The diagnosis, references and descrip- tions given by Schrank were analysed by myself in a paper published in 1956 (Bull. zool. Nom. 12: 267-274). The conclusion then reached was as follows: (a) The description given by Schrank for the ‘‘ male’’ (Er) of Papilio puery and the reference to the nominal species Papilio tivesias Rottemburg apply to the Everid species known in England as the “ Short-tailed Blue’’. The oldest available name for this species is considered on taxonomic grounds to be Papilio argiades Pallas, 1771. This taxon is currently known as Everes argiades (Pallas). (b) the description given by Schrank for the ‘‘ female ’’ (Sie) and the references to the nominal species Papilio minimus Fuessly apply to the Cupidid species known in England as ‘The Small Blue’’. The specific name given to it by Fuessly (minimus) is the oldest available name for this species and is the name by which it is currently known. That Schrank’s nominal species Papilio puer is compound of the two species discussed above has been recognized by many authors, but it was not possible, owing to the obscurities in the Code as it then existed, to provide the nominal species Cupido puey with a determinate content until the procedure to be adopted for the selection of lectotypes was clarified by the Copen- hagen Zoological Congress of 1953. This created an entirely new situation and made it pos- sible for me in 1956 (loc. cit. 12 : 268) to make a lectotype-selection for the nominal species Cupido puer Schrank. What I then did was to pick out from among the syntypes of Cupido puer the specimen upon which in 1775 Fuessly had based his nominal species Papilio minimus and to select that specimen to be the lectotype of Papilio puer. By this action these two nominal species became objectively identical with one another, each being based upon the same specimen ; the name Papilio puery Schrank thus became a junior objective synonym of Papilio minimus Fuessly. The relevance of the situation described above to the case of the name Cupido Schrank is to be found in the fact that it was only through the synonymy given by Schrank for the—until 1956—indeterminate nominal species Papilio puer that Papilio minimus Fuessly could be regarded as one of originally included species of that genus. The importance of this lies in the fact that in 1870 (J. linn. Soc. Lond., Zool. 10 : 499) Kirby selected Papilio alsus [Denis & Schiffermiiller], 1775, a subjective synonym of Papilio minimus Fuessly, to be the type-species of Cupido Schrank. That selection was technically invalid because Schrank did not cite Papilio alsus in the synonymy which he gave for his nominal species Papilio puer. Despite this defect, Kirby’s type-selection, though occasionally challenged in the early days, won general acceptance and in consequence Papilio minimus Fuessly came to be universally accepted as the type-species of Cwpido Schrank. It was to place this universal practice on a sound nomenclatorial basis that in 1956 I submitted to the Commission an application asking for the designation by the Commission under its Plenary Powers of Papilio minimus Fuessly, 1775, to be the type-species of the genus Cupido Schrank, 1801. At the same time I asked that the specific name minimus Fuessly, 1775, as published in the combination Papilio minimus, be placed as the name of the type-species of the genus Cupido Schrank on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology. These proposals were approved by the Commission, whose ruling on this subject was em- bodied in its Opinion 503 and published in 1958 (Opin. int. Comm. zool. Nom. 18 : 121- 140). Under that decision the specific name minimus Fuessly, 1775, as published in the combination Papilio minimus, was placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology as Name No. 1478, and Cupido Schrank, 1801, with the above species designated as type-species was placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology as Name No. 1248. CUPIDO Hiibner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (5) : 77. Type-species by selection by Hemming (1960, Annot. lep. (1) : 10) : Papilio amor Fabricius, 1775, Syst. Ent. : 518. This is one of the cases in which Hiibner appropriated a generic name published by an earlier author and re-introduced it as his own. The name Cupido Hiibner is, of course, invalid as a junior homonym of Cupido Schrank, 1801. The type-species of this genus is the type-species also of the genus Rathinda Moore, 1881, the name of which is available under the Code. 132 FRANCIS HEMMING CUPIDOPSIS Karsch, 1895, Ent. Nachr. 21 : 298. Type-species by original designation : Lycaena jobates Hopffer, 1855, Ber. Verh. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1855 : 642. CUPITHA Moore, 1884, J. asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt II, 53 (1) : 47. Type-species by original designation : Cupitha tympanifera Moore, 1884, zbid. 53 (1) : 58. The taxon represented by the nominal species Cupitha tympanifera is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as representing the same taxon as that represented by the older-established nominal species Pamphilia purreea Moore, 1877, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1877 : 594, pl. 58, figs 9, Io. CURETIS Hiibner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (7) : 102. Type-species by selection by Scudder (1875, Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10 : 150) : Papilio aesopus Fabricius, 1781, Spec. Ins. 2: 125. The taxon represented by the nominal species Papilio aesopus is currently treated subjec- tively on taxonomic grounds as representing the same taxon as that represented by the older- established nominal species Papilio thetis Drury, [1773] (Ill. nat. Hist. 2 : index et 16, pl. 9, figs 3, 4). CYANE Felder (C.), 1861, Nova Acta Leop. Carol. 28 (3) : 22. Type-species by monotypy : Callithea leprieuri Feisthamel, 1835, Mag. Zool., Cl. IX Ins. 5 : pl. 122 et explic. The name Cyane Felder is invalid, as it is a junior objective synonym of Callithea Feist- hamel, 1835. CYANIROIDES de Niceville, 1890, Butts India Burmah Ceylon 3 : 33. Type-species by monotypy : Logania andersonii Moore, 1884, J. asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt II, 53 (1) : 22. CYANIROIDES Matsumura, 1919, Thous. Ins. Japan, Addit. 3: 736. Type-species by monotypy : Lycaena ogasawaraensis Pryer, 1886, Rhop. nihon. : to, pl. 2, fig. 13. Cyanivoides Matsumura is invalid, as it is junior homonym of Cyaniroides de Niceville, I8go. CYANIRIOIDES Hemming, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (10) 3: 227 (an Incorrect Subsequent Spelling of Cyanivoides Matsumura, 1919). CYANIRIS Dalman, 1816, K. svenska VetenskAkad. Handi. 1816 (1) : 63. Type-species by monotypy : Cyaniris argianus Dalman, 1816, zbid. 1816 (1) : 95. In his diagnosis of this genus on page 63 Dalman cited only his new species Cyaniris avgianus which, as pointed out by Tutt ([1906], Nat. Hist. Brit. Butts 1 : 313), is therefore the type- species by monotypy, though further species were added later (: 94-101). The taxon represented by the nominal species Cyanivis argianus is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as representing the same species as that represented by the older-established nominal species Papilio semiargus Rottemburg, 1775 (Der Natur- forscher 6 : 20). CYBDELIS Boisduval, [1836], Roret’s Suite a Buffon, Hist. nat. Ins., Consid. gén. Lépid. 1:pl. 9 [= p. 5B), fig. 3. Type-species by monotypy : Cybdelis phaesyla Hiibner, [1827-1831], Zutr. z. Sammi. exot. Schmett. 3 : 22, pl. [83], figs 479, 480. The specific name of the type-species was misspelled “‘ phaesila’’ on Boisduval’s plate. CYCLARGUS Nabokov, 1945, Psyche 52:14. Type-species by original designation : Lycaena ammon Lucas, 1857, 77 Sagra, Hist. fis. pol. nat. Isla Cuba 7 : 612, pl. 16, figs 7 3, 7a, 7b &. CYCLOGLYPHA Mabille, 1903, in Wytsman, Gen. Ins. 17 (A) : 45 (as Cycloglypha), 70 (as Cyclogypha). Type-species by selection by Lindsey (1925, Ann. ent. Soc. Amer. 18 : 84) : Hesperia thrasibulus Fabricius, 1793, Ent. syst. 3 (1) : 346. As shown above, this name was published with two Original Spellings. On page 45 this generic name appeared in a key, while on page 70, where the second variant spelling appeared, Mabille gave a description of the genus and for the first time cited nominal species as belonging to it. Luckily, Mabille himself noticed what had happened and in the concluding portion ~ GENERIC NAMES OF BUTTERFLIES 133 (portion ‘‘ D ”’ of fascicule 17) he drew attention in the ‘‘ Errata ’’ (: 210) to the two spellings used and gave preference to the spelling Cycloglypha used on page 45. This spelling becomes therefore the Correct Original Spelling of this name under Article 32(b) of the Code. CYCLOGRAMMA Doubleday, [1847], Gen. diurn. Lep. (1) : pl. 27, fig. 5. Type-species by monotypy : Cyclogramma pandama Doubleday, [1847], ibid. : pl. 27, fig. 5 (text published in April 1849, ibid. (1) : 219). As shown above, the name Cyclogramma first appeared in 1847 on plate 27, where the above species alone was cited and is therefore the type-species by monotypy. In the text published two years later Doubleday cited two further nominal species (of which one was a manuscript species) as belonging to this genus, but this has no bearing on the question of the type-species of this genus which, as shown above, had already been settled by monotypy in 1847. CYCLOGYPHA Mabille, 1903, in Wystman’s Gen. Ins. 17 (A) : 70 (an Incorrect Original Spelling of Cycloglypha Mabille, 1903). The circumstances in which Cyclogypha became under Article 32(b) an Incorrect Original Spelling and the spelling Cycloglypha became the Correct Original Spelling have been explained in the note on Cycloglypha. CYCLOPIDES Hiibner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (7) : 111. Type-species by selection by Butler (1870, Ent. mon. Mag. 7: 96): Papilio steropes [Denis & Schiffermiiller], 1775, Ankiindung eines syst. Werkes Schmett. Wiener Gegend : 160. The taxon represented by the nominal species Papilio steropes is currently treated sub- jectively on taxonomic grounds as representing at the species-level the same taxon as that represented by the nominal species Papilio morpheus Pallas, 1771 (Reise durch versch. Prov. Russ. Reichs 1 : 471). At the subspecies level, however, these nominal species are considered to represent distinct subspecies of the collective species Hetervopterus morpheus (Pallas), the nominate subspecies, morpheus Pallas, occurring in Southern Russia (type-locality : ‘in fruticetis circa Samarvam’’), and the subspecies steyopes [Denis & Schiffermiiller] in Western Europe (type-locality : Vienna) (see Hemming, 1960, Annot. lep. (2) : 66-67). Scudder (1875, Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10 : 150-151) caused some confusion in the use of the generic name Cyclopides by rejecting the type-selection of Papilio steropes [Denis & Schiffermiiller] made by Butler in 1870 on the ground that another nominal species considered subjectively to represent the same species had already been made the type-species of a different genus, namely Heteropterus Duméril, 1806. Basing himself on these erroneous premises Scudder went on to select as the type-species of Cyclopides the nominal species Papilio metis Linnaeus, 1764 (Mus. Lud. Ulr. : 325). The taxon represented by this nominal species occurs in South Africa and belongs to an entirely different group in the family Hes- periidae. This mistake of Scudder’s led a number of authors into a similar error. In con- sequence, the “‘ metis-Group ’’ remained without a name until in 1906 Tutt established the nominal genus Watsonia with Papilio metis as type-species. Unluckily, that name was invalid under the Law of Homonymy, and this group remained without a valid name of its own until in 1934 I established the nominal genus Metisella with the above species as type-species. CYCLOSEMIA Mabille, 15th May, 1878, Petites Nouvelles ent. 2 (196) : 229. Type-species by original designation : Papilio herennius Stoll, [1782], in Cramer, Uitl. Kapellen 4 (33) : 213, pl. 392, figs E, F. Mabille published the name Cyclosemia twice in the year 1878. In the Pet. Nouv. ent., of which the exact date of publication is known, Mabille gave a generic diagnosis and designa- ted the above species as type-species. On the other occasion on which he published this name in 1878 (Aun. Soc. ent. Belg. 21 : 41) no type-species was cited and the name occurred with many others in a catalogue of the Hesperiids in the collection of the Musée Royal d’ Histoire Naturelle at Brussels. In view of the difference in the treatment accorded to this name in these two papers, it cannot be doubted that Mabille looked upon his paper in the Pet. Nowv. ent. as being the place where this name was first published. Luckily, it ranks for nomencla- torial purposes as having priority over the paper in the Annales, because its exact date of 134 FRANCIS HEMMING publication in 1878 is known, whereas that of the Annales is not known, this paper ranking therefore only from 31st December of that year, the earliest date by which it is known to have appeared. CYCLOSMA Draudt, [1923], im Seitz, Grossschmett. Evde5 : 978. Type-species by monotypy : Cyclosma abdonides Draudt, [1923], in Seitz, ibid. 5 : 978. CYCLYRIUS Butler, [1897], Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1896 (4) : 830. Type-species by original designation : Polyommatus webbianus Brullé, [1840], 71 Webb & Berthelot, Canaries (Ins.) : 93, pl. 4, figs 1, 1 A J. CYCNUS Hiibner, [1819], Vevz. bekannt. Schmett. (6) : 81. Type-species by selection by Scudder (1875, Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10 : 151) : Papilio phaleros Linnaeus, 1767, Syst. Nat. (ed. 12) 1 (2) : 796. CYDIMON Dalman, 1825, K. svenska VetenskAkad. Handl. 1824 (2) : 407. This is a genus of moths, not of butterflies. The name Cydimon was introduced by Dalman as a replacement name for Uvania Fabricius, 1807. The species of the genus Uvania were often erroneously believed by the early authors to be butterflies. This view was taken by Fabricius when he introduced the genus Uvania. CYDRUS Godman, [1900], im Godman & Salvin, Biol. centy.-amer., Lep. Rhop. 2: 512. Type- species by monotypy : Cydrus naevolus Godman, [1900], in Godman & Salvin, ibid. Lep. Rhop. 2 : 513, pl. 96, figs 19, 20, 20a, 21 g The name Cydvus Godman is invalid, as it is a junior homonym of Cydrus Billberg, 1820 (Enum. Ins. Mus. Billb. : 81). It has been replaced by the name Naevolus Hemming, 1939. The taxon represented by the nominal species Cydvus naevolus Godman is currently considered subjectively on taxonomic grounds to be the same as that represented by the older-established nominal species Pyoteides ovius Mabille, 1883 (Bull. C. R. ent. Soc. Belg. P4i{ 2 Mlits9): CYGARITIS Wallengren, 1857, K. svenska VetenskAkad. Handl., Stockholm (n.f.) 2 (1) (No. 4) : 42 (an Incorrect Subsequent Spelling of Cigavitis Donzel, 1847). CYLLO Boisduval, 1832, 7m d’Urville, Voy. “‘ Astrolabe,” Ent. 1 (Lép.) : 151. Type-species by selection by Scudder (1875, Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10: 151) : Papilio leda Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 474. Westwood in 1851 (27 Doubleday, Gen. diurn. Lep. (2) : 360), when discussing this genus, said that Papilio leda Linnaeus and Papilio bankia Fabricius “‘ may be considered as the types of the genus.’”’ Since these nominal species are, and have long been, commonly considered subjectively as representing the same taxon, many later authors, including myself in 1934 (Gen. Names hol. Butts 1 : 32), accepted Westwood’s remark as amounting to the selection of Papilio leda as the type-species of Cyllo, but this view is incorrect, for it is necessary for an author when selecting a type-species for a genus, to specify one nominal species only as such. The first author to do this was Scudder in 1875 when he unequivocally stated that Papilio leda was the type-species of this genus. The name Cyllo Boisduval is invalid, as it is a junior objective synonym of Melanitis Fabricius, 1807. CYLLOGENES Butler, 1868, Ent. mon. Mag. 4: 194. Type-species by original designation : Melanitis suradeva Moore, 1857, 1m Horsfield & Moore, Cat. Spec. lep. Ins. Mus. East India Coy (1) : 225. CYLLONIUM Westwood, 1854, Quart. J. geol. Soc. Lond. 10 : 395, 396. Westwood placed in this genus (which he did not characterize) two new nominal species which he called C. boidusvalianum and C. hewitsonianum. He gave no description for either of these fossils but provided figures of each, the first on plate 17 (fig. 17), the second on plate 18 (fig. 27). Scudder in 1875 (Proc. amer. Acad. arts Sci., Boston 10 : 151) expressed the view that it was “‘ exceedingly doubtful’ whether C. boisduvalianum was a butterfly and that C. hewitsonianum was certainly not one ; he added that these fossils were “‘ so fragmentary GENERIC NAMES OF BUTTERFLIES 135 that it would be impossible to trace any generic characters for them”’. In another paper published later in the same year (Mem. Amer. Ass. Adv. Sci. 1 : 89) Scudder set out in detail the grounds on which he had by this time come to the conclusion that neither of these species was a butterfly. CYLLOPSIS Felder (R.), 1869, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien 19 : 474. Type-species by monotypy: Cyllopsis hedemanni Felder (R.), 1869, ibid. 19 : 474. CYMAENES Scudder, 1872, 4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. 1871 : 82. Type-species by original designation : Cobalus tripunctus Herrich-Schaeffer, 1865, CorrespBl. zool.-min. Ver. Regensburg 19 : 53. CYMATOGRAMMA Doubleday, [1849], Gen. diurn. Lep. (2) : pl. 49, fig. 4. Type-species by monotypy : Cymatogramma echemus Doubleday, [1849], ibid. (2) : pl. 49, fig. 4. In the text published in 1850 (ibid. (2) : 316), written by Westwood after Doubleday’s death, the above was again the only species placed in the genus Cymatogramma. CYMOTHOE Hiibner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (3) : 39. Type-species by selection by Hemming (1943, Proc. R. ent. Soc. Lond. (B) 12:27): Papilio althea Cramer, [1776], Uitl. Kapellen 1 (8) : 141, pl. 89, figs E, F. Scudder (1875, Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10 : 152) abstained from selecting a type-species for this genus because he considered it to be invalid as a junior homonym of Cymothoa Fabricius, 1793 (Ent. syst. 2 : 503), a genus of Crustacea. What should be taken as constituting a state of homonymy between two generic names was a matter of debate long after Scudder’s time, not being finally settled until 1953 when the Copenhagen Congress decided that a single-letter difference in spelling was to be taken as preventing any two generic names from being treated as homonyms of one another ; this decision now appears in the revised Code as Article 56(a). At this point it is necessary however to refer to the alleged name Cymothoe Rafinesque, 1814 (Précis Découv. Somiol. : 26), a variant of Cymothoa Fab- ricius, 1793. Under the Code Cymothoe Rafinesque, if a deliberate emendation, would have status in nomenclature and would invalidate Cymothoe Hiibner under the Law of Homonymy, but, if it was only an Incorrect Subsequent Spelling of the Fabrician name Cymothoa, it would possess no such status and would not adversely affect the name Cymothoe Hiibner. This question has been examined in detail by Berger (1952, Lambillionea 52 : 65-67) who after setting out his reasons, concluded that the spelling used by Rafinesque was “ un pur ‘ lapsus calami’ de Cymothoa Fab.’’ From Berger’s investigation it may be concluded that the spelling ‘‘ Cymothoe’’ used by Rafinesque in 1814 was, in the words of the Code only an Incorrect Subsequent Spelling of the name Cymothoa Fabricius and, as such, possesses no status in nomenclature and accordingly does not invalidate the later name Cymothoe Hiibner. As doubts have sometimes been expressed as to the identity of the taxon described and figured by Cramer as Papilio althea, Mr. N. D. Riley and I have examined the original drawings from which Cramer’s plates were prepared (which are now preserved in the library of the British Museum (Natural History)) and have come to the conclusion that the specimen figured by Cramer (fig. E (upperside), F (underside) on plate 89) represents a female of the taxon represented by the older-established nominal species Papilio caenis Drury, [1773] (il. nat. Hist. 2 : index et 33, pl. 19, figs 1, 2). CYNANDRA Schatz, [1887], in Staudinger & Schatz, Exot. Schmett. Bd. 1, Th. 2 (3) : pl. 25. Type-species by monotypy: Papilio afer Drury, [1782], Ill. nat. Hist. 3 : index et 49, pl. 36, figs 1, 2. Lieferung 3 of the above volume, containing the above generic name, was published five months after Schatz’s death ; it may however certainly be attributed to Schatz, for Rober, who completed Schatz’s book, had not had time at that date take any personal part in the task. The text relating to the name Cynandra (: 154, 161) which formed part of Lieferung 4, did not appear however until October 1888 (that is, not until sixteen months after Schatz’s death) was certainly the work of Réber. In it he included only Papilio afer in the genus Cynandra. 136 FRANCIS HEMMING CYNEA Evans, 1955, Cat. amer. Hesp. Brit. Mus. 4: 265, 275. Type-species by original designation : Hesperia cynea Hewitson, 1876, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (4) 18 : 456. CYNITIA Snellen, 1895, Tijdschr. Ent. 38 : 20. Type-species through Section (i) (replacement names) of Article 67: Felderia phlegethon Semper (G.), 1888, im Semper (C.G.), Reise Archipel Philipp. (2) (No. 5) (Schmett.) : 90, pl. 17, figs 6, 7 g, 8, 9 &. Snellen introduced the name Cynitia as a replacement for Feldevia Semper, 1888, which is invalid, as it is a junior homonym of Felderia Walsingham, 1887 (Trans. ent. Soc. Lond. 1887 : 165). Cynitia takes automatically as its type-species the species which is the type-species of Felderia Semper. The latter was without a type-species when it was established by Felder in 1888, but the above species had become its type-species (by selection by de Niceville in 1893) before Feldevia was replaced by Cynitia. CYNTHIA Fabricius, 1807, Mag. f. Insektenk. (Illiger) 6 : 281. Type-species by selection by Westwood (1840, Introd. class. Ins. 2, Syn. : 87) : Papilio cardui Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 475. The taxon represented by the nominal species Papilio cardui, the type-species of the present genus, is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as being congeneric with the taxon represented by the nominal species Papilio atalanta Linnaeus, the type-species of the genus bearing the very well-known name Vanessa Fabricius, 1807. The name Cynthia and Vanessa are thus subjective synonyms of one another. When this matter was considered in 1934, the First Reviser principle which then (as now) governed the relative precedence to be accorded to any two names published on the same date was widely disregarded by entomolo- gists in favour of the principle of page and line precedence. The adoption of the second of these courses in the present instance would have involved the substitution of the name Cynthia Fabricius (published on page 281 as Species No. 11) for the name Vanessa Fabricius (published on page 281 as Species No. 12). The importance of protecting the name Vanessa from this risk was considered so great that it was decided to submit an application to the Commission for the adoption of an Opinion giving a ruling in terms which would protect the position of the name Vanessa Fabricius. The proposed approach to the Commission was made in February 1934 and a decision on it was reached by that body at its Session held at Lisbon in September 1935. For administrative and other reasons there was a considerable delay in promulgating the Lisbon decision. It was ultimately promulgated in Opinion 156, published in 1944 (Opin. int. Comm. zool. Nom. 2 : 239-250). By the ruling so given the name Cynthia Fabricius was given precedence below the name Vanessa Fabricius. At the same time the name Vanessa Fabricius, endorsed as having precedence above Cynthia Fabricius, was placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology as Name No. 601. The action required in this case was completed in 1954 (Opin. int. Comm. zool. Nom. 2 : 629252) when in its Direction 4 the Commission endorsed the name Cynthia Fabricius as a name “ to be used by any specialist who may consider that the type-species of this genus is generically distinct from Papilio atalanta Linnaeus, 1758, but not to be used in preference to the name Vanessa Fabricius, 1807’. The name Cynthia Fabricius was thereupon placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology as Name No. 805. Although prior to the rulings by the Commission set out above, the name Cynthia Fabricius had occasionally been used as the equivalent of Vanessa Fabricius, it had been much more widely used erroneously for a quite different group in the family Nymphalidae. This arose from the acceptance of the invalid action by Scudder in 1875 (Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sct., Boston 10 : 152) in selecting Papilio avsinoe Cramer, [1777] (Uitl. Kapellen 2 (14) : 100, pl. 160, figs B, C.) In consequence, that species was long without a valid name objectively applicable to it ; this deficiency was made good on the publication of the name Vindula Hemming, 1934. CYRENIA Westwood, [October 1851], 72 Doubleday, Gen. diurn. Lep. (2) : 434, nota, pl. 72, GENERIC NAMES OF BUTTERFLIES 137 2. Type-species by monotypy : Cyrenia martia Westwood, [1851], iz Doubleday, ibid. (2) : 434, nota, pl. 72, fig. 2. CYRESTIS Boisduval, 1832,in d’Urville, Voy.‘ Astrolabe’’, Ent.1(Lép.) : 117. Type-species by selection by Scudder (Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10 : 152) : Papilio thyonneus Cramer, [1779], Uitl. Kapellen 3 (19) : 46, pl. 220, figs E, F. CYRINA Hemming, 1939, Proc. R. ent. Soc. Lond. (B) 8 : 39. Type-species through Section (i) (replacement names) of Article 67: Hesperia cyrina Hewitson, 1876, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (18) 4 : 450. The name Cyrina was introduced as a replacement for Creteus de Niceville, 1895, because the latter was a junior homonym of Creteus Westwood, [1852]. The situation as regards these names was changed when the revised Code was published in 1961, for Article 11(d) provides that a name published in a synonymy—as Creteus Westwood was published—does not acquire the status of availability thereby. The present position is therefore that the name Creteus Westwood possesses no status in nomenclature and in consequence does not invalidate the name Creteus de Niceville under the Law of Homonymy ; that Cretews de Niceville is seen to be an available name ; and that Cyrina Hemming, published as a replacement for de Nice- ville’s Creteus, becomes invalid as a junior objective synonym of that name. CYSTINEURA Boisduval, [1836], (Roret’s Suite 4 Buffon), Hist. nat. Ins., Consid. gén. Lépid. 1 : pl. 9 [=pl. 5B), fig. 1. Type-species by monotypy : Papilio hersilia Fabricius, 1777, Gen. Ins. : 265. The taxon represented by the nominal species Papilio hersilia is currently treated subjec- tively on taxonomic grounds as being the same as that represented by the older-established nominal species Papilio dorcas Fabricius, 1775 (Syst. Ent. : 508). CYTHAERIAS Weymer, 1890, in Reiss & Stiibel, Reisen in Sud-Amer., Lepid. : 53 (an Incorrect Subsequent Spelling of Cithaerias Hiibner, [1819)). CZAKIA Kremky, 1925, Ann. zool. Mus. polon. Hist. nat. 4 (3) : 192. Type-species by original designation : Melinaea mneme (Linnaeus) var. mediatrix Weymer, 1890, Stett. ent. Zig Bl? 282. It is currently considered—e.g. by Fox, 1960 (Tvans. amer. ent. Soc. 86 : 124—-126)—that through a misinterpretation of the taxon represented by the nominal species Papilio mneme Linnaeus, 1763 (Amoen. acad. 6 : 403), Weymer took the view that the taxon now regarded on the basis of the surviving type-specimen as the true Papilio mneme Linnaeus was still without a name and it was to this taxon that Weymer gave the name mediatrix. DABASA Moore, 1888, Descr. new ind. Lep. Coll. Atkinson (3) : 283. Type-species by original designation : Papilio gyas Westwood, 1841, Arcana ent. (3) : 41, pl. 11, fig. 1 dg. DACALANA Moore, June 1884, J. asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt II, 53 (1) : 36. Type-species by original designation : Amblypodia vidura Horsfield, [1829], Descr. Cat. lep. Ins. Mus. East India Coy (2) : 113 (figured by Horsfield in the same work as Thecla vidura on pl. 1, figs 6, 6a 3). DACALANA Distant, [August] 1884, Rhop. malayana : 233, 240. Type-species by original designation : Amblypodia vidura Horsfield, [1829]. Distant said that Moore had informed him of his intention to establish this genus with the above species as type-species. Distant clearly believed that it was still only a manuscript name and in the work cited above he assumed full responsibility for its publication. The name Dacalana Distant is invalid as a junior homonym of Dacalana Moore, published two months earlier. It is also a junior objective synonym of Dacalana Moore, having the same species as type-species. 138 FRANCIS HEMMING DAEDALMA Hewitson, [1858], Ill. exot. Butts 2 : [85]. Type-species by selection by Butler (1867, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (3) 20 : 268) : Daedalma dinias Hewitson, [1858], ibid. 2 : [85], pl. [43], figs 1, 2, 3. DAIMIO Murray, 1875, Ent. mon. Mag. 11: 171. Type-species by monotypy: Pyrgus tethys Ménétries, 1857, Enum. Corp. Anim. Mus. imp. Acad. Sci. petrop., Cl. Ins., Lepid. (2) 126; plo 10) tig 8: DALAPA Moore, 1880, Trans. ent. Soc. Lond. 1880 (4) : 158. Type-species by original desig- nation : Mycalesis sudra Felder (C.) & Felder (R.), [1867], Reise Fregatte ‘‘ Novara’’, Lep. Rhop. (3) : 500, pl. 67, fig. ro. DALCHINA Moore, [1881], Lep. Ceylon 1 (4) : 143. Type-species by original designation : Papilio sarpedon Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 461. The name Dalchina Moore is invalid, as it is a junior objective synonym of Graphium Scopoli, 1777. DALCHINIA Hampson, 1888, J. asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt II, 57 : 364 (an Incorrect Subsequent Spelling of Dalchina Moore, [1881] Lep. Ceylon 1 (4) : 143). DALLA Mabille, 1904, in Wytsman’s Gen. Ins. 17 (B) : 107. Type-species by selection by Lindsey (1921, Univ. Iowa Studies nat. Hist. 9 (No. 4) : 58) : Cyclopides eryonas Hewitson, 1877, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (4) 20 : 325. DALLACHA Moore, [1893], Lep. ind. 2 (14) : 58. Type-species by original designation : Yphthima [sic] hyagriva Moore, 1857, in Horsfield & Moore, Cat. lep. Ins. Mus. East India Coy (1) : 236. When Moore introduced this generic name in Part 14 of volume 2 of his work, he did so ina brief key to genera, at the same designating a type-species. Later in the same year in Part 16 (: 94) he gave an extended generic diagnosis. DAMAS Godman, [1901], in Godman & Salvin, Biol. centy.-amer. Lep. Rhop. 2 : 621. Type- species by original designation : Goniloba clavus Herrich-Schaeffer, 1869, CorvespBl. zool.- min. Ver. Regensburg 23 : 195 (repaged separate as Prodromus .. 3: 75). DAMIS Boisduval, [1832], im d’Urville, Voy. ‘ Astrolabe”, Faun. ent. 1 (Lép.) : 67. Type-species by selection by Hemming (1964, Annot. Lep. (4) : 132) : Papilio danis Cramer, [1775], Uitl. Kapellen 1 (6) : 111, pl. 70, figs E, F as defined by fig. E selected by Hemming (1964, Annot. lep. (4) : 132) to represent the lectotype of this species. The name Damis Boisduval has been variously treated by later authors either as an Unjustified Emendation of, or as an Incorrect Subsequent Spelling of, the name Danis Fabricius, 1807. It is certainly neither of these things, for Boisduval quite definitely attribu- ted it to himself as a new name. The first of the nominal species placed in this genus by Boisduval was his new nominal species Damis sebae Boisduval, [1832] (Joc. cit. : 68). In the synonymy given for that species Boisduval cited the name of the nominal species Papilio danis Cramer, [1775]. Under Article 69(a) (i) a nominal species, the name of which is cited in the synonymy of the name of a nominal species treated as belonging to a new genus itself ranks as one of the originally included species of that genus. Accordingly, the nominal species Papilio danis Cramer ranks as one of the originally included species of the genus Damis Boisduval and, as shown above has been selected by myself (1964 : 132) as its type-species. The interpretation of the nominal species Papilio danis Cramer was placed on a firm footing when in 1964 (Amnot. lep. (4) : 132) the specimen figured by Cramer under that name as figure E on plate 70 in volume 1 of the U7tl. Kapellen was selected to represent the lectotype of this species. Since, as shown above, Papilio danis Cramer was identified by Boisduval with his new species Damis sebae, the material on which Cramer’s Papilio danis was based forms part of the series of syntypes of Damis sebae Boisduval. Accordingly, when I selected a lectotype for Papilio danis Cramer, I selected (loc. cit. : 132) the same specimen to represent GENERIC NAMES OF BUTTERFLIES 139 also the lectotype of Damis sebae Boisduval. By this action the name Damis sebae Boisduval became a junior objective synonym of Papilio danis Cramer. The name Damis Boisduval is invalid, as being a junior objective synonym of Danis Fabricius, 1807, Papilio danis Cramer being the type-species of each of these genera. DAMORA Nordmann, 1851, Bull. Soc. imp. Nat. Moscou 24 (4) : 439. Type-species by monotypy : Damora paulina Nordmann, 1851, ibid. 24 (4) : 440, pl. 11, figs 1, 2 9. At the species level the nominal species Damora paulina is currently considered subjectively on taxonomic grounds to represent the female of the taxon, of which the male is represented by the older-established nominal species Argynnis sagana Doubleday, [1847] (Gen. diurn. Lep. (1) : pl. 21, fig. r 3). The name paulina Nordmann has in the past often been sunk as a junior subjective synonym of sagana Doubleday ; more recently specialists have taken the subjective view that the taxa bearing these names are subspecifically distinct from one another. DANAIDA Latreille, 1804, Nouv. Dict. Hist. nat. 24 (Tab.) : 185, 199. Type-species by monotypy : Papilio plexippus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 471. Latreille gave a diagnosis of this genus on page 185, but did not there cite any nominal species as belonging to this genus. On page 199 however he cited the above species in a comparison between his taxonomic ideas with those of Fabricius. The name Danaida Latreille is invalid, as it is a junior objective synonym of Danaus Kluk, 1802. DANAIS Latreille, 1807, Mag. f. Insektenk. (Ulliger) 6: 291. Type-species by monotypy : Papilio plexippus Linnaeus, 1758. The name Danais Latreille is invalid, as it is a junior objective synonym of Danaus Kluk, 1802. DANAOMORPHA Kremky, 1925, Ann. zool. Mus. polon. Hist. nat. 4 : 164,167. Type-species by monotype : Papilio gilippus Cramer, [1775], Uitl. Kappellen 1 (3) : 41, pl. 26, figs E, F. The name Danaomorpha Kremky is invalid, as it is a junior objective synonym of Anosia Hiibner, 1816. DANAUS Kluk, 1802, Zwierz. Hist. nat. pocz. gospod. 4:84. Type-species by selection by Hemming (1933, Entomologist 66 : 222) : Papilio plexippus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 471 as defined by the neotype designated by the Commission in Opinion 282, with the Restricted Locality ‘‘ Kendall, New York State, U.S.A.”. Both the generic name to be used for the nominal species Papilio plexippus Linnaeus, 1758, and also the interpretation of that nominal species were formerly the subject of much discussion and confusion. ‘The first of these difficulties was put at rest when it was discovered that the various names bestowed upon this genus by Latreille were all later in date than the previously overlooked name Danaus Kluk, 1802. That name was placed by the Commission in its Opinion 278 (1954, Opin. int. Comm. zool. Nom. 6 : 135-178) on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology as Name No. 699. The difficulty of interpretation of the nominal species Papilio plexippus Linnaeus arose from the fact that when it was established in 1758, Linnaeus confused two entirely different species under thisname. The first of these was the predominantly New World species known in North America as ‘“‘ The Monarch’’; the second an Indo-Oriental species, of which specimens from Canton had been sent to Linnaeus by Osbeck. This second species was later given the name Papilio genutia. At the time when this matter was brought before the Commission the specific name plex- ippus Linnaeus had already been widely used for both the above species and was still commonly so employed. It was evident therefore that, whatever decision the Commission might take as to the interpretation of the Linnaean species, a different specific name would have to be employed in future for one or other of the two species concerned. After replies had been received to a widely distributed questionnaire issued by the Office of the Commission, it was decided that the balance of advantage lay in favour of the application of the name plexippus Linnaeus to the New World species known as “‘ The Monarch ’’. The Commission accordingly 140 FRANCIS HEMMING decided to use its Plenary Powers to secure this end. In order to obviate the risk of any further discussion on this matter the Commission decided to designate a neotype for the nominal species Papilio plexippus and to provide a figure of that neotype in the Opinion to be promulgated in this matter. As the species known as ‘“‘ The Monarch’’ possesses several recognized subspecies, particular care was taken by the Commission when selecting the speci- men to be designated as the neotype, to select a specimen which had not only been taken in the United States but which also belonged to the subspecies normally found in that country, this precaution being necessary because the species concerned is extremely migratory and occasionally specimens of the subspecies occurring further south in America are taken in the United States. The specimen ultimately selected as the neotype was a male taken by H. S. Burnett at Kendall, New York State, which locality the Commission further decided to designate as the ““ Restricted Locality ”’ of this species. The decisions described above were promulgated by the Commission in its Opinion 282 (1954, loc. cit. 6 : 225-268, 1 pl.). In the same Opinion the specific name plexippus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Papilio plexippus and as defined in the manner described above, was placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology as Name No. 111. DANAUS Latreille, 1809, Gen. Crust. Ins. 4: 201. Type-species by selection by Scudder (1872, 4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. 1871 : 28 : Papilio plexippus Linnaeus, 1758). The name Danaus Latreille is invalid, first, as a junior homonym of Danaus Kluk, 1802, and, second, as a junior objective synonym of that generic name. DANAUS Oken, 1815, Lehrbuch Naturgesch. 3 (Zool.) (1) : 723. Type-species by selection by Crotch (1872, Cistula ent. 1 : 60) : Papilio brassicae Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 467. This name is invalid, as the Lehyvbuch, in which it was published, has been rejected for nomenclatorial purposes by the Commission in its Opinion 417 (1956, Opin. int. Comm. zool. Nom. 14 : 1-42), in which also the title of this work was placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Works in Zoological Nomenclature as Title No. 33. Even if the name Danaus Oken were not invalid for the foregoing reason, that name would have been invalid for two other reasons : (a) it is a junior homonym of Danaus Kluk, 1802 ; (b) it is junior objective synonym of Pievis Schrank, 1801. DANIS Fabricius, 1807, Mag. f. Insektenk. (Illiger) 6 : 286. Type-species by subsequent tautonymy : Papilio danis Cramer, [1775], Uitl. Kapellen 1: 111, pl. 70, figs E, F, a nominal species, of which, by selection by Hemming (1964, Amnot. lep. (3) : 105), the specimen figured by Cramer as fig. E on the plate cited above represents the lectotype, the same figure representing also the lectotype of the nominal species Damis sebae Boisduval, [1832], cited as belonging to this genus by Westwood (1852) on the occasion when nominal species were first placed in the present genus. Danis is a genus established without cited nominal species. The first author to cite such a species was Westwood in 1852 (1m Doubleday, Gen. diurn. Lep. (2) : 497). He then cited three such species, the first being Damis sebae Boisduval, [1832] (im d’Urville, Voy. “‘ Astrolabe’’, Faun. ent. 1 (Lép.) : 67). When establishing this nominal species, Boisduval cited in synonymy the nominal species Papilio danis Cramer, the type-material of which therefore forms part of the syntypes of Boisduval’s Damis sebae. Two lectotype-selections have been made in this case. First, the specimen figured by Cramer as figure E on plate 70 in volume 1 of the Uztl. Kapellen and named Papilio danis on page 111 of the same volume was selected by myself in 1964 to represent the lectotype of the nominal species Papilio danis Cramer. Second, the same figure was selected in the same paper to represent the lectotype of Damis sebae Boisduval, which thereby became objectively identical with Papilio danis Cramer, these two nominal species each having the same specimen as lectotype. Through the action described above the nominal species Papilio danis Cramer is the type-species of the genus Danis Fab- ricius by subsequent tautonymy. For many years the name Danis Fabricius was not used, this being due in part, no doubt, GENERIC NAMES OF BUTTERFLIES 141 to the fact that for long there existed no rules for determining what species should be regarded as being eligible for designation as the type-species of a genus established without citation of nominal species and partly also to a reluctance, on the part of those who believed that Fabricius had in mind the species Papilio danis Cramer when he established this genus, to accept tautonymy between generic and specific names. In consequence the name Thyso- notis Hiibner, [1819] was used by various authors for Papilio danis Cramer, it being the type- species of that genus, but in more recent times the name Danis Fabricius has come into use, though not completely replacing its junior objective synonym Thysonotis. DANISEPA Moore, 1883, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1883 : 296. Type-species by original designa- tion : Papilio radamanthus [sic] Fabricius, 1793, Ent. syst. 3 (1) : 42. The taxon represented by the nominal species Papilio vadamanthus is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as that represented by the nominal species Papilio diocletianus Fabricius, 1793, tbid. 3 (1) : 40. As these names were published in the same work and on the same date, the relative precedence to be accorded to them depends upon the choice made by the First Reviser. This appears to have been Doubleday who in 1847, Gen. diurn. Lep. (1) : 88 accepted the specific name vadamanthus, sinking diocletianus as a junior synonym. The specific name vadamanthus Fabricius, 1793, is therefore the oldest available name for the present taxon. DANISEPPA Fruhstorfer, [1910], in Seitz, Grossschmett. Erde 9 : 261 (an Incorrect Subsequent Spelling of Danisepa Moore, 1883). DAPIDODIGMA Karsch, 1895, Ent. Nachy. 21; 310. Type-species by original designation : Papilio liger Cramer, [1779], Uitl. Kapellen 3 (22) : 109, pl. 254, figs E, F. DAPTONOURA Butler, 1869, Cat. diurn. Lep. Fabricius : 209. Type-species by original designation : Papilio lycimnia Cramer, [1777], Uitl. Kapellen 2 (9) : 13, pl. 105, figs E, F. DARASANA Moore, 1884, J. asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt II, 53 (1) : 42. Type-species by original designation : Amblypodia perimuta Moore, 1857, im Horsfield & Moore, Cat. lep. Ins. Mus. East India Coy (1) : 42. DARATUS Lindsey, 1925, Ann. ent. Soc. Amer. 18 : 84. Type-species through Section (i) (replacement names) of Article 67 : Choristoneura apicalis Mabille, [1890], Bull. Soc. ent. Fr. 1889 : clvi. Lindsey’s designation of the above species was unnecessary and indeed invalid, because, as a substitute name, Davatus takes automatically as its type-species the species (Choristoneura apicalis) which is the type-species of the genus replaced, that is, the type-species of Choristo- neura Mabille, [1890]. As explained in the note on Choristoneura, the taxon represented by the nominal species Choristoneura apicalis is currently regarded subjectively on taxonomic grounds as being the same as that represented by the older-established nominal species A stictopterus johnstonii Butler, 1887. DARDARINA Evans, 1937, Revista Ent., Rio de J. 7 (1) : 88. Type-species by original designation : Cyclopides dardaris Hewitson, 1877, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (4) 20 : 328. DARPA Moore, [1866], Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1865 (3) : 781. Type-species by monotypy : Darpa hanria Moore, [1866], ibid. 1965 (3) : 781, pl. 42, fig. 2. DASYOMMA Felder (C.) & Felder (R.), 1860, Wien. ent. Monats. 4: 401. Type-species by monotypy : Dasyomma fuscum Felder (C.) & Felder (R.), 1860, zbid. 4 : gor. This name is invalid, as it is a junior homonym of Dasyomma Macquart, 1841 (Mém. Soc. Sci. Lille 1840 : 309). It has been replaced by the name Mydosuena Moore, 1880. DASYOPHTHALMA Westwood, [1851], 77 Doubleday, Gen. diurn. Lep. (2) : 343. Type- species by selection by Scudder (1875, Proc. amey. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10 : 155) : Morpho rusina Godart, [1824], Ency. méth. 9 (Ins.) (2) : 451. 142 FRANCIS HEMMING DAVIDINA Oberthur, 1879, Etud. ent.4:19. Type-species by monotypy : Davidina armandi Oberthur, 1879, ibid. 4 : 19, 108, pl. 2, fig. 1. DEBIS Doubleday, [1849], Gen. diurn. Lep. (2) : pl. 61, fig. 3. Type-species by monotypy : Debis samio Doubleday, [1849], ibid. (2) : pl. 61, fig. 3. Two years after the publication of the above plate in August 1849 Westwood in his continua- tion of Doubleday’s book published in March 1851 (: 358) the text relating to the genus Debis in which he designated Papilio europa Fabricius as type-species ; this was, of course, invalid, the type-species having been determined automatically by monotypy when Doubleday’s plate 61, containing Debis samio only, was published in August 1849. DECINEA Evans, 1955, Cat. amer. Hesp. Brit. Mus. 4 : 266, 286. Type-species by original designation : Hesperia decinea Hewitson, 1876, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (4) 18 : 452. DEJEANIA Oberthur, 1896, Etud. ent. 20 : 40. Type-species by monotypy : Dejeania bicolor Oberthur, 1896, ibid. 20 : 40, pl. 9, fig. 163 3. This name is invalid, as it is a junior homonym of two older names. These are: (a) Dejeania Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830 (Mém. Acad. Roy. Sci. Inst. Fr. 2 : 33) ; (b) Dejeania [Blanchard], 1850 (Cat. Coll. ent. Mus. Hist. nat. Paris, Coléopt. 1 : 96). (Dejeania Oberthur has been replaced by the name Barca de Niceville, 1902). DELCHINA Swinhoe, 1885, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1885 : 146 (an Incorrect Subsequent Spelling of Dalchina Moore, [188r}). DELIAS Hiibner, [1819], Vervz. bekannt. Schmett. (6) : 91. Type-species by selection by Butler (1870, Cistula ent. 1: 40) : Papilio egialea Cramer, [1777], Uitl. Kapellen 2 (16) : 141, pl. 189, figs D, E 9 ; [1779], 2bid. 3 (22) : 115, 258, figs E, F. When introducing the nominal genus Delias, Hiibner took the view that Cramer had confused two species under the name Papilio egialea ; he thereupon established two new nominal species, the first of which he called Delias tyche and the second, Delias apriate. D. tyche was based on the female figured on Cramer’s plate 189, while D. apriate was based on the male figured on Cramer’s plate 258. Butler (1870) selected Papilio egialea Cramer as the type-species of Delias, but at that time this selection appeared to be of doubtful validity, if not to be actually invalid. This was because, first, it seemed doubtful whether Papilio egialea could properly be looked upon as ranking as one of the originally included species of the genus since Hiibner had not accepted it as a taxonomically valid species, citing its name only in synonymy, and, second, because Hiibner had rejected that name altogether, having established new nominal species upon the two parts (i.e. Cramer’s pl. 189 and the same author’s pl. 258 respectively) on which Cramer’s Papilio egialea was based. When I considered this matter in 1934 (Gen. Names hol. Butts 1 : 124) I took the view that Butler’s selection of Papilio egialea Cramer should be regarded as acceptable, as Hiibner had included that name when introducing the genus Delias, but that, as Hiibner had not accepted Papilio egialea Cramer as a taxonomically good species, the type-species ought to be cited under the name which Hiibner had employed when citing Papilio egialea asa synonym. Of the two nominal species based by Hiibner on parts (i.e. on syntypes of Papilio egialea), 1 then selected as the type-species of Delias the nominal species Delias tyche, the first of the two nominal species established by Hiibner (i.e. the nominal species based on the female figured on Cramer’s plate 189). Since the action described above, the Paris Congress of 1948 gave a ruling that a nominal species cited in the synonymy of a species placed in a new genus is itself to rank as an originally included species, and this provision has now been incorporated in the revised Code published in 1961 (Article 69(a) (i)). Under this provision Butler’s selection of Papilio egialea Cramer as type-species becomes completely acceptable and that nominal species becomes the unquestion- ed type-species. From the taxonomic point of view it is of interest to note that it is now considered— contrary to the view expressed by Hiibner—that the female figured on Cramer’s pl. 189 (the type of D. tyche Hiibner) and the male figured on his plate 258 (the type of D. apriate Hiibner) GENERIC NAMES OF BUTTERFLIES 143 are in fact no more than the two sexes of a single species, namely Papilio egialea Cramer. The taxon represented by the nominal species Papilio egialea Cramer is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as a subspecies of the taxon represented by the nominal species Papilio aglaia Linnaeus, 1758 (Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 465). DELONEURA Trimen, 1868, Trans. ent. Soc. Lond. 1868 : 81. Type-species by monotypy ; Deloneura immaculata Trimen, 1868, ibid. 1868 : 83, pl. 5, fig. 4. DEORIS Moore, [1903], Lep. ind. 6:31. Type-species by original designation : Papilio agetes Westwood, 1843, Arcana ent. 2 (14) : 23, pl. 55, figs 1, 2. DERAGENA Moore, 1883, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1883 : 272. Type-species by original designa- tion : Euploea proserpina Butler, 1866, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1866 : 300. The taxon represented by the nominal species Euploea proserpina is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as a subspecies of the taxon represented by the nominal species Danais eleutho Godart, [1824] (Ency. méth. 9 (Ims.) (2) : 815). DERAMAS Distant, March 1886, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (5) 17 (99) : 252. Type-species by monotypy : Deramas livena Distant, March 1886, ibid. (5) 17 (99) : 252. Distant published the name Deramas for a second time six months later in the same year (September 1886, Rhop. malayana : 450). This second publication of the name Deramas is irrelevant from the present point of view, the type-species of this genus having (as shown above) been settled by monotypy when the name was originally published in March 1886. DERCAS Doubleday, [1847], Gen. diurn. Lep. (1) : 70. Type-species by monotypy : Colias verhuelli Hoeven, 1839, Tijdschr. nat. geschied: physiol. 5 (4) : 341, pl. 8, figs 3, 4. When discussing the genus Gonepteryx Doubleday said that, if it were to be thought desirable to subdivide that genus, various names were available, including the name Dercas, which had already been indicated by Boisduval for Colias verhuelli Hoeven. Doubleday’s information regarding the name Dercas must have been drawn from manuscript sources, for that name had not been published. Doubleday must therefore be treated as its author ; as the above species was alone cited by Doubleday, it is automatically the type-species of Dercas by monotypy. DEROGENA Rebel, 1910, Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien 85 : 416 (an Incorrect Subsequent Spelling of Deragena Moore, 1883). DESMOLYCAENA Trimen, 1898, Trans. ent. Soc. Lond. 1898 : 7. Type-species by original designation : Desmolycaena mazoensis Trimen, 1898, ibid. 1898 : 7, 8, pl. 1, fig. 4 3. DESMOZONA Boisduval, [1836], (Roret’s Suite 4 Buffon), Hist. nat. Ins., Consid. gén. Lépid. 1: pls 6 [=pl. 2B], 21, [=pl. 2C]. Type-species by selection by Hemming (1939, Proc. R. ent. Soc. Lond. (B) 8 : 135) : Desmozona acherois Boisduval, [1836], ibid., Consid. gén. 1 Mépid. : pl. 2z, fig. 1. DEUDORIX Hewitson, [1863], Jil. diurn. Lep., Lycaenidae 1 (text) : 16. Type-species by original designation : Dipsas epijarbas Moore, 1857, in Horsfield & Moore, Cat. lep. Ins. Mus. East India Coy (1) : 32. DEUDORYX Hewitson, [1865], Ill. diuvn. Lep., Lycaenidae 1 (text) : 47 (an Incorrect Subse- quent Spelling of Deudovix Hewitson, [1863}). DIADEMA Boisduval, [1832], 7m d’Urville, Voy. “‘ Astrolabe’’, Faun. ent. 1 (Lép.) : 133. Type-species by selection by Blanchard (1840, Hist. nat. Ins. 3 : 451) : Papilio bolina Lin- naeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 479. This name is invalid under the Law of Homonymy, being a junior homonym of Diadema Gray, 1825 (Ann. Phil. 26: 426). Formerly, there were two older homonyms, namely Diadema Schumacher, 1817, and Diadema Ranzani, 1817, but both of these were suppressed by the Commission under its Plenary Powers in its Opinion 206 published in 1954, the purpose of that decision being to validate the Echinoderm name Diadema Gray referred to above. DIAETHRIA bBillberg, 1820, Enum. Ins. Mus. Billb. : 78. Type-species by monotypy : Papilio clymena Cramer, [1775], Uitl. Kapellen 1 (2) : 38, pl. 24, figs E, F. 144 FRANCIS HEMMING DIAEUS Godman & Salvin, [1895], Biol. centy.-amer., Lep. Rhop. 2 : 413. Type-species by selection by Lindsey (1925, Aun. ent. Soc. Amey. 18 : 84) : Leucochitonea lacaena Hewitson, [1860], Ill. exot. Butts 4 : [113], pl. [60], fig. 3. DIAGORA Snellen, 1894, Tijdschr. Ent. 37:67. Type-species by selection by Hemming (1934, Stvlops 3: 143) : Apatura japonica Felder (C.) & Felder (R.), 1862, Wien. ent. Monats. 6 : 27. DICALLANEURA Butler, 1867, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1867 : 37. Type-species by selection by Scudder (1875, Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10 : 156) : Argynnis pulchra Guérin- Ménéville, 1829, 7 Duperry, Voy. autour Monde “ Coquille’’, Zool. 2 : pl. 16, figs 2, 3. DICALLONEURA Scudder, 1882, Nomenel. zool., Univ. Index : 96 (an Incorrect Subsequent Spelling of Dicallaneura Butler, 1867). DICHELURA Mabille, 1902, Bull. Soc. ent. Fy. 1902: 179. Type-species by monotypy : Dichelurva tricuspidata Mabille, 1902, ibid. 1902 : 180. Mabille published this name as a new name for a second time in the following year ; this was in 1903 (in Wytsman’s Gen. Ins. 17 (A) : 47), again placing only the above species in this genus. This generic name is invalid, as it is a junior homonym of Dichelura Agassiz, 1845 (Nomencl. zool., Dipt. : 11), an emendation of Dichelaera Macquart, 1838. DICHORA Scudder, 1889, Ann. Rep. U.S. geol. Survey 8 (1) : 470. Type-species by monotypy : Libythea labdaca Westwood, [July 1851], in Doubleday, Gen. diurn. Lep. (2) : pl. 68, fig. 6 ; id., [August 1851], 77 Doubleday, ibid. (2) : 413 nota. This generic name is invalid, as it is a junior homonym of Dichora Paetel, 1875 (Fam. Gait. Moll. : 69). It was replaced in 1925 by the name Jeva Lindsey. DICHORRAGIA Butler, [1869], Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1868 (3) : 614. Type-species by original designation : Adolias nesimachus Boisduval, [1846], in Cuvier, Régne anim. (Disciples’ ed.) 6 (vol. 4) : explic. pl. 139 bis. The collation and dating of the Disciples’ edition of Cuvier’s Regne Animal present consider- able difficulties. The date here attributed to the name of the type-species was kindly fur- nished by the late Dr. C. D. Sherborn, by whom it had been obtained from a copy of this work preserved in the Departmental Library of the Palaeontological (at that time, the Geological) Department of the British Museum (Natural History). DICHORRHAGIA Scudder, 1882, Nomencl. zool., Univ. Index : 97 (an Unjustified Emendation of Dichorragia Butler, [1869]). DICOTHYRIS Karsch, 1893, Berlin. ent. Z. 38 : 203. Type-species by selection by Hemming (1935, Stylops, 4:1): Mycalesis sambulos Hewitson, [1877], Jil. exot. Butts 5 : [59], pl. [32], figs 63, 64. DICRANASPES Scudder, 1882, Nomencl. zool. 1, Suppl. List : 107 ; zbid. 2, Univ. Index : 97 (an Unjustified Emendation of Dicvanaspis Mabille, 1878). DICRANASPIS Mabille, 1878, Ann. Soc. ent. Belg. 21:24. Type-species by monotypy : Papilio idas Cramer, [1779], Uitl. Kapellen 3 (22) : 118, pl. 260, figs A, B. The name Papilio idas Cramer is invalid under the Law of Homonymy. Up to the year 1954 this name was a junior homonym of the name Papilio idas Linnaeus, 1758 (Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 488), but in that year the latter name was suppressed by the Commission under its Plenary Powers by the ruling given in its Opinion 269 (1954, Opin. int. Comm. zool. Nom. 6 : 1-24), the purpose of this action being to validate the slightly later nominal species Papilio idas Linnaeus, 1761 (Faun. svec. (ed. 2) : 284). It is therefore this last name which now invalidates the name Papilio idas Cramer, [1779], under the Law of Homonymy. The name Papilio idas Cramer has not been objectively replaced by any later name, because the taxon which it represents is subjectively treated currently on taxonomic grounds as being the same as that represented by the later-established nominal species Papilio mercurius Fabricius, 1787 (Mantissa Ins. 2 : 86). It is by this name that the present taxon is currently known. GENERIC NAMES OF BUTTERFLIES 145 DICROGONIDIA [Stichel] Strand, 1932, Folia zool. hydrobiol., Riga 4 (1) : 145. This is no more than a ghost name which owes its appearance in the literature entirely to a mistake by Strand. The circumstances in which it made its appearance are as follows. In a list of generic names omitted from the Nomenclator Animalium then in process of being published by the Berlin Academy of Sciences Strand included what he believed to be a generic name Dicrogonidia Stichel, for which he gave the reference ‘‘ Gen. Insect., fasc. 112, A. p- 54’. The livraison of the Genera Insectorum cited deals with the butterfly family Riodini- dae, and in it Stichel gave an account of the genus Mesosemia Hiibner, this account beginning on page 37 and ending on page 63. In accordance with a common custom of his, Stichel divi- ded this genus into a series of primary divisions which he called “ Sectiones ’’, subdividing these into a subsidiary category which he termed a ‘“‘ Cohors’’. To each member of these categories he applied a Latin or Latinized designation in the nominative plural. The word “ Dicrogonidia ’’ was attached to the second of three ‘‘ Sectiones’’. It was not used as a generic name at all. DICROSEMA Bryk, 1953, Ark. Zool. (n.s.) 5 : 143. Type-species by monotypy : Dicrosema quadrifenestrata Bryk, 1953, ibid. (n.s.) 5 : 143. Evans, the only author to have commented on this nominal genus and species expressed the view (1955, Cat. amer. Hesp. Brit. Mus. 4 : 478) that the taxon represented by the nominal species Dicrosema quadrifenestrata Bryk was the same as that represented by the nominal species A nisochoria bahia Evans, 1953 (loc. cit. 3 : 167, pl. 45, fig. E. 59. 5 (¢ genit.)), to which he sank Dicrosema quadrifenestvata Bryk as a junior synonym. He did not notice however that these names were both published in the same year and therefore that, in order to determine the relative precedence to be given to them, it would be necessary to know in what month each was published. This matter has now been examined with the following result : (i) The part of the Ark. Zool. containing the name Dicrosema quadrifenestrata Bryk was published on 12th August 1953 ; (ii) The volume of Evans’s Catalogue containing the name Anisochoria bahia Evans was published on 27th November 1953. Accordingly, on the basis of Evans’s subjective identification of the taxa represented respectively by these nominal species, the species here in question should be known by the specific name quadrifenestrata Bryk. DIDONIS Hiibner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2) : 17. Type-species by selection by Scudder (1875, Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10 : 156) : Papilio vitellia Stoll, [1781], in Cramer, Uitl. Kapellen 4 (30) : 116, pl. 249, figs E, F. The name Didonis Hiibner was formerly widely used as though its type-species was the Nymphalid species Papilio biblis Fabricius, 1807, but this usage was incorrect, Scudder, the first author to select a type-species, having (as shown above) selected the Satyrid (Elymniine) Papilio vitellia Stoll. Fortunately, no ill-result was involved in the correction of this mis- usage : (i) because the name Didonis Hiibner could not in any circumstances have been validly used for Papilio biblis Fabricius, 1775, since that species is the type-species of the older- established nominal genus Biblis Fabricius, 1807 ; (ii) because the fact that the true type-spe- cies of Didonis Hiibner is an Elymniine Satyrid gives rise to no confusion, since according to modern taxonomic ideas Papilio vitellia Stoll, the type-species of Didonis Hiibner is con- generic with Elymnias jynx Hiibner (better known as undulavis Drury), the type-species of the older-established nominal genus Elymnias Hiibner, 1818. Thus, Didonis Hiibner is a junior subjective synonym of Elymnias Hiibner. DIDYMAEFORMIS Verity, 1950, Farfalle diurn. d’Ital. 4 : 89, 90. Type-species by original designation : Papilio didyma Esper, [1777], Die Schmett. 1 (7) : 41, fig. 3. DIESTOGYNA Karsch, 1893, Berl. ent. Z. 38 (1/2) : 181. Type-species by original designa- tion: Aterica tadema Hewitson, [1866], J//. evot. Butts 3 : [53], pl. [27], figs 10, 11, 12. DILIPA Moore, 1857, in Horsfield & Moore, 1857, Cat. lep. Ins. Mus. East India Coy (1) : 201. Type-species by monotypy : Apatura (?) morgiana Westwood, [1850], im Doubleday, Gen. diurn. Lep. (2) : 305 nota. 146 FRANCIS HEMMING DINGANA van Son, 1955, Butts S. Africa (Mem. Transvaal Mus., No. 8) 2: 70. Type-species by original designation : Leptoneura dingana Trimen, 1873, Tvans. ent. Soc. Lond. 1873 : LOZ Mploel, een. DINOPLOTIS Stichel, 1911, im Wytsman’s Gen. Ins. 112 (B) : 293. Type-species by original designation : Dinoplotis orphana Stichel, 1911, ibid. 112 (B) : 293, pl. 27, fig. 78. DIOGAS Ferreira d’Almeida, 1938, O Campo, Rio de Janeiro 9 (No. 102) : 41. Type-species by original designation : Papilio erippus Cramer, [1775], Uitl. Kapellen 1 (1) : 4, pl. 3, figs A, B. DION Godman, [1901], in Godman & Salvin, Biol. centr.-amer., Lep. Rhop. 2 : 592. Type- species by original designation : Carystus gemmatus Butler, 1872, Cistula ent. 1 : 86. DIONANA Moore, [1892], Lep. ind. 1 (11) : 271. Type-species by original designation : Lethe (?) margaritae Elwes, 1882, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1882 : 405, pl. 25, fig. 15. DIONE Hiibner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2) : 31. Type-species by selection by Scudder (1875, Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10: 157) : Papilio juno Cramer, [1779], Uvzil. Kapellen 3 (18) : 38, pl. 215, figs B, C. DIOPETES Karsch, 1895, Ent. Nachyr. 21: 317. Type-species by original designation : Deudorix deritas Hewitson, 1874, Tvans. ent. Soc. Lond. 1884 : 352. DIOPHTALMA Boisduval, [1836], (Roret’s Suite a Buffon), Hist. nat. Ins., Consid. gén. Lépid. 1 : pl. 6, fig. 9, pl. 21, fig. 2. Type-species by selection by Scudder (1875, Proc. amer. Acad. Arts. Sci., Boston 10 : 157) : Diophtalma telegone Boisduval, [1836], ibid., Lépid. i plazinetic: 2. DIOPHTHALMA Agassiz, 1846, Nomencl. zool., Lep. : 22 (an Unjustified Emendation of Diophtalma Boisduval, [1836)]). DIORHINA Doubleday, 1847, List. Spec. lep. Ins. Brit. Mus. 2 : 3 (an Unjustified Emendation of Diovina Morisse, [1838}). DIORINA Morisse, [1838], Ann. Soc. ent. Fr. 6 (4) : 421. Type-species by monotypy : Diorina laonome Morisse, [1838], ibid. 6 (4) : 422, pl. 14, figs 5, 6. Both the generic name Diovina and the specific name laonome were attributed by Morisse to Boisduval, by whom they had presumably been proposed in manuscript. The taxon represented by the nominal species Diovina laonome Morisse is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as being the same as that represented by the older- established Papilio periandey Cramer, [1777] (Uitl. Kapellen 2 (16) : 139, pl. 188, fig. C). DIORISTE Thieme, 1907, Berl. ent. Z. 51 (2) : 171. Type-species by original designation : Pronophila tauropolis Westwood, [1850], iz Doubleday, Gen. diurn. Lep. (2) : pl. 66, fig. 1 ; id., [1851], 72 Doubleday, zbid. (2) : 358. DIPHORIDAS Godman & Salvin, [1896], Biol. centy.-amer., Lep. Rhop. 2 : 423. Type- species by original designation : Uvbanus phalaenoides Hiibner, [1812], Sammi. exot. Schmett. 1: pl. [152]. The name Diphoridas is invalid as a junior objective synonym of Helias Fabricius, 1807. DIPSAS Westwood, [1851], im Doubleday, Gen. diurn. Lep. (2) : pl. 74, fig. 7. Type-species by monotypy : Dipsas ataxus Westwood, [1851], 72 Doubleday, ibid. (2) : pl. 74, fig. 7; 1d., [1852], zbid. (2) : 480. First, it must be noted that the name Dipsas has often been attributed to Doubleday, though in fact it was never validly published by that author. What happened was that this name was published by Doubleday in 1847 (List. Spec. lep. Ins. Brit. Mus. 2 : 25), but, as it there appeared it was invalid as a nomen nudum, Doubleday then citing under this name only two species, both of which were at that time only manuscript species. Both of these names— of which Dipsas ataxus was one—were attributed by Doubleday to Boisduval ; it is possible therefore that it was Boisduval, so well-known as a distributor of manuscript names, who GENERIC NAMES OF BUTTERFLIES 147 first devised the name Dipsas. Doubleday would no doubt have used this name in his Genera of Diurnal Lepidoptera if he had not been prevented from doing so by his premature death. Thus it was left to Westwood to be the first validly to publish this name. Westwood cited only one species, Dipsas ataxus, on plate 74 of his continuation of Doubleday’s book, and (as stated above) that species is automatically the type-species of Dipsas by mono- typy. This plate was published on 5th December 1851. The text relating to this name which appeared on page 480, was not issued until 4th March 1852. (For the determination of these dates see Hemming, 1941, J. Soc. Bibl. nat. Hist. 1 : 439-440.) In the text Westwood placed eleven nominal species in this genus, the first of these being Thecla sita Kollar, [1844], which he designated as type-species. This designation is invalid, because already three months earlier Dipsas ataxus had become the type-species of this genus through its name having been published on plate 74. The name Dipsas Westwood is invalid under the Law of Homonymy, the word “ Dipsas ” having been introduced as a generic name by three previous authors. These earlier names are the following : (a) Dipsas Laurentius, 1768 (Syn. Rept. : 89) ; (b) Dipsas Leach, 1814 (Zool. Miscell. 1 : 119) ; (c) Dipsas Rafinesque, 1820 (Amn. gén. Sci. phys., Bruxelles 5 : 317). DIRA Hiibner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (4) : 60. Type-species by selection by Scudder (1875, Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10 : 157) : Papilio clytus Linnaeus, 1764, Mus. Lud. Ulr. : 268. DIRCENNA Doubleday, [1847], Gen. diurn. Lep. (1) : pl. 17, fig. 2. Type-species by mono- typy : Dircenna iambe Doubleday, [1847], ibid. (1) : pl. 17, fig. 2. In the text (: 121) published in September 1847, that is, about two months after the publication of plate 17, Doubleday cited five nominal species under the name Dircenna ; but, apart from Dircenna iambe, none of these would have been eligible for selection as type- species, even if the name Dircenna had first been published in the text instead of on plate 17, for of the remaining four one was a manuscript species and the other three were only doubt- fully referred to the genus. The taxon represented by the nominal species Dircenna iambe Doubleday is currently considered subjectively on taxonomic grounds to be the same as that represented by the older-established nominal species Cervatinia jemima Geyer, [1837], in Hiibner, Zuty. z. Sammi. exot. Schmett. : 6, pl. [139], figs 807, 808. DIS Mabille, 1889, Bull. Soc. ent. Fy. 1889 : clxxxiv. Type-species by monotypy : Dis an- nulatus Mabille, 1889, ibid. 1889 : clxxxiv. The taxon represented by the nominal species Dis annulatus Mabille is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as representing the same taxon as that represented by the older-established nominal species Oxynetra hoppferi Staudinger, [1888] im Staudinger & Schatz, Exot. Schmett. Th. 1 (Bd 1) : 294. DISCOLAMPA Toxopeus, 1929, Tijdschr. Ent. 72 : 232. Type-species by monotypy : Lycaena ethion Westwood, [1851], iz Doubleday, Gen. diurn. Lep. (2) : pl. 76, fig. 3 ; id., [1852], 7 Doubleday, ibid. (2) : 490. The present name, together with certain other names published in the same paper, was mark- ed by the formula “ Tox.i.l. (Treubia 1929?) ’’. thereby indicating (apparently) that Toxopeus regarded the publication of the name on this occasion as a mere anticipation of its substantive publication in the serial ‘“‘ Tveubia.’’ In fact, however, this and the other names concerned were never published in Tveubia in 1929 or later, and it was in the present paper in the Tijd- schy. Ent. that this and the other names were first published. DISCOPHELLUS Mabille, 1903, in Wytsman’s Gen. Ins. 17 (A) : 30 (an Incorrect Subsequent Spelling of Dyscophellus Godman & Salvin, [1893]). DISCOPHORA Boisduval, [1836], (Roret’s Suite a Buffon), Hist. nat. Ins., Consid. gén. 1 Lépid. : pl. 4 [= 4a], fig. 12 (larva et pupa) (as Discophorus), pl. 12 [= 8B], fig. 3 (as Discophora). Type-species by selection by Scudder (1875, Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10 : 158) : Papilio menetho Fabricius, 1793, Ent. syst. 3 (1) : 83-84. 148 FRANCIS HEMMING As shown above, this name was published in two Original Spellings, Discophova and Dis- cophorus, each of these spellings being used on the legend ofa plate. In the six-page pamphlet entitled ‘‘ Explication des Planches’’ only the spelling Discophora is used. When used by later authors, it was the “ -a’”’ termination which was used. The first author formally to act as First Reviser was Scudder who in 1875 (Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10 : 158) deliberately adopted the spelling Discophora, at the same time rejecting the spelling Disco- phorus. The taxon represented by the nominal species Discophova menetho Boisduval is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as being the same as that represented by the older- established nominal species Papilio celinde Stoll, [1790] (Aanhangs. Werk Uitl. Kapellen Pieter Cramer : 164, pl. 37, fig. 1). DISCOPHORUS Boisduval, [1836], (Roret’s Suite a Buffon), Hist. nat. Ins., Consid. gén. 1 Lépid. : pl. 4 [=pl. 4A], fig. 12 (an Incorrect Original Spelling of Discophora Boisduval, [1836]). DISCOPHUS Mabille, 1903, 11 Wytsman’s Gen. Ins. 17 (A) : 30 (an Incorrect Subsequent Spelling of Dyscophus Burmeister, 1878). DISMENITIS Haensch, 1903, Berl. ent. Z. 48 : 207. Type-species by original designation : Ithomia zavaleta Hewitson, [1854], [/l. evot. Butts 1 : [35], pl. [18], fig. 40. DISMORPHIA Hiibner, 1816, Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (1) : 10. Type-species by selection by Butler (1870, Cistula ent. 1 : 54) : Papilio laia Cramer, [1779], Uitl. Kapellen 3 (20) : 68, pl. 232, figs C, D. DISPAR Waterhouse & Lyall, 1914, Butts Australia : 8, 174, 197. Type-species by original designation (: 197) : Telesto compacta Butler, 1882, Ann. mag. nat. Hist. (5) 9 : 87. DISPARIA Verity, 1943, Farfalle diurn. d’Ital.2 : 21,58. Type-species by original designation: Papilio dispar [Haworth], 1802, Prodr. Lep. brit. : 3 et nota. This name is invalid, as it is a junior homonym of Dispavia Nagano, 1916 (Bull. Nawa ent. Lab. 1 : 3). DIXEIA Talbot, 1932, Entomologist 65 : 36. Type-species by original designation : Pieris charina Boisduval, [1836], (Roret’s Suite a Buffon), Hist. nat. Ins., Consid. gén. 1 Lépid: : 525. The taxon represented by the nominal species Pieris chayina Boisduval is commonly treated on subjective taxonomic grounds as a subspecies of the taxon represented by the nominal species Pieris dovo Godart, [1819] (Ency. méth. 9 (Ins.) (1) : 123). DOBERES Godman & Salvin, [1895], Biol. centr.-amer., Lep. Rhop. 2: 407. Type-species by monotypy : Helias mexicana Felder (C.) & Felder (R.), [1867], Reise Fregatte “‘ Novara”’ (3) : 531, pl. 73, fig. 20. DODONA Hewitson, [1861], Jl]. evot. Butts 2: [91]. Type-species by selection by Scudder (1875, Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10 : 158) : Melitaea durga Kollar, [1844], in Hiigel’s Kashmir 4 (2) : 441, pl. 13, figs 3, 4. DODONIDIA Butler, March 1884, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (5) 13 : 172. Type-species by original designation : Dodonidia helmsii Butler, 1884, ibid. (5) 13 : 172, fig. (underside). The name Dodonidia was published as a new name twice in 1884 : first, in March in the serial cited above ; second, in July (New Zealand J. Sci. 2 (4) : 159). Butler, in designating the type-species of this genus, specified the taxon concerned as helmsii Fereday, without mentioning a generic name. This arose from the peculiar circum- stance that this name was actually published by Fereday without a generic name. The specific name helmsii was published in 1883 (Tvans. N.Z. Inst. 15 : 193) under the formula “Genus (?) helmsii’’, Fereday explaining (: 195) that he did not venture to assign this species to any known genus. As published in this way, the name helmszi is invalid under Article 11(g) (ii), which requires that a species-group name must be published in combination with a genus-group name. GENERIC NAMES OF BUTTERFLIES 149 The first occasion on which the name helmsii was validly published in combination with a generic name was when it was so published by Butler in March 1884 in the Annals. Butler must therefore be treated as the author of this name which has to be dated from 1884. Butler did not give a re-description of helmsii but, in addition to providing a figure, he expressly incorporated by reference what had been written about this species by Fereday. DOLESCHALIA Marschall, 1873, Nomencl. zool. : 288 (an Incorrect Subsequent Spelling of Doleschallia Felder (C.) & Felder (R.), 1860). DOLESCHALLIA Felder (C.) & Felder (R.), 1860, Wien. ent. Monats. 4 : 399. Type-species by selection by Scudder (1875, Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10: 158): Papilio bisaltide Cramer, [1777], Uitl. Kapellen 1 (9) : 9, pl. 102, figs C, D. This generic name, as shown above, was first published by C. & R. Felder jointly in a paper published in December 1860. It must be noted however that it was also published as a new name by Cajetan Felder in the following year (1861, Nova Acta Leop. Carol. 28 (No. 3) : 14). This latter paper has often been treated incorrectly as being the place where the name Dole- schallia was first published. When this nominal genus was first established, two nominal species were cited as belonging to it. Scudder, following Kirby (1871, Syn. Cat. diurn. Lep. : 193), treated these nominal species as representing a single taxonomic unit and accordingly considered this genus to be monobasic. Fortunately, this error on Scudder’s part is of no consequence, for he unequivo- cally specified Papilio bisaltide Cramer, the second of the originally included species, as being the type-species. DOLYMORPHA Holland, 1931, The Butterfly Book (new ed.) : 228. Type-species by mono- typy : Thecla jada Hewitson, [1867], [//. diurn. Lep., Lycaenidae 1 (text) : 87 ; 2 (plates) : pl. 34, figs 67, 68 3. DOPHIA Kirby, [1882], in Zool. Rec. 17 (year 1880) (Ins.) : 137 (an Incorrect Subsequent Spelling of Dophla Moore, [1880)). DOPHLA Moore, [1880], Lep. Ceylon 1 (1) : 33. Type-species by monotypy : Papilio evelina Stoll, [1790], Aanhangs. Werk. Uitl. Kapellen Pieter Cramer : 132, pl. 28, fig. 2. DORAMAS Toxopeus, 1929, Tijdschy. Ent. 72 : 217 (an Incorrect Subsequent Spelling of Deramas Distant, 1886). Toxopeus reported that the above misspelling had been published by Piepers but did not give a reference to the paper concerned. DORARCHON Rothschild, 1918, Novit. zool. 25 : 219. Type-species by monotypy : Papilio apollinus Herbst, 1798, in Jablonsky, Natursyst. Ins., Schmett. 9 : 156, pl. 250, figs 5-8. DORICHA Moore, 1883, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1883 : 317. Type-species by original designa- tion : Papilio sylvestris Fabricius, 1793, Ent. syst. 3 (1) : 41. This name is invalid, as it is a junior homonym of Doricha Reichenbach, 1853 (J. Orni- thologie 1 Aufzahlung Colibris : 12). DORILA Gray, 1832, in Griffith’s, Cuvier’s Anim. Kingdom 15 (Class Ins. 2) : pl. 102. Type- species by monotypy : Erycina (Dorila) asteris Gray, 1832, ibid. 15 (Class Ins. 2) : pl. 102 ; no mention of this nominal species in the text. The taxon represented by the nominal species Evycina (Dorila) astevis Gray is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as being the same as that represented by the older-established nominal species Papilio dorilas Cramer, [1775] (Uitl. Kapellen 1 (4) : 75, pl. 48, fig. C). DORITIS Fabricius, 1807, Mag. f. Insektenk. (Illiger) 6 : 283. Type-species by selection by Dalman (1816 K. svenska VetenskAhad. Handl. 1816 (No. 1) : 60) : Papilio apollo Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 465. The name Doritis is invalid, as it is a junior objective synonym of Paynassius Latreille, 1804. It should be noted for purposes of record that for many years the name Doritis was wrongly 150 FRANCIS HEMMING used as though its type-species was Papilio apollinus Herbst, 1798, a nominal species bearing a name which is a senior subjective synonym of Papilio thia Hiibner, [1805-1806], the name of the type-species of Avchon Hiibner, 1822, the generic name currently used for this species. There was never the slightest justification for treating the above species as the type-species of Doritis Fabricius, of which it was not one of the originally included species. It is likely that this practice had its origin in the fact that in 1819 Hiibner (Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (6) : 89) employed the name Doritis for Papilio thia, being followed uncritically by various authors, until in 1872 (Cistula ent. 1 : 66) Crotch actually went so far as to select Papilio apollinus Herbst as the type-species of Dovitis. DORITITES Rebel, 1898, S.B. Akad. Wiss. Wien 107: 734-741, 745. Rebel placed in this genus the single fossil species Dovitites bosniaskii Rebel, 1898 (loc. cit. 107: 734-735), which is therefore the type-species by monotypy. DOXOCOPA Hiibner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. : (4) 49. Type-species by selection by Scudder (1872, 4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. 1871: 30): Papilio agathina Cramer, [1777], Uitl. Kapellen 2 (14) : 109, pl. 167, figs E, F. DRACAENURA Swinhoe, 1917, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (8) 20 : 158. So far as the butterflies are concerned, this is no more than a ghost-name. What happened was that in the paper in the Annals referred to above Swinhoe described a Pyralid moth under the name Dracaenura arfakalis (: 158). Of the names included in this combination only the specific name arfakalis was new, the generic name Dvacaenura being a name published by Meyrick in 1886 (Trans. ent. Soc. Lond. 1886 : 227). This generic name became a ghost- name in the family Nymphalidae through the above name being listed as belonging to the foregoing family—as a result of a confusion of the recording slips—when Swinhoe’s new species avfakalis was noted in the Zoological Record (54 (year 1917) (Ins.) : 143). DRAVIRA Moore, [1896], Lep. ind. 3 (25) : 14. Type-species by original designation : Pota- mis ulupi Doherty, 1889, J. asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt II, 58 (1) : 125, pl. ro, fig. 2 g. As is explained in the note on the name Sincana Moore, [1896], published in the same work, Dyraviva Moore has been given precedence over that name by a First Reviser choice made by myself in 1964 (Annot. Lep. (3) : 79). DREPANULA Rober, [1892], im Schatz, in Staudinger & Schatz, Evot. Schmett. Bd 1, Th. 2 (6) : 246. Type-species by monotypy : Lemonias calvus Staudinger, 1887, in Staudinger & Schatz, ibid. Bd 2 : pl. 92. The name Dvepanula Rober is invalid, as it is a junior homonym of Drepanula Frdlich, 1828 (Enum. Tort. Wiirtt. : 11). DREPHALYS Watson, 1893, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1893 : 18, 34. Type-species by original designation : Eudamus helixus Hewitson, 1877, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (4) 20 : 320. DRINA de Niceville, 1890, 17 Marshall & de Niceville, Butts India Burmah Ceylon 3 : 20, 442. Type-species by original designation : Myrina donina Hewitson, [1865], Ill. diurn. Lep., Lycaenidae 1 (text) : 39 ; 2 (plates) : pl. 17, figs 61, 62 9. DRUCINA Butler, 1872, Cistula ent. 1 : [72]. Type-species by original designation : Drucina leonata Butler, 1872, ibid. 1 : [72]. DRUPADIA Moore, 30th June, 1884, J. asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt II, 53 (1) : 31. Type-species by original designation : Myrina ravindra Horsfield, [1829], Descy. Cat. lep. Ins. Mus. East India Coy (2) : 117, pl. 1, figs 11, Ita. DRUPADIA Distant, August 1884, Rhop. malayana : 233, 236. Type-species by original designation : Myrina vavindva Horsfield, [1829]. Distant stated that Dvupadia was a manuscript name of Moore’s and that Myrina vavindra was the type-species ; and he took responsibility for the publication of this generic name. Actually, as shown above, Moore’s paper containing the name Dvupadia had been published on 30th June, that is, about one month before the publication of that name by Distant. GENERIC NAMES OF BUTTERFLIES 151 The name Drupadia Distant is invalid, first, as a junior homonym of Drupadia Moore, and, second, as a junior objective synonym of that name. DRURYA Rippon, [1890-1898], Icon. Ornithopt. 1 : iv (an Incorrect Subsequent Spelling of Druryia Aurivillius, 1881). DRURYIA Aurivillius, 1881, Ent. Tidsky. 2:44. Type-species by original designation : Papilio antimachus Drury, [1782], Jil. nat. Hist. 3 : index et 1, pl. 1. DRUSILLA Swainson, 1820, Zool. Illusty. (1) 1: pl. 11. Type-species by orginal designation : Papilio jaivus Cramer, [1775], Uitl. Kapellen 1 (1) : 9, pl. 6, figs A, B. The name Drusilla Swainson is invalid, as it is a junior homonym of Drusilla Samouelle, June 1819 (Entom. Compend. : 177). DRUSILLOPSIS Oberthur, 1894, Etud.ent.19 : 16. Type-species bymonotypy : Drusillopsis dohertyi Oberthur, 1894, ibid. 19 : 16, pl. 2, figs 3, 3a. In the same volume Oberthur established a genus under the name Hamadryopsis (loc. cit. 19 : 17) with a single included species Hamadryopsis drusillodes (loc. cit. : 17) which is there- fore the type-species of that genus by monotypy. Fruhstorfer in 1908 (Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien 58 (6/7) : 217) subjectively identified on taxonomic grounds the taxon represented by the nominal species Hamadryopsis drusillodes Oberthur with the taxon represented by the nominal species Drusillopsis dohertyi Oberthur. As these names were published on the same date and in the same work, the relative precedence to be accorded to these names depends on the choice made by the First Reviser. This choice was made by Fruhstorfer in the paper cited above when he adopted the specific name dohertyi Oberthur, sinking the name drusil- lodes Oberthur as a junior synonym. The relative precedence to be accorded to the generic names Drusillopsis Oberthur and Hamadryopsis Oberthur stands in a position exactly similar to that of the specific names dohertyi Oberthur and drusillodes Oberthur discussed above, these generic names having been published in the same work and on the same date. Fruhstorfer however did not make a First Reviser choice as between these names when (as described above) he made such a choice as between the specific names of the respective type-species of these genera, for the reason that he considered (though erroneously) that both these generic names were invalid, not having been provided with a diagnosis by their author (Oberthur). As however both these generic names are available names, a First Reviser choice is necessary, in order to determine the relative precedence to be accorded to them. The required First Reviser choice was made by myself in 1964 (Annot. lep. (3) : 77) when I chose the generic name Drusillopsis Oberthur, 1894, to take precedence over the name Hamadryopsis Oberthur, 1894. DRUSILLOPSIS Fruhstorfer, 1908, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien 58 (6/7) : 217. Type-species by monotypy : Drusillopsis dohertyi Oberthur, 1894. As has been explained in the discussion of the name Dyusillopsis Oberthur, 1894, Fruh- storfer rejected that name on the ground that it had been published without a generic diagno- sis. Wishing however to use that name as the generic name for the nominal species Drusil- lopsis dohertyi Oberthur, he thereupon provided the genus with a diagnosis and republished the name as his own. When three years later ({1911], in Seitz, Grossschmett. Erde 9 : 359). Fruhstorfer again dealt with the name Drusillopsis, he re-affirmed the view which he had expressed in 1908, by expressly citing himself as the author of this name. The name Dyusillopsis Fruhstorfer is invalid, both as a junior homonym of, and as a junior objective synonym of Drusillopsis Oberthur, 1894. DRYADULA Michener, 1942, Amer. Mus. Novit. No. 1197: 4. Type-species by original designation : Papilio phaetusa Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 478. DRYAS Hiibner, [1806], Tentamen : [1]. Type-species by monotypy : Papilio paphia Lin- naeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 481. The name Dryas of Hiibner’s Tentamen is invalid, because the Tentamen has been rejected for nomenclatorial purposes by the Commission by the ruling given in its Opinion 97 (1926, 152 FRANCIS HEMMING Smithson. miscell. Coll. 73 (No. 4) : 19-30; republished in facsimile in 1958 (Opin. int. Comm. zool. Nom. 1 (B) : 355-366). By a ruling given by the Commission in Opinion 278 (1954, loc. cit. 6 : 135-178) the name Dryas Hiibner, [1806] (of the Tentamen) was placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology as Name No. 75. DRYAS Hiibner, [1807], Samml. exot. Schmett. 1 : pls [43], [44]. Type-species by selection by Hemming (1933, Entomologist 66 : 197) : Papilio julia Fabricius, 1775, Syst. Ent. : 509. Hiibner placed five nominal species in the genus Dryas in volume 1 of the Sammi. exot. Schmett., but only the two plates cited above were published in 1807 (see Hemming, 1937, Hiibner 1 : 402). It was on plate [43] that Papilio julia Fabricius was figured. DRYAS Boisduval, 1847, in Delegorgue, Voy. Afrique austy. 2 : 588. Type-species by mono- typy : Dryas leda Boisduval, 1847, in Delegorgue, ibid. 2: 588. This name is invalid, as being a junior homonym of Dryas Hiibner, [1807]. DRYAS Felder (C.) & Felder (R.), [1865], Reise Fregatte ‘‘ Novara’’ (2) : 305. Type-species by monotypy : Limnas cinaron Felder (C.) & Felder (R.), 1861 Wien. ent. Monats. 5 : rot. This name is invalid, as being a junior homonym of Dryas Hiibner, [1807]. It has been replaced by the name Aculhua Kirby, 1871. DUBIELLA Evans, 1936, Proc. R. ent. Soc. Lond. (B) 5:55. Type-species by original designa- tion : Papilio dubius Stoll, [1781], im Cramer, Uiil. Kapellen 4 (30) : 123, pl. 354, figs 18}, (@ Following upon an invalid type-selection made by Scudder in 1875 (Proc. amev. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10: 145) the nominal species Papilio dubius Stoll was for long treated erroneously as being the type-species of the genus Coeliades Hiibner, 1818. Attention was drawn to this mistake of Scudder’s by myself in 1935 (Tvans. R. ent. Soc. Lond. 83 : 436) when I selected Papilio fovestan Stoll, [1782], to be the type-species of Coeliades Hiibner. Asa result of this correction, the nominal species Papilio dubius Stoll was left without a nomencla- torially available name. It was to make good this deficiency that in the following year Evans introduced the name Dubiella. DUBIEREBIA Muschamp, 1915, Mitt. Ent. Ziivich 1/6 (1) : 20. Type-species by monotypy : Erebia myops Staudinger, 1881, Stett. ent. Zig 42 : 296. DUCAPA Moore, [1900], Lep. ind. 4 (47) : 209. Type-species through Section (i) (replacement names) of Article 67: Atella fasciata Felder (C.) & Felder (R.), 1860, Wien. ent. Monats. 4 : 236. Moore introduced the name Ducapa to replace the name Paduca published by himself in November 1886 ; he took this action because he believed that his name Paduca was a junior homonym of the Hesperiid generic name Paduka Distant published in April 1886. Under the current revised Code (Article 56 (a)) a generic name differing in spelling by a single letter from another generic name is not to be treated as a homonym of that name. Accordingly, the names Paduka Distant and Paduca Moore are not to be treated as homonyms of one another ; there was in consequence no need for Moore to reject the name Paduca and to substitute for it the replacement name Ducapa. For the reasons explained above, the name Ducapa Moore is invalid, as being a junior objective synonym of the nomenclatorially available name Paduca Moore, 1886. DULCEDO Ferreira d’Almeida, 1951, Avg. Zool. Sdo Paulo 7 : 501. Type-species by original designation : Haetera polita Hewitson, 1869, Tvans. ent. Soc. Lond. 1869 : 34. DUNONIA Mabille, 1876, Bull. Soc. zool. Fr. 1 : 203 (an Incorrect Subsequent Spelling of Junonia Hiibner, [1819)). DURBANIA Trimen, 1862, Tvans. ent. Soc. Lond. (3) 1: 400. Type-species by monotypy : Durbania amakosa Trimen, 1862, zb7d. (3) 1 : 402. This generic name, which was based on the modern patronymic “‘ d’Urban’’, was introduced GENERIC NAMES OF BUTTERFLIES 153 by Trimen in the form “ D’ Urbania’’. Under the current revised Code (Article 27) the use of an apostrophe in a zoological name is not permissible. In the present case the correct form is “ Durbania ’’. DURBANIELLA van Son, 1959, Novos Taxa ent. No. 16: 10. Type-species by original designation : Durbania clarki van Son, 1941, J. ent. Soc. S. Afr. 4 : 183. DURBANIOPSIS van Son, 1959, Novos Taxa ent. No. 16:12. Type-species by original designation : Durbania saga Trimen, 1883, Trans. ent. Soc. Lond. 1883 : 354. DYCTIS Boisduval, 1832, in d’Urville, Voy. “ Astrolabe ’’, Faun. ent. 1 (Lép.) : 138. Type- species by monotypy : Dyctis agondas Boisduval, 1832, im d’Urville, zbid., Faun. ent. m(Gep.) + 138, pl. 3, fig. 5: DYGORIS Fox, 1945, Amer. Mus. Novit. No. 1295 : 10. Type-species by original designation : Ithomia dircenna Felder (C.) & Felder (R.), [1865], Reise Fregatte ‘‘ Novara’’, Lep. Rhop. (2) : pl. 45, figs 4,5; id., [1867], zbid., Lep. Rhop. (3) : 360. DYMASIA Higgins, 1960, Trans. R. ent. Soc. Lond. 112 : 454. Type-species by original designation : Melitaea dymas Edwards, 1877, Canad. Ent. 9 : 190. DYNAMINE Hiibner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (3) : 41. Type-species by selection by Scudder (1875, Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10: 160) : Papilio mylitta Cramer, [1799], Uitl. Kapellen 3 (22) : 107, pl. 253, figs D, E. DYNASTOR Doubleday, [1849], Gen. diurn. Lep. (2) : pl. 58, fig. 2. Type-species by mono- typy : Dynastor napoleon Doubleday, [#849], ibid. (2) : pl. 58, fig. 2. In the text relating to this generic name, which was not published until 1851 (ibid. (2) : 346) and for which Westwood was responsible, Dynastor napoleon was again the only species cited as belonging to this genus. DYNDIRUS Capronnier, 1874, Ann. Soc. ent. Belg. 17 : 32. Capronnier’s intention was to apply this generic name to some generic taxon in the family Satyridae. He gave no generic diagnosis and placed in this genus only a single nominal species—Dyndirus nerces—which was a manuscript species of Boisduval’s. Capronnier gave no description for this nominal species which therefore, as published by him was no more than a nomen nudum. So also was the generic name Dyndirus, as published by Capronnier, for, as shown above, that author gave no diagnosis for this genus and cited under it only one species-name which was also a nomen nudum. Accordingly, the name Dyndirus Capronnier possesses no status in zoological nomenclature. It is cited here only for purposes of record, because it has found its way into various lists of names that have been published. DYNOTHEA Reakirt, [1866], Proc. ent. Soc. Philad. 5 : 222. Type-species by selection by Scudder (Feb. 1875, Bull. Buffalo Soc. nat. Sci. 2 : 246) : Papilio lycaste Fabricius, 1793, Ent. syst. 3 (1) : 161. Later in 1875 (Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10 : 160) Scudder made a second type- selection for this genus, again selecting Papilio lycaste as type-species. DYSCOPHELLUS Godman & Salvin, [1893], Biol. centr.-amer., Lep. Rhop. 2 : 319. Type- species through Section (i) (replacement names) of Article 67: Papilio sebaldus Stoll, [1781], 2 Cramer, Uitl. Kapellen 4 (29) : rot, pl. 342, figs A, B. The name Dyscophellus was introduced by Godman & Salvin to replace the name Dyscophus Burmeister, 1878, which is invalid under the Law of Homonymy. DYSCOPHUS Burmeister, 1878, Descr. phys. Rép. Argentine 5 (Lép.) (1) : 291. Type-species by original designation : Papilio sebaldus Stoll, [1781]. The name Dyscophus Burmeister is invalid, it being a junior homonym of Dyscophus Grandidier, 1872 (Amn. Sci. nat. Paris, Zool. (3) 15 (20) : 10) and also of Dyscophus Saussure, 1874 (Miss. sci. Méxique Amér. centy., Rech. Zool. 6 : 430, 438). As shown above, it has been replaced by the name Dyscophellus Godman & Salvin. 154 FRANCIS HEMMING DYSENIUS Scudder, 1872, 4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. 1871 :67. Type-species by original designation : Erycides albicilla Herrich-Schaeffer, 1869, CovrespBl. zool.-min. Ver. Regensburg 23 : 160. The taxon represented by the nominal species Evycides albicilla is currently treated sub- jectively on taxonomic grounds as being the same as that represented by the older-established nominal species Evycides lilea Reakirt, 1866 (Proc. Acad. nat. Sci. Philad. 1866 : 339). Further, this taxon is currently treated subjectively as a subspecies of the taxon represented by the older-established nominal species Hesperia polybius Fabricius, 1793 (Ent. syst. 3 (1) : 337). DYSMATHIA Bates, [1868], J. linn. Soc. Lond., Zool. 9 : 382. Type-species by selection by Scudder (1875, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10: 160) : Dysmathia portia Bates, [1868], 2bzd., Zool. 9 : 383. DYSMORPHIA Hiibner, [1827-1831], Zuty. z. Samml. exot. Schmett. 3 : 23 (an Incorrect Subsequent Spelling of Dismorphia Hibner, 1816). EAGRIS Guenée, 1863, im Maillard, Notes Ile Réunion 2 (Lép.) : 6, 19. Type-species by monotypy : Thymele sabadius Boisduval, 1833, Nouv. Ann. Mus. Hist. nat., Paris 2 (2) : 211, pl. 9, fig. 2 (repaged separate as Faun. ent. Madagascar, Lép.). The name of the type-species of this genus is one of the many which were originally devised by Boisduval and which were given an irregular currency by that author through being distributed as manuscript names. As shown above, it was actually published by Boisduval in 1833, but in the immediately preceding year (1832, im Griffith’s Cuvier’s Anim. Kingdom 15 : pl. 99 fig. 2) this name was applied to the same species by Gray. The name Thymele sabadius Boisduval, 1833, is thus a junior subjective synonym of Hesperia sabadius Gray, 1832. EANTIS Boisduval, [1836], (Roret’s Suite a Buffon), Hist. nat. Ins., Consid. gén. 1 (Lépid.) : pl. 13 [=pl. 9B], fig. 6. Type-species by monotypy : Urbanus thraso Hiibner, [1807], Sammi. exot. Schmett. 1 : pl. {151}. EARINA Speyer, 1839, Isis (Oken) 1839 : 98. Type-species by selection by Klots (Feb. 1933, Ent. amey., Brooklyn (n.s.) 12 (3) : 152, 179) : Papilio rhammi Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 470. The name Earina Speyer is invalid, as it is a junior objective synonym of Gonepteryx [Leach], [1815]. EBEPIUS Hemming, 1964, Annot. lep. (4) : 141. Type-species through Section (1) (replace- ment names) of Article 67 : Poultonia ochrascens Neave, 1904, Novit. zool. 11 : 336, pl. 1, fig. 13. The name Ebepius was introduced as a replacement for the name Poultonia Neave, 1904, which is invalid under the Law of Homonymy. EBRIETAS Godman & Salvin, [1896], Biol. centy.-amer., Lep. Rhop. 2: 418. Type-species by original designation : Achlyodes osyris Staudinger, 1875, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien. 25 : 114. EBUSUS Evans, 1955, Cat. amer. Hesp. Brit. Mus. 4: 205, 219. Type-species by original designation : Papilio ebusus Stoll, [1780], im Cramer, Uztl. Kapellen 4 (25) : 20, pl. 300, figs C, D. ECAUDATI Koch, 1860, Stett. ent. Zig 21: 230. Type-species by selection by Hemming (1935, Entomologist 68 : 40) : Papilio memnon Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 460. This name is invalid under 11 (f) by reason of having been published in the nominative plural instead of in the nominative singular. Even if this name had been published in the required manner, it would have been invalid, for by the type-selection made in 1935 it became a junior objective synonym of Iliades Hiibner, [1819]. GENERIC NAMES OF BUTTERFLIES 155 ECESIA Weeks, 1906, Ent. News 17 : 195 (an Incorrect Subsequent Spelling of Evesia Bois- duval, [1836}). Weeks used this name when establishing a nominal species which he called Ecesia klagesii (: 195). He gave no indication whatever that he was establishing a new genus as well as a new species, and some other explanation must therefore be found for the appearance in print of the name Ecesia. Fortunately the explanation is not far to seek. The taxon represented by the nominal species Ecesia klagesii Weeks is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as the same as that represented by the older-established nominal species Nereis ewnice Hiibner, [1807]. That taxon is currently treated subjectively as belonging to the genus Phyciodes Hiibner, [1819]. Among the junior synonyms of the name Phyciodes is the objec- tive synonym Eyvesia Boisduval, [1836], and it cannot be doubted that the so-called name Ecesia Weeks is no more than a misspelling of the name Evesia Boisduval. ECHELATUS Godman & Salvin, [1894], Biol. centy.-amey., Lep. Rhop. 2 : 378. Type-species by selection by Lindsey (1925, Ann. ent. Soc. Amer. 18 : 85) : Anastrus varius Mabille, 1883, Bull. C. R. ent. Soc. Belg. 27 : liv. The taxon represented by the nominal species Anastyvus varius is currently treated subjec- tively on taxonomic grounds as being the same as that represented by the older-established nominal species Achlyodes sempiternus Butler & Druce, 1872 (Cistula ent. 5 : 114). ECHENAIS Hiibner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2) : 19. Type-species by selection by Hemming (1943, Proc. R. ent. Soc. Lond. (B) 12 : 29) : Lemonias alphaea Hiibner, [1808], Sammi. exot. Schmett. 1 : pl. [37]. The taxon represented by the nominal species Lemonias alphaea Hiibner is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as being the same as that represented by the older- established nominal species Papilio thelebus Cramer, [1775] (Uitl. Kapellen 1 (6) : 103, pl. 66, figs E, F). This generic name has had an unlucky history through a mistake made by Scudder when in 1875 (Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10 : 161) he selected as the type-species the nominal species Echenais leucophaea Hiibner. This nominal species was included among those cited by Hiibner as belonging to the genus Echenais, but—and this is what Scudder failed to notice— the name Echenais leucophaea Hiibner was at that time a nomen nudum ; it remained so until it was validated in 1821 (Hiibner, Sammi. exot. Schmett. 2 : pl. [13]). As a nomen nudum is ineligible for selection as the type-species of a genus, Scudder’s selection of Echenais leuco- phaea as the type-species of the genus Echenais is invalid. The name Echenais has been extensively used by later authors, often in the incorrect sense in which it was employed by Scudder, but often also as though its type-species was one or other of the remaining species treated as belonging to this genus by Hiibner but now placed in other genera. When in 1937 Scudder’s mistake came to light, I examined, in conjunction with my friend Mr. N. D. Riley, how best to minimize the inconvenience which would inevitably result to some extent, whichever of the nominal species placed by Hiibner in the genus Echenais were now to be selected to be its type-species. The conclusion so reached was that the best solution would be to select as the type-species the nominal species Lemonias alphaea Hiibner (which, as already explained, is now currently known by the specific name thelepus Cramer). That species is the type-species of the relatively little-known genus Elaphrotis Stichel, 1911 ; under the solution contemplated that generic name would become a junior objective synonym of Echenais. The advantage of solving the problem in this way was that, as only one species (the type-species) was considered on taxonomic grounds to belong to Elaphrotis, only that species would need to change its generic name, as contrasted with the much larger number of species which would be involved if any of Hiibner’s other originally included species were to be selected as the type-species. Action in this case was delayed by various causes, including the outbreak of war in 1939, with the result that (as already shown) it was not until 1943 that the selection of Lemonias alphaea as the type-species came to be published. In order to complete the account of the problems arising in this case it must be noted that the 156 FRANCIS HEMMING oldest available generic name for the species placed in the genus Echenais by those who incor- rectly regard Echenats leucophaea as its type-species is the name Adelotype Warren, 1895. ECHINARGUS Nabokov, 1945, Psyche 52:27. Type-species by original designation : Lycaena isola Reakirt, 1866, Proc. Acad. nat. Sci. Philad. 1866 : 332. ECTIMA Doubleday, [November 1848], Gen. diurn. Lep. (2) : pl. 42, fig. 4. Type-species by monotypy : Ectima iona Doubleday, Nov. 1848], ibid. (2) : pl. 42, fig. 4. Only the above species was cited on plate 42 on the first publication of the name Ectima and that species is therefore the type-species of this genus by monotypy. The relevant portion of the text ((1) : 227) was not published until July 1849 and it has therefore no bearing on the question of the species to be accepted as the type-species, a matter which (as shown above) had been settled by monotypy on the first publication of the name Ectizma in December of the pre- vious yeat. ECTOMIS Mabille, 1878, Ann. Soc. ent. Belg. 21 : 31. Type-species by monotypy : Ectomis adoxa Mabille, 1878, ibid. 21 : 32. The taxon represented by the nominal species Ectomis adoxa Mabille, which was established in July 1878, is currently identified subjectively on taxonomic grounds with the taxon represented by the slightly older nominal species Plesioneura cythna Hewitson, April 1878 (Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (5) 1 : 340). EDALES Swinhoe, [1910], im Moore, Lep. ind. 8 (86) : 37. Type-species by original designa- tion : Lycaena pandava Horsfield, [1829], Descr. Cat. lep. Ins. Mus. East India Coy (2) : 84. EDWARDSIA Tutt, [1907], Nat. Hist. Brit. Butts 2: 142. Type-species by original designa- tion : Papilio w-album Knoch, 1782, Beitr. Insektensch. 2 : 85, pl. 6, figs 1, 2. This generic name is invalid, being a junior homonym of Edwardsia Costa, 1838 (Fauna Regno Napoli, Crust. Edwardsia 1) and also of Edwardsia Quatrefages, 1841 (L’ Institut 1841 : 427). Later, this name was replaced by the name Chattendenia Tutt, [1908]. EETION de Niceville, 1895, J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc. 9 (4) : 395. Type-species by original designation : Hesperia elia Hewitson, [1866], Tvans. ent. Soc. Lond. (3) 2 : 480. EGIALEA Hemming, 1964, Annot. lep. (4) : 145. Type-species by original designation : Papilio damocles Fabricius, 1793, Ent. syst. 3 (1) : 41 (a taxon which through the lecto- type-selections made by Hemming, 1964, Annot. lep. (3) : 90) is objectively identical with the nominal species Papilio egialea Cramer, [1777] (Uitl. Kapellen 2 (16) : 146, pl. 192, fig. D), the name of which through a First Reviser choice made by Hemming (1964, Annot. lep. (4) : 87) is invalid under the Law of Homonymy. The present genus was established for what Aurivillius ([1911], im Seitz, Grossschmett. Evde 13 : 74-76) called the “ Egialea Group ”’ of the genus Amauris Hiibner, 1816. This was the only one of the groups so recognized by Aurivillius which had not already been recognized by earlier authors as constituting a separate genus. Other things being equal it would have been natural to designate as the type-species of this genus the nominal species Papilio egialea Cramer, in view of the fact that the specific name of that species had formed the eponym of the group recognized by Aurivillius. At this point there arose an inseparable objection to the adoption of this course ; this was the discovery that through some hitherto undetected inadvertence Cramer had given the name Papilio egialea to two entirely different species in the same Part (Part 16) of his Uztl. Kapellen. These species were figured on Cramer’s plate 189, figs D, E (: 141) and plate 192, fig. D (: 146) respectively. As already noted, the species represented on plate 192 is the African Amaurid here in question ; that represented on plate 189 is however a Pierid belonging to the genus Delias Hiibner. The question as to which of these names should be given precedence over the other depends on the choice made by the First Reviser. At the time when I first had occasion to consider this matter no such choice had been made. I therefore considered which of these names it was the more important should be preserved in the interests of nomenclatorial stability. The position was found to be (a) that there was no synonym available to replace the name egialea Cramer, as GENERIC NAMES OF BUTTERFLIES 157 applied to the Delias species, but (b) that in the case of the Amaurid there was a junior synonym of only slightly later date, available, namely damocles Fabricius, 1793. In these circumstances it seemed clearly desirable that the specific name agialea Cramer should be preserved for the Delias species in preference to the Amaurid and (as shown above) I therefore made a First Reviser choice in this sense in 1964. Finally, it was noted that in the synonymy of Papilio damocles given by Fabricius in 1793 on the first publication of that name there was included a reference to Cramer’s figure (fig. D) of the Amaurid Papilio egialea on his plate 192. Accordingly, in order to restore the existing position, so far as possible, I selected the specimen shown as fig. D on Cramer’s plate 192 to represent the lectotype of the Amaurid species Papilio egialea Cramer, and at the same time (1964) selected the lectotype of Papilio egialea Cramer so established to represent the lectotype of the nominal species Papilio damocles Fabricius, 1793, these nominal species thus becoming identical with one another and their names objective synonyms of each other. EGUMBIA Bethune-Baker, 1924, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (9) 14 : 135. Type-species by original designation : Egumbia catori Bethune-Baker, 1924, ibid. (9) 14 : 135. The taxon represented by the nominal species Egumbia catoyi Bethune-Baker has been identified subjectively by Stempffer with that represented by the nominal species Epitola ernestt Karsch, 1895 (Ent. Nachr. 21 : 290). EICOCHRYSOPS Bethune-Baker, 1924, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (9) 14 : 132. Type-species by original designation : Eicochrysops eicotrochilus Bethune-Baker, 1924, ibid. (9) 14 : 132. EIEIDES Hiibner, 1821, Index exot. Lep. : [3] (an Incorrect Subsequent Spelling of Eueides Hiibner, 1816). EISIDES Scudder, 1882, Nomencel. zool. : 119 (an Unjustified Emendation of Eueides Hiibner, 1816). Scudder made it clear that the spelling Eisides was a deliberate emendation by himself of the name Eueides Hiibner (misspelled Eieides by Scudder) by citing that name in brackets (parentheses) after the spelling Eisides, at the same time giving a reference (though in incom- plete form) to the place where Hiibner’s name Eweides was published. ELAPHROT IS Stichel, 1911, in Wytsman’s Gen. Ins. 112 (B) : 294. Type-species by original designation : Papilio thelephus Cramer, [1775], Uitl. Kapellen 1 (6) : 108, pl. 66, figs E, F. For an understanding of the systematic position of this genus, the note given by way of explanation regarding Echenais Hiibner, [1819] should be consulted. ELBELLA Evans, 1951, Cat. amey. Hesp. Brit. Mus. 1: 4, 38. Type-species by original designation : Pyrrhopyéga [sic] scylla Ménétriés, 1855, Enum. Corp. Anim. Mus. imp. Acad. sci. petrop. (1) : 95, pl. 4, fig. 7. ELINA Blanchard, 1852, in Gay, Hist. fis. pol. Chile, Zool. 7 : 28. Type-species by selection by Butler (1868, Ent. mon. Mag. 4: 194) : Elina vanessoides Blanchard, 1852, in Gay, tbid., Zool. 7 : 28, pl. 5, figs 5, 6. ELODINA Felder (C.) & Felder (R.), [1865], Reise Fregatte ‘‘ Novara’’, Lep. Rhop. (2) : 215. Type-species by selection by Butler (Cistula ent. 1 : 40) : Elodina therasia Felder (C.) & Felder (R.), [1865], ibid., Lep. Rhop. (2) : 215. ELODINESTHES Fruhstorfer, 1914, Ent. Rundschy. 31 (6) : 33. Type-species through Section (i) (replacement names) of Article 67 : Parelodina anticyra Fruhstorfer, [1910], in Seitz, Grossschmett. Erde 9 : 123. Fruhstorfer introduced the name Elodinesthes as a replacement for Pavelodina Fruhstorfer, [1910], which is invalid as a junior homonym of Parelodina Bethune-Baker, 1904. ELPHINSTONIA Klots, 1930, Bull. Brooklyn ent. Soc. 25:87. Type-species by original designation : Anthocharis charlonia Donzel, 1842, Ann. Soc. ent. Fr. 11 (2) : 197, pl. (8; fig. © 158 FRANCIS HEMMING ELSA Honrath, 1892, Berl. ent. Z. 36 (2) : 436. Type-species by monotypy : Elsa morgeni Honrath, 1892, ibid. 36 (2) : 436-437, pl. 15, fig. 5 3. ELWESIA Evans, 1926, J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc. 31 : 53, 429. Type-species by original designation : Eogenes alcides var. lesliet Evans, 1912, J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc. 21 (3) : 1007. The species-group name J/esliei was originally proposed by Elwes ; at the time when it was published—and the taxon was characterized—in 1912, Evans erroneously believed that it had been published by Elwes and attributed it to that author with the result that it had then none of the appearance of being anewname. Later, Evans realized what had happened in 1912 and correctly attributed this name to himself (1949, Cat. Hesp. Europe Asia Australia : 270). The name Elwesia Evans is invalid, as it is a junior homonym of Elwesia Hampson, 1894 (Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths 2: 171). It has been replaced by the name Ciitvalia Evans, 1932. ELYMNIAS Hiibner, 1818, Zutr. z. Samml. exot. Schmett. 1:12. Type-species by selection by Hemming (1943, Proc. R. ent. Soc. Lond. (B) 12 : 24) : Elymnias jynx Hiibner, 1818, zbid. rey ple (lates si sor The taxon represented by the nominal species Elymnias jynx Hiibner is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as being the same as that represented by the older- established nominal species Papilio undularis Drury, [1773] (lll. nat. Hist. 3 : index et 48, pl. 35, figs 2, 3). Further, it should be noted that the taxon represented by the nominal species Papilio undularis Drury is currently treated subjectively as a subspecies of the taxon represented by the nominal species Papilio hypermnestra Linnaeus, 1763 (Amoen. acad. 6 : 40). The name Elymmias has had a rather unfortunate history. First, Scudder (1875, Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10 : 161, 162) fell into the error of selecting as the type-species a nominal species (Papilio lais Cramer, [1777]) which Hiibner had placed in Elymnias in the Verz. bekannt. Schmett. published in 1819 but which he did not include in that genus when he first published the name Elymnias. Although this selection was invalid, its acceptance— when it was accepted—did not lead to any taxonomic difficulty, as the taxon represented by the above nominal species is subjectively regarded as the same as that represented by the nominal species (Elymnias jynx) which is the true type-species of Elymnias. When establishing the genus Elymmnias in the Zutvdge Hiibner placed in it two nominal species ; these were Elymnias jynx Hiibner and Papilio protogenia Cramer, [1777]. Both these names are treated subjectively as applying to a single taxon, Papilio undulavis Drury, the name by which this species is, and has long been, known. The nominal species so named was formally selected as the type-species of Elymnias by Moore in 1894 (Lep. ind. 2 (18) : 145). This selection came to be generally accepted, but technically was invalid because Hiibner did not cite Papilio undularis Drury as belonging to Elymnias when he established that genus in the Zutvdge in 1818. The genus Elymnias remained without a valid type-species until (as already explained) Elymnias jynx Hiibner was so selected by myself in 1943. ELYMNIOPSIS Fruhstorfer, 1907, [vis 20 (3) : 171, 173-174. Type-species by selection by Hemming (1943, Proc. R. ent. Soc. Lond. (B) 12: 24): Papilio phegea Fabricius, 1793, EVENS Sta") 132. The name Papilio phegea Fabricius is invalid, as it is a junior homonym of Papilio phegea Borkhausen, 1788 (Naturgesch. euwvop. Schmett. 1: 101). It has been replaced by the name Elymniopsis lise Hemming, 1960 (Annot. lep. (1) : 30). ELYMNOTAENARIS Fruhstorfer, [1911], im Seitz, Grossschmett. Evde : 411. Type-species by selection by Hemming (1943, Proc. R. ent. Soc. Lond. (B) 12 : 25) : Morpho bioculatus Guérin-Ménéville, [1831], 7 Duperry, Voy. autour Monde “‘ Coquille,” Zool. 2 (Pt 2) : 318 (where a back-reference is given to the description of this taxon on page 282 under the name Hiades [sic] indra). ELZUNIA Bryk, 1937, Parnassiana 4 (3/8) : 20-21. Type-species by original designation : Helicona [sic] bonplandii Guérin-Ménéville, [1844], Icon. Régne Anim. Cuvier 3 (texte explic.) (Ins.) : 472-473. GENERIC NAMES OF BUTTERFLIES 159 Bryk’s object in establishing this generic name was to provide a name for what Doubleday ({1847], Gen. diurn. Lep. (1) : 99-100) had denominated as “ Sectio I’ of the genus Tithorea which he then established. EMATURGINA Rober, 1903, Stett. ent. Zig 64 : 347. Type-species by original designation: Ematurgina mabillei Rober, 1903, ibid. 64 : 347. The taxon represented by the nominal species Ematurgina mabillei Rober is currently treated subjectively as being a subspecies of that represented by the nominal species Baeotis bifasciata Mengel, 1902 (Ent. News 13 : 77, pl. 8, figs 7, 8). EMESIS [llliger], 1807, Allgem. Lit. Ztg, Halle, [Jena] 1807 No. 2: 1180. Type-species by monotypy : Papilio phareus Cramer, [1777], Uitl. Kapellen 2 (15) : 113, pl. 170, fig. C. This nominal genus is based exclusively upon the figures published in [1807] (Sammil. exot. Schmett. 1 : pl. [32]) under the name Limnas pharea. As Hiibner’s figures show, this was not a newly-established nominal species of Hiibner’s but was the species to which in 1777 Cramer had given the name Papilio phareus. The present is one of a number of generic names published anonymously by Illiger in 1807 shortly before being published by Fabricius for entirely different species. Papilio phareus, the type-species of the present genus, is the type-species also of the well-known genus Mesene Doubleday, 1847. If it had been necessary to apply the ordinary rules in the present case, it would have been necessary to sink the name Mesene Doubleday as a junior objective synonym of Emesis [Illiger], while—and this would have been far more important—the extremely well-known Emesis Fabricius would have had to be abandoned as a junior homo- nym of Emesis [Illiger]. It was considered that these changes would give rise to an insup- portable state of confusion. It was decided therefore that an approach should be made to the Commission with a request for the grant of relief under the Plenary Powers. It was decided that the Commission should be asked to deal simultaneously with all the names published anonymously by Illiger in 1807 that are senior homonyms of well-known names published by Fabricius in the same year. Among these names were A patura [Llliger] and Brassolis [liger], both of which have already been discussed in detail. It is not necessary therefore to pursue in detail the subsequent history of the name Emesis [Illiger]._ The decision of the Commission in regard to these names was promulgated in Opinion 232 published in 1954 (Opin. int. Comm. zool. Nom. 4 : 249-274). By the ruling given in this Opinion the name Emesis [Illiger], with the other names concerned, was suppressed under the Plenary Powers for the purposes both of the Law of Priority and of those of the Law of Homonymy. In the same Opinion the name Emesis [Illiger], 1807, was placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology as Name No. 40. EMESIS Fabricius, 1807, Mag. f. Insektenk. (Illiger) 6 : 287. Type-species by selection by Westwood, [1851] : Hesperia ovidius Fabricius, 1793, Ent. syst. 3 (1) : 320. The taxon represented by the nominal species Hesperia ovidius Fabricius is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as being the same as that represented by the nominal species Papilio cereus Linnaeus, 1767 (Syst. Nat. (ed. 12) 1 (2) : Errata), a replacement nominal species established in the stead of Papilio caeneus Linnaeus, 1767 (ibid. 1 (2) : 796), a nominal species, the name of which is invalid (through Linnaeus’s own First Reviser choice in 1767 in the “‘ Errata ’’ cited above) as a junior homonym of Papilio caeneus Linnaeus, 1767 (loc. cit. 1 (2) : 766), a name applied to a species of the family Pieridae. Up till the publication in 1954 of the Commission’s Opinion 232 the well-known name Emesis Fabricius, 1807, was invalid as a junior homonym of the slightly older name Emesis [Illiger], 1807. As shown in the discussion on that name the Commission in the above Opinion suppressed the name Emesis [Illiger] for all purposes, thereby validating the name Emesis Fabricius. Consequent upon the action described above, the Commission in the same Opinion placed the name Emesis Fabricius, 1807, on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology as Name No. 660. 160 FRANCIS HEMMING ENANTIA Hibner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (6) : 96. Type-species by selection by Scudder (1875, Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10 : 162) : Papilio licinia Cramer, [1777], Uitl. Kapellen 2 (13) : 90, pl. 153, figs E, F. ENDOPOGON Lacordaire, 1833, Ann. Soc. ent. Fr. 2 : 384. Type-species by selection by Scudder (1875, Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10 : 162) : Papilio sesostris Cramer, [1779], Uitl. Kapellen 3 (18) : 34, pl. 211, figs F, G. Scudder erroneously supposed that this name had first been published in 1864 (Verh. zool.- bot. Ges. Wien 14 : 292) by Felder (C.) & Felder (R.), and from the species placed in this genus by those authors he selected Papilio sesostyis Cramer to be the type-species. It so happened that Papilio sesostyvis was one of the nominal species placed in the genus Endopogon Lacordaire, 1833, a taxon of the existence of which Scudder was unaware. When I considered this matter in 1939 (Proc. R. ent. Soc. Lond. (B) 8 : 136) I took the view—in the absence of any provision in the Code—that it would be illogical and confusing to accept as a valid type-selection for one genus a selection made for another genus consisting of the same name. In order therefore (as it seemed to me) to regularize the position, I thereupon selected Papilio sesostris to be the type-species of Endopogon Lacordaire. In the revised Code published in 1961 a provision (Article 67(g)) has been adopted under which a misconceived type-selection of the kind discussed above is nevertheless to be accepted, provided that the species selected for the later reputed genus was one of those included in the genus when first established. In the present case therefore the selection of Papilio sesostris as type-species ranks from the action of Scudder in 1875. ENDYMION Swainson, 1831, Zool. Illustr. (2) 2 (18) : pl. 85. Type-species by monotypy : Papilio regalis Cramer, [1775], Uitl. Kapellen 1 (6) : 114, pl. 72, figs E, F. ENISPE Doubleday, [1848], Gen. diurn. Lep. (2) : pl. 40, fig. 2. Type-species by monotypy : Adolias euthymius Doubleday, 1845, dun. Mag. nat. Hist. 16 : 179. The relevant portion of the text was written by Westwood and was published in [1850] (in Doubleday, loc. cit (2) : 292). Init also Adolias euthymius was the only species placed in the genus Enispe. ENODIA Hibner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (4) : 61. Type-species by selection by Scudder (1872, 4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. 1871 : 26) : Oreas andromacha Hiibner, [1809], Sammi. exot. Schmett. 1 : pl. [89). ENOPE Moore, 1857, im Horsfield & Moore, Cat. lep. Ins. Mus. East India Coy (1) : 228. Type- species thiough Section (1) (replacement names) of Article 67 by selection by Butler in 1868 (Ent. mon. Mag. 4 : 195) as the type-species of the replacement genus Neope Butler, 1867 : Lasiommata (?) bhadva Moore, 1857, in Horsfield & Moore (doc. cit. (1) : 227). The name Enope Moore, 1857, is invalid, as it is a junior homonym of Enope Walker, 1854 (List Spec. lep. Ins. Brit. Mus. 1 : 208). It was replaced three times between 1866 and 1871, namely by the names Neope Moore, [1866]; Neope Butler, 1867; Blanaida Kirby, 1871. The name Neope Moore, [1866], is a nomenclatorially available name and is accordingly the oldest available name for the present genus. Neither when Moore established the genus Enope in 1857 nor when he introduced the replacement name Neope in 1866, did he designate a type-species. Nor was a type-species designated by Butler when (in ignorance of Moore’s use of the name Neope) he himself intro- duced a replacement name consisting of the same word. Kirby also omitted to designate a type-species when in 1871 he introduced the replacement name Blanaida. The first author to designate a type-species for any of these objectively identical genera was Butler who in 1868 realized that Neope, as introduced by himself in the previous year (1867) was without a type- species and made good that deficiency by selecting as the type-species the nominal species Lasiommata bhadva Moore, one of the two originally included species of Enope Moore, 1857. By this action of Butler’s the above species became automatically the type-species of Enope Moore, 1857, and of the replacement name Neope Moore, [1866]. GENERIC NAMES OF BUTTERFLIES 161 ENOSIS Mabille, 1889, Bull. Soc. ent. Fr. 1889 : ix. Type-species by selection by Watson (1893, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1893 : 130) : Enosis dognini Mabille, 1889, ibid. 1889 : ix. ENTHEUS Hiibner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (8) : 114. Type-species by monotypy : Papilio peleus Linnaeus, 1763, Amoen. acad. 6 : 409). The taxon represented by the nominal species Papilio peleus Linnaeus is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as being the same as that represented by the older-estab- lished nominal species Papilio priassus Linnaeus, 1758, (Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 487). EOGENES Mabille, 1909, in Seitz, Grossschmett. Evde 1 : 349. Type-species by monotypy : Hesperia alcides Herrich-Schaeffer, (1852), Syst. Bearb. Schmett. Europ. 6 : 38. The figures of Hesperia alcides were not published until (1854) (loc. cit. 1: pl. Hesp. 7, figs 41, 42). EOLIMENITIS Kurentsov, 1950, Byull. mosk. Obshch. Isp. Priv. (Ser. biol) 55 (No. 3) : 37-45. Type-species by monotypy : Limenitis eximia Moltrecht, 1909, Ent. Z. 22 : 184. EOOXYLIDES Doherty, Dec. 1889, J. asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt II, 58 (4) : 410 et nota. Type- species by monotypy : Oxylides tharis Geyer, [1837], im Hiibner, Zutr. z. Samm. exot. Schmett. 5 : 22, pl. [152], figs 883, 884. Doherty explained that he had intended to establish for the above species a new genus under the name Marshallia, that when he discovered that there was already such a name [Marshallia Zittel, 1878], he had decided to establish the same genus under the name Indoxylides, and that at this stage he had informed de Niceville of what he proposed to do. Doherty went on to say that his communication must have reached de Niceville too late for inclusion in his key of the Lycaenidae, in which instead de Niceville had introduced another new name, Eoovylides. On this latter point Doherty must have relied on information, for, as shown below, Eoovxylides de Niceville was not published until February 1890, whereas Eooxy- lides Doherty appeared in December 1889. EOOXYLIDES de Niceville, February 1890, Butts India Burmah Ceylon 3 : 19, 432. Type- species by original designation : Oxylides tharis Geyer, [1837]. This name is invalid, both as a junior homonym of, and as a junior objective synonym of, Eooxylides Doherty, December, 1889. Further particulars will be found in the note on the last-mentioned name. EPAMERA Druce, 1891, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (6) 8: 141. Type-species by original desig- nation : Iolaus sidus Trimen, 1864, Trans. ent. Soc. Lond. (3) 2 : 176. EPARGYRES Hiibner, [1825], Samml. exot. Schmett. 2 : pl. [146] (an Incorrect Subsequent Spelling of Epargyreus Hiibner, [1819]). EPARGYREUS Hiibner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (7) : 105. Type-species by selection by Scudder (1872, 4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. 1871 : 70) : Papilio tityrus Fabricius, 1775, syst. Ent. : 532. When establishing the genus Epargyreus, Hiibner did not recognize Papilio tityrus Fabricius as the name of a taxonomically good species, but he did cite that name in the synonymy of one of the species (Papilio clavus Cramer, [1775]) which he did sorecognize. Accordingly, under the revised Code (Article 69(a) (i)) Papilio tityrus ranks as one of the originally included species of the genus Epargyveus, and Scudder’s selection of that species in 1872 to be the type-species was perfectly valid. The name Papilio tityrus Fabricius is invalid, as it is a junior homonym of the older name Papilio tityrus Poda, 1761 (Ins. Mus. graec.: 77). The taxon represented by the nominal species Papilio tityrus Fabricius is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as the same as that represented by the nominal species Papilio clavus Cramer, [1775] (Uitl. Kapellen 1 (4) : 66, pl. 41, figs E, F). Under the Commission’s Opinion 516 (1958, Opin. int. Comm. zool. Nom. 19 : 1-44) names published by Fabricius in 1775 take precedence, other things being equal, over names published by Cramer in the same year. In the present case however the specific name tityrus Fabricius is, as already explained, invalid under the Law of Homo- 162 FRANCIS HEMMING nymy ; accordingly, as the oldest available specific name, clavus Cramer is (subjectively) the valid name for the present species. EPEUS Godman, [1901], 7z Godman & Salvin, Biol. centy.-amey., Lep. Rhop. 2: 601. Type- species by monotypy : Epeus veleda Godman ,{1901], in Godman & Salvin, ibid., Lep. Rhop. 2 : 601, pl. 103, figs 21, 22, 23 3. The name Epeus Godman is invalid, as it is a junior homonym of Epeus Peckham, 1885 (Trans. Wisconsin Acad. Sci. 6 : 334) and also of Epeus Kuwert, 1898 (Novit. zool. 5 : 311). The name Epeus Godman, which was published in February 1901, was replaced by Godman with the name Eprius in November of the same year. EPHIRIADES Hiibner, [1826], Verz. bekannt. Schmett., Anzeiger : 5 (an Incorrect Subsequent Spelling of Ephyriades Hiibner, [1819)). EPHYRIADES Hiibner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (7) : 111. Type-species by selection by Scudder (1875, Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sct., Boston 10 : 164) : Papilio otreus Stoll, [1780], ix Cramer, Uitl. Kapellen 4 (28) : 78, pl. 328, fig. F. The taxon represented by the nominal species Papilio otrveus Stoll is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as being the same as that represented by the older-estab- lished nominal species Papilio philemon Fabricius, 1775 (Syst. Ent. : 534). Further, the taxon represented by the nominal species Papilio philemon Fabricius 1s currently regarded subjective- ly on taxonomic grounds as being a subspecies of the taxon represented by the nominal species Papilio avcas Drury, [1773] (Ill. nat. Hist. 1 : index et 38, pl. 19, figs 5, 6). EPICALIA Doubleday, 1844, List Spec. lep. Ins. Brit. Mus. 1:90. Type-species by selection by Hemming (1943, Proc. R. ent. Soc. Lond. (B) 12 : 27) : Papilio antiochus Fabricius, 1775, Syst. Ent. : 480. In the note on the name Catonephele Hiibner, [1819] particulars have been given regarding certain lectotype-selections made by myself in 1964 (Amnot. lep. (3) : 96) which have a direct bearing not only upon the status of the name Catonephele but also upon that of the present genus. Theaction then taken included the selection of the specimen shown on fig. 3 of plate 68 of Daubenton’s “‘ Planches enluminées d’Histoire Naturelle ’’ to represent the lectotype (a) of Papilio antiochus Fabricius, 1775, and (b) of Papilio acontius Linnaeus, 1771 (Mantissa Plant. : 537) this action being rendered possible by the fact that fig. 3 (together with fig. 4) on Dau- benton’s plate 68 was cited in the synonymy given at the time of the original publication of each of the above names. Under the foregoing lectotype-selections the name Papilio antio- chus Fabricius becomes a junior objective synonym of the name Papilio acontius Linnaeus. Quite apart from this, the name Papilio antiochus Fabricius was already invalid under the Law of Homonymy by being a junior homonym of the name Papilio antiochus Linnaeus, 1767 (Syst. Nat. (ed. 12) 1 : 1068). Under another of the lectotype-selections made in the paper referred to above (: 97) the lectotype of Papilio antiochus Fabricius, one of the nominal species on which Hiibner based the nominal species Catonephele eupalemaena ((1919], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (3) : 40), was selected to represent the lectotype of that nominal species also. As the result of this lectotype- selection the nominal species Catonephele eupalemaena Hiibner became an objective synonym both of Papilio antiochus Fabricius and of Papilio acontius Linnaeus. Since Catonephele eupaleaena Hiibner is the type-species of Catonephele Hiibner, [1819], while the objectively identical nominal species Papilio antiochus Fabricius is, as shown above, the type-species of Epicalia Doubleday, 1844, it follows that the name Epicalia Doubleday is invalid, as a junior objective synonym of Catonephele Hiibner, each of these genera having as its type-species a nominal species having the same specimen as its lectotype. EPICALIA Boisduval, 1870, Consid. Lépid. Guatemala : 40. Type-species by selection by Hemming (1943, Proc. R. ent. Soc. Lond. (B) 12 : 27) : Papilio numilia Cramer, [1775], Uitl. Kapellen 1 (7) : 128, pl. 81, figs E, F. This is another case in which owing to dilatoriness Boisduval was anticipated by another author (in this case, Doubleday) in publishing a name distributed by himself long before as a GENERIC NAMES OF BUTTERFLIES 163 manuscript name. When publishing this name in 1870 Boisduval certainly looked upon himself as its author, treating it as a new name then published for the first time. The name Epicalia Boisduval is invalid, as being a junior homonym of Epicalia Doubleday, 1844. EPICALLIA Erichson, 1848, in Schomburgk, Reisen Britisch-Guiana 3 : 598. Type-species by monotypy : Papilio ancaeus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 486. This name is invalid, as it is a junior homonym of Epicallia Hiibner, [1820] (Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (12) : 182), a name bestowed on a genus of moths. It is possible that Erichson had heard of the then-manuscript name Epicalia Boisduval and that the present name is only an accidental misspelling of that name. EPIDEMIA Boisduval, 1876, Bull. Buffalo Soc. nat. Sci. 3: 127. Type-species by original designation : Polyommatus epixanthe Boisduval & Leconte, [1833], Hist. gén. icon. Lépid. Chenilles Amér. sept. 1 (15) : 127, pl. 18, figs 4, 5 3. EPIGEA Hiibner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (4) : 62. Type-species by selection by Hemming (1933, Entomologist 66 : 198) : Papilio ligea Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 473- The name Epigea Hiibner is invalid, as it is a junior objective synonym of Evebia Dalman, 1816. EPILERIA Rebel, 1902, in Rebel, Weymer & Stichel, Berl. ent. Z. 46 (2/3) : 292. Type-species by monotypy : Ithomia (Epileria) singularis Rebel, 1902, in Rebel, Weymer & Stichel, ibid. 46 (2/3) : 292, pl. 4, figs 4, 5. EPIMASTIDIA Druce, 1891, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1891 : 365. Type-species by original designation : Lycaena (Thysonotis) inops Felder (C.) & Felder (R.), 1860, Wien. ent. Monats. 4 : 244. EPIMEDE Houlbert, 1922, in Oberthur, Etud. Lépid. comp. 19 (2) : 132,142,160. Type-species by original designation : Halimede menetriesi Oberthur & Houlbert, 1922, C.R. Acad. Sct., Paris 174 : 707. The name Halimede menetriesi was introduced quite unnecessarily as a replacement for the name Avge halimede Ménétriés, 1858, Oberthur & Houlbert taking the view (erroneously) that, following the erection for this species of a genus bearing the name Halimede, the specific name halimede Ménétriés could no longer be maintained. As originally published, the nominal species Arge halimede Ménétriés was a composite; the specimen described as the male of this species belongs to the taxon which has always been known by the name halimede Ménétriés, and is now the lectotype of the nominal species so named by Ménétriés; the specimen treated by Ménétriés as the female of his Avge halimede is actually a male and belongs to an entirely different species, namely the taxon bearing the name Melanargia meridionalis Feld., var. epimede Staudinger, 1892 (in Romanoff, Mém. Lép. 6 : 196). [The earlier name Melanargia halimede var.? meridionalis (epimede Staudinger in litt.), 1887, though commonly used, is invalid, because it was published in synonymy. } It will be seen from the particulars given above that the name Halimede menetriesi Oberthur & Houlbert, 1922, the type-species of the present genus, is a junior objective synonym of Arge halimede Ménétriés, 1858 (Bull. phys. math. Acad. Sci. St. Petersb. 17 : 216) 3 nec “ 2” [which is a 9 of Melanargia meridionalis Feld., var. epimede Staudinger, 1892]. EPIMETES Billberg, 1820, Enum. Ins. Mus. Billb. : 77. Type-species by selection by Hem- ming (1933, Entomologist 66 : 199) : Papilio polymnia Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. ro). 1 : 466. The name Epimetes Billberg is invalid, as it is a junior objective synonym of Mechanitis Fabricius, 1807. EPINETES Scudder, 1875, Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10 : 164 (an Incorrect Subsequent Spelling of Epimetes Billberg, 1820). 164 FRANCIS HEMMING EPINEPHELE Hibner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (4) : 59. Type-species by selection by Butler (1868, Ent. mon. Mag. 4: 194) : Papilio janira Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 475. On the same page (: 475) as that on which the name Papilio janiva was first published, Linnaeus published also the name Papilio jurtina, which systematists are agreed applies to the female of the species to the male of which Linnaeus had given the name janiva. On the basis of this subjective synonymy, the question arose which of these names should be used as the name for the species in question and which should be sunk as a junior subjective synonym or treated as the name of a different subspecies of the same species. Both these names have been extensively used as the specific name for the collective species; the name janiva was predomin- antly so employed for about a hundred years but in the last third of the XI Xth century the so-called principle of page precedence began to attract an increasing number of adherents with the result that the name janiva was widely displaced by the name jurtina Linnaeus, Species No. 104, as contrasted with janiva which was his Species No. 106. Throughout the XIXth century the name jurvtina was used to the virtual exclusion of the name janiva. This matter was re-examined by myself shortly after the Copenhagen Congress of 1953, when the First Reviser principle was definitely adopted, my purpose being to ascertain who had been the First Reviser in this case and when and where that First Reviser choice had been made. This investigation showed that a definite First Reviser choice of janiva as a name to take precedence over the name juvtina had been made by Fabricius as early as 1778 (Mantissa Ins. 2:44). Thus, under the Code the specific name janiva was due to replace the name jurtina, thereby overthrowing the practice of the previous eighty years. The prospect of confusion arising from this pointless piece of name-changing was considered so objectionable that it was decided to seek the assistance of the Commission. The applica- tion so agreed upon was submitted to the Commission in June 1956 and was published in October of the same year (Hemming, 1956, Bull. zool. Nom. 12 : 279-286). In this application the Commission was asked to give directions under its Plenary Powers that the specific name juvtina Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Papilio jurtina, was to be accorded precedence over the name janiva Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Papilio janiva. This application was approved by the Commission which promulgated its decision in its Opinion 506 (1958, Opin. int. Comm. zool. Nom. 18:177—196). In this Opinion the specific name juvytina Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the above combination and endorsed as a name having precedence over the name janiva Linnaeus, 1758, also published in combination with the generic name Papilio, was placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology as Name No. 1492. On the same Official List the name janiva Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Papilio janiva, endorsed as a name taking precedence below the name jurtina Linnaeus, 1758, as published in combination with the same generic name, was also placed, with the Name No. 1493. Thus, on the basis of the subjective identification of the nominal species discussed above the oldest available name subjectively applicable to the type-species of the genus Epinephele Hiibner is Papilio jurtina Linnaeus, 1758. EPINEPHILA Stephens, 1850, Cat. Spec. Brit. Anim. Brit. Mus. 5 (Lepidoptera) : 7 (an In- correct Subsequent Spelling of Epinephele Hubner, [1819)). EPINEPHILE Kirby, 1871, Syn. Cat. diurn. Lep. : 76 (an Incorrect Subsequent Spelling of Epinephele Hiibner, [1819]). EPINOSIS Schause, 1913, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1913 (3) : 366. Type-species by original designation : Pamphila angularis Méschler, 1876, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien 28 : 335. EPIPHILE Doubleday, 1844, List. Spec lep. Ins. Brit. Mus.1: 90. Type-species by selection by Scudder (1875, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10 : 165) : Temenis orea Hiibner, [1823], Samm. exot. Schmett. 2 : pl. [30]. EPIPHILE Boisduval, 1870, Consid. Lépid. Guatemala : 40. Type-species by selection by Hemming (1943, Proc. R. ent. Soc. Lond. (B) 12: 27) : Epiphile epicaste Hewitson, [1857], Til. exot. Butts 2 : [47], pl. [24], figs 3, 4. GENERIC NAMES OF BUTTERFLIES 165 This is another case in which Boisduval put a manuscript name into irregular circulation and owing to his dilatoriness was anticipated in publishing it by another author (in this case Doubleday). When at last Boisduval did publish this name (in 1870), he attributed it to himself and treated it as a new name. The name Epiphile Boisduval is invalid, as being a junior homonym of Epiphile Doubleday, 1844. EPIPHYES Dyar, 1905, J. N.Y. ent. Soc. 13 : 132. Type-species by original designation : Pamphila carolina Skinner, 1892, Ent. News 3 : 222. EPISCADA Godman & Salvin, [1879], Biol. centy.-amer., Lep. Rhop. 1: 40. Type-species by original designation : Ithomia salvinia Bates, 1864, Ent. mon. Mag. 1 : 34. EPITHOMIA Godman & Salvin, [1879], Biol. centr.-amer., Lep. Rhop. 1 : 32. Type-species by original designation : Dircenna callipero Bates, 1863, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1863 : 243, pl. 29, fig. 4. EPITOLA Westwood, [1851], in Doubleday, Gen. diurn. Lep. (2) : pl. 68, fig. 5. Type-species by monotypy : Epitola elion Westwood, [1851], 7x Doubleday, ibid. (2) : pl. 68, fig. 5; id., [1852], zbid. (2) : 471. In the text (: 471) published in 1852 as well as on plate 68 published in the previous year Westwood placed in this genus only the single species Epitola elion, which would therefore have been the type-species by monotypy even if the text had been published at the same time as plate 68. EPITOLINA Aurivillius, 1895, Ent. Tidskr. 16 : 205. Type-species by monotypy : Terio- mima dispar Kirby, 1887, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (5) 19 : 367. EPITYCHES Ferreira d’Almeida, 1938, Brasil-med. Rio de Janeiro 52: 412. Type-species by original designation : Tritonia eupompe Geyer, [1832], 7m Hiibner, Zutr. z. Samm. exot. Schmett. 4 : 25, pl. [121], figs 699, 700. The name Epityches is a junior objective synonym of Tritonia Geyer, [1832], but it is never- theless an available name, because Tvitonia Geyer is itself invalid under the Law of Homo- nymy. EPIZOMIA Staudinger, [1884], im Staudinger & Schatz, Exot. Schmett. 2 (4) : pl. 27. (an In- correct Subsequent Spelling of Epithomia Godman & Salvin, [1879)). EPRIUS Godman, [Nov. 1901], in Godman & Salvin, Biol. centr.-amer., Lep. Rhop. 2 : 741. Type-species through Section (i) of Article 67 : Epeus veleda Godman, [Feb. 1901], in Godman & Salvin, ibid., Lep. Rhop. 3 : 601, pl. 103, figs 21, 22, 23 J. Godman introduced the name Eprius as a replacement for Epews Godman, published earlier in the same year, which is invalid under the Law of Homonymy. EQUES Kirby, 1896, im Allen’s Nat. Libr., Lepid. 1, Butts 2: 290. Type-species by original designation : Papilio niveus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 464. Eques is one of the terms used by Linnaeus for subdivisions of his genus Papilio which for a long time caused confusion in nomenclature owing to disagreement among systematists as to whether these terms should be regarded as of subgeneric status as from Linnaeus. It was not until 1936 (Smithson. miscell. Coll. 73 (No. 8) : 1-2; republished in facsimile in 1958, Opin. int. Comm. zool. Nom. 1 (B) : 465-466) that doubts on this subject were finally dispelled, the Commission in that year promulgating its Opinion 124, in which it ruled that these intermediate terms possessed no status in nomenclature. Kirby (1896) was the first author to use the term Eques as a generic name in a strictly bi- nominal sense, and it must therefore be attributed to him. Eques Kirby is invalid under the Law of Homonymy, being a junior homonym of Eques Bloch, 1793 (Nat. ausl. Fische 7 : 90). ERACON Godman & Salvin, [1894], Biol. centy.-amer., Lep. Rhop. 2 : 365. Type-species by selection by Lindsey (1925, Ann. ent. Soc. Amer. 18 : 86) : Arteurotia biternata Mabille, 1889, Le Naturaliste 11 : 217, fig. 4. 166 FRANCIS HEMMING ERCHIA Walker, 1854, List. Spec. lep. Ins. Brit. Mus. 2 : 357. Type-species by monotypy : Eychia extvanea Walker, 1854, ibid. 2 : 357. Walker used the name Evciia as a new generic name twice in the same volume, namely the present name Erchia (: 357) and Evchia (: 321), this latter being applied to a genus of Dioptid moths. For names such as these published in the same work and on the same date, the relative precedence to be accorded depends on the choice made by the First Reviser. In this case the First Reviser was Kirby when in 1892 (Syn. Cat. Lep. Het. 1 : 410) he gave precedence to Dioptid Eychia (: 321) over the present Evchia, introducing for the latter the replacement name Pseuderchia. In introducing the present name, Walker erroneously supposed that its type-species, Evchia extvanea, was a Geometrid moth, whereas in fact it is a Riodinid butterfly. In consequence of the way in which these names were published by Walker, they have been completely over- looked in the literature of the butterflies. The true nature of these taxa only came to light recently in the course of work in the British Museum (Natural History), as I was informed by Mr. N. D. Riley when he kindly drew my attention to these hitherto unknown names. If the discovery of these ancient names had led to the upsetting of names in current use, there would have been a very strong case for asking the Commission to reject them as nomina oblita. Fortunately, however, such action is not required in the present case :— (i) The generic name Eychia Walker, as applied to the Riodinid butterfly, is (as shown above) invalid under the Law of Homonymy. (ii) The nominal species Evchia extvanea Walker (the type-species of Eychia) is subjectively treated as representing the same taxon as that represented by the older- established nominal species Limnas barca Hewitson, [1853 (J/l. exot. Butts 1 : [120], pl. 60], fig. 12), and in consequence the specific name extvanea Walker falls as a junior subjective synonym of barca Hewitson. (iii) The generic name Pseuderchia Kirby, 1892, typified as indicated above, is a junior subjective synonym of Melanis Hiibner, [1819] a genus commonly but incorrectly known by the name Lymnas Blanchard. EREBIA Dalman, 1816, K. svenska VetenskAkad. Handl., Stockholm 1816 (No. 1) : 58. Type- species by original designation : Papilio ligea Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 473. Dalman, who wrote of this genus “‘ Generis Typus: P. ligea’’, was one of the earliest authors to designate type-species of new genera in this explicit way. EREBINA Bryk, Ark. Zool. 36A (No. 3) : 15. Type-species by original designation : Erebina simplex Bryk, 1944, ibid. 36A (No. 3) : 15, pl. 1, fig. 4 d. EREBIOLA Fereday, 1879, Ent. mon. Mag. 16 : 128. Type-species by original designation : Erebiola butleri Fereday, 1879, ibid. 16 : 129, pl. 1, fig. 4 3. EREBOMORPHA Elwes, 1899, Trans. ent. Soc. Lond. 1899 : 351. Type-species by mono- typy : Papilio parmenio Rober, 1809, Mém. Soc. imp. Nat. Moscou 2 : 306, pl. 19 (2 figs.) The name Evebomorpha Elwes is invalid, as it is a junior homonym of Evebomorpha Walker, 1860 (List Spec. lep. Ins. Brit. Mus. 21 : 494). ERESIA Boisduval, [1836], (Roret’s Suite 4 Buffon), Nat. Hist. Ins., Consid. gén. 1 (Lépid.) : pl. 11 [= pl. 7B], fig. 8. Type-species by monotypy : Nereis eunice Hiibner, [1807], Samml. exot. Schmett. 1 : pl. [9]. The genus Evesia was founded solely upon the figure cited above. At the foot of the plate there appeared only the name “‘ Evesia eunica’’ without any author’s name cited, but in the six-page leaflet entitled ‘‘ Explication des Planches ’’ Boisduval added the name of Hiibner as that of the author of the specific name. SBoisduval’s figure represents a specimen of the taxon represented by the nominal species Nereis eunice Hiibner. It is clear therefore that it was this nominal species which Boisduval placed in his genus Evesia and not a new nominal species of his own. (Boisduval spelled the specific name eunice as eunica; as he gave no explanation of this variant spelling, it ranks not as an Unjustified Emendation but as an Incorrect Subsequent Spelling.) GENERIC NAMES OF BUTTERFLIES 167 ERESINA Auriviilius, 1898, K. svenska VetenskAkad. Handl., Stockholm 31 (No. 5) : 253, 282. Type-species by original designation : Durbania corynetes Grose-Smith & Kirby, 1890, Rhopal. exot. 1 (14) : 57, pl. 11, figs 7, 8 g. The generic name of the type-species was printed in the old-fashioned and now incorrect form ‘‘ D’Urbania’’. ERESINOPSIDES Strand, 1911, Arch. Naturgesch. 