Hi it AN - ) ' AL y A yy m) ‘ e : i dhs, r Pe NS yo Tha 4 UP aes 5 AS N iS — o / Sy PP o = Oo t} ae 7 J ne GENBEN OF THE AFRICAN LYCAENIDAE (LEPIDOPTERA : RHOPALOCERA) H. STEMPFFER. BULLETIN OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) ENTOMOLOGY Supplement 10 LONDON: 1967 ryt ee iy Ae i " ‘ as an yA a ioe oo ae ha , if, cra : Pe. Seen yas v ~ “ my ia. en ly no) i] » a 0G 4 ar 1 ar hs 7 Ad jeu FON i A! Ay 4 iy ”: it wh i \ Baan eM el 4, +) aan ‘ ie Des tie * Eyer, Ae | pee | vm j (ey iy nh : i ooh, i i = A he ‘eet 40 " u : Bye ae ne iA irs AE Da Aas | keh - ; ,— iyi : - ; A fl os PY Gee ¥ J 7 6 jf ae ney : r oe ve | [Frontispiece 8 Fic. 1. Pseudaletis spolia Riley, 3 holotype. Fic. 2. Pseudaletis ugandae Riley, 2 holo- type. Fic. 3. Telipna Sheffieldi Beth.-Baker, 3. Fic. 4. Telipna rvothi Smith, 3. Fic. 5. Egumbia ernesti (Karsch), @. Fic. 6. Oxylides gloveri Hawker smith, ¢ holotype. Fic. 7. Tumerepedes flava Beth.-Baker, ? holotype. Fic. 8. Aslauga aura H. H. Druce, 2 holotype. Fic. 9. Pseudaletis dardanella Riley, Q holotype. All figures are natural size. THE GENERA OF THE AFRICAN LYCAENIDAE (LEPIDOPTERA : RHOPALOCERA) BY H. STEMPFFER ly of 4 rue St. Antoine, Paris, 4°. 1 Colour plate, 348 text-figs. BULEETIN OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) ENTOMOLOGY Supplement 10 LONDON: 1967 THE BULLETIN OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY), instituted in 1949, is issued in five series corresponding to the Departments of the Museum, and an Historical series. Parts will appear at irregular intervals as they become veady. Volumes will contain about three or four hundred pages, and will not necessarily be completed within one calendar year. In 1965 a separate supplementary series of longer papers was instituted, numbered serially for each Department. This paper is Supplement No. to of the Entomolog- tcal series. The abbreviated titles of periodicals cited follow those of the World List of Scientific Periodicals. World List abbreviation : Bull. Br. Mus. nat. Hist. (Ent.), Suppl. © Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History) 1967 TRUSTEES OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) Issued 25th August, 1967 Price £8 THE GENERA OF AFRICAN LYCAENIDAE (LEPIDOPTERA : RHOPALOCERA) By H. STEMPFFER CONTENTS Page INTRODUCTION - c : 2 : : : . : - 3 DIAGNOSES OF THE GENERA, WITH LISTS OF SPECIES. : : ‘ 8 CONCLUSION . ; - : ; : : - pte 7 264 POSTSCRIPT (ON THE ‘‘ BUTTERFLIES OF LIBERIA ’’, CLENCH, 1965) - 277 SHORT BIBLIOGRAPHY : : , : : : : : ; 283 InpEx ~ : ; : “ : : : ’ : ; ; 300 SYNOPSIS The genera of African Lycaenidae are revised and figures of wing venation and genitalia are included for each genus. Lists of the species included in each genus are given. The major classification of the Lycaenidae occurring in the area is rationalized. INTRODUCTION SINCE Igor, when Staudinger’s Catalog der palaearktischen Lepidopteren was pub- lished, the classification of the palaearctic Lycaenidae has undergone profound modifications due to the importance now ascribed to the characters of the male genitalia. In order to establish a natural classification, we accord these characters, which we consider ancestral and of phylogenetic importance, precedence over external characters, which though much easier to appreciate, often present resem- blances that are really due to fortuitous coincidence or convergent evolution. In the very uniform subfamilies Theclinae and Lycaeninae, we have retained most of the genera included by Staudinger, but the omnibus genus Lycaena, in which species were arranged in a most arbitrary manner, has been broken up into the following subfamilies : Everinae, Lampidinae, Plebeiinae, Glaucopsychinae, Zizeri- inae and Lycaenopsinae. Most present day entomologists accept this classification and differ only as to the systematic rank, whether genus or subgenus, to be accorded to certain recently established groups of species. We thus have a general concept of the palaearctic Lycaenidae which is in accordance with our present knowledge of systematics. The nearctic species have been classified on the same lines, but when we come to the Lycaenidae of the tropical regions, the situation is very different. The only complete surveys that we have for the Ethiopian Lycaenidae are those of Aurivillius, firstly his Rhopalocera Aethiopica (1898), and secondly his account of the African Lycaenidae in Seitz, Gross-Schmetterlinge der Erde 13 (1914-25). In his first work Aurivillius based his classification solely on external characters, wing shape 4 H. STEMPFFER and venation, shape of palpi, antennae, legs, etc. He divided the family into only two subfamilies, the Lipteninae peculiar to the Ethiopian regions, and the Lycaen- inae. In his second work he retained his original classification with minor modifica- tions and he intercalated the numerous species described between 1898 and the date of publication of the parts of Seitz’s work. However, in the same period, Bethune Baker (1910, 1918, 1922 and 1924), published a number of monographs in which he made great use of genital characters. T. A. Chapman also published a Revision of the sub-family Zizeeriinae (Trans. ent. Soc. Lond. 1910 : 480 et seq.). Aurivillius (in Seitz, 1914-25) alluded to these monographs but refused to modify the basis of his classification on the plea that classification could not be based on the characters of one sex only. He still included in a very extensive genus, Cupido (with type- species C. minimus Fuessly, one of the Everinae), a motley crowd of species belonging to the Lampidinae, Plebeiinae, Zizeriinae, etc. My disagreement with Aurivillius is not due to a difference of opinion concerning nomenclature and priority of description, it is a fundamental difference in concepts of classification. I think that classification should reflect phylogeny (as far as we can ascertain it), while Aurivillius contended that the best classification is that which enables an entomologist to determine easily and quickly any given specimen by the study of its external appearance. However great our respect for the considerable achievement of Aurivillius, who was the first to bring some kind of order out of the chaos of the rich Ethiopian Fauna, I do not think that nowadays we can accept his method. I contend that we should attempt to do for the Ethiopian Fauna what has been done for the palaearctic Fauna, i.e. try to construct a natural classification. Unfortunately the study of the Ethiopian Fauna lags far behind that of the palaearctic and nearctic faunas. Besides the excellent monographs of Bethune Baker and Chapman, which cover only a small part of the Ethiopian Fauna, we have only fragmentary studies consisting of faunistic lists and descriptions of new species. The male genitalia of many genera, especially in the subfamily Lipteninae, have never been studied or, at least, the results of such studies have never been published ; up to now no comparison of the different genera has ever been attempted, neither has any attempt been made to group them into natural subfamilies. It is this lack of a comprehensive outlook that I wish to try to remedy by making use of the knowledge available and adding to it such knowledge as I have acquired by personal observations. In the course of the last 25 years I have dissected and studied the male genitalia of many Ethiopian Lycaenidae, some from specimens sent me for determination, others from specimens kindly lent to me by Museums and private collectors. Altogether, I have examined more than 6,000 specimens belonging to 939 different species, out of a total of 1,263 known species. Previously I had examined some 500 palaearctic, nearctic and Indo-Malayan species ; the knowledge thus acquired served me well in assessing relationship. Nevertheless I wish to make it clear that I have no intention to supersede the works of Aurivillius, which will still remain indispensable for the determination of species. My aim is quite different. GENERA OF AFRICAN LYCAENIDAE 5 To facilitate the task of the reader, I have kept the genera in the same order as that followed by Aurivillius, although I do not always agree with him. I have reduced bibliographical references to old authors to a minimum since, as these can be found in the Rhopalocera Aethiopica of Aurivillius, their repetition would have overloaded the text to no purpose. Of modern authors I cite only the more comprehensive works which deal with a genus or an extensive regional fauna. A few words are necessary about the descriptive text and the figures which make up the body of the present work. With regard to external characters I recapitulate only the more striking, truly generic features, but the condition of the fore tarsus of the male, the segments of which are generally fused, is always mentioned. As far as wing venation is concerned, I consider that a figure is more informative than a long description. There follows a short description and schematic figure of the male genitalia of the type-species of the genus, drawn with the aid of a camera lucida. With very few exceptions the genital organs are drawn in ventral aspect, spread out and, where possible, flattened. Such a drawing differs considerably from the view obtained when the genitalia are examined in situ, and the reader who is not familiar with the dissection of male genitalia may have some difficulty in visualizing them in their natural position. A lateral drawing of the whole genitalia mounted in depth would have many disadvantages, such as lack of clarity and overlapping and foreshortening of some of the organs. Although I include some such figures, I have a. pr. inf., ' fult. inf. Fic. 1. Anthene definita Butler, 3 genitalia. unc., uncus = cheeks of Bethune Baker ; s. unc., subunci = falces of Bethune Baker (these are not the same as the socii which are found in other groups of Lepidoptera) ; teg., tegumen ; vine., vinculum ; sac., saccus ; fult. inf., lower fulture = furca of Bethune Baker ; v., valves = harpagones of Bethune Baker ; pr. s., upper process of the valves ; pr. inf., lower process of the valves ; p., penis = aedeagus of Bethune Baker. 6 H. STEMPFFER preferred to give drawings of the organs separately. Although the making of such mounts entails longer and more delicate operations, it is worth while because it gives a better idea of each organ and shows up the specific characters. Where there were imperfections in my preparation, I have reproduced them in my drawings so that my figures are faithful copies and not improvements on the original. To avoid confusion I have not drawn any hairs, but I have shown their points of insertion. The terminology of the genital parts employed in the present work differs slightly from that which I used in some of my previous publications. In these, I followed Bethune Baker, and employed the term “ tegumen”’ for the whole of the dorsal parts. I think now that it is more reasonable to call the part that corresponds to the tenth tergite ‘“ the uncus”’, and to confine the term “‘tegumen”’ to the deriva- tive of the ninth tergite, even though the uncus, often closely fused to the tegumen, appears merely as a thickening on its posterior margin, or only consists of the two small lateral lobes, which Bethune Baker called “ cheeks’’. For the part support- ing the penis which is usually fused to the base of the valves, I employ the term “ lower fultura ”’, a more general term than “ furca ”’, which is a special form of the lower fultura found in the Plebeiinae. The terminology of the parts, as used in the present work, is indicated in figures of Anthene definita Butler (Text-fig. 1) and Lepidochrysops victoriae Karsch (Text- fig. 2). In most cases the description of the genitalia is followed by the comparison of the genitalia of the type-species with those of other species in the genus, in an attempt to establish whether the nominal genus under review is a natural taxonomic unit, or merely an artificial heterogeneous collection of species. But as I have seldom been able to examine all the species included in any genus (see Lists of Species) I have fult. inf Fic. 2. Lepidochrysops victoriae Karsch, 3 genitalia, abbreviations as in Text-fig. 1, an., anellus ; ves., vesica. GENERA OF AFRICAN LYCAENIDAE a generally refrained from making new subdivisions or, in particular, introducing new generic names, which might add to the existing confusion. At this point I have added brief indications of what is known of the life histories of the species referred to the genus. This is the only part of the present work which is pure compilation, for I have no personal knowledge of the early stages of any of the species concerned. It shows how strikingly ignorant we are in this respect. Finally, there is appended to the account of each genus an alphabetical list of all the species, subspecies, varieties etc., referred to it, and their synonyms ; those of which I have myself examined the male genitalia are marked with an asterisk, and I have been at pains to give references to descriptions of these organs published elsewhere by other authors. The alphabetical arrangement has been deliberately chosen because, in my opinion, the gaps in our knowledge are still so great as to render the production of a satisfactory natural systematic arrangement impossible. I am fully aware of the imperfections and lacunae of this work. It is not exactly attractive ; the employment of a uniform order in the enumeration of characters and the necessarily concise style inevitably tend to produce a dry, monotonous text. My essay is more critical than constructive, and is meant to show that the present classification rests on imperfect bases. I have been content in the end to suggest a few new groupings of species and genera, nothing more, because to build up a sound system of classification, it would be necessary to examine all the species that exist, and I have not been able even to study all those that are known. It must be remembered that if it is comparatively easy to obtain sufficient material for the study of a limited and well known fauna, such as that of Europe, it is practically impossible to examine within a reasonable time all the Ethiopian species, many of which are represented by single specimens distributed in Museums and private collections all over the world. This will be the work of many authors specializing on single genera, or on limited groups of genera at a time. Incomplete as this work is bound to be, I hope that it may be of some use, if only to incite other entomologists to further studies. I should not have dared to under- take it, had it not been for the friendly encouragement of Mr. N. D. Riley, formerly Keeper of Entomology, in the British Museum (Natural History), whose advice and help has always been available to me, and who made himself responsible for the final revision of the English text and for elucidating various nomenclatural obscurities etc. I also wish to thank the Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History) for their kindness in publishing this work. I owe sincere thanks also to all the entomologists, both officials, and amateurs, who have sent me material for study, first and foremost Mr. T. H. E. Jackson of Kitale, Kenya, who sent me hundreds of specimens ; further Mr. B. D. Barnes of Umtali ; Mr. N. H. Bennett, Tring ; Monsieur L. Berger, of the Musée Royal de VAfrique central, Tervuren ; Mr. R. H. Carcasson, Coryndon Museum, Nairobi ; the late G. C. Clark, Port Elizabeth ; Mr. H. Cookson, Umtali ; Mr. C. G. C. Dickson, Cape Town ; Dr. M. Fontaine, Brussels ; Dr. W. Forster, Zoologische Sammlung des Bayerischen Staates, Munich ; Dr. H. J. Hannemann, Berlin ; Father Th. Massen, missionary in Ghana; Mr. K. M. Pennington, Balgowan, Natal ; Dr. E. C. G. Pinhey, Bulawayo ; Dr. Patrick Roche, London ; Monsieur P. Rougeot, 8 H. STEMPFFER Paris ; Dr. van Someren, Ngong, Kenya ; Dr. van Son, Pretoria ; and Mr. G. E. Tite, Tring. DIAGNOSES OF THE GENERA, WITH LISTS OF SPECIES Genus ALAENA Boisduval Alaena Boisduval, 1847, Voyage Delegorgue 2 : 591 ; Aurivillius, 1898 : 254 ; 1919-25 : 298 ; Desmond Murray, 1923 : 47; Pinhey, 1949 : 96, pl. 15, figs 1-3 ; Swanepoel, 1953 : 182, 184, pl. 8, figs 38-41. Type-species : Alaena amazoula Boisduval, by monotypy. Male fore leg stout, very pilose, especially on the tibia ; tarsus short, not distinctly segmented, strongly spinose ventrally, terminal claws absent ; @ fore leg fully developed, less hairy than that of 3. Wing venation (Text-fig. 229). There is a short but distinct precostal vein at the base of the hind wing. Male genitalia (Text-fig. 3). Uncus composed of two rounded lobes, densely covered with short hairs and broadly fused to a broad tegumen ; subunci robust, curved near the base and ending in a hook ; vinculum narrow, incomplete ventrally ; the oblong valves are directly fused to the extremities of the tergite and are partially joined together on the lower edge, whilst their upper edges are bridged by a narrow membranous strip, thus forming a sheath for the strong, subcylindrical penis, which is somewhat broadened just before its truncated apex ; there are a few short hairs on the distal portion of the valves. The male genitalia of other species, as far as they are known, closely resemble those of A. amazoula ; they differ only slightly in the shape of the valves. The genus seems homogeneous, both in structure and in general appearance. The species of Alaena are somewhat small with oblong, rounded wings, yellowish or black in colour, spotted with white. They remind one a little of the Acraeinae, in which family they were originally included. Fic. 3. Alaena amazoula Boisduval, 3 genitalia. GENERA OF AFRICAN LYCAENIDAE 9 List OF SPECIES OF Alaena Alaena amazoula amazoula Boisduval, 1847. Fig. Trimen, 1862. Alaena amazoula congoana Aurivillius, 1914. Alaena amazoula nyasana Hawker Smith, 1933, Stylops 2 : 1. Aleana aurantiaca see interposita. Alaena bicolora Bethune Baker, 1924, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (9) 14 : 130. Alaena caissa Rebel & Rogenhofer, 1894. Fig. Aurivillius in Seitz, Ig14—25. Alaena caissa kagera Talbot, 1935, Entomologists’ mon. Mag. 71 : 60, fig. Alaena ferrulineata Hawker Smith, 1933, Stylops 2 : 2. Alaena interposita interposita Butler, 1883. Alaena interposita hauttecoeuri Oberthur, 1888. aurantiaca Butler, 1895. Alaena johanna E. M. Sharpe, 1890. Fig. Sharpe, 1894. Alaena johanna tsavoa Jackson, 1965, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (13) 8 : 527, fig. Alaena kiellandi Carcasson, 1965, J. E. Afr. n. H. Soc. 25 : 132, figs. Alaena lamborni Gifford, 1965, Butt. Malawi : 41, figs. Alaena maculata maculata Hawker Smith, 1933, Stylops 2 : 3. Alaena maculata ochrea Hawker Smith, 1933, Stylops 2 : 3. Alaena madibirensis Wichgraf, 1921, Int. ent. Z. 14 : 195. Alaena major, see nyassae. *Alaena margaritacea Eltringham, 1929, Trans. ent. Soc. Lond. 77 : 492. Fig. Murray, 1935. Alaena mulsa, see picata. Alaena ngonga Jackson, 1965, l.c. : 521, fig. *Alaena nyassae nyassae Hewitson, 1877. Fig. Trimen, 1894 = major Oberthur, 1894. Alaena nyassae marmorata Hawker Smith, 1933, Stylops 2 : 1. Alaena nyassae ab. ochracea Butler, 1893. *Alaena oberthuri Aurivillius, 1898. Fig. Aurivillius in Seitz, 1914-25. *Alaena picata picata E. M. Sharpe, 1896. Fig. Aurivillius in Seitz, 1914-25. mulsa Thieme, 1904 ; rollei Suffert, 1904. Alaena picata interrupta Hawker Smith, 1933, Stylops 2 : 2. Alaena picata connectens Talbot, 1935, Entomologist’s mon. Mag. 71 : 69. Alaena reticulata Butler, 1896. Fig. Butler, 1897. Alaena rollei see picata. *Alaena subrubra Bethune Baker, 1915, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (8) 16 : 186. *Alaena unimaculata Hawker Smith, 1926, Revue Zool. Bot. afr. 14 : 237. Genus TELIPNA Aurivillius Telipna Aurivillius, 1895, Ent. Tidsky. 16 : 198 ; 1898 : 256; 1914-25 : 300. Type-species : Liptena acraea Westwood, 1851 ; 1959: I.C.Z.N. Opinion 566. This type-designation, made under the plenary powers of the International Commission for Zoological Nomenclature, is justified by the facts, which are clearly 10 H. STEMPFFER set out in the Opinion quoted above and in the application submitted to the Com- mission by Francis Hemming and myself. The strict application of the Rules would have resulted in great confusion in the generic names of some 150 species of Lycaen- idae, would have upset usages which had been customary since 1898, and served no useful purpose. Frons and palpi bearing closely adpressed hair-scales. Eyes smooth, palpi short, third seg- ment much reduced, button-shaped. Thorax laterally compressed, abdomen rather long. Legs black, white-ringed ; 3 fore tarsi unsegmented, without terminal claws. Wing venation (Text-fig. 230). A short precostal vein is present at the base of the hind wings. Male genitalia (Text-fig. 4). It is difficult to give a clear description of the § genitalia of T. acvaea ; only by carrying out an actual dissection can a satisfactory idea be obtained. Bethune Baker’s description (1914 : 319, pl. 59, fig. 12) is very brief and his photograph showing the organs in profile, 1m situ, is rather confusing. I have chosen to figure the genitalia with the different parts separated, in ventral aspect, and spread out as much as possible. Uncus bilobed, without clearly articulated subunci, but with lateral expansions fused to the very large tegumen. Vinculum broad ; on the tergite-sternite suture there are two supple- mentary processes of irregular outline enclosing the penis and resembling a secondary pair of reduced valves ; the true valves broadly fused basally to the vinculum, the upper process ending in a pair of rounded lobes, the much shorter lower process having a similar rounded end. Penis uniformly tapering, ending in a truncated cone. Uncus and distal half of valves hairy. The male genitalia of all the species of Telipna examined are very uniform, except for T. carnuta which really should be excluded from the genus. The venation, too, of this species is slightly different ; on the fore wing vein 7 arises slightly before the upper angle of the cell ; on the hind wing vein 7 is stalked with vein 6, separating from it very near its origin. Fic. 4. Telipna acraea semirufa Smith & Kirby, 3 genitalia. GENERA OF AFRICAN LYCAENIDAE Il The male genitalia of T. carnuta (Text-fig. 5), as Bethune Baker (1914 : 319) has already pointed out, are far removed from those of the true Telipnas. Tegumen and subunci similar to these parts in species of Alaena ; valves directly united to the tergal portion of the vinculum, of which the sternal part is lacking ; the valves, to use Bethune Baker’s expression, are shaped like a ham in which the knuckle end is deeply divided at its extremity ; they are joined together close to their bases by a broad chitinous band at their upper edges, and by a narrower band at their lower edges, the latter band bearing also a long tapering process which is directed caudad. Penis robust, slightly curved, tapering uniformly to the obliquely truncate apex ; vesica armed with strong spines. The early stages of T. consanguinea Rebel and T. sanguinea depuncta Talbot have been noted by T. H. E. Jackson (1937, Trans. R. ent. Soc. Lond. 86 : 205). The larvae feed on lichens and mosses on the bark of trees. List OF SPECIES OF Telipna *Telipna acraea acraea (Doubleday & Hewitson), 1852. Telipna acraea nigra Suffert, 1904, Dt. ent. Z., Iris 17 : 42. *Telipna acraeoides acraeoides (Smith & Kirby), 1890. Fig. Aurivillius in Seitz, 1914-25. Fig. Smith & Kirby, 1887, as sanguinea Plotz, figs 1, 2 only. Fig. Hewitson, 1866, Exot. Lep. III, fig. 12, as acraea Doubleday & Hewitson, nec Westwood, 1852. Telipna acraeoides laplumei Devos, 1919, Revue zool. afr. 6 : 62. Telipna actinotina Lathy, 1903, Trans. ent. Soc. Lond. 1903 : 194, fig. *Telipna angustifascia angustifascia Joicey & Talbot, 1g21, Bull. Hill Mus. Witley 1 : 77, fig. *Telipna angustifascia neavei Bethune Baker, 1926, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (9) I7 : 316. Telipna anneckei, see sanguinea. Fic. 5. Telipna cavnuta Hewitson, 3 genitalia. 12 H. STEMPFFER Telipna atrinervis Hulstaert, 1924, Revue zool. afr. 12 : 113. *Telipna aurivillii Rebel, 1914, Annin naturh. Mus. Wien 28 : 262, fig. *Telipna bimacula bimacula (Pl6étz), 1880, Fig. Aurivillius in Seitz, 1914-25. fervida Smith & Kirby, 1890. Telipna bimacula echo (Smith & Kirby), 1890. *Telipna bimacula semirufa (Smith & Kirby), 1889. *Telipna bimacula albofasciata Aurivillius, 1910. Telipna bimacula f. nigrita Talbot, 1935, Entomologist’s mon. Mag. 71 : 70. *Telipna carnuta carnuta (Hewitson), 1873. Fig. Smith & Kirby, 1893. Telipna carnuta parva (Kirby), 1887. Fig. Smith & Kirby, 1888. Telipna citrimacula Schultze, 1916, Arch. Naturgesch. 81 (A) Heft 12 : 141. *Telipna consanguinea Rebel, 1914, Annin Naturh. Mus. Wien 28 : 262, fig. Telipna consanguinea ab. extincta Schultze, 1923, Ergeb. 2te D. Zent. Afr. Exp. IgI0-1I, 1 : 1150, fig. *Telipna erica erica Suffert, 1904, Dt. ent. Z. Ivis 17: 41. Fig. Aurivillius in Seitz, 1914-25. *Telipna erica ugandae Bethune Baker, 1926, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (9) 17 : 388. Telipna exsuperia, see hollandi. Telipna fervida, see bimacula. *Telipna hollandi Joicey & Talbot, 1921, Bull. Hill Mus. Witley 1 : 8o, fig. exsuperia Hulstaert, 1924. Telipna ja Bethune Baker, 1926, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (9) 17 : 388. Telipna kamitugensis Dufrane, 1945, Bull. Annls Soc. R. ent. Belg. 81: *Telipna katangae Stempffer, 1961 : 9, fig. Telipna mariae Dufrane, 1945, Bull. Annls. Soc. R. ent. Belg. 81 : 112 Telipna medjensis Holland, 1920, Bull. Am. Mus. nat. Hist. 43 : 214, fig. *Telipna nyanza Neave, 1904, Novit. zool. 11 : 335, fig. *Telipna plagiata Joicey & Talbot, 1921, Bull. Hill Mus. Witley 1 : 79, fig. Telipna rothi (Smith), 1808. Telipna rothioides Holland, 1920, Bull. Am. Mus. nat. Hist. 43 : 214, fig. Telipna rufilla (Smith), 1got. Telipna ruspinoides Schultze, 1923, Ergebn. ate D. Zent. Afr. Exp. Ig10-II, 1: 1151, fig. *Telipna sanguinea sanguinea (Plotz), 1880. Fig. Smith & Kirby, 1887 (figs 3, 4 only) annecket Dewitz, 1886. Telipna sanguinea bistrigatus Aurivillius, 1925, Ark. Zool. 17A, 32 : 7. *Telipna sanguinea depuncta Talbot, 1937, Tvans. R. ent. Soc. Lond. 86 : 59. Telipna sheffieldi Bethune Baker, 1926, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (9) 17 : 387. Telipna subhyalina Joicey & Talbot, 1921, Bull. Hill Mus. Witley 1 : 78, fig. Telipna sulpitia Hulstaert, 1924, Revue zool. afr. 12 : 114. *Telipna transverstigma H. H. Druce, 1910, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1910 : 356, fig. Telipna venanigra Bethune Baker, 1926, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (9) 17 : 387. Telipna villiersi Stempffer, 1965, Bull. Inst. fr. Afr. notre 27 : 1450, figs. GENERA OF AFRICAN LYCAENIDAE 13 Genus COOKSONIA H. H. Druce Cooksonia H. H. Druce, 1905, Trans. ent. Soc. Lond. 1905 : 256; Aurivillius, 1914-1925 : 302. Type-species : Cooksonia trimeni H. H. Druce, 1905, by original designation. Sheffieldia H. H. Druce, 1912, Entomologist’s mon. Mag. 48 : 128 ; Talbot, 1935, Entomologist’s mon. Mag. 71 : 202, synonymy. Type-species : Sheffieldia neavei H. H. Druce, by monotypy. Eyes smooth ; palpi of medium length, erect, clothed with adpressed black scales, third segment very short ; antennae slender, half as long as costa ; club well differentiated, flattened, spatulate. Wing venation (Text-fig. 231). The only known specimen of C. triment is a Q, so I have been unable to examine the $ genitalia of the type-species ; on the other hand, I have examined the ¢ genitalia of C. neavei H. Druce and C. aliciae Talbot. In C. neavei the $ fore legs are short, almost glabrous, tibia a trifle shorter than the femur, tarsus unsegmented and bearing fine spines below. The venation (Text-fig. 232) of C. neavei differs slightly from that of C. trimeni inasmuch as veins 5 and 6 of the fore wing have a short common stem which arises from the upper angle of the cell, but this difference is not constant, for I have seen in the British Museum a ¢ specimen of C. neavei in which the veins arise as in C. trimeni. The synonymy given by Talbot, viz : Cooksonia = Sheffieldia, is undeniable. Fic. 6. Cooksonia neavei (Druce), 3 genitalia. 