77, No. 1 (1) : 193. Type-species by original designation : Eresinopsides bichroma Strand, ro11, ibid. 77, No. 1 (1) : 193. ERETIS Mabille, 1891, Bull. C. R. Soc. ent. Belg. 35 : Ixxi. Type-species by monotypy : Eretis melania Mabille, 1891, ibid. 35 : Ixxi. ERETRIS Thieme, 1905, Berl. ent. Z. 50 : 131. Type-species by selection by Hemming (1943, Proc. R. ent. Soc. Lond. (B) 12 : 24) : Pronophila decorata Felder (C.) & Felder (R.), [1867], Reise Fregatte ‘‘ Novara’’, Lep. Rhop. (3) : 470, pl. 67, fig. 11. ERGOLIS Boisduval, [1836], (Roret’s Suite 4 Buffon), Hist. nat. Ins., Consid. gén. 1 (Lépid.) : pl. 4 [= pl. 4A], fig. 4 (larva et pupa). Type-species by monotypy: Papilio ariadne Linnaeus, 1763, Amoen. acad. 6 : 407. ERIBOEA Hiibner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (3) : 46. Type-species by selection by Scudder (1875, Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10 : 166) : Papilio etheocles Cramer, [1777], Uitl. Kapellen 2 (10) : 34, pl. 119, figs D, E. Under the present Code (Article 69(a) (i)) Papilio etheocles Cramer ranks as one of the originally included species of Eviboea, for, although Hiibner did not include it among what he regarded as taxonomically good species, he did however so include the nominal species Eviboea etheoclessa then introduced (: 47) as a replacement for Papilio etheocles. The correct interpretation of the present nominal genus is now well understood—see Hem- ming, 1934 (Gen. Names hol. Butts 1 : 95)—but in view of the former widespread misuse of this name, a brief note is required. From the taxonomic point of view it must be noted that two fairly closely allied genera of Charaxid Nymphalids are involved. These are:— (a) Chavraxes Ochsenheimer, 1816; (b) the Oriental genus typified by the nominal species Papilio athamas Drury, [1773]. First, it must be noted that Papilio etheocles Cramer, the type-species of Eviboea, is currently referred tothe genus Charavxes; on the basis of this subjective taxonomic view the name Eviboea Hiibner is treated as a junior subjective synonym of Chavaxves Ochsen- heimer. The second of the genera referred to above was erroneously referred by Scudder (1875, Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10 : 170) and later by Moore ([1880], Lep. Ceylon 1 : 29) to the Riodinid genus Ewlepis Billberg, 1820. This mistake arose from the fact that, in establishing the Riodinid genus, Billberg included a manuscript species to which he applied the name athamas which Scudder misinterpreted as being the Nymphalid Papilio athamas Drury. Réber in [1909] (¢n Seitz, Grossschmett. Evde 1 : 169, nota) realized that this use of the name Eulepis Billberg was incorrect and that some other name must be found for the genus con- taining Papilio athamas Drury. Unfortunately, Réber picked out for this purpose the name Eviboea Hiibner, seeking to justify this choice by advancing an argument—actually, entirely fallaceous—that Papilio athamas Drury was the type-species of that genus. Now that Rober’s action has been accepted as having been misconceived, the name Polyura Billberg, 1820 (type- species: Papilio pyvrhus Linnaeus, 1758) has been correctly brought into use for the genus here in question. ERICIDES Westwood, [1852], in Doubleday, Gen. diurn. Lep. (2) : 509 (an Incorrect Subsequent Spelling of Evycides Hiibner, [1819]). ERIDAMUS Burmeister, 1875, Rev. Mag. Zool. (3) 3 : 51-59. Type-species by selection by Evans (1952, Cat. amer. Hesp. Brit. Mus. 2 : 44) : Goniuris tmolis Burmeister, 1875, ibid. (3) 3: 64, pl. 1, figs 1 (larva), 8, 9 (portions of larva). Burmeister’s paper is exceptionally obscure and badly constructed, and it is not surprising therefore that the generic name Evidamus has been almost completely overlooked by later authors. Burmeister included two nominal species in this genus, but neither was selected as the type-species until the publication of Evans’ book in 1952. Evans erroneously believed 168 FRANCIS HEMMING that Burmeister had placed only one species in this genus and therefore that the species in question, namely Goniuris tmolis was automatically the type-species by monotypy. Not- withstanding this misunderstanding on Evans’ part, his explicit statement that the above was the type-species ranks as a valid type-selection under Article 69(a) (iii) of the Code. The appearance in the literature of this long-forgotten name would have justified the sub- mission to the Commission of a request for it to be rejected as a nomen oblitum, if its acceptance would have displaced some name in current use. Fortunately, this is not the case, Goniuris tmolis, the type-species of Evidamus, being currently considered on taxonomic grounds to be congeneric with Papilio tityrus Fabricius, 1775, the type-species of Epargyveus Hiibner, [1819]. By this lucky chance the unwanted name Evidamus Burmeister disappears as a junior sub- jective synonym of Epargyveus Hiibner. ERIKSSONIA Trimen, 1891, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1891: 91. Type-species by monotypy : Erikssonia acraeina Trimen, 1891, ibid. 1891 : 92, pl. 9, figs 18, 20 g, 19 9. ERINA Swainson, 1833, Zool. Illustr. (2) 3 (29) : pl. 134. Type-species by original designation : Papilio erinus Fabricius, 1775, Syst. Ent. : 525. ERIOCOLIAS Watson, 1895, Entomologist 28 : 167. Type-species by original designation : Papilio edusa Fabricius, 1787, Mantissa Ins. 2 : 23. The name Papilio edusa Fabricius, 1787, is invalid, because it is a junior homonym of the name Papilio edusa Fabricius, 1777 (Gen. Ins. : 255). The taxon represented by the nominal species Papilio edusa Fabricius, 1787, is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as being the same as that represented by the nominal species Papilio croceus Fourcroy, 1785 (Ent. paris. : 250), which is considered to be the oldest available name applicable to this species. ERIONOTA Mabille, 1878, Ann. Soc. ent. Belg. 21 : 34. Type-species by selection by Watson (1893, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1893 : 72, 86) : Papilio thrax Linnaeus, 1767, Syst. Nat. (ed. 12) 1 (2) : 794. ERITES Westwood, [1851], 77 Doubleday, Gen. diurn. Lep. (2) : 392. Type-species by mono- typy : Hipparchia medura Horsfield, [1829], Descr. Cat. lep. Ins. Mus. East India Coy (2) : pl. 5, figs. 8, 8a. ERITES Watson, 1893, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1893 : 48 (an Incorrect Subsequent Spelling of Evetis Mabille, 1891). ERNICORNIS Capronnier, 1874, Ann. Soc. ent. Belg. 17 : 22. Type-species by selection by Kirby ([1876], in Zool. Rec. 11 (year 1874) (Ins.) : 379) : Papilio euritea Cramer, [1780], Uitl. Kapellen 3 (24) : 157, pl. 280, fig. C. EROESSA Doubleday, [1847], Gen. diurn. Lep. (1) : 56. Type-species by monotypy : Pieris chiliensis Guerin-Ménéville, [1830], 77 Duperry, Voy. autour Monde “ Coquille’’, Zool. 2 (Biz) (Dive a) plins ins heen. Guerin’s text relating to the type-species was not published until [1838], but in the mean- while a description of ‘‘ Anthocharis chilensis ’’ [sic] had been published by Boisduval ([1836], (Roret’s Suite a Buffon), Hist. nat. Ims., Consid. gén. 1 (Lépid.) : 566). Guerin’s own description of this species, again under the name Pieris chiliensis, appeared in the same volume as that in which his plate showing this species had been issued; the page concerned bore the number “‘ 174’, but, as reference to the volume shows, this was a misprint for “ 274 ”’ ERONIA Hiibner, [1823], Samml. exot. Schmett. 2 : pl. [130]. Type-species by monotypy : Eronia cleodora Hiibner, [1821], zbid. 2 : pl. [130]. EROPUS Godman & Salvin, [1896], Biol. centy.-amer., Lep. Rhop. 2 : pl. 88, figs 27, 28, 29. Type-species by monotypy : Antigonus aegides Herrich-Schaeffer, 1869, CovvespBl. zooll.- min. Ver. Regensburg 23 : 135—repaged separate as Prodvomus 3 : 49. This name is invalid, as it is a junior homonym of Evopus Grouvelle, 1895 (Ann. Soc. ent. Fy. 64 : 162). In the text (: 428) Godman & Salvin explained in a footnote that after plate 88, bearing the GENERIC NAMES OF BUTTERFLIES 169 name Evopus had been drawn they had ascertained that the generic name had already been published as the name for a different genus. They accordingly thereupon introduced the replacement name Theagenes for the present genus. ERORA Scudder, 1872, 4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. 1871 : 53. Type-species by original designation : Thecla laeta Edwards, 1862, Proc. Acad. nat. Sci. Philad. 1862 : 55. EROTION Billberg, 1820, Enum. Ins. Mus. Billb. 80. Type-species by monotypy : Papilio cupido Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 482. The name Evotion Billberg is invalid, as it is a junior objective synonym of Helicopis Fabricius, 1807. ERSCHOFFIA Tutt, [1907], Nat. Hist. Brit. Butts 2: 142. Type-species by original desig- nation : Thecla lunulata Erschoff, Mém. Soc. Amis Sci. nat. Moscou 11 (No. 2) : 7, pl. 1, fig. 5 9—usually cited under the title of Erschoff’s paper, there published, as ‘‘ Fedschenko Reise Turkestan ’’. The name Erschoffia Tutt is invalid as being a junior homonym of Erschoffia Swinhoe, 1900 (Cat. east. Lep. Het. Oxford Univ. Mus. 2 : 221). It has been replaced by the name Pseudo- thecla Strand, 1r9to. ERYCIDES Hiibner, [1819], Vevrz. bekannt. Schmett. (7) : 110. Type-species by selection by Scudder (1872, 4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. 1871 : 67) : Papilio pigmalion Cramer, {1779], Uitl. Kapellen 3 (21) : 87, pl. 245, figs A, B. The type-species of this genus is usually treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds to be congeneric with Papilio palemon Cramer, [1777], the type-species of Phocides Hiibner, [1819] (loc. cit. (7) : 103). On this basis the names Erycides and Phocides are subjective synonyms of one another and as they were published in the same work on the same date, the relative precedence to be accorded to them depends on the choice made by the First Reviser. This was Godman & Salvin who in 1893, Biol. centy.-amer., Lep. Rhop. 2 : 292 adopted the name Phocides, sinking Evycides as a junior synonym. ERYCINA Fabricius, 1807, Mag. f. Insektenk. (Illiger) 6 : 286. Type-species by selection by Crotch (1872, Cistula ent. 1 : 66) : Papilio lysippus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 484. The name Evycina Fabricius is invalid, as it is a junior homonym of Erycina Lamarck, 1805 (Ann. Mus. Hist. nat., Paris 6 (36) : 413). The type-species of the present genus is also the type-species of the later-established genus Riodina Westwood, [1851], in which it is now placed. ERYCINIDIA Rothschild & Jordan, 1905, Novit. zool. 12 : 457. Type-species by monotypy : Erycinidia gracilis Rothschild & Jordan, 1905, zbid. 12 : 457. ERYNNIS Schrank, 1801, Fauna boic. 2 (1) : 152, 157. Type-species by selection by Scudder (1872, 4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. 1871 : 71) : Papilio tages Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. ro) 1 : 485. ERYPHANE Boisduval, 1870, Consid. Lépid. Guatemala : 58 (an Incorrect Original Spelling of Eryphanis Boisduval, 1870). ERYPHANIS Boisduval, 1870, Consid. Lépid. Guatemala : 57. Type-species by original designation : Papilio automedon Cramer, [1775], Uitl. Kapellen 1 (4) : 65, pl. 41, figs A, B. When establishing this genus (: 57) Boisduval used the spelling ‘‘ Evyphanis ”’ and it cannot reasonably be doubted that this was the spelling which he wanted to employ. However, on the following page (: 58) two other spellings were used by what appears to have been due to inadvertence or more probably bad type-setting and bad proof-reading. The spellings in question were “ Euryphanis’”’ and “‘ Evyphane’’. Under the Code all three of these spellings rank as Original Spellings and the question of the one to be accepted as the Correct Original Spelling depends on the choice of the First Reviser. The First Reviser in this case was Scudder who in 1875 (Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10 : 168) choose the spelling ‘‘ Evyphanis ”’ to be the Correct Original Spelling, sinking the spellings ““ Euvyphanis’”’ and “‘ Evyphane’”’ as synonyms. 170 FRANCIS HEMMING ERYTHIA Hiibner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2) : 24. Type-species by selection by Scudder (1875, Proc. amey. Acad. Avts Aci., Boston 10: 168): Papilio labdacus Stoll [1780], im Cramer, Uitl. Kapellen 4 (28) : 90, pl. 336, figs G, H. Hiibner cited the above species as Evythia labdaca, citing immediately after that name the above reference to labdacus in the Uitl. Kapellen. Sometimes Hiibner adopted a new variant spelling for the name for some species, citing immediately after that variant spelling the name in its original spelling, with its reference. There is however no reason to believe that this is what he did on the present occasion, for in the case of adjectival specific names he had the habit of changing the termination where that was necessary in order to make the word con- cerned agree in gender with the name of the genus in which he placed the species concerned. This is no doubt what he did on the present occasion, changing the name lJabdacus to labdaca to make it agree in gender with the name Evythia which he used for the genus in which he placed that species. (Actually, in making this change, Hiibner was in error, for the word “Labdacus ”’ is a Proper Name and not an adjective.) ESAKIOZEPHYRUS Shirozu & Yamamoto, 1956, Szeboldia 1 (4) : 376. Type-species by original designation : Dipsas icana Moore, [1875], Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1874 (4) : 575, pl. 67, fig. 3 d. ESOPTRIA Hiibner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (3) : 45. Type-species by selection by Scudder (1875, Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10 : 168) : Papilio bolina Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 479. The type-species of the present species is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as being congeneric with Papilio pipleis Linnaeus, 1758 (a taxon subjectively identi- fied with Papilio pandarus Linnaeus, 1758), the type-species of Hypolimnas Hiibner, [1819]. As the names Esopivia and Hypolimnas were published in the same work and on the same date, the relative precedence to be accorded to them depends upon the choice of the First Reviser. This choice was made in 1871 (Syn. Cat. diurn. Lep. : 225) by Kirby who adopted the name Hypolimnas, sinking the name Esoptria as a synonym. ESTHEMOPHELES Rober, 1903, Stett. ent. Zig 64: 344. Type-species by original designation through Section (a) (i) (formula “ gen. n., sp.n. ’’) of Article 68 ; Esthemopheles lamprolensis Rober, 1903, ibid. 64 : 344. The taxon represented by the nominal species Esthemopheles lamprolensis Rober is currently considered subjectively on taxonomic grounds to be an infra-subspecific form of the taxon represented by the nominal species Uvaneis ucubis Hewitson, [1870] (Ill. exot. Butts 4 : [91], pl. [49], fig. 4). ESTHEMOPSIS Felder (C.) & Felder (R.), [1865], Reise Fregatte ‘‘ Novava’’, Lep. Rhop. (2) : 306. Type-species by monotypy : Esthemopsis clonia Felder (C.) & Felder (R.), [1865], tbid. (2) : 306, pl. 38, figs 11, 12. ETEONA Doubleday, 1848, List Spec. lep. Ins. Brit. Mus., Appendix : 21. Type-species by monotypy : Euterpe tisiphone Boisduval, [1836], (Roret’s Suite a Buffon), Hist. nat. Ins. Consid. gén. 1 (Lépid.) : 411. ETEONE Staudinger, [1887], 7m Staudinger & Schatz, Evot. Schmett. Bd 1 (Th. 1) (19) : 232 (an Incorrect Subsequent Spelling of Eteona Doubleday, 1848). ETESIOLAUS Stempffer & Bennett, 1959, Bull. Inst. franc. Afr. noive 21 (A) (1) : 319 Type-species by original designation : Iolaus catori Bethune-Baker, 1904, Aun. Mag. nat Hist. (7) 14 : 233. The name Efesiolaus first appeared in print in 1958 (loc. cit. 20 (A) (4) : 1253) ina key to the subgenera dealt with in that paper, but, as there published, this generic name was invalid, for no type-species was designated, and indeed no species was cited at all. ETHELIDA Westwood, [1851], in Doubleday, Gen. diurn. Lep. (2) : 431. Type-species by selection by Hemming (1941, J. Soc. Bibl. nat. Hist. 1 : 431) : Zeonia heliconides Swainson, 0833; Zool lll (2)\03)2 plea Dm GENERIC NAMES OF BUTTERFLIES 171 The name Ethelida was published by Westwood in the synonymy of Zeonia Swainson, where it was said to be a manuscript name of Boisduval’s. Under Article 11(d) of the present revised Code names published in synonymies do not acquire the status of availability through being so published. The name Ethelida Westwood is therefore invalid. Ata time when the Code contained no provision relating to the status of a name published in the foregoing fashion it appeared to me to be desirable to dispose of the name Ethelida by selecting as its type-species the nominal species Zeonia heliconides Swainson, 1833, the type- species of the genus Zeonia Swainson, and this I did in 1941. Thus, even if the name Ethelida Westwood had not been published in a synonymy, it would have been invalid as being a junior objective synonym of Zeonia Westwood, 1833. ETHION Shirozu & Saigusa, 1962, Nature Life Southeast Asia 2 : 63-64. Type-species by original designation : Lycaena ethion Westwood, [Dec. 1851], in Doubleday, Gen. diurn. Lep. (2) : pl. 76, fig. 3 [text (loc. cit. (2) : 490) published in April 1852]. This generic name is invalid, as it is a junior objective synonym of Discolampa Toxopeus, 1929. ETHOPE Moore, [1866], Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1865 (3) : 770. Type-species through Section (i) (replacement names) of Article 67 : Mycalesis (?) himachala Moore, 1857, in Horsfield & Moore, Cat. lep. Ins. Mus. East India Coy (1) : 234. Moore introduced the name Ethope as a replacement for Theope Moore, 1857, which is invalid under the Law of Homonymy. EUASPA Moore, 1884, J. asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt I1, 53 (No. 1) : 29. Type-species by original designation : Myrina milionia Hewitson, [1869], J/l. diurn. Lep., Lycaenidae 1 (text), Suppl. : 5; 2 (plates), Suppl. : suppl. pl. 3, figs 79, 80 ¢. EUBAGIS Boisduval, [1832], in d’Urville, Voy. ‘“‘ Astrolabe’, Faun. ent.1(Lép.) : 70. Type- species by monotypy : Papilio athemon Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 484. EUCALIA Felder (C.), 1861, Nova Acta Leop. Carol. 28 (No. 3) : 25. Type-species by selection by Hemming (1939, Proc. R. ent. Soc. Lond. (B) 8 : 134) : Diadema anthedon Doubleday, 1845, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. 16 : 181. The name Diadema anthedon is commonly treated subjectively as a senior subjective syno- nym of Papilio dubius Palisot de Beauvois, [1813-1820], the name of the type-species of the genus Euralia Westwood, [1850]. On the basis of this synonymy the name Eucalia Felder— which appears to have been a genuine new name and not an incorrect subsequent spelling of Euralia Westwood—would be treated as a junior subjective synonym of Euvalia—if it were not for the fact that the taxon represented by the foregoing nominal species is subjectively treated on taxonomic grounds as being the same as that represented by the nominal species Papilio pipleis Linnaeus, 1758 (itself subjectively identified with Papilio pandarus Linnaeus 1758), the type-species of the older-established nominal genus Hypolimnas Hiibner, [1819]. EUCHARIA Boisduval, 1870, Consid. Lépid. Guatemala: 14. Type-species by selection by Kirby, [1871], in Zool. Rec. 7 (year 1870) (Ins.) : 395) : Papilio ganimedes [sic] Cramer, [1775], Uitl. Kapellen 1 (4) : 64, pl. 40, figs C, D. The name Eucharia Boisduval is invalid, as being a junior homonym of Eucharia Hiibner, [1820] (Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (12) : 181) and also of Eucharia Koch, 1835 (in Panzer, Ins. geym. (134) : pl. 8). EUCHEIRA Westwood, 1834, Trans. ent. Soc. Lond. 1 (1) : 44. Type-species by monotypy : Eucheira socialis Westwood, 1834, ibid. 1 : 44, pl. 6. EUCHLOE Hiibner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (66) : 94. Type-species by designation by the Commission under the Plenary Powers in Opinion 177 : Euchloe ausonia Hiibner, var. esperi Kirby, 1871, Syn. Cat. diwrn. Lep. : 506. This nominal genus was for a long time a cause of difficulty, owing to the fact that the included nominal species selected as the type-species by Butler in 1870 (Cistula ent. 1 : 53) was misidentified by Hiibner when he established this genus. The entry for this species made 172 FRANCIS HEMMING by Hiibner read as follows:— “ Euchloé belia Esp. Pap. 92.11. Hiibn. Pap. 417.418’’. This entry was perfectly comprehensible in Hiibner’s day and for long afterwards, the species being the black-tipped white Pierid figured by Esper on the plate cited by Hiibner. The first author to apply the name belia to this species was Stoll in 1782 (tm Cramer, Uitl. Kapellen 4 (34) : 225, pl. 397, fig. A). Unluckily, the name belia so used was not a new name introduced by Stoll; it was a name published by Linnaeus in 1767 (Syst. Nat. (ed. 12) 1 (2) : 761). The Stoll/Esper/ Hiibner interpretation of the specific name belia remained unchallenged until in 1869 (Ent. mon. Mag.5 : 271) Butler pointed out that the species to which in 1767 Linnaeus gave the name belia was totally distinct from that to which it had been applied by Stoll. The name Papilio belia of Linnaeus was based on a pale-cream-coloured white-tipped insect taken in North Africa which was in fact the female of the brilliant yellow orange-tipped species to the male of which Linnaeus has given the name Papilio eupheno (: 762). Butler’s discovery left the South of France insect, which Esper had figured, without a name. This deficiency was made good in 1871 when Kirby gave the name esperz to that taxon. Serious confusion would have arisen if, following Butler’s (1869) discovery, the genus Euchloe Hiibner had been interpreted as though, when citing the specific name bela he had correctly applied that name to the yellow orange-tipped North African species (i.e. ewpheno Linnaeus) and not to the white black-tipped species figured by Esper, for in 1833 the yellow- orange-tipped species had been separated from Euchloe by Boisduval, Rambur and Graslin. Thus, if—in defiance of the clear intention of Hiibner—it had been assumed that the specific name belia had been correctly interpreted by Hiibner, the effect would have been that the name Anthocharis would have become a junior subjective synonym of Euchloe, the white black-tipped group of species being thus left without a generic name. This would have been highly confusing, because it would have involved the transfer of the name Euchloe from the white species to the yellow species. In the circumstances it was decided that this was pre-eminently a case where the Commission should be asked to give a ruling that the species to be accepted as the type-species of Euchloe should be the species intended by Hiibner (the author of this generic name) and not the species to which the name which he used (belia) properly applies. An application in this sense was submitted to the Commision by myself in 1935. This application was approved by the Com- mission, whose decision was promulgated in Opinion 177 in June 1946 (Opin. int. Comm. zool. Nom. 2 : 533-544). Later, in Opinion 270 (1954, loc. cit. 6 : 25-40) the Commission placed the gene,ic name Euchloe Hiibner on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology as Name No. 687. In the same Opinion the Commission placed the group name espevi Kirby. 1871, as published in the combination Euchloe ausonia Hiibner, var. esperi, the species-group name adopted by the Commission when designating the taxon so named as the type-species, on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology as Name No. go. EUCHRYSOPS Butler, 1900, Entomologist 33:1. Type-species by original designation : Hesperia cnejus Fabricius, 1798, Supp. Ent. syst. : 430. EUCORA Schaus, 1902, Proc. U.S. nat. Mus. 24 (1262) : 400. Type-species by original desig- nation : Eucora sanarita Schaus, 1902, ibid. 24 (1262) : 400. The name Eucova Schaus is invalid, as it is a junior homonym of Eucora Hibner, [1823] (Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (18) : 278). See Eucorna Strand, 1932. EUCORMA Seitz, [1924], Grossschmett. Evde 5 : 1030, 1088. Type-species through Section (1) (replacement names) of Article 67 : Eucova sanarita Schaus, 1902. This name was published in an obscure and unsatisfactory manner, but it is considered that it must be regarded as having been introduced by Seitz deliberately as a replacement for Eucora Schaus which (as shown above) is invalid under the Law of Homonymy. The name Eucorma appeared twice in the above volume: first, on page 1030 in the “‘ Additions ”’ section this name was applied without comment to Eucora sanarita Schaus. So published, the spelling Eucorma might have been an inadvertent Incorrect Subsequent Spelling of Eucova Schaus. In the alphabetical index at the end of the volume (: 1088) there appears in addition to the GENERIC NAMES OF BUTTERFLIES 173 entry ‘“‘ Eucora’’, an entry which reads “‘ Eucorma = Eucora’’. It is true that this rather cryptic entry could have been intended to denote that the spelling Ewcoryma was a misspelling of the name Eucorva, but it seems more likely that it was intended to draw attention to the deliberate introduction of the spelling “‘ Eucoryma”’ in replacement of the spelling ‘‘ Eucora ”’ Fortunately, it is not necessary to pursue further the question as to whether the spelling was introduced deliberately or not; for, even if it were agreed that the spelling “‘ Ewcoryma’’ was intentional, the name so spelled would have been invalid, as it would have been a junior homonym of the name Eucorma Jordan, [1908] (in Seitz, Grossschmett. Erde 10 : 30). EUCORNA Strand, 1932, Folia zool. hydrobiol., Riga 4 (1) : 146. Type-species through Section (i) (replacement names) of Article 27 : Eucora sanarita Schaus, 1902. The name Eucorna Strand was introduced as a replacement for the name Eucora Schaus, 1902, which is invalid under the Law of Homonymy. EUDAEMON Billberg, 1820, Enum. Ins. Mus. Billb.: 76. Type-species by selection by Hemming (1934, Gen. Names hol. Butts 1 : 26) : Papilio claudia Fabricius, 1777, Gen. Ins. : 263. When I dealt with this matter in 1934 (: 26), I took the view that, as Moore (1883, Proc. z00l. Soc. Lond. 1883 : 286) had treated Ewdaemon Billberg as a junior synonym of the name Trepsichrois when he selected Papilio claudia Fabricius as the type-species of Tvepsichrois, he could properly be treated as having at the same time selected that species to be the type-species of Eudaemon also. I now consider however that that argument was fallacious, but the above species is undoubtedly the type-species of this genus, it having been unequivocally specified as such by myself in 1934. The name Papilio claudia Fabricius, as applied to the present species, is invalid, as it is a junior homonym of the older name Papilio claudia Cramer, [1775] (Uitl. Kapellen 1 (6) : 109). The oldest name that is both available under the Code and subjectively applicable to the present species is mulciber Cramer, [1777] Papilio mulciber Cramer, [1777] (Uitl. Kapellen 2 (m)es 45, pl. 127, figs C, D). EUDAMIDAS Godman & Salvin, [1895], Biol. centr.-amer., Lep. Rhop. 2 : 386. Type-species by selection by Lindsey (1925, Ann. ent. Soc. Amer. 18 : 86) : Papilio melander Cramer, [1780], Uitl. Kapellen 3 (23) : 141, pl. 270, fig. H. The taxon represented by Papilio melander Cramer is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as being the same as that represented by the older-established nominal species Papilio mentppus Fabricius, 1776 (Gen. Ins. : 272). EUDAMUS Swainson, 1831, Zool. Illustr. (2) 2: pl. 48. Type-species by original designation : Papilio proteus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 484. The name Eudamus Swainson is invalid, as it is a junior objective synonym of Urbanus Hiibner, [1807]. EUDAPHNE Reuss, 1922, Archiv. Naturgesch. 87 (1921) A.11 : 221. Type-species by original designation : Papilio laodice Pallas, 1771, Reise durch Verschied. prov. Russisch. Reichs 1 : 470. The name Eudaphne Reuss is invalid, as it is a junior objective synonym of Argyronome Hiibner, [1819]. EUDRYAS Reuss, 1926, Int. ent. Z.20 : 253. Type-species by original designation : Argynnis childveni Gray, 1831, Zool. Miscell. (Gray) (1) : 33. Early in the following year (Jan. 1927, Dtsch. ent. Z. 1926 (5) : 435) Reuss again published Eudryas as a new name, once more designating the above species as type-species. The name Eudyyas Reuss is invalid under the Law of Homonymy, the same word having been used as a generic name by four different authors. The names concerned are:— (i) Eudryas Boisduval, [1836] (Roret’s Suite 4 Buffon), Hist. nat. Ins., Consid. gén. 1 (Lépid.) : pl. 14 [= pl. 1o B], fig. 9; (ii) Eudvyas Harris, 1841, Ins. Massachusetts : 310; (iii) Eudryas Fitzinger, 1843, Systs. Rept. : 26; (iv) Eudryas Gistl, 1848, Nat. Thierr. : viii. The name Eudvyas Reuss has been replaced by the name Childvena Hemming, 1943. 174 FRANCIS HEMMING EUEIDES Hiibner, 1816, Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (1) : 11. Type-species by selection by Scudder (1875, Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10: 169) : Nereis dianasa Hiibner, [1806], Sammi. exot. Schmett. 1 : pl. [8). EUERCIINA Seitz, [1917], Grossschmett. Evde 5 : 666 (an Incorrect Subsequent Spelling of Euerycina Saunders, 1859). EUERYCINA Saunders, 1859, Tvans. ent. Soc. Lond. (2) 5: 97. Type-species by monotypy : Erycina calphurma Saunders, 1850, Tvans. ent. Soc. Lond. 5 (9) : 221. The name Euerycina Saunders is invalid, as it is a junior objective synonym of Rodinia Westwood, [1851]. EUGLYPHUS Billberg, 1820, Enum. Ins. Mus. Billb. : 80. Type-species by monotypy : Papilio chiron Fabricius, 1775, Svst. Ent. : 452. Prior to 1958 there existed no means of determining the relative precedence to be accorded to certain books and papers on the Lepidoptera published on unknown dates in the year 1775. These works included the Syst. Ent. of Fabricius and a paper by von Rottemburg published in volume 6 of the serial publication Dey Naturforschey. This difficulty affected the name to be used for the type-species of the present genus, namely Papilio chirvon Fabricius, owing to the fact that that binomen was bestowed by von Rottemburg in the serial cited above upon an entirely different species. In 1958 however this matter was settled by the promulgation by the Commission of its Opinion 516 (Opin. int. Comm. zool. Nom. 19 : 1-44), in which it ruled under its Plenary Powers, inter alia, that the Syst. Ent. of Fabricius was to be given precedence over the paper by von Rottemburg in the serial Dey Naturforscher. Accordingly, the name Papilio chivon Fabricius, 1775, takes precedence before the name Papilio chiron Rottemburg, 1775, and, as the oldest available name for the type-species of Euglyphus Bill- berg, is the valid name for that species. EUGONIA Hiibner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (3) : 36. Type-species by selection by Grote (1873, Canad. Ent. 5 : 144) : Papilio angelica Stoll, [1782] 7m Cramer, Uitl. Kapellen 4 (33) : 204, pl. 388, figs G, H. The taxon represented by the nominal species Papilio angelica Stoll is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as being the same as that represented by the older-estab- lished nominal species Papilio c-aureum Linnaeus, 1758 (Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 477. It must be noted at this point that the nominal species Papilio c-auveum Linnaeus is the type species of the genus Polygonia Hiibner, [1819]. The names Eugonia Hiibner and Poly- gonia Hiibner are thus subjective synonyms of one another, and, as they were published on the same date and in the same work—these names actually appearing on the same page—the relative precedence to be accorded to them depends on the choice of the First Reviser. Up to the year 1934 Grote’s type-selection of Papilio angelica in 1873 for the genus Eugonia was completely overlooked and the genus was treated as having a quite different species, Papiho polychloros Linnaeus, as its type-species, authors following in this matter the invalid selection of that species made by Scudder in 1875 (Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10: 170). These two species had never been treated as being congeneric with one another by any author who accepted either the genus Eugonia or the genus Polygonia. In consequence, no First Reviser choice was made as between these names; nor was there any cause for such a choice until in 1934 (Gen. Names hol. Butts 1 : 71) I drew attention to the fact that in consequence of Grote’s selection of Papilio angelica Stoll as the type-species of Eugonia Hiibner it had become necessary to determine the relative precedence to be accorded to the names Eugonia and Polygonia. I thereupon acted on the so-called principle of page and line precedence and accordingly adopted the name Polygonia Hiibner, sinking the name Eugonia Hibner as a synonym of Polygonia. The correct course would have been simply to make an express First Reviser choice as between these names, but as the action then taken complies in all respects with that required of a First Reviser, it ranks as such under the Code. The position is there- GENERIC NAMES OF BUTTERFLIES 175 fore that the name Eugonia Hiibner ranks as a junior subjective synonym of Polygonia for all who regard the respective type-species of those genera to be congeneric with one another. EUGRAMMA Billberg, 1820, Enum. Ins. Mus. Billb. : 78. Type-species through Section (i) (replacement names) of Article 67 : Papilio cydippe Linnaeus, 1767, Syst. Nat. (ed. 12) 1 (2) : 776. The name Eugramma was proposed by Billberg as a replacement for the name Cethosia Fabricius, 1807. That name is however an available name under the Code and therefore in no need of replacement. The name Eugramma Billberg is therefore invalid as a junior objec- tive synonym of Cethosia Fabricius. The name Papilio cydippe Linnaeus, 1767, the type-species of this genus was invalid asa junior homonym of Papilio cydippe Linnaeus, 1761, until in 1958 it was validated by the Commission under its Plenary Powers in Opinion 501. Full particulars of the action so taken have been given in the note of the name Cethosia Fabricius, 1807. EUGRAPHIS Billberg, 1820, Enum. Ins. Mus. Billb.: 75. Type-species by monotypy : Papilio hypsipyle Fabricius, 1777, Gen. Ins. : 265. Until the early years of the XXth century the type-species of the present genus was known by the name Papilio polyxena [Denis & Schiffermiiller], 1775 (Ankiindung syst. Werkes Schmett. Wiener Gegend : 162), but later the use of this name was discontinued, it being believed that it was invalid as a junior homonym of Papilio polyxena Cramer, [1775] (Uitl. Kapellen 1 (5) : 85). The relative precedence to be accorded to the names published in 1775 by Denis & Schiffermiiller, Cramer and others remained a matter of doubt until in 1958 the Commission promulgated its Opinion 516 (Opin. int. Comm. zool. Nom. 19 : 1-44), in which it gave directions under its Plenary Powers, inter alia, that precedence be given to the names published in that year by Denis & Schiffermiiller over those so published by Cramer. Thus, under the ruling given in this Opinion the name Papilio polyxena {Denis & Schiffermuiiller], 1775, takes precedence over the name Papilio polyxena Cramer, [1775]. Accordingly, on the basis of the foregoing subjective synonymy the specific name polyxena {Denis & Schiffermiiller] is now firmly established as the oldest available name applicable to the present species and is its valid name. EUKORAMIUS Bryk, 1935, Das Thierreich 65 : 630, 673-674. Type-species by monotypy : Parnassius imperator Oberthur, 1883, Bull. Soc. ent. Fr. 1883 : xxvii. Prior to the valid publication of this name in 1935 in the work cited above, it had been published by Bryk in 1934 (Parnassiana 3 (3) : 43), but, as there published this name is invalid, for, although Bryk designated a type-species (Parnassius imperator) he gave no diagnosis or other indication whatever, the provision of which is an indispensible condition for the valid publication of a generic name after 1930. EULACEURA Butler, [1872], Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1871 (3) : 726. Type-species by original designation : Apatura osteria Westwood, [1850], in Doubleday, Gen. diurn. Lep. (2) : 305, nota. EULACURA Butler, 1879, Trans. linn. Soc. Lond. (2) Zool. 1 (8) : 541 (an Incorrect Subsequent Spelling of Eulaceura Butler, [1872]). EULEPIS Billberg, 1820, Enum. Ins. Mus. Billb. : 80. Type-species through Section (i) (replacement names) of Article 67 : Papilio cavicae Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 484. This name was introduced by Billberg as a replacement for Nymphidium Fabricius, 1807. This action was quite uncalled for, as the name Nymphidium is an available name not in any sense in need of replacement. In consequence the name Eulepis Billberg is invalid as a junior objective synonym of Nymphidium Fabricius, 1807. For the extraordinary misuse for a genus of Charaxid Nymphalids of the name Eulepis which, as shown above, is a junior objective synonym of the name Nymphidiwm, a well-known genus of Riodinids, see the explanation given in the immediately following entry. 176 FRANCIS HEMMING EULEPIS Scudder, 1875, Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10: 170. Type-species by original designation : Papilio athamas Drury, [1773], Jil. nat. Hist. 1 : index et 5, pl. 2, fig. 4 (2 figs). The name Eulepis as applied by Scudder to the well-known Charaxid Nymphalid, was formerly widely used. That this should have occurred was due entirely to an extraordinary mistake made by Scudder when discussing the genus Eulepis Billberg, 1820, established by its original author as a (quite unnecessary) replacement for Nymphidium Fabricius, 1807, one of the oldest and best-known genera in the family Riodinidae. The circumstances which gave rise to this mistake have been discussed in part in the note on the generic name Eviboea Hiibner, [1819], which became implicated in this case through a further error made in 1909 by Rober, when attempting to provide a remedy for Scudder’s original mistake. The facts in their immediate bearing on the name Eulepis as used by Scudder are set out below. Billberg, as has already been explained, established the nominal genus Ewlepis as a replace- ment for the genus Nymphidium Fabricius, and in consequence it takes automatically (under Section (i) (replacement names) of Article 67) as its type-species the species which is the type- species so replaced, that is, Papilio caricae Linnaeus, 1758. Overlooking the replacement character of Eulepis, Scudder observed that the only specific name cited by Billberg as that of an included species consisted of the word “‘athamas’’. This was no more than a manuscript name and therefore ineligible for selection as the type-species. Overlooking again the fact that for the above reason the specific name athamas, as cited by Billberg, possessed no status in nomenclature and ignoring the fact that Billberg placed the genus Eulepis among the Lycae- nids (with which at that time the Riodinids were commonly united), Scudder concluded that the name athamas, as used by Billberg, applied to the Charaxid Nymphalid Papilio athamas Drury, which he thereupon stated was the type-species of Eulepis by monotypy. It was in these circumstance that the Charaxid genus Eulepis came into existence. Scudder unequivocally accepted this as a properly established genus. It cannot be ignored on account of the mistakes which led to its establishment, for, as has been explained in the note on the name Eviboea Hiibner, [1819], it has played an important part in the literature. It must however be attributed to Scudder and be treated as having been first published in 1875. Following upon the correction of Scudder’s mistake, the nominal species Papilio athamas Drury, which is considered subjectively on taxonomic grounds to be congeneric with Papilio pyrvhus Linnaeus, 1758, is the type-species of the genus Polyura Billberg, 1820. Accordingly, the name Eulepis Scudder is currently treated asa junior subjective synonym of Polyura Billberg, 1820. The name Eulepis Scudder, 1875, is invalid, as being a junior homonym of Eulepis Billberg, 1820. EULIPHYRA Holland, 1890, Psyche 5 : 423. Type-species by selection by Hemming (1964, Annot. lep. (3) : 132) : Euliphyra mirifica Holland, 1890, zbid. 5 : 423. EULIPHYRODES Romieux, 1937, Mitt. schweiz. ent. Ges. 17 (3) : 120-123. Type-species by original designation : Euliphyrodes katangana Romieux, 1937, ibid. 17 (3) : 123. EUMAEA Geyer, [1834], 7m Hiibner, Sammi. exot. Schmett. 3: pl. [18]. Type-species by monotypy : Eumaea debora Geyer, [1834], in Hiibner, zbid. 3 : pl. [18]. Geyer, like his predecessor Hiibner and many other early authors, gave no indication as to whether the generic names that he used were new names or, in the case of similar names, emendations of older names. In the present instance, the name used by Geyer—Eumaea might very well have been from Geyer’s point of view an emendation of the earlier name Eumaeus Hiibner, [1819], having regard especially to the fact that even today the taxon represented by the nominal species Eumaea debora Geyer is subjectively regarded on taxonomic grounds as being congeneric with Rusticus minijas Hiibner, [1809], the type-species of the genus Ewmaeus Hiibner, [1819]. However, it cannot be claimed that Geyer provided any clear evidence that his Ewmaea was intended to be an emendation and accordingly under Article 32 (a) (ii) of the Code it cannot be treated as an emendation; nor does Geyer’s GENERIC NAMES OF BUTTERFLIES 177 volume contain anything which would support the view that the spelling which he used was an inadvertent Incorrect Subsequent Spelling. It is necessary therefore to conclude that under the Code Eumaea Geyer should be treated as having been a new name deliberately introduced by that author. Luckily, from the practical standpoint the matter is of no importance, since, for the reasons explained above, the name Ewmaea would not be required for taxonomic purposes, being at the best no more than a junior subjective synonym of Eumaeus Hiibner, [1819]. EUMAEUS Hiibner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (5) : 67. Type-species by monotypy : Rusticus minijas Hiibner, [1809], Samm. exot. Schmett. 1 : pl. [97]. EUMARGARETA Grote, 1898, Canad. Ent. 30 : 201, 202. Type-species through Section (i) of Article 67 : Nymphalis coresia Godart, [1824], Ency. méth. 9 (Ins.) (2) : 359. Grote introduced the name Eumargareta as a replacement for Megaluyva Blanchard, 1840, which, following Scudder (1875, Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10 : 212) he erroneously supposed was invalid under the Law of Homonymy. For the foregoing reason the name Eumargareta Grote is invalid, being a junior objective synonym of Megalura Blanchard, 1840. EUMEDONIA Forster, 1938, Mitt. miinch. ent. Ges. 28: 113. Type-species by original designation : Papilio eumedon Esper, [1780], Die Schmett. 1 (Bd 2) Forts. Tagschmett. : 16, pl. 52, figs 2 9, 3.6. There is an older nominal species, Papilio chiron Rottemburg, 1775 (Der Naturforscher 6 : 27), which is subjectively considered on taxonomic grounds to represent the same taxon as that represented by the nominal species Papilio ewmedon Esper, [1780]. In consequence, for some years the specific name chivon Rottemburg was used as the oldest name for this species. There is however also another nominal species bearing this name which, like the name published by Rottemburg, was also published in 1775. The nominal species in question is Papilio chiron Fabricius, 1775 (Syst. Ent. : 452), which (as already noted) is the type-species of the nominal genus Euglyphus Billberg, 1820. Prior to 1958 there was always a doubt as to which of these names should be treated as having precedence over the other. In that year however the Commission promulgated its Opinion 516 (Opin. int. Comm. zool. Nom. 19 : 1-44), in which it gave rulings under its Plenary Powers as to the relative precedence to be accorded to various works, including Rottemburg’s paper in Dey Naturforschey and Fabricius’s Syst. Ent., published in 1775. Under that ruling the Syst. Ent. takes precedence over Rottemburg’s paper. Accordingly, the name Papilio chivon Rottemburg, 1775, takes precedence after the name Papilio chivon Fabricius, 1775. In consequence, the name Papilio eumedon Esper [1780], is definitely established as the oldest available name subjectively applicable to the present species. EUMENIA Godart, [1834], Ency. méth. 9 (Ins.) (2) : 826. Type-species by monotypy : Eumenia toxea Godart, [1824], ibid. 9 (Ins.) (2) : 826. The taxon represented by the nominal species Eumenia tovea Godart is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as being the same as that represented by the older- established nominal species Rusticus minijas Hiibner, [1809], the type-species of Ewmaeus Hiibner, [1819], of which therefore the name Ewmenia Godart, [1824], is on the basis of the foregoing subjective synonymy a junior subjective synonym. EUMENIS Hiibner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (4) : 58. Type-species by selection by Grote (1873, Canad. Ent. 5 : 62) : Papilio autonoe Esper, [1784], Die Schmett. 1 (Bd 2) Forts. Tagschmett. : 167, pl. 86, figs 1 J, 2, 3 @. EUMESIA Felder (C.) & Felder (R.), [1867], Reise Fregatte ‘‘ Novava’’ Lep. Rhop. (3) : 504. Type-species by monotypy : Eumesia semiargentea Felder (C.), & Felder (R.), [1867], zbid., Lep. Rhop. (3) : 505, pl. 69, figs 17, 18. Evans (1955, Cat. amer. Hesp. Brit. Mus. 4: 18, 19, 43) treated this generic name in a strange and entirely incorrect manner. He accepted (: 43) the nominal species Ewumesia semiargentea as representing a taxonomically distinct species. In spite of this he rejected 178 FRANCIS HEMMING (: 19) the generic name Eumesia on the ground that the holotype of its type-species (Eumesia semiargentea) now in the British Museum was a specimen which had lost its head and on which in place of the missing head the head of some Satyrid species had been gummed. Evans’s ground for rejecting this generic name was that the substitution of this false head on the holo- type vitiated the generic diagnosis given by the authors of thisname. This action was mis- conceived, there being nothing in the Code to authorize the rejection of a generic name on such grounds. Moreover, Evans’s contention was incorrect in fact, for only part of the original diagnosis was concerned with the characters of the head. Quite apart from this consideration, Evans forgot that prior to 1931 it was not necessary for an author to provide any diagnosis for a new genus, provided that he included in the genus one or more duly established nominal species. This condition was duly complied with by the authors of this generic name. The name Eumesia is therefore an available name, and accordingly Evans’s action in rejecting it was invalid. EUNICA Hibner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (4) : 61. Type-species by selection by Scudder (1875), Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston, 10: 171) : Papilio monima Stoll, [1782], in Cramer, Uitl. Kapellen 4 (33) : 202, pl. 387, figs F, G. Thetaxon represented by the nominal species Papilio monima is currently treated subjective- ly on taxonomic grounds as being congeneric with that represented by the nominal species Papilio amelia Cramer, [1777], the type-species of the genus Evonyme Hiibner, [1819]. The names Eunica and Evonyme were published on the same page of the Verzeichniss and the relative precedence to be accorded to them depends therefore on the choice of the First Reviser. This was Kirby (1871, Syn. Cat. Diurn. Lep. : 198) who adopted the name Eunica, sinking Evonyme as a junior synonym. EUNICE Geyer, [1832], im Hiibner, Zutr. z. Samml. exot. Schmett. 4:39. Type-species by selection by Hemming (1939, Proc. R. ent. Soc. Lond. (B) 8 : 134) : Eunice taurione Geyer, [1832], 7m Hiibner, ibid. 4 : 39, pl. [135], figs 783, 784. The taxon represented by the nominal species Eunice taurione is currently considered sub- jectively on taxonomic grounds to be congeneric with that represented by the nominal species Papilio monima Stoll, the type-species of Eunica Hiibner, [1819]. The position as regards this pair of generic names is thus exactly similar to that of Ewmaea Geyer and Eumaeus Hiibner which has been fully discussed in the note on the name Eumaea Geyer. For the reasons there explained, the name Eunice may have been an intentional emendation by Geyer of the name Eunica Hiibner; it may also be no more than an inadvertent Incorrect Subsequent Spelling of Hiibner’s Eunica. There is however no evidence provided by Geyer which would bring the name Eunice within the definition laid down in the Code either for an Emendation or for an Incorrect Subsequent Spelling. The name Eunice must therefore be treated nomenclatorially as a new name introduced by Geyer intentionally. From a practical point of view the exact status to be accorded to the name Eunice Geyer is of academic interest only, for in any circumstances the name Eunice Geyer would be invalid under the Law of Homonymy, the word “‘ Eunice ’’ having been used as a generic name by two authors before it was so used by Geyer. The names in question are : (i) Eunice Rafines- que, 1816 (Analyse Nature : 135); (ii) Eunice Schinz, 1822 (1m Cuvier, Thierreich 2 : 310). EUNOGYRA Westwood, [October 1851], iz Doubleday, Gen. diurn. Lep. (2) : pl. 72, fig. 11. Type-species by monotypy : Eunogyra satyrus Westwood, [1851], 7m Doubleday, [Oct. 1851], 22 Doubleday, ibzd. (2) : pl. 72, fig. 11. The text relating to this name (: 463) was published a little later (in December 1851), and in it also Westwood placed only the nominal species Eunogyrva satyrus in the genus Eunogyra. EUOMMA Felder (C.) & Felder (R.), [1867], Reise Fregatte “‘ Novava’’, Lep. Rhop. (3) : 425. Type-species through Section (i) (replacement names) of Article 67 : Papilio crithea Drury, [1773], Ill. nat. Hist. 2 : index et 29, pl. 16, figs 5, 6. The name Euomma was introduced as a replacement for Jaeva Hiibner, [1819], which is invalid under the Law of Homonymy. GENERIC NAMES OF BUTTERFLIES 179 This generic name is invalid, as it is a junior homonym of the name Euomma Boheman, 1858 (Eugenies Resa Dl. 2, Zool. 1, Ins. : ror). It has been replaced by the name Catuna Kirby, 1871. EUPAMIDES Hiibner, [1819], Verz, bekannt. Schmett. (7) : 101. The sole species placed in this genus by Hiibner is not a butterfly. EUPHAEDRA Hiibner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (3) : 39. Type-species by selection by Scudder (1875, Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10: 172): Papilio cyparissa Cramer, [1775], Uitl. Kapellen 1 (4) : 63, pl. 39, figs D, E. The taxon represented by the nominal species Papilio cyparissa is currently treated sub- jectively on taxonomic grounds as being congeneric with Najas themis Hiibner, [1807], the type-species of the genus Najas Hiibner, {1807}. On the basis of this subjective synonymy the generic name Euphaedva Hiibner is a junior subjective synonym of Najas Hiibner, which, as shown above, has twelve years’ priority. It would be most objectionable however if the name Euphaedra which is very well-known and has been used continuously since 1871 (Kirby, Syn. Cat. diurn. Lep. : 247) for the genus of African Limenitids concerned, were to be replaced by the name Najas which has never been so used and has indeed only been brought to light in comparatively recent years. In the circumstances the Commission has been asked to reject the name Najas Hiibner, thereby clearing the path for the continued use of the name Euphae- dva Hiibner, which, pending the outcome of the foregoing application is here accepted (in accordance with Article 50 of the Code) in preference to the older name Najas Hiibner. EUPHOEADES Hiibner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (6) : 83. Type-species by selection by Scudder (1872, 4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. 1871 : 65) : Papilio glaucus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 460. At this point attention must be drawn to the nominal species Papilio turnus Linnaeus, 1771, (Mantissa Plant. 2 : 536), which represents a taxon which is currently considered on taxonomic grounds to be a form of the taxon represented by the nominal species Papilio glaucus Linn- aeus, 1758. The relevance of this point to the present case resides in the fact that Papilio turnus Linnaeus is the type-species of the nominal genus Jasoniades Hiibner, [1919], the name of which was published on the same page (: 83) of the Verzeichniss as the name Euphoeades Hiibner. In these circumstances the relative precedence to be accorded to these two generic names depends on the choice of the First Reviser. In this case the First Reviser was myself when in 1934 (Gen. Names hol. Butts 1 : 147) I chose the name Euphoeades Hiibner to take precedence after the name Jasoniades Hiibner, of which therefore Euphoeades Hiibner was thus made a junior subjective synonym. EUPHYDRYAS Scudder, 1872, 4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. 1871 : 48. Type-species by original designation : Papilio phaeton Drury, [1773], J/l. nat. Hist. 1 : index et 42, pl. 21, figs 3, 4 9. EUPHYES Scudder, 1872, 4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. 1871: 80. Type-species by original designation : Hesperia metacomet Harris, 1862, Tveatise Ins. injur. Veget. (Flint’s Gl) aes 37. The taxon represented by the nominal species Hesperia metacomet is currently treated sub- jectively on taxonomic grounds as being the same as that represented by the older-established nominal species Hesperia (?) vestris Boisduval, 1852 (Ann. Soc. ent. Fr. (2) 10 : 317). EUPITHES Westwood, [1850], 1 Doubleday, Gen. diurn. Lep. (2) : 287. Type-species by tautonymy through Section (d) of Article 68 : Pallene eupithes Doubleday, [Nov. 1848]. The name Eupithes was published by Westwood as a manuscript name of Doubleday’s, being placed by Westwood in the synonymy of Hayvma Doubleday, [1848]. As a name pub- lished in a synonymy, the name Eupithes Westwood possesses under Article 11 (d) no status in zoological nomenclature. EUPLAEA Boisduval, [1832], im d’Urville, Voy. ‘‘ Astvolabe’’, Faun. ent. 1 (Lépid.) : 93 (an Incorrect Subsequent Spelling of Ewploea Fabricius, 1807). 180 FRANCIS HEMMING EUPLEA Kirby, [1879], in Zool. Rec. 14 (year 1877) (Ins.) : 128 (an Incorrect Subsequent Spelling of Euploea Fabricius, 1807). EUPLOEA [Illiger], 1807, Allgem. Lit. Ztg, [Jena] Halle 1807 (No. 2) : 1180, 1181. Type- species by selection by Hemming (1964, Annot. lep. (4) : 19) : Limnas nemertes Hiibner, [1807], Samml. exot. Schmett. 1 : pl. [26]. The name Eupioea [Illiger] is one of twelve well-known names in general use as from the date of their publication by Fabricius in 1807, which it was discovered in 1939 had been published with different included species in an anonymous paper of Illiger’s that slightly predated that of Fabricius. A full account of this unfortunate discovery has been given in the note on the name Apatura [Illiger] (the first in alphabetical order of the names concerned). It is necessary here only to note that in the interest of nomenclatorial stability the Commission was asked to suppress under its Plenary Powers all these Illiger names, thereby validating their Fabrician counterparts. This application was approved by the Commission, its decision being promulgated in its Opinion 232 (1954, Opin. int. Comm. zool. Nom. 4 : 249-274). In that Opinion the name Euploea [Illiger], was suppressed for the purposes both of the Law of Priority and of the Law of Homonymy and was placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology as Name No. 41. EUPLOEA Fabricius, 1807, Mag. f. Insektenk. (Illiger) 6 : 280. Type-species by designation by the Commission under the Plenary Powers in Opinion 163 : Papilio corus Fabricius, 1793, Ent. syst. 3\(i) > 4x- Fabricius cited three nominal species as belonging to the genus Euploea; from these Scudder in 1875 (Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10 : 172) selected the second, Papilio similis Linnaeus, 1758 (Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 479) to be the type-species of this genus. Three years later (1878, J. linn. Soc. Lond., Zool. 14 : 291) Butler selected as the type-species of this genus the nominal species Papilio cove Cramer, [1780] (Uitl. Kapellen 3 (23) : 133, pl. 266, figs E, F.) Quite apart from Scudder’s earlier action, this selection would have been invalid, because it was not one of the species cited by Fabricius as belonging to his genus. Butler did not realize this because he erroneously identified Papilio cove Cramer with Papilio corus Fabricius, which was the third of three species originally included by Fabricius. Butler’s mistake was noted by Moore who in 1883 (Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1883 : 288) specified Papilio corus Fabricius as the type-species. With negligible exceptions, very few in number, the name Euploea has been used as though the type-species were Papilio corus Fabricius by all writers since the publication of Moore’s paper in 1883. In these circumstances nothing would be more confusing than the fact that by Scudder’s selection the genus Ewploea Fabricius is a Danaid, whereas it is universally understood as being a Euploeid. It was for this reason that, when I was preparing my book on the Generic Names of the Holarctic Butterflies (1934), I included (: 24) a recommendation that the Com- mission should be asked to prevent the otherwise unavoidable and widespread confusion by using its Plenary Powers to designate Papilio corus Fabricius as the type-species of the genus Euploea, thereby providing a valid basis for the usage of this name in the enormous literature which has grown up around it. This application was submitted to the Commission in October 1934, and in due course the action proposed was approved by the Commission. Various causes contributed to delay in the promulgation of the Commission’s decision which did not take place until 1945 when it was published in Opinion 163 (Opin. int. Comm. zool. Nom. 2 : 335-346). In the same Opinion the name Euploea Fabricius, 1807, defined as above, was placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology as Name No. 611. After the foregoing application had been submitted to the Commission it was discovered that certain of the generic names published by Fabricius in the Mag. f. Insektenk. had been published a few weeks earlier by Illiger in an anonymous paper in the Allgem. Lit. Ztg the names so published being employed for the most part in a sense quite different from that in which they were used in Fabricius’s well-known paper. One of the names so published by Illiger was Euploea, the publication of this name making the well-known name Euploea GENERIC NAMES OF BUTTERFLIES 181 Fabricius invalid under the Law of Homonymy. To protect this from happening the Com- mission—as has already been explained—suppressed the name Euploea [Illiger] under its Plenary Powers, thus validating the name Euploea Fabricius. EUPLOEAMIMA Holland, 1887, Tvans. amer. ent. Soc. 14: 113. Type-species by original designation : Zethera diademoides Moore, [1879], Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1878 (4) : 824, pl. 51, tig. 3. EUPLOEOPSIS de Niceville, 1886, J. asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt II, 55 (5) : 433. Type-species by selection by Kirby (1896, in Allen’s Nat. Libr., Lepid.2 : 280) : Papilio telearchus Hewitson, 1852, Trans. ent. Soc. Lond. (2) 2 : 22, pl. 6, fig. 3. The taxon represented by the nominal species Papilio telearchus Hewitson is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as being a subspecies of the taxon represented by the nominal species Zelima paradoxa Zinken, [1831], (Nova Acta Leop. Carol. 15 (1) : 162, pl. 15, figs 9, 10). EUPOLEA Hulstaert, 1931, in Wytsman’s Gen. Ins. 193 : 97 (an Incorrect Subsequent Spelling of Euploea Fabricius, 1807). EUPSYCHE Scudder, 1876, Bull. Buffalo Soc. nat. Sci. 3: 112. Type-species by original designation : Thecla m-album Boisduval & Leconte, [June 1833], Hist. gén. icon. Lépid. Chenilles Amér. sept. (9) : 86, pl. 26, figs 1, 3 5, 2 2, 4 (larva), 5 (pupa). EUPSYCHELLUS Rober, 1891, Tijdschy. Ent. 34: 316. Type-species by monotypy : Lycaena dionisius Boisduval, [1832], in d’Urville, Voy. ‘“‘ Astrolabe’, Faun. ent. 1 (Lépid.) : 82. EUPTERA ‘Staudinger, 1891, Ivis 4 (1) : 98. Type-species by selection by Hemming (1943, Proc. R. ent. Soc. Lond. (B) 12: 27): Euptera sirene Staudinger, 1891, ibid. 4 (1) : 98, pl. 1, fig. 6. EUPTICHIA Geyer, [1832], in Hiibner, Zutr. z. Samml. exot. Schmett. 4 : 12 (an Incorrect Subsequent Spelling of Ewptychia Hiibner, 1818). EUPTOIETA Doubleday, [May, 1848], Gen. diurn. Lep. (1) : 168. Type-species by selection by Scudder (1872, 4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. 1871 : 43) : Papilio claudia Cramer, {1775], Uitl. Kapellen 1 (6) : 109, pl. 69, figs E, F. EUPTYCHIA Hiibner, 1818, Zutr. z. Samml. exot. Schmett. 1 : 20. Type-species by selection by Hemming (1937, Proc. R. ent. Soc. Lond. (B) 6 : 150) : Euptychia mollina Hiibner, 1818, ibid. 1 : 20, pl. [19], figs 105, 106. At a time when it was erroneously supposed that the name Euptychia was first published by Hiibner in the Verzeichniss ((4) : 54), which was then treated as having been published in 1816, whereas in fact the greater part of the butterfly section, including signature 4 here in question, is now considered not to have been published until 1819. Butler selected (1868, Ent. mon, Mag. 4 : 194) Papilio herse Cramer, [1775] (Uitl. Kapellen 1 (1) : 15, pl. 10, figs C, D) as type-species and Euptychia came to be accepted as the name for the large Neotropical genus of which the above species is a member. When it came to be realized that the name Euptychia was first published in the Zutrdge in 1818 (that is, one year before the relevant portion of the Verzeichniss), it became impossible to maintain Papilio herse as the type-species, as it was not one of the two species placed in Euptychia in the Ziitvage. Fortunately, one of those species, Euptychia mollina Hiibner, belonged to the same general group, and its selection as type-species by myself in 1937 gave a valid basis for the current interpretation of this genus. EURALIA Westwood [1850] 7m Doubleday, Gen. diwrn. lep. (2) : 81. Type-species by selection by Scudder 1875, (Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10 : 173) : Papilio dubius Palisot de Beauvois [1813-1830], Ius. Afr. Amer. : 238, pl. 6, figs. A, Aa. The taxon represented by the nominal species Papilio dubius Palisot de Beauvois is currently treated subjectively as being the same as that represented by the older-established nominal 182 FRANCIS HEMMING species Diadema damoclina Trimen, 1869 (Trans. linn. Soc. Lond. 26 : 505, nota). In turn, the taxon represented by the last-mentioned nominal species is currently considered subjectively on taxonomic grounds to be an infra-subspecific form of the taxon represented by the older- established nominal species Diadema anthedon Doubleday, 1845 (Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. 16 : 281). EUREMA Hiibner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (6) : 96. Type-species by selection by Butler (1870, Cistula ent. : 35) : Papilio delia Cramer, [1780], Uitl. Kapellen 3 (23) : 144, pl. 273, fig. A. Hiibner introduced the name Euvema demoditas (: 96) as a replacement name for Papilio delia Cramer, [1780], which he cited in the synonymy of his new nominal species. As shown above, Papilio delia Cramer was selected as the type-species by Butler in 1870. As this nominal species is objectively identical with Euvema demoditas, one of the originally included species of this genus, Butler’s selection was accepted by subsequent authors, though by some— e.g. by myself in 1934 (Gen. Names hol. Butts 1 : 135) it was then considered necessary to cite the type-species of a genus under the name used for that species by the original author; in consequence, Eurema Hiibner was cited as having Eurema demoditas Hiibner as its type-species. However, by a resolution taken by the International Congress of Zoology in Paris in 1948 it was decided that when on the establishment of a nominal genus, an author cited synonyms for the names of any of the species which he included in that genus, the names so cited in syno- nymy are themselves to be accepted as the names of originally included species. This decision was incorporated into the revised Code, published in 1961, where it appears in Article 69(a) (i). Accordingly, as it was under the name Papilio delia Cramer that the type-species of this genus was selected by Butler, it is the nominal species so named which should be cited as the type- species of this genus. The name Papilio delia, as applied to the present species, is invalid, as it is a junior homonym of the name Papilio delia [Denis & Schiffermiiller, 1775] (Ankiindung syst. Werkes Schmett. Wiener Gegend : 179). Accordingly, as the oldest available name objectively applicable to the present species, the name Eurema demoditas Hiibner is the name which should be used. The taxon represented by the nominal species Euvema demoditas Hiibner [1819], is currently considered subjectively on taxonomic grounds to represent the same taxon as that represented by the nominal species Pieris daiva Godart, [1819] (Ency. méth. 9 (Ins.) (1 : 137). The exact dates on which in 1819 the relevant portion of Hiibner’s Verzeichniss and the first part of Godart’s contribution to the Ency. méth. were respectively published are not known. Accord- ingly, there is no certain evidence as to the relative precedence which should be accorded to the names Eurema demoditas Hiibner and Pievis daiva Godart respectively. In these circum- stances, some choice is necessary for practical purposes. In this case this choice is not difficult, for the species-group name daiva Godart is well-known and has been used extensively, while the name demoditas is not. Preference is therefore here given to the name daiva Godart over the name demoditas Hiibner. Accordingly, the name daiva Godart is here treated as the oldest available name subjectively applicable to the present species and therefore as being its valid name. EUREMA Doubleday, 1844, List. lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. 1 : 83. Type-species by selection by Hemming (1933, Entomologist 66 : 223) : Papilio lethe Fabricius, 1793, Ent. syst. 3 (1) : 80, The name Euvema Doubleday is invalid, as it is a junior homonym of Euvema Hiibner [1819]. EURHINIA Felder (C.) & Felder (R.), [1867], Reise Fregatte ‘‘ Novava’’, Lep. Rhop. (3) : 405. Type-species by selection by Hemming (1943, Proc. R. ent. Soc. Lond. (B) 12 : 27-28) : Papilio polynice Cramer, [1779], Uitl. Kapellen 3 (17) : 4, pl. 195, figs D, E. The authors of this name placed in this genus three new nominal species and one long- established nominal species, Papilio polynice Cramer. Of these four taxa, the three new nominal species are now currently identified as forms of the fourth. Scudder, when dealing with this name in 1875 (Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10 : 173-174), unfortunately GENERIC NAMES OF BUTTERFLIES 183 adopted a suggestion made to him by Kirby that the name Eurhinia was “ evidently given to supplant ’’ the name Rhinopalpa Felder (C.) & Felder (R.), 1860, which, as Scudder explained (loc. cit. 10 : 263) was regarded by Kirby and himself as being invalid as being a name composed of a compound word of hybrid origin (partly Latin; partly Greek). Acting on this hypothesis, Scudder treated Rhinopalpa fulva Felder (C.) & Felder (R.), 1860, the type-species of Rhino- palpa as being also the type-species of Eurhinia. At this point it must be noted, first, that the ground on which Scudder (and Kirby) rejected the name Rhinopalpa has no justification under the Code, and, second, that there is nothing whatever in the original description of Eurhinia to suggest that that name was a replacement name for Rhinopalpa. Scudder’s action in selecting the (non-included) nominalspecies Rhinopalpa fulva to be the type-species of Eurhinia is therefore invalid. The genus Eurhinia remained without a validly selected type-species until, in 1943, I selected Papilio polynice Cramer to be type-species. [It may be noted that Scudder’s incorrect action did not, according to current taxonomic ideas, materially affect the interpretation of the genus Eurhinia, for the taxon represented by Rhinopalpa fulva is currently considered to be a subspecies of that represented by the nominal species Papilio polynice Cramer. ] EURIDES Godman & Salvin, 1880, Trans. ent. Soc. Lond. 1880 : 130 (an Incorrect Subsequent Spelling of Eweides Hiibner, 1816). EURIPHENE Boisduval, 1847, in Delegorgue, Voy. Afrique austr. 2: 592. Type-species by monotypy : Euriphene coerulea Boisduval, 1847, ibid. 2 : 592. The name Euriphene Boisduval was for long thrust on one side in favour of the Unjustified Emendation Euryphene published for it by Westwood in 1850 and employed by that author and many of his successors for an entirely different group of species. The species formerly attributed to the nomenclatorially non-existent genus Euryphene Westwood are now placed in the genus Bebearia Hemming, 1960. The phantom name Euryphene Westwood was some- times given a false air of existence by being attributed not to Westwood but to Boisduval, 1847. This misattribution still further increased the general confusion by leading to the abandonment of the true Euriphene Boisduval, 1847, the species belonging to which (including the type-species) coming to be known by the later name Diestogyna Karsch, 1893. (The latter is in fact no more than a junior subjective synonymof Euriphene Boisduval.) The interpretation of the nominal species Euriphene coerulea Boisduval was initially some- what handicapped by the fact that by some mistake Boisduval gave ‘‘ Natal’’ as its type- locality. This was corrected by Aurivillius in 1898 (K. svenska VetenskAkad. Handl., Stock- holm, 35, No. 5 : 204, nota 1) who drew attention to the fact that Boisduval’s type-specimen, preserved in the British Museum, bore the label ‘‘ Cote de Guinée’’. Another reason which may have added to the difficulties in this case may have been that by some oversight Aurivillius omitted to refer to it when dealing with the African Fauna in Seitz’s Grossschmetterlinge der Erde (vol. 13). This species appears to be well-characterized and to be plentiful where it occurs in West Africa, there being a long series of it in the British Museum. EURIPUS Doubleday, [1848], Gen. diurn. Lep. (2) : pl. 41, fig.2. Type-species by monotypy : Euripus halitherses Doubleday, [1848], ibid. (2) : pl. 41, fig. 2. In the text, written by Westwood after Doubleday’s death and published in 1850 (: 293) a second species was cited as belonging to this genus, but this has no nomenclatorial significance, in view of the fact that (as shown above) the type-species of this genus had been determined by monotypy two years earlier when plate 41 was published. This is an available name, Corbet (1943) having been in error in rejecting it as a junior homonym of Eurypus Kirby, 1819 (see Article 56(a)). The replacement name Idvusia then published by Corbet is therefore invalid as a junior objective synonym of Euripus Doubleday. EUROTO Godman, [1900], 77 Godman & Salvin, Biol. centr.-amer., Lep. Rhop. 2 : 549. Type-species by original designation : Pamphilia compta Butler, 1877, Tvans. ent. Soc. Lond. 1877 2152. The taxon represented by the nominal species Pamphila compta is currently treated sub- 184 FRANCIS HEMMING jectively on taxonomic grounds as being congeneric with that represented by the nominal species A paustus valerius Moschler, 1878, the type-species of the genus Morys Godman, r1goo. As the generic names Euvoto and Morys were published on the same date and in the same volume, the relative precedence to be accorded to them depends on the choice made by the First Reviser. This appears to have been Evans (1955, Cat. amer. Hesp. Brit. Mus. 4 : 165— 166) who gave preference to the name Morys, sinking Euroto as a junior synonym. EURYADES Felder (C.) & Felder (R.), 1864, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien 14 : 327, 376. Type- species by selection by Scudder (1875, Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10 : 174) : Papilio corethrus Boisduval, [1836], (Roret’s Suite 4 Buffon), Hist. nat. Ins., Consid. gén., 1 (Lep.) : BA lig | — spl Cl tiers” There is a genus in Sponges which also bears the name Euryades and was published in the same year as the butterfly genus here under consideration : this was Euryades Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1864, (Natuurk. Verh. holland. Maatsch. Wet. Haarlem (2) 21, Artic. 3 : 106). As these two names are homonyms of one another, it is necessary to determine which should be given precedence over the other. So far as I am aware, this question has only once been debated in the literature ; this was in a paper published in 1932 (Folia zool. hydrobiol., Riga 4 (1) : 146), in which Strand stated that he had been unable to find out with certainty which of these names was the first to be published. In the circumstances he adopted the name for the butterfly genus. When I came to consider this matter, I consulted Dr. A. Diakonoff of the Rijkmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, who thereupon con- sulted the Hollandsche Maatschappij Wetenschappen. The Librarian of that Institution, Miss E. Dorhout Mees very kindly undertook a detailed examination of the records which included printers’ bills, communications from the block-makers for the plates, etc. This investigation showed that the bill for the printing of plate I was dated 26th September 1864 and that for plate 25 zoth December 1864. Miss Mees points out that it must have been after these dates that these plates were transmitted to the printers who were to make the issue ready for publication; she concludes therefore at best the part concerned cannot have been published before some date between Christmas 1864 and New Year’s Day 1865. I am very much obliged to Miss Mees for help in settling the present problem and I accept her findings, subject only to the reservation that possibly publication did not take place until a few day’s after New Year’s Day, 1865. The butterfly genus Euryades on the other is contained in a paper presented to the Zool.-bot. Ges. on 1st June 1864 and there is no reason whatever to suppose that the Felders’ paper in it was not published untilthe very end of the year in question. In these circumstances, the generic name Euryades Felder & Felder can confidently be treated as having been published before the name Euryades Duchassaing & Michelotti. EURYBIA [llliger], 1807, Allgem. Lit. Zig. Halle [Jena] 1807 (No. 2) : 1180. Type-species by monotypy : Limnas halimede Hiibner, [1807], Samm. exot. Schmett. 1 : pl. [27]. The present generic name was published in an anonymous paper of Illiger’s, most of the new generic names in which were long-overlooked senior homonyms of well-known names published a little later in 1807 by Fabricius in Illiger’s Magazin fiiy Insektenkunde. If these senior homonyms had been brought into use, the Fabrician counterparts being sunk as junior homo- nyms, very great confusion would have resulted. In order to prevent this from happening, these senior homonyms were suppressed by the Commission under its Plenary Powers, its ruling on this subject being promulgated in Opinion 232 published in 1954 (Opin. int. Comm. zool. Nom. 4: 249-274). In addition, there were three new names published in this paper of Illiger’s but no reference to Eurybia was included. The name Eurvybia was used in the same or very similar senses by no less than four different authors in the period 1809-1819 but none of these clearly indicated that they looked upon himself as the author of this name; it seems likely that it was a manuscript name then in circulation. It is virtually certain that it was Illiger himself who was the first to think of employing the word ‘“‘ Eurybia’’ as a generic name. At the time of the discovery of Illiger’s paper of 1807, it was felt that there were not sufficient grounds for asking the Commission to GENERIC NAMES OF BUTTERFLIES 185 suppress at the same the IIligerian names which preoccupied the Fabrician names. Indeed, it was felt that there would be a positive advantage in being able to attribute the name Eurybia to Illiger, if only because if adopted from this early date the risk of it being found not to be the first publication of the name—a contingency which had already led to the supercession of several of the later names, each of which had, for a time been considered to be the oldest version of the name Eurybia—would be avoided. To sum up, the name Eurybia [Illiger], 1807, is a nomenclatorially available name and in consequence invalidates under the Law of Homonymy all later generic names consisting of the same word. The rejection of the name Eurybia of all later authors in favour of the name Eurybia does not involve any change in the taxonomic application of this name. EURYBIA Latreille, 1809, Gen. Crust. Ins. 4: 198. Type-species by selection by Crotch 1872, Cistula ent. 1 : 67 : Papilio salome Cramer, [1775], Uuitl. Kapellen 1 (1) : 18, pl. 12, figs G, H. In introducing this nominal genus, Latreille observed that it had been proposed by Illiger, but he did not appear to be aware that it had already been published by that author. There seems to be no doubt that Latreille looked upon himself as publishing this name for the first time and as published, it is treated as such. The taxon represented by the nominal species Papilio salome Cramer is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as the same as that represented by the nominal species Papilio nicaeus Fabricius, 1775 Syst. Ent. : 482. The name Papilio nicaeus Fabricius takes precedence over the name Papilio salome Cramer published in the same year under the ruling that the Syst. Ent. is to be given precedence over the parts of Cramer’s Uitl. Kapellen given by the Commission in its Opinion 516 published in 1958 (Opin. int. Comm. zool. Nom. 19 : 1-44). The name Eurybia Latreille is invalid, as being a junior homonym of Eurybia [Illiger], 1807. EURYBIA Oken, 1815, Lehrbuch Naturgesch. 3 (Zool.) (1) : 733. Type-species be selection by Hemming (1943, Proc. R. ent. Soc. Lond. (B) 12 : 30) : Papilio salome Cramer, [1775], Uzitl. Kapellen 1 (1) : 18, pl. 12, figs G, H. The name Eurybia Oken is invalid:— (a) because the Lehrbuch of Oken, in which it was published, was rejected for nomenclatorial purposes by the Commission in its Opinion 417 published in 1956 (Opin. int. Comm. zool. Nom. 14: 1-41) ; and (b) because it is a junior homonym of Eurybia [Illiger], 1807. Moreover, its type-species is the same species as that of Eurybia Latreille, 1809, to which, if it had been available it would have fallen as a junior objective synonym. EURYBIA Hoffmannsegg, 1818, in Wiedemann, Zool. Mag. 1(2): 100. Type-species by selec- tion by Scudder (1875, Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10: 174: Papilio nicaeus Fabricius, 1775, Syst. Ent. : 482. Scudder, when selecting the above species as type-species, erroneously attributed the paper in Wiedemann’s Zool. Mag. to Illiger instead of to Hoffmannsegg. (He was not aware of Illiger’s paper of 1807.) The generic name Eurybia Hoffmannsegg is invalid as it is a junior homonym of Eurybia [Illiger], 1807. EURYBIA Hiibner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2) : 17. Type-species by selection by Scudder (1875), Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10 : 174: Papilio nicaeus Fabricius, 1775, Syst. Ent. : 482. Like the name discussed immediately above, the name Eurybia Hiibner is invalid as being a junior homonym of Eurybia [Illiger], 1807. EURYCUS Boisduval, [1836], (Roret’s Suite 4 Buffon), Hist. nat. Ins., Consid. gén., 1 (Lépid.) : 391, 392. Type-species through Section (i) (replacement names) of Article 67 : Cressida heliconides Swainson, 1832, Zool. Illustr. (2) 3 (21) : pl. 94. Boisduval introduced the name Eurycus as a replacement for Cressida Swainson, 1832, which he rejected on the ground of tautonymy with the specific name of the nominal species 186 FRANCIS HEMMING Papilio cressida Fabricius, 1775. Nomenclatorially (though not taxonomically) Boisduval was in error, for, as has been shown in the note on the name Cressida Swainson, the type-species of that genus is the nominal species Cressida heliconides Swainson, but the taxon represented by that nominal species is considered on taxonomic grounds to be the same as that represented by the nominal species Papilio cressida Fabricius. Boisduval did not cite the nominal species Cressida heliconides Swainson, when establishing the genus Eurycus, but, as Eurycus was introduced as a replacement for Cressida, it automatic- ally takes as its type-species the nominal species which is the type-species of the genus bearing the replaced name. EURYGONA Boisduval, [1836], (Roret’s Suite a Buffon), Hist. nat. Ins., Consid. gén., 1 (Lépid.) : pl. 3 [= pl. 3 A], fig. 2; pl. 21 [= pl. 5 C], fig. 3. Type-species by selection by Scudder (1875, Proc. amey. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston, 10: 175) : Eurygona phoedica Bois- duval, [1836], zbid., Consid. gén., 1 (Lépid.) : pl. 2t [= pl. 5 C], fig. 3. EURYLAIS Boisduval, 1861, Ann. Soc. ent. Fr. (4) 1, Bull. : xxxix. This generic name is a nomen nudum and accordingly possesses no status in zoological nomenclature. It is included here, only because references to it have occasionally been made in the literature. The history of this name is as set out below. The name Eurylais in the combination Eurylais daphnis was included in a list of names stated to have been attached to specimens taken by Lorquin in the Philippines and exhibited at a meeting of the Entomological Society of France held on 23rd October 1861; it was stated in this report that these names would be included in a forthcoming paper of Boisduval’s in the Annals of the Society. This expectation was not realized and these names never acquired status in zoological nomenclature. In 1886 (Reis. Philipp. 5 (Schmett. Philipp.), Ins., Rhop. 1 : 7 nota 1) Semper discussed the question of the identity of the taxon which Boisduval had intended to name Eurylais daphnis, and concluded that it was that to which in 1861 (Wien. ent. Monats. 5 : 300) Felder (C.) had given the name Danais anapis, which later became the type-species of Azanthis Fruhstorfer, [1910]. It may reasonably be inferred that Boisduval realized that the taxon Danais anapis named by Felder in the same year as that in which he had exhibited Lorquin’s collection from the Phillippines was the same as that which, at the time when he made that exhibit, he intended to call by the name Eurylais daphnis and that it was for this reason that he abandoned his plan to publish that binomen. EURY MUS Horsfield, [1829], Descy. Cat. lep. Ins. Mus. East India Coy (2) : 134. Type-species by original designation : Papilio hyale Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 469. When it was realized that under the Code the type-species of the genus Colias Fabricius, 1807, was Papilio rhammi Linnaeus, 1758, and therefore that that generic name could not be used any longer for Papilio hyale Linnaeus and the other ‘‘ Clouded Yellows” (the “Sulphurs ’’), the name Euvymus Horsfield was adopted by those specialists—a minority only—who decided to abandon the use of the name Colias for this group. The reluctance to give up the name Colias for this group and instead to use it for the ‘‘ Brimstones ”’ in place of the name Gonepteryx Leach was so strong that ultimately the Commission was asked to use its Plenary Powers to designate Papilio hyale as the type-species. As has been explained in the note under the name Colas, this request was approved by the Commission by its Opinion 146 published in 1943. Thereupon, the name Euvymus Horsfield became a junior objective syno- nym of Colias Fabricius, 1807. For quite another reason, and one which had been overlooked by those specialists who at one time used the name Ewvymus Horsfield for Papilio hyale and its allies, that generic name was—and always had been—invalid, for it was a junior homonym of the name Eurymus Rafinesque, 1815 (Analyse Nature : 117). Horsfield stated that the name Eurvymus was a manuscript name of Swainson’s ; two years after the appearance of Horsfield’s Catalogue, it was actually published by Swainson (1831, Zool. Illustr. (2) 2 (13) » pl. 60). GENERIC NAMES OF BUTTERFLIES 187 EURYPHAEDRA Staudinger, 1891, Ivis 4 (1) : 102. Type-species by monotypy : Eury- phaedra thauma Staudinger, 1891, ibid. 4 (1) : 102. EURYPHANIS Boisduval, 1870, Consid. Lépid. Guatemala : 58 (an Incorrect Original Spelling of Eviphanis Boisduval, 1870). EURYPHENA Feisthamel, 1850, Ann. Soc. ent. Fr. (2) 8: 251 (an Incorrect Subsequent Spelling of Euriphene Boisduval, 1847). EURYPHENE Feisthamel, 1850, Ann. Soc. ent. Fr. (2) 8 : 252, 254 (an Incorrect Subsequent Spelling of Euviphene Boisduval, 1847). EURYPHENE Westwood, [1850], x Doubleday, Gen. diurn. Lep. (2) : 285 (an Unjustified Emendation of Euriphene Boisduval, 1847). Westwood attributed the name Euryphene to Boisduval and placed in this genus six species, exclusive of five which he attributed to it doubtfully, assigning to each a mark of interrogation. One of the species unhesitatingly placed by Westwood in this genus was Euriphene coerulea Boisduval, the type-species of Boisduval’s genus Euriphene. In citing this binomen West- wood correctly spelled it with an ‘‘i’’ in the second syllable. It is thus abundantly clear that Westwood was fully aware that Doubleday considered correctly that Boisduval was the author of this name and also that that author had spelled the second syllable with an “i” and not witha ‘‘y’’. Thus, it is to Westwood alone that the “ y ”’ spelling in this work must be attributed. Accordingly, the name Euryphene Westwood, [1850], ranks (as stated above) as an Unjustified Emendation of the name Euriphene Boisduval, 1847. As this name of Boisduval’s is nomenclatorially available, Westwood’s emendation Euryphene is objectively invalid, its type-species being automatically the same species as that of Euriphene Boisduval, namely Euriphene coerulea Boisduval. The emendation Euryphene Westwood had a most unfortunate subsequent history, being erroneously treated as though it had been published by Westwood as the name for a new genus of his own, quite distinct from Euriphene Boisduval. Initially, no doubt this was largely due to the fact that the generic diagnosis provided by Westwood did not apply to Euriphene coerulea (the type-species of Euriphene Boisduval), but did apply to Papilio cocalia Fabricius, 1793, another of the species placed by Westwood in what he called Euryphene Boisduval. It was used in this sense, for example, by Rober ([1888], in Schatz) and by Reuter ([1898}), both of whom attributed this name, as Ewryphene, to Boisduval, placing in it only Papilio cocalia. Between the publication of the these works by Rober and Reuter, the process of misunderstanding was carried a further stage by Karsch who in 1895 established the genus Diestogyna for a species (A terica tadema Hewitson), which exhibits the same generic characters as does Euriphene coerulea, the true type-species of Euriphene Boisduval, with the result that for many years thereafter that species was misplaced in Karsch’s genus. The last phase was reached in 1898 (K. svenska VetenskAkad. Handl., Stockholm 31 (No. 5) : 191-202) when Aurivillius, while retaining Westwood’s invalid spelling Euryphene, broke the last link between this generic name and Boisduval, expressly attributed it to Westwood, but published it as ‘‘ Eurytheme Westwood ’’. Thus, it was that the mythical genus Euryphene Westwood came into existence. This extraordinary muddle only came to light when the present work was in preparation. It has been remedied by the provision of the name Beheavia Hemming, 1960 (type-species : Euryphene ituyina Karsch, 1894) for the species hitherto placed in the non- existent genus Eurphene Westwood, [1850]. EURYPHURA Staudinger, 1891, Jvis 4 (1) : 105. Type-species by selection by Hemming (1943, Proc. R. ent. Soc. Lond. (B) 12 : 28) : Euryphene porphyrion Ward, 1871, Ent. mon. Mag. 8 : 118. EURYPTERUS Mabille, 1877, Petites Nouvelles ent.2 (179) : 612) Type-species by selection by Kirby ([1879], in Zool. Rec. 14 (year 1877) (Ins.) : 139) : Eurypterus gigas Mabille, 1877, ibid. 2 (179) : 162. The name Eurypterus Mabille is invalid, as it is a junior homonym of Eurypterus De Kay, 1826 (Ann. Lyceum nat. Hist. New York 1 (12) : 375). 188 FRANCIS HEMMING EURYTELA Boisduval, 1833, Nouv. Ann. Mus. Hist. nat., Paris 2 (2) : 202 (separate as Faune ent. Madagascav Bourbon Maurice Lép. : 54). Type-species by selection by Scudder (1875, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10: 175): Papilio dryope Cramer, [1775], Uitl. Kapellen 1 (7) : 125, pl. 78, figs E, F. Prior to Scudder’s selection of the above species as type-species, Blanchard in 1850 (Hist. nat. Ins. 3 : 444) selected Papilio hiarba Fabricius, 1793, but that selection was invalid, as that species was not one of those included in the genus Boisduval in 1833. EURYTIDES Hiibner, [1821], Sammi. exot. Schmett. 2 : pl. [92]. Type-species by monotypy: Eurytides iphitas Hiibner, [1821], zbid. 2 : pl. [92]. Hubner included two plates of species assigned by him to the genus Eurytides in vol. 2 of the Sammi. exot. Schmett. These are the plates now known as pls [91] and [92]. Of these, pl. [91] depicted a new nominal species Eurytides dolicaon Hiibner; pl. [92] (as shown above) represented another new nominal species Eurytides iphitas. The relative dates of publication of the various portions of Hiibner’s Sammi. exot. Schmett. were not known when the position of the name Eurytides was considered by Scudder in 1875 (Proc. amey. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10 : 175) and in consequence that author had no option but to treat the two plates discussed above as having been published on the same date as one another. On this basis Scudder selected Eurytides dolicaon Hiibner (figured on pl. [91]) as the type-species of this genus. The discovery of Hiibner’s surviving manuscripts however made it possible firmly to establish the dates of issue of the plates of Hiibner’s Sammlung (Hemming, 1937, Hiibner 1 : 327-437). Of the plates here in question this evidence showed (Joc. cit. : 408) that pl. [91] (E. dolicaon) was published in 1823 and that pl. [92] (E. iphitas) in 1821. It was thus established that the plate depicting Eurytides 1phitas was published two years before that depicting Eurytides dolicaon. Accordingly, as shown above, Eurytides 1phitas Hiibner is the type-species of this genus by monotypy. (It may be noted that the two species discussed above are closely allied to one another and according to current taxonomic ideas are certainly congeneric.) EUSCHEMON Doubleday, 1846, im Stokes, Discoveries Australia 1 : 513. Type-species by monotypy : Hesperia rafflesia MacLeay, [1827], im King, Narr. Surv. Australia 2 : 463. EUSCHOEMON Mabille, 1903, in Wytsman’s Gen. Ins. 17 (a) : 36 (an Incorrect Subsequent Spelling of Euschemon Doubleday, 1846). EUSELASIA Hiibner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2) : 24. Type-species by selection by Scudder (1875, Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10 : 175) : Euselasia gelaena Hiibner, [1819], zbzd. (2) : 24. The name Euselasia galaena Hiibner is a replacement name for Papilio gelon Stoll, [1787] (Aanhangs. Werk Uitl. Kapellen Pieter Cramer : 23, pl. 5, fig. 2). The name Papilio gelon Stoll is a nomenclatorially available name, and there was no justification for its replacement by Hiibner by the name Euselasia gelaena, which is therefore invalid as a junior objective synonym. EUTERPE Swainson, 1831, Zool. Illusty. (2) 2 (16) : pl. 74. Type-species by monotypy : Euterpe terea Swainson, 1831, ibid. (2) 2 (16) : pl. 74. The taxon represented by the nominal species Euterpe tevea Swainson is identified subjective- ly on taxonomic grounds with that represented by the older-established nominal species Papilio tereas Godart, [1819] (Ency. méth. 9 (Ins.) (1) : 38). Indeed, it can hardly be doubted that the spelling “ tevea’’ used by Swainson is a variant, either intentional or accidental, of the spelling “‘ teveas’”’ used by Godart. EUTHALIA Hiibner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (3) : 41. Type-species by selection by Scudder (1875, Proc. amer. Acad. Avis Scit., Boston 10 : 176) : Papilio lubentina Cramer, [1777], Uitl. Kapellen 2 (13) : 92, pl. 155, figs C, D. In the early nineteen-thirties there were differences of opinion among specialists on the question whether Papilio lubentina Cramer, the type-species of the present genus should on taxonomic grounds be treated as being congeneric with Symphaedra alcandra Hibner, [1819], GENERIC NAMES OF BUTTERFLIES 189 the type-species of the genus Symphaedra Hiibner. For those who took the view that these species were congeneric with one another, the names Euthalia and Symphaedra were subjective synonyms of one anther. As these names were published on the same date and in the same work (Euthalia on page 41; Symphaedva on page 40), the question arose as to which of these names should be given precedence over the other. This was a question on which at that time there was no clear provision in the Code, some authors adopting the First Reviser Principle (a course which in retrospect is now seen to have been correct), while others, including the majority of lepidopterists, guided themselves by the so-called Page Precedence Principle. Thus, from the standpoint of this last group of specialists the name Euthalia Hiibner would be a junior subjective synonym of Symphaedva Hiibner for any worker who might identify with one another the genera bearing these names. From the point of view of stability in nomen- clature, the rejection of the name Euthalia in favour of the name Symphaedra would have been open to very strong objection : the genus Evthalia is a large and highly characteristic genus of Indo-Oriental Nymphalids, while Symphaedra, as hitherto interpreted, consists of a single species occurring in Ceylon, Southern India and Sikkim. To obviate the risks described above, it was decided to ask the Commission to give a ruling which would protect the name Euthalia Hiibner from the danger of attack by the name Symphaedva Hiibner on grounds of priority. An application in this sense was submitted to the Commission jointly by myself and Mr. N. D. Riley in October 1934. It was approved by that body at its meeting held at Lisbon in September 1934 but various causes combined to delay the promulgation of Opinion 167, containing that decision, until 1945 (Opin. int. Comm. zool. Nom. 2 : 399-410). By the ruling given in that Opinion it was directed that the Law of Priority should not be invoked to secure precedence for the name Symphaedra Hiibner over the name Euthalia Hiibner, and the name Euthalia Hiibner, so endorsed, was placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology as Name No. 613. EUTHALEOPSIS Fruhstorfer, [1913], in Seitz, Grossschmett. Evde 9 : 695 (an Incorrect Subse- quent Spelling of Euthaliopsis Neervoort van de Poll, 1896). EUTHALIOPSIS Neervoort van de Poll, 1896, Notes Leyden Mus. 17 : 205. Type-species by monotypy : Adolias aetion Hewitson, [1862], Jil. exot. Butts 3 : [59], pl. [30], figs 6, 7. EUTHECTA Bennett, 1954, Entomologist 87 : 170. Type-species by original designation : Euthecta cooksoni Bennett, 1954, ibid. 87 : 711, 182, fig. 1 ($ genit.) EUTHYMELE Mabille, 1878, Ann. Soc. ent. Belg. 21:24. Type-species by selection by Lindsey (1925, Ann. ent. Soc. Amer. 18 : 86) : Hesperia mercatus Fabricius, 1793, Ent. syst. 3 (1) : 332. The taxon represented by the nominal species Hesperia mercatus Fabricius is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as being the same as that represented by the older- established nominal species Papilio fulgerator Walch, 1775 (Der Naturforscher 7 : 115, pl. 1, figs 2a, 2b). EUTHYMUS Scudder, 1872, 4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. 1871 :77. Type-species by original designation : Papilio phyleus Drury, [1773], Jil. nat. Hist. 1 : index et 25, pl. 13, figs 4, 5 d. The name Euthymus Scudder is invalid, because it is a junior homonym of Euthymus Rafinesque, 1815 (Analyse Nature : 127). Even if Euthymus Scudder had not been invalid under the Law of Homonymy, it would still have been invalid, as it is a junior objective syno- nym of Hylephila Billberg, 1820. EUTOCUS Godman, [1901], in Godman & Salvin, Biol. centy.-amer., Lep. Rhop. 2 : 599. Type-species by original designation : Eutocus phthia Godman, [1901], in Godman & Salvin, ibid., Lep. Rhop. 2 : 600, pl. 103, figs 18, 19, 20 g. The taxon represented by Eutocus phthia Godman is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as representing the same taxon as that represented by the older-established nominal species A paustus facilis Plétz, 1884 (Stett. ent. Ztg 45 : 158). 190 FRANCIS HEMMING EUTRESIS Doubleday, [October 1847], Gen. diurn. Lep. (1) : 111. Type-species through Section (a) (i) of Article 68 : Eutresis hypereia Doubleday, [1847], zbid. (1) : 112. Doubleday gave a very full diagnosis for the genus Eutresis, in which he stated that he had erected this genus for a single species only; he added that this species occurred in Venezuela and that he had given to it the name Eutvesis hypereia. He gave also a reference to the then unpublished “‘ Suppl. Plate ’’, on which this species was to be depicted in fig. 2. That plate however was not published until August 1852. As will be seen from the date, this plate formed part of the continuation of the Gen. diurn. Lep., for which Westwood assumed responsibility after Doubleday’s death. As will be seen from the foregoing particulars, Doubleday did not give a description in 1847 for Eutresis hypereia in addition to the combined description which he furnished for this new genus and species. The detailed combined description provides however an adequate “indication ’’ for that nominal species, which ranks therefore as from 1847 and not from the later date (August 1852), on which the Supplementary Plate depicting it was published by Westwood. The type-species of the genus Eutyesis would rank as having had its type-species determined by monotypy under Section (c) of Article 68, if it were not for the fact that the earlier provision in Section (a) (i) (the so-called “‘ gen. n., sp. n.’’ clause) of the same Article had not already determined this matter. EUTYCHIDE Godman, [1900], 77 Godman & Salvin, Biol. centy.-amer., Lep. Rhop. 2 : 544. Type-species by original designation : Hesperia physcella Hewitson, 1866, Tvans. ent. Soc. Lond. (3) 2 : 498. The type-species was redescribed and figured in [1873] (Jd. exot. Butts 5 : [103], pl. [54], figs. 44, 45) by Hewitson who there gave a back-reference to the description in the Tvansactions. EUVANESSA Scudder, 1889, Butts Eastern U.S. Canada (1) (3) : 387. Type-species through Section (i) (replacement names) of Article 67 : Papilio antiopa Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 476. The name Euvanessa was introduced by Scudder as a replacement for the name Scudderia Grote, 1873, which is invalid under the Law of Homonymy. EVANSIELLA Hayward, 1948, Acta zool. lilloana 5: 101. Type-species by original designa- tion : Hesperia cordela Plotz, 1882, Stett. ent. Zig 43 : 328. EVEIDES Boisduval, 1870, Consid. Lépid. Guatemala : 35 (an Incorrect Subsequent Spelling of Eueides Hiibner, 1816). EUXANTHE Hiibner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (3) : 39. Type-species by monotypy : Papilio eurinome Cramer, [1775], Uitl. Kapellen 1 (6) : 109, pl. 70, fig. A. EVENA Westwood, [1850], in Doubleday, Gen. diurn. Lep. (2): 269. Type-species by selection by Hemming (1941, J. Soc. Bibl. nat. Hist. 1 : 428) : Papilio crithea Drury, [1773], Ill. nat. Hist. 2 : index et 29, pl. 15, figs 5, 6. The selection of Papilio crithea Drury in 1941 as type-species made the name Evena West- wood a junior objective synonym of Catuna Kirby, 1871. Since the type-selection discussed above, the name Evena Westwood has become invalid for quite a different reason. The name Evena was attributed by Westwood to Boisduval and published in the synonymy of the name Jaeva Hiibner, [1819]. Under the current revised Code it is provided (in Article 11 (d)) that the publication of a name in a synonymy does not confer any status of availability upon that name. Under this provision the name Evena Westwood is invalid and would moreover have been invalid, whatever species had been selec- ted as type-species. EVENUS Hiibner, [1819], Vevz. bekannt. Schmett. (5) : 78. Type-species by selection by Scudder (1875, Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10 : 176) : Papilio endymion Fabricius, 1781, Spec. Ins. 2 : 115. The taxon represented by the nominal species Papilio endymion Fabricius is currently GENERIC NAMES OF BUTTERFLIES IgI treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as being the same as that represented by the nominal species Papilio vegalis Cramer, [1775] (Uitl. Kapellen 1 (6) : 114, pl. 72, figs E, F). EVERES Hiibner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (5) : 69. Type-species by selection by Scudder (1872, 4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. 1871 : 56) : Papilio amyntas [Denis & Schiffermiiller], 1775, Ankundung eines syst. Werkes Schmett. Wiener Gegend : 185. The name Papilio amyntas {Denis & Schiffermiiller], 1775, is invalid, as it is a junior homo- nym of Papilio amyntas Poda, 1761 (Ins. Mus. graec. : 79). The taxon represented by the nominal species Papilio amyntas [Denis & Schiffermiiller] is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as being the same as that represented by the older-established nominal species Papilio argiades Pallas, 1771 (Reise durch verschied. Provinz. Russisch. Reichs 1 : 472). EVIDES Agassiz, 1846, Nomencl. zool., Index univ. : 147, 153 (an Unjustified Emendation of Eueides Hiibner, 1816). The spelling Evides was used by Agassiz for a second time in 1848 (loc. cit. (12 mo Ed.) : 440, 442). Agassiz explicitly introduced the spelling Evides as an emendation of Eweides Hiibner, citing the latter name when bringing forward the spelling Evides; also when citing the name Eueides, he gave a forward reference to his new spelling Evides. EVONYME Hiibner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (4) : 61. Type-species by selection by Scudder (1875, Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10 : 176) : Papilio amelia Cramer, [1777], Uitl. Kapellen 2 (12) : 61, pl. 136, figs B, C. The generic name Evonyme was published in the same work (on the same page) and on the same date as the generic name Ewnica. In consequence, the relative precedence to be accor- ded to these generic names depends on the choice of the First Reviser. As explained in the note on the name Eunica, the First Reviser in this case was Kirby who in 1871 (Syn. Cat. diurn. Lep. : 198) adopted the name Eunica, placing the name Evonyme in synonymy. EXOMETAECA Watson, 1893, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1893 : 130 (an Incorrect Subsequent Spell- ing of Exometoeca Meyrick, 1888). EXOMETOECA Meyrick, 1888, Proc. linn. Soc. N.S.W. (2) 2 (4) : 833. Type-species by monotypy : Exometoeca nycteris Meyrick, 1888, ibid. (2) (2 (4) : 833. EXOMYTOECA Waterhouse, 1902, Index zool. 1880-1900 : 140 (an Incorrect Subsequent Spelling of Exometoeca Meyrick, 1888). EXOPLISIA Godman & Salvin, [1886], Biol. centy.-amer., Lep. Rhop. 1 : 450. Type-species by monotypy : Amarynthis hypochalybe Felder (C.) & Felder (R.), 1861, Wien. ent. Monats. 5 : 98. Exoplisia is currently treated as the oldest available name—indeed, the only such name— applicable to a taxonomically valid genus of the family Riodinidae. It must be noted however that Stichel on several occasions—the latest being in 1930 (im Strand’s Lep. Cat. 40 : 442)—treated the name Evoplisia as a junior subjective synonym of Nelone Boisduval, 1870. This practice was entirely without justification, for as early as 1875 Scudder (Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10 : 225) had selected the only distantly related species Papilio fatima Cramer to be the type-species of this genus. It may perhaps be worth noting that of the seven nominal species placed in Nelone two were then described as species of this genus and that one of these names (prasithea) is currently treated as being a junior sub- jective synonym of Amarynthis hypochalybe, the name of the type-species of Evoplisia. The name Nelone was used in the sense of Evoplisia several times after its publication by Boisduval in 1870, but this practice ceased after Scudder had selected Papilio fatima Cramer to be the type-species in 1875 and the name Nelone did not re-appear in the literature until Stichel began his mistaken efforts in 1910 (in Fasc. 112A of Wytsman’s Gen. Ins.) to employ it as though it were a senior synonym of Evoplisia Godman and Salvin. 192 FRANCIS HEMMING FABIUS Duncan, 1837, in Jardine’s Nat. Lib. Ent. 5 (Foreign Butts) : 167. Type-species by monotypy : Papilio hippona Fabricius, 1777, Gen. Ins. : 265. The taxon represented by the nominal species Papilio hippona Fabricius is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as being the same as that represented by the older- established nominal species Papilio fabius Cramer, [1776] (Uitl. Kapellen 1 (8) : 141, pl. go, figs C, D.) FABRICIANA Reuss, 1920, Ent. Mitt. 9: 92 nota. Type-species by original designation : Papilio niobe Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 481. Apparently forgetting that he had published this name in 1920, Reuss published it again as a new name in 1922 (Arch. Naturgesch. 87 (1921) (A) 11 : 197), again designating Papilio niobe as type-species. The Commission, by its Ruling given in Opinion 501 (1958, Opin. int. Comm. zool. Nom. 18 : 1-64) placed the name Fabriciana Reuss on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology as name No. 1244. FALCAPICA Klots, 1930, Bull. Brooklyn ent. Soc. 28 : 83. Type-species through Section (1) (replacement names) of Article 67 : Papilio genutia Fabricius, 1793, Ent. syst. 3 (1) : 193. The name Falcapica Klots was introduced as a replacement for the name Midea Herrich- Schaeffer, 1867, which is invalid under the Law of Homonymy. Papilio genutia is the type- species of Midea and is therefore automatically the type-species of the replacement genus Falcapica Klots. Klots in addition designated Papilio genutia as type-species, but this action was unnecessary, since, as explained above, that species was automatically the type-species of this genus as from the moment the name Falcapica was published. The name Papilio genutia Fabricius is invalid, as it is a junior homonym of the name Papilio genutia Cramer, [1779] (Uitl. Kapellen 3 (18) : 23, pl. 206, figs C, D), which applies to a species of an entirely different group (Oriental Danaids). The taxon represented by the nominal species Papilio genutia Fabricius is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as being the same as that represented by the nominal species Mancipium midea Hibner, [1809] (Samml. exot. Schmett. 1: pl. [142]). It is by the specific name midea Hiibner that this species is now known. FALCUNA Stempffer & Bennett, 1963, Bull. Br. Mus. nat. Hist. (Ent.) 13 (6) : 174. Type- species by original designation : Liptena libyssa Hewitson, 1866, Exot. Butt. Pentila & Liptena pl. 1, figs 5, 6. FALGA Mabille, 1897, Ann. Soc. ent. Fr. 66 : 211. Type-species by selection by Godman, [1901], im Godman & Salvin, Biol. centy.-amer., Lep. Rhop. 2 : 609: Carystus jeconia Butler, 1870, Tvans. ent. Soc. Lond. 1870 : 501. Mabille stated that he established this genus for an insect, of which he had received a speci- men from Dr. Staudinger under the manuscript specific name mirabilis. He went on to say that he was convinced that this insect was the same as that which Butler had in 1870 described under the name Carystus jeconia, though Staudinger’s mirabilis differed in certain respects from Butler’s description of his jeconia. He concluded however that it would be safe to identify these nominal taxa with one another; he accordingly adopted the name jeconza Butler, placing Staudinger’s manuscript name mirabilis in the synonymy of jeconia. Fortunately, it is not necessary for the present purpose to pursue the taxonomic question of the identity of Staudinger’s mirabilis, for the nominal species Carystus jeconia Butler, the identity of which is fully understood, was unequivocally placed by Mabille in his genus Falga and was definitely selected as type-species by Godman in r1go1. FAUNIA Poey, 1847, Mem. Soc. econ. Habana (2) 3: 178. Type-species by monotypy : Papilio orphise Cramer, [1775], Uitl. Kapellen 1 (4) : 67, pl. 42, figs E, F. The name Faunia Poey is invalid, as it is a junior homonym of Faunia Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830 (Mém. prés. Acad. Sci., Paris 2 : 279). GENERIC NAMES OF BUTTERFLIES 193 FAUNIS Hiibner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (4) : 55. Type-species by selection by Hem- ming (1933, Entomologist 66 : 198) : Papilio eumeus Drury, [1773], Ill. nat. Hist. 1 : index gies, ply2; fig. 3. FAUNULA Felder (C.) & Felder (R.), [1867], Reise Fregatte ‘‘ Novara’’, Lep. Rhop. (3) : 488. Type-species by monotypy : Faunula leucoglene Felder (C.) & Felder (R.), [1867], ibid., Lep. Rhop. (3) : 488. FAVONIUS Sibatani & Ito, 1942, Tenthvedo 3 (4) : 327. Type-species by original designation : Dipsas orientalis Murray, 1875, Ent. mon. Mag. 11 : 169. FAVRIA Tutt, [1906], Nat. Hist. Brit. Butts 1: 218. Type-species by original designation : Hesperia cribellum Eversmann, 1841, Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscou 1841 (1) : 25. FELDERIA Semper (G.), 1888, im Semper (C. G.), Reis. Archipel. Philipp. (2) (No. 5) (Schmett.) 1 (3) : 88. Type-species by selection by de Niceville (1893, J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc. 8 (1) : 46) : Felderia phlegethon Semper (G.), 1888, in Semper (C. G.), ibid. (2) (No. 5) (Schmett.) 1 (3) : 90, pl. 17, figs 6, 7 g, 8, 9 9. The name Feldevia Semper is invalid, as it is a junior homonym of Felderia Walsingham, 1887 (Tvans. ent. Soc. Lond. 1887 : 165). It has been replaced by the name Cynitia Snellen, 1895. FELDERIA Tutt, [1907], Nat. Hist. Brit. Butts2 : 142. Type-species by original designation : Thecla w-album Knoch var. eximia Fixsen, 1887, in Romanoff, Mém. Lépid. 3 : 271, pl. 13, fig. 2. Like Felderia Semper, 1888, discussed immediately above, the name Felderia Tutt is invalid, as being a junior homonym of Feldevia Walsingham, 1887. It has been replaced by the name Thecholia Strand, roto. FELICENA Waterhouse, 1932, Austr. Zool. 7:99. Type-species by original designation : Thymele dirpha Boisduval, 1832, in d’Urville, Voy. ‘‘ Astrolabe’’, Faune ent. 1 (Lep.) : 162. FENISECA Grote, 1869, Trans. amer. ent. Soc. 2 : 308. Type-species by original designation : Hesperia tarquinius Fabricius, 1793, Ent. Syst. 3 (1) : 3109. FESTIVUS Crotch, 1872, Cist. ent. 1:62. Type-species by original designation : Papilio plexippus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. ro) 1 : 471. The term “ Festivus ”’ is one of a number of words used by Linnaeus (1758, loc. cit. : 470) to denote groups of species within the genus Papilio. Many years later these terms were the cause of considerable confusion owing to claims being advanced on their behalf that they should be treated as having acquired the status of subgeneric names as from the date on which they were originally published in the XVIIIth century. This unsatisfactory situation persis- ted until the foregoing claim was categorically rejected by the Commission in its Opinion 124 (1936, Smithson. miscell. Coll. 73 (No. 8) : 1-2; republished in facsimile in 1958 (Opin. int. Comm. zool. Nom. 1 (B) : 465-466). In the meantime some of these terms had been published in genuine binominal form by authors who attributed them wrongly to Linnaeus but who must themselves be treated as the authors, since it was through their action alone that these terms acquired status in nomenclature. In the present case the first author of this kind was Crotch and the name Festivws must therefore be attributed to him. The type- species of Festivus Crotch is Papilio plexippus Linnaeus, by designation by Crotch. The name Festivus Crotch is invalid, as it is a junior objective synonym of Danaus Kluk, 1802. FIXSENIA Tutt, [1907], Nat. Hist. Brit. Butts 2 : 142. Type-species by original designation : Thecla herzi Fixsen, 1887, in Romanoff, Mém. Lépid. 3 : 279, pl. 13, fig. 4 9. FLACCILLA Godman, [1901], in Godman & Salvin, Biol. centy.-amey., Lep. Rhop. 2 : 593. Type-species by original designation : Papilio aecas Stoll, [1781], 7m Cramer, Uitl. Kapellen 4 (29) : 102, pl. 343, figs A, B. The name Flaccilla Godman was formerly considered to be invalid as a junior homonym of Flacilla Koken, 1896 (JahrB. geol. ReichsAnst. 46 : 92), and, as such, was replaced in 1939 by 194 FRANCIS HEMMING Aecas Hemming. However, under a provision adopted by the Copenhagen Congress in 1953 and now embodied in the revised Code in Article 56 (a) a one-letter difference in spelling serves to prevent any two generic names from being treated as homonyms of one another. Under this provision, therefore, the name Flaccilla Godman is not a homonym of Flacilla Koken, but is an available name. FLOS Doherty, 1889, J. asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt II, 58 (4) : 412. Type-species by original designa- tion : Papilio apidanus Cramer, [1777], Uitl. Kapellen 2 (12) : 63, pl. 137, figs F, G. Following an erroneous type-selection made by Scudder in 1875, Papilio apidanus, the type-species of the present genus, was incorrectly treated for many years as being the type- species of the genus Amblypodia Horsfield, [1829]. The subsequent history of the name Amblypodia Horsfield and the associated names Avhopala Boisduval and Horsfieldia Riley has been explained in detail in the note given under the name Amblypodia. FRESNA Evans, 1937, Cat. African Hesp. Brit. Mus. : 164. Type-species by original desig- nation : Hesperia netopha Hewitson, 1878, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (5) 1 : 345. FREYERIA Courvoisier, 1920, [vis 34 : 234. Type-species by monotypy : Lycaena trochy- lus Freyer, 1845, Neuere Beitr. Schmett. 5 (74) : 98, pl. 440, fig. 1 g. FRITILLA Capronnier, 1874, Ann. Soc. ent. Belg. 17 : 20. Capronnier’s intention was to apply this name to some taxon of generic rank in the family Riodinidae. He gave no generic diagnosis and placed in this genus only a single nominal species—Fritilla meleagyis—which was a manuscript species of Boisduval’s. Capronnier gave no description for this nominal species, furnishing only a few brief observations on the habits of the species which are quite insufficient to permit the identification of this nominal species. The name of this nominal species is thus a nomen nudum; in consequence, so also is the generic name Fvitilla as published by Capronnier, in view of the fact that (as explained above) he gave no generic diagnosis for this taxon. The name Fvitilla Capronnier (like the name Dyndivus Capronnier published in the same paper) thus possesses no status in zoological nomenclature. It is cited here only for the purposes of record, because it has found its way into various lists of names that have been published. FULDA Evans, 1937, Cat. African Hesp. Brit. Mus. : 86. Type-species by original designation : Hesperia coroller Boisduval, 1833, Nowv. Ann. Mus. Hist. nat., Paris 2 (2) : 214, pl. 9, fig. 8 (separate as Faune ent. Madagascar, Lép. : 66, pl. 9, fig. 8). FULVIA Higgins, [1959], Lepid. News 12 (5/6) : 162. Type-species by original designation : Melitaea fasciata Hoppfer, 1874, Stett. ent. Zig 35 : 349. The name Fulvia Higgins is invalid, as it is a junior homonym of Fulvia Gray, 1853 (Amn. Mag. nat. Hist. (2) 11 : 40) and also of Fulvia Adams, 1957 (Gen. Rec. Moll. 2 : 547). It has been replaced by the name Higginsius Hemming, 1964, Annot. lep. (4) : 139. FUTURONERVA Bryk, 1928, Ent. Z. 42:50. Type-species by original designation : Futuronerva absurda Bryk, 1928, ibid. 42 : 50. The name Futuronerva and Futuronerva absurda, together with the associated family name Futuronervidae, represent one of the most extraordinary episodes in the nomenclature of the butterflies, for, as observed by Klots in 1933 (Ent. amer., Brooklyn (n.s.) 12 (3) : 153), the type-species of the nominal species Futuvonervea absurvda, the foundation on which the whole of this ridiculous systematic edifice rests, is no more than a teratological female specimen with deformed venation belonging to the common Palaearctic Pierid Papilio cvataegi Linn- aeus, 1758, the type-species of the genus Apoyvia Hiibner. [1819]. GAEIDES Scudder, 1876, Bull. Buffalo Soc. nat. Sci.3 : 126. Type-species by original designa- tion : Chrysophanus dione Scudder, 1869, Tvans. Chicago Acad. Sci. 1 (2) : 330. GALERGA Mabille, 1897, Ann. Soc. ent. Fr. 66: 210. Type-species by monotypy : Galerga hyposticta Mabille, 1897, ibid. 66 : 210. GENERIC NAMES OF BUTTERFLIES 195 GALLIENIA Oberthur, 1916, Etud. Lép. comp. 11 (texte et planches) : 205-207. Type-species by selection by Hemming (1964, Annot. lep. (4) : 120) : Melanitis masoura Hewitson, 1875, Ent. mon. Mag. 11 : 227. The name Gallienia Oberthur is invalid, as it is a junior homonym of Gallienia Brongniart, 1896 (Bull. Soc. philomat. Paris (8) 8 : 124, 131). It has been replaced by the name Masoura Hemming, 1964. GALLIO Evans, 1955, Cat. amer. Hesp. Brit. Mus. 4: 85, 111. Type-species by original designation : Stomyles gallio Mabille, 1905, in Wytsman’s Gen. Ins. 17 : 132. GAMANA Moore, 1883, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1883 : 220. Type-species by selection by Kirby [1884], in Zool. Rec. 20 (year 1883) (Ins.) : (167) : Idea daos Boisduval, [1836], (Roret’s Suite a Buffon), Hist. nat. Ins., Spec. gén. Lépid. 1: pl. 24 [= pl. C), fig. 3. GAMATOBA Moore, 1883, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1883 : 262. Type-species by original designa- tion : Euploea aethiops Butler, 1866, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1866 : 285. GAMIA Holland, 1896, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1896 : 84. Type-species by original designation : Proteides galua Holland, 1891, Ent. News 2 : 3. The taxon represented by the nominal species Proteides galua Holland is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as being the same as that represented by the older- established nominal species Proteides shelleyi Sharpe, 1890 (Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (6) 6 : 349). GANDACA Moore, [1896], Lep. ind. 7 (75) : 33. Type-species by original designation : Terias harina Horsfield, [1829], Descr. Cat: lep. Ins. Mus. East India Coy (2) : 137. GANGARA Moore, [1882], Lep. Ceylon 1 (4) : 164. Type-species by original designation : Papilio thyrsis Fabricius, 1775, Syst. Ent. : 532. GANORIS Dalman, 1816, K. svenska VetenskAkad. Handl., Stockholm 1816 (No. 1) : 6r. Type-species by original designation : Papilio brassicae Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) is 467. The name Ganoris Dalman is invalid, as being a junior objective synonym of Pieris Schrank, 1801. GANYRA Billberg, 1820, Enum. Ins. Mus. Billb. : 76. Type-species by selection by Scudder (1875, Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10: 178) : Papilio amaryllis Fabricius, 1793, Ent. syst. 3 (1) : 189. The name Papilio amaryllis Fabricius is invalid, as being a junior homonym of Papilio amaryllis Stoll, [1782] (in Cramer, Uitl. Kapellen 4 (33) : 210, pl. 391, figs A, B). The oldest available specific name subjectively considered on taxonomic grounds as being applicable to the present species is Pievis josephina Godart, [1819] (Ency. méth. 9 (Ins.) (1) : 158). GARERIS Moore, 1880, Tvans. ent. Soc. Lond. 1880 (4) : 156. Type-species by original designation : Mycalesis sanatana Moore, 1857, in Horsfield & Moore, Cat. lep. Ins. Mus. East India Coy (i) : 231. The taxon represented by the nominal species Mycalesis sanatana is currently treated sub- jectively on taxonomic grounds as being a subspecies of the taxon represented by the older- established nominal species Papilio francisca Stoll, [1780] (in Cramer, Uitl. Kapellen 4 (28) : 75, pl. 320, fies LE). B. GARGA Mabille, 1889, Le Naturaliste (2) 3: 216. Type-species by monotypy : Garga olena Mabille, 1889, ibid. (2) 3 : 216. The taxon represented by the nominal species Garga olena Mabille is currently treated sub- jectively on taxonomic grounds as being the same as that represented by the older-established nominal species Conognathus platon Felder (C.) & Felder (R.), 1862 (Wien. ent. Monats. 6 : 181). GARSAURITIS Ferreira d’Almeida, 1938, Brasil-med., Rio de Janeiro 52: 413. Type- species by original designation : Ceratinia xanthostola Bates, 1862, Tvans. linn. Soc. Lond. 23 (3) : 525. 196 FRANCIS HEMMING GASTROCHAETA Holland, 1894, Ent. News 5: 28. Type-species by monotypy : Gastro- chaeta mabiller Holland, 1894, ibid. 5 : 28. This generic name was published as a new name in two papers of Holland’s, the first (cited above) was published in January 1894, the second, a paper in the Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1896, part 1 : 37, was published in June 1896. In the first of these papers Holland attributed the specific name mabillei to Mabille, not being aware that in fact that name had never been published and was only a manuscript name; the particulars furnished by Holland serve however to validate this name, which accordingly is attributable to Holland. The name Gastrochaeta Holland is invalid, as it is a junior homonym of Gastrochaeta Dujardin, 1841 ((Roret’s Suite a Buffon), Hist. nat. Zoophytes Infusoives : 384). It has been subjective- ly replaced by the name Meza Hemming, 1939 (type-species : Hesperia meza Hewitson, 1877). GE de Niceville, 1895, J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc. 9 (4) : 373. Type-species by original designation : Ge geta de Niceville, 1895, ibid. 9 (4) : 37, pl. Q, fig. 51 6. GECANA Swinhoe, [1912], in Moore, Lep. ind. 9 (106) : 230. Type-species by original desig- nation : _Ismene fergusonii de Niceville, 1892, J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc. 7 (3) : 345, pl. J, fig. 6 g. The taxon represented by the nominal species [smene fergusonii is currently treated sub- jectively on taxonomic grounds as a subspecies of the taxon represented by the older-estab- lished nominal species Ismene jaina Moore, [1866] (Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1865 (3) : 782). GEGENES Hiibner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (7) : 107. Type-species proposed for designation by the Commission under its Plenary Powers : Papilio pumilio Hoffmansegg, 1803, Mag. f. Insektenk. (Illiger) 3 : 202 (as defined by the specimen figured as fig. 2 on plate 5 of Cyrilli’s Ent. neap. published in 1787 and there misidentified as Papilio pygmaeus Fabricius, 1775 (Syst. Ent. : 536), that specimen having been selected by Hemming (1964, Annot. lep. (3) : 112 to represent the lectotype of the present species). The genus Gegenes was established on the basis of bibliographical references to the works of previous authors. Three nominal species were cited by Hiibner as belonging to this genus, but the names cited for the second and third were nomina nuda and the first—which he cited as pygmaeus Fabricius is therefore under the Code the type-species by monotypy. It is at this point that difficulty arises, because Hiibner, like all his contemporaries, confused two species under the name Papilio pygmaeus Fabricius, and it was the species to which that name does not properly apply that Hiibner looked upon himself as placing in the genus Gegenes, as is clearly shown by the fact that the previously published figures which he cited in the synonymy of what he called pygmaeus Fabricius represent not that species but the species which at that time was commonly misidentified with it. Gegenes Hiibner is therefore a genus based upon a mis- identified type-species. The true Papilio pygmaeus Fabricius is an Oriental species currently placed in the genus Aeromachus de Niceville, 1890. Its type-specimen is now in the British Museum. The specimen misidentified with the above species occurs in Southern Europe and Western Asia. The first author to make the mistake of identifying this species with Papilio pygmaeus Fabricius was Cyrilli when in 1787 he figured (loc. cit. : pl. 5, fig. 2) a specimen taken at Amalfi. This mistake was repeated by Esper in 1793, Die Schmett., Suppl. Band 1 Abschn. Tagschmett. : 34, pl. 99, fig. 3 g, and in the period 1800-1803 by Hiibner himself (Samml. euvop. Schm. : pl. Pap. 91, figs 458 3, 459, 460 2). It was these figures of his own which Hiibner cited in the synonymy of pygmaeus Fabricius at the time when he established the genus Gegenes. Long before the publication of the Vervzeichniss however, the fact that the name pygmaeus Fabricius was not properly applicable to the European species was recognized by Hoffmansegg when in 1803 he established the nominal species Papilio pumilio, basing it upon the figures published by Hiibner, Esper and Cyrilli, to which reference has already been made. As recorded at the head of the present note I selected in 1964 the figure published by Cyrilli to GENERIC NAMES OF BUTTERFLIES 197 represent the lectotype of Papilio pumilio. The syntype represented by Cyrilli’s figure was selected for this purpose in preference to one of those represented by the figures published by Esper or Hiibner, partly because Cyrilli was the first author to publish a figure of this species and partly because the exact locality in which the specimen figured was taken was known. Great confusion would result if it were necessary to accept the true Papilio pygmaeus Fabricius as the type-species of Gegenes Hiibner, for this would involve the transfer of the name Gegenes from its long-accustomed position in the group currently known as the ‘“‘ Gegenes Group ”’ in the family Hesperiidae to the only distantly related group in the same family currently known as the “ Astictopterus Group ’’, where it would replace the well-established name Aeromachus de Niceville. In order to avoid these most undesirable transfers, the Commission has been asked to use its Plenary Powers under Section (1) (misidentified type- species) of Article 70 to designate Papilio pumilio Hoffmansegg to be the type-species of the genus Gegenes Hiibner, thereby both giving effect to Hiibner’s intention when establishing this genus and providing a valid basis for the long-established use of that name. In accord- ance with the provisions of Article 80, the present case is here treated provisionally as though the application submitted had already been approved by the Commission. GEHENNA Watson, 1893, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1893 : 92, 108. Type-species by original designation : Hesperia abima Hewitson, 1877, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (4) 19 : 83. The taxon represented by the nominal species which is the type-species of the present genus is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as being congeneric with Isoteinon satwa de Niceville, the type-species of the genus Zographetus Watson. The generic names Gehenna and Zographetus, being names published on the same date (and in the same work) depend for their relative precedence upon the choice made by the First Reviser. In this case the First Reviser was Evans (1949, Cat. Hesp. Europ. Asia Australia Brit. Mus. : 299) who gave preference to Zoographetus over Gehenna, sinking the latter as a junior subjective synonym. GEHLOTA Doherty, 1889, J. asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt II, 58 (1) : 131. Type-species by selection by Watson (1893, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1893 : 49) : Plesioneura sumitra Moore, [1766], Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1865 (3) : 787. GEIROCHEILUS Edwards, 1874, Trans. amer. ent. Soc. 5 : 18 (an Incorrect Subsequent Spell- ing of Gyvocheilus Butler, 1867). GEITONEURA Butler, 1867, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (3) 19 : 164. Type-species by selection by Butler (Feb. 1868, Ent. mon. Mag. 4: 196) : Satyrus klugii Guérin-Ménéville, [1831], im Duperry, Voy. autour Monde, ‘‘ Coquille ’’, Zool. 2 (Pt 2) (Div. 1), pl. 17, fig. 2 ; 7d., [1838], ibid. Zool 2 (Pt. 2) (Div. 1) : 280. Butler, who established this genus in 1867 without a designated type-species, selected the above species as type-species twice in 1868, first, in February cited above, and, second, in July (Cat. diurn. Lep. Satyridae Brit. Mus. : 166). GELOTOPHYE Ferreira d’ Almeida, 1940, Rev. Ent., Rio de Janeiro 11 (3) : 760. Type-species by original designation : Thyridia mystica Zikan, 1931, Ent. Rundsch. 48 : 102. GERIDUS Westwood, [1851], ix Doubleday, Gen. diurn. Lep. (2) : pl. 76, fig. 5 (an Incorrect Subsequent Spelling of Gerydus Boisduval, [1836)]). GEROSIS Mabille, 1903, in Wytsman’s Gen. Ins. 17 (A) : 44,49. Type-species by monotypy : Coladenia hamiltoni de Niceville, 1888, J. asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt II, 57 : 291, pl. 13, fig. 8. The taxon represented by the nominal species Coladenia hamiltoni de Niceville is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as being the same as that represented by the older-established nominal species Satarupa phisava Moore, 1874, J. asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt II, 53 (1) : 50. GERYDUS Boisduval, [1836], (Roret’s Suite 4 Buffon) Hist. nat. Ins., Spec. gén. Lépid. 1 : pl. 23 [= pl. 7C], fig. 2. Type-species by monotypy : Papilio symethus Cramer, [1777], Uitl. Kapellen 2 (13) : 84, pl. 149, figs B, C. 198 FRANCIS HEMMING The name Gerydus Boisduval is invalid, as it is a junior objective synonym of Miletus Hiibner, [1819]. GESTA Evans, 1953, Cat. amer. Hesp. Brit. Mus. 3: 171, 200. Type-species by original designation : Thanaos gesta Herrich-Schaeffer, 1863, CorrespBl. zool.-min. Ver. Regensburg Wi StAZ: GIDEONA Klots, 1933, Ent. amer., Brooklyn (n.s.) 12 (3) : 153, 196. Type-species by original designation : Callidryas lucasi Grandidier, 1867, Rev. Mag. Zool. (2) 19 : 273-274. GINDANES Godman & Salvin, [1895], Biol. centy.-amey., Lep. Rhop. 2 : 415. Type-species by selection by Lindsey (1925, Ann. ent. Soc. Amer. 18 : 87) : Gindanes panaetius Godman & Salvin, [1895], 2bid., Lep. Rhop. 2 : 416, pl. 87, figs 30, 31. The taxon represented by Gindanes panaetius Godman & Salvin is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as being a subspecies of the taxon represented by the older-established nominal species Hesperia brebissoni [correction of brebisson] Latreille, [1824]. GINZIA Okano, 1941, Igaku To Seithutugaku, Tokyo 11 : 239. Type-species through Section (i) (replacement names) of Article 67 : Lycaena ferrea Butler, [1866], J. inn. Soc. Lond., Loo 9) 575 The name Ginzia was introduced by Okano as a replacement for Satswma Murray, 1875, which is invalid under the Law of Homonymy. GLAUCOPSYCHE Scudder, 1872, 4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. 1871 : 54. Type-species by original designation : Polyommatus lygdamus Doubleday, 1841, Entomologist 1 : 209. GLENNIA Klots, 1933, Ent. amer., Brooklyn (n.s.) 12 (3) : 154; id., ibid. 12 (4) : 212, 213. Type-species by original designation : Pieris pylotis Godart, [1819], Ency. méth. 9 (Ins.) (r) : 158. GLINAMA Moore, 1883, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1883 : 288. Type-species by monotypy : Euploea euctemon Hewitson, [1866], Jil. exot. Butts 3 : [12], pl. [6], fig. 2. GLOBICEPS Felder (C.) & Felder (R.), 1869, Petites Nouvelles ent. 1 (8) : [31]. Type-species by monotypy : Globiceps pavadoxa Felder (C.) & Felder (R.), 1869, zbid. 1 (8) : [31]. The name Globiceps Felder (C.) & Felder (R.) is invalid under the Law of Homonymy, being a junior homonym (a) of Globiceps Lepeletier & Serville, 1825, Ency. méth. 10 (Ins.) (1) : 326 and (b) of Globiceps Ares, 1852 (Proc. Boston Soc. nat. Hist. 4 : 193). There are two later names for the genus Globiceps. These are : Gonophlebia Felder (R.), June, 1870, and Pseudopontia Plétz, September, 1870. The slight priority of Gonophlebia over Pseudopontia has either been unknown to, or ignored by, all subsequent authors, the genus having been invariably known by the name Pseudopontia. In order to prevent the confusion which would result from the resuscitation on grounds of priority of the virtually unknown name Gonophilebia, it is proposed to ask the Commission to suppress it for the pur- poses of the Law of Priority. GLUTOPHRISSA Butler, 1887, Ent. mon. Mag. 23 : 249. Type-species by original designa- tion : Appias poeyi Butler, 1872, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1872 : 49. The taxon represented by the nominal species Appias poeyi Butler is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as being the same as that represented by the nominal species Mylothris molpadia Hiibner, [1819-1821] (Zuty. z. Samml. exot. Schmett. 2 : 15, pl. [45], figs 259, 260). Inits turn, the taxon represented by the nominal species Mylothris molpadia is currently treated subjectively as a subspecies of the taxon represented by the older-estab- lished nominal species Papilio drusilla Cramer, [1777], (Uitl. Kapellen 2 (10) : 21, pl. 110, fig. C). Reference should be made to Talbot (1932, im Bryk’s Lep. Cat. 53 : 184-185) for the synonymy here adopted for this species which was formerly known by the junior subjective synonym zlaive Godart (Pieris ilaive Godart, [1819], Ency. méth. 9 (Ins.) (1) : 142). GLYCESTHA Billberg, 1820, Enum. Ins. Mus. Billb. : 76. Type-species by selection by Scudder (1875, Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10: 178) : Papilio coronea Cramer, [1775], Uitl. Kapellen 1 (6) : 106, pl. 68, figs B, C. GENERIC NAMES OF BUTTERFLIES 199 The taxon represented by the nominal species Papilio coronea Cramer is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as a form of the taxon represented by the older-established nominal species Papilio java Linnaeus, 1769 (Amoen. acad. 7 : 504, nota). GNATHOTRICHE Felder (C.) & Felder (R.), 1862, Wien. ent. Monats. 6 : 420, nota. Type- species by monotypy : Euterpe exclamationis Kollar, [1849], Denkschy. Akad. Wiss. Wien. 1 : 359, pl. 45, figs 5, 6. GNESIA Doubleday, [1848], Gen. diurn. Lep. (1) : 141. Type-species by selection by Scudder (1875, Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10: 179) : Papilio cirveis Drury, [1782], Jil. nat. Hist. 3 : index et 24, pl. 18, figs 5, 6. GNOPHODES Doubleday, [1849], Gen. diurn. Lep. (2): pl. 61, fig. 2. Type-species by monotypy : Gnophodes parmeno Doubleday, [1849], ibid. (2) : pl. 61, fig. 2. The text relating to Gnophodes was prepared by Westwood after Doubleday’s death and was not published until 1851 (loc. cit. (2) : 363). On this occasion also the above was the only included species, apart from the citation of the name of an unpublished species. GODARTIA Lucas, 1843, Ann. Soc. ent. Fr. 11 (4) : 297. Type-species by monotypy : Godartia madagascariensis Godart, 1843, ibid. 11 (4) : 299, pl. 12, Section No. 2, figs eye. Both the generic name Godartia and the binomen Godartia madagascariensis appeared in print twice before being published by Lucas (as shown above) in Part 4 of volume 11 of the Annales, which appeared in October 1843. On each of these occasions however these names appeared as nomina nuda in anonymous notices included in the Rev. zool. (Soc. Cuvier.). In the first, which was published in December 1842 (loc. cit. 5 : 390), an account was given in a communication that Lucas had made to the Entomological Society of France, in which the reviewer stated that Lucas had introduced a new species under the above name. In his notice the reviewer misspelled the generic name as Godardia, and it was to correct this mistake that in January 1843 (loc. cit. 6 : 32) he published his second note. These references are mentioned here solely because one or other has occasionally been cited as the place where these names were first published although on neither occasion were the requirements of the code satisfied. GODMANIA Skinner & Ramsden, 1923, Proc. Acad. nat. Sci. Philad. 75 : 321. Type-species by monotypy : Goniloba malitiosa Herrich-Schaeffer, 1865, CorrespBl. zool.-min. Ver. Regens- burg 19 : 54. The name Godmania Skinner & Ramsden is invalid, as it is a junior homonym of Godmania Horvath, 1919 (Ann. Mus. Hungar. 17 : 211, 222). GODYRIS Boisduval, 1870, Consid. Lépid. Guatemala : 33. Type-species by monotypy : Dircenna duillia Hewitson, 1854, Tvans. ent. Soc. Lond. (2) 2 : 247, pl. 23, fig. 3. GOMALIA Moore, 1879, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1879: 144. Type-species by monotypy : Gomalia albofasciata Moore, ibid. 1879 : 144. The Indian taxon represented by the nominal species Gomalia albofasciata Moore has been treated subjectively by some authors as a subspecies of the Tropical African taxon represented by the nominal species Pyrgus elma Trimen, 1862, Tvans. ent. Soc. Lond. (3) 1 : 288. GONATOMYRINA Aurivillius, 1924, in Seitz, Macrolep. 13 : 422. Type-species by mono- typy : Papilio lava Linnaeus, 1764, Mus. L. Ulr. : 320 GONELILIA Shirozu & Yamamoto, 1956, Sieboldia 1 (4) : 339, 348 (an Incorrect Original Spelling of Gonerilia Shirozu & Yamamoto, 1956). GONEPTERYX [Leach], [1815], Brewster’s Edinburgh Ency. 9 (1) : 127. Type-species by monotypy : Papilio rhamni Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 470. If the ordinary rules in the Code had been permitted to apply in this case, the name Gonep- teryx [Leach] would have been invalid as a junior objective synonym of Colias Fabricius, 1807. The transfer of the name Colias from the ‘‘ Clouded Yellows ”’ (“‘ Sulphurs ’’) to the “ Brimstones ”’ and the consequent disappearance of the name Gonepteryx in synonymy would have created such extremely serious confusion and misunderstanding that in 1934 it was 200 FRANCIS HEMMING decided to seek the aid of the Commission to protect the universal and long-established usage of these names. The full history of that application has been given in the discussion on the name Colias. It is therefore only necessary here to take note that the desired protection was afforded by the action of the Commission in designating Papilio hyale Linnaeus, 1758, to be the type-species of Colias Fabricius, this action having the simultaneous effect also of validating the name Gonepteryx for Papilio rhamni. The decision of the Commission in this matter was promulgated in Opinion 146, published in 1943 (Opin. int. Comm. zool. Nom. 2 : 109-121). CONERILIA Shirozu & Yamamoto, 1956, Sieboldia 1 (4) : 339, 348 & errata slip facing page 422. Type-species by original designation : Thecla seraphim Oberthur, 1886, Bull. Soc. ent. Fr. 1886 : 12. As already noted, this name appeared in the text misspelled as Gonelilia. After the pages in question had been printed but before they were published in Part 4 of volume 1 of Szeboldia, the fact that this name had been misspelled in this way was detected by the authors who caused an Errata slip correcting the spelling to Gonerilia to be inserted facing page 422. This correc- tion complies with all the requirements of the Code relating to the emendation of names and accordingly the spelling Gonevilia is the correct spelling of this name. GONIAPTERYX Westwood, 1840, Introd. Class. Ins. 2 Syn. : 87 (an Unjustified Emendation of Gonepteryx [Leach], [1815]). If Goniapteryx Westwood had been a Justified Emendation of Gonepteryx [Leach], it would nevertheless have been invalid, as it is a junior homonym of Goniapteryx Perty, 1833 (Del. Anim. artic. Brasil (3) : 162). GONIARUS Mabille, 1891, Bull. C. R. Soc. ent. Belg. 35 : 1x (an Incorrect Subsequent Spelling of Goniurus Hiibner, [1819)). GONILOBA Westwood, [1852], 1z Doubleday, Gen. diurn. Lep. (2) : 511. Type-species by selection by Scudder (1875, Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10: 179): Niconiades xanthaphes Hiibner, [1821], Sammi. exot. Schmett. 2 : pl. [147]. In listing the name of the type-species, Westwood without justification emended its spelling from vanthaphes to xanthoptes. The name Goniloba Westwood is invalid, as it is a junior objective synonym of Niconiades Hiibner, [1821]. GONIOPTERYX Wallengren, 1853, Skand. Dagfjdv.: 145 (an Unjustified Emendation of Gonepteryx [Leach], [1815]). Wallengren said nothing to show whether the above spelling was an Unjustified Emendation. It might therefore be only an Incorrect Subsequent Spelling, but this seems unlikely, since (as shown below) this rather peculiar spelling when published later by Burmeister was un- doubtedly a deliberate emendation. It is accordingly here treated as an emendation made by Wallengren and not as an erroneous spelling on that author’s part. GONIOPTERYX Burmeister, 1878, Descr. phys. Rép. Argentine 5 (Lépid.) : 75, 104 (an Un- justified Emendation of Gonepteryx [Leach], [1815)]). Burmeister made it absolutely clear that the spelling which he used for this generic name was a deliberate emendation by himself of the name Gonepteryx [Leach], by inserting the words “Leach (emendat.) ’’ immediately below the cross-heading “‘ Genre Goniopteryx ’’ on page 104. In a footnote to the same page Burmeister underlined the foregoing notations as follows : “ Lorthographe Gonepterix [sic] ne peut pas étre justifiée par les regles de la grammaire grecque.”’ GONIURIS Westwood, [1852], 1m Doubleday, Gen. diurn. Lep. (2) : 510 (an Incorrect Subsequent Spelling of Goniurus Hiibner, [1819)). GONIURUS Hiibner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (7) : 104. Type-species by selection by Westwood ([1852], i.Doubleday, Gen. diuvn. Lep. (2) : 510) : Papilio proteus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 484. GENERIC NAMES OF BUTTERFLIES 201 It was when selecting the type-species for this genus that Westwood accidentally introduced the Incorrect Subsequent Spelling Goniuris noted above. The name Goniurus Hibner is invalid, as it is a junior objective synonym of Urbanus Hubner, [1807]. GONOPHLEBIA Felder (R.), June 1870, Petites Nouvelles ent. 2 (24)9:5. Type-species by monotypy : Globiceps pavadoxa Felder (C.) & Felder (R.), 1869, Joc. cit. 1 (8) : [31]. In introducing the name Gonophlebia in the paper cited above, Rudolf Felder gave a figure of the species Globiceps paradoxa established jointly by his father Cajetan Felder and himself in the previous year. In doing so, he cited the name of that species as Gonophlebia (Globiceps) pavadoxa. He gave no explanation of his action in citing the older name Globiceps in brackets (parantheses) after his new name Gonophlebia, but it seems likely that he was aware that the earlier name was invalid under the Law of Homonymy. This however, is no more than a conjecture and it seems better therefore to treat this nominal genus as having had its type-species determined by monotypy (Article 68 (c)) rather than through the replacement procedure (Article 67(i)). The name Gonophlebia, though an available name, has been completely overlooked in the literature, this genus being invariably known by the name Pseudopontia Plétz also published in 1870. Unfortunately, the name Gonophlebia has priority over Pseudopontia, having been published in June 1870, whereas the name Pseudopontia was not published until Septem- ber of that year. Great confusion would result if it were necessary now to abandon the long-established and universally accepted name Pseudopontia. To prevent this from taking place, the Commission is being asked to suppress the name Gonophlebia for the purposes of the Law of Priority, thus rendering the name Pseudopontia Plotz the oldest available name for the present genus. In accordance with the provisions of Article 80 that in cases such as the present existing usage is to be maintained, pending the publication of the Commission’s decision on the application, the name Pseudopontia Plotz is treated in the present work as the oldest available name for this genus, the older name Gonophlebia Felder being treated as having been invalidated in the manner proposed. GONOPTERA bBillberg, 1820, Enum. Ins. Mus. Billb. : 76 (an Unjustified Emendation of Gonepteryx {Leach], [1815]). There was a missprint in this name as actually published by Billberg, the name appearing in the impossible form ‘‘ Gonrptera ’’. Billberg stated that this was a manuscript name of Dalman’s. He did not mention Gonepteryx (Leach), but it is impossible to believe that Dalman and Billberg were both igno- rant of this name published only five years earlier. Gonopterva Billberg is accordingly here treated as an Unjustified Emendation of Gonepteryx [Leach]. GONOPTERIS Geyer, [1832], in Hiibner, Zuty. z. Samml. exot. Schmett. 4 : 34. Type-species by monotypy : Gonopteris peergaea Geyer, [1832], im Hiibner, ibid. 4 : 34, pl. [129], figs 747, 748. GONOPTERYX Schatz, [1886], in Staudinger & Schatz, Exot. Schmett. Bd 1 (Th. 2) (2) : 68 (an Unjustified Emendation of Gonepteryx [Leach], [1815]}). GORGO Hiibner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (4) : 64. Type-species by selection by Hemming 1933, Entomologist 66 : 198 : Papilio ceto Hiibner, [1803-1804], Samml. europ. Schmett. : pl. Pap. 112, figs 578, 579. The taxon represented by the nominal species Papilio ceto Hiibner is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as a subspecies of the taxon represented by the older- established nominal species Papilio alberganus Prunner, 1798 (Lepid. pedemont. : 71). GORGOPAS Godman & Salvin, [1894], Biol. centr.-amer., Lep. Rhop. 2 : 366. Type-species by selection by Lindsey (1925, Ann. ent. Soc. Amer. 18 : 88) : Achlyodes viridiceps Butler & Druce, 1872, Cistula ent. 1 : 115. The taxon represented by the nominal species A chlyodes viridiceps Butler & Druce is currently 202 FRANCIS HEMMING treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as being the same as that represented by the older-established nominal species Pellicia chlorocephala Herrich-Schaeffer, 1870 (CorrespBl. z00l.-min. Ver. Regensburg 24 : 160). GORGOPHONE Godman & Salvin, [1894], Biol. centr.-amer., Lep. Rhop. 2 : 378. Type- species by monotypy : Gorgophone meliboea Godman & Salvin, [1894], ibid., Lep. Rhop. 22379, placa, Hes 13) LAN cg GORGYRA Holland, 1896, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1896 : 31. Type-species by original desig- nation : Apaustus aburae Pl6tz, 1879, Stett. ent. Ztg 40 : 359. GORGYTHION Godman & Salvin, [1896], Biol. centr.-amer. Lep. Rhop. 2 : 424. Type-species by selection by Lindsey (1925, Ann. ent. Soc. Amer. 18 : 88) : Helias pyralina Moschler, 1876, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien 26 : 343, pl. 4, fig. 31. The taxon represented by the nominal species Helias pyvalina Moéschler is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as a subspecies of the taxon represented by the older- established nominal species Hesperia begga Prittwitz, 1868 (Stett. ent. Zig 29 : 198). GRAIS Godman & Salvin, [1894], Biol. centr.-amer., Lep. Rhop. 2 : 381. Type-species by original designation : Anastrus stigmaticus Mabille, 1883, Bull. C. R. Soc. ent. Belg. 27 : liv. GRANILA Mabille, 1903, in Wytsman’s Gen. Ins. 17 (A) : 7, 11. Type-species by monotypy : Pyrrhopyéa [sic] paseas Hewitson, [1857], Ill. exot. Butts 2 : [118], pl. [59], fig. 5. GRAPHIUM Scopoli, 1777, Introd. Hist. nat. : 433. Type-species by selection by Hemming (1933, Entomologist 66 : 199) : Papilio sarpedon Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 461. GRAPTA Kirby, 1837, im Richardson, Faun. bor.