14 H. STEMPFFER Male genitalia of C. neavei (Text-fig. 6) : uncus crescentic with an almost straight anterior margin ; subunci long, curved, tapering regularly ; tegumen triangular, separated from the uncus by a membrane which is translucent under the microscope ; vinculum fairly wide, saccus triangular, turned towards the apex of the abdomen and not towards the eighth segment ; valves oblong, the two processes separate at the apex, the apex of the upper process rounded, that of the lower one more pointed ; penis elongate, ending in a sharp, slightly curved point ; uncus and apices of valves densely pilose. In C. aliciae the 3 fore legs are like those of C. neavet, and the male genitalia (Text- fig. 7) almost identical with those of C. neavei, except that the lateral angles of the uncus are more rounded. The male genitalia of these two species are of the commonplace pattern, totally different from that found in species of Telapna and Pentila, in which the genitalia are highly specialized. There is, therefore, no good reason for leaving the genus Cooksoma in the company of the above two genera, the only character it has in common with them being the presence of a precostal vein in the hind wing, a character which, incidentally, was not mentioned in the description of the genus but which nevertheless is present in the three known species. The chrysalis of C. aliciae has been described and figured by Talbot (1935 : 204, pl. V, fig. 3). List OF SPECIES OF Cooksonia *Cooksonia aliciae Talbot, 1935, Entomologist’s mon. Mag. 71 : 203, fig. *Cooksonia neavei (H. H. Druce), 1912. Cooksonia trimeni trimeni H. H. Druce, 1905. Cooksonia trimeni terpsichore Talbot, 1935, Entomologist’s mon. Mag. 71 : 204. Fic. 7. Cooksonia aliciae Talbot, 3 genitalia. GENERA OF AFRICAN LYCAENIDAE 5 Genus PENTILA Westwood Pentila Westwood, 1851, Geneva Diurnal Lepidoptera, pl. 76 ; Aurivillius, 1898 : 258, 1914 : 303 ; Murray, 1935 : 52; Swanepoel, 1953 : 191. Type-species : Tingra tropicalis Boisduval, 1847 ; 1935: I.C.Z.N. Opinion 566. Head small, vertex bearing adpressed hairs ; eyes large and naked ; palpi very small and very short, underside of 1st and 2nd segments bearing long scales, last segment reduced, button- shaped ; antennae short, fairly robust, with a very distinct club which is an elongated oval in Fic. 8. Pentila tropicalis (Boisduval), 3 genitalia. Fic. 9. Pentila tachyroides Dewitz, 3 genitalia. 16 H-STEMPPRER shape ; thorax short and slender ; abdomen long, swollen in its apical portion ; legs short, robust, bearing a few scales but no hairs, tarsi spinose ventrally ; ¢ fore leg with the tibia finely spinose ventrally, tarsus short, unsegmented and ventrally spinose. Wing venation (Text-fig. 233). The cell is very long in both wings ; hind wing with a short precostal vein at the base. Male genitalia (Text-figs 8, 9). The genitalia of the J are asymmetric and highly specialized, but very constant in form throughout the genus. In order to appreciate their configuration thoroughly it is necessary to separate the dorsal and ventral portions and to arrange the parts separately flat on a slide ; a preparation showing the parts im situ, in profile, is only confusing and of no use for the recognition of specific characters. Uncus trifurcate, the median process much the longest, the two lateral lobes asymmetric, curved inwards ; tegumen very large, hood-shaped, also slightly asymmetric ; gnathos strongly chitinized and trumpet-shaped in lateral aspect ; sternite prolonged towards the eight segment by two rounded expansions and ending in an asymmetric feebly chitinized portion towards the apex of the abdomen ; there are no true articulated valves but five asymmetric expansions of the vinculum, the shapes of which provide excellent specific characters ; penis very long and cylindrical, slightly incurved towards the apex ; the fully eversible vesica was found everted in all specimens examined, producing the appearance of a flail. Female genitalia (Text-fig. 10). The 2 genitalia are also very specialized. The anal papillae are covered with fine silky hair and are devoid of posterior apophyses. The wide ostium bursae opens on the seventh sternite and is easily visible to the naked eye, which enables the sex to be recognized with ease. The ductus bursae is at first strongly chitinized, and the sclerotized por- tion, which makes a swelling on the underside of the abdomen, takes an even curve that seems to correspond with the curve of the terminal part of the penis ; the membranous portion of the duct is folded back at an acute angle towards the apex of the abdomen. In this way one can understand the peculiar situation imposed on the vesica at the time of copulation, a situation which is retained after copulation and is found on dissecting the males. I have been able to examine the male genitalia of all known species of Pentila except P. umbra Holland. As indicated above, they are all of the same general type as tropicalis, yet they provide good specific characters. The genus, though numerous in species, is perfectly homogeneous. Nothing is known of the early stages of any species, which is surprising, for many of the species are abundant in their habitats and they are widely distributed geographically. Fic. 10. Pentila tachyroides {. voidesta Suffert, 2 genitalia. GENERA OF AFRICAN LYCAENIDAE 17 List oF SPECIES OF Pentila Pentila abraxas abraxas (Doubleday & Hewitson), 1852. Fig. genitalia, Stempffer & Bennett, 1961 : 1181. tripunctata Aurivillius, 1895. Pentila abraxas ab. affixa Schulze, see abraxas pardalena. *Pentila abraxas maculata (Kirby), 1887. Fig. Smith & Kirby, 1888. Fig. genitalia, Stempffer & Bennett, 1961 : 1182. hedwiga Suffert, 1904 ; telesippe and elpinice Grinberg, Ig10. *Pentila abraxas pardalena H. H. Druce, tg1o. Fig. genitalia, Stempffer & Bennett, 1961 : 1185. abraxas ab. affixa Schultze, 1923, Ergebn. 2te D. Zent. Afr. Exp. Ig10-II, ehety se *Pentila abraxas phidia Hewitson, 1874. Fig. Smith & Kirby, 1893. Fig. genitalia, Stempffer & Bennett, 1961 : 1184. nunu (Karsch), 1893. *Pentila abraxas subochracea Hawker Smith, 1933, Stylops 2: 4. Fig. and fig. genitalia, Stempffer & Bennett, 1961 : 1186. *Pentila alba Dewitz, 1886. Fig. genitalia, Stempffer & Bennett, 1961 : 1202. *Pentila amenaida Hewitson, 1873. Fig. genitalia, Stempffer & Bennett, 1961 : 1130. *Pentila amenaidoides (Holland), 1892. Fig. and fig. genitalia, Stempffer & Bennett, 1961 : 1138. * Pentila auga auga Karsch, 1895. Fig. H. H. Druce, 1910, J/l. African Lycaenidae. Fig. genitalia, Stempffer & Bennett, 1961 : 1198. Pentila auga congoensis Joicey & Talbot, see cloetensi catauga. Pentila bertha (Smith & Kirby), see nero. *Pentila bitje H. H. Druce, 1910. Fig. genitalia, Stempffer & Bennett, 1961 : 1201. *Pentila camerunica Stempffer & Bennett, 1961 : 1196, fig. and fig. genitalia. *Pentila carcassoni Stempffer & Bennett, 1961 : 1168, fig. and fig. genitalia. *Pentila christina Suffert, 1904. Fig. H. H. Druce, 1910, Ill. African Lycaenidae, pl. 2. Fig. genitalia, Stempffer & Bennett, 1961 : 1195. *Pentila cloetensi cloetensi Aurivillius, 1897. Fig. Holland, 1920, Bull. Am. Mus. nat. Hist. 43. Fig. genitalia, Stempffer & Bennett, 1961 : 1188. elfrieda Suffert, 1904. *Pentila cloetensis albida Hawker Smith, 1933, Stylobs 2:4. Fig. and fig. genitalia, Stempffer & Bennett, 1961 : 1192. *Pentila cloetensis aspasia Grinberg, Igto0. Fig. and fig. genitalia, Stempffer & Bennett, 196r. *Pentila cloetensi {. elfriedana Strand, 1918, Int. ent. Z. 12 : tot. Pentila cloetensi {. latefascia Dufrane, 1953, Bull. Annis Soc. R. ent. Belg. 89 : 47. *Pentila cloetensi catauga Rebel, 1914, Annin naturh. Mus. Wien 28 : 263, pl. 22. Fig. genitalia, Stempffer & Bennett, 1961 : 1180. auga congoensis Joicey & Talbot, 1g2t. 18 H. STEMPFFER *Pentila cloetensi lucayensis Schultze, 1923, Ergebn. ate D. Zent. Afr. Exp. Ig10-1I, 1: 1158. Fig. and fig. genitalia, Stempffer & Bennett, 1961 : 1193. *Pentila cloetensi uelensis Stempffer & Bennett, 1961 : 11go, fig. and fig. genitalia. *Pentila cloetensi condamini Stempftfer, 1963, Bull. Inst. fr. Afr. noire 25 : 954, fig. and fig. genitalia. Pentila elfrieda Suffert, see cloetenst. Pentila elpinice Grinberg, see abraxas maculata. *Pentila fallax Bethune Baker, 1915, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (8) 16: 187. Fig. and fig. genitalia, Stempffer & Bennett, 1961 : 1148. *Pentila fidonioides Schultze, 1923, Ergebn. 2te D. Zent. Afr. Exp. 1910-11, I : 1155. Fig. and fig. genitalia, Stempffer & Bennett, 1961 : 1133. *Pentila glagoessa (Holland), 1893. Fig. genitalia, Stempffer & Bennett, 1961 : 1203. Pentila hedwiga Suffert, see abraxas maculata. *Pentila hewitsoni hewitsoni (Smith & Kirby), 1887. Fig. Aurivillius in Seitz, 1914-25. Fig. genitalia, Stempffer & Bennett, 1961 : I1g9. Pentila hewitsoni f. leura (Kirby), 1890. Fig. Smith & Kirby, r8gr. Pentila hewitsoni limbata (Holland), 1893. *Pentila inconspicua H. H. Druce, tgto. Fig. and fig. genitalia, Stempffer & Bennett, 1961 : 1162. * Pentila landbecki Stempffer & Bennett, 1961 : 1165, fig. and fig. genitalia. Pentila lavinia (Kirby), see torrida. Pentila lunaris (Weymer), see preusst. *Pentila mesia Hulstaert, 1924, Revue zool. afr. 12: 115. Fig. and fig. genitalia, Stempffer & Bennett, 1961 : 1136. Pentila mylothrina Butler, see tachyroides. Pentila nero (Smith & Kirby), 1894. Fig. genitalia, Stempffer & Bennett, TOOK 3 B32. bertha (Smith & Kirby), 1894. *Pentila nigeriana Stempffer & Bennett, 1961 : 1158, fig. and fig. genitalia. Pentila nunu (Karsch), see abraxas phidia. *Pentila nyassana nyassana Aurivillius, 1898. Fig. genitalia, Stempffer & Bennett, 1961 : II13. *Pentila nyassana alberta Hulstaert, 1924, Revue zool. afr. 12: 116. Fig. and fig. genitalia, Stempffer & Bennett, 1961 : 1123. Pentila nyassana amenaidena Strand, Ig1I. *Pentila nyassana benguellana Stempffer & Bennett, 1961 : 1116, fig. and fig. genitalia. *Pentila nyassana clarensis Neave, 1903. Fig. Holland, 1920, Bull. Am. Mus. nat. Hist. 43. Fig. genitalia, Stempffer & Bennett, 1961 : 1120. Pentila nyassana dama Suffert, 1904. *Pentila nyassana elisabetha Hulstaert, 1924, Revue zool. afr. 12: 116. Fig. and fig. genitalia, Stempffer & Bennett, 1961 : 1121. GENERA OF AFRICAN LYCAENIDAE 19 Pentila nyassana f. nigribasis Hulstaert, 1924, Revue zool. afr. 12 : 116. *Pentila nyassana leopardina Schultze, 1923, Ergebn. 2te D. Zent. Afr. Exp. Igto-11, 1 : 1154, fig. Fig. genitalia, Stempffer & Bennett, 1961 : 1126. *Pentila nyassana multiplagata Bethune, Baker 1908. Fig. and fig. genitalia, Stempffer & Bennett, 1961 : 1125. *Pentila nyassana obsoleta Hawker Smith, 1933, Stylops 2: 3. Fig. Stevenson, 1940, J. ent. Soc. sth. Afr. 3. Pentila nyassana f. cataractae Stevenson, 1940, l.c. : 101, fig. *Pentila nyassana pauli Staudinger, 1888. Fig. Aurivillius, 1898. Fig. genitalia, Stempffer & Bennett, 1961 : 1127. *Pentila nyassana {. radiata Lathy, 1903. Pentila nyassana {. multipunctata Lathy, 1903. *Pentila nyassana ras Talbot, 1935, Entomologist’s mon. Mag. 71:70. Fig. genitalia, Stempffer & Bennett, 1961 : 1124. *Pentila occidentalium occidentalium Aurivillius, 1898. Fig. genitalia, Stempffer & Bennett, 1961 : 1156. Pentila occidentalium {. congoana, Strand, see occidentalium f. tmmaculata Suffert. *Pentila occidentalium gabunica Stempffer & Bennett, 1961 : 1157, fig. and fig. genitalia. Pentila occidentalium f. immaculata Suffert, 1904. occidentalium f{. congoana Strand, 1918. Pentila parapetreia ab. derema Strand, see rogersi parapetreia Pentila paucipuncta (Kirby), see preussi. *Pentila petreia Hewitson, 1874. Fig. Smith & Kirby, 1889. Fig. genitalia, Stempffer & Bennett, 1961 : 1170. tripunctata (H. H. Druce), 1888. *Pentila petreoides Bethune Baker, 1915, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (8) 16 : 187. Fig. and fig. genitalia, Stempffer & Bennett, rg6r : 1146. *Pentila picena picena Hewitson, 1874. Fig. Smith & Kirby, 1893. Fig. genitalia, Stempffer & Bennett, 1961 : 1177. *Pentila picena catori Bethune Baker, 1906. Fig. and fig. genitalia, Stempffer & Bennett, 1961 : 1179. *Pentila picena cydaria (Smith), 1898. Fig. genitalia, Stempffer & Bennett, 1g6r : 1178. *Pentila preussi preussi Staudinger, 1888. Fig. Smith & Kirby, 1891. Fig. genitalia, Stempffer & Bennett, 1961 : 1171. paucipuncta (Kirby), 1890, and lunaris Weymer, 1892. *Pentila preussi fayei Stempffer, 1963, Bull. Inst. fr. Afr. noire 25 : 957, fig. *Pentila pseudorotha Stempffer & Bennett, 1961 : 1142, fig. and fig. genitalia. *Pentila rogersi rogersi (H. H. Druce), 1907. Fig. genitalia, Stempffer, 1953, Annls Mus. R. Congo belge 27 : 7. *Pentila rogersi parapetreia Rebel, 1908. Fig. genitalia, Stempffer & Bennett, LOOX : EX75- 20 H. STEMPFFER parapetreia ab. derema Strand, Igit. *Pentila rotha rotha Hewitson, 1873. Fig. genitalia, Stempffer & Bennett, 1961 : II40. *Pentila rotha marianna Suffert, 1904. Fig. H. H. Druce, 1gto, Jil. African Lycaenidae pl. 1. Fig. genitalia, Stempffer & Bennett, 1g61 : 1142. *Pentila subfuscata Hawker Smith, 1933, Stylops 2:3. Fig. and fig. genitalia, Stempffer & Bennett, 1961 : 1172. *Pentila tachyroides Dewitz, 1799. Fig. genitalia, Stempffer & Bennett, 1961 : 1176. mylothrina Butler, 1888. *Pentila tachyroides {. roidesta Suffert, 1904. Pentila telesippe Grinberg, see abraxas maculata. *Pentila torrida (Kirby), 1887. Fig. Smith & Kirby, 1887. Fig. genitalia, Stempffer & Bennett, 1961 : 1204. lavinia (Kirby), 1890. Pentila tripunctata Aurivillius, see abraxas. Pentila tripunctata H. H. Druce, see petreia. *Pentila tropicalis tropicalis (Boisduval), 1847. Fig. Hewitson, 1866. Fig. genitalia, Stempffer & Bennett, 1961 : 1103. *Pentila tropicalis chyulu van Someren, 1939, J/ E. Africa Uganda nat. Hist. Soc. 14: 145. Fig. genitalia, Stempffer & Bennett, 1961 : IIIO0. *Pentila tropicalis mombasae (Smith & Kirby), 1889. Fig. genitalia, Stempffer & Bennett, 1961 : 1108. *Pentila tropicalis {. lasti (Smith & Kirby), 1889. Fig. genitalia, Stempffer & Bennett, 1961 : 1109. Pentila tropicalis {. sigiensis Strand, 1910. *Pentila tropicalis swynnertoni Stevenson, 1940 J. ent. Soc. sth. Afr. 3 : 101, fig. *Pentila umangiana umangiana Aurivillius, 1898. Fig. and fig. genitalia, Stempffer & Bennett, 1961 : 1150. *Pentila umangiana connectens Hulstaert, 1924, Revue zool. afr. 12 : 115. Fig. and fig. genitalia, Stempffer & Bennett, Ig61 : 1154. *Pentila umangiona fontainei Stempffer & Bennett, 1961 : 1153, fig. and fig. genitalia. *Pentila umangiana prodita Schultze, 1923, Ergebn. 2te D. Zent. Afr. Exp. Igto-11I, 1: 1156. Fig. and fig. genitalia, Stempffer & Bennett, 1961 : 1152. Pentila umbra Holland, 1892. Fig. Aurivillius in Seitz, 1914—25. Pentila yaunda Karsch, 1895. Fig. H. H. Druce, 1910, Ill. African Lycaenidae, (probably only a synonym of abraxas maculata Kirby). Genus LIPTENARA Bethune Baker Liptenava Bethune Baker, 1915, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (8) 16: 186. Type-species : Liptenara batesi Bethune Baker, 1915, by original designation. Eyes palpi and legs similar to those of Pentila. GENERA OF AFRICAN LYCAENIDAE 21 Wing venation (Text-fig. 234). Only differs from that of Pentila in a single detail, namely vein II arises somewhat nearer to the base of the wing. Male genitalia (Text-fig. 11). Quite similar to those of Pentila. I do not see any important character on which to separate Liptenara from Pentila. The species are easy to recognize on account of the large white subapical mark, but in my opinion they scarcely merit generic status. List oF SPECIES OF Liptenara *Liptenara batesi Bethune Baker, 1915, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (8) 16 : 187. Fig. genitalia, Stempffer & Bennett, 1961 : 1205. *Liptenara hiendImayri (Dewitz), 1886. Fig. genitalia, Stempffer & Bennett, 1961 : 1208. *Liptenara schoutedeni (Hawker Smith), 1926, Revue zool. afr. 14 : 238. Fig. genitalia, Stempffer & Bennett, 1961 : 1207. Genus ORNIPHOLIDOTOS Bethune Baker Ornipholidotos Bethune Baker, 1914, Tvans. ent. Soc. Lond. 1914 ; 319. Type-species : Pentila kirbyi Aurivillius 1895. Pentila Westwood (partim) ; Aurivillius 1898 : 263 ; 1914 : 310. In the original description of this genus, Bethune Baker specified Pentila muhata Dewitz, 1886, as its type-species, and figured (l.c. pl. 58, fig. 10) the male genitalia of what he took to be this species. Through the kindness of Dr. Hannemann of the Berlin Museum, I obtained on loan the two specimens which served Dewitz as the “ types ” of his original description. Fic. rr. Liptenara batesi Bethune Baker, 3 genitalia. 22 HH. STEMPBEPE R One of them does in fact have a label referring to this description. Examination of the fore tarsi shows that one of these is a male, the other a female but both lack the extremity of the abdomen and, besides, are rather discoloured, probably on account of age. Among the hundreds of specimens of Orvnipholidotos which I have had the opportunity of examining, collected more or less recently, I have found none which can undoubtedly be regarded as exactly matching Dewitz’s “ type’”’ specimens of muhata. In the absence of genitalia for comparison and in view of the inconclusive nature of any comparison based on external characters in this genus, it is, therefore, impossible at present to identify Dewitz’s species, which must remain a species dubium. On the other hand the male genitalia figured by Bethune Baker as those of muhata are instantly recognizable as those of the well known species O. kirbyi (Pentila kirbyt Aurivillius, 1895), the holotype of which I was able to dissect in 1947, and of which I have examined the genitalia of some fifty specimens from various African localities. We have therefore a case in which (1) the species named as the type-species of the genus Is a species dubium (muhata) and (2) the species on which the description of the genus was in fact based is an easily recognized species, currently known as kirbyt. In order to overcome the uncertainties of this situation I am applying to the Inter- national Commission on Zoological Nomenclature to set aside all type-fixations for the genus Ornipholidotos made prior to their ruling and to rule that the type-species of that genus be Pentila kirby: Aurivillius (1895, Ent. Tidskr. 16 : 198) as defined by Stempffer (1947, Revue Zool. Bot. afr. 40 : 160). Fic. 12. Ovnipholidotos kirbyi (Aurivillius), g genitalia. GENERA OF AFRICAN LYCAENIDAE 23 If, as seems possible, it should transpire in the light of further evidence, that muhata and kirbyi become synonyms, the type-species will remain the same. Only its name will be changed. In anticipation of a favourable decision on my application, I am proceeding on the basis that the type-species of Ornipholidotos is O. kirbyt. Head small ; eyes large and naked ; palpi very small and very short, divergent, clothed with scales below ; antennae similar to those of Pentila : thorax short and slender ; abdomen long, swollen in its apical portion, especially in the 9. Legs similar to those of Pentila. Wing shape : fore wing not so long as in Pentila : in all the species except O. paradoxa H. H. Druce, all four wings are translucent white with costal margin and the apex of the fore wings and the hind margin of all four wings more or less broadly blackish. Wing venation (Text-fig. 235). Cell much elongated, though on the whole slightly shorter than that of Pentila : discocellular shorter than in Pentila. Male genitalia (Text-fig. 12, kirby). (See also Bethune Baker, Tvans. ent. Soc. Lond. 1914: lviii, fig. 10, and Stempffer, 1947, Rev. Zool. Bot. afr. 30 : 167, fig. 2). Umncus composed of two long robust arms ; tegumen hood-shaped ; articulated on the vinculum, on the tergite-sternite suture, there are two large asymmetrical processes, which are widened and fused distally and are provided with a strong hook ; because of their point of attachment these processes cannot be regarded as subunci ; these peculiar processes are found, though modified in shape, in all the other species of Ornipholidotos that I have studied ; vinculum broad ; there are no distinct articulated valves but only simple expansions of the vinculum which have a spatulate apex ; penis elongate, its distal end bent back towards the dorsum, slightly constricted just before the Fic. 13. Ovnipholidotos ntebi Fic. 14. Ovrnipholidotos peucetia (Bethune Baker), 3 genitalia. (Hewitson), ¢ genitalia. 24 H. STEMPFFEFER broadened apex ; vesica enclosing a strong spine surrounded by a cluster of smaller spines and, in addition, covered with little cornuti which give it a shagreened appearance ; uncus bearing long strong bristles ; there are long fine hairs at the apices of the vinculum expansions. Elsewhere I have figured the male genitalia (see list below) of bakotae, bitjeensis, gabonensis, jackson, katangae, onitshae, overlaeti, teroensis, and ugandae. Here I figure in addition the genitalia of ntebi (Text-fig. 13), pewcetia (Text-fig. 14), paradoxa (Text-fig. 15) and latumargo (Text-fig. 16). Fic. 15. Ovnipholidotos paradoxa Fic. 16. Ovrnipholidotos latimargo (Druce), 3 genitalia. (Hawker Smith), g genitalia. lrc. 17. Ovnipholidotos peucetia (Hewitson), ? genitalia. GENERA OF AFRICAN LYCAENIDAE 25 As one can ascertain by comparing all these figures, the male genitalia of the species of Ornipholidotos show an extraordinary diversity. Nevertheless they present good generic characters in the constant shape of the penis, the absence of true valves articulated on the vinculum, the presence of articulated processes on the tergite-sternite suture and the general asymmetry. The female genitalia of the species of Ornipholidotoros are also asymmetrical. In O. peucetia (Text-fig. 17, abdomen figured flattened dorso-ventrally), for example, notice that the ostium bursae, instead of being situated below the ostium oviductus, is twisted to the left through an angle of about 45 degrees and is visible to the naked eye as a small chitinous trumpet-shaped excrescence on the side of the abdomen. There are two hypotheses to account for the external resemblance coupled with the diversity in the structure of the genitalia in the species of Ornipholidotos. Either we can suppose lines of descent from widely different ancestors, when the similarity in external characters would be due to convergent evolution similar to that which resulted in mimicry ; or we can suppose a single line of descent giving rise to species whose external characters have remained pretty well constant, whilst the genitalia have evolved in a disorderly, anarchical manner, tending to produce species which are very diverse and sometimes unstable, as in O. overlaeti, in which species the dissection of over 50 males produced no two specimens the genitalia of which were rigorously identical, the variations in the shape of the uncus being sometimes quite considerable. Nevertheless this individual variation remains within such limits that one has no cause to doubt their specific identity. It is this observation which inclines me to accept the second hypothesis. The caterpillar of O. muhata (?) has been described by T. H. E. Jackson (1937, Trans. R. ent. Soc. Lond. 86 : 206). It feeds on lichens and resembles a Lepisma, being broadly rounded anteriorly and ending in a sharp point posteriorly. Each segment bears 3—4 black spines. The head is protected by a collar. Its green, grey and black colour blends with that of the lichen. List OF SPECIES OF Ornipholidotos *Ornipholidotos bakotae Stempffer, 1962 : 1137, fig. and fig. genitalia. *Ornipholidotos bitjeensis Stempffer, 1957, Bull. Inst. fr. Afr. noire 19 : 209, fig. genitalia. *Ornipholidotos camerunensis Stempffer, 1964 : 1227, fig. *Ornipholidotos congoensis Stempffer, 1964 : 1228, fig. Ornipholidotos emarginata (Hawker Smith), 1933, Stylops 2 : 4. *Ornipholidotos gabonensis Stempffer, 1947, Revue Zool. Bot. afr. 40 : 1609, fig. and fig. genitalia. *Ornipholidotos jacksoni Stempffer, 1961 : 11, fig. and fig. genitalia. *Ornipholidotos katangae Stempffer, 1947, Revue Zool. Bot. afr. 40 : 170, figs. *Ornipholidotos kirbyi Aurivillius, 1895. Fig. Smith & Kirby, Rhop. exot. 2 (as muhata). Fig. genitalia, Stempffer, 1947, Revue Zool. Bot. afr. 40 : 169. 26 H. STEMPFFER Ornipholidotos kirbyi fumata f. (Schultze), 1923, Evgebn. 2te D. Z. Afr. Exp. 910-11, 1 : 1160. *Ornipholidotos latimargo (Hawker Smith), 1933, Stylops 2 : 3. Ornipholidotos muhata (Dewitz), 1886. *Ornipholidotos nigeriae Stempffer, 1964 : 1230, fig. *Ornipholidotos ntebi (Bethune Baker), 1906. *Ornipholidotos onitshae Stempffer, 1962 : 1135, fig. and fig. genitalia. *Ornipholidotos overlaeti Stempffer, 1947, Revue Zool. Bot. afr. 40 : 171, fig. and fig. genitalia. *Ornipholidotos paradoxa (H. H. Druce), 1gro. *Ornipholidotos perfragilis (Holland), 1890. O. sylpida (Staudinger), 1891. Fig. Smith & Kirby, 1892. Ornipholidotos peuceda (Smith), see peucetia. *Ornipholidotos peucetia (Hewitson), 1866. peuceda (Smith), 1889. *Ornipholidotos peucetia chyluensis (van Someren), 1939, J! E. Africa Uganda nat. Hist. Soc. 14 : 146. Ornipholidotos peucetia orientalis (Storace), 1947, Annalt Mus. civ. Stor. nat. Giacomo Doria 63 : 77. Ornipholidotos peucetia penningtoni (Riley), 1944, Entomologist 77 : 29. *Ornipholidotos sylpha (Kirby), 1890. Fig. Smith & Kirby, 1892. Ornipholidotos sylphida (Staudinger), see perfragilis Holland. *Ornipholidotos teroensis Stempffer, 1957, Bull. Inst. fr. Afr. noire 19 : 211, fig. genitalia. Ornipholidotos tirza (Hewitson), 1873. Fig. Smith & Kirby, 1893. *Ornipholidotos ugandae Stempffer, 1947, Revue Zool. Bot. afr. 40 : 170, fig. and fig. genitalia. Fic. 18. Durbania amakosa Trimen, ¢ genitalia. GENERA OF AFRICAN LYCAENIDAE 27 Genus DURBANIA Trimen D’Urbania Trimen, 1862, Trans. ent. Soc. Lond. (3) 1 : 400 ; Aurivillius, 1898 : 264. Durbania Trimen ; Aurivillius, 1914 : 302 ; Murray 1935: 49. Type-species : D’Urbania amakosa Trimen, by monotypy. Head small, frons and vertex shortly pilose ; eyes smooth ; palpi fairly long, densely scaly, second segment long and robust, third short, slightly acuminate ; antennae short, composed of 24 to 27 segments, rather thick, with a distinct cylindrical gradual club having the last four segments partly fused ; thorax short, densely clothed with short hairs above and with scales and hair-scales below ; abdomen of medium length, scaly ; legs robust, clothed with scales but no hairs, tibiae with 2—3 delicate spines below, tarsi long, spinose beneath ; fore tarsi of J un- segmented. Wing venation (Text-fig. 236). Fore wing : vein 11 originates from the cell at a point nearer to the origin of vein ro than to the base. Hind wing with a short precostal vein at the base of the wing. Male genitalia (Text-fig. 18). Uncus rounded with a shallow median depression, fused to a fairly large tegumen ; no subunci ; vinculum narrow and prolonged to form a large triangular saccus ; valves oblong with a regular outline and rounded apex ; base of penis robust, gradually becoming more slender distally, and ending with a sharp point with a wide opening on its dorsal surface ; uncus and valves abundantly clothed with fine hairs. The male genitalia of D. limbata are very close to those of D. amakosa, only the apex of the valves is lightly excised. The early stages of D. amakosa have been described by Trimen (1887, S. Afr. Butterflies 2 : 216). List OF SPECIES OF Durbania Durbania amabilis Staudinger, see limbata. *Durbania amakosa amakosa Trimen, 1862. Durbania amakosa ayresi van Son, 1941, Jl ent. Soc. sth. Afr. 4 : 182. Durbania amakosa natalensis van Son, 1959, Novos Taxa ent. 16 : 8. Fig. *Durbania amakosa penningtoni van Son, 1959, Novos Taxa ent. 16 : 17. Fig. *Durbania limbata Trimen, 1887. amabilis Staudinger, 1888. Fic. 19. Durbaniella clarki (van Son), 3 genitalia. 28 H. SLEMPPERER Genus DURBANIELLA van Son Durbaniella van Son, 1959, Novos Taxa ent. 16:10. Type-species : Durbania clavki van Son, 1941, by monotypy. Differs from the genus Durbania in the following characters : Palpi, third joint very much reduced, not more than 1/5th the length of the second joint ; antennae with 20 segments, club large and flattened. Wing venation (van Son, 1959, Novos Taxa ent. 16, fig. 2). Fore wing, vein 11 arises from the cell midway between the base of the wing and the origin of vein 10. Hind wing with a small precostal vein. Male genitalia (Text-fig. 19). Uncus crescent-shaped, fused to the margin of the rather large oval tegumen. Subunci long, curved, evenly tapering. Vinculum narrow, produced to form a wide triangular saccus. Valves oblong, the two processes separated apically, their extremities rounded, the lower process longer than the upper one. Penis basally stout, tapering evenly and ending in a sharp point broadly open dorsally. Uncus and apex of valves hairy. List oF SPECIES OF Durbaniella *Durbaniella clarki (van Son), 1941, Jl ent. Soc. sth. Afr. 4: 183; fig., 1959, Novos Taxa ent. 16 : Io. Genus DURBANIOPSIS van Son Durbaniopsis van Son, 1959, Novos Taxa ent. 16:12. Type-species : Durbania saga Trimen, 1883, by monotypy. D’Uyrbania Trimen (partim) ; Aurivillius, 1898 : 265. Durbania Trimen (partim) ; Aurivillius, 1914 : 303 ; Murray, 1935 : 52. Fic. 20. Durbaniopsis saga (Trimen), § genitalia. GENERA OF AFRICAN LYCAENIDAE 29 Palpi densely scaled, third joint much reduced, subconic, barely one-fourth the length of second joint ; antennae with 32 segments, the club large and flattened. Wing venation (see van Son, 1959, Novos Taxa ent. 16: fig. 3). Vein 11 of fore wing arises much nearer to the origin of vein 10 than to the base of the wing. Hind wing cell much shorter than in Durbaniella and with a small precostal vein. Male genitalia (Text-fig. 20). Uncus crescent-shaped with rounded apex and straight sides, fused to the subtriangular tegumen. Subunci very long, slender, curved near their base ; shown spread out in the illustration, in their normal position they lie folded under the tegumen. Vinculum narrow, prolonged in a triangular saccus. Valves oblong, the apex rounded, not divided. Penis like that of Durbania and Durbaniella. Uncus and distal part of the valves covered with fine hair. The simple symmetrical genitalia of Durbania, Durbaniella and Durbaniopsis show common characters, although subunci are lacking in Durbania. They are very far removed from those of Telipna, Pentila and Ornipholidotos. In spite of the presence of a precostal vein on the hind wings in both these groups of genera, I consider they are not truly related. List oF SPECIES OF Durbaniopsis *Durbaniopsis saga (Trimen), 1883. Fig. Aurivillius in Seitz, 1914. Genus MIMACRAEA Butler Mimacraea Butler, 1872, Lep. exot. : 104 ; Aurivillius, 1898 : 265, 1918 : 312 ; Pinhey, 1949 : 97. Type-species : Mimacraea darwinii Butler, 1872, by original designation. Eyes smooth ; palpi moderately long, clothed below with black scales, the third segment bearing a few white scales at the apex ; antennae about half as long as the costa, club elongated and progressively swollen ; thorax rather slender ; abdomen long, reaching slightly beyond the anal angle ; legs robust, black, white-annulated, fore tarsi of ¢ unsegmented and finely spinose below. Fic. 21. Mimacraea darwinii Butler, 3 genitalia. 30 H. StTEMPPERER Wing venation (Text-fig. 237). Fore wing cell short and not reaching the middle of the wing ; vein 7 arising from 6, 8and9 from 7. Hind wing cell short, not reaching the middle of the wing ; 7 arising from 6. Male genitalia (Text-fig. 21). Uncus composed of two large hemispherical lobes which are hollow and distinctly asymmetrical, fused together at the base for a very short distance, each lobe bearing anteriorly a very long, tapered, horn-shaped process ; no subunci ; tegumen re- duced to a narrow strip ; vinculum narrow. Lower fultura welded to a fold at the base of the valves and closely sheathing the base of the penis ; valves oblong, with the upper process bear- ing two strong apical teeth, the lower process semi-membranous. Penis of a peculiar shape, the massive base widely open proximally for the passage of the ductus, the distal half a long, slender, slightly curved point at right-angles to the base ; there are some pubescence on the uncus, many long hairs on the lower process of the valves and a few short hairs on the upper process. The male genitalia of all the species of Mimacraea that I have been able to examine are extremely similar and of the darwinii type ; as specific characters one can only point to slight modifications in the form of the apex of the valves. The species of Mimacraea have a very characteristic facies, which enables one to distinguish them at once from related genera ; they resemble, often in an almost startling manner, certain species of Acraeinae of the genera Acrvaea and Bematistes. Since the Acraeinae are not attacked by insectivorous predators, because of their nauseating smell, Mimacraea is often quoted as an example of Batesian mimicry. As in the case of most mimetic species, the colours and patterns in Mimacraea are very variable individually. It seems to me probable that some forms, described as species, are in fact really subspecies or even individual forms. The early stages of M. marshalli dohertyi Rothschild have been observed by van Someren (see Poulton, 1924, Trans. ent. Soc. Lond. 1924 : 152). The larva is clothed in small barbed spicules and very long fine hair which spreads laterally and gives it the appearance of a moth larva ; it feeds on lichens and is nocturnal. The larva of M. krausei Dewitz has been briefly described by T. H. E. Jackson (1937, Tvans. R. ent. Soc. Lond. 86 : 207). It is similar to that of M. doherty: but much darker brown and of the same habits. List OF SPECIES OF Mimacraea Mimacraea angustata Schultze, 1923, Evgebn. ate D. Zent. Afr. Exp. Ig10-IT, 1 1163. *Mimacraea apicalis Smith & Kirby, 1890. *Mimacraea charmian charmian Smith & Kirby, 1890. Mimacraea charmian ertli Talbot, 1924, Entomologist 57 : 38. Mimacraea costleyi H. H. Druce, 1912. *Mimacraea darwinii Butler, 1872. (darwinia emend.). Mimacraea eltringhami eltringhami H. H. Druce, 1912. Mimacraea eltringhami burgeoni Hawker Smith, 1928, Revue Zool. Bot. afr. 16 : 214. *Mimacraea flavefasciata Schultze, 1912. Mimacraea fulvaria Aurivillius, 1895. Mimacraea gelinia (Oberthur), 1893. GENERA OF AFRICAN LYCAENIDAE 31 Mimacraea graeseri Schultze, 1912. *Mimacraea krausei krausei Dewitz, 1889. *Mimacraea krausei ab. obsolescens Hawker Smith, 1926, Revue zool. afr. 14 : 238. Mimacraea krausei f. citrifascia Talbot, 1935, Entomologist’s mon. Mag. 71 : 71. Mimacraea krausei f. viviana Talbot, 1935, Entomologist’s mon. Mag. 71 : 71, fig. Mimacraea krausei elgonae Talbot, 1935, Entomologist’s mon. Mag. 71 : 71, fig. Mimacraea krausei karschioides Carpenter & Jackson, 1950, Proc. R. ent. Soc. Lond. (B) 19 : 106. *Mimacraea krausei masindae Bethune Baker, 1913. *Mimacraea krausei poultoni Neave, 1904. luteomaculata Grinberg, 1908. *Mimacraea lacta Schultze, 1912. Fig. Aurivillius in Seitz, 1918. *Mimacraea landbecki landbecki H. H. Druce, 1910. Mimacraea landbecki ab. latifascia Rebel, 1914, Annln naturh. Mus. Wien 28 : 263, fig. Mimacraea landbecki ab. flavescens Rebel, 1914, Annin naturh. Mus. Wien 28 : 263, fig. Mimacraea luteomaculata Grinberg, see krauset poullont. Mimacraea mariae Dufrane, 1945, Bull. Annls Soc. R. ent. Belg. 81 : 115. *Mimacraea marshalli marshalli Trimen, 1898. *Mimacraea marshalli dohertyi Rothschild, 1gor. *Mimacraea marshalli dohertyi {. somereni Talbot, 1937, Trans. R. ent. Soc. Lond. 86 : 63, fig. *Mimacraea marshalli media Talbot, 1937, Trans. R. ent. Soc. Lond. 86: 63, fig. Mimacraea marshalli nzoia Talbot, 1937, Trans. R. ent. Soc. Lond. 86 : 64, fig. Mimacraea neavei Eltringham, 1909. Mimacraea neokoton H. H. Druce, 1907. *Mimacraea neurata neurata Holland, 1895. Mimacraea neurata alciopina Joicey & Talbot, 1924, Entomologist 57 : 38. *Mimacraea neurata f{. incurvata Talbot, 1935, Entomologist’s mon. Mag. ZL = 205. Mimacraea neurata lineata Talbot, 1935, Entomologist’s mon. Mag. 71 : 205. *Mimacraea paragora Rebel, 1gi1. Mimacraea pseudepaea Schultze, 1923, Ergebn. 2te D. Zent. Afr. Exp. 1910-11, 1 : 1165. Mimacraea pulverulenta Schultze, 1912. Mimacraea schmidtii Schultze, 1923, Ergebn. 2te D. Zent. Afr. Exp. 1gt0-II, 1: 1163. Mimacraea schubotzi Schultze, 1912. Mimacraea skoptolos H. H. Druce, 1907. Mimacraea telloides Schultze, 1923, Ergebn. ate D. Zent. Afr. Exp. Igto0-11, i: 2165: 32 H. STEMPFFER Genus MIMERESIA Stempffer Mimeresia Stempffer, 1961 Annls Mus. R. Afr. cent. Séy. 4to 94: 24. Type-species : Liptena libentina Hewitson, 1886, by original designation. Pseuderesia Butler (pro parte) ; Aurivillius, 1898 : 267 ; 1918 : 318. Eyes large and smooth ; palpi rather long, ascending, extending broadly beyond the frons, the second joint densely scaly, the third short and pointed ; antennae long and delicate, white- banded, the club progressively expanding ; thorax moderately stout, abdomen long and reach- ing beyond the anal angle ; in the g the tibiae of the fore leg often swollen (Text-fig. 23, /ibentina) and clothed in closely adpressed scales, tarsi not jointed ; in the 2 the tibiae not swollen. Wing venation (Text-fig. 238). On all four wings the cell is longer than in Mimacraea and reaches about midway. On the hind wing vein 5 arises nearer to 6 + 7 than to 4. Male genitalia. Very similar to those of Mimacraea, except that the apex of the valves is falcate and not crescentic. The genitalia of all the species of Mimeresia are very like those of libentina (Text- fig. 22) and far removed from Pseuderesia. Such close similarity cannot be attri- buted to chance. One cannot doubt the ancestral affinity of Mimacraea and Mimeresia, the two genera only being separable in form, pattern and slight differences in wing venation. The resemblance in facies between Mimeresia and Pseuderesia is at present not satisfactorily explained. List OF SPECIES OF Mimeresia Mimeresia alberici (Dufrane), see ($) neavei and (2) moreelsi purpurea. Mimeresia ashira (Holland), see debora. 23 Fics 22-23. Mimeresia libentina (Hewitson), g genitalia and 3 anterior leg. GENERA OF AFRICAN LYCAENIDAE 33 Mimeresia carlota (Suffert), see dinora. *Mimeresia cellularis (Kirby), 1890 (Sept.). Fig. Smith & Kirby, 1891. mondo (Holland), 1890 (November). *Mimeresia debora debora (Kirby), 1890 (Sept.). Fig. Smith & Kirby, 1891. ashira (Holland), 1890 (November). *Mimeresia debora barnsi (Hawker Smith), 1933, Stylops 2:5. Fig. Stempffer, 1961. *Mimeresia debora catori (Bethune Baker), 1904. Fig. Stempffer, 1961. *Mimeresia debora deborula (Aurivillius), 1898. Fig. Smith & Kirby, 1894, as debora °. *Mimeresia dinora dinora (Kirby), 1890. Fig. Smith & Kirby, r8gqr1. carlota (Suffert), 1904. *Mimeresia dinora discirubra (Talbot), 1937, Tvans. R. ent. Soc. Lond. 86 : 60. Fig. Stempffer, 1954, Bull. Soc. ent. Fr. 59 : 89. *Mimeresia drucei drucei (Stempffer), 1954, Bull. Soc. ent. Fr. 59 : 89. *Mimeresia drucei owerri Stempffer, 1961 : 33, fig. *Mimeresia drucei ugandae (Stempffer), 1954, Bull. Soc. ent. Fr. 59 : gt. *Mimeresia favillacea favillacea (Griinberg), 1910. Fig. Aurivillius in Seitz, 1918. *Mimeresia favillacea griseata (Talbot), 1937, Trans. R. ent. Soc. Lond. 86 : 61. *Mimeresia libentina libentina (Hewitson), 1866. Mimeresia libentina f. isabellae (Schultze), 1916, Arch. Naturgesch. 82 A3 : 36. *Mimeresia libentina f. zerita (Plétz), 1880. rubrica (H. H. Druce), 1888 ; zoraida (Smith & Kirby), 1890. Mimeresia mondo (Holland) see cellularis (Kirby). *Mimeresia moreelsi moreelsi (Aurivillius), tg01._ Fig. Aurivillius in Seitz, 1918. *Mimeresia moreelsi purpurea (Hawker Smith), 1933, Stylops 2 : 5. alberict 2 (Dufrane), 1945. *Mimeresia moreelsi tessmanni (Grinberg), tg10. Fig. Aurivillius in Seitz, Ig18. Mimeresia moreelsi tessmanni {. decolorata (Hulstaert), 1924, Revue zool. afr. 2: 577. *Mimeresia moyambina (Bethune Baker), 1904. Fig. Stempffer, 1961. *Mimeresia neavei (Joicey & Talbot), 1921, Bull. Hill Mus. Witley 1 : 80. Fig. Mimeresia rubrica (H. H. Druce), see libentina f. zerita. *Mimeresia russulus russulus (H. H. Druce), rgto. *Mimeresia russulus katangae (Hawker Smith), 1926, Revue zool. afr. 14 : 239. *Mimeresia russulus unyoro Stempffer, 1961 : 39. Fig. *Mimeresia semirufa (Smith), 1902. Mimeresia zoraida (Smith & Kirby), see libentina f. zerita. Genus PSEUDERESIA Butler Pseuderesia Butler, 1874, Trans. ent. Soc. Lond. 84 : 532. Type-species : Pseuderesia catharina Butler, 1874 (= Pentila eleaza Hewitson, 1873) by original designation. Pseuderesia Butler (pro parte) ; Aurivillius, 1898 : 266 ; 1918 : 318. 34 H. STEMPFFER Eyes large, smooth ; palpi fairly long, ascending and projecting well beyond the frons, second segment clothed with long, erect hair, third segment short ; antennae long, slender, white-banded, club well differentiated, clavate ; thorax moderately stout, abdomen long and reaching beyond anal angle in the male ; ¢ fore leg with tibia not swollen, tarsus unsegmented, finely spinose below. Wing venation (Text-fig. 239). In the ¢ of eleaza on the fore wings vein Io arises from the upper angle of the cell ; in the 9 it branches from the common stem of vein6and7 + 8 +9; in isca vein Io arises from the anterior margin of the cell. On the hind wing vein 5 is nearer to 6 + 7 than to 4 in all species. Male genitalia (Text-fig. 24). _Uncus deeply divided, formed of two long symmetrical leaf- like expansions with pointed apices. Subunci absent. Tegumen reduced to a narrow strip. Vinculum narrow with an indistinct saccus. Lower fultura fused to the base of the valves and sheathing the internal part of the penis. Valves oblong, slightly falcate at the apex. Penis small, proximally widely open dorsally, the distal (outer) part strongly recurved. Uncus delicately pubescent, distal half of valves thickly hairy. All the male genitalia of Pseuderesia that I have examined bear a definite resem- blance to those of P. eleaza : the uncus is always bifid, though less deeply divided, the subunci are absent, the valves oblong. The penis of P. paradoxa shows a certain resemblance to that of eleaza, but those of isca (Text-fig. 25), owesso, nigeriana, phaeochiton, osheba, clenchi, rougeoti, bent and rutilo, differ in that the distal portion of the penis is not recurved. The penis of bicolor (Text-fig. 26) is of a very different type, the outer portion very long, cylindrical, bent at an obtuse angle and open dorsally to allow the passage of the vesica, which bears numerous cornuti. List OF SPECIES OF Pseuderesia * Pseuderesia beni Stempffer, 1961 : 19. Fig. * Pseuderesia bicolor Smith & Kirby, 1890. * Pseuderesia clenchi Stempffer, 1961 : 22. Fig. Fic. 24. Pseuderesia eleaza eleaza (Hewitson), 3 genitalia. GENERA OF AFRICAN LYCAENIDAE 35 * Pseuderesia eleaza eleaza (Hewitson), 1873. picta Smith, 1898 ; variegata (Smith & Kirby), 1890. * Pseuderesia eleaza catharina Butler, 1874. * Pseuderesia eleaza katera Stempffer, 1961 : 14. * Pseuderesia eleaza nigra Cator, 1904. *Pseuderesia eleaza vidua Talbot, 1937, Trans. R. ent. Soc. Lond. 86 : 60. Fig. * Pseuderesia isca isca (Hewitson), 1873. Pseuderesia isca ab. demaculata Hulstaert, 1924, Revue zool. afr. 12 : 117. *Pseuderesia isca magnimaculata Rebel, 1914, Annln naturh. Hofmus. Wien 28 : 264. Pseuderesia mildbraedi Schulze, see osheba. Pseuderesia minium H. H. Druce, see osheba. Fic. 25. Pseuderesia isca (Hewitson), g genitalia. Fic. 26. Pseuderesia bicoloy Smith & Kirby, ¢ genitalia. 36 H. STEMPFFER * Pseuderesia nigeriana Stempffer, 1962 : 1139. Fig. *Pseuderesia osheba (Holland), 1890. minium H. H. Druce, 1910 ; mildbraedi Schultze, 1912. * Pseuderesia onesso Stempffer, 1962 : 1143. Fig. Pseuderesia paradoxa paradoxa Schultze, 1916, Arch. Naturgesch. 82, A3 : 37. * Pseuderesia paradoxa orientalis Stempffer, 1962 : 1145. Fig. *Pseuderesia phaeochiton Grinberg, 1910. Fig. Aurivillius in Seitz, 1918. Pseuderesia picta Smith, see eleaza. *Pseuderesia rougeoti Stempffer, 1961 : 21. Fig. *Pseuderesia rutilo H. H. Druce, 1gro. Pseuderesia variegata Smith & Kirby, see eleaza. SPECIES DOUBTFULLY REFERRED TO Pseuderesia Pseuderesia cornucopiae (Holland), 1892. Pseuderesia fusca Cator, 1904. Pseuderesia mapongua (Holland), 1893. Not having been able to examine these species I am unable to decide whether they belong to Mimeresia or to Pseuderesia. Peters (1952, Check List Butt. Eth. Region) included in his list of species of Pseud- evesia, under No. 1313a, Pseuderesia “ amaurina Neu. 1928’”’. This is an evident confusion with Pseudacraea amaurina Neustetter (1928, Int. ent. Z. 21: 445). Neustetter did not describe any species of Pseuderesia under that name. Fic. 27. Citrinophila marginalis Kirby, 3 genitalia. GENERA OF AFRICAN LYCAENIDAE 37 Genus CITRINO PHILA Kirby Citrinophila Kirby, 1887, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (5) 19 : 367 ; Aurivillius, 1898 : 268 ; 1918 : 325. Type-species : Citrinophila marginalis Kirby, by original designation. Eyes naked : palpi fairly long, second segment laterally compressed, third segment slender, acuminate ; antennae black and white annulated, club sharply distinct, elongate, flattened ; legs black and white annulated, fore tarsi of J unsegmented, finely spinose below. Wing venation (Text-fig. 240). Differs from Pseuderesia in that the discoidal on the hind wing is straight between the points of origin of veins 4 and 5. Male genitalia (Text-fig. 27). _Uncus composed of two narrow lateral bands on the posterior margin of the tegumen each ending in a small sharply pointed process and separated by a deep concavity ; no subunci ; tegumen very large, subtriangular ; vinculum broad, with a small Fic. 28. Citrinophila unipunctata Bethune Baker, ¢ genitalia. Fic. 29. Citrinophila tenera (Kirby), 3 genitalia. 38 H. STEMPFFER rounded saccus ; lower fultura fused to the base of the valves and sheathing the internal portion of the penis ; valves markedly oblong, with sharp, slightly falcate apices ; penis short, the external portion strongly recurved, with a wide opening on the dorsal surface, uncus and valves pilose. Kirby has described several species which closely resemble marginalis, one of them (limbata) in the genus Citrinophuila, the others tenera, serena and similis in the genus Teriomima. It is difficult to identify these species with certainty, as the available specimens do not agree precisely with the original descriptions, and Kirby did not state the sex of his holotypes. Aurivillius (1918 : 326) established the following pairs of synonyms, similis and marginalis, and tenera (Text-fig. 29) with limbata. Fic. 30. Citrinophila terias Joicey & Talbot, 3 genitalia. Fic. 31. Citrinophila evastus (Hewitson), g genitalia. GENERA OF AFRICAN LYCAENIDAE 39 A specimen which I believe to be referable to limbata, because of its faintly orange colour, has genitalia exactly like those of marginalis. Citrinophila terias (Text-fig. 30) has armature in which the dorsum and the valves resemble the corresponding parts in marginalis but the distal part of the penis is only very slightly recurved. In Citrinophila unipunctata (Text-fig. 28) the dorsum is very different from that of the preceding species : the uncus is formed of two long finger-like processes with rounded apices, and there is a lanceolate process fused at the base of the uncus and directed anteriorly ; subunci lacking ; tegumen much reduced ; vinculum broad with faintly indicated saccus ; valves like those of marginalis ; penis feebly curved ; uncus and valves pilose. Citrinophila erastus (Text-fig. 31). Uncus composed of four short processes, those of the median pair divergent from the median line, the lateral pair with a shallow apical cavity ; subunci lacking ; tegumen lozenge-shaped ; vinculum rather broad ; valves oblong, the upper process terminating in a stout tooth ; penis short, curved, vesica bearing stout cornuti. Uncus and lower margin and apices of the valves pilose. It is apparent that the unci in the four species described above are of very different types. The genus Citrinophila is thus not very homogeneous, and the similarities of the facies of the included species may be the result of convergent evolution. List OF SPECIES OF Citrinophila *Citrinophila erastus erastus (Hewitson), 1866. Citrinophila erastus ab. erasmus (Kirby), 1887. Citrinophila erastus ab. flaveola (Kirby), 1887. Citrinophila erastus ab. vulcanica Schulze, 1916, Arch. Naturgesch. 82 A 3 : 37. *Citrinophila erastus pallida Hawker Smith, 1933, Stylops 2 : 6. *Citrinophila limbata Kirby, 1887. Fig. Smith & Kirby, 1888. *Citrinophila marginalis Kirby, 1887. Fig. Smith & Kirby, 1888. Citrinophila pusio (Smith), 1808. Citrinophila regularis Schulze, see terias. Citrinophila serena (Kirby), 1890. Fig. Smith & Kirby, r8qr. Citrinophila similis (Kirby), 1887. Fig. Smith & Kirby, 1888. Citrinophila tenera (Kirby), 1887. Fig. Smith & Kirby, 1888. *Citrinophila terias Joicey & Talbot, 1921, Bull. Hill Mus. Witley 1 : 82. Fig. regularis Schulze, 1923. *Citrinophila unipunctata Bethune Baker, 1908. Genus TERIOMIMA Kirby Teriomima Kirby, 1887, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (5) 19 : 364 ; Stempffer & Bennett, 1953, Bull. Br. Mus. nat. Hist. (Ent.) 3: 81. Type-species : Teviomima subpunctata Kirby, by original designation. Teriomima Kirby (pro parte); Aurivillius, 1898 : 270 ; 1918 : 327 ; Swanepoel, 1953 : 188. 40 H. STEMPEPER Eyes smooth ; palpi rather long, ascending, projecting beyond the frons, clothed with ad- pressed scales, the second segment stout, laterally compressed, the third segment slender, acuminate ; antennae rather short with a distinct, subcylindrical club; ¢ fore legs with un- segmented tarsi, clothed below with fine spines. Wing venation (Text-fig. 241). Male genitalia (Text-fig. 32). Uncus bifid, lobes dilated at the base and tapering to blunt points bent ventrad ; no subunci; tegumen rather large, vinculum rather wide ; fultura inferior sheathing the base of the penis ; valves oblong, slightly falcate at the apex and bearing a long gently curved harpe, penis long and stout, curved in the shape of a flattened S and bearing, near the blunt distal end, two ventrally directed lobes. The male genitalia of all the species of Teriomima are figured by Stempffer and Bennett (1953). They are of the same type as those of subpunctata, although in micra and parva the valves are devoid of harpes. List OF SPECIES OF Teviomima Teriomima delicatula Kirby, see subpunctata. *Teriomima micra (Grose Smith), 1898. *Teriomima parva Hawker Smith, 1933, Stylops 2 : 6. *Teriomima puella Kirby, 1887. Fig. Smith & Kirby, 1888. *Teriomima puellaris (Trimen), 1894. *Teriomima subpunctata Kirby, 1887. Fig. Smith & Kirby, 1888. delicatula Kirby, 1890. *Teriomima zuluana van Son, 1949, Ann. Transv. Mus. 21 : 211. Fig. Fic. 32. Teviomima subpunctata Kirby, 3 genitalia. GENERA OF AFRICAN LYCAENIDAE 41 Genus EUTHECTA Bennett Euthecta Bennett, 1954, Entomologist 87: 170. Type-species: Euthecta cooksoni Bennett, 1954, by monotypy. Eyes, palpi, antennae, legs and wing venation as in Teriomina. Male genitalia (Text-fig. 33) : uncus conical, rather concave at the apex ; no subunci ; no special processes as in Baliochila. Penis very long, sickle-shaped, the basal part swollen, the external part ending in a sharp point. List OF SPECIES OF Euthecta *Euthecta cooksoni Bennett, 1954, Entomologist 87 : 171. Genus BALIOCHILA Stempffer & Bennett Baliochila Stempffer & Bennett, 1953, Bull. Br. Mus. nat. Hist. (Ent.) 3: 85. Type-species : Liptena aslauga Trimen, 1873, by original designation. Teriomima Kirby (pro parte) ; Aurivillius, 1898 :271 ; 1918 : 328; Murray, 1935 : 54; Swanepoel, 1953 : 187. Eyes, palpi, antennae, legs and wing venation as in Teriomima. Male genitalia (Text-fig. 34). The 3 genitalia of all the species of Baliochila have been described and figured by Bennett & Stempffer (1953). With the exception of B. singularis they present a common character which has justified the erection of the genus, viz. the presence ofa pair of symmetrical processes, of various length, the bases of which are firmly attached to the dorsal face of the anellus internally, the outer margin being attached to the tegumen by a semi- membranous union. In the natural position these processes extend horizontally, on the axis of the abdomen, between the uncus and the penis ; they are sometimes crowned with spines, sometimes entirely covered with short stiff hair. One cannot regard them as subunci, since they are not articulated to the uncus-tegumen suture ; on the other hand, one cannot homologize them exactly with the asymmetrical processes of Ornipholidotos, which are articulated with the suture between tergite and sternite. For these reasons they are designated “ special processes "’ Fic. 33. Euthecta cooksoni Bennett, 3 genitalia of type. 42 H. STEMPFFER in the descriptions of these species. The valves of Baliochila are oblong, more or less falcate at the apex, and the penis never bears lobes distally like those of Teviomima subpunctata. On the basis of the morphology of the male genitalia, Baliochila can be divided into four groups of species :— a. Uncus bifid, the two branches widely separate, more or less slender, special processes rather short (Stempffer & Bennett, figs. 32-43) :— Baliochila aslauga, barnesi, neavei, hildegarda, dubiosa, nyasae, stygia. b. Uncus in form of a flattened median process excavate at the extremity, the special processes long and slender (figs. 44-45) :— Baliochila woodt, fragilis. c. Uncus bifid, the two branches slender and ending in a point, special processes long and stout (figs. 46-50) :— Baliochila minima, lipara. d. Uncus bifid, its two branches carried on a long common stem, no special processes, but the anellus bearing paired long slender processes (fig. 51) :— Baliochila singularis. List oF SPECIES OF Baliochila *Baliochila aslauga (Trimen), 1873. Fig. Trimen, 1887. *Baliochila barnesi Stempffer & Bennett, 1953 : 86. Fig. * Baliochila dubiosa Stempffer & Bennett, 1953 : go. Fig. *Baliochila fragilis Stempffer & Bennett, 1953 : 95. Fig. Fic. 34. Baliochila aslauga (Trimen), g genitalia. GENERA OF AFRICAN LYCAENIDAE 43 Baliochila freya (Smith & Kirby), see hildegarda. *Baliochila hildegarda (Kirby), 1887. Fig. Smith & Kirby, 1888. freya (Smith & Kirby), 1894. * Baliochila lipara Stempffer & Bennett, 1953 : 99. Fig. * Baliochila minima minima (Hawker Smith), 1933, Stylops2.: 6. Fig. Stempffer & Bennett, 1953 : pl. 7, fig. 44. *Baliochila minima amanica Stempffer & Bennett, 1953 : 97. Fig. *Baliochila minima latimarginata (Hawker Smith), 1933, Stylops 2:7. Fig. Stempffer & Bennett, 1953 : pl. 7, fig. 47. *Baliochila neavei Stempffer & Bennett, 1953 : 88. Fig. *Baliochila nyasae Stempffer & Bennett, 1953 : 92. Fig. *Baliochila petersi Stempffer & Bennett, 1956, Bull. Inst. fr. Afr. noire 18 : 503. *Baliochila singularis Stempfier & Bennett, 1953 : 100. Fig. *Baliochila stygia (Talbot), 1935, Entomologist’s mon. Mag. 71 : 72. Fig. *Baliochila woodi (Riley), 1943, Entomologist 76 : 225. Genus CNODONTES Stempffer & Bennett Cnodontes Stempffer & Bennett, 1963, Bull. Br. Mus. nat. Hist. (Ent.) 3: 101. Type-species : Durbania pallida Trimen, 1898, by original designation. Teriomima Kirby (pro parte) ; Aurivillius, 1898 : 271 ; 1918: 328; Murray, 1935 : 55; Swanepoel, 1953 : 188. Eyes, palpi, antennae, legs and venation as in Teriomima and Baliochila. Male genitalia (Text-fig. 35). The ¢ genitalia of all the species of Cnodontes have been figured either by Stempffer & Bennett in the paper referred to above, or by Bennett in the Entomologist (1954, 87 : 172 ; 1956, 89: 115). They present a structural peculiarity not observed in any Fic. 35. Cnodontes pallida (Trimen), ¢ genitalia. 