-amer. (4) : 292. Type-species by monotypy : Vanessa (Grapta) c-argenteum Kirby, 1837, 7m Richardson, ibid. (4) : 292, pl. 3, figs 6, 7. The taxon represented by the nominal species Vanessa (Grapta) c-argenteum Kirby is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as being the same as that represented by the older-established nominal species Papilio progne Cramer, [1775] (Uitl. Kapellen 1 (1) : 9, pl. 5, figs E, F.) GRETA Hemming, 1934, Gen. Names hol. Butts 1:28. Type-species by original designation : Hymenitis diaphane Hiibner, 1816, Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (1) : 8 (as defined by fig. 3 on plate 7 in Drury’s I//. nat. Hist., which was named Papilio diaphanus in the index to volume 2 of that work after having been described but not named on page 13, that specimen having been selected by Hemming (1964, Annot. lep. (3) : 89) to represent the lectotype both of Papilio diaphanus Drury, [1773] and of Hymenitis diaphane Hibner. The nominal species Hymenitis diaphane was established by Hiibner solely upon the basis of bibliographical references to works by previous authors. The first of these references was to Papilio diaphanus Drury, [1773] (Ill. nat. Hist. 2 : index et 13, pl. 7, fig. 3), the type-material of which forms part, therefore, of the syntypes of Hymenitis diaphane Hiibner. By the lectotype-selections cited at the head of the present note, the specific name diaphane Hiibner became a junior objective synonym of diaphanus Drury. The name Greta was introduced when it was realized that the name of the genus—Hymenitis Hiibner, 1816—in which the above species had till then been placed was invalid under the Law of Homonymy. GRETNA Evans, 1937, Cat. Afvic. Hesp. Brit. Mus.:7, 149. Type-species by original designation : Hesperia cylinda Hewitson, 1876, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (4) 18 : 449. GRY NOPSIS Watson, 1893, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1893 : 19, 42. Type-species by original designation : Phavreas coeleste Westwood, [1852], im Doubleday, Gen. diurn. Lep. (2) : pl. 78, fig. 4. The name Grynopsis Watson is invalid, as it is a junior objective synonym of Phareas Westwood, [1852]). GYMNAECIA Swainson, 1901, J.N.Y. ent. Soc. 9 : 79 (an Incorrect Subsequent Spelling of Gynaecia Doubleday, 1844). GENERIC NAMES OF BUTTERFLIES 203 GYNAECIA Doubleday, 1844, List. Spec. lep. Ins. Brit. Mus. 1: 88. Type-species by mono- typy : Papilio dirce Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 477. The name Gynaecia Doubleday is invalid, as it is a junior objective synonym of Colobura Billberg, 1820. GYNOECIA Erichson, 1848, in Schomburgk, Reisen Britisch-Guiana 3 : 597 (an Incorrect Subsequent Spelling of Gynaecia Doubleday, 1844). GYNOMORPHIA Verity, 1929, Ann. Soc. ent. Fr, 98: 355. Type-species by original designation : Papilio agestis [Denis & Schiffermiiller], 1775, Ankiindung [sic] eines syst. Werkes Schmett. Wien. Gegend : 184. The name Gynomorphia Verity is invalid, as it is a junior objective synoynm of Aricia R.L., 1817. The introduction of this name is due to a misreading of the action of Tutt (1906, Ent. Rec. 18 : 131) when he selected the above species to be the type-species of Avicia R. L. ; Verity erroneously supposed that Aricia was a new name then introduced by Tutt, and he accordingly rejected that non-existent name on the ground that it was a junior homonym of Aricia R. L. It was to fill the gap which he mistakenly supposed existed that he went on to introduce the name Gynomorphia. GYROCHEILUS Butler, 1867, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (3) 20 : 267. Type-species by original designation : Pronophila patrobas Hewitson, 1862, Tyans. ent. Soc. Lond. (3) 1: 16, pl. 6, figs 40, 41. GYROCHILUS Kirby, [1882], in Zool. Rec. 18 (year 188r) (Ins.) : 160 (an Incorrect Subsequent Spelling of Gyrocheilus Butler, 1867). HABRODAIS Scudder, 1876, Bull. Buffalo Soc. nat. Sci. 3: 113. Type-species by original designation : Thecla grunus Boisduval, 1852, Ann. Soc. ent. Fy. (2) 10 : 280. HADES Westwood, [1851], 72 Doubleday, Gen. diurn. Lep. (2) : 435. Type-species by mono- typy : Hades noctula Westwood, [1851], 77 Doubleday, zbid. (2) : 435 nota, pl. 72, fig. 3. HADOTHERA Billberg, 1820, Enum. Ins. Mus. Billb. : 80. Type-species through Section (1) of Article 67 : Papilio danis Cramer, [1775], Uitl. Kapellen 1 (6) : 111, pl. 70, figs E, F. The name Hadothera was introduced by Billberg as a replacement for the name Danis Fabricius, 1807. This action was quite uncalled for, as Danis Fabricius is a nomenclatorially available name, to which therefore Hadothera Billberg falls as a junior objective synonym. HAEMACT IS Mabille, 1903, x Wytsman’s Gen. Ins. 17(A) : 46 (as Haemactis), 70 (as Stae- mactis). Type-species by monotypy : Hesperia sanguinalis Westwood, [March 1852], in Doubleday, Gen. diurn. Lep. (2) : pl. 79, fig. 8. As shown above, this name appeared in two spellings, the second, Staemactis, being a mis- print, which was corrected by Mabille on page 210 of the concluding section (Section D) of the volume published in 1904. The name of the type-species appeared on the plate (as shown above) in the combination Hesperia sanguinalis, but in the text (: 524) published five months later (12th August 1852), Westwood placed this species in the genus Achlyodes Hiibner, [1819]. HAEMATERA Doubleday, [1849], Gen. diurn. Lep. (1) : 231, pl. 30, fig. 4. Type-species by selection by Scudder (1875, Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10 : 182) : Haematera thysbe Doubleday, [1849], ibid. (1) : 231, pl. 30, fig. 4. Scudder erroneously believed that Doubleday’s plate 30 was published before the relevant portion of the text (: 231), and it was on this basis that he stated that Haematera thysbe was the type-species of this genus. In actual fact, the plate and the text were published on the same date (gth July 1849). In the text Doubleday added a second species as belonging to the genus Haematera. Scudder was therefore mistaken in thinking that the above species was the type-species by monotypy. Luckily, this species was one of the species included in the text, and accordingly it is the type-species through Scudder’s action. 204 FRANCIS HEMMING HAEMONIDES Hiibner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (7) : 101. Hiibner erroneously believed that the sole species placed by him in this genus—Papilio cronis Cramer, [1775], (Uitl. Kapellen 1 (5) : 94, pl. 60, fig. C)—was a butterfly but it is in fact a moth. HAETERA Fabricius, 1807, Mag. f. Insektenk. (Illiger) 6 : 284. Type-species by selection by Butler (1868, Ent. mon. Mag. 4: 195) : Papilio piera Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 465. The discovery of the exact dates of publication of the plates included in Volume 1 of the Sammi. exot. Schmett. of Jacob Hiibner, consequent upon the examination of that author’s surviving manuscripts showed that in certain cases well-known generic names of Fabricius’s published in 1807 in volume 6 of Illiger’s Mag. f. Insektenk. were junior synonyms of other names which had appeared slightly earlier in that year in Hiibner’s Sammlung. It would have been most undesirable, because most confusing, if these early Hiibnerian names had been allowed to replace the well-known and long-established Fabrician equivalents. Accordingly in 1935 I submitted an application to the Commission with a request that it should afford protection to these threatened Fabrician names. This application was approved by the Commission which gave a ruling under its plenary powers that precedence should be given to the Fabrician names in question. This decision was promulgated by the Commission in its Opinion 137 published in 1942 (Opin. int. Comm. zool. Nom. 2 : 21-28). The name Haeteva Fabricius belongs to the group of names discussed above, being an objec- tive synonym of Oveas Hiibner, [1807] (Sammil. exot. Schmett. 1 : pl. [82}), of which also Papilio piera Linnaeus, 1758, is the type-species. Under the ruling given in Opinion 137 discussed above, the name Haeteva Fabricius takes precedence over the name Oveas Hiibner, the latter becoming invalid as a junior objective synonym of Haeteva Fabricius. HAETEROPSIS Westwood, [1850], im Doubleday, Gen. diurn. Lep. (2) : pl. 63, fig. 5 (an In- correct Original Spelling of Hetevopsis Westwood, [1850}). The text relating to this genus (: 323) was published on the same date as plate 63, and here the spelling Hetervopsis wasemployed. The First Subsequent User was Kirby (1871, Syn. Cat. diurn. Lep. : 96) who used the spelling Hetevopsis, and that spelling has been used by every subsequent writer, and is the Correct Original Spelling, the spelling Haeteropsis being an In- correct Original Spelling and therefore invalid. HALIMEDE Oberthur & Houlbert, 1922, C. R. Acad. Sci., Paris 174: 192. Type-species by monotypy : Halimede asiatica Oberthur & Houlbert, 1922, ibid. 174 : 192, fig. 1 J. Oberthur & Houlbert had the idea that, if the specific name of a given species were to be selected as the name for a new genus for that species, it would be necessary to abandon that name as the specific name for the species in question and to provide it with another. In the present instance they took the word Halimede which had been used by Ménétriés in 1858 as a specific name in the binomen Avge halimede and adopted it as a new generic name. That nominal species was for long a matter of difficulty, Ménétriés having confused two different species with one another. What Oberthur & Houlbert did was to erect the nominal species Halimede asiatica for one of the taxa included by Ménétriés under the name Arge halimede but not the taxon to which under the lectotype procedure the specific name halimede Ménétriés now applies. The generic name Halimede Oberthur & Houlbert is invalid under the Law of Homonymy, there being two older nominal genera bearing the name Halimede. These names are:— (a) Halimede de Haan, 1835 (im Siebold, Faun. yapon., Crust. (1835) : 35); (b) Halimede Rathke, 1843 (Nova Acta Leop. Carol. 20 (1) : 166). HALLELESIS Condamin, 1961, Bull. Inst. Afrique Noire (A) 23 : 783. Type-species by original designation : Mycalesis asochis Hewitson, [1866], Jil. exot. Butts 3 : [92], pl. [46], figs 46, 47. The name Hallelesis was first published by Condamin in 1960 (loc. cit. (A) 22 : 1256) but, as then published, this name was invalid, for, although a generic diagnosis was provided, no type- GENERIC NAMES OF BUTTERFLIES 205 species was designated. This defect was remedied by Condamin when (as shown above) he republished this name with Mycalesis asochis Hewitson designated as type-species. (It may perhaps be useful to note that in the Insecta portion (: 274) of the volume (vol. 97) of the Zoological Record for 1960 the nominal species Papilio halyma Fabricius, 1793 (Ent. syst. 3 (1) : 243) was stated to the type-species in the entry relating to this genus as introduced in Conda- min’s paper of 1960. It is not clear whether the compiler of this entry was consciously making good the omission in Condamin’s paper or whether the citation of this species as the type- species was due to some inadvertence. This matter is however of no consequence, for the portion of the Zoological Record concerned was not published until August 1962, by which time (as shown above) Condamin himself had designated J ycalesis asochis as the type-species.) HALLIA Tutt, [1906], Nat. Hist. Brit. Butts 1: 261. Type-species by original designation : Thanaos marloyi Boisduval, [1834], Icon. hist. Lépid. Europe 1 : 241, pl. 47, figs 6, 7 3. The name Haillia Tutt is invalid, as it is a junior homonym of Hallia Edwards & Haime, 1850 (Brit. foss. Corals (Pal. Soc. 3) : lxvi). HALOTUS Godman, [1900], in Godman & Salvin, Biol. centy.-amer., Lep.-Rhop. 2 : 505. Type-species by monotypy : Halotus saxula Godman, [1900], in Godman & Salvin, zbid. 2 : 506, pl. 95, figs 42, 43, 44 3. The taxon represented by the nominal species Halotus savula Godman is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as being the same as that represented by the older-estab- lished nominal species Hesperia angellus Pl6tz, 1886 (Stett. ent. Ztg 47 : 94). HALPE Moore, 1878, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1878 (3) : 689. Type-species by designation by the Commisssion under the Plenary Powers : Halpe moorei Watson, 1883, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1893 : 109. Halpe is a genus which was based on a misidentified type-species. The circumstances are as follows. Halpe was established with five included nominal species but none of these was designated as type-species. One of these, the nominal species Hesperia beturvia Hewitson, 1868 (Descr. One Hundred New Spec. Hesp. (2) : 36), was selected as the type-species by Watson in 1893 (Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1893 : 93). In the same paper (loc. cit. : 109) Watson described an allied species under the name Halpe moorei. Watson added (: 110) that this species usually stood in Indian collections as betuyia Hewitson owing to the fact that Hewitson himself had confused the taxon occurring in the Nilgiris (now named moovei by Watson) with a quite different species occurring in Celebes. This piece of synonymy which corresponds with the evidence afforded by the type-specimens of betuvia and moorei in the British Museum, has been accepted by all subsequent authors. Unluckily, one aspect of this case was overlooked by Watson when he selected Hesperia beturia Moore to be the type-species of the genus Halpe; this was that, when in 1878 Moore established Halpe and placed in it what he then identified as beturia Hewitson, this was the Indian species (later named moorvet by Watson) and not the true betuvia from Celebes. Thus, through Watson’s action Halpe became a genus based on a misidentified species. This was first pointed out by Swinhoe in 1913 (in Moore, Lep. ind. 10 (119) : 264) who thereupon cited Halpe moovei Watson as the type-species. The same course was followed by Evans in 1949 (Cat. Hesp. Europe Asia Australia Brit. Mus. : 257, 260, 205). Under the Code however it is incorrect to accept as the type-species of a genus any nominal species not cited as belonging to the genus at the time when the generic name con- cerned was originally published. Accordingly, the Commission is being asked to regularize the position by designating Halpe moorei Watson to be the type-species of this genus under the Misidentified-Type-Species Procedure laid down in Article 70 of the Code. For the sake of continuity the name Halpe is here provisionally treated as though the action indicated above had already been taken by the Commission. It must here be noted that in 1925 (Amn. ent. Soc. Amer. 18 : 88) Lindsey advanced the view that the nominal species Halpe ceylonica Moore, 1878, (Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1878 : 690, pl. 45, fig. 9) had been selected as the type-species of the genus Halpe by Kirby in [1880] (in Zool. Rec. 15 (year 1878) (Ims.) : 188). Lindsey’s statement is incorrect in every respect, and must 206 FRANCIS HEMMING have been due to some confusion in his notes, for Kirby did not designate a type-species for this genus and indeed did not cite Halpe ceylonica at all. Finally, it must be noted that in 1949 (Joc. cit. : 260) Evans treated the taxon represented by the nominal species Halpe moovei Watson as being the same as that represented by the older- established nominal species Hesperilla porus Mabille, 1876 (Bull. Soc. ent. Fr. (5) 6 : cxcix). HAMADRYAS Hiibner, [1806], Tentamen : [1]. Type-species by monotypy: Papilio io Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 472. The name Hamadryas Hiibner, as of the Tentamen, is invalid, because by the ruling given by the Commission in its Opinion 97 (1926, Smithson. miscell. Coll. 73 (No. 4) : 19-30) ; republished in 1958, Opin. int. Comm. zool. Nom. 1 (B) : 355-366) the leaflet in which it appeared was rejected as being unavailable for the purposes of zoological nomenclature. This generic name has been placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology as Name No. 82. HAMADRYAS Hibner, [1806], Sammi. exot. Schmett.1 : pl. [47]. Type-species by monotypy : Papilio amphinome Linnaeus, 1767, Syst. Nat. (ed. 12) 1 (2) : 779. The rejection by the Commission of Hiibner’s Tentamen and the consequent invalidation of the name Hamadyryas as published in that leaflet made it necessary to ascertain where this name was next published. This turned out to be in volume 1 of the Sammi. exot. Schmett. of the same author. From the species included in the genus Hamadryas I selected (1933, Entomo- logist 66 : 197) Papilio feronia Linnaeus, 1758 (figured on Hiibner’s plate [48]) to be the type- species of this genus. Later, the discovery of Hiibner’s manuscripts showed that, contrary to what had previously been believed, the plates in the Sammlung depicting species referred to the genus Hamadryas were not published simultaneously but had appeared on various dates between 1806 and 1814. Plate [48] referred to above was seen not have been published until 1813; it followed that the selection of Papilio feronia as the type-species of Hamadryas made in 1933 was automatically invalid. It was seen also that only one plate of a Hamadryas species was published in 1806. This was plate [47], depicting Papilio amphinome, and that species is accordingly the type-species by monotypy. HAMADRYAS Boisduval, [1832], in d’Urville, Voy. “ Astrolabe’’, Faun. ent. 1 (Lép.) : 91. Type-species by selection by Moore (Pyvoc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1883 : 253) : Papilio zoilus Fabri- cius, 1775, Syst. Ent. : 480. The name Hamadrvyas Boisduval, as being a junior homonym of Hamadryas Hubner, [1806] is invalid. It has been replaced by the name Tellervo Kirby, 1894. HAMADRYODES Moore, [1898], Lep. ind. 3 (32) : 146. Type-species by original designa- tion : Athyma lactaria Butler, 1866, Aun. Mag. nat. Hist. (3) 17 : 98. When establishing the genus Hamadryodes and designating its type-species in Part 32 of the Lep. ind., Moore gave no generic diagnosis for this taxon; he made good this deficiency how- ever in Part 34 (: 215), published later in the same year. The taxon represented by the nominal species Athyma lactavia Butler is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as being the same as that represented by the older- established nominal species Limenitis praslini Boisduval, [1832] (7m d’Urville, Voy. “ Astro- labe’’, Faun. ent. 1 (Lép.) : 131). HAMADRYOPSIS Oberthur, 1894, Etud. ent. 19:17. Type-species by monotypy : Hamadry- opsis drusillodes Oberthur, 1894, ibid. 19 : 17, pl. 2, figs. 4, 4a. Fruhstorfer in 1908, (Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien. 58 (6/7) : 217) subjectively identified Hamadryopsis drusillodes Oberthur, 1894, with Drusillopsis dohertyi Oberthur, 1894, (loc. cit. 19 : 16, pl. 2, figs 3, 3a). As these names of Oberthur’s were published in the same work and on the same date, the relative precedence to be accorded to the specific names dyvusillodes and doherty: depends on the choice made by the First Reviser. This choice was made in the paper cited above, Fruhstorfer in it adopting doherty: and treating dvusillodes as a junior synonym of that name. Accordingly, from the standpoint of workers who accept the synonymy established by Fruhstorfer, the specific name dvusillodes Oberthur (the specific name of the GENERIC NAMES OF BUTTERFLIES 207 type-species of the present genus) falls as a junior subjective synonym of the specific name dohertyi Oberthur. Like the names of the species discussed above, the names of the genera in which those species were placed by Oberthur—that is, Hamadryopsis Oberthur and Drusillopsis Oberthur —were also then newly introduced. In consequence, the relative precedence to be accorded to these generic names depends on the choice made by the First Reviser. This choice was made by myself in 1964 (Annot. lep. (3) : 77), when I selected the name Drusillopsis Oberthur to take precedence over the name Hamadryopsis Oberthur. It may be noted that in the same paper Fruhstorfer quite incorrectly rejected both the name Hamadryopsis Oberthur and the name Drusillopsis on the ground that Oberthur had not characterized the taxa to which he applied these names. Having done this, Fruhstorfer adopted the name Hamadryopsis as his own and provided a diagnosis of his own for the genus so named. HAMANUMIDA Hiibner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2) : 18. Type-species by selection by Scudder (1874, Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10 : 183) : Papilio meleagris Cramer, Uitl. Kapellen 1 (6) : 102, pl. 66, figs A, B. The taxon represented by the nominal species Papilio meleagris Cramer, [1775], is currently identified subjectively with the taxon represented by the nominal species Papilio daedalus Fabricius, 1775 (Syst. Ent. : 482). As these names were both published in 1775, the relative precedence to be accorded to them was a matter of doubt until in 1958 (Opin. int. Comm. zool. Nom. 19 : 1-44) the Commission promulgated its Opinion 516, in which it ruled, inter alia, that the Syst. Ent. of Fabricius of 1775 was to be accorded precedence over the portions of Cramer’s Uztl. Kapellen published in the same year. HAMEARIS Hiibner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2) : 19. Type-species by selection by Curtis (1830, Brit. Entom. 7 : pl. 316) : Papilio lucina Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 480. Note must here be taken of a formerly widespread misuse of the name Hamearis Hiibner which arose out of a faulty action taken by Scudder in 1875 (Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10 : 183). Scudder was aware that in 1830 Curtis had selected Papilio lucina Linnaeus to be the type-species of this genus but he rejected that selection on the ground—erroneous under the present Code—that it was ineligible for selection as the type-species of Hamearis at the time (1830) when it was so selected by Curtis because it had already been made the type- species of a different genus (Nemeobius Stephens, 1827). On this argument the genus Hamea- vis Hiibner was still without a valid type-species and Scudder attempted to make good this deficiency by selecting as the type-species Papilio epulus Cramer, [1775] (Uitl. Kapellen 1 (5) : 29, pl. 50, figs C, D). Owing to the great prestige in which Scudder’s work was held, his in- correct disposition of the genus was accepted for a long time. It continued for some time after Scudder’s mistake had been detected and the name Hamearis had been correctly brought into use for Papilio lucina. The development of this anomalous situation was due, it may be assumed, to the fact that the true type-species of Hamearis is a purely palaearctic genus, while the pseudotype set up by Scudder is confined to the Neotropical Region of the New World, with the result that there were few authors whose work led them to deal with both of these widely separated groups. Authors who realized that the name Hamearis could not properly be used for Papilio epulus attempted to overcome the difficulty by—incorrectly—teferring that species to the genus Lemonias Hiibner. It was when I was considering the position of the last-mentioned generic name that I realized that the only way of establishing order in this case would be by establishing a new nominal genus having Papilio epulus Cramer as type- species. This I did in 1934 when I introduced the new genus Audve Hemming. HAMES Westwood, [1851], in Doubleday, Gen. diurn. Lep. (2) : 366. Type-species by mono- typy : Papilio chorinaeus Fabricus, 1775, Syst. Ent. : 484. The name Hames Westwood was introduced in the synonymy of the genus Caervois Hiibner, [1823], where it was cited as manuscript name of Boisduval’s. As a name published in a 208 FRANCIS HEMMING synonym, the name Hames acquired no status of availability thereby (Article 11(d)) and is therefore invalid. Even if the name Hames Westwood had been available it would have been invalid as a junior objective synonym of Arpidea Duncan, 1837. HANIPHA Moore, [1880], Lep. Ceylon 1 (1) : 18. Type-species by original designation : Lethe sihala Moore, 1872, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1872 : 555. The taxon represented by the nominal species Lethe sthala Moore is currently treated sub- jectively on taxonomic grounds as being the same as that represented by the older-established nominal species Debis dynsate Hewitson, [1863] (l/l. evot. Butts 3 : [76], pl. [38], figs 9, ro Q). HANSA Evans, 1955, Cat. amer. Hesp. Brit. Mus. 4 : 303, 370. Type-species by original designation : Hesperia hyboma P16tz, 1886, Stett. ent. Zig 47 : 1o1. HANTANA Moore, [1881], Lep. Ceylon 1 (4) : 179. Type-species by original designation : Eudamus infernus Felder (R.), 1868, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien 18 : 283. The taxon represented by the nominal species Eudamus infernus Felder is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as being the same as that represented by the nominal species Eudamis spilothyrus Felder (R.), 1868 (loc. cit. 18 : 283). As these names are of equal date—having actually been published on the same page of the same volume—the relative precedence to be accorded to them depends on the choice made by the First Reviser. This choice was made in 1927 (Ident. ind. Butts (ed. 1) : 214) by Evans who gave preference to the specific name spilothyrus Felder over the name infernus Felder, sinking the latter as a junior synonym of the former. On the basis of the foregoing synonymy the valid specific name for the taxon here in question is spilothyrus Felder. HANTANUS Swinhoe, [1912], 7x Moore, Lep. ind. 9 (108) : 273 (an Incorrect Subsequent Spell- ing of Hantana Moore, [1881]). HARAMBA Moore, [1897], Lep. ind. 3 (27) : 49. Type-species by original designation : Adolias appiades Ménétriés, 1857, Enum. Corp. Anim. Mus. imp. Acad. Sci. petrop. (2) : 120 pl. 9, fig. 4. When establishing the nominal genus Havamba, Moore designated a type-species for it but did not give a generic diagnosis. This omission was made good by Moore later in the same year in Part 28 (: 86) of the same volume. The taxon represented by the nominal species Adolias appiades Ménétriés is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as the same as that represented by the older- established nominal species Nymula juli Lésson, 1837 (in Bougainville, J. navig. autour Globe Fregatte ‘‘ La Thetis”’ 2 : 345, pl. 44, figs 4, 4 bis). HARIDRA Moore, [1880], Lep. Ceylon 1 (1) : 30. Type-species by selection by Moore ([1895] Lep. ind. 2 (22) : 229) : Charaxes psaphon Westwood, 1847, Cabinet ovient. Entom. : 43, pl. 21, figs 1, 2 3. HARIMA Moore, [1892], Lep. ind. 1 (12) : 299. Type-species by original designation : Neope callipteris Butler, 1877, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (4) 19 : 92. The name Harima Moore was published on the same date (and in the same work) as the name Sinchula Moore, and in consequence the relative precedence to be accorded to these names depends on the choice made by the First Reviser. This was made by myself in 1964 (A nmnot. lep. (3) : 78), when I chose the name Sinchula Moore to take precedence over the name Harima Moore. HARIMALA Moore, [1881], Lep. Ceylon 1 (4) : 145. Type-species by original designation : Papilio crino Fabricius, 1793, Ent. syst. 3 (1) : 5. HARMA Doubleday, [1848], Gen. diurn. Lep. (2) : pl. 40, fig. 3. Type-species by monotypy : Harma theobene Doubleday, [1848], ibid. (2) : pl. 40, fig. 3. The relevant text was not published until 1850 (: 287) when it appeared in the portion of the above work prepared by Westwood after Doubleday’s death. HARMILLA Aurivillius, 1892, Ent. Tidsky. 13 : 200. Type-species by monotypy : Harmilla elegans Aurivillius, 1892, ibid. 13 : 200. GENERIC NAMES OF BUTTERFLIES 209 HARPENDYREUS Heron, 1909, Trans. zool. Soc. Lond. 19 (2) : 158. Type-species by mono- typy : Harpendyreus reginaldi Heron, 1909, ibid. 19 (2) : 159, pl. 5, figs 23, 24 g, 25, 26 9. HARSIESIS Fruhstorfer, [1911], in Seitz, Grossschmitt. Erde 9 : 299. Type-species by mono- typy : Hypocysta hygea Hewitsson, [1863], J//. exot. Butts 3 : [99], pl. [50], figs 2, 3 d. Fruhstorfer stated that there was only one certain species in this genus, namely Hypocysta hygea Hewitson. In addition, he cited in this genus the nominal species Hypocysta hecaerge Hewitson, [1863] (loc. cit. 3 : [99], pl. 50, figs 4, 5) which he suggested might represent a pale aberration of the taxon represented by the nominal species Hypocysta hygea. Hypocysta hecaerge, as a species inquivenda, is ineligible (Article 67 (g)) for selection as type-species, and accordingly, as stated above, Hypocysta hygea is the type-species of this genus by monotypy. HASORA Moore, [1881], Lep. Ceylon 1 (4) : 159. Type-species by original designation : Goniloba badra Moore, 1857, in Horsfield & Moore, Cat. lep. Ins. Mus. East India Coy (1) : 245, pl. 7, figs 3 (larva), 3a (pupa). HEBOMOIA Hiibner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (6) : 96. Type-species by selection by Butler (1870, Cistula ent. 1: 48) : Papilio glaucippe Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 469. HECAERGE Ochsenheimer, 1816, Schmett. Europa 4:32. Type-species by monotypy : Papilio celtis Laicharting, 1782, im Fuessly, Archiv Insektengesch., Heft 2 (No. 4) : 1. This name is invalid, because it is a junior objective synonym of Libythea Fabricius, 1807. The name Hecaerge is often attributed to Hiibner, because it was used by that author in [1819] (Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (7) : 100). ‘This is one of the very few cases in which Hiibner employed a generic name proposed by a previous author and at the same time used it in the same sense as that in which it had been employed by the earlier author. HECALENE Doubleday, 1844, List. Spec. lep. Ins. Brit. Mus.1: 112. Type-species by mono- typy : Papilio clytemnestra Cramer, [1777], Uitl. Kapellen 2 (12) : 61, pl. 137, figs A, B. The generic name Hecalene Doubleday is invalid, as it is a junior objective synonym of Hypna Hiibner, [1819]. HECTORIDES Hiibner, 1821, Index exot. Lep.: [1], [2]. Type-species by selection by Scudder (1875, Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10 : 184) : Papilio agavus Drury, [1782], Til. nat. Hist. 3 : index et 11, pl. 9, fig. 4. Hiibner published the name Hectorides twice in the year 1821, first (as shown above) in the Index exot. Lep., and later in that year in volume 2 of the Samml. exot. Schmett. (on pl. [106}). HEDAMARA Goltz, 1939, Ent. Rundsch. 56 : 42 (an Incorrect Subsequent Spelling of Hemadara Moore, [1893]). HEDONE Scudder, 1872, 4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. 1871 : 79. Type-species by original designation : Hesperia brettus Boisduval & Leconte, [1834], Hist. gén. icon. Lépid. Chenilles Amer. sept. : pl. 75, figs 3,4 36,5 9. The taxon represented by Hesperia brettus Boisduval & Leconte is currently treated sub- jectively on taxonomic grounds as being the same as the taxon represented by the older- established nominal species Thymelicus vibex Geyr, [1832], (tn Hiibner, Zuty. z. Sammi. exot. Schmett. 4 : 22, pl. [118], figs 685, 686). HEGESIPPE Evans, 1951, Cat. amer. Hesp. Brit. Mus. 1:5, 62. Type-species by original designation : Sarbia hegesippe Mabille & Boullet, 1908, Ann. Sct. nat., Zool. (6) 7 : 201. HELCYRA Felder (C.), 1860, S.B. Akad. Wiss. Wien 40 : 450. Type-species by monotypy : Helcyra chionippe Felder (C.), 1860, zb7d. 40 : 450. HELIAS Fabricius, 1807, Mag. f. Insektenk. (Illiger) 6 : 287. Type-species by subsequent designation through Section (a) (ii) of Article 69 by Butler (1870, Ent. mon. Mag. 7 : 98) Urbanus phalaenoides Hiibner, [1812], Samm. evot. Schmett. 1 : pl. [152]. Fabricius established this genus with a short diagnosis but without citing any 210 FRANCIS HEMMING established nominal species as belonging to it. He did however, enter under Helias the manuscript specific name phalaenoides. Thereafter, this name was unnoticed until in 1862 (Wien. ent. Monats. 6 : 186-187) it was revived by Cajetan & Rudolf Felder who expressed the view that it ought to be brought into use and who thereupon placed in it a con- siderable number of nominal species, one of which was Urbanus phalaenoides Hiibner, [1812]; this species was selected as type-species by Butler in 1870. Thus, ultimately, the species which Fabricius no doubt had in mind, when on establishing the genus Helias he cited the manuscript specific name phalaenoides became the type-species of Helias. HELICODES Doubleday, 1844, List Spec. lep. Ins. Brit. Mus.1: 112. Type-species by mono- typy : Papilio hippona Fabricius, 1777, Gen. Ins. : 265. The taxon represented by the nominal species Papilio hippona Fabricius is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as being the same as that represented by the older-estab- lished nominal species Papilio fabius Cramer, [1776], Uztl. Kapellen 1 (8) : 141, pl. go, figs C, D. Formerly, the name hippona Fabricius was commonly used in place of fabius Cramer in the erroneous belief that it was the older of the two names. HELICODES Boisduval, 1870, Consid. Lépid. Guatemala : 49. Type-species by monotypy : Papilio fabius Cramer, [1776], Uitl. Kapellen 1 (8) : 141, pl. 90, figs C, D. The name Helicodes was published by Boisduval in 1870 as a new name of his own and no doubt it was he who first devised this name in manuscript many years earlier. It was only through Boisduval’s habitual dilatoriness that this manuscript name of his was (as shown above) published by Doubleday in 1844 in a slightly different way. The name Helicodes Boisduval is invalid, not only as a junior homonym of Helicodes Doubleday, 1844, but also as a junior objective synonym of Consul Hiibner, [1807]. HELICONA Guérin-Ménéville, [1844], Icon. Régne Anim. Cuvier 3 (texte explic.) (Ins.) : 472 (an Incorrect Subsequent Spelling of Heliconia Godart, [1819)). HELICONIA Godart, [1819], Ency. méth. 9 (Ins.) (1) : 203. Type-species by selection by Hemming (1933, Entomologist 66 : 223) : Papilio charithona Linnaeus, 1767, Syst. Nat. (ed. 12) 1 (2) : 757. It is likely that, when Godart introduced the name Heliconia, he looked upon himself as publishing an emendation of Heliconius Latreille, 1804, but he said nothing to suggest this; in the circumstances it seems best to treat it as a new name of his own. The name Heliconia Godart is invalid, as it is a junior objective synonym of Heliconius Kluk, 1802. It was placed by the Commission in its Opinion 382 on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology as Name No. 384. HELICONIUS Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 465. There is no such name as Heliconius Linnaeus, although it has sometimes been claimed that there is, because, in common with certain other words, the word “‘ Heliconius’’ was used by Linnaeus (and by some of his immediate successors in the Sub-Linnean age) as a term to denote certain groups of species within the genus Papilio Linnaeus. Any remaining doubts as to the status of these terms was dispelled by the Commission when in its Opinion 124 published in 1936 (Smithson. miscell. Coll. 73, No. 4 : 1-2 ; republished in facsimile in 1958, Opin. int. Comm. zool. Nom. 1 (B) : 465-466) it ruled that the terms published in this way did not thereby acquire the status of subgeneric names. The reputed generic name Heliconius Linnaeus, 1758, is thus a ghost-name possessing no existence in zoological nomenclature. In order finally to dispose of this cheironym, the Com- mission by its Opinion 383 (published in 1956) placed it on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology as Name No. 382. HELICONIUS Kluk, 1802, Zwievz. Hict. nat. pocz. gospod. 4 : 82. Type-species by selection by Hemming (1933, Entomologist 66 : 223) : Papilio charithonia Linnaeus, 1767, Syst. Nat. (ed. 12) 1 (2) : 757. Kluk in the work cited above was the first author to use the word “ Heliconius”’ as a generic name in a strictly binominal sense. This name was placed by the Commission in its GENERIC NAMES OF BUTTERFLIES 211 Opinion 382 (published in 1956) on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology as Name No. 923. HELICONIUS Latreille, 1804, Nouv. Dict. Hist. nat. 24 (Tab.) : 185, 199. Type-species by selection by Hemming (1933, Entomologist 66: 198) : Papilio charithonia Linnaeus, 1767, Syst. Nat. (ed. 12) 1 (2) : 757. In the work cited above Latreille gave a diagnosis for this genus on page 185 but did not cite any nominal species; on page 199 however in a comparison of his system with that of Fabricius he cited Papilio vicini Linnaeus and Papilio chavithonia Linnaeus (both attributed by him to Fabricius). It should be noted here that Latreille noted (on page 95) that this was a new genus by placing an asterisk against it. The subsequent history of this name from the nomenclatorial point of view is, for one hundred and thirty years, one of continuous misunderstanding ; numerous attempts were made to select a type-species for this genus, but these all failed because none of the species so selected was included in the genus when it was first established by Latreille in 1804. In some cases this seems to have been due to the authors who made the selections erroneously taking one of Latreille’s later publications as having been that in which he first published the name Heliconius, while in others it seems to have been due solely to inadvertence. It might have been hoped that in this, as in many other cases, Latreille might have made a valid type-selec- tion for this genus in his celebrated Consid. gén. of 1810; but unfortunately in that work he cited two species, instead of one only, as “‘ espéces typiques ’’; moreover neither of the species which he then cited (Papilio polymnia Linnaeus and Papilio horyta Linnaeus, both attributed by Latreille to Fabricius, because it was with that author’s system that he was then comparing his own) had been included in Heliconius in 1804. There follow three type-selections all of which are invalid, because the species so selected were not originally included species of this genus. The pseudotypes so set up are the following: (a) Papilio psidii Linnaeus, specified by Crotch in 1872 (Cistula ent. 1 : 60); (b) Papilio antiochus Linnaeus, specified by Scudder in 1875 (Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10 : 185); (c) Papilio melpomene Linnaeus, specified by Kirby in 1894 (im Allen’s Nat. Liby., Lepid. 1: 41). The genus Heliconius Latreille re- mained without a valid type-species until in 1933 I selected as such Papilio charithonia Linnaeus, the second of the two species placed in this genus by Latreille 1804. The name Heliconius Latreille is invalid as a junior homonym of the name Heliconius Kluk; it is invalid also as being a junior objective synonym of that name. In 1956 this name was placed by the Commission in its Opinion 382 on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology as Name No. 383. HELICOPIS [llliger], 1807, Allgem. Lit. Zig, Halle [Jena] 1807 (No. 2) : 1180 Type-species by monotypy : Papilio gnidus Fabricius, 1787, Mantissa Ins. 2 : 64. The name Helicopis [Illiger] is one of the twelve names, well-known and in general use as from the date of their publication by Fabricius in 1807, which it was discovered in 1939 had been published with different included species in an anonymous paper of Illiger’s which slightly predated that of Fabricius. A full account of this unfortunate discovery has been given in the note on the name A patura [Illiger] (the first in alphabetical order of the names concerned). It is necessary here only to note that in the interests of nomenclatorial stability the Commission was asked to suppress under its Plenary Powers all these Illiger names, thereby validating their Fabrician counterparts. This application was approved by the Com- mission, its decision being promulgated in its Opinion 232 (1954, Opin. int. Comm. zool. Nom. 4 : 249-274). In that Opinion the name Helicopis [Illiger] was suppressed for the purposes both of the Law of Priority and for those of the Law of Homonymy and was placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology as Name No. 42. HELICOPIS Fabricius, 1807, Mag. f. Insecktenk. (lliger) 6 : 285. Type-species by selection by Scudder (1875, Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10: 186) : Papilio cupido Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 482. This well-known Riodinid name was found to suffer from two quite distinct defects, each of 212 FRANCIS HEMMING which could be remedied only by the intervention of the Commission. Particulars of these defects and of the remedial action taken by the Commission are given below. First, the name Helicopis Fabricius, 1807, came into collision with the name Rusticus Hubner, when, following the rejection by the Commission (in Opinion 97) of the leaflet known as the Tentamen (where that name was used for a Plebejid Lycaenid) the latter name was found to rank for priority from 1807 in which year it was published in Volume 1 of Hiibner’s Sammi. exot. Schmett. In this work the name Rusticus was used for a number of species, one of which, the Riodinid species Papilio gnidus Fabricius, 1787, became its type-species by subsequent selection. The taxon represented by this nominal species is currently considered to be congeneric with that represented by the nominal species Papilio cupido Linnaeus, the type- species of Helicopis Fabricius. On the basis therefore of the subjective treatment of these two species, the names Helicopis Fabricius and Rusticus Hiibner became subjective synonyms of one another. It was known that both these names were first published in 1807, but nothing was known on the question as to which had priority over the other. In order to guard against the risk that later it might be found that of these names Rusticus Hiibner was the first to be published, an application was made to the Commission by myself in 1935 that the Plenary Powers should be used to secure the position of Helicopis Fabricius. This application was approved by the Commission, its decision being embodied in its Opinion 137 (1942, Opin. int. Comm. zool. Nom. 2 : 21-28). In a Supplementary Note to that Opinion, published in 1945 in Part 30A of the same volume (:(5)—(9)) the name Helicopis Fabricius, 1807, was placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology as Name No. 565. The last stage of this part of the case was reached in 1954 when, in its Direction 4 (loc. cit. 2 : 629-652) the Commission, while reviewing the rulings given in the earlier Opinions included in the foregoing volume, confirmed the conditional suppression of the name Rusticus Hiibner under the Plenary Powers prescribed in the ruling given in Opinion 137, made that suppression absolute and placed the name Rusticus Hiibner, [1807], so suppressed, on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Najes in Zoology as Name No. 213. The second of the two defects in the status of the name Helicopis Fabricius, 1807, came to light when it was discovered that the till-then overlooked name Helicopis [{Illiger], 1807, possessed a narrow margin of priority over it. As has been explained in the note on Illiger’s name this difficulty was overcome by the suppression by the Commission of the name Helicopis [Iliger] under its Plenary Powers by the ruling given in 1954 in its Opinion 232. The twofold action by the Commission described above served fully to secure the position of Helicopis Fabricius as the oldest available name for the genus having Papilio cupido Linnaeus as type-species. HELIOCHLAENA Hiibner, 1821, Index. exot. Lep.: [4]. Type-species by monotypy : Limnas leucosia Hiibner, [1806], Samml. exot. Schmett. 1 : pl. [29]. Up till 1946 the name Heliochlaena Hiibner was a junior objective synonym of Limnas Hiibner [1806]. In that year however the generic name Limnas Hiibner was suppressed by the Commission under its Plenary Powers by the Ruling given in its Opinion 171, the purpose of this action being to prevent the name Limnas Hiibner from replacing the well-known name Nymphidium Fabricius, 1807, of which it was a senior subjective synonym. By the suppres- sion of the name Limnas Hiibner, the name Heliochlaena Hiibner became an available name nomenclatorially, being placed thereupon as a junior subjective synonym of Nymphidium Fabricius. HELIOCHROMA Butler, 1869, Cistula ent. 1:15. Type-species by monotypy: Helio- chroma idiotica Butler, 1860, zbid. 1 : 15. HELIOPETES Billberg, 1820, Enum. Ins. Mus. Billb. : 81. Type-species by monotypy : Papilio niveus Cramer, [1775], Uitl. Kapellen 1 (2) : 33, pl. 22, fig. C. The taxon represented by the nominal species Papilio niveus Cramer is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as being the same as that represented by the older-estab- lished nominal species Papilio arsalte Linnaeus, 1758 (Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 469). GENERIC NAMES OF BUTTERFLIES 213 HELIOPHORUS Geyer, [1832], im Hiibner, Zutr. z. Sammi. exot. Schmett.4 : 40. Type-species by selection by Scudder (1875, Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10 : 186) : Heliophorus belenus Geyer, [1832], 7m Hiibner, zbid. 4 : 40, pl. [135], figs 785, 786. The taxon represented by the nominal species Heliophorus belenus Geyer is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as being the same as that represented by the older-establi- shed nominal species Polyommatus epicles Godart, [1824] (Ency. méth. 9 (Ins.) (2) : 646). HELIOPYRGUS Herrera, 1957, im Herrera, Etcheverry & Hochleitner, Rev. chil. Ent. 5 : 154. Type-species by original designation : Syrichtus americanus Blanchard, 1852, in Gay, Hist. fis. pol. Chile : 744. HELIORNIS Billberg, 1820, Enum. Ins. Mus. Billb.: 79. Type-species by selection by Hemming (1934, Entomologist 67 : 37) : Papilio achilles Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. Io) 1 : 463. The name Heliornis Billberg is invalid, as it is a junior objective synonym of Morpho Fabricius, 1807. HELLEIA Verity, 1943, Farfalle diurn. d'Italia 2 : 20, 48. Type-species by original designa- tion: Papilio helle [Denis & Schiffermiiller], 1775, Ankiindung [sic] eines syst. Werkes Schmett. Wiener Gegend : 181. HEMADARA Moore, [1893], Lep. ind. 2 (16) : 106. Type-species by original designation : Yphthima [sic] narasingha Moore, 1857, in Horsfield & Moore, Cat. lep. Ins. Mus. East India Coy (1) : 236. HEMEROCHARIS Boisduval, [1836], (Roret’s Suite 4 Buffon), Hist. nat. Ins., Spec. gén. Lépid. 1: 412. Type-species by selection by Hemming (1934, Gen. Names hol. Butts 1 : 123) : Papilio (Leptalis) astynome Dalman, 1823, Analecta ent. : 39. The name Hemerocharis Boisduval was published in the synonymy of Leptalis Dalman as a manuscript name which he (Boisduval) had formerly proposed for Dalman’s genus. At a time when there were no provisions regulating the status of names published in syno- nymies I selected (in 1934) Papilio (Leptalis) astynome Dalman as the type-species, thus making Hemerocharis Boisduval a junior objective synonym of Leptalis Dalman. The problem here in question has been dealt with expressly in the revised Code of 1961 which provides (Article 11 (d)) that a name published in a synonymy acquires no status in zoological nomenclature thereby. HEMIARGUS Hiibner, 1818, Zutr. z. Samml. exot. Schmett.1:19. Type-species by selection by Hemming (1934, Gen. Names hol. Butts 1: 104) : Hemiargus antibubastus Hiibner, 1818, ibid. 1 : 19, pl. [18], figs 99, roo. There has been some confusion regarding the species to be accepted as the type-species of this genus, partly because of a misconception as to the work in which the name Hemiargus was first published and partly because of faulty identifications of the nominal species selected as type-species. The first author to deal with this question was Scudder (1875, Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10 : 186) who fell into the twofold error of supposing that the name Hemiargus was first published in the Verzeichniss and of assigning the date ‘‘ 1816 ”’ to the portion of that work in which that name appeared (Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (5) : (69). In actual fact, as is now known, this portion of the Verzeichniss was not published until 1819, that is, one year after the publication of volume 1 of the Zutrdge, in which also the name Hemiargus appeared. From the species placed in Hemiargus in the Verzeichniss Scudder selected Papilio hanno Stoll, [1790] (Aanhangs. Werk Uitl. Kapellen Pieter Cramer : 170, pl. 39, fig. 2) to be the type-species of Hemiargus. That nominal species was not included in Hemiargus when that genus was originally established in the Zutrdége and accordingly its selection by Scudder as the type-species isinvalid. This mistake remained uncorrected until attention was drawn to it by myself in 1929 (Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (10) 3 : 229) when I pointed out that the only nominal species included by Hiibner in the genus Hemuiargus in the Zutvdge were the then new 214 FRANCIS HEMMING nominal species Hemiargus antibubastus and the nominal species Papilio bubastus Stoll, [1780]. Holding the then-current view that the taxon represented by the nominal species Hemiargus antibubastus Hiibner was the same as that represented by Papilio hanno Stoll, I fell into the error of supposing that on the basis of this subjective identification it would be permissible to accept as valid the selection of the last-mentioned species as the type-species of Hemiargus made by Scudder in 1875. When I returned to this subject in 1934 (: 104), I realized that the procedure which I had followed in 1929 was incorrect and, while maintaining the foregoing synonymy indicated above, I expressly stated that the type-species of this genus was Hemi- argus antibubastus Hiibner, thus providing the genus Hemiargus Hiibner at last with a valid type-species. About ten years later Nabokov published a revision of this group of species (1945, Psyche 52 : 20), in which he showed that the taxa presented by Hemiargus antibubastus and Papilio hanno respectively were not conspecific with one another and therefore that, contrary to long- established belief, the specific name antibubastus Hubner could not be regarded on taxonomic grounds as a junior subjective synonym of hanno Stoll. At the same time Nabokov brought forward grounds to show that there was a second taxon of specific rank currently confused with Papilio hanno Stoll. This second species had been given the name Hesperia ceraunus by Fabricius in 1793 (Ent. syst. 3 (1) : 303) (the name cevaunus Fabricius having subsequently been treated incorrectly as a junior subjective synonym of hanno Stoll). Finally, Nabokov identified the taxon represented by Hemiargus antibubastus Hiibner as being the Florida sub- species of the taxon represented by the nominal species Hesperia cevaunus. Nabokovy’s arrangement of these taxa is here adopted. HEMIOLAUS Aurivillius, [1922] im Seitz, Grossschmett. Erde 13 (Lief. 306) : 382. Type- species by selection by Stempffer & Bennett, 1958, Bull. Inst. franc. Afr. noive 20 (A) (4) : 1254 : Iolaus caeculus Hopffer, 1855, Ber. Verh. Akad. Berl. 1855 : 642. No species were cited for this genus in the portion of the text included in Lieferung 306, but these were given in the immediately following portion of the text (: 386). This formed part of Lieferung 322. It was not published until 1923. HEMIPTERIS Mabille, 1889, Le Naturaliste (2) 3:216. Type-species by monotypy : Hemipteris fumida Mabille, 1889, zbid. (2) 3 : 216. The taxon represented by the nominal species Hemipteris fwmida Mabille is currently treated as representing the same taxon as that represented by the older-established nominal species Pellicia tyana Plétz, 1882 (Stett. ent. Ztg 43 : 255). HEMITELEOMORPHA Warren, 1926, Tvans. ent. Soc. Lond. 74: 19, 72. Type-species by selection by Hemming (1934, Stylops 3 : 143) : Papilio malvae Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 485. HENOTESIA Butler, 1879, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (5) 4: 228. Type-species by monotypy : Henotesia wardii Butler, 1879, ibid. (5) 4 : 229. Butler introduced the nominal genus Henotesia for a particular species occurring in Mada- gascar of which there was material in the collection of the British Museum (Natural History) ; this species Butler had been unable to identify with certainty but suggested that it might be Mycalesis anganavo Ward, Nov. 1871 (Ent. mon. Mag. 8 : 122), but stated that he could not be sure, as he did not know that species in nature and had only Ward’s description to assist him. He finished by saying that, if later it were to be found that the species on which he was founding his genus Henotesia was not the true Mycalesis anganavo, then the name Henotesia wardit should be applied to that species. Thus, Butler cited the specific names of two nominal species as belonging to the genus Henotesia; the nominal species concerned were Mycalesis anganavo Ward and Henotesia wardii Butler; of these, Ward’s species by Butler’s own express statement was for him a species inquivenda and, as such, was ineligible for selection as type- species. As the only remaining species, Henotesia warvdii Butler is accordingly the type-species by monotypy. According to currently-held taxonomic ideas the taxa represented by the nominal species GENERIC NAMES OF BUTTERFLIES 215 Henotesia wardii and Mycalesis anganoyo are entirely distinct from one another. On the other hand, the taxon represented by the nominal species Henotesia wardii Butler is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as being the same as that represented by the older- established nominal species Mycalesis andvavahana Mabille, 1878 (Bull. Soc. zool. Fr. 3 : 82). HEODES Dalman, 1816, K. svenska VetenskAkad. Handl., Stockholm 1816 (No. 1) : 63. Type-species by monotypy : Papilio virgaureae Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 484. In his diagnosis on page 63 Dalman cited only Papilio virgaureae Linnaeus which is there- fore the type-species by monotypy, though further species were added later (: 91). HERACLIDES Hiibner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (6) : 83. Type-species by selection by Scudder (1875, Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10 : 187) : Papilio thoas Linnaeus, 1771, Mantissa Plant. 2 : 536. The name Hevaclides Hiibner was published on the same date (and in the same work) as the name Calaides Hiibner, and in consequence the relative precedence to be accorded to these names depends on the choice of the First Reviser. In this case the choice was made by myself in 1964 (Annot. lep. (3) : 85), when I chose the name Heraclides Hiibner to take precedence over the name Calaides Hiibner. HERINGIA Ferreira d’ Almeida, 1924, Bol. Soc. ent. Brasil 23 (4-6) : 14. Type-species through Section (i) (replacement names) Article 67 : Rhadinoptera umbraticola Ferreira d’ Almeida, 1922, Mélanges lép. 1 : 92. Ferreira d’Almeida introduced the generic name Heringia as a replacement for Pigritia Ferreira d’Almeida, 1922, which is invalid under the Law of Homonymy. The name Heringia Ferreira d’ Almeida is however also invalid under the Law of Homonymy, it being a junior homonym of Hevingia Rondani, 1856 (Dzpt. ital. Prody. 1 : 53) and also of Heringia Hedemann, 1894 (Stett. ent. Zig 55 : 293). There is however a valid replacement name for Pigvitia Ferreira d’Almeida, namely the name Pigrvitina Hedicke, 1923. HERMATHENA Hewitson, 1874, Bolivian Butts Buckley : 15. Type-species by monotypy : Hermathena candidata Hewitson, 1874, ibid. : 16. HERMIANAX Fruhstorfer, [1911], in Seitz, Grossschmett. Evde 9 : 326. Type-species by original designation : Neorina lowii latipicta Fruhstorfer, 1897, Soc. ent. 11 (20) : 164. HERMIAS Fruhstorfer, [1911], 7m Seitz, Grosschmett. Evde 9 : 324. Type-species by mono- typy : Satyrus verma Kollar, [1844], in Hiigel, Kashmir 4 (2) : 447, pl. 16, figs 1, 2. HERMINAX Gaede, 1931, in Bryk’s Lep. Cat. 43 : 316 (an Incorrect Subsequent Spelling of Hermianax Fruhstorfer, [1911}). HERONA Doubleday, [1848], Gen. diurn. Lep. (2) : pl. 41, fig.3. Type-species by monotypy : Herona marathus Doubleday, [1848], zbid. (2) : pl. 41, fig. 3. In the text (: 294) published in 1850 in the continuation of the above work by Westwood after Doubleday’s death the above was again the only species placed in the genus Herona. HERONIA Mabille & Boullet, t912, Ann. Sci. nat., Paris, Zool. (9) 16 : 139. Type-species by monotypy : Telegonus labriaris Butler, 1877, Tvans. ent. Soc. Lond. 1877 : 148. HEROS Illiger, 1802, Mag. f. Insektenk. (Illiger) 1 : 199. The so-called name Hevos is a ghost name, never having been published as a genus-group name. The word “ Heros ’’ was used by Illiger in the style of XVIIIth century writers as a term to denote a group of species within the genus Papilio Linnaeus. So published, the word Heros is amember of the class of terms which were rejected as possessing no status in zoological nomenclature by the Commission in its Opinion 124 published in 1936 (Smithson. miscell. Coll. 73, No. 4 : 1-2; republished in facsimile in 1958, Opin. int. Comm. zool. Nom. 1 (B) : 465-466). The reputed name Heros Illiger is mentioned here only to forestall any risk of misunder- standing arising from the action of Gaede in 1932 (im Strand’s Lep. Cat. 51 : 78) in stating that this was the name of a subgenus established by Illiger, which (as already explained) is not the case. 216 FRANCIS HEMMING If in fact Illiger had established a subgenus named Heros, the type-species of that subgenus would by monotypy have been the nominal species Papilio beltrao Illiger, 1802 (Joc. cit. 1 : 199), the sole species which Illiger established with the term “‘ Heros’’. If there had been such a name as Heros Illiger, 1802, it would from the taxonomic point of view have been a senior subjective synonym of Caligo Hiibner [1819]. HERPAENIA Butler, 1870, Cistula ent. 1 : 38, 52. Type-species by original designation : Pontia tritogenia Klug, 1829, im Ehrenberg, Symbolae phys., Ins. 1: signature “h’”’, pl. 7, figs 18, 19. The taxon represented by the nominal species Pontia tritogenia Klug is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as being the same as that represented by the older-estab- lished nominal species Pieris eviphia Godart, [1819] (Ency. méth. 9 (Ins.) (1) : 157). HERRINGIA Fox, 1940, Trans. amer. ent. Soc. 66 : 199 (an Incorrect Subsequent Spelling of Hervingia Ferreira d’ Almeida, 1924). HESPERIA Fabricius, 1793, Ent. syst. 3 (1) : 258. Type-species by selection by Dalman (1816, K. svenka VetenskAkad. Handl. 1816 (No. 2) : 200) : Papilio comma Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat (ed. 10) 1 : 484. In the course of the long history of the name Hesperia Fabricius there have been periods in which widely separated species were regarded as being the type-species. The most confusing of these misusages was that of Papilio malvae Linnaeus as the type-species of this genus, for this involved also a complete misconception as to the content of the subfamily concerned. Full particulars regarding the nature and causes of these misconceptions were published by myself in 1934 (Gen. Names hol. Butts 1 : 170-172); these are not repeated or summarized here, as, in view of the universal acceptance now won for Dalman’s selection of Papilio comma Linnaeus as type-species, these earlier controversies have lost their practical significance and are now of historical interest only. HESPERIA Hiibner, [1819], Vervz. bekannt. Schmett. (2) : 25. Type-species by selection by Hemming (1964, Annot. lep. (4) : 128) : Papilio cingulus Stoll, [1790], Aanhangs. Werk. Uitl. Kapellen Pieter Cramer : 61, pl. 13, fig. 4. This is one of a number of curious cases in which Hiibner appropriated as his own a generic name published by one of his predecessors and employed it in a totally different sense, in this instance for a genus belonging to a quite different family. The name Hesperia Hiibner is invalid as a junior homonym of Hesperia Fabricius, 1793. Its type-species, it may be noted, is the type-species also of the later genus Phaenochitonia Stichel, 1910, a genus bearing a monenclatorially available name. HESPERILLA Hewitson, 1868, Descy. One Hundred new Spec. Hesp. (2) : 37. Type-species by original designation : Hesperia ornata Leach, [1815], Zool. Miscell. 1 : 126. HES PEROCHARIS Felder (C.), 1862, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien. 12 : 493. Type-species by selection by Butler (1870, Czstula ent. 1: 42) : Pieris erota Lucas, 1852, Rev. Mag. Zool. (2) 4 : 329. HESPEROPSIS Dyar, 1905, J. N.Y. ent. Soc. 13 : 118. Type-species by original designation : Thanaos alpheus Edwards, 1876, Tvans. amer. ent. Soc. 5 : 206. The specific name of the type-species was misspelled “ alphaeus’”’ by Dyart. HESTIA Hiibner, 1816, Verz. bekzannt. Schmett. (1) : 15. Type-species by selection by Scudder (1875, Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10 : 189) : Papilio lynceus Drury, [1773], J//. nat. ast. 2) -windestetyi12 5) pl. 7a eae HESTINA Westwood, [1850], 72 Doubleday, Gen. diwrn. Lep. (2) : 281. Type-species by selection by Scudder (1875, Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10 : 189) : Papilio assimilis Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 479. HESTINALIS Bryk, 1938, im Stichel, 1m Bryk’s Lep. Cat. 86 : 291. Type-species by original designation : Hestina mimetica Butler, 1874, Tvans. ent. Soc. Lond. 1874 : 426. GENERIC NAMES OF BUTTERFLIES 27 HETAERA Hoffmannsegg, 1818, Zool. Mag. 1 (2) : 106 (an Unjustified Emendation of Haetera Fabricius, 1807). HETEROCHROA Boisduval, [1836], (Roret’s Suite a Buffon), Hist. nat. Ins., Spec. gén. Lépid. 1 : pl. 8 [= pl. 4B), fig. 4. Type-species by monotypy : Heterochroa serpa Boisdu- val, [1836], zbid., Spec. gén. Lépid. 1 : pl. 8 [= pl. 4B], fig. 4. HETEROCREON Kirby, [1904], in Hiibner, Samml. exot. Schmett. (Wytsman’s facsimile ed.), Additional Notes: t1o1. Type-species by monotypy: Papilio polytes Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 460. The name Heterocveon Kirby is invalid, as it is a junior objective synonym of Menelaides Hiibner, [1819]. HETERONYMPHA Wallengren, 1858, Ofvers. VetenskAkad. Férh., Stockh. 15: 78. Type- species by selection by Butler (1868, Ent. mon. Mag. 4 : 195) : Papilio merope Fabricius, 1775, Syst. Ent. : 495. HETEROPIA Mabille, 1889, Le Naturaliste (2) 11 : 68. Type-species by selection by Watson (1893, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1893 : 22) : Heteropia imitatrix Mabille, 1889, ibid. (2) 11 : 68. The name Heteropia Mabille is invalid, as it is a junior homonym of Heteropia Carter, 1886 (Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (5) 18 : 47). It has been replaced by the name Codatractus Lindsey, 1921. The taxon represented by the nominal species Heteropia imitatrix is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as being the same as that represented by the older-estab- lished nominal species Telegonus imalena Butler, 1874 (Lep. exot. : 109, pl. 40, fig. 1). Further, the taxon represented by the nominal species Telegonus imalena Butler is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as being a subspecies of the taxon represented by the nominal species Eudamus bryaxis Hewitson, 1867, Descr. One Hundred new Spec. Hesp. (a) 3x. HETEROPSIS Westwood, [1850], in Doubleday, Gen. diurn. Lep. (2) : 323, pl. 63, fig. 5. Type-species by monotypy : Heteropsis drepana Westwood, [1850], 7 Doubleday, bid. (2) : 323, nota, pl. 63, fig. 5 (generic name misspelled as Haeteropsis on pl. 63). HETEROPTERUS Duméril, 1806, Zoologie analytique : 271 (no nominal species cited). Type-species by subsequent selection made by Hemming (1934, Gen. Names hol. Butts 1 : 167) under Article 69(a) (ii) (3) from among the first nominal species to be placed in the genus (Duponchel, 1835, im Godart, Hist. nat. Lépid. Fr. Suppl. 1 (Diurnes) : 41) : Papilio aracinthus Fabricius, 1777, Gen. Ins. : 271. The name Hetevopterus was first published in 1806, in which year it appeared both in the French text of Duméril’s book and also in Froriep’s German-language edition issued under the title Analytische Zoologie. The precise dates of publication of these two editions is not known, but this is not a matter of practical importance, because the texts of these volumes are identical; in each the name Hetevopterus appeared on page 271. No nominal species was placed by Duméril in this genus in 1806. When Duméril next dealt with the name (1823, Consid. gén. Class. Ins. : 222, pl. 41, figs 6-9 [incorrectly cited in the text as 42, fig. 2]), he once more cited no nominal species as belonging to it; in the ex- planation to the plate referred to above he designated the species there figured by the French vernacular name “ Heteroptere miroir’’. The species concerned (which is still popularly known by this vernacular name among French collectors) is now, and for long has been known as Hetevopterus morpheus (Pallas) (originally described as Papilio morpheus Pallas, 1771, Reise durch verschied. Provinz. Russisch. Reichs 1 : 471). The first author to cite duly established nominal species as belonging to the genus Hetevop- teyus was Duponchel who in 1823 (loc. cit., Suppl. 1 : 41) cited three such species. The first of these was Papilio avacinthus Fabricius, 177, the taxon represented by which is—and for long has been—treated as the same as that represented by the nominal species Papilio morpheus Pallas discussed above. Kirby in 1870 (J. linn. Soc. Lond., Zool. 10 : 500) selected as the 218 FRANCIS HEMMING type-species the nominal species Papilio speculum Rottemburg, 1775 (Der Naturforscher 6 : 31), another nominal species considered to represent the same taxon as that represented by the nominal species Papilio morpheus Pallas. The selection made by Kirby is invalid because Papilio speculum was not one of the nominal species placed in the genus Heteropterus by Duponchel in 1835, as for the same reason are all selections by later authors of Papilio morpheus Pallas. The genus remained without a validly selected type-species until Papilio avacinthus Fabricius, 1777, was so selected by myself in (1934 : 167). It will be seen from the foregoing particulars that Papilio avacinthus Fabricius, the name of the type-species of this genus, is currently treated as a junior subjective synonym of the name Papilio morpheus Pallas, 1771. HETEROSAIS Godman & Salvin [1880], Biol. centy.-amer., Lep. Rhop. 1 : 60. Type-species by original designation : Ithomia nephele Bates, 1862, Tvans. linn. Soc. Lond. 23 (3) : 548. The taxon represented by the nominal species Ithomia nephele Bates is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as a subspecies of the taxon represented by the older- established nominal species [thomia edessa Hewitson, [1854] Ill. exot. Butts 1 : [33], pl. [17], fig. 42). HETEROSCADA Schatz, [December, 1886], 7m Staudinger & Schatz, Exot. Schmett., Bd 1 (Th. 2) (2) : pl. 11. Type-species by monotypy : Heliconia gazoria Godart, [1819], Ency. méth. 9 (Ins.) (1) : 214. The text relating to this generic name, which was included in Lieferung 3, was not published until September 1887, when Schatz cited a second nominal species (Ithomia fenella Hewitson, [1867], Ill. exot. Butts 4 : [20], pl. [11], fig. 159) as belonging to this genus; as shown above, however, its type-species had been determined as Heliconia gazovia Godart by monotypy as from the time nine months earlier on the publication of Lieferwng 2, in which this species alone had been figured on plate It. The taxon represented by the nominal species Heliconia gazoria Godart is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as being the same as that represented by the older- established nominal species Papilio kavschina Herbst, 1792 (in Jablonsky, Natursyst. Ins., Schmett. 5 : 26, pl. 83, figs 5, 6). HEUREMA Agassiz, 1846, Nomencl. zool. (4to ed.), Index univ. : 181 (an Unjustified Emenda- tion of Euvema Hiibner, [1819], a genus belonging to the family Pieridae). HEUREMA Herrich-Schaeffer, 1865, CovvespBl. zool. min. Ver. Regensburg 19 : 89 (repaged offprint as Prodromus ..1 : 71). This alleged name owes its origin to a misunderstanding on the part of Herrich-Schaeffer, by whom it was attributed to Agassiz and used for the same species as Doubleday in 1844 had placed in his then new genus Eurema (a genus of the family Nymphalidae). The mistake made by Herrich-Schaeffer was in thinking that Agassiz had introduced the name Heuvema as an emendation of the Nymphalid genus Euvema Doubleday, 1844; what in fact that author had done was to introduce the name Heuvema as an emendation of the Pierid genus Eurema Hiibner, [1819]. Herrich-Schaeffer would never have introduced the name Heuvema, if it had not been for this misreading of the action of Agassiz; in this sense therefore there is, properly speaking, no such genus as Heuvema Herrich-Schaeffer. If that author had deliberately introduced the name Heuvema, it would have been a junior objective synonym of Eurema Doubleday, and as pointed out by myself in 1939 (Proc. R. ent. Soc. Lond. (B) 8 : 134) the genus so established would have had as its type-species Papilio lethe Fabricius, 1793 (Ent. syst. 3 (1) : 80), that being the type-species of Euvema Doubleday. HEUREMA Herrich-Schaeffer, 1867, CorvespBl. zool. min. Ver. Regensburg 21: 105, 128. Type-species by monotypy : Tevias impura Snellen van Vollenhoven, 1865, Essai Faun. ent. Archipel Indo-Néerland., Monogr. 1 (Fam. Pier.) : 70, pl. fig. 5. As here used, the name Heuvema was attributed by Herrich-Schaeffer to himself as the name for a new genus of the family Pieridae. In view of his previous use of this name for a Nymphalid genus, this action of his is incomprehensible, unless it is assumed that in the mean- GENERIC NAMES OF BUTTERFLIES 219 time he had become aware of the mistake which he had made when he used this name for the Nymphalid genus named Eurema by Doubleday in 1844 and had concluded that the name Heurema was available for use, as shown above fora Pierid. Herrich-Schaeffer (as has already been shown) was aware of the existence of the name Heuvema published by Agassiz in 1846 as an emendation of the name of the Pierid genus Ewvema Hiibner; if it had not been for the fact that on the present occasion Herrich-Schaeffer treated the name Heuvema as a name of his own, it would have been reasonable to conclude that it was the Heuvema of Agassiz which he was here employing, for the genus Tevias Swainson, 1821, in which the sole species cited by Herrich-Schaeffer was placed by its original author (Snellen van Vollenhoven), is closely allied to Eurema Hiibner. In the circumstances, however it is necessary to follow Herrich-Schaeffer and to treat the name Heuyema, as here employed, as the name of a new genus introduced by that author. The identity of the taxon represented by the nominal species Tevias impura Snellen van Vollenhoven has been the subject of some discussion. Rd6dber ([1909], in Seitz, Grossschmett. Erde 5 : 80) identified Terias impura with Pieris elvina Godart, [1819] (Ency. méth. 9 (Ins.) (1) : 138). On the other hand, Klots in 1933 (Ent. amer., Brooklyn (n.s.) 12 : 152, 186) considered that Tevias impura Vollenhoven was a distinct species, which he placed in the genus Tevias Swainson, of which he treated Heuvema Herrich-Schaeffer as a junior synonym. The material in the Godman & Salvin collection in the British Museum shows that Terias impura Vollenhoven is no more than a rather pale form of Pieris eluina Godart; the type- locality ‘‘ Timor ”’ given in the original description must have been due to some mistake, for the material must have been obtained somewhere in South America. This examination thus confirms the conclusion originally reached by Rober. The name Heuvema Herrich-Schaeffer is invalid, as it is a junior homonym of Heurema Agassiz, 1846. For the reasons explained above, this invalid name falls subjectively into the synonymy of the name Leucidia Doubleday, [1847]. HEWITSONIA Kirby, 1871, Syn. Cat. diurn. Lep. : 426. Type-species through Section (i) (replacement names) of Article 67 : Corydon boisduvalii Hewitson, [1869], Cat. diurn. Lep. Lycaenidae 1 (text), Suppl. : [1]; 2 (plates), Suppl. : suppl. pl. 1, figs. 1, 2. The name Hewitsonia Kirby was introduced to replace the name Corydon Hewitson, [1869], which is invalid under the Law of Homonymy. HEWITSONIA Evans, 1926, J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc. 31:50. Type-species by original designation : Eudamus aenesius Hewitson, 1876, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (4) 18 : 352. The name Hewitsonia Evans is invalid, as being a junior homonym of Hewztsonia Kirby, 1871 (Syn. Cat. diurn. Lep. : 426). Particulars of the status currently assigned to the name Eudamus aenesius Hewitson are given below in the note on the name Hewitsoniella Shepard, 1931, the name published as a replacement for Hewitsonia Evans. HEWITSONIELLA Shepard, 1931, Ann. ent. Soc. Amer. 24 (1) : 175. Type-species through Section (i) (replacement names) of Article 67 : Eudamus aenesius Hewitson, 1876, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (4) 18 : 352. The name Hewitsoniella was introduced by Shepard as a replacement for Hewitsonia Evans, 1926, which (as shown above) is invalid under the Law of Homonymy. The taxon represented by the nominal species Eudamus aenesius Hewitson is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as representing the same taxon as that represented by Eudamus migomtis Hewitson, 1876 (loc. cit. (4) 18 : 352). The relative precedence to be accorded to these names, which were published on the same date—actually on the same page of the same volume—depends upon the choice made by the First Reviser. There is very little literature regarding either of the nominal species here in question; for example, Seitz ([1927], Grossschmett. Evde 9 : 1061) stated that Eudamus aenesius was unknown to him in nature and made no mention of Eudamus migonitis at all. Eight years later Shepard (1935, in Strand’s Lep. Cat. 69 : 94) gave only the original reference for the first of these species and, like Seitz, 220 FRANCIS HEMMING made no reference to Eudamus migonitis anywhere in his volume. The only author who seems to have dealt with both these nominal species simultaneously, was Evans who was familiar with both, the type-specimens of both being in the British Museum. This was in 1949 (Cat. Hesp. Europe Asia Australia : 213) when he identified with one another the taxa represented respectively by these nominal species and adopted the specific name migonitis Hewitson for the species so recognized, sinking the name aenesius Hewitson as a junior subjective synonym. HEXUOPTERIS Scudder, 1875, Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sct., Boston 10 : 191 (an Incorrect Subsequent Spelling of Hevuroptevis Hiibner, [1819]). HEXUROPTERA Hibner, 1821, Index exot. Lep. : [3] (an Incorrect Subsequent Spelling of Hexuropteris Hiibner, [1819}). HEX UROPTERIS Hiibner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2) : 22. Type-species by selection by Hemming (1939, Proc. R. ent. Soc. Lond. (B) 8 : 135) : Hexuropteris endymiaena Hiibner, [1819], Vervz. bekannt. Schmett. (2) : 22 (as defined by the specimen figured as fig. C on plate 243 in Part 21 of volume 3 of Cramer’s Uztl. Kapellen and named Papilio endymion on page 86 of the same volume, which by selection by Hemming in 1964, Annot. lep. (4) : 103) represents the lectotype both of Papilio endymion Cramer, [1779], and of Hexuropteris endy- miaena Hiibner, [1819]. The nominal species Hevurvopteris endymiaena was established solely on the basis of biblio- graphical references, of which the first was to Papilio endymion Cramer. By the two lecto- type-selections described above, the nominal species Hexuvopteris endymiaena Hibner and Papilio endymion Cramer became objectively identical with one another. The name Papilio endymion Cramer is invalid under the Law of Homonymy, that name having been published in 1779, that is, four years after the name Papilio endymion Fabricius, 1775 (Syst. Ent. : 519). The oldest available name for this taxon is Hexuropteris endymiaena Hiibner, the type-species of the present genus. HIDARI Distant, 1886, Rhop. malay. : 392, 395. Type-species by original designation : Hesperia irava Moore, 1857, im Horsfield & Moore, Cat. lep. Ins. Mus. East India Coy (1) : 254. HIGGINSIUS Hemming, 1964, Annot. lep. (4) : 139. Type-species through Section (i) (re- placement names) of Article 67 : Melitaea fasciata Hoppfer, 1874, Stett. ent. Ztg 35 : 349. The name Higginsius was introduced as a replacement for the name Fulvia Higgins, [1959], which is invalid under the Law of Homonymy. HIPIO Hiibner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (4) : 56. Type-species by selection by Butler (1867, Entomologist 3 : 279) : Papilio constantia Cramer, [1777], Uztl. Kapellen. 2 (12) : 57, Olle 195}3}, TGS AN, IBS. HIPOLYMNAS Hiubner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (3) : 45 (an Incorrect Original Spelling of Hypolimnas Hiibner, [1819]). Particulars regarding the two Original Spellings of this generic name are given in the note on the Correct Original Spelling Hypolimnas. HIPOSCRITIA Geyer, [1832], im Hiibner, Zuty. z. Sammi. exot. Schmett. 4 : 16, pl. [113], figs 651, 652. Type-species by monotypy : Hiposcritia pandione, Geyer, [1832], 7m Hiibner, ibid. 4 : 16, pl. [113], figs 651, 652. HIPPARCHIA Fabricius, 1807, Mag. f. Insektenk. (Illiger) 6 : 281. Type-species by selection by Butler (1868, Ent. mon. Mag. 4 : 194) : Papilio hermione Linnaeus, 1764, Mus. Lud. Ulr. 5 Qi. The taxon represented by the nominal species Papilio hermione Linnaeus is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as being the same as that represented by the older- established nominal species Papilio fagi Scopoli, 1763 (Ent. carn. : 152). HIPPARCHIOIDES Butler, 1867, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (3) 19 : 125. Type-species by selection by Butler (1868, Cat. diuvn. Lep. Satyridae Brit. Mus. : 99, nota) : Papilio merope Fabricius, 1775, Syst. Ent. : 495. GENERIC NAMES OF BUTTERFLIES 221 The name Hipparchioides Butler is invalid, as it is a junior objective synonym of Hetero- nympha Wallengren, 1858. HIRCUS Ungemach, 1932, Mém. Soc. Sct. nat. Maroc. 32 : 88 (an Incorrect Subsequent Spelling of Hyveus Hiibner, [1819]). HIRDAPA Moore, 1883, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1883 : 299. Type-species by original designa- tion : Euploea usipetes Hewitson, [1858], J/l. exot. Butts 2 : [24], pl. [12], fig. 4. HIRSUTINA Tutt, [April 1909], Nat. His. Brit. Butts. 3: 154. Type-species by original designation : Papilio damon [Denis & Schiffermuller], 1775, Ankiindung [sic] eines syst. Werkes Schmett. Wiener Gegend : 182. In addition to publishing this name (as shown above) in April r909, Tutt published it again as a name one month later (May 1909, Ent. Rec. 21 : 108), also with Papilio damon designated as type-species. The name Hirsutina Tutt is invalid, as it is a junior objective synonym of Agrodiaetus Hiibner, 1822. HIRSUTIS Haensch, [1909], in Seitz, Grossschmett. Erde 5 : 119. Type-species by selection by Fox (1940, Trans. amer. ent. Soc. 66 : 175) : Papilio harmonia Cramer, [1777], Uitl. Kapellen 2 (16) : 142, pl. 190, fig. D. HISTORIS Hiibner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (3) : 35. Type-species by selection by Barnes & Benjamin, (1926, Bull. S. Calif. Acad. Sci. 25 : 16) : Papilio odius Fabricius, 1775, Syst. Ent. : 457. The nominal species Papilio odius Fabricius was not recognized by Hiibner as a taxonomic- ally valid species, but the specific name odius Fabricius, together with the specific name Papilio ovion Fabricius, 1775, was cited by Hiibner in the synonymy of the nominal taxon Historis odia which he established (: 35) at the same time as he established the genus Historis. Under the present revised Code (Article 69 (a) (i)) a nominal species published by the original author of a generic name in the synonymy of a nominal species recognized by the author as belonging to the genus in question—i.e. in the way in which specific name odius Fabricius was cited by Hiibner on the above occasion—the nominal species, the name of which was so cited, itself ranks as one of the originally included species. Accordingly, the selection of Papilio odius Fabricius as the type-species of Historis Hiibner made by Barnes & Benjamin in 1926 was perfectly valid. HOLGUINIA Evans, 1955, Cat. Amer. Hesp. Brit. Mus. 4 : 266, 297. Type-species by original designation : Holguinia holguin Evans, 1955, ibid. 4 : 297, pl. 74, fig. L.17 (genit.) HOLOCHILA Felder (C.), 1862, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien 12: 490 et nota. Type-species through Section (i) (replacement names) of Article 67 : Papilio evinus Fabricius, 1775, Syst. Ent. : 525. In the descriptive text Felder placed in this genus only the new nominal species Holochila absimilis and this would have been the type-species by monotypy, if it had not been for the fact that in a footnote he stated that he proposed the generic name Holochila as a replacement for the name Evina Swainson, 1833. In these circumstances Holochila automatically takes as its type-species the species which is the type-species of the nominal genus (Evima Swainson) which it was introduced to replace, namely the nominal species Papilio evinus Fabricius, 1775. Felder was in error in believing that the generic name Evina Swainson was invalid. It is in fact a nomenclatorially available name not in need of replacement for any reason. According- ly, the replacement name Holochila is itself invalid, as a junior objective synonym of Evina Swainson, 1833, which it was mistakenly introduced to replace. HOLODESM US Waterhouse & Lyell, [25th July], 1914, Butts Australia : 6,68. Type-species by original designation : Sospita segecia Hewitson, [1861], Ill. exot. Butts 2 : [92], pl. [46], figs 4,5 3, 6 9. The name Holodesmus Waterhouse & Lyell is invalid under the Law of Priority by the narrow margin of two days, being a junior objective synonym of Praetaxila Frustorfer, [23rd July] 1914. 222 FRANCIS HEMMING HOMOEONYMPHA Felder (C.) & Felder (R.), [1867], Reise Fregatte ‘‘ Novava’’, Lep. Rhop. (3) : 487. Type-species by monotypy : Homoeonympha pusilla Felder (C.) & Felder (R.), [1867], 7bed., Lep. Rhop. (3) : 487. HOPFFERIA Staudinger, [1888], 7m Staudinger & Schatz, Exot. Schmett. Bd 1 (Th. r) (Lief. 20): 257. Type-species by monotypy : Lasaia militaris Hopffer, 1874, Stett. ent. Zig 35: 365. The taxa represented respectively by the nominal species Lasaia militaris Hoffer and Siseme luculenta Erschoff (Tvud. vussk. ent. Obsch. 8 (2) : 144-145, pl. 4, fig. 4) are currently identified with one another, the name /uculenta Erschoff being commonly treated as being the older of these two names. The validity of this belief has been examined with the following results : (a) The Part of volume 35 of Stett. ent. Zig containing the name Lasaia militaris (: 365) bears on page 329 the statement that it was published in 1874 in the three-month period October— December. (b) Ina survey of the publication of the Entomological Society of Russia in the period 1859-1908 Oshanin stated (1910, Tabl. gén. Publ. Soc. ent. Russ. : 2) that Part 2 of the Trud. (the part containing the name Szseme luculenta) was published in 1875. From these particulars it is clear that the name Lasaia militaris has priority over its subjective synonym Siseme luculenta. HOPFFERIA Rober, [1892], in Schatz, im Staudinger & Schatz, Exot. Schmett. Bd 1 (Th. 2. (Lief. 6) : 252. Type-species by monotypy : Lasaia militaris Hopffer, 1874, Stett. ent. Zig 35 : 365). This is not a mere later usage of Hopfferia Staudinger, [1888], of the existence of which R6ber must have been unaware for he deliberately introduced it as the name of a new genus ( Genemnovers) The name Hopffevia Rober is invalid, both as a junior homonym of, and as a junior objective synonym of, Hopfferia Staudinger, [1888]. HORAGA Moore, [1881], Lep. Ceylon 1 (3) : 98. Type-species by original designation : Thecla onyx Moore, 1857, 7m Horsfield & Moore, Cat. lep. Ins. Mus. East India Coy (1) : 30. HORSFIELDIA Riley, 1922, Entomologist 56:25. Type-species by original designation : Thecla navada Horsfield, [1828], Descy. Cat. lep. Ins. East India Coy (1) : explic. pl. 1, fig. 8 text ( : 98) published in Part 2 in [1829]. This name was introduced by Riley during the period when the question of the species to be accepted as the type-species of the genus Amblypodia Horsfield, [1829] was still under discus- sion. As has been explained in the note on the name Amblypodia, it was finally established that the type-species of Amblypodia was Thecla navada Horsfield, the name Horsfieldia Riley accordingly becoming a junior objective synonym of Amblypodia Horsfield. HOULBERTIA Oberthur, 1916, Etud. Lep. comp. 11 (texte et planches) : 199-201. Type- species by selection by Hemming 1964, Annot. Lép. (4:120): Erebia passandava Ward, 1871, Ent. mon. Mag. 8 : 122. HOVALA Evans, 1937, Cat. Afric. Hesp. Brit. Mus. : 4,64. Type-species by original designa- tion : Cyclopides paradalina Butler, 1879, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (5) 4 : 233. HOWARTHIA Shirozu & Yamamoto, 1956, Sieboldia 1 (4) : 371. Type-species by original designation : Thecla caelestis Leech, 1890, Entomologist 23 : 191. HUPHINA Moore, [1881], Lep. Ceylon 1 (3) : 136. Type-species by original designation : Papilio coronis Cramer, [1775], Uitl. Kapellen 1 (4) : 60, pl. 44, figs B, C. The name Huphina is invalid, as it is a junior objective synonym of Cepora Billberg, 1820. HYADES Boisduval, [1832], 7m d’Urville, Voy. “ Astrolabe’”’, Faun. ent. 1 (Lépid.) : 157. Type- species by selection by Blanchard (1840, Hist. nat. Ins.3 : 455) : Papiliojaivus Cramer, [1775], Uitl. Kapellen 1 (1) : 9, pl. 6, figs. A, B. The name Hyades Boisduval is invalid, as it is a junior objective synonym of Taenaris Hubner, [1819], the type-species of which, Taenaris nysa Hiibner, [1819], is objectively identi- cal with Papilio jairus Cramer. GENERIC NAMES OF BUTTERFLIES 223 HYALENNA Forbes, 1942, J. N.Y. ent. Soc. 40 : 37, 39 (footnote). Type-species by original designation : Ithomia parasippe Hewitson, 1877, Equat. Lepid. Buckley : 85. The designation of the type-species for this genus was made in the footnote on Page 39 specified above. HYALIRIS Scudder, 1875, Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10 : 192 (an Incorrect Subsequent Spelling of Hyalyaris Boisduval, 1870). HYALITES Doubleday, [1848], Gen. diurn. Lep. (1) : 140. Type-species by selection by Scudder (1875, Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10 : 193) : Papilio lycia Fabricius, 1775, Syst. Ent. : 464. The taxon represented by the nominal species Papilio lycia Fabricius is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as a form of the taxon represented by the older-established nominal species Papilio encedon Linnaeus, 1758 (Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 488). By an inexplic- able slip of the pen I stated in 1934 (Gen. Names hol. Butts 1: 53) that it was Acraea lycoa Godart, [1819], which had been selected by Scudder as the type-species of this genus. HYALODIA Jordan, 1924, Novit. zool. 31 : 285. Type-species by monotypy : Hypocysta tenuisquamosa Joicey & Talbot, 1922, Bull. Hill Mus. 1 : 329. HYALOTHYRUS Mabille, 1878, Ann. Soc. ent. Belg. 21 : 23. Type-species by selection by Kirby ([1880], in Zool. Rec. 14 (year 1878) (Ins.) : 188.) : Papilio nitocris Stoll, [1782,] in Cramer, Uitl. Kapellen 4 (33) : 215, pl. 393, figs F, G. HYALYRIS Boisduval, 1870, Consid. Lépid. Guatemala : 33. Type-species by monotypy : Ithomia coeno Doubleday, [August 1847], Gen. diurn. Lep. (1) : pl. 18 (Heliconidae), fig. 2. HYANTIS Hewitson, [1862], J/l. exot. Butts 3 : [68]. Type-species by monotypy : Hyantis hodeva Hewitson, [1862], ibid. 3 : [68], pl. [34], figs 5, 6. HYAROTIS Moore, [1881], Lep. Ceylon 1 (4) : 174. Type-species by original designation : Papilio adrastus Stoll, [1780], 7m Cramer, Uitl. Kapellen 4 (27) : 62, pl. 3109, figs F, G. HYDA Mabille, 1889, Bull. Soc. ent. Fr. 1889 : clxxxili. Type-species by monotypy : Hyda micacea Mabille, 1889, ibid. 1889 : clxxxiv. The taxon represented by the nominal species Hyda micacea Mabille is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as being the same as that represented by the older- established nominal species Pterygospidea grisea Hewitson, 1878 (Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (5) 1: 344)- The name Hyda Mabille is invalid, as it is a junior homonym of Hyda Walker, 1854 (List. Spec. lep. Ins. Brit. Mus., Lep. Het. (1) : 181). HYDRAENOMIA Butler, 1870, Ent. mon. Mag. 7:99. Type-species through Section (i) (replacement names) of Article 67 : Eudamus orcinus Felder (C.) & Felder (R.), [1867], Reise Fregatte ‘‘ Novara’’, Lep. Rhop. (3) : 510, pl. 7, figs 4, 5. Butler introduced this name as a replacement of the name Udvanomia introduced by him- self earlier in the same year (loc. cit. 7 : 58) but which he now rejected on etymological grounds. This action was incorrect and the replacement name Hydraenomia is accordingly invalid. HYLEPHILA Billberg, 1820, Enum. Ins. Mus. Billb. : 81. Type-species selected by Scudder (1875, Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10 : 193) : Papilio phyleus Drury, [1773], JU. nat. Hist. 1 : index et 25, pl. 13, figs 4, 5 3. HYMENITIS [llliger], 1807, Allgem. Lit. Ztg, Halle [Jena] 1807, No.2 : 1180. Type-species by selection by Hemming (1934, Gen. Names hol. Butts 1 : 28) : Papilio polymnia Linnaeus, 1768 , Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 466. This name and Mechanitis Fabricius, 1807, are objective synonyms of one another, and from the information obtainable from the Allgem. Lit. Ztg it is clear that these unwelcome Illigerian names possess by a narrow margin priority over the names (including Mechanitis) published by Fabricius in the Mag. f. Insektenk. of Illiger also published in 1807. On the discovery of this priority it was decided to put the whole matter before the Commission with a request that it 224 FRANCIS HEMMING should use its Plenary Powers to ensure that the well-known Fabrician names of 1807 should not be invalidated through the discovery of the long-overlooked Illigerian counterparts. Prominent among the names concerned was Mechanitis, for, if that name as published by Illiger had been permitted to invalidate the Fabrician version under the Law of Homonymy, the name would have had to be transferred from its well-known position in the Ithomiidae and transferred to some genus for which it had never been used since the time of Illiger. Full particulars regarding this application and of the action taken on it by the Commission have been given in the note on the name Apatura [Illiger] (the first in alphabetical order of the Illigerian names concerned) and it is therefore not necessary here fully to recapitulate the later history of this case. It is sufficient for the present purposes to state that, as part of the general settlement then agreed upon by the Commission the name WMechanitis Fabricius, 1807, was validated under the Plenary Powers and placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology as Name No. 661. Accordingly, the name Hymenitis [Illiger], 1807, here in question falls into the synonymy of Mechanitis Fabricius, 1807 as a junior objective synonym. HYMENITIS Hiibner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (1) : 8. Type-species by selection by Scudder (1875, Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10 : 193) : Hymenitis diaphane Hiibner, 1816, ibid. (1) : 8. The name Hymenitis Hiibner is invalid as a junior homonym of Hymenitis [Illiger], 1807. It has been replaced by the name Greta Hemming, 934. HY PANARTIA Hiibner, [1821], Sammi. exot. Schmett.2 : pl. [26]. Type-species by monotypy: Hypanartia demonica Hiibner, [1821], ibid. 2 : pl. [26] fig. M.1 (the specimen shown in that figure having been selected by Hemming (1964, Annot. lep. (3) : 98) to represent the lectotype). There are three plates (pls [25], [26], [27]) in volume 2 of Hiibner’s Sammill exot. Schmett. depicting species placed by Hiibner in the genus Hypanartia. Of these, pl. [26] was published in 1821, and pls [25] and [27] in 1823. Accordingly, only the species represented on pl. [25] ranks as an originally included species. This was the new species Hypanartia demonica, which is therefore the type-species by monotypy. Scudder, who did not know the dates of publica- tion of these plates, treated them all (1875, Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10 : 193) as having been published simultaneously and on this basis selected Hypanartia tecmesia (then also a new species), figured on Hiibner’s plate [27], to be the type-species. This action was invalid, for, as shown above, Hypanartia demonica had already been the type-species by mono- typy two years before the publication of the plate illustrating Hypanartia tecmesia. The taxa represented by these two nominal species are closely allied to one another and are today still considered to be congeneric with one another. It has long been realized that Hiibner confused two different species with one another under the name Hypanartia demonica, treating one as the male (figs M.1, 2) of that species and the other (figs F.3, 4) as the female. The name demonica has been used for the species which Hiibner treated as the male, while the taxon which he treated as the female of demonica is currently treated as being the same as that represented by the older-established nominal species Papilio bella Fabricius, 1793 (Ent. syst. 3 (1) : 79). This treatment of the figures given by Hiibner for Hypanartia demonica rested solely upon a customary basis until (as shown at the head of the present note) I selected the specimen shown as fig. M. 1 on Hiibner’s plate [26] to represent the lectotype of the above species. The taxon represented by the nominal species Hypanartia demonica Hiibner, as interpreted by the lectotype referred to above, is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as being the same as that represented by the older-established nominal species Papilio lethe Fabricius, 1793 (Ext. syst. 3 (1) : 80). HYPANIS Boisduval, 1833, Nouv. Ann. Mus. Hist. nat., Paris 2 (2) : 203 (repaged offprint as Faun. ent. Madagascar, Lép. : 55). Type-species by monotypy : Hypanis anvatara Boisduval, 1833, ibid. 2 (2) : 204, pl. 7, fig. 5 (: 56 in repaged offprint). The name Hypanis. Boisduval is invalid, as it is a junior homonym of Hypanis Ménétriés, 1832 (Cat. vaison. Zool. Caucas. : 271). GENERIC NAMES OF BUTTERFLIES 225 HYPATUS Hiibner, 1822, Syst.-alp. Verz.: 3. Type-species by monotypy : Papilio celtis Laicharting, 1782, in Fuessly, Archiv Insektengesch., Heft 2 (No. 4) : 1. Scudder erroneously supposed that this generic name was first published by Hiibner in 1825 in the Cat. Lép. Coll. Franck (: 85) and from the two species included in this genus on this later occasion he selected (1875, Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10 : 194) Papilio carinenta Cramer, [1777] (Uitl. Kapellen 2 (9) : 18, pl. 108, figs E, F). HYPAUROTIS Scudder, 1876, Bull. Buffalo Soc. nat. Sci. 3: 112. Type-species by original designation : Thecla crysalus Edwards, 1873, Tvans. amer. ent. Soc. 4 : 344. HYPERMNESTRA Meénétriés, 1848, Descr. Ins. vec. feu Lehmann : explic. pl. 6, fig. 1. Type- species through Section (i) (replacement names) of Article 67 : Ismene helios Nickerl, 1846, Stett. ent. Zig7 : 208, pl. [3], figs A, Bg, C, D 9. Formerly, the introduction of this name by Ménétriés in 1848 was commonly overlooked, the name Hypermnestra being attributed either to Heydenreich (1851, Lepid. ewvop. Cat. meth. (ed. 3) : 16) or to Westwood ([1852], im Doubleday, Gen. diurn. Lep. (2) : 530). The name Hypermnestrva Ménétriés is a replacement name for Ismene Nickerl, 1846, which is invalid under the Law of Homonymy. HYPHILARIA Hiibner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2) : 26. Type-species by monotypy : Hyphilaria nicia Hiibner, [1819], zbid. (2) : 26. The nominal species Hyphilaria nicia Hiibner is based solely upon a bibliographical refer- ence to Papilio nicias Stoll, [1790] (Aanhangs. Werk Uitl. Kapellen Pieter Cramer : 60, pl. 13, fig. 3), the specific name nicia Hiibner being thus an emendation of the name nicias Stoll. This species is commonly known by the specific name nicias Stoll, but that name is invalid, the combination Papilio nicias in which it was published being a junior homonym of Papilio nicias Fabricius, 1787 (Mantissa Ins. 2 : 86). The oldest available name for this taxon is the emendation nicia Hiibner. HYPNA Hiibner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (4) : 56. Type-species by monotypy : Papilio clytemnestra Cramer, [1777], Uitl. Kapellen 2 (12) : 61, pl. 137, figs A, B. HYPOCHLOROSIS Rober, [1892], in Schatz, in Staudinger & Schatz, Exot. Schmett. Bd 1 (Th. 2) (Lief. 6) : 267. Type-species by monotypy : Myrina antipha Hewitson, [1869], Cat. diurn. Lep., Lycaenidae 1 (text), Suppl. : 7; 2 (plates), Suppl. : suppl. pl. 6, figs 91 9, 92, 93 2. HY POCHRYSOPS Felder (C.) & Felder (R.), 1860, Wien. ent. Monats. 4 : 243 et nota. Type- species by selection by Hemming (1960, Amnot. lep. : 10-11) : Papilio polycletus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 485. A widespread misunderstanding regarding the species to be accepted as the type-species of this genus followed upon a mistake made by Scudder in 1875 (Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10 : 194) in overlooking the establishment of this genus in 1860 in volume 4 of the Wien. ent. Monats. and accepting instead Part 2 (: 251) of the Lep. Rhop. Section of the Reise Fregatte ‘‘ Novara ’’, which was not published until 1865. The difficulty caused by this mistake arose from the fact that the nominal species Thecla anacletus Felder (C.) & Felder (R.), 1861 (S. B. Akad. Wiss. Wien 40: 454) then selected by Scudder as the type-species of this genus was not one of the nominal species included in 1860 when the name Hypochrysops was first established. In consequence the type-selection made by Scudder was invalid. That type-selection was however followed uncritically by subsequent authors even after Kirby had in 1871 (Syn. Cat. diurn. Lep. : 378) drawn attention to the fact that it was in the Wien. ent. Monats. that the name Hypochrysops had first been published. In fact, it was not until the present work was in course of preparation that attention was drawn (by myself in 1960) to the fact that Scudder’s type-selection was invalid and that in consequence the genus Hypochrysops was still without a validly selected type-species. It was to remedy this situation that I thereupon selected from among the three species placed in this genus in 1860 the nominal species Papilio polycletus Linnaeus to be the type-species. It was fortunate that this nominal species was available for selection as type-species, for the taxon represented by Scudder’s pseudotype Thecla anacletus is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as being a 226 FRANCIS HEMMING subspecies of the taxon represented by the nominal species Papilio polycletus Linnaeus, now established as the valid type-species of the genus Hypochrysops. Thus, the correction of Scudder’s erroneous type-selection has not involved any change in the concept represented by the genus Hypochrysops. HYPOCISTA Hewitson, [1863], Ill. exot. Butts 4: [99] (an Incorrect Subsequent Spelling of Hypocysta Westwood, [1851]). AY POCRYPTOTHRIX Watson, 1893, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1893 : 17, 22. Type-species by original designation : Erycides teutas Hewitson, 1876, Ent. mon. Mag. 12 : 251. HYPOCYSTA Westwood, [May, 1851] in Doubleday, Gen. diurn. Lep. (2) : pl. 67, fig. 3. Type-species by monotypy : Hypocysta euphemia Hewitson, [1851], 7m Doubleday, ibid. (2) Sol, yey ule 3). The relevant portion of the text (: 396-398) was published in June 1851. This text has no nomenclatorial significance, for (as noted above) the type-species of this genus had been determined by monotypy as from the publication of plate 67 a few weeks earlier. It may be noted however that in the text Westwood abandoned the use of the name Hypocysta, placing it in the synonymy of Coenonympha Hiibner, [1819]; at the same time he explained (: 397) that his original idea had been to place two species in the genus Hypocysta, namely Hypocysta euphemia and Papilio ivius Fabricius, 1775 (Syst. Ent. : 487). Later Butler (1868, Ent. mon. Mag. 4 : 196) sought to select Papilio ivius Fabricius as the type-species, but that selection was of course, invalid, the type-species having been determined by monotypy as from the moment at which this genus was established on plate 67. HYPOCYSTE Gaede, 1931, im Strand’s Lep. Cat. 43 : 28 (an Incorrect Subsequent Spelling of Hypocysta Westwood, [1851]). HYPOJAMIDES Riley, 1929, Trans. ent. Soc. Lond. 76 (2) : 466. Type-species by original designation : Lycaena (?) catochloris Boisduval, [1832], in d’Urville, Voy. “‘ Astrolabe’, Faun. ent. 1 (Lép.) : 78. In establishing this genus, Riley observed that the interpretation of Lycaena catochloris— which had been based upon a unique specimen—had always been a matter of doubt until in 1925, Collenette had taken a further specimen at Tahiti; he added that the examination of this second specimen showed that Lycaena catochloris was a distinct species belonging to a hitherto undescribed genus allied to Thysonotis Hiibner, [1819]. HYPOKOPELATES Druce, 1891, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (6) 7 (40) : 364. Type-species by original designation : Hypolycaena mera Hewitson, 1873, Ent. mon. Mag. 10: 124. HY POLERIA Godman & Salvin, [1879], Biol. centy.-amer., Lep. Rhop.1 : 52. Type-species by selection by Kirby ([{1881], in Zool. Rec. 16 (year 1879) (Ins.) : 136) : Hypoleria libera Godman & Salvin, [1879], ibid., Lep. Rhop. 1 : 53, pl. 4, figs 12 g, 13 . In establishing Hypolevia, Godman & Salvin divided the genus into two groups, for each of which they designated what they called a “‘type’’. This action had no bearing on the question of the species to be accepted as the type-species of this genus, since these authors designated two of these “‘ types’, instead of one only, as would have been necessary for the valid designation of a type-species. The species validly selected as the type-species by Kirby two years later was the species which Godman & Salvin had designated as the “‘ type ”’ of the first of the sections which they recognized. HYPOLEUCIS Mabille, 1891, Bull. C. R. ent. Soc. Belg. 35 : xix. Type-species by selection by Watson, (1893, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1893 : 82) : Hypoleucis tripunctata Mabille, 1891, ibid. 35 : 1xix. HY POLIMNAS Hiibner, [1819], Vevz. behannt. Schmett. (3) : 45. Type-species by selection by Scudder (1875, Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10 : 194) : Papilio pipleis Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 476. The first point which has to be noted is that this name was published with two original spellings : (a) The Vevein (Coitus) established by Hiibner for this genus was called by the GENERIC NAMES OF BUTTERFLIES 227 German vernacular name “‘ Hypolimnaden ”’ and by the Latin name “ Hypolimnades ’’; (b) Below these main headings are listed the eleven nominal species recognized as belonging to this genus; in all except the first case the generic name is indicated only by the initial “‘ H.’’; in the case of the leading species appearing however by the spelling “‘.. Hipolimnas’’. There is an enormous literature relating to this name and all the authors who have used it have used the ‘“‘y’’ spelling. There has indeed been no discussion as to the relative merits of these two spellings, the “‘i’’ spelling having been ignored or tacitly put on one side as an obvious mis- spelling or printers’ error, which is no doubt what it is. The present revised Code, unlike its predecessor, makes express reference to the problem of multiple original spellings and lays down a procedure for dealing with such cases (Article 32 (b)). Under this procedure it is necessary to ascertain which of the alternative spellings was adopted by the First Reviser. In the present case Hiibner himself was the first subsequent user. On the first occasion, which was only two years after the publication of the relevant portion of the Verzeichniss ; this was in 1821 in the Index exot. Lep. ([5]) and here Hiibner used the “‘ y”’ spelling; he did the same in 1826 in the index (Anzeiger : 6), where he gave an express reference to the species (nos. 406-416), to the first of which (as shown above) he had in the main text employed the defective ‘‘i”’ spelling. Fortunately, therefore under the provisions of the Code the spelling “ Hypolimnas ”’ is, through the action of Hiibner himself, the Correct Original Spelling of this generic name. The taxon represented by the nominal species Papilio pipleis Linnaeus, the type-species of this genus, is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as the female of the taxon of which the male is represented by the hominal species Papilio pandarus Linnaeus, 1758 (Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 461). As these names were published on the same date and in the same work, the relative precedence to be accorded to them depends on the choice of the First Reviser. In this case the First Reviser seems to have been Kirby who in 1871 (Syn. Cat. diurn. Lep. : 225) adopted the specific name pandarus Linnaeus, sinking the name pipleis Linnaeus as a junior subjective synonym. The precedence so established has been adopted by all subsequent authors. HYPOLIMNESTHES Moore, [1898], Lep. ind. 3 (32) : 146, 154. Type-species by original designation : Limenitis albomaculata Leech, 1891, Entomologist 24, Suppl. : 28. HY POLYCAENA Felder (C.) & Felder (R.), 1862, Wien. ent. Monats. 6 : 293. Type-species by selection by Scudder (1875, Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sct., Boston 10 : 195) : Myrina sipylus Felder (C.), 1860, S. B. Akad. Wiss. Wien 40 : 451. The authors of this generic name cited three nominal species as belonging to it; of these, the second was a new species, Hypolycaena tharytas (: 294), the name applied to which having, it was stated, been originally proposed by Boisduval in manuscript. The authors went on to say that the taxon represented by this nominal species was, in their view, a foryma geographica of the taxon represented by the nominal species Myvina sipylus which (as shown above had been established by Cajetan Felder in 1860). Scudder, when dealing with this generic name, overlooked the above reference to Myrina sipylus, yet proceeded to designate it as the type- species of this genus, justifying this action on the ground that, although (according to his belief) that nominal species had not been cited by the authors of this generic name, it was eligible for selection as type-species, because the taxon represented by it was the same as that represented by the nominal species Hypolycaena tharvytas which (as shown above) was one of the originally included species. Scudder’s argument was defective, but luckily his selection of Myrina sipylus as type-species is perfectly valid, because, contrary to Scudder’s belief, that nominal species was (as shown above) cited by Cajetan & Rudolph Felder as belonging to this genus. HY POMELAENA Aurivillius, [1898], K. svenska VetenskAkad. Handl., Stockholm 31 (No. 5) : 222 (commonly cited as Rhopalocera aethiopica, the title of Aurivillius’s paper). Type-species by selection by Stichel (1939, in Bryk’s Lep. Cat. 93 : 626) : Godartia trajanus Ward, 1871, Ent. mon. Mag. 8 : 36. 228 FRANCIS HEMMING HYPOMENITIS Fox, 1945, Amer. Mus. Novit., No. 1295: 11, figs 13 (venation of type- species), 14 ($ genit. of type-species). Type-species by original designation: Ithomia theudelinda Hewitson, [1861], J//. evot. Butts 2 : [38], pl. [19], fig. 146. HYPOMYRINA Druce, 1891, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (6) 7 : 364. Type-species by original designation : Myrina nomenia Hewitson, 1874, Tvans. ent. Soc. Lond. 1874 : 353. HY PONEPHELE Muschamp, 1915, Ent. Rec. 27 : 156. Type-species by monotypy: Papilio lycaon Rottemburg, 1775, Dery Naturforscher 6 : 17. HY POPHYLLIA Boisduval, [1836], (Roret’s Suite a Buffon), Hist. nat. Ins., Spec. gén. Lépid. 1: pl. 20 [= pl. 4C], fig. 5. Type-species by monotypy : Hypophylla zeurippa Boisduval [in836], 2bed., Spec. gens Wépids 1 | pls 20) [— pl. 4@)f fiers: HYPORION Rober, 1903, Stett. ent. Zig 64 : 357. Type-species by selection by Hemming (1935, Stvlops 4 : 2) : Emesis princeps Oberthur, 1886, Etud. ent. 11 : 22, pl. 7, fig. 57. HY POSCADA Godman & Salvin, [1879], Biol. centy.-amer., Lep. Rhop. 1 : 35. Type-species by original designation : Ithomia adelphina Bates, 1866, Ent. mon. Mag. 3: 52. HYPOTHECLA Semper (G.), 1890, 12 Semper (C. G.), Reise Aychipel. Philipp. II, Sect. 5 (Schmett.) 1 (5) : 204. Type-species by monotypy : Hypolycaena astyla Felder (C.) & Felder (R.), 1862, Wien. ent. Monats. 6 : 294. HYPOTHYRIS Hiibner, 1821, Index exot. Lep. : [5]. Type-species by monotypy : Nereis ninonia Hiibner, [1806], Samml. exot. Schmett. 1 : p. [6]. HY PSOCHILA Ureta, 1955, Bol. Mus. nac. Hist. nat. Chile 26 : 58. Type-species by original designation : Tatochila microdice form wagenknechti Ureta, 1938, Rev. chil. Hist. nat. 41 : 278, pl. 12, figs 3 3, 4 Q. This is one of the fortunately rare—because confusing—cases in which the type-species of a genus bears a name which, when first published, was believed to apply to a taxon of less than full specific rank, the name applied to that taxon forming the third member of a trinominal name. HY RCANANA Bethune-Baker, 1914, Ent. Rec. 26 : 135. Type-species by original designation : Polyommatus caspius Lederer, 1870, Hor. Soc. ent. voss. 6 : 76, pl. 4, fig. 3. HYREUS Hiibner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (5) : 70. Type-species through Section (i) (replacement names) of Article 67 by designation as type-species of the replacement name Cacyveus Butler, [1898] : Papilio lingeus Stoll, [1782], in Cramer, Uztl. Kapellen 4 (32) : 176, pl. 379, figs F, G. The name Hyveus Hiibner is invalid, as it is a junior homonym of Hyveus Stephens, 1816 (in Shaw, Gen. Zool., Aves 9 (2) : 337). As indicated above, this name has been replaced by the name Cacyreus Butler, [1898]. HYSUDRA Moore, 1882, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1881: 250. Type-species by monotypy; Deudorix selira Moore, 1874, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1874 : 272. The taxon represented by the nominal species Deudorix seliva is currently treated subjective- ly on taxonomic grounds as being the same as that represented by the nominal species Thecla caerulea Bremer & Grey, [1851] (in Motschulsky, Etud. ent. 1 : 60). IAERA Westwood, [1850], in Doubleday, Gen. diurn. Lep. (2) : 269 (an Incorrect Subsequent Spelling of Jaeva Hubner, [1819)). IAMBRIX Watson, 1893, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1893: 71, 76. Type-species by original designation : Nisoniades salsala Moore, [1866], Pyoc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1865 (3) : 786. ITASIUS Westwood, [1850], in Doubleday, Gen. diurn. Lep. (2) : 306 (an Incorrect Subsequent Spelling of Jasza Swainson, 1832). Westwood cited what he called “‘ Jasius Swainson ’ , in the synonymy of what he called GENERIC NAMES OF BUTTERFLIES 229 Nymphalis Latreille, a genus which, as recognized by Westwood, contained intey alia, the nominal species Papilio jason Linnaeus, a taxon bearing an invalid name and later renamed Papilio jasius by Linnaeus. This latter nominal species is the type-species of Jasta Swainson. In these circumstances there can be no doubt that the word “ Jasius ’’ written by Westwood is an accidental misspelling of the name Jasia and therefore that Jasius Westwood, [1850], should be regarded as an Incorrect Subsequent Spelling of Jasta Swainson, 1832. IASPIS Kaye, 1904, Trans. ent. Soc. Lond. 1904 : 196. Type-species by designation by the Commission : Thecla temesa Hewitson, [1869], Ill. diurn. Lep., Lycaenidae ;1 (text) : 130 ; 2 (plates) : pl. 52, figs 284, 285. There was a serious defect in the way in which this name appeared in Kaye’s paper, for the correction of which it has been necessary to submit an application to the Commission. The name /Jaspis was introduced by Kaye in a catalogue of the butterflies of Trinidad, where it appeared in the portion relating to the family Lycaenidae. Kaye designated as the type-species of this genus the nominal species Symmachia (?) temesa Hewitson, 1870. It is here that the difficulty arises, for the above species is not a Lycaenid but a Riodinid, and does not agree in any way with Kaye’s description of his genus Jaspis. The explanation of this extraordinary event was provided by Druce in 1906 (Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (7) 17 : 334-335) in a “‘ Note on the genus Jaspis Kaye’’. After drawing attention to Kaye’s mistake, Druce went on to observe that at almost exactly the same time Hewitson had established a nominal species in two different genera, to each of which he gave the specific name femesa. One of these was the Riodinid Symmachia (?) temesa Hewitson, 1870 (Descr. New Spec. Equat. Lep. : 52), a taxon which was redescribed and figured by Hewitson in the following year (1871) (ZI1. exot. Butts 4 : [85], pl. [46], figs 17, 18); the other species was the Lycaenid Thecla temesa Hewitson, [1869] (for which the reference has been given at the head of the present note). Druce concluded—no doubt, correctly—that it was the Lycaenid species and not the Riodinid which Kaye had intended to designate—and which he believed he had designated—as the type-species of the genus Japsis. Subsequent authors have interpreted Jaspis in accordance with the undoubted intention of Kaye, that is, as a Lycaenid, but, as matters stand, this is undoubtedly incorrect, for Kaye unequivocally designated the Riodinid Symmachia temesia Hewitson as type-species. It is to regularize the situation described that the Commission has been asked to use its Plenary Powers to designate as the type species of the genus Jaspis Kaye the Lycaenid nominal species Thecla temesa Hewitson, [1869], thus giving valid force both to Kaye's original inten- tion and also the practice of later authors. ICARICIA Nabokov, 1944, Psyche 51: 104. Type-species by original designation : Lycaena icarioides Boisduval, 1852, Ann. Soc. ent. Fr. (2) 10 : 297. ICARUS Rober, 1898, Ent. Nachr. 24: 186. Type-species by monotypy : Papilio zalmoxis Hewitson, [1864], Jil. exot. Butts 3 : [2], pl. [1], fig. 18. This name is invalid, as it is a junior homonym of Icavus Forbes, 1844 (Rep. Brit. Ass. 13 (Cork, 1843) : 187). It has been replaced by the name Itevus Donitz, 1899. ICHNUSA Reuss, 1939, Ent. Z. 53: 3. Type-species by monotypy : Papilio (Vanessa) ichnusa Bonelli, 1826, Mem. R. Acc. Sci. Torino 30 : 174, 186, pl. 2, fig. 2 9. The taxon specified above was described and named twice at very nearly the same time, once by Bonelli, and once by Hiibner. Contrary to Reuss’s belief, it was Hiibner who was the first to publish this specific name. The full reference is as follows : Papilio ichnusa Hiibner, [1823-1824] (Sammi. europ. Schmett. : pl. Pap. 170, fig. 840. This figure is correctly numbered “‘ 840 ”’ on the plate but at the foot of the plate bears the incorrect number “‘ 842’. IDAEA Oberthur, 1880, Ann. Mus. Stor. nat. Genova 15 : 485 (an Incorrect Subsequent Spelling of Idea Fabricius, 1807). IDAEOPSIS Oberthur, 1880, Ann. Mus. Stor. nat. Genova 15 : 486 (an Incorrect Subsequent Spelling of Jdeopsis Horsfield 1857). 230 FRANCIS HEMMING IDAIDES Hiibner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (6) : 85. Type-species by selection by Scudder (1875, Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10: 195) : Papilio codrus Cramer, [1777], Uitl. Kapellen 2 (15) : 127, pl. 179, figs A, B. IDATA de Lesse, 1952, Ann. Soc. ent. Fy. 121: 72. Type-species by original designation : Epinephele ida Esper, var. cecilia Vallentin, 1894, Le Naturaliste 16 : 260. IDEA Fabricius, 1807, Mag. f. Insektenk. (Illiger) 6 : 283. Type-species by monotypy : Papilio idea Linnaeus, 1763, Amoen. acad. 6 : 405. Linnaeus, when describing the nominal species Papilio idea, added after his description the reference “‘ Clerk t. 38 f. 1’ ; the plate here cited was published in vol. 2 of Clerck’s Icones. The citation by Linnaeus of this reference has led many authors to attribute this name to Clerck and to treat the plate in the [cones as the place where the specific name idea was first published. This is incorrect, for the plate referred to above was not published until 1764, i.e. not until a year after it was referred to in the Amoen. acad. It is no matter for surprise that in 1763 Linnaeus should have cited this at that time unpublished plate, for it was at Linnaeus’s request that Clerck undertook the preparation of the plates which later were published in the Icones. Indeed, in this matter Clerck was no more than the artist who prepared the plates in that work, even the names attributed in it to the species figured having been supplied to Clerck by Linnaeus. IDEOPSIS Horsfield, 1857, im Horsfield & Moore, Cat. lep. Ins. Mus. East India Coy (1) : 133. Type-species by selection by Scudder (1875, Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10 : 195) : Idea (?) Saura Horsfield, [1829], Descr. Cat. lep. Ins. Mus. East India Coy (2) : explic. plo 6; figs 1 IDIOMORPHUS Doumet, 1861, Rev. Mag. Zool. (2) 13: 174. Type-species by monotypy : Idiomorphus hewitsonit Doumet, 1861, 2bzd. (2) 13 : 175, pl. 5, fig. 2. The name Idiomorphus Doumet is invalid, as it is a junior homonym of I[diomorphus de Chaudoir, 1846 (Bull. Soc. imp. Nat. Moscou 19 (4) : 515). It has been replaced by the name Bicyclus Kirby, 1871. IDIONEURA Felder (C.) & Felder (R.), [1867], Reise Fregatte ‘‘ Novava’’, Lep. Rhop. (3) : 474. Type-species by monotypy : Idioneuva evebioides Felder (C.) & Felder (R.), [1867], ibid. (3) : 474-475- The name Jdionewva Felder & Felder is invalid, as it is a junior homonym of Idioneura Philippi, 1865 (Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien. 15: 615). It has been replaced by the name Idioneurula Strand, 1932. IDIONEURULA Strand, 1932, Folia zool. hydvobiol., Riga 4 (1) : 146. Type-species through Section (i) (replacement names) of Article 67 : Idioneura erebioides Felder (C.) & Felder (R.), [1867], Reise Fregatte ‘‘ Novava’’, Lep. Rhop. (3) : 474-475. IDMAIS Boisduval, [1836], Roret’s Suite a Buffon, Hist. nat. Ins., Spec. Gén. Lépid. 1 : 584. Type-species by selection by Scudder (1875, Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10 : 196) : Pontia chrysonome Klug, 1829, in Ehrenberg, Symbolae phys. Ins. 1 : signature G [4], pla 7, tigsio; TOG, 1 22 IDMON de Niceville, 1895, J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc. 9 (4) : 375. Type-species by original designation : Baoris unicolor Distant, 1886, Rhop. malay. : 381, pl. 35, fig. 11. The name Baoris unicoloy Distant, 1886, is invalid, as it is a junior homonym of Baoris unicoloy Moore, 1883 (Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1883 : 533). It has been replaced by the name Lambrix distanti Shepard, 1937 (in Bryk’s Lep. Cat. 83 : 20). IDRUSIA Corbet, 1943, Entomologist 76 : 206. Type-species through Section (i) (replacement names) of Article 67 : Euripus halitherses Doubleday, [1848], Gen. diurn. Lep. (2) : pl. 41, fig. 2. The name Idvusia was introduced as a replacement for the name Euripus Doubleday in the belief that it was invalid as being a junior homonym of the name Eurypus Kirby, [1919], (Tvans. linn. Soc. Lond. 12 (2) : 390). At that time there was no clear rule as to what con- stituted generic homonymy, but under the present revised Code (Article 56(a)) a single-letter GENERIC NAMES OF BUTTERFLIES 231 difference in spelling is sufficient to prevent any two generic names from ranking as homonyms of one another. Accordingly, the name Euripus Doubleday is not invalid under the Law of Homonymy and the name J/dvusia Corbet, proposed as a replacement for it, is itself invalid as a junior objective synonym. ILERDA Doubleday, 1847, List. Spec. lep. Ins. Brit. Mus. 2 : 25. Type-species by monotypy : Polyommatus epicles Godart, [1824], Ency. méth. 9 (Ins.) (2) : 646. Doubleday cited other nominal species also, but these were all manuscript species, Polyom- matus epicles thus becoming type-species by monotypy. ILIADES Hiibner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (6) : 88. Type-species by selection by Scudder (1875, Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10 : 196) : Papilio memnon Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 460. ILIANA Bell, 1937, Amer. Mus. Novit. No. 914: 8. Type-species by original designation : Iliana romulus Bell, 1937, zbid. No. 914: 9. ILMA Swinhoe, 1905, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (7) 16 : 613. Type-species by monotypy : Ilma jovina Swinhoe, 1905, ibid. (7) 16 : 613. The taxon represented by the nominal species //ma jovina is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as the same as that represented by the older-established nominal species Lychnuchus ivvina Plétz, 1886 (Stett. ent. Zig 47 : 88). IMELDA Hewitson, 1870, Equat. Lep. Buckley (4) : 56. Type-species by monotypy : Imelda glaucosmia Hewitson, 1870, ibid. (4) : 56. INACHIS Hiibner, Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (3) : 37. Type-species by monotypy : Papilio io Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 472. INCISALIA Scudder, 1872, 4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. 1871: 52. Type-species by original designation : Licus niphon Hiibner, [1823], Zutr. z. Samml. exot. Schmett. 2 : 7, pl. [36], figs 203, 204. This name has sometimes been attributed to Minot. This is due, no doubt, to the fact that, as stated by Scudder, it was first proposed by Minot in manuscript. INDALASA Moore, 1880, Trans. ent. Soc. Lond. 1880 (4) : 166. Type-species by monotypy : Mycalesis moorei Felder (C.) & Felder (R.), [1867], Reise Fregatte ‘‘ Novara” (3) : 502, pl. 67, fig. 9. INDOXYLIDES Doherty, 1889, J. asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt II, 58 (4) : 410 nota. Type-species by monotypy : Oxylides tharis Geyer, [1837], in Hiibner, Zutr. z. Sammi. exot. Schmett. 5 : 22, pl. [152], figs 883, 884. Doherty introduced the name Indovylides in a footnote to his treatment of the genus Eooxylides de Niceville ; he explained that he had intended to establish a genus under the name Indoxylides for Oxylides tharis, that he had so informed de Niceville in correspondence but that this communication had reached de Niceville too late, de Niceville having decided to introduce Eooxylides, a name of his own devising, for this genus ; in the circumstances the name Eoovylides de Niceville was the correct name for this genus. It must be added however that Doherty’s final conclusion was incorrect for a reason of which at the time he was doubtless unaware. This arises from the fact that at the time when de Niceville’s paper containing the new name Fooxylides was in the hands of the printer, Doherty also had the present paper in an advanced stage of preparation, in which, on the basis of the information which he had received from de Niceville, he himself had introduced the name Eooxylides which he duly attributed to de Niceville, believing that that name had already been published by de Niceville. Actually at the time of the publication of Doherty’s paper that of de Niceville was still unpublished ; for the paper by de Doherty containing the name Eoovylides was published in December, 1889, while de Niceville’s paper did not appear until February 1890. Thus, although Doherty was anticipated by de Niceville in the choice of a name (Eooxylides in place of Doherty’s suggested name Indovylides), he became by an odd chance the first author to publish a name (Eooxy- 232 FRANCIS HEMMING lides) for this genus as the result of his paper containing that name being published before the corresponding paper by de Niceville. It will be seen from the foregoing particulars that the name Indoxvylides Doherty was published only in an explanatory note in the paper in which the name Eoovrylides (de Nice- ville MS.) Doherty was first published and is invalid as being a junior objective synonym of that name. INESSA de Niceville, 1897, J. asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt II, 66 (3) : 570. Type-species by original designation : Inessa ilion de Niceville, 1897, ibid. Pt II, 66 (3) : 571, pl. 4, fig. 33. INFRAPHULIA Field, 1958, Proc. U.S. nat. Mus. 108 : 114, 106. Type-species by original designation : Phulia nymphula var. illimani Weymer, 1890, in Weymer & Maassen, in Stiibel & Reisse, Reisen Sud-Amer., Lepid. : 98, 125, pl. 4, fig. 12. IOIS Doherty, 1889, J. asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt II, 58 (4) : 411. Type-species by monotypy : Amblypodia inornata Felder (C.) & Felder (R.), 1860, Wien. ent. Monats. 4 : 396. IOLANA Bethune-Baker, 1914, Ent. Rec. 26: 162. Type-species by original designation : Lycaena iolas Ochsenheimer, 1816, Schmett. Europa 4 : 144. IOLAPHILUS Stempffer & Bennett, 1958, Bull. Inst. franc. Afr. Noive 20 (A) (4): 1298, 1253. Type-species by original designation : Iolaus menas Druce, 1890, Ann. Mag. nat. Hast. (6) 5 = 29: This name first appeared in the above paper in a key (: 1253) where no species was cited as belonging to the taxon so established ; this deficiency was made good later in the paper (: 1298) where a type-species was designated. IOLAUS Hiibner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (6) : 81. Type-species by selection by Hewitson [1865], Jil. diurn. Lep., Lycaenidae 1 (text) : 40: Papilio eurisus Cramer, 1782, Pap. Exot. 3 : pl. 221, figs D, E. IONOLYCE Toxopeus, 1929, Tijdschr. Ent. 72 : 236. Type-species by monotypy : Ionolyce helicon javanica Toxopeus, 1929, ibid. 72 : 236. The nominal species of which Toxopeus in the above combination described the new unit javanica as a subspecies is : Lycaena helicon Felder (C.), 1860 (S. B. Akad. Wiss. Wien. 40 : 457). This is one of a number of generic names first published in the paper cited above against which Toxopeus added a note suggesting that before the appearance of this paper these names might already have appeared in the volume of the serial Tveubia for 1929. As has already been explained in the fuller note given on the name Discolampa Toxopeus, another of the names concerned, the paper which Toxopeus had in mind was never published. IOPHANUS Draudt, [1920], 7m Seitz, Grossschmett. Erde 5 : 814. Type-species by monotypy : Chrysophanus (?) pyrrhias Godman & Salvin, [1887], Biol. centy.-amery., Lep. Rhop. 2: tol, pl. 58, figs 26, 27 3. IPHIAS Boisduval, [1836], (Roret’s Suite a Buffon), Hist. nat. Ins., Spec. gén. Lépid. 1 : 595. Type-species by selection by Blanchard (1840, Hist. nat. Ins. 3 : 342) : Papilio glaucippe Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 469. The name Jphias Boisduval is invalid, as it is a junior objective synonym of Hebemoia Hiibner, [1819]. IPHICLIDES Hiibner, [1819], Vevz. bekannt. Schmett. (6) : 82. Type-species by selection by Scudder (1872, 4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. 1871 : 65) : Papilio podalirius Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 463, nota. The bibliographical references and localities cited by Linnaeus for the nominal species Papilio podalivius showed clearly that he had confused together under this name two distinct taxa, one occurring in central and southern Europe, exclusive of Spain ; the other in Spain and for a long stretch of the African Mediterranean littoral ; it was to the first of these taxa that the specific name podalirius has always been applied while the second, which was not dis- GENERIC NAMES OF BUTTERFLIES 233 tinguished until 1832, was equally well known by the specific name fezsthamelii (Papilio feisthamelit Duponchel, 1832, im Godart, Hist. nat. Lépid. Fr., Suppl. 1 (Diurnes) : 7, pl. x, fig.1 9). In 1913 (J. linn. Soc. Lond., Zool. 32 : 174-175) Verity drew attention to the fact that the sole syntype of Papilio podalirius preserved in the Linnaean collection in London was a female, not of the European species always known as podalirius but of the North African species Papilio feisthamelii and suggested that the name podalirius should be transferred to the species known as feisthameli1. The adoption of this course would have had a most disturbing effect on accepted nomenclature and would have been extremely confusing. Verity’s paper was accordingly deliberately ignored by systematists, who continued to use the specific names podalirius and feisthamelii in the hitherto accepted sense. It was apparent however that at some suitable time it would be necessary to ask the Commission to regularize the situation in some suitable way. In 1945 an application on this case was submitted to the Commission in this sense by the late Steven Corbet. The general purpose of this application was approved by the Commission which decided that the best course would be to use its Plenary Powers to designate as the lectotype of this nominal species one of the specimens described in one of the works on European butterflies for which bibliographical references were cited by Linnaeus in the original description of Papilio podalivius. The specimen selected by the Commission was that described by Ray in 1710 (Hist. Ins. : III, no. 3), which Ray stated had been taken near the port of Livorno in Tuscany ; at the same time the Commission designated the above locality to be the ‘‘ Restricted Locality ’’ for this nominal species. The effect of these deci- sions was definitely to confirm the specific name podalirius as the name for the European taxon habitually so known, and to leave the name /feisthamelii as the valid name for the Spanish & North African taxon. This decision was promulgated in the Commission’s Opinion 263, which was published in 1954 (Opin. int. Comm. zool. Nom. 5 : 329-342). In the same Opinion the specific names podalivius Linnaeus, 1758, and feisthamelii Duponchel, 1832 (both pub- lished in combination with the generic name Papilio), were placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology as Names No. 77 and No. 78 respectively. IPHIMEDEIA Fruhstorfer, [1913], in Seitz, Grossschmett. Evde 5 : 335. Type-species by selection by Hemming (1943, Proc. R. ent. Soc. Lond. (B) 12 : 25) : Papilio hercules Dalman, 1823, Analecta entom. : 40. IPHTHIMA Westwood, [1851], in Doubleday, Gen. diurn. Lep. (2) : pl. 67 (an Incorrect Subsequent Spelling of Ypthima Hiibner, 1881). IPIDECLA Dyar, 1916, Proc. U.S. nat. Mus. 51 (No. 2139) : 1. Type-species by original designation : Ipidecla miadora Dyar, 1916, ibid. 51 (No. 2139) : 2. IRAOTA Moore, [1881], Lep. Ceylon 1 (3) : tor. Type-species by monotypy : Hesperia maecenas Fabricius, 1793, Ent. syst. 3 (1) : 271. The taxon represented by the nominal species Hesperia maecenas Fabricius is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as being the same as that represented by the older- established nominal species Papilio tomileon Stoll, [1790] (Aanhangs. Werk Uitl. Kapellen Pieter Cramer : 146, pl. 32, fig. 4). IRATSUME Sibatani & Ito, 1942, Tenthvedo 3 (4): 328. Type-species by original designation: Thecla orsedice Butler, [April 1882], Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1881 (4) : 852. IRIDANA Aurivillius, [1921], 7 Seitz, Grossschmett. Erde 13 : 345. Type-species through Section (i) (replacement names) of Article 67: Iris incredibilis Staudinger, [1891], Ivis 4 (1) : 141. This name was introduced as a replacement for Jvidopsis Aurivillius, [1898], which is invalid under the Law of Homonymy. IRIDOPSIS Aurivillius, [1898], K. svenska VetenskAkhad. Handl., Stockholm 31 (No. 5) : 254, 286. Type-species through Section (i) (replacement names) of Article 67 : Ivis incredt- bilis Staudinger, [1891], [vis 4 (1) : 141. Aurivillius introduced the name Jvidopsis as a replacement for the name /77s Staudinger, 234 FRANCIS HEMMING [1891], which is invalid under the Law of Homonymy. The replacement name Ividopsis is however itself invalid as a junior homonym of I[vidopsis Warren, 1894 (Novit. zool. 1 : 436). Later, as shown above, Aurivillius introduced a second replacement name, Ividana Aurivillius, [1921], and, as this is an available name, it became the nomenclatorially valid name for this genus. IRIS Staudinger, [1891], [vis 4 (1) : 141. Type-species by monotypy: Iris incredibilis Staudinger, [1891], zbid. 4 (1) : 141. The name vis Staudinger is invalid, as it is a junior homonym of J7is Saussure, 1872 (Mitt. schweiz. ent. Ges.3 : 56). As shown above, the name Jris Staudinger has been twice replaced ; the first replacement name, Jvidopsis Avrivillius, [1898], was itself invalid under the Law of Homonymy, but the second, Ividana Aurivillius, [1921], is an available name and is thus the nomenclatorially valid name for this genus. IRONGA Martin, 1914, [vis 28 : 100 (an Incorrect Subsequent Spelling of Tvonga Moore, 1883). ISAMIA Moore, [1880], Lep. Ceylon 1 (1) : 10. Type-species by original designation : Papilio superbus Herbst, 1793, 72 Jablonsky, Natursyst. Ins., Schmett. 6: 14, pl. 119, fig. 3 3; pl. 120, figs 2, 3 9. The taxon represented by the nominal species Papilio superbus Herbst is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as being the same as that represented by the older-estab- lished nominal species Papilio midamus Linnaeus, 1758 (Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 470). ISAMIOPSIS Moore, 1888, Descr. new ind. Lep. Coll. Atkinson (3) : 284. Type-species by original designation : Papilio telearchus Hewitson, 1852, Tvans. ent. Soc. Lond. (2) 2 : 22, alle @, tikes, Se The taxon represented by the nominal species Papilio telearchus Hewitson is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as being the same as that represented by the older-established nominal species Papilio pavadoxa Zinken, [1831] (Nova Acta Leop. Carol. 15 (1) : 162, pl. 15, figs 9, Io). The name Jsamiopsis Moore is invalid, as it is a junior objective synonym of the name Euploeopsis de Niceville, 1888. ISAPIS Doubleday, 1847, List Spec. lep. Ins. Brit. Mus. 2:18. Type-species by monotypy : Papilio agyrtus Cramer, [1777], Uitl. Kapellen 2 (11): 40, pl. 123, figs B, C. ISMA Distant, 1886, Rhop. malay. : 369, 386. Type-species by original designation : Isma obscura Distant, 1886, ibid. : 386, pl. 35, fig. 19. ISMENA Mabille, 1891, Bull. C. R. ent. Soc. Belg. 35 : xxviii (an Incorrect Subsequent Spelling of Ismene Swainson, 1820). ISMENE Swainson, 1820, Zool Iilusty. (1) 1 (3) : pl. 16. Type-species by monotypy : Ismene oedipodia Swainson, 1820, ibid. (1) 1 (3) : pl. 16. The name Jsmene Swainson is invalid, as it is a junior homonym of Ismene Savigny, 1816 (Mém. Anim. sans Vertéby. 1 : 34). ISMENE Nickerl, 1846, Stett. ent. Zig 7: 207. Type-species by monotypy: Ismene helios Nickerl, 1846, zbid., Stettin 7 : 208, pl. [3], figs A, B g, C, D 9. The name Ismene Nickerl is invalid as a junior homonym of Jsmene Savigny, 1816, and Ismene Swainson, 1820, the two names discussed above in the immediately preceding note. The name Ismene Nickerl has been replaced by the name Hypermnestva Ménétriés, 1848. ISODEMA Felder (C.) & Felder (R.), 1863, Wien. ent. Monats. 7: 109 nota. Type-species through Section (i) (replacement names) of Article 67: Pavaplesia adelma Felder (C.) & Felder (R.), 1862, zbid. 6 : 26. The name Jsodema was introduced by C. & R. Felder as a replacement for the name Para- plesia which they had published in the previous year (1962, Wien ent. Monats. 6 : 26) but which they now thought was invalid under the Law of Homonymy through having already been used by Herrich-Schaeffer for a genus of moths. In so thinking, they were mistaken, for GENERIC NAMES OF BUTTERFLIES 235 Herrich-Schaeffer had never published the name Paraplesia ; he had however published a generic name Paraplesis in 1856 (Samml. aussereurop. Schmett., Het. : 15, 17) for a genus of moths, and it was no doubt through a misreading of this name that the Felders had formed the erroneous conclusion that the name Paraplesia which they had published for the present genus of butterflies had been anticipated by Herrich-Schaeffer in this way. It will be seen from the foregoing explanation that the name Paraplesia Felder & Felder is not invalid under the Law of Homonymy but is an available name. It follows that the replacement name Jsodema is invalid as a junior objective synonym of Paraplesia. ISOTEINON Felder (C.) & Felder (R.), 1862, Wien. ent. Monats. 6: 30. Type-species by monotypy : Isoteinon lamprospilus Felder (C.) & Felder (R.), 1862, ibid. 6 : 30. ISSORIA Hiibner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2) : 31. Type-species by selection by Scudder (1875, Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10 : 198) : Papilio lathonia Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 481. As characterized by the foregoing type-species, the genus Jssoria Hiibner belongs to the Argynnis-Group of the family Nymphalidae and is now generally accepted as a taxonomically good genus of that group. Formerly, however, the name /ssorvia was used in an entirely different sense through the misjudged (and incorrect) action of Moore in 1900 (Lep. ind. 4 (46) : 202) in ignoring Scudder’s selection of Papilio lathonia as type-species and in setting up in its place the pseudotype Papilio egista Cramer, 1780 (Uitl. Kapellen 3 [24] : 158, pl. 281 figs C, D). That species, which belongs to a very distinct group in the family Nymphalidae, was without a valid generic name of its own until in 1934 I established the genus Vagrans Hemming for its reception. ITABALLIA Kaye, 1904, Trans. ent. Soc. Lond. 1904 : 204. Type-species by original desig- nation : Pieris pandosia Hewitson, [1853], J/l. evot. Butts 1 : [8], pl. [4], fig. 14. ITANUS Doubleday, [1848], Gen. diuwyvn. Lep. (2): pl. 41, fig. 4. Type-species by monotypy: Itanus phemius Doubleday, [1848], ibid. (2) : pl. 41, fig. 4. In the text relating to the above species which was written by Westwood and published in October 1850 (ibid. (2) : 291) the name Itanus Doubleday was set aside, [tanus phemius, the type-species, being placed in the genus Adolias Boisduval. ITANUS Felder (C.), 1861, Nova Acta Leop. Carol. 28 (No. 3) : 34. Type-species by selection by Scudder (1875, Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10 : 198) : Adolias anosia Moore, in Horsfield & Moore, Cat. lep. Ins. Mus. East India Coy (1) : 187. The name Jtanus Felder is invalid, as it is a junior homonym of Jtanus Doubleday, [1848]. The nominal species Adolias anosia Moore was later made the type-species of a new genus Tasinga Moore, [1897]. ITERUS Donitz, 1899, Berl. ent. Z. 44, SitzBer. : (22). Type-species through Section (1) (replacement names) of Article 67 : Papilio zalmoxis Hewitson, [1864], J//. exot. Butts 3 : I@ieple [nls fig. 18. The name Iteyus was introduced by Donitz as a replacement for the name Jcavus Rober, 1898, which is invalid under the Law of Homonymy. ITHOBALLUS Hiibner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (6) : 88. Type-species by selection by Scudder (1875, Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10 : 198) : Papilio polydamas Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 460. The name Jthoballus Hiibner is invalid, as it is a junior objective synonym of Battus Scopoli 1777- ITHOMEIS Bates, [Sept.] 1862, Tvans. linn. Soc. Lond. 23 (3) : 541 nota. Type-species by selection by Scudder (1875, Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10 : 198) : Ithomeis auranti- aca Bates, 1862, ibid. 23 (3) : 541 nota. The exact date of publication in 1862 of the name Jthomeis Bates is of importance because there is a name Ithomiopsis Felder (C.) & Felder (R.) which was also published in 1862 and which is currently treated as a subjective synonym of [thomeis Bates. Fortunately, informa- 236 FRANCIS HEMMING tion on this subject is provided in a note published by Bates in 1868 (J. linn. Soc. Lond. Zool. 9 : 430), in which he recorded that the name Jthomeis was published in September 1862 and Ithomiopsis in December of that year. The name Jthomeis Bates has therefore clear priority over the name [thomiopsis Felder & Felder. ITHOMIA Hiibner, 1816, Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (1): 9. Type-species by selection by Butler & Druce (1872, Cistula ent. 1 : 95 nota) : Ithomia drymo Hiibner, 1816, zb7d. (1) : 9. Like all other new species-names published in the Verzeichniss, the name Ithomia drymo is based solely upon bibliographical references. In this case the reference cited by Hiibner was : “‘ Diaphane Cram. 315 D.E.”’’, i.e. to plate 375 (figs D & E) published in 1780 by Stoll in Part 27 of his continuation (volume 4) of Cramer’s Uitl. Kapellen. In the text (: 53) Stoll stated that these figures represented the upperside and underside of the female of the species of which the male had been described and figured under the same name—Papilio diaphana— by Cramer in 1779 (Uitl. Kapellen 3 (20) : 66, pl. 231, fig. C). The name Papilio diaphana Cramer ranks for priority as from 1779. There are two older nominal species bearing the name Papilio diaphanus, the first of these being Papilio diaphanus Drury, [1773] (Jl. nat. Hist. 2 : index et 13). Since the words “ diaphana”’ and “ diaphanas’’ are no more than gender variants of a single word, it follows that the name Papilio diaphana Cramer is a homonym of the name Papilio diaphanus Drury and being the later published of these two names is invalid under the Law of Homonymy. The oldest available name for the type-species of the present genus is the replacement name [thomia dvymo Hiibner, 1816. ITHOMIOLA Felder (C.) & Felder (R.), [1865], Reise Fregatte ‘‘ Novara’’, Lep. Rhop. (2) : 311. Type-species by monotypy : Ithomiola floralis Felder (C.) & Felder (R.), [1865], zbzd., ep. Khop. (2))2 312. ITHOMIOPSIS Felder (C.) & Felder (R.), [Dec. 1862], Wien. ent. Monats. 6: 411. Type- species by selection by Hemming (1964, Annot. lep. (4) : 128) : Ithomiopsis corena Felder (C.) & Felder (R.), 1862, ibid. 6 : 412. The name Ithomiopsis Felder & Felder is commonly treated as a subjective synonym of Ithomeis Bates. Both these names were published in 1862, but as will be seen from the note on the name Ithomeis, that name has priority over the name Jthomiopsis. ITON de Niceville, 1895, J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc. 9 (4) : 399. Type-species by original designation : Hesperia semamora Moore, [1866], Pyoc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1865 (3) : 791. ITUNA Doubleday, [1847], Gen. diurn. Lep. (1) : pl. 17, fig. 1. Type-species by monotypy : Ituna phenarete Doubleday, [1847], zbzd. (1) : pl. 17, fig. I. The above species, being the only one cited on plate 17 as belonging to [tuna Doubleday, is automatically the type-species by monotypy. This plate was published on 9th July 1847 and thus preceded the relevant text which was not published until 4th October 1847 by nearly three months. In the text (loc. cit. (1) : 114) Doubleday added two other species to this genus. ITYLOS Draudt, [1921], 1m Seitz, Grossschmett. Evde 5 : 821. Type-species by selection by Hemming (1929, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (10) 3 : 240) : Cupido speciosa Staudinger, [1894], Ivis 7 : 77-78, pl. 2, fig. 8. In 1945 (Psyche 52 : 38) Nabokov drew attention to the fact that, when establishing this nominal genus, in which he placed nine nominal species, Draudt had observed that two of these—titicaca Weymer (Lycaena titicaca Weymer 1890) and speciosa Staudinger—-belonged to a somewhat different group from the others; on this basis Nabokov sought to argue that these two species had been only doubtfully referred to the genus by its author and therefore that neither was eligible to be selected as the type-species. Nabokov thereupon selected Cupido moza Staudinger, [1894] (loc. cit. 7 : 79-80, pl. 2, fig. 5) as the type-species of this genus. It is true, as Nabokov remarked, that Draudt divided into two groups the species which he placed in this genus, but he certainly did not say anything which would warrant the view that of the nine included nominal species Draudt regarded seven as belonging to the genus Jtylos strictly interpreted, the other two species to a different group only doubtfully GENERIC NAMES OF BUTTERFLIES 237 included in the genus. The contention advanced by Nabokov is therefore considered to be unsound, the view here taken being taken that the nine originally included species were all equally eligible for selection as the type-species and therefore that the selection of Cupido speciosa Staudinger as type-species made in 1929 was perfectly valid under the Code. ITYS de Niceville, 1805, J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc. 9 (4) : 377. Type-species by original desig- nation : Itys iadera de Niceville, 1895, ibid. 9 (4) : 379, pl. Q, fig. 52 3. The name /tys de Niceville is invalid under the Law of Homonymy, being a junior homonym (a) of Itys Wagler, 1831 (Isis 1831 : 535) and (b) of Jtys Pickard, 1894 (%n Godman & Salvin, Biol. centr.-amer., Arachn. Avan. 1 : 127). It has been replaced by the name Kineta Lindsey, 1925. IXIADES Hiibner, [1825], Verz. bekannt. Schmett., Anzeiger : 6 (an Incorrect Subsequent Spelling of Jvias Hiibner, [1819]). JXIAS Hiibner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (6) : 95. Type-species by selection by Butler (1870, Cistula ent. 1 : 48) : Papilio pyrene Linnaeus, 1764, Mus. Lud. Ulr. : 241. JACOONA Distant, 1884, Rhop. malay. : 233, 241. Type-species by original designation : Myrina anasuja Felder (C.) & Felder (R.), [1865], Reise Fregatte ‘‘ Novarva’’, Lep. Rhop. (2) : 237, pl. 30, figs 3, 4. JAERA Hiibner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (3) : 38. Type-species by selection by Hemming (1943, Proc. R. ent. Soc. Lond. (B) 12 : 28) : Papilio crithea Drury, [1773], Ill. nat. Hist. 2 : index et 29, pl. 16, figs 5, 5. The name /Jaeva Hiibner is invalid, it being a junior homonym of Jaeva Leach, 1815 (Trans. linn. Soc. Lond. 11 (2) : 373). A first attempt to provide Jaeva Hiibner with a valid replace- ment name proved unsuccessful ; this was when in 1867 Cajetan & Rudolph Felder published the replacement name Euomma, a name which was unfortunately itself invalid under the Law of Homonymy. In 1871 however the name /aera was successfully replaced by Kirby by the name Catuna. The position as regards the determination of a type-species for this genus has been fully explained in the note already given on the name Catuna Kirby. It may be summarized briefly as follows : (a) When in 1871 Kirby established the replacement genus Catwna, no type-species had been designated either for Jaeva Hiibner, the nominal genus, the name of which was so replaced, or for the nomenclatorially invalid replacement genus Euomma Felder (C.) & Felder (R.), [1867] ; (b) Kirby when introducing the replacement genus Catuna in 1871, did not designate a type-species for it ; (c) in 1873 Kirby attempted to make good this deficiency, but the nominal species which he then selected as the type-species was not one of those placed by Hiibner in his genus /aeva and was therefore ineligible for selection as the type-species of Catuna, in view of the fact that that genus was no more than a replacement genus for Jaeva ; (d) it was not until 1943 that a validly established type-species was pro- vided, it being in that year that I selected Papiho crithea Drury, one of Hiibner’s original species, to be the type-species of Jaeva Hiibner and therefore automatically also for the replacement genus Catuna Kirby, 1871, and for its nomenclatorially invalid predecessor, the replacement genus Euvomma Felder (C.) & Felder (R.), [1867]. JALMENUS Hiibner, 1818, Zuty. z. Sammi. exot. Schmett. 1 : 29. Type-species by selection by Scudder (1875, Proc. amey. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10: 199) : Jalmenus evagoras Hiibner, 1818, ibid. 1 : 29, pl. [31], figs 175, 176. The taxon represented by the name /almenus evagovas Hiibner is currently treated sub- jectively as being the same as that represented by the older-established nominal species Papilio evagoras Donovan, 1805 (Epitome nat. Hist. Ins. New Holland ..: signature F [1]). It is possible indeed that it was Donovan’s evagoras that Hiibner was referring to, but both in the Zutrdge and in Signature 5 (: 75) of the Verzeichniss published in the following year Hiibner made no reference to Donovan and treated the name evagovas as a new name of his 238 FRANCIS HEMMING own. That name, as used by Hiibner, is accordingly here attributed to him and not to Dono- van and is treated as a junior subjective synonym of, as well as a junior homonym of, Papilio evagovas Donovan. JAMIDES Hiibner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (5) : 71. Type-species by selection by Scudder (1875, Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10 : 199) Papilio bochus Stoll, [1782], Uitl. Kapellen 4 (33) : 210, pl. 391, figs C, D. JAPONICA Tutt, [1907], Nat. Hist. Brit. Butts2 : 277. |Type-species by original designation : Dipsas saepestriata Hewitson, [1865], [//. diurvn. Lep., Lycaenidae 1 (text) : 67 ; 2 (plates) : pl. 26, figs 7, 8. JASTIA Swainson, 1832, Zool. Iilusty. (2) 2: pl. 90. Type-species by original designation : Papilio jasius Linnaeus, 1767, Syst. Nat. (ed. 12) 1 (2) : Errata. The name Jasia Swainson is invalid, as it is a junior objective synonym of Chavaves Ochsen- heimer, 1816. By the ruling given in Opinion 577 (1959, Bull. zool. Nom. 17 : 140) the Commission placed the name Jasia Swainson on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology as Name No. 1306. JASONIADES Hiibner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmeit. (6) : 83. .Type-species by selection by Scudder (1875) (Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10: 199) : Papilio turnus Linnaeus, 1771, Mantissa Plant. 