44 H. STEMPFFER other holarctic, aethiopian or indo-malayan Lycaenid : the uncus is fused with the eighth tergite. which forms a kind of hood or sheath above it. Subunci are lacking. Tegumen triangular, its base bearing a pair of long finger-like processes which are not in any way attached to the anellus. Vinculum broad. Valves as in Baliochila. To the dorsal surface of the anellus are fused two long finger-like processes lying parallel to those of the tegumen. It seems that in Cnodontes the “special processes ’’ of Baliochila are divided to form two independent pairs, one attached to the tegumen, the other to the anellus. Penis long. Uncus and valves pilose. List OF SPECIES OF Cnodontes *Cnodontes pallida (Trimen), 1808. *Cnodontes penningtoni Bennett, 1954, Entomologist 87 : 171. Fig. *Cnodontes vansomereni Stempffer & Bennett, 1953 : 103. Fig. *Cnodontes vansoni Stempffer & Bennett, 1956, Entomologist 89 : 115. Fig. Genus LARINOPODA Butler Larinopoda Butler, 1871, Tvans. ent. Soc. Lond. 172. Aurivillius, 1898 : 271 ; 1918 : 328. Type-species : Lavinopoda lycaenoides Butler, 1871 (= Liptena livcaea Hewitson, 1866), by monotypy. Eyes smooth ; palpi with second segment long and clothed with adpressed scales, third segment slender, acuminate ; antennae short, slender, with a slightly swollen, flattened club ; thorax short, robust ; abdomen long with the apical segments much swollen in the 2 ; legs strong, clothed with scales, the § fore tarsi unsegmented, finely spinose below. Wing venation (Text-fig. 242). Fore wing cell short, produced at the lower angle. Hind wing cell much produced at its lower angle. Male genitalia (Text-fig. 36). Both the anterior and posterior edges of the uncus have a rounded depression, their two apices form a blunt point, the sides are slightly concave ; subunci long and curved, the basal portion swollen in the middle, the apex of the free portion rounded and without a terminal hook ; tegumen fairly large ; vinculum wide ; valves oval with rounded “a Ay Fic. 36. Larinopoda lircaea (Hewitson), 3 genitalia. GENERA OF AFRICAN LYCAENIDAE 45 apex, the lower processus near its apex bearing a long finger-like process of which the apex is rounded ; internal portion of penis curved, and connected with the base of the valves by a short peduncle representing the lower fultura ; the external portion of the penis forming an obtuse angle with the internal portion, the distal third divided into two branches with spatulate apices ; uncus, distal portion and finger-like process of the valves all bear a few fine hairs. Eltringham (1922, Trans. ent. Soc. Lond. 1922 : 254) described and figured the genitalia of most of the species of Larinopoda. They are all of a type very similar to those of lircaea. The genus is very homogeneous both in male genitalia and in facies, which recalls the European Pieridae ; Butler even placed his genus Larino- poda between Euchloe and Nepheronia in that family. List OF SPECIES OF Larinopoda Larinopoda aspidos aspidos H. H. Druce, 1890. Fig. Eltringham, 1922. Larinopoda aspidos {. brenda H. H. Druce, 1903. Larinopoda aspidos f{. latimarginata Smith, 1898. Fig. Aurivillius in Seitz, 1918. Larinopoda batesi Bethune Baker, 1926, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (9) 17 : 389. *Larinopoda eurema (P\6tz), 1880. varipes Kirby, 1887 ; libussa Staudinger, 1888. *Larinopoda lagyra (Hewitson), 1866. lara Staudinger, 1891. Larinopoda lagyra f{. emilia Suffert, 1904. Larinopoda lagyra {. emilia ab. deficiens Dufrane, 1953, Bull. Annis Soc. R. ent. Belg. 89 : 48. Larinopoda lagyra {. gyrala Suffert, 1904. Fig. Aurivillius in Seitz, 1918. Larinopoda lagyra {. punctata H. H. Druce, 1910. Larinopoda lara Staudinger, see lagyra. Larinopoda libussa Staudinger, see eurema. *Larinopoda lircaea (Hewitson), 1866. lycaenoides Butler, 1871. Larinopoda lircaea f. hermansi Aurivillius, 1896. Larinopoda lircaea {. innocentia Gaede, 1915, Int. ent. Z. : 111. Larinopoda lircaea {. spuma H. H. Druce, rgto. Larinopoda lircaea ab. alenica Strand, 1914, Arch. Naturgesch. 79 A 12 : 133. Larinopoda lircaea ab. alenicola Strand, 1914, l.c. : 133. Larinopoda lircaea ab. benitonis Strand, 1914, l.c. : 134. Larinopoda lircaea ab. makoniensis Strand, 1914, l.c. : 134. Larinopoda lircaea ab. simekoa Strand, 1914, l.c. : 134. Larinopoda lircaea ab. bibundica Strand, 1914, l.c. : 134. Larinopoda lycaenoides Butler, see lircaca. Larinopoda soyauxii (Dewitz), see tera. *Larinopoda tera (Hewitson), 1873. Fig. Aurivillius in Seitz, 1918. soyauxi Dewitz, 1879. Larinopoda varipes Kirby, see ewrema. 46 H. STEMPFFER Genus FALCUNA Stempffer & Bennett Falcuna Stempffer & Bennett, 1963, Bull. Br. Mus. nat. Hist. (Ent.) 13 : 174. Type-species : Liptena libyssa Hewitson, 1866, by original designation. Liptena Hewitson (pro parte) ; Aurivillius, 1898 : 275 ; 1918 : 331. Eyes smooth ; palpi rather long, extending beyond the frons, clothed with adpressed scales, the second segment laterally compressed, the third slender, blunt-pointed ; antennae short, white-ringed, with distinct subcylindrical club ; legs ringed with yellow, the fore tarsi of the 6 not articulated. Wing venation (Text-fig. 243). Only differs from that of Liptena undularis (type-species of the genus Liptena) in that veins 3 and 4 of the hind wing are separate at their points of origin whereas in undularis they arise from a short common stalk. However, this is not a valid generic character, for it also occurs in fatima and submacula which are true Liptenas. Male genitalia (Text-fig. 37). Uncus subtriangular, shield-shaped, pointed caudad, almost completely separated from the tegumen to which it is only attached by two slender ligaments running from the centre of its ventral margin to the lateral margins of the tegumen. Subunci heavily chitinized, fused together along their inner margins distally, the distal margin strongly serrate. Tegumen large. Vinculum broad, the saccus little developed. Valves oblong, apically finger-like. Penis long, subcylindrical, heavily curved. Uncus densely, apex of valves lightly, pilose. Fusion of the subunci is not known to occur in any other genus of African Lycaenidae. Its occurrence in every species of Falcuna, on the other hand, justifies the erection of the genus. All the species of the genus are rather uniform, besides, in external appearance. List OF SPECIES OF Falcuna *Falcuna campimus campimus (Holland), 1890. Fig. Aurivillius in Seitz, 1918 ; genitalia, Stempffer & Bennett, 1963 : 191, figs. *Falcuna campimus dilatata (Schultze), 1923, Ergebn. 2te D. Zent. Afr. Exp. Igio-11, 1: 1177. Fig. Stempffer & Bennett, 1963 : 192, figs. Fic. 37. Falcuna libyssa libyssa (Hewitson), ¢ genitalia. GENERA OF AFRICAN LYCAENIDAE 47 *Falcuna dorothea Stempffer & Bennett, 1963 : 190, figs. *Falcuna hollandi hollandi (Aurivillius), 1895. Fig. Aurivillius in Seitz, 1918 : genitalia, Stempffer & Bennett, 1963 : 185. *Falcuna hollandi nigricans Stempffer & Bennett, 1963 : 186, figs. *Falcuna hollandi suffusa Stempffer & Bennett, 1963 : 184, figs. *Falcuna iturina Stempffer & Bennett, 1963 : 187, figs. *Falcuna kasai Stempffer & Bennett, 1963 : 182, figs. *Falcuna lacteata Stempffer & Bennett, 1963 : 180, figs. *Falcuna leonensis Stempffer & Bennett, 1963 : 174, figs. *Falcuna libyssa libyssa (Hewitson), 1866. Fig. genitalia, Stempffer & Bennett, 1963 : 176. *Falcuna libyssa angolensis Stempffer & Bennett, 1963 : 177, figs. *Falcuna libyssa cameroonica Stempffer & Bennett, 1963 : 176, figs. Falcuna libyssa confluens (Grinberg), see orientalis Bethune Baker. Falcuna libyssa latemarginata Schultze, see margarita Suffert. *Falcuna lybia (Staudinger), 1891. Fig. Aurivillius in Seitz, r918. Fig. genitalia, Stempffer & Bennett, 1963 : 193. *Falcuna margarita (Suffert), 1904. Fig. Stempffer & Bennett, 1963 : 18r. libyssa latemarginata Schultze, 1916. Falcuna melandeta (Holland), 1893. *Falcuna orientalis orientalis (Bethune Baker), 1906. Fig. Aurivillius in Seitz, 1918. Fig. genitalia, Stempffer & Bennett, 1963 : 183, figs. libyssa confluens Grinberg, 1908. *Falcuna orientalis bwamba Stempffer & Bennett, 1963 : 183, figs. *Falcuna overlaeti Stempffer & Bennett, 1963 : 190, figs. *Falcuna reducta Stempffer & Bennett, 1963 : 189, figs. *Falcuna semliki Stempffer & Bennett, 1963 : 188, figs. *Falcuna synesia synesia (Hulstaert), 1924, Revue zool. afr. 12: 118. Fig. Stempffer & Bennett, 1963 : 178, figs. *Falcuna synesia f. landana Stempffer & Bennett, 1963 : 178. *Falcuna synesia fusca Stempffer & Bennett, 1963, : 179, figs. *Falcuna synesia gabonensis Stempffer & Bennett, 1963 : 178, figs. Genus LIPTENA Westwood Liptena Westwood, 1851, in Westwood, Doubleday & Hewitson, Gen. Diurn. Lep. 2 : plate 77 ; Aurivillius, 1898 : 273 ; 1918 : 329. Type-species: Liptena undularis Hewitson, 1866, designated 1959, in Opinion 566, Int. Comm. Zool. Nomenclature. Parapontia Rober, 1892, in Staudinger & Schatz, Exot. Schmett.2 : 280. Type-species : Liptena undularis Hewitson, 1866. Leucolepis Karsch, 1893, Berl. ent. Z. 38 : 216. Type-species : Teriomima decipiens Kirby, 1890. Pseudoliptena (partim) Stempffer, 1946, Revue fr. Ent. 13 : 8. Type-species Pseudoliptena bitje Stempffer, l.c. ; artefact. See Hemming, 1963, Entomologist 96 : 292. 48 H.STEMPFFER Eyes smooth, palpi reaching well beyond frons, 2nd joint long and laterally compressed, bearing adpressed scales, 3rd joint rather long, acuminate ; antennae of moderate length, white ringed and with a gradually swollen club flattened apically ; fore tarsi of J not segmented, delicately spinose beneath. Wing -venation. Wing venation is not uniform throughout the genus. In undularis (Text fig. 244) vein 7 on the fore wing ends on the outer margin slightly below the apex, veins 3 and 4 on the hind wing arise from a short common stalk. This is the position in a number of species, e.g. wxanthostola, evanescens, flavicans, vochei, undina, fulvicans, eukrines, homeyert despecta, modesta etc. In Liptena decipiens (Text-fig. 245) vein 7 on the fore-wing similarly ends below the apex, but veins 3 and 4 on the hind wing arise from a common point at the lower angle of the cell, which is the condition also in alluaudt, tulliana, tullia, o-rubrum, rubro- maculata etc. The venation of albomacula, ideoides, and gordoni is identical with that of Falcuna. In fatima and submacula vein 7 of the fore wing terminates at the apex. However, the systematic divisions which could be established on the basis of these slight differences in wing venation in no way correspond with those based on the characters of the ¢ genitalia, which in my opinion are far more important and significant. Neither do they correspond with the divisions which could more easily be made on such obvious characters as colour, e.g. black and white, yellow, brown or black species. For this reason I consider Karsch’s Leucolepis (type decipiens) to be merely a synonym of Liptena. Male genitalia (Text-fig. 38, Liptena undularis). Uncus crescentic with a shallow depression on the posterior distal margin ; subunci long, curved and swollen midway ; tegumen oval ; vinculum rather broad and produced to form a very long spatulate saccus, directed caudad and Fic. 38. Liptena (Liptena) undularis Fic. 39. Liptena (Liptena) homeyeri (Hewitson), ¢ genitalia. Dewitz, 3 genitalia. GENERA OF AFRICAN LYCAENIDAE 49 bearing at its extremity a tuft of large scales ; lower fultura small, sheathing the base of the penis ; valves rather long, the two processes widely separate apically, the upper one much the longer and ending in a small hook ; penis elongate, subcylindric, only slightly curved ; uncus and distal portion of valves pilose. Not all the species usually placed in Liptena conform to a uniform pattern of male genitalia. One can tentatively establish groups and subgroups of species based more or less on these organs :— A. Dorsum (of genitalia) and valves as in wndularis :— a. penis elongate, subcylindrical :— undularis, homeyeri (Text-fig. 39), ferrymani (Text-fig. 40), eukrines, subvariegata, batesana. ; Fic. 40. Liptena (Liptena) ferrymani (Smith & Kirby), 3 genitalia. Fic. 41. Liptena (Liptena) fatima (Kirby), 3 genitalia. 50 H. STEMPFFER b. penis short, stout, sometimes with a tooth on the lower lip :— fatima (Text-fig. 41), decipiens (Text-fig. 42), alluaudi, submacula, xantho- stola, undina, evanescens. c. penis long, the tip more or less delated :— albomaculata (Text-fig. 43), o-rubrum (Text-fig. 44), nigromarginata, opaca, septistrigata. Fic. 42. Liptena (Liptena) decipiens (Kirby), 3 genitalia. Fic. 43. Liptena (Liptena) albomacula Fic. 44. Liptena (Liptena) o-rubrum Hawker Smith, ¢ genitalia. (Holland), 3 genitalia. GENERA OF AFRICAN LYCAENIDAE Fic. 45. Liptena (Liptena) modesta Fic. 46. Liptena (Liptena) helena (Kirby), ¢ genitalia. (Druce), 3 genitalia. Fic. 47. Liptena (Liptena) flavicans Fic. 48. Liptena (Liptena) similis (Smith & Kirby), ¢ genitalia. (Kirby), g genitalia. 52 H. STEMPFFER d. penis ending in a tapering point :— modesta, (Text-fig. 45), helena (Text-fig. 46), despecta, catalina, hapale, augusta, rubromacula. e. penis very long, subcylindrical, strongly curved :— flavicans (Text-fig. 47), similis (Text-fig. 48), vochet, fulvicans, durbania. B. Uncus subrectangular, the distal margin deeply excised ; two pairs of subunci ; penis long, feebly curved :— tullia (Text-fig. 49), tulliana (Text-fig. 50). C. Dorsal structures greatly reduced, feebly sclerotized, subtriangular and rounded above, attached directly to the vinculum ; no subunci ; valves oblong, the lower processes united basally ; penis long, tapering gradually, apically bulbous and with a stout hook. Dorsum smooth, the ends of the valves moderately pilose : ideoides (Text-fig. 51, ventral aspect), gordomi (Text-fig. 52, lateral view), infima, otlauga, ferruginea. A general revision of the genus Liptena auctorum would be most valuable ; I have not been able to undertake it myself as it has not yet been possible for me to examine all the species so far described, which alone would have permitted me to draw Fic. 49. Liptena (Liptena) tullia Fic. 50. Liptena (Liptena) tulliana (Staudinger), 3 genitalia. Smith, ¢ genitalia. GENERA OF AFRICAN LYCAENIDAE 53 definite conclusions. However, one can say at once that the species included in groups B and C ought to be excluded from the genus Liptena, the genitalia being of a type plainly different from those of undularts. List oF SpEcIES OF Liptena (Liptena) *Liptena albicans Cator, 1904. Fig. Aurivillius in Seitz, 1914-25. *Liptena albomacula Hawker Smith, 1933, Stylops 2 : 7. Liptena albula (H. H. Druce), see simplicia. *Liptena alluaudi Mabille, 1890. Fig. genitalia, Stempffer, 1957, Bull. Inst. fr. Afr. noire 19 : 213. Liptena amabilis Schultze, 1923, Ergebn. 2te D. Zent. Afr. Exp. 1gt0-11, 1: 1181, fig. *Liptena augusta Suffert, 1904. Fig. H. H. Druce, 1910 ; genitalia, Stempffer, 1957 Bull. Inst. fr. Afr. notre 19 : 214. Liptena bakeriana (Cator), see gordont. Liptena bassae Bethune Baker, 1926, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (9) 17 : 390. subpunctata Bethune Baker, 1906 (nom. praeoc). Liptena batesana Bethune Baker, 1926, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (9) 17 : 390. Liptena bolivari Kheil, 1905. *Liptena catalina Smith & Kirby, 1887. Liptena citronensis Bethune Baker, 1926, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (9) 17 : 389. Liptena confusa Aurivillius, 1898. *Liptena congoana Hawker Smith, 1933, Stylops 2 : 9. Liptena daemon H. H. Druce, see o-rubrum. Fic. 51. Liptena (Liptena) ideoides Fic. 52. Liptena (Liptena) gordont Dewitz, ¢ genitalia. (Druce), ¢ genitalia of type. 54 H. SDEMPPRE R Liptena decempuncata Schultze, 1923, Ergebn. 2te D. Zent. Afr. Exp. Ig10-II, | ae oye *Liptena decipiens (Kirby), 1890, (Sept.). Fig. Smith & Kirby, 1891. leucostola Holland, 1890, (Dec.). *Liptena decipiens cameroona Bethune Baker, 1926, Aun. Mag. nat. Hist. (9) 17 : 380. *Liptena despecta (Holland), 1890. Fig. Aurivillius in Seitz, 1914-25. modestissima Rebel, 1914. *Liptena durbania Bethune Baker, 1915, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (9) 16 : 189. rectifascia Hawker Smith, 1933. Liptena eketi Bethune Baker, 1926, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (9) 17 : 391. Liptena erycinoides (Smith & Kirby), see helena. Liptena eukrinaria Bethune Baker, 1926, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (9) 17 : 391. *Liptena eukrines H. H. Druce, 1905. Liptena eukrines obsoleta Dufrane, 1953, Bull. Annls Soc. R. ent. Belg. 89 : 49. Liptena eukrinoides Talbot, 1937, Trans. R. ent. Soc. Lond. 86 : 64, fig. *Liptena evanescens (Kirby), 1887. Fig. Smith & Kirby, 1887. xanthis (Holland), 1890. *Liptena fatima (Kirby), 1890. Fig. Smith & Kirby, 18o1. *Liptena ferruginea Schultze, 1923, Ergebn. 2te D. Zent. Afr. Exp. Ig10-1I, 1 : 1184, fig. *Liptena ferrymani ferrymani (Smith & Kirby), 1891. *Lipena ferrymani bigoti Stempffer, 1964 : 1233. *Liptena flavicans flavicans (Smith & Kirby), 1891. *Liptena flavicans aequatorialis Stempffer, 1956 : 8, fig. *Liptena flavicans katera Stempffer, 1956 : 8, fig. *Liptena flavicans oniens Talbot, 1935, Entomologist’s mon. Mag. 71 : 72, fig. *Liptena flavicans praeusta Schultze, 1916, Arch. Naturgesch. 82, A3 : 38. *Liptena fulvicans Hawker Smith, 1933, Stylops 2 : 8. Liptena girthii Dewitz, see ideotdes. *Liptena gordoni (H. H. Druce), 1903. Fig. Lathy, 1903. bakeriana (Cator), 1904. *Lipena hapale Talbot, 1935, Entomologist’s mon. Mag. 71 : 72, fig. *Liptena helena (H. H. Druce), 1888. Fig. Smith & Kirby, 1890. evycinoides (Smith & Kirby), 1890. *Liptena homeyeri Dewitz, 1884. *Liptena hulstaerti Hawker Smith, 1926, Revue zool. afr. 14 : 239. *Liptena ideoides Dewitz, 1886. girth Dewitz, 1886. *Liptena infima (Smith & Kirby), 1890. Liptena inframacula Hawker Smith, 1933, Stylops 2 : 7. Liptena intermedia Griinberg, 1910. Liptena jacksoni Stempffer, see nigromarginata. *Liptena kelle Stempffer, 1964 : 1231, fig. GENERA OF AFRICAN LYCAENIDAE 55 Liptena latruncularia (Holland), see modesta. Liptena leucostola (Holland), see decipiens. *Liptena modesta (Kirby), 1890 (Sept.). Fig. Smith & Kirby, 1892. latruncularia (Holland), 1890 (December). Liptena modestissima Rebel, see despecta. Liptena mwagensis Dufrane, 1953, Bull. Annls Soc. R. ent. Belg. 89 : 49. *Liptena nigromarginata Stempffer, 1961 : 43. jacksoni Stempffer, 1953 (nom. praeoc.). Liptena occidentalis Bethune Baker, 1926, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (9) 17 : 390. Liptena ochrea Hawker Smith, 1943, Stylops 2 : 8. Liptena olombo (Holland), 1890. Liptena opaca opaca (Kirby), 1890. Fig. Smith & Kirby, 1892. *Liptena opaca immaculata Griinberg, Ig1o. *Liptena o-rubrum o-rubrum (Holland), 1890. Fig. Aurivillius in Seitz, 1914-25. daemon H. H. Druce, 1910. *Liptena o-rubrum teroana Talbot, 1935, Entomologist’s mon. Mag. 71 : 72. Liptena o-rubrum tripunctata (Smith & Kirby), 1894. *Liptena otlauga (Smith & Kirby), 18go. Liptena perobscura H. H. Druce, rgto. Liptena praestans praestans (Smith & Kirby), rg1o. Liptena praestans congoensis Schultze, 1823, Ergebn. 2te D. Zent. Afr. Exped. Ig10-1I, 1 : 1181. Liptena praestans kamitugensis Dufrane, 1945, Bull. Annis Soc. R. ent. Belg. 81 : 118. Liptena rectifascia Hawker Smith, see durbania. *Liptena rochei Stempffer, 1951, Bull. Soc. ent. Fr. 1951 : 66, fig. *Liptena rubromacula rubromacula Hawker Smith, 1933, Stylops 2 : 9. *Liptena rubromacula jacksoni Carpenter, 1934, Proc. R. ent. Soc. Lond. 9 : 12. Liptena sauberi Schultze, 1912. Fig. Aurivillius in Seitz, 1914-25. Liptena semilimbata (Mabille), see simplicia. *Liptena septistrigata (Bethune Baker), 1903. *Liptena similis (Kirby), 1890. Fig. Smith & Kirby, 1892. *Liptena simplicia Méschler, 1888. albula (H. H. Druce), 1888 (October) ; semilimbata (Mabille), 1890. *Liptena submacula Lathy, 1903. Liptena subpunctata Bethune Baker, see bassae. Liptena subsuffusa Hawker Smith, 1933, Stylops 2 : 7. Liptena subundularis Staudinger, 1891. Fig. Smith & Kirby, 1892. Liptena subvariegata subvariegata Smith & Kirby, 1890. Liptena subvariegata aliquantum H. H. Druce, rgto. Liptena tricolora Bethune Baker, 1915, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist (8) 16 : 188. *Liptena tullia (Staudinger), 1891. Fig. Aurivillius, 1898. *Liptena tulliana Smith, 1got. 56 H. STEMPFFER Liptena turbata (Kirby), 1890. Fig. Smith & Kirby, r8o1. *Liptena undina (Smith & Kirby), 1894. *Liptena undularis Hewitson, 1866. Liptena xantha (Smith), see xanthostola. Liptena xanthis (Holland), see evanescens. *Liptena xanthostola (Holland), 1890. Fig. Aurivillius in Seitz, 1914-25. xantha (Smith), Igor. Liptena xanthostola coomassiensis Hawker Smith, 1933, Stylops 2 : 8. Liptena yukadumae Schultze, 1916, Arch. Naturgesch. 82 A 3 : 38. Fig. Schultze, 1923. LIPTENA (TETRARHANIS) Karsch Tetvarhanis Karsch, 1893, Berl. ent. Z. 38 : 217. Type-species by monotypy. Lectiles Birket Smith, 1960, Bull. inst. fr. Afr. noive. (A) 22 : 1968. collitovum B. Smith by monotypy. : Liptena ilma Hewitson, 1873, Type-species Lectiles Eyes, palpi, antennae and legs as in other species of Liptena. Wing venation (Text-fig. 246). On the fore wings vein 7 ends at the apex. On the hind Fics 53, 54. Liptena (Tetvarhants) ilma Hewitson, ¢ genitalia. GENERA OF AFRICAN LYCAENIDAE 57 wings veins 3 and 4 are narrowly separate at their points of origin, and vein 7 arises from the upper angle of the cell and not from its anterior margin as in other species of Liptena. Male genitalia (Text-fig. 53, ventral aspect ; Text-fig. 54, lateral aspect). Uncus with pos- terior margin slightly depressed ; subunci rather long, evenly curved ; tegumen large ; vin- culum rather broad, with a short saccus ; lower fultura strongly developed, surrounding the middle of the penis ; valves oblong ; penis of very characteristic form, narrow at the base, swollen and massive in the middle, ending in a slender point. Uncus and apices of valves pilose. The male genitalia in Tetrarhanis are of a uniform type, except that in L. schou- tedeni the tip of the penis is bifid. There is agreement here between divisions founded on wing venation and genitalia. I consider Tetrarhanis therefore to be a valid subgenus. List OF SPECIES OF Liptena (Tetrarhanis) Liptena (Tetrarhanis) collitorum (Birket Smith), (as Lectiles sp.), see schou- tedent. *Liptena (Tetrarhanis) diversa diversa Bethune Baker, 1904. Genitalia, Stempffer, 1964 : 1236, fig. *Liptena (Tetrarhanis) diversa ilala Riley, 1929, Trans. ent. Soc. Lond. 1929 : 493. *Liptena (Tetrarhanis) etoumbi Stempffer, 1964 : 1236, fig. *Liptena (Tetrarhanis) ilma ilma Hewitson, 1873. Genitalia, Berger, 1954, Annls Mus. r. Congo belge, Zool. 1. *Liptena (Tetrarhanis) ilma daltoni Poulton, 1929, Trans. ent. Soc. Lond. 1929 : 493, fig. *Liptena (Tetrarhanis) ilma lathyi Joicey & Talbot, 1921, Bull. Hill Mus. Witley 1 : 82, fig. *Liptena (Tetrarhanis) ilma ugandae Stempffer, 1964 : 1234, fig. Liptena (Tetrarhanis) laminiter Clench, 1965, Butt. Liberia : 30, figs. *Liptena (Tetrarhanis) nubifera H. H. Druce, 1tgto. Genitalia, Stempffer, 1961 : 43, fig. *Liptena (Tetrarhanis) ogojae Stempffer, 1961 : 44, fig. *Liptena (Tetrarhanis) onitshae Stempffer, 1962 : 1146, fig. *Liptena (Tetrarhanis) rougeoti Stempffer, 1954, Bull. Soc. ent. Fr. 1954 : 92, fig. *Liptena (Tetrarhanis) schoutedeni Berger, 1954, Annis Mus. R. Congo belge, Zool. 1, 1954 : 308, fig. Lectiles collitorum Birket Smith, 1960. *Liptena (Tetrarhanis) simplex Aurivillius, 1895. Genitalia, Stempffer, 1964 : 1235. *Liptena (Tetrarhanis) souanke Stempffer, 1962 : 1148, fig. *Liptena (Tetrarhanis) stempfferi stempfferi Berger, 1954, Annis Mus. R. Congo belge, Zool. 1, 1954 : 307, fig. *Liptena (Tetrarhanis) stempfferi kigezi Stempffer, 1956 : 8, fig. *Liptena (Tetrarhanis) symplocus Clench, 1965, Butt. Liberia : 302, figs. 58 H. STEMPFFER Genus MICROPENTILA Aurivillius Micropentila Aurivillius, 1895, Ent. Tidsk. 16 : 202 ; 1898 : 281 ; 1920 : 339. Type-species : Liptena adelgitha Hewitson, 1874, by original designation. Eyes glabrous ; palpi of medium length, shorter than in Liptena, the second segment clothed below with stiff hair or hair-scles ; third segment subconical ; antennae of medium length reaching beyond the tip of the discal cell, the club oval, short, sharply defined ; legs black, ringed with white, the 3 fore tarsi short, unsegmented, finely spinose beneath. Wing shape. Fore wing costa rather strongly curved, the outer margin convex ; hind wing oval with a rather well marked anal angle. Venation (Text-fig. 247). Fore wing with 12 veins ; the stem of 7 + 8 + g arises from the upper angle of the cell or very shortly before it ; hind wing, 3 and 4 free from lower angle of cell, or very shortly stalked, 7 a little before the upper angle of cell. Male genitalia (Text-fig. 55). Uncus divided into two subtriangular processes with rounded extremities separated by a deep indentation ; subunci long slender and curved ; tegumen large ; vinculum with a slender saccus ; valves oblong and tapering evenly to a blunt apex ; penis basally bulbous and sheathed by a small inferior fultura, then cylindrical, dilated and notched at the tip ; uncus clothed in long hair, only the ends of the valves slightly pilose. In collaboration with N. H. Bennett of the British Museum (N.H.) I have recently published a revision of the genus Micropentila (1965 : 397-434, 31 figs, 4 plates), in which the genitalia of almost all the known species are figured, and to which reference should be made. Not all the species have genitalia like those of M. adelgitha. Asa rule the uncus is not so deeply divided, the saccus is sometimes broadly spatulate, and the penis in particular shows many variations. According to the characters of the penis we have divided the genus into nine sections :— Section A Penis bulbous at base, excised apically :— adelgitha, subplagata, souanke Section B_ Penis long and bent ; valves as in some Liptena :— fulvula Section C Penis long, cylindrical, bent at right angles near the base, its apex rolled back :— adelgunda (Text-fig. 56), bitjeana, dorothea, gabunica Section D Penis rather long, ending in a fine point :— brunnea (Text-fig. 57), victoriae, katerae, flavopunctata, jackson, bakotae, nigeriana, mpigi, fontainer, fuscula, ogojae, kelleana. Fic. 55. Micropentila adelgitha (Hewitson), ¢ genitalia. GENERA OF AFRICAN LYCAENIDAE 59 Section E Penis shorter and stouter than in Section D :— alberta, mabangt Section F Penis long, slender, strongly curved :— cingulum, ugandae Section G Penis long, only gently curved :— sankuru Section H_ Penis short, its extremity bulbous and bifid :— katangana, chererett Section I Penis short, its tip broadly concave :— bunyoro. In spite of the very uniform external facies throughout, the genus Micropentila, it would seem on this showing, has a rather mixed phylogeny. Fic. 56. Micropentila adelgunda (Staudinger), 3 genitalia. Fic. 57. Micropentila byrunnea (Wirby), 3 genitalia. 60 H. STEMPPEER List OF SPECIES OF Micropentila *Micropentila adelgitha (Hewitson), 1874. Fig. Smith & Kirby, 1892. Fig. genitalia, Stempffer & Bennett, 1965 : 402. moneta (Mabille), 1890. *Micropentila adelgunda (Staudinger), 1891. Fig. Smith & Kirby, 1892. Fig. genitalia, Stempffer & Bennett, 1965 : 406. *Micropentila alberta (Staudinger), 1891. Fig. Smith & Kirby, 1892. Fig. genitalia, Stempffer & Bennett, 1965 : 424. *Micropentila bakotae Stempffer & Bennett, 1965 : 416, fig. and fig. genitalia. *Micropentila bitjeana Stempffer & Bennet, 1965 : 407, fig. and fig. genitalia. *Micropentila brunnea (Kirby), 1887. Fig. Smith & Kirby, 1888. Fig. genitalia, Stempffer & Bennett, 1965 : 410. Micropentila brunnea centralis Bennett, 1966, Entomologist 99 : 186, fig. *Micropentila bunyoro Stempffer & Bennett, 1965 : 432, fig. and fig. genitalia. Micropentila catocata Strand, 1914. Arch. Naturgesch. 80 A 2 : 155. *Micropentila cherereti Stempffer & Bennett, 1965 : 431, fig. and fig. genitalia. *Micropentila cingulum H. H. Druce, 1gto. Fig. and fig. genitalia, Stempffer & Bennett, 1965 : 425. *Micropentila dorothea Bethune Baker, 1903. Fig. and fig. genitalia, Stempffer & Bennett, 1965 : 407. *Micropentila flavopunctata Stempffer & Bennett, 1965 : 414, fig. and fig. genitalia. *Micropentila fontainei Stempffer & Bennett, 1965 : 4109, fig. and fig. genitalia. *Micropentila fulvula Hawker Smith, 1933, Stylops 2: 9. Fig. and fig. genitalia, Stempffer & Bennett, 1965 : 405. *Micropentila fuscula Grose Smith, 1898. Fig. and fig. genitalia, Stempffer & Bennett, 1965 : 420. *Micropentila gabunica Stempffer & Bennett, 1965 : 409, fig. and fig. genitalia. *Micropentila jacksoni Talbot, 1937, Trans. R. ent. Soc. Lond. 86: 61. Fig. and fig. genitalia, Stempffer & Bennett, 1965 : 415. *Micropentila katangana Stempffer & Bennett, 1965 : 430, fig. and fig. genitalia. *Micropentila katerae Stempffer & Bennett, 1965 : 412, fig. and fig. genitalia. *Micropentila kelleana Stempffer & Bennett, 1965 : 422, fig. and fig. genitalia. *Micropentila mabangi Bethune Baker, 1904. Fig. and fig. genitalia, Stempffer & Bennett, 1965 : 424. Micropentila moneta (Mabille), see adelgitha. *Micropentila mpigi Stempffer & Bennett, 1965 : 418, fig. and fig. genitalia. *Micropentila nigeriana Stempffer & Bennett, 1965 : 417, fig. and fig. genitalia. *Micropentila ogojae Stempffer & Bennett, 1965 : 421, fig. and fig. genitalia. *Micropentila sankuru Stempffer & Bennett, 1965 : 428, fig. and fig. genitalia. *Micropentila souanke Stempffer & Bennett, 1965 : 403, fig. and fig. genitalia. *Micropentila subplagata Bethune Baker, 1915, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (8) 16 : 189. Fig. genitalia, Stempffer & Bennett, 1965 : 402. Micropentila triangularis Aurivillius, 1895. Fig. Aurivillius in Seitz, 1914-25. GENERA OF AFRICAN LYCAENIDAE 61 *Micropentila ugandae Hawker Smith, 1933, Stylops 2:10. Fig. and fig. genitalia, Stempffer & Bennett, 1965 : 427. *Micropentila victoriae Stempfier & Bennett, 1965 : 411, fig. and fig. genitalia. Genus ERESINOPSIDES Strand Evesinopsides Strand, 1911, Arch. Naturgesch. 77: 193; Aurivillius, 1920 : 340. Type- species : Evesinopsides bichroma Strand, by original designation. Eyes smooth ; palpi long, projecting well beyond the frons, second segment oval, laterally compressed, clothed with large scales, third segment long, slender, cylindrical ; antennae moderately long, delicate, with a well differentiated fusiform club ; fore leg of with tibia slightly shorter than femur, tarsus unsegmented, bearing fine hairs below ; mid and hind legs with tibiae a little shorter than femora, slightly dilated. Fics 58-59. Evesinopsides bichroma Strand, 3 genitalia. 62 H. STEMPFFER Wing venation (Text-fig. 248). Fore wing with 11 veins only ; 6 and 7 arise from a common stem from the upper angle of the cell ; hind wing : 7 stalked on 6. Male genitalia (Text-fig. 58, ventral view; Text-fig. 59, side view). Uncus bifid, shaped like a crescent with pointed horns ; tegumen consists of a small, narrow dorsal strip ; two large lobes, which probably represent the subunci, are attached to the tegumen by their middle portions, on either side of the uncus, and their hinder parts are united by a membrane, the whole of their surface being shortly pilose and the internal edge bearing long spines ; vinculum wide, without saccus ; lower fultura closely sheathing the penis ; valves long and narrow, their distal portion falcate with a pointed apex ; penis oblong, obliquely truncated at apex ; uncus and apices of valves shortly pilose. The genitalia of E. bichroma have a very peculiar structure ; they in no way resemble those of species of Evesina, but are somewhat analogous to those of Balio- chila minima Hawker-Smith. List OF SPECIES OF Evesinopsides *Eresinopsides bichroma bichroma Strand, Io1t. staphyla (Hulstaert), 1924 (as Pseuderesia sp.). Eresinopsides bichroma jefferyi Stempffer, 1950, Revue fr. Ent. 17 : 135. Eresinopsides staphyla (Hulstaert), see bichroma. Fic. 60. Evesina corynetes (Kirby & Fic. 61. Evesina toroensis Smith), $ genitalia of type. Joycey & Talbot, 3 genitalia. GENERA OF AFRICAN LYCAENIDAE 63 Genus ERESINA Aurivillius Eresina Aurivillius, 1898, Rhopalocera Aethiopica : 282 ; 1920 : 341. Type-species : Durbania corynetes Smith & Kirby, by original designation. Eyes smooth ; palpi long, extending beyond the frons, second segment bearing scales and bristly hairs, third segment rather long, subcylindrical ; antennae of moderate length, barely half the length of costa, the club distinct, oval, flattened ; legs short, scaly, anterior tarsi of ¢ unsegmented, bearing delicate spines below ; hind tibiae gently curving, thickened and some- what compressed. Wing shape. The hind margin of the hind wings is slightly scalloped. Wing venation (Text-fig. 249 corynetes). Very characteristic : on the fore wing vein 6 arises from the upper angle of the cell, 7 arises from 6 and ends at the apex, 8 stalked on 7, 9 absent, 10 also branching from 6 about midway between the upper angle of cell and the origin of 7, 11 separate from the anterior margin of cell. Wing venation in Evesina is not entirely uniform. In some species vein 10 arises nearer to the upper angle of the cell and sometimes actually from this angle, but even in these species the 3 genitalia are quite similar to those of the other species. Male genitalia (Text-fig. 60). Uncus composed of two subrectangular processes, separated by a deep division, each bearing a sort of triangular crest at an oblique angle ; no subunci ; tegu- men rather big ; vinculum broad dorsally ; inferior fultura with a short peduncle fused to the extreme base of the valves and tightly enclosing base of the penis ; valves oblong, falcate at the apex (slightly asymmetric in the holotype of corynetes) ; penis doubly curved (S-shaped) with a very slender tip and distally widely open dorsally, vesica bearing two short spines and other smaller ones. Apex of uncus covered with rather long fine hair, extremity of the values lightly pilose and their ventral margins shortly but densely pilose. In most species of Eresina the male armature is as in corynetes, i.e. with a deeply divided uncus and an S-shaped penis. In toroensis (Text-fig. 61) and conradti the uncus is only shallowly divided ; in crola, fusca and pseudofusca the penis is simply curved and in conradti its extremity is bifid. List OF SPECIES OF Fresina *Eresina bergeri Stempffer, 1956 : 12, figs. *Eresina bilinea Talbot, 1935, Entomologist’s mon. Mag. 71 : 73, figs. *Eresina conradti Stempffer, 1956 : 27, figs. *Eresina corynetes (Smith & Kirby), 1890. *Eresina crola Talbot, 1935, Entomologist’s mon. Mag. 71 : 73, figs. *Eresina fontainei Stempffer, 1956 : 18, figs. *Eresina fusca (Cator), 1904. Fig. Stempffer, 1956. *Eresina jacksoni Stempffer, 1961 : 48, figs. *Eresina katangana Stempffer, 1956 : 15, figs. *Eresina katera Stempffer, 1962 : 1155, figs. *Eresina likouala Stempffer, 1962 : 1149, figs. *Eresina maesseni Stempffer, 1956 : 14, figs. *Eresina masaka Stempffer, 1962 : 1152, figs. *Eresina pseudofusca Stempffer, 1961 : 47, figs. *Eresina rougeoti Stempffer, 1956 : 19, figs. 64 H. STEMPFFER *Eresina saundersi Stempffer, 1956 : 17, figs. *Eresina theodori Stempffer, 1956 : 21, figs. *Eresina toroensis Joicey & Talbot, 1921, Bull. Hill Mus. Witley 1 : 83, figs. Genus TOXOCHITONA Stempffer Toxochitona Stempffer, 1956, Annls Mus. R. Congo belge 49 : 28. Type-species : Durbania gevda Kirby, 1890, by original designation. Evesina Aurivillius, 1898 : 283 ; 1920 : 341 (pro parte). Fics 62-63. Toxochitona gerda (Kirby), g genitalia. GENERA OF AFRICAN LYCAENIDAE 65 Eyes, palpi, antennae and legs as in Evesina. Wing venation (Text-fig. 250). Differs little from that of Evesina : on the fore wings vein 10 arises from the anterior margin of the cell very slightly before the upper angle. Male genitalia (Text-figs 62, 63). Eighth tergite ends in a sort of small claw ; uncus com- posed of two small finger-like lightly divergent processes ; no subunci ; tegumen rather large ; pseudotergum (see Bayard, 1933, Bull. Soc. Fr. Microsc. 2(4) : 83, 99) well developed but semi- membranous and translucent, so that it is difficult to locate its anterior margin precisely by observation under the microscope ; inferior fultura pedunculate, fused to the base of the valves ; valves oblong, abruptly narrowing just before the extremity which is bent at an angle like a foot ; penis very specialized, strongly curved, slender and including (at its tip) two long needle-like spines. The remarkable form of the penis in this genus suggested the generic name Toxo- chitona. The armature of T. sankura is very similar to that of gerda, differing only in the shape of the uncus and the apex of the valves. I do not know the armature of T. vansomeremi, described on the basis of a unique female and I place it in this genus only on account of its external appearance. List oF SPECIES OF Toxochitona Toxochitona bitjensis (Bethune Baker), see gerda. Toxochitona gerda gerda (Kirby), 1890. Fig. Smith & Kirby, 1892. bitjensis (Bethune Baker), 1926. Toxochitona gerda unicolor (Aurivillius), 1898. *Toxochitona sankuru Stempffer, 1961 : 51, figs. Toxochitona vansomereni (Stempffer), 1953, Annls Mus. R. Congo belge 27 : 12. Genus ARGYROCHEILA Staudinger Argyrocheila Staudinger, 1891, Dt. ent. Z. Iris 4: 215; Aurivillius, 1898 : 284 ; 1920 : 341. Type-species : Argyrocheila undifera Staudinger, by monotypy. Eyes naked ; palpi small, slender, scarcely reaching beyond the frons ; antennae slender, short, hardly one-third the length of the costa, club distinct, short ; legs annulated, black and white, 3 fore tarsus unsegmented. Wing-shape; fore wing in undifera deeply lobed at the ends of veins 6, 5 and 4, with the biggest saliant at vein 4. In inundifera and bitje the outer margin is strongly convex but devoid of lobes. Wing venation (Text-fig. 251). Fore wing with 12 veins ; from the upper angle of the cell there arises a stem from which vein 6 branches, and this stem continues as the common stem of fo -- O. Male genitalia (Text-fig. 64). Uncus narrow, trapezoidal, with a slight notch in the distal edge ; no subunci ; tegumen much reduced ; vinculum wide in its tergal portion, narrow in its sternal portion ; inferior fultura fused to the base of the valves and sheathing the base of the penis ; valves oblong, with two sharp teeth at the apex ; penis shaped like an open S, the upper surface widely open at the base ; uncus and apices of valves pilose. The genital armature of znwndifera (Text-fig. 65) differs from that of wndifera in the shape of the uncus which is bifid and formed of two horn-shaped processes, 66 H. STEMPFFER widely separated at their bases. The armature of bitje is very like that of inuwndifera. Although the species of Argyrocheila in their peculiar external appearance differ considerably from the species of allied genera, their male genitalia show that they are not very far from Evesina. Fic. 64. Argyrocheila undifera Staudinger, $ genitalia. Fic. 65. Argyrocheila inundifera Hawker Smith, 3 genitalia. GENERA OF AFRICAN LYCAENIDAE 67 List OF SPECIES OF Argyrocheila *Argyrocheila bitje Bethune Baker, 1915, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (8) 16 : 187. *Argyrocheila inundifera Hawker Smith, 1933, Stylops 2 : Io. *Argyrocheila undifera undifera Staudinger, 1891. *Argyrocheila undifera ugandae Hawker Smith, 1933, Stylops 2 : 10. Genus ASLAUGA Kirby Aslauga Kirby, 1890, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (6) 6: 261 ; Aurivillius, 1898 : 284 ; 1920 : 341 (pro parte) ; Bethune Baker, 1924 : 208. Type-species : Aslauga marginalis Kirby, 1890 (Liphyra vininga Hewitson, 1875), by selection by Bethune Baker, 1924, Trans. ent. Soc. London 1924 : 209. é Eyes naked ; palpi divergent, obliquely erect, clothed with adpressed scales, third segment fairly long ; antennae short and thick, segments not much longer than broad, club rounded ; 6 fore tarsus composed of five distinct segments, with two claws on terminal segment, as in the 9. Wing shape : shape peculiar ; fore wing slightly falcate, outer margin excised at extremity of vein 6, strongly convex at the extremities of veins 4 and 3 ; hind wing with anal margin concave between the ends of veins 1a and rb, outer margin concave between rb and 4, thus forming a blunt tooth at the end of rb and an angle at the end of 4. Wing venation (Text-fig. 252). Male genitalia (Text-fig. 66). Dorsal elements small in relation to the other parts of the genitalia ; uncus deeply excised at the apex; no subunci ; tegumen with a median rounded protuberance on the anterior edge ; vinculum very narrow, prolonged to form a strong saccus ; lower fultura composed of two large triangular lobes with pointed apex ; valves elliptical, their lower process short, upper process ending in a long, strong hook ; penis massive, subcylindrical, tapering slightly in its external portion ; vesica armed with numerous cornuti and strong spines ; uncus and apices of valves pilose. Aslauga lambormi (Text-fig. 67). The genitalia have been described by Bethune Baker somewhat inaccurately. Even if it is true that the uncus is only weakly Fic. 66. Aslauga vininga (Hewitson), § genitalia. 68 H. STEMPFFER excised, the manner of the attachment of the valves is the same as in vininga and the vinculum is similarly prolonged to form a stout saccus. The ends of the valves are obliquely truncate, with a serrate margin. In aura and pandora the uncus is only weakly excised above and the penis is less elongate than in vininga and lamborni. The genus Aslauga belongs to the sub-family Liphyrinae, sharply characterized by the five-segmented male fore tarsus, the morphology of its pupae and its larvae. The early stages of A. vininga and A. lamborni were the subject of the remarkable observations of Dr. Lamborn (1914, Trans. ent. Soc. Lond., 1913 : 446-7) and the pupae of the same species have been described by Eltringham (1922, Trans. ent. Soc. Lond. 1921 : 473, pl. 12, figs 4 and 5) and by Bethune Baker (1924 : 214-7, pls 17 to 24). I give below only a brief summary of these researches. The caterpillars, seen from above, are oblong with the sides sloping downwards and outwards ; the dorsal skin, which is tough and covered with rough tubercles, forms a kind of carapace beneath which the small head can be withdrawn ; the ventral surface is flat. They feed on Coccidae and are cared for by ants of the genus Crematogaster, which erect around the caterpillars small shelters made of particles of bark and other vegetable debris. The carapace enables the caterpillars to withstand any casual attacks from the ants. The chrysalis bears branched hairs of a complex structure ; some are like the flower of a water-lily with a long pistil, others like small balls on a short stem. Eltringham calls these hairs “ chitinanths ”’. The caterpillar of A. purpurascens Holland has been described by T. H. E. Jackson (1937, Trans. R. ent. Soc. Lond., 86 : 207) ; it also has a kind of carapace and feeds on Membracidae. ‘ Seema CY . re . SRS Fic. 67. Aslauga lamborni Bethune Baker, ¢ genitalia GENERA OF AFRICAN LYCAENIDAE 69 List OF SPECIES OF Aslauga *Aslauga aura H. H. Druce, 1913. Aslauga bella Bethune Baker, 1913. Aslauga bitjensis Bethune Baker, 1924 : 211. *Aslauga lamborni Bethune Baker, 1913. Aslauga leonae Aurivillius, see vininga. Aslauga marginalis Kirby, see vininga. Aslauga marginata (Pl6tz), see vininga. Aslauga modesta Schultze, 1923, Ergebn. 2te D. Zent. Afr. Exp. 1910-11, 1: 1192. *Aslauga pandora H. H. Druce, 1913. Aslauga purpurascens purpurascens (Holland), 1890. Aslauga purpurascens marginaria Talbot, 1937, Trans. ent. Soc. Lond. 86 : 61, fig. Aslauga purpurascens marshalli Butler, 1898. Aslauga subfulvida (Holland), see vininga. *Aslauga vininga (Hewitson), 1875. marginata (Plétz), 1880 ; marginalis Kirby, 1890 ; subfulvida (Holland), 1890 (as Epitola sp.) ; leonae Aurivillius, 1920. Genus PARASLAUGA Bethune Baker Paraslauga Bethune Baker, 1924, Trans. ent. Soc. Lond. 1924: 207. Type-species : Aslauga kallimoides Schultze, by original designation. Aslauga Kirby (partim) ; Aurivillius, 1920 : 243. Fic. 68. Paraslauga kallimoides (Schultze), 3 genitalia. 70 H. STEMPFFER Eyes smooth ; palpi slightly divergent, protruding beyond the frons, second segment clothed with adpressed scales, third segment fairly long ; antennae short and thick, segments hardly longer than broad, club cylindrical, poorly differentiated ; g fore tarsi with five distinct seg- ments densely clothed with short, very fine hair. Wing shape peculiar ; fore wing slightly falcate, outer margin deeply excised between the apex and the end of vein 4, then strongly convex as far as the much rounded internal angle ; hind wing outer margin very convex between the apex and the end of vein 3, concave between veins 3 and rb, and with a wide, spatulate tail at the end of vein rb, inner margin concave between tb and the end of ta. Wing venation (Text-fig. 253). Male genitalia (Text-fig. 68). (I had at my disposal only one specimen, of which the abdomen had been dorsally mutilated by a parasite, hence I cannot accurately describe the uncus.) Uncus subrectangular with rounded angles (?) ; no subunci ; tegumen narrow ; vinculum pro- longed to form a very large rounded saccus ; lower fultura attached to the middle of the valves, which are oblong with rounded apices ; penis elongate, subcylindrical, widely open on the dorsal surface of the internal portion, vesica armed with numerous cornuti, giving it a shagreened appearance ; distal edge of uncus and apices of valves pilose. List OF SPECIES OF Paraslauga Paraslauga kallimoides (Schultze), 1912. cephien (H. H. Druce), 1913. Genus EULIPHYRA Holland Euliphyra Holland, 1890, Psyche 5 : 423; Aurivillius, 1898 : 285 ; 1920: 343; Bethune Baker, 1924 : 203. Type-species : Euliphyra mirifica Holland, selected by Hemming, 1964, Annot. Lep. 1: 132. Eyes smooth ; palpi rather short, second segment of medium length, third segment much reduced ; antennae short, with a sharply differentiated cylindrical club ; g fore tarsus with five distinct segments. Wing shape peculiar ; outer margin of fore wing forming a well marked angle at the extremity of vein 4, deeply excised between veins 4 and 2 ; hind wing produced at its anal angle, forming a kind of obtuse tail at the extremity of vein rb. Fic. 69. Euliphyra mirifica Holland, $ genitalia. GENERA OF AFRICAN LYCAENIDAE 71 Wing venation (Text-fig. 254). The figure given by Bethune Baker (1924 : 204) is not correct ; he shows 13 veins in the fore wing. Male genitalia (Text-fig. 69). Uncus trapezoidal, the posterior edge notched, the two side edges folded back on the inner surface ; subunci long, robust, tapered at the apex and bent at an obtuse angle ; anterior edge of tegumen strongly convex, projecting towards tergite 8 ; vincu- lum rather wide, prolonged below to form a large rounded saccus ; inferior fultura composed of two lobes in the form of a crescent ; valves moderately large, oblong, the apex of the upper process bent back ; penis very small, elongate, subcylindrical with rounded apex ; sides of uncus and distal portions of the valves bearing a few hairs. The genitalia of E. lewcyana are of the same type as those of FE. mirifica, except that the subunci are bent in an acute angle. In both these species the genitalia resemble somewhat those of Liphyra brassolis Westwood. é Of all Ethiopian genera, Euliphyra comes nearest to the Indo-Malayan Liphyra, not only in the structure of its male genitalia and the segmented fore tarsi of the male but also in the morphology and ethology of its early stages. The caterpillar of E. mirifica has been described by Lamborn (Trans. ent. Soc. Lond. 1913 : 450) and Eltringham (Trans. ent. Soc. Lond. 1913 : 509 and ibid. 1921 : 474). It is dorsally clothed in a tough carapace which protects it admirably from the attacks of ants (Oecophylla smaragdina longinosa Latreille), in the nest of which it lives. The conical head is borne on a sort of retractile neck. It does not seem to eat any vegetable food ; the ants feed it by regurgitation and get nothing in exchange. Pupation takes place practically inside the skin of the last larval instar, and this is another analogy with Liphyra brassolis, in which, however, the chrysalis is com- pletely enclosed in the cast-off skin. List OF SPECIES OF Euliphyra Euliphyra hewitsoni Aurivillius, see mirifica. *Euliphyra leucyana (Hewitson), 1874. Fig. Hewitson, 1878. *Euliphyra mirifica mirifica Holland, 1890. hewitsoni Aurivillius, 1898. Euliphyra mirifica sjoestedti Aurivillius, 1895. Genus EGUMBIA Bethune Baker Egumbia Bethune Baker, 1924, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (9) 14: 135. Type-species: Egumbia catovi Bethune Baker, 1924—=(Epitola ervnestt Karsch, 1895) by original designation. Euliphyrodes Romieux, 1937, Mitt. schweiz. ent. Ges. 17 : 120. Bethune Baker, owing to the segmentation of the fore tarsi, mistook the type specimen of catori for a female, whereas it is really a male as shown by the genitalia. Karsch had previously described ernesti (1895) from a true female. cats Fic. 70. Egumbia ernesti (Karsch) 3, extremity of anterior tarsus. 72 H. STEMPFFER Head small ; eyes smooth ; palpi protruding beyond the frons, slightly ascendant, second segment long, clothed below with white scales, third segment very short, blackish with a few white scales ; antennae short, scarcely half the length of the costa, with a poorly differentiated fusiform club ; thorax and abdomen robust, clothed below with white silky hair ; legs clothed with yellow scales, tibiae shorter than the femora ; ¢ fore tarsus (Text-fig. 70) five-segmented and bearing at the apex two strong claws. Wing venation (Text-fig. 255). Male genitalia (Text-fig. 71) : dorsum (i.e. uncus and tegumen) folded over like a hood, the posterior edge rounded, with a shallow median depression, and a median rounded bulge on the anterior edge ; no subcuni ; vinculum rather narrow, prolonged backwards to form a large rounded saccus ; lower fultra composed of two small lobes attached near the base of the valves, which are subtriangular with rounded apices ; penis long, strong, subcylindrical, with its apex obliquely truncate ; vesica bearing numerous small cornuti ; uncus and apices of valves bearing long, fine hairs. The genitalia somewhat resemble those of Aslauga vininga Hewitson, in the reduced dorsal elements, the absence of subunci, the large rounded saccus and the robust penis. This similarity, like the segmented fore tarsi of the male, shows that the genus Egumbia belongs to the Liphyrinae and not, as Bethune Baker supposed, to the Epitolinae. Karsch did not place ernest: in Epitola without some reserve. The holotype of Epitola ernesti Karsch is a female. In 1895 Karsch did not know the male, which was only described in 1904 by Suffert (Dt. ent. Z. Ivis 17 : 52). The two sexes of this species are very dissimilar in appearance, the male being silvery blue, the female almost pure white. When Bethune Baker received two specimens from Egumbe, in Northern Nigeria, he believed them to be females, though in fact they were males, as I have been able to ascertain by dissecting one of them. As it did not occur to Bethune Baker that his specimens could be Karsch’s Epitola eynestt, he described them as catori and erected for them the new genus Egumbia at the same time. There is no doubt whatever that catovi is the male of Karsch’s ernestt. Fic. 71. Egumbia evnesti (Karsch), 9 genitalia. GENERA OF AFRICAN LYCAENIDAE 73 Unfortunately I have not been able to examine the type of katangana Romieux, type-species of the genus Ewliphyrodes Romieux, but judging by the description and figures published by this author, it seems to be certain that katangana is also a male of ernesti. The synonymy of the names is indicated in the list of species given below. List OF SPECIES OF Egumbia Egumbia catori Bethune Baker, see ernestt. Egumbia ernesti (Karsch) (as Epitola sp.), 1895. catort Bethune Baker, 1924; katangana (Romieux) (as Euliphyrodes sp.), 1937. Egumbia katangana (Romieux), see ernestt. . Genus TERATONEURA Dudgeon Teratoneura Dudgeon, 1909, Proc. ent. Soc. Lond.: 50; Aurivillius, 1920 : 344 ; Bethune Baker, 1924 : 205. Type-species : Teratoneura isabellae Dudgeon, by monotypy. Eyes smooth ; palpi with second segment laterally compressed, much enlarged, oval, third segment much reduced, short, conical ; antennae just under half the length of the costa, club poorly differentiated, expanding gradually, reddish brown with an orange apex ; ¢ fore leg (Text-fig. 72) with femur swollen, tibia long, tarsus unsegmented (in contradiction to Bethune Baker’s description [1924 : 199]), clothed with scales, furnished below with two rows of short spines, and devoid of claws ; mid leg swollen, clothed with scales ; hind leg with flattened tibia and tarsus. Fics 72-73. Teratoneura isabellae 3, 72, anterior leg ; 73, genitalia. 74 H. STEMPFFER Wing shape peculiar ; in the § the apex of the fore wing is almost rectangular, outer margin straight from the apex to the end of vein 4, concave between veins 4 and 2, inner angle much rounded ; in the 9 the apex is rounded instead of angular ; in both sexes the hind wing is almost quadrangular with a very concave fore margin. Wing venation (Text-fig. 256). Fore wing with veins 2 and 3 arising from the lower edge of the cell and strongly curved towards the inner margin. Hind wing: vein 8 is very long, runs parallel to the costa and arises from the upper edge of the cell, not from the base of the wing, as indicated in error by Bethune Baker (1924 : 205). Male genitalia (Text-fig. 73). Uncus crescentic, with a shallow notch in the posterior edge ; no subunci ; tegumen subtriangular ; vinculum fairly wide ; a small lower fultura sheathing the base of the penis ; valves oblong, the two processes separated at the apex, the upper process with blunt apex, the lower lobed ; penis elongate, slightly curved, the external portion tapering uniformly to the obliquely cut apex ; uncus and apices of valves densely pilose. The life-history of 7. isabellae has been well described by Farquharson (see Eltringham, 1921, Trans. ent. Soc. Lond. 1921 : 342 and 476, pl. 12, figs 7 to 9, 14 and 15). I give below a brief résumé of the paper. The caterpillar has the appear- ance of that of a species of Lymantriidae ; all segments bear dorsal and lateral tubercles, and each tubercle is adorned with a tuft of long, fine, branched hairs ; on segments 5 to 8 there are urticating spicules. The chrysalis, in the thoracic and dorsal regions, is covered with “ chitinanths ’’, which give it a mouldy appearance. The imago sucks up the secretion of certain Coccidae, after driving away the ants for which this secretion is the usual food. The systematic position of Tevatoneura is doubtful. Bethune Baker included it in the Liphyrinae, having erroneously endowed it with a segmented male fore tarsus, whereas, as I have said above, the male fore tarsus has the usual Lycaenid structure. The lymantriid aspect of the caterpillar and its mode of life indicate relationship with Epitola, Hewitsonia, etc. List OF SPECIES OF JT evatoneura *Teratoneura isabellae isabellae Dudgeon, 1909. *Teratoneura isabellae congoensis Stempffer, 1953, Annls Mus. R. Congo belge 46 : 16. Genus IRIDANA Aurivillius Ividana Aurivillius, 1920 : 345. Type-species : Ivis incredibilis Staudinger, by monotypy. Ivis Staudinger, 1891, Dt. ent. Z. Iris 4 : 141 (invalid homonym). Ividopsis Aurivillius, 1898 : 286 (invalid homonym). Eyes large, naked ; palpi slightly turned upwards, protruding far beyond the frons, second segment long, thick, clothed below with short hairs, third segment one-third to one-quarter the length of the second, smooth, acuminate ; antennae slender, two-thirds the length of the costa, club short ; thorax long, very pilose ; fore leg slender, smooth, tibia slightly longer than the femur, g tarsus unsegmented, about two-thirds the length of the tibia. Wing venation (Text-fig. 257). Fore wing, vein 2 strongly recurved towards the inner margin ; vein 3 also recurved but not so strongly ; vein 7 is doubly curved and ends at the apex ; vein 9 missing. GENERA OF AFRICAN LYCAENIDAE 75 Male genitalia (Text-fig. 74). Tegumen subtriangular excised caudad ; uncus represented by two lateral strips folded inwards ; no subunci ; vinculum fairly wide, prolonged into a long slender saccus ; lower fultura pedunculate, sheathing the base of the penis ; valves sub- oval, the two processes separate at the apex, the lower process notably longer than the upper ; penis long, slightly curved, ending in a slender point, widely open on its upper surface ; uncus and apices of valves pilose. The male genitalia of all the known species of Jridana are so similar that they do not provide useful specific characters. The larvae of J. incredibilis and I. marina have been observed by Farquharson (1921, Trans. ent. Soc. Lond. 1921 : 357) and T. H. E. Jackson (1937, Trans. R. ent. Soc. Lond. 86: 208). The latter suggests that they feed on lichens among ants, though in captivity they were reared in the absence of ants. . They are nocturnal, living and pupating in silken shelter tents in crevices on the bark of trees. They live in the neighbourhood of the nests of ants of the genus Crematogaster which ignore them, yet assure them of a kind of passive protection. They have no dorsal glands. The chrysalis of J. incredibilis has been described and figured by Eltringham (1921, Trans. ent. Soc. Lond. 1921 : 477), that of marina by Jackson (l.c. : 209). List OF SPECIES OF Jridana Iridana ansorgei (Smith), see icredibilis. *Iridana bwamba Stempfier, 1964 : 1258, fig. Iridana euprepes (H. H. Druce), 1905. *Iridana exquisita (Smith), 1898. Fig. Smith & Kirby, rgor. *Tridana gabunica Stempftier, 1964 : 1246, fig. *Iridana ghanana Stempfier, 1964 : 1249, fig. *Iridana hypocala Eltringham, 1929, Trans. ent. Soc. Lond. 1929 : 494 (fig. 9). Fig. Stempffer,1g64 : 1243. magnifica Hawker Smith, 1933. Fic. 74. Ividana incredibilis (Staudinger), 3 genitalia. 