2 : 536. The taxon represented by the nominal species Papilio turnus Linnaeus is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as a form of the taxon represented by the nominal species Papilio glaucus Linnaeus, 1758. The latter, as has already been explained, is the type-species of the genus Euphoeades Hiibner, [1819]. The names Jasoniades and Euphoeades are thus subjective synonyms of one another published in the same work and on the same date. The relative precedence to be accorded to these names depends therefore on the choice made by the First Reviser who was myself when (as explained in the note on Euphoeades) I accorded precedence to the name below Jasoniades Hiibner, of which by that choice Euphoeades became a junior subjective synonym. JATANA Moore, 1880, Tvans. ent. Soc. Lond. 1880 (4) : 164. Type-species by monotypy : Mycalesis mynois Hewitson, [1864], J/l. exot. Butts 3 : [87], pl. [44], figs 29, 30. JEMADIA Watson, 1893, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1893 : 11, 14. Type-species by selection by Sharp, [1894] in Zool. Rec. 30 (year 1893) (Ins). : 239: Pyrrhopyéga [sic] hospita Butler, 1877, Aun. Mag. nat. Hist. (4) 20 : 128. The present is one of the very few cases in which Watson fell into error through faulty editing of his paper. What happened was that in his generic key on page 11 he designated Pyrrhopyga [sic] patrobas Hewitson, [1857] (Il. evot. Butts 2 : [117], p. [59], fig. 1) as type- species of Jemadia, but three pages later (: 14) he designated Pyvrhopyga [sic] hospita Butler, 1877 (Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (4) 20 : 128). It may be assumed that at some stage he changed his mind as to the species to be designated as the type-species, but there is no evidence to show which of the foregoing names was the one that represented his final choice and which therefore remained in the paper as type-species by inadvertence. What is certain however is that for the above reason Watson failed to make a nomenclatorially effective type-selection. This deficiency was made good (probably inadvertently also) by Sharp in his capacity of editor of the Insecta Section of the Zoological Record, when he unambiguously stated that Pyvrhopyga hospita was the type-species. This arrangement has been correctly followed by later authors. (The nominal species Pyvrhopyga patrobas is currently treated subjectively as belonging to a different genus, Elbella Evans, 1951). JERA Lindsey, 1925, Ann. ent. Soc. Amer. 18 : 20. Type-species through Section (i) (replace- ment names) of Article 67: Dichelura tricuspidata Mabille, 1902, Bull. Soc. ent. Fr. 1902 : 179. JOANNA Evans, 1955, Cat. amer. Hesp. Brit. Mus. 4 : 265. Type-species by original designa- tion : Joanna joanna Evans, 1955, bid. 4 : 273. GENERIC NAMES OF BUTTERFLIES 239 JOICEYA Talbot, 1928, Bull. Hill. Mus. 2 (3) : 214. Type-species by original designation : Joiceya praeclarus Talbot, 1928, ibid. 2 (3) : 214. JUDITHA Hemming, 1964, Annot. lep. (4) : 147. Type-species by original designation : Papilio lamis Stoll, [1780], 7 Cramer, Uzitl. Kapellen 4 (28) : 88, pl. 335, figs F, G. This genus, which was carved out of the genus Nymphidium Fabricius for a small group of species, was well characterized by Stichel in rg11 (4 Wytsman’s Gen. Ins. 112B : 364, pl. 22, figs 99a-g). Unfortunately, Stichel applied to the genus so characterized the name Peplia Hiibner, [1819], which was not available for this purpose, its type-species being the same as that of the older-established nominal genus Nymphidium Fabricius. As there was no generic name either objectively or subjectively available for the genus recognized by Stichel, I provided it with a name, selecting for this purpose the word Jwditha, based upon the Christian name of my younger daughter. JUNEA Hemming, 1964, Annot. lep. (4) : 137. Type-species through Section (i) (replacement names) of Article 67 : Daedalma doraete Hewitson, [1858], Jil. exot. Butts 2 : [85], pl. [43], figs 4,5 d. The name Junea was introduced as a replacement for the name Polymastus Thieme, 1907, which is invalid under the Law of Homonymy. JUNONIA Hiibner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (3) : 34. Type-species by selection by Scudder (1872, 4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. 1871 : 43) : Papilio lavinia Cramer, [1775], Uitl. Kapellen 1 (2) : 32, pl. 21, figs C, D. JUPITERIA Scudder, 1889, Ann. Rep. U.S. geol. Survey 8 (1): 448. Scudder placed in this genus a single new fossil species Jupitevia chavon Scudder, 1889 (loc. cit.), which is therefore the type-species by monotypy. He considered this species to belong to the Vanessid section of the family Nymphalidae. JUSTINIA Evans, 1955, Cat. amer. Hesp. Brit. Mus. 4: 90, 194. Type-species by original designation : Hesperia justinianus Latreille, [1824], Ency. méth. 9 (Ins.) (2) : 760. At the present moment the name /Justinia Evans is a junior objective synonym, because, when designating the type-species for his genus Phanis (a nominal genus established in 1900 and bearing an invalid name which was replaced by the same author in 1901 by the name Phanes), Godman misidentified the species Thracides aletes Geyer, [1832], with Hesperia justinianus Latreille and designated the latter, as being the older of the two nominal species, to be the type-species of Phanis. The Commission is being asked to apply the provisions of Article 70(a) (misidentified type-species) by designating Thvacides aletes Geyer to be the type-species of Phanes (=Phanis) Godman, thus giving effect to Godman’s clear intention. On the grant by the Commission of the foregoing application, the name Justinia Evans will become the oldest—indeed, the only available—name for the genus typified by Hesperia justinianus Latreille. In the interests of nomenclatorial stability and in accordance with the precept laid down in Article 80 of the Code the name /ustinia Evans is here treated as a nomen- clatorially available name. KABANDA Moore, 1880, Tvans. ent. Soc. Lond. 1880 (4) : 168. Type-species by original designation : Mycalesis malsarida Butler, 1868, Cat. diuyvn. Lep. Satyvidae Brit. Mus. : U34, pl. 3, fig. 14. KAILASIUS Moore, [1902], Lep. ind. 5 (53) : 118. Type-species by original designation : Parnassius charltonius Gray, 1852, Cat. lep. Ins. Brit. Mus. 1 (Papilionidae) : 77, pl. 12, fige7: KALKASIA Moore, [1898], Lep. ind. 3 (32): 146; 33- This genus was established by Karsch with two included nominal species, but without a designated or indicated type-species. One of the included nominal species was cited by Karsch as “ Lycaena elovea Staudinger’’. There is however no such nominal species, the reference being to a misuse by Staudinger in 1888 (in Staudinger & Schatz, Evot. Schmett. Th. 1 (Bd 1) (Lief. 6) : 270-271 ; ibid. Th. 1 (Bd 2) : pl. 94, row [5], fig. 1 g) of the name Papilio elorea Fabricius, 1793 (Ent. syst. 3 (1) : 194). The taxon described and figured by Staudinger under the above misapplied name was without a name objectively applicable to it until in 1960 I established the nominal species Oboronia staudingeri with, as its holotype, the specimen figured by Staudinger on the plate referred to above. As shown above, this nominal species was thereupon selected by myself to be the type-species of the genus Oboronia Karsch. The taxon represented by the nominal species Obovonia staudingeri Hemming is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as being the same as that represented by the nominal species Plebeius punctatus Dewitz, 1879 (Nova Acta Leop. Carol. 41 (Pars 2) (No. 2) : 205, pl. 26, fig. 15). [Note : From a bibliographical point of view the serial in which the foregoing name was published is confusing owing to the multiplicity of separately paged units in which it was published. Moreover, there are confusing double titles for the plates, that on which the above species was figured bearing in addition to the number “15” the supplementary title “‘ Africanische Tagschmetterlinge Taf. 2”’.] The foregoing synonym was first suggested by Karsch in 1895 (Ent. Nachy. 21 : 299) and has been accepted ever since. Thus, the arrangement made in 1960 (as described above) ensures the continued use of the name Oboronia Karsch in its accustomed sense. OCALIS Westwood, [1851], 7m Doubleday, Gen. diurn. Lep. (2) : 371. Type-species by mono- typy : Ovessinoma typhla Doubleday, [1849], Gen. diurn. Lep. (2) : pl. 62, fig. 5 [text by Westwood published in 1851 (loc. cit.) (2) : 372]. GENERIC NAMES OF BUTTERFLIES 319 The name Ocalis Westwood, [1851], is invalid under Article 11(d) because it was published in a synonymy, being placed by Westwood as “‘ Ocalis Boisduval MS.”’ in the synonymy of Oressinoma Doubleday, [1849]. Further, even if this name had been validly published by Westwood, it would have been invalid as a junior objective synonym of Ovessinoma Doubleday. OCALIS Boisduval, 1870, Consid. Lépid. Guatemala : 63. Type-species by monotypy : Oressinoma typhla Doubleday, [1849], Gen. diurn. Lep. (2) : pl. 62, fig. 5 [text by Westwood published in 1851 (loc. cit.) (2) : 372]. This is another of the numerous cases in which Boisduval put a manuscript name into irregular circulation but did not publish it until many years later ; as will be seen from the immediately preceding note, the name Ocalis Boisduval was already in existence as a manu- script name as far back as 1851, in which year it was invalidly published by Westwood in a synonymy. As published by Boisduval in 1870, the name Ocalis Boisduval is invalid as a junior objective synonym of Oressinoma Doubleday, [1849]. OCELLA Evans, 1953, Cat. amer. Hesp. Brit. Mus. 3: 11, 68. Type-species by original designation : Cyclosemia albata Mabille, 1888, Le Naturaliste (2) 2 : 265. OCHLODES Scudder, 1872, 4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. 1871: 78. Type-species by original designation : Hesperia nemorum Boisduval, 1852, Ann. Soc. ent. Fr. (2) 10 : 314. The type-species of this genus is confined to the Nearctic Region, and partly on this account palaearctic lepidopterists long overlooked this name, applying to the Palaearctic species the generic name Augiades Hiibner, [1819]. This practice was entirely incorrect, being based upon a complete misconception as to the type-species of that genus. By modern authors the Palaearctic, as well as the Nearctic species, are correctly referred to the genus Ochlodes Scudder. OCHUS de Niceville, 1894, J. asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt II, 63 (1) : 51. Type-species by original designation : Cyclopides subvittatus Moore, 1878, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1878 (3) : 692. OCYBA Lindsey, 1925, Ann. ent. Soc. Amer. 18 : 94. Type-species through Section (i) (re- placement names) of Article 67 : Caecina calathana Hewitson, 1868, Descr. One Hundred new Spec. Hesp. (2) : 56. The name Ocyba was introduced by Lindsey as a replacement for Caecina Hewitson, 1868, which is invalid under the Law of Homonymy. OCYBADISTES Heron, 1894, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (6) 14: 105. Type-species by original designation : Ocybadistes walkeri Heron, 1894, ibid. (6) 14 : 106. OCYTES Scudder, 1872, 4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. 1871 : 76. Type-species by original designation : Hesperia metea Scudder, 1863, Proc. Essex Inst. 3 : 177. ODINA Mabille, 1891, Bull. C. R. Soc. ent. Belg. 1891 : cxiii. Type-species by monotypy : Odina chrysomeloena Mabille, 1891, ibid. 1891 : cxiii. The taxon represented by the nominal species Odina chrysomeloena Mabille is currently treated as a subspecies of the taxon represented by the older-established nominal species Plastingia hiervoglyphica Butler, 1870 (Tvans. ent. Soc. Lond. 1870 : 511). ODONTOPTILUM de Niceville, 1890, J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc. 5 : 217. Type-species by original designation : Achlyodes sura Moore, [1866], Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1865 (3) : 786. The taxon represented by the nominal species Achlyodes suva Moore is currently identified subjectively with that represented by the older-established nominal species Pterygospidea angulata Felder (C.), 1862 (Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien 12 : 488). OECHYDRUS Watson, 1893, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1893 : 18, 35. Type-species by original designation : Eudamus chersis Herrich-Schaeffer, 1869, CovvespBl. zool. min. Ver. Regens- burg 23 : 186 [repaged separate as Prodomus [3] : 66]. OEDALONEURA Mabille, 1904, in Wytsman’s Gen. Ins. 17 (B) : tor. Type-species by monotypy : Pamphila heterochus Mabille, 1890, Ann. Soc. ent. Fy. (6) 10, Bull. : xxxi, pies) figs 7 320 FRANCIS HEMMING OENEIS Hiibner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (4) : 58. Type-species by selection by Butler (1868, Ent. mon. Mag. 4: 196): Papilio norna Thunberg, 1791, Ims. suec. (2) : 36, pl. [unnumbered], fig. rz (2 figs). OENIDES Mabille, 1904, in Wytsman’s Gen. Ins. 17 (C) : 178. Type-species by monotypy : Hesperia vulpina Felder (C.) & Felder (R.), [1867], Reise Fregatte ‘‘ Novara’’, Lep. Rhop. 6) 2545 plac} figs a, 2: OENOMAUS Hiibner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (5) : 76. Type-species by selection by Scudder (1875, Proc. amey. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10 : 231) : Papilio ortygnus Cramer, [1779], Uitl. Kapellen 3 (21) : 84, pl. 243, fig. B. OENUS Schaus, 1913, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1913 (3) : 363 (an Incorrect Subsequent Spelling of OEONUS Godman, [1900)). OEONUS Godman, [1900], iz Godman & Salvin, Biol. centr.-amer., Lep. Rhop. 2: 539. Type-species by monotypy : Oeonus pyste Godman, [1900], 7m Godman & Salvin, 7bid., Lep. Rhop. 2 : 540, pl. 98, figs 38-41 3. Godman stated that this genus was based on the characters given for “‘ the single species from Mexico’, i.e. Oeconus pyste, then described as new. He added that “‘ Hesperia degener Plétz from Venezuela probably belongs here ’’ [i.e. in the genus Oeonus]. As Pl6tz’s degeney is only doubtfully referred to the genus, it is ineligible for selection as type-species, and accordingly Oeonus pyste, as the only species definitely placed in the genus is automatically the type-species by monotypy. OERANE Elwes & Edwards, 1897, Tvans. zool. Soc. Lond. 14 : 242. Type-species by selection by Lindsey (1925, Ann. ent. Soc. Amer. 18 : 94) : Notocrypta ceaera de Niceville, 1891, J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc. @ : 379, pl. G, fig. 27 9. OGYRIS Westwood, [1851], im Doubleday, Gen. diurn. Lep. (2) : pl. 75, fig. 8 [text published in January 1852 (zbid. (2) : 472)]. Type-species by monotypy : Ogyris abrota Westwood, [1851], 72 Doubleday, zbid. (2) : pl. 75, fig. 8. In the text published (as noted above) in January 1852 Westwood again placed in this genus only Ogyris abrota, apart from a manuscript species (which he called idmo), which, being undescribed, has no status in zoological nomenclature. OILEIDES Hiibner, [1825], Samm. exot. Schmett. 2 : pl. [151], [152]. Type-species by selec- tion by Scudder (1875, Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10 : 232) : Oileides zephodes Hiibner, [1825], zbzd. 2 : pl. [151]. The taxon represented by the nominal species Ozleides zephodes Hiibner is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as being the same as that represented by the older- established nominal species Papilio otveus Stoll, [1780] (in Cramer, Uitl. Kapellen 4 (28) : 78, pl. 328, fig. F). OLERIA Hiibner, 1816, Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (1) : 9. Type-species by selection by Scudder (1875, Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10 : 232) : Papilio astrea Cramer, [1775], Uvil. Kapellen 1 (2) : 33, pl. 22, fig. D. OLIGORIA Scudder, 1872, 4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. 1871 : 82. Type-species by original designation : Hesperia maculata Edwards, 1865, Proc. ent. Soc. Philad. 4 : 202, jolly ag, 18K, ©. OLINA Doubleday, [1848], Gen. diurn. Lep. (2) : pl. 31, fig. 3. Type-species by monotypy : Olina azeca Doubleday, [1848], ibid. (2) : pl. 31, fig. 3. [The text by Westwood ((2) : 408) was published in July 1851]. The name Olina Doubleday is invalid, as it is a junior homonym of Olina Robineau-Des- voidy, 1830 (Mém. présentés Acad. voy. Inst. France 2: 812). It has been replaced by the name Vila Kirby, 1871. GENERIC NAMES OF BUTTERFLIES 321 OLYNTHUS Hiibner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (5) : 80. Type-species by selection by Scudder (1875, Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10 : 232) : Papilio narbal Stoll, [1790], Aanhangs. Werk Uitl. Kapellen Pieter Cramer : 168, pl. 38, fig. 6. OLYRAS Doubleday, [July 1847], Gen. diurn. Lep. (1) : pl. 16, fig. 2 [text (: 107) published in September 1847]. Type-species by monotypy : Olyras crathis Doubleday, [July 1847}, ibid. (1) : pl. 16, fig. 2 [text (: 108) published in September 1847]. ONENSES Godman & Salvin, [1895], Biol. centr.-amer., Lep. Rhop. 2: 414. Type-species by monotypy : Leuchocitonea hyalophora Felder (R.), Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien 19 : 477. ONOPHAS Godman, [1900], in Godman & Salvin, [1900], Biol. centy.-amer., Lep. Rhop. 2 : 538. Type-species by monotypy : Pamphila columbaria Herrich-Schaeffer, 1870, CovvespBl. zool.-min. Ver. Regensburg 24 : 159. ONRYZA Watson, 1893, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1893: 92, 112. Type-species by original designation : Halpe meiktila de Niceville, 1891, J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc. 6 : 57. ONZIS Lindsey, 1925, Ann. ent. Soc. Amer. 18:94. Type-species through Section (i) (re- placement names) of Article 67 : Entheus infernalis Moschler, 1876, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien 26 : 329, pl. 4, fig. 21. The name Onzis was introduced by Lindsey to replace Mionectes Mabille, 1903, which is invalid under the Law of Homonymy. OPHEIDES Swinhoe, 1885, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1885 : 145 (an Incorrect Subsequent Spelling of Orpheides Hiibner, [1819)). OPHIEDES Swinhoe, 1887, J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc. 2 (4) : 279 (an Incorrect Subsequent Spelling of Orpheides Hiibner, [1819)). OPOPTERA Aurivillius, 1882, K. svenska VetenskAkad. Handl., Stockholm (n.s.) 19 (No. 5) : 75. Type-species by original designation : Caligo syme Hiibner, [1821], Samml. exot. Schmett. 2 : pl. [71]. OPS de Niceville, 1895, J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc. 9 (3) : 296. Type-species by original designa- tion : Ops ogyges de Niceville, 1895, ibid. 9 (3) : 298, pl. P, figs 36 3, 37 2. The name Ops de Niceville is invalid, as it is a junior homonym of Ops Gistl, [1847] (HandB. Naturgesch. 1850 : 529) and also of Ops Carrington, 1865 (Proc. Manchester Soc. 4 : 187). OPSIPHANES Doubleday, [1849], Gen. diurn. Lep. (2) : pl. 57, fig. 2. Type-species by selection by Scudder (1875, Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10 : 233) : Opsiphanes sallei Doubleday, [1849], zbid. (2) : pl. 57, fig. 2 [text by Westwood (: 346) published in 1851]. ORAIDIUM Bethune-Baker, 1914, Tvans. ent. Soc. Lond. 1914 : 331 [male genit. of type- species figured as fig. 41 on pl. 63]. Type-species by original designation : Lycaena barberae Trimen, 1868, Tvans. ent. Soc. Lond. 1868 : 89, pl. 5, fig. 7. ORANASMA Moore, 1883, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1883 : 258. Type-species by selection by Kirby ([1884], in Zool. Rec. 20 (year 1883) (Ins.) : 168) : Euploea lugens Butler, 1876, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (4) 18 : 242. ORBISPLANUS Sharp, [1916], in Zool. Rec. 51 (year 1914) (Ins.) : 215 (an Incorrect Subsequent Spelling of Oveisplanus Waterhouse & Lyell, 1914). OREAS Hiibner, [1806], Tentamen : [1]. Type-species by monotypy : Papilio proserpina [Denis & Schiffermiiller], 1775, Ankiindung [sic] eines syst. Werkes Schmett. Wiener Gegend : 155, 169, pl. ra, fig. 9 (larva), pl. 1b, figs 9a, 9b. The name Oveas Hiibner as of the Tentamen is invalid owing to the action of the Commission in rejecting the leaflet Tentamen for nomenclatorial purposes by the Ruling given in its Opinion 97. This name has been placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology as Name No. 76. The taxon represented by the nominal species Papilio proserpina [Denis & Schiffermiiller] is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as being the same as that represented by another nominal species published in the same year, namely Papilio civce Fabricius, 1775 322 FRANCIS HEMMING (Syst. Ent. : 495). The relevant precedence to be accorded to names published in 1775 by Denis & Schiffermiller and by Fabricius respectively remained a matter of doubt until in 1958 (Opin. int. Comm. zool. Nom. 19 : 1-44) the Commission gave a Ruling in its Opinion 516 according precedence to the Fabrician names over those of Denis & Schiffermiiller. Accordingly, on the basis of the synonymy indicated above the oldest available specific name applicable to the present species is civce Fabricius. OREAS Hibner, [1807], Samml. exot. Schmett. 1: pl. [82]. Type-species by monotypy : Papilio piera Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 465. Following the rejection by the Commission (in its Opinion 97) of the leaflet entitled the Tentamen of 1806 and therefore of Oveas and the other names first introduced in it, it is necessary to ascertain by whom, when and where the name Oveas was first subsequently used as a generic name in conditions which satisfy the conditions of the Code. This is found to be Hiibner himself in volume 1 of his Sammlung exotischer Schmetterlinge, where he applied this name to the species figured on fifteen plates (pls [82]—[96]). |. These plates were published on various dates between 1807 and 1819, and, as shown by the survey of the surviving Hiibner manuscripts (Hemming, 1937, Hiibner 1 : 403) the first was published as early as 1807. This is plate [82], which depicts Papilio piera Linnaeus, which is therefore the type-species by monotypy. The name Oveas Hiibner, [1807], as defined by the foregoing type-species, is an objective synonym of the well-known name Haetera Fabricius, 1807. As these names were published in the same year and nothing definite is known as to the precise date in that year on which the name Haetera was published, while it is known that the name Oveas Hiibner was published at latest by 22nd December of that year, the name Oveas Hiibner would, other things being equal, take precedence over the name Haeteva Fabricius. This is only one of a number of cases in which Hiibnerian names in volume 1 of the Sammlung are either slightly older than, or of the same date as, well known Fabrician names of 1807. Great confusion would have resulted if these virtually unknown Hiibnerian names had in any of these cases been substi- tuted for their long-established Fabrician counterparts. To obviate this risk an application was submitted to the Commission in 1935, asking for the protection of Fabrician names threatened in this way, three Fabrician names (Morpho ; Helicopis ; Pontia) with their Hiibnerian counterparts (Potamis ; Rusticus ; Mancipium) being cited as examples. The request so submitted was approved by the Commission, whose decision was promulgated in Opinion 137 published in 1942 (Opin. int. Comm. zool. Nom. 2 : 21-28), the Commission ruling that generic names published on the legends of plates in volume 1 of Hiibner’s Sammi. exot. Schmett. in 1807 were to take precedence after any corresponding names published by Fabricius in the same year in volume 6 of Illiger’s Magazin. Under the Commission’s Ruling cited above, the name Oveas Hiibner, [1807], takes prece- dence after the name Haeteva Fabricius, 1807. Accordingly, as these names are objective synonyms of one another, the name Oveas Hiibner, [1807], is invalid, as being a junior objec- tive synonym of Haeteva Fabricius, 1807. OREAS Oken, 1815, Lehrbuch Naturgeschichte 3 (Zool.) (1) : 740. Type-species by selection by Scudder (1875, Proc. amey. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10 : 233) : Papilio proserpina [Denis & Schiffermiiller], 1775, Anktindung [sic] eines syst. Werkes Schmett. Wiener Gegend : 155, pl. Ia, fig. 9 (larva), pl. 1b, figs 9a, 9b. For many years the acceptability for nomenclatorial purposes of Oken’s Lehrbuch was the subject of argument and doubt. This matter was set at rest by the Commission in 1956 (Opin. int. Comm. zool. Nom. 14 : 1-42) in its Opinion 417, in which it ruled that in his Lehrbuch Oken did not apply the principles of binominal nomenclature and accordingly rejected this work for nomenclatorial purposes, at the same time placing its title on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Works in Zoological Nomenclature as Title No. 33. The name Oveas Oken, 1815, accordingly possesses no status in zoological Nomenclature. Even if this had not been so, the name Oveas Oken would have been invalid as a junior homonym of Oveas Hiibner, [1807]. GENERIC NAMES OF BUTTERFLIES 323 As has been explained in the note on the name Oveas Hiibner, [1806] (of the Tentamen), the name of the type-species of this genus (Papilio proserpina [Denis & Schiffermiiller], 1775) is a subjective synonym of the name Papilio circe Fabricius, 1775, a name which under Opinion 516 ranks as the older of these two names. OREAS Felder (C.) & Felder (R.), [1865], Reise Fregatte ‘‘ Novara’’, Lep. Rhop. (2) : 305. Type-species by selection by Hemming (1964, Annot. Lep. (4) : 129) : Oveas marathon Felder (C.) & Felder (R.), [1865], Reise Fregatte ‘‘ Novara’’, Lep. Rhop. (2) : 305, pl. 38, figs. 23, 24. The name Oveas Felder (C.) & Felder (R.) was introduced as a new name, but no type- species was designated for the genus so named. Realizing that this generic name was invalid under the Law of Homonymy, Kirby in 1871 replaced it by the name Rusalkia but he in his turn did not designate a type-species. A type-selection for either of these nominal genera would automatically have constituted a type-selection for both, but none was made until in 1964 I selected Oveas marathon to be the type-species of Oveas Felder & Felder and therefore also of the replacement genus Rusalkia Kirby, 1871. Orveas Felder & Felder is invalid as a junior homonym of Oveas Hiibner, [1807]. Its replace- ment Rusalkia Kirby, 1871, is an available name. OREINA Westwood, 1841, in Humphreys & Westwood, Brit. Butts Transformations (ed. 1) : 76. Type-species by selection by Butler (1868, Ent. mon. Mag. 4: 194) : Papilio cassiope Fabricius, 1787, Mantissa Ins. 2 : 42. The name Oveina Westwood is invalid, as it is a junior homonym of Oveina Chevrolet, 1835 (in Dejean, Cat. Coléopt. (ed. 2) (5) : 402.) The name of the type-species of this genus (Papilio cassiope Fabricius) is invalid because it is a junior homonym of the older name Papilio cassiope Cramer, [1775] (Uitl. Kapellen 1 (5) : 88). The taxon represented by the foregoing nominal species is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as being the same as that represented by the nominal species Papilio aetherius Esper, [1805] (Die Schmett., Suppl. 1-4 Theils : pl. 122, figs 3 dg, 4 2, no text). This taxon is accordingly currently known by the species-group name aet/ie- yius Esper ; it is considered to be a subspecies of the taxon represented by the older-estab- lished nominal species Papilio epiphron Knoch, 1783 (Beitr. Insektengesch. 3 : 131, pl. 6, mg 7 9). OREISPLANUS Waterhouse & Lyell, 1914, Butts Australia : 8, 174, 183. Type-species by original designation (: 183) : Hesperilla munionga Olliff, 1890, Proc. linn. Soc. N.S.W. (2) 4 (3) : 623. OREIXENICA Waterhouse & Lyell, 1914, Butts Australia: 5, 28, 41. Type-species by original designation : Lasiommata (?) lathoniella Westwood, [1851], im Doubleday, Gen. diurn. Lep. (2) : 387 nota. OREOGENES Stichel, 1899, Berl. ent. Z. 44 : 321. Type-species by original designation : Ithimoa excelsa Felder (C.) & Felder (R.), 1862, Wien. ent. Monats. 6 : 415. OREOLYCE Toxopeus, 1927, Tijdschr. Ent. 70 : 256, 277. Type-species by original designa- tion : Lycaena quadriplaga Snellen, 1892, Tijdschr. Ent. 35 : 143. ORESSINOMA Doubleday, [1849], Gen. diurn. Lep. (2) : pl. 62, fig. 5. Type-species by monotypy : Oressinoma typhula Doubleday, [1849], zbid. (2) : pl. 62, fig. 5 [text ((2) : 372) by Westwood published in 1851]. ORESTIAS Felder (C.) & Felder (R.), 1862, Wien. ent. Monats. 6:73. Type-species by monotypy : Limnas vitula Hewitson, [1852], I/l. exot. Butts 1 : [118], pl. [59], fig. 5. The name Orestias Felder & Felder is invalid, as it is a junior homonym of Ovestias Valen- ciennes, 1839 (L’ Institut 7 : 118) and also of Ovestias Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1846 (Hist. nat. Poissons 18 : 225). It has been replaced by the name Cartea Kirby, 1781. 324 FRANCIS HEMMING ORIENS Evans, 1932, Ident. Ind. Butts (ed. 2) : vi, 312, 399. Type-species through Section (i) (replacement names) of Article 67 : Pamphila gola Moore, 1877, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1877 (3) : 594, pl. 58, fig. 9 3. The name Oviens was introduced by Evans as a replacement for the name Nicevillea Evans, 1926, which is invalid under the Law of Homonymy. ORIMBA Herrich-Schaeffer, [1858], Samml. neuer. aussereurop. Schmett. : 55. Type-species by monotypy : Orimba cataleuca Herrich-Schaeffer, [1858], zbid. : 55, figs 28, 29. Herrich-Schaeffer recognized only the above nominal species as belonging to this genus, but cited another specific name (“‘ arcas (non Cram.’’)) as a synonym of the name of that species. Under Article 68(c) of the Code the citation of a synonym in this way does not detract from the status of the genus concerned as having its type-species fixed by monotypy. Scudder (1875, Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10 : 234) misread the original description of Ovimba, thinking that Herrich-Schaeffer had included arvcas as the name of a taxonomically valid species and in consequence that Herrich-Schaeffer had included two—instead of only one— nominal species in this genus. No harm resulted from this mistake, for Scudder thereupon selected as the type-species the nominal species Ovimba cataleuca, which, as already explained, was already the type-species by monotypy. Herrich-Schaeffer attributed the name Ovimba to Boisduval, by whom in fact it had been published in 1854 (Bull. Soc. ent. Fy. 1854: xxi). As there published, the name Ovimba was a complete nomen nudum and accordingly possesses no status in zoological nomenclature. The taxon represented by the nominal species Ovimba cataleuca Herrich-Schaeffer is cur- rently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as being the same as that represented by the older-established nominal species Papilio epitus Cramer, [1780] (Uitl. Kapellen 3 (23) : 140, pl. 270, fig. C). ORINOMA Gray, 1846, Descy. Figs. lep. Ins. Nepal: 14. Type-species by monotypy : Orinoma damaris Gray, 1846, ibid. : 14, pl. 7, figs 2, 2a (ups. & unders.). ORNEATES Godman & Salvin, [1894], Biol. centy.-amer., Lep. Rhop. 2 : 345. Type-species by original designation: Eudamus aegiochus Hewitson, 1876, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (4) 18 : 350. ORNIPHOLIDOTOS Bethune-Baker, 1914, Tvans. ent. Soc. Lond. 1914 : 319. Type-species by original designation : Pentila muhata Dewitz, 1886, Dtsch. ent. Z. 30: 428, pl. 2, figs 6, 6a.* ORNITHOPTERA Boisduval, [1832], 7 d’Urville, Voy. “‘ Astvolabe’’, Faun. ent. 1 (Lép.) : 33. Type-species by selection by Scudder (1875, Proc. amey. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10: 234) : Papilio priamus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 458. ORNITHOPTERUS Westwood, 1840, Intvod. Class. Ins. 2 : 348 (an Unjustified Emendation of Ornithoptera Boisduval, [1832]). It is clear that the spelling Ovnithopteyus was a deliberate variant by Westwood of the spelling Ovnithoptera previously used by Boisduval. Nominal genera bearing names which are emendations of earlier names automatically take as their type-species the species which is the type-species of the genus, the name of which is so amended, in this case, Papilio priamus Linnaeus, the type-species of the genus Ornithoptera Boisduval, [1832]. Westwood did not cite Papilio priamus (mentioning only what he called Ornithopterus amphrisius Horsfield) but this does not affect the fact that, for the reason explained above, that species is automatically the type-species of Ovnithopterus Westwood. ORONTES Swainson, [1833], Zool. Illustr. (2) 3 (27) : pl. 125 (not a genus of butterflies). In the explanation to plate 125, Swainson gave short diagnoses for what he regarded as four genera of butterflies. Of these the first (Lei/ws Swainson) is a genus of moths, the second * Since this entry was made, an application has been made to the Commission to set aside this type- designation and instead to designate Pentila kivbyi Aurivillius, 1895, as the type-species, on the grounds that (a) it is the species upon which Bethune-Baker based his description and (b) Pentila mahata Dewitz is unrecognizable (see Stempffer, H., 1965, Bull. zool. Nom. 22: 57). GENERIC NAMES OF BUTTERFLIES 325 is Ovontes Swainson (the genus here under consideration), the third (Riphews Swainson) was based upon a fictitious species (consisting of a moth with the antennae of a butterfly), the fourth (Leptocirvcus) is a well-known genus of the Papilionidae, to which family Swainson erroneously supposed the three other genera also belonged. Swainson cited no species as belonging to the genus Ovontes, but his diagnosis for this genus agrees with the characters shown by the nominal species Papilio ovontes Linnaeus, 1763, Amoen. acad. 6 : 402, which represents a moth not a butterfly. This supposition is all the more probable in view of Swainson’s well-known liking for tautonymy between generic names and the specific name of one of the species included in the genus concerned. In order finally to determine the status of this nominal genus, the nominal species Papilio orontes Linnaeus, 1763, is here placed as sole species in the genus Ovontes Swainson, and accordingly becomes under the provisions of Article 69(a)(ii)(2) the type-species of that genus by subsequent monotypy. OROPHILA Staudinger, [1886], in Staudinger & Schatz, Exot. Schmett. Bd 1 (Th. 1) (13) : 112. Type-species by selection by Hemming (1964, Amnnot. lep. (4) : 126): Cybdelis campaspe Hewitson, [1869], Jil. exot. Butts 4 : [40], pl. [22], figs 28, 29. When establishing this genus, Staudinger attributed the name to Schatz, (by whom no doubt it had been proposed in manuscript) ; he placed six species in this genus but did not designate a type-species. Schatz himself later dealt with this genus on two occasions in the same work : first in [1887] he gave a plate (pl. 21) on which he figured one species as belong- ing to this genus, that species being Cybdelis camaspe Hewitson (the third of the six species placed in the genus by Staudinger in 1887) ; second, in [1888] (Bd 1 (Th. 2) (4) : 144) Schatz discussed this genus in his text, where he clearly regarded the above species as typical of this genus but did not select to be the type-species. The genus remained without a type-species until in 1964 I selected Cybdelis campaspe to be the type-species, thus giving formal effect to what had been Schatz’s evident intention. ORPHE Godman, [1901], 17 Godman & Salvin, Biol. centy.-amey., Lep. Rhop. 2: 619. Type- species by original designation : Hesperia gerasa Hewitson, [1867], J/l. exot. Butts 4: [106], pl. [56], figs 6, 7. ORPHEIDES Hiibner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (6) : 86. Type-species by designation by the Commission under its Plenary Powers by the Ruling given in Opinion 179: Papilio demodocus Esper, [1798], Ausl. Schmett. (14) : 205, pl. 51, fig. 1. The genus Orpheides Hiibner, as the result of a type-selection made by Scudder in 1875 (Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10 : 234), was based upon a misidentified type-species. This was the species figured by Hiibner in (Sammil. exot. Schmcett. 1 : pl. [116]) as Princeps demoleas. The specimen figured on that plate was the foundation also of the older-established genus Pyinceps Hiibner, [1807]. The name Orpheides Hiibner was therefore invalid as a junior objective synonym of Princeps Hiibner. The difficulty in the case of these two generic names arose from the fact that the specific name demoleus (of which Hiibner’s demoleas was an Incorrect Subsequent Spelling) was given by Linnaeus in 1758 (Syst. Nat. (ed. ro) 1 : 464) to a well-known Swallowtail Butterfly occurring in the Indo-Oriental Region, but through a mistake in identification was later applied (1764, Mus. Lud. Uly. : 214) to a somewhat similar and equally well-known species confined to the Ethiopian Region. Unluckily, it was this Ethiopian species which Hiibner figured under this name in the Sammlung. Thus, if the ordinary provisions of the Code had been applied in this case it would have been the Indo- Oriental species (which was not intended by Hiibner) and not the Ethiopian species (which was intended by that author) which would have been the type-species both of Orpheides Hiibner and of Princeps Hiibner. In these circumstances it was decided to ask the Commission to use its Plenary Powers to designate as the type-species of these two genera the Ethiopian species intended by Hiibner. Owing to the mistake in identification made by Linnaeus in 1764 that species was long erroneously called by the name Papilio demoleus Linnaeus and actually remained without a name of its own until in 1798 Esper gave it the name Papilio demodocus. Full particulars 326 FRANCIS HEMMING of the subsequent history of this case are given below in the note on the name Princeps Hiibner. It is therefore only necessary here to note that the Commission approved of the foregoing request in its Opinion 179. Later, in Opinion 270 the Commission placed the name Orpheides Hiibner, as a junior objective synonym of Princeps Hiibner, [1807], on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology as Name No. 68. ORSES Godman, im Godman & Salvin, Biol. centy.-amer., Lep. Rhop. 2 : 621. Type-species by original designation : Hesperia cynisca Swainson, [1821], Zool. Illustr. (1) 1 (7) : pl. 4o. ORSIXENICA Sharp, 1916, in Zool. Rec. 51 (year 1914) (Ins.) : 212 (an Incorrect Subsequent Spelling of Oveixenica Waterhouse & Lyell, 1914). ORSOTRIAENA Wallengren, 1858, Ofvers. VetenskAkad. Forh., Stockh. 15:79. Type- species by monotypy : Papilio hesione Cramer, [1775], Uztl. Kapellen 1 (1) : 16, pl. 11, figs C, D. The taxon represented by the nominal species Papilio hesione Cramer is commonly treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as being a subspecies of the taxon represented by the nominal species Papilio medus Fabricius, 1775 (Syst. Ent. : 488). In view of the fact that the two names cited above were both published in 1775, it may usefully be noted that by the Ruling given in its Opinion 516 (Opin. int. Comm. zool. Nom. 19 : 1-44) the Commission gave directions, intey alia, that names published by Fabricius in 1775 were to be accorded precedence above names published by Cramer in that year. ORSOTRIOENA Bingham, 1905, Faun. Brit. Ind., Butts (ed. 1) 1 : 69 (an Incorrect Subse- quent Spelling of Ovsotviaena Wallengren, 1858). ORSTRIAENA Young, 1903, J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc. 15 : 301 (an Incorrect Subsequent Spelling of Orsotviaena Wallengren, 1858). ORTHOLEXIS Karsch, 1895, Ent. Nachv.21 : 319. Type-species by monotypy : Ortholexis melichroptera Karsch, 1895, ibid. 21 : 320. Evans (1937, Cat. Afric. Hesp. Brit. Mus. : 17) observed that, although the type of Ovtho- lexis melichvoptera was described by Karsch as a 3, it was believed to be a 2 of Evionota holo- causta Mabille, 1891 (Bull. C.R. Soc. ent. Belg. 35 : cxi). ORTHOMIELLA de Niceville, 1890, Butts India Burmah Ceylon 3:15, 125. Type-species by original designation : Chilades (?) pontis Elwes, 1887, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1887 (3) : 446. ORTHOPAETUS Evans, 1927, Ident. Ind. Butts (ed. 1) : 197, 211, 296 (an Incorrect Subse- quent Spelling of Ovthophoetus Watson, 1895). ORTHOPHAETUS Watson, 1895, J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc. 9 (4) : 422 (an Incorrect Original Spelling of Orvthophoetus Watson, 1895). The generic name here in question was published in two Original Spellings, namely Ortho- phoetus and Orthophaetus. Of these the spelling Ovithophoetus is, as explained in the note on Orthophoetus, the Correct Original Spelling under Article 32(b) and Ovthophaetus is the In- correct Original Spelling. ORTHOPHOETUS Watson, 1895, ]. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc. 9 (4) : 419 et nota. Type-species through Section (i) (replacement names) of Article 67: Eudamus phanaeus Hewitson, 1867, Descr. One Hundred new Spec. Hesp. (1) : 14. This generic name was introduced as a replacement for Pteyovys Watson, 1893, which is invalid under the Law of Homonymy. As noted above, the present generic name was published in two Original Spellings : first, in the main description (: 419) the concluding portion of the name appeared in the spelling “-cetus’’ ; second, in the ensuing discussion (: 422) that portion of the name appeared in the spelling ‘“‘-etus’’. -This variation in spelling, no doubt due to the unfortunate use of digraphs (diphthongs) would not have occurred if the letters of which the name is composed GENERIC NAMES OF BUTTERFLIES 327 had been printed separately. Article 32(b) of the Code provides that, when a name is origi- nally published in two or more spellings, the spelling to be accepted as the Correct Original Spelling shall be determined by the First Reviser. In the present case the “ -oetus ’’ spelling has been used in all the subsequent primary literature (from Elwes & Edwards, 1897 (Tvans. zool. Soc. Lond. 14 (4) : 104) onwards), except by Evans (1927) who, as already shown, used the “‘ -aetus’’ spelling, further misspelling this name by omitting the letter “‘h’’ after the letter ‘‘p”’ at the end of the preceding syllable, the name appearing in the strange form “ Orthopaetus’’. The question of the treatment to be accorded to variant original spellings was first dealt with in 1953 by the Zoological Congress held at Copenhagen (1953, Copenhagen Decisions on Zoological Nomenclature : 44, paragraph 71 (1) (b) (iii)) the Congress directing that in such a case the spelling there termed the “ Valid Original Spelling ’’ shall be the spelling ‘“‘ employed by the First Subsequent User’’. When this decision was incorporated in the revised Code—as Article 32(b), the ‘‘ First Reviser ’’ was’substituted for the ‘“ First Subsequent User’’. It is not clear whether this change in the wording of this provision was made for the purpose of tightening-up the Copenhagen decision or whether it was made merely with the object of bringing the language used more into line with that employed in somewhat similar provisions elsewhere in the Code. If Article 32 is to be read as having the same meaning as the Copenhagen decision quoted above, then the “ -oetus ’’ spelling became the Correct Original Spelling when it was adopted in 1897 by Elwes & Edwards in their capacity as the First Subsequent User. If however the provision in Article 32 regarding the role of the First Reviser in such cases is to be rigidly construed, the position is that this generic name is without a definitely determined Correct Original Spelling. To overcome this difficulty I now select the “ -oetws ’’ spelling to be the Correct Original Spelling, at the same time rejecting the “‘ -aetws ’’ spelling as an Incorrect Original Spelling. ORTHOS Evans, 1955, Cat. amer. Hesp. Brit. Mus. 4 : 266, 292. Type-species by original designation : Eutychide orthos Godman, [1900], in Godman & Salvin, Biol. centr.-amer., Lep. Rhop. 2 : 546, pl. 99, figs 17-19. OSMODES Holland, 1892, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (6) 10 : 291 et nota. Type-species by original designation : Hesperia laronia Hewitson, 1868, Descr. One Hundred new Spec. Hesp. (2) : 35. OSMODES Watson, 1893, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1893 : 71, 78. Type-species by original designa- tion : Hesperia laronia Hewitson, 1868, Descry. One Hundred new Spec. Hesp. (2) : 35. Watson made no reference to Holland’s paper of the previous year and expressly marked this genus as being “‘nov.”’ It is clear that there must have been some communication, direct or indirect, between Watson and Holland and that it was Watson who orignally devised this name, for in his paper of 1892 Holland stated that Osmodes was a manuscript name of Watson’s. It may be concluded that, when Watson wrote his paper, which must have been in 1892, for it was published as early as January in 1893, he was not aware that Holland had anticipated his publication of this name. It is possible indeed that at that time Holland’s paper had not as yet actually been published. Whatever may be the explanation of this incident, the name Osmodes Watson, 1893, is invalid, being both a junior homonym of, and a junior objective synonym of, Osmodes Holland, 1892. OSPHANTES Holland, 1896, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1896 : 46. Type-species by original designation : Plastingia ogo0wena Mabille, 1891, Bull. C.R. Soc. ent. Belg. 35 : cxxi. It should be noted that the vowel at the beginning of the second syllable of the specific name of the type-species is an “‘ 0 ’’ and not an “ @”’, as incorrectly spelled by various authors. OTACUSTESIS Dyar, 1914, Proc. U.S. nat. Mus. 47 (2050) : 147. Type-species by original designation : Otacustesis pericopidis Dyar, 1914, 7bid. 47 (2050) : 147. The taxon represented by the nominal species Ofacustesis pericopidis is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as being the same as that represented by the nominal species Lepricornis ochvacea Stichel, 1910 (in Wytsman’s Gen. Ins. 112 (A) : 147). 328 FRANCIS HEMMING OULEUS Lindsey, 1925, Ann. ent. Soc. Amer. 18: 95. Type-species by original designation : Achlyodes fridericus Geyer, [1832], in Hiibner, Zutr. z. Samml. exot. Schmett. 4: 9, pl. 106, figs 611, 612. Achlyodes fridericus was selected as the type-species of Achlyodes Hiibner by Scudder in 1875 (Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10 : 100) but that selection was invalid, Butler (1870) having made a valid selection of a different species (Papilio busivis Cramer, [1779]) as the type-species of that genus. The mistaken nature of the action remained undetected until it was pointed out by Lindsey, who, realising that the correction so made left Achlyodes Jridericus without an available generic name, made good this deficiency by establishing the nominal genus Ouleus for that species. OUROCNEMIS Baker, 1887, Trans. ent. Soc. Lond. 1887 : 176. Type-species by monotypy : Anteros axiochus Hewitson, [1867], I/l. exot. Butts 4 : [77], pl. [42], figs 1, 2. The taxon represented by the nominal species Anteros axiochus Hewitson is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as being the same as that represented by the older- established nominal species Papillo achytas Stoll, [1787], the type-species of the nominal genus Aethius Hiibner, [1819]. That name has however been completely neglected, while the name Ourocnemis Baker has been in continuous use ever since it was published over seventy years ago. Accordingly, as has already been explained, an application is being submitted to the Commission for the suppression of the name Aethius Hiibner, (q.v.) thereby protecting the name Ouvocnemis Baker. OXEOSCHISTUS Butler, 1867, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (3) 20 : 268. Type-species by original designation : Pronophila puerta Westwood, [1851], im Doubleday, Gen. diurn. Lep. (2) ; 358, nota. OXYLIDES Hiibner, [1819], Vers. bekannt. Schmett. (5) : 77. Type-species by selection by Scudder (1875, Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10 : 234) : Papilio faunus Drury, [1773], Ill. nat. Hist. 2 : index et 2, pl. 1, figs 4, 5. OXYNETRA Felder (C.) & Felder (R.), 1862, Wien. ent. Monats. 6: 179. Type-species by monotypy : Oxynetra semihyalina Felder (C.) & Felder (R.), 1862, ibid. 6 : 180. OXYNTHES Godman, [1900], im Godman & Salvin, Biol. centr.-amer., Lep. Rhop. 2 : 523, 527. Type-species by original designation : Goniloba corusca Herrich-Schaeffer, 1869, CorrespBl. zool.-min. Ver. Regensburg 23 : 202 [repaged separate as Prodvomus ... (3) : 72]. OXYPALPUS Holland, 1892, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (6) 10 : 293 et nota. Type-species by original designation : Pamphila ignita Mabille, 1877, Ann. Soc. ent. Fr. (5) 7, Bull. : xl. Holland stated that Oxypalpus was a manuscript name of Watson’s. As will be seen from the immediately following note, Holland’s publication of this name only narrowly anticipated its publication by Watson himself. The type-species of this genus is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as being congeneric with the type-species (Teniorvhinus watsoni Holland, 1892) of the genus Teniorhinus Holland, 1892. The names Ovypalpus Holland and Teniorhinus Holland are thus subjective synonyms of one another. As these names were published in the same paper and on the same date, the relative precedence to be accorded to them depends upon the choice of the First Reviser. This choice was made in 1937 (Cat. Afric. Hesp. Brit. Mus. : 96) by Evans, who gave precedence to Teniovhinus Holland, while sinking the name Oxypalpus as a junior synonym. OXYPALPUS Watson, 1893, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1893 : 71, 78. Type-species by original designation : Pamphila igmita Mabille, 1877, Ann. Soc. ent. Fr. (5) 7, Bull. : xl. This case is exactly similar to that of the name Osmodes discussed above. In each case Watson distinguished in manuscript a new genus, giving it a new name ; he communicated his conclusions to Holland who thereupon, in 1892, published the new name in question, thereby anticipating Watson’s publication of that name which did not take place until January 1893. The name Ovypalpus Watson, 1893, is thus invalid, both as a junior homo- nym of, and as a junior objective synonym of, Oxypalpus Holland, 1892. GENERIC NAMES OF BUTTERFLIES 329 OXYTOXIA Mabille, 1904, in Wytsman’s Gen. Ins. 17 (B) : 90, 93. Type-species by selection by Lindsey (1925, Ann. ent. Soc. Amer. 25:9): Telesto doubledayi Felder (C.), 1862, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien. 12 : 491. Felder cited three nominal species as belonging to this genus ; of these, the above species only was mentioned by Sharp when recording this generic name in the Zoological Record for the year 1904 (41 (Ins.) : 252). Lindsey (1925) misread Sharp’s entry regarding this name, treating it as having constituted a selection of the above species as the type-species of this genus. Actually, it was Lindsey himself in the above paper who first definitely selected a type-species for this genus. PACHAMA Moore, 1880, Trans. ent. Soc. Lond. 1880 (4) : 165. Type-species by monotypy : Mycalesis mestra Hewitson, [1862], J/l. exot. Butts 3 : [79], pl. [40], figs 2, 3. PACHES Godman & Salvin, [1895], Biol. centr.-amer., Lep. Rhop. 2 : 398. Type-species by original designation : Pythonides loxus Westwood, {April 1852], im Doubleday, Gen. diurn. Lep. (2) : pl. 80, fig. 4 [as Phareas loxus in the text (: 516) published in August 1852]. PACHLIOPTA Reakirt, [1865], Proc. ent. Soc. Philad. 3 : 503. Type-species by selection by Scudder (1875, Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10 : 235): Papilio diphilus Esper, [1793], Ausl. Schmett. (10) : 156, pl. 40, fig. 2. The taxon represented by the nominal species Papilio diphilus Esper is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as a form of the taxon represented by the older-established nominal species Papilio aristolochiae Fabricius, 1775 (Syst. Ent. : 443). The name Pachliopta was published on the same date and in the same paper as the name Atrophaneura, and in consequence the relative precedence to be accorded to these names depends on the choice made by the First Reviser. The name Atrophaneura Reakirt was brought into use in 1943 (Entomologist 76 : 206) by Corbet when it was realized that the name Polydorus Swainson, [1833], was invalid under the Law of Homonymy and therefore not available for this genus. Corbet did not however make a definite First Reviser choice in favour of Altrophaneura as against the name Pachliopta and the position of these names remained un- settled until in 1964 (Annot. lep. (3) : 84) I gave precedence, as First Reviser, to Atvophaneura Reakirt over the name Pachliopta Reakirt. PACHLIOPTERA Scudder, 1875, Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10 : 235 (an Incorrect Subsequent Spelling of Pachliopta Reakirt, [1865}). PACHYNEURIA Mabille, 1888, Le Naturaliste (2) 2: 275. Type-species by monotypy : Pachyneuria obscura Mabille, 1888, ibid. (2) 2 : 275, fig. 1. PACHYRHOPALA Wallengren, 1858, Ofvers. VetenskAkad. Forh., Stockh. 15: 81. Type- species by original designation : Papilio phidias Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 485. PACHYTHONE Bates, [1868], J. linn. Soc. Lond., Zool. 9 : 389. Type-species by selection by Scudder (1875, Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10 : 235) : Pachythone erebia Bates, [1868], 2bid. 9 : 390. PADEMMA Moore, 1883, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1883 : 305. Type-species by original desig- nation : Euploea klugii Moore, 1857, in Horsfield & Moore, Cat. lep. Ins. Mus. East India Coy (1) : 130. PADRAONA Moore, [1881], Lep. Ceylon 1 (4) : 170. Type-species by original designation : Pamphila maesa Moore, 1865, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1865 (2) : 509, pl. 30, fig. 9. The taxon represented by the nominal species Pamphila maesa Moore is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as being the same as that represented by the older- established nominal species Hesperia dara Kollar, [1844] (in Hiigel’s Kashmir 4 (2) : 455). The name Padyaona was formerly very well-known as the name for over twenty species occurring in the Indo-Oriental Region, some of which are very common and widely distributed. 330 FRANCIS HEMMING In 1935 however it was superseded by the name Potanthus Scudder, 1872 on its being dis- covered that the previously unidentifiable nominal species (Hesperia omaha Edwards, 1863) which was its type-species represented a taxon closely related to that represented by the nominal species Hesperia dara Kollar, the two taxa concerned being from a subjective taxonomic point of view undoubtedly congeneric with one another. Unfortunately, this dis- covery came at a moment when for various reasons the Commission was not in a position to intervene effectively and the change-over from Padvaona to Potanthus was accordingly effected. The name Potanthus is fully established—see Evans, 1949 (Cat. Hesp. Europ. Asia Australia : 374—388)—and the time has long past when the interests of nomenclatorial stability would be served by a return to the use of the name Padvaona, which, being a junior subjective synonym of Potanthus, is no longer required. PADUCA Moore, 1886, J. linn. Soc. Lond., Zool. 21 : 34. Type-species by original designation : Atella fasciata Felder (C.) & Felder (R.), 1860, Wien. ent. Monats. 4 : 236. Prior to the promulgation of the new Code in 1961 there existed no authoritative provision determining the conditions in which any two generic names were to be treated as being homonyms of one another. In these circumstances the name Paduca here in question and the name Paduka Distant were treated as being homonyms of one another. Both these names were published in the year 1886, the name Paduka Distant having appeared in that year on 30th April and Paduca Moore on 13th November. As the junior of these two names Paduca Moore was rejected as being invalid under the Law of Homonymy ; it was replaced in the year 1900 by Moore himself by the name Ducapa. Under the clarification of the rules relating to homonymy between generic names embodied in Article 56(a) of the revised text of the Code the “ One-Letter-Difference’’ Rule provides that a generic name is not to be treated as a homonym of another name, if the two names concerned differ from one another in spelling by a single letter. Under this provision the name Paduca Moore is not to be treated as a homonym of the slightly older name Paduka Distant and is therefore an available name, its replacement name Ducapa falling therefore into synonymy. According to current taxonomic ideas the name Paduca Moore will not however require to be brought into use, for the type-species of Paduca is currently regarded subjectively as being congeneric with the type-species of the genus Algia Herrich-Schaeffer, 1864. PADUKA Distant, 1886, Rhop. malayana : 369, 375. Type-species by original designation : Paduka glandulosa Distant, 1886, ibid. : 376, pl. 35, fig. 5. The taxon represented by the nominal species Paduka glandulosa Distant is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as being the same as that represented by the older- established nominal species Hesperia lebadea Hewitson, [1868] (I//. exot. Butts 4 [109], pl. [58], figs 22, 23). PAENASMIA Kirby, 1896, im Allen’s Nat. Libr., Lep. 2 : 303 (an Incorrect Subsequent Spelling of Panosmia Wood-Mason & de Niceville, 1886). Kirby did not regard himself as introducing this as a new generic name ; he attributed it to Moore, by whom however neither this name or any name resembling it was ever published, and this attribution must certainly have been due to inadvertence. It cannot be doubted that what Kirby was attempting to do was to cite the name Panosmia Wood-Mason & de Niceville, 1886, of which Papilio dasavada Moore, 1857, which he stated was the type-species, was one of the species originally included by Wood-Mason & de Niceville. PAGYRIS Boisduval, 1870, Consid. Lépid. Guatemala : 34. Type-species by monotypy : Ithomia ulla Hewitson, [1857], Jil. exot. Butts 2 : [32], pl. [16], fig. 124 3. PAIWARRIA Kaye, 1904, Trans. ent. Soc. Lond. 1904 : 199. Type-species by original desig- nation : Papilio venulius Cramer, [1779], Uitl. Kapellen 3 (21) : 85, pl. 243, fig. G. PALAEOCHRYSOPHANUS Verity, 1943, Le Farfalle diurn. d'Italia 2 : 23, 64. Type- species by original designation : Papilio hippothoe Linnaeus, 1761, Faun. svec. (ed. 2) : 274. This name was first published by Verity in 1934 (Ent. Rec. 46 (5), Suppl. : (13) vota) but, GENERIC NAMES OF BUTTERFLIES 331 as then published, it was invalid for, although Verity designated a type-species for the genus he did not provide it with a generic diagnosis. For this reason, under the Budapest decision of 1927, now embodied in Article 13(a) of the revised Code, the name Palaeochrysophanos Verity as of 1934, having been published after 1930, is invalid, and possesses no status in zoological nomenclature. As shown above, this name was first validly published in 1943. PALAEOLOWEIA Verity, 1934, Ent. Rec. 46 (5), Suppl. : (13) nota. Type-species through Section (i) (replacement names) of Article 67 : Papilio dorilis Hufnagel, 1766, Berlin. Mag. 2 : 68. The name Palaeoloweia was proposed by Verity as a replacement for the name Loweia Tutt, [1906], then considered to be a junior homonym of Léwia (a name which should under the Code be written as Loewia) Lichtenstein, 1886. However, under the provisions embodied in the revised text of the Code (Article 57(d)) a difference in spelling of a single letter is sufficient to prevent a situation of homonymy from arising as between any two generic names, with the result that the names Loweia and Loewia are not homonyms of one another. The name Loweia Tutt is an available name. The replacement name Palaeoloweia Verity is accordingly invalid as a junior objective synonym of Loweia Tutt. The taxon represented by the nominal species Papilio dorilis Hufnagel is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as being the same as that represented by the older- established nominal species Papilio tityrus Poda, 1761 (Ins. Mus. graec.: 77). Verity accepted this synonymy and when establishing his replacement genus Palaeoloweia, cited the names of both these nominal species under the heading “‘ genotype’’. Not realizing that a replacement genus has automatically as its type-species the same nominal species as that of the nominal genus then replaced, he incorrectly cited the older of these nominal species (Papilio tityrus Poda) first, adding the name of the later nominal species (Papilio dovilis Hufnagel) in brackets. This slip on Verity’s part does not alter the fact that (as already explained) Papilio dorilis is automatically the type-species of this replacement genus. PALAEONTINA Butler, 1873, Lep. exot. (15) : 126. Type-species by original designation : Palaeontina oolitica Butler, 1873, ibid. (15) : 126. Butler introduced this name for a fossil species which he believed belonged to the family Nymphalidae. Later, Scudder (1875, Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10 : 235 ; 1875, Mem. Amer. Ass. Adv. Sci., Salem, Mass. Pt 1 (fossil butts) : 6, 89-95) expressed the view that the specimen upon which the type-species (and therefore the genus) was founded was not a butterfly at all. PALAEONYMPHA Butler, 1871, Trans. ent. Soc. Lond. 1871 : 401. Type-species by original designation : Palaeonympha opalina Butler, 1871, ibid. 1871 : 4o1. PALAEOPHILOTES Forster, 1938, Mitt. miinchn. ent. Ges. 28: 105. Type-species by original designation : Lycaena triphysina Staudinger, 1891, [vis 4 : 235, pl. 3, fig. 2. pile 3, ue. 2. PALANDA Moore, [1898], Lep. ind. 3 (32) : 146. Type-species by original designation : Neptis illigera Eschscholtz, 1821, in Kotzebue, Endeck. Reise Siid-See 3: 212, pl. 8, figs 17a, b. Moore established this genus in a summary table, in which he designated a type-species but did not provide a generic diagnosis. He made good this deficiency in [1899] (loc. cit. 4 (37) : 14). PALLA Hiibner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (3) : 47. Type-species by monotypy : Papilio decius Cramer, [1777], Uitl. Kapellen 2 (10) : 26, pl. 114, figs A, B. PALLENE Doubleday, [1848], Gen. diurn. Lep. (2) : pl. 41, fig. 1. Type-species by monotypy: Pallene eupithes Doubleday, [1848], zbid. (2) : pl. 41, fig. 1 [text written by Westwood after Doubleday’s death (loc. cit. (2) : 289) published in September 1850, where the present species was placed in the genus Hayma Doubleday, of which Westwood considered Pallene to be a subgenus. | 332 FRANCIS HEMMING The nominal species Pallene eupithes Doubleday is currently treated subjectively as having been based upon a male of the taxon represented by the older-established nominal species Nymphalis alcimeda Godart, [1819] (Ency. méth. 9 (Ins.) (2) : 384). The name Pallene Doubleday is invalid under the Law of Homonymy, having been pre- viously bestowed on three other genera: (a) Pallene Megerle, 1823, in Dahl, Col. u. Lep. : 56; (b) Pallene Johnston, 1836, Mag. Zool. Bot. 1 (4) : 380 ; (c) Pallene Lesson, 1837, Compl. de Buffon 8 : 493. PAMASA Fruhstorfer, [1910], im Seitz, Grossschmett. Evde 9 : 235 (an Incorrect Subsequent Spelling of Pvamasa Moore, 1883). PAMBA Evans, 1955, Cat. amer. Hesp. Brit. Mus. 4: 86, 114. Type-species by original designation : Pamba pamba Evans, 1955, ibid. 4 : 114, pl. 60, fig. J.19 ($ genit., 3 figs). PAMELA Hemming, 1935, Stylops 4:3. Type-species through Section (i) (replacement names) of Article 67 : Listeria dudgeonii de Niceville, 1894, J. asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt II, 63 (1) : 36, pl. 4, fig. 3 dg. The name Pamela Hemming was introduced as a replacement for Listevia de Niceville, 1894, which is invalid under the Law of Homonymy. PAMPASATYRUS Hayward, 1953, Acta zool. lilloana 13: 28. Type-species by original designation : Epinephile [sic] gyrtone Berg, 1877, Bull. Soc. imp. Nat. Moscou 52 (No. 2) : 8 [also zd., 1877, Ann. Soc. cienc. argent. 4 : 94}. PAMPERIS Heimlich, 1959, Ent. Z. 69:177. Type-species by original designation : Pamperis poaoensis Heimlich, 1959, zbid. 69 : 177. PAMPHILA Fabricius, 1807, Mag. Insektenk. (Illiger) 6 : 287. Type-species by selection by Westwood (1840, Introd. Class. Ins., 2 Syn. : 88) : Papilio comma Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. ro) 1 : 484. The name Pamphila Fabricius is invalid as it is a junior objective synonym of Hesperia Fabricius, 1793. Formerly, there was much confusion regarding the interpretation of the genus Pamphila, due to two quite different reasons. First, Westwood’s type selection was either overlooked or erroneously rejected in favour of other species, all of which belonged in a general way to the same major subdivision of the Hesperiidae, a subdivision which became to be known widely as the subfamily Pamphilinae and included Papilio comma the true type-species of the genus Pampiula. The second cause of confusion in this case was much more serious and arose from the erroneous belief that the type-species of the older genus Hesperia Fabricius was a species (Papilo malvae Linnaeus) belonging to the other main subdivision of the family, this subdivision being treated therefore as the nominate subfamily and accordingly known as the Hesperiinae. A most difficult situation arose when it was realized the names Pamphila and Hesperia were objective synonyms of one another and that in virtue of being the older of the two names Hespevia must replace the name Pamphila and that in consequence the subfamily hitherto known as the Pamphilinae must be treated as the nominate subfamily and in consequence had to be known as the Hesperiinae. The subfamily previously in- correctly known as the Hesperiinae thereupon became Pyrginae, the genus Pyvgus Hiibner having as its type-species the species previously but incorrectly treated as being the type- species of the genus Hesperia Fabricius. The need for these unfortunate changes became apparent during the nineteen-thirties at a time when there was no prospect of obtaining relief from the Commission, and when in consequence there was no option but to apply the normal provisions of the existing Code. The disturbance so caused has now been overcome and the names concerned are currently used in the correct sense, the name Pamphila here in question having been duly sunk as a junior objective synonym of Hesperia Fabricius. PAMPHILIDA Lindsey, 1925, Ann. ent. Soc. Amer. 18:95. Type-species by original designation : Papilio palaemon Pallas, 1771, Reise durch verschied. Prov. Russisch. Reichs it 3 AG ite GENERIC NAMES OF BUTTERFLIES 333 Lindsey introduced the name Pamphilida for the above species, believing incorrectly that the name Carterocephalus Lederer, 1852, was not available for it. This mistake arose, as has been explained in the note on the name Carterocephalus, from a misreading by Lindsey of Lederer’s paper. The nominal species which is the type-species of the genus Carterocephalus Lederer is not Papilo palaemon Pallas (the type-species of Pamphilida Lindsey) but Papilio paniscus Fabricius, 1775, a nominal species which it is agreed by systematists subjectively on taxonomic grounds represents the same taxon as that represented by the nominal species Papilio palaemon Pallas. Thus, the identification with one another of the nominal species which are the respective type-species of the nominal genera Pamphilida and Cartero- cephalus respectively is subjective only ; it follows therefore that the synonymization with one another of these two generic names is also subjective only. Accordingly, although not considered (on taxonomic grounds) to be a required name, the name Pamphilida Lindsey is nevertheless an available one nomenclatorially. PAMPHILIDIA Barnes & Benjamin, 1926, Bull. S. Calif. Acad. Sci. 25 : 23 (an Incorrect Subsequent Spelling of Pamphilida Lindsey, 1925). PAMPHILITES Scudder, 1875, Mem. Amer. Ass. Adv. Sci., Salem, Mass. Pt 1 (fossil butts) 66. Type-species by monotypy : Pamphilites abdita Scudder, 1875, ibid. Pt 1 (fossil butts) : 68, pl. 3, figs 14, 17, 18. Scudder bestowed the name Pamphilites upon a fossil obtained from the Tertiary of Aix- en-Provence. He regarded the species which he named Pampjhilites abdita as belonging to the family Hesperiidae. PANACEA Godman & Salvin, [1883], Biol. centr.-amer., Lep. Rhop. 1: 274. Type-species through Section (i) (replacement names) of Article 67 : Pandora prola Doubleday, [1848] Gen. diurn. Lep. (2) : pl. 43, fig. 5 [text ((2) : 300) written by Westwood after Doubleday’s death published in 1850}. The name Panacea was introduced by Godman & Salvin as a replacement for Pandora Doubleday, [1848], which is invalid under the Law of Homonymy. PANAMAURIS Bryk, 1937, Lep. Cat. 78: 183. Type-species by original designation : Amauris ansorgei Sharpe, 1896, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (6) 18 : 158. PANARA Doubleday, 1847, List Spec. lep. Ins. Brit. Mus. 2: 8. Type-species by selection by Scudder (1875, Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10 : 236) : Papilio iarbas Drury, £782, Til. nat. Hist. 3 : index et ro, pl. 8, fig. 2. The taxon represented by the nominal species Papilio iavbas Drury is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as being the same as that represented by the older- established nominal species Papilio thisbe Fabricius, 1781, (Spec. Ins. 2 : 130). PANARCHE Theime, 1907, Berl. ent. Z. 51 (2) : 228. Type-species by original designation : Corades tricordatus Hewitson, 1874, Descr. Spec. Butts Buckley Bolivia : 10-11. PANCA Evans, 1955, Cat. amer. Hesp. Brit. Mus. 4 : 84, 104. Type-species by original desig- nation : Leroda subpunctuli Hayward, 1934, Rev. Soc. ent. Argent. 6 : 126. PANCHALA Moore, 1882, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1882 : 251. Type-species by original desig- nation : Amblypodia ganesa Moore, 1857, in Horsfield & Moore, Cat. lep. Ins. Mus. East India Coy (i) : 44, pl. ta, fig. 9. PANDASSANA Moore, [1898], Lep. ind. 3 (32) : 146. Type-species by original designation : Neptis fuliginosa Moore, 1881, Tvans. ent. Soc. Lond. 1881 : 310. When establishing this nominal genus Moore designated a type-species but did not provide a generic diagnosis. He made good this deficiency in [1899] (loc. cit. 4 (37) : 12). PANDEMOS Hiibner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2) : 25. Type-species by selection by Scudder (1875, Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10 : 236) : Pandemos arcassa Hubner, [1819], zbid. (2) : 25 [a nominal species bearing a name introduced as a replacement for the name Papilio avcas Cramer], [1777], Uitl. Kapellen 2 (15) : 127, pl. 179, figs E. F. 334 FRANCIS HEMMING Hiibner did not give his reasons when, as frequently happened, he published a replacement name, and it is necessary therefore in each case to guess what those reasons were. In the present case it may certainly be concluded that his reason for rejecting the name Papilio aycas Cramer was that he was aware that it was a junior homonym of the name Papilio arcas Drury, [1773] (JU. nat. Hist. 1 : index et 38). In spite of having been quite correctly replaced by Hiibner (Pandemos arcassa), the invalid name ayvcas remained in use for a long time, being used, for example by Westwood as late as [1851] (¢7 Doubleday, Gen. diurn. Lep. (2) : 440). Writing of Pandemos on that occasion, Westwood observed that “‘ the typical species ”’ was aycas. It appears however that Westwood here used the adjective “‘ typical ’”’ in a taxonomic sense and that he was not employing it in a nomenclatorial sense to denote its selection by himself to be the type-species of the genus. In 1875 however Scudder definitely selected Pandemos arcassa to be the type-species, and, as that is (as shown above) nothing more than a replacement for Papilio avcas Cramer, the action so taken by Scudder is exactly the same as that which would have resulted if Westwood’s action in 1851 had constituted a valid type-selection. The taxon represented by Pandemos arcassa Hiibner (and therefore also by the nominal species bearing the rejected name Papilio avcas Cramer) is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as being the same as that represented by another Cramerian nominal species, namely Papilio pasiphae Cramer, [1775] (Uitl. Kapellen 1 (7) : 127, pl. 80, fig. E), and it is therefore by the specific name pasiphae Cramer that the species here in question is currently known. PANDIMA Moore, [1893], Lep. ind. 2 (14) : 58. Type-species by original designation : Satyrus nareda Kollar, [1844], 7n Hiigel’s Kashmir 4 (2) : 451. Moore briefly characterized this genus in a key and designated its type-species in Part 14 on the page cited above ; he gave a fuller diagnosis at the head of his treatment of this genus in the following Part (15) : 86 published in the same year in the same volume. PANDITA Moore, 1857, in Horsfield & Moore, Cat. lep. Ins. Mus. East India Coy (1) : 181. Type-species by monotypy : Pandita sinope Moore, 1857, im Horsfield & Moore, ibid. (1) : 182-183. PANDORA Doubleday, [1848], Gen. diurn. Lep. (2): pl. 43, fig. 5. Type-species by mono- typy : Pandora prola Doubleday, [1848], zbid. (2) : pl. 43, fig. 5 [text ((2) : 300), written by Westwood after Doubleday’s death, published in 1850}. The name Pandora Doubleday is invalid under the Law of Homonymy, the word “Pandora” having been used as the name for different genera by no less than seven earlier authors. The names concerned are : (i) Pandora Bruguiére, 1797 (Ency. méth. Tabl. Vers : pl. 250) ; (ii) Pandora Lamarck, 1799 (Mém. Soc. Hist. nat. Paris 1799 : 88) ; (iii) Pandora Megerle, 1811 (Ges. Natur. Freund. Berlin. Mag. 5 (1) : 59) ; (iv) Pandora Eschscholtz, 1829 (Syst. Acalephen : 39) ; (v) Pandora Haliday, 1833 (Ent. Mag.1 (2) : 169) ; (vi) Pandora Oken, 1835 (Allgem. Naturg. 5 (1) : 312) ; (vil) Pandova Chevrolet, 1843 (Dict. univ. Hist. nat. 3 : 656), The name Pandora Doubleday has been replaced by the name Panacea Godman & Salvin, [1883]. PANDORIANA Warren, 1942, Entomologist 75 : 245-246. Type-species by original desig- nation : Papilio maja Cramer, [1775], Uitl. Kapellen 1 (1) : 39, pl. 25, figs B, C. The taxon represented by the nominal species Papilio maja Cramer is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as being a subspecies of the same taxon as that repre- sented by the nominal species Papilio pandora [Denis & Schiffermiiller], 1775 (Ankitindung [sic] eines syst. Werkes Schmett. Wienev Gegend : 176). As the species-group names maja and pandora were both published in 1775, there was no means of determining which should be treated as the elder of these two names until in 1958 the Commission in its Opinion 516 settled the relative precedence to be accorded to names published in 1775 in a number of works, including the Ankiindung of Denis & Schiffermiiller and the portions of Cramer’s Uztl. Kapellen published in that year. Under the Ruling so given precedence was given to names GENERIC NAMES OF BUTTERFLIES 335 published in the Ankiindung over names published in the Uitl. Kapellen. Accordingly, on the basis of the subjective taxonomic view set out above, the name pandora [Denis & Schiffermiiller] (type-locality : Vienna) becomes the specific name for the collective-species as a whole, while the name maja Cramer becomes the subspecific name for the subspecies of Papilio pandora occurring in the neighbourhood of Constantinople. PANGERANA Moore, 1886, J. linn. Soc. Lond., Zool. 21: 51. Type-species by monotypy : Papilio varuna White, 1842, Entomologist 1 : 280. PANGERANOPSIS Wood-Mason & de Niceville, 1886, J. asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt II, 55 (4) : 374. Type-species by monotypy : Papilio elephenor Doubleday, 1845, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. 16 : 305. PANLYMNAS Bryk, 1937, Lep. Cat. 78 : 56. Type-species through Section (i) (replacement names) of Article 67 : Papilio chrysippus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. ‘Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 471. Bryk introduced the name Panlymnas as a replacement for the name Limnas Hiibner, [1806] (Tentamen : (1)), a name published in a work rejected for nomenclatorial purposes by the Commission by the Ruling given in its Opinion 97. Bryk designated Papilio chrysippus as the type-species of his Panlymnas, but, though convenient, this was not essential, in view of the fact that that species was the type-species (by monotypy) of the nominal genus, for the name of which Bryk published the replacement name Panlymnas, and was therefore automatic- ally the type-species also of the replacement genus Panlymnas. PANOPAEA Felder (C.), 1861, Nova Acta Leop. Carol. 28 (No. 3) : 27 (an Incorrect Subsequent Spelling of Panopea Hiibner, [1819)). Felder gave no indication to suggest that the spelling ‘‘ Panopaea’’ was an intentional variant (that is, a deliberate emendation) of the name Panopea Hiibner, [1819]. Felder’s Panopaea is therefore here treated as an Incorrect Subsequent Spelling of Panopea Hiibner and not as an Unjustified Emendation of that name. It may be noted that, even if Panopaea had been published as an emendation, in which case Panopaea would have possessed rights in zoological nomenclature and, other things being equal, would have been available as a replace- ment name as from the author by whom, and the date on which, it was published, it would nevertheless have been invalid, for it would have been a junior homonym of Panopaea Lamarck 1818 (Hist. nat. Anim. sans Vertéby. 5 : 456), an Unjustified Emendation of Panopea Ménard de la Groye, 1807 (Ann. Mus. Hist. nat., Paris 9 (50/51) : 135). PANOPEA Hiibner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (3) : 39. Type-species by selection by Hemming (1943, Proc. R. ent. Soc. Lond. (B) 12 : 28-29) : Papilio semive Cramer, [1779], Uitl. Kapellen 3 (17) : 3, pl. 194, figs B, C. The name Panopea Hiibner is invalid, as being a junior homonym of Panopea Ménard de la Groye, 1807 [reference given in the immediately preceding entry] and also of Panopea Rafinesque, 1815 (Analyse Nature : 135). It has been replaced by the name Chloropoea Aurivillius, 1898. PANOPLUIA Reakirt, [1865], Proc. ent. Soc. Philad. 3 : 503, 504 (invalid under Article 1 of the Code because based on a hypothetical concept.) The name Panopluia was introduced by Reakirt in a revision of the genus Papilio Linnaeus. Reakirt recognised frankly that the concept represented by Panoplwia was entirely hypo- thetical, no species conforming to the diagnosis which he provided being known to him. For the date assigned to this generic name see the particulars given under the name Atrophaneura Reakirt. PANOQUINA Hemming, 1934, Entomologist 67 : 38. Type-species through Section (i) (replacement names) of Article 67 : Hesperia panoquin Scudder, 1863, Pyoc. Essex Inst. 3: 178. The name Panoguina was introduced as a replacement for Pvenes Scudder, 1872, which is invalid under the Law of Homonymy. 330 FRANCIS HEMMING PANOSMIA Wood-Mason & de Niceville, 1886, J. asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt II, 55 (4) : 374. Type-species by selection by Hemming (1935, Stvlops 4:2): Papilio dasarada Moore, 1857, 7m Horsfield & Moore, Cat. lep. Ins. Mus. East India Coy (1) : 96 (as defined by the specimen figured as fig. 5 on plate 40 in Westwood’s Cabinet orient. Ent. as ‘‘ Papilio philoxenus var.’ selected by Hemming (1964, Annot. lep. (3) : 106) to represent the lectotype. The nominal species Papilio dasavada was based by Moore solely upon bibliographical references to previously published papers. The first of these references was to the figure cited above in Westwood’s work “‘ A Cabinet of Oriental Entomology ’’, which has been selected by myself to represent the lectotype of the present species. PANOSMIOPSIS Wood-Mason & de Niceville, 1886, J. asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt II, 55 (4) : 374. Type-species by monotypy : Papilio rhetenor Westwood, 1841, Arcana ent. (4) : 59, pl. 16, figs I, 1a, g. The name of the type-species, Papilio rhetenoy Westwood is invalid, as it is a junior homo- nym of Papilio rhetenoy Cramer, [1775] (Uit. Kapellen 1 (2) : 22, pl. 15, figs A, B). There is a name Papilio icavius Westwood, 1847 (Cabinet orient. Ent. : 5, pl. 2) which is currently treated on taxonomic grounds as being a junior subjective synonym of Papilio rhetenor Westwood, but this name is invalid, as it is a junior homonym of Papilio icarius Esper, [1793] (Die Schmett., Suppl. Band, 1 Abschn. Tagschmett. : 35, pl. 99, fig. 4 g). The oldest objectively available name subjectively applicable to the type-species of this genus on taxonomic grounds is Papilio alcmenoy Felder (C.) & Felder (R.), [1864] (Reise Fregatte “ Novara’’, Lep. Rhop. (1) : 129, pl. 20, fig. d). Subjectively, therefore the correct specific name for this species is alcmenory Felder (C.) & Felder (R.). PANSYDIA Scudder, 1872, 4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. 1871: 81. Type-species by original designation : Hesperia mesogramma Latreille, [1824] (Ency. méth. 9 (Ins.) (2) : 765. PANTHIADES Hiibner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (5) : 79. Type-species by selection by Scudder (1875, Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10 : 237) : Papilio pelion Cramer, [1775], Uitl. Kapellen 1 (x) : 10, pl. 6, figs E, F. Hiibner placed in this genus two nominal species, of which Papilio pelion Cramer was the second. Scudder took the view that these nominal species represented no more than the female and male respectively of the same taxon and accordingly considered that this genus was monotypical, in which view however he was in error. Scudder went on to say that the type-species was Papilio pelion. Although Scudder thought that he was merely noting an existing fact, his action constitutes (under Article 69(a) (iii)) a valid selection of the above species to be the type-species. PANTOPORIA Hiibner, [1819], Vevz. bekannt. Schmett. (3) : 44. Type-species by selection by Scudder (1875, Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10 : 238) : Papilio hordonia Stoll, [1790], Aanhangs. Werk Uitl. Kapellen Pieter Cramer : 149, pl. 33, figs 4, 4D. For some inexplicable reasons some authors formerly rejected or overlooked Scudder’s selection of Papilio hovdonia Stoll as the type-species of this genus and treated it as though its type-species was Papilio sulpitia Cramer, [1799]. The result was very unfortunate, the true Pantoporia (with Papilio hordonia as type-species) is a Neptid, while the false Pantoporia (with its pseudotype Papilio sulpitia) is a Limenitid. The oldest available generic name for the false Pantoporia is, as pointed out by myself in 1934 (Gen. Names hol. Butts 1: 87), Parathyma Moore, [1898]. PAPHIA Fabricius, 1807, Mag. f. Insektenk. (Illiger) 6 : 282. Type-species by selection by Crotch (1872, Cistula ent. 1 : 66) : Papilio jasius Linnaeus, 1767, Syst. Nat. (ed. 12) 1 (2) : Errata. Linnaeus introduced the name Papilio jasius in the unnumbered “ Errata’”’ sheet as a nom. nov. for Papilio jason Linnaeus, 1767 (loc. cit. (ed. 12) 1 (2) : 749), which is invalid asa junior homonym of Papilio jason Linnaeus, 1758 (Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 485). The replace- , GENERIC NAMES OF BUTTERFLIES 337 ment nominal species so established by Linnaeus represents a well-known member of a highly characteristic group of African Nymphalids and is the type-species of the later- established nominal genus Chavaxes Ochsenheimer, 1816. The name Paphia Fabricius is invalid under the Law of Homonymy, being a junior homonym (a) of Paphia [R6éding], 1798 (Mus. Bolten. (2) : 175), and (b) of Paphia Lamarck 1799 (Mém. Soc. Hist. nat. Paris 1799 : 85). This generic name was placed, in the Commission’s Opinion 577 (1959, Bull. zool. Nom. 17 : 140-142), on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology as Name No. 1305. PAPIAS Godman, [1900], Biol. centy.-amey., Lep. Rhop. 2: 559. Type-species through Section (a) (misidentified type-species) of Article 70 provisionally applied, pending a decision by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature on an application submitted : Pamphila integra Mabille, 1891, Bull. C.R. Soc. ent. Belg. 35 : clxix. This is the name of a genus originally established with a misidentified type-species. The facts are set out below. Godman designated the nominal species Hesperia infuscata Pl6étz 1882 (Stett. ent. Ztg 43 : 315) as the type-species of this genus. On the following page (: 560) he described and figured the taxon which he had identified with that represented by the foregoing nominal species ; at the same time he gave a brief synonymy in which he cited the name Pamphila integra Mabille, 1891. In 1907 Godman published (Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (7) 20 : 132-155) a critical review of the American Hesperiids described by Pl6tz, many of which were very difficult to interpret ; in this paper (: 137) he noted that the material which in the Biologia he had identified as Hesperia infuscata Plotz was not refer- able to that species but belonged to Pamphila integra Mabille which, as noted above, he had then—incorrectly, as was now found—identified with Plotz’s Hesperia infuscata. It followed that, when he had established the nominal genus Papias and had designated Hesperia infus- cata Pl6tz as its type-species, it was in fact not that species but Pamphila integra Mabille which he characterized under that name. It is in this corrected sense that the genus Papias is currently interpreted, e.g. by Evans (1955, Cat. amer. Hesp. Brit. Mus. 4: 155). This is a particularly clear case of a genus based upon a misidentified type-species. Accordingly, an application has been submitted to the Commission for the designation under Article 70 of Pamphila integra Mabille to be the type-species of this genus Papias. The taxon represented by the nominal species Pamphila integra Mabille is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as being a subspecies of the taxon represented by the nominal species Pamphila subcostulata Herrich-Schaeffer, 1870 (CorvespBl. zool.-min. Ver. Regensburg 24: 159). (It may be useful to add that the genus Papias, correctly interpreted as explained above, belongs to the Apaustus-Group of the Hesperiids, but the nominal species Hesperia infuscata Plétz (with which Godman originally misidentified Pamphila integra Mabille) is referable to the genus Enosis Mabille, 1889, and belongs to an entirely different group, the Cavystus-Group). PAPILIO Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 458. Type-species by selection by Latreille (1810, Consid. gén. Anim. Crust. Avach. Ins. : 440, 350) : Papilio machaon Linnaeus, 1758, ibid. (ed. 10) 1 : 462. In the earlier part of the XIXth century and indeed even as late as 1875 (Scudder), when workers were greatly handicapped by the lack of an authoritative international Code, widely divergent views were expressed at different times as to the species to be accepted as the type-species of this fundamental genus. All this happened, however, so long ago that it is not necessary here to describe the early history of this matter which is now of historical interest only, there having been for long absolute unanimity as to the type-species of the genus Papilio—and consequently also as to the interpretation of the nominal family Papilionidae. In 1954 the Commission in its Opinion 273 placed the name Papilio Linnaeus (with Papilio machaon Linnaeus as type-species) on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology as Name No. 703. 338 FRANCIS HEMMING PAPUA Rober, [1892], im Staudinger & Schatz, Exot. Schmett. Bd 1, (Th. 2) (6) : 273. Type- species by monotypy : Plebeius lucifer Rober, [1886], Corvesp BI. ent. Ver. Iris 1 (3) : 61, pl. 4, fig. 5. The taxon represented by the nominal species Plebeius lucifer Rober is currently treated as a subspecies of the taxon represented by the nominal species Pithecops zalmora Butler, 1869 (Cat. diurn. Lep. Fabricius : 1). The name Papua Rober is invalid, as it is a junior homonym of the name Papua Ragonot, 1889 (Bull. Soc. ent. Fr. 1889 : ccxxx). PARACARYSTUS Godman, [1900], in Godman & Salvin, Biol. centy.-amer., Lep. Rhop. 2 :587. Type-species by original designation: Cobalus hypargyra Herrich-Schaeffer, 1869, CorvespBl. zool.-min. Ver. Regensburg 23 : 201 [re-paged offprint as Prodvomus . . . [3] ; 81]. PARACHILADES Nabokov, 1945, Psyche 52:6. Type-species by original designation : Lycaena titicaca Weymer, [1890], im Stiibel, Reiss & Stiibel, Reisen Sud-Amer., Lepid. : 122, pl. 4, fig. 6. PARACHRYSOPS Bethune-Baker, 1904, Novit. zool. 11 : 369. Type-species by original designation : Parachrysops bicolor Bethune-Baker, 1904, ibid. 11 : 360. PARADIADEMA Distant, [1880], Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1879 (4) : 704. Type-species by monotypy : Paradiadema hora Distant, [1880], ibid. 1879 (4) : 704, pl. 54, fig. I. The taxon represented by the nominal species Pavadiadema hora Distant has been identified subjectively on taxonomic grounds with that represented by the older-established nominal species Harma hyarbita Hewitson, [1866] (Ill. exot. Butts 3 : [57], pl. [29], figs 5, 6). PARADOPAEA Godman, [1900], 72 Godman & Salvin, Biol. centy.-amer., Lep. Rhop. 3 : pl. 92, figs 23-29 (9g genit. of included species). Type-species by selection by Lindsey (1925, Ann. ent. Soc. Amer. 18 : 96) : Hesperia garita Reakirt, 1866, Proc. ent. Soc. Philad. 6: 150. The name Parvadopaea was dealt with quite differently in the text volume (vol. 2) and in the plates volume (vol. 3). The treatment in the plates volume is the earlier of the two. In this volume the name Pavadopaea was applied (on pl. 92) to two nominal species, namely : Paradopaea garita (Reakirt) [i.e. Hesperia garita Reakirt], figs 23, 24, 25 ; Pavadopaea calega Godman [then a new species], figs 26-29. In the text volume the name Paradopaea was dropped altogether, the species which on plate 92 had been assigned to this genus being there assigned to the genus Oarisma Scudder, 1872. At the same time each of the taxa figured on that plate were treated as having been misidentified : the specimens figured as Hesperia garita (figs 23-25) were treated (: 469) as belonging to Hesperia poweshetk Parker, 1870, while those which had been figured under the new name Paradopaea calega (figs 26-29) were treated (: 470) as belonging to Hesperia gavita. {It may usefully be noted at this point that the status of these nominal species was re-examined by Lindsey, Bell & Williams in 1931 (J. Sci. Lab. Denison Univ. 26 : 72) who reached the following conclusions as to the specimens figured by Godman on his plate 92 : (a) the specimens figured as figs 23 & 24 as belonging to Hesperia gavita Reakirt were correctly so identified, their attribution in the text to Hesperia powesheik Parker being erroneous ; (b) the male genitalia figured as fig. 25 and also attributed to Hesperia garita are, in fact, referable to Thymelicus edwardsii Barnes, 1897 (a nominal species not mentioned by Godman) ; (c) the specimens figured as figs 26—29 as representing the new species Pavadopaea calega were misidentified by Godman when in the text he identified them as belonging to Hesperia garita, the foregoing authors considering that Godman’s calega probably represented a distinct species. More recently however calega Godman has been treated by Evans (1955, 4 : 306) as a subspecies of Hesperia garita Reakirt, also placed by him in the genus Oarisma Scudder. |] Godman explained the inconsistency of his treatment of the name Pavadopaea in the text and plate volumes respectively by the following note at the footnote at the bottom of page 469: ‘‘ Scudder’s description of the genus Oavisma was not seen by us until after Tab. XCII. was printed, and the specimens sent us by Strecker as Hesperia garita were wrongly GENERIC NAMES OF BUTTERFLIES 339 named : hence confusion has arisen in the identification of this insect.’’ It will be appre- ciated from the explanation already given regarding the synonymy of the species-group names concerned that the confusion which had arisen was much greater even than Godman supposed, for his revised view as to the identification of the specimens which he had figured as figs 23 and 24 [but not that shown as fig. 25], which he referred to as “‘ this insect ’’ in the footnote quoted above and which he then identified as Hesperia powesheik did not belong to that species, being, as he had originally thought specimens of Hesperia garita. Having now completed the survey of the tangled history of the name Paradopaea Godman, and of the identity of the species cited in that author’s plate 92 as belonging to that genus, it is possible to form a conclusion as the status of that generic name. First, it must be noted that, if it had not been for the publication of the above plate, the name Pavadopaea would have possessed no status in nomenclature, for in the text Godman mentioned that name only to reject it immediately, by placing it in the synonymy of the name Oarisma Scudder. As there published, it was a name published in a synonymy and therefore, under Article 11(d), possessed no standing and was completely invalid. The position is however quite different in the plates volume (vol. 3), for here on plate 92 Godman unequivocally adopted the name Paradopaea for two nominal species, of which one (Pavadopaea calega) was there established for the first time. Nothing written by Godman in the text volume can be held to detract from the nomenclatorial status of the name Pavadopaea as used on plate 92 in the plates volume. Accordingly, the name Pavadopaea Godman ranks as a nomenclatorially available name, and the two nominal species cited on that plate as belonging to Pavadopaea rank as the originally included species of that genus. Lindsey (1925) was therefore perfectly in order when he selected the first of these species, Hesperia garita Reakirt, to be the type- species of the genus Pavadopaea Godman. Finally, it must be noted that, although in the text Godman expressed erroneous opinions as to the identity of the taxon represented by the nominal species Hesperia garita, he identified that taxon correctly on his plate 92 (the only place which is relevant in connection with the interpretation of the nominal genus Pavadopaea), giving two figures of the male of that taxon, showing the upperside as fig. 23, and the under- side as fig. 24. The only mistake which he made on this plate was erroneous association, with the figures of the male of Hesperia garita, of a figure (fig. 25) showing the male genitalia of a different, though closely allied species. To sum up, the name Pavadopaea Godman is an available name and the type-species of the genus in question is the nominal species Hesperia gavita Reakirt, which was correctly identified by Godman when (on pl. 92) he placed it in this genus. [It may be useful to add from the purely taxonomic side that the view expressed by Godman in the text of his work that his Paradopaea is a junior subjective synonym of Oarisma Scudder is still the accepted subjective opinion of specialists in this group. | PARADROS Watson, 1893, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1893 : 19, 39. Type-species by original designation : Eudamus phoenice Hewitson, 1867, Descy. One Hundred new Spec. Hesp. (1) : 19. PARADUBA Bethune-Baker, 1906, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (7) 17: 103. Type-species by original designation : Paraduba owgarra Bethune-Baker, 1906, ibid. (7) 17 : 104. PARAGE Evans, 1923, J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc. 29 (2) : 537 (an Incorrect Subsequent Spelling of Pavarge Hiibner, [1819]). PARAGERYDUS Distant, 1884, Rhop. malayana : 207. Type-species by selection by Kirby ({1885], in Zool. Rec. 21 (year 1884) (Ins.) : 191) : Miletus horsfieldi Moore, 1857, in Horsfield & Moore, Cat. lep. Ins. Mus. East India Coy (1) : 19, pl. 1a, fig. 1. PARAIDES Godman, [1900], Biol. centy.-amer., Lep. Rhop. 2 : 515. Type-species by original designation : Hesperia ocrinus Plétz, 1882, Stett. ent. Ztg 43 : 337. PARALASA Moore, [1893], Lep. ind. 2 (16) : 103. Type-species by original designation : Erebia kalinda Moore, 1865, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1865 (2) : 501, pl. 30, fig. 5 9. 340 FRANCIS HEMMING PARALETHE van Son, 1955, Butts S. Africa (Mem. Transvaal Mus. No. 8) 2:51. Type- species by original designation : Satyrus dendrophilus Trimen, 1862, Tvans. ent. Soc. Lond. (3) 1 : 399. PARALUCIA Waterhouse & Turner, 1905, Proc. linn. Soc. N.S.W. 29 (4) : 802. Type-species by original designation : Lucia (?) pyrodiscus Rosenstock, 1885, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (5) 16 : 377. PARALYCAEIDES Nabokov, 1945, Psyche 52 : 36. Type-species by original designation : Itylos inconspicua Draudt, [1921], im Seitz, Grossschmett. Erde 5: 822, pl. 144, figs M. [8], M. [9]. PARAMACERA Butler, Feb. 1868, Ent. mon. Mag. 4 : 194 nota. Type-species by subsequent designation by Scudder (1875, Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10 : 240) : Neonympha xicaque Reakirt, 1866, Pyoc. Acad. nat. Sci. Philad. 1866 : 336. Butler gave a brief diagnosis for this genus in the footnote specified above. He did not include any nominal species in the genus ; he did however rather strangely designate as the type-species a nominal species (Pavamacera conhieva) which was at that time a manuscript name of Butler’s and which was never later published by that author. This is therefore a nominal genus established without included nominal species, and its type-species is therefore subject to determination under the provisions of Article 69(a)(ii). The first author to place a duly established nominal species in this genus was Scudder (1875) who not only placed Neonympha xicaque Reakirt in this genus but in addition specified it as the type-species. Under the Article cited above, that nominal species is therefore the type-species by subsequent designation. PARAMECERA Butler, [July] 1868, Cat. diurvn. Lep. Satyridae Brit. Mus. : 98. Type- species by monotypy : Neonympha xicaque Reakirt, 1866, Proc. Acad. nat. Sci. Philad. 1866 : 336. It might reasonably have been supposed that Pavamecera was no more than a subsequent usage in an incorrect spelling of the name Pavamacera published by Butler earlier in the same year, if it had not been for the fact that in introducing Pavamecera, Butler described it as “gen. noy.’’ and made no reference whatever to his own earlier name Pavamacera. In the circumstances it must be assumed that, when he introduced the name Pavameceva, Butler forgot altogether about his own earlier name Pavamacera. In view of Butler’s express state- ment that Pavamecera was the name of a new genus, it is so treated here. The name Pavameceva Butler, [July] 1868, is invalid as being a junior objective synonym— though under Article 56(a) not a junior homonym of the name Pavamacera Butler, Feb. 1868. PARAMIDEA Kuznetsov, 1929, Faune URRS., Ins. Lépid. 1 (livr. 2) : 58, nota. Type-species by original designation : Anthocharis scolymus Butler, [1866], J. linn. Soc. Lond., Zool. OE 2: PARAMIMUS Hiibner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (8) : 115. Type-species by selection by Butler (1870, Ent. mon. Mag. 7: 97) : Urbanus scurra Hiibner, [1809], Samm. exot. Schmett. 1 : pl. [160]. PARAMINUS Hiibner, [1825], Samml. exot. Schmett. 2: pl. [154] (an Incorrect Subsequent Spelling of Pavamimus Hiibner, [1819)). PARANEPTIS Moore, [1898], Lep. ind. 3 (32) : 146. Type-species by original designation : Papilio lucilla [Denis & Schiffermiller], 1775, Ankiindung [sic] eines syst. Werkes Schmett. Wiener Gegend : 173. Moore introduced the name Pavaneptis in a generic key, in which he designated a type- species for this genus but did not provide a generic diagnosis. He made good this deficiency however later in the same year (loc. cit. 3 (34) : 214). The taxon represented by the nominal species Papilio lucilla [Denis & Schiffermiiller] is currently treated as being the same as that represented by the older-established nominal species Papilio rivulavis Scopoli, 1763, Ent. carn. : 165, fig. 443 (lectotype). The specific GENERIC NAMES OF BUTTERFLIES 341 name rvivularvis Scopoli was commonly treated for a considerable number of years as applying to the Limenitis species occurring in continental Europe but not in the British Isles which previously—and for a much longer period—had been erroneously known by the name camilla Linnaeus (published first in 1763 in the binomen Papilio camilla). A word of explanation is needed therefore as to the reasons for the attribution of the specific name vivularis Scopoli to the present Neptis-Group species. What happened was that in 1933 (Proc. ent. Soc. Lond. 7 : 60, fig. 1) Higgins published as fig. 1 a facsimile of fig. 443 in Scopoli’s Ent. carn., which, in his opinion and that of all subsequent authors, clearly represented the present Neptis- Group species and not the Limenitis-Group species to which the name Papilio rivularis Scopoli was at that time erroneously believed to apply. Higgins did not designate expressly the specimen figured in Scopoli’s fig. 443 to be the lectotype of Papilio rivularis Scopoli, though for practical purposes his action, which included the renaming of the Limenitis species previously known incorrectly by the specific name vivulavis Scopoli, was tantamount to the selection of Scopoli’s fig. 443 to be the lectotype of that species. In order to put an end to any argument as to the nomenclatorial status of Higgins’s action, I formally selected in 1959 the specimen represented on Scopoli’s fig. 443 to represent the lectotype of Papilio vivulavis Scopoli, 1763: this selection was made in the third paragraph of a note reproduced as Part 3 of a document entitled ‘‘Appendix to Secretary’s Minute dated 21st June, 1958” reproduced in paragraph 14 of the Commission’s Opinion 562 (Opin. int. Comm. zool. Nom. 20 : 326). The action described above was completed by the Commission when in the same Opinion it placed the specific name rivulavis Scopoli, 1763, as published in the binomen Papilio rivularis, endorsed by reference to the lectotype-selection referred to above, on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology as Name No.1648. PARANTICA Moore, [1880], Lep. Ceylon 1 (1). Type-species by original designation: Papilio aglea Stoll, [1782], in Cramer, Uitl. Kapellen 4 (32): 173, pl. 377, fig. E. PARANTICOPSIS Wood-Mason & de Niceville, 1887, J. asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt II, 55 (4) : 376. Type-species by monotypy : Papilio macareus Godart, [1819], Ency. méth. 9 (Ins.) (m) = 76. PARANTIRRHOEA Wood-Mason, 7th March 1881, J. asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt II, 49 (4) : 248. Type-species by original designation : Parantirrhoea marshalli Wood-Mason, 1881, ibid. 49 (4) : 250. The name Parantivrhoea was published as new in two papers by Wood-Mason that were published almost simultaneously. The first to appear was that cited above which (as there noted) was published on 7th March 1881 ; the second was published in April of the same year (Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (5) 7 : 333). The same species was designated as type-species in both these papers. PARAPHNAEUS Thierry-Mieg, 1904, Le Naturaliste 26 (415) : 140. Type-species by monotypy : Aphnaeus hutchinsonii Trimen, 1887, in Trimen & Bowker, South-Afric. Butts 2 : 146-150. PARAPHTHONIA Stichel, 1910, in Wytsman’s Gen. Ins. 112 (A) : 137. Type-species by original designation : Monethe molione Godman, 1903, Tvans. ent. Soc. Lond. 1903 : 539, pi22, fig. 4. PARAPIERIS de Niceville, 1897, J. asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt II, 66 (3) : 563. Type-species by original designation : Papilio callidice Hiibner, [1799-1800], Samml. europ. Schmett.: pl. Pap. 81, figs 408, 409 d. The name Parapieris de Niceville is invalid, as it is a junior objective synonym of Synchloe Hiibner, 1818. PARAPITHECOPS Moore, June 1884, J. asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt II, 53 (1) : 20. Type-species by monotypy : Parapithecops gaura Moore, 1884, ibid. 53 (1) : 20. The taxon represented by the nominal species Pavapithecops gauya is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as being the same as that represented by the older- 342 FRANCIS HEMMING established nominal species Pithecops zalmora Butler, 1869 (Cat. diurn. Lep. Fabricius Brit. Mus. : 161). The fact that it was on 30th June 1884 that the name Pavapithecops Moore was published is important, for that name is currently considered to be a subjective synonym of Neopithecops Distant, published on 31st May of that year. PARAPLESIA Felder (C.) & Felder (R.), 1862, Wien. ent. Monats. 6: 26. Type-species by monotypy : Paraplesia adelma Felder (C.) & Felder (R.), 1862, ibid. 6 : 26. Paraplesia is an available name, the two Felders having been in error when they supposed it to be invalid under the Law of Homonymy and in 1863 introduced the replacement name Isodema. PARAPONTIA Rober, [1892], 1m Schatz, im Staudinger & Schatz, Exot. Schmett. Bd 1 (Th. 2) (6) : 280. Type-species by monotypy : Liptena undulavis Hewitson, [1866], Jil. exot. Butts 3 : [120], pl. [60], fig. 7. The history of the name Pavapontia Rober is bound up with that of the earlier names Liptena Westwood and Pentila Westwood, both published in the year 1851. Both these nominal genera were treated from the earliest times as having as their type-species species other than those which were in fact their type-species under the Code. Full particulars of subsequent developments have been given in the note on the name Liptena Westwood ; it is therefore necessary to note here that, when providing a valid basis for the long-established use of that name the Commission in its Opinion 566 used its Plenary Powers to designate the nominal species Liptena undulavis Hewitson to be the type-species of the foregoing genus. One of the side-effects of that decision was to invalidate the little-known and virtually unused name Parvapontia Rober by making it a junior objective synonym of Liptena Westwood, as then stabilized. As part of the general settlement carried out in the above Opinion, the name Pavapontia Rober was then placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names im Zoology as Name No. 1280. PARAPTERONYMIA Kremky, 1925, Ann. zool. Mus. polon. Hist. nat. 4 : 238. Type-species by monotypy : Ithomia antisao Bates, 1862, Tvans. linn. Soc. Lond. 23 (3) : 544. PARARGA Herrich-Schaeffer, [1844], Syst. Bearb. Schmett. Europ. 1 : 87 (an Incorrect Sub- sequent Spelling of Pavarge Hiibner, [1819]). PARARGE Hiibner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (4) : 59. Type-species by selection by Butler (1868, Ent. mon. Mag. 4: 195) : Papilio aegeria Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 473. PARASARPA Moore, [1898], Lep. ind. 3 (32) : 146-147. Type-species by original designation: Limenitis zayla Doubleday, [1848], Gen. diurn. Lep. (2) : pl. 35, fig. 4 [text (Joc. cit. (2) : 276) written by Westwood after Doubleday’s death, published in August 1850]. PARASLAUGA Bethune-Baker, 1924, Trans. ent. Soc. Lond. 1924: 206. Type-species by original designation : Aslauga kallimoides Schultze, 1912, Ent. Rundsch. 29 : 43. PARATA Moore, [1881], Lep. Ceylon 1 (4) : 160. Type-species by original designation : Papilio chromus Cramer, [1780], Uitl. Kapellen 3 (24) : 163, pl. 284, fig. E. PARATHYMA Moore, [1898], Lep. ind. 3 (32) : 146. Type-species by original designation : Papilio sulpitia Cramer, [1779], Uitl. Kapellen 3 (18) : 37, pl. 214, figs E, F. Moore established this nominal genus in a rough grouping of genera which can hardly be dignified by the name of a key ; the name Parvathyma so published, is however an available name, for Moore designated a type-species for the genus so named. This deficiency was made good by Moore in the next following Part of his work (3 (33) : 174), where he provided a diagnosis for this genus. Moore carried the subdivision of the Limenitids at the genus-level to far greater lengths than are currently considered necessary on taxonomic grounds. In the present section he established seven nominal genera, having as their respective type-species species currently GENERIC NAMES OF BUTTERFLIES 343 regarded as being congeneric with the type-species of the genus Pavathyma. These seven generic names were all published at the same time and in the same work as the name Pavathyma. Under the Code the relative precedence to be accorded to these seven names as between one another and in relation to the name Parathyma depends on the choice made by the First Reviser. As has already been explained in the note on the name Pantoporia Hiibner, the large group of species here in question was usually—though entirely incorrectly—treated as belonging to the genus Pantoporia, with which the numerous genera established by Moore were accordingly identified. As the result of this treatment of these nominal taxa, no occasion then arose for making First Reviser choices as to the relative precedence to be accorded to the names here in question. When in 1934 (Gen. Names hol. Butts 1 : 87) I drew attention to the fact that the then current use of the name Pantoporia for the Limenitid species centred around Papilio sulpitia Cramer was entirely incorrect, the type-species of Pantoporia being the Neptid species Papilio hordonia Stoll, I adopted the name Parathyma for Papilio sulpitia and the other species till then often incorrectly placed in the genns Pantoporia. 1 did not however then refer to the other names published by Moore which (for the reasons explained above) were possible rivals of the name Pavathyma. The name Parathyma came into general use, but the position of that name did not become assured until in 1964 (Annot. lep. (3) : 80) I made a First Reviser choice according precedence to it over the seven other names concerned. The names in question, all published by Moore in 1898 were the following : Tatisia ; Kivonga ; Zabana ; Condochates ; Sabania ; Balanga ; Zamboanga. PARATISIPHONE Watkins, 1928, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (10) 1: 615. Type-species by original designation : Lasiommata lyrnessa Hewitson, 1872, Ent. mon. Mag. 9 : 85. PARATRYTONE Godman, [1900], in Godman & Salvin, Biol. centy.-amer., Lep. Rhop. 2: 487. Type-species by original designation : Paratrytone rhexenor Godman, [1900], in Godman & Salvin, ibid. 2 : 488 ; ibid. 3: pl. 93, figs 41-43 3. PARATRYTONE Dyar, 1905, J.N.Y. ent. Soc. 13 : 136. Type-species by original designation : Pamphila howardi Skinner, 1896, Canad. Ent. 28 : 187. The taxon represented by the nominal species Pamphila howardi is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as being the same as that represented by the older- established nominal species Pamphila aavoni Skinner, 1890 (Ent. News 1 : 6). The name Paratrytone Dyar is invalid, as it is a junior homonym of Paratrytone Godman, [1900]. PARCE Oberthur & Houlbert, 1922, C.R. Acad. Sci., Paris 174: 192. Type-species by original designation : Parce fergana Oberthur & Houlbert, 1922, ibid. 174 : 192 [a nominal species established quite unnecessarily as a replacement for the nominal species Melanargia parce Staudinger, 1882, Berl. ent. Z. 26 : 170]. In this paper Oberthur & Houlbert, when introducing a generic name consisting of the same word as that of the specific name borne by the species designated by them as type- species, adopted the peculiar—and entirely invalid—course of rejecting the specific name concerned and of giving it a new name, in this case rejecting the specific name parce Staudinger, 1882, and replacing it with the name fergana. PARCELLA Stichel, 1910, Berl. ent. Z. 55 (1/2) : 59. Type-species by original designation : Amblygonia amarynthina Felder (C.) & Felder (R.), [1865], Reise Fregatte ‘‘ Novara” Lep. Rhop. (2) : 309. The older name Amblygonia Felder & Felder is invalid under the Law of Homonymy. PARDALEODES Butler, 1870, Ent. mon. Mag.7: 96. Type-species by original designation : Papilio edipus Stoll, [1781], im Cramer, Uitl. Kapellen 4 (31) : 146, pl. 366, figs E, F. PARDOPSIS Trimen, 1887, South-African Butts. 1: 182. Type-species by monotypy : Acraea punctatissima Boisduval, 1833, Nouv. Ann. Mus. Hist. nat., Paris 2 (2) : 179, pl. 6, fig. 2 [separate as Faun. ent. Madagascar, Lép. : 31, pl. 6, fig. 2]. 344 FRANCIS HEMMING PAREBA Doubleday, [1848], Gen. diurn. Lep. (1) : 142. Type-species by monotypy : Papilio vesta Fabricius, 1787, Mantissa Ins. 2 : 14. The name Papilio vesta Fabricius is invalid, as it is a junior homonym of Papilio vesta Cramer, [1777] (Uitl. Kapellen 2 (10) : 33). The oldest available name subjectively applicable to the type-species of this genus is Telchinia issovia Hiibner, [8819] (Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2) : 27), a nominal species based on the specimen figured by Cramer in [1780] (Uitl. Kapellen 4 (25) : 17, pl. 298, figs A, B, C) and at that time misidentified by that author as Papilio terpsicore Linnaeus, 1758 (Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 466). PARELODINA Bethune-Baker, 1904, Novit. zool. 11 : 368. Type-species by original desig- nation : Parelodina aroa Bethune-Baker, 1904, ibid. 11 : 368. PARELODINA Fruhstorfer, [1910], in Seitz, Grossschmett. Evde 9 :123. Type-species by selection by Klots (1931, Ent. amer. (n.s.) 12 (3) : 54) : Pavelodina anticyra Fruhstorfer, [1910], 7m Seitz, ibid. 9 : 123. This name published by Fruhstorfer for a genus of Pierids is invalid, as it is a junior homonym of the same name published by Bethune-Baker for a genus of Lycaenids in 1904 in the serial cited immediately above. In 1914 Fruhstorfer (as has already been shown) replaced this name by the name Elodinesthes. PARERIBOEA Roepke, 1938, Rhop. javan. (3) : 346. Type-species by selection by Hemming (1964, Annot. lep. (4) : 126) : Papilio athamas Drury, [1773], Ill. nat. Hist. 1: index et 5, pl. 2, fig. 4 (2 figs). The name Pareviboea was published by Roepke without a designated type-species. Accordingly, as this name was published after the end of 1930, it is automatically invalid under Article 13(b) of the Code. In order to provide this name with a definite position in the literature of the group, I selected Papilio athamas Drury as type-species ; this selection makes Paveriboea a junior subjective synonym of Polyuva Billberg, 1820, according to current taxonomic ideas. PARERONIA Bingham, 1907, Fauna Brit. Ind., Butts 2:276. Type-species through Section (i) (replacement names) of Article 67 : Papilio valeria Cramer, [1776], Uitl. Kapellen 1 (8) : 133, pl. 75, fig. A. Bingham published the name Pareronia as a replacement for the name Valevia Horsfield, {1829], which he erroneously rejected on the ground of the tautonymy between that name and the specific name of its type-species. Two attempts were made to publish a series of volumes relating to the butterflies in the Fauna of British India, Bingham being the author of the first attempt (which was never completed) and Talbot, the author of the second attempt (also never finished). This is why, in order to avoid confusion, the Bingham volumes are treated as the First Edition and the Talbot volumes as the Second Edition, although in fact apart from the title these are entirely independent works, having no connection with one another. PARHESTINA Moore, [1896], Lep. ind. 3 (26) : 34. Type-species through Section (i) (replace- ment names) of Article 67 : Apatuva japonica Felder (C.) & Felder (R.), 1862, Wien. ent. Monats. 6 : 27. Moore introduced the name Parhestina as a replacement for the name Diagova Snellen, 1894, which he rejected in the erroneous belief that it was invalid as a junior homonym of the name Diagoras Stal, 1877 (Aun. Soc. ent. Belg. 20, C.R. : lxvi), the name of a genus in the Order Orthoptera. At the time when Moore introduced this replacement name, there was considerable doubt as to the conditions in which any given pair of generic names should be treated as being homonyms of one another, but the difficulties arising from this cause were set at rest on the introduction of the present ‘‘ One-Letter-Difference ’’ rule (Article 56(a)). Normally, a replacement genus takes automatically as its type-species the species, whatever it may be, which is the type-species of the genus which it replaces. In the present case however the genus replaced (Dzagova Snellen) was without a type-species at the time when GENERIC NAMES OF BUTTERFLIES 345 Moore published the replacement name Parhestina. It would have been open to him therefore to select as the type-species of Parhestina either of the two nominal species cited by Snellen as belonging to the genus Diagora, and the designation of one of these as the type-species of Parhestina would have constituted also a valid selection of that species as the type-species of Diagova. Unfortunately, however, Moore did not follow this course, selecting instead Diadema persimilis Westwood, [1850] (in Doubleday, Gen. diurn. Lep. (2) : 281 nota). That selection was invalid for Diadema persimilis was not included by Snellen in his genus Diagora and was therefore ineligible for selection as the type-species of the replacement genus Parhestina. The nominal genus Diagora and its replacement Parhestina remained without a type-species until in 1934 I selected Apatura japonica Felder (C.) & Felder (R.), 1862—one of Snellen’s original species—to be the type-species of Diagora Snellen. This action con- stituted automatically the selection of that nominal species to be the type-species of the replacement genus Parhestina Moore. , As the name Diagora Snellen is a nomenclatorially available name, its replacement name Parhestina is invalid as a junior objective synonym of Diagora Snellen. PARIDES Hiibner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (6) : 87. Type-species by selection by Scudder (1875, Proc. amer. Acad. Arts. Sci., Boston 10 : 241) : Princeps echelus Hiibner, [1815], Samml. exot. Schmett.1: pl. [126]. PARNARA Moore, [1881], Lep. Ceylon 1 (4) : 166. Type-species by original designation : Eudamus guttatus Bremer & Grey, [1852], in Motschulsky, Etud. ent. 1 : 60. PARNASSIS Hiibner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (6) : 90. Type-species by selection by Hemming (1939, Proc. R. ent. Soc. Lond. (B) 8 : 136) : Papilio apollo Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 465. The present is one of those cases on which the fact that Hiibner never attributed authors’ names to names which he employed, and never indicated which of the names in his books were new names of his own, makes it difficult to interpret his action with confidence. If he had given an indication in either of the above senses, it would have been easy to determine whether the name Parnassis as used in the Verzeichniss was there put forward as a new name or whether it was no more than an emendation of the name Parnassius Latreille, 1804. Hiibner in his works did not show any close acquaintance with Latreille’s writings, and it seems likely that he had not seen the volume of the Nouv. Dict. Hist. nat. in which the name Parnassius Latreille was published, and that in using the name Parnassis in the same sense as that in which Latreille had used the name Parnassius, he was relying upon some information which he had received at second hand and was perhaps not sure whether the name Parnassius had even been actually published at that time ; this possibility is strengthened by the difference in the spelling which he employed, that difference being readily understandable if he thought that he was dealing only with a manuscript name. From a practical point of view this is not a matter of importance, for Hiibner’s Paynassius would have been invalid as a junior objective synonym of Paynassius Latreille, irrespective of whether Hiibner put it forward as a new name or whether he looked upon it as an Emendation of Paynassius Latreille. In the complete absence of any indication by Hiibner as to his view on this subject, it seems best to treat Parnassis as an objectively invalid name put forward by Hiibner himself, and that interpretation is accordingly here adopted. PARNASSIUS Latreille, 1804, Nouv. Dict. Hist. nat. 24 (Tab.) : 185, 199. Type-species by monotypy : Papilio apollo Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 465. PARNES Westwood, [Oct. 1851], in Doubleday, Gen. diurn. Lep. (2) : pl. 73, fig. 3. Type- species by monotypy : Parnes nycteis Westwood, [Oct. 1851], im Doubleday, ibid. (2) : pl. 73, fig. 3 [text (ibid. (2) : 464) published in December 1851]. The name Parnes first appeared in print in 1847 (List. Spec. lep. Ins. Brit. Mus. 2 : 18), but, as there published by Doubleday, it acquired no status in nomenclature ; for no generic diagnosis was provided and no established nominal species were cited, two manuscript species only being included. 346 FRANCIS HEMMING Only the nominal species Parnes nycteis was figured on plate 73 as belonging to this genus, of which therefore it is the type-species by monotypy. In the text published slightly later a second species was added to this genus. Scudder (1875, Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10 : 242) thought that the text and plate 73 were published at the same time and therefore that this genus contained two included original species ; from these he selected Parnes nycteis to be the type-species. Though later seen to have been unnecessary, Scudder’s action did no harm, since it was the species which was already the type-species by monotypy when he selected it as type-species. PAROENEIS Moore, [1893], Lep. ind. 2 (14) : 36. Type-species by original designation : Chionobas pumilus Felder (C.) & Felder (R.), [1867], Reise fregatte ‘‘ Novara’’, Lep. Rhop. (3) : 490, pl. 69, figs 6, 7. PAROMIA Hewitson, [1861], Ill. evot. Butts 2: [49]. Type-species by monotypy : Paromia pulchra Hewitson, [1861], ibid. 2 : [49], pl. [25], figs 1, 2. The name Pavomia Hewitson is invalid, as it is a junior homonym of Pavomia Westwood, 1851 (Ivans. ent. Soc. Lond. (2) 1 : 167). PARONYMUS Aurivillius, [1925], 7 Seitz, Grossschmett. Erde 13: 520. Type-species by selection by Evans (1937, Cat. Afric. Hesp. Brit. Mus. : 127) : Hesperia ligora Hewitson, 1876, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (4) 18 : 450. PAROSMODES Holland, 1896, Pyoc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1896 : 45. Type-species by original designation : Pamphila morantii Trimen, 1873, Tvans. ent. Soc. Lond. 1873 : 122. PARPHORUS Godman, [1900], in Godman & Salvin, Biol. centy.-amer., Lep. Rhop. 2 : 576. Type-species by original designation : Phlebodes storax Mabille, 1891, Aun. Soc. ent. Belg. 35, Bull. C.R. : Ixxxiii. PARRHASIUS Hiibner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (5) : 79. Type-species by selection by Scudder (1875, Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci, Boston 10 : 242) : Papilio polibetes Stoll, [1781], 7m Cramer, Uitl. Kapellen 4 (29) : 98, pl. 341, figs B, C. PARTHENOS Hiibner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (3) : 38. Type-species by monotypy: Papilio sylvia Cramer, [1775], Uitl. Kapellen 1 (4) : 68, pl. 153, figs F, G. PARURA Kirby, 1896, in Allen’s Nat. Libr., Lepid. 2 : 229. Type-species through Section (1) (replacement names) of Article 67 : Callidryas bracteolata Butler, 1865, Pyoc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1865 (2) : 458, pl. 26, fig. 6. Kirby expressly introduced the name Parura as a replacement for the name Metura Butler, 1873, which is invalid under the Law of Homonymy. Asa replacement genus, Parura takes automatically as its type-species the species which is the type-species of the genus (Metura) which it replaced, namely Callidryas bracteolata Butler, 1865. Kirby was therefore in error when, having established Parurva as a replacement genus, he sought to designate a different nominal species (Papilio cipris Fabricius, 1793, Ent. syst. 3 (1) : 212) as type-species. The taxon represented by Callidrvyas bracteolata Butler, the type-species of this genus, is currently identified subjectively with that represented by the nominal species Papilio cipris Fabricius, 1793, and it was no doubt on account of this subjective identification of these two nominal species that Kirby fell into the error of seeking to designate the Fabrician species as the type-species of the replacement genus Parura. The subjective identification of the taxa represented respectively by the nominal species Callidryas bracteolata Butler and Papilio cipris Fabricius is still accepted by systematists, and the specific name cipvis Fabricius has been commonly applied to this species. That name however is not available for this purpose, as it is invalid under the Law of Homonymy, being a junior homonym of the older-established nominal species Papilio cipyvis Cramer, [1777] (Uitl. Kapellen 2 (9) : 5, pl. 99, figs E, F). The oldest nomenclatorially available name subjectively applicable to the taxon represented by the nominal species Callidryas bracteolata Butler is Colias neocypris Hiibner, [1823] (Samm!. exot. Schmett. 2 : pl. [136)]) ; the name neocypris Hiibner is therefore the valid specific name for the type-species of the GENERIC NAMES OF BUTTERFLIES 347 genus Parura Kirby on the basis of the currently accepted subjective identifications explained above. PASIPHANA de Lesse, 1952, Ann. Soc. ent. Fy.121 : 72. Type-species by original designation : Papilio bathseba Fabricius, 1793, Ent. syst. 3 (1) : 235. The type-species of this nominal taxon (established by de Lesse as a subgenus of Pyronia Hiibner, [1819}) was for long known by the name Papilio pasiphae Esper, [1781] (Die Schmett. 1 (Bd 2) Forts. Tagschmett. : 99, pl. 67, fig. 4 3) and it was no doubt on this account that de Lesse gave the name Pasiphana to this taxon. The reason why it was necessary to abandon the use of Esper’s name for this species was that it was found to be invalid under the Law of Homonymy, being a junior homonym of Papilio pasiphae Cramer, [1775] (Uitl. Kapellen 1 (7) : pl. 80, fig. E). PASMA Waterhouse, 1932, Austr. Zool. 7: 198. Type-species, by original designation : Hesperilla tasmanicus Miskin, [1890], Proc. roy. Soc. Od 6 : 149-150. PASSIRONA Moore, [1897], Lep. ind. 3 (27) : 49. Type-species by original designation : Tanaecia amisa Grose-Smith, 1889, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (6) 3 : 315. When establishing this nominal genus in a rough grouping of genera, Moore designated a type-species but provided no generic diagnosis. He made good this deficiency in the immediately following Part (/oc. cit. 3 (28) : 84) published later in the same year. PASSOVA Evans, 1951, Cat. amer. Hesp. Brit. Mus. 1:6, 79. Type-species by original designation : Pyrrhopyéga [sic] passova Hewitson, [1866], Tvans. ent. Soc. Lond. (3) 2 (6) : 482. PASTRIA Evans, 1949, Cat. Hesp. Europ. Asia Australia : 41, 414. Type-species by original designation : Pastria pastria Evans, 1949, ibid. : 414, pl. 29, fig. L.10 (9 genit.). PATALA Moore, [1892], Lep. ind. 1 (12) : 305. Type-species by original designation : Zophoessa yama Moore, 1857, in Horsfield & Moore, Cat. lep. Ins. Mus. East India Coy (1) : 22T PATHALIA Moore, 1884, J. asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. I1, 53 (1) : 21. Type-species by original designation : Pathalia albidisca Moore, 1884, ibid. 53 (1) : 21. The taxon represented by the nominal species Pathalia albidisca Moore is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as being the same as that represented by the nominal species Megisba sikkima Moore, 1884 (loc. cit. 53 (1) : 21). As these names were published on the same date and in the same work—actually on the same page—the relative precedence to be accorded to them depends on the choice made by the First Reviser. This choice was made in 1932 (Ident. Ind. Butts (ed. 2) : 220) by Evans who accepted the specific name sikkima Moore, at the same time sinking the name albidisca Moore as a synonym of sikkima, the taxon so recognized being treated as a subspecies of Megisba malaya (Horsfield, [1828]) (Lycaena malaya Horsfield, [1828]). Under the Code (Article 24(a)) the effect of Evans’s action is to give precedence to the specific name sikkima Moore and to make the name albidisca Moore a junior subjective synonym of that name. PATHYSA Reakirt, [1865], Proc. ent. Soc. Philad. 3 : 503. Type-species by selection by Scudder (1875, Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10 : 242) : Papilio antiphates Cramer, [1775], Uitl. Kapellen 1 (6) : 113, pl. 72, figs A, B. For an explanation of the date here assigned to this generic name see the note given under the name Atrophaneura Reakirt. PATIA Klots, 1933, Ent. amer. (n.s.) 12 (3) : 151, 165. Type-species by original designation : Leptalis orise Boisduval, [1836], (Roret’s Suite a Buffon), Hist. nat. Ins., Spec. gén. Lépid. 1: 415. PATLASINGHA Watson, 1893, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1893 : 71, 74. Type-species by original designation : Hesperia phigalia Hewitson, 1868, Descry. One Hundred new Spec. Hesp. (2) oe 348 FRANCIS HEMMING PATOSA Moore, 1883, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1883 : 259. Type-species by original designation: Crastia funerea Butler, 1878, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1878 : 298. PATRICIA Fox, 1940, Tvans. amer. ent. Soc. 66 : 177. Type-species by original designation : Dircenna dercyllides Hewitson, 1864, Tvans. ent. Soc. Lond. (3) 2 : 248, pl. 16, fig. 4. PATSUIA Moore, [1898], Lep. ind. 3 (32) : 146. Type-species by original designation : Limenitis sinensium Oberthur, 1876, Etud. ent. 2 : 25, pl. 4, fig. 8 3. Patsuia was established by Moore in a preliminary list of genera, many others of which were also new. He designated a type-species for this genus in this list but did not provide a generic diagnosis for this or for the other new genera then established. In the immediately following Part of the same volume [1898], Joc. cit. 3 (33) : 172) this deficiency was however made good. PAULOGRAMMA Dillon, 1948, Sci. Publ. Reading publ. Mus. 8:1. Type-species by original designation : Nymphalis pyracmon Godart, [1824], Ency. méth. 9 (Ins.) (2) : 424. PAVERMIA Reakirt, [1865], Proc. ent. Soc. Philad. 3 : 503, 504. Invalid under Article 1 of the Code because based on a hypothetical concept. The name Pavermia was introduced by Reakirt in a revision of the genus Papilio Linnaeus. Reakirt recognised frankly that the concept represented by Pavermia was entirely hypo- thetical, no species conforming to the diagnosis which he provided being known to him. For particulars as to the date here assigned to this generic name see the note given under the name Atvophaneura Reakirt. PAVONIA Godart, [1824], Ency. méth. 9 (Ins.) (2) : 807. Type-species by selection by Hemming (1943, Proc. R. ent. Soc. Lond. (B) 12 : 26) : Papilio idomeneus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 464. The nominal genus Pavonia was established by Godart for the species included in the ““deuxieme division ”’ of the genus Morpho earlier in the Ency. méth. (i.e. on pages 437-438 and 446-455). The seventh of these species and (species No. 27 of the genus Morpho as a whole) was Papilio idomeneus Linnaeus, selected by myself in 1943 as the type-species of this genus. The name Pavonia Godart is invalid under the Law of Homonymy, being a junior homonym: (a) of Pavonia Lamarck, 1816 (Anim. sans Vertebr. 2 : 238), and (b) of Pavonia Hiibner, [1819] (Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (10) : 157). Even if the name Pavonia Godart had not been invalid under the Law of Homonymy, it would nevertheless have been invalid, for it is a junior objective synonym of Aerodes Billberg, 1820. PAZALA Moore, 1888, Descr. new Ind. Lep. Coll. Atkinson (3) : 283. Type-species by original designation : Papilio glycerion Gray, 1831, Zool. Miscell. (Gray) (1) : 32. PEDALIODES Butler, 1867, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (3) 20: 267. Type-species by original designation : Pronophila poesia Hewitson, 1862, Tvans. ent. Soc. Lond. (3) 1: 6, pl. 3, fig. 19. PEDESTA Hemming, 1934, Entomologist 67 : 38. Type-species through Section (i) (replace- ment names) of Article 67 : Isoteinon masuriensis Moore, 1878, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1878 (3) : 693. The name Pedesta was introduced to replace the name Pedestes Watson, 1893, which is invalid under the Law of Homonymy. PEDESTES Watson, 1893, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1893 : 71, 81. Type-species by original designation : Isoteinon masuriensis Moore, 1878, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1878 (3) : 693. The name Pedestes Watson is invalid, as it is a junior homonym of Pedestes Gray, 1842 (Syn. Cont. Brit. Mus. (ed. 44) : 126, 128). It has been replaced by the name Pedesta Hemming. GENERIC NAMES OF BUTTERFLIES 349 PEGADA Moore, [1892], Lep. ind. 1 (10) : 224 nota. Type-species by original designation : Mycalesis oculatissima Poujade, 1885, Bull. Soc. ent. Fr. 1885 : xxiv. PELEUS Swainson, [1831], Zool. Illustr. (2) 2 (16) : pl. 75 Type-species by original desig- nation : Papilio peleus Linnaeus, 1763, Amoen. acad. 6 : 409. The taxon represented by the nominal species Papilio peleus Linnaeus is currently identified subjectively on taxonomic grounds as being the same as that represented by the older-estab- lished nominal species Papilio priassus Linnaeus, 1758 (Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 487). The name Peleus Swainson is invalid, both because it is a junior homonym of Peleus Rafinesque, 1815 (Analyse Nature : 99) and because it is a junior objective synonym of Entheus Hiibner, [1819]. PELIA Doubleday, [9th July 1849], Gen. diurn. Lep. (1) : 229, pl. 30, fig. 3. Type-species by monotypy : Papilio lamis Cramer, [1779], Uitl. Kapellen 3 (20) : 77, pl. 238, fig. E. The name Pelia Doubleday is invalid, as it is a junior homonym of Pelia Bell, 1836 (Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 3 (35) : 170). It has been replaced by the name Peria Kirby, 1871. PELION Kirby, 1858, List Brit. Rhop. {not seen ; page no., if any, not known]. Type-species by monotypy : Papilio linea [Denis & Schiffermiiller], 1775, Anktindung [sic] eines syst. Werkes Schmett. Wiener Gegend : 160. The taxon represented by the nominal species Papilio linea [Denis & Schiffermiiller] is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as being the same as that represented by the older-established nominal species Papilio sylvestris Poda, 1761 (Ins. Mus. graec. : 79). No copy is known of the pamphlet—as it appears to have been—in which the name Pelion Kirby was published. This pamphlet was marked as having been “‘seen’”’ in Horn & Schenkling’s Index Litt. entom. (2) : 634, but the late Dr. Walther Horn informed me (in Jitt., 2nd October 1933) that this entry in the Jndex was due to a mistake, Kirby’s pamphlet not in fact having been seen by the compilers of the /ndex. Dr. Horn added that there was no copy of this pamphlet in any of the great libraries in Berlin. At the same time he kindly promised to try to find out if a copy existed in any of the smaller cities in Germany. The investigations so undertaken proved however to be fruitless. In the same letter Dr. Horn explained that the information relating to this pamphlet given in the Jndex compiled by Schenkling and himself was based on particulars obtained from Taschenberg. It is worth noting that the meagre entry relating to this pamphlet contains two scraps of information only found there. These are (i) that the pamphlet was an octave of five pages and (ii) that it was published at Brighton. This second point suggests the possibility that this List was compiled by Kirby, who in 1858 was only fourteen years of age, and printed locally for some special purpose, connected possibly with the school which he was then attending or perhaps for some competition in which he was a candidate. In any case the fact that this List was printed at a seaside town, far from scientific libraries is probably the chief reason for the fact that no copy can now be traced. Further, the fact that no copy was deposited in the copy- right library at the British Museum creates the presumption that the List was printed privately for some special purpose. For the information that Papilio linea [Denis & Schiffermiiller] was included in this genus and was the only nominal species so included we are indebted to Scudder (1875, Proc. amer Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10 : 243). This is of particular interest owing to the fact that, if the List was intended—as its supposed title suggests—to cover the whole of the British butterfly fauna, it is hardly possible to believe that the two other closely allied species (Papilio acteon Rottemburg, 1775 ; Papilio lineola Ochsenheimer, 1808) still currently treated as being congeneric with Papilio linea would have been placed in some different genus by the youthful Kirby over a hundred years ago. On the other hand, the omission of these two species from the genus Pelion is immediately explicable if the List set out merely to enumerate the species found in the neighbourhood of Brighton (where it was printed), for Papilio linea is the only one of the three species concerned found anywhere in the County of Sussex. This con- sideration greatly strengthens the theory already outlined that the List was privately printed for some special purpose. 350 FRANCIS HEMMING The generic name Pelion Kirby is invalid, as it is a junior objective synonym of Adopoea Billberg, 1820. PELIOPIDAS Swinhoe, [1913], 17 Moore, Lep. ind. 10 (122) : 321 (an Incorrect Subsequent Spelling of Pelopidas Walker, 1870.) PELLICIA Herrich-Schaeffer, 1870, CovvespBl. zool.-min. Ver. Regensburg 24: 159. Type- species by selection by Scudder (1875, Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10 : 243) : Pellicia dimidiata Herrich-Schaeffer, 1870, zbid. 24 : 160. PELLICIA Plétz, 1879, Stett. ent. Zig 40: 176, 179. Type-species by original designation : Pellicia macarius Herrich-Schaeffer, 1870, CovvespBl. zool.-min. Ver. Regensburg 24 : 160. Plétz clearly marked Pellicia as a new genus of his own by the use of the formula “n.g.’’; this was no doubt because (as explained by Herrich-Schaeffer in 1870) it was he who had been the first to propose this name in manuscript. He established this genus (: 176) in a key without cited included species but shortly afterwards (: 179) he designated Pellicia macarius Herrich-Schaeffer as type-species. The name Pellicia Pl6otz is invalid, as it is a junior homonym of the name Pellicia Herrich- Schaeffer, 1870. PELOPIDAS Walker, 1870, Entomologist 5 : 56. Type-species by monotypy: Pelopidas midea Walker, 1870, ibid. 5 : 56. The taxon represented by the nominal species Pelopidas midea Walker is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as being the same as that represented by the older- established nominal species Gegenes thrax Hiibner, [1821], (Sammi. exot. Schmett.2 : pl. [150]). [It should be noted that this is the species commonly misidentified with that represented by the nominal species Hesperia mathias Fabricius, 1798 (Suppl. Ent. syst. : 433). As Evans has shown (1949, Cat. Hesp. Europ. Asia Australia : 440, 441), these species differ from one another structurally ; in addition, these species, though overlapping in the Indian region, have essentially different areas of distribution, thvax being centred in the Middle East, while Sind and the Punjab are the westermost areas inhabited by mathias.] PENETES Doubleday, [1849], Gen. diurn. Lep. (2): pl. 58, fig. 1. Type-species by mono- typy : Penetes pamphanis Doubleday, [1849], ibid. (2) : pl. 58, fig. 1 [the text ( (2) : 347) prepared by Westwood after Doubleday’s death was published in Feb. 1851.]. When dealing with this genus in the text Westwood also included only the nominal species Penetes pamphanis Doubleday. PENICULA Evans, 1955, Cat. amer. Hesp. Brit. Mus. 4: 265, 284. Type-species by original designation : Pamphila bryanti Weeks, 1906, Canad. Ent. 38 : 175. PENOA Moore, 1883, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1883 : 274. Type-species by original designation : Danais alcathoe Godart, [1819], Ency. méth. 9 (Ins.) (1) : 178. PENROSADA Brown, 1944, Ann. ent. Soc. Amer. 37 : 255. Type-species by original desig- nation : Lymanopoda leaena Hewitson, 1861, J. Ent. 1 : 156-157, pl. 9, fig. 1. PENTHEMA Doubleday, [1848], Gen. diurn. Lep. (2) : pl. 39, fig. 3 [text by Westwood (loc. cit. (2) : 281) prepared after Doubleday’s death published in Sept. 1850]. Type-species by monotypy : Diadema lsarda Doubleday, 1845, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. 16 : 233. PENTILA Westwood [Dec. 1851], im Doubleday, Gen. diurn. Lep. (2) : pl. 76, fig. 6. Type- species by designation by the Commission under its Plenary Powers in Opinion 566 : Tingra tropicalis Boisduval 1847, in Delegorgue, Voy. Afrique austr. 2 : 589. The case of the name Pentila Westwood is intimately bound up with that of the name Liptena Westwood at the family-group-name level and some reference has been made to the Pentila problem in the note on the name Liftena Westwood. These names resemble one another in that each is the name of an important genus, both of which belong to the remarkable group of African Lycaenids usually treated as belonging to an isolated subfamily to which the name Lipteninae is currently applied. The nominal genera bearing these names also GENERIC NAMES OF BUTTERFLIES 351 have habitually been treated as having, as their type-species, species other than those which were in fact their type-species. It was for this reason that, when it was decided to ask the Commission to give relief under its Plenary Powers in the case of the name Liptena, it was decided also to ask the Commission to deal with the case of the name Pentila. The subsequent history of the name Liptena has been explained in the note on that name already given. As regards Pentila, the position is set out below. As established by Westwood, the genus Pentila had as its type-species by monotypy the nominal species Pentila zymna Westwood, [1851] (in Doubleday, Gen. diurn. Lep. (2) : pl. 76, fig. 6). The name Pentila was however never used in this sense, the genus Pentila being always treated as having as its type-species Tingra tropicalis Boisduval. Its true type-species (Pentila zymna) is currently treated as belonging to a quite different genus, Megalopalpus Rober, 1881. On the other hand, at the time of the submission of this case to the Com- mission Tingra tropicalis was the type-species of the virtually: forgotten nominal genus Tingra Boisduval, 1847. Thus, at the time in question the strict application of the Code would have led to the most confusing changes : (i) the large group of species known to all as belonging to the genus Pentila would have had to be transferred to the unfamiliar name Tingra ; (ii) the name Pentila would have had to be transferred to the genus Megalopalpus, the latter name disappearing as a junior subjective synonym of Pentila. In order to prevent this deplorable situation from arising, the Commission was asked to use its Plenary Powers to suppress the name Tingva Boisduval and to designate the nominal species Tingra tropicalis Boisduval to be the type-species of Pentila Westwood. This request was granted by the Commission, its decision being promulgated in its Opinion 566, published in 1959 (Opin. int. Comm. zool. Nom. 20 : 377-390). In the same Opinion the name Pentila Westwood with Tingra tropicalis Boisduval as type-species was placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology as Name No. 1366. PEPLIA Hiibner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2) : 20. Type-species by selection by Scudder (1875, Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10: 244) : Papilio caricae Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 484. The name Peplia Hiibner is invalid, as it is a junior objective synonym of Nymphidium Fabricius, 1807. A small genus centred around Papilio lamis Stoll, [1780] was established in 1911 on morphological grounds by Stichel who applied to it the name Peplia Hiibner. However, as shown above, that name is a junior objective synonym of Nymphidium Fabricius and cannot be used in the manner adopted by Stichel. The genus so recognized by Stichel, being without a nomenclatorially available name, has since been given the name Pseudopeplia Hemming. PEPLIOPHORUS Waterhouse & Lyell, 1914, Butts Australia : 1o1—102 (an Incorrect Sub- sequent Spelling of Pepliphorus Hiibner, [1819)}). PEPLIPHORUS Hiibner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (5) : 71. Type-species by selection by Scudder (1875, Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10 : 245) : Papilio cyanea Cramer, [1775], Urtl. Kapellen 1 (7) : 120, pl. 76, figs C, D. PEPLODYTA Toxopeus, 1929, Tijdschr. Ent. 72 (3/4) : 230. Type-species by original desig- nation : Papilio cyanea Cramer, [1775], Uitl. Kapellen 1 (7) : 120, pl. 76, figs C, D. The name Peplodyta Toxopeus is invalid, as it is a junior objective synonym of Pepliphorus Hiibner, [1819]. PERCNODAIMON Butler, 1876, Ent. mon. Mag. 13: 152. Type-species by original desig- nation : Percnodaimon pluto (Fereday MS.) Butler, 1876, ibid. 13 : 152. It is necessary to take note of the peculiar (and unsatisfactory) way in which the specific name pluto was first published. This specific name was first published in the combination Evebia pluto in a paper by F. W. Fereday published in [1872] (Tvans. N.Z. Inst. 4 : 214-218). In this paper which was no more than a popular account of his experiences as a lepidopterist in New Zealand, Fereday inserted the following brief observation : “I may also mention a black butterfly, found on the bare summits of the snowy mountains, and of which I have 352 FRANCIS HEMMING several specimens, taken on the range near Castle Hill Station, west of Porter’s Pass, at an altitude of over 6,000 ft. . . . I believe it to be a species of Evebia, and have named it E. pluto.”’ The use of the single adjective “‘ black ’’ cannot be held to constitute an “ indication ”’ for the name Evebia pluto Fereday and the citation of a type-locality also does not constitute an “indication ’’. The name Evrebia pluto Fereday is invalid as a nomen nudum. Even if this name had been duly published with an “indication ’”’, it would nevertheless have been invalid, because it is a junior secondary homonym of Evebia pluto (Prunner, 1798 (Papilio pluto de Prunner, 1798)). Fereday quickly realized that his name Evebia pluto was invalid under the Law of Homonymy, and in a paper published in May 1876 (Tvans. N.Z. Inst. 8 : 302-304, pl. 9) he described and figured this species under the new name Orveina (?) othello. In the preceding year (1875, Ent. mon. Mag. 12 : 10) Hewitson had described the same species under the name Evebia merula. This is therefore the oldest available name subjectively applicable to the species to which in 1872 Fereday had given the invalid name Evebia pluto. When in 1876 Butler established the nominal genus Percnodaimon, he provided a diagnosis and stated that the genus was monobasic and added the formula “‘ Type P. Pluto’”’. Ina following paragraph he discussed what he called “‘ Percnodaimon Pluto Fereday = Evebia merula Hewitson’’. Butler went on to express the view that the name Evebia pluto Fereday, [1872], was nomenclatorially available because that author had stated that the species was “black ’’ and because there was “‘ no other black Evebia in New Zealand ’’. As has already been explained in the present note, the arguments advanced by Butler were nomenclatorially invalid. On the other hand, the name Percnodaimon pluto as published by Butler in the paper here under discussion is certainly to be regarded as having been duly published with an “indication ’’, Butler having expressly identified it with the duly published and documented name Evebia merula Hewitson, 1855. As shown above, the nominal species [Pevcnodaimon] pluto was designated by Butler as the type-species of his genus Percnodaimon, that species being attributable in this connection to Butler and taking the date 1876. This name is however invalid as a secondary homonym in exactly the same way that the name Evebia pluto Fereday, 1872, would have been invalid, if in other respects it had been a nomen- clatorially available name. Accordingly, the oldest available name applicable to the present species is Evebia merula Hewitson, 1875, that name representing objectively the same taxon as that represented by the nominal species Percnodaimon pluto (Fereday MS.) Butler, 1876, and in addition bearing an older name than Oveina (?) othello Fereday, 1876, a name proposed as a replacement for the invalid name Evebia pluto Fereday, [1872], from which it differs only in that it was duly provided with a description and figure. PERENEIA Lindsey, 1925, Denison Univ. Bull. 21 (1/3) : 107. Type-species by original designation : Pereneia pandora Lindsey, 1925, zbid. 21 (1/3) : 107. PEREUTE Herrich-Schaeffer, 1867, CovvespBl. zool.-min. Ver. Regensburg 21: 105, 138. Type-species by selection by Butler (1870, Cistula ent. 1 : 40) : Euterpe callinice Felder (C.) & Felder (R.), 1861, Wien. ent. Monats. 5 : 79. PERIA Kirby, 1871, Syn. Cat. diurn. Lep. : 205. Type-species through Section (1) (replace- ment names) of Article 67 : Papilio lamis Cramer, Uiil. Kapellen 2 (20) : 77, pl. 238, fig. E. The name Pervia was introduced by Kirby as a replacement for the name Pelia Doubleday, [1849], which is invalid under the Law of Homonymy. PERICHARES Scudder, 1872, 4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. 1871 : 81. Type-species by original designation : Papilio covidon Fabricius, 1775, Syst. Ent. : 533. The name Papilio coridon Fabricius is invalid, as it is a junior homonym of the name Papilio covidon Poda, 1761 (Ins. Mus. graec.: 77). The oldest available name subjectively applicable to the type-species of this genus is considered on taxonomic grounds to be Papilio philetes Gmelin, [1790] (tn Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. (ed. 13) 1 (5) : 2364). PERIDROMIA Boisduval, [1836], (Roret’s Suite a Buffon), Hist. nat. Ins., Spec. gén. Lépid. 1: pl. 23 [= 7C], fig. 5. Type-species by monotypy : Papilio arethusa Cramer, [1775], Uitl. Kapellen 1 (7) : 122, pl. 77, figs E, F. GENERIC NAMES OF BUTTERFLIES 353 It has long been known that the name Papilio arethusa Cramer, [1775], the name of the type- species of this genus, was a homonym of the name Papilio arethusa [Denis & Schiffermiiller], 1775. Until 1958 however there was no means of determining which of these names should be accorded precedence over the other. In that year however this unsatisfactory situation was brought to an end by the promulgation of the Commission’s Opinion 516 (Opin. int. Comm. zool. Nom. 19 : 1-44), in which the Commission gave directions as to the relative precedence to be accorded to the above, and certain other works published in the year 1775. Under that Opinion the Ankiindung of Denis & Schiffermiiller takes precedence over the relevant portions of Cramer’s Uitl. Kapellen ; in consequence, the name Papilio arethusa [Denis & Schiffermiiller], 1775, takes precedence above Papilio avethusa Cramer, 1775, the name of the type-species of the present genus. The next oldest name subjectively con- sidered on taxonomic grounds to be applicable to the species here in question is another of Cramer’s, Papilio laodamia Cramer, [1777] (Uitl. Kapellen 1 (11) : 49, pl. 130, fig. A Q). PERIMELES Godman, [1900], in Godman & Salvin, Biol. centr.