76 H. STEMPFFER *Iridana incredibilis (Staudinger), 1891. ansorget (Smith), 1898. *Tridana jacksoni Stempffer, 1964 : 1252, fig. *Iridana katera Stempftfer, 1964 : 1255, fig. Iridana magnifica Hawker Smith, see hypocala. *Iridana marina Talbot, 1935, Entomologist’s mon. Mag. 71 : 74 (2) ; Stempffer, 1964 : 1241 (6), fig. *Tridana nigeriana Stempffer, 1964 : 1247, fig. *Tridana obscura Stempffer, 1964 : 1259, fig. *Iridana perdita (Kirby), 1890. Fig. Smith & Kirby, 1891 (2) ; Stempffer, 1964 : 1239 (3), fig. *Iridana rougeoti Stempffer, 1964 : 1244, fig. *Iridana tororo Stempftfer, 1964 : 1253, fig. *Iridana unyoro Stempffer, 1964 : 1262, fig. Genus DELONEURA Trimen Deloneura Trimen, 1868, Trans. ent. Soc. Lond. 1868 : 81 ; Aurivillius, 1898 : 287 ; 1920 : 346 ; Murray, 1935 : 58 ; Swanepoel, 1953 : 189. Type-species : Deloneura immaculata Trimen, by monotypy. Of the type-species there are only three known specimens, all females, captured by J. H. Bowker on the Bashee River, Kaffraria and preserved in the S. African Museum, Cape Town. I have been unable to examine them and must be content to reproduce Trimen’s very full description. Head wide, flattened anteriorly, clothed with scales above ; eyes prominent, smooth ; palpi naked, ascending, widely divergent, second segment much swollen, third segment rather short, slender, pointed ; antennae of moderate length, robust, gradually becoming incrassate, the apex slightly curved outwards ; thorax short, robust, smooth, sparsely clothed anteriorly with scales and posteriorly with fine hairs ; legs very robust, smooth, hairless, femur and tibia in all about the same length. Trimen considered that among his three specimens there were two males and one female, but in fact all three specimens are females. In consequence he wrongly concluded that the fore tarsus is segmented in both sexes, an error repeated by Bethune Baker (1924 : 202). In 1906 Trimen, when describing D. millari, recog- nized that the segments of the male fore tarsi in Deloneura were fused together, short, and clothed below with fine spines. I have been able to verify this in D. millart dondoensis and D. millari sheppardi. Wing venation. Text-fig. 258 is of D. immaculata, after Aurivillius (1898 : 287) ; Text-fig. 259 is of D. milla. The shape of the wings and their venation in the species of Deloneura have some- times been drawn inaccurately ; in Aurivillius’ drawings of D. immaculata the inner margin of the fore wing is shown as straight, whereas Trimen says it is convex basally. Murray (1935 : 58) repeats Trimen’s description, but his fig. 6 of D. mullari shows only eleven veins on the fore wing, vein 9 having been omitted. GENERA OF AFRICAN LYCAENIDAE 77 Bethune Baker (1924 : 202) also says ‘“‘ there are but eleven veins on the fore wing’. My personal observation of D. millari agrees completely with the characters given by Trimen in his description of the genus, viz. : fore wing with twelve veins and inner margin basally convex. Male genitalia of D. millari (Text-fig. 75). Uncus composed of two subtriangular, apically rounded lobes, separated by a deep depression of the posterior margin and united to the tegumen by a translucid zone ; subunci long, strong, curved, tapering evenly to the apex ; tegumen triangular ; vinculum fairly wide ; lower fultura consisting of a simple fold of the lower edge of the valves which are oblong with rounded apices ; penis elongate, curved, with a slender base, the upper surface bearing at the beginning of the external portion two rounded expansions separated by a longitudinal groove, the apical portion slender and widely open to allow the passage of the vesica ; uncus bearing long, fine hairs ; valves almost -bare except the upper process near its apex. The male genitalia of D. millari are closely allied to those of Epitola posthumus Fabricius. In spite of big differences in venation and external appearance, it seems to me that the genus Delonewra should be included in the Epitolinae. List OF SPECIES OF Deloneura Deloneura barca (Smith), 1gor. Deloneura immaculata Trimen, 1868. Deloneura innesi van Son, 1949, Occ. Pap. natn. Mus. Sth. Rhod. 2 (15) : 259. Deloneura millari millari Trimen, 1906. *Deloneura millari dondoensis Pennington, 1953, J! ent. Soc. sth. Afr. 16 : 102, fig. *Deloneura millari sheppardi Stevenson, 1934, Occ. Pap. natn. Mus. Sth. Rhod. 3 : 15, fig. Deloneura subfusca Hawker Smith, 1933, Stylops 2 : Io. I'tc. 75. Deloneura millari Trimen, $ genitalia. 78 H. STEMPFFER Genus EBEPIUS Hemming Ebepius Hemming, 1964, Annot. Lep. (4) : 141. Type-species : Poultonia ochrascens Neave, by monotypy. Poultonia Neave, 1904, Novit. zool. 11 : 336 (invalid homonym). Deloneura Trimen (partim) ; Aurivillius, 1920 : 347. Head short and wide ; eyes smooth ; palpi not short as stated by Neave in his description, but protruding considerably beyond the frons, second segment much swollen, third segment frail, acuminate ; antennae half as long as the costa, gradually becoming thicker from the base to the poorly differentiated club ; thorax robust ; ¢ fore tarsus unsegmented, bearing below a double row of short spines. Wing venation (Text-fig. 260). There are several inaccuracies in the figure given by Neave (l.c. : 336) ; on the fore wing vein 3 arises before, and not from the lower angle of the cell, and vein 9 which branches out of 7, is omitted. On the fore wing in the g a secondary sexual character is present in the form of an ochreous line below and alongside the swelling in vein 1. Male genitalia (Text-fig. 76). Uncus bilobed, the lobes subtriangular with rounded apices and separated by a median depression ; subunci slender, curved ; tegumen subtriangular, connected to the uncus by a very slightly chitinized zone ; vinculum narrow, prolonged to form a short saccus ; the small lower fultura secures the penis to the base of the valves ; valves oblong with rounded apices ; the penis resembles that of some species of Epitola (e.g. post- humus), narrow at the base with, on its dorsal surface, rounded expansions separated by a deep longitudinal groove, thence gradually tapering to a pointed apex ; lobes of uncus and apices of valves pilose. I do not see in the wing venation or in the genital armature any important character permitting the separation of Ebepius from Deloneura. This was also the opinion of Aurivillius (1920 : 346). The egg, caterpillar and chrysalis of P. ochrascens have been described by T. H. E. Jackson (1937, Tvans. R. ent. Soc. Lond. 86 : 209). The caterpillar is black, clothed with long, black hair, and resembles the caterpillar of certain Lymantriidae. It lives among ants of the genus Crematogaster, which seem to avoid it. It probably feeds on bark or on micro-fungi. Fic. 76. Ebepius ochrascens (Neave), 3 genitalia. GENERA OF AFRICAN LYCAENIDAE 79 List OF SPECIES OF Ebepius *Ebepius ochrascens ochrascens (Neave), 1904. *Ebepius ochrascens littoralis (Talbot), 1935, Entomologist’s mon. Mag. 71 : 74. Genus BATELUSIA H. H. Druce Batelusia H. H. Druce, 1910, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1910 : 367 ; Aurivillius 1920 : 347. Type- species : Batelusia zebra H. H. Druce, by original designation. Eyes large and naked ; palpi ascending, distinctly protruding beyond the frons, second segment long, clothed below with adpressed scales, third segment short, slender, acuminate ; antennae slender, white annulated ; thorax slender ; legs clothed with scales, 3 fore tarsus very short, unsegmented, hind tibia swollen. Wing shape : short and broad, fore wing with costa and outer margin strongly convex ; hind wing oval with blunt anal angle. Wing venation (Text-fig. 261). Fore wing with only 11 veins, vein 9 being absent. Druce in his original description compared the generus Batelusia with Powellana ; he noted that in the fore wing veins ro and 11 are free and do not have a common stem, but he did not mention the absence of vein 9, which however is missing in the specimens that I have examined. Male genitalia (Text-fig. 77). Uncus crescentic with a rounded distal edge ; subunci long, strongly curved, swollen in the middle and then tapering to a sharp pointed apex ; tegumen triangular, somewhat heavily sclerotized ; vinculum rather narrow, prolonged to form a taper- ing saccus ; lower fultura fused to the base of the valves, closely sheathing the internal portion of the penis ; valves oblong, ending in a small rounded process ; penis robust, external portion ending in an obliquely cut apex ; on the dorsal surface of the external portion there are two large, rounded expansions, analogous to those found in Epitola posthumus but much larger ; uncus densely pilose, but valves bare except for the upper edge and the distal process. The genitalia of zebra show close relationship to those of species of Epitola, Phytala, etc. Fic. 77. Batelusia zebva Druce, 3 genitalia. 80 H.STEMPFFER List OF SPECIES OF Batelusia *Batelusia zebra H. H. Druce, rgro. Genus TUMEREPEDES Bethune Baker Tumerepedes Bethune Baker, 1913, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (8) 11: 564. Type-species : Tumerepedes flava Bethune Baker, by original designation. Tumerepes Aurivillius, 1920 : 564 (unjustified emendation). Eyes smooth ; palpi fairly short and yet protruding beyond the frons, third segment almost as long as the first two together, smooth, cylindrical and ending in a point ; antennae short, two-fifths the length of the costa, thickening gradually up to the poorly differentiated club, segments of antenna distinct, scarcely longer than broad ; legs with femora and tibiae swollen and equal in length, mid femora not so swollen as fore and hind femora. As the unique holotype is the only known specimen, and a 9, I have been unable to examine the fore tarsus and genitalia of a 3. Wing-venation (Text-fig. 262). LisT OF SPECIES OF Tumerepedes Tumerepedes flava Bethune Baker, 1913. Genus NEAVEIA H. H. Druce Neaveia H. H. Druce, 1910, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1910 : 364 ; Aurivillius 1920 : 348. Type- species : Neaveia lamborni H. H. Druce, by original designation. Head wide ; eyes prominent, naked ; palpi shining black, fairly long, turned upwards, slightly divergent, second segment long, swollen, clothed below with scales and bearing on the inner surface pale brown hairs, third segment short, slender, acuminate ; antennae slender with ovoid club ; thorax rather robust ; legs: tibia shorter than femur, 3 fore tarsus unsegmented, spinose below, hind tibia slightly swollen. Wing venation (Text-fig. 263). Fic. 78. Neaveia lamborni Druce, 3 genitalia. GENERA OF AFRICAN LYCAENIDAE 81 Male genitalia (Text-fig. 78). Uncus composed of two subtriangular lobes with rounded lateral margins separated by a deep median depression ; subunci long, curved, dilated in the middle ; tegumen subtriangular ; vinculum rather narrow, prolonged to form a slender saccus ; lower fultura sheathing the base of the penis and fused to a fold of the base of the valves ; valves oblong with rounded apices, shaped as in Epitola ; penis elongate, with a slender obliquely truncate apex, the lower surface of the external portion bearing a few fine spines ; uncus densely pilose, only a few hairs on the upper edge of the distal portion of the valves. List OF SPECIES OF Neaveia *Neaveia lamborni lamborni H. H. Druce, 1gto. Neaveia lamborni orientalis Jackson, 1962, Bull. Br. Mus. nat. Hist. (Ent.) 12: 158, figs. Genus PSEUDONEAVEIA Stempffer Pseudoneaveia Stempffer, 1964 : 1265. Type-species : Pseudoneaveia jacksoni Stempffer, by original designation. Eyes naked ; second segment of palpi swollen, brown-scaled ; third segment acuminate blackish, brown-tipped ; stem of antennae weakly white-ringed, club weak, blackish ; tarsus of 6 fore leg unsegmented, spinose beneath. Wing venation (Text-fig. 264). Male genitalia (Text-fig. 79, in profile). Uncus composed of two subtriangular lobes, rounded apically folded back and fused at right angles to the tegumen ; subunci absent ; vinculum narrow, prolonged to form a short saccus ; lower fultura ensheathing the base of the penis ; valves subrectangular with a slightly recurved finger-like apex ; penis elongate, the distal portion gently curved, the sharp-pointed apex dorsally widely open ; uncus densely hairy, the upper margin of the valves also hairy, but less densely, towards the apex. Fic. 79. Pseudoneaveia jacksoni Stempfier, 3 genitalia. 82 H. STEMPFFER The dorsal (tergal) part of the genitalia in P. jacksoni is profoundly different from that of other Epitolinae. In these the uncus in general crescentic, more or less excised caudad, bounding an oval-shaped tegumen and, besides, provided with well- developed subunci. It is because of this very special condition that I have been led to erect the genus Pseudoneaveta. LIsT OF SPECIES OF Pseudoneaveia * Pseudoneaveia jacksoni Stempffer, 1964 : 1265. Genus EPITOLINA Aurivillius Epitolina Aurivillius, 1895, Ent. Tidsk. 16: 205; 1898 : 287; 1920: 348. Type-species : Teriomima dispar Kirby, by monotypy. Eyes naked ; palpi long, protruding far beyond the frons, second segment slightly swollen, clothed below with adpressed scales, third segment long, slender, acuminate ; segments of antennae long and thin, club ovoid, well differentiated ; thorax clothed ventrally with long, silky brown hairs ; legs black and white annulated ; ¢g fore tarsus unsegmented, hind tarsi swollen. Wing venation (Text-fig. 265). Vein 9 very long and branching from 7 near its base. Male genitalia (Text-fig. 80). Uncus shaped like a segment of a circle, the apex forming a rounded weakly obtuse angle ; subunci long, curved, the median portion swollen and with its lower edge forming an acute angle, tapering at the apex ; tegumen fairly large ; vinculum rather narrow, with a much reduced saccus ; valves oblong, widened at the base, the lower process ending in a blunt point ; penis elongate, gently curving, the apex obliquely cut to a sharp point ; uncus and upper process of valves densely and finely pilose. Fic. 80. Epitolina dispar (Kirby), 3 genitalia. GENERA OF AFRICAN LYCAENIDAE 83 The genitalia of E. catori are of the same type as those of E. dispar, but the posterior margin of the uncus forms an acute angle apically, the subunci are less swollen medially, and the valves are shorter and wider. Epitolina is scarcely distinguishable from Epitola unless by its feeble stature and the longer vein 9 of the fore wings. List OF SPECIES OF Epitolina *Epitolina catori catori Bethune Baker, 1904. *Epitolina catori ugandae Jackson, 1962 : 159, figs. *Epitolina dispar (Kirby), 1887, fig. Smith & Kirby, 1888. mnestra (Méschler), 1888. Epitolina dispar {. dubia (Kirby), 1890. *Epitolina dispar {. cordelia (Kirby), 1890. *Epitolina dispar {. melissa (H. H. Druce), 1888. Epitolina mnestra (Méschler), see dispar. Genus STEMPFFERIA Jackson Stempfferia Jackson, 1962 :157. Type-species: Stempfferia carcassoni Jackson, 1962, by original designation. Eyes faintly pubescent ; palpi protruding beyond the frons, black, the second segment late- rally compressed, third segment cylindrical, acuminate ; antennae half as long as fore wing costa, black above, ringed with white below, club slightly swollen ; legs not swollen, fore tarsi of the g unsegmented, pilose beneath. Sexual dimorphism is considerable : on the upperside the ¢ is clear blue, the Q slightly yellowish white. Wing venation (Text-fig. 266). In the ¢ fore wing vein ro is weakly stalked on vein 7, and vein 11 arises from the same point as vein 7 ; in the 2 veins to and 7 are also connate, and vein II arises very shortly before them. Fic. 81. Stempfferia carcassoni Jackson, ¢ genitalia of type. 84 H. STEMPFFER Male genitalia (Text-fig. 81). Uncus in the form of a crescent, the distal margin not excised ; subunci long, curved, swollen at the bend, ending in a sharp point ; tegumen subtriangular ; vinculum rather narrow, prolonged to form a long triangular saccus which bears long coremata apically. Lower fultura very reduced ; valves subquadrangular, the upper process ending in a gently curved point. Penis short, very robust, the apex obliquely truncate and widely open dorsally. Uncus and distal part of the upper process of the valves covered with long fine hair. List OF SPECIES OF Stempfferia *Stempfferia carcassoni Jackson, 1962 : 157, figs. Genus PHYTALA Westwood Phytala Westwood 1851, Gen. Diurn. Lep. plate 77; Aurivillius, 1898 : 288 ; 1920 : 348. Type-species : Phytala elais Westwood (l.c.), by monotypy. Eyes naked ; palpi scarcely projecting beyond the frons, second segment long, swollen, clothed with adpressed scales, third segment very short, ovoid ; antennae a little over half the length of the costa, club very gradual, poorly differentiated, fusiform ; 3 fore leg (fig. 82) with tibia swollen slightly longer than the femur, tarsus unsegmented, tapering evenly, tibia and tarsus bearing below two rows of spines ; mid and hind legs with similarly swollen tibiae, longer than the femora and bearing two rows of spines. Secondary sexual character in the ga patch of blackish brown hair-scales at the base of the inner margin of the fore wing. Wing venation (Text-fig. 267). Fore wing with vein 11 short and uniting with 12 (this is not an entirely constant character ; ina specimen of P. elais catovi which I examined, veins 11 and 12 run close together but remain separate right to the costa). Male genitalia (Text-fig. 83). Uncus crescentic, the posterior edge with a shallow notch ; subunci long, curved, slightly dilated in the middle and from there gradually tapering to the apex ; tegumen triangular ; vinculum fairly broad, prolonged to form a stout saccus ; the small lower fultura fused to a fold of the base of the valves and closely sheathing the base of the Fics 82-83. Phytala elais catovi Bethune Baker 4, 82, fore leg ; 83, genitalia. GENERA OF AFRICAN LYCAENIDAE 85 penis ; valves oblong, ending in a slightly recurved process with rounded apex ; penis elongate, subcylindrical, slightly curved, the apex obliquely truncate and widely open ; uncus and median and distal parts of the valves all very pilose. I have examined the genitalia of eight other species besides P. elais, namely P. vansomerent, P. hyettoides, P. intermixta, P. henleyt, P. schultzei, P. reducta, P. bemitensis and P. reza. The genitalia of all these species are all much alike and of a type common to most of the Epitolinae, but the dorsal surface of the penis bears rounded expansions which are not present in P. elais. This last species is rather isolated in the genus Phytala both in its larger size and in the shape of its hind wings, in which the margin is slightly angled. List OF SPECIES OF Phytala Phytala aequatorialis Jackson, 1964 : 62, figs. *Phytala benitensis (Holland), 1890. Fig. Jackson, 1964. Phytala elaidina Strand, see elais catort. *Phytala elais elais Westwood, 1851. Phytala elais catori Bethune Baker, 1903. elats f. elaidina Strand, 1920. *Phytala elais ugandae Jackson, 1964 : 60, figs. *Phytala henleyi (Kirby), 1890. Fig. Smith & Kirby, 1892. Phytala hyetta (Hewitson), 1873. Fig. Hewitson, 1878. Phytala hyettina Aurivillius, 1897. Fig. Aurivillius, 1898. *Phytala hyettoides (Aurivillius), 1895. Fig. Aurivillius, 1920. *Phytala intermixta Aurivillius, 1897. Fig. Aurivillius, 1898. Phytala nigrescens Jackson, 1964 : 67, figs. Phytala obscura Schultze, 1915, Arch. Naturgesch. 81, A, 12 : 142. *Phytala reducta Aurivillius, 1923, Ergebn. 2te D. Zent. Afr. Exp. 1910-11, 1: 1197. Fig. Jackson, 1964. *Phytala rezia (Smith & Kirby), 1893. *Phytala schultzei Aurivillius, 1923, Ergebn. 2te D. Zent. Afr. Exp. 1910-11, 1: 1106, fig. *Phytala vansomereni Jackson, 1964 : 60, figs. Genus EPITOLA Westwood Epitola Westwood, 1851, Gen. Diurn. Lep. pl. 68, fig. 5 ; Aurivillius, 1898 : 289 ; 1920 : 349. Type-species : Epitola elion Westwood, 1851, l.c., by monotypy (Papilio posthumus Fabricius, 1793). Eyes large, smooth ; palpi ascending, protruding well beyond the frons, clothed with ad- pressed scales, second segment robust, much swollen, third segment short, slender, acuminate ; antennae long and fine with a gradually swollen ovoid club ; ¢ fore leg with femur somewhat swollen, tibia long and slender, tarsus short, unsegmented, finely spinose below. Wing venation (Text-fig. 268). Fore wing with 11 and 12 not confluent, to and 11 arising free from anterior border of cell ; hind wing cell produced at its lower angle, the lower discocellular being very oblique. 86 H. STEMPFFER The venation is not entirely constant in all the species of Epitola. In cayrcina, leonina and zelza vein Io arises as a branch of 7 not far from its origin ; in other species vein 11 and 12 are sometimes in contact. Male genitalia (Text-fig. 84, A, B). Uncus subtriangular, with rounded apex, joined to the tegumen by a semimembranous piece which is translucid under the microscope ; subunci long, gently curved, swollen in the middle, tapering towards the apex ; tegumen large ; vinculum rather large and prolonged to form a long saccus, which is directed towards the genital orifice and bears at the apex a tuft of long black scales ; lower fultura fused to the base of the valves and sheathing the base of the penis ; valves oblong with widely rounded apices. Uncus clothed with an abundance of long, fine hairs, upper process of valves pilose in its distal third. The penis is variable. I have dissected the genitalia of six specimens of “ posthu- mus’, all externally very similar. In four specimens (Text-fig. 84, B) the structure agrees with the figures given by Talbot (1921, Bull. Hill Mus. Witley 1: 1, pl. 8, fig. 7) that is to say that on the middle of the dorsal surface there are two rounded expansions separated by a deep longitudinal groove and the ventral surface bears only a few very fine spines ; and the distal part tapers regularly and is widely open dorsally. In the other two specimens the general shape of the penis is the same (Text-fig. 84A), and bears the same dorsal expansions but on the ventral surface there is moreover in the middle a small protuberance which bears irregular teeth followed by fine spines. I do not know whether we are here dealing with individual variations or a pair of sibling species, but the second hypothesis seems to be the more probable. The genus Epztola is numerous in species. I have studied the genitalia of only a limited number of them, since they rarely furnish specific characters. The dorsal elements and the valves are very much alike in all those I have examined. I have only found appreciable differences in the form of the penis. The dorsal expansion of the penis in posthumus recurs, strongly developed, in urania (c.f. Talbot lc. fig. Fic. 84. Epitolaspp., $ genitalia, (A, B) E. posthumus (Fabricius), (C) E. cercene Hewitson. GENERA OF AFRICAN LYCAENIDAE 87 10), less so in decellet and ceraunia. It does not occur in the following species :— hewitsoni (Text-fig. 85), stempffert, crowleyi, conjuncta, carcina, marginata, cercene, moyambina, cercenotdes, iturina, staudingert and leonina. The pupae of E. hewitsom, E. miranda, E. concepcion, E. carcina and E. ceraunia have been described and figured by Eltringham (1922, Trans. ent. Soc. Lond. 1921: 473-5, pl. 12, figs I, 3, 13, 18). The chrysalis of E. hewitsoni is quite remarkable, as it bears tubercles armed with strong, curved spines. List OF SPECIES OF Epitola Epitola adolphifrederici Schultze, 1911. Fig. Seitz, 1920. Epitola alba Jackson, 1962 : 155, figs. Epitola albomaculata Bethune Baker, 1903 (3) ; 1904 (2). Fig. Seitz. Epitola ammon Joicey & Talbot, see semibrunnea. Epitola azurea Jackson, 1962 : 148, figs. Epitola badia Kirby, see zelza. Epitola badura Kirby, 1890. Fig. Smith & Kirby, r8qr. Epitola batesi H. H. Druce, see cercenoides. Epitola bella Aurivillius, see iturina. Epitola belli Hewitson, see posthumus. Epitola bwamba Jackson, 1964 : 73, figs. *Epitola carcina Hewitson, 1873. Fig. Hewitson, 1878. kholifa Bethune Baker, 1904. Epitola carilla Roche, 1954 : 495, figs. Epitola catuna Kirby, 1890. Fig. Smith & Kirby, 1892. mus Suffert, 1904. Epitola catuna carpenteri Bethune Baker, 1921, Trans. ent. Soc. Lond. 1921 : 462 (g) ; Jackson, 1962 : 144, fig. (9). Fic. 85. Epitola hewitsoni Mabille, 3 genitalia. 88 H. STEMPFFER Epitola cephena cephena Hewitson, 1873. Fig. Hewitson, 1878 (9). doleta Kirby, 1890 (3) ; leonina Bethune Baker, 1903 ; leonensis Bethune Baker, 1904. Epitola cephena entebbeana Bethune Baker, 1926, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (9) 17 : 392 (g) ; Jackson, 1962 : 146, fig. (9). *Epitola ceraunia Hewitson, 1873. Fig. Hewitson, 1878 (). dewitzt Kirby, 1887 (9). *Epitola cercene Hewitson, 1873. Fig. Hewitson, 1878 (3). versicolor Kirby, 1887 (9). *Epitola cercenoides Holland, 1890. batest H. H. Druce, rgto. Epitola ciconia Kirby, see leonina Staudinger. Epitola coerulea Jackson, 1962 : 140, figs. Epitola concepcion Suffert, 1904. Fig. Aurivillius in Seitz, 1920. Epitola congoana Aurivillius, 1923, Ergebn. 2te D. Zent. Afr. Exp. Igto-11, 1: 1202. *Epitola conjuncta conjuncta Smith & Kirby, 1893. Epitola conjuncta budduana Talbot, 1937, Trans. ent. Soc. Lond. 86 : 62, fig. Epitola convexa $ Roche, 1954, l.c. : 496, figs. (J) ; Jackson, 1962 : 131, figs. (9). *Epitola crowleyi E. M. Sharpe, 1890. hewitsom Staudinger, 1889 (invalid homonym). Epitola cyanea Jackson, 1964 : 71, figs. Epitola daveyi Roche, 1954 : 499, figs. *Epitola decellei Stempffer, 1956 : 30, figs. Epitola dewitzi Kirby, see ceraunia. Epitola doleta Kirby, see cephena. Epitola dolorosa Roche, 1954 : 408, figs. Epitola dorothea Bethune Baker, 1904. Fig. Jackson, 1962. Epitola dubia Jackson, 1964 : 70, figs. Epitola dunia Kirby, 1887. Fig. Smith & Kirby, 1889 (g) ; Jackson, 1962 : 141, figs. (9). Epitola elion Westwood, see posthumus. Epitola elissa Grose Smith, 1898. Fig. Smith & Kirby, 1902 (g) ; Jackson, 1962 : 139, (9), figs. omiensis Bethune Baker, 1913. Epitola falkensteini Dewitz, see hewitsont. Epitola flavoantennata Roche, 1954 : 495, figs. Epitola gerina Hewitson, 1878 (g) ; Jackson, 1964 : 68, figs. (9). Epitola ghesquierei Roche, 1954 : 408, figs. ($) ; Jackson, 1962 : 145, figs. (9). migeriae Jackson, 1962. Epitola goodi Holland, 1890. Fig. Smith & Kirby, 1892 (9) ; Jackson, 1964 : 69, figs. (§ & Q). *Epitola hewitsoni Mabille, 1877. Fig. Aurivillius in Seitz, 1920. falkensteint Dewitz, 1879. GENERA OF AFRICAN LYCAENIDAE 89 Epitola hewitsoni Staudinger, see crowleyt. Epitola hewitsonioides Hawker Smith, 1933, Stylops 2: 11. Fig. Jackson, 1964. Epitola ikoya Roche, 1954 : 497, figs. Epitola insulana Aurivillius, 1923, Ergebn. 2te D. Zent. Afr. Exped. 1910-11, 1 : 1203, fig. ($) ; Jackson, 1962 : 133, fig. (9). Epitola intermedia Roche, 1954 : 497, fig. ($) ; Jackson, 1964 : 74, fig. (9). *Epitola iturina Joicey & Talbot, 1921, Bull. Hill Mus. Witley 1 : 85, fig. bella Aurivillius, 1923. Epitola jacksoni Roche, see mara. Epitola kamengensis Jackson, 1962 : 150, fig. Epitola katerae Jackson, 1962 : 149, fig. Epitola katharinae Poulton, 1929, Trans. ent. Soc. Lond. 77 : 494, fig. Epitola kholifa Bethune Baker, see carcina. Epitola lamborni Bethune Baker, 1921, Trans. ent. Soc. Lond. 1921 : 461. Epitola leonensis Bethune Baker, see cephena. Epitola leonina Bethune Baker, see cephena. *Epitola leonina Staudinger, 1888 ; Jackson, 1962 : 136, fig. (9). ciconia Kirby, 1892. Epitola liana Roche, 1954 : 500, fig. ($) ; Jackson, 1962 : 138, fig. (9). Epitola maculata Hawker Smith, 1926, Revue zool. afr. 14 : 240. pulchra Jackson, 1964. *Epitola magnifica Jackson, 1964, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (13) 7 : 699, fig. Epitola mara Talbot, 1935, Entomologist’s mon. Mag. 71:75 (3) ; Jackson, 1962 : 135, fig. (9). gacksont Roche, 1954. Epitola marginata marginata Kirby, 1887. Fig. Smith & Kirby, 1889 ; Joicey & Talbot, 1921, Bull. Hill Mus. Witley 1 : 85, fig. (9). Epitola marginata umbratilis Holland, 1980. Epitola mengoensis Bethune Baker, 1906 (g). Fig. Aurivillius in Seitz, 1920 ; Jackson, 1962 : 153, fig. (9). Epitola mercedes Suffert, 1904. Fig. Jackson, 1962. Epitola miranda miranda Staudinger, 1889. Fig. Smith & Kirby, 1893 (3) ; Jackson, 1962 : 126, fig. (9). Epitola miranda vidua Talbot, 1935, Entomologist’s mon. Mag. 71:75 (68) ; Jackson, 1962 : 127, fig. (9). Epitola mirifica Jackson, 1964, : 72, fig. *Epitola moyambina Bethune Baker, 1903, ($) ; Jackson, 1962 : 130, fig. (9). Epitola mpangensis Jackson, 1962 : 149, figs. Epitola mus Suffert, see catuna. Epitola nigeriae Jackson, 1962, see ghesquieret. Epitola nigra Bethune Baker, 1903. Epitola nigrovenata Jackson, 1962 : 136, figs. Epitola nitide H. H. Druce, rgtro. Epitola obscura Hawker Smith, 1933, Stvlops 2 : 11 go H. STEMPFEFER Epitola oniensis Bethune Baker, see elissa. Epitola orientalis Roche, 1954 : 499, fig. Epitola ouesso Jackson, 1962 : 147, fig. Epitola pinodes H. H. Druce, 1890. Fig. Smith & Kirby, 1891. Epitola pinodoides Smith & Kirby, 1893. *Epitola posthumus (Fabricius), 1793. Fig. Hewitson, 1878. elion Westwood, 1851 (3) ; belli Hewitson, 1874 (9). Epitola pseudoconjuncta Jackson, 1962 : 153, figs. Epitola pulchra Jackson, 1964, see maculata. Epitola pulverulenta Dufrane, 1953, Bull. Annls Soc. R. ent. Belg. 89 : 51. Epitola rileyi Audeoud, 1936, Bull. Soc. lépidopt. Genéve 7, 5 : 186, fig. Epitola semibrunnea Bethune Baker, 1916, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (8) 17 : 378. ammon Joicey & Talbot, 1g2t. *Epitola staudingeri staudingeri Kirby, 1890. Fig. Aurivillius in Seitz, 1920 (3) ; Jackson, 1962 : 134, fig. (9). Epitola staudingeri aequatorialis Jackson, 1962 : 135, figs. Epitola staudingeri gordoni H. H. Druce, 1903. *Epitola stempfferi Jackson, 1962 : 127, fig. Epitola subalba Bethune Baker, see zelica. Epitola subargentea Jackson, 1964, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (13) 7 : 608, fig. Epitola subcoerulea Roche, 1954 : 408, figs. Epitola subgriseata Jackson, 1964 : 72, figs. Epitola sublustris Bethune Baker, 1904. Epitola tumentia H. H. Druce, 1910 (g) ; Jackson, 1962 : 137, fig. (9). Epitola uniformis Kirby, 1887 (3). Fig. Smith & Kirby, 1889 ; Jackson, 1962 : 133, figs. (9). versicolor ($) Kirby, 1887. *Epitola urania urania Kirby, 1887 (g). Fig. Smith & Kirby, 1889 ; Jackson, 1962 : 128, figs. (9). Epitola urania tanganikensis Joicey & Talbot, 1921, Bull. Hill Mus. Witley 1 : 86, fig. ($) ; Jackson, 1962 : 129, fig. (9). Epitola versicolor Kirby, 3 see uniformis, 9 see cercene. Epitola vinalli Talbot, 1935, Entomologist’s mon. Mag. 71:75 (g) ; Jackson, 1962 : 154, figs. (9). Epitola virginea Bethune Baker, 1904 (9) ; Roche, 1954 : 501, fig. (9). Epitola viridana viridana Joicey & Talbot, 1921, Bull. Hill. Mus. Witley 1 : 84, figs. (g). Fig. 2 (as orientalis 9) Jackson, 1962 : 143. Epitola viridana radiata Bethune Baker, 1926, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (9) 17 : 393. Epitola zelica Kirby, 1890 (g)._ Fig. Smith & Kirby, 1892 ; Jackson, 1964 : 69, fig. (Q). sens eee Baker, 1915. Epitola zelza Hewitson, 1873. Fig. Hewitson, 1878. badia Kirby, 1887. GENERA OF AFRICAN LYCAENIDAE gl Genus NEOEPITOLA Jackson Neopitola Jackson, 1964, Bull. Br. Mus. nat. Hist. (Ent.) 15:78. Type-species: Epitola barombiensis Kirby, 1890, by original designation. Epitola Westwood (partim) : Aurivillius, 1898 : 293 ; 1920 : 358. Eyes smooth ; palpi reaching beyond the frons, the second segment broad, laterally com- pressed, third segment short, slender, acuminate ; antennae less than half the length of costa, annulated black and white, club distinct and flattened ; legs black with a few white scales, fore tarsi of f unsegmented, tibiae of hind legs swollen. Wing venation (Text-fig. 269). On the fore wing vein 11 arises from 10 and is very close to, but not touching, vein 12. Male genitalia (Text-fig. 86). Uncus crescentic, its posterior margin slightly depressed dors- ally ; subunci rather stout, curved near the base ; tegumen suboval ; viinculum rather broad, prolonged as a long triangular saccus ; lower fultura attached to a fold of the base of the valves, tightly enclosing the base of the penis ; valves oblong, obliquely truncate at the apex, and with the upper process bearing a kind of subtriangular harpe clothed in small short spines ; penis elongate, the dorsal and ventral margins of the external part deeply excised, the whole resembling a shallow sickle complete with handle and curved blade ; uncus densely pubsecent, the distal fourth of valves slightly hairy. List OF SPECIES OF Neoepitola Neoepitola barombiensis (Kirby), 1890. Fig. Smith & Kirby, 1892. Genus AETHIOPANA Bethune Baker Aethiopana Bethune Baker, 1915, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (8) 16: 191. Type-species : Papilio honorius Fabricius, by original designation. Epitola Westwood (partim) ; Aurivillius, 1898 : 291 ; 1920 : 351. Eyes large, smooth ; palpi ascending, protruding far beyond the frons, clothed with adpressed scales, second segment robust, much swollen, third segment short, slender, acuminate ; antennae Fic. 86. Neoepitola barombiensis (Kirby), 3 genitalia. 92 H. STEMPFFER long, slender, with a swollen club ; ¢ fore leg with tibia long, thin, tarsus short, unsegmented. Secondary sexual characters. On the fore wing in the ¢ there is a large androconial dull blackish brown patch situated between the upper edge of the cell, vein 5 and the costa, and vein I is swollen and underlined by long brown hairs. Wing venation (Text-fig. 270). Fore wing 8, 9, and Io are stalked on 7 which arises from the upper margin of the cell well before its upper angle, 11 free ; hind wing cell drawn out at the lower angle. Male genitalia (Text-fig. 87) : uncus subtriangular, united to the tegumen by a slightly sclerotized translucent area ; subunci long, curved, tapering towards the apex; tegumen trapezoidal ; vinculum broad and prolonged to form a long saccus ; lower fultura tightly sheathing the base of the penis ; valves oblong and with rounded apices as in Epitola ; penis long, slightly curved, tapering gradually to its apex, and devoid of the dorsal expansions of Phytala and some species of Epitola ; uncus densely clothed with many long, fine hairs; a few short hairs on the distal portion of the valves. The caterpillar and chrysalis of A. honorius have been described and figured by Eltringham (1922, Trans. ent. Soc. Lond. 1921 : 474, pl. 12, figs 16 and 17). The caterpillar bears on each segment four tubercles adorned with tufts of fine spines and long, delicate, branched hairs. The chrysalis bears dorsal and lateral tubercles furnished with recurved spines and chitinanths on its abdominal segments. List OF SPECIES OF Aethiopana *Aethiopana honorius honorius (Fabricius), 1793. teresa (Hewitson), 1869. Aethiopana honorius ab. 3 coarctata Hulstaert, 1924, Revue zool. afr. 12 : 118. Aethiopana honorius divisa (Butler), 1got. Fic. 87. _ Aethiopana honorius honorius (Fabricius), 3 genitalia. GENERA OF AFRICAN LYCAENIDAE 93 Genus HEWITSONIA Kirby Hewitsonia Wirby, 1871, Cat. Diurn. Lep. : 426, nom. nov. pro Corydon Hewitson, 1869 (JIl. Diwn. Lep. Suppl. : 1), praeoce. ; Aurivillius, 1898 : 294; 1920: 359. Type-species : Corydon boisduvali Hewitson, 1869, by monotypy. Eyes large, glabrous ; palpi long, ascending, distinctly protruding beyond the frons, second segment robust, clothed below with adpressed scales, third segment slender, acuminate ; antennae long, slender, with a poorly differentiated, gradually swollen club ; ¢ fore tibia long, its unsegmented tarsus finely spinose below. Wing venation (Text-fig. 271). On the hind wing the lower discocellular is straight, not concave as in Epitola so that the cell is not drawn out at its lower angle. Male genitalia (Text-fig. 88) : uncus crescentic, its posterior margin very slightly excised, joined to the tegumen by a lightly sclerotized zone, which appears translucent under the microscope ; subunci long, fairly robust, curved, tapering gradually to the apex ; tegumen subtriangular ; vinculum moderately broad and prolonged to form a long saccus bearing at its tip a tuft of long black scales ; valves oblong with rounded apices as in Epitola ; penis robust, gently curved, ending in a sharp point, widely open dorsally ; uncus densely clothed with long, fine hair, apex of the valves bearing short hairs. I have examined the male genitalia of Hewitsonia similis, H. kirbyi and H. magdalenae. Those of H. bitjeana have been figured by Joicey and Talbot (1921, Bull. Hill Mus. Witley 1, pl. 8, fig. 3). These four species are all very similar to boisduvalii. In a recent work Jackson (1964: 3) has figured the genitalia of H. mittont. In this the dorsal structures and the valves are clearly of the Hewitsonia type, but the penis shows the rounded dorsal expansions which are present in Phytala and certain species of Epitola. The caterpillar and chrysalis of H. intermedia have been described by T. H. E. Jackson (1937, Trans. R. ent. Soc. Lond. 86 : 209). The caterpillar feeds on lichens. It resembles that of some species of Lymantriidae ; fore part of body wider than hind part, dorsum smooth, sides and extremity fringed with long, fine hairs, and on each segment some shorter, thicker light brown silky hairs. The chrysalis of H. similis has been described and figured by Eltringham (1922, Trans. ent. Soc. Lond. 1921: 478, pl. 12, fig. 2). Fic. 88. Hewitsonia boisduvali boisduvali Hewitson, ¢ genitalia. 94 H. STEMPFFER List OF SPECIES OF Hewitsonia Hewitsonia beryllina Schultze, see bitjeana. Hewitsonia bitjeana Bethune Baker, 1915, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (8) 16 : 190. beryllina Schultze 1916. *Hewitsonia boisduvali boisduvali (Hewitson, 1869). Hewitsonia boisduvali ab. virilis Aurivillius, 1923, Ergebn. 2te D. Zent. Afr. Exp. IgI0-11, 1 : 1209. Hewitsonia boisduvali ab. ° albifascia Hulstaert, 1924, Revue zool. afr. 12 : 118. Hewitsonia boisduvali borealis Schultze, 1916, Arch. Naturgesch. 81, A, II : IIT. Hewitsonia boisduvali congoensis Joicey & Talbot, 1921, Bull. Hill Mus. Witley 1 : 87, fig. Hewitsonia boisduvali nigeriensis Jackson, 1962 : 160, figs. Hewitsonia crippsi (Stoneham), 1933, Bull. Stoneham Mus. 17 : i. Hewitsonia intermedia intermedia Joicey & Talbot, 1921, Bull. Hill Mus. Witley 1: 86, fig. Hewitsonia intermedia gomensis Dufrane, 1953, Bull. Annls Soc. R. ent. Belg. 89 : 52. *Hewitsonia kirbyi Dewitz, 1879. preusst Staudinger, 1890. *Hewitsonia magdalenae Stempffer, 1951, Bull. Soc. ent. Fr. 56 : 67, fig. Hewitsonia mittoni Jackson, 1964 : 77, figs. Hewitsonia preussi Staudinger, see kirbyt. *Hewitsonia similis similis Aurivillius, 1891. Hewitsoni similis ugandae Jackson, 1962 : 160, figs. Genus POWELLANA Bethune Baker Powellana Bethune Baker, 1908, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1908 : 114 ; Aurivillius, 1920 : 360. Type-species : Powellana cottoni Bethune Baker, by original designation. Eyes naked ; palpi protruding far beyond the frons, second segment slightly swollen, clothed with adpressed scales, third segment fairly long, acuminate ; antennae slender, with a poorly differentiated, gradually swollen, fusiform club ; ¢ fore leg with long slender tibia, short un- segmented tarsus, bearing fine spines below. Wing venation (Text-fig. 272). Vein 11 branches from Io near its base, a rare condition which occurs also in Neoepitola. Male genitalia (Text-fig. 89). Uncus crescentic, the hind edge evenly rounded ; subunci long, slender, curving, swollen in the distal half, then tapering ; tegumen triangular ; vinculum narrow, prolonged to form a long saccus ; lower fultura fused to a fold of the base of the valves, closely sheathing the base of the penis ; valves oblong, ending in a small rounded process ; penis robust, elongate, slightly curved, the apex obliquely cut and widely open ; uncus and distal edge of valves densely pilose. The genitalia of P. cottoni closely resemble those of most of the species of Epztola. GENERA OF AFRICAN LYCAENIDAE 95 List oF SPECIES OF Powellana *Powellana cottoni Bethune Baker, 1908. weber (Holland), 1913 ; virginea Birket Smith, rg60. Powellana virginea Birket Smith, see cottont. Powellana weberi (Holland), see cottont. Genus MEGALOPALPUS Rober Megalopalpus Rober, 1886, Dt. ent. Z. Ivis 1:51 ; Aurivillius, 1898 : 300 ; 1923 : 361. Type- species : Megalopalpus simplex Rober, by original designation. M. simplex was described as coming from Borneo, very probably the result of an error in labelling, for, as far as I know, it has never been found again in the Oriental Region, whilst it is common in Africa from the Gold Coast, Liberia, Nigeria, Cameroon, Gaboon and Congo to Uganda. Head small ; eyes smooth ; palpi very long, even longer than in the Indo-Malayan genera Miletus and Allotinus, ascending, laterally compressed, clothed with short, adpressed hairs, third segment slightly longer than the second ; antennae slender, less than half as long as the costa, club fusiform, very slightly swollen ; thorax slender ; abdomen long, protruding far beyond the anal angle ; ¢ fore leg with tibia slightly shorter than the femur, tarsus very long, unsegmented, pubescent and with a single claw ; mid and hind legs with tibiae slightly shorter than femora, first tarsal segment very long ; no terminal claws. In the shape of the hind wings the sexes show a marked difference. The outer margin in the 3 has a slight angle at the end of vein 5, which in the 9 is much more prominent. Wing venation (Text-fig. 273) : fore wing with 11 veins, vein 9 being absent ; hind wing with a short precostal vein which arises from vein 8 near its base. Male genitalia (Text-fig. 90) : uncus composed of two enormous triangular lobes with sharp pointed apices, fused at their base to the tegumen and separated by a very deep groove ; subunci fairly robust, regularly curved and tapering to the apex ; tegumen well developed with the Fic. 89. Powellana cottoni Bethune Baker, ¢ genitalia. 96 H. STEMPFFER posterior edge divided to form two hooks ; in the normal position the tegumen is folded over and the two lobes of the uncus face one another, the straight edges of the groove being dorsal ; vinculum wide dorsally, narrow below ; no lower fultura ; valves much reduced compared with the dorsal structures, finger-shaped with a small, sharp tooth on the inferior edge near the apex ; penis subcylindrical, elongate, very slender ; uncus with a felt-like covering of fine hairs, distal portion of the valves pilose. The male genitalia of M. zymna and M. metaleucus are very similar to those of simplex. Bethune Baker (1914, Trans. ent. Soc. Lond. 1914 : 317, pl. 58, figs 9 and ga) figured the genitalia of “‘ Megalopalpus gigas’’, the name occurring only in the explanation of the plate. The genitalia figured correspond exactly with those of M. simplex. The early stages of M. zymna have been described by W. A. Lamborn (1914, Trans. ent. Soc. Lond. 1913 : 458). The caterpillar is protected from attack by ants by a coriaceous skin bearing tubercles tipped with coarse hairs ; it is carnivorous and feeds on Jassidae and Membracidae (Hemiptera). Its mode of life is the same as that of the caterpillar of Gerydus chinensis Felder and demonstrates the close relationship of Megalopalpus to the Indo-Malayan genera Gerydus, Allotinus etc. The shape of the palpi, the venation and the genitalia indicate that Megalopalpus should be included in the sub-family Miletinae (= Gerydinae), as Aurivillius and Bethune Baker have already pointed out. NY) ae LW Fic. 90. Megalopalpus simplex Rober, 3 genitalia. GENERA OF AFRICAN LYCAENIDAE 97 List OF SPECIES OF Megalopalpus Megalopalpus angulosus Grinberg, 1910. Megalopalpus bicoloria (Capronnier), see simplex. Megalopalpus gigas Bethune Baker, 1914, Trans. ent. Soc. Lond. 1914, explanation of pl. 58, see simplex. *Megalopalpus metaleucus Karsch, 1893. Fig. Aurivillius in Seitz, 1923. Megalopalpus similis (Kirby), see simplex. *Megalopalpus simplex Rober, 1886. bicoloria (Capronnier), 1889 ; similis Kirby, 1890 ; gigas Bethune Baker, 1914. *Megalopalpus zymna (Westwood), 1851. Megalopalpus zymna f. pallida Aurivillius, 1923. Genus LACHNOCNEMA Trimen Lachnocnema Trimen, 1887, S. African Butterflies 2 : 233 ; Aurivillius, 1898 : 301 ; 1923 : 362 ; Murray, 1935: 55; Pinhey, 1949: 97; Swanepoel, 1953: 191. Type-species : Papilio bibulus Fabricius, 1793, selected by Hemming, 1960, Annot. Lep. 1 : 11. Head small, pilose ; eyes densely hairy ; palpi long, ascending, first and second segments clothed below with stiff hair, third segment long, acuminate ; antennae short, thick, with a poorly differentiated, cylindrical, blunt-tipped club ; thorax short, very hairy ; legs short, robust, femora and tibiae clothed with scales and dense long, woolly hair which conceals the basal portion of the tarsi ; tarsi short, robust, scaly, with a few short bristles, spinose below ; 6 fore tarsus segmented like the other tarsi, but rather smaller and very hairy. Wing venation (Text-fig. 274). Male genitalia (Text-fig. 91) : uncus subrectangular, the lateral angles rounded, and slightly folded back ; subunci very long, bent at right-angles at one-third of their length, tapering gradually to an apex which bears a distinct hook ; tegumen reduced to a narrow band ; vin- culum rather narrow, prolonged to form a spatulate saccus ; inferior fultura well developed, like a furca, arising from the base of the valves ; valves elongate with broadly rounded apices ; to the upper process is articulated distally a long, finger-like process bent in the shape of an open V ; the lower margin of the valves bears, about midway, a broad triangular expansion with rounded apex, and, midway beyond this a weak blunt tooth ; penis elongate, fairly robust, slightly curved, tapering gradually to an obtuse apex ; vesica bears fine cornuti which give it a shagreened appearance ; uncus almost bare, distal portion of valves densely and finely pilose. Fic. 91. Lachnocnema bibulus (Fabricius), § genitalia. 98 H. STEMPFFER The genitalia of L. durbani Trimen and L. magna Aurivillius closely resemble those of L. bibulus. The caterpillar of L. bibulus has been frequently described :— Lamborn (1914, Trans. ent. Soc. Lond. 1913: 470) ; Farquharson (zbid, 1921 : 388) ; Jackson (1937, Trans. R. ent. Soc. Lond. 86: 210) ; Cripps and Jackson (ibid., 1940, 89: 449-453), and Pinhey (1949 : 97.) The caterpillar lives and pupates in ants’ nests, to which it has been carried by the ants. It feeds partly on the frass of Jassidae and Membracidae (Hemiptera), partly on plant sap and partly on food regurgitated by the ants. Lamborn (1913) noted that in captivity the caterpillar devoured numerous Jassidae. List OF SPECIES OF Lachnocnema *Lachnocnema bibulus (Fabricius), 1793. Fig. Staudinger, 1887. delegorguet (Boisduval), 1847 ; emperamus (Snellen), 1872. Lachnocnema brimo Karsch, 1893. Fig. Aurivillius in Seitz, 1923. sudanica Aurivillius, 1905 ; obliquisigna Hulstaert, 1924 ; rectifascia Hulstaert, 1924. Lachnocnema busoga Bethune Baker, 1906. Lachnocnema delegorguei (Boisduval), see bibulus. Lachnocnema disrupta Talbot, 1935, Entomologist’s mon. Mag. 71 : 76, figs. Lachnocnema divergens Gaede, 1915. Fig. Aurivillius in Seitz, 1923. *Lachnocnema durbani Trimen, 1887. Fig. Aurivillius in Seitz, 1923. Lachnocnema emperamus (Snellen), see bibulus. Lachnocnema exiguus Holland, 1890. Fig. Aurivillius in Seitz, 1923. Lachnocnema luna H. H. Druce, see reutlingert. *Lachnocnema magna Aurivillius, 1895. Fig. Aurivillius in Seitz, 1923. umbra (Smith), 1901 ; niveus H. H. Druce, gto. Lachnocnema niveus H. H. Druce, see magna. Lachnocnema obliquisigna Hulstaert, see brimo. Lachnocnema rectifascia Hulstaert, see brimo. Lachnocnema reutlingeri Holland, 1892. Fig. Aurivillius in Seitz, 1923. luna H. H. Druce, 1910. Lachnocnema sudanica Aurivillius, see brimo. Lachnocnema umbra (Smith) see magna. Genus DEUDORIX Hewitson Deudorix Hewitson, 1863, Ill. Diurn. Lep., Lycaenidae 1:16. Type-species : Dipsas epijarbas Moore (an Indian species), by original designation. Eyes shortly and densely pilose ; palpi scarcely protruding beyond the frons, second segment long, laterally compressed, clothed with adpressed scales, third segment short, slender, acuminate ; antennae two-thirds the length of the costa, club elongate, fusiform ; thorax very GENERA OF AFRICAN LYCAENIDAE 99 robust, especially in the 3, clothed below with long white hair ; ¢ fore leg, femur clothed with long white hair, tibia shorter than the femur, tarsus unsegmented, finely spinose below. Wing shape : hind wing oval, apex rounded, outer margin showing a slight salient at the end of vein 3, vein 2 prolonged to form a short filiform tail, a small rounded lobe between the end of vein 1b and the anal angle, abdominal margin slightly excised between the lobe and the end of veinta. ‘The presence of this lobe renders easy the recognition of the species of Deudorix. Wing venation (Text-fig. 275). The venation in the figure given by Murray (1935 : 60) is incorrect ; the filiform tail is shown at the end of vein rb when in fact it is at the end of vein 2. Male genitalia (Text-fig. 92) : uncus composed of two lateral lobes separated by the rounded depression of the hind edge of the tegumen ; subunci long, strong, bent in an acute angle, suddenly narrowed a little before the apex, and with a small apophysis on the lower side at the level of the bend ; tegumen very large, hood-shaped ; vinculum narrow with a small round saccus ; no lower fultura ; valves small compared with the other structures, broadly fused together in their lower oval halves, distally consisting of a slightly recurved process which has an obliquely truncated apex, about midway the upper edges are folded inwards and connected to each other by a membrane ; penis elongate, subcylindrical, widely open dorsally and proximally, widening apically ; vesica with a group of cornuti ending in a single more robust apical spine ; uncus and middle part of valves pilose. The description given above is based on the type-species alone, Deudorix epijarbas. Aurivillius included in the genus Deudorix all the Ethiopian Lycaenidae whose hind wings have the shape of those of D. epijarbas (i.e. with a lobe near the anal angle and a filiform tail at the end of vein 2) and whose venation agrees, at least on the whole, with that of D. epijarbas. But among these species there are some that differ from the type-species of Deudorix, either by the more rounded shape of the fore wings or by some venational detail, or by the presence in the male of conspicuous secondary sexual characters. Taking into account these differences, Karsch and H. H. Druce have erected the following genera for African species of Deudorix (sensu Aurivillius), Hypomyrina Druce, Actis Karsch, Kopelates Druce, Hypokopelates Druce, Pilo- deudorix Druce, and Diopetes Karsch. Most modern authors make use of these genera and they also assign to the Indo-Malayan genus Virachola Moore certain species included in Deudorix by Aurivillius. To test the validity of the above- mentioned genera I have examined their type-species and give the results under the appropriate genera (See also p. 108). Fic. 92. Deudorix epijarbus (Moore), 3 genitalia. 100 H. STEMPFFER List OF SPECIES OF Deudorix There is no African species that agrees precisely in all morphological characters with Deudorix epijarbas, and so would fall into typical Deudorix. Genus HYPOMYRINA H. H. Druce Hypomyrina H. H. Druce, 1891, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (6) 7 : 364. Type-species: Myrina nomenia Hewitson, by original designation. Deudorix Hewitson (partim) ; Aurivillius, 1898 : 306 ; 1923 : 365. Eyes shortly and densely pilose ; palpi moderately long, clothed with adpressed scales, third segment slender, acuminate, two-thirds the length of the second segment ; antennae long, slender, white annulated, club fusiform ; legs black and white annulated, ¢ fore leg with tibia shorter than the femur, tarsus unsegmented, clothed below with stiff hair ; no secondary sexual characters in the g. Wing venation (Text-fig. 276). Male genitalia (Text-fig. 93) : uncus composed of two rounded lobes separated by a shallow depression of the hind edge of the tegumen ; subunci long, curved, fairly robust, tapering gradu- ally to the apex ; tegumen very large, hood-shaped ; vinculum fairly broad, without saccus ; inferior fultura absent ; valves oblong, fused together basally for about two-fifths of their length, apex pointed, the two upper processes being connected on their inner sides by a narrow band which surrounds the penis ; penis elongate, subcylindrical ; vesica with numerous cornuti and enclosing a long cuneus which is slightly recurved ; uncus densely pilose, a few hairs on the distal portions of the valves. List OF SPECIES OF Hypomyrina Hypomyrina acares (Karsch), see nomenia. Hypomyrina nomenia nomenia (Hewitson), 1874. Fig. Hewitson, 1878. acares (Karsch), 1893. *Hypomyrina nomenia nomion (Staudinger), 1891. Hypomyrina nomenia fournierae Gabriel, 1939, Ruwenzort Exp. 1934-35, 3: qa, fig: Fic. 93. Hypomyrina nomenia (Hewitson), ¢ genitalia. GENERA OF AFRICAN LYCAENIDAE 101 Genus ACTIS Karsch Actis Karsch, 1895, Ent. Nachr. 21 : 315. Type-species : Actis mimeta Karsch, selected by Hemming, 1960, Annot. Lep. 1: 8. Deudorix Hewitson (partim) ; Aurivillius, 1898 : 306 ; 1923 : 366. Eyes large, densely but shortly pilose ; palpi rather long, ascending, second segment long, laterally compressed, with long hairs below at its base, third segment short and slender ; anten- nae long, slender, white annulated, club fusiform ; ¢ fore tarsus unsegmented. Wing shape. Inner border of fore wing slightly lobed in basal third. The 3 has the following secondary sexual characters : on the underside of the base of the fore wing there is a patch between vein 1 and the lower edge of the cell, and on the inner margin a small brush of tawny hairs lying along the surface of the wing and directed towards the aforementioned patch ; on the upper side of the hind wing there is a small clear silky patch between vein 8 and the origin of vein 7 and partly covered by the small lobe of the inner margin of the fore wing. Wing venation (Text-fig. 277). Fore wing with 11 veins ; ro and 11 free, from the upper edge of the cell. Male genitalia (Text-fig. 94). |. Uncus composed of two rounded lobes separated by the median depression of the hind edge of the tegumen ; subunci rather long, slender, curving ; tegumen very large, hood-shaped ; vinculum moderately wide with an indistinct saccus ; valves very elongate, the lower process ending in a point, the upper process much shorter and folded in- wards to envelope the penis, which is robust, dilated distally, its apex crowned with fine, erect spines ; vesica with many cornuti and enclosing an enormous cuneus. Uncus clothed with long fine hair, valves slightly hairy apically. The male genitalia of Actis ula are similar. List OF SPECIES OF Actis *Actis mimeta mimeta Karsch, 1895, ($). Fig. Aurivillius in Seitz, 1923. perigrapha (Karsch), 1895 (9). Actis mimeta unda (Gaede), 1915. Actis perigrapha (Karsch), see mimeta. *Actis ula Karsch, 1895. Actis ula ab. nigrostriata (Aurivillius), 1923, Ergebn. 