-amer., Lep. Rhop. 2 : 542. Type-species by monotypy : Hesperia remus Fabricius, 1798, Suppl. Ent. syst. : 434. The name Perimeles Godman is invalid, as it is a junior homonym of the name Perimeles Lenz, 1831 (Naturg. Sdugth. : 158). It has been replaced by the name Remella Hemming, 1939. PERIPLACIS Geyer, [1837], in Hiibner, Zutr. z. Samml. exot. Schmett. 5 : 32. Type-species by selection by Scudder (1875, Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10 : 245) : Periplacis glaucoma Geyer, [1837], im Hiibner, ibid. 5 : 32, pl. [159], figs 927, 928. Scudder erroneously supposed that Periplacis glaucoma Geyer was the sole species of this genus and therefore treated it as the type-species by monotypy. However, under Article 69(a) (ili) Scudder’s action ranks as a valid type-selection for this genus. PERIPLYSIA Gerstaecker, 1871, Arch. f. Naturgesch. 37 (Erster Bd) : 358. Type-species by monotypy : Periplysia leda Gerstaecker, 1871, ibid. 37 (Erster Bd) : 358. PERISAMA Doubleday, [1849], Gen. diurn. Lep. (1) : 240. Type-species by selection by Scudder (1875, Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston, 10 : 246). : Catagramma bonplandii [as bomplandii] Guérin-Ménéville, [1844], Icon. Regne Anim. Cuvier 3 (Texte explic.) (Ins.) : 484. PEROPHTHALMA Westwood, [1851], in Doubleday, Gen. diurn. Lep. (2) : 455. Type- species by monotypy : Mesosemia (Perophthalma) tenera Westwood, [1851], in Double- day, ibid. (2) : 455. The taxon represented by the nominal species Mesosemia (Perophthalma) teneva Westwood is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as being the same as that represented by the older-established nominal species Papilio tullius Fabricius, 1787, Mantissa Ins. 2 : 34. PEROPTHALMA Mengel, 1905, Cat. Evrycin.: 56 (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling Perophthalma Westwood, [1851}). PERRHYBRIS Hiibner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (6) : 91. Type-species by selection by Scudder (1875, Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10 : 246) : Perrhybris eueidias Hiibner, [1819], ibid. (6) : 91 (a taxon having as the representative of its lectotype, by selection by Hemming (1964, Annot. lep. (3) : 108), the specimen figured as fig. A on plate 63 in Part 6 (published in 1775) of volume 1 of Cramer’s Uitl. Kapellen and named Papilio pyrrha by Cramer on page 97 of the same volume, the same specimen representing also the lectotype of Papilio pyrrha Cramer, [1775], by selection by Hemming in 1964 in the paper referred to above (: 108). The nominal species Perrhybris eueidias Hybner was based upon two bibliographical references, the first to Papilio pyrrha Cramer, [1775], the second, to Papilio iphigenia Fabricius, 1777. Both these names are invalid, being junior homonyms of older names, Papilio pyvrha Cramer is a junior homonym of Papilio pyrrha Fabricius, 1775 (Syst. Ent. : 354 FRANCIS HEMMING 464), under the ruling given by the Commission in its Opinion 516 (1958, Opin. int. Comm. zool. Nom. 19 : 1-44), in which rulings were given as to the relative precedence to be accorded to works by certain authors—including Fabricius and Cramer—published in 1775. The other name concerned, Papilio iphigenia Fabricius, 1777 (Gen. Ins. : 256, is invalid as being a junior homonym of the name Papilio iphigenia Cramer, [1775]) (Uitl. Kapellen 1 (6) : 105, pl. 67, figs D, E). The nominal species Perrhybris eueidias Hiibner is objectively identical with Papilio pyrrha Cramer, through the action of Hemming in 1964 (Amnot. lep. (3) : 108) (a) in selecting the specimen figured by Cramer as fig. A on plate 63 in volume 1 of the Uztl. Kapellen, to which the name Papilio pyvrha was given on page 97 of the same volume, to represent the lectotype of that species and (b) in selecting the foregoing lectotype, which, as explained above, was one of the syntypes of Perrhybris eueidias Hiibner, to represent also the lectotype of that nominal species. Prior to the time when it was seen (as shown above) that the name Papilio pyrvha Cramer was invalid under the Law of Homonymy, the present species was generally known by the specific name pyvrha Cramer, that name being a senior subjective synonym of the specific name eweidias Hiibner, the specific name of the type-species of the genus Pevrhybris. Under the lectotype-selections described above, existing practice was protected, the specific names pyvvha Cramer and eueidias Hiibner becoming objective synonyms, instead of (as pre- viously) subjective synonyms of one another. In view of the fact that the specific names pyrvvha Cramer and iphigenia Fabricius are both invalid under the Law of Homonymy, the oldest nomenclatorially available name subjectively applicable to the present species is pamela Stoll, [1780] (Papilio pamela Stoll, [1780]) (im Cramer, Uitl. Kapellen 4 (27) : 61, pl. 319, fig. A), which thus becomes subjectively the valid name for the type-species of the genus Pervrhybris Hiibner, the specific name eweidias Hiibner objectively applicable to the type-species falling as a junior subjective synonym. PERROTIA Oberthur, 1916, Etud. Lépid. comp. 11 (texte) : 240. Type-species by selection by Evans (1937, Cat. Afric. Hesp. Brit. Mus. : 136): Perrotia albiplaga Oberthur, 1916, ibid. 11 (texte) : 240, pl. 336, fig. 2816. The only other nominal species placed in this genus by Oberthur was another new species to which he gave the name Perrotia albimacula (loc. cit. 11 (texte) : 240, pl. 336, fig. 2823). Evans (1937 : 138) took the view on taxonomic grounds that these names applied to the same taxon ; he adopted the specific name albiplaga Oberthur, to which he sank the name albi- macula Oberthur. By this action he made a First Reviser’s choice in favour of albiplaga at the same time making albimacula, on the taxonomic view set out above, a junior subjective synonym of albiplaga, which on this basis became the valid name for the type-species of this genus PETAVIA Horsfield, [1829], Descy. Cat. leb. Ins. Mus. East India Coy (2): pl. 1. Type- species by monotypy : Petavia sakuni Horsfield [1829], ibid. (2) : pl. 1. The name Petavia first appeared in print in 1828 in the first Part of Horsfield’s work, but, as there published (: 59), it was a nomen nudum. Horsfield erroneously believed that his species Petavia sakuni was a butterfly, which it is not. PETRELAEA Toxopeus, 1929, Tijdschy. Ent. 72 :242. Type-species by monotypy : Petrelaea dana varia Toxopeus, 1929, ibid. 72 : 242. The following is the reference for the nominal species, a new nominal subspecies of which was rather oddly designated by Toxopeus as the type-species of this genus : Nacaduba dana de Niceville, 1884 (J. asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt II, 52 (3/4) : 73, pl. 1, fig. 15 d). This is one of a number of generic names first published in the paper cited above, in which Toxopeus added a note suggesting that before the appearance of this paper these names might already have appeared in the volume of the serial Tveubia for 1929. As has already been explained in the fuller note given on the name Discolampa Toxopeus, another of the names concerned, the paper which Toxopeus had in mind was never published. GENERIC NAMES OF BUTTERFLIES 355 PETREUS Swainson, [1833], Zool. Illustr. (2) 3: pl. 110. Type-species by monotypy : Papilio thetys Fabricius, 1777, Gen. Ins. : 264. The taxon represented by the nominal species Papilio thetys Fabricius is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as being the same as that represented by the older- established nominal species Papilio petreus Cramer, [1776] (Uitl. Kapellen 1 (8) : 138, pl. 87, figs D, E.). The name Petreus Swainson is invalid, as it is a junior objective synonym of Athena Hiibner, [1819]. PHAEDINUS Skinner, 1905, J.N.Y. ent. Soc. 13 : 115 (an Incorrect Subsequent Spelling of Phoedinus Godman & Salvin, [1894}). PHAEDRA Horsfield, [1829], Descr. Cat. lep. Ins. Mus. East India Coy (2) : 123. Type- species by selection by Hemming (1934, Gen. Names hol. Butts 1: 120) : Phaedra terricola Horsfield, zbid. (2) : 124. Horsfield placed in this genus two new nominal species, the above species and Phaedra imsularis (: 124). Kirby (1871, Syn. Cat. diurn. Lep : 418-419) cited both under the name Curetis thetys (Drury). On the basis of this subjective synonymy Scudder concluded (1875, Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10 : 246) that this genus should be looked upon as mono- typical with Papilio thetys Drury, [1773], as type-species. The first of these conclusions was incorrect, because (as shown above) Horsfield included two nominal species in this genus ; the second, because Papilio thetys Drury was not one of the originally included nominal species and was therefore ineligible for selection as type species. This genus remained with- out a validly fixed type-species until in 1934 I so selected Phaedra terricola Horsfield. The taxon represented by the nominal species Phaedra terricola Horsfield is currently considered subjectively on taxonomic grounds to represent the same taxon as that represented by the older-established nominal species Papilio thetys Drury, [1773] (lll. nat. Hist. 2 : index et 16, pl. 9, figs 3, 4), as it was in the time of Kirby (1871) and Scudder (1875). PHAEDROTES Scudder, 1876, Bull. Buffalo Soc. nat. Sci. 3: 115. Type-species by original designation : Lycaena catalina Reakirt, 1866, Proc. Acad. nat. Sci. Philad. 1866 : 244. The taxon represented by Lycaena catalina Reakirt is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as being the same as that represented by the older-established nominal species Lycaena piasus Boisduval, 1852 (Ann. Soc. ent. Fr. (2) 10 : 299). PHAEDYMA Felder (C.), 1861, Nova Acta Leop. Carol. 28 (No. 3) : 31. Type-species by selection by Scudder (1875, Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10: 247): Papilio heliodora Cramer, [1779], Uitl. Kapellen 3 (18) : 35, pl. 212, figs E, F. PHAENOCHITONIA Stichel, 1910, Berl. ent. Z. 55 (1/2) : 51. Type-species by selection by Stichel (1911, in Wytsman’s Gen. Ins. 112 (B) : 239) : Papilio cingulus Stoll, [1790], Aanhangs. Werk Uitl. Kapellen Pieter Cramer : 61, pl. 13, fig. 4. PHALAENOSOMA Rippon, [1902-1906], Icon. Ornithopt. 2: 121. Type-species by mono- typy : Troides chimaera Rothschild, 1904, Novit. zool. 11 : 311, pl. 3, fig. 25 Q. PHALANTA Horsfield, [1829], Descr. Cat. lep. Ins. Mus. East India Coy (2): pl. 7. Type- species by monotypy : Papilio phalantha Drury, [1773], J/l. nat. Hist. 1 : index et 41, ple 21, igs 1, 2: PHANES Godman, [1901], in Godman & Salvin, Biol. centy.-amer., Lep. Rhop.2 : 741. Type- species through Section (i) (replacement names) of Article 67, and through Section (a) (mis- identified type-species) of Article 70 provisionally applied pending a decision by the Inter- national Commission on Zoological Nomenclature on an application submitted : Thracides aletes Geyer, [1832], im Hiibner, Zutr. z. Samm. exot. Schmett. 4 : 31, pl. [126], figs 731, 732. The name Phanes was introduced by Godman to replace the name Phanis published by himself in the previous year (1900), that name being invalid under the Law of Homonymy. The name Phanes, as a replacement name, automatically takes as its type-species the species 356 FRANCIS HEMMING which at the introduction of this name was the type-species of Phanis, the name replaced. That type-species was a misidentified nominal species. In order to rectify this mistake and to promote nomenclatorial stability, the Commission was asked to designate as the type- species of both these genera the species described by Godman in place of the nominal species actually cited by that author. What happened in this case was this. Godman, when establishing the genus Phanis, gave a detailed diagnosis. This was based on the characters exhibited by what may here be termed Species ‘“‘ X’’. He designated as the type-species what he called Hesperia justinianus Latreille, [1824]. At the same time he cited as a junior synonym of that name the name Thracides aletes Geyer (in Hiibner), which he attributed to Hiibner. On the following page he described this “ species ’’ again calling it by the name justinianus and again citing the name aletes as a synonym. In addition, Godman gave four figures of what he called “gustimanus’’ on his plate 99: figs 24, 25 (gf ups. & unds.), fig. 26 (neuration), fig. 27 ($ genit.). Both Godman’s description of “‘ justinianus’’ and the figures on plate 99 refer to what has been termed Species ““X’’ above. The detailed information provided by Godman, the extensive material in the British Museum and Latreille’s type of Hesperia justinianus (a male with a female body gummed on) now also in the British Museum make it clear (as has been demonstrated by Evans, 1955 (Cat. amer. Hesp. Brit. Mus. 4 : 118, 119, 194, 196)) that the two taxa here in question are very distinct from one another and that all Godman’s observations and figures relating to what he called Phanis justinianus (Latreille) refer exclusively to Thracides aletes Geyer. Accordingly, when Godman designated as the type of his genus Phanis, the nominal species Hesperia justinanus, what in fact he was trying to do was so to designate the species which he had misidentified as Hesperia justinianus, namely Thracides aletes Geyer. As a stop-gap measure to avoid confusion and unnecessary name-changing Evans (1955, loc. cit. 4 : 118) adopted Thracides aletes Geyer as the type-species of Phanes Godman, at the same time (: 90, 194) erecting the new genus Justinia for Hesperia justinianus Latreille. Since then an application has been submitted to the Commission asking for the settlement of this case on the lines set out above. (See Hemming, 1965, Bull. zool. Nom. 22 : 78). PHANESSA Sodovskii, [1837], Bull. Soc. imp. Nat. Moscou 1837 (No. 6) : 80. Type-species through Section (i) (replacement names) of Article 67: Papilio atalanta Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 478. The name Phanessa was introduced by Sodovskii as a replacement for Vanessa Fabricius, 1807. This action of Sodovskii’s was entirely unjustified as Vanessa Fabricius is an available name. In consequence the name Phanessa Sodovskii is invalid as being a junior objective synonym of the name Vanessa Fabricius. PHANIS Godman, [1900], in Godman & Salvin, Biol. centy.-amer. Lep. Rhop. 2 : 548. Type- species through Section (a) (misidentified type-species) of Article 70 provisionally applied : [Thracides aletes Geyer, 1832] in Hiibner, Zutr. 2. Sammi. exot. Schmett. 4 : 31, pl. [126], figs 731, 732- The name Phanis Godman is invalid, as it is a junior homonym of Phanis Fairmaire, 1893 (Ann. Soc. ent. Belg. 37 : 42). It was replaced by Godman by the name Phanes [1901], in Godman & Salvin, loc. cit., Lep. Rhop. 2 : 741. This is a nominal genus based upon a misidentified type-species. A full explanation, together with particulars of the action to rectify Godman’s mistake, has been given above in the note on the replacement genus Phanes Godman. PHANOPELTIS Mabille, 1887, in Grandidier, Hist. phys. nat. pol. Madagascar 18, Lépid. 1: 84. Type-species by selection by Hemming (1935, Stylops 4: 2) : Acraea ranavalona Boisduval, [July—Sept.] 1833, Nouv. Ann. Mus. nat., Paris (2) 2: 178, pl. 6, figs 3, 4, 5 [repaged offprint as Faun. ent. Madagas. : 30, pl. 6, figs. 3, 4, 5]. PHANUS Hiibner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (8) : 114. Type-species by monotypy : Papilio vitreus Stoll, [1781], in Cramer, Uitl. Kapellen 4 (3)1 : 146, pl. 366, fig. D. GENERIC NAMES OF BUTTERFLIES 357 PHAREAS Westwood, [March 1852], in Doubleday, Gen. diurn. Lep. (2) : pl. 78, fig. 4. Type- species by monotypy : Phareas coeleste Westwood, [March, 1852], 1m Doubleday, ibid. (2) : pl. 78, fig. 4 [Westwood’s text (: 516) published in August 1852]. In the text Westwood added Papilio peleus Linnaeus, 1763, to this genus, and this species was selected as the type-species by Lindsey in 1925 (Amn. ent. Soc. Amer. 18 : 97), but this selection was invalid, because, as shown above, that species was not included in this genus when, months earlier, this genus was established on plate 78. PHARIA Fruhstorfer, [1911], in Seitz, Grossschmett. Erde 9 : 295. Type-species by monotypy: Acrophthalma thalia Leech, 1891, Entomologist 24, Suppl. : 25. The name Pharia Fruhstorfer is invalid, as it is a junior homonym of Pharia Gray, 1840 (Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. 6 : 284). It has been replaced by the name Acropolis Hemming, 1934. PHARMACOPHAGUS Haase, 1892, Bibl. zool. 8 : 120. Type-species by selection by Kirby (1896, in Allen’s Nat. Libr., Lepid. 2 : 306) : Papilio antenor Drury, [1773], Ill. nat. Hist. z mdex et 4; pl. 3, fig. 1. PHASIS Hiibner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (5) : 73. Type-species by selection by Scudder (1875, Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10 : 247) : Papilio salmoneus Stoll, [1781], in Cramer, Uitl. Kapellen 4 (29) : 99, pl. 341, figs D, E. The taxon represented by the nominal species Papilio salmoneus Stoll is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as being the same as that represented by the older- established nominal species Papilio thero Linnaeus, 1764 (Mus. Lud. Ulr. : 328). PHELES Herrich-Schaeffer, [1858], Samml. neuer aussereurop. Schmett. 1 : [77]. Type-species by monotypy : Pheles heliconides Herrich-Schaeffer, [1858], ibid. 1 : [77], pl. [11], fig. 30. PHEMIADES Hiibner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (7) : 112. Type-species by selection by Scudder (1875, Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10 : 247) : Papilio phineus Cramer, [1777], Uitl. Kapellen 2 (15) : 123, pl. 176, fig. E. PHENGARIS Doherty, 1891, J. asiat. Soc. Bengal. Pt II, 60 (1) : 36. Type-species by monotypy : Lycaena atroguttata Oberthur, 1876, Etud. ent. 2 : 21, pl. 1, figs 4a, b 3. PHERAEUS Godman, [1900], in Godman & Salvin, Biol. centy.-amery., Lep. Rhop. 2 : 578. Type-species by monotypy : Carystus epidius Mabille, 1891, Ann. Soc. ent. Belg. 35, Bull. Ganka: Cxix. The taxon represented by the nominal species Cavystus epidius Mabille is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as a subspecies of the taxon represented by the older- established nominal species, A paustus odilia Plotz, 1884 (Stett. ent. Ztg 45 : 155). PHICIODES Hiibner, [1826], Verz. bekannt. Schmett., Anz.:7 (an Incorrect Subsequent Spelling of Phyciodes Hiibner, [1819]). PHILAETHRIA Billberg, 1820, Enum. Ins. Mus. Billb.: 77. Type-species by selection by Scudder (1875, Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10 : 248) : Papilio dido Linnaeus, 1763, Amoen. acad. 6 : 408. The name Papilio dido has often been attributed to Clerck instead of to Linnaeus. For the reasons which have been explained in the note on the name Metamandana Stichel, this is incorrect. Clerck’s plate showing Papilio dido, though already in existence, had not been published at the time when this name was published by Linnaeus in the Amoen. acad. It must be recalled here also that (as fully explained in the note on the name Metamandana) there was a period of over twenty-five years during which, following a mistake made by Godman & Salvin in 1881, this genus was erroneously called by the generic name Metamorpha Hiibner, [1819], a name properly applicable to a Junoniine Nymphalid. PHILARETA Moore, [1893], Lep. ind. 2 (13) : 23. Type-species by original designation : Satyrus hanifa Herrich-Schaeffer, [1850], Syst. Bearb. Schmett. Europ. 1: pl. too, figs 477, a78 2); 4d., (nos, bid. 6 + 12. 358 FRANCIS HEMMING The specific name hanifa has often been attributed to Nordmann, but it was not published by that author until the following year (Satyvus anthe var. hanifa Nordmann, 1851, Bull. Soc. imp. Nat. Moscou 24 (2) : 406, pl. 9, figs 1-3). The taxon represented by the nominal species Satyvus hanifa is currently considered subjectively on taxonomic grounds as a form of the taxon represented by the older-established nominal species Papilio anthe Ochsenheimer, 1807 (Schmett. Europa 1 (1) : 169). It is currently considered on subjective taxonomic grounds that the taxon represented by the type-species of the genus Philaveta Moore is congeneric with the taxon represented by Papilio briseis Linnaeus, 1764, the type-species of Chazava Moore. As the names Philareta and Chazava were published in the same work and on the same date as one another, the relative precedence to be accorded to these names depends on the choice of the First Reviser. Before any such choice was made, the name Chazara had been used by a number of authors but little or no use had been made of the name Philareta. It was for this reason that in 1964 (Annot. lep. (3) : 77) I selected, as First Reviser, the name Chazava Moore to take precedence over the name Philareta (misprinted Phalareta), which I then sank as a junior subjective synonym of Chazara. PHILIOLAUS Stempffer & Bennett, 1958, Bull. Inst. franc. Afr. noive 20 (A) (4) : 1336 [invalid as from the earlier page 1253 because no type-species there designated and indeed no nominal species cited]. Type-species by original designation: Iolaus parasilanus Rebel, 1914, Ann. naturhist. Hofmus. Wien. 28 : 266. PHILIRIS Rober, 1891, Tijdschr. Ent. 34 : 317. Type-species by monotypy : Thecla ilias Felder (C.), 1860, S. B. Akad. Wiss. Wien 40 : 454. Rober also published this as a new generic name a year later [March 1892], im Schatz, in Staudinger & Schatz, Exot. Schmett., Bd 1 (Th. 2) (6) : 273. PHILOCALA Billberg, 1820, Enum. Ins. Mus. Billb. 79. Type-species by selection by Scudder (1875, Proc. amey. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10 : 248) : Papilio amphinome Linnaeus, 1767, Syst. Nat. (ed. 12) 1 (2) : 779. The name Philocala Billberg is invalid, as it is a junior objective synonym of Hamadryas Hubner, [1806]. PHILOGNOMA Doubleday, 1844, List. Spec. lep. Ins. Brit. Mus. 1: 112. Type-species by selection by Hemming (1943, Proc. R. ent. Soc. Lond. (B) 12 : 29) : Papilio decius Cramer, [1777], Uitl. Kapellen 2 (10) : 26, pl. 114, figs A, B. The name Philognoma Doubleday is invalid, because it is a junior objective synonym of Palla Hiibner, [1819]. PHILONOMA Billberg, 1820, Enum. Ins. Mus. Billb. : 78. Type-species through Section (i) (replacement names) of Article 67 : Papilio acervis Esper, [1783], Die Schmett. (Bd 2) Forts. Tagschmett. : 142, pl. 81, figs 3 g, 49. The name Philonoma was introduced by Billberg as a replacement for Neptis Fabricius, 1807. This action of Billberg’s was entirely uncalled-for, as Neptis is a nomenclatorially availablename. The name Philonoma is therefore invalid as being a junior objective synonym of Neptis Fabricius. PHILOODUS Rambur, 1842, Faun. ent. Andal. 2 : 308. Type-species by selection by Scudder (1875, Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10: 248) : Hesperia nostrodamus Fabricius, 1793, Ent. syst. 3 (1) : 328. PHILOTES Scudder, 1876, Bull. Buffalo Soc. nat. Sci. 3: 116. Type-species by original designation : Lycaena regia Boisduval, 1869, Ann. Soc. ent. Belg. 12 : 46. The taxon represented by the nominal species Lycaena regia Boisduval is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as being the same as that represented by the older-estab- lished nominal species Lycaena sonorensis Felder (C.) & Felder (R.), [1865] Reise Fregaitte “ Novara’’, Lep. Rhop. (2) : 281, pl. 35, figs 3, 4 3. GENERIC NAMES OF BUTTERFLIES 359 PHIRDANA Moore, 1883, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1883 : 245. Type-species by selection by Kirby [1884], Zool. Rec. 20) (year 1883) (Ins.) : 168) : Danais pumila Boisduval, 1859, Bull. Soc. ent. Fr. 1859 : clvi. By a First Reviser choice made in 1937 (Lep. Cat. 78 : 135) Bryk accorded to Phirdana Moore precedence below the name Ravadeba Moore, 1883, published in the same paper and on the same date. PHLEBODES Hiibner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (7) : 107. Type-species by selection by Butler (1870, Ent. mon. Mag. 7 : 93) : Papilio pertinax Stoll, [1781], im Cramer, Uitl. Kapellen 4 (30) : 123, pl. 354, figs F, G. PHLOGRIS Hiibner, [1825], Samml. exot. Schmett. 2 : pl. [5]. Type-species by monotypy : Papilio melpomene Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 467. The name Phlogris Hiibner is invalid, as it is a junior objective synonym of Sunias Hiibner. PHLYARIA Karsch, 1895, Ent. Nachr. 21 : 302. Type-species by original designation : Lycaena cyara Hewitson, [1876], J/l. exot. Butts 5 : [88], pl. [46], figs 9, 10 g. PHOCIDES Hiibner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (7) : 103. Type-species by selection by Scudder (1875, Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10 : 248) : Phocides cruentus Hiibner, [1819], zbid. (7) : 103 (a nominal species established as a replacement for the nominal species Papilio palemon Cramer, [1777], Uitl. Kapellen 2 (11) : 54, pl. 131, fig. F), the name of which is invalid under the Law of Homonymy. The first of the three species Hiibner recognized as belonging to his genus Phocides was Papilio palemon Cramer, [1777]. He realized however that that name was invalid, as being a junior homonym of Papilio palaemon Pallas, 1771 (Reise durch verschied. Russich. Prov. 1 : 471), and he accordingly introduced for Cramer’s species the replacement name Phocides cruentus. By an unaccountable misreading of this passage of the Verzeichniss Evans fell into the error of supposing (1952, Cat. amer. Hesp. Brit. Mus. 2 : 7, 8) that the name Phocides cruentus, as there published by Hiibner, was a nomen nudum, and accordingly rejected as invalid Scudder’s selection of Phocides cruentus as the type-species of this genus. He then declared that the type-species in these circumstances was Hesperia polybius Fabricius, 1793, which was not even mentioned by Hiibner. He explained he took this view because “‘polybius the next oldest name [after palemon Cramer] becomes the type’. It is not necessary to pursue these fallacies further, since Evans’s arguments all relate to nominal species currently con- sidered either to represent the same taxon or to differing subspecies of the same taxon. In consequence no practical harm results from the mistakes discussed above. All that is necessary is therefore to note (a) that the name Phocides cruentus Hiibner is a nomenclatorially available name, (b) that it is the oldest such name objectively applicable to that species, and (c) that according to subjective taxonomic ideas currently held the taxon represented by the nominal species Phocides cruentus Hiibner is a subspecies of the taxon represented by the older-established nominal species Hesperia polybius Fabricius, 1793 (Ent. syst. 3 (1) -? 337). PHOEBIS Hiibner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (7) : 98. Type-species by selection by Butler (1873, Lep. evot. 1 : 155) : Phoebis cypris Hiibner, [1819], zbid. (7) : 98 [a nominal species established as a replacement for the nominal species Papilio cipyis Cramer, [1777] (Uitl. Kapellen 2 (9) : 5, pl. 99, figs E, F)}. The taxon represented by the above nominal species is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as a form of the taxon represented by the older-established nominal species Papilio avgante Fabricius, 1775 (Syst. Ent. : 470). PHOEDINUS Godman & Salvin, [1894], Biol. centy.-amer., Lep. Rhop. 2 : 335. Type-species by selection by Lindsey (1921, Univ. Iowa Studies nat. Hist. 9 (No. 4) : 35) : Eudamus caicus Herrich-Schaeffer, 1869, CorvespBl. zool.-min. Ver. Regensburg 23 : 188. The name Phoedinus Godman & Salvin is invalid, as it is a junior homonym of Phoedinus Guérin-Ménéville, 1838 (Rev. Zool. (Soc. Cuvier.) 1838 : 286). It has been replaced by the name Caicella Hemming, 1934. 360 FRANCIS HEMMING PHOENICOPS Watson, 1893, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1893 : 18, 30. Type-species by original designation : Netrocoryne beata Hewitson, 1867, Descy. One Hundred new Spec. Hesp. (2) Bee: PHOENICURUSIA Verity, 1943, Le Farfalle diurn. d'Italia 2 : 21. Type-species by original designation : Polyommatus phoenicurus Lederer, 1870, Hor. Soc. ent. voss. 8 : 8, pl. 1, figs 4 3, 5 9. PHOLISORA Scudder, 1872, 4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. 1871: 72. Type-species by original designation : Hesperia catullus Fabricius, 1793, Ent. syst. 3 (1) : 348. PHORCIS Hiibner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (4) : 62. Type-species by selection by Hemming (1933, Entomologist 66 : 198) : Phorcis epistygne Hiibner, [1819], zbid. (4) : 62. Like all other nominal species established in Hiibner’s Verzeichniss, the nominal species Phorcis epistygne Hiibner was based upon a bibliographical reference, the reference in this case being to the excellent figures provided by Hiibner, [1806-1808] (Sammi. europ. Schmett. : pl. Pap. 125, figs 639, 640 9). PHRISSURA Butler, 1870, Cistula ent.1 : 37, 49. Type-species through Section (a) (mis- identified type-species) of Article 70 provisionally applied : Pieris illana Felder (C.) & Felder (R.), 1862, Wien. ent. Monats. 6 : 287. When establishing this genus, Butler designated Pievis cynis Hewitson, [1866] (Ii. exot. Butts 3 : [9], pl. (5], fig. 54) as the type-species of this genus. A year later (1871, Tvans. ent. Soc. Lond. 1871 : 171) Butler stated that, when he had designated Pieris cynis as the type- species of Phrissuva, he had misidentified under that name quite a different taxon, namely that represented by the nominal species Pieris illana Felder (C.) & Felder (R.). This is an exceptionally clear case of a genus based upon a misidentified type-species and, as such, it was submitted to the Commission for the correction of the type-species under the provisions of Article 70o(a). This application was published by the Commission, 1964, Bull. zool. Nom. 22 : 163. The correction so made of the type-species of Phrissura has the further incidental advantage that it saves the name Udaina Distant, 1885, which, having Pieris cynis Hewitson as type-species, would otherwise have fallen as a junior objective synonym of Phrissura. The taxon represented by the nominal species Pieris illana Felder & Felder is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as being the same as that represented by the older-established nominal species Pievis aegis Felder (C.) & Felder (R.), 1861 (Wien. ent. Monats. 5 : 299). PHRYNE Herrich-Schaeffer [1844], Syst. Bearb. Schmett. Europ. 1:90. Type-species by monotypy : Papilio tivcis Stoll, [1782], in Cramer, Uitl. Kapellen 4 (32) : 166, pl. 373, figs pul Be The taxon represented by the nominal species Papilio tircis Stoll is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as being the same as that represented by the older- established nominal species Papilio phryne Pallas, 1771 (Reise verschied. Pyov. Russisch. Reichs 1 : 470). Herrich-Schaeffer, when establishing the genus Phryne, cited the specific name phryne in the synonymy of Papilio tircis Stoll, and, if he had placed more than one nominal species as belonging to his genus Phryne, his citation of the specific name phryne Pallas in the manner indicated above would under Article 68(d) of the Code automatically have made Papilio phryne Pallas the type-species of this genus by tautonymy. The fact that he recognized one nominal species only, namely Papilio tivcis Stoll, as belonging to this genus makes that species the type-species by monotypy under Article 68(c), which is very tightly drawn and expressly directs that in the case of monotypical genera cited synonyms of the name of the type-species are to be disregarded. Until recently the name Phvyne Herrich-Schaeffer was invalid, as being a junior homonym of the older name Phryne Meigen, 1800 (Nouvelle Classification Mouches deux Ailes: 16). As such, it was replaced by the name Tviphysa Zeller, 1850, the name by which this genus has ever since been known. The stability so established was endangered some years ago when GENERIC NAMES OF BUTTERFLIES 361 an application was submitted to the Commission on behalf of specialists in the Order Diptera for the suppression under the Plenary Powers of Meigen’s Nouvelle Classification, for, unless preventive action was taken, the name Phyyne Herrich-Schaeffer in the Lepidoptera would have become an available name and would have taken the place of its well-known replacement name Tviphysa Zeller. In order to prevent this objectionable development, the Commission, when suppressing the Meigen pamphlet of 1800, used its Plenary Powers also to suppress the name Phryne Herrich-Schaeffer for the purposes of the Law of Priority but not for those of the Law of Homonymy, at the same time placing that name on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology as Name No. 1652. This decision was promulgated by the Commission in its Opinion 678, published in October 1963 (Bull. zool. Nom. 20 : 339- 342). PHULIA Herrich-Schaeffer, 1867, CorrespBl. zool.-min. Ver. Regensburg 21 : 105, 144 [re-paged offprint as Prodromus...2:6, 17]. Type-species by monotypy: Pieris nymphula Blanchard, [1852], Hist. fis. pol. Chile, Zool. 7 (Lepid.) : 14, pl. 1, figs 3a, b. PHYCANASSA Scudder, 1872, 4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. 1871 :77. Type-species by original designation : Hesperia viator Edwards, 1865, Proc. ent. Soc. Philad. 4 : 202, pl. 1, fig. 5 2 ["‘3”’]. PHYCIODES Hiibner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2) : 29. Type-species by selection by Scudder (1872, 4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. 1871 : 46): Papilio cocyta Cramer, [1777], Urtl. Kapellen 2 (9) : 7, pl. 101, figs A, B. The taxon represented by the nominal species Papilio cocyta Cramer is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as being the same as that represented by the older- established nominal species Papilio tharos Drury, [1773] (J/l. nat. Hist. 1 : index et 43, pl. 21, figs 5, 6). PHYLLOCHARIS Schatz, [1886], in Staudinger & Schatz, Exot. Schmett. Bd 1 (Th. 2) (2) : 71. Type-species by monotypy : Papilio tagis Hiibner, [1803-1804], Samm. europ. Schmett. : pl. Pap. 110, figs 565, 566 3. The name Phyllocharis Schatz is invalid, as it is a junior homonym of Phyllocharis Dalman 1824 (Ephem. entom. : 21). PHYLLOPHASIS Blanchard, 1840, Hist. nat. Ins. 3 : 447, 448. Type-species by selection by Hemming (1943, Proc. R. ent. Soc. Lond. (B) 12 : 29) : Papilio galanthis Cramer, [1775], Uitl. Kapellen 1 (3) : 39, pl. 25, figs D, E. PHYSALEA Mabille, 1903, in Wytsman’s Gen. Ins. 17 (A) : 16, 26. Type-species by mono- typy : Telemiades vulpecula Pl6tz, 1882, Berl. ent. Z. 26 : 73. PHYSCAENEURA Wallengren, 1857, K. svenska VetenskAkad. Handl., Stockholm (n.f.) 2 (1) (No. 4) : 32. Type-species by monotypy : Satyrus panda Boisduval, 1847, im Delegorgue, Voy. Afrique austr. 2 : 594. PHYSCOENEURA Sharpe, 1901, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (7) 8 : 280 (an Incorrect Subsequent Spelling of Physcaeneura Wallengren, 1857). PHYSCON de Niceville, 1898, ]. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc. 12 (1) : 133. Type-species by original designation : Mycalesis pandeaa Hopffer, 1874, (Stett. ent. Ztg 35 : 39). PHYSCONEURA Schouteden, 1926, Rev. zool. afy. 14 : 236 (an Incorrect Subsequent Spelling of Physcaeneura Wallengren, 1857). PHYTALA Westwood, [1851], in Doubleday, Gen. diurn. Lep. (2) : pl. 77, fig. 2 [text (: 471) published in 1852]. Type-species by monotypy : Phytala elais Westwood, [1851], im Doubleday, ibid. (2) : pl. 77, fig. 2. The name Phytala was first published by Doubleday in 1847 (List. Spec. lep. Ins. Brit. Mus. 2 : 20), but it possesses no status in nomenclature as from being so published, Doubleday giving no generic diagnosis and citing only the name of a manuscript species. 362 FRANCIS HEMMING PICANOPTERY X Scudder, 1875, Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10 : 250 (an Incorrect Subsequent Spelling of Pinacopteryx Wallengren, 1857). PICCARDA Grote, 1900, Proc. amer. phil. Soc. 39 : 32. Type-species by original designation: Papilio eucharis Drury, [1773], [//. nat. Hist. 2 : index et 17, pl. 10, figs 5, 6. PIERCOLIAS Grote, 1903, Canad. Ent. 35 : 139. Type-species through Section (i) (replace- ment names) of Article 67 : Trifurcula huanace Staudinger, 1894, Ivis 7 : 56, pl. 1, figs 7, 1), Ate The name Pieycolias was introduced by Grote as a replacement for Tvifurcula Staudinger, 1894, which is invalid under the Law of Homonymy. PIERELLA Westwood, [1851], in Doubleday, Gen. diurn. Lep. (2) : 365 [invalid, because published in a synonymy. See Pievella Herrich-Schaeffer, 1865]. PIERELLA Herrich-Schaeffer, 1865, CovvespBl. zool.-min. Ver. Regensburg 19 : 65 [re-paged offprint as Prodvomus ...1 : 55]. Type-species by selection by Butler (Feb. 1868, Ent. mon. Mag. 4: 195) : Papilio nereis Drury, [1782], I/l. nat. Hist. 3 : index et 48, pl. 35, figs. 2, 3. The name Pierella is always attributed to Westwood [1851], but as so published, it is invalid, as it was then published in a synonymy (Article 11(d)). This name was introduced by Westwood in the course of his very complicated treatment of the genus Haeteva Fabricius, 1807. That genus was divided by Westwood into two main divisions, each of which was divided into sections, these latter being subdivided into subdivisions. The point to be noted is that Westwood did not himself assign names to these divisions but sometimes in connection with them cited one or more generic names, these being sometimes already published generic names, in other cases manuscript names. In accordance with this procedure Westwood cited in connection with his second main division three generic names, of which two were already published names and the third the manuscript name Pievella. It is clear from Westwood’s treatment that he did not look upon himself as introducing Piervella, it being evident that he looked upon that name as being no more than a manuscript synonym of Haetera Fabricius. The first author to use Pievella as the name for a taxonomically valid genus was Herrich- Schaeffer who included in this genus all the species cited by Westwood as belonging to the second of his main divisions of the genus Haeteva Fabricius, together with others. The species selected as the type-species (Papilio neveis Drury) by Butler belonged to the group established by Westwood and was included in that recognized by Herrich-Schaeffer. That selection would have been valid for Pievella Westwood if that had been a properly published name and is valid for the properly published name Pievella Herrich-Schaeffer. Scudder (1875, Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10 : 250) was the first author to specify the above species as the type-species of Pievella both as of Westwood and as of Herrich-Schaeffer. PIERIBALLIA Klots, 1933, Ent. amer. (n.s.) 12 (4) : 221. Type-species by original desig- nation : Pieris mandela Felder (C.) & Felder (R.), 1861, Wien. ent. Monats. 5 : 80. PIERIDOPSIS Rothschild & Jordan, 1905, Novit. zool. 12 : 457. Type-species by original designation : Pieridopsis virgo Rothschild & Jordan, 1905, ibid. 12 : 457. PIERIS Schrank, 1801, Fawna boic. 2 (1) : 152, 161. Type-species by selection by Latreille (1810, Consid. gén. Anim. Crust. Avach. Ins. : 440, 351) : Papilio brassicae Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 467. This generic name has been placed by the Commission—in its Opinion 278—on the Official List of Genevic Names in Zoology as Name No. 704. PIERIS Hiibner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (4) : 53. Type-species by selection by Hemming (1943, Proc. R. ent. Soc. Lond. (B) 12 : 24) : Pieris dvacontis Hiibner, [1819], ibid. (4) : 53. Hubner took as the holotype of his new nominal species Pieris dvacontis the specimen which in 1780 Cramer had misidentified as Papilio lena Linnaeus, 1767 (Syst. Nat. (ed. 12) 1 (2) : 784) and had figured under that name (Uitl. Kapellen 4 (25) : 5, pl. 291, figs A, B). GENERIC NAMES OF BUTTERFLIES 363 At the time of the publication of the Verz., the species in question was without a name properly applicable to it, and the name dvacontis Hiibner is therefore its valid taxonomic name. This is another of the considerable number of cases in which Hiibner appropriated to him- self a name (in this case Pieris Schrank) previously published by another author in an entirely different sense. The name Pieris Hiibner is invalid, as being a junior homonym of Pieris Schrank, 1801. PIERITES Heer, [1850], N. Denks. Allg. schweiz. Ges. Naturw. 11 (year 1849) : 182 (offprint as : Insektenfauna Tertiary. Oeningen Radoboj 2 : 182). Type-species by monotypy : Pierites freyeri Heer, [1850], ibid. 11 : 182. This monobasic genus and species were established by Heer for a fossil which he considered to belong to the family Pieridae. PIERPHULIA Field, 1958, Proc. U.S. nat. Mus. 108 : 117, 106. ‘ Type-species by original designation : Phulia nysiella Rober, [1909], in Seitz, Grossschmett. Erde 5: 98, pl. 28, fig. D.6. The specific name nysiella Réber was originally proposed in manuscript by Staudinger. PIGRITIA Ferreira d’Almeida, 1922, Mélanges lép. 1:92. Type-species by monotypy : Rhadinopteva umbraticola Ferreira d’Almeida, 1922, ibid. 1 : 92. The name Pigvitia Ferreira d’Almeida is invalid, as it is a junior homonym of Pigritia Clemens, 1860 (Proc. Acad. nat. Sci. Philad. 1860 : 172). It has been replaced by the name Pigritina Hedicke, 1923. PIGRITINA Hedicke, 1923, Berl. ent. Z. 1923 (1) : 72. Type-species through Section (i) (replacement names) of Article 67 : Rhadinoptera umbraticola Ferreira d’ Almeida, 1922, Mélanges lép. 1 : 92. The name Pigritina was introduced by Hedicke as a replacement for Pigvitia Ferreira d’Almeida, 1922, which is invalid under the Law of Homonymy. PILODEUDORIX Druce, 1891, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (6) 7 (40) : 366. Type-species by original designation : Pilodeudorix barbatus Druce, 1891, ibid. (6) 7 (40) : 366. The taxon represented by the nominal species Pilodeudorix barbatus Druce is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as being the same as that represented by the older-established nominal species Sithon camerona Pl6tz, 1880 (Stett. ent. Zig 41 : 201). PINACOPTERYX Wallengren, 1857, K. svenska VetenskAkad. Handl., Stockholm (n.f.) 2 (1) (No. 4) : 7. Type-species by selection by Scudder (1875, Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sct., Boston 10 : 250) : Pieris eriphia Godart, [1819], Ency. méth. 9 (Ims.) (1) : 157. This generic name was published as a new name by Wallengren on two occasions, the second being in 1858 (Ofvers. VetenskAkad. Forh., Stockh. 15 : 75). PINDIS Felder (R.), 1869, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien 19 : 475. Type-species by monotypy : Pindis squamistriga Felder (R.), 1869, ibid. 19 : 475. PINTARA Evans, 1932, Ident. Ind. Buits (ed. 2) : vi, 305. Type-species by original desig- nation : Plesioneura pinwilli Butler, 1879, Tvans. linn. Soc. Lond. (2) 1 : 556, pl. 68, fig. 4 3. PIRDANA Distant, 1886, Rhop. malayana : 369, 376. Type-species by original designation : Hesperia hyela Hewitson, April 1867, Descry. One Hundred new Spec. Hesp. (1) : 23. PIRUNA Evans, 1955, Cat. amer. Hesp. Brit. Mus. 4: 10, 11. Type-species by original designation : Pholisora pirus Edwards, 1878, Field & Forest 3 : 119. PISOLA Moore, [1866], Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1865 (3) : 785. Type-species by monotypy : Pisola zennara Moore, [1866], ibid. 1865 (3) : 786, pl. 42, fig. 4. PISTORIA Hemming, 1964, Annot. lep. (4) : 141. Type-species through Section (i) (replace- ment names) of Article 67: Mambara nigropunctata Bethune-Baker, 1908, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1908 (1) : 120, pl. 8, fig. 5. 364 FRANCIS HEMMING The name Pistoyia was introduced as a replacement for the name Mambarva Bethune- Baker, 1908, which is invalid under the Law of Homonymy. PITHAURIA Moore, [1879], Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1878 (3) : 689. Type-species by mono- typy : Ismene murdava Moore, [1866], Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1865 (3) : 784. PITHAURIOPSIS Wood-Mason & de Niceville, 1886, J. asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt I1, 55 (4) : 387. Type-species by Lindsey (1925, Aun. ent. Soc. Amer. 18: 97) : Pithauriopsis aitchisoni Wood-Mason & de Niceville, 1886, Joc. cit., Pt. II, 55 (4) : 387, pl. 15, fig. 4 3. Wood-Mason & de Niceville included in this genus two species, Pithauriopsis aitchisoni Wood-Mason & de Niceville and another. Lindsey, overlooking the second species, believed that Pithauriopsis aitchisoni was the sole included species and on this basis stated erroneously that it was the type-species by monotypy. In accordance with a principle since incorporated in the Code as Article 69(a) (iii) Shepard in 1931 (Amn. ent. Soc. Amer. 24 : 175) observed correctly that Lindsey’s (1925) action constituted a valid type-fixation, notwithstanding the fact that it was based upon erroneous premises. The taxon represented by the nominal species Pithawriopsis aitchisoni Wood-Mason & de Niceville is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as being the same as that represented by the older-established nominal species Hesperia marsena Hewitson, 1866 (Tvans. ent. Soc. Lond. (3) 2 : 498). PITHECOPS Horsfield, [1828], Descr. Cat. lep. Ins. Mus. East India Coy (1) : 66. Type- species proposed to be designated by the Commission under its Plenary Powers : Pithecops hylax Horsfield, [1828], ibid. (1) : pl. 1, fig. 2 (a taxon (a) bearing a name proposed to be validated by the Commission under the above Powers and (b) having, by similar designation, as the representative of its holotype the specimen figured by Horsfield as fig. 2 on plate 1 in the work cited above). The genus Pithecops Horsfield was established on the basis of a misidentified type-species in circumstances which are very unusual in the sense that Horsfield’s mistake, which has been followed by all subsequent authors and is still currently followed, only came to light in 1940. The circumstances attending this case are set out below. As established by Horsfield, the genus Pithecops contained one nominal species, Papilio hylax Fabricius, 1775 (Syst. Ent. : 526), which he described and figured (: 66, pl. 1, fig. 2) and, as pointed out by myself in 1934 (Gen. Names hol. Butts 1 : 105-106), four other species mentioned incidentally as belonging to this genus. Scudder in 1875 (Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10 : 252) overlooked these latter species and erroneously considered that Papilio hylax Fabricius was the sole included species and therefore the type-species by monotypy. This misconception on his part does not however invalidate his action in stating that Papilio hylax is the type-species of this genus. Between the publication by Fabricius of the name Papilio hylax and the appearance of Horsfield’s book in 1828 that name was used by only two authors ; these were, first, Donovan (1800, Ins. India: pl. 46, fig. 2) who published a crude figure which is unrecognizable, and second, Godart ([1824], Ency. méth. 9 (Ins.) (2) : 701), who also came to the conclusion that, as described by Fabricius, this species was unrecognizable. The next author to use the specific name hylax was Horsfield who gave an excellent figure of the well-known species found from Sikkim to Burma, figured most recently by Evans in 1932 (Ident. Ind. Butts : pl. 27, fig. 16/2). This interpretation of Papilio hylax was followed by every subsequent writer until in 1940 (Entomologist 73 : 276) it was shown by Corbet to be absolutely incorrect. In writing his note on this subject Corbet was assisted in having had access to a specimen in the Copenhagen Museum labelled “‘ hylax’’ in what the authorities of that Museum believed to be the handwriting of Fabricius. This syntype was shown by Corbet to be a specimen of Lycaena gaika Trimen, 1862 (Trans. ent. Soc. Lond. (3) 1 : 403), a species which by original designation is the type-species of the genus Zizula Chapman, 1910 (Tvans. ent. Soc. Lond. 1910 : 483). Corbet concluded his paper by noting that the oldest available name for the taxon clearly described and figured by Horsfield under the misapplied name hylax Fabricius GENERIC NAMES OF BUTTERFLIES 365 was covax Fruhstorfer, [1919] (Pithecops hylax corax Fruhstorfer, [1919], Arch. Naturgesch. 83 Sect. A.1 : 79). If the changes in nomenclature necessitated by Corbet’s determination of the true identity of Papilio hylax Fabricius had been put into effect, the results would have been disastrous, leading to the most serious confusion both at the genus-name and at the species-name, levels. These may be summarized as follows : (a) The species hitherto universally but incorrectly known by the specific name hylax Fabricius would in future have had to take the almost unknown name corax Fruhstorfer, [1919]. (b) The species hitherto known by the well-known name gaika Trimen, 1862, would in future have had to take the name hylav Fabricius, which had never previously been applied to it. (c) The species hitherto incorrectly known as “‘ hylavy Fabricius’’’ with its name changed to covax Fruhstorfer would have been placed in the genus Eupsychellus Rober, 1891, with the type-species of which (Lycaena dionisius Boisduval, 1832) it is subjectively regarded as being congeneric. (d) The name Pithecops Horsfield with the true Papilio hylax Fabricius (a senior subjective synonym of Lycaena gaika Trimen) as its type-species would have replaced the name Zizula Chapman, 1910, of which Lycaena gaika is the type-species. (e) The genus Pithecops, as hitherto interpreted as having the false ‘‘ hylax Fabricius ”’ of Horsfield as type-species, is currently treated as belonging to the subfamily Everinae Tutt, [1907] of the family Lycaenidae, while Zizula Chapman is considered to belong to a different subfamily which Stempffer has named Brephidiinae (type- genus : Brephidium Scudder, 1876). If the changes indicated in (c) and (d) above were to be put into effect, the genus Pithecops would need to be transferred from the subfamily Everinae to the subfamily Brephidiinae. While it was evident that a continuance of the practice of ignoring the position under the Code of the generic name Pithecops Horsfield and of the species name Papilio hylax Fabricius would be indefensible, it was evident also that it was essential in the interest of nomenclatorial stability to seek the assistance of the Commission in securing a solution of the problem which would prevent the devastating changes in existing nomenclatorial practice which would result from the application in this case of the ordinary rules in the Code. What was chiefly needed was an arrangement which would both (i) avoid the transfer of the specific name hylax from the species to which it was applied by Horsfield nearly 140 years ago and has been applied ever since to a species to which it had never been applied and (ii) would avoid a corresponding change in the application of the generic name Pithecops Horsfield. It was finally concluded that the best course would be to request the Commission to use its Plenary Powers (a) to suppress for the purposes both of the Law of Priority and of the Law of Homonymy the specific name fylax Fabricius, 1775, as published in the binomen Papilio hylax, (b) to validate the name Pithecops hylax, as published by Horsfield in 1828, the taxon so named to have as its holotype the specimen figured by Horsfield in 1828 as figure 2 on plate 1 in the work referred to above, and (c) to designate the nominal species Pithecops hylax Horsfield, [1828], as validated in (b) above, to be the type-species of the genus Pithecops Horsfield, 1828. In accordance with the provisions of Article 80, the foregoing arrange- ments are here adopted provisionally, pending a decision by the Commission on the applica- tion submitted. PLACIDULA Ferreira d’Almeida, 1922, Melanges lép. 1:67. Type-species by original designation : Ithomia euryanassa Felder (C.) & Felder (R.), 1860, Wien. ent. Monats. 4: ror. PLACILLA Moore, [August 1892], Lep. ind. 1 (11) : 253. Type-species by original desig- nation : Lethe christophi Leech, 1891, Entomologist 24, Suppl. : 67. As explained in the note on the name Kirvodesa Moore, that name is currently treated as a subjective synonym of Placilla Moore, over which it has some three month’s priority. 306 FRANCIS HEMMING PLAGIOTHYRUS Mabille & Boullet, 1919, Ann. Sci. nat., Paris, Zool. (10) 2 (4-6) : 247. Type-species by monotypy : Cobalus leucomelas Geyer, [1832], 7m Hiibner, Zutr. z. Sammi. exot. Schmett. 4 : 11, pl. [108], figs 623, 624. PLANEMA Doubleday, [1848], Gen. diurn. Lep. (1) : 140. Type-species by selection by Scudder (1875, Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10 : 252) : Acraea lycoa Godart, [1819], Ency. méth. 9 (Ins.) (1) : 239. The taxon represented by the nominal species Acvaea lycoa Godart is currently treated subjectively as being congeneric with that represented by Papilio horta Linnaeus, 1764, the type-species of Acvaea Fabricius, 1807, of which therefore Planema Doubleday is a junior subjective synonym. This name was used by Aurivillius (1898, K. svenska VetenskAkad. Handl. 31 (No. 5) : 117-122) and by others who followed his lead for a very distinct, though allied genus. When this mistake came to light the genus wrongly called Planema Doubleday by Aurivillius was found to be without a name correctly applicable to it ; this deficiency was made good in 1934 by the publication of the name Bematistes Hemming. PLASMA [anon.], [1933], Zool. Rec. 69 (year 1932) (Ins.) : 304 (an Incorrect Subsequent Spelling of Pasma Waterhouse, 1932). This spelling was due to a mistake by the editor of the volume of the Zool. Rec. for 1933 made when recording the publication of the name Pasma Waterhouse in the previous year. PLASTINGIA Butler, 1870, Ent. mon. Mag. 7:95. Type-species by original designation : Hesperia flavescens Felder (C.) & Felder (R.), [1867], Reise Fregatte ‘“‘ Novava’’, Lep. Rhop. (3) : 517, pl. 72, figs. 7-9. PLATYGNATHIA Picard, 1947, Bull. Soc. ent. Fr. 52: 132. Type-species by original designation : Hesperia phlomidis Herrich-Schaeffer, 1845, Syst. Bearb. Schmett. Europ. 1 : 153, pl. Hesp. 2, figs 8, 9. PLATYLESCHES Holland, 1896, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1896 : 72. Type-species by original designation : Parnara (?) picanini Holland, 1894, Ent. News 5 : 91. PLAT YPHTHIMA Sharp [1907], Zool. Rec. 42 (year 1905) (Ins.) : 235 (an Incorrect Subsequent Spelling of Platypthima Rothschild & Jordan, 1905). PLATYPTHIMA Rothschild & Jordan, 1905, Novit. zool. 12 : 458. Type-species by original designation : Platypthima ornata Rothschild & Jordan, 1905, ibid. 12 : 458. PLEBEIUS Kirby, 1871, Syn. Cat. diurn. Lep. : 653. Type-species by Crotch (1872, Cistula ent. 1 : 60) : Papilio argus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 483. Apart from Kluk (1802), of whose work Kirby and his contemporaries were unaware, Kirby was the first author to publish in a strictly binominal form the intermediate term Plebejus (spelled Plebeius by Kirby) rejected by the Commission in its Opinion 124 as not possessing the status of a subgeneric name as of Linnaeus (1758). Kirby in the appendix to his Syn. Cat. applied the name Plebeius to the enormous assemblage (329 species) of Lycaenids which in his main text he had placed in the genus Cupido Schrank, 1801. Previous to the adoption of the “‘ One-Letter-Difference ’’ Rule now embodied in Article 56(a) of the Code, Plebeius Kirby, 1871, would have been considered a homonym of the name Plebejus Kluk, 1802, and, as the later-published of the two names, would have been rejected under the Law of Homonymy. Although now not invalid under the foregoing Law, the name Plebeius Kirby is invalid, as it is a junior objective synonym of Plebejus Kluk. PLEBEJUS (Wluk, 1802, Zwierz. Hist. nat. pocz. gospod. 4: 89. Type-species by selection by Hemming (1933, Entomologist 66 : 224) : Papilio argus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) | a Rok The generic name was placed by the Commission in its Opinion 278 in 1954 (Opin. int. Comm. zool. Nom. 6 :-135—178) on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology as Name No. 795: GENERIC NAMES OF BUTTERFLIES 367 PLEBULINA Nabokov, 1944, Psyche 51: 104. Type-species by original designation : Lycaena emigdionis Grinnell, 1905, Ent. News 16 : 115. PLESIOCERA Mabille, 1891, Ann. Soc. ent. Belg. 35, Bull. : cvi. Type-species by monotypy : Plesiocera filipalpis Mabille, 1891, ibid. 35, Bull. : cvi. The holotype of Plesiocera fiipalpis Mabille is a female now in the British Museum collec- tion ; Evans has noted (1953, Cat. amer. Hesp. Brit. Mus. 3 : 160) that at some stage this specimen lost its head and that later the head of a Satyrid was gummed on to this specimen in its place. The taxon represented by Plesiocera filipalpis is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as being the same as that represented by the older-established nominal species Leucochitonea pulverulenta Felder (R.), 1869 (Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien 19 : 478). The name Plesiocera Mabille is invalid, as it is a junior homonym of Plesiocera Macquart, 1841 (Mém. Soc. R. Sci. Lille 1840 : 360). PLESIONEURA Felder (C.) & Felder (R.), 1862, Wien. ent. Monats. 6: 29. Type-species by selection by Butler (1870, Ent. mon. Mag. 7: 95): Plesioneura curvifascia Felder (C.) & Felder (R.), 1862, ibid. 6 : 29. The name Plesioneura Felder & Felder is invalid, as it is a junior homonym of Plesioneura Macquart, 1855 (Ann. Soc. ent. Fr. (3) 3: 180). It has been replaced by the name Notocrypta de Niceville, 1889. PLESTIA Mabille, 1888, Le Naturaliste (2) 2:146. Type-species by monotypy: Plestia staudingeri Mabille, 1888, ibid. (2) 2 : 146, fig. 1. The name Plestia Mabille is invalid, as it is a junior homonym of Plestia Stal [1871] (Ofvers. VetenskAkad. Forhandl., Stockh. 27 (No. 7) : 768 nota). It has been replaced by the name Zestusa Lindsey, 1925. PLOETZIA Saalmiiller, 1884, Lepid. Madagascar 1: 115. Type-species by monotypy : Hesperia amygdalis Mabille, 1877, Bull. Soc. zool. Fy. 1877 : 234, nota. PLUMBAGO Evans, 1953, Cat. amer. Hesp. Brit. Mus. 3: 12, 96. Type-species by original designation : Achlyodes plumbago Pl6tz, 1884, JahvesB. nassau. Ver. Naturk. 37 : 14. POANES Scudder, 1872, 4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. 1871 : 76. Type-species by original designation : Hesperia massasoit Scudder, 1863, Proc. Essex Inst. 3 : 171. POANOPSIS Godman, [1900], in Godman & Salvin, Biol. centy.-amer., Lep. Rhop. 2 : 486. Type-species by original designation : Pamphila puxillius Mabille, 1891, Ann. Soc. ent. Belg. 35 : clxx. PODALIRIUS Swainson, [1833], Zool. Illusty. (2) 3: pl. 105. Type-species by original desig- nation : Papilio podalivius Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 463, nota. The name Podaliyius Swainson is invalid, as it is a junior homonym of the name Podalirius Latreille, 1802 (Hist. nat. Fourmis : 430), a name which, when suppressed by the Commission in Opinion 151 for the purposes of the Law of Priority, was kept alive for the purposes of the Law of Homonymy. Further, even if Podalivius Swainson were not invalid under the Law of Homonymy, it would still be an invalid name, as it is a junior objective synonym of Iphiclides Hiibner, [1819]. PODOTRICHA Michener, 1942, Amer. Mus. Novit. No. 1197 : 3, figs 2, 11. Type-species by original designation : Colaenis euchroia Doubleday, [Sept. 1847], Gen. diurn. Lep. (1) : pl. 20, fig. 3 [text ((1) : 149) published in March 1848]. POECILMITIS Butler, 1899, Entomologist 32 : 78. Type-species by original designation ; Zeritis lycegenes Trimen, 1874, Tvans. ent. Soc. Lond. 1874 : 337, pl. 2, fig. 7. POLA Swinhoe, [1912], in Moore, Lep. ind. 9 (106) : 226. Type-species by original desig- nation : Ismene ataphus Watson, 1893, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1893 : 126. The taxon represented by the nominal species Ismene ataphus Watson is currently treated subjectively as the Ceylon subspecies of the taxon represented by the older-established nominal species Ismene oedipodea Swainson, [1820] (Zool. Illustr. (1) 1 (3) : pl. 16). 368 FRANCIS HEMMING POLITES Scudder, 1872, 4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. 1871 : 78. Type-species by original designation : Hesperia peckius Kirby, 1837, 7m Richardson, Faun. Bor.-Amer. II [4] : 300, plas tiesezage The taxon represented by the nominal species Hesperia peckius Kirby is currently treated subjectively as being the same as that represented by the older-established nominal species Papilio covas Cramer, [1775] (Uitl. Kapellen 1 (3) : 51, pl. 31, fig. F). POLYARGIA Verity, 1957, Var. géograph. saison. Pap. diurn. France (3) : 436. Type-species by original designation : Papilio achine Scopoli, 1763, Ent. carn. : 156. The name Polyargia Verity is invalid, because it does not comply with the requirements of Article 13(a) regarding the “‘ indication ’’ which must be provided by the author of a new name in order to secure its availability. Verity treated this not as a new name but as one pub- lished in “‘ 1953’. It is considered that this was a slip on Verity’s part, as the name Polyargia is not to be found in any known paper of Verity’s published in the period 1953-1957. It seems likely that Verity erroneously supposed in 1957 that he had published this name in 1953 in volume 5 of his Farfalle dzurn. d'Italia, the volume in which he dealt with the family Satyridae to which Papilio achine Scopoli, which Verity designated as the type-species, belongs. POLYCAENA Staudinger, 1886, Stett. ent. Zig 47:227. Type-species by monotypy : Polycaena tamerlana Staudinger, 1886, ibid. 47 : 227. POLYCHROA Billberg, 1820, Enum. Ins. Mus. Billb. : 78. Type-species by selection by Scudder (1875, Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10 : 253) : Papilio obrinus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 470. As explained in the note on the name Nessaea Hiibner, [1819], the name Papilio obrinus Linnaeus is a subjective synonym of Papilio ancaeus Linnaeus, a name published in the same work and on the same date, and by a First Reviser choice takes precedence below the name Papilio ancaeus. POLYCTOR Evans, 1953, Cat. amer. Hesp. Brit. Mus. 3: 9, 43. Type-species by original designation : Pirgus [sic] polyctor Prittwitz, 1868, Stett. ent. Zig 29 : 186-287 (as polyotor), pl. [3], figs 3a, 3b (as polyctor). POLYCYMA Felder (C.), 1862, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien 12 : 490 (Invalid because published in a synonymy). The name Polycyma was mentioned by Felder when establishing the genus Holochila, stating that it was a manuscript name which Scott had formerly proposed to publish. Asa name published in a synonymy, the name Polycyma Felder is invalid under the provisions of Article 11(d) of the Code. POLYDORUS Swainson, [1833], Zool. Illustry. (2) 3: pl. 101. Type-species through Section (d) (tautonymy) of Article 68 : Papilio polydorus Linnaeus, 1763, Amoen. acad. 6 : 401. The name Polydorus Swainson is invalid, as it is a junior homonym of Polydorus Blainville, 1826 (Dict. Sci. nat. (ed. 2) 42 : 332). POLYGONIA Hibner, [1819], Vevz. bekannt. Schmett. (3) : 36. Type-species by selection by Scudder (1872, 4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Arts Sci. 1872 : 30) : Papilio c-aureum Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 477. POLYGONUS Hiibner, [1825], Samml. exot. Schmett. 2: pl. [144]. Type-species by mono- typy : Polygenus lividus Hiibner, [1825], zbid. 2 : pl. [144]. The taxon represented by the nominal species Polygonus lividus Hiibner is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as being the same as that represented by the older- established nominal species Papilio leo Gmelin, [1790] (im Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. (ed. 13) 1 (5) : 2363). POLYGRAPHA ‘Staudinger, [March 1887], im Staudinger & Schatz, Evot. Schmett. Bd 1 (Th. 1) (17) : 182. Type-species by monotypy : Paphia cyanea Salvin & Godman, 1868, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (4) 2 : 148. GENERIC NAMES OF BUTTERFLIES 369 Staudinger stated that Polygvapha was a manuscript name for a genus with the above species as type-species which Schatz intended to describe in the second portion of their joint work. The publication of this name by Staudinger with a type-species for the genus constituted prior to 1930 a valid publication for a generic name ; accordingly Polygrapha is attributable to Staudinger and ranks for priority as from March 1887. Schatz did not live to publish this generic name which was however published by Réber in [October 1888] (in Schatz, in Staudinger & Schatz, Exot. Schmett. Bd 1 (Th. 2) : 169 nota 1, 174, 175 ; ibid. 2 : pl. 29) in his continuation of the text of Schatz’s volume. Rd6ber also placed only Paphia cyanea Salvin & Godman in Polygrapha. POLY MASTOR Gaede, 1931, in Strand’s Lep. Cat. 46 : 510 (an Incorrect Subsequent Spelling of Polymastus Thieme, 1907). POLY MASTUS Thieme, 1907, Berl. ent. Z. 51 (2) : 138. Type-species by original designation: Daedalma doraete Hewitson, [1858], Jil. exot. Butts 2 : [85], pl. [4], figs 4, 5d. The name Polymastus Thieme is invalid, as it is a junior homonym of Polymastus Claparéde, 1864 (Mém. Soc. Phys. Genéve 17: 2). It has been replaced by the name Junea Hemming, 1964. POLYNIPHES Kaye, 1904, Trans. ent. Soc. Lond. 1904: 191. Type-species by original designation : Polyommatus dumenilii Godart, [1824], Ency. méth. 9 (Ins.) (2) : 677. POLYOMMATUS Latreille, 1804, Nouv. Dict. Hist. nat. 24 (Tab.) : 185, 200. Type-species by designation by the Commission under the Plenary Powers under Section (a) (misidentified type-species) of Article 70 : Papilio icarus Rottemburg, 1775, Der Naturforscher 6 : 31. Polyommatus Latreille is a genus which was originally established with a misidentified type- species. Latreille placed in this genus a single species which he called by the name “ argus Fab.”’ Fabricius never published Papilio avgus as the name for a new species of his own, but he frequently made the use of the name Papilio argus Linnaeus, 1758, employing it apparently in the correct sense. If it were to have been assumed that Latreille, when introducing the present genus, correctly interpreted the nominal species Papilio argus Linnaeus—that is, if in the present matter he had followed Fabricius—the name Polyommatus Latreille would have been invalid, as it would have been a junior objective synonym of Plebejus Kluk, 1802, of which the same nominal species is the type-species. But it is quite clear that such an assumption would have run counter to Latreille’s intention. While there is no explicit evidence of the nature of his intentions in his entry relating to the genus Polyommatus in the Nouv. Dict. Hist. nat. of 1805, such evidence was provided by Latreille on each of the next two occasions on which he used this generic name, namely in 1805 (in Sonnini’s Buffon, Ims. 14 : 116) and in 1817 (in Cuvier’s Régne Anim. 3 : 553), in each of which he cited a reference to Engramelle’s “‘ P. argus bleu, pl. 38, fig. 80’’, adding in 1817 a reference to figs 292-294 in the Papilio Section of Hiibner’s Sammi. europ. Schmett. From the figures so cited it is perfectly clear that the taxon which Latreille called ‘‘ Papilio argus Fab.”’ was that represented by the nominal species Papilio icarus Rottemburg, 1775, the commonest and most widely distributed of the European Plebejids. It must be noted moreover that it was this species to which the specific name avgus Linnaeus was commonly— though incorrectly—applied in Latreille’s time by many European lepidopterists, particularly in France. The name Polyommatus Latreille was used in various incorrect senses during the XI1Xth century, in most cases through misconceptions as to the work in which that name was first published. But by the third decade of the XXth century this generic name had been universally treated as though its type-species were Papilio icarus Rottemburg, which, as shown above, is in accordance with Latreille’s original intention. In the circumstances described above, it would have been a pointless piece of name- changing to have disturbed the long-established usage of the name Polyommatus Latreille, and accordingly in 1935 a request was submitted to the Commission for the use of the Plenary Powers to designate as the type-species of this genus the nominal species Papilio icarus Rottemburg, 1775. This request was approved by the Commission, whose decision was 370 FRANCIS HEMMING promulgated in its Opinion 175 published in 1946 (Opin. int. Comm. zool. Nom. 2 : 509— 520). In 1954 this generic name, so defined, was placed by the Commission in its Opinion 270 (loc. cit. 6 : 25-40) on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology as Name No. 689. At the time when the foregoing decision was taken, it was not possible to take a decision on the question of placing the specific name of the type-species on the corresponding Official List, because the name Papilio icarus Rottemburg, 1775, was a homonym of a name Papilio icarus Cramer, [1775] (Uitl. Kapellen 1 (2) : 26, pl. 18, figs A, B), there being at that time no means for determining the relevant precedence to be accorded to these names. This difficulty was overcome by the Commission in its Opinion 516 promulgated in 1958 (loc. cit. 19 : 1-44), in which directions were given, intey alia, that Rottemburg’s paper published in the serial Dey Naturforschey in 1775 should be accorded precedence over the portion of Cramer’s Uitl. Kapellen published in the same year. Under this ruling the name Papilio icarus Rottemburg became the senior of the two homonyms concerned and thus the oldest available name for the type-species of the genus Polyommatus Latreille. In the same year this result was recognized by the Commission in its Direction 96 (loc. cit. 19 : (i)—(xiv)), in which the name zcavus Rottemburg, 1775, (as published in the binomen Papilio icarus, was placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology as Name No. 1515. POLYSTICHTHIS Agassiz, 1846, Nomencl. zool. (4to Ed.), Index univ. : 304 (an Unjustified Emendation of Polystichtis Hiibner, [1819}). POLYSTICHATIS Hiibner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2) : 18. Type-species by selection by Scudder (1872, 4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. 1871 : 49) : Papilio cereus Linnaeus, 1767, Syst. Nat. (ed. 12) 1 (2) : Errata [a nominal species established as a replacement for Papilio caeneus Linnaeus, 1767, ibid. 1 (2) : 796]. In 1875 (Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10 : 254) Scudder quite without justification rejected the type-selection made by himself in 1872 and sought to select in its place the nominal species Polystichtis zeangiva Hiibner, [1819] (Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2) : 18) (a nominal species introduced quite unnecessarily as a replacement for the nominal species Papilio zeanger Stoll, [1790], Aanhangs. Werk Uitl. Kapellen Pieter Cramer : 165, pl. 37, fig. 2). Scudder’s mistake in 1875 led some authors (e.g. Stichel, 1930, 7m Strand’s Lep. Cat. 41 : 628, 629) to misuse the name Polystichtis Hiibner, employing it in place of Calospila Geyer, [1832], the latter name being sunk as a junior subjective synonym of Polystichtis. Correctly interpreted in accordance with Scudder’s type-selection of 1872, the name Poly- stichtis is a junior subjective synonym of Emesis Fabricius, 1807. POLYSTIGMA Godman & Salvin, [1886], Biol. centy.-amer., Lep. Rhop. 1 : 469. Type-species by monotypy : Chrysophanus nais Edwards, 1876, Trans. amer. ent. Soc. 5 : 291. The name Polystigma Godman & Salvin is invalid, as it is a junior homonym of Polystigma Kraatz, 1880 (Deuts. ent. Z. 24 : 191). POLYTHRIX Watson, 1893, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1893 : 16, 19. Type-species by original designation : Eudamus metallescens Mabille, 1888, Le Natuvaliste (2) 2 : 108, fig. 2. POLYTREMIS Mabille, 1904, in Wytsman’s Gen. Ins. 17 (B) : 136. Type-species by original designation : Gegenes contigua Mabille, 1877, Bull. Soc. zool. Fy. 1877 : 232 nota. The taxon represented by the nominal species Gegenes contigua Mabille is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as being the same as that represented by the older- established nominal species Goniloba lubricans Herrich-Schaeffer, 1869 (CorvespBl. zool.- min. Ver. Regensburg 23 : 195 [repaged offprint as Prodvomus 3 : 75)). POLYURA Billberg, 1820, Enum. Ins. Mus. Billb. : 79. Type-species by selection by Scudder (1875, Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10: 255) : Papilio pyrrhus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 462. Both Eviboea Hiibner, [1819], and also Eulepis Billberg, 1820, were formerly applied to the present genus by various authors through misconceptions as to the type-species of those genera. Particulars have been given in the note on Eriboea. GENERIC NAMES OF BUTTERFLIES 371 POMPEIUS Evans, 1955, Cat. amer. Hesp. Brit. Mus. 4 : 301, 335. Type-species by original designation : Hesperia pompeius Latreille, [1824], Ency. méth. 9 (Ins.) (2) : 765. POMPEOPTERA Rippon, [1890], Icon. Ornithopt. 1:4. Type-species by original desig- nation : Papilio pompeus Cramer, [1775], Uitl. Kapellen 1 (3) : 39, pl. 25, fig. A. The taxon represented by the nominal species Papilio pompeus Cramer is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as being a 9-form of the taxon represented by the older- established nominal species Papilio helena Linnaeus, 1758 (Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 461). In addition to designating Papilio pompeus Cramer as the type-species at the time of the establishment in 1890 of the nominal genus Pompeoptera, Rippon six years later ([1896], loc. cit. 2: 7) designated as the type-species another nominal species, namely Papilio helena Linnaeus, 1758. In view of the subjective synonymy indicated above, it may be concluded that, when in 1896 Rippon made the foregoing revised type-selection, it was not his intention to change the interpretation of the genus Pompeoptera, his idea being merely to cite under its correct (because the oldest subjectively available) specific name (elena Linnaeus) the species which in 1890 he had designated as type-species under the later specific name pompeus Cramer. It may be useful to note that the dates of issue of the various parts of Rippon’s book are very difficult to determine. The dates here adopted are those from Moore, [1902] (Lep. ind. 5 (54) : 139). The accuracy of the date here assigned to the name Pompeoplera is confirmed by the fact that the name Tvogonoptera first published on the same page was recorded in the Zoological Record 27 (year 1890) (Ins.) : 204 as having been published in that year. The evidence provided by the Zool. Rec., taken in isolation, cannot however be regarded as absolutely convincing for the volume of the Zool. Rec. concerned was not published until 1892 ; there is therefore a possibility that the fact of the publication of these two names did not come to the knowledge of the editor until some time between the close of 1890 and the early part of 1892. POMPEUSPTERA Rippon, [1890], Icon. Ovnithopt. 1 : pl. A (an Incorrect Original Spelling of Pompeoptera Rippon, [1890)). Rippon himself corrected this misspelling in 1898 (/oc. cit. 1 : Errata, (1), (2)), thus acting as his own First Reviser. PONTIA Fabricius, 1807, Mag. f. Insektenk (Illiger) 6 : 283. Type-species by selection by Curtis (1824, Brit. Ent. 5 : pl. 48) : Papilio daplidice Linnaeus, 1758 (Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 468). The examination in the mid-nineteen-thirties of the then newly discovered Hiibner manus- scripts brought to light the fact that the well-known name Pontia Fabricius, 1807, had a sub- jective synonym published by Hiibner in the same year. This created a difficult situation, because there existed no means of determining which of the two names concerned had priority over the other, with the consequent risk that, either as the result of fresh information coming to light or otherwise, an attempt might be made by some authors to substitute the Hiibnerian name for Pontia Fabricius. The name concerned was Mancipium Hiibner, [1807] (Sammi. exot. Schmett. 1 : pl. [141]) (type-species by monotypy : Mancipium hellica Hiibner, [1807] ibid. 1 : pl. [141]). The adoption of this name for the present genus would have been open to a double objection, for it would not only have led to the sinking in synonymy of the long- established name Pontia Fabricius, but in addition would have given to the name Mancipium a meaning quite different from that applied to it on the relatively small number of occasions on which in comparatively recent times, it had been used for Papilio brassicae Linnaeus, 1758, that is, in the sense in which it had been employed by Hiibner in the pamphlet Tentamen (later rejected by the Commission in its Opinion 97), though even at that date this usage was incorrect owing to the fact that Papilio brassicae is the type-species of the older-established nominal genus Pieris Schrank, 18or. In order to prevent the disturbance in nomenclature described above, a request was made to the Commission to protect the name Pontia Fabricius from attack by the name Mancipium 372 FRANCIS HEMMING Hiibner. This application was approved by the Commission in its Opinion 137 promulgated in 1942 (Opin. int. Comm. zool. Nom. 2 : 21-280. In this Opinion the Commission used its Plenary Powers to direct that the name Pontia Fabricius was to be given precedence over the name Mancipium Hiibner. This decision was amplified in 1954 by the Commission in its Direction 4 (loc. cit. 2 : 629-652), in which it was formally placed on record that the ruling given in Opinion 137 was to be interpreted as constituting the suppression of the name Mancipium Hiibner, which was thereupon placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology. The name Pontia Fabricius had already (in Opinion 137) been placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology as Name No. 566. Finally, attention must be drawn to a strange misuse of the name Pontia by Boisduval ([1836], (Sonnini’s Suite a Buffon), Hist. nat. Ins., Spec. gén. Lépid. 1 : 430-434), who employed it for Papilio nina Fabricius, 1793, and other species, thus treating this Fabrician name as the equivalent of Leptosia Hiibner, 1818. This mistake of Boisduval’s was copied by various later authors, of whom the most prominent was Reuter (1897, Acta Soc. Sci. fenn. 22 (No. 1) : 18, 234, 236, 250, 550, 555), who, overlooking Boisduval’s rather obscure attribu- tion of this name to Fabricius, cited it as ‘‘ Pontia Boisd.’’ and even went so far as to erect the nominal family-group taxon Pontiini based upon Boisduval’s non-existent genus Pontia. PONTIEUCHALOIA Verity, 1929, Ann. Soc. ent. Fr. 98 : 347. Type-species by monotypy : Papilio chloridice Hiibner, [1808-1813], Samml. europ. Schmett. : pl. Pap. 141, figs 712, 713 3, 714, 715 &. PORISKINA Druce, 1895, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1895 : 570 nota. Type-species by monotypy: Poriskina phakes Druce, 1895, ibid. 1895 : 570, pl. 34, fig. 15 3. PORITIA Moore, [1866], Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1865 (3) : 775. Type-species by monotypy: Poritia hewitsoni Moore, [1866], bid. 1865 (3) : 775, pl. 31, fig. ro. PORPHYROGENES Hewitson, 1893, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1893 : 18, 35. Type-species by original designation : Telegonus omphale Butler, 1871, Aun. Mag. nat. Hist. (4) 8 : 284. The taxon represented by the nominal species Telegonus omphale Butler is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as a subspecies of the taxon represented by the older- established nominal species Eudamus passalus Herrich-Schaeffer, 1869 (CovvespBl. zool.-min. Ver. Regensburg 23 : 172 [repaged offprint as Prodvomus 3 : 64)). POTAMANAX Watson, 1893, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1893 : 43, 55. Type-species by original designation : Leucochitonea flavofasciata Hewitson, 1870, Descr. Twenty-Two new Spec. Equat. ep 70: The name Potamanax Watson is invalid, as it is a junior homonym of Potamanax Pilsbry [1893] (Proc. Acad. nat. Sci. Philad. 1892 : 340). It has been replaced by the name Potamanaxas Lindsey, 1925. POTAMANAXAS Lindsey, 1925, Ann. ent. Soc. Amer. 18:98. Type-species through Section (i) (replacement names) of Article 67 : Leucochitonea flavofasciata Hewitson, 1870, Descr. Twenty-Two new Spec. Equat. Lep. : 76. The name Potamanaxas was introduced by Lindsay to replace the name Potamanax Watson, 1893, which is invalid under the Law of Homonymy. POTA MIS Hiibner, [1806], Tentamen : [1]. Type-species by monotypy : Papilio iris Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 476. The name Potamis Hiibner, as of the Tentamen, is invalid, owing to the rejection by the Commission of that pamphlet for nomenclatorial purposes. If the name Potamis Hiibner had been an available name as from the Tentamen, it would have replaced the name Apatuva Fabricius, 1807, of which it would have been an objective synonym. POTAMIS Hiibner, [1807], Samml. exot. Schmett. 1: pl. [79]. Type-species by monotypy : Potamis leonte Hiibner, [1807], zbid. 1 : pl. [79]. The situation which was found to exist in regard to this name, after the determination of GENERIC NAMES OF BUTTERFLIES 373 the dates of publication of the plates in Hiibner’s Samm. exot. Schmett. in the light of the discovery of Hiibner’s manuscripts, was very similar to that already described in the note on the name Pontia Fabricius. In this case also a well-known Fabrician name—Morpho Fabricius, 1807—-was found to be a subjective synonym of a Hiibnerian name—the name Potamis Hiibner, [1807] here under consideration—and, as these names were both pub- lished in the same year there was a risk that through the discovery of additional information as to the exact dates on which these names were published, the name Potamis Hiibner might be found to have priority over, and would therefore replace, the name Morpho Fabricius. The greatest confusion would inevitably have ensued, since the name Morpho is the eponym of the family Morphidae, whereas the name Potamis was totally unknown in connection with this family. It was accordingly decided to submit this case, concurrently with that of the names Pontia Fabricius and Mancipium Hiibner to the Commission with a request that in this case also the Fabrician name be protected under the Plenary Powers against the Hiibnerian name (Potamis). This case, which was placed before the Commission in 1935, was dealt with by the Com- mission with the other names referred to above in its Opinion 137, promulgated in 1942. The ruling then given by the Commission under its Plenary Powers was that the name Morpho Fabricius was to be accorded precedence over its subjective synonym Potamis Hiibner ; this decision, like those relating to the other names in question, was amplified by the Commission in 1954 in its Direction 4, in which it ruled that the Hiibnerian names rejected under the Plenary Powers in Opinion 137 were to be treated as having been suppressed under the foregoing Powers in that Opinion for the purposes of the Law of Priority but not for those of the Law of Homonymy. The name Potamis Hiibner (as of the Sammi. exot. Schmett.) was thereupon placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology as Name No. 212. POTANTHUS Scudder, 1872, 4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. 1871: 75. Type-species by original designation : Hesperia omaha Edwards, 1863, Proc. ent. Soc. Philad. 2 : 21. For many years it was impossible to assign a systematic position to the genus Potanthus, because it was impossible to determine the identity of the taxon represented by its type- species, the nominal species Hesperia omaha Edwards. Both that species and also the only other species (Potanthus californica Scudder, then a newly established species) were stated by their original authors to have been taken in the United States : Edwards giving Colorado as the locality for Hesperia omaha ; Scudder giving California as the locality for Potanthus californica. No known United States species correspond with the descriptions given by Edwards and Scudder for the nominal species cited above respectively and named by those authors. This led to consideration being given to the possibility that the original localities cited for these species were incorrect and that in fact the type-material might have been obtained from somewhere outside the United States. After a discussion of this matter between the late W. H. Evans and myself it was arranged that the assistance of the British Museum should be sought to obtain the loan of the types or surviving paratypes of these nominal species (and also those of the equally mysterious and unrecognizable Hesperia mingo Edwards, 1866) from the various institutions in the United States in which they were pre- served. The very generous response to this request made it possible to solve these long- outstanding mysteries. Full particulars of the Institutions which assisted in this way are given in the paper published in 1935 (Stylops 4 : 100-101) in which Evans made known the conclusions which he had reached in the light of the material so made available. Of the three nominal species investigated only Hesperia omaha Edwards is relevant in this present question. Of this nominal species through the kindness of Captain Roswell C. Williams a paratype and a watercolour painting of the holotype were made available for study. The paratype was found to be a female of the species to which in 1879 (Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (5) 15 : 191) Butler had given the name Pamphila maesoides, of which the male holotype from Malacca is now in the British Museum. Referring to the watercolour of the holotype of Hesperia omaha, Evans added that it too belonged to Pamphila maesoides Butler. 374 FRANCIS HEMMING In the light of the foregoing information, it can therefore be stated that the taxon repre- sented by the nominal species Hesperia omaha Edwards is considered on taxonomic grounds to be the same as that represented by the nominal species Pamphila maesoides Butler, 1879. As the older of the two specific names concerned, the name omaha Edwards replaces the name maesoides Butler, which therefore sinks as a junior subjective synonym of omaha Edwards. For the sake of completeness, it is useful to note that the taxon bearing the foregoing names is currently considered (a) to be a distinct species, and (b) to be congeneric with Pamphila maesa Moore, 1865, which is currently considered to represent the same taxon as that repre- sented by the older-established nominal species Hesperia dava Kellar, [1844] (see Evans, 1949, Cat. Hesp. Europ. Asia Australia : 378, 379). Pamphila maesa Moore is the type- species of the genus Padvaona Moore, [1881], to which it and its allies were referred up to the close of the investigation described above. At that stage Evans (1935, Stylops 4 : 101) realising that Potanthus Scudder was the older of these two names, adopted it in place of Padraona Moore, which he sank as a junior subjective synonym. POTOMANAX Evans, 1953, Cat. amer. Hesp. Brit. Mus. 3 : 137 (an Incorrect Subsequent Spelling of Potamanax Watson, 1893). POTOMANAXAS Evans, 1953, Cat. amer. Hesp. Brit. Mus. 3 : 15, 137 (an Incorrect Subse- quent Spelling of Potamanaxas Lindsey, 1925). POULTONIA Neave, 1904, Novit. zool. 11 : 336. Type-species by original designation : Poultonia ochrascens Neave, 1904, ibid. 11 : 336, pl. 1, fig. 1 g. The name Poultonia Neave is invalid, as it is a junior homonym of Poultonia Peckham, 1901 (Bull. Wisconsin Soc. 1 : 225). It has been replaced by the name Ebepius Hemming, 1964. POWELLANA Bethune-Baker, 1908, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1908 (1) : 114. Type-species by original designation : Powellana cottoni Bethune-Baker, 1908, ibid. 1908 (1) : 114, pl. 9, se 163). POWELLIA Tutt, [1906], Nat. Hist. Brit. Butts 1: 218. Type-species by original designation: Papilio sao Hiibner, [1800-1803], Samml. euvop. Schmett. : pl. Pap. 93, figs 471, 472 @ [a taxon bearing a name invalid under the Law of Homonymy, replaced by the name Papilio sevtovius Hoffmansegg, 1804, Mag. f. Insektenk. (Illiger) 3 : 203]. The name Papilio sao Hiibner is invalid, as it is a junior homonym of Papilio sao Berg- strasser, [1779] (Nom. Ins. 2: 67). It was on this account that this taxon was given the replacement name Papilio sevtorius by Hoffmansegg. The name so given is the oldest avail- able name applicable to the present species. The name Powellia Tutt is invalid, as it is a junior homonym of the name Powellia Maskell, 1679) (Lvans-N.Z. Inst. VW = 223): POWELLINA Sharp, [1910], im Zool. Rec. 45 (year 1908) (Ins.) : 319 (an Incorrect Subsequent Spelling of Powellana Bethune-Baker, 1908). PRADA Evans, 1949, Cat. Hesp. Europ. Asia Australia : 37, 340. Type-species by original designation : Plastingia rothschildi Evans, 1928, Novit. zool. 34 : 72. PRADENA Fruhstorfer, 1900, Berl. ent. Z. 45 : 2 (an Incorrect Subsequent Spelling of Radena Moore, [1880]). PRAEPHILOTES Forster, 1938, Mitt. munchn. Ent. Ges. 28 : 105. Type-species by original designation : Lycaena anthracias Christoph, 1877, Hor. Soc. ent. voss. 12 : 239-240, pl. 5, fips 12: PRAETAXILA Fruhstorfer, [23rd July 1914], 7m Seitz, Grossschmett. Evde 9 (Lief. Exot. 197) : 793. Type-species by original designation : Sospita segecia Hewitson, [1861], Jil. exot. Butts 2 : [92], pl. [46], figs. 4, 5 d, 6 Q. The exact date of publication of this name is of great importance, for it was published at GENERIC NAMES OF BUTTERFLIES 375 almost exactly the same time as its objective synonym Holodesmus Waterhouse & Lyell, which was published in 1914 on 25th July. The determination of the dates of publication of the various instalments of Seitz’s Grossschmett. Erde is often a matter of difficulty. In the present case fortunately, Messrs. Kernen, the publishers, have been able to report that Lieferung Exot. 197, in which the name appeared, was published on 23rd July 1914 (see Griffin, 1936, Tvans. R. ent. Soc. Lond. 85 (10) : 272 nota). Thus, of these two names Praetaxila Fruhstorfer has two days’ priority over Holodesmus Waterhouse & Lyell. PRAMASA Moore, 1883, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1883 : 281. Type-species by monotypy : Euploea mitra Moore, 1857, in Horsfield & Moore, Cat. lep. Ins. Mus. East India Coy Gees 127. PRAMESTA Moore, 1883, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1883 : 282. Type-species by monotypy : Euploea tobleri Semper, 1878, Verh. Ver. Unterh. (Heimatforsch.), Hamburg 3 : 106, 107. PRATAPA Moore, [1881], Lep. Ceylon 1 (3) : 108. Type-species by original designation : Amblypodia deva Moore, 1857, in Horsfield & Moore, Cat. lep. Ins. Mus. East India Coy (1) : 46. PRAXIS Mabille, 1889, Le Naturaliste (2) 3: 25. Type-species by monotypy : Praxis quadrata Mabille, 1889, ibid. (2) 3 : 25. The name Praxis Mabille is invalid, as it is a junior homonym of Praxis Guénée, 1852 (Roret’s Suite 4 Buffon), Lépid. 7 : 28, and also of Praxis Adams (H.) & Adams (A.), 1858 (Gen. recent Mollusca 2 : 522). It has been replaced by the name Xispia Lindsey, 1925. PRECIS Hiibner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (3) : 33. Type-species by selection by Scudder (1875, Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10: 256) : Papilio octavia Cramer, [1777], Uitl. Kapellen 2 (12) : 60, pl. 135, figs B, C. PRENES Scudder, 1872, 4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. 1871 : 81. Type-species by original designation : Hesperia panoquin Scudder, 1863, Proc. Essex Inst. 3 : 178. The name Prenes Scudder is invalid, as it is a junior homonym of Prenes Gistl, 1848 (Nat. Thierry. : x). It has been replaced by the name Panoquina Hemming, 1934. PREPONA Boisduval, [1836], (Roret’s Suite a Buffon), Hist. nat. Ins., Spec. gén. Lépid. 1: pl. 7 (= pl. 3B), Type-species by monotypy : Nymphalis demodice Godart, [1824], Ency. méth. 9 (Ins.) (2) : 408. The taxon represented by the nominal species Nymphalis demodice Godart is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as being the same as that represented by the older-established nominal species Potamis laertes Hiibner, [1811], (Samml. exot. Schmett. ipl. |[7o]): PRESTONIA Schaus, 1920, Proc. U.S. nat. Mus. 57 (No. 2307) : 109. Type-species by monotypy : Prestonia clarki Schaus, 1920, ibid. 57 (No. 2307) : 109. There has been considerable discussion as to the identity of the taxon represented by the nominal species Prestonia clarki Schaus. Brown (1929, Amer. Mus. Novit. No. 368 : 13) and later Klots (1933, Ent. amer. (n.s.) 12 (3) : 152, 181) took the view that the type-specimen of this nominal species is an individual form of the taxon represented by the nominal species Papilio avgante Fabricius, 1775 ; under this view the name Prestonia became a junior sub- jective synonym of Phoebis Hiibner, [1819]. Later in 1933 however Brown published a further paper (Amer. Mus. Novit. No. 653 : 5), in which he stated that he had now been enabled to study the type-specimen of Prestonia clarki and had formed the conclusion that that nominal species represented a taxonomically distinct species and further that he was now of the opinion that Prestonia was a taxonomically valid genus. PRIAMEDES Grote, 1899, Proc. amer. phil. Soc. 38 : 26 (an Incorrect Subsequent Spelling of Priamides Hiibner, [1819]), Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (6) : 87. PRIAMIDES Hiibner, [1819], Vevz. bekannt. Schmett. (6) : 87. Type-species by selection by Hemming (1935, Entomologist 68 : 39): Priamides hipponous Hiibner, [1819], ibid. (6) : 87 [as defined by the specimen figured incorrectly under the name Papilio anchises 376 FRANCIS HEMMING Linnaeus, 1758, by Stoll in 1780 as fig. A on pl. 318 of Cramer’s Uitl. Kapellen, the specimen so figured having been selected by Hemming (1964, (Annot. lep. (3) : 107) to represent the lectotype of this nominal species]. An attempt was made by Scudder in 1875 (Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10 : 256) to select a type-species for this genus, but this attempt was unsuccessful. In selecting type- species for genera in the paper cited above he cited the species selected under the name used for it by Kirby in 1871 in his Syn. Cat. diurn. Lep., adding in brackets—parentheses—the species actually placed in the genus by the author of the generic name. This method of selecting a type-species, though undesirable, would have raised no difficulty had only one of the species originally included in the genus been synonymized by Kirby with some other nominal species and this latter species had later been selected as the type-species ; such a course has indeed been expressly made permissible under Article 69(a)(iv) of the present revised Code. It is quite otherwise had the names of two or more of the originally included species been synonymized by Kirby under some other name and it was that other name and not one of the originally included species which a later author attempted to select as the name of the type-species. This is exactly what happened in the present case: Kirby (: 538) united two of Hiibner’s originally included species (Priamides hipponous Hiibner ; Princeps capys Hiibner) under the name Papilio pompeius Fabricius and it was this Fabrician species which Scudder declared was the type-species. This type-selection was invalid, for Scudder did not select one, and not more than one, nominal species placed in the genus Priamides to be the type-species of that genus. The genus remained without a validly selected type-species until in 1935 I selected Pviamides hipponous Hiibner to be the type-species. The nominal species Priamides hipponous, like all other nominal species established by Hiibner in the Verzeichniss, was based entirely upon bibliographical references. The first of these was a reference to figs A—D on plate 318 in volume 4 of Stoll’s continuation of Cramer’s Uitl. Kapellen. The specimen figured as fig. A on the above plate has been selected by myself (1964, Annot. lep. (3) : 107) as to represent the lectotype of the nominal species Priamides hipponous Hiibner. The specimens figured on the plate referred to above were misidentified by Stoll as Papilio anchises Linnaeus, 1758. This mistake was noted by Esper in 1788 (Die ausldand. Schmett. (4) : 53, pl. 13, figs 1, 2), when that author established a new nominal species to which he gave the name Papilio anchisiades, basing that nominal species partly upon a description and figures and partly upon two bibliographical references, of which the first was to the figures on Stoll’s plate 318 referred to above. From these syntypes I have selected (1964 (Annot. lep. (3) : 107)) the specimen figured as fig. 1 on Stoll’s plate 318 to represent the lectotype of Papilio anchisiades Esper. By this second lectotype-selection the nominal species Priamides hipponous Hiibner and Papilio anchisiades Esper became objectively identical with one another. The name Papilio anchisiades Esper, having priority over Priamides hipponous Hiibner, became in this way the oldest available name objectively applicable to the species in question. PRIAMOPTERA Rippon, [1890], Icon. Ovnith. 1:4. Type-species by original designation : Ornithoptera croesus Wallace, [June 1859], Proc. ent. Soc. Lond. (2) 5 : 70. In the same volume (: 32) Rippon designated the nominal species Papilio lydius Felder (C.) & Felder (R.), [1864] (Reise Fregatte ‘‘ Novava”’ (1) : 9, figs a, b) as the type-species. This designation was made on some unknown date between 1890 and 1896 ; it accordingly ranks for priority only from 1896 and is invalid, being later than Rippon’s selection in 1890 of Ornithoptera croesus Wallace as type-species. The taxon represented by the nominal species Ovnithoptera croesus Wallace is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as being a subspecies of the taxon represented by the older-established nominal species Papilio priamus Linnaeus, 1758 (Syst. Nat. (ed. ro) 1 : 458). PRIAMUSPTERA Rippon, [1890], Icon. Ornith.1 : pl. 12, pl. 15, pl. A (an Incorrect Original Spelling of Priamoptera Rippon, [1890}). GENERIC NAMES OF BUTTERFLIES 377 Rippon himself corrected the misspelling Priamusptera to the spelling Priamoptera in 1898 (loc. cit. 1 : Errata (1), (2)), thus himself being the First Reviser in this case. PRINCEPS Hiibner, [1806], Tentamen : [1]. Type-species by monotypy : Papilio machaon Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 462. The name Princeps Hiibner, as of the Tentamen, is invalid, owing to the fact that the leaflet in which it was published has been rejected for nomenclatorial purposes by the Commission by the Ruling given in its Opinion 97. Even if this name were not invalid for this reason, it would nevertheless have been invalid as a junior objective synonym of the name Papilio Linnaeus, 1758. In 1954 this name was placed by the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology as Name No. 83. PRINCEPS Hiibner, [1807], Sammil. exot. Schmett. 1 : pl. [116]. Type-species by designation by the Commission under its Plenary Powers under Article 70(a) (mjsidentified type-species) : Papilio demodocus Esper, [1798], Ausl. Schmett. (14) : 205, pl. 51, fig. 1. When by the ruling given in Opinion 97 the Commission rejected the leaflet entitled the Tentamen of Hiibner ([1806]) for nomenclatorial purposes and thus rejected, inter alia, the generic name Princeps Hiibner, as published in that leaflet, it became necessary to ascertain by whom, when and where the name Princeps was first validly published. It was found that the work concerned was Hiibner’s Samm. exot. Schmett., in the first volume of which it was applied to the species figured on plates [106] to [134]. The information provided by the discovery of the Hiibner manuscripts shows (Hemming, 1937, Hiibney 1 : 403-404) that these plates were published on various dates between 1807 and 1818, that two only were published in 1807, and that of these (pls [114], [116]) pl. [116] was published slightly before pl. [114]. The only species figured on pl. [116] appeared under the name Princeps demoleas (which, as will be seen below, was a misprint for demoleus). That species thus became the type-species by monotypy. On the foregoing basis the genus Princeps became a genus based on a misidentified type- species. The mistake in question originated not with Hiibner but with Linnaeus, by whom the name Papilio demoleus was first published. What happened was that in 1758 (Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 464) Linnaeus described a well-known Oriental (and East-Palaearctic) species, but unfortunately in 1764 (Mus. Lud. Uly. : 214) misidentified with that species a rather similar species widely distributed in tropical Africa, to which he then applied the name demoleus of 1757. The African species remained without a name of its own until it was given the name Papilio demodocus by Esper in 1798. The mistake made by Linnaeus in 1764 long remained undetected, being copied from one author to another, being made, for example, by Kirby as late as 1871 (Syn. Cat. diurn. Lep. : 543). Among the authors who copied the mistake made by Linnaeus in 1764 was Hiibner in the Sammi. exot. Schmett., whose figures on pl. [116] clearly depict the African species, i.e. the false demolews Linnaeus of 1764 and not the Asiatic species to which the specific name demoleus of 1758 properly belongs. In order to rectify Hiibner’s mistake and thus to connect his genus Princeps with the type- species corresponding with Hiibner’s intention when he applied the name Princeps demoleus to the species shown on his pl. [116], a request was submitted to the Commission in 1935, asking that the Plenary Powers should be used to designate Papilio demodocus Esper, [1798], to be the type-species of Pvinceps Hiibner. This request was approved by the Commission, which embodied its decision in Opinion 179, published in 1946 (Opin. int. Comm. zool. Nom. 2 : 557-568). In this Opinion the Commission designated under its Plenary Powers the nominal species Papilio demodocus Esper to be the type-species of Pyinceps Hubner and also of Orpheides Hiibner, [1819], of which, as has already been explained, the same misidentified species was the type-species, these two generic names being objective synonyms of one another. The name Princeps Hiibner is an available name, but is not currently in use, its type-species being one of the vast assemblage of species commonly referred to the genus Papilio Linnaeus, 1758. That genus is long overdue for revision, and, in order not to appear to prejudge the status of the name Princeps whenever a comprehensive revision of the genus Papilio might 378 FRANCIS HEMMING be undertaken, the Commission by a Ruling given in its Direction 2, published in 1954 (loc. cit. 2 : 613-628) placed the name Princeps Hiibner on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology as Name No. 760, subject to an endorsement that it was so placed on that List for use by any specialist who might take the taxonomic view that Papilio demodocus Esper, the type-species of this genus, was not congeneric with Papilio machaon Linnaeus, 1758, the type- species of Papilio Linnaeus, 1758. In the same Direction the specific name demodocus Esper, was published in the binomen Papilio demodocus was placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology as Name No. rot. PRIONERIS Wallace, 1867, Tvans. ent. Soc. Lond. (3) 4 : 383. Type-species by selection by Butler (1870, Cistula ent. 1 : 39) : Pieris thestylis Doubleday, 1842, Zool. Miscell. (Gray) (5) : 76. PROACIDALIA Reuss, 1926, Deuts. ent. Z. 1926 (1) : 69. Type-species by original desig- nation : Argynnis clara Blanchard, 1844, in Jacquemont, Voy. Inde 4 (Zool.) : 20, pl. 2, figSi2 3". PROBLEMA Skinner & Williams, 1924, Trans. amer. ent. Soc. 50:62. Type-species by original designation : Pamphila byssus Edwards, 1880, Canad. Ent. 12 : 224. PROBOSCIS Thieme, 1907, Berl. ent. Z. 51 (2) : 168. Type-species by original designation : Pronophila propylea Hewitson, [1857], I/l. exot. Butts 2 : [80], pl. [40], figs 5, 6. PROCAMPTA Holland, 1892, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (6) 10 : 293 et nota. Type-species by original designation : Procampta rara Holland, 1892, ibid. (6) 10 : 294. PROCLOSSIANA Reuss, 1926, Deuts. ent. Z. 1926 (1) : 69. Type-species by original desig- nation : Papilio aphirape Hiibner, [1799-1800], Sammi. europ. Schmett. : pl. Pap. 5, figs 23, 24 d, 25 &. The taxon represented by the nominal species Papilio aphivape Hiibner is currently identi- fied subjectively with that represented by the older-established nominal species Papilio eunomia Esper, [1799] (Die Schmett., Suppl. Band 1 Abschn. Tagschmett. : 94, pl. 110, fig. 5 d). PROCRIS Herrich-Schaeffer, 1864, CorvvespBl. zool.-min. Ver. Regensburg 18: 111 [repaged offprint as Prodvomus 2 : 23]. Type-species by subsequent tautonymy : Papilio procris Cramer, [1777], Uitl. Kapellen 2 (9) : 15, pl. 106, figs E, F. This nominal genus was established in a synopsis of genera of the family Nymphalidae by Herrich-Schaeffer, who placed it between Heterochvoa and Adelpha ; no species were cited for the genera listed in this synopsis. In the following year (1865, ibid. 19 : 76 [offprint as Prodromus 1 : 66]) Herrich-Schaeffer dealt in detail with the genera included in his earlier synopsis, citing species for each. When however he reached the point where on the basis of his earlier synopsis it might have been expected that he would deal with his own genus Procris, he omitted that name altogether, citing in its place the name Acca Hiibner which had not appeared in his previous synopsis, but which he thus now clearly regarded as a senior synonym of his Procris ; he cited as belonging to Acca the nominal species Papilio procris Cramer, which would have been the type-species of Procris, if Herrich-Schaeffer had not silently dropped that name. The first subsequent author to deal with this generic name was Scudder (1875, Proc. amey. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10 : 257), who rejected it on the ground that its name was tautonymous with the specific name of its type-species, i.e. Papilio procris Cramer. Scudder was mistaken in regarding tautonymy as a ground for rejecting a generic name, but this does not detract from the fact that on this occasion he was the first author to place a nominal species in this genus, and, as one of the included species was Papilio procris Cramer, that species automatically became the type-species by subsequent tautonymy. The name Pyvocrvis Herrich-Schaeffer is invalid, as it is a junior homonym of Procris Fabricius, 1807 (Mag. f. Insektenk. (Illiger) 6 : 289) and also of Procris Hiibner, [1819] (Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (8) : 119). Later, Moore made the type-species of Procyis Herrich-Schaeffer the type-species of a new genus to which he gave the name Moduza [1881], Lep. Ceylon 1 (2) : 47. GENERIC NAMES OF BUTTERFLIES 379 PRODRYAS Scudder, 1878, Bull. U.S. geol. geogy. Survey 4: 520. Type-species by mono- typy : Prodryas persephone Scudder, 1878, ibid. 4 : 524. Scudder established this genus for a fossil butterfly obtained in the Tertiary deposits of Florissant, Colorado. He attributed this genus to the family Nymphalidae. This was the first fossil butterfly to be found in America. PRODRYAS Reuss, 1926, Deuts. ent. Z. 1926 (1) : 66. Type-species by original designation : Argynnis kamala Moore, 1857, in Horsfield & Moore, Cat. lep. Ins. Mus. East India Coy (mr: 256. The name Prodryas Reuss is invalid, as it is a junior homonym of Prodryas Scudder, 1878 (Bull. U.S. geol. geogry. Survey 4 : 530). It has been replaced by the name Protodryas Reuss, 1928. PROFABRICIANA Reuss, 1926, Deuts. ent. Z. 1926 (1) : 70. .Type-species by original designation : Argynnis jainadeva Moore, [1864], in Lang, Ent. mon. Mag. 1 : 131. PROKUEKENTHALIELLA Reuss, [1927], Deuts. ent. Z. 1926 (5) : 435. Type-species by original designation : Argynnis excelsior Butler, [April 1896], Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1895 (4) : 729, pl. 42, fig. 4. When this generic name was first published, it was printed with an umlaut over the vowel in the second syllable, appearing therefore as Pyoktikenthaliella. This has been corrected by the insertion of the letter ‘‘e’’ and the omission of the umlaut, in accordance with the provisions of the present revised Code (Article 32(c)(i)). PROLIBYTHEA Scudder, 1889, Ann. Rep. U.S. geol. Survey 8 (1) : 461. Type-species by monotypy : Prolibythea vagabunda Scudder, 1880, ibid. 8 (1) : 465, pl. 53, figs 4-9. Scudder established this genus for a fossil butterfly obtained in the Tertiary deposits of Florissant, Colorado. He attributed this genus to the family Libytheidae. PROMETHEUS Hiibner, [1824], Samml. exot. Schmett. 2 : pl. [143]. Type-species by mono- typy : Prometheus casmilus Hiibner, [1824], ibid. 2 : pl. [143]. Hiibner treated this as a genus of butterflies. It is however a Castniid moth. PRONOPHILA Doubleday, [Aug. 1849], Gen. diurn. Lep. (2) : pl. 60, figs 1, 2, 3. Type- species by selection by Butler (1867, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (3) 20 : 266) : Pronophila thelebe Doubleday, [Aug. 1849], ibid. (2) : pl. 60, fig. 3 [text (loc. cit. (2) : 358) by Westwood pub- lished in March 1851]. PROPERTIUS Evans, 1955, Cat. amer. Hesp. Brit. Mus. 4 : 303, 378. Type-species by original designation : Hesperia propertius Fabricius, 1793, Ent. syst. 3 (1) : 325. PROSOPALPUS Holland, 1896, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1896 : 53. Type-species by original designation : Cobalus duplex Mabille, 1889, Ann. Soc. ent. Fr. (6) 9, Bull. : clxix. The taxon represented by the nominal species Cobalus duplex Mabille is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as being the same as that represented by the older- established nominal species A paustus debilis Plétz, 1879 (Stett. ent. Ztg 40 : 360). PROSOTAS Druce, 1891, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1891 : 366. Type-species by original desig- nation : Prosotas caliginosa Druce, 1891, ibid. 1891 : 366, pl. 31, fig. 15. The taxon represented by the nominal species Pyosotas caliginosa Druce is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as being a subspecies of the taxon represented by the older-established nominal species Lycaena nova Felder (C.), 1860, S. B. Akad. Wiss. Wien 40 : 458. To avoid the risk of misunderstanding, it should be noted that by inadvertence the name Prosotas was attributed to Toxopeus instead of to Druce by Evans in 1932 (Ident. Ind. Butts (ed: 2) = 20n). PROTANTIGIUS Shirézu & Yamamoto, 1956, Sieboldia 1 (4) : 339, 357. Type-species by original designation : Drina superans Oberthur, 1914, Etud. Lépid. comp. 9 (2) : 54-55, pl. 255, figs 2155 9, 2156 d. 380 FRANCIS HEMMING PROTEIDES Hibner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (7) : 105. Type-species by selection by Butler (1870, Ent. mon. Mag. 7 : 93) : Papilio mercurius Fabricius, 1787, Mantissa Ins. 2 : 86. The type-species of this genus was formerly known subjectively by the older name Papilio idas Cramer, [1779] (Uztl. Kapellen 3 (22) : 118), but that name is invalid, as it is a junior homonym of Papilio idas Linnaeus, 1761 (Faun. svec. (ed. 2) : 284) [a name validated by the Commission when in Opinion 269 it suppressed the earlier name Papilio idas Linnaeus, 1758]. PROTESILAUS Swainson, [1832], Zool. Illusty. (2) 2: pl. 93. Type-species by original designation : Papilio protesilaus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 463. PROTHOE Hiibner, [1824], Sammi. exot. Schmett. 2 : pl. [54]. Type-species by monotypy ; Prothoe franckii Hiibner, [1824], zbid. 2 : pl. [54]. PROTIALMENUS Waterhouse & Lyell, [1914], Butts Australia : 7, 126, 129. Type-species by original designation (: 129) : Ialmenus ictinus Hewitson, [1865], Ill. diurn. Lep., Lycaenidae 1 (text) : 54 ; 2 (plates) : pl. 24, figs 7, 8 g, 6 9. PROTODRYAS Reuss, 1928, Int. ent. Z.22 : 146. Type-species through Section (i) (replace- ment names) of Article 67: Argynnis kamala Moore, 1857, im Horsfield & Moore, Cat. lep. Ins. Mus. East India Coy (1) : 156. The name Pyotodvyas was introduced to replace the name Prodvyas Reuss, 1926, which is invalid under the Law of Homonymy. PROTOGENES Mabille & Boullet, 1912, Ann. Sci. nat., Paris, Zool. (9) 16:92. Type- species by selection by Lindsey (1925, Ann. ent. Soc. Amer. 18 : 98) : Eudamus extrusus Felder (C.) & Felder (R.), [1867], Reise Fregatte ‘Novara’, Lep. Rhop. (3) : 510, pl. 72, Se Use tA The name Protogenes Mabille & Boullet is invalid, as it is a junior homonym of Protogenes Hackel, 1865 (Z. wiss. Zool. 15 : 360) and also of Protogenes Saalmiiller, 1884 (Lep. Madagascar (1) : 240). It was replaced by Lindsey in 1925 by the name Viasta, but that name is itself invalid under the Law of Homonymy. It has since been replaced by the name Rachelia Hemming, 1964. PROTOGONIOMORPHA Wallengren, 1857, K. svenska VetenskAkad. Handl., Stockholm (n.f.) 2 (1) (No. 4) : 23. Type-species by monotypy : Papilio anacardii Linnaeus, 1858, Sys. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 467. PROTOGONIUS Hiibner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (7) : 100. Type-species by mono- typy : Papilio fabius Cramer, [1776], Uitl. Kapellen 1 (8) : 141, pl. go, figs C, D. The name Pvotogonius Hiibner is invalid, as it is a junior objective synonym of Consul Hubner, [1807]. PROTOGRAPHIUM Munroe, 1961, Canad. Ent., Suppl. 17 : 18. Type-species by original designation : Papilio leosthenes Doubleday, 1846, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. 18 : 372. PRUSIANA Evans, 1937, Entomologist 70: 38. Type-species by original designation : Pamphila prusias Felder (C.), 1861, S.B. Akad. Wiss. Wien 43 : 44. PSADILOPTERIS Stichel, 1930, im Strand’s Lep. Cat. 41 : 675 (an Incorrect Subsequent Spelling of Psalidopteris Hiibner, [1823)]). PSALIDOPTERIS Hiibner, [1823], Zutr. z. Samml. exot. Schmett. 2:17. Type-species by selection by Scudder (1875, Proc. amey. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10 : 258) : Psalidopteris nycha Hiibner, [1823], ibid. 2 : 17, pl. (49), figs 279, 280. Scudder overlooked the fact that Hiibner had placed two species in this genus and accord- ingly stated that the above was the type-species by monotypy. This misconception of Scudder’s does not however invalidate his action in this matter (Article 69(a) (iii). The taxon represented by the nominal species Psalidopteris nycha Hiibner is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as being the same as that represented by the older-established nominal species Hesperia thucydides Fabricius, 1793, Ent. syst. 3 (1) - 323. GENERIC NAMES OF BUTTERFLIES 381 PSELNA Billberg, 1820, Enum. Ins. Mus. Billb.: 77. Type-species through Section (i) (replacement names) of Article 67 : Papilio piera Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 465. The name Pselna Billberg is invalid as a junior objective synonym of Haeteyva Fabricius, 1807, as a replacement of which it was introduced entirely unnecessarily. PSEUDACRAEA Westwood, [Sept. 1850], 7x Doubleday, Gen. diurn. Lep. (2) : 281. Type- species by selection by Scudder (1875, Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10 : 258) : Papilio hirce Drury, [1782], ll. nat. Hist. 3 : index et 37, pl. 28, figs. 3, 4. The taxon represented by the nominal species Papilio hirce Drury is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as being the same as that represented by the older- established nominal species Papilio eurytus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. ro) 1 : 487. PSEUDALETIS Druce, 1888, Ent. mon. Mag. 24 : 259. Type-species by original designation: Pseudaletis agrippina Druce, 1888, ibid. 24 : 259. : PSEUDALMENUS Druce, 1902, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1902 (vol. 2) (1) : 116. Type-species by original designation : Ialmenus myrsilus Westwood, [Dec. 1851], in Doubleday, Gen. diurn. Lep. (2) : pl. 75, fig. 3 [text (ibid. (2) : 487), where treated as a Thecla species, published in April 1852]. PSEUDAMATHUSIA Honrath, 1886, CorrespBl. ent. Ver. Iris 1 (3) : 91. Type-species by monotypy : Pseudamathusia ribbei Honrath, 1886, zbid. 1 (3) : 91, pl. 3, fig. 1. The taxon represented by the nominal species Pseudamathusia ribbei Honrath is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as being the same as that represented by the older-established nominal species Amathusia virgata Butler, 1870 (Trans. ent. Soc. Lond. 1870 : 486). PSEUDANAPHAEIS Bernardi, 1953, Rev. franc. Ent. 20 (1) : 50. Type-species by original designation : Pieris gidica Godart, [1819], Ency. méth. 9 (Ins.) (1) : 131. PSEUDARGYNNIS Karsch, 1892, Ent. Nachy. 18 (11/12) : 173. Type-species by mono- typy : Jaera duodecimpunctata Snellen, 1872, Tijdschr. Ent. (2) 7: 15, pl. 1, figs 1-3. The taxon represented by the nominal species Jaeva duodecimpunctata Snellen is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as being the same as that represented by the older-established nominal species Argynnis hegemone Godart, [1819], Ency. méth. 9 (Ins.) (1) : 258. PSEUDATHYMA Staudinger, 1891, /vis4(1): 90. Type-species by monotypy : Pseudacraea sibyllina Staudinger, 1890, loc. cit. 3 : 338, pl. 3, fig. 8. PSEUDERCHIA Kirby, 1892, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het. 1: 410. Type-species through Section (i) (replacement names) of Article 67 : Erchia extranea Walker, 1854, List Spec. lep. Ins. Brit. Mus. 2 : 357. The taxon represented by the nominal species Erchia extranea Walker together with its generic name Eychia Walker, was (as explained in the note on that generic name) completely overlooked until recently. This was due mainly to the fact that Walker, the author of these names, and Kirby, the author of the replacement name Pseuderchia, erroneously believed that the taxon Eychia extranea was a moth, whereas it is in fact a Riodinid butterfly. It is now subjectively identified with the taxon represented by the older-established nominal species Limnas barca Hewitson, [1853]. The name Pseuderchia was introduced as a replacement for Evchia Walker, 1854, which is invalid under the Law of Homonymy. PSEUDERESIA Butler, 1874, Tvans. ent. Soc. Lond. 1874 : 532. Type-species by original designation : Pseuderesia catharina Butler, 1874, ibid. 1874 : 532, pl. 11, figs 4, 5. The taxon represented by the nominal species Pseuderesia cathavina Butler is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as being the same as that represented by the older-established nominal species Pentila eleaza Hewitson, [1873] (Jil. evot. Butts 5 : [86], pl. [45], figs rz, 12 3). 382 FRANCIS HEMMING PSEUDERGOLIS Felder (C.) & Felder (R.), [1867], Reise Fregatte ‘““ Novara’’, Lep. Rhop. (3) : 404. Type-species by monotypy : Pseudergolis avesta Felder (C.) & Felder (R.), [1867], zbid. (3) : 404. PSEUDIOLAUS Riley, 1928, Novit. zool. 34 : 392. Type-species by original designation : Pseudiolaus poultoni Riley, 1928, ibid. 34 : 392. PSEUDOARICIA Beuret, 1959, Mitt. ent. Ges. Basel (N.F.) 9 : 84. Type-species by original designation : Polyommatus nicias Meigen, 1829, Syst. Beschy. europ. Schmett. 2 (1) : 10, pl. 45, figs 3A, B g. PSEUDOCAPYS Murray, 1935, S. African Butterflies : 106. Type-species by original designation : Papilio thero Linnaeus, 1764, Mus. Lud. Ulr. : 328. The taxon represented by the nominal species Papilio thevo Linnaeus is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as the same as Papilio salmoneus Stoll, [1781], the type- species of Phasis Hiibner [1819], of which genus Pseudocapys is therefore a junior subjective synonym. PSEUDOCHAZARA de Lesse, 1951, Rev. franc. Lépid. 13 (3/4) : 42. Type-species by original designation : Hipparchia pelopea Klug, 1832, 7m Ehrenberg, Symbolae physic., Ins. 3, sign. K : 1, pl. 29, figs 5, 6 3, 7, 8 9. PSEUDOCHLIARIA Tytler, 1915, J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc. 24 (1) : 139. Type-species by original designation : Pseudochliaria virgoides Tytler, 1915, ibid. 24 (1) : 139, pl. 3, fig. 26 g. The taxon represented by the nominal species Pseudochliaria virgoides Tytler is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as being the same as that represented by the older-established nominal species Hypolycaena virgo Elwes, 1887 (Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1887 : 446). PSEUDOCHRYSOPS Nabokov, 1945, Psyche 52:12. Type-species by original desig- nation : Hemiargus bornoi Comstock & Huntington, 1943, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 45: 102-104, pl. I, figs 18, 19 9. PSEUDOCOLADENIA Shirozu & Saigusa, 1962, Nature Life Southeast Asia 2: 26. Type- species by original designation : Coladenia dan fabia Evans, 1949, Cat. Hesp. Europe Asia Australia Brit. Mus. : 113. The taxon which Evans had named fabia and which he had described as a subspecies of Coladenia dan (Fabricius, 1787) was raised to full specific rank by Shirozu & Saigusa in the paper cited above. PSEUDOCOPAEDES Skinner & Williams, 1923, Tvans. amey. ent. Soc. 49: 137. Type- species by original designation : Copaedes eunus Edwards, 1881, Papilio 1 : 47. PSEUDODIPSAS Felder (C.) & Felder (R.), 1860, Wien. ent. Monats. 4 : 243. Type-species by monotypy : Thecla (Pseudodipsas) eone Felder (C.) & Felder (R.), 1860, zbid. 4 : 243. PSEUDOHAETERA Brown, 1942, J. N. Y. ent. Soc. 50: 330. Type-species by original designation : Haetera hypaesia Hewitson, 1854, Tvans. ent. Soc. Lond. (2) 2 : 247, pl. 23, fig. 2. PSEUDOHUPHINA Stoneham, 1940, Bull. Stoneham Mus., Kitale, No. 40: 4. Type-species by original designation : Pieris raffrayi Oberthur, 1878, Etud. ent. 3 : 17, pl. 1, fig. 3. PSEUDOHYPOLIMNAS Moore, [1898], Lep. ind. 3 (32) : 146. Type-species by original designation : Athyma punctata Leech, 1890, Entomologist 23 : 33. When establishing this genus, Moore designated its type-species but did not provide a generic diagnosis. This deficiency was made good later in the same year [1898], Joc. cit. 3 (34) : 208. PSEUDOLIPTENA Stempffer, 1946, Rev. franc. Ent. 13:8. Type-species by original designation : Pseudoliptena bitje Stempffer, 1946, zbid. 13 : 9, pl. 1, fig. 12 (ups. & unds.), text-figs 1 (venation), 2 (gf genit.). GENERIC NAMES OF BUTTERFLIES 383 As explained in a note prepared by myself in conjunction with M. H. Stempffer (1963, Entomologist 96 : 292-293) it later transpired that the holotype and sole known specimen of the nominal species Pseudoliptena bitje (now preserved in the Hope Department of En- tomology, Oxford University) was an entirely artificial species, having no counterpart in nature. In his original description Stempffer had remarked that in general appearance and wing-pattern this specimen showed similarities with the Tetrarhanids but that the genitalia resembled those in Liptena ; he added that the characters of the venation were unique among the Liptenines. The presence of this strange amalgam of characters was fully explained when it transpired that at some stage a Liptenine abdomen had been gummed on to the specimen in question in an ill-judged attempt, apparently, to repair that specimen after its abdomen had become detached. Following this discovery, the holotype of this nominal species was re-examined by M. Stempffer who concluded (a) that the thorax and wings of this specimen (which was in bad condition) belonged to a species of the genus Anthene Doubleday, 1847, which he identified as being probably Anthene lachaves Hewitson, [1878] (i.e. Lycenesthes lachares Hewitson, [1878], Ill. diurn. Lep., Lycaenidae 1 : 225 ; ibid. 2: pl. gt, figs. 33, 34) but (b) the abdomen from which the preparation of the genitalia had been made had been taken from a specimen of Liptena modesta Kirby, 1890 (Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (6) 6: 270). Thus, on the basis of current ideas the name Pseudoliptena bitje Stempffer, 1946, is a junior subjective synonym of Lycaenesthes lacheres Hewitson, [1878], and Pseudoliptena Stempffer a junior subjective synonym of Anthene Doubleday, 1847. PSEUDOLUCIA Nabokov, 1945, Psyche 52 : 32. Type-species by original designation : Lycaena chilensis Blanchard, [1852], in Gay, Hist. nat. fis. Chile, Zool. 7 : 37, pl. 3, figs 4a, 4b. PSEUDOLYCAENA Wvallengren, 1858, Ofvers. VetenskAkad. Forh., Stockh. 15 : 80. Type- species by original designation : Papilio marsyas Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 482. PSEUDOMANIOLA Weymer, 1890, in Weymer & Maassen, in Reiss & Stiibel, Reisen Sud.- Amer., Lep. : 107. Type-species by selection by Hemming (1943, Proc. R. ent. Soc. Lond. (B) 12 : 25) : Pseudomaniola euripides Weymer, 1890, in Weymer & Maassen, im Reiss & Stiibel, ibid., Lep. : 108, pl. 3, fig. ro. PSEUDOMANIOLA Rober, [1892], in Schatz, in Staudinger & Schatz, Evot. Schmett. Bd 1 (Th. 2) (5) : 222. Type-species by selection by Hemming (1943, Proc. R. ent. Soc. Lond. (B) 12 : 23-24) : Daedalma pholoe Staudinger, [1887], in Staudinger & Schatz, loc. cit. Bd 1 (Th. 1) : 234; ibid. Bd 2: pl. 84. The name Pseudomaniola Rober is invalid, as being a junior homonym of Pseudomaniola Weymer, 1890. This was quickly recognized by Réber who in a footnote to the last page of the index (: 284) replaced the name Pseudomaniola just published by himself (: 222) by the replacement name Catargynnis. PSEUDOMECHANITIS Rober, 1930, Ent. Z. 44 : 20. Type-species through Section (a) (i) (nov. gen.) of Article 68 : Pseudomechanitis paradoxa Rober, ibid. 44 : 20, text-fig. For over ten years it proved impossible to interpret this genus, but in 1941 (Ent. News 52 : 276-277) Forbes showed that the taxon represented by its type-species, Pseudomechanitis paradoxa Rober was the same as that represented by the older-established nominal species Ceratinia limpida Haensch, 1905 (Berl. ent. L. 50 (1/2) : 155). On this basis the name Pseudomechanitis Rober thus became a junior subjective synonym of Hypothyris Hiibner, 1821. PSEUDOMYLOTHRIS Neustetter, 1929, Int. ent. Z.23 : 191. Type-species by monotypy : Mylothris leonora Kriiger, 1928, Joc. cit. 22 : 21. PSEUDOMYRINA Druce, 1895, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1895 : 605. Type-species by original designation : Myrina martina Hewitson, [1869], J//. diurn. Lep., Lycaenidae 1 (text) Suppl. : 3 ; ibid. 2 (plates) Suppl. : suppl. pl. 2, figs 70, 71 d. 384 FRANCIS HEMMING PSEUDONACADUBA Stempffer, 1942, Ann. Soc. ent. Fy. 111: 130. Type-species by original designation : Lycaena aethiops Mabille, 1877, Bull. Soc. zool. Fr. 1877 : 219. PSEUDONEPTIS Snellen, 1882, Tijdschy. Ent. 25: 221. Type-species by monotypy : Papilio coenobita Fabricius, 1793, Ent. syst. 3 (1) : 247. The name Papilio coenobita Fabricius for the type-species of this genus is invalid, for it is a junior homonym of Papilio coenobita Cramer, [1780] (Uitl. Kapellen 4 (25) : 15, pl. 296, figs C, D). I have provided (1964, Annot. lep. (4) : 144) the replacement name Pseudoneptis tanthe. PSEUDONICA Kirby, [1901], in Wytsman’s facsimile ed., Hiibner, Sammi. exot. Schmett. 3 (Additional Notes) : 28. Type-species through Section (i) (replacement names) of Article 67 : Nica flavilla Hiibner, [1826], Samml. exot. Schmett. 2 : pl. [17]. Kirby introduced the name Pseudonica as a replacement for Nica Hiibner, [1826], which he rejected on the ground that it was invalid as being a junior homonym of Nika Risso, 1816 (Hist. nat. Crust. : 84). The question of the criteria to be adopted for determining whether any two generic names were homonyms of one another was a matter of doubt, both when Kirby published this replacement, which was more than thirty years before the Inter- national Code of Berlin (1901), and also after the promulgation of that Code, until its revision by the London Congress in 1958. In the revised Code now in force it is provided (Article 56(a)) that any two generic names are not to be treated as homonyms of one another if they differ in spelling by a single letter. In consequence, (a) Nica Hiibner and Nika Risso are not homonyms of one another, (b) Nica is not invalid under the Law of Homonymy, and (c) being, an available name is not in need of replacement. Accordingly, the replacement name Pseudonica Kirby is invalid, as a junior objective synonym of Nica Hiibner. PSEUDONOTIS Druce, 1894, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (6) 13 : 252. Type-species by original designation : Myrina antipha Hewitson, [1869], Jil. diurn. Lep., Lycaenidae 1 (text) Suppl. : 7; tbid. 2 (plates) Suppl. : suppl. pl. 6, figs 92, 93 g, 91 Q. The name Pseudonotis Druce is invalid, as it is a junior objective synonym of Hypochlorosis Réber, [1892]. PSEUDONYMPHA Wallengren, 1857, K. svenska VetenskAkad. Handl., Stockholm (n.f.) 2 (1) (No. 4) : 31. Type-species by selection by Butler, Feb. 1868, Ent. mon. Mag. 4: 194: Papilio hippia Cramer, [1779], Uitl. Kapellen 3 (19) : 48, pl. 222, figs C, D. PSEUDOPHELES Bates, 1867, Trans. ent. Soc. Lond. (3) 5: 544. Type-species by mono- typy : Pseudopheles sericina Bates, 1867, ibid. (3) 5 : 544. PSEUDOPHILOTES Beuret, 1958, Mitt. ent. Ges. Basel (n.f.) 8 (6) : 100. Type-species by original designation : Papilio baton Bergstrasser, [1779], Nom. Ins.. 3: 18, pl. 60, figs ONS At Se The taxon represented by the nominal species Papilio baton Bergstrasser is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as being the same as that represented by the nominal species Papilio hylactey Bergstrasser, [1779] (loc. cit. 2: 78, pl. 47, figs 7, 8 3). Although these names were published in the same year by the same author, the First Reviser principle cannot be applied in this case, for the fact that the name Papilio hylactory was published in vol. 2 of the Nom. Ins., whereas the name Papilio baton was not published until vol. 3 makes it clear that that name has actual priority over the name Papilio baton. PSEUDOPIERIS Godman & Salvin, [1890], Biol. centy.-amery., Lep. Rhop. 2: 187. Type- species by monotypy: Pieris nehemia Boisduval, [1836], (Roret’s Suite a Buffon), Hist. nat. Ins., Spec. gén. Lépid. 1 : 528. PSEUDOPONTIA Pl6tz, Sept. 1870, Stett. ent. Zig 31 : 348. Type-species by monotypy : Pseudopontia calabarica Pl6tz, 1870, ibid. 31 : 348, pl. 2, figs raf. The taxon represented by the nominal species Pseudopontia calabarica Plotz is currently treated subjectively as representing the same taxon as that represented by the older- GENERIC NAMES OF BUTTERFLIES 385 established nominal species Globiceps pavadoxa Felder (C.) & Felder (R.), 1869 (Petites Nouvelles ent. 1 (8) : [31)). In addition to being the type-species of Globiceps Felder (C.) & Felder (R.), 1869, the name of which is invalid under the Law of Homonymy, the nominal species Globiceps payvadoxa is the type-species of the replacement genus Gonophlebia Felder (R.), June 1870 (Petites Nouvelles ent. 2 (24) : 95). Thus, the names Gonophlebia and Pseudopontia are subjective synonyms of one another, the nominal species which are the respective type-species of these genera being considered to represent the same taxon. Both these names were published in 1870, Gonophlebia in June and Pseudopontia in September. Under the Law of Priority therefore Pseudopontia should be sunk as a junior subjective synonym of Gonophlebia. There would however be strong objections to the adoption of this course. For, whereas the name Gonophlebia is virtually unknown, the name Pseudopontia is in universal use for this isolated genus. It has moreover been taken as the base for the family-group name Pseudopontiinae which was established for this genus by Reuter as long ago as 1897. In these circumstances, an application has been submitted to the Commission for the suppression of the name Gonophlebia Felder (R.) in the interests of nomenclatorial stability, thus making its junior subjective synonym Pseudopontia Plotz, the oldest available name for the genus here in question. In accordance with the provisions of Article 80, the existing usage of Pseudopontia as the name for this genus is here maintained, pending the publication of the decision of the Commission on the application referred to above. PSEUDORATHORA Reuss, 1926, Deuts. ent. Z. 1926 (1) : 68. Type-species by monotypy : Rathora isaeae [sic] f. geogr. isaeoides Reuss, 1925, Jvis 39 (4) : 218. Reuss placed in this genus two nominal species, the above and also what he called “‘ isaeea Doubleday ”’ (i.e. Argynnis issaea [sic] Doubleday, [1848], Gen. diurn. Lep. (1) : 174). This name was attributed by Doubleday to Gray by whom it had been published in a slightly different spelling in 1846 (Argynnis isaeea Gray, 1846, Descr. Lepid. Ins. Nepal : 11). Both as published by Gray and as republished two years later by Doubleday, this name was a nomen nudum. So also it was when next republished, this time by Moore in 1857 (im Hors- field & Moore, Cat. lep. Ins. Mus. East India Coy. 1 : 156). Unfortunately, this name has been accepted by all subsequent authors as having been first validly published by one or other of the above authors. It is still far from clear by whom, when and where it was first validly published with a description or indication. This latter point is not of direct import- ance in the present connection, for, as will be seen from the foregoing particulars, the name “isaeea Doubleday ”’ cited by Reuss as the name of one of the species regarded by him as belonging to his new genus Pseudorathora was a nomen nudum and in consequence cannot be taken into consideration for selection as the type-species of this genus. Accordingly, Rathora isaeae (sic] f. geogr. isaeoides Reuss, 1926, was the sole duly established nominal taxon cited by Reuss as belonging to the genus Pseudorathora and is therefore its type-species by monotypy. By way of explanation, it should be added that in the paper of 1926 (: 68) in which the name Pseudorathova was published, Reuss gave structural reasons for the view that the taxon to which in the previous year he had given the species-group name isaeotdes should be treated as a distinct species and not as a geographical form of isaea. PSEUDOSARBIA Berg, 1897, An. Mus. nac. Buenos Aives 5 : 256. Type-species by mono- typy : Pseudosarbia phoenicicola Berg, 1897, ibid. 5 : 256 et Errata. The specific name of the type-species was misspelled phoenicola in the main text, but this was corrected to phoenicicola in the Errata published in the same Part of the above serial. PSEUDOSCADA Godman & Salvin, [1879], Biol. centy.-amey., Lep. Rhop. 1:55. Type- species by original designation : Ithomia pusio Godman & Salvin, 1877, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1877 : 61. The taxon represented by the nominal species [thomia pusio Godman & Salvin is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as being the same as that represented by the older-established nominal species Ithomia utilla Hewitson, [1856] (l/l. evot. Butts 1 : [51], pl. [26], fig. ror). 386 FRANCIS HEMMING PSEUDOSTEROMA Weymer, [1912], in Seitz, Grossschmett. Erde 5 : 241. Type-species by selection by Hemming (1943, Proc. R. ent. Soc. Lond. (B) 12 : 25) : Steroma pronophila Felder (C.) & Felder (R.), [1867], Reise Fregatte ‘‘ Novara’’, Lep. Rhop. (3) : 475. PSEUDOTERGUMIA Agenjo, 1947, Graellsia 5 (3) : [septuages. secund. Fam. 1]. Type- species by monotypy : Papilio fidia Linnaeus, 1767, Syst. Nat. (ed. 12) 1 (2) : 770. PSEUDOTHECLA Strand, 1910, Ent. Rundsch. 27 : 162. Type-species through Section (i) (replacement names) of Article 67 : Thecla lunulata Erschoff, 1874, Mém. Soc. Amis Sci. nat. Moscou 11 (No. 2) : 7, pl. 1, fig. 5 2 [commonly cited under the name of Erschoff’s paper as “‘ Fedschenko, Reise Turkestan ’’). This name was introduced as a replacement for Evschoffia Tutt, [1907], which is invalid under the Law of Homonymy. PSEUDOTHECLA Nabokov, 1945, Psyche 52:11. Type-species by original designation : Thecla faga Dognin, 1895, Ann. Soc. ent. Belg. 39 : 105. The name Pseudothecla Nabokov is invalid, as it is a junior homonym of Pseudothecla Strand, 1910 (see above). It has been replaced by the name Nabokovia Hemming, 1960. PSEUDOZIZEERIA Beuret, 1955, Mutt. ent. Ges. Basel (n.f.) 5: 125. Type-species by original designation : Lycaena maha Kollar, [1844], in Hiigel’s Kashmir 4 (2) : 422. PSOLOS Staudinger, 1889, Jvis 2: 147 (a manuscript name published in a synonymy and therefore invalid under Article 11(d)). When publishing the name Astictopterus ulunda in 1889 (loc. cit. 2: 147) Staudinger remarked that he had received some males of this species under the name “ Psolos pulligo ”’ and some females under the name ulunda, the latter name being attributed by Mabille (as reported by Staudinger) to Plétz. The generic name Psolos and the two specific names cited above were at that time unpublished manuscript names. Staudinger adopted the specific name ulunda (still attributed to Plétz, though actually here published by himself for the first time) and placed the species in question in A stictopterus Felder (C.) & Felder (R.), 1860. He did not adopt either of the other names mentioned in the note of Mabille’s but he adopted the unfortunate course of citing each in the cross-heading bearing the name of this species, the generic name Psolos appearing in brackets—parentheses—after the name A stictopterus and the name pulligo—also in brackets (parentheses)—after the name ulunda. The name which Staudinger adopted for this species, namely Astictoptervus ulunda, appeared in this heading in heavy black type, while the rejected manuscript names there cited—that is, the names Psolos and pulligo, appeared in italics. Writing at a time when there was no provision in the Code regarding the status to be accorded to names published in synonymies and when it was commonly held permissible to bring such names into use, Evans in 1949 (Cat. Hesp. Eur. Asia Australia : 278) brought forward the name Psolos Staudinger, 1889 (of which he treated [Astictopterus| ulunda Staudinger as type-species by monotypy), employing it in place of the name Sancus de Niceville, 1891, till then employed for this genus. The resuscitation of names published in synonymies has since been prohibited in the Code (Article 11 (d)) and accordingly Evans’s action is now seen to have been invalid, the name Sancus becoming once more the oldest (and the sole) name applicable to this genus. PSOLOS Semper (G.), 1892, in Semper (C. G.), Reis. Archipel. Puilipp. 11, 5 (Schmett). 1 (7) : 319 (a manuscript name published in a synonymy and therefore invalid under Article 11(d)). Semper stated (correctly) that this was a name proposed by Mabille in manuscript ; he was clearly not aware that it had been published (though invalidly) by Staudinger in 1889. Semper did not himself adopt the name Psolos, doing no more than place that name in the synonymy of Sancus de Niceville. The only nominal species cited by Semper for Sancus and therefore for Psolos as interpreted by himself was Tagiades pulligo Mabille, 1876 (Ann. Soc. ent. Fr. (5) 2 : 272 e¢ Bull. : xxvi). This species would therefore have been the type- species of Psolos Semper, if that name had been available for zoological nomenclature. The GENERIC NAMES OF BUTTERFLIES 387 taxon represented by the foregoing nominal species is currently treated subjectively on taxon- omic grounds as being the same as that represented by the older-established nominal species Astictopterus jama Felder (C.) & Felder (R.), 1860 (Wien. ent. Monats. 4: 401). This nominal species is the type-species of the genus Astictopterus Felder (C.) & Felder (R.), 1860. PSOLOS Watson, 1893, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1893 : 87 (a manuscript name published in a synonymy and therefore invalid under Article 11(d)). Like Semper in 1892, Watson in 1893 treated Psolos as a manuscript name of Mabille’s and placed it as a doubtful synonym of Sancus de Niceville. He added with a note of interrogation that the type-species of Psolos was Tagiades pulligo Mabille, 1876. This species was definitely selected as the type-species of Psolos by Lindsey in 1925 (Ann. ent. Soc. Amer. 18 : 99). Asa name published in a synonymy, Psolos Watson is invalid. If Psolos Watson had not been unavailable on the above account, it would nevertheless have been invalid, both as a junior homonym of Psolos Semper, 1892—and, like that name, also of Psolos Staudinger, 1889, if that in turn had been an available name—and also as a junior objective synonym of Psolos Semper, 1892. PSORALIS Mabille, 1904, in Wytsman’s Gen. Ins. 17 (B) : 133. Type-species by mono- typy : Psoralis sabaeus Mabille, 1904, ibid. 17 (B) : 133. The taxon represented by the nominal species Psoralis sabaeus Mabille was treated sub- jectively on taxonomic grounds by Evans in 1955 (Cat. amer. Hesp. Brit. Mus 4: 172) as representing the same taxon as that represented by the older-established nominal species Pamphila idea Weeks, tg01 (Proc. New England zool. Club 2 : 86). Further, Evans there identified with the last-mentioned nominal species Pamphila artiei Weeks, 1901 (loc. cit. 2:91). It may be supposed that in giving preference to the name idea over the name artiei Evans was influenced by the principle of page precedence, a principle at the time in question (1955) being commonly adopted. In the present revised Code (Article 24(a)) the relative precedence to be accorded to names such as the above, when published on the same date, depends on the choice of the First Reviser. No such choice had been made in this case before Evans (1955) and accordingly his action on that occasion ranks as a First Reviser choice and the specific name idea Weeks takes precedence over the name artiei Weeks. PTEROGRAPHIUM Stichel, 1910, in Wytsman’s Gen. Ins. 112 (A) : 236. Type-species by original designation : Pterographium aphaniodes Stichel, 1910, ibid. 112 (A) : 237 nota. PTERONYMIA Butler & Druce, 1872, Cistula ent. 1 : 96. Type-species by original desig- nation : Ithomia aletta Hewitson, [1854], J/l. evot. Butts 1 : [29], pl. [15], fig. 31. PTEROTEINON Watson, 1893, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1893 : 7, 124. Type-species through Section (i) (replacement names) of Article 67 : Hesperia laufella Hewitson, [1868], J//. evot. Butts 4 : [110], pl. [58], figs 28, 29, 30. The name Pleroteinon was introduced as a replacement for the name Tanypteva Mabille, 1877, which is invalid under the Law of Homonymy. PTEROURUS Scopoli, 1777, Introd. Hist. nat. : 433. Type-species by selection by Scudder (1872, 4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. 1871 : 64) : Papilio troilus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 459. PTEROXYS Watson, 1893, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1893 : 18, 29. Type-species by original designation : Eudamus phanaeus Hewitson, 1867, Descr. One Hundred new Spec. Hesp. emane is In the same year as that in which Watson published the name Péevoxys for the present Hesperiid genus, Hampson established a new nominal genus of Psychid moths under the same name (Pterovys Hampson, 1893 (Ill. typ. Spec. Lep.-Het. Brit. Mus. 9 : 68)). Fortunately, there is precise information as to the exact date of publication of each of these names : (a) The part of the volume for 1893 of the Pyoc. zool. Soc. Lond. containing the name Pteroxys Watson was—as I have been kindly informed by Mr. F. Martin Duncan—published on rst June 1893 ; (b) As regards the name Ptervovys Hampson, there is a note by Hampson in his 388 FRANCIS HEMMING copy in the British Museum of the volume in which it was published, stating that publication took place on 25th February 1893. Thus, the name Pteyovys Hampson has about three months’ priority over the name Ptevovys Watson, which is therefore invalid under the Law of Homonymy. It has been replaced by the name Orthophoetus Watson, 1895. PTERURUS Scudder, 1872, 4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. 1871 : 64 (an Incorrect Sub- sequent Spelling of Pteyowrus Scopoli, 1777). PTERYGOSPIDEA Wallengren, 1857, K. svenska VetenskAkad. Handl., Stockholm (n.f.) 2 (1) (No. 4) : 53. Type-species by selection by Scudder (1875, Pyoc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10 : 260) : Papilio ophion Stoll, [1790], Aanhangs. Werk. Uitl. Kapellen Pieter Cramer : 127, pl. 26, figs 4, 4c. The name Plevygospidea was published by Wallengren as a new name on two occasions, first in 1857 (as shown above) and second, in 1858 (Ofvers. VetenskAkad. Forh., Stockh. 15 : 83). The taxon represented by Papilio ophion Stoll is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as being the same as that represented by the older-established nominal species Papilio flesus Fabricius, 1781 (Spec. Ins. 2 : 135). PTOX Toxopeus, 1928, Tijdschr. Ent. 71 : 181, 184. Type-species by original designation : Cyaniris catreus de Niceville, 1895, J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc. 9 : 276, pl. O, figs 20 g, 21 Q. PTYCHANDRA Felder (C.) & Felder (R.), 1861, Wien. ent. Monats. 5 : 304. Type-species by monotypy : Ptychandra lorquinii Felder (C.) & Felder (R.), 1861, ibid. 5 : 304-305. PTYCHOPTERYX Wallengren, 1857, K. svenska Vetensk Akad. Handl., Stockholm (n.f.) 2 (Pt 1) (No. 4) : 17. Type-species by monotypy : Ptychopteryx bohemani Wallengren, 1857, ibid. (n.f.) 2 (Pt 1) (No. 4) : 18. The taxon represented by the nominal species Ptychopteryx bohemani Wallengren is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as being the same as that represented by the older-established nominal species Tevacolus subfasciatus Swainson, [1833] (Zool. Iilustr. (2) 3 : pl. 115). The name Ptychopteryx Wallengren is invalid, as being a junior homonym of Ptychopteryx Leach, 1817 (in Brewster’s Edinb. Ency. 12 (1) : 155). PUDICITIA de Niceville, 1895, J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc. 9 (4) : 379. Type-species by original designation : Parnara pholus de Niceville, 1889, loc. cit. 4 : 172, pl. B, fig. 3 9. PUNTA Evans, 1955, Cat. amer. Hesp. Brit. Mus. 4: 265, 273. Type-species by original designation : Punta punta Evans, 1955, ibid. 4 : 273, pl. 72, fig. L.4 (g genit. ; 3 figs). PURLISA Distant, 1881, Ent. mon. Mag. 17: 245. Type-species by monotypy : Iolaus (Purlisa) giganteus Distant, 1881, zbid. 17 : 245. By some strange inadvertence Distant republished the name Purlisa as the name of a new genus (“ gen. nov.’’) in 1885 (Rhop. malayana : 234, 249), this being all the more strange in that he clearly indicated that he was aware both that he had himself published it in 1881 and also that it had subsequently been used by Waterhouse in 1882 (Aid Ident. Ins. 1 : pl. 46). PUTLIA Moore, [1892], Lep. ind. 1 (12) : 287. Type-species through Section (i) (replacement names) of Article 67 : Zophoessa baladeva Moore, [1866], Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1865 (3) : 769, pl. 41, fig. 5. Moore introduced the name Putlia as a replacement for the name Chavma Doherty, 1886, which he considered was a homonym of the older name Chaymus Karsch, 1879 (Mitt. miinchn. ent. Very. 3: toI, 104) and therefore invalid. At the time when Moore took this action the Code had not been adopted and even after its introduction there was still no clear provision as to the criteria to be adopted in determining whether any two generic names should be treated as homonyms of one another ; it was not until the publication in 1961 of the present revised text of the Code that a rule was introduced (Article 56(a)) that names differing in spelling by even a single letter are not to be treated as homonyms of one another. According- GENERIC NAMES OF BUTTERFLIES 389 ly, the name Chavma Doherty is not a homonym of Chaymus Karsch but is an available name. The replacement name Putlia Moore is therefore itself invalid as a junior objective synonym of Charma Doherty. PUTSUIA Moore, [1898], Lep. ind. 3 (33) : 172 (an Incorrect Subsequent Spelling of Patsuia Moore, [1898)). The generic name here in question was spelled “‘ Patsuia ’ Lep. ind., but in the immediately following Part (Part 33) it was misspelled as ‘‘ Putsuia This misprint was corrected by Moore in the index of the same volume published in 1899 (loc. cit. 3 (36) : 253). PYCINA Doubleday, [Aug. 1849], Gen. diurn. Lep. (2) : pl. 48, fig. 3. Type-species by mono- typy : Pycina zamba (Boisduval MS.) Doubleday, [1849], ibid. (2) : pl. 48, fig. 3 [text (¢bid. (2) : 305) by Westwood published in Nov. 1850]. ‘ PYCNOPHALLIUM Toxopeus, 1929, Tijdschr. Ent. 72 : 228. Type-species by selection by Hemming (1964, Annot. lep. (4) : 133) : Polyommatus roxus Godart, [1824], Ency. méth. 9 (Ins.) (2) : 659. This is one of a number of generic names published at the same time which Toxopeus indicated might in the end be published first in the serial Tveubia. Full particulars in regard to this matter are given in the note on the name Discolampa Toxopeus. In fact, the con- templated publication in Tveubia did not take place, and the present name was first published in the volume of the Tijdschr. Ent. cited above. PYRAMEIDES Hiibner, [1826], Verz. bekannt. Schmett., Anz. : 7 (an Incorrect Subsequent Spelling of Pyrameis Hiibner, [1819]). PYRAMEIS Hiibner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (3) : 33. Type-species by selection by Scudder (1875, Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10 : 260) : Papilio atalanta Linneus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 478. The name Pyvameis Hiibner is invalid, as it is a junior objective synonym of Vanessa Fabricius, 1807. PYRDALUS Mabille, 1903, in Wytsman’s Gen. Ins. 17 (A) : 44, 60. Type-species by mono- typy : Papilio corbulo Stoll, [1781], in Cramer, Uitl. Kapellen 4 (30) : 122, pl. 354, fig. A. PYRGUS Hiibner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (7) : 109. Type-species by selection by Westwood, 1841 (in Humphreys & Westwood, Brit. Butts Transformations (ed. 1) : 120) : Papilio alveolus Hiibner, [1800-1803], Sammi. euvrop. Schmett : pl. Pap. 92, figs 466, 467. The taxon represented by the nominal species Papilio alveolus Hiibner is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as being the same as that represented by the older- established nominal species Papilio malvae Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 485. The name Pyrgus Hiibner has been placed by the Commission by its Opinion 278 (1954, Opin. int. Comm. zool. Nom. 6 : 135-178) on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology as Name No. 706. PYRISITIA Butler, 1870, Cistula ent. 1: 35, 44. Type-species by original designation : Papilio proterpia Fabricius, 1775, Syst. Ent. : 478. PYRONIA Hiibner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (4) : 59. Type-species by selection by Scudder (1875, Proc. amey. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10: 261) : Pyronia tithone Hiibner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (4) : 59 (as defined by the lectotype of Papilio tithonus Linnaeus, 1771 (Mantissa Plant. : 537), which by selection by Hemming (1964, Annot. lep. (3) : 93) represents also the lectotype of the present nominal species). The nominal species Pyvonia tithone was established by Hiibner upon the basis of biblio- graphical references to three previously established nominal species. In order to provide the concept represented by the nominal species Pyronia tithone Hiibner with a determinate content and in order also to link that nominal species closely with Papilio tithonus Linnaeus, 1771 (the first of the previously established nominal species upon which Pyvonia tithone Hiibner is based), I designated in 1964 (Amnot. lep. (3) : 93) the lectotype of Papilio tithonus Linnaeus * when published in Part 32 of the ” 390 FRANCIS HEMMING or, if none of the syntypes of that nominal species has as yet been selected to be its lectotype, the syntype hereafter to be so selected, to be also the lectotype of Pyronia tithone Hiibner. PYROTHOIA Verity, 1929, Ann. Soc. ent. Fr. 98 : 348. Type-species by monotypy : Pontia pyrothoe Eversmann, 1832, Nouv. Mém. Soc. imp. Nat. Moscou 2 : 352, pl. 20, figs 3,46: The name Pyvothoia Verity is invalid, as it is a junior objective synonym of Microzegris Alphéraky, 1913. PYRRHAGYRA Doubleday, 1844, List. Spec. Lep. Ins. Brit. Mus. 1 : 88 [also id., [1848], Gen. diurn. Lep. (2) : pl. 32] (an Incorrect Subsequent Spelling of Pyrrhogyra Hiibner, [1819)]). PYRRHANAEA Rober, [Oct. 1888], im Schatz, im Staudinger & Schatz, Exot. Schmett. Bd 1 (Th. 2) (4) : 170, pl. 28. Type-species by monotypy : Papilio troglodyta Fabricius, 1775, Syst. Ent. : 502. The name Pyvvhanaea Rober is invalid, as it is a junior objective synonym of Anaea Hiibner, [1819]. PYRRHOCALLES Mabille, 1904, in Wytsman’s Gen. Ins. 17 (C) : 143. Type-species by monotypy : Pamphila antiqua Herrich-Schaeffer, 1863, CorvespBl. zool.-min. Ver. Regens- burg 17 : 142. PYRRHOCHALCIA Mabille, 1904, in Wytsman’s Gen. Ins. 17 (B) : 85, 89. Type-species by selection by Lindsey (1925, Ann. ent. Soc. Amer. 18 : 99) : Papilio iphis Drury, [1773], Ill. nat. Hist. 2: index et 26, pl. 15, figs 3, 4. PYRRHOGYRA Hiibner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (3) : 43. Type-species by selection by Scudder (1875, Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10: 261) : Papilio tipha Linnaeus, 1767, Syst. Nat. (ed. 12) 1 (2) : 776. The name Papilio tipha Linnaeus is an Unjustified Emendation of the name Papilio tiphus Linnaeus, 1758 (Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) r : 485). The taxon represented by the nominal species Papilio tiphus Linnaeus is currently treated as being the same as that represented by the nominal species Papilio neaevea Linnaeus, 1758 (Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 479). Since these names were published on the same date and in the same work, the relative precedence to be accorded to them depends on the choice of the First Reviser (Article 24(a)). In the present case this choice was made by Aurivillius in 1882 (K. svenska VetenskAkad. Handl., Stockholm 19 (No. 5) : 97), who adopted the specific name neaevea Linnaeus, sinking tiphus Linnaeus as a synonym. The specific name neaerea Linnaeus, 1758, is therefore the oldest available name subjectively applicable to the type- species of the genus Pyvrhogyva Hiibner. PYRRHOPYGA Westwood, [1852], 72 Doubleday, Gen. diurn. Lep. (2) : 508 (an Incorrect Subsequent Spelling of Pyvrhopyge Hiibner, [1819)}). For a time this incorrect spelling was fairly widely used by subsequent authors. PYRRHOPYGE Hiibner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (7) : 103. Type-species by selection by Scudder (1872, 4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. 1871 : 67) : Papilio bixae Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 485), as defined by the specimen figured by Merian on plate 44 of the Ins. suvinam. selected by Hemming (1964 (Annot. lep. (3) : 110) to represent the lecto- type ; a taxon bearing a name having precedence below the name Papilio phidias Linnaeus, 1758 (Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) : 1 485), a name published on the same date and in the same work, by reason of the First Reviser choice made by Evans in 1951 (Cat. amer. Hesp. Brit. Mus. 177). It was long believed that Papilio bixae Linnaeus, the type-species, was a species occurring both in America and in Africa, the specimens taken in those continents being superficially inseparable. In consequence, an entirely new situation arose when Bell discovered that the genitalia of the “‘ bivae’”’ taken in Africa differed widely from those of the “‘ bivae’”’ taken in America, for the question immediately arose as to which of these species was that to which in 1758 Linnaeus had given the name Papilio bixae. That species was established by Linnaeus GENERIC NAMES OF BUTTERFLIES 391 with a brief description and the citation of two bibliographical references. The question of the interpretation of the Linnaean data was examined by Evans in 1940 (J. N.Y. ent. Soc. 48 : 405-411), who pointed out (1) that the actual description given by Linnaeus might apply either to the American “‘ bixae’”’ or to the African “ bixae’’, those species being superficially indistinguishable, (2) considered that the insect figured by Merian on plate 44 in the first of the references cited by Linnaeus should be regarded as being the American “‘bixae ’’, in view especially of the American locality (Surinam) given by Merian, and (3) observed that the Petiver specimen cited in the second of the references given by Linnaeus represented an entirely different species, namely Papilio tityrus Fabricius, 1775, a species currently placed in the genus Epargyveus Hiibner, [1819]. On this basis Evans concluded that it was the American “‘ bixae’’ and not the African “‘ bivae ’’ to which the name Papilio bixae Linnaeus, 1758, was properly applicable. At the same time he cited the figures of the male genitalia of Pyrrhopyga [sic] latifasciata Butler, 1873 (Cist. ent. 1 : 176) published by Bell in 1931 (J. N. Y. ent. Soc. 39 : 485) as being identical with those of Papilio bixae, as identified by himself, the taxa bearing these names being, in his opinion, conspecific with one another. Evans’s solution of the “ bivae’’ problem clearly fitted the known facts better than any other and was the best calculated to promote nomenclatorial stability. Never- theless, the situation could not be regarded as being fully protected, so long as the nominal species Papilio bivae Linnaeus remained a nominal species based upon syntypes belonging to at least two different species. Accordingly, in 1964 (Annot. lep. (3) : 110) I selected the specimen figured by Merian on her plate 44 (the figure relied upon by Evans for his identifica- tion) to be the lectotype of Papilio bivae Linnaeus. When in 1951 (Cat. amer. Hesp. Brit. Mus. 1 : 8-9) Evans considered the Pyrrhopyge- group as a whole, he re-affirmed his earlier view that the taxa represented by the name bixae Linnaeus and Jatifasciata Butler were conspecific with one another. Further, he treated both these taxa as subspecies of the taxon represented by the nominal species Papilio phidias Linnaeus, 1758 (Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 485). This close association of bixae Linnaeus with phidias Linnaeus may be open to question on taxonomic grounds, for, as Evans himself admitted, these taxa differ from one another in the form of the male genitalia. This action by Evans (: 7) is however of importance from a nomenclatorial point of view, for, as the specific names bixvae Linnaeus and phidias Linnaeus were published on the same date in the same work, Evans’s action constitutes a First Reviser choice, according precedence to the specific name phidias Linnaeus over the name bivae Linnaeus. It may be useful to note that the African species long known as “ bivae ’’ Linnaeus remained without a name of its own until in 1940 (J. N.Y. ent. Soc. 48 : 411) Evans gave it the name Coeliades bixana, basing it upon the description and figures which he had given of it in 1937 (Cat. Afr. Hesp. Brit. Mus. : 11, pl. 8, fig. C (bixvae) (3 figs of J genit.)) when he still believed that it was the species to which Linnaeus had given the specific name bivae, Evans then calling this species Coeliades bixae (Linnaeus). Finally, it must be observed that the so- called African “ bivae ’’ is not currently treated as belonging to the genus Pyrrhopyge Hiibner, [1819]. Indeed, the subfamily Pyrrhopyginae, of which Pyrrhopyge is the type-genus, is now considered to be exclusively Neotropical in its distribution. The genus Coeliades Hiibner, 1818, to which the African “‘ bixvae’’, i.e. bivana Evans, is currently referred, is now placed in a small separate subfamily, the Coeliadinae, to which only seven genera are currently referred, two of these (including Coeliades) being confined to Tropical Africa, the remainder having their headquarters in the Indo-Oriental Region with (except in one case) extensions into the Palaearctic Region. PYRRHOPYGOPSIS Godman, [1901], in Godman & Salvin, Biol. centy.-amer. Lep.-Rhop. 2 : 634. Type-species by original designation: Pyrrhopyga [sic] socrates Ménétriés, 1855, Enum. Corp. Anim. Mus. imp. Acad. Sci. Petrop., Class. Ins. 1 : 96, pl. 4, fig. 8. PYRRHOSIDIA Scudder, 1874, Mem. Boston Soc. nat. Hist. 2 : 346 nota. Type-species by original designation : Hesperia mystic Edwards, 1863, Proc. ent. Soc. Philad. 2 : 15, pl. 1, figs 3 3, 4 9. 392 FRANCIS HEMMING The type-species of this genus was given the name Hesperia mystic twice in the same year, once (as shown above) by Edwards, who was its original author in manuscript, and once by Scudder (April 1863, Proc. Essex Inst. 3 : 172). This name as published by Scudder has a few months’ priority over its counterpart as published by Edwards. PYRRHOSTICTA Butler, 1872, Cistula ent. 1: 86. Type-species by monotypy : Papilio laetitia Butler, 1872, ibid. 1 : 84. The taxon represented by the nominal species Papilio laetitia Butler is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as being the same as that represented by the older- established nominal species Papilio archytas Hopffer, 1866 (Stett. ent. Zig 27: 28). In its turn, the taxon represented by the nominal species Papilio archytas Hopfter is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as being a subspecies of the taxon represented by the older-established nominal species Papilio cleotas Gray, 1832, in Griffith’s Cuvier’s Anim. Kingd. 15 : 673, pl. 86 2. PYTHONIDES Hiibner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (7) : 111. Type-species by selection by Butler (1870, Ent. mon. Mag. 7: 97) : Papilio jovianus Stoll, [1782], im Cramer, Ujiil. Kapellen 4 (33) : 213, pl. 392, figs L, M. QUADRUS Lindsey, 1925, Ann. ent. Soc. Amey.18 : 99. Type-species by original designation : Papilio cerialis Stoll, [1782], 7m Cramer, Uitl. Kapellen 4 (33) : 213, pl. 392, figs N, O. Following an erroneous type-selection by Scudder in 1875 (Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sct., Boston 10 : 262), Papilio cevialis Stoll was treated by many authors as being the type-species of the genus Pythomides Hiibner, [1819], until in 1925 Lindsey pointed out that the true type-species of Pythonides was Papilio jovianus Stoll by selection by Butler in 1870. This correction of the type-species of Pythonides left Papilio cerialis Stoll without a generic name and it was to make good this deficiency that Lindsey introduced the name Quadrus. QUEDARA Swinhoe, 1919, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (9) 3 : 316. Type-species by original desig- nation : Quedara comoplea Swinhoe, 1919, ibid. (9) 3 : 317. The taxon represented by the nominal species Quedava comoplea Swinhoe is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as being the same as that represented by the older- established nominal species Plesioneuva monteithi Wood-Mason & de Niceville, 1886 (J. asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt II, 55 : 3901, pl. 18, figs 3, 3a 9). QUERCUSIA Verity, 1943, Le Farfalle diurn. d'Italia 2 : 343. Type-species by original designation : Papilio quercus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 482. QUINTA Evans, 1955, Cat. amer. Hesp. Brit. Mus. 4 : 265, 274. Type-species by original designation : Cobalus cannae Herrich-Schaeffer, 1869, CorvespBl. zool.-min. Ver. Regens- burg 23 : 203. RACHELIA Hemming, 1964, Annot. lep. (4) : 143. Type-species through Section (i) (replace- ment names) of Article 67 : Eudamus extrusus Felder (C.) & Felder (R.), [1867], Reise Fregatte “‘ Novava’’, Lep. Rhop. (3) : 510, pl. 72, figs 13, 14. Rachelia was introduced as a replacement for Protogenes Mabille & Boullet, 1912, which is invalid under the Law of Homonymy. In 1925 Lindsey published the replacement name Viasta, but that name also is invalid under the Law of Homonymy. [The name Rachelia is based upon the Christian name of my elder daughter. ] RACTA Evans, 1955, Cat. amer. Hesp. Brit. Mus. 4: 47, 79. Type-species by original desig- nation : Racta racta Evans, 1955, ibid. 4 : 80, pl. 58, fig. I.14 (gf genit. 3 figs). GENERIC NAMES OF BUTTERFLIES 393 RADENA Moore, [1880], Lep. Ceylon 1 (1) : 3. Type-species by original designation : Papilio similis Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 479. Up till the year 1946 the name Radena Moore was invalid as being a junior objective synonym of Euploea Fabricius, 1807, of which also Papilio similis Linnaeus was the type- species. In that year the Commission used its Plenary Powers to set aside the designation (by Scudder, 1875) of the above species as the type-species of Euploea Fabricius, that species never having been used in that sense. By this Ruling, which was given in the Commission’s Opinion 163 (Opin. int. Comm. zool. Nom. 2 : 335-346), Radena Moore ceased to be a junior objective synonym of Euploea Fabricius and became a nomenclatorially available name. RAGADIA Westwood, [1851], in Doubleday, Gen. diurn. Lep. (2) : 376. Type-species by monotypy : Euptychia crisia Geyer, [1832], in Hiibner, Zutr. z. Samml. exot. Schmett. 4 : 2I, pl. [117], figs 675, 676. : RAHINDA Moore, [1881], Lep. Ceylon 1 (2) : 56. Type-species by original designation : Papilio hordonia Stoll, [1790], Aanhangs. Werk. Uitl. Kapellen Pieter Cramer : 149, pl. 33, figs 4, 4D. The name Rahinda Moore is invalid, as it is a junior objective synonym of Pantoperia Hiibner, [1819]. RAMASA Hulstaert, 1931, in Wytsman’s Gen. Ins. 193 : 137 (an Incorrect Subsequent Spelling of Pramasa Moore, 1883). RAMBURIA Warren, 1926, Tyans. ent. Soc. Lond. 74:15. Type-species by original designa- tion : Pyrgus antonia Speyer, 1879, Stett. ent. Ztg 40 : 342. The name Ramburia Warren is invalid, as it is a junior homonym of Ramburia Robineau- Desvoidy, 1851 (Amn. Soc. ent. Fr. (2) 9 : 189). RANGASA Moore, [1897], Lep. ind. 3 (27) : 49, 65. Type-species by original designation : Adolias dunya Doubleday, [1848], Gen. diurn. Lep. (2) : pl. 44, fig. 3 [text (ibid. (2) : 291) by Westwood published in October 1850}. RANGBIA Moore, [1892], Lep. ind. 1 (10) : 232. Type-species by original designation ; Debis scanda Moore, 1857, in Horsfield & Moore, Cat. lep. Ins. Mus. East India Coy (1) : 218. RAPALA Moore, [1881], Lep. Ceylon 1 (3) : 105. Type-species by original designation : Thecla varuna Horsfield, [1829], Descr. Cat. lep. Ins. Mus. East India Coy (2) : 91. RAPHICERA Rober, [1889], in Schatz, in Staudinger & Schatz, Exot. Schmett. Bd 1 (Th. 2) (5) : 202 (an Incorrect Subsequent Spelling of Rhaphicera Butler, 1867). RASALIA Moore, [1898], Lep. ind. 3 (32) : 146. Type-species by original designation : Athyma gracilis Kirsch, 1885, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1885 : 276, pl. 19, fig. 4. When establishing this genus, Moore designated a type-species but gave no generic diagno- sis. This deficiency he made good in the following year ([1899], Joc. cit. 4 (39) : 44). RASUMA Moore, 1883, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1883 : 282. Type-species by original designa- tion : Calliploea violetta Butler, 1876, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (4) 18 : 242. The taxon represented by the nominal species Calliploea violetta Butler is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as a subspecies of the taxon represented by the older- established nominal species Ewploea guervini Felder (C.) & Felder (R.), [1865], (Reise Fregatte “ Novara’”’ (2) : 332). RATHINDA Moore, [1881], Lep. Ceylon 1 (3) : 99. Type-species by original designation : Papilio amor Fabricius, 1775, Syst. Ent. : 518. RATHORA Moore, [1900], Lep. ind. 4 (48) : 241. Type-species by original designation : Papilio lathonia Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 481. The name Rathora Moore is invalid, as it is a junior objective synonym of /ssovia Hiibner, [1819]. Moore erroneously supposed that the type-species of Jssovia was the quite different species (Papilio egista Cramer), then selected by himself—invalidly because Papilio lathonia 304 FRANCIS HEMMING Linnaeus had been validly selected as the type-species of Jssovia by Scudder as far back as 1875. RAUSUMA Fruhstorfer, [1910], in Seitz, Grossschmett. Erde 9 : 235 (an Incorrect Subsequent Spelling of Raswma Moore, 1883). RAVADEBA Moore, 1883, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1883 : 244. Type-species by original desig- nation : Papilio cleona Stoll, [1782], 7m Cramer, Uitl. Kapellen 4 (32) : 173, pl. 377, fig. F. By First Reviser choices made in 1937 (Lep. Cat. 78 : 134-135) Bryk accorded to Ravadeba Moore precedence above the following names published in the same paper and on the same date : Asthipa Moore, 1883 ; Bahova Moore, 1883 ; Phivdana Moore, 1883. RAVADEBRA Rothschild, [1892], Ivis 5 : 431 (an Incorrect Subsequent Spelling of Ravadeba Moore, 1883). RAVENNA Shirozu & Yamamoto, 1956, Sieboldia 1 (4) : 360. Type-species by original designation : Zephyrus niveus Nire, 1920, Zool. Mag., Tokyo 32 : 375. RAYWARDIA Tutt, [1908], Nat. Hist. Brit. Butts 2: 484. Type-species through Section (i) (replacement names) of Article 67 : Papilio telicanus Lang, 1789, Verz. Schmett. Gegend Augsburg (ed. 2) : 47. The portion of volume 2 of Tutt’s work containing the name Raywardia appeared in April 1908 ; the same name was published as new by Tutt for a second time two months later (June 1908, Ent. Rec. 20 (6) : 143). The name Raywardia was introduced by Tutt as a replacement for the name Langia Tutt [1906], which is invalid under the Law of Homonymy. Tutt did not realize when he intro- duced the name Langia in 1906 for Papilio telicanus Lang that that species was already the type-species of a genus bearing an available name, namely Syntarucus Butler [1901], and therefore that his name Langia was not required, it being a junior objective synonym of Syntarucus Butler. Its replacement Raywardia Tutt is objectively invalid for the same reason. The taxon represented by the nominal species Papilio telicanus Lang is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as being either the same as, or as a subspecies of, the taxon represented by the older-established nominal species Papilio pirithous Linnaeus, 1767 (Syst. Nat. (ed. 12) 1 (2) : 790). REKOA Kaye, 1904, Tvans. ent. Soc. Lond. 1904 : 198. Type-species by original designation : Papilio meton Cramer, [1779], Uitl. Kapellen 3 (17) : 15, pl. 201, figs D, E. REMELANA Moore, [June] 1884, J. asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt II, 53 (1) : 37. Type-species by original designation : Amblypodia jangala Horsefield, [1829], Descr. Cat. lep. Ins. Mus. East India Coy (2) : 113. REMELANA Distant [Aug. 1884, Rhop. malayana : 244, 246 (invalid under Article 11(d)]. Distant introduced this name as “‘ Remelana M.S.”’ in the synonymy Tajuria Moore, [1881], where therefore it will need to stand as an objectively invalid junior synonym. REMELLA Hemming, 1939, Proc. R. ent. Soc. Lond. (B) 8 : 39. Type-species through Sec- tion (1) (replacement names) of Article 67 : Hesperia remus Fabricius, 1798, Suppl. Ent. syst. : 434. The name Femella was introduced as a replacement for Pevimeles Godman, [1900], which is invalid under the Law of Homonymy. REPENS Evans, 1955, Cat. amer. Hesp. Brit. Mus. 4 : 86, 115. Type-species by original designation : Repens repens Evans, 1955, ibid. 4: 115, pl. 60, fig. J. 21/1 (f genit. ; 3 figs). REVADEBRA Grose-Smith, 1895, Novit. zool. 2:77 (an Incorrect Subsequent Spelling of Ravadeba Moore, 1883). REVERDINIA Warren, 1926, Tvans. ent. Soc. Lond. 74:15. Type-species by original desig- nation : Pyrgus staudingeri Speyer, 1879, Stett. ent. Zig 40 : 344. GENERIC NAMES OF BUTTERFLIES 395 REVERDINUS Ragusa, 1919, Nat. sicil. 23 (7/12) : 172. Type-species by selection by Lindsey, 1925 (Amn. ent. Soc. Amer. 18: 100) : Papilio altheae Hiibner, [1800-1803], Sammi. europ. Schmett. : pl. Pap. 90, figs 452, 453. The name Papilio altheae Hiibner is invalid, as it is a junior homonym of Papilio altheae Esper, [1783] (Die Schmett. 1 (Bd 2) Forts. Tagschmett. : 149). It has been renamed Carcharodus imperatoyr Hemming, 1934 (Stvlops 3: 99). The taxon bearing the above names is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as being the same as that represented by the older-established nominal species Hesperia floccifera Zeller, 1847, Isis 1847 : 286—at the species-level, though not at the subspecies-level. RHABDODRYAS Godman & Salvin, [1889], Biol. centr.-amer., Lep. Rhop. 2 : 146. Type- species by monotypy : Papilio trite Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 469. RHABDOIDES Scudder, 1889, Butts East. U.S. Canada (3) (12): 185. Type-species by monotypy : Eudamus cellus Boisduval & Leconte, [1837], Hist. nat. icon. Lép. Chenilles Amer. Sept.: pl. 73, 4 igs [no text published]. RHABDOMANTIS Holland, 1898, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1896 : 44. Type-species by original designation : Hesperia galatia Hewitson, 1868, Descr. One Hundred new Spec. Hesp. (2) : 36. RHADINOPTERA Ferreira d’Almeida, 1922, Mélanges lép. 1: 71. Type-species by selection by Riley (1924, Entomologist 57 : 68) : Ithomia nephele Bates, 1862, Trans. linn. Soc. Lond. 23 (3) : 548. The taxon represented by Ithomia nephele Bates is currently treated subjectively on taxo- nomic grounds as being a subspecies of the taxon represented by the older-established nominal species Ithomia edessa Hewitson, [1854], ll. exot. Butts 1 : [33], pl. [17], fig. 42 9. The name Rhadinoptera Ferreira d’ Almeida is invalid, as it is a junior objective synonym of Heterosais Godman & Salvin, [1880]. RHAPHICERA Butler, 1867, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (3) 19 : 164. Type-species by selection by Butler (Feb. 1868, Ent. mon. Mag. 4 : 196) : Lasiommata satricus Doubleday, [1849], Gen. diurn. Lep. (2) : pl. 64, fig. 4 [text (ibid. (2) : 387) by Westwood published in 1851]. RHAPHICEROPSIS Sharpe, [August] 1894, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1894 (3) : 336. Type- species by original designation : Rhaphiceropsis pringlei Sharpe, 1894, ibid. 1894 : 336, pl. 19, figs 1, 2. RHETUS Swainson, [1829], Zool. [llustr. (2) 1 (7) : pl. 33. Type-species through Section (d) (tautonymy) of Article 68 : Papilio rhetus Cramer, [1775], Uitl. Kapellen 1 (6) : 98, pl. 63, fig. C. The taxon represented by the nominal species Papilio rhetus Cramer is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as being the same as that represented by the older- established nominal species Papilio arcius Linnaeus, 1763 (Amoen. acad. 6 : 409). RHINELEPHAS Toxopeus, 1927, Tijdschr. Ent. 70 : 259. Type-species by original designa- tion : Lycaena cyanicornis Snellen, 1892, loc. cit. 34 : 146. The name Rhinelephas was described by Toxopeus as new on two occasions, the first being that cited above, the second in 1928 (Tijdschr. Ent. 71 : 257). RHINOPALPA Felder (C.) & Felder (R.), Dec. 1860, Wien. ent. Monats. 4 : 399. Type-species by monotypy : Rhinopalpa fulva Felder (C.) & Felder (R.), 1860, zbid. 4 : 399. The name Rhinopalpa was published again as new in 1861 (Nova Acta Leop. Carol. 82 (No. 3) : 49), this time by Felder (C.). This must have been due to some inadvertence, for Felder gave a reference to the paper in which in the previous year he had published this name jointly with Felder (R.). The taxon represented by the nominal species Rhinopalpa fulva Felder (C.) & Felder (R.) is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as being the same as that represented by the older-established nominal species Vanessa eudoxia Guérin-Ménéville, 1840 (Rev. Zool. (Soc. Cuv.) 3: 44). In its turn the taxon represented by the nominal species Vanessa 396 FRANCIS HEMMING eudoxia is currently treated subjectively as a subspecies of the taxon represented by the older- established nominal species Papilio polynice Cramer, [1779] [Uitl. Kapellen 3 (17) : 4, pl. 195, figs D, E). RHINTHON Godman, [1900], iz Godman & Salvin, Biol. centy.-amer., Lep. Rhop. 2 : 530. Type-species by original designation : Proteides chiriquensis Mabille, 1889, Le Natur- aliste (2) 3: 127, fig. 1 3. The taxon represented by Proteides chiriquensis Mabille is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as being the same as that represented by the older-established nominal species Hesperia osca Plotz, 1883 (Stett. ent. Ztg 44 : 48), which in turn is considered to represent a subspecies of the taxon represented by the nominal species Goniloba cubana Herrich-Schaeffer, 1865 (CorvespBl. zool.-min. Ver. Regensburg 19 : 55). RHIPHEUS Swainson, [1833], Zool. Illust. (2) 3 (28) : pl. 131. Type-species by monotypy : Rhipheus dasycephalus Swainson, [1833], 2b7d. (2) 3 (28) : pl. 131. The nominal species Rhipheus dasycephalus Swainson (a replacement for the nominal species Papilio rhipheus Drury, [1773], J/l. nat. Hist. 2 : index et 40) is based upon the figure of a moth with the antennae of a butterfly. Swainson himself believed that the figure represented a true species belonging—as he explained in a note to plate 125—to the family Papilionidae. RHODOCERA Boisduval & Leconte, [1830], Hist. nat. icon. Lép. Chenilles Amér. sept. (8) : 70. Type-species by selection by Blanchard (1840, Hist. nat. Ins. 3 : 431) : Papilio rhamni Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 470. The name Rhodocera Boisduval & Leconte is invalid, as it is a junior objective synonym of Gonepteryx [Leach], [1815]. Through a mistaken belief that Butler in 1870 (Cistula ent. 1 : 35) was the first author to select a type-species for this genus, the nominal species Mancipium menippe Hiibner, [1818], has been treated by some authors as the type-species. Since the clearing-up of this mis- conception the above species has been made the type-species of a new genus, Klotsius Hemming, 1964. RHODUSSA Ferreira d’Almeida, 1939, Rev. Ent., R. de J. 10 (2) : 278. Type-species by original designation : Ceratinia pamina Haensch, 1905, Berl. ent. Z. 50 : 150. RHOPALOCAMPTA Wallengren, 1857, K. svenska VetenskAkad. Handl., Stockholm (n.f.) 2 (1) (No. 4) : 47. Type-species by selection by Scudder (1875, Pyoc. anur. Acad. Arts Sct., Boston 10 : 263) : Papilio forestan Stoll, [1782], in Cramer, Uitl. Kapellen 4 (33) : 210, pl. 391, figs E, F. The name Rhopalocampta Wallengren is invalid, as it is a junior objective synonym of Coeliades Hiibner, 1818. RIDENS Evans, 1952, Cat. amer. Hesp. Brit. Mus. 2: 40, 80. Type-species by original designation : Eudamus ridens Hewitson, 1876, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (4) 18 : 349. RINDAHARA Kirby, [1882], in Zool. Rec. 18 (year 1881) (Ins.) : 165 (an Incorrect Subsequent Spelling of Bindahava Moore, [1881)}). RIODINA Westwood, [1851], in Doubleday, Gen. diurn. Lep. (2) : 430. Type-species through Section (i) (replacement names) of Article 67: Papilio lysippus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 484. The name Riodina was introduced by Westwood as a replacement for the name Erycina Fabricius, 1807, which is invalid under the Law of Homonymy. RIPHEUS Swainson, [1833], Zool. [llustr. (2) 3 (28) : pl. 125 (an Incorrect Original Spelling of Rhipheus Swainson, [1833)). As already explained in the note on Rhipheus Swainson, the type-species of that genus is not a butterfly. —_ GENERIC NAMES OF BUTTERFLIES 397 RISTIA Gagarin, 1936, Revista syniatrica, R. de J. 1936 (1/2) :8. Type-species by monotypy : Ristia tigrina Gagarin, 1936, ibid. 1936 (1/2) : 8. RITRA de Niceville, 1890, Butts India Burmah Ceylon 3 : 411 nota. Type-species by original designation : Sithon aurea Druce, 1873, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1873 : 352, pl. 33, fig. 1. RODINIA Westwood, [1851], in Doubleday, Gen. diurn. Lep. (2) : 430. Type-species by selection by Stichel (1910, Berl. ent. Z. 54 (1/2) : 42) : Erycina calphurnia Saunders, 1850, Trans. ent. Soc. Lond. 5 (9) : 221. ROEBERELLA Strand, 1932, Folia zool. hydrobiol., Riga 4 (1) : 145. Type-species through Section (i) (replacement names) of Article 67 : Lemonias calvus Staudinger, [1887], in Staudinger & Schatz, Exot. Schmett. Bd 1 (Th. 1) : 259; ibid. Bd 2: pl. 92. The name fRoeberella was introduced by Strand as a replacement for Drepanula Rober [1892], which is invalid under the Law of Homonymy. ROHANA Moore, [1880], Lep. Ceylon 1 (1) : 27. Type-species by original designation : Apatura parisatis Westwood, [1850], in Doubleday, Gen. diurn. Lep. (2) : 306 nota. ROMALAEOSOMA Rober, [1888], in Schatz, in Staudinger & Schatz, Exot. Schmett. Bd 1 (Th. 2) (4) : 162 (an Incorrect Subsequent Spelling of Romaleosoma Blanchard, 1840). ROMALEOSOMA Blanchard, 1840, Hist. nat. Ins. 3 : 448. Type-species by original desig- nation : Papilio eleus Drury, [1782], [/l. nat. Hist. 3 : index et 14, pl. 12, figs 1, 2. ROSWELLIA Fox, 1948, Ent. News 59 : 131. Type-species by original designation : Athesis acrisione Hewitson, 1869, Descr. Equat. Lepid. Buckley : 12. RUMICIA Tutt, [May] 1906, Ent. Rec. 18: 131. Type-species by original designation : Papilio phlaeas Linnaeus, 1761, Fauna svec. (ed. 2) : 285. Tutt published the name Rwmicia as a new name twice in 1906, first, in May in the serial cited above, second in volume 1 (: 314, 326) of his Nat. Hist. Brit. Butts in a Part published in July. The name Rumicia Tutt is invalid, as it is a junior objective synonym of Lycaena Fabricius, 1807. RURALIS Tutt, [1906], Ent. Rec. 18 : 130. Type-species by original designation : Papilio betulae Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 482. Tutt erroneously supposed that Ruvalis had been introduced in a binominal sense by Barbut in 1781 (Gen. Ins. : 173) and that he had designated the above species as the type- species. In actual fact, Barbut, who was not a binominalist, did neither of these things. The name is attributable to Tutt, by whom it was first validly published. The name Ruralis Tutt is invalid, as it is a junior objective synonym of Thecla Fabricius, 1807. RUSALKIA Kirby, 1871, Syn. Cat. diurn. Lep. : 306. Type-species through Section (i) (replacement names) of Article 67 : Oreas marathon Felder (C.) & Felder (R.), [1865], Reise Fregatte “‘ Novara’’, Lep. Rhop. (2) : 305, pl. 38, figs 23, 24 (a taxon bearing a name having precedence by a First Reviser choice made by Seitz) ({1916], Grossschmett. Erde 5 : 662) over the following name published in the same year and in the same work, Oveas ctesiphon Felder (C.) & Felder (R.), [1865], ibid., Lep. Rhop. (2) : 305. Kirby introduced the name Rusalkia as a replacement for Oveas Felder (C.) & Felder (R.), [1865], which is invalid under the Law of Homonymy. At that time Oveas was without a type-species, and Kirby did not designate a type-species for Rusalkia. These genera remained without type-species until in 1964 (Annot. Lep. (4) : 130) I selected Oveas marathon Felder (C.) & Felder (R.) as the type-species of Oveas Felder (C.) & Felder (R.), thus making that species automatically under Article 67 (i) the type-species of Rusalkia Kirby also. RUSTICUS Hiibner, [1806], Tentamen: [1]. Type-species by monotypy: Papilio argus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 483. The name Rusticus Hiibner, as of the Tentamen, is invalid through the action of the Com- 398 FRANCIS HEMMING mission in rejecting the Tentamen for nomenclatorial purposes by the Ruling given in its Opinion 97. The action so taken was completed, so far as the present name is concerned, by the Commission in 1954 when by its Opinion 278 it placed Rusticus Hiibner of the Tentamen on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology as Name No. 85. If the name Rusticus Hiibner of the Tentamen had been a duly available name, it would have been invalid as a junior objective synonym of Plebejus Kluk, 1802. RUSTICUS Hibner, [1807], Samml. exot. Schmett. 1: pls [102], [104]. Type-species by selection by Hemming (1934, Entomologist 67 : 156) : Papilio gnidus Fabricius, 1787, Man- tissa Ins. 2 : 64. The rejection by the Commission of Hiibner’s Tentamen and the consequent rejection of the new names introduced in it made it necessary to re-examine the literature in order to deter- mine by whom, when and where the names in question were first subsequently published. In the case of the name Rusticus, it was found that it was first subsequently published by Hiibner on the legends of nine plates in volume 1 of his work the Sammlung exotischey Schmet- tevlinge. At the time when the relative dates of publication of these plates were not known and it was necessary in consequence to treat them all as having been published on the same date, I selected (1933, Entomologist 66 : 199) as the type-species of Rusticus the nominal species Rusticus calanus Hiibner, depicted on Hiibner’s plate [100] of the Sammlung. With the acquisition of additional information it was found that pl. [roo] figuring the above species was published in 1809 but that two of the plates figuring species referred to Rusticus in the Sammlung had been published in 1807. This discovery, showed that Rusticus calanus (figured on pl. [100]) was not one of the originally included species of this genus and therefore that its selection (1933) as type-species was invalid. In order to correct the position, I thereupon (1934) selected Papilio gnidus Fabricius, shown on pl. [104], the second of the two plates published in 1807 to be the type-species of this genus. The taxon represented by the nominal species Papilio gnidus Fabricius is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as being congeneric with the taxon represented by the nominal species Papilio cupido Linnaeus, 1758 (Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 482), the type-species of Helicopis Fabricius, 1807. This at once brought up a doubt as to the relative precedence to be accorded to the generic names Rusticus Hiibner and Helicopis Fabricius, both—as was now seen—having been published in the same year (1807) on unknown dates. The name Helicopis is a very well-known name, whereas Rusticus, as applied in this sense was virtually unknown. Accordingly, in 1935 a request was submitted to the Commission for a Ruling securing that precedence should be given to Helicopis Fabricius over Rusticus Hiibner. This request was granted by a Ruling given under the Plenary Powers in the Commission’s Opinion 137 published in 1942. In 1954 the Commission completed and clarified the action taken in this case by a Ruling given in its Direction 4, in which it expressly ruled that Rusticus Hiibner (of the Sammlung) was to be treated as having been suppressed under the Plenary Powers for the purposes of the Law of Priority in Opinion 137, but not for those of the Law of Homonymy. At the same time the name Rusticus Hiibner, [1807], so suppressed, was placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology as Name No. 213. SABALASSA Moore, 1883, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1883 : 217. Type-species by monotypy : Hestia electra Semper, 1878, Verh. Ver. Naturw. Unterh. (HeimatForsch.) Hamburg 3 : 106. SABANIA Moore, [1898], Lep. ind. 3 (32) : 146. Type-species by original designation ; Athyma speciosa Staudinger, 1889, [vis 2 (1) : 70. When establishing this nominal genus, Moore designated a type-species but did not provide a generic diagnosis. This deficiency was made good by Moore later in the same year ([1898], loc. cit. 3 (37) : 208). This generic name was formerly considered to be invalid, as being a junior homonym of GENERIC NAMES OF BUTTERFLIES 399 Sabanea Gray, 1847 (Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 15 (173) : 152), but this view is incorrect under the “ one-Letter-Difference ’’ Rule now embodied in Article 56(a) of the Code. The name Sabania Moore was published on the same date (and in the same work) as the name Parathyma Moore, and in consequence the relative precedence to be accorded to these names depends on the choice of the First Reviser. This was made by myself in 1964 (Amnnot. lep. (3) : 80), when I accorded precedence to the name Sabania Moore below the name Pava- thyma Moore. SABANOSA Moore, 1883, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1883 : 269. Type-species by monotypy : Euploea cratis Butler, 1866, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1866 : 297, 298, fig. 1. SABATOGA Staudinger, 1897, Ivis 10: 143. Type-species by monotypy: Sabatoga mirabilis Staudinger, 1897, zbid. 10 : 143, pl. 5, fig. 2. SABERA Swinhoe, 1908, Trans. ent. Soc. Lond. 1908 (1) : 30. Type-species by original designation : Hesperia caesina Hewitson, 1866, Trans. ent. Soc. Lond. (3) 2 : 401. SABINA Evans, 1955, Cat. amer. Hesp. Brit. Mus. 4: 86, 114. Type-species by original designation : Hesperia sabina Pl6tz, 1882, Stett. ent. Ztg 44 : 27-28. SABIRIA Rober, [1892], in Schatz, in Staudinger & Schatz, Evot. Schmett. Bd. 2 (6) : 232 (an Incorrect Subsequent Spelling of Savibia Butler, 1878). SACRATOR Evans, 1955, Cat. amer. Hesp. Brit. Mus. 4 : 205, 222. Type-species by original designation : Hesperia sacrator Godman & Salvin, 1879, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1879 : 154, pl. 14, fig. 8. SADARGA Moore, 1880, Trans. ent. Soc. Lond. 1880 (4) : 157. Type-species by original designation : Mycalesis gotama Moore, 1857, im Horsfield & Moore, Cat. lep. Ins. Mus. East India Coy (1) : 232. SADENGIA Moore, [1902], Lep. ind. 5 (59) : 213. Type-species by original designation : Papilio nephelus Boisduval, [1836], (Roret’s Suite 4 Buffon), Hist. nat. Ins., Spec. gén. Lépid. 1 : 210. SAGARITIS Hiibner, [1821], Samml. exot. Schmett. 2 : pl. [43]. Type-species by monotypy : Sagaritis ovsets Hiibner, [1821], ibid. 2 : pl. [43]. The specific name orseis Hiibner used for the type-species is an Unjustified Emendation of the name orsis Drury (Papilio orsis Drury, [1782] Ill. nat. Hist. 3 : index et 20, pl. 16, fig. 3). The name Sagaritis Hiibner is invalid, as it is a junior homonym of Sagavitis Billberg, 1820 (Enum. Ins. Mus. Billb. : 134), a name bestowed by Billberg on a genus of the Class Crustacea. SAINIA Moore, 1882, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1882 : 260. Type-species by monotypy : Papilio protenor Cramer, [1775], Uitl. Kapellen 1 (5) : 77, pl. 49, figs A, B. SAIS Hiibner, 1816, Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (1) : 10. Type-species by selection by Bates, 1862 (Trans. linn. Soc. Lond. 23 (3) : 527) : Papilio rosalia Cramer, [1779], Uitl. Kapellen 3 (21) : 89, pl. 246, fig. B. SALACIA Hiibner, [1823], Zutry. z. Samml. exot. Schmett. 2 : 25. Type-species by monotypy : Salacia phyllodoce Hiibner, [1823], zbid. 2 : 25, pl. [59], figs 339, 340. The taxon represented by the nominal species Salacia phyllodoce Hiibner is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as being the same as that represented by the older-estab- lished nominal species Papilio karschina Herbst, 1792 (in Jablonsky, Natursyst. Ins., Schmett. 5 : 26, pl. 83, figs 5, 6). The name Salacia Hiibner is invalid, as it is a junior homonym of Salacia Lamouroux, 1816 (Hist. Polyp. : 212). It has been replaced by the name Scada Kirby, 1871. SALAMIS Boisduval, 1833, Nouv. Ann. Mus. Hist. nat., Paris 2 (2) : 194 (repaged offprint as Faun. ent. Madagascar, Lép. : 46). Type-species by monotypy: Salamis augustina Boisduval, 1833, ibid. 2 (2) : 195 [no plate] (separate as above : 47, pl. 8, fig. 1). 400 FRANCIS HEMMING SALATIS Evans, 1952, Cat. amer. Hesp. Brit. Mus. 2 : 135, 141. Type-species by original designation : Papilio salatis Stoll, [1782], im Cramer, Uztl. Kapellen 4 (33) : 215, pl. 393, fig. E. SALATURA Moore, [1880], Lep. Ceylon 1 (1) : 5. Type-species by original designation : Papilio genuita Cramer, [1779], Uitl. Kapellen 3 (18) : 23, pl. 206, figs C, D g. SALATURIA Swinhoe, 1893, Tvans. ent. Soc. Lond. 1893 : 268 (an Incorrect Subsequent Spelling of Salatuva Moore, [1880)). SALETARA Distant, 1885, Rhop. malayana : 287,316. Type-species by original designation : Pieris nathalia Felder (C.) & Felder (R.), 1862, Wien. ent. Monats. 6 : 285. The taxon represented by the nominal species Pieris nathalia Felder (C.) & Felder (R.) is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as a subspecies of the taxon represented by the older-established nominal species Pieris panda Godart, [1819], (Ency. méth. 9 (Ins.) (1) : 147). SALIANA Evans, 1955, Cat. amey. Hesp. Brit. Mus. 4: 400, 442. Type-species by original designation : Papilio salius Cramer, [1775], Uitl. Kapellen 1 (6) : 197, pl. 68, fig. E. SALLYA Hemming, 1964, Annot. lep. (4) : 139. Type-species through Section (i) of Article 67: Crenis madagascariensis Boisduval, 1833, Nouv. Ann. Mus. nat. Hist. nat., Paris 2 (2) : 196. The name Sallya was introduced as a replacement for the name Crenis Boisduval, 1833, which is invalid under the Law of Homonymy. SALPINX Hiibner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2) : 17. Type-species by monotypy ; Limnas nemertes Hiibner, [1807], Samml. exot. Schmett. 1 : pl. {26}. SAMANTA Moore, 1880, Tvans. ent. Soc. Lond. 1880 (4) : 166. Type-species by original designation : Mycalesis malsara Moore, 1857, im Horsfield & Moore, Cat. lep. Ins. Mus. East India Coy (1) : 231. SAMENTA Fruhstorfer, [1911], im Seitz, Grossschmett. Evde 9 : 342 (an Incorrect Subsequent Spelling of Samatva Moore, 1880). SAMUNDRA Moore, [1891], Lep. ind. 1 (8) : 162. Type-species by monotypy : Mycalesis anaxioides Marshall & de Niceville, 1883, Butts India Burmah Ceylon 1 : 107, 130. SANCUS de Niceville, 1891, J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc. 6: 395. Type-species by original designation : Astictopterus subfasciatus Moore, [1879], Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1878 (4) : 842. The taxon represented by the nominal species A stictopteyus subfasciatus Moore is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as a subspecies of the taxon represented by the older-established nominal species Tagiades fuligo Mabille, 1876, Ann. Soc. ent. Fr. (5)2: 271, Bull. : xxvi. SANDIA Clench & Ehrlich, 1960, Ent. News 71 : 138. Type-species by original designation : Callophrys (Sandia) mcfarlandi Clench & Ehrlich, 1960, zb7d. 71 : 139, 138. SAPAEA Pl6tz, 1879, Stett. ent. Zig 40:177, 179. Type-species by original designation (: 179) : Leucochitonea bicolor Trimen, 1864, Tvans. ent. Soc. Lond. (3) 2 : 180. SAPARONA Moore, [1897], Lep. ind. 3 (27) : 49. Type-species by original designation : Adolias cibaritis Hewitson, 1874, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (4) 14 : 358. When Moore established this nominal genus, he designated a type-species but gave no generic diagnosis. He made good this deficiency later in the same year ([1897] (loc. cit. 3 (28) : 85). SAPE Mabille, 1891, Ann. Soc. ent. Belg. 35, Bull. C. R. : xvi. Type-species by selection by Watson (1893, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1893 : 48) : Sape lucidella Mabille, 1891, zbid., 35, Bull. C. R. : Ixvii. The interpretation of the nominal species Sape lucidella Mabille was a matter of doubt until it was shown by Evans that the taxon represented by this nominal species was the same as GENERIC NAMES OF BUTTERFLIES 401 that to which later the name Savangesa ganyi was given by Bethune-Baker (1906, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (7) 17 : 109). SAPHARA Moore, 1883, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1883 : 297. Type-species by original designa- tion : Euplaea [sic] treitschkei Boisduval, [1832], in d’Urville, Voy. ‘‘ Astrolabe’’, Faune ent. 1 (Lépid.) : 98. SARANGESA Moore, [Dec. 1881], Lep. Ceylon 1 (14) : 176. Type-species by monotypy : Sarangesa albicilia Moore, [1881], ibid. 1 (4) : 176, pl. 68, figs 5, 5a. When establishing this genus Moore designated as the type-species what he called “S. purendva’’ and included in it only the nominal species Savangesa albicilia then named and described for the first time. This type-designation is however invalid, for at that time the name Savagnesa purendya was no more than a manuscript name, not being published with a description until June 1882 (Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1882 : 162). Thus, the only duly estab- blished nominal species placed in Savangesa by Moore in 1881 was Savangesa albicilia Moore which becomes therefore the type-species by monotypy. The taxon represented by the nominal species Savangesa albicilia Moore is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as a subspecies of the taxon represented by the older- established nominal species Savangesa dasahava Moore, [1866] (Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1865 (3) : 787). SARBARIA Moore, 1882, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1882 : 258. Type-species by original designa- tion : Papilio polyctor Boisduval, [1836], (Roret’s Suite 4 Buffon), Hist. nat. Ins., Spec. gén. Lépid. 1 : 205. SARBIA Watson, 1893, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1893 : 11, 13. Type-species by original designa- tion : Hesperia xanthippe Latreille, [1824], Ency. méth. 9 (Ins.) 92 : 734. SAREGA Mabille, 1904, in Wytsman’s Gen. Ins. 17 (B) : 133. Type-species by monotypy : Sarega staurus Mabille, 1904, ibid. 17 (B) : 133. SARIBIA Butler, 1878, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (5) 2 : 289. Type-species by original designation : Emesis tepahi Boisduval, 1833, Nouv. Ann. Mus. Hist. nat., Paris 2 (2) : 175 [repaged offprint as Faun. ent. Madagascar, Lépid. : 27, pl. 3, fig. 4). SARMENTOIA Waterhouse, 1902, Index zool. 1800-1900 : 335 (an Incorrect Subsequent Spelling of Sarvmientoia Berg, 1897). SARMIENTOIA Berg, 1897, Ann. Mus. nac. Buenos Aires 5 : 249. Type-species by original designation : Dyscophus faustinus Burmeister, 1878, Descr. phys. Rép. Argentine 5, Lép. {u) = 20n, pl. 6, fig. x7. The taxon represented by the nominal species Dyscophus faustinus Burmeister is currently treated subjectively as a subspecies of the taxon represented by the older-established nominal species Eudamus phaselis Hewitson, 1867, Descr. One Hundred new Spec. Hesp.1 : 14. SAROBIA Moore, 1883, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1883 : 260. Type-species by original designa- tion: Euploea grayi Felder (C.) & Felder (R.), [1865], Reise Fregatte ‘‘ Novara’’, Lep. Rhop. (2) : 346. SAROTA Westwood, [1851], 7m Doubleday, Gen. diurn. Lep. (2) : 424. Type-species by selection by Scudder (1875, Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10 : 265) : Papilio chrysus Stoll, [1782], 1m Cramer, Uitl. Kapellen 4 (32) : 178, pl. 380, figs D, E. It may usefully be noted that the name Savota Westwood is the correct name for—and, indeed, the only available name applicable to—the genus to which Stichel (1930, in Strand’s Lep. Cat. 40 : 527, 530) mistakenly applied the name Charis Hiibner, [1819]. SARROMIA Westwood, [1851], in Doubleday, Gen. diurn. Lep. (2) : pl. 67, fig. 5. Type- species by monotypy : Sarromia obsoleta Westwood, [May, 1851], in Doubleday, ibid. (2) : pl. 67, fig. 5 [text (: 402) published in July 1851], this species there being placed in the genus Lymanopoda Westwood, [1851]. The name Lymanopoda was introduced by Westwood on the same plate (pl. 67) of Double- 402 FRANCIS HEMMING day’s Gen. diurn. Lep. as the name Savvomia here in question. As these names were published on the same date in the same work, the relative precedence to be accorded to them depends upon the choice made by the First Reviser. This matter is of some importance in the case of these names which are currently treated as being subjective synonyms of one another, the name Lymanopoda being in general use, while the name Savromia is virtually forgotten. Fortunately, in this case the First Reviser gave preference to Lymanopoda, sinking Savromia. This was Westwood himself when, as shown above, he dealt with these names in the text (: 402) of Doubleday’s Gen. diurn. Lep. in July 1851. SARTHUSIA Verity, 1943, Le Farfalle diurn. d'Italia 2:20. Type-species by original designation : Polyommatus sarthus Staudinger, 1886, Ste/t. ent. Zig 47 : 202. SARTORA Swinhoe, [1912], 72 Moore, Lep. ind. 9 (106) : 229. Type-species by original designation : Ismene ionis de Niceville, 1895, J]. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc. 9 : 403, pl. Q, fig. 61 ¢. The taxon represented by the nominal species Jsmene ionis de Niceville is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as being the same as that represented by the older-estab- lished nominal species Ismene nestor Méschler, 1878 (Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien 48 : 208). In its turn, the taxon represented by the nominal species Ismene nestor is currently treated subjectively as a subspecies of the taxon represented by the older-established nominal species Ismene iluska Hewitson, [1867], (Ill. exot. Butts 4 : [103], pl. [55], figs 10. 11). SARTORIA Evans, 1932, Ident. ind. Butts (ed. 2) : 303 (an Incorrect Subsequent Spelling of Sartora Swinhoe, [1912}). SASAKIA Moore, [1896], Lep. ind. 3 (26) : 39. Type-species by original designation : Dia- dema charonda Hewitson, [1863], Jl]. exot. Butts 3 : [30], pl. [15], figs 2 J, 3 9. SATADRA Moore, 1884, J. asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt II, 53 (1) : 38. Type-species by original designation : Amblypodia atrax Hewitson, 1862, Specimen Cat. Lep. Lycaenidae Brit. Mus. : 13, pl. 7, figs 80, 82 9. SATANGA Moore, 1883, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1883 : 297. Type-species by monotypy Euploea eupator Hewitson, [1858], J//. exot. Butts 2 : [23], pl. [12], fig. 1. SATARUPA Moore, [1866], Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1866 (3) : 780. Type-species by selection by Scudder (1875, Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10 : 265) : Satarupa gopala Moore, [1866], zb7d. 1865 (3) : 780, pl. 42, fig. 1. SATOA Moore, 1880, Tvans. ent. Soc. Lond. 1880 (4) : 157. Type-species by monotypy : Mycalesis maianeas Hewitson, [1864], ///. evot. Butts 3 : [87], pl. [44], figs 27, 28. SATSUMA Murray, 1875, Ent. mon. Mag. 11: 168. Type-species by monotypy : Lycaena fervea Butler, [1866], Tvans. linn. Soc. Lond., Zool. 9 : 57. The name Satsuma Murray is invalid, as it is a junior homonym of Satsuma Adams, 1868 (Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (4) 1 : 463), a name given to a genus of Mollusca. Two authors have published replacement names for this generic name, the earlier of these names being Ginzia Okano, 1941, which is therefore the valid name for this genus. SATURAPA Mabille, 7903, in Wytsman’s Gen. Ins. 17 (A) : 49 (an Incorrect Subsequent Spelling of Satavupa Moore, [1866}). SATURNUS Evans, 1955, Cat. amer. Hesp. Brit. Mus. 4 : 264, 266. Type-species by original designation : Papilio saturnus Fabricius, 1787, Mantissa Ins. 2 : 85. SATYRIMIMA Holland, 1913, Ent. News, 24 (7) : 302. Type-species through Section (a) (i) (“ gen. n.; sp. n.’’) of Article 68 : Satyrimima weberi Holland, 1913, ibid. 24 (7) : 302, text-figs 1 J, 2 9. SATYRITES Scudder, 1872, Rev. Mag. Zool. (2) 23:71. Type-species by monotypy : Satyrites reynesii Scudder, 1872, ibid. (2) 23 : 71. This name was given by Scudder to a fossil found in the South of France which he considered GENERIC NAMES OF BUTTERFLIES 403 belonged to the family Satyridae. As has been explained in the note on the name Lethites, Scudder rejected the name Satyrites for the incorrect reason that it had previously been used as the name for a taxon belonging to the family-group category. Satyvites is an available name nomenclatorially, its replacement name Lethites being therefore invalid as a junior objective synonym. SATYRIUM Scudder, 1876, Bull. Buffalo Soc. nat. Sci. 3: 106. Type-species by original designation : Lycaena fuliginosa Edwards, 1861, Proc. Acad. nat. Sci. Philad. 1861 : 164. SATYRODES Scudder, 1875, Bull. Buffalo Soc. nat. Sci. 2 : 235,242. Type-species by original designation : Papilio eurydice Linnaeus, 1763, Amoen. acad. 6 : 406. The nominal species Papilio eurydice Linnaeus became the type-species by selection by Scudder (1872) of the genus Argus Scopoli, 1777 (Introd. Hist. nat..: 432), but in 1875 (Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10 : 118) Scudder argued that the name Argus Scopoli should be rejected on account of the taxonomically miscellaneous nature of the species included by Scopoli in this genus. In the same year Scudder established the present genus Satyrodes. If the objections advanced by Scudder had stood by themselves, they would have been quite without force and in consequence the name Argus Scopoli would have been an available name and Satyrodes Scudder a junior objective synonym but there was in fact a solid reason for preventing this from happening. This was that the name Argus Scopoli, 1777, was a junior homonym of Avgus Bohadsch, 1761. When this was realized, the name Satyrodes Scudder came into general use, the name Argus Scopoli disappearing insynonymy. In 1944 however there occurred a development which by accident had the effect of disturbing the settlement described above. This was the promulgation of the Commission’s Opinion 185 (Opin. int. Comm. zool. Nom. 3 : 37-52), in which Bohadsch’s work entitled ‘“‘ De quibusdam Animalibus marinis ’’ was suppressed for nomenclatorial purposes, in order to prevent the con- fusion in the nomenclature of various marine invertebrate groups which would have followed upon the acceptance of Bohadsch’s names. It was only later that it was realized that in certain cases this unqualified rejection of Bohadsch’s names might itself give rise to confusion in other cases. One of the cases so affected was that of the generic name Argus, for the rejection of the name Argus Bohadsch, 1761, had the result that the name Argus Scopoli, 1777, was no longer invalid under the Lawof Homonymy and therefore should replace the name Satyrodes Scudder, which as explained above, was at that time currently in use. In order to forestall nomenclatorial disturbances of this type, the Commission in 1956 (Opin. int. Comm. zool. Nom. 14 : 323-338) rendered a further Opinion, promulgated as Opinion 429, in which it limited the direction given in its earlier Opinion 185, so as to provide that the suppression of Bohadsch’s work (prescribed in that Opinion) should apply to new names in that work, for the purposes of the Law of Priority only and should be held to deprive those names of their status under the Law of Homonymy. The effect of Opinion 429 in the present case was, while confirming the rejection of the name Argus Bohadsch for the purposes of the Law of Priority, to provide that, by being kept alive for the purposes of the Law of Homonymy, it should invalidate the use of the name Avgus by any later author. In consequence, the name Argus Scopoli, 1777, continued to be invalid as a junior homonym of Argus Bohadsch, 1761, thus preserving the name Satyrodes Scudder, 1875, as an available name, for the present genus and, there being no earlier available name, its valid name. SATYRUS Latreille, 1810, Consid. gén. Anim. Crust. Avach. Ins. : 355, 440. Type-species by designation by the Commission under the Plenary Powers in Opinion 142 : Papilio actaea Esper, [1780] Die Schmett. 1 (Bd. 2) Forts. Tagschmett. : 37, pl. 57, figs 1a g, rb 9. Latreille characterized the genus Satyrus in the earlier part of this work (: 355) but did not there cite any nominal species as belonging to this genus. Later, in the portion which he called the ‘‘ Table méthodique ’’ (: 440) he placed five species in this genus, three being Tropical, two being Palaearctic. The first attempt definitely to select a type-species for this genus was made by Butler in 1867 (Entomologist 3 : 270) who selected Papilio constantia Cramer, 1777. This selection was invalid, for that species was not one of those cited by 404 FRANCIS HEMMING Latreille in 1810. It was fortunate that this was so, for this choice would have had a most disturbing effect through transferring the name Satyvus from the Palaearctic “‘ Large Browns (known in England as the ‘“‘ Grayling Group’), for which by this time the name Satyrus was in common use, to a species of the Indo-Oriental Lethe-group. Possibly on this account Butler in 1868 (Ent. mon. Mag. 4 194) rejected the above type-selection made by himself in the previous year, substituting for it a selection of Papilio actaea Esper, [1780]. This selec- tion had the merit that it was in harmony with current nomenclatorial practice, but it was invalid, because it was not one of the species cited by Latreille in 1810. In 1872 (Cistula ent. 1 : 62) Crotch sought to select Papilio megeva Linnaeus, 1767, as the type-species, but this also was invalid, the species selected not having been one of Latreille’s original species. The type-species of this genus was validly fixed in 1875 (Proc. amer. acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10 : 265, 266) as Papilio galathea Linnaeus, 1758, by Scudder who, however, erroneously believed that the name Satyrus Latreille was invalid under the Law of Homonymy. Despite the action described above, the name Satyyvus continued in uninterrupted use for the Palaearctic “Large Browns ’’, though in the early nineteen-thirties a few authors sought to apply it in the sense invalidly suggested by Crotch in 1872, thereby applying it in the place of the long- established name Pavarge Hiibner, [1819], while a few others accepted Scudder’s technically correct selection of 1875, thus replacing the equally well-known name Melanargia Meigen, 1828. The name Satyrus Latreille is one of particular importance, having been made the type- genus of the family Satyridae by Boisduval in 1833. It was of the highest importance there- fore that a definitive ruling should be obtained as to the species to be accepted as the type- species of this genus and, moreover, that that species should be one of the large group of species to which the name Satyrus was habitually, though incorrectly, applied. This case was considered by the Commission at its Lisbon meeting in 1935 when approval was given to a proposal advocated by the International Committee on Entomological Nomenclature at Madrid earlier in the same year that instead of ruling in favour of the acceptance of Papilio galathea Linnaeus as the type-species as had previously been regretfully proposed, the Com- mission should use its Plenary Powers to designate as the type-species the nominal species Papilio actaea Esper. This proposal was regarded as being very drastic at that time, in view of the fact that the species proposed to be designated as type-species was not one of those originally cited by Latreille when founding the nominal genus Satyrus. However, this proposal was so obviously calculated to promote nomenclatorial stability and to prevent confusing name-changing that it won immediate and general support. The actual species proposed to be designated as type-species was considered particularly appropriate, it being not only a well-known member of the Palaearctic “‘ Large Browns ”’ but in addition it was the species actually designated—though incorrectly—as the type-species by Crotch as far back as 1868. ‘This proposal commended itself to the Commission which in 1943 (Opin. int. Comm. zool. Nom. 2 : 67-80) promulgated Opinion 142, in which it used its Plenary Powers in the foregoing sense. The name Satyrus Latreille, with Papilio actaea Esper as type-species, was thereupon placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology, where it was later allotted the Name No. 596. SAUNIA Kirby, 1896, in Allen’s Nat. Liby., Lepid. 2 : 301 (an Incorrect Subsequent Spelling of Sainmia Moore, 1882). SCADA Kirby, 1871, Syn. Cat. diurn. Lep. : 23. Type-species through Section (i) (replace- ment names) of Article 67: Salacia phyllodoce Hiibner, [1823], Zuiy. z. Samml. exot. Schmett. 2 : 25, pl. [59], figs 339, 340. The taxon represented by the nominal species Salacia phyllodoce Hubner is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as being the same as that represented by the older- established nominal species Papilio karschina Herbst, 1792 (im Jablonsky, Natursyst. Ins. Schmett. 5 : 26, pl. 83, figs 5, 6). The name Scada Kirby was introduced as a replacement for the name Salacia Hiibner [1823], which is invalid under the Law of Homonymy. Kirby placed eight nominal species in GENERIC NAMES OF BUTTERFLIES 405 this genus, but did not designate a type-species, but this was of no consequence, as Scada, being a replacement name, automatically takes as its type-species the species (Salacia phyllodoce) which is the type-species of the genus (Salacia), the name of which it replaces. Kirby did not realize that the type-species of Scada was automatically settled in this way and believed himself free to select as type-species any of the other species which he had placed in this genus in 1871. Acting on this erroneous assumption Kirby in 1873 (in Zool. Rec. 8 (year 1871) (Ins.) : 359) declared that the type-species of Scada was Olevia theaphia Bates, 1862 (Trans. linn. Soc. Lond. 23 : 529). SCALIDONEURA Butler, 1871, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1871 : 250. Type-species by original designation : Scalidoneura hermina Butler, 1871, ibid. 1871 : 251, pl. 19, fig. 5. The taxon represented by the nominal species Scalidoneuva hermina Butler is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as being the same as that represented by the older- established nominal species Colias flaveola Blandchard, 1852 (in Gay, Hist. nat. fis. Chile, Zool. 7 : 19, pl. 1, figs 6a, b). SCANTILLA Godman & Salvin, [1896], Biol. centr.-amer., Lep. Rhop. 2 : 437. Type-species by monotypy : Scantilla opites Godman & Salvin, [1896], ibid., Lep. Rhop. 2 : 437, pl. 90, figs 3, 4,5 3. The taxon represented by the nominal species Scantilla opites Godman & Salvin is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as being the same as that represented by the older- established nominal species Tagiades vincula Pl6tz, 1886 (Stett. ent. Zig 47 : 113). SCELOTHRIX Scudder, 1875, Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10 : 266 (an Incorrect Subsequent Spelling of Scelotviv Rambur, 1858). SCELOTRIX Rambur, 1858, Cat. syst. Lép. Andal. : 63. Type-species by selection by Watson (1893, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1893 : 64) : Papilio carthami Hiibner, [1808-1813], Sammi. europ. Schmett. : pl. Pap. 143, figs 726 [recte 720] 3, 723 ¢ [mec figs 721-722]. The taxon represented by the nominal species Papilio carthami Hiibner is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as being the same as that represented by the older-establi- shed nominal species Papilio fritillarius Poda, 1761 (Ins. Mus. graec. : 79 [as defined by the specimen figured as fig. 7 on pl.] 10 by Roesel (1746) cited by Denis & Schiffermiiller in an explanatory footnote when publishing the replacement name Papilio fritillum (Ankiindung [sic] evnes syst. Werkes Schmett. Wiener Gegend : 159) in 1775). SCHATZIA Kirby, 1896, in Allen’s Nat. Libr., Lep. 2 : 162. Type-species through Section (i) (replacement names) of Article 67 : Eucheiva socialis Westwood, 1834, Trans. ent. Soc. Lond. (nm) 2744; pl: 6. Kirby introduced the name Schatzia as a replacement of the name Eucheiva Westwood in the belief that that name was invalid under the Law of Homonymy as a junior homonym of the name Eucheivus Dejean, 1833. This idea of his was misconceived, as is now clearly laid down in the ‘“‘ One-Letter-Difference '’ Rule now embodied in Article 56(a). In these circumstances the name Eucheiva Westwood is an available name and its replace- ment Schatzia Kirby is invalid as a junior objective synonym of that name. SCHAUSANA Bell, 1938, Amer. Mus. Novit. No. 1013: 7. Type-species by original desig- nation : Hesperia (?) altama Schaus, 1902, Proc. U.S. nat. Mus. 24 : 455. SCHOENBERGIA Pagenstecher, 1893, JahvB. nassau. Naturk. 1893 : 35. Type-species by montypy : Schoenbergia schoenbergi Pagenstecher, 1893, zbid. 1893 : 35. The name of the type-species of this genus was dealt with by Pagenstecher in a very un- satisfactory way. On page 35 Pagenstecher dealt with a taxon to which he applied the name Schoenbergia schoenbergi, supplying for this taxon also the alternative name Schoenbergia paradisea, attributing both these names to himself. On page 39 Pagenstecher stated that the taxon referred to above was the same as that for which Staudinger had published the name Ornithoptera paradisea (June 1893, Ent. Nachy. 193 : 178). He went on to say that Staudinger had never seen a specimen of this species at the time when he published the above name as his own in the Ent. Nachr., the description there given having been based only a description 406 FRANCIS HEMMING and figure which he (Pagenstecher) had sent to him in common with certain other entomo- logists announcing the forthcoming publication of the description of this interesting novelty. It is quite clear therefore that, although Staudinger was the first to publish the specific name paradisea, it was Pagenstecher by whom it was first proposed in manuscript. That Staudinger anticipated Pagenstecher in the publication of this name must presumably be attributed to some misunderstanding between these entomologists in the correspondence which immediately preceded its publication by Staudinger. As Pagenstecher cited two specific names (pavadisea Pagenstecher and schoenbergi Pagen- stecher) for the foregoing species when establishing the nominal genus Schoenbergia, it is necessary to consider which of the alternative specific names so published should be treated for nomenclatorial purposes as the specific name of the type-species of this genus. In view of the way in which Pagenstecher dealt with this matter in the discussion which he gave, it is considered that the most logical course is to give preference to the specific name schoenbergi Pagenstecher over the name pavadisea Pagenstecher; for the name schoenbergi seems to have been introduced as a replacement for the manuscript name parvadisea Pagenstecher which he regarded as having been misappropriated by Staudinger. The name Schoenbergia schoenbergi Pagenstacher is, as will be seen from the particulars given above, a junior synonym of the name Ornithoplera paradisea Staudinger, that name having been published in June 1893, the name schoenbergi Pagenstecher having been published in the same year on some later date, which is not precisely known. Since, as has been shown, Ornithoptera pavadisea Staudinger was based not upon a specimen but upon a figure and description of the then manuscript species to which Pagenstecher at that time proposed to give the specific name pavadisea, Pagenstecher’s specimen must be the type specimen of Stau- dinger’s parvadisea. The name Schoenbergia schoenbergi Pagenstecher (the specific name schoenbergi being a replacement of the then-unpublished specific name paradisea Pagen- stecher) is thus a junior objective synonym of Ornithoptera parvadisea (Pagenstecher MS.) Staudinger. SCHOENBURGIA Rippon, [1893-1896], Icon. Ornithopt. 1: ix (an Incorrect Subsequent Spelling of Schoenbergia Pagenstecher, 1893). SCHOENIS Hiibner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2) : 28. Type-species by selection by Scudder (1875, Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10: 266) : Papilio delia [Denis & Schiffermiiller], 1775, Ankiindung [sic] syst. Werkes Schmett. Wiener Gegend : 179. The taxon represented by the nominal species Papilio delia [Denis & Schiffermiiller] is subjectively identified on taxonomic grounds as being the same as that represented by the older-established nominal species Papilio cinvia Linnaeus, 1758 (Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 480) (the type-species of Melitaea Fabricius, 1807). SCOBURA Elwes & Edwards, 1897, Tvans. zool. Soc. Lond. 14 (4) : 204. Type-species by selection by Lindsey (1925, Ann. ent. Soc. Amer. 18 : 100) : Hesperia cephala Hewitson, 1876, Ent. mon. Mag. 13 : 152. Elwes & Edwards, when establishing this genus, stated that it was the same as that which Watson in 1893 (Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1893 : 83) had characterized under the misapplied name Isma Distant, 1886. These authors explained that they had been informed by de Niceville that Watson’s diagnosis of what he believed to be Jsma had been based not upon Isma obscura Distant, the type-species of that genus, but upon a specimen of Hesperia cephala Hewitson. Elwes & Edwards did not consider these species to be congeneric with one another and it was because there was no name available for Hesperia cephala and its allies that they introduced the new name Scobuva. They did not designate a type-species for their Scobuva and that genus remained without a type-species until in 1925 Lindsey very appropriately selected Hesperia cephala. SCOLITANTIDES Hiibner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (5) : 68. Type-species by selec- tion by Hemming (1934, Gen. Names hol. Butts 1 : 110) : Papilio battus [Denis & Schiffer- miiller], 1775, Ankiindung [sic] eines syst. Werkes Schmett. Wiener Gegend : 185. i GENERIC NAMES OF BUTTERFLIES 407 The taxon represented by the nominal species Papilio battus [Denis & Schiffermiiller] is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds either as a subspecies of, or as the same as, that represented by the older-established nominal species Papilio orion Pallas, 1775 (Retse durch verschied. Prov. Russ. Reichs 1 : 471). The first author to attempt to deal with the question of the type-species of this genus was Tutt ([1906], Nat. Hist. Brit Butts 1 : 314) who stated that Papilio orion was the type-species, having been so selected by Kirby in 1896 (in Allen’s Nat. Libr., Lepid. 2: 111). Tutt was mistaken in thinking that a type-selection had been made by Kirby, but this would not have detracted from the validity of his statement that the above species was the type-species, as that statement would have ranked as a type-selection by Tutt himself, if in fact that nominal species had been eligible for selection as type-species. But the nominal species Papilio orion was not cited by Hiibner when he established this genus and it-is therefore ineligible for selection as type-species. Following Tutt’s paper, the genus Scolitantides came into common use in the sense which he suggested, but nearly twenty years elapsed before any author validly selected, or specified, as type-species one of Hiibner’s originally included species, this not being done until in 1934 I definitely specified Papilio battus [Denis & Schiffermiiller] as type- species. SCOPTES Hiibner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (7) : 111. Type-species by selection by Butler (1869, Cat. diurn. Lep. Fabricius Brit. Mus. : 176, footnote): Papilio alpheus Cramer, [1777], Uitl. Kapellen 2 (16) : 131, pl. 183, figs. E, F. When dealing with the genus Scoptes, Butler in the footnote referred to above stated that that genus was the ‘‘Capys of Hewitson’’, of which Papilio alpheus Cramer is the type-species by monotypy. By this action of Butler’s that species became also the type-species of Scoptes. SCUDDERIA Grote, August 1873, Canad. Ent. 5 : 144. Type-species by monotypy : Papilio antiopa Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 476. There is another genus bearing the name Scudderia which was also published in the year 1873, and it is necessary to examine the question of the relative priority of these names. The name Scudderia Grote is known to have been published in August 1873; the paper containing the name Scudderia Stal, was published, according to Scudder (1889, Butts East. U.S. Canada (1) (3) : 387), in April 1873; it is possible however that publication took somewhat later in that year, it being presentation of the paper and not publication which took place in the month of April. However, the name Scudderia Grote has always been treated as having been published later than Scudderia Stal, and there is no evidence to show that this view is not correct. The name Scudderia Grote is therefore treated here as being invalid under the Law of Homonymy. In 1889 it was replaced by the name Euvanessa Scudder. SEA Hayward, 1950, Rev. Soc. ent. argent. 14 (5) : 319. Type-species by original designation : Vanessa sophronia Godart, [1824], Ency. méth. 9 (Ins.) (2) : 823. SEBALDIA Mabille, 1903, in Wytsman’s Gen. Ins. 17 (A) : 77. Type-species by monotypy : Papilio busiris Cramer, [1779], Uitl. Kapellen 3 (22) : 119, pl. 261, figs A, B, C. The name Sebaldia Mabille is invalid, it being a junior objective synonym of Achlyodes Hiibner, [1819]. SEBASTONYMA Watson, 1893, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1893: 71, 81. Type-species by original designation : Hesperia dolopia Hewitson, 1868, Descy. One Hundved new Spec. ESP 2)" 27: SELENOPHANES Staudinger, [1887], in Staudinger & Schatz, Exot. Schmett. Bd. 1 (Th. 1) (18) : 212. Type-species by monotypy : Papilio cassiope Cramer, [1775], Uitl. Kapellen 1 (5) : 88, pl. 57, figs A, B. SELINDA Moore, 1883, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1883 : 298. Type-species by original desig- nation : Euploea mniszechii Felder (C.) & Felder (R.), 1859, Wien. ent. Monats. 3 : 181, pl. 3; fig: 3. 408 FRANCIS HEMMING SEMALEA Holland, 1896, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1896 : 64. Type-species by original desig- nation : Hesperia pulvina Pl6tz, 1879, Stett. ent. Ztg 40 : 353 [figured on Plétz’s MS. pl. 264]. SEMANGA Distant, 1884, Rhop. malayana : 233, 239. Type-species by original designation : Ilerda (?) superba Druce, 1873, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1873 : 350, pl. 32, fig. 11. SEMELIA Doubleday, 1844, List Spec. lep. Ins. Brit. Mus. 1:64. Type-species by selection by Scudder (1875, Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10 : 267) : Cethosia vibilia Godart, [1819], Ency. méth. 9 (Ins.) (I) : 245. Doubleday attributed this generic name to Boisduval, by whom, no doubt, it had been put into irregular circulation as a manuscript name. SEMELIA Erichson, 1848, in Schomburgk, Reisen Britisch-Guiana 3 : 596. Type-species by monotypy : Papilio lybia Fabricius, 1775, Syst. Ent. : 460. Erichson was aware that the name Semelia had originally been proposed by Boisduval and also that it had never been published by that author; he was not aware that it had been published by Doubleday. From Erichson’s point of view Semelia was an unpublished name. The name Semelia Erichson is invalid, as being a junior homonym of Semelia Doubleday, 1844. SEMELIA Boisduval, 1870, Consid. Lépid. Guatemala : 35. Type-species by monotypy : Cethosia vibilia Godart, [1819], Ency. méth. 9 (Ins.) (1) : 245. In the above work Boisduval at last validly published the generic name Semelia which, as shown above, he had put into circulation as a manuscript name over a quarter of a century earlier. As published by Boisduval in 1870, the name Semelia was invalid, both as a junior homonym of, and as a junior objective synonym of, Semelia Doubleday, 1844. SEMICUDATI Koch, 1860, Stett. ent. Ztg 21: 231. Type-species by selection by Hem- ming, (1935, Entomologist 68 : 41) : Papilio sarpedon Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 461. This name is invalid under Article 11 (f) by reason of having been published in the nomina- tive plural instead of in the nominative singular. Even if this generic name had not been invalid for the foregoing reason, it would neverthe- less have been invalid because by the deliberate choice in 1935 of Papilio sarpedon Linnaeus as type-species it became a junior objective synonym of Graphium Scopoli, 1777. SEMNOPSYCHE Scudder, 1875, Bull. Buffalo Soc. nat. Sci. 2 : 238, 258. Type-species by original designation : Papilio diana Cramer, [1777], Uitl. Kapellen 2 (9) : 4, 148, pl. 98, figs D, E g. SEMOMESIA Westwood, [1851], iz Doubleday, Gen. diurn. Lep. (2) : 455. Type-species by selection by Scudder (1875, Proc. amey. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10 : 267) : Papilio croesus Fabricius, 1777, Gen. Ins. : 259. SENADIPA Moore, [1897], Lep. wd. 3 (27) : 49. Type-species by original designation : Lexias satrapes Felder (C.) & Felder (R.), 1861, Wien. ent. Monats. 5 : 302. The taxon represented by the nominal species Lexia satvapes is currently treated subjective- ly on taxonomic grounds as being congeneric with that represented by the nominal species Cynthia damalis Erichson, 1834, the type-species of Camarvaga Moore, [1897]. The names Senadipa and Camaraga having been published on the same date and in the same work, the relative precedence to be accorded to them depends on the choice of the First Reviser. This choice was made by myself in 1964 (Annot. lep. (3) : 79), when I gave precedence to the name Camaraga Moore, sinking the name Senadipa Moore as a junior subjective synonym. SEOKIA Sibatani, 1943, Tvans. Kansai ent. Soc. 13 (No. 2) : 12. Type-species by original designation : Papilio aceris Esper, [1783], Die Schmeit. 1 (Bd 2) Forts. Tagschmett. : 142, pl. 81, figs 3 g, 4 Q. The name Seokia is invalid as it is a junior objective synonym of Neptis Fabricius, 1807. > FS GENERIC NAMES OF BUTTERFLIES 409 SEPA de Niceville, 1894, J. asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. 11,63 (No.1) : 49. | Type-species by original designation : Sepa cronus de Niceville, 1894, ibid., Pt. I1, 63 (No. 1) : 50, pl. 5, fig. 4. SEPHISA Moore, 1882, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1882 : 240. Type-species through Section (i) (replacement names) of Article 67 : Limenitis dichroa Kollar, [1844], in Hiigel, Kashmir @ (2) 7 420, pl. 8, figs x, 2. The name Sephisa was introduced by Moore as a replacement of Castalia Westwood, [1850], which is invalid under the Law of Homonymy. SERDIA Mabille, 1904, in Wytsman’s Gen. Ins. 17 (C) : 144. Type-species by original desig- nation : Serdis flagrans Mabille, 1904, ibid. 17 (C) : 144. The taxon represented by the nominal species Serdis flagrans Mabille is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as a subspecies of the taxon ‘represented by the older- established nominal species Hesperia statius Plétz, 1883 (Stett. ent. Ztg 44 : 223 [type figured on Pl6tz’s MS. pl. 686)). SERICINUS Westwood, 1851, Trans. ent. Soc. Lond. (n.s.) 1 : 173. Type-species by original designation : Papilio telamon Donovan, 1798, Epitome Ins. China : pl. 27, fig. 1 [no text]. The name Papilio telamon Donovan is invalid, as it is a junior homonym of Papilio telamon Linnaeus, 1758 (Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 486). The oldest available name subjectively applicable to the present species is Sercinus montela Gray (G. R.), 1852, Cat. lep. Ins. Brit. Mus. 1 (Papilionidae) : 78, pl. 13, figs 1, 2 g. SERONIA Kirby, 1871, Syn. Cat. diurn. Lep. : 206 (an Incorrect Subsequent Spelling of Sivonia Hiibner, [1823]). SESERIA Matsumura, 1919, Thous. Ins. Japan, Addit. 3 : 683. Type-species by original designation : Suastus nigroguttatus Matsumura, 1910, Ent. Z. 23 : 181. The taxon represented by the nominal species Suastus nigroguttatus Matsumura is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as being the same as that represented by the older- established nominal species Satarupa formosana Fruhstorfer, 1909 (Int. ent. Z. 3 : 140). SETABIS Westwood, [1851], in Doubleday, Gen. diurn. Lep. (2) : 450. Type-species by selec- tion by Scudder (1875, Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10 : 268) : Aricoris (Setabis) myrtis Westwood, [1851], 7x Doubleday, ibid. (2) : 450, nota. The name Sefabis was originally devised by Doubleday, by whom it was published in 1847 (List Spec. lep. Ins. Brit. Mus. 2:19). Asso published, it was however invalid as a nomen nudum, Doubleday giving no diagnosis and placing in this genus only the names of at that time unpublished species. SETODOCIS Billberg, 1820, Enum. Ins. Mus. Billberg. : 78. Type-species by selection by Scudder (1875, Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10 : 268) : Papilio periboea Fabricius, 0777, Gen. Ins. : 261. Setodocis Billberg is a genus dubiwm for the reason that it has never been found possible to identify with certainty the taxon represented by its type-species, Papilio periboea Fabricius. Butler in 1868 (Cat. diurn. Lep. Satyridae : 38) considered that this was an “‘ undetermined species ’’ of Ewptychia ; in the following year however he changed his view (1869, Cat. diurn. Lep. Fabricius Brit. Mus. : 33), considering that this nominal species represented a form of Mycalesis perseus (Fabricius). In 1871 (Syn. Cat. diurn. Lep. : 93) Kirby placed Papilio periboea at the end of the genus Mycalesis as an unidentifiable species. The same view was taken by myself in 1934 (Gen. Names hol. Butts 1:29). In the circumstances, the nominal genus Setodocis, of which the above nominal species is the type-species is also undeterminable. The name Setodocis remains however available nomenclatorially and by reason of its early date might well become a serious threat to stability if at any time additional evidence were to make it possible to interpret its type-species with certainity. At the moment however no such threat exists and it will be sufficient to include Setodocis at the end of the subfamily Mycalesinae as a genus dubium. 410 FRANCIS HEMMING SEVANDA Moore, 1880, Tvans. ent. Soc. Lond. 1880: 174. Type-species by original desig- nation : Satyrus duponcheli Guérin-Ménéville, [1838], Voy. autour Monde “‘ Coquille’’, Zool 25 NO; 2 316; pl ims. 17 ee 3. SHANIA Evans, 1912, J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc. 21 (2) : 564. Type-species by monotypy : Ypthima megalia de Niceville, 1897, J. asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt II, 66 : 546, pl. 1, fig. 5. The taxon represented by the nominal species Ypthima megalia de Niceville is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as being a subspecies of the taxon represented by the older-established nominal species Ypthima megalomma Butler, 1874 (Cistula ent. 1 : 236). SHEFFIELDIA Druce, 1912, Ent. mon. Mag. 48 : 128. Type-species by original designation : Sheffieldia neavei Druce, 1912, ibid. 48 : 128, pl. 9, fig. 7 3. SHIJIMIA Matsumura, 1919, Thous. Ins. Japan, Addit. 3 : 656. Type-species by original designation : Lycaena moorei Leech, 1889, Trans. ent. Soc. Lond. 1889 : 109, pl. 7, fig. 3 {nec 4]. SHIJIMIAEOIDES Beuret, 1958, Mitt. ent. Ges. Basel (n.f.) 8 (6) : 100. Type-species by original designation : Lycaena barine Leech, [Jan. 1893], Butts China Japan Corea (2) (text-pt 3) : 304 ; id., [Oct. 1983], zbid. (2) (pl.-pt 3/4) : pl. 31, fig. 14 3. The taxon represented by the nominal species Lycaena barine Leech was long misunder- stood, specimens being very rare in collections. However in 1931 (Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (10) 8 : 578) I gave grounds in support of the treatment of this taxon as a subspecies of that repre- sented by the older-established nominal species Lycaena divina Fixsen, 1887 (in Romanoff, Mém. Lépid. 3 : 286-288, pl. 13, figs 5a 2 (ups.), 5b 2 (unds.). SHIROZUA Sibatai & Ito, 1942, Tenthredo, Kyote 3 (4) : 322. Type-species by original designation : Thecla jonasi Janson, 1877, Cistula ent. 2 : 157. SICCA Verity, 1953, Le Farfalle diurn. d'Italia 5 : 83. Type-species by original designation : Papilio dorus Esper, [1782], Die Schmett. 1 (Bd 2) Forts. Tagschmett. : 130, pl. 78, fig. 1 dg. SICYONIA Hiibner, 1816, Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (1) : 13. Type-species by selection by Scudder (1875, Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10 : 268) : Papilio rhea Cramer, [1775], Uitl. Kapellen 1 (5) : 85, pl. 54, figs C, D. Hiibner cited the name Papilio rhea Cramer in the synonymy of the nominal species Nereis thamay Hiibner, [1806] (Sammil. exot. Schmett.1: pl. [16]). Under Article 69(a) (i) a nominal species, the name of which is cited in synonymy in the foregoing manner at the time of the establishment of a nominal genus ranks as an originally included nominal species. Thus, Scudder’s selection of Papilio rhea as type-species was perfectly valid. The name Papilio rhea Cramer is invalid, because it is a junior homonym of the name Papilio rhea Poda, 1761 (Ins. Mus. graec. : 66). It is considered subjectively on taxonomic grounds that the oldest available name subjectively applicable to the taxon named Papilio yhea Cramer is Nereis thamay Hiibner, [1806], with which as, already noted, Papilio rhea Cramer was synonymized by Hiibner. The taxon represented by Nereis thamay Hiibner is currently treated subjectively as being a subspecies of the taxon represented by the older-established nominal species Papilio sara Fabricius, 1793 (Ent. syst. 3 (1) : 167). The name Sicyonia Hiibner is of no practical value to lepidopterists as according to current taxonomic ideas it is no more than a junior subjective synonym of the name Heliconius Kluk, 1802. On the other hand, there is a later name consisting of the same word—Sicyonia Milne Edwards (H.), 1830—which applies to a well-known genus of Penaeid prawns. In order to validate this name in the Decapoda, the Commission in its Opinion 382 (1956, Opin. int. Comm. zool. Nom. 12 : 43-58) used its Plenary Powers to suppress the generic name Sicyomia Hiibner for the purposes, both of the Law of Priority and of the Law of Homonymy, at the same time placing that name on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology as Name No. 380. GENERIC NAMES OF BUTTERFLIES 411 SIDERONE Hiibner, [1823]. Samml. exot. Schmett. 2 : pl. [56]. Type-species by monotypy : Siderone ide Hiibner, [1823], ibid. 2 : pl. [56]. The taxon represented by the nominal species Sidevone ide Hiibner is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as being the same as that represented by the older-establi- shed nominal species Papilio nemesis Illiger, [1801] (Mag. f. Insektenk. (Uliger) 1 : 203). [It must be noted here parenthetically that in introducing this and other new names in the paper referred to above, Illiger interpolated a term between the generic and specific name; these intermediate terms do not rank as names for the purposes of zoological nomenclature, having been rejected by the Commission by the Ruling given by the Commission in its Opinion 124. In the case here under consideration the name was published as Papilio nobilis nemesis with the unfortunate result that some authors, e.g. Stichel in Seitz, vol. 5 and the Lep. Cat., Part 93 fell into the error of supposing that the specific name introduced by illiger was nobilis and not nemesis. | The taxon represented by the nominal species Papilio nemesis Illiger (and therefore also by the nominal species Siderone ide Hiibner) is currently treated subjectively as a subspecies of the taxon represented by the older-established nominal species Papilio marthesia Cramer, [1777] (Uitl. Kapellen 2 (16) : 143, pl. ror, figs A, B). SIDERONE Boisduval, [1836], (Roret’s Suite 4 Buffon), Hist. nat. Ins., Spec. gén. Lépid. 1 : pl. 8 [= pl. B], fig. 1. Type-species by monotypy : Siderone ide Hiibner, [1823], Sammi. exot. Schmett. 2 : pl. [56]. Boisduval attributed no author to the name Sidevone ide in the legend to plate 8, but in the leaflet entitled ‘‘ Explication des Planches ’’ he attributed this binomen (: 3) to Hiibner. If this had been all, it would certainly have been concluded that Boisduval had correctly attributed to Hiibner not only the specific name ide but also the generic name Siderone. However when in 1870 (Consid. Lépid. Guatemala : 51) Boisduval again dealt with this species, he expressly attributed the name Siderone to himself. There is no evidence anywhere to show whether Boisduval did this solely by inadvertence or whether the name Siderone was originally proposed by himself in manuscript, in which case in accordance with his general custom he would certainly have treated himself as its author, irrespective of whether it was first published by some other writer. In the present case this possibility is unlikely, for Boisduval was only twenty-four years of age when the name Sideyvone was published by Hiibner. In any case, this matter is of no practical importance, the name Siderone Boisduval being invalid as a junior homonym of, and as a junior objective synonym of, Siderone Hiibner, [1823]. SIDERONIDIA Bryk, 1939, in Stichel, in Bryk’s Lep. Cat. 93 : 720. Type-species by original designation : Papilio galanthis Cramer, [1775], Uitl. Kapellen 1 (3) : 39, pl. 25, figs D, E. The name Sideronidia Bryk is invalid on two quite different counts. First, it is invalid under Article 13(a) because, being a name published after 1930, it was not accompanied by a statement purporting to give its differential characters. Second, it is invalid as a junior objective synonym of the name Phyllophasis Blanchard, 1840. SIDERUS Kaye, 1904, Tvans. ent. Soc. Lond. 1904 : 195. Type-species by original designation : Siderus parvinotus Kaye, 1904, ibid. 1904: 195. SIGNETA Waterhouse & Lyell, 1914, Butts Austvalia : 8,174,198. Type-species by original designation : Telesto flammeata Butler, 1882, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (5) 9 : 85. SIMISKINA Distant, [Jan.] 1886, Entomologist 19:12. Type-species by monotypy : Simiskina fulgens Distant, [Jan.] 1886, ibid. 19 : 12. The name Simiskina was published by Distant twice in the year 1886, first (as shown above) in January in the Entomologist and, second, in September of the same year (Szmiskina Distant, Sept. 1886, Rhop. malayana : 450). The taxon represented by the nominal species Simiskina fulgens Distant is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as being the same as that represented by the older- established nominal species Poritia phalia Hewitson, 1874, Tvans. ent. Soc. Lond. 1874 : 345. 412 FRANCIS HEMMING SIMOETHUS Boisduval, 1832, in d’Urville, Voy. “ Astrolabe’’, Faune ent. 1 (Lépid.) : 72 (an Unjustified Emendation of Symetha Horsfield, [1829]). SIMPLICIA Verity, 1953, Le Farfalle diurn. d'Italia 5 : 194. Type-species by original desig- nation : Papilio epiphron Knoch, 1783, Beitr. Insektengesch. 3 : 131, pl. 6, fig. 7 9. The name Simplicia Verity is invalid, as it is a junior homonym of Simplicia Guenée, 1854 (Hist. nat. Ins., Spec. gén. Lépid. 8 : 51), a name given to a genus of moths. SINARISTA Weymer, 1909, Ent. Z. 23 (37) : 164. Type-species by monotypy : Sinarista adoptiva Weymer, 1909, ibid. 23 (37) : 164. SINCANA Moore, [1896], Lep. ind. 3 (25) : 13. Type-species by original designation : Apatura fulva Leech, 1891, Entomologist 24, Suppl. : 30. It is currently considered subjectively on taxonomic grounds that the nominal species A paturva fulva Leech represents the male of the taxon, to the female of which Leech on the same occasion gave the name Apatura subcaerulea (loc. cit. 24, Suppl. : 29-30). As these specific names were published on the same date and in the same paper, the relative precedence to be accorded to them depends on the choice of the First Reviser. The first author to estab- lish the foregoing synonymy was Oberthur (1906, Etud. Lépid. comp. 2 : 19-20), but neither he nor his immediate successors made a definite First Reviser choice as between these names. The first author to do so was Fruhstorfer when in 1909 (Ent. Z. 23 : 40), acting as First Reviser, he gave precedence to the name Apatura fulva Leech over the name A patura sub- caevulea Leech, sinking the name subcaerulea Leech as a junior subjective synonym of fulva Leech. A similar First Reviser problem arises at the genus-name level, for the name Sincana Moore was published on the same date and in the same work as Draviva Moore ([1896], Lep. ind. 3 (25) : 14), the type-species of which is Potamis ulupi Doherty, which is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as representing the same taxon as that represented by the nominal species Apatura fulva Leech, the type-species of Sinmcana Moore. In these circumstances, the relative precedence to be accorded to these generic names depends there- fore on the choice of the First Reviser. Owing probably to the fact that the taxon represented by the nominal species Potamis ulupi Doherty has been widely treated as belonging to the genus Apatura Fabricius, for example Evans, though he accepted Dyvaviva Moore as the name for a taxonomically valid subgenus of Apatura, did not mention Sincana and his action therefore does not constitute a First Reviser’s choice in favour of Dvaviva. In 1964 (Annot. lep. (3) : 79) I made such a choice, sinking Simcana Moore as a junior subjective synonym of Dyaviva Moore. SINCHULA Moore, [1892], Lep. ind. 1 (12) : 275. Type-species by original designation : Debis sidonis Hewitson [1863], Jil. exot. Butts 3 : [77], pl. [39], fig. 16. The taxon represented by the nominal species Debis sidonis Hewitson is considered to be closely allied to the nominal species Neope callipteris Butler, 1877 (Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (4) 19 : 92), the type-species of the genus Havima Moore. As these generic names were published on the same date in the same work, the relative precedence to be accorded to them depends on the choice of the First Reviser. This choice was made in 1964 (Amnot. lep. (3) : 78) when I gave precedence to the name Sinchula Moore over the name Havima Moore, sinking Harima as a junior subjective synonym. SINIA Forster, 1940, Mitt. miinchn. ent. Ges. 30 (3) : 875, 876. Type-species by original designation : Glaucopsyche (Sinia) leechi Forster, 1940, ibid. 30 (3) : 875, pl. 22, figs 6 g 7 2 (ups.), pl. 23, figs 6 g, 72 (unds. of specimens figured under the same numbers of pl. 22). SINIMIA Moore, [1898], Lep. ind. 3 (32) : 146. Type-species by original designation : Limen- itis ciocolatina Poujade, 1885, Ann. Soc. ent. Fr. (6) 5, Bull. : ccvii. When establishing this nominal genus, Poujade designated a type-species, but did not give a generic diagnosis. This omission he made good in the immediately following Part of his work ([1898], Joc. cit. 3 (33) : 172). GENERIC NAMES OF BUTTERFLIES 413 SINTHUSA Moore, 1884, J. asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt I, 53 (1) : 33. Type-species by original designation : Thecla nasaka Horsfield, [1829], Descr. Cat. lep. Ins. Mus. East India Coy (@). 292. SIPROETA Hiibner, [1823], Samml. exot. Schmett. 2 : pl. [48]. Type-species by monotypy : Siproeta trayja Hiibner, [1823], ibid. 2 : pl. [48). SIRONIA Hiibner, [1823], Zutr. z. Sammi. exot. Schmett. 2 : 31. Type-species by monotypy : Sironia tithia Hiibner, ibid. 2 : 31, pl. [68], figs 391, 392. SISEME Westwood, [roth Oct. 1851], in Doubleday, Gen. diurn. Lep. (2) : pl. 72, fig. to. Type-species by monotypy : Siseme alectryo Westwood, [roth October 1851], in Doubleday, ibid. (2) : pl. 72, fig. ro [in text (: 462) published on 5th Dec. 1851 enumerated but with no description}. : Scudder, not realizing that plate 72 was published before the text, in which the above and one other species were placed in this genus, selected Siseme alectryo Westwood as the type- species. No harm came of this action, because, as noted above, that species was already the type-species by monotypy. SITA Herrich-Schaeffer, 1864, CorrespBl. zool.-min. Ver. Regensburg 18 : to2 {repaged offprint as Prodromus 1 : 14). Type-species by subsequent designation under Article 69(a) (ii) by Hemming (1964, Annot. lep. (4) : 120) : Neorina sita Felder (C.) & Felder (R.), 1859, Wien ent. Monats. 3 : 403. Herrich-Schaeffer established this genus in a key, placing it between Antirrhaea Hiibner (genus 19) and Hipio Hiibner (genus 21). No species were cited for any of the genera in the key, this being left for the later treatment of these genera in the main text. The portion of the text relating to the genera cited in this key was published in 1865 (loc. cit. 19 : 71). Here Herrich-Schaeffer omitted all reference to his genus Siéa, inserting at the point where it should have appeared the genus Neovina Doubleday {recte Westwood], in which he placed Neorina hilda Westwood (the type-species of Neovina) and Neorina sita. There can be no doubt in the circumstances that, when he established the nominal genus Sifa, it was his intention to include in it the species Neorvina sita, which would thus have become the type-species by abso- lute tautonymy. However, in view of the fact that Herrich-Schaeffer made no mention of the name Sita when later he dealt with the genus Neovina, it cannot be claimed that Neorina sita was one of the originally included species of Sita. It has to be admitted in fact that the generic name Sita Herrich-Schaeffer was published without any nominal species being cited as belonging to the genus. In order to provide this generic name with a definite place in the literature I designated Neorina sita as type-species under the provisions of Article 67 (a) (ii). The name Sita Herrich-Schaeffer is invalid, as it is a junior homonym of Sita Semper, 1862 (J. Conch. 10 : 143). The taxon represented by the nominal species Neorina sita is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as being the same as that represented by the older-established nominal species Mycalesis (?) himachala Moore, 1857 (in Horsfield & Moore, Cat. lep. Ins. Mus. East India Coy (1) : 234, the type-species of Ethope Moore, 1866). SITHON Hiibner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (5): 77. Type-species by selection by Scudder (1875, Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10 : 269) : Papilio nedymond Cramer, [1780], Uitl. Kapellen 4 (25) : 19, pl. 299, figs. E, F. SLOPERIA Tutt, [1906], Nat. Hist. Brit. Butts 1 : 218. Type-species by original designation : Hesperia poggei Lederer, 1858, Wien. ent. Monats. 2 : 141. The taxon represented by the nominal species Hesperia poggei Lederer is commonly con- sidered to be congeneric with that represented by the nominal species Papilio proto Esper, [1805-1808], the type-species of the genus Syrichtus Boisduval, [1834] ; that species is also the type-species of the later-established nominal genus Muschampia Tutt, [1906], the name of which is now seen to be a junior objective synonym of Syvichtus Boisduval. (It may be useful to note for historical purposes that prior to the recognition of the fact that Papilio proto is the type-species of Syvichtus Boisduval, there was a problem as to the relative status to be accorded 414 FRANCIS HEMMING to the name Sloperia in relation to the name Muschampia for those specialists who held on taxonomic grounds that the taxa represented respectively by the nominal species that are the type-species of those genera were congeneric with one another; for those generic names were published on the same date in the same work. This question was settled in favour of Sloperia by Warren, as First Reviser, when he gave preference (1926, Tvans. ent. Soc. Lond. 74 (1) : 165) to that name over Muschampia.) SMERINA Hewitson, 1874, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (4) 14: 359. Type-species by monotypy : Smerina vindonissa Hewitson, 1874, ibid. (4) 14 : 350. The taxon represented by the nominal species Smerina vindonissa Hewitson is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as being the same as that represented by the older established nominal species Atella manoro Ward, 1871, (Ent. mon. Mag. 8 : 121). SMITHIA Mabille, [1880], dun. Soc. ent. Fr. (5) 9, Bull. : clxxiii. Type-species by mono- typy : Smithia pavadoxa Mabille, {1880}, ibid. (5) 9, Bull. : clxxiii. The above names were put before the Entomological Society of France at a meeting held on 24th December 1879 ; they were included in the volume for the year 1879, but publication cannot have taken place before some date in 1880. The name Smithia Mabille is invalid, as it is a junior homonym of the name Smithia Milne Edwards & Haime, 1851 (Arch. Mus. Hist. nat. Paris 5 : 171) (Coelenterata). It has been replaced by name Admivatio Hemming, 1964. SMYRNA Hiibner, [1823], Samml. exot. Schmett. 2: pl. [65]. Type-species by monotypy : Papilio blomfildia Fabricius, 1781, Spec. Ins. 2 : 84. On the legend to Hiibner’s plate [65], the specific name appeared in the spelling “‘ blom- fildi’’, this being either an Unjustified Emendation of, or an Incorrect Subsequent Spelling of the name blomfildia Fabricius. SODALIA Evans, 1955, Cat. amer. Hesp. Brit. Mus. 4: 85, 104. Type-species by original designation : Pamphila sodalis Butler, 1877, Tvans. ent. Soc. Lond. 1877 : 150. SOLENITES Mabille, 1887, im Grandidier, Hist. phys. nat. pol. Madagascar 18, Lép. t : 82. Type-species by selection by Hemming (1935), Stvlops 4: 2 : Acraea igati Boisduval, 1833, Nouv. Ann. Mus. Hist. nat. Paris 2 (2) : 177, pl. 4, fig. 3; pl. 5, fig. 3 [repaged offprint as Faun. ent. Madagascar, Lép. : 29, pl. 4, fig. 3, pl. 4, fig. 3]. The name Solenites Mabille, would have been invalid as a junior homonym of Solenites Gesner, 1758 (Tvact. Petref. : 39), if it had not been for the fact that in 1954 (Opin. int. Comm. zool. Nom. 4 : 231-238) the Commission in its Opinion 230 had rejected Gesner’s Tvactatus for nomenclatorial purposes. SONEPISA Moore, [1897], Lep. ind. 3 (27) : 49. Type-species by original designation : Adolias kanda Moore, 1859, Trans. ent. Soc. Lond. (2) 5 : 69, pl. 4, fig. 2 ¢. SOPHISTA Pl6tz, 1879, Stett. ent. Zig 40 : 176, 179. Type-species by original designation : Thracides aristoteles Westwood, [April 1852], 77 Doubleday, Gen. diurn. Lep. (2) : pl. 80, fig. 2 [text (: 513) published in August 1852 as Goniloba sp.]. This name was republished as new by Pl6tz in 1882 (Berl. ent. Z. 26 : 264). There were two original spellings of this name in 1879, namely Sophista (: 176) and Sopleista (: 179). When Pl6tz republished this name in 1882, he used the spelling, ‘“‘ Sophista”’ which thus became the Correct Original Spelling, “‘ Sopleista ’’ becoming an Incorrect Original Spelling through this First Reviser action of Pl6tz’s. SOPLEISTA Pl6tz, 1879, Stett. ent. Ztg 40 : 179 (an Incorrect Original Spelling of Sophista Pl6tz, 1879). SOSIBIA Fruhstorfer, [1914], 7 Seitz, Grossschmett. Erde 9: 779. Type-species by original designation : Tavilia burnii de Niceville, 1895, J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc. 9 (3) : 266, pl. N, fig. g Q. The name Sosibia Fruhstorfer is invalid, as it is a junior homonym of Sosibia Stal, 1875 (Recensio Orthopt. 3 : 87). GENERIC NAMES OF BUTTERFLIES 415 SOSPITA Hewitson, [1861], Jil. exot. Butts 2 : [91]. Type-species by selection by Scudder (1875, Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10: 269) : Tavilia fylla Westwood, [6th Aug. 1851], in Doubleday, Gen. diurn. Lep. (2) : pl. 69, fig. 3 [text (: 422) published on 6th Septem- ber 1851}. The name Sospita Hewitson is invalid, as it is a junior homonym of Sospita Mulsant, 1846 (Hist. nat. Coléopt. Fr. (Sécurip.) : 137). It may conveniently be noted at this point that in 1930 (im Strand’s Lep. Cat. 38 : 109, ; ibid. 40 : 119) Stichel overlooked Scudder’s selection of Tavila fylla Westwood as the type- species of Sospita Hewitson and fell into the error of removing that species from that genus, placing it in Abisara Felder (C.) & Felder (R.), at the same time employing Sospita as the name for a genus containing Sospita segecia Hewitson, [1861] and its immediate allies. The genus to which Stichel improperly applied the name Sospita Hewitson already possessed an available name objectively applicable to it, namely Praetavila Fruhstorfer, [1914]. SOSTRATA Godman & Salvin, [1895], Biol. centy.-amer., Lep. Rhop. 2 : 397. Type-species by selection by Lindsey (1925, Ann. ent. Soc. Amer. 18 : tor) : Leucochitonea scintillans Mabille, 1876, Ann. Soc. ent. Fr. (5) 6, Bull. : cc. The taxon represented by the nominal Leucochitonea scintillans Mabille is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as being the same as that represented by the older- established nominal species Hesperia bifasciata Ménétriés, 1829 (Nouv. Mém. Soc. imp. Nat. Moscou 1 : 193, pl. 7, figs 6, 7). SOVIA Evans, 1949, Cat. Hesp. Europ. Asia Australia : 27, 246. Type-species by original designation : Hesperilla lucasii Mabille, 1876, Ann. Soc. ent. Fr. (5) 6, Bull. : cliii. SPALGIS Moore, 1879, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1879 : 137. Type-species by monotypy : Geridus [sic] epeus Westwood, [5th Dec. 1851], in Doubleday, Gen. diurn. Lep. (2) : pl. 76, fig. 5 [in the text (: 502)] published on 26th April 1852 as Lucia epius [sic]. SPATHILEPIA Butler, 1870, Ent. mon. Mag. 7:57. Type-species by original designation : Papilio clonius Cramer, [1775], Uitl. Kapellen 1 (7) : 126, pl. 80, figs C, D. SPEYERIA Scudder, 1872, 4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. 1871: 44. Type-species by original designation : Papilio idalia Drury, [1773], Ji. nat. Hist. 1 : index et 25, pl. 13, REST, 2, 3. ; SPHAENOGONA Butler, 1870, Cistula ent. 1 : 35, 44. Type-species by monotypy : Terias bogotana Felder (C.) & Felder (R.), 1861, Wien. ent. Monats. 5 : 84. Butler established this genus in a very unsatisfactory way, for he designated as its type- species a nominal species which he called Sphaenogona ectriva for which no description had been published, the name in question being nothing but a nomen nudum. The curious thing is that Butler was fully aware of the fact that the above name had never been published with a description, for a year later (1871, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1871 : 527) he stated that the type species was an undescribed species. The name Sphaenogona ectriva was not validly published with a description until it was so published by Butler in 1873 (Cistula ent. 1 : 175). Since there existed no duly established nominal species bearing the name Sphaeonogona ectyiva at the time when Butler established the nominal genus Sphaenogona, Butler’s type- selection is invalid, for a manuscript species bearing a nomen nudum is not eligible to become the type-species of a genus. The only other nominal species placed in Sphaenogona by Butler in 1870 was Tevias bogotana Felder (C.) & Felder (R.) 1861, and, as this had been duly provided with a description by its authors, it was eligible to become the type-species and did in fact become the type-species by monotypy. The taxon represented by the nominal species Terias bogotana Felder (C.) & Felder (R.) is currently treated subjectively as a subspecies of the taxon represented by the older-established nominal species Tevias mexicana Boisduval, [1836] (Roret’s Suite a Buffon), Hist. nat. Ins., Spec. gén. Lépid. 1 : 665, pl. 19 [= 3C], fig. 1. 416 FRANCIS HEMMING SPIALA Swinhoe, [1912], 7 Moore, Lep. ind. 10 (113) : 99. Type-species by original desig- nation : Hesperia galba Fabricius, 1793, Ent. syst. 3 (1) : 352. SPILOTHYRUS Duponchel, 1835, 7m Godart, Hist. nat. Lépid. Fr. Suppl. 1 (Diurnes) : 415. Type-species by designation by the Commission under its its Plenary Powers : Papilio alceae Esper, [1780], Die Schmett. 1 (Bd 2) Forts. Tagschmett. : 4, pl. 51, fig. 3 9. The case of the name Spilothyrvus Duponchel is similar in all essential respects to that presented by the older name Carcharodus Hiibner, [1819]. Each of these genera was based upon a misidentified type-species. In each case the species intended was the species which I have termed the ““Common European Mallow ’’ butterfly, 1.e. the species for which the oldest available name is Papilio alceae Esper, [1780] ; in each case also the authors concerned mistakenly applied to this species the name Papilio malvae Linnaeus, 1758, a name which properly applies to a quite different species, namely that which is commonly known by British lepidopterists as the “‘ Grizzled Skipper ’’ and placed in the genus Pyvgus Hiibner, [1819]. The circumstances in which Hiibner made this mistake in identification have been described in detail in the note on the name Carchavodus. As the circumstances attending Duponchel’s mistake when introducing the name Spzlothyrus were precisely similar, they are not repeated here. It is only necessary to state at this point that throughout their respective histories these names have—with occasional exceptions—been treated as objective synonyms of one another, that is, as the names of genera having Papilio alceae Esper as type-species. Accor- dingly, when it was decided to ask the Commission to use its Plenary Powers to validate existing practice by designating Papilio alceae Esper as the type-species of Carcharodus Hiibner, it was decided at the same time to ask the Commission to make a corresponding type-designation for Spilothyvus Duponchel, this being necessary in order to maintain the accepted practice of treating these names as synonyms of one another. The application so submitted was approved by the Commission in 1935, but owing first to administrative difficulties and later to the outbreak of the Second World War, Opinion 181 containing the Commission’s decision was not promulgated until 1947 (Opin. int. Comm. zool. Nom. 2 : 589-612). Later, in its Opinion 270, promulgated in 1954 (loc. cit. 6 : 25-40) the Com- mission completed this case by placing the generic name Spilothyvus Duponchel, 1835, as interpreted by the Ruling given in Opinion 181, by which it was made a junior objective synonym of Carchavodus Hiibner, [1819], on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology as Name No. 69. SPINANTENNA Hayward, 1953, Acta. zool. lilloana 13 : 38, figs 3, 62, 84. Type-species by original designation: Satyrus tristis Guérin-Ménéville, [1838], 7 Duperry, Voy. “ Coquille’, Zool. 2 (Sect. 2) 1 : 281, pl. 15, fig. 5 (on plate as Avgynnis tristis). SPINDASIS Wallengren, 1857, K. svenska VetenskAkad. Handl., Stockholm (n.f.) 1 (1) (No. 4) : 45. Type-species by monotypy : Spindasis masilikazi Wallengren, 1857, ibid. (n.f.) 2 (1) (No. 4) : 45. The name Spindasis was published by Wallengren as new on two occasions, the second being in 1858 (Ofvers. VetenskAkad. Forh., Stockh., 15 : 81). The taxon represented by the nominal species Spindasis masilikazi Wallengren is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as being the same as that represented by the older- established nominal species Aphnaeus natalensis Westwood, [Dec. 1851] (in Doubleday, Gen. diurn. Lep. (2) : pl. 75, fig. 4 [text (loc. cit. (2) : 479) published on 4th March 1852)). SPIONIADES Hiibner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (8) : 114. Type-species by selection by Scudder (1875, Proc. amey. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10 : 270) : Papilio artemides Stoll, [1782], im Cramer, Uitl. Kapellen 4 (33) : 211, pl. 391, figs L, M. STABROBATES Moore, [1898], Lep. ind. 3 (32) : 146. Type-species by original designation : Neptis radha Moore, 1857, im Horsfield & Moore, Cat. lep. Ins. Mus. East India Coy (1) : 166, pl. 4a, fig. 4 d. When establishing this genus, Moore designated a type-species, but gave no genericdiagnosis. He made good this deficiency in the next volume ([1899], loc. cit. 4 (37) : 15). GENERIC NAMES OF BUTTERFLIES 417 STAEMASTIS Mabille, 1903, in Wytsman’s Gen. Ins. 17 (A) : 70 (an Incorrect Original Spelling of Haemactis Mabille, 1903). STALACHTIS Hiibner, 1818, Zutr. z. Sammil. exot. Schmett. 1:9. Type-species by selection by Hemming (1964, Annot. Lep. (4) : 130) : Stalachtis phaedusa Hiibner, 1818, ibid. 1 : 9, pl. [3], figs 13, 14. This is one of those cases in which a nominal genus remained until recently without a validly selected type-species owing to the fact that, when the currently accepted type-species was selected, the author making the selection (Scudder) erroneously treated the Verzeichniss and not the Zutrdge as the work in which the generic name was first published. The portion (signature 2, page 27) of the Verzeichniss containing the name Séalachtis was published in 1819, and from the species there placed in this genus, Scudder in 1875 (Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston, 10 : 270) selected Papilio phlegia Cramer, [1779] (Uitl. Kapellen 3 (17) : 9, pl. 197, fig. F). Unfortunately, that species was not included in the genus Stalachtis in the volume of the Zutrdge published in the previous year. From the two species cited in the Zutrdge, | have selected Stalachtis phaedusa Hiibner as type-species. This species is com- monly considered to be congeneric with Papilio phiegia Cramer, the false type set up by Scudder, and accordingly its selection as type-species avoids any disturbance in existing nomenclatorial practice. STALACTIS Westwood, [1851], in Doubleday, Gen. diurn. Lep. (2) : pl. 73 (an Incorrect Subsequent Spelling of Stalachtis Hiibner, 1818). STALLINGSIA Freeman, 1959, Lepid. News 12 (3/4) : 87. Type-species by original desig- nation : Megathymus maculosa Freeman, 1955, Amer. Mus. Novit. No. 1711 : to. STAPHYLUS Godman & Salvin, [1896], Biol. centr.-amer., Lep. Rhop. 2 : 429. Type-species by original designation : Helias ascalaphus Staudinger, 1876, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien 250016. The taxon represented by the nominal species Helias ascalaphus Staudinger is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as a subspecies of the taxon represented by the older-established nominal species Cayvcharvodus mazans Reakirt, 1866 (Prov. Acad. nat. Sci. Philad. 1866 : 335.) STEMPFFERIA Jackson, 1962, Bull. By. Mus. nat. Hist. (Ent.) 12 (3) : 157. Type-species by original designation : Stempfferia carcassoni Jackson, 1962, l.c. STEREMNIA Thieme, 1905, Berl. ent. Z. 50 : 137. Type-species by selection by Hemming (1943, Proc. R. ent. Soc. Lond. (B) 12 : 25) : Pedaliodes (?) polyxo Godman & Salvin, 1880, Trans. ent. Soc. Lond. 1880 : 1209, pl. 3, figs 8 g, 8a@. STEROMA Westwood, [Dec. 1850], 7 Doubleday, Gen. diurn. Lep. (2) : pl. 66, fig. 6. Type- species by monotypy : Steroma bega Westwood, [Dec. 1850], in Doubleday, Gen. diurn. Lep. (2) : pl. 66, fig. 6 [text (: 400) published in July 1851]. STEROPES Boisduval, [1832], 7m d’Urville, Voy. ‘‘ Astrolabe’’, Faune ent. 1 (Lép.) : 167. Type-species by selection by Lindsey (1925, Ann. ent. Soc. Amer. 18 : tot) : Papilio iacchus Fabricius, 1775, Syst. Ent. : 533. The name Stevopes Boisduval is invalid, as it is a junior homonym of Steropes Steven, 1806, (Mém. Soc. imp. Nat. Moscou 1 : 166). Formerly, the name Stevopes was used in an entirely incorrect sense as the equivalent of Carterocephalus Lederer, 1852. The history of this mistake has been explained in detail in the note on that generic name. STEROSIS Felder (C.) & Felder (R.), [1865], Reise Fregetta ‘‘ Novara’’, Lep. Rhop. (2) : 219. Type-species by monotypy : Sterosis robusta Felder (C.) & Felder (R.), [1865], zbid., Lep. Rhop. (2) : 219, pl. 27, figs ro, 11. The taxon represented by the nominal species Stevosis vobusta Felder & Felder is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as being the same as that represented by the older- 418 FRANCIS HEMMING established nominal species Liphyra brassolis Westwood, [1864], the type-species of Liphyra Westwood, [1864]. STETHOTRIX Mabille, 1889, Ann. Soc. ent. Fr. (6) 9, Bull. : clxxxiv. Type-species by monotypy : Stethotrix heterogyna Mabille, 1889, ibid. (6) 9, Bull. : clxxxiv. The taxon represented by the nominal species Stethotvix heterogyna Mabille is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as being the same as that represented by the older- established nominal species Caprona pillaana Wallengren, 1857, (K. svenska VetenskAkad. Handl., Stockholm 2 (1) (No. 4) : 51). STIBOCHIONA Butler, [1869], Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1868 (3) : 614. Type-species by original designation : Hypolimnas coresia Hiibner, [1826], Sammi. exot. Schmett. 2 : pl. [46]. STIBOGES Butler, 1876, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1876 : 308. Type-species by original desig- nation : Stiboges nymphidia Butler, 1876, ibid. 1876 : 300, pl. 22, fig. 1. STIBOMORPHA Butler, 1874, Ent. mon. Mag. 10: 204. Type-species by original desig- nation : Stibomorpha decorata Butler, 1874, ibid. 10 : 205. The taxon represented by the nominal species Stibomorpha decovata Butler is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as being the same as that represented by the older- established nominal species Neomaenas servilia Wallengren, 1860 (Wien. ent. Monats. 4 : 36). STICHELIA Zikan, 1949, Rev. Ent., R. de J. 20 : 538. Type-species by original designation : Amarynthia bocchoris Hewitson, [1876], Jil. exot. Butts 5 : [81], pl. [43], fig. 6. STICHOPHTHALMA Felder (C.) & Felder (R.), 1862, Wien. ent. Monats. 6:27. Type- species by monotypy : Thaumantis howqua Westwood, 1851, Tvans. ent. Soc. Lond. (2) 1: 174. STICTOPLOEA Butler, [1878], J. Linn. Soc. Lond., Zool. 14 : 291, 301. Type-species by original designation : Euploea gloriosa Butler, 1866, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1866 : 293, pl. 29, fig. 4. The taxon represented by the nominal species Euwploea glorviosa Butler was treated by Bryk in 1937 (iv Bryk’s Lep. Cat. 78 : 308) as a subspecies of the taxon represented by the older- established nominal species Danais dufresnei [correction of dufresne| Godart, [1824] (Ency. méth. 9 (Ins.) (2) : 815). STILBON Rothschild & Jordan, 1905, Novit. zool. 12 : 465. |Type-species by monotypy : Stilbon meeki Rothschild & Jordan, 1905, ibid. 12 : 465. STIMULA de Niceville, 1898, J]. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc. 12 (1) : 159. Type-species through Section (i) (replacement names) of Article 67 : Watsonia swinhoei Elwes & Edwards, 1897, Trans. zool. Soc. Lond. 14 (4) : 220, pl. 20, fig. 6 J. The name Stimula was introduced by de Niceville as a replacement for Watsonia Elwes & Edwards, 1879, which is invalid under the Law of Homonymy. STINGA Evans, 1955, Cat. amer. Hesp. Brit. Mus. 4 : 300, 317. Type-species by original designation : Pamphila morrisoni Edwards, 1878, Field & Forest 3 : 116. STOLOPSYCHE Scudder, 1889, Ann. Rep. U.S. geol. Survey 8 (1) : 467. Type-species by monotypy : Stolopsyche libytheoides Scudder, 1889, zbid. 8 (1) : 468, pl. 53, figs 1-3. This genus was erected by Scudder for a fossil species found in the Tertiary Deposits, Colorado. Scudder placed this species in the Pieridae. STOMYLES Scudder, 1872, 4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. 1871: 76. Type-species by original designation : Pyrgus textor Geyer, [1827-1831], im Hiibner, Zuty. z. Sammi. exot. Schmett. 3 : 28, pl. [89], figs 515, 516. The taxon represented by the nominal species Pyrgus textoy Geyer is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as being the same as that represented by the older- established nominal species Hesperia aesculapius Fabricius, 1793 (Ent. syst. 3 (1) : 347). STRABENA Mabille, August 1877, Petites Nouvelles ent. 2 (178) : 157. Type-species by mono- typy : Strabena smithii Mabille, August 1877, zbid. 2 (178) : 157. ——- GENERIC NAMES OF BUTTERFLIES 419 The name of the type-species, Strabena smithit was published by Mabille as new on two occasions, first in 1877, as shown above, second, in 1878 (Bull. zool. Soc. Fr. 3 : 81). In a paper published in 1887 (im Grandidier, Hist. phys. nat. pol. Madagascar 18, Lép. r : 10, 22) Mabille stated that the type-species of this genus was Satyrus tamatavae Boisduval, [1833], but this was incorrect, for, as shown above, the type-species is Stvabena smithti Mabille by monotypy. STRYMON Hiibner, 1818, Zuty. z. Samml. exot. Schmett. 1 : 22. Type-species by selection by Riley (1922, J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc. 28 : 472) : Strymon melinus Hiibner, 1818, ibid. 1 : 22, pl. [21], figs 121; 122. This is another of the cases in which a generic name was published by Hiibner in two works which were published within a very short time of one another, in which he placed different species in the genus so named. The works concerned were volume 1 of the Zutrdge and the Verzeichniss respectively. Scudder, while realizing that much of the text of the butterfly portion of the Verzeichniss was published after 1816, the date given on the title-page, decided nevertheless it would be best in the state of information then available to treat all the names in question as having been published in that year—this decision being taken, as he said, for ‘‘ convenience and uniformity ’’ (1875, Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10 : 98); he therefore accorded priority to names published in the Vervzeichniss over names published in the Zutrdge. For Strymon as of the Verzeichniss he selected Hesperia titus Fabricius, 1793, (Ent. Syst. 3 : 293) as type-species as early as 1872 (4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. 1871 : 53). That species was not cited in the Zutrdge as belonging to the genus Strymon, and as the first volume of the Zutrdge was published in 1818, it has priority over the name Stvymon as publi- shed in the Verzeichniss which was published, as is now known, in 1819. Thus, Scudder’s type-selection based on the Verzeichniss is invalid. It was not until 1922 that one of the Zutrdge species was selected as the type-species of Stvyymon, Riley in that year selecting Stvymon melinus Hiibner as type-species. The case of the name Stvymon Hiibner was brought to the attention of the Commission in 1934 jointly with the name Bithys Hiibner, 1818. No action was then taken by the Commis- sion, the application being withdrawn temporarily in order to permit of a further examination of the issues involved. The Commission’s decision was later embodied in Opinion 165 (1945, Opin. int. Comm. zool. Nom. 2 : 359-374). This case was resubmitted to the Commission in a revised form in 1954, in which, so far as the name Stvymon Hiibner was concerned the Commission was asked to place the name Stvymon Hiibner on the Official List with Stvymon melinus Hiibner as type-species. This proposal was approved by the Commission in Opinion 541 (published in 1959, Joc. cit. 20 : 87-102), the name Stvymon Hiibner being placed on the Official List as Name No. 1332. STRYMONIDIA Tutt, [April 1908], Nat. Hist. Brit. Butts 2 : 483. Type-species through Section (i) (replacement names) of Article 67 : Thecla thalia Leech, [1893], Butts China Japan Corea (2) (text-pt 3) : 367 ; (plate-pt 3/4) : pl. 30, fig. 15 d. The name Strymonidia was published by Tutt as new on two occasions, first, as shown above, in April 1908, second, two months later (June 1908, Ent. Rec. 20 (6) : 143). Tutt introduced the name Sivymonidia as a replacement for the name Leechia Tutt, [1907], which is invalid under the Law of Homonymy. As has been explained in the note on the name Chattendemia Tutt, [1908], a name which has hardly ever been used, a First Reviser choice has been made giving precedence over that name to the quite widely used name Sivymonidia Tutt, published on the same date in the same work. STUGETA Druce, 1891, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (6) 8: 149. Type-species by original desig- nation : Iolaus bowkeri Trimen, 1864, Tvans. ent. Soc. Lond. (3) 2 : 176. STYGIONYMPHA van Son, 1955, Butts S. Afyica (Mon. Transvaal Mus. No. 8) 2: 137. Type-species by original designation : Pseudonympha vigilans Trimen, 1887, S. Afr. Butts 1 : 84. 420 FRANCIS HEMMING STYGNOLEPIS Strand, 1942, Folia zool. Hydrobiol. 11 : 389. Type-species through Section (i) (replacement names) of Article 67 : Stygnus humilis Felder (C.) & Felder (R.), [1867], Reise Fregatte ‘‘ Novava’’, Lep. Rhop. (3) : 489. This name was introduced by Strand as a replacement of the name Stygnus Felder (C.) & Felder (R.), [1867], which is invalid under the Law of Homonymy. STYGNUS Felder (C.) & Felder (R.) [1867], Reise Fregatte “‘ Novava’’, Lep. Rhop. (3) : 489. Type-species by monotypy : Stygnus humilis Felder (C.) & Felder (R.), [1867], zbzd. (3) : 489. The name Stygnus Felder & Felder is invalid, as it is a junior homonym of Stygnus Perty, 1833 (Del. Anim. artic. Brasil (3) : 206). It has been replaced by the name Stygnolepis Strand, 1942. STYLOS [anon.], Zool. Rec. 86 (year 1949) (Ins.) : 287 (an Incorrect Subsequent Spelling of Itylos Draudt, [1921)). STYRIODES Schaus, 1913, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1913 (3) : 361. Type-species by original designation : Styriodes lyce Schaus, 1913, ibid. 1913 (3) : 361, pl. 54, fig. 19. STYX Staudinger, 1875, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien 25:92. Type-species by monotypy : Styx infernalis Staudinger, 1875, ibid. 25 : 93. SUADA de Niceville, 1895, J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc. 9 (4) : 370. Type-species by original designation : Hesperia (?) swerga de Niceville, 1883, J. asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt II, 52 : 89, Pls LOSS TZ Sle SUASA de Niceville, 1890, Butts India Burma Ceylon 3 : 18, 386. Type-species by original designation : Myrina lisides Hewitson, [1863], Jl. diurn. Lep., Lycaenidae 1 (text) : 33 ; 2 (plates) : pl.14, figs 28, 29 d. SUASTUS Moore, [1881], Lep. Ceylon 1 (4) : 168. Type-species by original designation : Hesperia gremius Fabricius, 1798, Suppl. Ent. syst. : 433. SUCOVA Evans, 1955, Cat. amer. Hesp. Brit. Mus. 4: 88, 143. Type-species by original designation : Hesperia (?) sucova Schaus, 1902, Proc. U.S. nat. Mus. 24 : 455. SUKIDION Druce, 1891, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (6) 8: 142. Type-species by original desig- nation : Iolaus inores Hewitson, 1872, Ent. mon. Mag. 9 : 85. SUMALIA Moore, [1898], Lep. ind. 3 (32) : 146, 150. Type-species by original designation : Limenitis daraxa Doubleday, [Nov. 1848], Gen. diurn. Lep. (2) : pl. 34, fig. 4 [text (: 276) by Westwood published in August 1850]. SUNIANA Evans, 1934, Entomologist 67: 151. Type-species by original designation : Pamphila lascivia Rosenstock, 1885, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (5) 16 : 378, pl. 11, fig. 1. SUNIAS Hiibner, 1816, Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (1) : 12. Type-species by selection by Scudder (1875, Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10 : 271) : Papilio melpomene Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 467. SUPERFLUA Strand, 1910, Ent. Rundsch. 27 : 162. Type-species through Section (i) (re- placement names) of Article 67: Thecla sassanides Kollar, [1849], Denkschr. Akad. Wiss., Wien 1 : 51. The name Superflua was introduced by Strand as a replacement of Kollavia Tutt, [1907], which is invalid under the Law of Homonymy. SURALAYA Moore, 1880, Trans. ent. Soc. Lond. 1880 (4) : 159. Type-species by original designation : Mycalesis orseis Hewitson, [1864], [//. exot. Butts. 3 : [89], pl. [45], figs 36, 37. SURENDRA Moore, [1879], Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1878 (4) : 835. Type-species by monotypy : Amblypodia quercetorum Moore, 1857, 7m Horsfield & Moore, Cat. Lep. Ins. Mus. East India Coy (1) : 42, pl. ta, fig. 7. SYCIONIA Hibner, [1826], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. Anz. : 7 (an Incorrect Subsequent Spelling— or an Unjustified Emendation—of Sicyonia Hubner, 1816). When, as already noted, the Commission suppressed the name Sicyonia Hiibner and placed GENERIC NAMES OF BUTTERFLIES 421 that name on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology, it took the opportunity also to place on that Index the spelling Sycionia, allotting it the Name No. 381. SYKOPHAGES Martin, 1903, Ivis 16: 81. Type-species by selection by Hemming (4935, Stylops 4 : 2) : Papilio thyonneus Cramer, [1779], Uitl. Kapellen 3 (19) : 46, pl. 220, figs E, F. The name Sykophages Martin is invalid, as it is a junior objective synonym of Cyrestis Boisduval, [1832]. SYMBRENTHIA Hiibner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (3) : 43. Type-species by mono- typy : Symbrenthia hippocle Hiibner, [1819], ibid. (3) : 43. As defined by the specimen figured as fig. C on plate 220 in volume 3 of Hiibner’s Uitl. Kapellen and named Papilio hippoclus on page 46 of that volume, that specimen having been selected by Hemming (1964, Annot. lep. (3) : 100) to represent the lectotype. The nominal species Symbrenthia hippocle was established by Hiibner on the basis of biblio- graphical references to two previously established nominal species, of which Papilio hippoclus Cramer, [1779] (Uitl. Kapellen 3 (19) : 46, pl. 220, figs C, D) was the first. At the same time that the specimen figured as fig. C on Cramer’s plate 220 and named Papilio hippoclus on page 46 of volume 3 of Cramer’s work was selected by Hemming to represent the lectotype of Symbrenthia hippocle Hiibner, the same specimen was selected to represent also the lecto- type of Papilio hippoclus Cramer, these names becoming therefore objective synonyms of one another. SYMETHA Hortsefield, [1829], Descr. Cat. lep. Ins. Mus. E. India Coy (2) : pl. [2]. Type- species by monotypy : Symetha pandu Horsfield, [1829], ibid. (2): pl. 2, figs 2, 2a. The name Symetha was first published by Horsfield in 1828 in Part 1 (: 59) of his Descr. Cat. in a list of genera, but, as so published, it has no status in nomenclature, having been published without a diagnosis and without any cited nominal species. The taxon represented by the nominal species Symetha pandu is currently treated subject- ively on taxonomic grounds as a form of the taxon represented by the nominal species Papilio symethus Cramer, [1777] (Uitl. Kapellen 2 (13) : 84, pl. 149, figs B, C). SYMMACHIA Hiibner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2) : 26. Type-species by selection by Scudder (1875, Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10 : 272) : Symmachia probetrix Hiibner, [1819], ibid. (2) : 26. The name Symmachia probetrix Hiibner was introduced as a replacement for the name Papilio probetor Stoll, [1782] (Uitl. Kapellen 4 (33) : 209, pl. 390, fig. 1). This action of Hiib- ner’s was quite uncalled for, the name probetor Stoll being an available name in no need of replacement. SYMMACHIA Sodovskii, 1837, Bull. Soc. imp. Nat. Moscou 1837 (6) : 82. Type-species through Section (i) (replacement names) of Article 67: Papilio comma Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 484. Sodovskii introduced the name Symmachia quite unnecessarily as a replacement of Hesperia Fabricius, 1793. The name Symmachia Sodovskii is invalid, (a) because it a junior homonym of Symmachia Hiibner, [1819], and (b) because it is a junior objective synonym of Hesperia Fabricius, 1793. SYMMACHLAS Hiibner, [1821], Sammi. exot. Schmett. 2 : pl. [122]. Type-species by mono- typy : Papilio nigrina Fabricius, 1775, Syst. Ent. : 475. SYMMACHLOS Klots, 1933, Ent. amery. (n.s.) 12 : 153, 204 (an Incorrect Subsequent Spelling of Symmachlas Hiibner, [1821]). SYMPHAEDRA Hiibner, 1818, Zutr. z. Samml. exot. Schmett.1:7. Type-species by selection by Scudder (1875, Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10 : 272) : Symphaedra alcandra Hiibner, 1818, zbid. 1: 7, pl. [1], figs 1, 2, [a generic name which by a direction given by the Commission under its Plenary Powers is not available for use in preference to Euthalia Hiibner, [1819] (type-species : Papilio lubentina Cramer, [1777]) but available for use by any specialist who does not consider the type-species of these two genera to be congeneric with one another]. 422 FRANCIS HEMMING The case of the name Symphaedva Hiibner was brought before the Commission in 1934 in connection with an application which was designed primarily to secure an assured nomen- clatorial position for the well-known generic name Euthalia Hiibner. The dates of publica- tion of Hiibner’s works were very imperfectly understood at the time of the submission of the foregoing application to the Commission, the Hiibner manuscripts which were to throw so much light on this problem not then having been discovered. In consequence, some of the bibliographical data embodied in the application submitted are now seen to have been in- correct. These errors were however of a trivial character and in no way affected the main argument submitted. The proposal placed before the Commission was that it should give a Ruling under its Plenary Powers that the name Symphaedva Hiibner should not be used in preference to the name Euthalia Hiibner, but that it should be treated as being still available for use by any specialist who on taxonomic grounds might consider these genera as distinct from one another. This decision was embodied in the Commission’s Opinion 167 promulgated in 1945 (Opin. int. Comm. zool. Nom. 2 : 399-410). In 1954 (ibid. 2 : 613-628) the Com- mission by the Ruling given in its Direction 2 placed the name Symphaedva Hiibner on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology as Name No. 759, subject to the entry so to be made on the Official List being endorsed in the sense prescribed in Opinion 167. The opportunity presented by the promulgation of this Direction was taken to correct the minor bibliographical errors which, as explained above, had appeared in the application which had formed the basis of Opinion 167. The endorsement so prescribed, as set out in the Official List, when published in book-form in 1958 (: 101) has been quoted in the entry relating to the name Symphaedra Hiibner at the head of the present note. The taxon represented by the nominal species Symphaedva alcandva Hiibner (the type- species of the present genus) is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as being the same as that represented by the older-established nominal species Papilio nais Forster 1771 (Nov. Spec. Ins. 1 : 73). SYMPHEDRA Doubleday, 1844, List. Spec. lep. Ins. Coll. Brit. Mus. 1 : 105 (an Incorrect Subsequent Spelling of Symphaedva Hiibner, 1818). SYNALE Mabille, 1904, in Wytsman’s Gen. Ins. 16 (C) : 159. Type-species by monotypy : Papilio hylaspes Stoll, [1781], in Cramer, Uitl. Kapellen 4 (31) : 145, pl. 365, figs 1, K. SYNALPE Boisduval, 1870, Consid. Lépid. Guatemala : 36. Type-species by monotypy : Argynnis euryale Klug, 1836, Neue Schmett. Ins.-Samml. K. Zool. Mus. Berlin 1 : 2, pl. 2, IES ity De The taxon represented by the nominal species Avgynnis euryale Klug is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as being the same as that represented by the older- established nominal species Anelia thirza Geyer, [1883] (in Hiibner, Samml. exot. Schmeitt. 3 : pl. [6]). SYNAPTA Felder (C.) & Felder (R.), [1865], Reise Fregatte ‘‘ Novara’’, Lep. Rhop. (2) : 294. Type-species by monotypy : Syuapta avion Felder (C.) & Felder (R.), [1865], zbid. (2) : 294, pl. 36, figs 20, 21. The name Synapta Felder & Felder is invalid, as it is a junior homonym of Synapta Esch- scholtz, 1829 (Zool. Atlas 2 : 12). SYNAPTE Mabille, 1904, in Wytsman’s Gen. Ins. 17 (B) : 133. Type-species by monotypy : Carystus selenus Mabille, 1883, Ann. Soc. ent. Belg. 27, Bull. C.R. : lx. SYNARGIS Hubner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2) : Type-species by selection by Scudder (1875, Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10 : 273): Papilio tytia Cramer, [1777], Uvil. Kapellen 2 (rx) = 37, pl. 121, figs €, D: SYNCHLOE Hiibner,.1818, Zuty. z. Samml. exot. Schmett. 1 : 26. Type-species by selection by Butler (1870, Cistula ent. 1 : 51) : Papilio callidice Hiibner, [1799-1800], Samm. europ. Schmett. : pl. Pap. 81, figs 408, 409 3. GENERIC NAMES OF BUTTERFLIES 423 SYNCHLOE Doubleday, 1844, List. Spec. lep. Ins. Coll. Brit. Mus.1 : 76. Type-species through Section (i) (replacement names) of Article 67 by selection as such made for the replacement name Chlosyne Butler, 1870, by Scudder 1875, Proc. amey. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10: 141: Papilio janais Drury, [1782], Ill. nat. Hist. 3 : index et 22, pl. 17, figs. 5, 6. The name Synchloe Doubleday is invalid, as it is a junior homonym of Synchloe Hiibner, 1818. SYNGEA Hiibner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (4) : 62. Type-species by selection by Hemming (1933, Entomologist 66: 198): Papilio pronoe Esper, [1780], Die Schmett. 1 (Bd 2) Forts. Tagschmett. : 23, pl. 54, fig. 1 9. SYNPALAMIDES Hiibner, [1823], Sammi. exot. Schmett. 2 : pl. [142]. Type-species by mono- typy : Synpalamides mimon Hiibner, [1823], ibid. 2 : pl. [142].. Hiibner erroneously believed that the taxon represented bythe nominal species Synpalamides mimon Hiibner was a butterfly. SYNTARUCHOIDES Sharp, [1905], Zool. Rec. 41 (year 1904) (Ins.) : 251 (an Incorrect Subsequent Spelling of Syntarucoides Kaye, 1904). SYNTARUCOIDES Kaye, 1904, Trans. ent. Soc. Lond. 1904 : 190. Type-species by original designation : Papilio cassius Cramer, [1775], Uitl. Kapellen 1 (2) : 36, pl. 23, figs C, D. SYNTARUCUS Butler, [1901], Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1900 (4) : 929. Type-species by mono- typy : Papilio telicanus Lang, 1789, Verz. Schmett. Gegend. Augsburg (ed. 2) : 47. The taxon represented by the nominal species Papilio telicanus Lang is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as being the same as that represented by the older- established nominal species Papilio pirithous Linnaeus, 1767 (Syst. Nat. (ed. 12) 1 (2) : 790) or as a subspecies of that taxon. SYNTEGANA Stichel, 1906, in Wytsman’s Gen. Ins. 36 : 12. Type-species by selection by Hemming (1935, Stylops 4: 1) : Amathusia virgata Butler, 1870, Tvans. ent. Soc. Lond. 1870 : 486. SYRICHTHUS Oberthur, 1910, Etud. Lépid. comp. 4 : 377 (an Incorrect Subsequent Spelling of Syrichtus Boisduval, [1834]). SYRICHTUS Boisduval, [1834], Icon. Hist. Lépid. Europe 1 (21/22) : 230. Type-species by selection by Elwes & Edwards (1897), Tvans. zool. Soc. Lond. 14 (4) : 153: Papilio proto Esper, [1805-1808], Die Schmett., Suppl. 1-4 Theils : pl. 123, figs 5 3, 6 Q [no text]. Boisduval erected the genus Syrichtus for the whole of the European ‘‘ Black-and-White Skippers ’’, including the ‘‘ Mallow Skippers’ currently placed in the genus Carcharodus Hiibner, [1819]. The subsequent history of this genus has been unfortunate through defective type-selections. The first attempt was made by Scudder (1875, Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sct., Boston 10 : 273) who designated Papilio syrvichtus Fabricius, 1775 (Syst. Ent. : 534) on the ground that, owing to the tautonymy between the generic name Syrichtus and the specific name of the nominal species Papilio syrichtus Fabricius, it must be assumed that it was that species Boisduval must have taken for the base—and therefore the type-species—of this genus. This type-selection by Scudder is invalid, because Boisduval did not cite the above nominal species as belonging to this genus. The next author to make a type-selection for this genus was Plétz who in 1879 (Stett. ent. Ztg 40: 179) selected Papilio sao Bergstrasser, [1779] (Nom. Ins. 2 : 67, pl. 40, figs 8, 9), a nominal species currently identified subjectively as representing the same taxon as that represented by Papilio malvae Linnaeus, 1758 (a species occurring in England and currently placed in the genus Pyrgus Hiibner, [1819]). Boisduval correctly identified (: 231) Papilio malvae but he did not cite Papilio sao Bergstrasser and accordingly Pl6tz’s selection of that nominal species as type-species was invalid. (Boisduval, while discussing what he called Syrichtus orbifer, i.e. Papilio orbifer, did mention a taxon under the name sao but that taxon, which is closely allied to Papilio orbifey Hiibner, is totally distinct from that which earlier Bergstrasser had named Papilio sao). The taxon which Boisduval referred to as sao in the paragraph dealing with Papilio orbifer is Papilio sao Hiibner, [1802— 424 FRANCIS HEMMING 1803] ; in view of the fact that the name given to this taxon by Hiibner is a junior homonym of the name published by Bergstrasser in 1779 discussed above, it was replaced by Hoffmanns- egg in 1804 by the name Papilio sertorius, by which name this taxon is currently known. The first authors to select as the type-species of Syvichtus one of the species originally included in that genus by Boisduval were Elwes & Edwards who (as stated above) selected Papilio proto Esper, for which Boisduval gave a recognizable description (: 233) and good figures (pl. 46, figs 4, 5). This selection was perfectly in order, and accordingly Papilio proto Esper is the type-species of the genus Syrvichtus Boisduval. Up to the opening years of the present century the question of the species to be accepted as the type-species of Syvichtus Boisduval was not one of immediate practical importance, for the whole group constituted by the Black-and-White Skippers was regarded by all authors as forming a single taxonomic genus ; in consequence, on this view the name Syrichtus was held to apply to all these species, the question of the type-species of that genus being thus of academic interest only. The name Syrichtus itself was widely used, most authors ignoring the name Pyrgus Hiibner, [1819], which had priority and certainly applied to the majority of the species concerned. The use of the name Syrichtus was no doubt largely fostered by the adoption of this name by Staudinger both in the First (1861) and Second (1871) editions of his celebrated Catalog. The use of the name Syrichtus was however by no means universal, many authors quite incorrectly placing this group in the genus Hesperia Fabricius, 1807, and in consequence sinking the name Syvichtus Boisduval as a junior subjective synonym. From 1901 onwards this tendency was accentuated as the result of the action of Staudinger in the Third Edition of his Catalog (: 94) when he himself abandoned the name Syvichtus in favour of the name Hesperia. About the same time however a quite different influence began to make itself felt. This movment owed its origin to a recognition of the striking structural character found among the “‘ Black-and-White Skippers ’’ and found its outward expression in the sub- division of that group into a number of smaller genera, the bulk of the species being retained however in the genus Hesperia. The lead in this matter was taken by Tutt, when in 1906 he established two new genera. Two of these are of importance in the present connection, these being :— (i) Sloperia Tutt, [1906] (Nat. Hist. Brit. Butts 1 : 218) (type-species : Hesperia pogget Lederer, 1858), and (ii) Muschampia Tutt, [1906], described on the same page with Papilio proto Esper, [1805-1808], the species which, it will be recalled, was selected by Elwes & Edwards in 1897 as the type-species of Syvichtus Boisduval, [1834]. More recently specialists have taken the view that these two species should on taxonomic grounds be regarded as con- generic with one another, the generic names Sloperia Tutt and Muschampia Tutt being in consequence treated as subjective synonyms of one another. Acting as First Reviser, Warren in 1926 (Tvans. ent. Soc. Lond. 74 (1) : 165) gave precedence to Sloperia over Musch- ampia, which thus became a junior subjective synonym of Muschampia. By some authors however the name Muschampia continued to be used for Papilio proto Esper, notably by Evans in the most recent treatment of the group (1949, Cat. Hesp. Europ. Asia Australia : 179). The name Syvichtus Boisduval has never been used exclusively for Papilio proto Esper and its immediate allies since the commencement of the splitting-up of the ‘“‘ Black-and-White Skipper’ group nearly sixty years ago. If there had been some generic name applicable to this group in general use, there might have been a case for asking the Commission to take action to prevent disturbance of established practice by using its Plenary Powers to vary the type-species of Syvichtus Boisduval by (for example) designating as its type-species the nominal species Papilio alveolus Hiibner, thus making its name a junior objective synonym of Pyrgus Hiibner, [1819]. But in actual fact the adoption of the name Syvichtus Boisduval for Papilio proto Esper will cause no such disturbance : the correct name for that species, if Syvichtus were to be ruled out by the Commission would be Slopevia Tutt, a name which has hardly ever been used, this species during the last half century having been commonly placed either in Muschampia Tutt or in Pyvgus Hiibner or even in Hesperia Fabricius. On the grounds of nomenclatorial practice there is therefore no reason why the name Syvichtus Boisduval should not be used in its correct nomenclatorial sense. It is therefore so used here. GENERIC NAMES OF BUTTERFLIES 425 SYRICTHUS Boisduval, 1840, Gen. Index meth, europ. Lep. : 35 (an incorrect Subsequent Spelling of Syvichtus Boisduval [1834)). SYRMATIA Hiibner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2) : 23. Type-species by selection by Scudder (1875, Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10 : 274) : Limmnas nyx Hiibner, [1817], Sammi. exot. Schmett. 1 : pl. [33]. The taxon represented by the nominal species Limnas nyx is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as a form of the taxon represented by the older-established nominal species Papilio dorilas Cramer, [1775] (Uitl. Kapellen 1 (4) : 75, pl. 48, fig. C). SYRMOPTERA Karsch, 1895, Ent. Nachr. 21 : 308. Type-species by original designation : Syrmoptera melanomitra Karsch, 1895, ibid., 21 : 308. SYSTASEA Edwards, June 1877, Canad. Ent. 9: 120. Type-species through Section (i) (replacement names) of Article 67: Hesperia zampa Edwards, 1876, Trans. amer. ent. S06. 5 : 207. The name Systasea was introduced by Edwards as a replacement for the name Lintneria Edwards, March, 1877, which is invalid under the Law of Homonymy. The taxon represented by the nominal species Hesperia zampa is currently treated subject- ively on taxonomic grounds as being the same as that represented by the older-established nominal species Leucochitonea pulverulenta Felder (R.), 1869 (Verh. zool.-bot Ges. Wien 19 : 478). SYSTASPES Weeks, 1905, Ill. diurn. Lep. 1: 20, 29, 116. Type-species by monotypy : Antigonus corrosus Mabille, 1878, Petites Nouvelles ent. 2 : 196. Weeks used this name twice in the text (: 20, 29) and cited it also in the index. He said nothing to indicate that it was a new name. Lindsey (1925, Ann. ent. Soc.Amer. 18 : 102) reported that Weeks had stated (7m litt.) that he had received this name from Swinhoe. Lindsey went on to say that Schaus had suggested that this generic name was an Incorrect Subsequent Spelling of the name Systasea Edwards, 1877. Lindsey added that this view was supported by the fact the sole species cited by Weeks was Antigonus corrosus Mabille ; from which it may be inferred that he considered that this species was referable to the genus Systasea. It may be observed, however that in the most recent treatment of the group—that by Evans, 1953, (Cat. amer. Hesp. Brit. Mus. 3 : 158) it was placed in the genus Antigonus Hiibner, a taxon which is however considered to be closely related taxonomically to Systasea. It is possible that the Schaus/Lindsey theory corresponds with the true origin of the name Systaspes Weeks, but there is no evidence supporting that theory which would justify its acceptance for nomenclatorial purposes. It follows therefore that the name Systaspes Weeks must be treated as a nomenclatorially available name. From a practical point of view no inconvenience ensures, for, as already explained, Antigonus corrosus Mabille, the type-genus, is currently placed in the genus Antigonus. On this taxonomic view, therefore, the name Systaspes Weeks is a junior subjective synonym of Antigonus Hiibner. SYSTOLE Mabille, [1886], in Grandidier, Hist. phys. nat. pol. Madagascar 18, Lép. 2: pl. 51. Type-species by monotypy : Hesperia amygdalis Mabille, 1877, Bull. zool. Soc. Fr. 1877 : 234, nota. In the text Mabille cited other species, in addition to Hesperia amygdalis, but this was not published until 1887 (ib¢d. 18 Lép. 1 : 33). This has no bearing on the question of the type- species of this genus which had been determined by monotypy when in the previous year this genus had been established on plate 51. Even if the plate and the text had been published simultaneously, Hesperia amygdalis would still have been the type-species, for it was selected as such by Watson in 1893 (Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1893 : 130). The name Systole Mabille is invalid for two reasons : first, because it is a junior homonym of Systole Walker, 1832 (Ent. Mag. 1 (1) : 22) second, because it is a junior objective synonym of Ploetzia Saalmiiller, 1884. SYTHON Geyer, [1832], 1m Hiibner, Ziv. z. Samml. exot. Schmett. 4 : 20 (an Incorrect Subse- quent Spelling of Sithon Hiibner, [1819]. 426 FRANCIS HEMMING TABADA Moore, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1883 : 297. Type-species by monotypy : Euploea hyacinthus Butler, [Sept.] 1866, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1866 (2) : 296, pl. 29, fig. 5. TABRENA Holland, 1896, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1896: 10. Type-species by monotypy : Sarangesa aurimargo Holland, 1896, ibid. 1896 : ro, pl. 4, fig. 8. The specific name aurvimargo was stated by Holland to have been proposed im litt. by Mabille. The taxon represented by the nominal species Savangesa aurvimargo Holland is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as being the same as that represented by the older-established nominal species Antigonus brigida Plotz, 1879, Stet. ent. Ztg 40 : 361. TACHYPTERA Berge, 1842, Schmetterlingsbuch : 19, 92-105. Type-species by selection by Hemming (1934, Entomologist 67 : 38) : Papilio brassicae Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 467. The name Tachyptera Berge is invalid, as it is a junior objective synonym of Pierus Schrank, 1801. TACHYRIS Wallace, 1867, Tvans. ent. Soc. Lond. (3) 4 : 361. Type-species by selection by Scudder (1875, Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10 : 274) : Papilio hero Fabricius, 1793, Ent. syst. 3 (1) : 153. TACOLA Moore, [1898], Lep. ind. 3 (32) : 146. Type-species by original designation ; Limenitis larymna Doubleday, [Nov. 1848], Gen. diurn. Lep. (2) : pl. 35, fig. 1 [text (: 74) as Athyma sp. by Westwood published in August 1850]. TACORAEA Moore, [1898], Lep. ind. 3 (32) : 146. Type-species by original designation : Athyma asura Moore, 1857, in Horsfield & Moore, Cat. Lep. Ins. Mus. East India Coy (1) : L7L, pl. jpg. TO: When establishing this genus, Moore designated a type-species but did not give a generic diagnosis. This omission he made good in the immediately following Part of the same volume ([1898], Joc. cit. 3 (33) : 176). TACUPA Evans, 1927, Ident. ind. Butts (ed. 1) : 200 (an Incorrect Subsequent Spelling of Tecupa Swinhoe, 1917). TADUMIA Moore, [1902], Lep. ind. 5 (53) : 116. Type-species by original designation ; Parnassius acco Gray, 1852, Cat. lep. Ins. Coll. Brit. Mus. 1 (Papilionidae) : 76, pl. 12, figs 5 g, 6 3. TAENARIS Hiibner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (4) : 53 (one of two Original Spellings and the spelling chosen by Hiibner, as First Reviser, in 1821 to be the Correct Original Spelling). Type-species by selection by Hemming (1964, Annot. lep. (4) : 123) : Tenaris [sic] nysa Hiibner, [1819], Joc. cit. (4) : 53 (as defined by the specimen figured as fig. A on plate 185 in volume 3 of Cramer’s Uitl. Kapellen, published in 1777, and described on page 134 in Part 16 of the same volume, where it was attributed to the older-established nominal species Papilio jawus Cramer, [1775] (loc. cit. 1 (1) : 9)), the specimen so figured having been selected by Hemming (1964, Annot. lep. (3) : 94) to represent the lectotype of the present species. The present generic name was published in two original spellings, first (: 52) in a cross- heading in German and Latin as “‘ Tanaren’’ and ‘‘ Taenaris’’ respectively and, second (: 53), as Tenaris in the list of species placed in this genus. Under Article 32(b) the question as to which of two or more original spellings is to be accepted as correct depends on the choice of the First Reviser. In the present case, this choice was made by Hiibner himself in 1821 (Index exot. Lep. : [4]) when he adopted for this name the spelling “‘ Taenaris ’’, which thus became the Correct Original Spelling of thisname. Five years later in 1826 he repeated this choice on page 7 of the index (Anzeiger) to the Verzeichniss itself. The nominal genus Taenaris was established by Hiibner for two nominal species, which he named Tenaris [sic] jaiva and Tenaris nysa respectively. These nominal species, like all others established in the Verzeichniss, were based solely upon previously published figures or descriptions. In the case of each of these nominal species Hiibner cited plates previously published by Cramer for his nominal species Papilio jaivus. For his Tenaris jaiva Hiibner ” GENERIC NAMES OF BUTTERFLIES 427 cited, though with a mark of interrogation, figs A & B on Cramer’s pl. 6 (i.e. the figures of the syntypes of Papilio jairus Cramer), together with his own figures on pl. [84] of volume 1 of the Sammi. exot. Schmett. For his second nominal species, Tenaris nysa, Hiibner cited only the three figs (A, B, & C) given by Cramer on his pl. 185 on the second occasion on which he dealt with what he still called by the name Papilio jaivus. It is not easy to understand the basis of the grouping adopted by Hiibner, for the two sets of syntypes of his Tenaris jaiva consisted respectively of the palest and darkest forms (Cramer’s and pl. 6 Hiibner’s own plate) of the species named Papilio jaivus by Cramer on the basis of his plate 6, while Hiibner’s Tenaris nysa based on Cramer’s figures on his plate 185, is also a dark form but one much less dark than the specimen which Hiibner had figured and which (as shown above) he included in his Tenaris jaiva in the Verzeichniss. It is currently considered that all the forms shown on the plates discussed above are referable to a single species, namely Papilio jaiyus Cramer. It is further considered that the taxon represented by the foregoing nominal species is the same as that represented by the older-established nominal species Papilio urania Linnaeus, 1758 (Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 466). From the diagnosis given by Linnaeus it is clear that the form represented by Linnaeus’ specimen (in Queen Ludovico Ulrica’s collection) was the pale one shown on Cramer’s plate 6. Scudder (1875, Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10 : 274), made a type selection which, though comprehensible viewed from the taxonomic point of view, was invalid nomenclatorially. In the paper in question Scudder adopted for species the synonymies established by Kirby in 1871 in his Syn. Cat. diurn. Lep. and accordingly in the present case he adopted the specific name uvania Linnaeus, to which he sank the names of the two species recognized by Hiibner (jaiva and nysa) as synonyms ; on this basis Scudder designated wvania Linnaeus as the type- species of Taenaris. This action is invalid, for the name wrania Linnaeus was not cited at all by Hiibner in connection with the name Taenaris. Nor can the fact that, when he designated the non-included species wrania Linnaeus as type-species, he cited as synonyms of wrania Linnaeus the names of the nominal species that were actually placed in this genus by Hiibner he held to have validated Scudder’s action, for under Article 69 (a) (iv) a type-selection made in this way through synonymizing an included nominal species with a non-included species (such as wrania Linnaeus) is valid only if the author making the type-selection synonymizes in this way one but not more than one of the included nominal species, for, as has been seen, Scudder cited as synonyms of wvania the names of two—that is, of both—Hiibner’s included nominal species. Scudder’s action was however adopted by later authors who accepted Papilio uvania Linnaeus as the type-species of Taenaris, and that genus is still interpreted in this sense to the present day. Nevertheless, from a nomenclatorial point of view this genus remained without a validly fixed type-species, until the species cited at the head of the present note was selected by myself. When I came to consider which of Hiibner’s nominal species was the most suitable for selec- tion as type-species, | decided against that author’s nominal species Tenaris jaiva, for (as already noted) Hiibner included under it the reference to Cramer’s plate 6 with a note of interrogation—thus rendering the specimens represented by the figures on that plate ineligible for selection to represent the lectotype, while the specimen shown on Hiibner’s own plate (the only other figure which he cited) represented a very melanic form and was therefore unsuitable for selection to represent the lectotype. I therefore decided in favour of selecting as the type- species of the genus Taenaris the second of the two nominal species cited by Hiibner as be- longing to this genus, namely Tenarvis nysa. The three figures given by Cramer on his plate 185, on which this nominal species was based, showed considerable differences as between one another, and I therefore decided to select the specimen represented by one of these figures to represent the lectotype of that species, before selecting the species itself to be the type- species of the genus Taenavis. For this purpose I selected the specimen represented by fig. A on Cramer’s plate 185. TAGATA Moore, 1883, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1883 : 281. Type-species by monotypy : Euploea abjecta 1866, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1866 : 299. 428 FRANCIS HEMMING TAGATSIA Moore, [1898], Lep. ind. 3 (32) : 146. Type-species by original designation : Athyma dama Moore, 1858, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1858 : 19, pl. 51, fig. 5. When he established this genus, Moore designated a type-species but did not provide a generic diagnosis. He made good this deficiency in the following year ([1899], ibid. 4 (38) : 28). TAGIADES Hiibner, Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (7) : 108. Type-species by selection by Butler (1870, Ent. mon. Mag. 7:99) : Papilio japetus Stoll, [1781], 7m Cramer, Uitl. Kapellen 4 (31) : 145, pl. 365, figs E, F. TAJURIA Moore, [1881], Lep. Ceylon 1 (3) : 108. Type-species by original designation : Hesperia longinus Fabricius, 1798, Suppl. Ent. syst. : 430. The taxon represented by the nominal species Hesperia longinus Fabricius is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as being a subspecies of the taxon represented by the nominal species Hesperia cippus Fabricius, 1798, (loc. cit. : 429). As the specific names longinus Fabricius and cippus Fabricius were published on the same date in the same work, the relative precedence to be accorded to them depends on the choice made by the First Reviser. This appears in the present case to have been Swinhoe when in ror1 (iv Moore, Lep. ind. 9 (ior): 104-105) he gave precedence to the specific name c7ppus Fabricius, sinking /onginus Fabricius as a junior subjective synonym. TALBOTIA Bernardi, 1958, Rev. franc. Ent. 25 : 125. Type-species by original designation : Mancipium nabanum Moore, 1884, ]. asiat. Soc. Bengal., Pt II, 53 : 45. TALICADA Moore, [1881], Lep. Ceylon 1 (3) : 96. Type-species by original designation : Polyommatus nyseus Guérin-Ménéville, 1843, in Delessert, Souvenirs Voy. Inde : 78, pl. 22, figs I, Ia. TALIDES Hiibner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (7) : 106. Type-species by selection by Scudder (1875, Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10 : 275) : Talides sinois Hiibner, [1819], loc. cit. (7) : 106 [a nominal species established as a replacement for the nominal species Papilio sinon Stoll, [1781] («nm Cramer, Uitl. Kapellen 4 (29) : tot, pl. 342, figs D, E), the name of which is invalid as a junior homonym of Papilio sinon Poda, 1761 (Ins. Mus. graec. : 62)]. The first effort to provide this genus with a type-species was made by Butler in 1870 (Ent. mon. Mag. 7 : 93), but this attempt was unsuccessful, for the nominal species then selected, Talides athenion Hubner was then (as published in the Verzeichniss) only a nomen nudum, and was not an available name until published in [1825] (Sammi. exot. Schmett. 2 : pl. [148)). When Scudder (1825) selected Talides sinois Hiibner, he followed the practice adopted throughout his paper of associating with the species cited by Hiibner the name, where different, used for that species by Kirby in 1871. The species so associated by Kirby (: 591) namely Papilio segestus Cramer, [1775], is not currently identified with Talides sinois, but this does not in any way affect the validity of Scudder’s type-selection. The replacement specific name sinois Hiibner, the name of the type-species of Talides, is the oldest available name applicable to that species. TALITES Capronnier, 1874, Ann. Soc. ent. Belg. 17: 20. Type-species by selection by Hem- ming (1935, Stvlobs 4: 2) : Papilio meris Stoll, [1781], Uitl. Kapellen 4 (31) : 146, pl. 366, figs B, C. The name Talites Capronnier is invalid, as it is a junior objective synonym of Lasaia Bates, [1868]. TAMELA Swinhoe, [1913], 1 Moore, Lep. ind. 10 (117) : 207. Type-species by original designation : Nisoniades diocles Moore, [1866], Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1865 (3) : 787. The taxon represented by the nominal species Nisoniades diocles Moore is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as a subspecies of the taxon represented by the older- established nominal species Hesperia nigrita Latreille, [1824] (Ency. méth. 9 (Ins.) (2) : 788 {note at end of descr. of Hesperia philenor)). GENERIC NAMES OF BUTTERFLIES 429 TAMERA Moore, 1888, Descr. new Ind. Lep. Coll. Atkinson (3) : 284. Type-species by original designation : Papilio castor Westwood, 1842, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. 9 : 37. TAMYRIS Swainson, [March 1821], Zool. Illustr. (1) 1 (6) : pl. 33. Type-species by mono- typy : Hesperia zeleucus Fabricius, 1793, Ent. syst. 3 (1) : 346. Swainson published the name Tamyris a second time in August of the same year in Part II on plate 61 of the same volume. The taxon represented by the nominal species Hesperia zeleucus Fabricius is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as being the same as that represented by the older-established nominal species Papilio phidias Linnaeus, 1758 (Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 485). TANAECIA Butler, [1869], Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1868 (3) : 610. Type-species by original designation : Adolias pulasara Moore, 1857, in Horsfield & Moore, Cat. lep. Ins. Mus. East India Coy (1) : 190. The taxon represented by the nominal species A dolias pulsava Moore is currently treated sub- jectively on taxonomic grounds as being the same as that represented by the older-established nominal species Papilio pelea Fabricius, 1787 (Mantissa Ins. 2 : 53). TANAOPTERA Billberg, 1820, Enum. Ins. Mus. Billb.: 79. Type-species by selection by Hemming (1933, Entolmogist 66 : 199) : Papilio europa Fabricius, 1775, Syst. Ent. : 500. The name Tanaoptera Billberg is invalid, as it is a junior objective synonym of Lethe Hiibner, [1819]. TANNETHEIRA Sharp, [1892],in Zool. Rec. 28 (year 1891) (Ins.): 205 (an Incorrect Subsequent Spelling of Tanuetheiva Druce, 1891). TANSIMA Moore, 1881, Trans. ent. Soc. Lond. 1881 : 305. Type-species by monotypy : Lethe satyrina Butler, 1871, Trans. ent. Soc. Lond. 1871 : 402. TANUETHEIRA Druce, 1891, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (6) 8: 148. Type-species by original designation : Papilio timon Fabricius, 1787, Mantissa Ins. 2 : 65. TANYPTERA Mabille, 1877, Bull. Soc. zool. Fr. 2: 230. Type-species by monotypy : Hesperia laufella Hewitson, [1868], ///. exot. Butts 4 : [110], pl. 58, figs 28, 29, 30. The name Tanyptera Mabille is invalid, as it is a junior homonym of Tanypteva Latreille, 1804 (Nouv. Dict. Hist. nat. 24 (Tab.) : 188) the name of a genus of Diptera. It has been replaced by the name Pleroteinon Watson, 1893. TAPENA Moore, [1881], Lep. Ceylon 1 (4) : 181. Type-species by original designation : Tapena thwaitesi Moore, [1881], zbid. 1 (4) : 181, pl. 67, figs. 2, 2a. TAPINA Billberg, 1820, Enum. Ins. Mus. Billberg. : 81. Type-species through Section (i) (replacement names) of Article 57 : Hesperia ovidius Fabricius, 1793, Ent. syst. 3 (1) : 320. The taxon represented by the nominal species Hesperia ovidius Fabricius is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as being the same as that represented by the older- established nominal species Papilio cereus Linnaeus, 1767 (Syst. Nat. (ed. 12) 1 (2) : Errata), a nominal species established as a replacement of Papilio caeneus Linnaeus, 1767, ibid. 1 (2) : 796, a nominal species bearing a name which is invalid under the Law of Homonymy). The name Tapina Billberg was introduced quite unnecessarily as a replacement of the name Emesis Fabricius, 1807, to which it falls as a junior objective synonym. TARACA Seitz, [1909], Grossschmett. Evde 1 : 323 (an Incorrect Subsequent Spelling of Taraka de Niceville, 1890). TARACTROCERA Butler, 1869, Cat. diurn. Lep. Fabricius Brit. Mus. : 279. Type-species by monotypy : Hesperia maevius Fabricius, 1793, Ent. syst. 3 (1) : 352. TARAKA de Niceville, 1890, Butts India Burmah Ceylon 3 : 15,57. Type-species by original designation : Miletus hamada Druce, 1875, Cistula ent. 1 : 361. TARATTIA Moore, [1898], Lep. ind. 3 (32) : 146, 153. Type-species by original designation : Limenitis lysanias Hewitson, [1859], J/l. exot. Butts 2 : [68], pl. [34], figs 10, 11. 430 FRANCIS HEMMING TARMIA Lindsey, 1925, Denison Univ. Bull. 21 (1/3) : 110. Type-species by original desig- nation : Tarmia monastica Lindsey, 1925, ibid. 21 (1/3) : 110. TARSOCERA Butler, [1899], Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1898 (4) : 903. Type-species by mono- typy : Leptoneura cassina Butler, 1868, Cat. diurn. Lep. Satyvidae Brit. Mus. : 72, pl. 2, fig. 12. TARSOCTENUS Watson, 1893, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1893 :17, 21. Type-species by original designation : Pyrrhopyé¢a [sic] plutia Hewitson, [1857], [/l. evot. Butts 2 : [119], pl. [60], fig. 7. The taxon represented by the nominal species Pyrrhopyga plutia Hewitson is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as a subspecies of the same taxon as that repre- sented by the nominal species Pyvrhopyga [sic] praecia Hewitson, [1857] (lil. exot. Butts 2 : [118], pl. [59], fig. 6). As the species-group names plutia and praecia were published on the same date and in the same work, the relative precedence to be accorded to them depends on the choice made by the First Reviser. It appears that the first author to make such a choice in this case was Evans when in 1952 (Cat. amer. Hesp. Brit. Mus. 2 : 18-19) he gave precedence to the name praecia by treating it as the name of a species, while according to the name plutia the lower status of the name of a subspecies of praecia. This allocation of relative status is accordingly accorded here to these two names. TARUCUS Moore, [1881], Lep. Ceylon 1 (3) : 81. Type-species by original designation : Hesperia theophrastus Fabricius, 1793, Ent. syst. 3 (1) : 281. TASINGA Moore, [1897], Lep. ind. 3 (27) : 49. Type-species by original designation : Adolias anosia Moore, 1857, in Horsfield & Moore, Cat. lep. Ins. Mus. East India Coy (1) : 187. When establishing this genus, Moore designated a type-species but gave no generic diagno- sis. This omission was made good later in the same volume ({1897], loc. cit. 3 (29) : ror). TASITIA Moore, 1883, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1883 : 235. Type-species by original designation : Papilio gilippus Cramer, [1775], Uitl. Kapellen 1 (3) : 41, pl. 26, figs E, F. TATINGA Moore, [1893], Lep. ind. 2 (13) : 5. Type-species by original designation : Satyrus thibetanus Oberthur 1876, Etud. ent. 2 : 28, pl. 2, fig. 43. TATISIA Moore, [1898], Lep. ind. 3 (32) : 146. Type-species by original designation : Athyma kanwa Moore, 1858, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1858 : 17, pl. 51, fig. 2. When establishing this genus, Moore designated a type-species but gave no generic diagno- sis, but this omission was made good later in the same volume ([1898}, Joc. cit. 3 (33) : 179). The name Tatisia Moore was published on the same date (and in the same work) as the name Pavathyma Moore, and in consequence the relative precedence to be accorded to these names depends on the choice of the First Reviser. This was made by myself in 1964 (Aunot. lep. (3) : 80), when I accorded precedence to the name Tatisia Moore below the name Parathyma Moore. TATOCHEILA Scudder, 1875, Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10: 276 (an Incorrect Subsequent Spelling of Tatochila Butler, 1870). TATOCHILA Butler, 1870, Cistula ent. 1 : 38, 51. Type-species by original designation : Synchloe autodice Hiibner, 1818, Zuty. z. Sammi. exot. Schmett. 1 : 26, pl. [27], figs 151, 152. TATURA Butler, 1887, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1887 : 572. Type-species by monotypy : Thecla lebena Hewitson, 1868, Descr. Lep. : 9.* TAVETANA Picard, 1949, Rev. franc. Ent. 16 : 148. Type-species by original designation : Tavetana jeanneli Picard, 1949, ibid. 16 : 149, figs r (venation), 2 (¢ genit.). * When Hemming prepared the note on this generic name, which was posthumously published in 1964, Annot. lep. (4) : 133, he was clearly unaware of the earlier date of publication which I have quoted above. N. D. Riley. GENERIC NAMES OF BUTTERFLIES 431 TAXILA Doubleday, 1847, List Spec. lep. Ins. Brit. Mus. 2:2. Type-species by selection by Scudder (1875, Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10: 276) : Emesis drvupadi Horsfield [1828], Descr. Cat. lep. Ins. Mus. East India Coy (1) : explic. pl. 2, figs 3, 3a. The taxon represented by the nominal species Emesis drupadi Horsfield is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as a subspecies of the taxon represented by the older established nominal species Papilio haquinus Fabricius, 1793, Ent. syst. 3 (1) : 55). TAYGETIS Hiibner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (4) : 55. Type-species by selection by Butler (1868, Ent. mon. Mag. 4 : 194) : Papilio virgilia Cramer, [1776], Uitl. Kapellen 1 (8) : 150, pl. 96, fig. C. Westwood in 1851 (2x Doubleday, Gen. diurn. Lep. (2) : 356), in connection with this genus, said of Papilio merymeria Cramer, another of Hiibner’s originally inclyded species, that it ‘‘ may be considered as a good type of the genus ”’ but this statement falls short of a selection of the above species as “‘ the ’’ type-species and accordingly fails to qualify as a valid type-selection. TECUPA Swinhoe, 1917, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (8) 20: 410. Type-species by original desig- nation : Tecupa curiosa Swinhoe, 1917, ibid. (8) 20: 411. The taxon represented by the nominal species Tecuwpa curiosa Swinhoe is curently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as a subspecies of the taxon represented by the older- established nominal species A postictopterus fuliginosus Leech, [ Jan. 1894], (Butts China Japan Corea (2) (text-pt 6) : 631, figure published in June 1894, ibid. (plate-pt 5) : pl. 38, fig 8 3). TEINOPALPUS Hope, 1843, Trans. linn. Soc. Lond. 19 (2) : 13. Type-species by selection by Scudder (1875, Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10 : 276) : Teinopalpus imperialis Hope, 1843, loc. cit. 19 (2) : 131, pl. 11, figs 1, 2. Hope regarded this genus as containing two nominal species both then described as new ; the first was the above species, the second, Teinopalpus parryae (loc. cit. 19 (2) : 131, pl. 11, figs 3, 4 9). In 1846 (Gen. diurn. Lep. (1) : 2) Doubleday pointed out that these names represent the different sexes of the same species, impervialis being based on the male and parryae upon the female. These names, having been published on the same date in the same work, depend for their relative precedence on the choice of the First Reviser ; this choice was made in the above work by Doubleday when he gave precedence to the name imperialis Hope over the name parryae Hope. Scudder erroneously supposed that Teinopalpus imperialis was the sole originally included nominal species of Teinopalpus and therefore the type-species by monotypy. This misconcep- tion of Scudder’s does not however detract from the effectiveness of his action. TEINOPROSOPUS Felder (C.) & Felder (R.), 1864, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien. 14 : 289. Type- species through Section (i) (replacement names) of Article 67 : Teinopalpus imperialis Hope, 1843, Trans. linn. Soc. Lond. 19 (2) : 131, pl. 11, figs 1, 2. This name was introduced by the Felders as a replacement of the name Teinopalpus Hope which they rejected on the ground that the word of which it was composed was of an in- admissible mongrel origin. Under the Code (Article 18 (a)) a name cannot be rejected on account of inappropriateness ; in consequence the replacement name Teinoprosopus is invalid, becoming a junior objective synonym of Teinopalpus Hope. TEINORHINUS Watson, 1893, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1893 : 71, 78. | Type-species by original designation : Teinorhinus watsoni Holland, 1892, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (6) 10 : 292. This case resembles that of the name Osmodes ; in each case Watson communicated to Holland a manuscript genericname of his and that name was published by Holland before being published by Watson. In the case of Osmodes this misunderstanding had only the effect of giving priority to Holland over Watson. The present case is more complicated, because the name in question was published in different spellings, Holland in 1892 using the spelling “ Teniorhinus ’’, Watson in 1893, the spelling “‘ Teinorhinus’’. In each case the type-species was Teinorhinus watsoni, in the case of Holland’s version by monotypy in, that of Watson by original designation. [Watson attributed the specific name watsoni to Holland but this does 432 FRANCIS HEMMING not necessarily mean that he was aware that it had already been published by that author, it being possible that he knew of the name watsoni as a manuscript of Holland’s}. In the circumstances it is necessary to accept this name in the spelling “‘ Teniorhinus ’’ and to attribute it to Holland, as of 1892. The name spelled ‘‘ Teznovhinus’’ by Watson and published by him 1893, is therefore invalid, as a junior objective synonym of Teniorhinus Holland, 1892. TELCHIN Hiibner, [1825], Cat. Lép. Coll. Franck : 85. Type-species by monotypy : Papilio licus Cramer, [1779], Uztl. Kapellen 3 (19) : 49, pl. 223, figs A, B. When establishing this nominal genus, Hiibner cited four names as being the names of nominal species referable to it. Of these names three were manuscript names, the only name which had been duly published with an indication being licus Cramer. The species so named is therefore the type-species by monotypy. Cramer placed this species (loc. cit. 3 : 74) in the ““ Danaus Festivus ’’ group of the genus Papilio, thus indicating that he considered it to be a butterfly. It is however actually a Castniid moth. TELCHINIA Hiibner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett (2) : 27. Type-species by selection by Scudder (1875, Proc. ameyv. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10: 277) : Papilio serena Fabricius, 1775, Syst. Ent. : 461. The taxon represented by the nominal species Papilio sevena Fabricius is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as being the same as that represented by the older- established nominal species Papilio terpsicore Linnaeus, 1758 (Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 466). TELCMIADES Mabille, 1891, Ann. Soc. ent. Belg. 35, Bull. C.R. : lxi (an Incorrect Subsequent Spelling of Telemiades Hiibner, [1819)). TELEGONUS Hiibner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (7) : 104. Type-species by selection by Butler (1870, Ent. mon. Mag.7 : 56) : Papilio talus Cramer, [1777], Uitl. Kapellen 2 (15) : 122, ple 76, te.» The taxon represented by the nominal species Papilio talus Cramer is currently considered subjectively on taxonomic grounds to be congeneric with the taxon represented by the nominal species Papilio aulestes Cramer, [1780], the type-species of the genus Astvaptes Hiibner, [1819]. Since the names Telegonus and Astvaptes were published on the same date in the same work, the relative precedence to be accorded to them depends on the choice made by the First Reviser. As explained in the note on the name A straptes, that choice was made by myself in 1934 when I gave precedence to the name Astvaptes over the name Telegonus Accordingly, for those who share the taxonomic view set out above the name Telegonus Hiibner, though an available name, is a junior subjective synonym of Astvaptes Hiibner. TELEMIADES Hiibner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (7) : 106. Type-species by selection by Scudder (1875, Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10: 277) : Papilio avitus Stoll, [1781], 7 Cramer, Uitl. Kapellen 4 (30) : 123, pl. 354, figs D, E. TELEOMORPHA Warren, 1926, Trans. ent. Soc. Lond. 74 : 18, 46. Type-species by selection by Hemming (1934, Stvlops 3 : 143) : Papilio cavthami Hiibner, [1808-1813], Samml. europ. Schmett. : pl. Pap. 143, 726 [recte 720], g, fig. 723 ¢ [mec figs 721, 722]. The name Teleomorpha Warren is invalid, as it is a junior objective synonym of Scelotrix Rambur, 1858. TELESTO Boisduval, [1832], 7m d’Urville, Voy. “‘ Astvolabe’’, Faune ent. 1 (Lép.) : 164. Type-species by monotypy : Hesperia peroni [automatic correction of pevon] Latreille, [1824], Ency. méth. 9 (Ins.) (2) : 763. The name Telesto Boisduval is invalid under the Law of Homonymy, being a junior homo- nym (a) of Telesto Lamouroux, 1812 (Nowv. Bull. Soc. philomat. Paris 3 (63) : 185) and (b) of Telesto Rafinesque, 1814 (Précis Somiol. : 26). As noted above, the specific name of the type-species was published incorrectly in the non- Latinized form “‘ pervon’’. Under Article 31 (a) this is subject to automatic correction to the form “ peyoni’’. GENERIC NAMES OF BUTTERFLIES 433 TELICOTA Moore, [1881], Lep. Ceylon 1 (4) : 169. Type-species recommended to the Com- mission for designation under Article 70 (a) (misidentified type-species) : Papilio colon Fabricius, 1775, Syst. Ent. : 531. Moore designated Papilio augias Linnaeus, 1763 (Amoen. acad. 6 : 410) as the type-species of the genus. Clearly, however, he was doubtful as to the interpretation of this nominal species, for he sought to give precision to the concept represented by that nominal species by associating with it a reference to the very crude figure given by Donovan in his Insects of China (pl. 48, fig. 1), which is currently considered to be unrecognizable. The taxon represented by the nominal species Papilio augias Linnaeus is one of two which, though very distinct structu- rally and readily separable also superficially, were formerly confused with one another, the other being the taxon represented by the nominal species Papilio colon Fabricius. Fortunate- ly, the types of both these ancient species are still available, that: of Papilio augias in the Linnaean collection in London and that of Papilio colon in the Copenhagen Museum. The distinguishing characters of these species were fully worked out by Evans in 1949 (Cat. Hesp. Europe Asia Australia : 391-393, 394-396). When establishing the genus Telicota, Moore placed in that genus only one species which he figured as figs 4, 4a on pl. 71. Moore mis- identified the taxon so figured with that to which he had himself given the name Pamphila bambusae. In fact the figures in the Lep. Ceylon represent kala Evans, 1934, the Ceylon subspecies of the taxon represented by the nominal species Papilio colon Fabricius. Further, it must be noted that, whereas (as shown above) the taxon represented by Papilio colon does occur in Ceylon, the country with the butterfly fauna of which Moore was dealing when he erected the genus Telicota, the taxon represented by the nominal species Papilio augias is not known to occur in that country. There is no doubt that the taxon which Moore thought was that represented by the nominal species Papilio augias Linnaeus, when he designated that nominal species to be the type-species of Telicota, was in fact that represented by the nominal species Papilio colon Fabricius. The Commission is therefore being asked to regularize the position by designating under Article 70 (a) the nominal species Papilio colon Fabricius to be the type-species of the genus Telicota Moore. In accordance with the provisions of Article 80, the Ceylon species (Papilio colon Fabricius) is here treated in the interests of continuity of usage as being the type-species of this genus, pending the publication of the decision by the Commission on the application submitted. TELINGA Moore, 1880, Trans. ent. Soc. Lond. 1880 (4) : 167. Type-species by original designation : Satyrus adolphei Guérin-Ménéville, 1843, in Delessert, Souvenir Voy. Inde (2)r.76: TELIPNA Aurivillius, 1895, Ent. Tidskr. 16: 198. Type-species by original designation : Liptena acraea Westwood [December 1851], in Doubleday, Gen. diurn. Lep. (2) : pl. 77, fig. 6. The case of the name Telipua is intimately bound up with that of the name Liptena, particulars of which have been given earlier in the present work. It will be sufficient here merely to recall the following facts: (i) The type-species of Te/ipna was by original designation the nominal species Liptena acraea Westwood, [1851], a species which by selection by Scudder (1875) was already the type-species of the genus Liptena Westwood, [1851] ; (ii) In conse- quence, the name Telipna Aurivillius was invalid as a junior objective synonym of Liptena; (iii) Notwithstanding the foregoing, the name Telipna was continuously used from the time of its publication by Aurivillius in 1895 as the name for Liptena acrvaea Westwood and its congeners, owing to the fact that an entirely different species, Liptena undularis Hewitson, [1866], had become firmly, though incorrectly, established in the literature as the type-species of Liptena Westwood. In order to regularize this practice, the Commission was asked in 1957 to use its Plenary Powers, inter alia, to designate Liptena undulavis Hewitson, to be the type- species of Liptena Westwood. This request was approved by the Commission in its Opinion 566 (1959, Opin. int. Comm. zool. Nom. 20 : 377-390). In the same Opinion the name Telipna Aurivillius was placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology as Name No. 1367. 434 FRANCIS HEMMING TELLERVO Kirby, 1894, im Allen’s Nat. Liby., Lepid. 1 : 28. Type-species through Section (i) (replacement names) of Article 67 : Papilio zoilus Fabricius, 1775, Syst. Ent. : 480. Kirby introduced the name Tellevvo as a replacement for the name Hamadrvyas Boisduval, [1832], which is invalid as a junior homonym of Hamadryas Hiibner, [1806]. TELLES Godman, [1900], in Godman & Salvin, Biol. centr.-amer., Lep. Rhop. 2 : 518. Type- species by original designation : Papilio arcalaus Stoll, [1782], in Cramer, Uitl. Kapellen 4 (33) : 211, pl. 301, figs I, K. TELLONA Evans, 1955, Cat. amer. Hesp. Brit. Mus. 4 : 207, 245. Type-species by original designation : Hesperia variegata Hewitson, 1870, Equat. Lep. Buckley : 73. TEMENIS Hiibner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (3) : 34. Type-species by selection by Scudder (1875, Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10 : 278) : Papilio merione Fabricius, 1781, Spec. Ins. 2 : 94. The taxon represented by the nominal species Papilio merione Fabricius is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as being the same as that represented by the older- established nominal species Papilio laothoe Cramer, [1777] (Uitl. Kapellen 2 (11) : 55, pl. 132, figs A, B). TENARIS Hiibner, [1819], Vevz. bekannt. Schmett. (4) : 53 (an Incorrect Original Spelling of Taenaris Hiibner, [1819]}). It has been explained in the note on the name Taenavis that this is the Correct Original spelling and that the spelling Tenavis is the Incorrect Original Spelling. TENIORHINUS Holland, 1892, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (6) 10: 292. Type-species by mono- typy : Teniorhinus watsoni Holland, 1892, ibid. (6) 10 : 292. Holland attributed this generic name to Watson in manuscript ; it was in fact not pub- lished by Watson until 1893 when it appeared in the spelling “‘ Teiniovhinus’’, being then treated as a new name, notwithstanding the fact that, as Watson designated watsoni Holland as type-species, he must have been aware that Holland had already published the name Teniorhinus. TERACINIA Rober, 1910, Ent. Z. 44:19. Type-species through Section (i) (replacement names) of Article 67 : Neveis neso Hiibner, [1806], Samml. exot. Schmeit. 1 : pl. [5]. The name Tevacinia was introduced by Rober as a replacement for the name Cevatinia Hiibner, 1816. This action was quite uncalled-for, as Ceratinia is a nomenclatorially avail- able name. The name Tevacinia Rober is therefore invalid as a junior objective synonym of Cevatimia Hiibner. TERACOLUS Swainson, [1833], Zool. Iilusty. (2) 3: pl. 115. Type-species by monotypy : Teracolus subfasciatus Swainson, [1833], zbzd. (2) 3: pl. 115. TERATONEURA Dudgeon, 1909, Tvans. ent. Soc. Lond. 1909, Bull. : li. Type-species by monotypy : Teratoneura isabellae Dudgeon, 1909, zbid. 1909, Bull. : li. TERATOPHTHALMA Stichel, 1909, Berl. ent. Z. 54 (1/2) : 1. Type-species by original designation : Diophthalma phelina Felder (C.) & Felder (R.), 1862, Wien. ent. Monats. 6: 411. TERATOZEPHYRUS Sibatani, 1946, Bull. lep. Soc. Japan 1 (3): 77. Type-species by original designation : Zephyrus arisanus Wileman, 1909, Amnot. zool. japon., Tokyo 7 (2) : 91-93. TERIA Blasquez, 1870, La Naturaleza, Mexico 1 : 282. Type-species by monotypy : Teria agavis Blasquez, 1870, ibid. 1 : 282, pl. 2, figs 1-5 Q. The taxon represented by the nominal species Tevia agavis Blasquez is currently treated as being the same as that represented by the older-established nominal species Castnia hesperiaris Walker, 1856 (Cat. Lep. Het. Brit. Mus. 7 : 1583). It was suggested by Barnes & McDunnough in 1911 (Contrib. nat. Hist. Lepid. N. Amer. 1 (No. 3) : 17) that the name Teria, as used by Blasquez, was an Incorrect Subsequent GENERIC NAMES OF BUTTERFLIES 435 Spelling of the name Tevias Swainson, 1821. While this possibility cannot be entirely ruled out, it seems incredible that anyone could suppose that the large heavily constructed Hesperiid here in question was congeneric with the very much smaller delicately constructed Pierids to which the name Tevias Swainson is applicable. For this reason and because of the lack of any definite evidence in support of the theory advanced by Barnes & McDunnough, the name Teria is here treated as being a new name introduced by Blasquez, the genus so named being monotypical with the Hesperiid Tevia agavis, figured by Blasquez, as its type- species. On this basis, which has been generally adopted by writers since the time of Barnes & McDunnough, the name Tevia Blasquez is a junior subjective synonym of Aegiale Felder, 1860, the name of a genus having as its type-species a nominal species (Aegiale kollavi Felder (C.) & Felder (R.), 1860) which, like Tevia agavis Blasquet is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as representing the same taxon as that represented by the nominal species Castnia hesperiaris Walker, 1856. ; The serial in which the paper by Blasquez was published is very scarce, and most authors who have discussed the name Tevia appear to have relied upon information obtained at second hand. In this connection it may be useful— in order to avoid subsequent doubts and confusion—to note, for examble, that Mabille in 1904 (in Wytsman’s Gen. Ins. 17 (D) : 184) misspelled the name of the author as “ Blasquirt’’ and misattributed Blasquez’s paper to “Le Naturaliste’’. Even Evans (1955, Cat. amer. Hesp. Brit. Mus. 4 : 465, 466) attributed different dates to the names composing the binomen Teria agavis Blasquez, citing “‘ 1870”’ correctly as the date of the generic name Teria, but, like Kirby in 1871 (Syn. Cat. diurn. Lep. : 608), misdating the specific name agavis as having been published in “‘ 1865 ”’. TERIAS Swainson, [1821], Zool. Illustr. (1) 1: pl. 22. Type-species by original designation : Papilio hecabe Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 470. TERINOS Boisduval, [1836], (Roret’s Suite a Buffon), Hist. nat. Ins., Spec. gén. Lépid. 1: pl. 9 [ =pl. 5B). Type-species by monotypy : Terinos clarissa Boisduval, [1836], zbid., Spec. gén. Lépid. 1 : pl. 9 [=pl. 5B], fig. 4. TERIOCOLIAS Rober, [1909], in Seitz, Grossschmett. Erde 5 : 89. Type-species by mono- typy : Terias atinas Hewitson, 1874, Descr. new Spec. Butts Buckley Bolivia : 4. TERIOMIMA Kirby, 1887, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (5) 19 : 364. Type-species by original designation : Teriomima subpunctata Kirby, 1887, ibid. (5) 19 : 364. TERNERINA Stallings & Turner, 1959, Lepid. News 12 (3/4) : 94 (an Incorrect Subsequent Spelling of Turnerina Freeman, 1959). TERPSICHROIS Hiibner, 1821, Index exot. Lep. : [5] (an Incorrect Subsequent Spelling of Trepsichvois Hiibner, 1816). TETRACHARIS Grote, 1898, Proc. amer. phil. Soc. 37 : 37. Type-species by monotypy : Anthocharis cethura Felder (C.) & Felder (R.), [1865], Reise Fregatte ‘“‘ Novava’’, Lep. Rhop. (2) : 182, pl. 25, figs 1, 2 9. TETRAGONUS Geyer, [1832], in Hiibner, Zuty. z. Sammi. exot. Schmett. 4:17. Type- species by monotypy : Tetragonus catamitus Geyer, [1832], 7m Hiibner, zbid. 4: 17, pl. [113], figs 653, 654. This was treated by Geyer as a genus of butterflies, but this was incorrect. The type- (and sole) species is a moth. In the Wytsman facsimile edition of the Zutvdge (1912) Kirby placed this genus (: 36) in the family Callidulidae. TETRAPHLEBIA Felder (C.) & Felder (R.), [1867], Reise Fregatte ““ Novarva’’, Lep. Rhop. (3) : 487. Type-species by monotypy : Tetraphlebia germainii Felder (C.) & Felder (R.), [1867], ibid., Lep. Rhop. (3) : 488. TETRARAANIS Karsch, 1893, Berl. ent. Z. 38 (1/2) : 217. Type-species by monotypy : Liptena ilma Hewitson, [1873], Jil. evot. Butts 5 : [86], pl. [45], fig. 13. 436 FRANCIS HEMMING TEXOLA Higgins, [1959], Lepid. News 12 (5/6) : 161. Type-species by original designation : Eresia elada Hewitson, [1868], J//. evot. Butts 4 : [33], pl. [19], figs 54, 55. THADUCA Scudder, 1882, Nomencl. zool., univ. Index : 315 (an Unjustified Emendation of Thaduka Moore, [1879)). THADUKA Moore, [April, 1879], Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1878 (4) : 836. Type-species by monotypy : Thaduka multicaudata Moore, [1879], zbid. 1878 (4) : 836, pl. 52, fig. 7. THAIS Fabricius, 1807, Mag. f. Insektenk. (Illiger) 6: 283. Type-species by monotypy : Papilio hypsipyle Fabricius, 1777, Gen. Ins. : 265. The taxon represented by the nominal species Papilio hypsipyle Fabricius is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as being the same as that represented by the nominal species Papilio polyxena [Denis & Schiffermiiller], 1775 (Ankiindung eines syst. Werkes Schmett. Wiener Gegend : 162). The taxon concerned has had a most unfortunate nomenclatorial history. For the greater part of the period since 1775 it has been known by the specific name polyxena [Denis & Schiffermuller] but it was not until 1958 that the position of that name as the oldest available specific name for it was finally established by action taken by the Commission. A full account of the nomenclatorial vicissitudes of this taxon was published by myself in 1960 (Amnot. lep. (2) : 63-65). It is necessary here only to note the twofold action by the Commission in this case : (1) In the late nineteen-thirties it came to light in a passage published by Esper in 1780 that on some unknown previous date Pallas had published a description of this species under the name Papilio aristolochiae. In spite of the most careful search (which was joined in by the late Dr. C. D. Sherborn) it proved impossible to trace in the works of Pallas the detailed description of his Papilio aristolochiae. Nevertheless, there remained the possibility that at some later date the passage in Pallas which then eluded discovery might come to light. If, as was probable, that name was pub- lished before 1775 the most serious results would have ensued ; for not only would that long- forgotten name have become the oldest available name for the present Zerynthiid species, but in addition—and far more serious—the name Papilio aristolochiae Fabricius, 1775, habitually used for a very well-known Oriental Papilionid, would have become invalid under the Law of Homonymy. To obviate this risk the Commission in 1954 (Opin. int. Comm. zool. Nom. 5 : 355-366) approved in its Opinion 265 a request that the specific name avistolochiae, as used by Pallas in the combination Papilio avistolochiae on any date prior to the publication of the same binomen by Fabricius in 1775 should be suppressed. At the same time the specific name aristolochiae Pallas was placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Specific Names in Zoology as Name No. 22. (2) The other doubt as to the availability of the name Papilio polyxena {Denis & Schiffermiiller] arose from the fact that in the same year as that in which that name was published the same binomen was published by Cramer ([1775] (Uitl. Kapellen 1 (5) : 85, pl. 54, figs A, B), and there existed no means for determining the relative dates of publication of the works in which these names were published. This difficulty was overcome by the action of the Commission in 1958 (loc. cit. 19 : 1-44) when in its Opinion 516 used its Plenary Powers to determine the relative precedence to be accorded to the two works cited above and to certain other works published in 1775. In that Opinion it granted, inter alia, precedence to the Anktindung of Denis & Schiffermiiller over the portions of Cramer’s Uitl. Kapellen published in the same year. Thus at last, the name Papilio polyxena [Denis & Schiffermiiller], 1775, was firmly established as an available name. As the oldest such name subjectively applicable to the present taxon, it thereupon became its taxonomically valid name. The name Thais Fabricius is invalid, as it is a junior homonym of the name Thais [Réding], 1798 (Mus. Bolten.2 : 54). (See also the note on the name Zevynthia Ochsenheimer, 1816.) THAITES Scudder, 1875, Mem. amer. Ass. Adv. Sci. 1:57. Type-species by monotypy : Thaites ruminiana Scudder, 1875, ibid. 1 : 57. This name was attributed by Scudder to Heer in manuscript on the above occasion, but in 1882 (Nomencl. zool., Suppl. List : 330) he correctly attributed it to himself. Prior to being GENERIC NAMES OF BUTTERFLIES 437 published by Scudder in 1875, the name Thaites had been published by two other authors, but on each ocasion it was invalid, being a nomen nudum. The authors concerned were (i) Heer himself in 1861 (Recherches Climat. Végét. Pays Tert. (trad. C. D. Gaudin) : 205), and (ii) Saporta in 1872 (Ann. Sci. nat., Paris, Bot. (5) 15 : 342). This name was applied by Scudder to a fossil found in the Oligocene at Aix-en-Provence. It was considered by Scudder to be a Papilionid allied to Recent Genus Thais Fabricius (i.e. Zerynthia Ochsenheimer, 1816). THALEROPIS Staudinger, 1871, 7m Staudinger & Wocke, Cat. Lepid. europ. Faunengeb. (2): 17. Type-species by monotypy : Vanessa ionia Fischer de Waldheim & Eversmann, 1851, 7m Fischer de Waldheim, Entomographia Imp. ross. 5 : 111, pl. 13, figs 1, 2. Staudinger gave no characters for this genus when he established it in 1871, but this deficiency was made good in 1879 (Hor. Soc. ent. ross. 14 : 262) when, apparently forgetting the action which he had taken eight years earlier, he again introduced Thaleropis as a new genus. THALIURA Duncan, 1837, in Jardine’s Nat. Libr., Ent. 5 (Foreign Butts) : 195. Type- species by monotypy : Papilio rhipheus Drury, [1773], J/l. nat. Hist. 2 : index et 40). Duncan treated Papilio rhipheus as a butterfly but in this he was in error, for the taxon represented by that nominal species is a moth. Thaliuva has therefore no place among the generic names of the butterflies. THAMALA Moore, [1879], Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1878 (4) : 834. Type-species by monotypy : Thamala miniata Moore, [1879], ibid. 1878 (4) : 834, pl. 52, fig. 6. The taxon represented by the nominal species Thamala miniata Moore is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as being the same as that represented by the older- established nominal species Myvina marciana Hewitson, [1863] (Ill. diurn. Lep., Lycaenidae 1 (text) : 34 ; 2 (plates) : pl. 12, fig. 13 9; pl. 16, fig. 44 3). THAMOLA Seitz, [1926], Grossschmett. Evde 9 : 986 (an Incorrect Subsequent Spelling of Thamala Moore, [1879]). THAMYRIS Burmeister, 1878, Descr. phys. Rép. Argentine 5 (Lépid.) : 295 et nota (an Un- justified Emendation of Tamyris Swainson, [1821)). Even if Thamyris Burmeister had been a Justified Emendation, it would nevertheless have been invalid as being a junior homonym of Thamyris Spence Bate, 1862 (Cat. Specimens Amphipodous Crust. Brit. Mus. : 335). THANAOS Boisduval, [1834], Icones hist. Lépid. Europ. (19/20) : 240. Type-species by selection by Blanchard (1840, Hist. nat. Ins.3 : 469) : Papilio tages Linnaeus, 1757, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 485. The name Thanaos Boisduval is invalid, as it is a junior objective synonym of Evynnis Schrank, 1801. THANATOS [Dunning & Pickard], Accentuated List Brit. Lep. : 6 (an Unjustified Emendation of Thanaos Boisduval, [1834)]). Even if Thanatos Dunning & Pickard had been a Justified Emendation, it would neverthe- less have been invalid, because (as shown above) the name Thanaos Boisduval is itself invalid as a junior objective synonym of Evynnis Schrank, 1801. THANATITES Scudder, 1875, Mem. amer. Ass. Adv. Sci.1 : 62. Type-species by monotypy : Vanessa vetula von Heyden, 1859, Palaeont. 8 : 12, pl. 1, fig. ro. This genus was established for a fossil found in a tertiary formation in Western Germany. The species concerned was considered by von Heyden to belong to the family Nymphalidae and the same view was taken in 1871 (Syn. Cat. diurn. Lep. : 179) by Kirby who placed it in the genus Avaschnia Hiibner, [1819]. Scudder however placed this species in the family Hesperi- idae, considering this genus to be very close to Thanaos Boisduval, [1834] (i.e. Evynnis Schrank, 1801). 438 FRANCIS HEMMING THANAUS Kirby, 1897, in Allen’s Nat. Libr., Lepid. 3: 12 (an Incorrect Subsequent Spelling of Thanaos Boisduval, [1834]). THARASIA Moore, [1898], Lep. ind. 3 (32) : 146. Type-species by original designation : Athyma jina Moore, 1857, 7m Horsfield & Moore, Cat. lep. Ins. Mus. East India Coy (1) : 172, ple 5; Lig. 3: When Moore established this nominal genus, he designated a type-species but did not give a generic diagnosis. Later in the same year, in the immediately following Part (Part 33), he made good this deficiency (: 180). THARGELLA Godman, [1900], in Godman & Salvin, Biol. centy.-amer., Lep. Rhop. 2 : 564. Type-species by monotypy : Thargella fuliginosa Godman, [1900], 77 Godman & Salvin, ibid., Lep. Rhop. 2 : 565, pl. roo, figs 24, 25 3. The taxon represented by the nominal species Thargella fuliginosa Godman is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as being the same as that represented by the older- established nominal species Hesperia cauva Plotz, 1882 (Stett. ent. Ztg 43 : 315). THAROPS Hiibner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (7) : 109. Type-species by selection by Scudder (1875, Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10 : 279) : Papilio menander Stoll, [1780], in Cramer, Uitl. Kapellen 4 (28) : 86, pl. 334, figs C, D. The name Thavops Hiibner is invalid, as it is a junior homonym of Tharops Rafinesque, 1815 (Analyse Nature : 119). It has been replaced by the name Menandey Hemming, 1939. THARSALEA Scudder, 1876, Bull. Buffalo Soc. nat. Sci. 3: 125. Type-species by original designation : Polyommatus arota Boisduval, 1852, Ann. Soc. ent. Fr. (2) 10 : 293. THAUMAINA Bethune-Baker, 1908, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1908 (1) : 116. Type-species by original designation : Thaumaina uranothauma Bethune-Baker, 1908, z2b7d. 1908 (1) : 116, pl. 9, figs 8, 9. THAUMANTIAS Kirby, 1894, in Allen’s Nat. Liby., Lepid. 1 : 197 (an Incorrect Subsequent Spelling of Thaumantis Hiibner, [1826)). THAUMANTIS Hiibner, [1826], Samm. exot. Schmett. 2: pl. [61]. Type-species by mono- typy : Thaumantis oda Hiibner, [1826], zbzd. 2 : pl. [61]. The taxon represented by the nominal species Thaumantis oda Hubner is currently treated subjectively as being the same as that represented by the slightly older-established nominal species Morpho odana Godart, [1826] (Ency. méth. 9 (Ins.) (2) : 445). It seems difficult to believe that two authors within a period of two years could have devised two such similar names for the same taxonomic unit. There is unfortunately no text to this portion of Hiibner’s Sammlung and it is necessary therefore to treat oda Hiibner as a new name in its own right. The likelihood is however that, if such a text existed, it would show that oda Hiibner is no more than an emendation of the earlier odana Godart. THAURIA Moore, [1894], Lep. ind. 2 (19) : 173. Type-species by subsequent designation by Moore ([1895], doc. cit. 2 (20) : 186 : Thaumantis aliris Westwood, [1858], Tvans. ent. Soc. Lond. (2) 4 (6) : 176. This genus was established in a generic key with a brief diagnosis but with no cited included species. It was not until the following year (loc. cit. 2 (20) : 185-186) that Moore provided a detailed description and designated a type-species. THEAGENES Godman & Salvin, [1896], Biol. centr.-amer., Lep. Rhop. 2 : 428. Type-species through Section (i) (replacement names) of Article 67 : Antigonus aegides Herrich-Schaeffer 1869, CorvespBl. zool.-min. Ver. Regensburg 23 : 135 [repaged offprint as Prodvomus.. 3 : 49]. The taxon represented by the nominal species Antigonus aegides Herrich-Schaeffer is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as a subspecies of the taxon represented by the older-established nominal species Helias albiplaga Felder (C.) & Felder (R.), [1867], (Reise Fregatte ‘‘ Novava’’, Lep. Rhop. (3) : 531, pl. 73, figs 18, 19). The name Theagenes was introduced by Godman & Salvin as a replacement for the name GENERIC NAMES OF BUTTERFLIES 439 Evopus published by themselves earlier in the same year, that name having been found to be invalid under the Law of Homonymy. THECLA Fabricius, 1807, Mag. f. Insektenk. (Illiger) 6 : 286. Type-species by selection by Swainson ([1821], Zool. Illustr. (1) 2: pl. 69) : Papilio betulae Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. ro) 1 : 482. During the latter part of the XI Xth century the name Thecla Fabricius was widely misused for the Strymonid Hairstreaks consequent upon the mistaken action of Scudder (1872, 4th Ann, Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. 1871 : 50) in rejecting Swainson’s type-selection of Papilio betulae Linnaeus and in seeking to set up Papilio spini [Dennis & Schiffermiiller] as type- species ; in the same period the true Theclids were normally placed in Zephyrvus Dalman, 1816 (a nominal genus bearing a name which is a junior objective sy mony of Thecla Fabricius, its type-species also being Papilio betulae Linnaeus). THECLINESTHES Rober, 1891, Tijdschy. Ent. 34: 316. Type-species by monotypy : Plebeius (Theclinesthes) eremicola Réber, 1891, ibid. 34 : 316. In the following year Rober published a figure of the type-species (1892), zbid. 35 : pl. 5 fig. 5 3. THECLIOLA Waterhouse, 1912, Index zool. 2: 299 (an Incorrect Subsequent Spelling of Thecliolia Strand, 1910). THECLIOLIA Strand, 1910, Ent. Rundsch. 27 : 162. Type-species through Section (i) (re- placement names) of Article 67 : Thecla w-album Knoch var. eximia Fixsen, 1887, in Romanoff, Mém. Lép. 3 : 271, pl. 13, fig. 2. The name Thecliolia was introduced by Strand as a replacement for Felderia Tutt, [1907], which is invalid under the Law of Homonymy. THECLOPSIS Godman & Salvin, [1887], Biol. centy.-amey., Lep. Rhop. 2 : 99. Type-species by original designation : Thecla lebena Hewitson, 1868, Descr. new Spec. Lycaenidae : 9. THEMESION Godman, [1901], ix Godman & Salvin, Biol. centy.-amer., Lep. Rhop. 2 : 614. Type-species by original designation : Hesperia certima Hewitson, 1866, Tvans. ent. Soc. Lond. (3) 2 : 493. THEMONE Westwood, [Oct. 1851], 1 Doubleday, Gen. diurn. Lep. (2) : pl. 72, fig. 9. Type- species by monotypy : Helicopis pais Hiibner, [1820], Samml. exot. Schmett. 2 : pl. [16]. Westwood’s text (loc. cit. (2) : 462) relating to the name Themone was published in December 1851, i.e. two months after the issue of plate 72. Here also the sole included species was Helicopis pais. THEOCHILA Field, 1958, Proc. U.S. nat. Mus. 108 : 106. Type-species by original desig- nation : Pieris maenacte [sic] Boisduval, [1836], (Roret’s Suite a Buffon), Hist. nat. Ins., Spec. gen. Lép. I: 517. THEOPE Doubleday, 1847, List. Spec. lep. Ins. Bryit. Mus.2: 6. Type-species by selection by Scudder (1875, Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10: 280) : Polyommatus terambus Godart, [1824], Ency. méth. 9 (Ins.) (2) : 676. THEOPE Moore, 1857, in Horsfield & Moore, Cat. lep. Ins. Mus. East India Coy (1) : 234. Type-species by monotypy : Mycalesis (?) himachala Moore, 1857, ibid. (1) : 234. After describing the above species as being doubtfully a member of the genus Mycalesis Hiibner, Moore added that this species might ‘‘ be separated under the generic name of Theope Moore ’’. The name Theope Moore, 1857, is invalid, as a junior homonym of Theope Doubleday, 1847. Two replacement names have been published, the earlier and valid name being Ethope Moore, [1866] (Pyvoc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1865 (3) : 770). THEOREMA Hewitson, [1865], Ill. diurn. Lep., Lycaenidae 1 (text) : 69. Type-species by monotypy : Theorema eumenia Hewitson, [1865], ibid. 1 (text) 69; 2 (plates) : pl. 27, figs I, 2 3. 440 FRANCIS HEMMING THEREUS Hiibner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (5) : 79. Type-species by monotypy : Papilio lausus Cramer, [1779], Uitl. Kapellen 3 (20) : 70, pl. 233, fig. E. THERITAS Hiibner, 1818, Zutry. z. Sammi. exot. Schmett. 1 : 31. Type-species by selection by Scudder (1875, Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10 : 280) : Theritas mavors Hiibner, 1818, ibid. 1 : 31, pl. [33], figs 189, 190. In the immediately following year ([1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (5) : 80) the name Theritas was republished by Hiibner in exactly the same sense. THERIUS Billberg, 1820, Enum. Ins. Mus. Billb. : 75. Type-species by selection by Hem- ming (1933, Entomologist 66 : 199) : Papilio apollo Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 65. The name Therius Billberg is invalid, as it is a junior objective synonym of Parnassius Latreille, 1804. THERMONIPHAS Karsch, 1895, Ent. Nachr. 21 : 298, 303. Type-species by original designation : Thermoniphas plurilimbata Karsch, 1895, ibid. 21 : 303. Karsch established this nominal genus in a key on page 298 and there stated that its type- species was the new Central African species cited above which he described on page 303 later in the same paper. THERSAMONIA Verity, 1919, Ent. Rec. 31:28. Type-species by original designation : Papilio thersamen Esper, [1784], Die Schmett. 1 (Bd 2) Forts. Tagschmett. : 176, pl. 89, fig. 6 3. THESPIA Wallengren, 1858, Ofvers. VetenskAkad. Forh., Stockh. 15:77. Type-species through Section (i) (replacement names) of Article 67 : Ptychopteryx bohemani Wallengren, 1857, K. svenska VetenskAkad. Handl., Stockholm (n.f.) 2 (Pt 1) (No. 4) : 18. The taxon represented by the nominal species Ptychopteryx bohemani Wallengren is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as being the same as that represented by the older- established nominal species Tevacolus subfasciatus Swainson, [1833] (Zool. Illustr. (2) 3: pl. II5). The name Thespia was introduced as a replacement of the name Ptychopteryx Wallengren, 1857. THESPIEUS Godman, [1900], 7x Godman & Salvin, Biol. centy.-amer., Lep. Rhop. 2 : 519. Type-species by original designation : Hesperia dalmani (correction of dalman) Latreille, [1824], Ency. méth. 9 (Ins.) (2) : 747. The specific name of the type-species was published in the non-Latinized form “‘ dalman”’, which, being a modern patronymic, is subject to automatic correction to “‘ dalmani’’ under Article 31. THESSALIA Scudder, 1875, Bull. Buffalo Soc. nat. Sci. 2 : 238, 265. Type-species by original designation : Melitaea leanira Felder (C.) & Felder (R.), 1860, Wien. ent. Monats. 4 : 106. THESTTIAS Boisduval, [1836], (Roret’s Suite a Buffon), Hist. nat. Ins., Spec. gén. Lépid. 1 : 590. Type-species by selection by Butler (Cist. ent. 1 : 37, 48) : Papilio pyrene Linnaeus, 1764, Mus. End. Ulr. > 245. Butler first identified Thestias Boisduval (: 37) with Jvias Hiibner and then designated Papilio pyrene Linnaeus as the type-species for that genus (: :48). Jvias Hibner is an available name and Thestias is accordingly invalid as a junior objective synonym. THESTIUS Hiibner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (5) : 78. Type-species by selection by Scudder (1875, Proc. amev. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10: 281) : Papilio pholeus Cramer, [1777], Uitl. Kapellen 2 (14) : 104, pl. 163, figs D, E. THESTOR Hiibner, [1819], Vervz. bekannt. Schmett. (5) : 73. Type-species by selection by Scudder (1875, Proc. amev. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10: 281) : Papiilio petalus Cramer, [1779], Uitl. Kapellen 3 (31) : 84, pl. 243, figs C, D. The taxon represented by Papilio petalus Cramer is currently treated subjectively on GENERIC NAMES OF BUTTERFLIES 441 taxonomic grounds as being the same as that represented by the older-established nominal species Papilio protumnus Linnaeus, 1764 (Mus. Lud. Ulr. : 340). Overlooking Scudder’s selection of the above species as type-species Tutt, (1906, Ent. Rec. 18 : 131) selected as type-species Papilio ballus Fabricius, 1787, the second of the two species placed by Hiibner in his genus Thestor. This incorrect action led to the use for a time of the name Thestoy for a Palaearctic genus, which was unfortunate because, as represented by its true type-species, the genus Thestor is confined to the Ethiopian Region, Papilio protumnus occurring only in South Africa. THIEMEIA Weymer, [1912], in Seitz, Grossschmett. Evde 5 : 267. Type-species by selection by Hemming (1943, Proc. R. ent. Soc. Lond. (B) 12 : 25) : Pronophila phoronea Doubleday, [1849], Gen. diurn. Lep. (2) : pl. 60, fig. 1 [text by Westwood (loc. cit. (2) : 368) published in March 1851]. : THIMEIA Gaede, 1931, in Strand’s Lep. Cat. 46 : 511 (an Incorrect Subsequent Spelling of Thiemeia Weymer, [1912)). THIRIDIA Hibner, 1818, Zutr. z. Sammi. exot. Schmett. : 28 (an Incorrect Subsequent Spelling of Thyridia Hiibner, 1816). THISBE Hiibner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2) : 24. Type-species by monotypy : Papilio belise Stoll, [1782], in Cramer, Uitl. Kapellen 4 (32) : 171, pl. 376, figs E, F. The taxon represented by the nominal species Papilio belise Stoll is currently treated sub- jectively on taxonomic grounds as being the same as that represented by the older-established nominal species Papilio ivenea Stoll, [1780], im Cramer, Uitl. Kapellen 4 (28) : 77, pl. 328, figs C, D. THOAS Swainson, [1833], Zool. Illusty. (2) 3: pl. 121. Type-species by tautonymy under Article 68(d) : Papilio thoas Linnaeus, 1771, Mantissa Plant. 2 : 536. The name Thoas Swainson is invalid, as it is a junior objective synonym of Heraclides Hiibner, [1819]. THOMARES Rambur, 1858, Cat. syst. Lépid. Andal. : 34 (an Incorrect Subsequent Spelling of Tomares Rambur, 1840). THOON Godman, [1900], in Godman & Salvin, Biol. centy.-amer., Lep. Rhop. 2 : 259. Type- species by original designation : Proteides modius Mabille, 1889, Le Natwraliste (2) 3 : 99, fig. 2. THORAESSA Westwood, [1850], in Doubleday, Gen. diurn. Lep. (2) : 326 (invalid under Article 11 (d) because published in a synonymy). This name was introduced by Westwood as ‘‘ Thoraessa Boisduval MS. ”’ in the synonymy of Amathusia Fabricius, 1807. Prior to the introduction of the present (1961) text of the Code, the question whether a name published in a synonymy did or did not possess any status in nomenclature was matter of doubt. Accordingly, in order to ensure the relegation of Thoraessa in synonymy without any chance of subsequent emergence, I selected in 1939 (Proc. R. ent. Soc. Lond. (B) 8 : 133) Papilio phidippus Linnaeus, 1763 to be the type-species. In conse- quence, even if Thoraessa Westwood had not been invalidated by having been published in a synonymy, it would nevertheless have been invalid as a junior objective synonym of Amathusia Fabricius, 1807, of which also the above species is the type-species. THORESSA Swinhoe, [1913], iz Moore, Lep. ind. 10 (120) : 284. Type-species by original designation : Pamphila masoni Moore, [1879], Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1878 (4) : 842, pl. 411, fig. 6 3. THORYBES Scudder, 1872, 4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. 1871 :71. Type-species by original designation : Papilio bathyllus Smith, 1797, 7x Abbot, Ius. Georgia 1 : 43, pl. 22. The taxon represented by the nominal species Papilio bathyllus Smith is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as being the same as that represented by the older- established nominal species Papilio daunus Cramer, [1777] (Uitl. Kapellen 2 (11) : 44, pl. 126, fig. F). 442 FRANCIS HEMMING THRACIDES Hiibner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (7) : 105. Type-species by selection by Scudder (1875, Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10 : 282) : Papilio phidon Cramer, [1779], Uitl. Kapellen 3 (21) : 88, pl. 245, figs F, G. THRENODES Hewitson, 1870, Equatorial Lep. Buckley (4) : 58. Type-species by monotypy : Thyrenodes coenoides Hewitson, 1870, ibid. (4) : 58. The name Threnodes Hewitson is invalid, as it is a junior homnym of Thyenodes Dupochel, 1845 (Cat. méth. Lépid. Europ. (2) : 196) and also of Threnodes Guénée, 1854 (Roret’s Suite a Buffon), Hist. nat. Ins. 8 (Delt. & Pyr.) : 184. It has been replaced by the name Nahida Kirby, 1871. THRIX Doherty, 1891, J. asiat. Soc. Bengal Pt II, 60 (1) : 35. Type-species by monotypy : Neocheritra gama Distant, 1886, Rhop. malayan. : 462, text-fig. 128. THYCA Wallengren, 1858, Ofvers. VetenskAkad. Forh., Stockh. 15:76. Type-species by selection by Scudder (1875, Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10 : 282) : Papilio aganippe Donovan, 1805, Epit. nat. Hist. Ins. New Holland : pl. 29 2. The name Thyca is invalid, as it is a junior homonym of Thyca H. &. A. Adams, 1858 (Gen. Rec. Moll. 1 : 372). THY MALE Oken, 1815, Lehybuch Naturgesch. 3 (Zool.) (1) : 757, 758. Type-species by selec- tion by Hemming (1933, Entomologist 66 : 225) : Papilio tages Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. to) 1 : 485. Oken placed all the Hesperiids in the genus Evynnis Schrank, 1801 ; under that name he cited (: 757) three names as synonyms, one of these being Tiymale, no authors’ names being cited for any of these names. He divided the genus (: 758) into two groups, to the first of which he assigned the name Thymale. Although it is impossible to be certain, it is most likely that the name Thymale Oken is an Incorrect Subsequent Spelling of Thymele Fabricius, 1807. In any case by the type-selection specified above the name Thymale Oken is a junior objective synonym of Thymele Fabricius, which in its turn is itself a junior objective synonym of Evynnis Schrank, 18ot. Even if Thymale Oken had been otherwise available it would nevertheless have been invalid owing to the fact that in 1956 (Opin. int. Comm. zool. Nom. 14 : 1-42) the Commission by its Opinion 417 rejected Oken’s Lehrbuch for nomenclatorial purposes. THY MELE Fabricius, 1807, Mag. f. Insektenk. (Illiger) 6 : 287. Type-species by selection by Westwood (1840, Introd. Class. Ins. 2, Syn. : 88) : Papilio tages Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 485. THYMELICUS Hiibner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmeit. (8) : 113. Type-species by selection by Butler (1870, Ent. mon. Mag. 7: 94) : Papilio acteon Rottemburg, 1775, Der Natur- forscher 6 : 30. THY MELINUS Stephens, 1875, Jl/. Brit. Ent., Haustellata 4 : 405 (an Incorrect Subsequent Spelling of Thymelicus Hiibner, [1819}). Formerly it seemed to me—incorrectly, as | now see—that this might have been published by Stephens independently as the name of a new genus and, I selected (1933, Entomologist 66 : 200) Papilio acteon Rottemburg, 1775, as type-species, my purpose being thereby to dispose of this name by making it a junior objective synonym of Tiymelicus Hiibner, [1819]. THYMPIA Moore, [1893], Lep. ind. 2 (14) : 57, 58. Type-species by original designation : Papilio baldus Fabricius, 1775, Syst. Ent. : 829. THYRANOTA Stichel, 1901, 12 Wytsman’s Gen. Ins. 112 (A) : 22 (an Incorrect Original Spelling of Thysanota Stichel). THYRIDIA Hiner, 1816, Vevz. bekannt. Schmett. (1) : 9. Type-species by selection by Scudder (1875, Proc. amey. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10 : 283) : Papilio psidii Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 466. GENERIC NAMES OF BUTTERFLIES 443 THYSANOTA Stichel, 1910, in Wytsman’s Gen. Ins. 112 (A) : 22. Type-species by subse- quent designation by Stichel (1911, loc. cit. 112 (B) : 340) : Lemonias galena Bates, 1868, J. linn. Soc. Lond., Zool. 9 : 398. Stichel established this nominal genus in rgto in a generic key, in which he cited no included nominal species ; in this key the name appeared in the spelling ‘“‘ Thyvanota’’. In the immediately following instalment published in the following year (1911, loc. cit. 112 (B) : 340) Stichel emended the misspelling ‘‘ Thyvanota’’ to ‘‘ Thysanota’’, at the same time designating Lemonias galena Bates as type-species. The action taken by Stichel in 1911—which was repeated by that author in 1930 (im Strand’s Lep. Cat. 41 : 658), when he expressly noted that the spelling Thyranota’’ was a printers’ error (‘‘ error typ.’’) satisfies the requirements of Article 33 of the present (1961) Code. The spelling Thysanota is therefore a Justified Emenda- tion. , THYSONOTIS Hiibner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2) : 20. Type-species by selection by Scudder (1875, Proc. amer. Acad. Avts Sci., Boston 10 : 284) : Papilio danis Cramer, [1775], Uitl. Kapellen 1 (6) : 111, pl. 70, figs E, F. The name Thysonotis Hiibner is invalid by reason of being a junior objective synonym of the name Danis Fabricius, 1807. For the reasons which have been explained in the note on the name Danis, that name was long disregarded and during that time the name Thysonotis was employed by various authors for this genus. In more recent times, however, Danis has been restored by a number of authors. Neither name has been used extensively, no doubt because the genus concerned has only a limited distribution, being confined to the Papuan Sub-Region and the east coast of Australia as far as Sydney. THYSONOTUS Westwood, [1852], in Doubleday, Gen. diurn. Lep. (2) : 487 (an Incorrect Subsequent Spelling of Thysonotis Hiibner, [1819}). TIACELLIA Evans, 1949, Cat. Hesp. Europ. Asia Australia : 37, 341. Type-species by original designation : Hesperia tiacellia Hewitson, [1868], Jil. exvot. Butts 4: [110], pl. [58], fig. 27. TICHERRA de Niceville, 1887, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1887 (3) : 457. Type-species by original designation : Myrina acte Moore, 1857, im Horsfield & Moore, Cat. lep. Ins. Mus. East India Coy (i) : 47. TIGASTIS Godman, [1900] in Godman & Salvin, Biol. centy.-amer., Lep. Rhop. 2 : 544. Type- species by monotypy : Tigasis zalates Godman, [1900], in Godman & Salvin, tbid., Lep. Rhop. 2 : 544, pl. 99, figs 4, 5 3. TIGRIDIA Hiibner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (3) : 40. Type-species by selection by Scudder (1875), Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10 : 284 : Papilio acesta Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 479. TIMELAEA Lucas, 1883, Ann. Soc. ent. Fr. (6) 3, Bull. : xxxv. Type-species by original designation : Melitaea (?) maculata Bremer & Grey, [1852], in Motschulsky, Etud. ent. i 59: TIMETES Doubleday, 1844, List. lep. Ins. Brit. Mus. 1: 87. Type-species by selection by Hemming (1933, Entomologist 66 : 223) : Nymphalis coresia Godart, [1824], Ency. méth. 9 (Ins.) (2) : 359. The name Timetes Doubleday is invalid, because it is a junior objective synonym of Megalura Blanchard, 1840. TIMETES Boisduval, 1870, Consid. Lépid. Guatemala : 44. Type-species by selection by Hemming (1939, Proc. R. ent. Soc. Lond. (B) 8 : 135) : Papilio marius Cramer, [1779], Uitl. Kapellen 3 (17) : 14, pl. 200, figs D, E. The name Timetes was originally proposed in manuscript by Boisduval about thirty years before he published it. Long before this however it had been published by Doubleday (as 444 FRANCIS HEMMING shown above) in a different sense. Timetes Boisduval is thus invalid as a junior homonym of Timetes Doubleday, 1844. Even if Timetes Boisduval had not been invalid under the Law of Homonymy, it would nevertheless have been invalid, as it is a junior objective synonym of Marius Swainson, [1830]. TIMOCHARES Godman & Salvin, [1896], Biol. centr.-amer., Lep. Rhop. 2: 417. Type- species by selection by Lindsey (1921, Univ. Iowa Studies nat. Hist. 9 (No. 4) : 55) : Leucochi- tonea trifasciata Hewitson, 1868, Descr. One Hundred New Spec. Hesp. (2) : 50. TIMOCHREON Godman & Salvin, [1896], Biol. centy.-amer., Lep. Rhop. 2 : 439. Type- species by monotypy : Helias satyrus Felder (C.) & Felder (R.), Reise Fregatie ‘““ Novara’’, Lep. Rhop. (3) : 534, pl. 74, figs 3, 4. TIMOCONIA Strand, 1909, Int. ent. Z. 3: 176. Type-species by original designation : Timoconia thielei Strand, 1909, ibid. 3 : 176. The status of this nominal genus was unintelligible until on the loan of the holotype of the type-species to the British Museum by the Zoological Museum of Berlin, it was found that the specimen which Strand had described as having been obtained in Africa at Delagoa Bay was a mislabelled specimen of the exclusively Australian species Hesperia pevoni Latreille, [1824]. TINGRA Boisduval, in Delegorgue, Voy. Afrique austy. 2 : 589. Type-species by monotypy : Tingrva tropicalis Boisduval, 1847, ibid. 2 : 5809. The name Tingva Boisduval was formerly a part of the Liptena/Pentila nomenclatorial complex, owing to the fact that it was itself completely neglected, and Tingva tropicalis, its type-species, was treated as a member of the genus Pentila Westwood [1851]. This question was dealt with by the Commission in its Opinion 566 published in 1959 (Opin. int. Comm. zool. Nom. 20 : 377-390). In this Opinion the Commission used its Plenary Powers to suppress the name Tingva Boisduval for the purposes of the Law of Priority but not for those of the Law of Homonymy, and placed it, so suppressed, on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology as Name No. 1279. At the same time Tingva tropicalis Boisduval was designated as the type-species of Pentila Westwood. By these measures Tingra fell formally into the synonymy of Pentila, thus giving valid force to the long-established use of that name. TINORRHINUS Mabille, 1904, in Wytsman’s Gen. Ins. 17 (B) : tor (an Unjustified Emenda- tioh of Teinorhinus Watson, 1893). TIORA Evans, 1912, J]. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc. 21 : 984. Type-species by selection by Hem- ming (1929, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (10) 3: 242): Papilio sebrus Hiibner [1823-1824], Samm. euvop. Schmett. : pl. Pap. 172, figs 851, 852 3, 853, 854 Q. TIRUMALA Moore, [1880], Lep. Ceylon 1 (1) : 4. Type-species by original designation : Papilio limniace Cramer, [1775], Uztl. Kapellen 1 (5) : 92, pl . 59, figs D, E. TIRUNA Moore, 1883, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1883 : 316. Type-species by original designation : Tiruna roepstorffi Moore, 1883, zbzd. 1883 : 316. TIRYNTHIA Godman, [1900], 77 Godman & Salvin, Biol. centr.-amer., Lep. Rhop. 2 : 523. Type-species by monotypy : Goniloba conflua Herrich-Schaeffer, 1869, CovvespBl. zool.- min. Ver. Regensburg 23 : 192 [repaged offprint as Prodomus .. 3 : 72). TIRYNTHOIDES Bell, 1940, Amer. Mus. Novit., No. 1064:1. Type-species by original designation : Tirynthoides eclates Bell, 1940, zbid., No. 1064 : 1, fig. 3 (¢ genit.). The taxon represented by the nominal species Tivynthoides eclates Bell is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as being the same as that represented by the older- established nominal species Pamphila lotana Butler, 1870 (Tvans. ent. Soc. Lond. 1870 : 505). TISIAS Godman, [1901], 77 Godman & Salvin, Biol. centy.-amer., Lep. Rhop. 2: 613. Type- species by original designation : Proteides myna Mabille, 1889, Le Naturaliste (2) 3 : 99, fig. I. GENERIC NAMES OF BUTTERFLIES 445 TISIPHONE Hiibner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (4) : 60. Type-species by selection by Scudder (1875, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10 : 284) : Oreas zelinde Hiibner, [1808], Sammi. exot. Schmett. 1 : pl. [92]. This generic name has had an unfortunate history but fortunately the errors of the past have been corrected and the correct use of the name is now well-established. The taxon represented by the nominal species Oveas zelinde Hiibner is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as being the same as that represented by the older- established nominal species Papilio abeona Donovan, 1805, (Epitome nat. Hist. Ins. New Holland : pl. 22, fig. 1 et explic.). The first attempt to select a type-species for this genus was made by Butler in February 1868 (Ent. mon. Mag. 4 : 194), the species he selected being Tisiphone hercyna Hiibner, [1821] (Sammi. exot. Schmett. 2 : pl. [86}). That selection was invalid, because Tisiphone hercyna was not included in the genus Tisiphone when it was established in the Verzeichniss ; indeed, as will be seen from the dates cited above the name Tisiphone hercyna was not published until two years after the publication of the generic name Tisiphone. In spite of this, the name Tisiphone was for long treated in the above manner, and it was not until [1904] (in Wystman’s facsimile ed. of Hiibner Sammi. exot. Schmett. 3, Additional Notes : 57) that the genus to which it had been so long misapplied was provided with a nomenclatorially available name by Kirby who introduced for it the name Manataria. The next attempt to select a type-species for Tisiphone was made once more by Butler a few months later—in July 1868 (Cat. diurn. Lep. Satyridae Brit. Mus. : 71). Here Butler in the main text relating to Tisiphone, printed at the head of page 71, repeated that the type of this was Tisiphone hercyna, but, presumably when this work was passing through the press, he realized that that species was ineligible for selection as type-species and added a footnote that the type-species of this genus was “‘ the abeona of Donovan ”’, i.e. Papilio abeona Donovan, 1905. This selection also was invalid, as this nominal species was not cited by Hiibner when he established this genus, though, as already noted, he did place in Tisiphone the nominal species Oveas zelinde Hiibner. Already by Butler’s time the fact that these nominal species represented the same taxon was generally understood from the taxonomic point of view. It may reasonably be concluded that Butler himself held this view and that it was only the priority of the specific name abeona Donovan over the name zelinde Hiibner that prompted him to use the name published by Donovan rather than that published by Hiibner. That he should have done this was unfortunate, for it had the effect of depriving his action of the right of being regarded as being a valid type-selection. The type-species of this genus was first validly selected under the Code by Scudder in 1875. Two points on Scudder’s action call for brief comment. First, Scudder avoided taking up a taxonomic position in regard to the type-species of the genera which he listed, finding it more convenient to rely upon the view taken in 1871 in Kirby’s Syn. diurn. Cat. Lep. What he did therefore, when listing the originally included species of any given genus, was to use for those species the name adopted by Kirby, at the same time citing in brackets —parentheses—the name used by the original author of the genus for the taxon concerned. In the present case Kirby adopted (: 76) the name abeona for the species here in question, citing zelinde as a junior subjective synonym ; Scudder when dealing with Tisiphone, cited this taxon as “‘ abeona (zelinde) ’’ under the procedure described above and distinguished abeona as being the type- species. By the special procedure prescribed by Article 69 (a) (iv) such action is to be accepted as a valid selection of the originally included nominal species—in this case Oveas zelinde Hiibner —as the type-species. Further, under Section (a) (iii) of the same Article Scudder’s action is not invalidated by the fact that he conceived himself to be recording—and adopting—Butler’s type-selection (of Papilio abeona Donovan) and did not look upon himself as then making a type-selection of his own. It may be noted for purposes of record that Fruhstorfer, in Seitz, (Grossschmett. Evde 9 : 304) did not use the name Tisiphone for this genus, which he correctly stated was the name properly applicable to it, explaining that he did this because the name Tisiphone had already been used “ee 446 FRANCIS HEMMING (incorrectly) in volume 5 (American Fauna) of the same work for the genus formerly so known, to which the name Manataria Kirby was properly applicable. TITHOREA Doubleday, [June 1847], Gen. diurn. Lep. (1) : pl. 14, figs 1, 2. Type-species by selection by Scudder (1875, Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10: 285) : Heliconia megara Godart, [1819], Ency. méth. 9 (Ins.) (1) : 223. The taxon represented by the nominal species Heliconia megara Godart is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as being a subspecies of the taxon represented by the older-established nominal species Papilio harmonia Cramer, [1777], Uitl. Kapellen 2 : 142, pl. 190, fig. D. Doubleday figured two nominal species as belonging to his genus Tithorea on his plate 14, published in June 1847 ; these were Helicona [sic] bonplandi Guérin, [1844], shown as fig. 1, and Heliconia megara Godart, [1819], shown as fig. 2. These were the only species eligible for selection as type-species because the text (loc. cit. (1) : 99), in which he added four more species belonging to this genus was not published until August 1847. In this particular case the difference in the dates of publication of the plate and text concerned is of academic interest only, for the species first selected as type-species was figured on the plate and listed also in the subsequent text. The method by which Scudder selected the type-species of this genus was identical with that by which, as already explained, he selected the type-species of Tistphone Hiibner. Kirby in 1871 (Syn. Cat. diurn. Lep. : 35) identified the nominal species Heliconia megava Godart, one of Hiibner’s originally included species, with the nominal species Papilio havmonia Cramer, a species not cited by Hiibner as belonging to the present genus. Scudder in 1875 followed the same procedure and indicated that, in his view, Papilio harmonia was the type-species. Under Article 69 (a) (iv) Scudder’s action ranks as a valid selection of Heliconia megara as the type-species of this genus, while under Section (a) (ii1) of the same Article the fact that Scudder erroneously believed that the above species was already the type-species through the action of Bates in 1862 does not detract from the fact that on this occasion a type-selection for this genus was validly made by Scudder. I'METOCERUS Poujade, 1895, Ann. Soc. ent. Fr. 64, Bull. xx : cxliv (type-species by monotypy : Eudamus asandey Hewitson, 1867, Descr. One Hundred new Spec. Hesp. (1) : 9). The name Tmetocerus Poujade is invalid, as it is a junior homonym of Tmetocerus Hartert, 1891 (Kat. Vogelsamml. Mus. Senckenberg : 141), an Emendation of Tmetoceyos Cabanis, 1847 (Class Aves). TMETOGLENE Felder (C.) & Felder (R.), 1862, Wien. ent. Monats. 6 : 235. Type-species through Section (i) (replacement names) of Article 67: Byvrachyglenis esthema Felder (C.) & Felder (R.), March 1862, ibid. 6 : 73. The name Tmetoglene was published in July 1862 as a replacement of the name Brachyglenis published in the same serial in March of that year. This substitution was made because the two Felders erroneously believed that the name Brachyglenis was invalid under the Law of Homonymy. The older name those authors had in mind was Brachyglene Herrich-Schaeffer, [1856] (Samml. aussereurop. Schmett. Het. : 19, 20), the name of a genus of moths. Under the present revised Code (Article 56(a)) these names are not homonyms of one another. Accord- ingly, the name Brachyglenis of March 1862 is an available name and its replacement Tmeto- glene of July 1862 is invalid as a junior objective synonym. TMOLUS Hiibner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (5) : 76. Type-species by selection by Scudder (1875, Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10 : 285) : Papilio echion Linnaeus, 1767, Syst. Nat. (ed. 12) 1 (2) : 788. TOMARES Hibner, 1840, Faune ent. Andal. 2 : 261. Type-species by monotypy : Papilio ballus Fabricius, 1787, Mantissa Ins. 2 : 80. The genus here in question was formerly incorrectly known by the name Thestoy Hiibner, [1819] as the result of an invalid type-selection made for that genus. GENERIC NAMES OF BUTTERFLIES 447 TONGEIA Tutt, [1908], Nat. Hist. Brit. Butts 3 : 41, 43. Type-species by original designa- tion : Lycaena fischeri Eversmann, 1843, Bull. Soc. imp. Nat. Moscow 16 (3) : 537. TORTHRIX Evans, 1927, Ident. ind. Butts (ed. 1) : 196 (an Incorrect Subsequent Spelling of Tothrix Swinhoe, [1912)). TORYNESIS Butler, [1899], Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1898 (4) : 903. Type-species by mono- typy : Dira mintha Geyer, [1837], 7 Hiibner, Zutr. z. Samml. exot. Schmett. 5 : 15, pl. [147], figs 851, 852. TOSTA Evans, 1953, Cat. amer. Hesp. Brit. Mus. 3: 170, 186. Type-species by original designation : Tosta tosta Evans, 1953, ibid. 3 : 187, pl. 47, fig. F/7, 1 (3 genit.). TOTHRIX Swinhoe, [1912], in Moore, Lep. ind. 9 (106) : 233. Type-species by original designation : Isme mahintha Moore, [1875], Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1874 (4) : 575, pl. 67, fig. 4. TOXIDIA Mabille, 1891, Ann. Soc. ent. Belg. 35, Bull. : xxx. Type-species by monotypy : Toxidia thyrrhus Mabille, 1891, ibid. 35, Bull. - xxx. TOXOCHITONA Stempffer, 1956, Ann. Mus. roy. Congo Belge (Ser. 8°), Sci. zool. 49 : 28. Type-species by original designation : Durbania gerda Kirby, 1890, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (6) 6 : 265. TRAPEZITES Hiibner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (7) : 112. Type-species by subse- quent monotypy under Article 69(a)(ii) : Trapezites symmomus Hiibner, [1823], Zutr. z. Sammil. exot. Schmett. 2 : to, pl. [40], figs 225, 226. Hiibner gave a brief diagnosis when he established this genus in the Verzeichniss and the name therefore ranks from that work. He did not cite any established nominal species as belonging to this genus, listing only the name of a then unpublished species (svmmomus Hiibner). Hiibner himself was the first subsequent author to deal with this genus, citing it in 1823 in the Zutrdge and placing in it only the nominal species Trapezites svmmomus then described (and figured) for the first time. Under Article 69(a) (iii) that species is therefore the type-species by subsequent monotypy. TREPSICHROIS Hiibner, 1816, Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (1) : 16. Type-species by selection by Moore (1883, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1883 : 286) : Papilio claudia Fabricius, 1777, Gen. Ins. : 263 [a taxon bearing a name which is invalid, as it is a junior homonym of Papilio claudia Cramer, [1775], Uitl. Kapellen 1 (6) : 109, pl. 69, figs E, F]. The invalid name (Papilio claudia Fabricius) of the type-species has not been provided with an objective replacement, this not being considered to be necessary in view of the fact that the taxon represented by the foregoing nominal species is—and for long has been—treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as being the same as that represented by the nominal species Papilio mulciber Cramer, [1777] (Uitl. Kapellen 2 (11) : 45, pl. 127, figs C, D). Scudder in 1875 (Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10 : 286) attempted to select a type- species, following his usual practice of combining the specific nomenclature employed by the author (Hiibner) of the generic name with that employed by Kirby in 1871 in his Syn. Cat. diwyn. lep. If he had cited one only of the names listed by Hiibner with the name cited by Kirby (in 1871) for the same taxon, his action would have constituted a valid type-selection under Article 69(a)(iv) of the Code. Unfortunately, Kirby subjectively identified three of the nominal species placed in this genus by Hiibner and in this was followed by Scudder who thus failed definitely to select as the type-species one, and one only, of the nominal species placed by Hiibner in this genus. The first author validly to select a type-species for the genus Tvepsichvois was Moore when he selected Papilio claudia Fabricius, 1777. Hiibner did not recognize this as representing a taxonomically valid species, citing its name only as a junior synonym of Papilio basilissa Cramer, [1780], the first of the five nominal species cited by Hiibner in the above genus. It was formerly a matter of doubt whether a nominal species is eligible for selection as the type- species of a genus if its name was cited by the original author of the generic name only as a 448 FRANCIS HEMMING synonym of one of the nominal species accepted by that author as representing a taxonomically valid species. These doubts were removed in the present revised text of the Code which provides (Article 69(a)(i)) that a nominal species included in a genus in the foregoing manner is to be treated as being eligible for selection as the type-species by a subsequent author. TRIARIIA Verity, 1953, Le Farfalle diurn. d'Italia 5 : 186. Type-species by original designa- tion : Papilio triarius Prunner, 1798, Lepid. pedemont. : 70. TRICHIOLAUS Aurivillius, 1898, K. svenska VetenskAkad. Handl., Stockholm 31 (No. 5) : 29, 317. Type-species by monotypy : Hypolycaena mermeros Mabille, 1878, Bull. Soc. zool. Fr. 3 : 82. Aurivillius cited a second species (Iolaus argentavius Butler), but he placed this name as a synonym of Hypolycaena mermeros Mabille. Under Article 68(c) of the current (revised) Code the citation of such a synonym does not detract from the monotypical status of a genus. TRICHONIS Hewitson, [1865], Ill. diurn. Lep., Lycaenidae 1 (text) : 68. Type-species by monotypy : Papilio theanus Cramer, [1777], Uztl. Kapellen 2 (12) : 65, pl. 139, fig. F. TRICHOSEMEIA Holland, 1896, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1896 : 15 (an Unjustified Emendation of Tvicosemeia Holland, 1892). TRICLEMA Karsch, 1893, Berl. ent. Z. 38 (1/2) : 227. Type-species by original designation : Lycaenesthes lucretilis Hewitson, 1874, Tvans. ent. Soc. Lond. 1874 : 349. TRICOSEMEIA Holland, 1892, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (6) 10 : 294 et nota. Type-species by original designation : Tricosemeia subolivescens Holland, 1892, ibid. (6) 10 : 294. The taxon represented by the nominal species Tvicosemeia subolivescens Holland is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as being a subspecies of the taxon represented by the older-established nominal species Ceratrichia tetvastigma Mabille, 1891 (Ann. Soc. ent. Belge 35, Bull. C. R. : Ixv). TRIFURCULA Staudinger, 1894, Ivis 7:56. Type-species by monotypy: Trifurcula huanaco Staudinger, 1894, ibid. 7 : 56, pl. I, figs 7, 16, 17. The name T7vifurcula Staudinger is invalid under the Law of Homonymy, being a junior homonym (a) of Tvifurcula Stainton, 1846 (Syst. Cat. Brit. Tin. : 30) and (b) of Tvifurcula Zeller, 1848 (Linnaea Entom. 3 : 330). It has been replaced by the name Piercolias Grote, 1903. TRIGONIA Geyer, [1837], 7n Hiibner, Zuty. z. Sammi. exot. Schmett. 5 : 21, 35. Type-species by selection by Scudder (1875, Proc. amey. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10 : 286) : Papilio nero Fabricius, 1793, Ent. syst. 3 (1) : 153. The name Tyvigonia Geyer is invalid, as it is a junior homonym of Tvigonia Brugieére, 1789 (Ency. méth., Vers (1) : xiv). TRIGONOPTERA Sharp, [1901], in Zool. Rec. 37 (year 1900), (Ins.) : 221 (an Incorrect Subse- quent Spelling of Tvogonoptera Rippon, [1890]. TRINA Evans, 1953, Cat. amer. Hesp. Brit. Mus.3 : 12,97. Type-species by original designa- tion: Helias geometrina Felder (C.) & Felder (R.), [1867], Reise Fregatie ‘Novara’, Lep. Rhop. (3) : 534, pl. 74, fig. 5. TRIOEDUSA Mabille, 1904, in Wytsman’s Gen. Ins. 17 (C) : 144. Type-species by mono- typy : Trioedusa milvius Mabille, 1904, 2bid. 17 (C) : 144. TRIOPADES Hibner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (5) : 73. Type-species by selection by Scudder (1875, Proc. amey. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10 : 286) : Papilio eupalemon Stoll, [1781], 27 Cramer, Urtl. Kapellen 4 (31) : 146, pl. 366, fig. A. Stoll considered that his Papilio ewpalemon was a Lycaenid butterfly of the “‘ Plebius Ruralis ’’ Section of the genus Papilio and a similar view was taken by Hiibner. Kirby in 1871 (Syn. Cat. diurn. Lep. : 526) placed this species in the Hesperiids. Scudder (1875, Joc. cit.) pointed out that Stoll’s species was not a butterfly. GENERIC NAMES OF BUTTERFLIES 449 TRIPHYSA Zeller, 1850, Stett. ent. Zig 11: 311. Type-species through Section (i) (re- placement names) of Article 67: Papilio tircis Stoll, [1782], im Cramer, Uitl. Kapellen 4 (32) : 166, pl. 373, figs D, E. The taxon represented by the nominal species Papilio tircis Stoll is currently treated sub- jectively on taxonomic grounds as being the same as that represented by the older-established nominal species Papilio phryne Pallas, 1771 (Reise versch. Proc. Russisch. Reichs 1 : 470). Zeller introduced the name Tviphysa as a replacement for the name Phyyne Herrich- Schaeffer, 1844. Zeller did not explain why he considered that the name Phryne Herrich- Schaeffer required to be replaced, but, having regard to the view strongly held throughout most of the XI Xth century that tautonomy between a generic name and the specific name of an included species was not permissible, it may reasonably be concluded that the reason why Zeller considered that the generic name Phyyne Herrich-Schaeffer was invalid was that (as shown above) the type-species (Papilio tircis) was subjectively ‘identified with a species (Papilio phryne) having a specific name consisting of the same word. No provision on these lines was included in the Code adopted by the Berlin Congress in rgor ; indeed the reverse view was taken by that Congress in Article 30(d) and this appears in the current Code as Article 68(d). While the foregoing argument outlined above does not—or would not— constitute a valid reason for rejecting the name Phryne Herrich-Schaeffer and replacing it with the name Tviphysa, there was however a reason unknown to Zeller for rejecting the name Phyyne Herrich-Schaeffer, namely that that name is a junior homonym of the older name Phyyne Meigen, 1800 (Nouv. Class. Mouches a deux Ailes : 16). In these circumstances Phryne Herrich-Schaeffer is invalid as a junior homonym of Phyyne Meigen, and its replace- ment name Tviphysa Zeller is an available name. At this point it is necessary to take note that in the early years of the present century Hendel brought forward Meigen’s Nouv. Class. from the oblivion in which it had lain for a hundred years and that this action of his sparked off a controversy which was to divide dipterists for half a century. Finally, some years ago Dr. C. W. Sabrosky proposed to the Commission that an end should be put to argument on this subject by the suppression of Meigen’s names of 1800 under the Plenary Powers. In the subsequent discussion I suggested as Secretary to the Commission (a post then occupied by myself) that, if Dr. Sabrosky’s proposal were to be approved by the Commission, steps should be taken to preserve for the purposes of the Law of Homonymy those of the Meigen names proposed for suppression which were senior homonyms of generic names elsewhere in the animal kingdom which had on that account been rejected and replaced—the purpose of this suggestion being to prevent the rejection of the replacement names concerned, which would otherwise follow upon the suppression of the older Meigen homonyms. These pro- posals were approved in principle by the Commission, which however ultimately decided to secure the desired end by a different method, that is, while rejecting in its entirety Meigen’s Nouvelle Classification and consequently all the new names introduced in it, to suppress also those names elsewhere in the animal kingdom which were junior homonyms of Meigen-1800 names, and as such, had been replaced by other names. This procedure served to protect the position of the replacement names in question and thus made it possible for the Nouvelle Classifications to be dealt with in the manner desired by dipterists without causing objection- able name-changing in other groups. The Commission’s decision was embodied in its Opinion 678 published in October 1963 (Bull. zool. Nom. 20 : 339-342), in which the name Phryne Herrich-Schaeffer, 1844, was suppressed for the purposes of the Law of Priority but not for those of the Law of Homonymy. This action completely safeguarded the position of the name Tviphysa Zeller, which remained the oldest available name for the genus in question. TRISTELEUTA Sharp, [1913], in Zool. Rec. 49 (year 1912) (Ins.) : 307 (an Incorrect Subsequent Spelling of Tviteleuta Strand, 1912). TRITANASSA Forbes, 1945, Ent. amer. (n.s.) 24: 171. Type-species by original desig- nation : Eresia drusilla Felder (C.) & Felder (R.), 1861, Wien. ent. Monats. 5 : 103. TRITELEUTA Strand, 1912, Faun. exot. 2 (11) : 44. Type-species by original designation : Antirrhaea tomasia Butler, 1875, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (4) 15 : 222. 450 FRANCIS HEMMING TRITONIA Geyer, [1832], 1m Hiibner, Zuty. z. Samml. exot. Schmett. 4 : selection by Scudder (1875, Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10 : 286 Geyer, [1932], ibid. 4 : 25, pl. [121], figs 699, 700. Scudder erroneously supposed that the above was the only species included in this genus by Geyer and it was on this basis that he stated that it was the type-species. This mis- understanding on Scudder’s part does not however detract from the efficacy of his action as a type-selection (Article 69(a)(iti)). The name Tvitonia Geyer is invalid under the Law of Homonymy, it being a junior homonym (a) of Trvitoma Cuvier, 1798 (Tabi. élém. : 387), (b) of Tvitonia Meigen, 1800 (Nowv. Class. Mouches a deux Ailes : 33), and (c) of Tvitonia Turton, 1825 (Zool. J. 2 (7) : 365). It has been replaced by the name Epityches Ferreira d’Almeida, 1938. TROGONOPTERA Rippon, [1890], Icon. Ornithopt. 1 : 4 [also in [1896], zbid. 2:1]. Type- species by original designation : Ornithoptera brookiana Wallace, [1856], Pyoc. ent. Soc. Lond. (2) 3 : 104. TROIDES Hiibner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (6) : 88. Type-species by selection by Scudder (1875, Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sct., Boston 10 : 286) : Papilio helena Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 461. TROILIDES Hiibner, [1825], Samml. exot. Schmett. 2: pl. [111], 2 figs 2. Type-species by monotypy : Troilides tros Hiibner, [1825], zb7d. 2 : pl. [111], 2 figs 9. nN 5. Type-species by : Tnitonia eupompe = TROMBA Evans, 1955, Cat. amer. Hesp. Brit. Mus. 4 : 206, 227. Type-species by original designation : Tromba tromba Evans, 1955, ibid. 4 : 228, pl. 60, fig. K/14, 4 figs. (¢ genit.). TRONGA Moore, 1883, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1883 : 266. Type-species by original desig- nation : Euploea crameri Lucas, 1853, fev. Mag. Zool. (2) 5 : 318. TROPHONINA Rober, [1889], im Schatz, in Staudinger & Schatz, Exot. Schmett. Bd 1 (Th. 2) (5) : 222. Type-species by monotypy : Lymanopoda acraeida Butler, 1868, Cat. diurn. Lep. Satyridae Brit. Mus. : 171, pl. 4, fig. 6. TROS Kirby, 1896, in Allen’s Nat. Libr., Lepid. 2 : 305. Type-species by original desig- nation : Papilio hector Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 459. Kirby attributed this name to Barbut who, he erroneously believed, had published it as a generic name in binominal nomenclature. Actually, Kirby himself on this occasion was the first author validly to publish Tvos as a generic name. TRUNCAEFALCIA Verity, 1953, Le Farfalle diurn. d'Italia 5:188. Type-species by original designation : Papilio aethiops Esper, [1777], Die Schmett. 1 (5) : pl. 25, fig. 30 [text published in [1779] (Joc. cit. 1 (9) : 312)]. TSITANA Evans, 1937, Cat. Afric. Hesp. Brit. Mus. : 4, 75. Type-species by original desig- nation : Cyclopides tsita Trimen, 1870, Tvans. ent. Soc. Lond. 1870 : 386, pl. 6, fig. 13. TUMEREPEDES Bethune-Baker, 1913, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (8) 11 : 564. Type-species by original designation : Tumerepedes flava Bethune-Baker, 1913, ibid. (8) 11 : 565. This is a badly formed name, because the concluding portion (‘‘ -pedes’’) consists of a noun in the nominative plural. It is not however invalidated on that account, for Article 11(f), which provides that a generic name must be a noun in the nominative singular, includes the qualifying words “‘ or be treated as such’’. While the present generic name bears a termination in the nominative plural, the name itself was treated by Bethune-Baker as a noun in the nominative singular. In spite of its defective form, the name Tumerepedes is therefore acceptable under the Code. TUMEREPES Aurivillius, [1921], in Seitz, Grossschmett. Evde 13 : 347 (an Unjustified Emenda- tion of Tumerepedes Bethune-Baker, 1913). Aurivillius rightly criticized the name Tumerepedes Bethune-Baker owing to the fact that its termination was in the plural instead of in the singular, but (as explained above) he was not justified in emending that name on this account. GENERIC NAMES OF BUTTERFLIES 451 TURANANA Bethune-Baker, 1916, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (8) 17 : 379. Type-species through Section (i) (replacement names) of Article 67 : Lycaena cytis Christoph, 1877, Hor. Soc. ent. voss. 12 : 234, pl. 5, figs 5, 6. The name Tuvanana was introduced as a replacement for Tuvania Bethune-Baker, 1914, which is invalid under the Law of Homonymy. TURANIA Bethune-Baker, 1914, Ent. Rec. 26: 160. Type species by original designation : Lycaena cytis Christoph, 1877, Hor. Soc. ent. ross. 12 : 234, pl. 5, figs 5, 6. The name Turania Bethune-Baker is invalid, as it is a junior homonym of Turania Ragonet, 1890 (Ann. Soc. ent. France (6) 10 : 449). As shown above, it was replaced in 1916 by the name Tuvanana Bethune-Baker. TURESIS Godman, [1901], in Godman & Salvin, Biol. centy.-amer., Lep. Rhop. 2 : 616. Type- species by original designation : Hesperia lucasi (correction of /uwcas) Fabricius, 1793, Ent. syst. 3 (1) : 339. The un-latinized modern patronymic ‘‘ /ucas ’’ employed by Fabricius as the specific name of the type-species is subject to automatic correction to the Latinized genitive “‘ lucasi”’ under Article 31(a) of the Code and is here so corrected. TURMADA Evans, 1955, Cat. amer. Hesp. Brit. Mus. 4 : 206, 229. Type-species by original designation : Dion turmada Druce, 1912, Ent. mon. Mag. 48 : 132, pl. 10, fig. 7. TUTTIA Warren, 1926, Trans. ent. Soc. Lond. 74:15. Type-species by original designation : Papilio tessellum Hiibner, [1800-1803], Samml. europ. Schmett. : pl. Pap., figs 469, 470. TUTTIOLA Strand, 1910, Ent. Rundsch. 27 : 162. Type-species through Section (i) (replace- ment names) of Article 67 : Papilio spini [Denis & Schiffermiiller], 1775, Ankiindung eines syst. Werkes Schmett. Wien. Gegend : 186. The name Tuttiola Strand was introduced as a replacement for the name Klugia Tutt [1907], which is invalid under the Law of Homonymy. TYANITIS Westwood, [1851], in Doubleday, Gen. diurn. Lep. (2) : 447, 448, 449 (invalid under Article 11(d) because published in a synonymy). The name Tyanitis was first published by Doubleday in 1847 (List Spec. lep. Ins. Brit. Mus. 2 : 19), but, as then published, it was invalid because it was a nomen nudum, being published without a generic diagnosis in combination with a specific name (¢enes) which was only a manuscript name. The next author to publish this name was Westwood in 1851, as “ Tyanitis E. Doubleday ”’ in the synonymy of Nymphidium Fabricius, 1807. Prior to the introduction of the provision now embodied in Article r1(d), under which a name published in a synonymy acquires no status in nomenclature by reason of being so published, the status of such names was a matter of doubt. Accordingly, in order to dispose of this name in synonymy, I selected (J. Soc. Bibl. nat. Hist. 1 : 439) Papilio caricae Linnaeus, 1758, as the type-species of Tyanitis Westwood, thus making that name a junior objective synonym of Nymphidium Fabricius. TYMETES Boisduval, [1846], im Cuvier’s Régne anim., Disciples’ Ed. 6 (Sect. 4) : explic. pl. 139. Type-species by monotypy : Tymetes merops Boisduval, [1846], ibid. 6 (Sect. 4) : explic. pl. 139. It may be noted for purposes of record—and to avoid misunderstanding—that Scudder (1875, Proc. amey. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10 : 284) erroneously treated this name (though doubtfully) as having been published in 1836 and accordingly considered it to have eight years’ priority over Timetes Doubleday, 1844, whereas in fact it was published two years later than that name. TURNERINA Freeman, 1959, Lepid. News 12 (3/4) : 84. Type-species by original desig- nation : Megathymus hazelae Stallings & Turner, Lepid. News 11 (4/5) : 127, pl. 5, 7 figs ($ holotype, 2 figs ; 9 allotype, 2 figs; ¢ genit., 2 figs ; 1 fig.). 452 FRANCIS HEMMING TYPHEDANUS Butler, 1870, Tvans. ent. Soc. Lond. 1870 : 497. Type-species by monotypy : Typhedanus zephus Butler, 1870, ibid. 1870 : 497. The taxon represented by the nominal species Typhedanus zephus Butler is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as being the same as the taxon represented by the older- established nominal species Cobalus umber Herrich-Schaeffer, 1869 (CovvespBl. zool.-min Ver. Regensburg 23 : 203 [repaged offprint as Prodromus . . .3 : 83)). TYSIPHONE Kohler, 1935, Rev. Soc. ent. Avg. 7 : 210 (an Incorrect Subsequent Spelling of Tisiphone Hibner, [1819]). UDAIANA Distant, 1885, Rhop. malayana : 286, 300. Type-species by original designation : Pieris cynis Hewitson, [1866], Jil. evot. Butts 3 : [9], pl. [5], fig. 54. It must be noted that there is an older nominal genus (Phvissuva Butler, 1870) of which Pieris cynis Hewitson was designated as the type-species by its author (Butler). Butler himself explained later that in designating Pieris cynis as type-species of Phrissuva he had done so on the basis of an erroneous determination of that nominal species. The Com- mission is being asked to use its Plenary Powers to set aside Butler’s designation of the above species as the type-species and in its place to designate the species intended by Butler (Pieris illana Felder (C.) & Felder (R.), 1862). In the discussion of Phrissuva that genus has been treated as though the Commission had already used its Plenary Powers (under Article 7o0(a)). Pending that action being taken by the Commission, Udazana Distant is invalid as a junior objective synonym of Phrissuva Butler, but for the reasons explained above it is here treated as an available name. UDARA Toxopeus, 1928, Tijdschr. Ent. 71 : 181, 219. Type-species by original designation : Polyommatus dilectus Moore, 1879, Pyoc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1879 : 139. The taxon represented by the nominal species Polyommatus dilectus Moore is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as being a subspecies of the taxon represented by the older-established nominal species Lycaena cardia Felder (C.), 1860 (S. B. Akad. Wiss. Wien 40 : 459). UDASPES Moore, [1881], Lep. Ceylon 1 (4) : 177. Type-species by original designation : Papilio folus Cramer, [1775], Uitl. Kapellen 1 (7) : 118, pl. 74, fig. F. UDRANOMIA Butler, 1870, Ent. mon. Mag. 7: 58. Type-species by original designation : Eudamus orcinus Felder (C.) & Felder (R.), [1867], Reise Fregatte ‘‘ Novara’’, Lep. Rhop. (3) : 510, pl. 71, figs 4, 5. ULTRAARICIA Beuret, 1959, Mitt. ent. Ges. Basel (N.F.) 9 : 84. Type-species by original designation : Lycaena anteros Freyer, 1839, Neuere Beity. Schmett. 1 (45) : 101, pl. 265, fis. 1G. ULVA Lindsey, 1925, Ann. ent. Soc. Amer. 18 : 105. Type-species through Section (i) (replace- ment names) of Article 67 : Hyda micacea Mabille, 1889, Aun. Soc. ent. Fr. (6) 9, Bull. : clxxxiv. The taxon represented by the nominal species Hyda micacea Mabille is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as being the same as that represented by the older- established nominal species Pterygospidea grisea Hewitson, 1878 (Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (5) 1 : 344). The name Ulva was introduced as a replacement for Hyda Mabille, 1889, which is invalid under the Law of Homonymy. UNA de Niceville, 1890, Butts India Burmah Ceylon 3 : 51 et nota. Type-species by original designation : Zizera (?) usta Distant, 1886, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (5) 17 : 531. UNKANA Distant, 1886, Rhop. malayana : 369, 370. Type-species by original designation : Unkana batara Distant, 1886, ibzd. : 370, pl. 34, fig. 11. GENERIC NAMES OF BUTTERFLIES 453 UNUNCULA van Eecke, 1915, Zool. Meded., Leiden 1:29. Type-species by selection by Hemming (1929, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (10) 3 : 243) : Papilio argiades Pallas, 1771, Reise verschied. Prov. Russisch. Reichs 1 : 472. UPOLAMPES Bethune-Baker, 1908, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1908: 118. Type-species by original designation : Upolampes striata Bethune-Baker, 1908, ibid. 1908 : 118, pl. 9, fig. 15. The taxon represented by the nominal species Upolampes striata Bethune-Baker is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as being the same as that represented by the older- established nominal species Lycaena evena Hewitson, [1876] (Ill. evot. Butts 5 : [87], pl. [46], figs 2, 3). URANEIS Bates, [1868], J. linn. Soc. Lond., Zool. 9: 411. Type-species by monotypy : Tharops hyalina Butler, 1867, ibid., Zool. 9 : 225, pl. 6, fig. 26. URANIA Fabricius, 1807, Mag. f. Insektenk. (Illiger) 6 : 279. Type-species by selection by Latreille (1810, Consid. gén. Anim. Crust. Avachn. Ins. : 440, 356) : Papilio leilus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 462. Linnaeus, when establishing the nominal species Papilio leilus, believed that he was dealing with a butterfly but in this he was mistaken, for, as is now well understood, the species is in fact a moth. Fabricius, when establishing the genus Uvania was under a similar miscon- ception. In 1954 this generic name was placed by the Commission (in its Opinion 232) on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology as Name No, 633. URANOBOTHRIA Toxopeus, 1927, Tijdschr. Ent. 70: 261. Type-species by original designation : Lycaenopsis celebica Fruhstorfer, 1917, Arch. Naturgesch. 82 (A.1) : 40. URANOPS Hemming, 1929, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (10) 3: 243. Type-species by original designation : Papilio covidon Poda, 1761, Ins. Mus. graec. : 77. The name Uvanops Hemming is invalid, as it is a junior homonym of Uvanops Fitzinger, 1843 (Syst. Rept. : 25). It has been replaced by the name Lysandra Hemming, 1933. URANOTES Scudder, 1876, Bull. Buffalo Soc. nat. Sci. 3 : 107. Type-species through Section (i) (replacement names) of Article 67 : Strymon melinus Hiibner, 1818, Zutr. z. Samml. exot. Schmett. 1 : 22, pl. [21], figs 121, 122. Scudder introduced the name Uvanotes as a replacement for the name Callipaveus Scudder, 1872, which he erroneously believed to be invalid under the Law of Homonymy. The name Uranotes Scudder is therefore invalid as a junior objective synonym of Callipareus Scudder. Further, Callipaveus Scudder is itself a junior objective synonym of Stvymon Hiibner, 1818. Accordingly, Uvanotes is a junior objective synonym of both of the above names. URANOTHAUMA Butler, 1895, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1895 : 631. Type-species by original designation : Uranothauma crawshayi Butler, 1895, ibid. 1895 : 631, pl. 35, figs 6 g, 7 9. URBANUS Hiibner, [1806], Tentamen : [1]. Type-species by monotypy: Papilio malvae Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 485. The name Urbanus Hiibner, as of the Tentamen, is invalid, owing to the rejection by the Commission in its Opinion 97 of the above leaflet for nomenclatorial purposes. In 1954 the Commission in its Opinion 278 placed the above name on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology as Name No. 86. If the name Uvbanus Hiibner of the Tentamen had been an available name, it would— according to current taxonomic ideas—have been a senior subjective synonym of, and would therefore have replaced, the well-known name Pyrgus Hiibner, [1819]. URBANUS Hiibner, [1807], Samml. exot. Schmett. 1 : pls [150], [151], [155], [159]. Type- species by selection by Hemming (1933, Entomologist 66 : 200) : Papilio proteus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 484, figured by Hiibner on his pl. [155]. 454 FRANCIS HEMMING URBICOLA Tutt, 1905, Nat. Hist. Brit. Butts 1: 84. Type-species by original designation : Papilio comma Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 484. Tutt attributed the name Uybicola to Barbut, but in this he was in error for that author had not used that term as a generic name. In fact, it was Tutt himself who was the first to use the word Urbicola as a generic name, which is therefore attributable to him. The name Urbicola Tutt is invalid, as it is a junior objective synonym of Hesperia Fabricius, 1807. USSURIANA Tutt, [1907], Nat. Hist. Brit Butts 2: 276. Type-species by original desig- nation : Thecla michaelis Oberthur, 1880, Etud. ent. 5 : 19, pl. 5, fig. 2 3. UTICA Hewitson, [1865], Ill. diuvn. Lep., Lycaenidae 1 (text) : 56. Type-species by mono- typy : Utica onycha Hewitson, [1865], ibid. 1 (text) : 56; 2 (plates), pl. 24, figs 11, 12. The name Utica Hewitson is invalid, as it is a junior homonym of Utica White, 1847 (List. Crust. Coll. Brit. Mus. : 45) [also id., 1847, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 15 (175) : 85]. VACCINIA Forster, 1938, Mitt. miinchn. ent. Ges. 28 : 112 (an Incorrect Subsequent Spelling of Vacciniina Tutt, [1909]). VACCINIINA Tutt, [April 1909], Nat. Hist. Brit Butts 3: 154. Type-species by original designation : Papilio optilete Knoch, 1781, Beity. Insekengesch. 1 : 76, pl. 5, figs 5, 6 2. Tutt published the name Vacciniina as a new name twice almost simultaneously. The first occasion was in April 1909 in the work cited above ; the second in [May 1909] (Ent. Rec. 21 : 108). VACERRA Godman, [1900], in Godman & Salvin, Biol. centy.-amey., Lep. Rhop. 2 : 521. Type-species by original designation : Hesperia litana Hewitson, 1866, Tvans. ent. Soc. Lond. (3) 2 : 494. The taxon represented by the nominal species Hesperia litana is currently treated sub- jectively on taxonomic grounds as being a subspecies of the older-established nominal species Hesperia bonfilius Latreille, [1824], (Ency. méth. 9 (Ins.) (2) : 748). VADEBA Schatz, [1886], in Staudinger & Schatz, Exot. Schmett. Th. 2 (2) : 82 (an Incorrect Subsequent Spelling of Vadebya Moore, 1883). VADEBRA Moore, [Oct. 1883], Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1883 (3) : 260. Type-species by original designation : Papilio climena Stoll, [1782], in Cramer, Uitl. Kapellen 4 (33) : 207, pl. 380, figs E, F. VADEBRA Moore, [April 1884], Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1883 (4) : 528. Type-species by original designation : Deudorix petosivis Hewitson, [1863], Ill. diuvn. Lep., Lycaenidae 1 (text) : 22 ; 2 (plates), pl. 9, figs 30, 31 ¢. The taxon represented by the nominal species Deudovix petosivis Hewitson is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as being a subspecies of that represented by another nominal species established on the same date and in the same work, namely Deudorix pheretima Hewitson, [1863] (Ill. diurn. Lep., Lycaenidae 1 (text) : 21 ; 2 (plates) : pl. 9, figs 28, 29 g, 27 2). Since these names were published simultaneously, the question as to which is to be accorded precedence over the other depends on the choice of the First Reviser. In the present case the First Reviser appears to have been Evans, when in 1927 (Ident. ind. Butts (ed. 1) : 192) he treated the above nominal species as representing subspecies of a single species and adopted the name phervetima Hewitson as the name to be used for the species as a whole, employing the name pefosivis Hewitson as the name for the taxon which he treated as being a subspecies of pheretima. Under this choice the name pheretima takes precedence over the name Pefosiis. In introducing the name Vadebra for the present Lycaenid genus, Moore overlooked the fact only a year earlier he had employed the same word as a new name for a Danaid genus, the particulars relating to which have been given immediately above. The name Vadebra GENERIC NAMES OF BUTTERFLIES 455 Moore, as applied to the present Lycaenid genus, is therefore invalid as a junior homonym of the name Vadebya Moore, as applied to the Danaid genus. VAGA Zimmermann, 1958, Ius. Hawaii 7: 491. Type-species by original designation : Holochila blackburni Tuely, 1878, Ent. mon. Mag. 15 : 9. VAGRANS Hemming, 1934, Entomologist 67 : 77. Type-species by original designation : Papilio egista Cramer, [1780], Uitl. Kapellen 3 (24) : 158, pl. 281, figs C, D. This well-recognized genus remained without a name until in 1934 I established the nominal genus Vagrans for it, with Papilio egista Cramer as type-species. Previously, mainly through the action of Moore in 1900 (Lep. ind. 4 (46) : 202) in stating that Papilio egista was the type- species of Jssovia Hiibner, [1819], this genus was widely known by that generic name. Moore’s action was entirely misconceived because as far back as 1875 (Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10 : 198) Scudder had validly selected as the type-species of Jssovia the entirely different Argynnid species Papilio lathonia Linnaeus, 1758. VALERIA Horsfield, [1829], Cat. lep. Ins. Mus. East India Coy (2) : 139. Type-species by monotypy : Papilio valeria Cramer, [1776], Uitl. Kapellen 1 (8) : 133, pl. 75, fig. A. Owing—presumably—to a survival of the early-nineteenth-century antipathy to tautonymy between the name of a genus and the name of the included species, the specific name valeria Cramer was put on one side formerly by many authors who preferred the later subjective synonym hippia, (Papilio hippia Fabricius, 1787, Mantissa Ins. 2 : 55). VANESSA Fabricius, 1807, Mag. f. Insektenk. (Illiger) 6 : 281. Type-species by selection by Latreille (1810, Consid. gén. Anim. Crust. Avach. Ins. : 440,354) : Papilio atalanta Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 478. At the same time that Fabricius established the genus Vanessa with the above species as type-species (by subsequent selection), he established also a genus to which he gave the name Cynthia, the type-species of which is the closely allied nominal species Papilio cardui Linnaeus, 1758. In the mid-nineteen-thirties it was judged desirable to request the Com- mission to give a ruling that precedence was to be given to the name Vanessa over the name Cynthia. Looked at in retrospect, Article 28 in the old text of the Code seems reasonably clear, but it did not appear so at the time, and either for this or other reasons many ento- mologists at that time adhered to the so-called Principle of Page and Line Precedence. The adoption of this course in the present case would have been disastrous, for Cynthia Fabricius would have been accorded precedence over the exceptionally well-known name Vanessa Fabricius, which would have disappeared as a junior subjective synonym. Even for those who sought to apply the First Reviser Principle in this case, the position was obscure owing to the difficulty—always present when applying that principle to old names having an exten- sive literature—of determining where, when and by whom an effective First Reviser choice had been made. The application discussed above was approved by the Commission at Lisbon in 1935 but owing to financial and administrative difficulties, greatly aggravated by the outbreak of the War in Europe in 1939, the Opinion (Opinion 156) embodying that decision was not published until 1944 (Opin. int. Comm. zool. Nom. 2 : 239-250). In that Opinion the Commission gave directions under its Plenary Powers that the name Vanessa was to be accorded pre- cedence over the name Cynthia. At the same time the name Vanessa Fabricius was placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology as Name No. 601. VANESSULA Dewitz, 1887, Ent. Nachy. 13: 145. Type-species by monotypy : Vanessula buchneri Dewitz, 1887, ibid. 13 : 146, 2 text-figs [on page 145]. The taxon represented by the nominal species Vanessula buchneri is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as being the same as that represented by the older- established nominal species Liptena milca Hewitson, [1873} (Ill. exot. Butts 5: [86], pl. [45], fig. 17). [It will be noted that Hewitson fell into the error of supposing that this Nymphalid species was a Lycaenid. |] 456 FRANCIS HEMMING VEHILIUS Godman, [1900], in Godman & Salvin, Biol. centy.-amer., Lep. Rhop. 2 : 570. Type-species by original designation : Cobalus illudens Mabille, 1891, Amn. Soc. ent. Belg. 35, Bull. C.R. : lxxxiii. The taxon represented by the nominal species Cobalus illudens Mabille is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as being a subspecies of the taxon represented by the older-established nominal species Pamphila stictomenes Butler, 1877 (Tvans. ent. Soc. Lond 1877 : 153). VELADYRIS Fox, 1945, Amer. Mus. Novit. No. 1295 : 9-10, fig. 9 (venation, 3 figs), fig. ro (3 genit.). Type-species by original designation : Ithomia pardalis Salvin, 1869, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (4) 4 : 165. VELAMYSTA Haensch, [1909], in Seitz, Grossschmelt. Evde 5 : 158. Type-species by selection by Bryk (1937, Lep. Cat. 80 : 613) : Ithomia cruxifera [sic] Hewitson, 1877, Equat. Lepid. Buckley : 84. VENADA Evans, 1952, Cat. amer. Hesp. Brit. Mus. 2: 41, 128. Type-species by original designation : Telegonus advena Mabille, 1889, Le Naturaliste (2) 3: 59. VENAS Evans, 1955, Cat. amer. Hesp. Brit. Mus. 4: 86, 113. Type-species by original designation : Pamphila evansi (correction of evans) Butler, 1877, Tvans. ent. Soc. Lond 1877 : 153. The unlatinized modern patronymic “‘ evans ’’ employed by Butler as the specific name of the type-species is subject to automatic correction to the Latinized genitive “‘ evansi ’’ under Article 31(a) of the Code and is here so corrected. ’ VERTICA Evans, 1955, Cat. amey. Hesp. Brit. Mus. 4 : 205, 217. Type-species by original designation : Hesperia verticalis Plétz, 1883, Stett. ent. Zig 44 : 50. VETTIUS Godman, [1901], in Godman & Salvin, Biol. centy.-amer., Lep. Rhop. 2 : 589. Type-species by original designation : Papilio phyllus Cramer, [1777], Uvtl. Kapellen 2\(15)\: 1225 pl) 1767 tess) C: VICTORINA Blanchard, 1840, Hist. nat. Ins. 3: 447. Type-species by original designation : Papilio stelenes Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 465. The specific name of the type-species of this genus is often misspelt steneles. VIDIUS Evans, 1955, Cat. amer. Hesp. Brit. Mus. 4: 87, 121. Type-species by original designation : Narga vidius Mabille, 1891, Ann. Soc. ent. Belg. 35, Bull. C.R. : Ixx. VILA Kirby, 1871, Syn. Cat. diuvn. Lep. : 217. Type-species through Section (i) of Article 67 : Olina azeca Doubleday, [Nov. 1848], Gen. diurn. Lep. (2) : pl. 31, fig. 3 [text by West- wood (loc. cit. (2) : 408) published in July 1851]. The name Vila was introduced as a replacement for Olina Doubleday, [1848], which is invalid under the Law of Homonymy. VINDULA Hemming, 1934, Entomologist 67:77. Type-species by original designation : Papilio arsinoe Cramer, [1777], Uitl. Kapellen 2 (14) : 100, pl. 160, figs B, C. Up to the year 1934 this genus was without a name, owing to the fact that it had long been known by the name Cynthia Fabricius, 1807, owing to the erroneous action by Scudder in 1875 (Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10 : 152) in seeking to set up Papilio arsinoe Cramer as the type-species of that genus. The true type-species of Cynthia is, by selection by Westwood, [1840], the very different species Papilio cavdui Linnaeus, 1758. This species is closely allied to Papilio atalanta Linnaeus, 1758, the type-species of Vanessa Fabricius, 1807. VINIUS Godman, [1900], in Godman & Salvin, [1900], Biol. centr. amer., Lep. Rhop. 2 : 580. Type-species by selection by Lindsey (1925, Ann. ent. Soc. Amer. 18 : 105) : Vinius arignote Godman, [1900], in Godman & Salvin, ibid., Lep. Rhop. 2 : 580 nota, pl. 101, figs 38-41 3. The taxon represented by the nominal species Vinius avignote Godman is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as being the same as that represented by the older- established nominal species Hesperia exilis Plotz, 1883, (Stett. ent. Zig 44 : 333). GENERIC NAMES OF BUTTERFLIES 457 VIOLA Evans, 1953, Cat. amer. Hesp. Brit. Mus. 3 : 11, 73. Type-species by original desig- nation : Staphylus alicus Schaus, 1902, Proc. U.S. nat. Mus. 24 : 433. VIRACHOLA Moore, [1881], Lep. Ceylon 1 (3) : 104. Type-species by original designation: Deudorix perse Hewitson, [1863], J/l. diurn. Lep., Lycaenidae 1 (text) : 18 ; 2 (plates) : pl. 8, figs 24, 25 gd, 26 9. VIRAPA Moore, 1880, Trans. ent. Soc. Lond. 1880 (4) : 155. Type-species by original desig- nation : Mycalesis anaxias Hewitson, [1862], Jil. exot. Butts 3 : [86], pl. [43], figs 25, 26. VIRGA Evans, 1955, Cat. amer. Hesp. Brit. Mus. 4 : 84, 98. Type-species by original desig- nation : Apaustus virginius Moschler, 1883, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien 32 : 330, pl. 17, fig. 20 g. VIRGARINA Druce, 1895, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1895 : 606. Type-species by original desig- nation : Sithon scopula Druce, 1873, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1873 : 352, pl. 33, fig. 2. VIRGAURINA Fruhstorfer, 1914, Ivis 27 (4) : 175 (an Incorrect Subsequent Spelling of Virgarina Druce, 1895). VISTIGMA Hayward, 1938, An. Soc. cienc. argent. 126 : 452, text-fig. 24 (venation). Type- species by original designation : Vistigma xanthobasis Hayward, 1938, ibid. 126 : 453, text-fig. 25 (2 figs) ($ genit.). VLASTA Lindsey, 1925, Ann. ent. Soc. Amer. 18: 105. Type-species through Section (i) (replacement names) of Article 67 : Eudamus extrusus Felder (C.) & Felder (R.), [1867], Reise Fregatte ‘‘ Novara’’, Lep. Rhop. (3) : 510, pl. 72, figs 13, 14. The name VJasta was introduced by Lindsey as a replacement for the name Protogenes Mabille & Boullet, 1912, which is invalid under the Law of Homonymy. Unfortunately, the name Vlasta brought forward by Lindsey is itself invalid, as it is a junior homonym of the name Vlasta Barrande, 1881 (Syst. silur. centre Boheme 6 : 167). It has, in its turn, since been replaced by the name Rachelia Hemming. VOLTINIA Stichel, t910, in Wytsman’s Gen. Ins. 112 (A) : 72. Type-species by original designation : Esthemopsis (?) radiata Godman & Salvin, [1886], Biol. centy.-amer., Lep. Rhop. 1 : 486, pl. 42, fig. 5. VONOMA Moore, 1883, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1883 : 257. Type-species by original desig- nation : Euplaea {sic} goudotii Boisduval, [July—Sept. 1833], Nouv. Ann. Mus. Hist. nat., Paris 2 (2) : 184, pl. 3, fig. 2 [repaged offprint under the title Faun. ent. Madagascar, where this name appears in part 3 (: 36)]. VORATES Godman, [1900], in Godman & Salvin, Biol. centy.-amey., Lep. Rhop. 2 : 577. Type-species by original designation : Cobalus decora Herrich-Schaeffer, 1869, CorrespBl. zool.-min. Ver. Regensburg 23 : 201 [repaged offprint as Prodromus ...3 : 81]. WAGIMO Sibatani & Ito, 1942, Tenthrvedo, Kyoto 3 (4) : 319. Type-species by original designation : Thecla signata Butler, [Apr. 1882], Pyoc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1884 : 854. WAIGEUM Staudinger, 1895, Jvis 8 : 153-155. Type-species by selection by Waterhouse & Lyell (1914, Butts Australia : 91) : Thysonotis (?) miraculum Druce & Baker, 1893, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1893 : 552, pl. 46, fig. 12 9. WALLENGRENIA Berg, 1897, An. Mus. nac. Buenos Aives 5 : 254. Type-species by original designation : Hesperia premnas Wallengren, 1860, Wien. ent. Monats. 4 : 38. WARRENOHES PERIA Strand, 1928, Arch. Naturgesch. 92 (A.8) : 74. Type-species through Section (i) (replacement names) of Article 67 : Pyrgus antonia Speyer, 1879, Stett. ent. Zig 40 : 342. Strand introduced the name Warvrenohesperia as a replacement for Ramburia Warren, 1926, which is invalid under the Law of Homonymy. 458 FRANCIS HEMMING WATSONIA Elwes & Edwards, 1897, Tvans. zool. Soc. Lond. 14 (4) : 220. Type-species by monotypy : Watsonia swinhoei Elwes & Edwards, 1897, ibid. 14 (4) : 220, pl. 20, fig. 6 3. The name Watsonia Elwes & Edwards is invalid, as it is a junior homonym of Watsonia Folin, [1880] (Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1879 (4) : 807) (Mollusca). It has been replaced by the name Watsomella Berg, 1808. WATSONIA Tutt, [1906], Nat. Hist. Brit. Butts 1 (6) : 191. Type-species by original desig- nation : Papilio metis Linnaeus, 1764, Mus. Lud. Ulr. : 325. The name Watsonia Tutt is invalid under the Law of Homonymy, being a junior homonym of Watsonia Elwes & Edwards, 1897, discussed above, and, like that name, of Watsonia Folin, [1880]. It has been replaced by the name Metisella Hemming, 1934. WATSONIELLA Berg, [17th Dec. 1898], Com. Mus. nac. Buenos Aives 1: 42. Type-species through Section (i) (replacement names) of Article 67 : Watsonia swinhoei Elwes & Edwards, 1897, Tvans. zool. Soc. Lond. 14 (4) : 220, pl. 20, fig. 6 d. The name Watsoniella was introduced as a replacement for Watsonia Elwes & Edwards, 1897, which is invalid under the Law of Homonymy. This name, which (as shown above) was published on 17th December 1898, is invalid as a junior objective synonym of Stimula de Niceville (another replacement of Watsonia Elwes & Edwards), which was published on roth December 1898, and thus has seven days’ priority over Watsoniella Berg. XANTHIDIA Boisduval & Leconte, [1829], Hist. gén. icon. Lépid. Chenilles Amér. sept. (1/7) : 48. Type-species by selection by Scudder (1875, Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sct., Boston 10 : 288) : Papilio nicippe Cramer, Uitl. Kapellen 3 (18) : 31, pl. 210, figs C, D. The name Xanthidia Boisduval & Leconte is invalid, as it is a junior objective synonym of Abaeis Hiibner, [18109]. XANTHOCLEIS Boisduval, 1870, Consid. Lépid. Guatemala : 30. Type-species by selection by Scudder (1875, Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10 : 288) : Thyridia aedesia [July, 1847], Gen. diurn. Lep. (1) : pl. 16, fig. 4 [text (loc. cit. (1) : 118) published in October 1847] XANTHODISCA Aurivillius, [1925], in Seitz, Grossschmett. Erde 13 : 528. Type-species by monotypy : Astictopterus vibius Hewitson, 878, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (5) 1 : 343. XANTHOTAENIA Westwood, 1858, Tvans. ent. Soc. Lond. (2) 4: 187. Type-species by monotypy : Clerome (Xanthotaenia) busiris Westwood, 1858, ibid. (2) 4 : 187. As shown by the reference given above, Westwood regarded Xanthotaenia as a subgenus of Clerome. XENANDRA Felder (C.) & Felder (R.), [1865], Reise Fregatte ‘‘ Novara’’, Lep. Rhop. (2) : 304. Type-species by monotypy : Xenandra heliodes Felder (C.) & Felder (R.), [1865], ibid., Lep. Rhop. (2) : 304, pl. 38, figs 19-22. XENIADES Godman, [1900], in Godman & Salvin, Biol. centy.-amer., Lep. Rhop. 2 : 517. Type-species by original designation : Papilio orchamus Cramer, [1777], Uuitl. Kapellen 2 (13) : 92, pl. 155, figs E, F. XENICA Westwood, [1851], in Doubleday, Gen. diurn. Lep. (2) : 387 nota. Type-species by selection by Butler (1868, Cat. diurn. Lep. Satyvidae Brit. Mus. : 70): Papilio abeona Donovan, 1805, Epitome nat. Hist. Ins. New Holland : pl. 22, fig. 1. When dealing with the genus Lasiommata, Westwood cited twenty-five nominal species, against the names of the last four of which he placed a note of interrogation, thereby indicating that he placed those species only doubtfully in the above genus ; further, against the name of the first of these he placed an arrow mark, directing attention to a footnote in which he stated that this and the following species differ from the type of this genus [i.e. the genus Lasiommata]... ‘“‘ They may, perhaps, however, be regarded as a separate subgenus, under the name of Xenica.’’ Papilio abeona, selected as the type-species of Xenica, was the third of the four species doubtfully referred to Lasiommata in the manner described above. GENERIC NAMES OF BUTTERFLIES 459 XENICONY MPHA Novickij, 1923, Sborn. ent. Odd. mar. Mus. Praze 1:60. Type-species by monotypy : Lasiommata leprea Hewitson, 1864, Tvans. ent. Soc. Lond. (3) 2 : 249, pl. 16, figs 6, 7. The name Xeniconympha Novickij is invalid, as it is a junior objective synonym of Nesoxenica Waterhouse & Lyell, 1914. XENOPHANES Godman & Salvin, [1895], Biol. centr.-amer., Lep. Rhop. 2 : 387. Type- species by original designation : Papilio tryxus Stoll, [1780], im Cramer, Uitl. Kapellen 4 (28) : 87, pl. 334, figs G, H. XINIAS Stichel, 1930, im Strand’s Lep. Cat. 40 : 491 (an Incorrect Subsequent Spelling of Xynias Hewitson, 1874). XISPIA Lindsey, 1925, Ann. ent. Soc. Amer. 18 : 106. Type-species through Section (i) (replacement names) of Article 67 : Praxis quadrata Mabille, 1889, Le Naturaliste (2) 3 : 25. The name Xispia was introduced by Lindsey to replace Praxis Mabille, 1889, which is invalid under the Law of Homonymy. XOIS Hewitson, 1865, Tvans. ent. Soc. Lond. (3) 2 (4) : 282. Type-species by monotypy : Xois sesara Hewitson, 1865, ibid. (3) 2 (4) : 282, pl. 17, figs 3, 4. XYNIAS Hewitson, 1874, Descr. new Spec. Butts Buckley Bolivia: 17. Type-species by monotypy : Xynias cynosema Hewitson, 1874, ibid. : 17. YANGUNA Watson, 1893, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1893 : 10, 12. Type-species by original designation : Pyrrhopyga [sic] spatiosa Hewitson, 1870, Descr. Twenty-two new Spec. Equat. Lep. : 69. YASODA Doherty, [December 1889], J. asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt II, 58 (4) : 410 nota, 425. Type- species by monotypy : Lexura tripunctata Hewitson, [1863], J//. diurn. Lep., Lycaenidae Ii(tesct) : 26: Doherty gave a short diagnosis of this genus in the footnote to page 410, but cited no included species. On page 425 he placed Lowxuva tripunctata Hewitson in this genus and, as he cited no other species, that species is the type-species by monotypy. YASODA de Niceville, [February] 1890, Butts India Burmah Ceylon 2: 20, 438. Type- species by original designation : Loxuva pita Horsfield, [1829], Descr. Cat. lep. Ind. Mus. East India Coy (2) : 122. This name is invalid under the Law of Homonymy, for (as will be seen from the particulars given above) it was published at least four or five weeks after the publication of the name Yasoda Doherty. It appears that de Niceville was unaware that the name Yasoda had actually been published by Doherty, to whom he attributed this name in manuscript, at the same time printing a short note on the genus which he had received from Doherty. YOMA Doherty, [1st October 1886], J. asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt Il, 55: 258. Type-species by original designation : Yoma vasuki [1st October 1886], zbid. 55 : 259. The taxon represented by the nominal species Yoma vasuki Doherty is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as being a subspecies of the taxon represented by the older-established nominal species Papilio sabina Cramer, [1780] (Uitl. Kapellen 4 (25): 1 pi. 289, figs A, B 9; ,.C, Dé). YOMA de Niceville, [31st October 1886], Butts India Burmah Ceylon 2: 245 nota. Type- species by original designation : Yoma vasuki de Niceville, [31st October 1886], zbid. 2 : 247. The history of the name Yoma, as published by de Niceville and Doherty respectively, resembles closely that of the name Yasoda, as published independently by those authors, in the manner described immediately above. In each case the name was first proposed by 460 FRANCIS HEMMING Doherty, in each case correspondence took place between the above authors before the name in question was actually published, in each case the name was published independently by each of these authors. In the present case de Niceville first placed in the genus Rhinopalpa Felder (C.) & Felder (R.) what he called Rhinopalpa vasuki (Doherty MS.) de Niceville ; ina footnote added presumably while his book was passing through the press he placed this species in a genus which he styled ‘“‘ Yoma Doherty MS.’’, at the same time providing that genus with a diagnosis and stating that the above species was its type-species. Thus, while de Niceville clearly indicated that the name Yoma had first been proposed by Doherty, he made it clear also that he considered that this name had not up till then been published by that author and himself assumed responsibility for its publication. The name Yoma de Niceville is invalid, both as a junior homonym of, and as a junior objective synonym of, the slightly older name Yoma Doherty. YPHTHIMA Scudder, 1875, Proc. amey. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10 : 289 (an Incorrect Sub- sequent Spelling of Ypthima Hiibner, 1818). YPTHIMA Hiibner, 1818, Zutr. z. Sammi. exot. Schmett. 1:17. Type-species by designation by the Commission under its Plenary Powers under Article 70(a) (misidentified type-species) : Ypthima huebneri Kirby, 1871, Syn. Cat. diwrn. Lep. : 95. The present is one of a number of names which was published both in volume 1 of the Zutrdge and in the Verzeichniss. In the second of these works this name was published on page 63 in Signature 4. Prior to the determination (in 1937) of the precise dates on which these works were respectively published, the Verzeichniss was commonly treated as having priority over the above volume of the Zutrdge. It is now known however that that volume of the Zutvdge was published in 1818 and that the relevant portion of the Verzeichniss did not appear until 1819. In the Zutvége Hiibner placed only one species in the genus Ypthima. He described this species on page 17 and figured it on plate [15] as figs 83, 84. To this species he applied the name Ypthima philomela [i.e. Papilio philomela Linnaeus, Amoen. acad. 6 : 404]. Being the only nominal species placed in the genus by Hiibner, this became automatically its type- species by monotypy. Unfortunately, the species which Hiibner described and figured under the specific name philomela was not the species to which Linnaeus had given the name philomela. This was first realized in 1871 by Kirby who bestowed the new name Ypthima huebnert upon the species figured by Hiibner. Thus, the genus Ypthima, as first established by Hiibner in the Zutrdge is a genus based upon a misidentified type-species. In order to regularize the position, the Commission has been asked to designate under Article 7o0(a) the nominal species Ypthima huebneri Kirby to be the type-species of the genus Ypthima, thus providing that genus with, as its type-species, the species figured by Hiibner under the mis- applied specific name philomela. Pending a decision by the Commission on this application, the genus Ypthima is here treated, in accordance with the provisions of Article 80, as having Ypthima huebneri Kirby as its type-species. YPTHIMOMORPHA van Son, 1955, Butts S. Africa (Mem. Transvaal Mus. No. 8) 2: 158. Type-species by original designation: Ypthima itonia Hewitson, 1865, Trans. ent. Soc. Lond. (3) 2 : 287, pl. 18, fig. 13. YPTHIMORPHA Overlaet, 1955, Explor. Parc. nat. Upemba, Miss. de Witte, fasc. 27 : 23. Type-species by original designation: Ypthima mashuna Trimen, 1895, Trans. ent. Soc. Lond. 1895 : 181, pl. 5, fig. 1. This generic name was published in the same year as Mashuna van Son, of which the same species is type-species. Of these names /Zashuna van Son is the older, having been published in July 1955, the name Ypthimorpha Overlaet not having been published until December of that year. This latter date was communicated to Dr. van Son in a letter dated 26th February 1956 addressed by the late Dr. Overlaet to Dr. van Son, to whom I am indebted for the fore- going information. The name Ypthimorpha Overlaet is therefore invalid as a junior objective synonym of Mashuna van Son. GENERIC NAMES OF BUTTERFLIES 461 YRAMEA Kkeuss, Oct. 1920, Ent. Mitt. 9: 1920. Type-species by original designation : Papilio cytheris Drury, [1773], [/l. nat. Hist. 2 : index et 7, pl. 4, figs 3, 4. As shown above, the name Yvamea Reuss was first published in October 1920. In addition, for some inexplicable reason Reuss published Yvramea as a new name no less than three times in the following year, namely :—(a) in Jan. 1921 (Soc. ent., Stuttgart 36 : 4 et nota 1) ; (b) in April 1921 (loc. cit. 36 : 15) ; (c) in Nov. 1921 (Ent. Mitt. 10 : 189). YVRETTA Hemming, 1935, Stylops 4:3. Type-species through Section (i) (replacement names) of Article 67 : Pamphila citrus Mabille, 1889, Le Naturaliste (2) 3 : 144, fig. 1. The name Yvretta was introduced as a replacement for Chaerebhon Godman, [1900], which is invalid under the Law of Homonymy. ZABANA Moore, [1898], Lep. ind. 3 (32) : 146. Type-species by original designation : Athyma urvasi Felder (C.) & Felder (R.), 1860, Wien. ent. Monats. 4 : 400. When establishing the genus Zabana, Moore designated a type-species but did not give a generic diagnosis. This deficiency he made good later in the same year ([1898], loc. cit. 3 (34) : 207). The name Zabana Moore was published on the same date (and in the same work) as the name Pavathyma Moore, and in consequence the relative precedence to be accorded to these names depends on the choice of the First Reviser. This was made by myself in 1964 (A nnot. lep. (3) : 81), when I accorded precedence to the name Zabana Moore below Parvathyma Moore ZABIRNIA Hewitson, 1877, Remarks Descr. new Spec. Buckley Ecuad. (5): 92. Type- species by monotypy : Zabirnia zigomala Hewitson, zbid. (5) : 92. ZABUELLA Stichel, 1911, in Wytsman’s Gen. Ins. 112 (B) : 290. Type-species by original designation : Lemonias tenellus Burmeister, 1878, Descr. phys. Rép. Argentine 5 (Lépid.) : 225, pl. 8, fig. 8. ZAEONIA Saunders, 1859, Trans. ent. Soc. Lond. (2) 5 : 97 (an Incorrect Subsequent Spelling of Zeonia Swainson, [1833]). ZALAPIA Moore, [1897], Lep. ind. 3 (27) : 49. Type-species by original designation : Adolias patala Kollar, [1844], in Hiigel, Kashmir 4 (2) : 435. When establishing this genus, Moore designated a type-species, but did not provide a generic diagnosis ; this deficiency was made good in [1898] (loc. cit. 3 (31) : 135). ZALOMES Bell, 1947, Amer. Mus. Novit., No. 1354: 9. Type-species by original designation : Zalomes colobus Bell, 1947, ibid., 1354 : 9. The taxon represented by the nominal species Zalomes colobus Bell is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as being the same as that represented by the older- established nominal species Hesperia bifovis WWeymer, 1890 (in Stiibel & Reiss, Reisen in Sud-Amerika : 127, pl. 4, fig. 9). ZAMBOANGA Moore, Lep. ind. 3 (32) : 146. Type-species by original designation : Athyma gutama Moore, 1858, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1858 : 20, pl. 51, fig. 7. Moore designated a type-species for this genus, when he first published this name, but did not give a generic diagnosis. This however he provided later in the same year ([1898], doc. Cut. 3, (34) 2 200). The name Zamboanga Moore was published on the same date (and in the same work) as the name Pavathyma Moore, and in consequence the relative precedence to be accorded to these names depends upon the choice of the First Reviser. That choice was made by myself in 1964 (Annot. lep. (3) : 8x), when I selected the name Pavathyma to have precedence over the name Zamboanga. ZAMPA de Niceville, 1895, J]. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc. 9 (4) : 389. Type-species by original designation : Zampa zenon de Niceville, 1895, zbid. 9 (4) : 391, pl. Q, fig. 58 3. 462 FRANCIS HEMMING ZARAX Fruhstorfer, [1914], in Seitz, Grossschmett. Erde 9 : 789. Type-species by monotypy : Taxila teneta Hewitson, [1861], Jil. evot. Butts 2 : [89], pl. [45], figs 3, 4 . The name Zarvaxv Fruhstorfer is invalid, (a) as a junior homonym of Zavax Pascoe, 1867 (Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (3) 19 : 410), and (b) a junior objective synonym of Laxita Butler, 1879. ZARETES Reuter, 1897, Acta Soc. Sci. fenn. 22 : 104, 513, 555 (an Incorrect Subsequent Spelling of Zavetis Hiibner, [1819}). ZARETIS Hiibner, [1819], Vevz. bekannt. Schmett. (4) : 49. Type-species by selection by Scudder (Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10: 289) : Papilio isidora Cramer, [1779], Uitl. Kapellen 3 (20) : 72, pl. 235, figs A, B. ZARIASPES Godman, [1900], in Godman & Salvin, Biol. centy.-amer., Lep. Rhop. 2 : 485. Type-species by original designation : Urbanus mys Hiibner, [1808], Samml. exot. Schmett. Pe pls 58): ZARONA de Niceville, 1888, J. asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt II, 57 : 280-281, 293. Type-species by monotypy : Zarona jasoda de Niceville, 1888, ibid. 57 : 280, pl. 14, fig. 5 ¢. In 1890 (Butts India Burmah Ceylon 3 : 14, 34-36) de Niceville redescribed this genus, on this occasion explicitly designating Zavona jasoda as the type-species. ZEA Distant, 1886, Rhop. malayana : 369, 377. Type-species by original designation : Hesperia mytheca Hewitson, 1877, dun. Mag. nat. Hist. (4) 19 : 81. ZEGRIS Boisduval, [April 1836], (Roret’s Suite a Buffon), Hist. nat. Ins., Spec. gén. Lépid. 1: 552. Type-species by selection by Blanchard (1840, Hist. nat. Ins. 3 : 428) : Papilio eupheme Esper, [1805], Die. Schmett. 1 Absch. Tagschmett. : 105, pl. 113, figs 2, 3 g. Boisduval attributed this name to Rambur, from whom—as he explained in a footnote— he had received a communication while the Spec. gén. was passing through the press. At the time of the publication of that work, Zegvis was still an unpublished name and it must there- fore be attributed to Boisduval. ZEGRIS Rambur, [post-Jan. 1837], Ann. Soc. ent. Fr. 5 : 581. Type-species by monotypy : Papilio eupheme Esper, [1805], Die Schmett. 1 Abschn. Tagschmett. : 105, pl. 113, figs 2, 3 dg. As explained above, Rambur was anticipated in publishing this name by Boisduval, to whom he had communicated it in manuscript. ZEHALA Swinhoe, [1912], in Lep. ind. 9 (106) : 229. Type-species by original designation : Ismene striata Hewitson, [1867], [//. exot. Butts 4 : [102], pl. [54], figs 6, 7. ZELA de Niceville, 1895, J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc. 9 (4) : 386. Type-species by original designation : Zela zeus de Niceville, 1895, ibid. 9 (4) : 388, pl. Q, fig. 57 3. ZELIMA Fabricius, 1807, Mag. f. Insektenk. (Illiger) 6 : 279. Type-species by monotypy : Papilio pylades Fabricius, 1793, Ent. syst. 3 (1) : 34 [a taxon bearing a name invalid because a junior homonym of Papilio pylades Stoll, [1782] (tm Cramer, Uitl. Kapellen 4 (33) : 200, pl. 387, figs A, B)]. The position of this name is exactly similar to that of the name Phryne Herrich-Schaeffer, 1844, already described. That is, until recently it was invalid, as being a junior homonym of a name (Zelima) published by Meigen in 1800 as the name for a genus of Diptera. Like the name Phryne, the name Zelima Fabricius would have become an available name if the Commission had approved without qualification an application submitted to it on behalf workers in the Diptera that Meigen’s Nouvelle Classification—and consequently all the new names in it—should be suppressed under the Plenary Powers. This undesirable result was prevented by the decision to suppress the name Zelima Fabricius for the purposes of the Law of Priority but not for those of the Law of Homonymy, the name so suppressed, being there- upon placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology as Name No. 1657. This decision was promulgated by the Commission in its Opinion 678, published in October 1963 (Bull. zool. Nom. 20 : 339-342). The name Zelima Fabricius was replaced by Billberg by the name Az/us for reasons which he GENERIC NAMES OF BUTTERFLIES 463 did not explain but which were certainly unconnected with the earlier use of that name by Meigen, of the existence of which he was unaware. Under the decision taken by the Com- mission in 1963, described above, Zelima Meigen, 1800, was totally suppressed, while Zelima Fabricius was suppressed for priority but not for homonymy. Accordingly, the name Ailus Billberg remains available for use of the Papilionid genus concerned. ZELOTAEA Bates, [1868], J. linn. Soc. Lond., Zool. 9 : 381. Type-species by selection by Scudder (1875, Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10: 290) : Zelotaea phasma Bates, [1868], ibid. 9 : 382. ZELTUS de Niceville, 1890, Butts India Burmah Ceylon 3 : 19, 399. |Type-species by original designation : Papilio etolus Fabricius, 1787, Mantissa Ins. 2 : 66. ZEMEROS Boisduval, [1836], (Roret’s Suite 4 Buffon), Hist. ndt. Ins., Spec. gén. Lépid. 1: pl. 21 [= pl. 5C}, fig. 5. Type-species by monotypy : Papilio allica Fabricius, 1787, Mantissa Ins. : 52. The taxon represented by the nominal species Papilio allica Fabricius is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as being the same as that represented by the older- established nominal species Papilio flegyas Cramer, [1780] (Uitl. Kapellen 3 (24) : 158, pl. 280, figs E, F). ZENIDA Mabille, 1904, in Wytsman’s Gen. Ins. 17 (C) : 159. Type-species by monotypy : Hesperia abdon Pl6tz, 1882, Stett. ent. Ztg 43 : 320. The taxon represented by the nominal species Hesperia abdon Pl6tz is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as being the same as that represented by the older- established nominal species Hesperia meda Hewitson, 1877 (Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (4) 19 : 83). ZENIS Godman, [1900], in Godman & Salvin, Biol. centr.-amer., Lep. Rhop. 2 : 588. Type- species recommended to the Commission for designation under Article 70(a) (misidentified type-species) : Hesperia jebus Pl6tz, 1882, Stett. ent. Ztg 43 : 443. Godman designated Hesperia minos Latreille, [1824] (Ency. méth. 9 (Ins.) (2) : 756) to be the type-species of this genus. He gave a description of this species (: 589) and on plate 102, four figures as follows :— figs 24 and 25, representing the upperside and underside respectively of a male, fig. 26, showing the venation of the forewing of a male, and fig. 27, the male genitalia. Evans (1955, Cat. amer. Hesp. Brit. Mus. 4 : 409, 410), who was assisted by being able to examine the type-specimen of Hesperia minos Latreille, pointed out that Godman’s description and all four of the figures which he gave refer not to that species but to Hesperia jebus Pl6tz, 1882. The genus Zenis Godman is thus based upon a misidentified type-species. In order to rectify the position, the Commission is being asked to designate Hesperia jebus Pl6tz under Article 7o(a) to be the type-species of this genus. In accordance with the provisions of Article 80, that species is here treated in the interests of continuity of usage as being the type-species of the present genus. ZENONIA Evans, 1935, Tvans. R. ent. Soc. Lond. 83 (3) : 405. Type-species by original designation : Pamphila zeno Trimen, 1864, Tvans. ent. Soc. Lond. (3) 2 : 179. By some inadvertence—or possibly a printers’ error—the specific name of the type-species appeared in Evans’ paper as zenonia and not as zeno. Trimen never published a name Pamphila zenonia but, as shown above, he did publish Pamphila zeno. That Evans’s use of the word “‘ zenonia’”’ for the type-species was accidental is shown by the facts (a) that he attributed it to “‘ Trimen, 1864 ’’, the year in which the name Pamphila zeno was published by Trimen, and (b) that immediately after the description of the genus Zenonia, he cited as the only included species what he called “‘ Zenonia zeno Trimen’’. Two years later (1937, Cat. african Hesp. Brit. Mus. : 174) Evans corrected the foregoing slip, stating explicitly that the type-species of this genus was Pamphila zeno Trimen, 1864. ZEONIA Swainson, [1833], Zool. Illusty. (2) 3 (24) : pl. 111. Type-species by monotypy : Zeomia heliconides Swainson, [1833], ibid. (2) 3 (24) : pl. 111. 464 FRANCIS HEMMING ZEPHYRIUS Billberg, 1820, Enum. Ins. Mus. Billb. : 80 (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling of Zephyrus Dalma, 1816). ZEPHYRUS Dalman, 1816, K. svenska VetenskAkad. Handl., Stockholm 1816 (1) : 62, 63. Type-species by original designation (‘‘ Generis Typus. Z. betulae’’) : Papilio betulae Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 482. The name Zephyrus Dalman is invalid, as it is a junior objective synonym of Thecla Fabricius, 1807. ZERA Evans, 1953, Cat. amer. Hesp. Brit. Mus. 3 : 13, 108. Type-species by original desig- nation : Achlyodes zera Butler, 1870, Tvans. ent. Soc. Lond. 1870 : 514. ZERENE Hiibner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (7) :97. Type-species by selection by Scudder (1872, 4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. 1871 : 59) : Papilio cesonia Stoll, [1790], Aanhangs. Werk Uitl. Kapellen Pieter Cramer : 176, pl. 41, fig. 2. ZERINTHIA Sodovskii, 1837, Bull. Soc. imp. Nat. Moscou 1837 (6) : 82 (an Unjustified Emen- dation of Zevynthia Ochsenheimer, 1816). ZERITIS Boisduval, [1836], (Roret’s Suite a Buffon), Hist. nat. Ins., Spec. gén. Lépid, 1 : pl. 22 [= pl. 6C], fig. 6. Type species by monotypy : Zeritis neriene Boisduval, [1836], ibid., Soe. om, Isjenel, 1 2 joll, 2a |= joll, GCI, wis. ZERITIS Aurivillius, 1898, K. svenska VetenskAkad. Handl. Stockholm 31 (No. 5) : 297, 333. Type-species through Section (i) (replacement names) of Article 67 : Zeritis neriene Boisduval, [1836], (Roret’s Suite a Buffon), Hist. nat. Ins., Spec. gén. Lépid. 1 : pl. 22 [= pl. 6C], fig. 6. Aurivillius rejected the name Zevitis Boisduval, apparently because it was published on the legend of a plate without a generic diagnosis. Accordingly, in order to provide Zeritis neviene with an available generic name, he republished for it the generic name Zeyvitis, pro- viding for the taxon concerned a generic diagnosis (in Latin), and treating this name as a new one of his own. Aurivillius’s action was completely misconceived, for the name Zervitis Boisduval, [1836], is an available name and in consequence the replacement name Zevitis Aurivillius is invalid as a junior objective synonym of, and as a junior homonym of, Zevitis Boisduval. ZERYNTHIA Ochsenheimer, 1816, Schmett. Europa 4:29. Type-species through Section (i) (Replacement names) of Article 67 : Papilio hypsipyle Fabricius, 1777, Gen. Ins. : 265. The name Zervynthia was introduced by Ochsenheimer as a replacement for the name Thais Fabricius, 1807, which is invalid under the Law of Homonymy. This homonymy was no doubt unknown to Ochsenheimer who gave as his reason for rejecting the name Thais Fabricius the fact that the word “‘ Thais’’ had previously been used by Fabricius as the name for a species (i.e. in 1793, Ent. Syst. 3 (1) : 149, no. 456). While the reason advanced by Ochsenheimer for rejecting the name Thais Fabricius was fanciful and unsound, this does not detract from the availability of the replacement name Zerynthia, for (as already shown), the name Thais Fabricius is invalid and at the time of the publication of Ochsenheimer’s book was in need of replacement. As a replacement name Zerynthia Ochsenheimer takes under Article 67(i) as type-species the species which is the type-species of the genus, the name of which it replaces, namely Papilio hypsipyle Fabricius, 1777. Formerly, this automatic procedure was not clearly understood, and an author introducing a replacement name sometimes introduced additional species into the genus and, where (as here) the name of the nominal species which was—or had become—the type-species of the genus, the name of which was, in that author’s opinion, a junior synonym of the name of the type-species of the genus, the name he was rejecting and replacing, the author concerned, when establishing the replacement genus, cited the species in question under what he considered to be its oldest subjective synonym. This is what Ochsenheimer did on the present occasion, citing the specific name hypsipyle Fabricius, 1777 (the specific name of the type-species of Thais Fabricius) as a junior subjective synonym of the specific name polyxena [Denis & Schiffermiiller], 1775. The present is an example of GENERIC NAMES OF BUTTERFLIES 405 a case in which this procedure by the author introducing a replacement name led a later author to state that the type-species of the replacement genus was the nominal species the name of which had been subjectively accepted by the author of the replacement genus as a senior synonym of that born by the type-species of the genus bearing the rejected name. This was the mistake made by Scudder in 1875 (Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Scil, Boston 10 : 291) when he selected as the type-species of Zevynthia Ochsenheimer the nominal species Papilio polyxena [Denis & Schiffermiiller] which (as explained above) had been cited by Ochsenheimer as belonging to that genus but which was not the nominal species which was the type-species of Thais Fabricius, for which Zerynthia was established by Ochsenheimer as a replacement. The authority of Scudder’s work was such that he was largely followed by later authors. The question of what was the oldest available name subjectively applicable to the type- species of the present genus was long a matter of dispute and was not finally settled until, as explained in the note given under the generic name Thais Fabricius, in 1958 a ruling was given by the Commission in its Opinion 616 which had the effect of making Papilio polyxena [Denis & Schiffermiiller], 1775, the oldest such name. ZERYNTHIA Hiibner, [1825], Sammi. exot. Schmett. 2 : pl. [60]. Type-species by monotypy : Zerynthia ogina Hiibner, [1825], ibid. 2 : pl. [60], figs 1, 2. The taxon represented by the nominal species Zervynthia ogina Hiibner is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as being the same as that represented by the older- established nominal species Morpho ogina Godart, [1824] (Ency. méth. 9 (Ins.) 2) : 445. The present generic name provides another example of a name published by an earlier author being appropriated by Hiibner and used by him as a new name of his own. It is invalid as being a junior homonym of Zerynthia Ochsenheimer, 1816. ZERYTHIS Blanchard, 1840, Hist. nat. Ins. 3 : 463 (an Incorrect Subsequent Spelling of Leritis Boisduval, [1836)). ZERYTHIS Lucas, 1849, Explor. Algér. (Artic. III) : pl. Lép.1. Type-species by monotypy : Zerythis syphax [sic] Lucas, 1849, ibid. (Artic. III) : pl. Lép. 1, fig. 8. In the text of Lucas’s work (: 362) the above species was placed in the genus Cigaritis Donzel, 1847, and the specific name was spelled “ siphax ’’ instead of “‘ syphax’’. The first of these spellings has been accepted by subsequent authors ; the First Reviser choice of this spelling as the Correct Original Spelling having been made by Kirby in 1871 (Syn. Cat. diurn Lep. : 404, 405). The present name is not invalid, as being a junior homonym of Zerythis Blanchard, 1840, because Blanchard’s Zerythis is an Incorrect Subsequent Spelling of an older name (Zeritis Boisduval, [1836]), and, as such possesses no status in nomenclature and in consequence does not invalidate any later use of the name, either in the same or some other sense. [The fact that Zerythis Lucas, 1849, is an available name does not cause any practical inconvenience, for according to current taxonomic ideas the type-species of Zevythis Lucas is treated sub- jectively as being congeneric with Cigaritis zohva Donzel, 1847, the type-species of the older- established nominal genus Cigaritis Donzel, 1847.] ZESIUS Hiibner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (5): 77. Type-species by subsequent designation under Article 69(a)(ii) by Scudder (1875, Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10 : 292) : Zesius chrysomallus Hiibner, [1819-1821], Zuty. Samml. exot. Schmett. 2 : 20, pl. [53], figs 301, 302. Hiibner gave a brief diagnosis for this genus in the Verzeichniss and the name Zesius is therefore available as from that work. At the same time he cited two nominal species (Zesius phaeomallus ; Zesius chvysomallus) as belonging to his genus. Unfortunately, at that date both these names were manuscript names. From the nomenclature point of view, there- fore, Zesius Hiibner is a genus established without included nominal species, and its type- species has therefore to be determined by subsequent designation under the procedure laid down in Article 69(a)(ii). The first occasion on which either of the nominal species was validated was in volume 2 of the Zutrdge published in [1819-1821] ; the references are :— 466 FRANCIS HEMMING Zesius phaeomallus Hiibner, ibid. 2 : 15, pl. [46], figs 261, 262 ; Zesius chrysommalus Hiibner, ibid. 2 : 20, pl. 20], figs 301, 302. Under the Article quoted above these are the only originally included species of Zesius, and are alone eligible for selection as type-species. As shown above, the second of these species was selected as type-species by Scudder in 1875. ZESTUSA Lindsey, 1925, Ann. ent. Soc. Amey. 18: 106. Type-species through Section (i) (replacement names) of Article 67 : Plestia staudingeri Mabille, 1888, Le Natwraliste (2) 2 : 146, fig. 1. The name Zestusa was introduced as a replacement for Plestia Mabille, 1888, which is invalid under the Law of Homonymy. ZETHERA Felder (C.), [June 1861], Nova Acta Leop. Carol. 28 (no. 3) : 28. Type-species by monotypy : Cynthia pimplea Erichson, 1834, ibid. 16 (Suppl. 1) : 281, pl. 40, fig. 5. The exact date of publication of this name is of importance, because there is a subjective synonym (Amechania Hewitson) which was also published in 1861. Of these names Zetheva (by far the better known) has about one month’s priority, having been published in June 1861, as established by Kirby in 1871, Syn. Cat. diurn. Lep. : 45, whereas Amechania was not published until July of that year (see Butler, 1868, Cat. diurn. Lep. Satyridae Brit. Mus. : 109, nota). ZETHES Swinhoe, 1885, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1885 : 144 (an Incorrect Subsequent Spelling of Zetides Hiibner, [1819]). ZETIDES Hiibner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (6) : 85. Type-species by selection by Scudder (1875, Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10 : 292) : Papilio sarpedon Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 461. The name Zetides Hiibner is invalid, as it is a junior objective synonym of Graphium Scopoli, 1777. ZETONA Waterhouse, 1938, Rec. Aust. Mus. 20: 219. Type-species by original designation : Zizera delospila Waterhouse, 1903, Proc. linn. Soc. N.S.W. 1903 : 211, pl. 2, fig. 5 &. ZEUXALTIS Butler, 1897, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (6) 19: 470. Type-species by monotypy : Zeuxidia (Zeuxaltis) pryeri Butler, 1897, ibid. (6) 19 : 470. The taxon represented by the nominal species Zeuxidia (Zeuxaltis) pryeri Butler is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as a form of the taxon represented by the older- established nominal species Zeuxidia doubledaii [sic] Westwood, [1851], im Doubleday, Gen. diurn. Lep. (2) : 329 nota. ZEUXAMATHUSIA Staudinger, [1887], 7m Staudinger & Schatz, Exot. Schmett. Bd 1 (Th. 1) (17) : 188. Type-species by monotypy : Amathusia (Pseudamathusia) plateni Staud- inger, [1887], 7 Staudinger & Schatz, ibid. Bd 1 (Th. 1) (17) : 188. ZEUXIDIA Hibner, [1826], Samm. exot. Schmett. 2 : pl. [57]. Type-species by monotypy : Zeuxidia luxerii Hiibner, [1826], zbid. 2 : pl. [57]. ZINAIDA Evans, 1937, Entomologist 70 : 64. Type-species by original designation : Parnara nascens Leech, [Dec. 1893], Butts China Japan Corea (2) (Text Pt 5) : 614 ; ad., [April 1894], ibid. (2) (Pl. Pt 5) : pl. 42, fig. 8 g. ZINASPA de Niceville, 1890, Butts India Burmah Ceylon 3:20, 451. Type-species by selection by Swinhoe ([1911], im Moore, Lep. ind. 9 (100) : 74) : Surendra todara Moore, [April 1884], Pyoc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1883 (4) : 530. ZINGHA Hemming, 1939, Proc. R. ent. Soc. Lond. (B) 8 : 136. Type-species through Section (i) (replacement names) of Article 67 : Papilio zingha Stoll, [1780], 7 Cramer, Uitl. Kapellen 4 (27) : 53, pl. 315, figs B, C. ZIPAETIS Hewitson, [1863], Ill. evot. Butts 3: [100]. Type-species by selection by Butler (1868, Ent. mon. Mag. 4: 194) : Zipaetis saitis Hewitson, [1863], zbzd. 3 : [100], pl. [50], fig. 6 dg. GENERIC NAMES OF BUTTERFLIES 467 ZIPOETES Wood-Mason, 1881, J. asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt II, 50 (No. 2) : 86 (an Unjustified Emendation of Zipaetis Hewitson, [1863)). In introducing the emendation Zipoetes, Wood-Mason remarked in a footnote that either the spelling Zzboeles or the spelling Zipaetes would have been correct, but not the spelling Zipaetis. ZIPOETIS Bingham, 1905, Fauna Brit. Ind., Butts, 1 : 104 (an Incorrect Subsequent Spelling of Lipaetis Hewitson, [1863)). ZIZEERIA Chapman, 1910, Tvans. ent. Soc. Lond. 1910 : 480, 482. Type-species by original designation : Polyommatus karsandra Moore, 1865, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1865 (2) : 505, pi. 31, fig: 7. ZIZERA Moore, [1881], Lep. Ceylon 1 (2): 78. Type-species.by original designation : Papilio alsus [Denis & Schiffermiiller], 1775, Ankiindung [sic] eines syst. Werkes Schmett. Wiener Gegend : 184. The taxon represented by the nominal species Papilio alsus [Denis & Schiffermiiller], 1775, is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as being the same as that represented by the nominal species Papilio minimus Fuessly, 1775 (Verz. bekannt. schweizerisch. Ins. : 31). Until recently there existed no means by which to determine the relative precedence to be accorded to these two names, each published in 1775. This was settled in 1958 when by its Opinion 516 (Opin. int. Comm. zool. Nom. 19 : 1-44) the Commission ruled, inter alia, that Precedence was to be given to the Verzeichniss of Fuessly over the Ankiindung of Denis & Schiffermiiller. ZIZINA Chapman, 1910, Trans. ent. Soc. Lond. 1910 : 482. Type-species by original desig- nation : Polyommatus labradus Godart, [1824], Ency. méth. 9 (Ins.) (2) : 680. ZIZULA Chapman, 1910, Trans. ent. Soc. Lond. 1910 : 483. Type-species by original desig- nation : Lycaena gaika Trimen, 1862, Tvans. ent. Soc. Lond. (3) 1 : 403. The taxon represented by the nominal species Lycaena gaika Trimen has been identified subjectively on taxonomic grounds as being the same as that represented by the older- established nominal species Papilio hylax Fabricius, 1775 (Syst. Ent. : 526). This identifica- tion was established by Corbet in 1940 (Entomologist 73 : 276) after an examination of Fabricius’ surviving type. The disturbing feature of Corbet’s discovery lies in the fact that for over one hundred and thirty years the nominal species Papilio hylav Fabricius has been misidentified with the species accepted as the type-species of the genus Pithecops Horsfield, [1828]. In the note given under that generic name proposals have been put forward for stabilizing the long-established application of the name Pithecops, one of these being that the name hylax Fabricius, as published in the binomen Papilio hylax, be suppressed under the Plenary Powers. On the adoption of this proposal the name Lycaena gaika Trimen will become the oldest available name for the type-species of the present genus, that species thus recovering the name habitually applied to it hitherto. ZOGRAPHETUS Watson, 1893, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1893: 72, 84. Type-species by original designation : Isoteinon satwa de Niceville, 1883, J. asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt II, 52 (No. 1) : 86, pl. ro, fig. 15 g. As explained in the note on Gehenna Watson, 1893, that name, which was published on the same date and in the same paper as that containing the name Zogvaphetus, was given precedence below Zographetus by a First Reviser choice made by Evans in 1949. ZONAGA Billberg, 1820, Enum. Ins. Mus. Billb. : 78. Type-species by monotypy : Papilio biblis Fabricius, 1775, Syst. Ent. : 505. The name Zonaga Billberg is invalid, as it is a junior objective synonym of bzblis Fabricius, 1807. As explained in the note on that generic name, the name of its type-species (Papilio biblis Fabricius) is invalid, as it is a junior homonym of Papilio biblis Drury, [1773], the oldest available name subjectively applicable to the species here in question being Papilio hyperia Cramer, [1779]. 468 FRANCIS HEMMING ZONAGRA Sherborn, 1932, Index Anim., Pars secund. : 7047 (an Incorrect Subsequent Spelling of Zonaga Billberg, 1820). ZONIA Evans, 1951, Cat. amer. Hesp. Brit. Mus. 1: 4, 48. Type-species by original desig- nation : Zonia zonia Evans, 1951, ibid. 1 : 48—49, pl. 5, fig. A/3 (3 figs ¢ genit.). ZOPHOESSA Doubleday, [1849], Gen. diurn. Lep. (2): pl. 61, fig. 1. Type-species by monotypy : Zophoessa sura Doubleday, [1849] ibid. (2) : pl. 61, fig. 1 [text (loc. cit. (2) : 362) by Westwood published in March 1851{. ZOPHOPETES Mabille, 1904, in Wytsman’s Gen. Ins. 17 (D) : 183. Type-species by selection by Lindsey (1925, Ann. ent. Soc. Amer. 18 : 106) : Pamphila dysmephila Trimen, 1868, Tvans. ent. Soc. Lond. 1868 : 96, pl. 6, fig. ro. ZOPYRION Godman & Salvin, [1896], Biol. centy.-amer., Lep. Rhop. 2 : 440. Type-species by selection by Lindsey (1925, Ann. ent. Soc. Amer. 18 : 106) : Zopyrion sandace Godman & Salvin, [1896], zbid., Lep. Rhop. 2 : 440, pl. 90, figs 8, 9, 10 g. INDEX Generic names cited alphabetically in the List are not included in this index except for the purpose of cross-reference. All specific names are listed under the original combination, and cross-referenced to all the genera under which they appear in the List. The genera to which references are to be made in the List follow a semicolon. aaroni, Pamphila ; Paratrytone Dyar Abaeis ; Xanthidia abana, Acraea ; Abananote achilles, Papilio ; Brassolis [Illiger] ; Heliornis ; Leonte ; Morpho Fabricius achine, Papilio ; Anthopsyche ; Polyargia abdelkader, Satyrus ; Berberia abdita, Pamphilites ; Pamphilites abdon, Hesperia ; Zenida abdonides, Cyclosma ; Cyclosma abeona, Papilio ; Tisiphone ; Xenica abima, Hesperia ; Gehenna Abisara ; Laxita ; Sospita abjecta, Euploea ; Tagata abrota, Ogyris ; Ogyris absimilis, Holochila ; Holochila absolon, Dipsas ; Austrozephyrus absurda, Futuronerva ; Futuronerva aburae, Apaustus ; Gorgyra acastus, Papilio ; Mysoria Acca ; Procris accius, Papilio ; Lerema acco, Parnassius ; Tadumia Acentrocneme ; Aegiale aceris, Papilio ; Neptis Fabricius ; Philonoma ; Seokia acesta, Papilio ; Tigridia acherois, Desmozona ; Desmozona acheronta, Papilio ; Coea ; Megistanis Boisduval ; Megistanis Doubleday Achlyodes ; Aetheius ; Haemactis ; Sebaldia acis [Denis & Schiffermiiller], Papilio ; Nomiades acis Drury, Papilio ; Nomiades aconthea, Papilio ; Aconthea ; Adolias acontius, Papilio ; Catonephele ; Epicalia Doubleday Acraea ; Aphanopeltis acraea, Liptena ; Liptena ; Telipna acraeina, Erikssonia ; Erikssonia acrisione, Athesis ; Roswellia Acropolis ; Pharia actaea, Papilio ; Satyrus acte, Myrina ; Ticherra acteon, Papilio ; Pelion ; Thymelicus ; Thymelinus actoriaena, Bia; Bia actorion, Papilio; Bia ; Napho actoris, Napaea ; Napaea actoris, Papilio ; Cremna Aculhua ; Dryas Felder acuta, Leuciacria ; Leuciacria adamsoni, Papilio ; Mineroides adelgitha, Liptena ; Micropentila adelma, Paraplesia ; Isodema ; Paraplesia Adelotype ; Echenais adelphina, Ithomia ; Hyposcada aderna, Zeritis ; Lipaphnaeus adippe, Papilio ; Argynnis ; Cethosia Admiratio ; Smithia Adolias ; Itanus Doubleday adolphei, Satyrus ; Telinga Adopaeoides ; Neadopaea Adopoea ; Pelion adoptiva, Sinarista ; Sinarista adoxa, Ectomis ; Ectomis adrastus, Papilio ; Hyarotis advena, Telegonus ; Venada Aecas ; Flaccilla aecas, Papilio ; Flaccilla aedesia, Thyridia ; Aprotopus ; Xanthocleis aedon, Agrias ; Agrias Boisduval aegeria, Papilio ; Pararge Aegiale ; Teria Aegialia ; Aegiale aegides, Antigonus ; Eropus ; Theagenes aegiochus, Eudamus ; Orneates aegis, Pieris ; Phrissura aegle, Papilio ; Aeria aegon, Lycaeides ; Lycaeides aegus, Plebeius ; Lycaeides aello, Papilio ; Chionobas aemulius, Hesperia ; Catocyclotis aenesius, Eudamus ; Hewitsonia Evans ; Hewitsoniella aepitus, Thracides ; Artines Aerodes ; Pavonia Aeromachus ; Gegenes aeropa, Papilio ; Lexias Aeropetes ; Meneris aesculapius, Hesperia ; Stomyles aesopus, Papilio ; Curetis aeteria, Alerema ; Alerema Aetheius ; Ourocnemis aetherius, Papilio ; Oreina aethiops, Euploea ; Gamatoba aethiops, Lycaena ; Pseudonacaduba aethiops, Papilio ; Truncaefalcia aetion, Adolias ; Euthaliopsis aexas, Papilio ; Aecas afer, Papilio ; Cynandra affinis, Pieris ; Aoa agacles, Papilio ; Arisba aganippe, Papilio ; Thyca Agapetes ; Melanargia INDEX 469 agathina, Papilio ; Chlorippe Doubleday ; Doxocopa agathon, Pieris ; Betaporia ; Metaporia agavis, Teria ; Teria agavus, Papilio ; Hectorides agestis, Papilio ; Aricia ; Gynomorphia agestor, Papilio ; Cadugoides agetes, Papilio ; Deoris aggripina, Ithomia ; Corbulis aglaia, Papilio ; Argynnis ; Delias aglaja, Papilio ; Mesoacidalia aglea, Papilio ; Parantica agondas, Dyctis ; Dyctis Agriades ; Albulina ; Latiorina ; Lysandra agricola, Lucia ; Neolucia agrippina, Pseudaletis ; Pseudaletis Agrodiaetus ; Hirsutina agyrtus, Papilio; Isapis ; Melanis Aianthis ; Eurylais Aidos ; Aides Ailus ; Zelima aita, Abisara ; Archigenes aitchisoni, Pithauriopsis ; Pithauriopsis akasa, Polyommatus ; Akasinula albata, Cyclosemia ; Ocella albata, Euploea ; Mangalisa alberganus, Papilio ; Gorgo albertisi, Morphopsis ; Morphopsis albicilia, Sarangesa ; Sarangesa albicilla, Erycides ; Dysenius albidisca, Pathalia ; Pathalia albidiscus, Biaka ; Biaka ; Mimene albimacula, Perrotia ; Perrotia albiplaga, Helias ; Theagenes albiplaga, Perrotia ; Perrotia albociliatus, Telegonus ; Murgaria albofasciata, Gomalia ; Gomalia albofasciatus, Eudamus ; Chioides albomaculata, Limenitis ; Hypolimnesthes albosericea, Holochila ; Nesolycaena Albulina ; Agriades ; Latiorina alcandra, Symphaedra ; Euthalia ; Symphaedra alcathoe, Danais ; Penicula alceae Esper, Papilio ; Carcharodus ; Spilothyrus alcesta, Papilio ; Nychitona alcides var. Lesliei, Eogenes ; Chitralia ; Elwesia alcides, Hesperia ; Eogenes alcides, Papilio ; Myrina alcimeda, Nymphalis ; Pallene alcmenor, Papilio ; Panosmiopsis 470 INDEX alcon, Papilio ; Argus Boisduval ; Maculinea alectryo, Siseme ; Siseme aletes, Thracides ; Justinia ; Phanes ; Phanis aletta, Ithomia ; Pteronymia alexirrhoe, Callithomia ; Cleodis alexis, Papilio ; Lampides Algia ; Paduca alicus, Staphylus ; Viola aligula, Augiades (?) ; Libra alini, Coenonympha ; Atercoloratus aliris, Thaumantis ; Morphindra ; Thauria allica, Papilio ; Zemeros almana, Papilio ; Alcyoneis almane, Alcyoneis ; Alcyoneis alope, Papilio ; Cercyonis alphaea, Lemonias ; Echenais alpheus, Papilio ; Capys ; Scoptes alpheus, Thanaos ; Hesperopsis alphonsus, Hesperia ; Monethe alsus, Papilio ; Cupido Schrank ; Zizera altama, Hesperia (?) ; Schausana althea, Papilio ; Cymothoe altheae Esper, Papilio ; Reverdinus altheae Hiibner, Papilio ; Reverdinus alticola, Davidina ; Leechia R6ber alveolus, Papilio ; Carcharodus ; Pyrgus ; Syrichtus alwina, Limenitis ; Kalkasia amakosa, Durbania ; Durbania amalia, Pamphila ; Baorynnis amaryllis, Papilio ; Ganyra amarynthina, Amblygonia ; Amblygonia ; Parcella amata, Papilio ; Colotis Amathusia ; Ategana ; Mitocerus ; Moera ; Thoraessa amathusia, Clerome ; Aemona Amaura ; Berethis ; Conoploea Amauris ; Egialea amazoula, Acraea ; Alaena amba, Neptis ; Bimbisara ambiorix, Neosatyrus ; Neosatyrus Amblypodia ; Arhopala; Flos ; Horsfieldia Amechania ; Zethera amelia, Papilio ; Eunica ; Evonyme ameria, Amblypodia ; Mahathala americanus, Syrichtus ; Heliopyrgus amisa, Tanaecia ; Passirona ammon, Lycaena ; Cyclargus Amnosia ; Leptoptera amor, Papilio; Cupido Hiibner ; Rathinda amphinome, Papilio ; Apatura [Illiger] ; Hamadryas Hiibner ; Philocala amphrisius, Ornithopterus ; Ornithopterus amrita, Myrina ; Neocheritra amygdalis, Hesperia ; Ploetzia ; Systole amyntas, Papilio ; Everes amyntor, Papilio; Artipe ; Lehera amythaon, Amathusia ; Amathuxidia anacardii, Papilio ; Protogoniomorpha anacletus, Thecla ; Hypochrysops Anaea ; Memphis ; Pyrrhanaea ananga, Lycaenopsis ; Lycaenopsis Anaperus ; Caicella anapis, Danais ; Aianthis ; Eurylais Anartia ; Celaena ; Celoena anasuja, Myrina ; Jacoona anaxias, Mycalesis ; Virapa anaxioides, Mycalesis ; Samundra ancaeus, Papilio ; Epicallia ; Nessaea ; Polychroa anchises, Papilio ; Priamides anchisiades, Papilio ; Priamides Anchyphlebia ; Anchiphlebia Ancyluris ; Melibaea ancyra, Lycaena ; Catopyrops andamanensis, Euploea ; Karadira Andasenodes ; Andrapana andersonu, Logania ; Cyaniriodes de Niceville Andinus ; Cordillana andravahana, Mycalesis ; Henotesia androgeos, Papilio ; Calaides andromacha, Oreas ; Enodia andromeda, Papilio ; Cithaerias Anemeca ; Morpheis anganavo, Mycalesis ; Henotesia angelica, Papilio ; Eugonia angellus, Hesperia ; Halotus angularis, Pamphila ; Epinosis angulata, Pterygospidea ; Odontoptilum angustatum, Euomma ; Catuna ania, Charis ; Charis ; Charmona annulatus, Dis; Dis anosia, Adolias ; Itanus Felder (C.) ; Tasinga ansorgei, Amauris ; Amaurina ; Panamauris antara, Neptis ; Marosia antenor, Papilio ; Pharmacophagus Anteos ; Amynthia ; Klotsius Anteros ; Chrysilis anteros, Lycaena ; Ultraaricia antevippe, Anthocharis ; Anthopsyche INDEX 471 anthe, Papilio ; Philareta anthe var hanifa, Satyrus ; Philareta anthea, Hesperia ; Acerbas anthedon, Diadema ; Eucalia; Euralia Anthocharis ; Euchloe anthracias, Lycaena ; Praephilotes anthyparete, Cathaemia ; Cathaemia antibubastus, Hemiargus ; Hemiargus anticlia, Issoria ; Lachnoptera anticus, Achlyodes ; Masices anticyra, Parelodina ; Elodinesthes ; Metelodina ; Parelodina Fruhstorfer Antigona ; Antigonis antigone, Anthocharis ; Calicharis Antigonis ; Lincoya Antigonus ; Antigonis ; Systaspes antimachus, Papilio ; Druryia antiochus, Papilio ; Catonephele ; Epicalia Doubleday ; Heliconius Latreille antiopa, Papilio ; Euvanessa ; Nymphalis Latreille ; Scudderia antipha, Myrina ; Hypochlorosis ; Pseudonotis antiphates, Papilio ; Pathysa antipodum, Argyrophenga ; Argyrophenga antiqua, Pamphila ; Pyrrhocalles Antirrhea ; Anchiphlebia ; Sita antisao, Ithomia ; Parapteronymia antonia, Pyrgus ; Ramburia ; Warrenohesperia anubis, Mastor ; Mastor anvatara, Hypanis ; Hypanis Aoa; Ava aoris, Cirrochroa ; Cirrochroa Apatura Fabricius ; Aeola ; Apatura Hiibner ; Apatura [Illiger] ; Potamis Hiibner, [1806] ; Apatura Fabricius ; Brassolis [Illiger] ; Castnia [Illiger] ; Emesis [Illiger] ; Euploea [Illiger] ; Helicopis [Illiger] ; Hymenitis [Illiger] ; Lemonias [Illiger] ; Mechanitis [Illiger] ; Neptis [Illiger] Apaustus ; Papias aphaniodes, Pterographium ; Pterographium aphirape, Papilio ; Proclossiana Aphnaemorpha ; Aphnaeomorpha Aphnaeus ; Aphnaemorpha Aphrodita ; Aphrodite apicalis, Choristoneura ; Choristoneura ; Daratus apidanus, Papilio ; Amblypodia ; Arhopala ; Flos Apodemia ; Chrysobia Apodemus ; Apodemia apollinus, Papilio ; Archon ; Dorarchon ; Doritis apollo, Papilio ; Doritis ; Parnassis ; Parnassius ; Therius apollonia, Lyropteryx ; Lyropteryx Aporia ; Leuconea ; Futuronerva appia, Appia ; Appia appiades, Adolias ; Haramba appias, Corycia ; Corycia apriate, Delias ; Delias Aprotopus ; Aprotopos aquilina, Hesperia ; Artines aracinthus, Papilio ; Heteropterus aramis, Mycalesis ; Nasapa Araschnia ; Thanatites araxes, Erycides ; Apyrrothrix Arca ; Anadara arcalaus, Papilio ; Telles arcas Cramer, Papilio ; Pandemos arcas Drury, Papilio ; Ephyriades ; Brachycoryne ; Pandemos arcassa, Pandemos ; Pandemos arcesilaé, Caerois ; Caerois arcesilaus, Papilio ; Caerois ; Clerome archaea, Antirrhea ; Anchiphlebia ; Anchyphlebia ; Antirrhaea ; Antirrhea archidona, Siderone ; Coenophlebia Archon ; Doritis archytas, Papilio ; Aetheius ; Ourocnemis ; Pyrrhosticta arcius, Papilio ; Rhetus areolatus, Papilio ; Neonympha arethusa Cramer, Papilio ; Peridromia arethusa [Denis & Schiffermiiller], Papilio ; Arethusana ; Peridromia arethusa Drury, Papilio ; Abaeis areuta, Pandemos ; Astraeodes argante, Papilio ; Phoebis ; Prestonia arge, Papilio ; Argeformia argentarius, Iolaus ; Trichiolaus argentea, Hesperia ; Lycas argentea, Mesene ; Chimastrum argenteoornatus, Cyclopides ; Anisyntoides argenteus, Argyrophorus ; Argyrophorus argia, Papilio ; Nepheronia argiades, Everes ; Cupido Schrank argiades, Papilio ; Cupido Schrank ; Everes ; Ununcula argianus, Cyaniris ; Cyaniris argioloides, Nacaduba ; Monodontides argiolus, Papilio ; Celastrina 472 INDEX argus, Carystus ; Argon argus, Cobaloides ; Cobaloides argus, Lycaeides ; Lycaeides argus, Papilio ; Lycaeides ; Plebeius ; Plebejus ; Polyommatus ; Rusticus Hiibner, [1806] Argus Scopoli, 1763 ; Argus Scopoli, 1777 Argus, Scopoli 1777 ; Satyrodes Argynnis ; Argyrea ; Cethosia ; Mesodryas Argyreus ; Acidalia ; Argynnis ; Argyrea ; Mimargyra Argyria ; Argyrea argyrognomon, Papilio ; Lycaeides Argyrogrammana ; Argyrogramma Argyronome ; Eudaphne Arhopala ; Amblypodia ; Aurea; Flos aria, Ismene ; Matapa ariadne, Papilio; Ariadne ; Ergolis Aricia ; Gynomorphia arignote, Vinius ; Vinius arion, Papilio ; Maculinea arion, Synapta ; Synapta arisanus, Zephyrus ; Teratozephyrus aristolochiae, Papilio ; Pachliopta ; Thais aristoteles, Thracides ; Sophista arita, Cobalus ; Arita Arletta ; Moorea armandi, Davidina ; Davidina armatus, Astictopterus ; Kerana aroa, Parelodina ; Parelodina Bethune- Baker arogos, Hesperia ; Atrytone aroma, Hesperia ; Aroma arota, Polyommatus ; Tharsalea Arpidea ; Hames Arrhenes ; Arrhenella arsalte, Papilio ; Heliopetes ; Mylothris arsinoe, Papilio ; Cynthia ; Vindula artemides, Papilio ; Spioniades artemis, Acrophtalmia ; Acrophtalmia arthemis, Papilio ; Basilarchia ; Nymphalis Felder artiei, Pamphila ; Psoralis Artipe ; Lehera asander, Eudamus ; Tmetoceras ascalaphus, Helias ; Staphylus asiatica, Halimede ; Halimede aslauga, Lycaena ; Baliochila asochis, Mycalesis ; Hallelesis aspasia, Papilio ; Bahora aspitha, Prrhopyga [sic] ; Aspitha assimilis, Papilio ; Hestina asteris, Erycina (Dorila) ; Dorila Asthipa ; Ravadeba Astraptes ; Telegonus astrea, Papilio ; Oleria astyanax, Papilio ; Basilarchia ; Nymphalis Felder astyla, Hypolycaena ; Hypothecla astynome, Papilio (Leptalis) ; Leptalis ; Hemerocharis asura, Athyma ; Tacoraea atalanta, Papilio ; Ammiralis ; Cynthia ; Nymphalis Latreille ; Phanessa ; Pyrameis ; Vanessa; Vindula ataphus, Ismene ; Pola ataxus, Dipsas ; Dipsas atayalica, Thecla ; Leucantigius atergatis, Lycorea ; Lycorea ; Lycorella athalia, Papilio ; Athaliaeformia ; Mellicta athamas, Papilio ; Eriboea ; Eulepis Scudder ; Murwareda ; Pareriboea atheas, Metiscus ; Metiscus athemon, Papilio ; Eubagis Athena ; Petreus Athene ; Pseudoliptena athenion, Talides ; Talides atinas, Terias ; Teriocolias atizies, Artines ; Artines atkinsoni, Amblypodia ; Apporasa atkinsoni, Isoteinon ; Arnetta Atlides ; Brangas atlites, Papilio ; Aresta atrax, Amblypodia ; Satadra atrigemmata, Lycaena ; Actizera atroguttata, Lycaena ; Phengaris Atrophaneura ; Pachliopta ; Panopluia ; Pathysa ; Pavermia attilla, Thecla ; Antigius atymnus, Papilio ; Loxura atys, Papilio; Agriades ; Albulina Audre ; Augiades ; Hamearis ; Lemonias Hoffmannsegg augiades, Hesperia ; Cephrenes ; Corone Augiades ; Ochlodes augias, Papilio; Astycus ; Telicota augustina, Salamis ; Salamis auius, Papilio ; Charis ; Charmona ; Charmonana aulestes, Papilio ; Astraptes ; Melibaea ; Telegonus aurantiaca, Ancyloxypha ; Adopaeoides ; Copaeodes aurantiaca, Ithomeis ; Ithomeis aurea, Amblypodia ; Aurea INDEX 473 aurea, Sithon ; Ritra aureipennis, Syrichthus [sic] ; Argopteron aurelius, Papilio ; Amaxidia aurimarge, Sarangesa ; Tabrena ausonia var. esperi ; Euchloé ; Euchloe austenia, Lebadea ; Bhagadatta autodice, Synchloe ; Tatochila automedon, Papilio ; Eryphanis autonoe, Papilio ; Eumenis autumna, Hesperia ; Cobalopsis avesta, Pseudergolis ; Pseudergolis avidiena, Amblypodia ; Amblypodia avitus, Papilio ; Telemiades axiochus, Anteros ; Aetheius ; Ourocnemis azeca, Olina ; Lonia; Olina; Vila bachmanii, Libythea ; Libytheana badra, Goniloba ; Hasora Baeotus ; Megistanis Doubleday baeotus, Megistanis ; Baeotus ; Megistanis Doubleday bahia, Anisochoria ; Dicrosema bahiana, Aricoris ; Melanope Bahora ; Ravadeba baladeva, Zophoessa ; Charma ; Putlia Balanga ; Parathyma baldus, Papilio ; Thympia Balignina ; Losaria ballus, Papilio ; Thestor ; Tomares bambusae, Pamphila ; Telicota bankia, Papilio ; Cyllo banta, Banta; Banta barbatus, Pilodeudorix ; Pilodeudorix barberae, Lycaena ; Oraidium Barbicornis ; Chroma Barca ; Dejeania barca, Limnas ; Erchia ; Pseuderchia barcastus, Papilio ; Mysoria barine, Lycaena ; Shijimiaeoides basilis, Barbicornis ; Barbicornis ; Chroma basilissa, Papilio ; Trepsichrois basoches, Hesperia ; Carystoides batara, Unkana ; Unkana batea, Caligo ; Blepolenis batesi, Liptenara ; Liptenara bathseba, Papilio ; Pasiphana bathyllus, Papilio ; Thorybes baton, Papilio ; Pseudophilotes Battus ; Ithoballus battus, Papilio ; Scolitantides beata, Netrocoryne ; Phoeniceps Bebearia ; Euriphene ; Euryphene bega, Steroma ; Steroma begga, Hesperia ; Gorgythion belenus, Heliophorus ; Heliophorus belia, Papilio ; Euchloe belise, Papilio ; Thisbe bella, Papilio ; Hypanartia bellona, Necyria ; Necyria belphegor, Erycina ; Nirodia beltrao, Papilio ; Heros Bematistes ; Planema bengalensis, Lycaenesthes ; Lycaenesthes benjaminii, Hesperia (Thymele) ; Choaspes betulae, Papilio ; Aurotis Dalman ; Ruralis ; Thecla ; Zephyrus beturia, Hesperia ; Halpe bhadra, Lasiommata (?) ; Blanaida ; Enope ; Neope Butler ; Neope Moore bhotea, Pratapa ; Maneca Bia ; Napho Biaka ; Mimene Biblis ; Didonis biblis Drury, Papilio ; Biblis ; Zonaga biblis Fabricius, Papilio ; Biblis ; Didonis ; Zonaga Biblis ; Zonaga bibulus, Hesperia ; Lachnocnemenea bichroma, Eresinopsides ; Eresinopsides bicolor, Dejeania ; Barca ; Dejeania bicolor, Parachrysops ; Parachrysops bicolor, Leucochitonea ; Sapaea bicolor, Thymelicus ; Mnaseas Bicyclus ; Idiomorphus bieti, Syricthus ; Bremeria Tutt bifasciata, Baeotis ; Ematurgina bifasciata, Hesperia ; Sostrata biforis, Hesperia ; Zalomes binghami, Notarthrinus ; Notarthrinus bioculatus, Morpho ; Elymnotaenaris bisaltide, Papilio ; Apatura Hiibner ; Doleschallia biseriata, Pamphila ; Acada biternata, Arteurotia ; Eracon Bithys ; Bythis ; Strymon bitje, Pseudoliptena ; Pseudoliptena bixae, Coeliades ; Pyrrhopyge bixae, Papilio ; Pyrrhopyge bixana, Coeliades ; Pyrrhopyge blackburni, Holochila ; Vaga Blanaida ; Enope blomfildia, Papilio ; Smyrna bocchoris, Amarynthia ; Stichelia bochus, Papilio ; Jamides 474 boeticus, Papilio ; Cosmolyce ; Lampidella ; Lampides bogotana, Terias ; Sphaenogona bohemani, Ptychopteryx ; Ptychopteryx ; Thespia boisduvalii, Corydon ; Corydon ; Hewitsonia Kirby bolanica, Ypthima ; Nadiria Bolboneura ; Bulboneura bolena, Lemonias ; Adelotype bolina, Papilio ; Diadema ; Esoptria bonfilius, Hesperia ; Vacerra bonplandii, Catagramma ; Perisama bonplandu, Helicona [sic] ; Elzunia ; Tithorea bootes, Papilio ; Mimbyasa borbonica, Hesperia ; Borbo bornoi, Hemiargus ; Pseudochrysops bosniaskii, Doritites ; Doritites Bothria ; Bothrinia Bothrinia ; Bothria boulleti, Coenoptychia ; Coenoptychia bowkeri, lolaus ; Stugeta Brachyglenis ; Tmetoglene bracteolata, Callidryas ; Metura ; Parura brahminus, Satyrus ; Aulocera Brangas ; Atlides brassicae, Papilio ; Andropodum ; Danaus Oken ; Ganoris ; Mancipium Hiibner, [1806] ; Pieris Schrank ; Pontia ; Tachyptera Brassolis [Illiger] ; Brassolis Fabricius brassolis, Liphyra ; Liphyra brebissoni, Hesperia ; Gindanes brenchleyi, Euploea ; Chirosa Brephidium ; Pithecops brettus, Hesperia ; Hedone brevicornis, Baronia ; Baronia briarea, Argynnis ; Clothilda brigida, Antigonus ; Tabrena brigitta, Papilio ; Kibreeta ; Maiva briseis, Papilio ; Chazara ; Philareta bromius, Papilio ; Nisoniades brookiana, Ornithoptera ; Trogonoptera Bruasa Evans ; Brusa Bruasa Moore ; Bruasa Evans bruna, Bruna; Bruna brunnea, Nisoniades ; Melanthes Brusa ; Bruasa Evans bryanti, Pamphila ; Penicula bryaxis, Eudamus ; Codatractus ; Heteropia bryaxis, Limnas (?) ; Mesenopsis INDEX brylle, Crenis ; Crenis Hiibner bubastus, Papilio ; Hemiargus buchneri, Vanessula ; Vanessula buquetii, Callidryas ; Leuceronia burnii, Taxila ; Sosibia busiris, Clerome (Xanthotaenia) ; Xanthotaenia busirus, Papilio ; Achlyodes ; Ouleus ; Sebaldia butleri, Erebiola ; Erebiola buto, Britomartis ; Bullis Byblia ; Biblia byssus, Pamphila ; Problema Cacyreus ; Hyreus cadmus, Papilio ; Coea ; Megistanis Doubleday caeculus, Iolaus ; Hemiolaus caelestis, Thecla ; Howarthia caeneus, Papilio ; Calephelis ; Cathaemia ; Emesis Fabricius ; Polystichtis ; Tapina caenis, Papilio ; Cymothoe Caerois ; Caerous ; Hames caerula [sic], Mycteris ; Mictris ; Mycteris caerulea, Thecla ; Hysudra caesar, Hesperia ; Andronymus caesina, Hesperia ; Sabera Caicella ; Anaperus ; Phoedinus caicus, Eudamus ; Anaperus ; Caicella ; Phoedinus calabarica, Pseudopontia ; Pseudopontia Calaides ; Heraclides calais, Papilio ; Calais ; Colotis calanus, Rusticus ; Rusticus Hiibner, [1807] calathana, Caecina ; Caecina ; Ocyba calathus, Eudamus ; Lotongus c-album, Papilio ; Comma calega, Paradopaea ; Paradopaea Calephelis ; Calephilis ; Lephelisca ; Nymphidia calete, Lycaena ; Caleta californica, Potanthus ; Potanthus caliginosa, Prosotas ; Prosotas Caligo ; Heros callidice, Papilio ; Parapieris ; Synchloe Hiibner callinice, Euterpe ; Pereute Callipareus ; Uranotes callipero, Dircenna ; Epithomia calliphorus, Adolias ; Bucasia callipteris, Neope ; Harima ; Sinchula INDEX 475 Callitaenia ; Mesotaenia Callithea ; Cyane Callithomia ; Cleodis Calloleria ; Ceratinia Callophrys ; Licus ; Lycus Calospila ; Polystichtis calphurnia, Erycina ; Euerycina ; Rodinia calvus, Lemonias ; Drepanula ; Roeberella calydonia, Nymphalis ; Agatasa calypso, Papilio ; Belenois camagura, Eudamus ; Aguna Camaraga ; Senadipa camaralzeman, Euploea ; Menama camerona, Sithon ; Pilodeudorix camilla, Papilio ; Ladoga ; Paraneptis camillus, Papilio ; Azania camissa, Lucilla ; Lucilla; Lucillella campaspe, Cybdelis ; Orophila campestris, Hesperia ; Atalopedes canace, Papilio ; Kaniska candidata, Hermathena ; Hermathena canescens, Symphaedra ; Marthisa cannae, Cobalus ; Quinta canopus, Caprona ; Caprona ; Netrobalane Canopus ; Leucotricha capucinus, Eudamus ; Asbolis capys, Princeps ; Priamides Capys ; Scoptes caranus, Papilio ; Brangas carcassoni, Stempfferia ; Stempfferia Carcharodus ; Spilothyrus ; Syrichtus cardamines, Papilio ; Anthocharis cardia, Lycaena ; Udara cardui, Papilio ; Cynthia ; Neopyrameis ; Vanessa ; Vindula c-argenteum, Vanessa (Grapta) ; Grapta caricae, Papilio ; Eulepis Billberg ; Eulepis Scudder ; Limnas Hiibner, [1806], (Samml. exot. Schmett.) ; Nymphidium ; Nymphopsis ; Peplia ; Tyanitis carinenta, Papilio ; Hypatus carmides, Cyclopides ; Malaza carolina, Pamphila ; Epiphyes Cartea ; Orestias Carterocephalus ; Pamphilida ; Steropes carthami, Papilio ; Scelotrix ; Teleomorpha cascella, Compsoteria ; Compsoteria casmilus, Prometheus ; Prometheus caspius, Polyommatus ; Hyrcanana cassina, Leptoneura ; Tarsocera cassiope, Atyma ; Athymodes cassiope Cramer, Papilio ; Oreina ; Selenophanes cassiope Fabricius, Papilio ; Oreina cassius, Papilio ; Leptotes ; Syntarucoides castalia, Papilio ; Krocogonia Castalia ; Sephisa Castnia Fabricius ; Castnius Castnia [Illiger] ; Castnia Fabricius castor, Papilio ; Tamera Casyapa ; Chaetocneme cataleuca, Orimba ; Orimba catalina, Lycaena ; Phaedrotes catamitus, Tetragonus ; Cleosiris ; Tetragonus Catapaecilma ; Catapoecilma Catargynnis ; Pseudomaniola Rober Cathaemia ; Cunizza catharina, Pseuderesia ; Pseuderesia catocalinus, Cyclopides ; Malaza catochloris, Lycaena (?) ; Hypojamides Catochrysops ; Catachrysops Catonephele ; Epicalia Doubleday catori, Egumbia ; Egumbia catori, Iolaus ; Etesiolaus catreus, Cyaniris ; Ptox catullus, Hesperia ; Pholisora Catuna ; Euomma; Evena; Jaera caura, Hesperia ; Thargella c-aureum, Papilio ; Eugonia ; Polygonia cecilia, Papilio ; Methone ; Methonella Cecrops ; Cecropterus Celaena ; Celoena Celaenorrhinus ; Celaenorhinus celebica, Lycaenopsis ; Uranobothria celinde, Papilio ; Discophora cellus, Eudamus ; Rhabdoides celtis, Apatura ; Asterocampa ; Celtiphaga celtis, Papilio ; Chilea ; Hecaerge ; Hypatus ; Libythea ceneus, Papilio ; Cathaemia centaurus, Papilio ; Nilasera cephala, Hesperia ; Scobura cephalus, Parnassius ; Lingamius cephis, Mnasitheus: Mnasalcas: Mnasitheus cephise, Eudamus ; Cephise Cephrenes ; Corone Cepora ; Huphina Ceratinia ; Teracinia ceraunus, Hesperia ; Hemiargus cereus, Papilio ; Calephelis ; Emesis Fabricius ; Nelone ; Nymphidia ; Polystichtis ; Tapina cerialis, Papilio ; Quadrus 476 cerisyi, Thais ; Allancastria certima, Hesperia ; Themesion cesonia, Papilio ; Megonostoma ; Zerene Cethosia ; Eugramma cethura, Anthocharis ; Tetracharis ceto, Papilio ; Gorgo ceylonica, Halpe ; Halpe Chaerephon ; Yvretta Chaetocnema ; Casyapa Chaetocneme ; Casyapa chalcone, Augiades ; Chalcone chama, Lasaia ; Amphiselenis Rober ; Amphiselenis Staudinger chamunda, Plesioneura ; Chamunda Charaxes ; Eriboea ; Jasia ; Morpho Hiibner ; Murwareda ; Paphia charina, Pieris ; Dixeia Charis ; Calephelis ; Charmona ; Charmonana ; Sarota charithonia, Papilio ; Apostraphia ; Heliconia ; Heliconius Kluk ; Heliconius Latreille charlonia, Anthocharis ; Elphinstonia charlotta, Papilio ; Mesoacidalia charltonius, Parnassius ; Kailasius Charma ; Putlia Charmona ; Charmonana Charmus ; Putlia charon, Jupiteria ; Jupiteria charonda, Diadema ; Sasakia Charus ; Chares Chattendenia ; Edwardsia ; Strymonidia Chazara ; Philareta chennellii, Cyaniris ; Bothria ; Bothrinia chenui, Satyrus ; Kolasa chersis, Eudamus ; Oechydrus chevana, Athyma ; Mimathyma Childrena ; Eudryas childreni, Argynnis ; Childrena ; Eudryas chilensis, Lycaena ; Pseudolucia chiliensis, Pieris ; Eroessa chimaera, Troides ; Phalaenosoma chionippe, Helcyra ; Helcyra chiriquensis, Narga ; Narga chiriquensis, Proteides ; Rhinthon chiron Fabricius, Papilio ; Euglyphus ; Eumedonia ; Marius chiron Rottemburg, Papilio ; Euglyphus ; Eumedonia ; Marius Chitralia ; Elwesia chloe, Papilio ; Ageronia chloridice, Papilio ; Pontieuchloia chlorocephala, Pellicia ; Gorgopas INDEX chlorographa, Leptosia ; Leptosia Chloropoea ; Panopea Chlosyne ; Coatlantona ; Synchloe Doubleday choarina, Helicornia ; Blanchardia Choaspes ; Chaospes chorinaeus, Papilio ; Arpidea, Caerois ; Hames Chorinea ; Chroma Choristoneura ; Daratus Chortobius Doubleday ; Chortobius {Dunning & Pickard] Chortobius [Dunning & Pickard] ; Chortobius Doubleday christophi, Carterocephalus ; Aubertia christophi, Lethe ; Kirrodesa ; Placilla chromus, Papilio ; Parata chrysippus, Papilio ; Limnas Hiibner, [1806], (Tentamen) ; Panlymnas chrysogastra, Pamphila ; Metron chrysomallus, Zesius ; Zesius chrysomeloena, Odina ; Odina chrysonome, Pontia ; Calais ; Idmais chrysophis, Cobalus ; Mnasitheus chrysus, Papilio ; Sarota chydaea, Pamphila ; Conga cibaritis, Adolias ; Saparona Cigaritis ; Zerythis Lucas cinaron, Limnas ; Aculhua ; Dryas Felder cincta, Eresia ; Anthanassa cingulus, Papilio ; Hesperia Hiibner ; Phaenochitonia cinnamomea, Cobalus ; Miltomiges cinxia, Papilio ; Melinaea Sodovskii ; Melitaea ; Mellicta ; Schoenis ciocolatina, Limenitis ; Sinimia cippus, Hesperia ; Tajuria cipris, Papilio ; Metura ; Parura ; Phoebis circe, Papilio ; Brintesia ; Oreas Hiibner, [1806] ; Oreas Oken cirta, Lasiophila ; Lasiophila cirveis, Papilio ; Gnesia citrus, Pamphila ; Chaerephon ; Yvretta clara, Argynnis ; Proacidalia clarissa, Papilio ; Cissia clarissa, Terinos ; Terinos clarki, Durbania ; Durbaniella clarki, Prestonia ; Prestonia clarus, Papilio ; Epargyreus claudia Cramer, Papilio ; Euptoieta ; Trepichrois claudia Fabricius, Papilio ; Eudaemon ; Trepsichrois INDEX 477 claudia Schulze, Papilio ; Agrias Doubleday clavus, Goniloba ; Damas clavus, Hesperia ; Mellana clearista, Athesis ; Athesis cleobaea, Heliconia ; Lycorea ; Lycorella cleobis, Polyommatus ; Creon cleoboides, Camena ; Britomartis cleochares, Apatura ; Apaturopsis cleona, Papilio ; Ravadeba cleotas, Papilio ; Pyrrhosticta cleotas, Polyommatus ; Luthrodes Clerome ; Xanthotaenia climena, Papilio ; Vadebra Moore, 1883 clito, Papilio ; Clito cloanthe, Papilio ; Catacroptera clonia, Esthemopsis ; Esthemopsis clonius, Papilio ; Spathilepia clymena, Papilio ; Corecalla ; Diaethria clytemnestra, Papilio ; Hecalene ; Hypna clytia, Papilio ; Chilasa ; Clytia clytus, Papilio ; Dira ; Leptoneura cnejus, Hesperia ; Euchrysops cocalia, Papilio ; Euryphene cocles, Papilio ; Apsithra cocyta, Papilio ; Phyciodes Codatractus ; Heteropia codrus, Papilio ; Idaides coeleste, Phareas ; Grynopis ; Phareas Coeliades ; Dubiella ; Rhopalocampta coeligen var. coelestis, Lycaena ; Caerulea coeno, Ithomia ; Hyalyris coenobita Cramer, Papilio ; Pseudoneptis coenobita Fabricius, Papilio ; Pseudoneptis coenoides, Threnodes ; Nahida ; Threnodes Coenonympha ; Hypocysta Coenyra ; Caenyra coerulea, Euriphene ; Bebearia ; Euriphene ; Euryphene Colias Fabricius ; Coliastes ; Eurymus ; Gonepteryx ; Colias Hiibner collitorum, Lectiles ; Lectiles Colobura ; Gynaecia colobus, Zalomes ; Zalomes colon, Papilio ; Telicota colubris, Caria ; Caria columbaria, Pamphila ; Onophas columbina, Papilio ; Atella columbus Herrich-Schaeffer, Papilio ; Blakea columbus Kollar, Papilio ; Blakea columella, Papilio ; Andrapana comes, Dipsas ; Cordelia comma, Papilio ; Hesperia Fabricius ; Pamphila ; Symmachia Sodovskii ; Urbicola comoplea, Quedara ; Quedara compacta, Telesto ; Dispar compta, Pamphila ; Euroto ; Morys concolor, Nisoniades ; Burca concordia, Harma ; Crenidomimas ; Metacrenis Condochates ; Parathyma conflua, Goniloba ; Tirynthia conhiera, Paramacera ; Paramacera Conognathus ; Neonoma consimilis, Limenitis ; Atharia constantia, Papilio ; Hipio ; Satyrus Consul ; Helicodes Boisduval ; Protogonius contigua, Gegenes ; Polytremis cooksoni, Euthecta ; Euthecta coon, Papilio ; Losaria Copaeoides ; Adopaeoides coras, Papilio ; Polites corax, Pithecops hylax ; Pithecops corbulo, Papilio ; Pyrdalus cordela, Hesperia ; Evansiella core, Papilio ; Crastia ; Euploea Fabricius ; Mahintha corena, Ithomiopsis ; Ithomiopsis coreoides, Euploea ; Narmada coresia, Hypolimnas ; Stibochiona coresia, Nymphalis ; Eumargareta ; Megalura ; Timetes coreta, Danais ; Narmada corethrus, Papilio ; Euryades coridon Fabricius, Papilio ; Perichares coridon Poda, Papilio ; Argus Scopoli 1763 ; Latiorina ; Lysandra ; Perichares ; Uranops corinna, Danais ; Chanapa corolla, Hesperia ; Fulda coronea, Papilio ; Glycestha coronis, Papilio ; Cepora ; Huphina corrosus, Antigonus ; Systaspes corticea, Hesperia ; Corticea corus, Papilio ; Euploea Fabricius corusca, Goniloba ; Oxynthes corvus, Chaetocneme ; Casyapa ; Chaetocneme corydon ; Hewitsonia Kirby corynetes, Durbania ; Eresina Corystus ; Papias coryta, Papilio ; Ariadne cosinga, Pyrrhopyga [sic] ; Metardaris Cosmolyce ; Lampidella ; Lampides 478 cottini, Limenitis ; Litinga cottoni, Powellana ; Powellana crameri, Euploea ; Tronga crataegi, Papilio ; Aporia; Ascia ; Leuconea crathis, Olyras ; Olyras cratis, Euploea ; Sabanosa crawshayi, Uranothauma ; Uranothauma Crebeta ; Lopinga Cremna ; Napaea Crenidomimas ; Metacrenis Crenis Boisduval ; Sallya Crenis Hiibner ; Crenis Boisduval creona, Papilio ; Anaphaeis Cressida ; Eurycus cressida, Papilio ; Cressida cretacea, Goniloba ; Monza Creteus de Niceville ; Cyrina creteus, Papilio ; Creteus Westwood Creteus Westwood ; Creteus de Niceville ; Cyrina cribellum, Hesperia ; Favria crinisus, Papilio ; Augiades crinitus, Nyctus ; Nyctus crino, Papilio ; Harimala crisia, Euptychia ; Ragadia crisia, Papilio ; Acaptera crispus, Pellicia ; Mictris ; Mycteris crithea, Papilio ; Catuna ; Euomma ; Evena ; Jaera crocale, Papilio ; Catopsilia croceus, Hesperilla ; Neohesperilla croceus, Papilio ; Eriocolias croesus, Ornithoptera ; Priamoptera croesus, Papilio ; Semomesia croites, Cyclopides ; Croitana cronus, Sepa ; Sepa croton, Gerydus ; Archaeogerydus cruentus, Phocides ; Phocides cruxifera, Ithomia ; Velamysta crysalus, Thecla ; Hypaurotis ctesiphon, Oreas ; Rusalkia cubana, Goniloba ; Rhinthon culta, Creusa ; Creusa cumbre, Phanis ; Cumbre Cunizza ; Cathaemia Cupha ; Messaras cupido, Papilio ; Erotion ; Helicopis Fabricius ; Rusticus Hiibner, [1807] Cupido Schrank ; Cupido Hiibner curiosa, Tecupa ; Tecupa curius, Papilio ; Lamproptera ; Lamprosura : Leptocircus INDEX cuvierii, Libythea ; Libythina curvifascia, Plesioneura ; Notocrypta ; Plesioneura cyanea, Papilio ; Pepliphorus ; Peplodyta cyanea, Paphia ; Polygrapha cyanicornis, Lycaena ; Rhinelephas Cyaniriodes de Niceville ; Cyaniriodes Matsumura cyara, Lycaena ; Phlyaria cybele, Papilio ; Neoacidalia Cyclopides ; Metisella cyclopina, Manerebia ; Manerebia cydippe, Papilio ; Alazonia ; Cethosia ; Eugramma Cydrus ; Naevolus cylinda, Hesperia ; Gretna cyllastros, Narope ; Narope cymela, Papilio ; Megisto cymothoe, Ithomia ; Miraleria Cynandra ; Ctenandra cynea, Hesperia ; Cynea cynis, Pieris ; Phrissura ; Udaiana cynisca, Hesperia ; Orses Cynitia ; Felderia Semper cynone, Cyclopides ; Anisynta cynosema, Xynias ; Xynias Cynthia ; Neopyrameis ; Vanessa ; Vindula cyparissa, Papilio; Euphaedra; Najas Hiibner, [1807] cypraea, Papilio ; Colotis cypris, Phoebis ; Phoebis Cyrestis ; Sykophages cyrianassa, Sais ; Napeogenes Cyrina ; Creteus de Niceville cyrina, Hesperia ; Creteus de Niceville ; Cyrina cytheris, Papilio ; Chilargynnis ; Yramea cythna, Plesioneura ; Ectomis cytis, Lycaena ; Turanana ; Turania Dabasa ; Meandrusa dacela, Hesperia ; Caenides daedalus, Papilio ; Hamanumida ; Leucotricha daeta, Heliconia ; Mansueta Daimio ; Catodaulis daira, Pieris ; Eurema Htibner dalmani, Hesperia ; Thespieus dama, Athyma ; Tagatsia damalis, Cynthia ; Senadipa INDEX 479 damaris, Orinoma ; Orinoma damocles, Papilio ; Egialea damoclina, Diadema ; Euralia damon, Papilio ; Agrodiaetus ; Hirsutina ; Mitoura dana, Nacaduba ; Petrelaea Danaus Kluk; Danaida; Danaus Latreille ; Danaus Oken ; Festivus ; Limnas Hiibner [1806], Tentamen Danaus Latreille ; Limnas Hiibner, {1806}, (Tentamen) danava, Limenitis ; Auzakia Danis ; Damis ; Hadothera danis, Papilio ; Damis ; Danis ; Hadothera ; Thysonotis Danis ; Thysonotis daos, Idea ; Gamana daphnis Cramer, Papilio ; Meleageria daphnis Denis & Schiffermiiller, Papilio ; Meleageria daphnis, Eurylais ; Eurylais daplidice, Papilio ; Leucochloe ; Mancipium Hiibner, [1807] ; Pontia dara, Hesperia ; Padraona ; Potanthus daraxa, Limenitis ; Sumalia dardaris, Cyclopides ; Dardarina darius, Papilio ; Megastes Boisduval darwinia, Mimacraea ; Mimacraea dasahara, Sarangesa ; Sarangesa dasarada, Papilio ; Panosmia dascarada, Papilio ; Paenasmia dasycephalus, Rhipheus ; Rhipheus Dasyomma ; Mydosama daunus, Papilio ; Lintneria Butler ; Lintneria Edwards ; Thorybes davidii, Pterygospidea ; Abraximorpha Davidina ; Leechia R6ber debilis, Apaustus ; Prosopalpus debora, Eumaea ; Eumaea decinea, Hesperia ; Decinea decipiens, Teriomima ; Leucolepis decius, Papilio ; Palla ; Philognoma decora, Amnosia ; Amnosia ; Leptoptera decora, Cobalus ; Vorates decorata, Pronophila ; Eretris decorata, Stibomorpha ; Stibomorpha degener, Hesperia ; Oeonus deidamia, Hipparchia ; Lopinga deidamia, Hipparchia (Pararga [sic]) : Crebeta Dejeania ; Barca delaware, Hesperia ; Anatrytone delia, Papilio ; Eurema Hiibner : Schoenis Delias ; Calephelis ; Cathaemia ; Egialea ; Mesoacidalia delila, Nereis ; Crenis Hiibner delius, Papilio ; Antanartia delospila, Zizera ; Zetona delphine, Anthocharis ; Calicharis delphius, Parnassius ; Koramius demodice, Nymphalis ; Prepona demoditas, Eurema ; Eurema Hiibner demodocus, Papilio ; Orpheides ; Princeps Hiibner, [1807] demoleus, Papilio ; Princeps Hiibner, [1807] ; Orpheides demolion, Papilio ; Araminta demonica, Hypanartia ; Hypanartia demophon, Papilio ; Archaeoprepona dendrophilus, Satyrus ; Paralethe deodata, Dodona ; Balonca dercyllides, Dircenna ; Patricia deritas, Deudorix ; Diopetes deva, Amblypodia ; Pratapa ; Atrytonopsis dexamenus, Mycalesis ; Lohora dharma, Pithecops ; Neopithecops diademoides, Zethera ; Euploeamima Diaethria ; Corecalla Diagora ; Parhestina diana, Papilio ; Semnopsyche dianasa, Neréis ; Eueides ; Mechanitis {Illiger} diaphana, Papilio ; Ithomia diaphane, Hymenitis ; Greta ; Hymenitis Hiibner diaphanus, Papilio ; Greta ; Ithomia dichroa, Limenitis ; Castalia ; Sephisa dida, Aurina ; Aurina dido, Papilio ; Metamandana ; Metamorpha ; Philaethria Didonis ; Biblis didyma, Papilio ; Didymaeformis Diestogyna ; Euriphene ; Euryphene digna, Hipparchia ; Kanetisa dilectus, Polyommatus ; Udara dimidiata, Pellicia ; Pellicia Herrich-Schaeffer dingana, Leptoneura ; Dingana dinias, Daedalma ; Daedalma dinora, Metapheles ; Metapheles diocles, Nisoniades ; Tamela diocletianus, Papilio ; Danisepa dione, Chrysophanus ; Gaeides dionisius, Lycaena ; Eupsychellus ; Pithecops diorea, Thaumantis ; Mandogea 480 diphilus, Papilio ; Atrophaneura ; Pachliopta Dira ; Leptoneura dirce, Papilio ; Colobura ; Gynaecia dircenna, Ithomia ; Dygoris dirpha, Thymele ; Felicena dirphia, Hesperilla ; Motasingha Discolampa ; Ethion ; Ionolyce ; Petrelaea ; Pycnophallium dismorphia Buchecker ; Blanchardia dispar, Papilio ; Disparia dispar, Teriomima ; Epitolina dissimilis, Papilio ; Chilasa distanti, lambrix ; Idmon divina, Lycaena ; Shijimiaeoides dognini, Enosis ; Enosis dohertyi, Chlorochropsis ; Chlorochropsis dohertyi, Drusillopsis ; Drusillopsis Fruhstorfer ; Drusillopsis Oberthur ; Hamadryopsis doleschalii, Ismene ; Allora Doleschallia ; Apatura Hiibner dolicaon, Eurytides ; Eurytides dolon, Charaxes ; Murwareda dolopia, Hesperia ; Sebastonyma donina, Myrina ; Drina doraete, Daedalma ; Polymastus ; Junea dorcas, Papilio ; Cystineura dorilas, Papilio ; Dorila ; Syrmatia dorilis, Papilio ; Loweia ; Palaeoloweia doris, Callitaenia ; Mesotaenia doris, Papilio ; Crenis Hiibner ; Laparus dorothea, Papilio ; Nychitona dorus, Papilio ; Sicca doubledaii, Acontia ; Acontia doubledaii, Adolias ; Acontia ; Neurosigma doubledaii [sic], Zeuxidia ; Zeuxaltis doubledayi, Telesto ; Oxytoxia doxo, Pieris ; Dixeia dracontis, Pieris ; Pieris Hiibner Dravira ; Sincana drepana, Heteropsis ; Heteropsis Drepanula ; Roeberella drumila, Miletus ; Miletographa drupadi, Emesis ; Taxila Drupadia Distant ; Drupadia Moore Drupadia Moore ; Drupadia Distant druryi, Catagyria ; Catargyria druryi, Hesperia ; Catia drusilla, Eresia ; Tritanassa drusilla, Papilio ; Glutophrissa drusillodes, Hamadryopsis ; Drusillopsis Oberthur ; Hamadryopsis INDEX Drusillopsis Oberthur ; Drusillopsis Fruhstorfer ; Hamadryopsis Dryas Felder & Felder ; Aculhua Dryas Hiibner, [1807] ; Colaenis ; Dryas Boisduval ; Dryas Felder & Felder dryas, Papilio ; Minois drymo, Ithomia ; Ithomia dryope, Papilio; Eurytela dryops, Pamphila ; Aella dubius, Papilio ; Coeliades ; Dubiella ; Eucalia ; Euralia Ducapa ; Algia; Paduca dudgeonii, Listeria ; Listeria ; Pamela dufresnei, Danais ; Stictoploea duillia, Dircenna ; Godyris dulcis, Aubertia ; Aubertia dumenilii, Polyommatus ; Polyniphes dumetorum, Pararge ; Lopinga dunya, Adolias ; Rangasa duodecimpunctata, Jaera ; Pseudargynnis duples, Cobalus ; Prosopalpus duplex, Neocoenyra ; Neocoenyra duponcheli, Satyrus ; Sevanda durga, Adolias ; Labranga durga, Melitaea ; Dodona dymas, Melitaea ; Dymasia Dymphaedra ; Euthalia Dynastor ; Megastes Westwood dyndima, Papilio ; Aphacitis dynsate, Debis ; Hanipha Dyscophellus ; Dyscophus Dyscophus ; Dyscophellus dysmephila, Pamphila ; Zophopetes dysoni, Euterpe ; Leodonta Ebepius ; Poultonia eborea, Papilio ; Aphrodite ebusus, Papilio ; Ebusus echelus, Princeps ; Parides echemus, Cymatogramma ; Cymatogramma Echenais ; Adelotypa ; Elaphrotis echeria, Papilio ; Nebroda echerius, Papilio ; Lycaena Hiibner echion, Papilio ; Tmolus eclates, Tirynthoides ; Tirynthoides ectriva, Sphaenogona ; Sphaenogona edda, Pamphila ; Cobalopsis edessa, Ithomia ; Heterosais ; Rhadinoptera edipus, Papilio ; Pardaleodes edusa, Papilio ; Eriocolias Edwardsia; Chattendenia edwardsii, Thymelicus ; Paradopaea egialea, Papilio ; Delias ; Egialea egina, Papilio ; Melinaea Bates ; Minaea Hiibner egista, Papilio ; Issoria ; Rathora ; Vagrans ehrenbergii, Morpheis ; Anemeca ; Morpheis eicotrochilus, Eicochrysops ; Eicochrysops elada, Eresia ; Texola elais, Phytala ; Phytala Elaphrotis ; Echenais Elbella ; Jemadia eleaza, Pentila ; Pseuderesia electra, Hestia ; Sabalassa electron, Hesperia ; Lymnas ; Melanis elegans, Harmilla ; Harmilla elegans, Hypochrysops ; Catapaecilma eleone, Pieris ; Leptophobia elephenor, Papilio ; Pangeranopsis eleuchea, Marpesia ; Marpesia eleus, Papilio ; Romaleosoma eleusinia, Aethilla ; Aethilla eleutho, Danais ; Chanapa ; Deragena elia, Hesperia ; Eetion eligius, Papilio ; Celaenorrhinus elion, Epitola ; Epitola elissa, Metamorpha ; Metamandana ; Metamorpha elma, Pyrgus ; Gomalia Elodinesthes ; Metelodina ; Parelodina Fruhstorfer elorea, Papilio ; Oboronia elphos, Leucidia ; Leucidia Herrich- Schaeffer elva, Microtia ; Microtia elvina, Pieris ; Heurema Herrich- Schaeffer, 1867 ; Leucidia Doubleday elwesi, Limenitis ; Chalinga elwesi, Papilio ; Agehana Elymnias ; Bruasa Evans ; Didonis Emesis Fabricius ; Emesis [Illiger] ; Nelone ; Polystichtis ; Tapina Emesis [Illiger] ; Emisis Fabricius emesoides, Zemeros ; Barisana emigdionis, Lycaena ; Plebulina emilia, Papilio ; Neptis Hiibner encodon, Papilio ; Hyalites endymiaena, Hexuropteris ; Hexuropteris endymion, Papilio ; Evenus ; Hexuropteris ; Lycaena Fabricius INDEX 481 Enope ; Neope Butler ; Neope Moore enthea, Thecla ; Araragi Entheus ; Brachycneme ; Peleus enyo, Corades ; Corades eone, Thecla (Pseudodipsas) ; Pseudodipsas Eooxylides de Niceville ; Eooxylides Doherty ; Indoxylides ; Marshallia Eooxylides Doherty ; Eooxylides de Niceville ; Indoxylides ; Marshallia epaphus, Vanessa ; Amphirene Epargyreus ; Eridamus ; Pyrrhopyge epargyros, Polyommatus ; Apharitis Epeus ; Eprius epeus, Geridus [sic] ; Spalgis Ephyriades ; Anastrus Epicalia Boisduval ; Epicallia Epicalia Doubleday ; Epicalia Boisduval epicaste, Epiphile ; Epiphile Boisduval epicles, Polyommatus ; Heliophorus ; Ilerda epictetus, Hesperia ; Anthoptus epidius, Carystus ; Pheraeus epijarbas, Dipsas ; Deudorix epimenides, Lasiommata ; Kirinia Epiphile Doubleday ; Epiphile Boisduval epiphron, Papilio ; Oreina ; Simplicia epistygne, Phorcis ; Phorcis epitus, Papilio ; Aides ; Orimba Epityches ; Tritonia epius [sic], Lucia ; Spalgis epixanthe, Polyommatus ; Epidemia Eprius ; Epeus epulus, Papilio ; Audre ; Hamearis ; Lemonias Hoffmannsegg erato, Papilio ; Migonitis Hiibner Erchia ; Pseuderchia Erebia ; Epigea erebia, Pachythone ; Pachythone erebioides, Idioneura ; Idioneura ; Idioneurula Erebomorpha ; Boeberia eremicola, Plebeius (Theclinesthes) ; Theclinesthes Eresia ; Ecesia Eriboea ; Eulepis Scudder ; Polyura ericetorum, Syrichtus ; Leucoscirtes Erina ; Holochina erinnys, Pamphila ; Artitropa erinus, Papilio ; Erina ; Holochila eriphia, Pieris ; Herpaenia ; Pinacopteryx erippus, Papilio ; Diogas 482 INDEX erminea, Papilio ; Apaturina ernesti, Epitola ; Egumbia Eropus ; Theagenes erosus, Urbanus ; Antigonus erota, Phalaena ; Notheme erota, Pieris ; Hesperocharis Erschoffia ; Pseudothecla Strand Erycina ; Riodina erymanthis, Papilio ; Cupha ; Messaras Erynnis ; Astycus; Nisoniades ; Thanaos ; Thanatites ; Thanatos ; Thymale eryonas, Cyclopides ; Dalla erythromelas, Papilio ; Cariomothis erythrosoma, Atrophaneura ; Atrophaneura eryx, Papilio ; Artipe ; Lehera esaca, Melanitis ; Agrusia esmeralda, Chloroselas ; Chloroselas esthema, Brachyglenis ; Brachyglenis ; Tmetoglene esther, Mathania ; Mathania ethelinda, Nymphidium ; Acystipoda etheocles, Papilio ; Eriboea etheoclessa, Eriboea ; Eriboea ethion, Lycaena ; Discolampa ; Ethion Ethope ; Anadebis ; Theope Moore ethosea, Papilio ; Mesoxantha etolus, Papilio ; Zeltus eubule, Papilio ; Colias Fabricius eucharila, Cremna ; Cremna ; Napaea eucharis, Papilio ; Piccarda Eucheira ; Schatzia euchroia, Colaenis ; Podotricha Eucora ; Eucorma ; Eucorna euctemon, Euploea ; Glinama Eudamus ; Lyroptera eudoxia, Vanessa ; Rhinopalpa Eudryas ; Childrena Eueides ; Evides ; Mechanitis [Illiger] eueidias, Perrhybris ; Perrhybris eufala, Hesperia ; Lerodea Euglyphus ; Eumedonia euippe, Papilio ; Aphrodite Eulepis Billberg ; Eulepis Scudder ; Eriboea ; Murwareda; Polyura Eumaea ; Eunice Eumaeus ; Eumaea; Eunice eumedon, Papilio ; Eumedonia eumenis, Theorema ; Theorema eumeus Drury, Papilio; Faunis ; Notheme eumeus Fabricius, Papilio ; Notheme Eunica ; Eunice ; Evonyme eunice, Nereis ; Ecesia ; Eresia ; Neptis [Illiger] eunomia, Papilio ; Proclossiana eunus, Copaeodes ; Pseudocopaeodes Euomma ; Catuna; Jaera eupalemaena, Catonephele ; Epicalia Doubleday ; Catonephele eupalemon, Papilio ; Triopades eupator, Euploea ; Satanga Euphaedra ; Najas Hiibner, [1807] eupheme, Papilio ; Zegris Boisduval ; Zegris Rambur euphemia, Hypocysta ; Hypocysta eupheno, Papilio ; Euchloe euphithes, Pallene ; Pallene Euphoeades ; Jasoniades Euphydryas ; Lemonias Hiibner, [1806] eupithea, Pallene ; Eupithes Euploea Fabricius ; Radena Euploea [Illiger] ; Euploea Fabricius Euploeopsis ; Isamiopsis eupompe, Tritonia ; Epityches ; Tritonia Eupsychellus ; Pithecops Euptychia ; Setodocis Euralia ; Eucalia Eurema Doubleday ; Heurema Herrich- Schaeffer, 1865 ; Heurema Herrich- Schaeffer, 1867 Eurema Hiibner ; Eurema Doubleday ; Heurema Herrich-Schaeffer, 1865 ; Heurema Herrich-Schaeffer, 1867 eurilochus, Papilio ; Caligo Hiibner eurinome, Papilio ; Anthora ; Euxanthe Euriphene ; Bebearia ; Euryphene euripides, Pseudomaniola ; Neomaniola ; Pseudomaniola Weymer Euripus ; Idrusia eurisus, Papilio ; Iolaus eurita, Actinote ; Actinote euritea, Papilio ; Ernicornis eurodoce, Kallima ; Coryphaeola europa, Papilio ; Debis ; Tanaoptera Euroto ; Morys euryale, Argynnis ; Synalpe euryanassa, Ithomia ; Placidula Eurybia [Illiger] ; Eurybia Hiibner ; Eurybia Hoffmannsegg ; Eurybia Oken Eurybia Latreille ; Eurybia [Illiger] ; Eurybia Oken eurydice, Papilio ; Argus Scopoli, 1777 ; Satyrodes Eurymus ; Colias Fabricius Euryphene ; Bebearia ; Euriphene Eurypus ; Euripus ; Idrusia eurytele, Euterpe ; Charonias eurytis, Atella ; Atella eurytus, Papilio ; Actinote ; Megisto ; Pseudacraea Euthalia ; Neurosigma ; Symphaedra euthymius, Adolias ; Enispe Euvanessa ; Scudderia Euxanthe ; Anthora evadne, Papilio ; Mycalesis evagoras, Jalmenus ; Jalmenus evagoras, Papilio ; Austromyrina ; Jalmenus evan, Papilio ; Meandrusa evansi, Pamphila ; Venas evelina, Papilio ; Dophla evena, Lycaena ; Upolampes eversmanni, Hipparchia ; Amecera Evonyme ; Eunica exaleuca, Neptis ; Neptidomima excelsa, Ithomia ; Oreogenes excelsior, Argynnis ; Prokuekenthaliella exclamationis, Euterpe ; Gnathotriche exclamationis, Papilio ; Badamia exilis, Hesperia ; Vinius exilis, Lycaena ; Brephidium eximia, Luehdorfia ; Luehdorfia ; Eolimenitis eximia, Pyrrhopyga ; Ardaris Exoplysia ; Nelone exornatus, Carterocephalus ; Butleria extranea, Erchia ; Erchia ; Pseuderchia extrusus, Eudamus ; Protogenes ; Rachelia ; Vlasta fabia, Coladenia dan ; Pseudocoladenia fabius, Papilio ; Consul ; Fabius ; Helicodes Boisduval ; Helicodes Doubleday ; Protogonius facilis, Apaustus ; Eutocus faga, Thecla ; Nabokovia ; Pseudothecla Nabokov fagi, Papilio ; Hipparchia ; Melania ; Nytha Falcapica ; Midea fallax, Allotinus ; Allotinus fan, Osmodes (?) ; Ankola fasciata, Atella ; Ducapa ; Paduca fasciata, Melitaea ; Fulvia ; Higginsius fastuosus, Trapezites ; Malaza ; Manarina fatima, Papilio ; Celaena ; Celoena ; Exoplisia ; Nelone fatimella, Emesis ; Nelone INDEX 483 faunula, Thaumantis ; Melanocyma faunus, Papilio ; Oxylides fausta, Papilio ; Madais faustinus, Dyscophus ; Sarmientoia feisthamelii, Papilio ; [phiclides Felderia ; Cynitia ; Thecliolia fenella, Ithomia ; Heteroscada fergana, Parce ; Parce fergusonil, Ismene ; Gecana feronia, Papilio ; Amphichlora ; Hamadryas Hiibner ferrea, Lycaena ;° Ahlbergia ; Ginzia ; Satsuma fiara, Proteides ; Moltena fibrena, Hesperia ; Nerula ficulnea, Hesperia ; Charmion fidia, Papilio ; Pseudotergumia filipalpis, Plesiocera ; Plesiocera fischeri, Lycaena ; Tongeia Flaccilla ; Aecas Flacilla ; Aecas flagrans, Serdis ; Serdia flamen, Dipsas ; Bergmania flammeata, Teleste ; Signeta flava, Tumerepedes ; Tumerepedes flaveola, Colias ; Scalidoneura flavescens, Hesperia ; Plastingia flavilla, Nica ; Nica ; Pseudonica flavofasciata, Leucochitonea ; Potamanax ; Potamanaxas flavomaculatus, Syrichthus ; Butleria flegyas, Papilio ; Zemeros flesus, Papilio ; Pterygospidea floccifera, Hesperia ; Reverdinus floralis, Ithomiola ; Ithomiola florissanti, Barbarothea ; Barbarothea Flos ; Amblypodia ; Arhopala flyas, Papilio ; Brachycoryne folus, Papilio ; Udaspes forestan, Papilio ; Coeliades ; Dubiella ; Rhopalocampta formosa, Danais ; Melinda formosana, Satarupa ; Seseria formosus, Papilio ; Anteros ; Chrysilis francias, Adolias ; Chucapa francisca, Papilio ; Gareris ; Mycalesis franckii, Prothoe ; Autonema ; Prothoe fraudulenta, Euploea ; Mestapra freja, Hesperia ; Cheritra freyeri, Pierites ; Pierites fridericus, Achlyodes ; Achlyodes ; Ouleus fritillarius, Papilio ; Scelotrix 484 fritillum, Papilio ; Scelotrix frivaldszkyi, Thecla ; Ahlbergia fulgens, Simiskina ; Simiskina fulgerator, Papilio ; Euthymele fuliginosa, Lycaena ; Satyrium fuliginosa, Neptis ; Pandassana fuliginosa, Thargella ; Thargella fuliginosus, Apostictopterus ; Apostictopterus ; Tecupa fuligo, Tagiades ; Sancus fulva, Apatura ; Sincana fulva, Rhinopalpa ; Eurhinia ; Rhinopalpa Fulvia ; Higginsius fumata, Danais ; Chittira fumida, Hemipteris ; Hemipteris funerea, Crastia ; Patosa furcata, Alera ; Alera fuscescens, Leucochitonea, Carrhenes fuscum, Dasyomma ; Dasyomma ; Mydosama fylla, Taxila ; Sospita gabbroensis, Lycaenites ; Lycaenites gaika, Lycaena ; Pithecops; Zizula galanthis, Papilio ; Phyllophasis ; Sideronidia galathea, Papilio ; Agapetes ; Melanargia ; Satyrus galatia, Hesperia ; Rhabdomantis galba, Hesperia ; Spialia galena, Lemonias ; Thysanota Gallienia ; Masoura gallio, Stomyles ; Gallio galua, Proteides ; Gamia gama, Neocheritra ; Thrix gambrisius, Papilio ; Nestorides gamelia, Salpinx ; Anadara ganesa, Amblypodia ; Panchala ganga, Abrota ; Abrota ganimedes [sic], Papilio ; Eucharia ganyi, Sarangesa ; Sape garita, Hesperia ; Paradopaea Gastrochaeta ; Meza gaura, Idea (?) ; Ideopsis gaura, Parapithecops ; Parapithecops gazoria, Heliconia ; Heteroscada Gehenna ; Zographetus gelaena, Euselasia ; Euselasia gelon, Papilio ; Euselasia gemmata, Argynnis ; Kuekenthaliella INDEX gemmatus, Carystus ; Dion genetyllis, Rhadinoptera ; Languida genius, Lamprospilus ; Lamprospilus genutia, Papilio ; Anthocharis ; Danaus Kluk ; Falcapica ; Midea ; Salatura geoffroyi, Nymphalis ; Mynes geometrina, Helias ; Trina gerasa, Hesperia ; Orphe gerda, Durbania ; Toxochitona germainii, Tetraphlebia Gerydus ; Miletus gesta, Thanaos ; Gesta geta, Ge; Ge geta, Mnasicles ; Mnasicles geticus, Papilio ; Coenonympha gidica, Pieris ; Pseudanaphaeis gigantea, Leucophasia ; Azalais giganteus, Iolaus (Purlisa) ; Purlisa gigas, Eurypterus ; Eurypterus gilippus, Papilio ; Anosia ; Danaomorpha ; Tasitia Ginzia ; Ahlbergia ; Satsuma glacialis, Papilio ; Chionobas glandon, Papilio ; Agriades ; Albulina ; Latiorina glandulosa, Paduka ; Paduka glaucippe, Papilio; Hebomoia ; Iphias glaucoma, Periplacis ; Periplacis glaucosmia, Imelda ; Imelda glaucus, Papilio ; Caudati ; Euphoeades ; Jasoniades Globiceps ; Pseudopontia gloriosa, Euploea ; Stictoploea Glutophrissa ; Andropodum glycerion, Papilio ; Pazala gnidus, Papilio ; Helicopis [Illiger] ; Rusticus Hiibner, [1807] gnosis, Nymula ; Nymula Godartia ; Leptoptera gola, Pamphila ; Nicevillea ; Oriens gomensis, Albericia ; Albericia Gonepteryx ; Dercas; Earina; Klotsius ; Rhodocera Goniloba ; Creteus Westwood Gonophlebia ; Globiceps ; Pseudopontia gopala, Satarupa ; Satarupa gotama, Mycalesis ; Sadarga goudotii, Euplaea [sic] ; Vonoma gracilis, Athyma ; Rasalia gracilis, Erycinidia ; Erycinidia gracilis, Hypolycaena ; Kopelates Graphium ; Chlorisses ; Dalchina ; Semicaudati ; Zetides grayi, Euploea ; Sarobia gremius, Hesperia ; Suastus Greta ; Hymenitis Hiibner grisea, Pterygospidea ; Hyda; Ulva grunus, Thecla ; Habrodais gryneus, Lycus ; Mitoura guerini, Euploea ; Rasuma gundlachianus, Papilio ; Blakea gutama, Athyma ; Zamboanga guttatus, Eudamus ; Parnara gyas, Papilio ; Charis ; Dabasa ; Meandrusa gyrtone, Epinephile [sic] ; Pampasatyrus Hades ; Moritzia Haetera ; Antirrhaea ; Oreas Hiibner, [1807] ; Pierella ; Pselna halesus, Papilio; Atlides ; Brangas halimede, Arge ; Epimede ; Halimede Halimede ; Epimede halimede, Limnas ; Eurybia [Illiger} halitherses, Euripus ; Euripus ; Idrusia halyma, Papilio ; Hallelesis halyzia, Hesperilla ; Mesodina hamada, Miletus ; Taraka Hamadryas Boisduval ; Tellervo Hamadryas Hiibner ; Apatura [Illiger] ; Hamadryas Boisduval ; Philocala ; Tellervo Hamadryas [Illiger] ; Apatura [Illiger] Hamadryopsis ; Drusillopsis Oberthur Hamanumida ; Leucotricha Hamearis ; Audre; Augiades ; Lemonias Hoffmannsegg ; Nemeobius hamiltoni, Coladenia ; Gerosis hanifa, Satyrus ; Chazara ; Philareta hanno, Papilio ; Hemiargus hanria, Darpa ; Darpa haquinus, Papilio ; Taxila haraldus, Papilio ; Lycaenopsis hardwickii, Parnassius ; Lingamius Harima ; Sinchula harina, Terias ; Gandaca Harma ; Eupithes ; Pallene harmonia, Papilio ; Hirsutis ; Tithorea harpax, Papilio ; Axiocerses harrisii, Melitaea ; Limnaecia hassan, Cogia ; Cogia hazelae, Megathymus ; Turnerina hebe, Yphthima ; Coenura Hebemoia ; Iphias INDEX 485 hecabe, Papilio ; Terias hecaerge, Hypocysta ; Harsiesis hecate, Papilio ; Brenthis hector, Koruthaialos ; Koruthaialos hector, Papilio ; Tros hecuba, Heliconia ; Blanchardia hedemanni, Cyllopsis ; Cyllopsis hegemone, Argynnis ; Pseudargynnis hegesippe, Sarbia ; Hegesippe helcita, Euploea ; Nipara helena, Keraunogramma ; Keraunogramma helena, Papilio ; Pompeoptera ; Troides helenus, Papilio ; Charus Helias ; Achna ; Diphoridas helice, Papilio ; Mancipium Hiibner, [1807] Helicodes Doubleday ; Helicodes Boisduval helicon javanica, Ionolyce ; Ionolyce helicon, Lycaena ; Ionolyce heliconides, Cressida ; Cressida ; Eurycus heliconides, Pheles ; Pheles heliconides, Zeonia ; Ethelida ; Zeonia Heliconius Kluk ; Apostraphia ; Heliconia ; Heliconius Latreille ; Sicyonia Heliconius Latreille ; Heliconia Helicopis Fabricius ; Erotion ; Oreas Hiibner, [1807] ; Rusticus Hiibner, [1807] Helicopis [Illiger] ; Helicopis Fabricius helicta, Oreas, Neonympha heliodes, Xenandra ; Xenandra heliodora, Papilio ; Phaedyma heliodore, Papilio ; Lasippa helios, Ismene ; Hypermnestra helirius, Papilio ; Chaetocneme helius, Papilio; Andara; Arhopala helixus, Eudamus ; Drephalys helle, Papilio ; Helleia hellica, Mancipium ; Pontia hellica, Papilio ; Mancipium Hiibner, [1807] helmsii, Dodonidia ; Dodonidia hemes, Papilio ; Milanion Heodes ; Chysoptera Heraclides ; Calaides ; Thoas heraea, Hesperia ; Molo hercules, Papilio ; Iphimedeia hercyna, Tisiphone ; Manataria ; Tisiphone herennius, Papilio ; Cyclosemia hermina, Scalidoneura ; Scalidoneura hermione, Papilio ; Hipparchia ; Melania ; Nytha hero, Papilio ; Tachyris herse, Papilio ; Euptychia hersilia, Papilio ; Cystineura 486 herzi, Thecla ; Fixsenia hesione, Papilio ; Orsotriaena Hesperia ; Pamphila ; Symmachia Sodovskii ; Syrichtus ; Urbicola hesperiaris, Castnia ; Aegiale ; Teria heterochrus, Pamphila ; Oedaloneura heterogyna, Stethotrix ; Stethotrix Heteronympha ; Hipparchioides Heteropia ; Codatractus Heteropsis ; Haeteropsis Heteropterus ; Cyclopides hewitsoni, Poritia ; Poritia Hewitsonia Evans ; Hewitsoniella Hewitsonia Kirby ; Corydon ; Hewitsonia Evans Hewitsoniella ; Hewitsonia Evans hewitsonii, Idiomorphus ; Bicyclus ; Idiomorphus hiarba, Papilio ; Eurytela hiemalis, Myrina ; Neomyrina hieroglyphica, Plastingia ; Odina Higginsius ; Fulvia hilda, Neorina ; Neorina; Sita himachala, Mycalesis (?) ; Anadebis ; Ethope ; Sita ; Theope Moore Hipio ; Sita Hipparchia ; Melania ; Nytha hippia, Papilio ; Pseudonympha ; Valeria hippocle, Symbrenthia ; Symbrenthia hippoclus, Papilio ; Symbrenthia hippona, Papilio ; Fabius ; Helicodes Doubleday hipponous, Priamides ; Priamides hippothoe, Papilio ; Chrysophanus ; Palaeochrysophanus hippulus, Chaetocneme ; Chaetoneura hirce, Papilio ; Pseudacraea hirlanda, Papilio ; Cathaemia hirlanda, Papilio ; Cunizza hisbaena, Baeotis ; Baeotis hisbon, Papilio ; Baeotis hobartia, Lasiommata ; Argynnina hodeva, Hyantis ; Hyantis holguin, Holguinia ; Holguinia holocausta, Erionota ; Acallopistes ; Ortholexis Holochila ; Polycyma Holodesmus ; Praetaxila honorius, Papilio ; Aethiopana Hopfferia Staudinger ; Hopfferia Rober hoppferi, Oxynetra ; Dis hora, Paradiadema ; Paradiadema hordonia, Papilio ; Pantoporia ; Rahinda INDEX horsfieldi, Miletus ; Paragerydus Horsfieldia ; Amblypodia ; Flos horsfieldii, Euploea ; Bibisana horsfieldii, Eurytele ; Laringa horta, Papilio ; Acraea Fabricius ; Aphanopeltis ; Heliconius Latreille ; Planema hospita, Pyrrhopyga [sic] ; Jemadia howardi, Pamphila ; Paratrytone Dyar howqua, Thaumantis ; Stichophthalma huanaco, Trifurcula ; Andina; Piercolias ; Trifurcula huebneri, Melampias ; Melampias huebneri, Satyrus ; Karanasa huebneri, Ypthima ; Ypthima humilis, Stygnus ; Stygnolepis ; Stygnus huron, Hesperia ; Atalopedes hutchinsonii, Aphnaeus ; Paraphnaeus hyacinthus, Euploea ; Tabada hyagriva, Yphthima [sic] ; Dallacha hyale, Papilio ; Colias Fabricius ; Coliastes ; Eurymus ; Gonepteryx hyalina, Tharops ; Uraneis hyalophora, Leucochitonea ; Onenses hyarbita, Harma ; Paradiadema hyboma, Hesperia ; Hansa Hyda; Ulva hydaspes, Catagramma ; Catagramma hyela, Hesperia ; Pirdana hygea, Hypocysta ; Harsiesis hylactor, Papilio ; Pseudophilotes hylas, Papilio ; Neptis Fabricius hylaspes, Papilio ; Synale hylax, Papilio; Pithecops; Zizula hylax, Pithecops ; Pithecops Hylephila ; Euthymus hyllus, Papilio ; Chrysophanus Hymenitis Hiibner ; Greta Hymenitis [Illiger] ; Hymenitis Hibner hypaesia, Haetera ; Pseudohaetera Hypanartia ; Lithodryas hypanis, Adigama ; Adigama hyparete, Papilio ; Cathaemia hypargyra, Cobalus ; Paracarystus hyperantus, Papilio ; Aphantopus hyperbius, Papilio ; Acidalia; Argyreus ; Melampias ; Mimargyra hypereia, Eutresis ; Eutresis hyperia, Papilio; Biblis; Zonaga Hypermnestra ; Ismene Nickerl hypermnestra, Mestra ; Mestra hypermnestra, Papilio ; Elymnias Hypna ; Hecalene INDEX 487 hypochalybe, Amarynthis ; Exoplisia hypochlora, Batesia ; Batesia Hypochlorosis ; Pseudonotis Hypochrysops ; Miletus hypoleuca, Myrina ; Manto Hypolimnas ; Esoptria ; Eucalia hypomuta, Amblypodia ; Narathura hyposticta, Galerga ; Galerga Hypothyris ; Ceratinia ; Pseudomechanitis hypselis, Vanessa ; Laogona Hyreus ; Cacyreus hysipyle, Papilio ; Eugraphis ; Thais ; Zerynthia Ochsenheimer iacchus, Papilio ; Steropes iadera, Itys; Itys; Kineta iambe, Dircenna ; Dircenna ianthe, Pseudoneptis ; Pseudoneptis iapis, Isoteinon ; Lophoides iarbas, Papilio ; Lymnas ; Nadisepa ; Panara icana, Dipsas ; Esakiozephyrus icarioides, Lycaena ; Icaricia icarius Esper, Papilio ; Panosmiopsis icarius Westwood, Papilio ; Panosmiopsis icarus Cramer, Papilio ; Castnia Fabricius ; Polyommatus Icarus Rober ; Iterus icarus Rottemburg, Papilio ; Bryna ; Castnia Fabricius ; Polyommatus ichnusa, Papilio (Vanessa) ; Ichnusa ictinus, Ialmenus ; Protialmenus ida var. cecilia ; Epinephele ; Idata idalia, Papilio ; Speyeria idas Cramer, Papilio ; Dicranaspsis ; Proteides idas Linnaeus, Papilio ; Lycaeides ; Dicranaspis ; Proteides ide, Siderone ; Siderone Boisduval ; Siderone Hiibner Idea, Nectaria idea, Pamphila ; Psoralis idea, Papilio ; Idea; Nectaria Idiomorphus de Chaudoir ; Bicyclus Idiomorphus Doumet ; Bicyclus Idioneurala ; Idioneura idiotica, Heliochroma ; Heliochroma Idmais ; Calais idomeneus, Papilio ; Aerodes ; Pavonia idotea, Mesosemia (Mesophthalma) ; Mesophthalma idotea, Pieris ; Nepheronia idothea, Buzyges ; Buzyges Idoxylides ; Marshallia Idrusia ; Euripus igati, Acraea ; Solenites ignita, Pamphila ; Oxypalpus Holland ; Oxypalpus Watson ilaire, Pieris ; Glutophrissa ilerdina, Ithomia ; Leucothyris Iliades ; Ecaudati ilias, Thecla ; Philiris ilion, Inessa ; Inéssa illana, Pieris ; Phrissura ; Udaiana illigera, Neptis ; Palanda illudens, Cobalus ; Vehilius illurgis, Iolaus ; Cophanta ilma, Liptena ; Tetrarhanis iluska, Ismene ; Sartora imalena, Telegonus ; Codatractus ; Heteropia imitatrix, Heteropia ; Codatractus ; Heteropia immaculata, Deloneura ; Deloneura imperator, Carcharodus ; Reverdinus imperator, Parnassius ; Eukoramius imperialis, Papilio ; Arcas imperialis, Teinopalpus ; Teinopalpus ; Teinoprosopus impura, Terias ; Heurema Herrich- Schaeffer, 1867 incerta, Amechania ; Amechania inconspicua, Itylos ; Paralycaeides incredibilis, Iris ; Iridana ; Iridopsis ; Iris Indoxylides ; Eooxylides Doherty indra, Hiades [sic] ; Elymnotaenaris indrani, Plesioneura ; Coladenia inexpectata, Kumothales ; Kumothales infernalis, Entheus ; Mionectes ; Onzis infernalis, Styx ; Styx infernus, Eudamus ; Hantana infuscata, Hesperia ; Papias inga, Celebina ; Celebina inica, Yphthima [sic] ; Lohana inops, Lycaena (Thysonotis) ; Epimastidia inores, Iolaus ; Sukidion inornata, Amblypodia ; Iois insignis, Miletus ; Miletographa insularis, Phaedra ; Phaedra integra, Pamphila ; Papias io, Papilio ; Hamadryas Hiibner ; Inachis iolas, Lycaena ; Jolana iole, Nathalis ; Nathalis iole, Papilio ; Lachnoptera 488 INDEX iona, Ectima ; Ectima ionia, Vanessa ; Thaleropis ionis, Ismene ; Sartora iowa, Hesperia ; Atrytone Iphiclides ; Podalirius iphigenia Cramer, Papilio ; Perrhybris iphigenia Fabricius, Papilio ; Perrhybris iphis, Papilio ; Pyrrhochalcia iphitas, Eurytides ; Eurytides irava, Hesperia ; Hidari irenea, Papilio ; Thisbe Iridana ; Iridopsis ; Iris Iridopsis ; Iridana ; Iris Iris ; Iridopsis iris, Papilio; Aeola ; Apatura Fabricius ; Apatura [Illiger] ; Potamis Hiibner, [1806] irius, Papilio ; Hypocysta irroratum, Cricosoma ; Comphotis irvina, Lychnuchus ; Ilma isabellae, Teratoneura ; Teratoneura isaeae [sic] f. geogr. isaeoides, Rathora ; Pseudorathora isaeea, Argynnis ; Pseudorathora Isapis ; Melanis isidora, Papilio ; Zaretis ismare, Papilio ; Nasuma ismene, Limenitis ; Lebadea Ismene Nickerl ; Hypermnestra Ismene Swainson ; Ismene Nickerl ismenoides, Corone ; Corone Isodema ; Paraplesia Issoria ; Rathora issoria, Telchinia ; Pareba Issoria ; Vagrans Itanus Doubleday ; Itanus Felder (C.) itea, Papilio ; Bassaris Iterus ; Icarus Ithomeis ; Ithomiopsis Ithomiopsis ; Ithomeis itonia, Ypthima ; Ypthimomorpha ittona, Phlebodes ; Mnestheus iturina, Euryphene ; Bebearia ; Euryphene itylus, Autochton ; Autochton Ixias ; Thestias jada, Thecla, Dolymorpha Jaera ; Catuna; Euomma; Evena jafra, Myrina ; Cheritra ; Myrina jaina, Ismene ; Gecana jainadeva, Argynnis ; Profabriciana jaira, Tenaris ; Taenaris jairus, Papilio ; Drusilla ; Hyades ; Taenaris jalaurida, Zophoessa ; Magula Jalmenus ; Austromyrina jama, Astictopterus ; Astictopterus ; Psolos Semper Jamides ; Lampides janais, Papilio ; Chlosyne ; Coatlantona ; Synchloe Doubleday janaka, Papilio ; Mimbyasa janardana, Mycalesis ; Martanda jangala, Amblypodia ; Remelana Moore janias, Papilio ; Chalbys ; Epinephele ; Maniola japetus, Papilio ; Tagiades japonica, Apatura ; Diagora ; Parhestina Jasia ; Iasius jasius, Papilio ; Charaxes ; Jasia; Paphia jasoda, Zarona ; Zarona jason, Papilio ; Charaxes ; Iasius ; Paphia Jasoniades ; Caudati; Euphoeades jatrophe, Papilio ; Anartia java, Papilio ; Glycestha jayadeva, Capila ; Capila jayadeva, Ismene ; Capila jeanneli, Tavetana ; Tavetana jebus, Hesperia ; Zenis jeconia, Carystus ; Falga jemina, Ceratinia ; Dircenna jhora, Thanaos ; Machacus jina, Athyma ; Tharasia joanna, Joanna; Joanna jobates, Lycaena ; Cupidopsis johnstoni, Monethe ; Colaciticus johnstonii, Astictopterus ; Choristoneura ; Daratus ; Katreus ; Loxolexis jonasi, Thecla ; Shirozua josephina, Pieris ; Ganyra jovianus, Papilio ; Ate ; Pythonides ; Quadrus jovina, Ilma; Ilma jucunda, Hamadryas ; Napeocles julettus, Papilio ; Cabirus julia, Erycina ; Melibaea julia, Papilio ; Colaenis ; Dryas Hiibner julii, Nymula ; Haramba Junea ; Polymastus juno, Papilio ; Dione jurtina, Papilio ; Epinephele ; Maniola Justinia ; Phanes justinianus, Hesperia ; Justinia ; Phanes jynx, Elymnias ; Didonis ; Elymnias INDEX 489 kalinda, Erebia ; Paralasa kallimoides, Aslauga ; Paraslauga kamala, Argynnis ; Prodryas Reuss ; Protodryas kanda, Adolias ; Sonepisa kanwa, Athyma ; Tatisia karsandra, Polyommatus ; Zizeeria karschina, Papilio ; Heteroscada ; Salacia ; Scada kasa, Athyma; Balanga katangana, Euliphyrodes ; Euliphyrodes kausambi, Abisara ; Abisara kesava, Adolias ; Nora Kineta ; Itys kirbyi, Pentila ; Ornipholidotos Kironga ; Parathyma Kirrodes ; Placilla klagesii, Ecesia ; Ecesia Klotsius ; Rhodocera klugii, Euploea ; Pademma klugii, Satyrus ; Geitoneura kobros, Plastingia ; Kobrona kollari, Aegiale ; Acentrocneme ; Aegiale ; Teria Kollaria ; Superflua kolyma, Catagramma ; Catacore kurava, Lycaena ; Nacaduba labdaca, Libythea ; Dichora labdacus, Papilio ; Erythia labradus, Polyommatus ; Zizina labriaris, Telegonus ; Heronia lacaena, Leucochitonea ; Diaeus lachares, Anthene ; Pseudoliptena lachares, Lycenesthes ; Pseudoliptena lachesis, Papilio ; Lachesis lactaria, Athyma ; Hamadryodes Laeosopis ; Aurotis Kirby laertes, Potamis ; Morpho Hiibner ; Prepona Taeta, Terias ; Nirmula laeta, Thecla ; Erora laetitia, Papilio ; Pyrrhosticta laia, Papilio ; Dismorphia lais, Papilio ; Elymnias ; Melynias laius, Papilio ; Chilades lalassis, Appias ; Lade lamborni, Neaveia ; Neaveia lamis, Papilio; Juditha; Pelia; Peplia ; Peria Lampidella ; Lampides Lampides ; Cosmolyce ; Lampidella lamponia, Hesperia ; Lamponia lamprolensis, Esthemopheles ; Esthemopheles Lamproptera ; Leptocircus lamprospilus, Isoteinon ; Isoteinon lanaris, Lethe ; Archondesa Langia ; Raywardia laodamia, Papilio ; Peridromia laodice, Papilio ; Argyronome ; Eudaphne laomedia, Papilio ; Aresta laonome, Diorina ; Diorina laothoe, Papilio ; Temenis lapithis, Myrina ; Araotes lara, Papilio ; Gonatomyrina laronia, Hesperia ; Osmodes Holland ; Osmodes Watson larydas, Papilio ; Anthene larymna, Limenitis ; Tacola Laisaia ; Amphiselenis Staudinger Lasaia ; Talites lascivia, Pamphila ; Suniana Lasiommata ; Amecera ; Xenica lassia, Leucochitonea ; Mylon lathonia, Papilio ; Issoria ; Rathora ; Vagrans lathoniella, Lasiommata (?) ; Oreixenica latifasciata, Pyrrhopyga [sic] ; Pyrrhopyge Latiorina ; Agriades laufella, Hesperia ; Pteroteinon ; Tanyptera laura, Catargyria ; Catargyria laure, Papilio ; Catargyria laurentia, Nymphalis ; Chlorippe Boisduval ; Chlorippe Doubleday lausus, Papilio ; Thereus lavatherae, Papilio ; Lavatheria lavinia, Papilio ; Junonia Laxita ; Zarax layardi, Euploea ; Mahintha leachiana, Colias ; Klotsius leaena, Lymanopoda ; Penrosada leanira, Melitaea ; Thessalia lebadea, Hesperia ; Paduka lebena, Thecla ; Tatura ; Theclopsis leda, Dryas ; Afrodryas ; Dryas Boisduval leda, Melanargia; Ledargia leda, Papilio ; Cyllo; Melanitis leda, Periplysia ; Periplysia ledereri, Lycaena: Argus Gerhard: Bakeria leechi, Glaucopsyche (Sinia) ; Sinia Leechia Tutt ; Leechia R6ber ; Strymonidia 490 INDEX leggei, Chioneigia ; Chioneigia leilus, Papilio ; Leilus ; Urania Lemonias Hiibner, [1806] ; Lemonias Hiibner, [1807] Lemonias Hiibner, [1807] ; Anatole ; Audre ; Hamearis ; Lemonias Hoffmannsegg ; Lemonias [Illiger] Lemonias [Illiger] ; Lemonias Hiibner, [1807] lemur, Maniola ; Maniola lena, Papilio ; Pieris Hiibner lento, Pamphila ; Lento leo, Papilio ; Acolastus ; Polygonus leonardus, Hesperia ; Anthomaster leonata, Drucina ; Drucina leonidas, Papilio ; Arisbe leonora, Hesperia ; Leona leonora, Mylothris ; Pseudomylothris leonte, Potamis ; Brassolis [Illiger] ; Leonte ; Morpho Fabricius ; Potamis Hiibner, [1807] leopardinum, Cricosoma ; Cricosoma leosthenes, Papilio ; Protographium lepeletieri, Hesperia ; Lepella lepenula, Hesperia ; Kedestes Lephelisca ; Calephelis ; Nymphidia Lepidochrysops ; Neochrysops leprea, Lasiommata ; Nesoxenica ; Xeniconympha leprieuri, Callithea ; Cyane Leptalis ; Hemerocharis Leptidea ; Leptoria ; Leucophasia Leptocircus ; Lamprosura leptoneuroides, Cosmosatyrus; Cosmosatyrus Leptosia ; Leptoria ; Pontia leroma, Arhopala(?) ; Crudaria lethe, Papilio ; Eurema Doubleday ; Heurema Herrich-Schaeffer 1865 ; Hypanartia Lethe ; Tanaoptera Lethites ; Satyrites letincius, Papilio philoxenus ; Byasa leuce, Apanthesis ; Apanthesis Leucidia Doubleday ; Heurema Herrich- Schaeffer, 1867 ; Leucidia Herrich- Schaeffer leucodesma, Eresia ; Anthanassa leucogaster, Metrocles ; Metrocles leucoglene, Faunula ; Faunula leucomelas, Cobalus ; Plagiothyrus leucophaea, Echenais ; Echenais leucophaeus, Bithys ; Bithys leucoplaga, Corrachia ; Corrachia leucopyga, Cyclopides ; Acleros leucosia, Limnas ; Heliochlaena ; Limnas Hiibner, [1806], Samml. exot. Schmett. leucothoe, Papilio ; Athyma levana, Papilio ; Araschnia levina, Apaustus ; Levina levubu, Leucochitonea ; Leucochitonea Iherminieri, Hesperia ; Nastra libentina, Liptena ; Mimeresia libera, Hypoleria ; Hypoleria librita, Hesperia ; Librita libyssa, Liptena ; Falcuna Libythea ; Chilea ; Hecaerge libythea, Papilio ; Appias ; Kibreeta libytheoides, Stolopsyche ; Stolopsyche licinia, Papilio ; Enantia licinius, Mantoides ; Mantoides licursis, Papilio ; Chorinea licus, Papilio ; Telchin licus, Urbanus ; Castnia [Illiger] lidderdalii, Bhutanitis ; Bhutanitis ligea, Papilio ; Epigea ; Erebia ; Dapidodigma ligora, Hesperia ; Paronymus lilea, Erycides ; Dysenius liliana, Plesioneura ; Lobocla limbaria, Lucia ; Lucia Limenitis ; Najas Hiibner, [1806] ; Limnas Hiibner, [1806], (Tentamen) ; Nympha ; Nymphalus ; Paraneptis limenitoides, Vanessa ; Lelex Limnas Boisduval ; Lymnas Limnas Hiibner, [1806] (Tentamen) ; Panlymnas Limnas Hiibner, [1806] (Samml. exot. Schmett.) ; Heliochlaena ; Limnas Boisduval ; Nymphidium limniace, Papilio ; Tirumala limnoria, Pieris ; Melete limpida, Ceratinia ; Pseudomechanitis lina, Hesperia ; Linka linea, Papilio ; Adopaea linea, Papilio ; Pelion lineola, Papilio ; Pelion lingeus, Papilio ; Cacyreus ; Hyreus Lintneria Butler ; Lintneria Edwards Lintneria Edwards ; Lintneria Butler ; Systasea linus, Papilio ; Arawacus Liphyra ; Sterosis Liptena ; Parapontia; Pentila ; Pseudoliptena ; Telipna; Tingra lircaea, Liptena ; Larinopoda INDEX 491 liris, Nyctalemon (Alcidis) ; Alcidis liris, Papilio ; Alcidis lisarda, Diadema ; Penthema lise, Elmniopsis ; Elmniopsis lisias, Papilio ; Marmessus lisides, Myrina ; Suasa Listeria ; Pamela litana, Hesperia ; Vacerra Lithodryas ; Lithopsyche Lithopsyche ; Lithodryas livena, Deramas ; Deramas lividus, Polygonus ; Acolastus ; Nennius ; Polygonus logan, Hesperia ; Anatrytone Logania ; Malais longicornis, Ancistroides ; Ancistroides longinus, Hesperia ; Tajuria Lopinga ; Crebeta lorquinii, Ptychandra ; Ptychandra Losaria ; Balignina lotana, Pamphila ; Tirynthoides Loweia ; Palaeoloweia lowii latipicta, Neorina ; Hermianax loxus, Pythonides ; Paches lubentina, Papilio ; Euthalia ; Symphaedra lubricans, Goniloba ; Polytremis lucaria, Leucochitonea ; Charidia lucasi, Callidryas ; Gideona lucasi, Hesperia ; Turesis lucasii, Hesperilla ; Sovia lucia, Carystus ; Lucida lucidella, Sape ; Sape lucifer, Plebeius ; Papua Lucilla ; Lucillella lucilla, Papilio ; Paraneptis Lucillella ; Lucilla lucina, Papilio ; Audre ; Hamearis ; Nemeobius lucinda, Papilio ; Aphacitis ; Nimula Lucinia ; Autodea lucretilis, Lycaenesthes ; Triclema luculenta, Siseme ; Hopfferia Staudinger ludens, Cobalus ; Ludens ludovica, Papilio ; Melinaea Hiibner lugens, Euploea ; Oranasma lunulata, Thecla ; Erschoffia ; Pseudothecla lusones, Lycaenesthes ; Neurellipes luxerii, Zeuxidia ; Aglaura ; Zeuxidia lybia, Papilio ; Semelia Erichson Lycaena Fabricius ; Lycaena Hiibner ; Lycia ; Lysandra ; Maculinea ; Migonitis Sodovskii ; Rumicia lycaenoides, Larinopoda ; Larinopoda lycaon, Papilio ; Hyponephele lycaste, Papilio ; Dynothea lycegenes, Zeritis ; Poecilmitis lycia, Papilio ; Hyalites lyciades, Proteides ; Achalarus lycidas, Papilio ; Achalarus lycimnia, Papilio ; Daptonoura ; Melete lyco, Styriodes ; Styriodes lycoa, Acraea ; Hyalites lycoa, Acraea ; Planema Lycorea ; Lycorella Lycus ; Licus lygdamus, Polyommatus ; Glaucopsyche Lymanopoda ; Sarromia Lymnas ; Erchia; Melanis lynceus, Papilio ; Hestia lyncides, Limenitis ; Lamasia lyrnessa, Lasiommata ; Paratisiphone Lysandra ; Uranops lysanias, Limenitis ; Tarattia lyside, Colias ; Kricogonia lysippus, Papilio; Erycina ; Riodina lysiteles, Carystus ; Carystina lytrea, Vanessa ; Anartiella lyzanius, Lycaenesthes ; Neurypexina mabillei, Ematurgina ; Ematurgina mabillei, Gastrochaeta ; Gastrochaeta ; Meza macareus, Papilio ; Paranticopsis macarius, Pellicia ; Pellicia Pl6tz machaon, Papilio; Achivus ; Aernauta ; Amaryssus ; Papilio ; Princeps Hiibner, [1806] ; Princeps Hiibner, [1807] macmahoni, Lyela ; Lyela maculata, Melitaea (?) ; Timelaea maculata, Hesperia ; Oligoria Maculinea ; Argus Boisduval maculosa, Megathymus ; Stallingsia madagascariensis, Crenis ; Crenis Boisduval ; Sallya madagascariensis, Godartia ; Godartia maecenas, Hesperia ; Iraota maenacte, Pieris ; Theochila maerula, Papilio; Amynthia ; Anteos maesa, Pamphila ; Padraona ; Potanthus maesoides, Pamphila ; Potanthus maevius, Hesperia ; Taractrocera maha, Lycaena ; Pseudozizeeria mahintha, Isme ; Tothrix maianeas, Mycalesis ; Satoa 492 INDEX maja, Papilio ; Pandoriana malaya, Lycaena ; Megisba; Pathalia malaya, Megisba ; Pathalia malayica, Crastia ; Adigama malayica hypanis, Euploea ; Adigama malayica, Logania ; Logania ; Malais Malaza ; Manarina m-album, Thecla ; Eupsyche malitiosa, Goniloba ; Godmania malsara, Mycalesis ; Samanta malsarida, Mycalesis ; Kabandra malvae, Papilio ; Carcharodus ; Hemiteleomorpha ; Hesperia ; Pamphila ; Pyrgus ; Spilothyrus ; Syrichtus ; Urbanus Hiibner, [1806] Mambara ; Pistoria Manarina ; Malaza manataaqua, Hesperia ; Limochores Manataria ; Tisiphone Mancipium Hiibner, [1806] ; Mancipium Hiibner, [1807] Mancipium Hiibner, [1807] ; Oreas Hiibner, [1807] ; Pontia ; Potamis Hiibner, [1807] mandarinus, Myrina ; Charana mandela, Pieris ; Neogeia ; Pieriballia mango, Hesperia ; Molla manoro, Atella ; Smerina maraho, Papilio ; Agehana marathon, Oreas ; Oreas Felder & Felder ; Rusalkia marathus, Herona ; Herona marciana, Myrina ; Thamala marcias, Archonias ; Archonias margaretta, Erycina ; Agathina margarita, Mylothris ; Andropodum margaritae, Lethe (?) ; Dionana marginalis, Citrinophila ; Citrinophila marius, Papilio ; Marius ; Timetes Boisduval Marius ; Timetes Boisduval marloyi, Thanaos ; Hallia marnas, Pamphila ; Arrhenella ; Arrhenes Evans ; Arrhenes Mabille maro, Hesperia ; Ampittia marsena, Hesperia ; Pithauriopsis marshalli, Parantirrhoea ; Parantirrhoea marsyas, Papilio ; Pseudolycaena marthesia, Papilio ; Siderone Hiibner martia, Cyrenia ; Cyrenia martina, Myrina ; Pseudomyrina mashuna, Ypthima ; Mashuna ; Ypthimorpha Mashuna ; Ypthimorpha masilikazi, Spindasis ; Spindasis masoni, Debis ; Chonala masoni, Pamphila ; Thoressa Masoura ; Gallienia masoura, Melanitis ; Gallienia ; Masoura massasoit, Hesperia ; Poanes massyla, Myrina ; Mota masuriensis, Isoteinon ; Pedesta ; Pedestes mathias, Hesperia ; Chapra ; Pelopidas maturna, Papilio ; Lemonias Hiibner, [1806] mavors, Theritas ; Theritas mazans, Carcharodus ; Staphylus mazoensis, Desmolycaena ; Desmolycaena mcfarlandi, Callophrys (Sandia) ; Sandia mechanitis, Athyrtis ; Athyrtis Mechanitis Fabricius ; Epimetes ; Hymenitis [Illiger] Mechanitis [Illiger] ; Mechanitis Fabricius meda, Hesperia ; Zenida medura, Hipparchia ; Erites medus, Papilio ; Orsotriaena medusa, Papilio ; Medusia meeki, Stilbon ; Stilbon megaera, Euploea ; Betanga megalia, Ypthima ; Shania megalomma, Ypthima ; Shania Megalopalpus ; Liptena ; Pentila ; Megalura ; Eumargareta ; Timetes Doubleday megara, Helicornia ; Tithorea Megastes Boisduval ; Megastes Westwood Megastes Westwood ; Megastes Boisduval megera, Papilio ; Amecera ; Lasiommata ; Satyrus Megistanis Doubleday ; Baeotus ; Megistanis Boisduval meiktila, Halpe ; Onryza melampus, Papilio; Baspa Melanargia ; Agapetes ; Satyrus melanchrois, Lepricornis ; Lepricornis melander, Papilio ; Eudamidas ; Lymnas ; Melanis melania, Eretis ; Eretis Melanis ; Erchia ; Lymnas Melanitis ; Cyllo melanomitra, Syrmoptera ; Syrmoptera melanops, Polyommatus ; Apelles melas, Methion ; Methion melaxanthe, Damias ; Cleis meleager, Papilio; Agriades ; Meleageria INDEX meleagris, Fritilla ; Fritilla meleagris, Papilio ; Hamanumida ; Leucotricha meliboea, Gorgophone ; Gorgophone meliboeus, Papilio ; Ancyluris ; Melibaea melichroptera, Ortholexis ; Ortholexis Melinaea Hiibner ; Melinaea Bates ; Melinaea Sodovskii melinus, Strymon ; Strymon ; Uranotes Melitaea ; Melinaea Sodovskii ; Mellicta ; Schoenis melite, Papilio ; Licinia mella, Atrytone ; Mellana Mellicta ; Athaliaeformia melphis, Parnara ; Melphina melpomene, Papilio ; Heliconius Latreille ; Phlogris ; Sunias memnon, Papilio ; Ecaudati ; Iliades menadensis, Lintorata ; Chlorochropsis ; Lintorata menander, Papilio ; Menander ; Tharops Menander ; Tharops menapia, Pieris ; Neophasia menas, Iolaus ; Iolaphilus Menelaides ; Heterocreon meneria, Papilio ; Amarynthis menes, Papilio ; Apaustus menetho, Papilio ; Discophora menetriesi, Halimede ; Epimede menippe, Mancipium ; Klotsius ; Rhodocera ; Eudamidas meolans, Papilio ; Marica mercatus, Hesperia ; Euthymele mercurius, Papilio ; Dicranaspis ; Proteides meridionalis, Melanargia ; Epimede merione, Papilio ; Temenis meris, Papilio ; Lasaia ; Talites mermeria, Papilio ; Taygetis mermeros, Hypolycaena ; Trichiolaus merope, Papilio ; Heteronympha ; Hipparchioides merops, Tymetes ; Tymetes merula, Erebia ; Percnodaimon Mesene ; Emesis [Illiger] mesentina, Papilio ; Adelpha mesogramma, Hesperia ; Pansydia mestra, Mycalesis ; Pachama metacomet, Hesperia ; Euphyes metallescens, Eudamus ; Polythrix Metamandana ; Philaethria ; Metamorpha Metamorpha ; Metamandana ; Philaethria metea, Hesperia ; Ocytes Methona ; Methonella Methone ; Methonella methymna, Pieris ; Moschoneura metis, Papilio ; Cyclopides ; Metisella ; Watsonia Tutt Metisella ; Cyclopides ; Watsonia Tutt meton, Papilio ; Rekoa Metura ; Parura mexicana, Helias ; Doberes mexicana, Terias ; Sphaenogona Meza ; Gastrochaeta meza, Hesperia ; Gastrochaeta ; Meza miadora ; Ipidecla micacea, Hyda ; Hyda micacea, Hydra ; Ulva michaelis, Thecla ; Ussuriana microdice form. wagenknechti, Tatochila ; Hypsochila Microzegris ; Pyrothoia Mictris ; Mycteris mida, Basslerodea ; Basslerodea midamus, Papilio ; Isamia midas, Papilio ; Bungalotis Midea ; Falcapica midea, Mancipium ; Falcapica ; Midea midea, Pelopidas ; Pelopidas migonitis, Eudamus ; Hewitsoniella Migonitis Hiibner ; Migonitis Sodovskii milca, Liptena ; Vanessula Miletus ; Gerydus milionia, Myrina ; Euaspa militaris, Lasaia ; Hopfferia R6ber ; Hopfferia Staudinger miltias, Ismene ; Mimas ; Mimene milvius, Trioedusa ; Trioedusa Mimas ; Mimene mimas, Papilio ; Nisoniades Mimene ; Biaka mimeta, Actis ; Actis mimetica, Hestina ; Hestinalis mimetica, Neptus ; Andasenodes mimon, Synpalamides ; Synpalamides minereoides, Papilio (Byasa) ; Mineroides minerva, Papilio ; Nemetis mingo, Hesperia ; Potanthus miniata, Thamala ; Thamala minijas, Rusticus ; Eumaea ; Eumaeus ; Eumenia minimus, Papilio ; Cupido Schrank ; Zizera minna, Mancipium ; Catopsilia ; Murtia 493 494 minos, Hesperia ; Zenis mintha, Dira ; Mintha minthra, Dira ; Torynesis Mionectes ; Onzis mirabilis, Sabatoga ; Sabatoga miraculum, Thysonotis (?) ; Waigeum mirifica, Euliphyra ; Euliphyra misius, Pamphila ; Misius mithrax, Achlyodes ; Chiomara mitra, Euploea ; Pramasa Mnasalcas ; Mnasitheus mnasicles, Mycalesis ; Culapa Mnasitheus ; Mnasalcas mneme (Linnaeus) var. mediatrix, Melinaea ; Czakia mneme, Papilio ; Czakia mniszechii, Euploea ; Selindra modesta, Adlerodea ; Adlerodea modesta, Liptena ; Pseudoliptena modestus, Methionopsis ; Methionopsis modius, Proteides ; Thomares Moduza ; Procris moeros, Proteides ; Moeros mokeezi, Pterygospidea ; Apallaga molione, Monethe ; Paraphthonia molla, Molla ; Molla mollina, Euptychia ; Euptychia molpadia, Mylothris ; Glutophrissa moltrechti, Pieris ; Betaporia moluccana, Acraea ; Miyana monartus, Tagiades ; Narga monastica, Tarmia ; Tarmia monima, Papilio; Eunica ; Eunice monteithi, Plesionura ; Quedara monuste, Papilio ; Ascia Moorea ; Arletta moorei, Halpe ; Halpe moorei, Lycaena ; Shijimia moorei, Mycalesis ; Indalasa mopsus, Chrysophanus ; Chrysophanus morantii, Pamphila ; Parosmodes morgeni, Elsa; Elsa morgiana, Apatura (?) ; Dilipa mormo, Lemonias ; Apodemia ; Chrysobia mormonia, Chrysobia ; Chrysobia Morpheis ; Anemeca morpheus, Heteropterus ; Cyclopides ; Heteropterus morpheus, Papilio ; Cyclopides ; Heteropterus Morpho Fabricius ; Brassolis [Illiger] ; Hehornis ; Morpho Hiibner ; Oreas INDEX Hubner, [1807] ; Pavonia ; Potamis Hubner, [1807] morrisoni, Pamphila ; Stinga morvus, Tagiades ; Morvina Morys ; Euroto moza, Cupido ; Itylos muhata, Pentila ; Ornipholidotos mulciber, Papilio ; Eudaemon ; Trepsichrois multicaudata, Thaduka ; Thaduka multiplaga, Lymnas ; Melanis munionga, Hesperilla ; Oreisplanus murdava, Ismene ; Pithauria murga, Pamphila ; Chondrolepis Murtia ; Catopsilia musarion, Neoxeniades ; Neoxeniades Muschampia ; Sloperia ; Syrichtus mycalesis, Bletogona ; Bletogona Mycalesis ; Setodocis ; Theope Moore Mydosama ; Dasyomma Mygona Westwood ; Mygona Thieme mylitta, Papilio ; Dynamine myna, Proteides ; Tisias mynois, Mycalesis ; Jatana myops, Erebia ; Dubierebia ; Lyela myris, Cyclosemia ; Myrinia myrsilus, Ialmenus ; Pseudalmenus myrtale, Lycaena ; Nordmannia myrtis, Aricoris (Setabis) ; Arotes ; Setabis mys, Urbanus; Aella ; Zariaspes mystes, Mycalesis (Myrtilus) ; Myrtilus mystic, Hesperia ; Pyrrhosidia mystica, Thyridia ; Gelotophye mytheca, Hesperia; Zea Nabokovia ; Pseudothecla Nabokov Naevolus ; Cydrus naevolus, Cydrus ; Cydrus ; Naevolus naganum, Mancipium ; Talbotia Nahida ; Threnodes nais, Chrysophanus ; Polystigma nais, Papilio ; Symphaedra Najas, Euphaedra ; Limenitis ; Limnas Hiibner, [1806], (Tentamen) Napaea ; Cremna napho, Ithomia ; Cleodis napi, Papilio ; Artogeia napoleon, Dynastor ; Dynastor ; Megastes Westwood nara, Adolias ; Limbusa narada, Thecla ; Amblypodia ; Horsfieldia narasingha, Yphthima [sic] ; Hemadara Narathura ; Amblypodia narbal, Papilio ; Olynthus narcosius, Papilio ; Astraptes nareda, Satyrus ; Pandima narva, Papilio ; Coatlantona nasaka, Thecla ; Sinthusa nascens, Parnara ; Zinaida natalensis, Aphnaeus ; Spindasis natalii, Satyrus ; Coenyropsis nathalia, Pieris ; Saletara nautes, Nerula; Nerula nautes, Papilio ; Mithras Neadopaea ; Adopaeoides neaera, Notocrypta ; Oerane neaerea, Papilio ; Corybas Boisduval ; Corybas Westwood ; Pyrrhogyra neander, Apaustus ; Acromecis nearchus, Hesperia ; Chaetoneura neavei, Sheffieldia ; Sheffieldia nedymond, Papilio ; Sithon nehemia, Pieris ; Pseudopieris neita, Pseudonympha ; Neita neleus, Papilio ; Lignyostola Nelone ; Exoplisia Nemeobius ; Audre ; Hamearis nemertes, Limnas ; Euploea [Illiger] ; Salpinx nemesis, Papilio ; Siderone Hiibner nemesis, Pieris ; Acmepteron nemorum, Hesperia ; Augiades ; Ochlodes nemyroides, Satyrus ; Nelia Neochrysops ; Lepidochrysops neocypris, Colias ; Metura ; Parura Neope Butler ; Blanaida ; Enope Neope Moore ; Blanaida ; Enope ; Neope Butler Neopithecops ; Parapithecops Neorina ; Sita nephele, Ithomia ; Heterosais ; Rhadinoptera nephelus, Papilio ; Sadengia Neptis Fabricius ; Athyma; Neptis Hiibner ; Neptis [Illiger] ; Philonoma ; Seokia Neptis [Illiger] ; Neptis Fabricius neptunus, Papilio ; Balignina nerces, Dyndirus ; Dyndirus nereis, Papilio ; Antirrhaea ; Pierella neriene, Zeritis ; Zeritis Aurivillius ; Zeritis Boisduval neriphus, Neptis ; Bisappa nerissa, Papilio ; Acraea Hiibner ; Cepora INDEX 495 nero, Papilio ; Trigonia nesimachus, Adolias ; Dichorragia neso, Nereis ; Ceratinia ; Teracinia Nesosemia ; Dicrogonidia Nesoxenica ; Xeniconympha Nessaea ; Polychroa nessus, Pholisora ; Celotes nestor, Ismene ; Sartora netopha, Hesperia ; Fresna neumoegeni, Megathymus ; Agathymus Neurosigma ; Acontia niavius, Papilio ; Amauris Nica ; Pseudonica nicaeus, Papilio ; Eurybia Hoffmannsegg ; Eurybia Hiibner ; Eurybia Latreille Nicevillea ; Oriens nicia, Hyphilaria ; Hyphilaria nicias Fabricius, Papilio ; Hyphilaria nicias Stoll, Papilio ; Hyphilaria nicias, Polyommatus ; Pseudoaricia nicippe, Papilio ; Abaeis ; Xanthidia Niconiades ; Goniloba nigerrima, Arunena ; Arunena nigrina, Papilio ; Symmachlas nigrita, Hesperia ; Tamela nigroguttatus, Suastus ; Seseria nigropunctata, Mambara ; Mambara ; Pistoria nilgiriensis, Danais ; Badacara nimbice, Euterpe ; Catasticta nina, Papilio; Leptosia ; Nina; Pontia Ninguta ; Aranda ninonia, Nereis ; Hypothyris niobe, Papilio ; Fabriciana niphe, Papilio ; Acidalia ; Argynnis ; Argyrea ; Argyreus ; Mimargyra niphon, Licus ; Incisalia nireus, Papilio ; Eques nirvana, Neptis ; Bisappa nissa, Thecla ; Bidaspa nitida, Lamprolenis ; Lamprolenis nitocris, Papilio ; Hyalothyrus niveicornis, Hesperia ; Chondrolepis niveus, Papilio ; Heliopetes niveus, Zephyrus ; Ravenna nobilis, Papilio ; Myscelus nobilis nemesis, Papilio ; Siderone Hiibner noctua, Helias ; Noctuana noctula, Hades ; Hades ; Moritzia nomenia, Myrina ; Hypomyrina nora, Lycaena ; Prosotas norna, Papilio ; Oeneis nostrodamus, Hesperia ; Philoodus 496 INDEX nothis, Coelites ; Coelites nothus, Papilio ; Ceratrichia Notocrypta ; Plesioneura noureddin, Thaumantis ; Kringana nox, Papilio; Karanga numidia, Anelia ; Anelia numilia, Papilio ; Epicalia Boisduval numitor, Hesperia ; Ancyloxypha nurscia, Tamyris ; Mahotis nycha, Psalidopteris ; Psalidopteris Nyctalemon ; Alcidis nycteis, Atyma [sic] ; Athymodes nycteis, Melitaea ; Charidryas nycteis, Parnes ; Parnes nyctelius, Hesperia ; Nyctelius nycteris, Exometoeca ; Exometoeca nympalides, Amphrisius ; Amphrisius Nymphalis Kluk ; Nymphalis Felder ; Nymphalis Latreille Nymphalis Latreille ; Iasius nymphidia, Stiboges ; Stiboges nymphidioides, Pandemos ; Acystipoda Nymphidium ; Eulepis Billberg ; Eulepis Scudder ; Heliochlaena ; Juditha ; Lephelisca ; Limnas Hiibner, [1806], (Samml. exot. Schmett.) ; Murwareda ; Nymphidia ; Nymphopsis ; Peplia ; Tyanitis nymphula var. illimani, Phulia ; Infraphulia nymphula, Pieris ; Phulia Nymula ; Nimula nysa, Taenaris ; Hyades nysa, Tenaris [sic] ; Taenaris nyseus, Polyommatus ; Talicada nysiella, Phulia ; Pierphulia nyx, Limnas ; Syrmatia Oarisma ; Paradopaea obrinus, Papilio ; Nessaea ; Polychroa obscura, Isma; Isma; Scobura obscura, Pachyneuria ; Pachyneuria obscurus, Anastrus ; Anastrus obscurus, Nymphalites ; Nymphalites obsoleta, Sarromia ; Sarromia oceia, Hesperia ; Baoris Ochlodes ; Augiades ochracea, Lepricornis ; Otacustesis ochrascens, Poultonia ; Ebepius ; Poultonia ochsenheimeri, Euploea ; Adigama ocrinus, Hesperia ; Paraides octavia, Papilio ; Precis oculatissima, Mycalesis ; Pegada ocyalus, Mimoniades ; Mimoniades Ocyba ; Caecina Ocybadistes ; Arrhenes oda, Thaumantis ; Thaumantis odana, Morpho ; Thaumantis odata, Dipsas ; Chaetoprocta odilia, Apaustus ; Pheraeus odilia, Papilio ; Memphis odius, Papilio ; Aganisthos ; Historis oedipe, Coenonympha ; Coenonympha oedipodea, Ismene; Pola Ismene Swainson oedipodia, Ismene oedippus, Papilio ; Coenonympha ogasawaraensis, Lycaena ; Cyaniriodes Matsumura ogina, Morpho ; Zerynthia Hiibner ogina, Zerynthia ; Zerynthia Hiibner ogowena, Plastingia ; Osphantes ogyges, Ops ; Ops olena, Garga ; Garga olenus, Lychnuchus ; Lychnuchus Olina; Vila omaha, Hesperia ; Padraona ; Potanthus omphale, Morpho ; Morpho Hiibner omphale, Telegonus ; Porphyrogenes onopordi, Hesperia ; Ateleomorpha onycha, Utica ; Utica onyx, Thecla ; Horaga oolitica, Palaeontina ; Palaeontina opalina, Limenitis ; Condochates opalina, Palaeonympha ; Palaeonympha opalinus, Oxeoschistus ; Cheimas ophion, Papilio ; Pterygospidea ophione, Papilio ; Neptidopsis opites, Scantilla ; Scantilla Opsiphanes ; Caligo Boisduval optilete, Papilio ; Vacciniina orbifer, Papilio ; Syrichtus orbitulus, Papilio; Agriades; Albulina ; Latiorina orcas, Papilio; Aphnaemorpha ; Aphnaeus orcinus, Eudamus ; Hydraenomia ; Udranomia orea, Emeenis ; Epiphile Doubleday Oreas Felder & Felder; Rusalkia Oreas Hiibner, [1806] ; Brintesia ; Oreas Oken Oreas Hiibner, [1807] ; Haetera ; Oreas Felder & Felder ; Oreas Oken oreas, Zeritis ; Chrysoritis Oressinoma ; Ocalis Boisduval ; Ocalis Westwood Orestias ; Cartea Oriens ; Nicevillea orientalis, Dipsas ; Favonius origenes, Hesperia ; Limochores orion, Papilio ; Aganisthos ; Historis ; Scolitantides orise, Leptalis ; Patia orius, Proteides ; Cydrus ; Naevolus orma, Ismene (?) ; Mopala ornata, Lycaena ; Athysanota ornata, Hesperia ; Hesperilla ornata, Platypthima ; Platypthima Ornithoptera ; Ornithopterus oroatis, Mycalesis ; Loesa orphana, Dinoplotis ; Dinoplotis Orpheides ; Princeps Hiibner, [1807] orphise, Papilio ; Faunia orsedice, Thecla ; Iratsume orseis, Mycalesis ; Suralaya orseis, Sagaritis ; Sagaritis orsis, Papilio ; Myscelia ; Sagaritis Orthophoetus ; Pteroxys orthos, Eutychide ; Orthos ortygnus, Papilio ; Oenomaus osborni, Kallimula ; Kallimula osca, Hesperia ; Rhinthon Osmodes Holland ; Osmodes Watson ; Oxypalpus Watson Osmodes Watson ; Oxypalpus Watson osteria, Apatura ; Eulaceura osyris, Achlyodes ; Ebrietas othello, Oreina (?) ; Percnodaimon othona, Hypolycaena ; Chliaria otreus, Papilio ; Ephyriades ; Oileides otriades, Eudamus ; Chrysoplectrum ouranus, Papilio ; Notheme Ourocnemis ; Aetheius ovidius, Hesperia ; Emesis Fabricius ; Nelone ; Tapina owgarra, Paraduba ; Paraduba Oxypalpus Holland ; Oxypalpus Watson Pachliopta ; Atrophaneura Padraona ; Potanthus Paduca ; Algia ; Ducapa Paduka ; Algia ; Ducapa ; Paduca pais, Helicopis ; Themone palaemon, Papilio ; Carterocephalus ; Pamphilida ; Phocides palaeno, Papilio ; Colias Fabricius INDEX 497 palatinus, Papilio ; [Athis] palemon, Papilio ; Erycides ; Phocides pales, Papilio ; Boloria pales, Satyrus ; Auca Palla ; Philognoma pallene, Myrina ; Aphniolaus pallida, Durbania ; Cnodontes pamba, Pamba ; Pamba Pamela ; Listeria pamela, Papilio ; Perrhybris pamina, Ceratinia ; Rhodussa pamphanis, Penetes ; Penetes pamphigargyra, Lignyostola ; Lignyostola Pamphila ; Carterocephalus pamphilus, Papilio ; Chortobius [Dunning & Pickard] ; Chortobius Doubleday Panacea ; Pandora panaetius, Gindanes ; Gindanes Panamauris ; Amaurina panda, Pieris ; Saletara panda, Satyrus ; Physcaeneura pandaea, Mycalesis ; Physcon pandama, Cyclogramma ; Cyclogramma pandarus, Papilio ; Esoptria ; Eucalia ; Hypolimnas pandava, Lycaena ; Edales pandione, Hiposcritia ; Hiposcritia Pandora ; Panacea pandora, Papilio ; Pandoriana pandora, Pereneia ; Pereneia pandosia, Pieris ; Itaballia pandu, Symetha ; Symetha paniscus, Papilio ; Carterocephalus ; Pamphilida Panlymnas ; Limnas Hiibner, [1806], (Tentamen) Panopea ; Chloropoea ; Panopaea panoquin, Hesperia ; Panoquina ; Prenes Panoquina ; Prenes Panosmia ; Paenasmia pantherata, Papilio ; Clothilda Pantoporia ; Parathyma; Rahinda paphia, Papilio; Argynnis ; Argyrea ; Dryas Hiibner ; Mesodryas Papilio ; Eques; Festivus ; Heros ; Mineroides ; Panopluia ; Pavermia ; Princeps Hiibner, [1807] papyria, Hesperia ; Bibla paradalina, Cyclopides ; Hovala paradisea, Ornithoptera ; Schoenbergia paradisea, Schoenbergia ; Schoenbergia paradoxa, Globiceps ; Globiceps ; Gonophlebia ; Pseudopontia 498 INDEX paradoxa, Moritzia ; Moritzia paradoxa, Papilio ; Isamiopsis paradoxa, Pseudomechanitis ; Pseudomechanitis paradoxa, Smithia ; Admiratio ; Smithia paradoxa, Zelima ; Euploeopsis paraganesa, Amblypodia ; Acesina paralekta, Paphia ; Kallima Paramacera ; Paramecera Paraplesia ; Isodema Parapontia ; Liptena Pararge ; Satyrus parasilanus, Iolaus ; Philiolaus parasippe, Ithomia ; Hyalenna Parathyma ; Athyma; Balanga ; Condochates ; Kironga ; Pantoporia ; Sabania ; Tatisia; Zabana; Zamboanga Paratrytone Godman ; Paratrytone Dyar parce, Melanargia ; Parce Parcella ; Amblygonia pardalina, Tamyris ; Agara pardalis, Ithomia ; Veladyris Parelodina Bethune-Baker ; Parelodina Fruhstorfer Parelodina Fruhstorfer ; Elodinesthes ; Metelodina paris, Papilio ; Achillides parisatis, Apatura ; Rohana parmenio, Papilio ; Boeberia ; Erebomorpha parmeno, Gnophodes ; Gnophodes Parnassius ; Doritis ; Parnassis ; Therius parrhasius, Hesperia ; Binghamia parryae, Teinopalpus ; Teinopalpus parsimon, Papilio ; Lepidochrysops ; Neochrysops Parthenos ; Minetra parvata, Apatura ; Narsenga parvinotus, Siderus ; Siderus paseas, Pyrrhopyga [sic] ; Granila pasiphae Cramer, Papilio ; Agnostogyna ; Pandemos ; Pasiphana pasiphae Esper, Papilio; Pasiphana pasithoe, Papilio ; Mesoacidalia passalus, Eudamus ; Porphyrogenes passandava, Erebia ; Houlbertia passova, Pyrrhopyga [sic] ; Passova pastria, Pastria ; Pastria pata, Neptis ; Bacalora patage, Mnasinous ; Mnasinous patala, Adolias ; Neurosigma ; Zalapia patnia, Mycalesis ; Nissanga patrobas, Pronophila ; Gyrocheilus patrobas, Pyrrhopyga [sic] ; Jemadia paulina, Damora ; Damora paulina, Papilio ; Catophaga payeni, Papilio ; Meandrusa peckius, Hesperia ; Polites Pedesta ; Pedestes Pedestes ; Pedesta pediada, Poritia ; Massaga peergaea, Gonopteris ; Gonopteris pelea, Papilio ; Tanaecia peleus, Heliconius ; Altinote peleus, Papilio; Brachycneme ; Entheus ; Peleus ; Phareas Pelia ; Peria pelion, Papilio ; Panthiades Pellicia Herrich-Schaeffer ; Pellicia Plétz pelopea, Hipparchia ; Pseudochazara pelops, Papilio; Antillea peloria, Pieris ; Mesapia penai, Hypsochila (Chionanema) ; Chionanema penanga, Melanitis ; Bruasa Moore penelope, Castnia ; Castnia Fabricius penelope, Papilio ; Cissia penicillatum, Crossiura ; Crossiura penicillatus, Mnasilus ; Mnasilus penicilligera, Arrhenothrix ; Arrhenothrix Pentila ; Liptena ; Megalopalpus ; Parapontia ; Tingra Peplia ; Nymphidium Pepliophorus ; Peplodyta percnoptera, Loxolexis ; Loxolexis perezi, Synchloe ; Atlantea Peria ; Pelia periander, Papilio ; Diorina periboea, Papilio ; Setodocis pericopidis, Otacustesis ; Otacustesis peridis, Ithomia ; Choridis Perimeles ; Remella perimuta, Amblypodia ; Darasana perion, Papilio ; Axiocerses perius, Papilio; Athyma peroni, Hesperia ; Telesto ; Timoconia perplexus, Pyrrhopyga [sic] ; Nosphistia perse, Deudorix ; Virachola persephone, Prodryas ; Prodryas Scudder perseus, Mycalesis ; Setodocis persimilis, Diadema ; Parhestina pertinax, Papilio ; Phlebodes petalus, Papilio ; Thestor petosiris, Deudorix ; Vadebra Moore [1884] petreus, Papilio; Athena; Marpesia ; Petreus INDEX 499 phaedone, Danais ; Amaura ; Conoploea phaedra, Papilio ; Minois phaedrus, Papilio ; Anops phaedusa, Stalachtis ; Stalachtis phaenareta, Papilio ; Macroploea Phaenochitonia ; Hesperia Hiibner phaeomallus, Zesius ; Zesius phaesyla, Cybdelis ; Cybdelis phaeton, Papilio ; Euphydryas phaetusa, Papilio ; Dryadula phakes, Poriskina ; Poriskina phalaenoides, Urbanus ; Achna ; Diphoridas ; Helias phalantha, Papilio ; Phalanta phalanthus, Papilio ; Molus phaleros, Papilio ; Cycnus phalia, Poritia ; Simiskina phanaeus, Eudamus ; Orthophoetus ; Pteroxys Phanes ; Phanis Phanis ; Justinia ; Phanes pharea, Limnas ; Emesis [Illiger] Phareas ; Grynopsis phareus, Papilio ; Emesis [{Illiger] ; Mesene Pharia ; Acropolis pharis, Pieris ; Lepteronia pharsalia, Cybdelis ; Antigonis ; Lincoya phaselis, Eudamus ; Sarmientoia Phasis ; Pseudocapys phasma, Zelotaea ; Zelotaea phegea, Papilio ; Elymniopsis phelina, Diophthalma ; Teratophthalma phemius, Itanus ; Itanus Doubleday phenarete, Ituna; Ituna pherecydes, Papilio ; Megistanis Boisduval pheretes, Papilio ; Agriades ; Albulina ; Latiorina pheretima, Crocozona ; Crocozona pheretima, Deudorix: Vadebra Moore, [1884] phidias, Hesperia ; Leptomyrina phidias, Papilio ; Pachyrhopala ; Pyrrhopyge ; Tamyris phidippus, Papilio; Amathusia ; Ategana ; Mitocerus ; Moera; Thoraessa phidon, Papilio ; Thracides phidyle, Cyclosemia ; Mimia phigalia, Hesperia ; Patasingha Philaethria ; Metamandana philander, Pamphila ; Andronymus Philareta ; Chazara philemon, Papilio ; Anastrus ; Brachycoryne ; Ephyriades ; Leucochimona philenor, Papilio ; Laertias philetes, Papilio ; Perichares philocles, Papilio ; Mesosemia philoclessa, Mesosemia ; Mesosemia philoctetes, Papilio ; Antirrhaea philomela, Euploea ; Bahora philomela, Papilio ; Ypthima philomela, Ypthima ; Ypthima philoxenus Gray, Papilio ; Byasa philoxenus Esper, Papilio ; Byasa phineus, Papilio ; Phemiades Phirdana ; Ravadeba phisara, Satarupa ; Gerosis phlaeas, Papilio ; Lycaena Fabricius ; Lycia ; Migonitis Sodovskii ; Rumicia phlegethon, Felderia ; Cynitia ; Felderia Semper phlegia, Papilio ; Stalachtis phlomidis, Hesperia ; Platygnathia Phocides ; Erycides phocides, Hesperia ; Bindahara phocus, Papilio ; Nascus phoebe, Papilio ; Cinclidia Phoebis ; Prestonia phoedica, Eurygona ; Eurygona Phoedinus ; Anaperus ; Caicella phoedon, Papilio ; Amaura ; Berethis ; Conoploea phoenice, Eudamus ; Paradros phoenicicola, Pseudosarbia ; Pseudosarbia phoenicurus, Polyommatus ; Phoenicurusia pholeus, Papilio ; Thestius pholoe, Daedalma ; Catargynnis ; Pseudomaniola R6ber pholus, Parnara ; Pudicitia phoronea, Pronophila ; Thiemeia Phrissura ; Udaiana phryne, Papilio; Phryne ; Triphysa Phryne ; Triphysa ; Zelima phryxus, Arhopala ; Arhopala phthia, Eutocus ; Eutocus Phyciodes ; Ecesia phyleus, Papilio; Euthymus ; Hylephila phyllodoce, Salacia ; Salacia ; Scada Phyllophasis ; Sideronidia phyllus, Papilio ; Vettius physcella, Hesperia ; Eutychide piasus, Lycaena ; Phaedrotes picanini, Parnara (?) ; Platylesches piera, Papilio ; Haetera ; Oreas Hiibner, [1807] ; Pselna Piercolias ; Andina; Trifurcula Pierella ; Antirrhaea 500 INDEX Pieriballia ; Neogeia pieris, Pyrrhopyga [sic] ; Croniades Pieris Schrank ; Andropodum ; Danaus Oken ; Ganoris ; Mancipium Hiibner, [1806] ; Mancipium Hiibner, [1807] ; Pieris Hiibner ; Pontia ; Tachyptera pierus, Papilio ; Aloeides pigmalion, Papilio ; Erycides pigmentaria, Aphysoneura ; Aphysoneura pignerator, Amphidecta ; Amphidecta Pigritia ; Heringia; Pigritina Pigritina ; Heringia ; Pigritia pillaana, Caprona ; Caprona ; Stethotrix pimplea, Cynthia ; Zethera pinwilli, Plesioneura ; Pintara pionia, Pyrrhopyga ; Amenis pipleis, Papilio ; Eucalia ; Esoptria ; Hypolimnas pirithous, Papilio; Langia; Raywardia ; Syntarucus pirus, Pholisora ; Piruna Pistoria ; Mambara pita, Loxura ; Yasoda de Niceville Pithecops ; Zizula pixe, Limnas ; Limnas Boisduval ; Lymnas Placilla ; Kirrodesa Planema ; Bematistes plateni, Amathusia (Pseudamathusia) ; Zeuxamathusia platon, Conognathus ; Conognathus ; Garga ; Neonoma platyptera, Pseudolycaena ; Micandra plebeia, Parnara ; Milena Plebejus ; Plebeius ; Polyommatus ; Rusticus Hiibner, [1806] Plesioneura ; Notocrypta Plestia ; Zestusa plexippus, Papilio; Danaida ; Danaus Latreille ; Danaus Kluk; Festivus ; Limnas Hiibner, [1806], (Tentamen) Ploetzia ; Systole plumbago, Achlyodes ; Plumbago pluricauda, Monile ; Monile plurilimbata, Thermoniphas ; Thermoniphas plutargus, Hesperia ; Caria plutia, Pyrrhopyga [sic] ; Tarsoctenus pluto, Erebia ; Percnodaimon pluto, Papilio ; Percnodaimon pluto, Percnodaimon ; Percnodaimon pluto, Vanessa ; Mylothrites poaoensis, Pamperis ; Pamperis podalirius, Papilio ; Iphiclides ; Podalirius poesia, Pronophila ; Pedaliodes poete, Argus ; Luthrodes poeyi, Appias ; Glutophrissa poggei, Hesperia ; Sloperia ; Syrichtus polibetes, Papilio ; Parrhasius polita, Haetera ; Dulcedo polybius, Hesperia ; Dysenius ; Phocides polycarmes, Papilio ; Memphis polychloros, Papilio ; Eugonia ; Nymphalis Kluk polycletus, Papilio ; Hypochrysops ; Miletus polyctor, Papilio ; Sarbaria polyctor, Pirgus [sic] ; Polyctor polydamas, Papilio ; Battus ; Ithoballus Polydorus ; Atrophaneura polydorus, Papilio ; Polydorus polyeustes, Papilio; Byasa Polygonia ; Eugonia Polygonus ; Nennius Polymastus ; Junea polymnia, Papilio ; Epimetes ; Heliconius Latreille ; Hymenitis [Illiger] ; Mechanitis Fabricius ; Nereis Hiibner, [1806], (Samml. exot. Schmett.) ; Nereis Hiibner, [1806], (Tentamen) polynice, Papilio; Eurhinia ; Rhinopalpa Polyommatus ; Lycaena Fabricius polysticta, Anisochoria ; Anisochoria polytes, Papilio ; Heterocreon ; Menelaides Polyura ; Eriboea ; Eulepis Scudder ; Murwareda ; Pareriboea polyxena, Papilio ; Eugraphis ; Thais ; Zerynthia Ochsenheimer polyxo, Pedaliodes (?) ; Steremnia pompeius, Hesperia ; Pompeius pompeius, Papilio ; Priamides pompeus, Papilio ; Pompeoptera Pontia ; Leucochloe ; Mancipium Hiibner, [1807] ; Oreas Hiibner, [1807] ; Potamis Hubner, [1807] pontis, Chilades (?) ; Orthomiella populi, Papilio ; Limenitis ; Najas Hiibner, [1806] ; Nympha ; Nymphalus poppea, Papilio ; Mylothris porphyrion, Euryphene ; Euryphura portia, Dysmathia ; Dysmathia porus, Hesperilla ; Halpe posticalis, Cleis ; Cleis Potamanax ; Potamanaxas Potamanaxas ; Potamanax Potamis Hiibner, [1806] ; Apatura Fabricius INDEX 501 Potamis Hiibner, [1807] ; Morpho Fabricius ; Oreas Hiibner, [1807] Potanthus ; Padraona potrillo, Thanaos ; Cabares poultoni, Pseudiolaus ; Pseudiolaus Poultonia ; Ebepius powesheik, Hesperia ; Oarisma ; Paradopaea praecia, Pyrrhopyga [sic] ; Tarsoctenus praeclarus, Joiceya ; Joiceya Praetaxila ; Holodesmus ; Sospita praslini, Limenitis ; Hamadryodes pratorum, Callerebia ; Loxerebia pravara, Athyma ; Chendrana Praxis ; Xispia prema, Erycina ; Alesa premnas, Hesperia ; Wallengrenia Prenes ; Panoquina priamus, Papilio ; Ornithoptera ; Ornithopterus ; Priamoptera priassus, Papilio ; Brachycneme ; Entheus ; Peleus primaria, Aconthea ; Aconthea ; Adolias princeps, Emesis ; Hyporion Princeps ; Orpheides pringlei, Rhaphiceropsis ; Rhaphiceropsis prittwitzi, Apaustus ; Adopaeoides ; Neadopaea probetor, Papilio ; Symmachia Hiibner probetrix, Symmachia ; Symmachia Hiibner procas, Papilio ; Brontiades ; Cabirus prochyta, Pronophila ; Mygona Thieme procris, Heteropterus ; Adopaeoides ; Copaeodes procris, Papilio ; Moduza ; Procris Prodryas Reuss ; Protodryas Prodryas Scudder ; Prodryas Reuss progne, Papilio ; Grapta prola, Pandora ; Panacea ; Pandora prominens, Lampides ; Nacaduba pronoe, Papilio ; Syngea Pronophila ; Lasiophila ; Mygona Westwood pronophila, Steroma ; Pseudosteroma propertius, Hesperia ; Propertius propylea, Pronophila ; Proboscis prorsa, Papilio ; Araschnia proserpina, Coliates ; Coliates proserpina, Euploea ; Deragena proserpina, Papilio ; Brintesia ; Oreas Hiibner, [1806] ; Oreas Oken protenor, Papilio ; Sainia proterpia, Papilio ; Pyrisitia Protesilaus ; Cosmodesmus protesilaus, Papilio ; Cosmodesmus ; Protesilaus proteus, Papilio ; Eudamus ; Goniurus ; Lyroptera ; Urbanus Hiibner, [1807] Prothoe ; Autonema proto, Papilio ; Muschampia ; Sloperia ; Syrichtus protoclea, Goniloba ; Lophoides Protodryas ; Prodryas Reuss Protogenes ; Rachelia ; Vlasta protogenia, Papilio ; Elymnias protumnus, Papilio ; Arrugia ; Thestor prusias, Pamphila ; Prusiana pryeri, Lycaena ; Artopoetes pryeri, Zeuxidia (Zeuxaltis) ; Zeuxaltis psaphon, Charaxes ; Haridra Pseudacraea ; Actinote ; Chloropoea Pseuderchia ; Erchia pseudolus, Papilio ; Cupido Schrank Pseudomaniola Rober ; Catargynnis ; Neomaniola Pseudomaniola Weymer ; Catargynnis ; Neomaniola ; Pseudomaniola Rober Pseudonica ; Nica Pseudopontia ; Globiceps ; Gonophlebia Pseudothecla Nabokov ; Nabokovia Pseudothecla Strand ; Erschoffia ; Pseudothecla Nabokov psidii, Papilio ; Heliconius Latreille ; Thyridia Psolos Semper ; Psolos Watson Psolos Staudinger ; Psolos Watson psyche, Papilio ; Arge psylorita, Lycaena ; Kretania Pteroteinon ; Tanyptera Pteroxys ; Orthophoetus ptolomaeus, Hesperia ; Metacharis Ptychopteryx ; Thespia puer, Cupido ; Cupido Schrank puer, Papilio ; Cupido Schrank puerta, Pronophila ; Oxeoschistus pulasara, Adolias ; Tanaecia pulchra, Argynnis ; Dicallaneura pulchra, Argyronympha ; Argyronympha pulchra, Paromia ; Paromia pullata, Bolla ; Bolla pulligo, Tagiades ; Psolos Semper ; Psolos Watson pulverulenta, Leucochitonea ; Lintneria Edwards ; Plesiocera ; Systasea pulvina, Hesperia ; Semalea 502 INDEX pumila, Danais ; Phirdana pumila, Nymphidia ; Calephelis ; Lephelisca pumilio, Bigaena ; Bigaena pumilio, Papilio ; Gegenes pumilus, Chionobas ; Paroeneis punctata, Athyma ; Pseudohypolimnas punctatissima, Acraea ; Pardopsis punctatus, Plebeius ; Oboronia punta, Punta ; Punta purendra, Sarangesa ; Sarangesa purreea, Pamphila ; Cupitha pusilla, Homoeonympha ; Homoeonympha pusilla, Narope ; Naropina pusio, Ithomia ; Pseudoscada puspa, Polyommatus ; Acytolepis puxillius, pamphila ; Poanopsis puziloi, Thais ; Luehdorfia pygas, Nymphalis ; Catagramma pygmaeus, Papilio ; Gegenes pylades, Eudamus ; Cocceius pylades, Papilio; Ailus; Zelima pylotis, Pieris ; Glennia pyracmon, Nymphalis ; Paulogramma pyralina, Helias ; Gorgythion pyranthe, Papilio ; Catopsilia ; Murtia pyrene, Papilio ; Ixias ; Thestias pyrete, Ancyluris ; Ancyluris pyretus, Papilio ; Ancyluris Pyrgus ; Pamphila ; Spilothyrus ; Syrichtus ; Urbanus Hiibner, [1806] pyrodiscus, Lucia (?) ; Paralucia Pyronia ; Pasiphana pyrothoe, Pontia ; Microzegris ; Pyrothoia pyrrha Cramer, Papilio ; Perrhybris pyrrha Fabricius, Papilio ; Perrhybris pyrrhias, Chrysophanus (?) ; lophanus Pyrrhogyra ; Corybas Boisduval ; Corybas Westwood pyrrhus, Papilio ; Eriboea ; Eulepis ; Murwareda ; Polyura pyste, Oeonus ; Oeonus Pythonides ; Ate ; Quadrus quadrata, Praxis ; Praxis ; Xispia quadrifenestrata, Dicrosema ; Dicrosema quadriplaga, Lycaena_; Oreolyce quercetorum, Amblypodia ; Surendra quercus, Papilio; Bithys ; Quercusia rabena, Aterica ; Aterica Rachelia ; Protogenes Rachelia ; Vlasta racta, Racta; Racta radamanthus, Papilio ; Danisepa raddei, Diadema ; Aldania Radena ; Arisbe radha, Neptis ; Stabrobates radians, Halpe ; Actinor radians, Hesperia ; Choranthus radiata, Esthemopsis (?) ; Voltinia rafflesia, Hesperia ; Euschemon raffrayi, Pieris ; Pseudohuphina rahria, Cyrestis ; Chersonesia Ramburia ; Warrenohesperia ranavalona, Acraea ; Phanopeltis ranga, Athyma ; Kironga ransonnetii, Pterygospidea ; Abaratha raphaelis, Thecla ; Bermania ; Coreana rara, Procampta ; Procampta Rathinda ; Cupido Hiibner Ravadeba ; Asthipa; Bahora; Phirdana ravindra, Myrine ; Drupadia Distant ; Drupadia Moore regalis, Mycalesis ; Mandarinia regalis, Papilio ; Endymion ; Evenus regia, Lycaena ; Philotes reginaldi, Harpendyreus ; Harpendyreus Remella ; Perimeles remus, Hesperia ; Perimeles ; Remella repanda, Netrocoryne ; Netrocoryne repens, Repens ; Repens rex, Papilio ; Melindopsis reynesiil, Satyrites ; Satyrites Rhadinoptera ; Languida rhamni, Papilio ; Colias Fabricius ; Earina ; Eurymus ; Gonepteryx ; Klotsius ; Rhodocera rhea Cramer, Papilio ; Sicyonia thea Poda, Papilio ; Sicyonia rhetenor Cramer, Papilio ; Megamede ; Panosmiopsis thetenor Westwood, Papilio ; Panosmiopsis rhetus, Papilio ; Rhetus rhexenor, Paratrytone ; Paratrytone Godman Rhinopalpa ; Eurhinia thipheus, Papilio; Rhipeus ; Thaliura Rhodocera ; Klotsius ribbei, Pseudamathusia ; Pseudamathusia ricini, Papilio ; Heliconius Latreille ridens, Eudamus ; Ridens ridingsii, Satyrus ; Neominois INDEX 593 Riodina ; Erycina rivularis, Papilio ; Paraneptis roboris, Papilio ; Aurotis Kirby ; Laeosopis robusta, Cupidesthes ; Cupidesthes robusta, Sterosis ; Sterosis Rodinia ; Euerycina roepstorffi, Tiruna ; Tiruna romulus, Iliana ; Iliana rosalis, Papilio ; Sais rosimon, Papilio ; Castalius rothschildi, Mimocastnia ; Mimocastnia rothschildi, Plastingia ; Prada roxus, Polyommatus ; Pycnophallium rubecula, Lychnuchus ; Koruthaialos rubella, Terias ; Kibreeta rubi, Papilio ; Licus ; Lycus rubidus, Chrysophanus ; Chalceria ruminiana, Thaites ; Thaites Rusalkia ; Oreas Felder & Felder ruscinonensis, Lachesis ; Lachesis rusina, Morpho ; Dasyophthalma Rusticus Hiibner, [1807] ; Helicopis Fabricius Rusticus Hiibner, [1807] ; Oreas Hiibner, [1807] sabadius, Hesperia ; Eagris sabadius, Thymele ; Eagris sabaeus, Psoralis ; Psoralis Sabania ; Parathyma sabina, Hesperia ; Sabina sabina, Papilio ; Yoma Doherty sacrator, Hesperia ; Sacrator saepestriata, Dipsas ; Japonica safitza, Mycalesis ; Monotrichtis saga, Durbania ; Durbaniopsis sagana, Argynnis ; Damora sahadeva, Adolias ; Mahaldia saitis, Zipaetis ; Zipaetis sakuni, Petavia ; Petavia salatis, Papilio ; Salatis salius, Papilio ; Saliana sallei, Leucochitones ; Atarnes sallei, Opsiphanes ; Caligo Boisduval ; Opsiphanes Sallya ; Crenis Boisduval salmoneus, Papilio ; Phasis ; Pseudocapys salome, Papilio ; Eurybia Oken ; Eurybia Latreille salonina, Ithomia ; Mcclungia salsala, Nisoniades ; Iambrix salvinia, Ithomia ; Episcada sambulos, Mycalesis ; Dichothyris samio, Debis ; Debis samius, Lymanopoda ; Lymanopoda sanarita, Eucora ; Eucora ; Eucorma ; Eucorna sanatana, Mycalesis ; Gareris Sancus ; Psolos Semper ; Psolos Staudinger ; Psolos Watson sandace, Zopyrion ; Zopyrion sandarac, Goniloba ; Asbolis sandaster, Pyrgus ; Alenia sanguinalis, Hesperia ; Haemactis sankara, Limenitis ; Bimbisara sao Bergstrasse, Papilio ; Syrichtus ; Powellia sao Hubner, Papilio ; Powellia ; Syrichtus sapho, Papilio ; Ajantis sapphira, Oreas ; Asterope saptiae, Hesperia ; Lychnuchoides sara, Papilio ; Sicyonia sarpedon, Papilio ; Chlorisses ; Dalchina ; Graphium ; Semicaudati ; Zetides Sarromia ; Lymanopoda sarthus, Polyommatus ; Sarthusia sassanides, Thecla ; Kollaria ; Superflua satrapes, Lexias ; Senadipa satricus, Lasiommata ; Rhaphicera Satsuma ; Ahlbergia ; Ginzia saturnus, Papilio ; Saturnus satwa, Isoteinon ; Gehenna ; Zographetus satyrina, Cirrochroa ; Algia satyrina, Lethe ; Tansima Satyrites ; Lethites Satyrodes ; Argus Scopoli 1777 satyroides, Papilio ; Macusia satyrus, Eunogyra ; Eunogyra satyrus, Helias ; Timochreon savigny, Hesperia ; Acolastus saxicola, Parnara ; Brusa saxula, Halotus ; Halotus Scada ; Salacia scanda, Debis ; Rangbia Scelotrix ; Teleomorpha schoenbergi, Morphotenaris ; Morphotenaris schoenbergi, Schoenbergia ; Schoenbergia schoutedeni, Liptena (Tetrarhanus) ; Lectiles schrenkii, Adolias ; Bremeria Moore schrenkii, Pronophila ; Aranda; Ninguta scintillans, Leucochitonea ; Sostrata scolymus, Anthocharis ; Paramidea 504 INDEX Scoptes ; Capys scopula, Sithon ; Virgarina Scudderia ; Euvanessa scurra, Urbanus ; Paramimus scylla, Pyrrhopyga [sic] ; Elbella sebae, Damis ; Damis; Danis sebaldus, Papilio ; Dyscophellus ; Dyscophus sebrus, Papilio ; Tiora segecia, Sospita ; Holodesmus ; Praetaxila ; Sospita selene, Papilio ; Clossiana selenus, Carystus ; Synapte selira, Deudorix ; Hysudra semamora, Hesperia ; Iton Semelia Doubleday ; Semelia Boisduval ; Semelia Erichson semiargentea, Eumesia ; Eumesia semiargus, Papilio ; Cyaniris ; Nomiades semihyalina, Oxynetra ; Oxynetra semire, Papilio ; Chloropoea ; Panopea semperi, Papilio ; Atrophaneura sempiternus, Achlyodes ; Echelatus sena, Goniloba ; Bibasis sennae, Papilio ; Colias Hiibner separata, Apallaga ; Apallaga Sephisa ; Castalia sepulta, Cyllo ; Neocrinopsis seraphim, Thecla ; Gonerilia seraphina, Catargyria ; Catargyria serena, Papilio ; Telchinia sergestus, Papilio ; Talides sericina, Pseudopheles serpa, Heterochroa ; Heterochroa sertorius, Papilio ; Powellia servilia, Neomaenas ; Neomaenas ; Stibomorpha sesara, Xois ; Xois sesostris, Papilio ; Endopogon Setabis ; Arotes shawii, Mesapia ; Baltia shelleyi, Proteides ; Gamia sibyllina, Pseudacraea ; Pseudathyma sicelis, Debis ; Kirrodesa Sicyonia ; Sycionia sida, Lucinia ; Autodea ; Lucinia Siderone Hiibner ; Siderone Boisduval sidonis, Debis ; Sinchula sidus, Iolaus ; Epamera signata, Thecla ; Wagimo sihala, Lethe ; Hanipha sikkima, Megisba ; Pathalis silas, Anops ; Argiolaus silas, Iolaus ; Argiolaus silenus, Papilio ; Myrina similis, Citrinophila ; Citrinophila similis, Papilio ; Arisbe ; Euploea Fabricius ; Radena simillima, Nacamsa ; Nacamsa simplex, Ancyloxypha ; Adopaeoides ; Neadopaea simplex, Erebina ; Erebina simplex, Megalopalpus ; Liptena simplex, Megalopalpus ; Megalopalpus simpliciissima, Pamphila ; Mnasalcas simulina, Carystus ; Lindra sinapis, Papilio ; Leptidea ; Leptoria ; Leptosia ; Leucophasia Sincana ; Dravira Sinchula ; Harima sinensis, Lycaena ; Neolycaena sinensium, Limenitis ; Patsuia singularis, Ithomia (Epileria) ; Epileria sinois, Talides ; Talides sinon Poda, Papilio ; Talides sinon Stoll, Papilio ; Talides sinope, Pandita ; Pandita sipylus, Myrina ; Hypolycaena sirene, Arotis ; Arotis sirene, Euptera ; Euptera sita, Neorina ; Sita sita, Thecla ; Dipsas siva, Adolias ; Acontia ; Neurosigma slateri, Papilio ; Menamopsis Sloperia ; Syrichtus smaragdina, Thecla ; Chrysozephyrus smaragdinus, Matapoides ; Matapoides smilacis, Thecla ; Mitoura smithii, Strabena ; Strabena socialis, Eucheira ; Eucheira ; Schatzia socrates, Pyrrhopyga [sic] ; Pyrrhopygopsis sodalis, Pamphila ; Sodalia sonorensis, Lycaena ; Philotes sophorae, Papilio ; Brassolis Fabricius sophronia, Vanessa ; Sea sordida, Apatura ; Chitoria sorya, Thecla ; Baspa spatiosa, Pyrrhopyga [sic] ; Yanguna speciosa, Athyma ; Sabania speciosa, Cupido ; Itylos speculum, Papilio ; Heteropterus sperthias, Hesperia ; Cephrenes Spilothyrus ; Carcharodus spilothyrus, Eudamus ; Hantana spindasoides, Aphneus ; Lipaphnaeus spini, Papilio; Klugia; Thecla; Tuttiola splendens, Nais ; Nais INDEX 505 splendida, Anaeomorpha ; Anaeomorpha squamistriga, Pindis ; Pindis statilinus, Papilio ; Neohipparchia statira, Papilio ; Aphrissa statius, Hesperia ; Serdia staudingeri, Oboronia ; Oboronia staudingeri, Plestia ; Plestia ; Zestusa staudingeri, Pyrgus ; Reverdinia staurus, Sarega ; Sarega stelenes, Papilio ; Victorina Steropes ; Carterocephalus steropes, Papilio ; Cyclopides ; Merisella stictomenes, Pamphila ; Vehilius stigmata, Thanaos ; Aeromachus stigmaticus, Anastrus ; Grais stilbe, Erycina ; Argyrogramma ; Argyrogrammana Stimula ; Watsoniella stoliczkana, Lycaena ; Bryna storax, Phlebodes ; Parphorus strabo, Hesperia ; Catochrysops strephon, Papilio ; Bithys striata, Ismene ; Zehala striata, Upolampes ; Upolampes striga, Talides ; Moeris Strymon ; Bithys ; Uranotes Strymonidia ; Chattendenia ; Leechia Tutt stygne, Papilio ; Marica Stygnolepis ; Stygnus Stygnus ; Stygnolepis styx, Lithopsyche ; Lithodryas ; Lithopsyche subalba, Apatura ; Limina subcaerulea, Apatura ; Sincana subcostulata, Pamphila ; Papias subdita, Euploea ; Mahintha subfasciatus, Astictopterus ; Sancus subfasciatus, Teracelus ; Ptychopteryx subfasciatus, Teracolus ; Teracolus ; Thespia subolivescens, Tricosemeia ; Tricosemeia subpunctata, Teriomima ; Teriomima subpunctuli, Lerodea ; Panca subviridis, Ametron ; Ametron subvittatus, Cyclopides ; Ochus sucova, Hesperia (?) ; Sucova sudra, Mycalesis ; Dalapa sulphurea, Maiva ; Maiva sulpitia, Papilio ; Athyma ; Metamandana ; Metamorpha ; Pantoporia ; Parathyma sumitra, Plesioneura ; Gehlota Sunias ; Phlogris superans, Drina ; Protantigius superba, Ilerda (?) ; Semanga superbus, Papilio ; Isamia Superflua ; Kollaria sura, Achlyodes ; Odontoptilum sura, Zophoessa ; Zophoessa suradeva, Melanitis ; Cyllogenes susanna, Papilio ; Nerias swaha, Satyrus ; Aulocera swainsoni, Danais ; Andasena swerga, Hesperia (?) ; Suada swinhoei, Watsonia ; Stimula ; Watsonia Elwes & Edwards ; Watsoniella syllius, Ancistrocampta ; Ancistrocampta sylphis, Temenis ; Bolboneura sylvanus, Papilio ; Augiades sylvestris, Papilio ; Adopaea ; Doricha ; Pelion sylvia, Papilio ; Minetra ; Parthenos syme, Caligo ; Opoptera symethus, Papilio ; Gerydus ; Miletus ; Symetha Symmachia Hiibner ; Symmachia Sodovskii symmomus, Trapezites ; Trapezites Synchloe Doubleday ; Chlosyne ; Coatlantona Synchloe Hiibner ; Parapieris ; Synchloe Doubleday Syntarucus ; Langia ; Raywardia syphax [sic], Zerythis ; Zerythis Lucas Syrichtus ; Muschampia ; Sloperia syrichtus, Papilio ; Syrichtus syrna, Hesperia ; Megaleas Systasea ; Lintneria Edwards ; Systaspes tadema, Aterica ; Diestogyna ; Euryphene Taenaris ; Hyades ; Tenaris tagale, Mycalesis ; Nebdara tages, Papilio ; Astycus ; Erynnis ; Nisoniades ; Thanaos ; Thymale ; Thymele tagis, Papilio ; Phyllocharis Tajuria ; Remelana Distant talus, Papilio ; Telegonus tamatavae, Satyrus ; Strabena tamerlana, Polycaena ; Polycaena tamyroides, Eudamus ; Marela Tanyptera ; Pteroteinon tapaja, Necyria ; Catagrammina taprobana, Danais ; Chittira tarquinius, Hesperia ; Feniseca 506 INDEX Tasinga ; Itanus Felder (C.) tasmanicus, Hesperilla ; Pasma Tatisia ; Parathyma taurione, Eunice ; Amycla ; Eunice tauropolis, Pronophila ; Dioriste tavoyanus, Papilio ; Menamopsis Taxila ; Laxita taxila, Thecla ; Neozephyrus tebeta, Taxila ; Zarax tecmesia, Hypanartia ; Hypanartia Teinorhinus ; Teniorhinus Teinopalpus ; Teinoprosopus telamon Donovan, Papilio ; Sericinus telamon Linnaeus, Papilio ; Sericinus telata, Cobalus ; Monca telchinia, Adolias ; Kirontisa telearchus, Papilio ; Euploeopsis ; Isamiopsis teleboas, Argynnis ; Srchimestra telegone, Diophtalma ; Diophtalma Telegonus ; Astraptes telicanus, Papilio; Langia ; Raywardia ; Syntarucus Telipna ; Liptena Tellervo ; Hamadryas Boisduval temesa, Symmachia (?) ; Iaspis temesa, Thecla ; Iaspis Tenaris ; Taenaris tenellus, Lemonias ; Zabuella tenera, Mesosemia (Perophthalma) ; Perophthalma teneta, Taxila ; Laxita Teniorhinus ; Oxypalpus Holland ; Teinorhinus tenuisquamosa, Hypocysta ; Hyalodia tepahi, Emesis ; Saribia terambus, Polyommatus ; Theope Doubleday terea, Euterpe ; Euterpe tereas, Papilio ; Euterpe tereas, Pieris ; Archonias Terias ; Heurema Herrich-Schaeffer, 1867 ; Leucidia Doubleday ; Teria terpsicore, Papilio ; Pareba ; Telchinia terricola, Phaedra ; Phaedra tessellata, Niphanda ; Niphanda tessellum, Papilio ; Tuttia tethys, Pyrgus ; Catodaulis ; Daimio Tetragonus ; Cleosiris tetrastigma, Ceratrichia ; Tricosemeia tettensis, Abantis ; Abantiades ; Abantis teucer, Papilio ; Caligo Hiibner teuta, Adolias ; Bassarona teutas, Erycides ; Hypocryptothrix textor, Pyrgus ; Stomyles thaidina, Armandia ; Armandia Thais ; Thaites ; Zerynthia Ochsenheimer thalia, Acrophthalma ; Pharia thalia, Acrophthalmia [sic] ; Acropolis thalia, Papilio ; Actinote thalia, Thecla ; Chattendenia ; Leechia Tutt ; Strymonidia thamar, Nereis ; Sicyonia Thanaos ; Lintneria Butler ; Thanatites ; Thanatos tharis, Oxylides ; Eooxylides de Niceville ; Eooxylides Doherty ; Indoxylides ; Marshallia Tharops ; Menander tharos, Papilio ; Phyciodes tharytas, Hypolycaena ; Hypolycaena thauma, Euryphaedra ; Euryphaedra Thauria ; Morphindra Theagenes ; Eropus theanus, Papilio ; Trichonis theaphia, Oleria ; Scada Thecla ; Aurotis Dalman ; Aurotis Kirby ; Pseudalmenus ; Ruralis ; Zephyrus Thecliolia ; Felderia Tutt thelebe, Pronophila ; Mygona Westwood ; Pronophila thelephus, Papilio ; Echenais ; Elaphrotis themis, Najas ; Najas Hiibner, [1807] themisto, Thiridia [sic] ; Methona theobene, Harma ; Harma theodora, Charis ; Chalodeta theonus, Lycaena ; Leptotes Theope Doubleday ; Theope Moore Theope Moore ; Anadebis ; Ethope theophrastus, Hesperia ; Tarucus therasia, Elodina ; Elodina thero, Papilio ; Phasis ; Pseudocapys thersamon, Papilio ; Thersamonia thesmia, Myrina ; Biduanda Thestor ; Tomares thestylis, Pieris ; Prioneris thetis, Papilio; Anops; Curetis thetis, Curetis; Phaedra thetys, Papilio ; Athena ; Petreus ; Phaedra theudelinda, Ithomia ; Hypomenitis thia, Papilio ; Archon ; Doritis thielei, Timoconia ; Timoconia thirza, Anelia ; Synalpe thisbe, Papilio ; Panara thoas, Papilio ; Heraclides ; Thoas INDEX 507 Thorybes ; Lintneria Butler thrasibulus, Hesperia ; Cycloglypha thraso, Urbanus ; Eantis thrax, Gegenes ; Pelopidas thrax, Papilio ; Erionota Threnodes ; Nahida thucydides, Hesperia ; Psalidopteris thuisto, Taxila ; Neotaxila thwaitesi, Megisba ; Megisba thwaitesi, Tapena ; Tapena thyia, Mucia ; Mucia Thymele ; Thymale Thymelicus ; Thymelinus thyonneus, Papilio ; Cyrestis ; Sykophages thyra, Papilio ; Chrysorychia Thyranota ; Thysanota thyrrhus, Toxidia ; Toxidia thyrsis, Papilio ; Gangara thysbe, Haematera ; Haematera thysbe, Papilio ; Nais Thysonotis ; Danis ; Hypojamides tiacellia, Hesperia ; Tiacellia tigrina, Ristia ; Ristia Timetes Doubleday ; Timetes Boisduval timoleon, Papilio ; Iraota timon, Papilio ; Tanuetheira Tingra ; Liptena; Pentila tipha, Papilio ; Corybas Boisduval ; Pyrrhogyra tiphus, Papilio ; Corybas Boisduval ; Corybas Westwood ; Pyrrhogyra tircis, Chamaelimnas ; Chamaelimnas tircis, Papilio; Phryne ; Triphysa tiresias, Papilio ; Cupido Schrank tisiphone, Aricoris ; Aricoris tisiphone, Euterpe ; Eteona Tisiphone ; Tithorea tithia, Sironia ; Sironia tithone, Pyronia ; Pyronia tithonus, Papilio ; Pyronia Tithorea ; Elzunia titicaca, Lycaena ; Itylos ; Parachilades tityrus, Papilio ; Epargyreus ; Eridamus ; Loweia ; Palaeoloweia ; Pyrrhopyge tmolis, Goniuris ; Eridamus tobleri, Euploea ; Pramesta todara, Surendra ; Zinaspa tomasia, Antirrhaea ; Triteleuta Torynesis ; Mintha tosta, Tosta ; Tosta toxea, Eumenia ; Eumenia tractipennis, Arteurotia ; Arteurotia trajanus, Godartia; Hypomelaena trayja, Siproeta ; Siproeta treitschkei, Euplaea [sic] ; Saphara Trepsichrois ; Eudaemon triarius, Papilio ; Triariia trichoneura, Pterygospidea ; Mooreana tricordatus, Corades ; Panarche tricuspidata, Dichelura ; Dichelura ; Jera trifasciata, Leucochitonea ; Timochares Trifurcula ; Andina ; Piercolias trimacula, Lethe ; Choranesa trimeni, Cooksonia ; Cooksonia triopas, Papilio ; Ascanides Triphysa ; Phryne triphysina, Lycaena ; Palaeophilotes tripunctata, Hesperia ; Megistias tripunctata, Hypoleucis ; Hypoleucis tripunctata, Loxura ; Yasoda Doherty tripunctus, Cobalus ; Cymaenes tristigmata, Lethe ; Kerrata tristis, Satyrus ; Spinantenna trite, Papilio ; Rhabdodryas tritogenia, Pontia ; Herpaenia Tritonia ; Epityches trochylus, Lycaena ; Freyeria troglodyta, Papilio ; Anaea ; Memphis ; Pyrrhanaea Trogonoptera ; Pompeoptera troilus, Papilio ; Pterourus tromba, Tromba ; Tromba tropicalis, Tingra ; Liptena ; Pentila ; Tingra tros, Troilides ; Troilides truncipennis, Cheritrella ; Cheritrella tryxus, Papilio ; Xenophanes tsita, Cyclopides ; Tsitana tulbaghia, Papilio ; Aeropetes ; Meneris tullius, Papilio ; Perophthalma Tumerepedes ; Tumerepes Turanana ; Turania Turania ; Turanana turmada, Dion ; Turmada turnus, Papilio ; Caudati ; Euphoeades ; Jasoniades tutana, Erycina ; Aricoris ; Melanope Tuttiola ; Klugia tyana, Pellicia ; Hemipteris tyche, Delias ; Delias tympanifera, Cupitha ; Cupitha typhaon, Myscelus ; Azonax typhla, Oressinoma ; Ocalis Boisduval ; Ocalis Westwood ; Oressinoma tytia, Danais ; Caduga tytia, Papilio; Nymula ; Synargis 508 INDEX ubaldus, Papilio ; Azanus ucubis, Uraneis ; Esthemopheles Udaina ; Phrissura Udranomia ; Hydraenomia ulla, Ithomia ; Pagyris ulunda, Astictopterus ; Psolos Staudinger ulupi, Potamis ; Dravira ; Sincana umber, Cobalus ; Typhedanus umbra, Papilio ; Bematistes umbraticola, Rhadinoptera ; Heringia ; Pigritia ; Pigritina undifera, Argyrocheila ; Argyrocheila undularis, Liptena ; Liptena ; Parapontia ; Telipna undularis, Papilio ; Elymnias unicolor, Baoris ; Idmon unicolor, Steropes ; Leptalina uniformis, Pamphila ; Mnasalcas urania, Papilio ; Taenaris Uranops ; Lysandra uranothauma, Thaumaina ; Thaumaina Urbanus Hiibner, [1807] ; Eudamus ; Goniurus ; Lyroptera urticae, Papilio ; Aglais urumelia, Adaluma ; Adaluma urvasi, Athyma ; Zabana usipetes, Euploea ; Hirdapa usta, Zizera(?) ; Una ustus, Antigonus ; Antigonus utilla, Ithomia ; Pseudoscarda Vadebra Moore, 1883 ; Vadebra Moore [1884] vagabunda, Prolibythea ; Prolibythea Vagrans ; Issoria valens, Papilio ; Chrysilis valeria, Papilio ; Pareronia ; Valeria Valeria ; Pareronia valerius, Apaustus ; Euroto ; Morys Vanessa ; Ammiralis ; Cynthia ; Nymphalis Latreille ; Phanessa ; Pyrameis ; Vindula vanessoides, Elina; Elina vanillae, Papilio ; Agraulis vardhana, Polyommatus ; Arletta ; Moorea varia, Petrelaea dana ; Petrelaea varians, Trapezites ; Miraja variegata, Hesperia ; Tellona variicolor, Pyrrhopyga [sic] ; Microceris varius, Anastrus ; Echelatus varuna, Papilio ; Pangerana varuna, Thecla ; Rapala vasava, Achlyodes ; Ctenoptilum vashti, Danais ; Cadytis vasudeva, Elymnias ; Mimadelias vasuki, Rhinopalpa ; Yoma de Niceville vasuki, Yoma ; Yoma de Niceville ; Yoma Doherty vasutana, Ismena ; Burara veleda, Epeus ; Epeus ; Eprius venata, Terias ; Nirmula venilia, Papilio ; Acca venulius, Papilio ; Paiwarria venustus, Andinus ; Andinus ; Cordillana verhuelli, Colias ; Dercas verma, Satyrus ; Hermias veronica, Papilio ; Leucotricha verticalis, Hesperia ; Vertica vesta Cramer, Papilio ; Pareba vesta Fabricius, Papilio ; Pareba vestris, Hesperia(?) ; Euphyes vetula, Vanessa ; Thanatites vialis, Hesperia ; Amblyscirtes viator, Hesperia ; Phycanassa vibex, Thymelicus ; Hedone vibilia, Cethosia ; Semelia Boisduval ; Semelia Doubleday vibius, Astictopterus ; Xanthodisca victoriae, Ornithoptera ; Aetheoptera vidius, Narga ; Vidius vidura, Amblypodia ; Arrhenothrix ; Dacalana vigilans, Pseudonympha ; Stygionympha Vila ; Lonia; Olina vincedoxici, Anosia ; Anosia vincula, Tagiades ; Scantilla vindonissa, Smerina ; Smerina Vindula ; Cynthia vininga, Liphyra ; Aslauga violetta, Calliploea ; Rasuma virbius, Papilio ; Cobalus virgata, Amathusia ; Pseudamathusia ; Syntegana virgata, Kopelates ; Kopelates virgaureae, Papilio ; Chysoptera ; Heodes virgilia, Papilo ; Taygetis virginiensis, Erycina ; Calephelis ; Lephelisca virginius, Apaustus ; Virga virgo, Hypolycaena ; Pseudochliaria virgo, Pieridopsis ; Pieridopsis virgoides, Pseudochliaria ; Pseudochliaria viridiceps, Achlyodes ; Gorgopas vitellia, Papilio ; Biblis ; Didonis vitreus, Papilio; Phanus vitrina, Danais ; Asthipa INDEX 509 vittatus, Isoteinon ; Baracus vitula, Limnas ; Cartea ; Orestias Viasta ; Rachelia vulpecula, Telemiades ; Physalea vulpina, Hesperia ; Oenides vulpinus, Oileides ; Ablepsis w-album, Papilio ; Chattendenia ; Edwardsia w-album var. eximia, Thecla ; Felderia Tutt w-album, Thecla ; Thecliolia walkeri, Ocybadistes ; Ocybadistes wallacei, Euploea ; Lontara waltoni, Callerebia ; Argestina wardii, Henotesia ; Henotesia watsoni, Teniorhinus ; Oxypalpus Holland ; Teinorhinus ; Teniorhinus Watsonia Elwes & Edwards ; Stimula ; Watsonia Tutt ; Watsoniella Watsonia Tutt ; Cyclopides Watsoniella ; Watsonia Elwes & Edwards webbianus, Polyommatus ; Cyclyrius weberi, Satyrimima ; Satyrimima woolletti, Mimambrix ; Mimambrix xanthapes, Niconiades ; Goniloba xanthaphes, Niconiades ; Niconiades xanthippe, Erycina (Chorinea) ; Chorinea xanthippe, Hesperia ; Sarbia xanthobasis, Vistigma ; Vistigma xanthobrunnea, Adelotype ; Adelotypa Xanthocleis ; Aprotopus ; Cleodis xanthostola, Ceratinia ; Garsauritis xanthus, Papilio ; Catoblepia xenodice, Lycaena ; Lycaena Hiibner xicaque, Neonympha ; Paramacera ; Paramecera Xispia ; Praxis yama, Zophoessa ; Patala Yasoda de Niceville ; Yoma de Niceville Yasoda Doherty ; Yasoda de Niceville ; Yoma de Niceville ygdrasilla, Parides ; Ascanides Yoma Doherty ; Yoma de Niceville Ypthimorpha ; Mashuna Yramea ; Chilargynnis yuccae, Eudamus (?) ; Megathymus yunnana, Arge ; Ledargia Yvretta ; Chaerephon Zabana ; Parathyma zalates, Tigasis ; Tigasis zalmora, Pithecops ; Neopithecops ; Papua ; Parapithecops zalmoxis, Papilio ; Icarus ; Iterus zamba, Pycina ; Pycina Zamboanga ; Parathyma zampa, Hesperia ; Lintneria Butler ; Lintneria Edwards ; Systasea zapatoza, Pronophila ; Lasiophila zarex, Cecrops ; Cecrops ; Cecropterus zavaleta, Ithomia ; Dismenitis zayla, Limenitis ; Parasarpa zeangira, Polystichtis ; Polystichtis zebra, Batelusia ; Batelusia zeleucus, Hesperia ; Tamyris Zelima ; Ailus zelinde, Oreas ; Tisiphone zelmira, Papilio ; Appias zena, Pamphila ; Zenonia zennara, Pisola ; Pisola zenon, Zampa ; Zampa zenonia, Pamphila ; Zenonia Zeonia ; Ethelida zephodes, Oileides ; Oileides zephus, Typhedanus ; Typhedanus Zephyrus ; Thecla zera, Achlyodes ; Zera Zerene ; Megonostoma Zeritis Boisduval ; Zerythis Lucas ; Zeritis Aurivillius Zerynthia Ochsenheimer ; Thais ; Zerynthia Hiibner Zerythis Blanchard ; Zerythis Lucas Zestusa ; Plestia zethus, Lampides ; Cosmolyce ; Lampides zeurippa, Hypophylla ; Hypophylla zeus, Zela; Zela zigomala, Zabirnia ; Zabirnia Zingha ; Monura zingha, Papilio; Monura; Zingha Zipaetis ; Zipoetes Zizula ; Pithecops Zographetus ; Gehenna zohra, Cigaritis ; Cigaritis ; Zerythis Lucas zoilus, Papilio ; Hamadryas Boisduval ; Tellervo zonara, Pyrrhopyge ; Nosphistia zonia, Zonia ; Zonia zygia, Hesperia ; Mucia zygia, Lemonias: Anatole: Audre: Lemonias Hiibner, [1807] ; Lemonias [Illiger] zymna, Pentila ; Megalopalpus ; Pentila “ > . 3 AUG 1967 nm 1] A LIST OF SUPPLEMENTS TO THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SERIES OF THE BULLETIN OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) . Masner, L. The types of Proctotrupoidea (Hymenoptera) in the British Museum (Natural History) and in the Hope Department of Entomology, Oxford. Pp. 143. February, 1965. £5. . Nixon, G. E. J. A reclassification of the tribe Microgasterini (Hymenoptera : Braconidae). Pp. 284: 348 Text-figures. August, 1965. {6. . Watson, A. A revision of the Ethiopian Drepanidae (Lepidoptera). Pp. 177: 18 plates, 270 Text-figures. August, 1965. {£4 4s. . Sanps, W. A. A revision of the Termite Subfamily Nasutitermitinae (Isoptera, Termitidae) from the Ethiopian Region. Pp. 172 : 500 Text-figures. September, 1965. £3 5s. . AHMAD,I. The Leptocorisinae (Heteroptera : Alydidae) of the World. Pp. 156: 475 Text-figures. November, 1965. {2 I5s. . OxaDA, T. Diptera from Nepal. Cryptochaetidae, Diastatidae and Droso- philidae. Pp. 129: 328 Text-figures. May, 1966. £3. . GILIOMEE, J. H. Morphology and Taxonomy of Adult Males of the Family Coccidae (Homoptera: Coccoidea). Pp. 168: 43 Text-figures. January, 1967. £3 3s. . FLETCHER, D. S. A revision of the Ethiopian species and a check list of the world species of Cleora (Lepidoptera : Geometridae). Pp. 119: 14 plates, 146 Text-figures, 9 maps. February, 1967. £3 Ios. Pe 3 On “J Tres £5, Printed in England by Staples Printers Limited at their Kettering, Northants, establishment \ ~ | Ha 4 { a ‘ ae i an é a ria