2te D. Zent. Afr. Exp. Igio-1I, 1 : 1215. Fic. 94. lic. 1952, 57 : figs. *Iolaus (Epamera) nolaensis amanica Stempffer, 1951, l.c. : 126 ; fig. 1952, lc. *Jolaus (Epamera) nursei Bulter, 1896. Fig. Aurivillius in Seitz, 1923. Fig. genitalia, Stempffer & Bennett, 1959. *Jolaus (Epamera) obscurus Aurivillius, 1923. Fig. genitalia, Stempffer & Bennett, 1959. Iolaus (Epamera) parva Bethune Baker, see pollux. *Iolaus (Epamera) penningtoni Stempffer & Bennett, 1959 : 312, fig. and fig. genitalia. *Iolaus (Epamera) pollux pollux Aurivillius, 1895. Fig. genitalia, Stempffer & Bennett, 1959. belli Aurivillius nec Hewitson, 1898 ; parva Bethune Baker, 1926. *Iolaus (Epamera) pollux albocaerulea Riley, 1929, Trans. ent. Soc. Lond. 77 : 497, fig. *Iolaus (Epamera) pollux oberthueri Riley, 1929, l.c. : 496. *Iolaus (Epamera) pseudofrater Stempffer, 1962 : 1167, fig. and fig. genitalia. *Iolaus (Epamera) pseudopollux Stempffer, 1962 : 1164, fig. 148 HM. Soe MUP EB *Iolaus (Epamera) sapphirinus Aurivillius, 1897 (g). Fig. Aurivillius, 1898. Aurivillius, 1923, Ergebn. 2te D. Zent. Afr. Exp. 1910-11, 1: 558 (9). Fig. genitalia Stempffer & Bennett, 1959, l.c. aurivillit Rober, 1900. *Iolaus (Epamera) sappirus H. H. Druce, 1g02. Fig. genitalia, Stempffer & Bennett, 1959. *Iolaus (Epamera) scintillans Aurivillius, 1905. Fig. genitalia, Stempffer & Bennett, 1959. gaze: OH. H. Druce, ror. *Iolaus (Epamera) sciophilus Schultze, 1916. Fig. Aurivillius in Seitz, 1923. Fig. genitalia, Stempffer & Bennett, 1959. Tolaus (Epamera) septentrionalis Stempffer, see mimosae berbera. *Iolaus (Epamera) sibella H. H. Druce, 1gto. Fig. genitalia, Stempffer & Bennett, 1959. *Tolaus (Epamera) sidus Trimen, 1864. Fig. Hewitson, 1865. *Tolaus (Epamera) silanus silanus Smith, 1889. Fig. Seitz, 1923. Fig. genitalia, Stempffer & Bennett, 1959. *Iolaus (Epamera) silanus alticola Stempffer, 1961, Bull. Inst. fr. Afr. notre 23 : 94, fig. and fig. genitalia. Iolaus (Epamera) silanus silenus Hawker Smith, 1928, Rev. Zool. Bot. afr. 16 : 214. *Iolaus (Epamera) stenogrammica Riley, 1928, Novit. zool. 34 : 384, fig... Fig. ¢ and genitalia, Stempffer & Bennett, 1959. *Iolaus (Epamera) tajoraca tajoraca Walker, 1870, (gj). Fig. genitalia, Stempffer & Bennett, 1959 ; fig. 9, Stempffer, 1961, Bull. Inst. fr. Afr. notre 2S QO: *Iolaus (Epamera) tajoraca ertli Aurivillius, 1926. Fig. genitalia, Stempffer & Bennett, 1959. Iolaus (Epamera) toroensis Riley, see hemicyanus. *Iolaus (Epamera) umbrosa umbrosa (Butler), 1885. Fig. genitalia, Stempffer & Bennett, 1959. *Iolaus (Epamera) umbrosa sudanica Aurivillius, 1905. Fig. genitalia, Stempffer & Bennett, 1959. *Iolaus (Epamera) violacea Riley, 1928, Novit. zool. 34 : 386, fig. Fig. genitalia, Stempffer & Bennett, 1959. katanganus Romieux, 1934. Iolaus (Epamera) yokoana Bethune Baker, see hemicyanus mildbraedt. IOLAUS (ETESIOLAUS) Stempffer & Bennett Etesiolaus Stempffer & Bennett, 1959, Bull. Inst. fr. Afr. noive 21 : 319. Type-species : Jolaus catovi Bethune Baker, 1904, by original designation. Iolaus Hiibner (partim) ; Aurivillius, 1923 : 394. Eyes, palpi, antennae and legs as in the preceding subgenera. GENERA OF AFRICAN LYCAENIDAE 149 Wing shape. 3 fore wing inner margin lobed ; hind wing hind margin angled at vein 3, a delicate tail at vein 2, another much longer at vein rb, anal angle lobed. Male secondary sexual characters : a hair tuft on the inner margin of the fore wing below, an androconial patch surrounded by a wide glossy area, at the base of the hind wing above. Wing venation. Fore wing with 11 veins in both sexes. Male genitalia (Text-fig. 133). Very different from all the other Jolaus, justifying separation as a distinct subgenus. Uncus composed of two small lobes roughly subtriangular in shape and distally strongly serrate ; tegumen very big, but with its distal margin deeply indented, centrally reduced to a narrow band ; vinculum broad, with a short round saccus ; lower fultura carried on a short stalk ; valves small in relation to the dorsal structures, deeply incised the two processes separate almost to the base, upper process with serrate apical edge ; the distal part of the lower process cut to form sharp teeth of which the longest is bent back like a sickle ; penis small, almost straight, the outer part tapering evenly ; uncus and upper process of valves lightly pilose. ; List oF SPECIES OF Jolaus (Etesiolaus) *Jolaus (Etesiolaus) catori catori Bethune Baker, 1904, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist (7) 14 : 233 (g). Riley, 1928, Novit. zool. 34 : 380, fig. (9). Iolaus (Etesiolaus) catori cottoni Bethune Baker, 1908, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. : 113, fig. ($). Fig. Riley, 1928, Novit. zool. 34 : 380. (9). IOLAUS (SUKIDION) H. H. Druce Sukidion H. H. Druce, 1891, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (6) 8: 142. Type-species : Jolaus inores Hewitson, 1872, by original designation. Iolaus Hiibner (partim) ; Aurivillius, 1898 : 324 ; 1923 : 397. This species is very seldom represented in collections. It was described on the basis of the unique male now in the British Museum (Natural History) the provenance of which could be Gaboon or even the East Indies!. I am indebted to the late 1 While the present work was already in page proof, I was informed by Lt. Col. C. F. Cowan that I. (S.) inoves had recently been collected in N. E. Borneo, thus confirming that its distribution is Indo- Malayan, not African. Fic. 133. Jolaus (Etesiolaus) catovi catovri Bethune Baker, ¢ genitalia. 150 H. STEMPFRER Dr. A. S. Corbet, of the British Museum, for the loan of the slide of the male genitalia of the holotype and the gift of a photograph of its venation. Other characters are derived from the descriptions of H. H. Druce and Aurivillius. Head broad ; eyes large ; antennae long, with a well differentiated, elongate club. Wing shape. Fore wing with costa very convex at its base, then almost straight, outer margin straight, slightly scalloped at the ends of the veins, inner margin straight, with a fringe of long black hairs below from near the base to the inner angle ; hind wing almost circular, not produced at the anal angle, two short, fine tails at the ends of veins 2 and 1b respectively. No secondary ¢ sexual characters. Wing venation (Text-fig. 298). Fore wing with II veins. Male genitalia (Text-fig. 134). Uncus composed of two lobes with rounded apices which are slightly folded over inwards, one on either side of the deep indentation of the posterior margin of the tegumen ; subunci with massive bases, bent in an acute angle, the free portion tapering regularly to the apex, the lower edge bearing at the bend a short, pointed apophysis ; tegumen large ; vinculum narrow, with a poorly marked saccus ; lower fultura with strong valves oblong, deeply notched at the apices ; penis elongate, with a vesica bearing many cornuti which give it a shagreened appearance ; uncus bears many long hairs, a few short hairs on the apices of the valves. List oF SPECIES OF Jolaus (Sukidion) *Iolaus (Sukidion) inores Hewitson, 1872. Fig. Hewitson, 1878. IOLAUS SPECIES INCERTAE SEDIS Iolaus bilineata Bethune Baker, 1908, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1908: 113. Described from a unique female in a private collection, which I have been unable to examine. The description does not enable one to decide to which subgenus it belongs. Fic. 134. JIolaus (Sukidion) inores Hewitson, g genitalia of type. GENERA OF AFRICAN LYCAENIDAE 151 Genus APHNAEUS Hiibner Aphnaeus Hiibner, 1826, Verz. bek. Schmett.: 81; Aurivillius, 1898 : 327; 1924 : 407 ; Pinhey, 1949 : 104. Type-species : Papilio orcas Drury, 1782, designated by Scudder (1875, Proc. Am. Acad. Arts Sci. 10 : 116). Eyes clothed in dense short hair ; palpi fairly long, parallel, second segment long, slightly ascending, clothed with dense scales, third segment very short, slender, horizontal, with blunt apex ; antennae three-fifths the length of the costa, club progressively swollen, not well differentiated ; ¢ fore leg with tibia as long as femur, tarsus unsegmented, femur bearing long black hairs, tibia and tarsus bearing strong spines ; mid and hind legs, femora bearing long black hairs, tibiae as long as femora, metatarsi very long. Wing shape. Fore wing subtriangular with pointed apex ; hind wing much produced at the anal angle, a delicate tail at the end of vein 2, a longer tail at the end of vein rb, an anal lobe, the abdominal margin excised between the lobe and the end of tra. : Wing venation (Text-fig. 299). Fore wing with 12 veins. Male genitalia (Text-fig. 135 : side view ; Text-fig. 136 : dissected, with the parts separated and spread out ; Text-fig. 137 : view of the valves detached from the vinculum and rotated through 180° in order to give a better view of the median band). Uncus reduced to a narrow strip bordering the edge of the tegumen ; subunci long, bent in an acute angle, apices blunt ; tegumen subrectangular, hood-shaped ; vinculum fairly broad with a short rounded saccus ; lower fultura composed of two flattened arms attached to the valves about midway, not to their base near the vinculum ; valves elongate, the upper and lower processes distinctly separate in their distal half and both having rounded apices, the upper process being more slender and a little longer than the lower one ; a weakly sclerotized band unites the two upper processes, passing above the external portion of the penis, which thus lies between the body of the valves and this band ; penis large, with a protuberance on its upper surface situated a little before the wall of the genital cavity, the external portion tapering gradually to a blunt apex ; the vesica enclosing in its base a tuft of long, strong spines, and midway and at the apex a group of cornuti ; uncus and distal portions of the valves pilose. The genitalia of the other species of Aphnaeus are similar to those of orcas. This peculiar arrangement of valves sheathing the penis is not confined to the genus Ap/naeus, similar structures being found in the allied genera Cigaritis (palae- arctic), Apharitis, Spindasis, Chloroselas, Zeritis, Desmolycaena, Axiocerses, Phasis and Erikssonia, and in nearly all species of these genera the markings on the under- side of the wings show some likeness to those of species of Aphnaeus, e.g. the presence of metallic or nacreous bands, spots or dots. The median band uniting the valves may easily escape observation because it is very little sclerotized, translucid, and so fragile that it is difficult not to break it when dissecting out the penis ; when broken it is easy to mistake it for some membranous fragment. LIsT OF SPECIES OF Aphnaeus *Aphnaeus adamsi Stempffer, 1954 : 513, fig. and fig. genitalia. *Aphnaeus affinis affinis Riley, 1921, Trans. ent. Soc. Lond. 54 : 249, figs. Fig. genitalia, Stempffer, 1954. *Aphnaeus affinis seydeli Berger, 1952, Lambillionea 52:68. Fig. Stempffer, 1954- *Aphnaeus argyrocyclus Holland, 1890. Fig. Holland, 1893. Fig. genitalia, Stempffer, 1954. propinquus Holland, 1893. 152 FIGS 135-137. H. STEMPFFER A phnaeus orcas orcas (Drury), 3 genitalia. GENERA OF AFRICAN LYCAENIDAE 153 *Aphnaeus asterius Plotz, 1880. Fig. E. Sharpe, 1890. Fig. genitalia, Stempffer, 1954. chalybeatus E. Sharpe, 1890 ; tlogo Holland, 18go. *Aphnaeus asterius f. argenteola Holland, 1890. *Aphnaeus brahami Lathy, 1903. Fig. genitalia, Stempffer, 1954. Aphnaeus bruneeli Berger, see erikssont. Aphnaeus chalybeatus E. Sharpe, see asterius. Aphnaeus chapini chapini (Holland), 1920, Bull. Am. Mus. nat. Hist. 43: 225, fig. Aphnaeus chapini occidentalis Clench, 1963, Ent. News 74 : 46. *Aphnaeus chapini ugandae Stempffer, 1961 : 59, fig. *Aphnaeus coronae coronae Talbot, 1935, Entomologist’s mon. Mag. 71 : 118, figs. g. Fig. genitalia and fig. 9, Stempffer, 1954. *Aphnaeus coronae f{. vansomereni Stempffer, 1954 : 512, fig. Aphnaeus coronae littoralis Carcasson, 1964, J! E. Africa nat. Hist. Soc. 24: 71, fig. Aphnaeus erikssoni erikssoni Trimen, 1891, 9. Fig. d genitalia, Stempffer, 1954. bruneeli Berger, 1951. *Aphnaeus erikssoni barnesi Stempffer, 1954 : 507, fig. *Aphnaeus erikssoni mashunae Stempffer, 1954 : 507. ertkssoni (3) Trimen, 1898. *Aphnaeus erikssoni rex Aurivillius, 1909, 2 ; g, Stempffer, 1954 : 509. *Aphnaeus flavescens flavescens Stempffer, 1954 : 514, fig. and fig. genitalia. Aphnaeus flavescens williamsi Carcasson, 1964, Jl E. Africa nat. Hist. Soc. 24 : 70, fig. Aphnaeus gilloni Stempffer, 1966, Bull. Inst. fond. Afr. notre, 28 : 1575, fig. Aphnaeus heliodorus Schultze, see orcas hollandi. *Aphnaeus jacksoni Stempffer, 1954 : 512, fig. and fig. genitalia. *Aphnaeus jefferyi Hawker-Smith, 1928, Bull. Hill Mus. Witley 2 : 30 (Q) ; J, and fig. genitalia, Stempffer, 1954. Aphnaeus ilogo Holland see asterius. *Aphnaeus marshalli Neave, 1gto. Fig. genitalia, Stempffer, 1954. *Aphnaeus neavei Bethune Baker, 1926. Fig. and fig. genitalia, Stempffer, 1954. *Aphnaeus nyanzae Stempffer, 1954 : 499, fig. and fig. genitalia. *Aphnaeus orcas orcas (Drury), 1782. Fig. genitalia, Stempffer, 1954. *Aphnaeus orcas f{. fontainei Berger, 1952, Lambillionea 52 : 70. *Aphnaeus orcas f{. overlaeti Berger, 1952, l.c. : 70. *Aphnaeus orcas f. paupera Stempffer, 1954 : 408, fig. *Aphnaeus orcas hollandi Butler, 1902. vattrayt E. Sharpe, 1904 ; heliodorus Schultze, 1916. Aphnaeus propinquus Holland, see argyrocyclus. *Aphnaeus questiauxi Aurivillius, 1903 (g). Fig. genitalia, Stempffer, 1954 ; Q, Neave, IgIo. Aphnaeus rattrayi E. Sharpe, see orcas hollandt. 154 H. STEMPFFER Genus PARAPHNAEUS Thierry-Mieg Pavaphnaeus Thierry-Mieg, 1904, Naturaliste: 140. Type-species: Aphnaeus hutchinsoni Trimen, by monotypy. Aphnaeus Hiibner (partim) ; Aurivillius, 1898 : 328; 1924: 409; Murray, 1935 : 82; Swanepoel, 1953 : 163. Eyes, palpi and antennae similar to those of Aphnaeus ; thorax robust, clothed below with long silky hairs ; ¢ fore leg, femur clothed with long fulvous hairs, tibia shorter than the femur, tarsus short, unsegmented, bearing many spines below ; mid and hind legs with tibiae shorter than femora, metatarsi long. Wing shape. Similar to that of Aphnaeus except that the outer margin of the fore wing is a little more convex between the apex and the ending of vein 4. Wing venation (Text-fig. 300). Same as that of A phnaeus. Male genitalia (Text-fig. 138). Uncus, subunci and tegumen as in A phnaeus, except that the posterior edge of the dorsum has a rounded median prominence ; vinculum fairly wide ; lower fultura consists of a small shield-shaped plate with a deep notch in the upper edge ; valves like those of Aphnaeus, the upper and lower processes of each valve separated in their distal halves, the middle portions of the upper processes folded over the inner face and connected by a membranous strip which passes above the penis ; penis very bulky, internal portion swollen, the external portion bearing on the dorsal surface, at the base, a sort of lobe bearing short regular teeth on its inferior edge, the apex of penis split into two longitudinally ; vesica with cornuti ; uncus and distal half of valves clothed with fine hairs. The early stages of P. hutchinsoni drucet Neave have been described by Jackson (1937, Tvans. R. ent. Soc. Lond. 86 : 216). The caterpillar lives on Acacia stenocarpa Hochst., Entada abyssinica Stend., and on certain species of Loranthus in symbiosis with ants. The genus Paraphnaeus, which has only one species, is very closely allied to the genus Aphnaeus, except that the lower fultura reminds one of that of Apharitis and Spindasis, and that the shape of the penis differs slightly from that of Aphnaeus. Fics. 138. Pavaphnaeus hutchinsoni hutchinsoni (Trimen), ¢ genitalia. GENERA OF AFRICAN LYCAENIDAE 155 List OF SPECIES OF Paraphnaeus *Paraphnaeus hutchinsoni hutchinsoni (Trimen), 1887. Fig. Butler, 1898. zanzibarensis (Smith), 1889. *Paraphnaeus hutchinsoni drucei (Neave), 1904. Paraphnaeus zanzibarensis (Smith), see hutchinsont. Genus APHARITIS Riley Apharitis Riley, 1925, Novit. zool. 32 : 78. Type-species : Polyommatus epargyros Eversman (a palaearctic species), by original designation. Spindasis Wallengren (partim) ; Aurivillius, 1898 : 332 ; 1924, 414. Eyes glabrous ; palpi fairly long, second segment long, laterally compressed, clothed below with dense white adpressed scales, third segment rather short, slightly inflected, acuminate ; antennae slightly longer than half the length of the costa, white-annulated, club elongate, flattened, rust-coloured below ; thorax robust, clothed below with long silky hairs ; ¢ fore leg with tibia as long as femur, tarsus unsegmented, finely spinose below ; mid and hind legs with tibiae shorter than femora, metatarsi very long. Wing shape. Fore wing with apex pointed, outer margin convex between the apex and vein 4, slightly concave between vein 4 and the inner angle ; hind wing with costa much arched, apex rounded, outer margin slightly concave between veins 4 and 2, angular at the end of vein 2, a delicate tail at the end of rb, a small lobe at the anal angle. Wing venation (Text-fig. 301). Fore wing with 11 veins. Male genitalia (Text-fig. 139 ; for lateral view see Riley, 1925, fig. 5). Uncus composed of two subtriangular lobes with rounded apices and separated by a deep groove in the hind margin of the tegumen ; subunci long and robust, strongly bent at about two-fifths of their length and tapering gradually to a blunt apex ; tegumen rather small, im situ uncus and tegumen together are hood-shaped ; vinculum fairly wide, with a short, broad saccus ; lower fultura consists of a small shield-shaped plate which is deeply indented on its upper edge ; valves subtriangular with blunt apices, their upper processes folded inwards and connected midway by a narrow membranous band, which passes over the penis in the same way as in species of Aphnaeus, Paraphnaeus, Spindasis, etc. ; penis robust, with a cylindrical basal portion, the dorsal surface distinctly at an angle to the general axis, as in species of Spindasis (Riley, 1925, calls it ‘“‘ funnel-shaped ’’) ; the ventral surface of the external portion is gutter- Fic. 139. Apharitis epargyros (Eversman), 3 genitalia. 156 H. STEMPFFER shaped and longer than the dorsal surface ; vesica unarmed ; uncus and apices of valves finely pilose. (Note. In the mount from which this figure was drawn the penis has un- fortunately undergone a partial rotation, so that the characters given in the description are not clearly shown in the figure.) The genitalia of the Ethiopian species of Apharitis examined are very similar to those of A. epargyros. The early stages of the Apharitis from tropical Africa are unknown. Those of A. myrmecophila Dumont, from Tunisia, and of A. acamas chitralensis Riley, from Chitral, have been observed. The caterpillar of A. myrmecophila is nocturnal in its habits, and lives and pupates at the foot of tufts of Calligonum comosum L’Herit (Polygonaceae), in the large tunnels made by ants. List OF ETHIOPIAN SPECIES OF A pharitis *Apharitis acamas bellatrix (Butler), 1886. Fig. Klug, 1834. Apharitis buchanani (Rothschild), 1921, Novit. zool. 28 : 155 (2). Talbot, 1942, Entomologist 75 : 249 (3). Apharitis gilletti Riley, 1925, Novit. zool. 32 : 85, fig. genitalia. *Apharitis nilus (Hewitson), 1865. Fig. Aurivillius in Seitz, 1924. Fig. genitalia, Riley, 1925, Lc. subaureus (Smith), 1808. Apharitis nilus f. kaduglii (Bethune Baker), 1916. Apharitis nilus f. sabulosa (Hawker Smith), 1929, Bull. Hill Mus. Witley 3: 231. Apharitis subaureus (Smith), see nilus. Fic. 140. Spindasis natalensis (Doubleday & Hewitson), 3 genitalia. GENERA OF AFRICAN LYCAENIDAE 157 Genus SPINDASIS Wallengren Spindasis Wallengren, 1857, K. svenska VetenskAkad. Handl., (n.f.) 2 (1) 4: 45; Murray, 1935 : 83; Pinhey, 1949 : 104 ; Swanepoel, 1953 : 165. Type-species : Spindasis masili- kazi Wallengren, 1857 (Aphnaeus natalensis Westwood, 1851), by monotypy. Spindasis Wallengren (partim) ; Aurivillius, 1898 : 328 ; 1923 : 410. Eyes glabrous ; palpi fairly long, slightly divergent, second segment long, ascending and clothed with dense scales, third segment horizontal, short ; antennae slightly longer than half the length of the costa, club fusiform, not well differentiated ; thorax robust, clothed with long silky hair ; abdomen black and white-annulated ; 3 fore leg, femur clothed with long, white, silky hair, tibia slightly shorter than the femur and armed below with long spines, tarsus unsegmented and also armed below with numerous spines ; mid and hind legs strong, femora clothed with long white hair, tibiae shorter than the femora and: bearing apical spurs, tarsi long, segmented and bearing numerous spines. Wing shape. Fore wing triangular, the apex pointed ; hind wing produced, a delicate tail at the end of vein 2 and a longer one at the end of 1b, a small lobe at the anal angle. Wing venation (Text-fig. 502). Fore wing with 11 veins. Male genitalia (Text-fig. 140). Uncus composed of two lobes with straight posterior edges and rounded apices, widely separated by a shallow rounded depression with a small median prominence ; subunci long and robust, bent at an acute angle at about two-fifths of their length ; tegumen large and trapezoidal, tegumen and uncus together in situ are hood-shaped ; vinculum rather broad with a rounded saccus ; lower fultura shield-shaped, with a deep notch in its upper edge ; valves elongate, subtriangular, with an almost straight inferior edge and blunt apices, the two upper processes connected by a weakly sclerotized median band, which passes above the penis as in species of Aphnaeus and allied genera ; penis short, massive, with cylindrical basal portion widely open dorsally, the dorsal surface then becoming bent at an acute angle to the general axis of the penis, the large prominence thus formed being held, in the natural position, in a notch of the upper edge of the median band, which unites the valves, an arrangement which must circumscribe considerably the possible movement of the penis during copulation ; the external portion of penis swollen, with an obliquely cut apex, its dorsal edge bristling with short spines ; vesica with numerous fine cornuti ; the lobes of the uncus, apices of the valves and lower edge of the median band, all pilose. Fic. 141. Spindasis phanes (Trimen), ¢ genitalia. 158 H. STEMPFFER The genitalia of Spindasis nyassae, victoriae, mozambica, apelles, tavetensis and banyoana are similar to those of natalensis. Those of S. phanes (Text-fig. 141) are also of the same type, except that the lobes of the uncus are more lanceolate, the tegumen is narrower in the middle and its anterior margin forms a rounded promi- nence. The genitalia of S. homeyert, triment, namaqua, somalina, ella, 1za and cynica are more or less close to those of phanes. The armature of S. waggae (Text-fig. 142) is different from the preceding species, the tegumen being more ample and quad- rangular, and the subunci less robust. The larvae of S. natalensis, mozambica and ella have been described by Murray (1935 : 86, 88, 89) and Pinhey (1949 : 105). They live on Vigna angustifolia and Mundulea subrosa. Those of S. nyassae have been found on the bark of Acacia stenocarpa and Entada abyssinica, look like larvae of Lymantriidae, and live in com- pany with ants ; in captivity they soon die if separated from the ants (see Jackson, 1937, Trans. R. ent. Soc. Lond. 1937 : 217). LIST OF SPECIES OF Spindasis *Spindasis apelles apelles (Oberthur), 1878. Spindasis apelles nairobiensis E. Sharpe, 1904. Spindasis apuleia Hulstaert, 1924, Revue zool. afr. 12 : 127. Spindasis avriko (Karsch), 1893. Spindasis baghirmi Stempffer, 1946, Revue fr. Ent. 13 : 14, fig. *Spindasis banyoana Bethune Baker, 1926, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (9) 17 : 398. Spindasis brunnea Jackson, 1965, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (13) 8 : 529, fig. Spindasis caffer (Trimen), see mozambica. Spindasis chaka (Wallengren), see ella. Spindasis crustaria crustaria (Holland), 1890. Fig. Holland, 1893. Fic. 142. Spindasis waggae Sharpe, ¢ genitalia. GENERA OF AFRICAN LYCAENIDAE 159 Spindasis crustaria mysteriosa Clench, 1965, Butt. Liberia : 360, figs. *Spindasis cynica Riley, 1921, Trans. ent. Soc. Lond. 54 : 247, figs. *Spindasis ella (Hewitson), 1865. chaka (Wallengren), 1875. *Spindasis ella f. barnesi Stempfter, 1953, Annls Mus. R. Congo belge 27 : 30. Spindasis erna (Staudinger), see phanes. *Spindasis homeyeri homeyeri (Dewitz), 1886. *Spindasis homeyeri f. fracta Stempffer, 1948, Revue fr. Ent. 15 : 189. Spindasis homeyeri kallimon H. H. Druce, 1905. *Spindasis iza (Hewitson), 1865. Spindasis lutosa (Plétz), 1880. Spindasis masilikazi Wallengren, see natalensis. Spindasis menelas H. H. Druce, 1907. Spindasis modestus (Trimen), 1891. Spindasis montana Joicey & Talbot, 1924, Bull. Hill Mus. Witley 1 : 545. *Spindasis mozambica (Bertoloni), 1851. Fig. Hewitson, 1865, (as natalensis). caffer (Trimen), 1868. *Spindasis namaqua (Trimen), 1874. *Spindasis natalensis (Westwood), 1851. masitlikazi Wallengren, 1857. Spindasis natalensis f. obscura Aurivillius, 1923. *Spindasis nyassae (Butler), 1884. Fig. Butler, 1894. *Spindasis phanes (Trimen), 1873. erna (Staudinger), 1888. Spindasis scotti Gabriel, 1954, Exped. S.W. Arabia 1937/38 : 378, fig. *Spindasis somalina Butler, 1886. *Spindasis tavetensis Lathy, 1906. *Spindasis trimeni trimeni Neave, 1910. Spindasis trimeni congolanus Dufrane, 1954, Bull. Annls Soc. R. ent. Belg. 90 : 283. *Spindasis victoriae (Butler), 1884. Fig. Aurivillius in Seitz, 1923. *Spindasis waggae E. Sharpe, 1898. Fig. Aurivillius in Seitz, 1923. Genus LIPAPHNAEUS Aurivillius Lipaphnaeus Aurivillius, 1916, Ark. Zool. 10 (14) : 2. Type-species : Aphnaeus spindasoides Aurivillius, 1916 (a subspecies of Aphnaeus aderna Pl6étz, 1880), by original designation. Spindasis Aurivillius (partim) ; Aurivillius, 1898 : 332 ; 1923 : 415. Eyes, palpi, antennae and legs as in Spindasis. Wing shape like that of Spindasis, except that in adevna and loxura the tail at the end of vein tb on the hind wing is wider than that of Spindasis, which is thread-like. Venation is not constant in Lipaphnaeus. Vein 8 of the fore wing is very short and often absent. When Aurivillius described spindasoides in 1916 he attributed to it 12 veins in the fore wing and placed it in the genus Aphnaeus, then, at the end of the text, he designated it as type of a “ subgenus Lipaphnaeus ’’, intermediate between Aphnaeus and Spindasis. In 1923 160 H. STEMPFFER (in Seitz, Grossschmett. Evde : 413) he went back on his original opinion in these words : “ By a regrettable error of observation, I was induced to describe this form as an Aphnaeus ; on a closer examination I have found that the fore wing has only 11 veins, vein 8 being absent and vein 7 terminating at the apex of the wing as in all the species of Spindasis. The form is in fact so closely allied to S. aderna that I can now only consider it to be the eastern race of it’. This statement, however, only confuses the issue because when I was able to examine closely the holotype of spindasoides, preserved in the Natural History Museum at Stockholm, I found that in fact it had 12 veins in the fore wing. From an examination of a fairly large number of specimens of Lipaphnaeus, the following facts emerge : L. adevna adeyvna : 1 2° Ghana, t 9 Katanga : II veins. L. adeyna spindasoides : 3 3 S. Rhodesia, 12 veins ; 1 2 S. Rhodesia, 1 2 Mozambique : II veins. L. aderna pan : 3 36, 2 2 Uganda : 11 veins. L. leonina bitje : 2 3, 1 2 Middle Congo, 1 9 Katanga : I1 veins. L. loxurva: 2 § Katanga, 1 g¢ Uganda: 12 veins ; 3 9 Uganda, I1 veins. L. eustorgia : 1 9 Katanga : I1 veins. I give these figures with some reserve because, when present, vein 8 is very difficult to detect, even when the wing is soaked in alcohol. To be absolutely certain, it is necessary to remove the scales completely by immersing the wing in Eau-de-Javelle, which results in permanent damage to the specimen. However, I do not think I made a mistake in every case, and can only conclude that Lipaphnaeus sometimes has 12, sometimes 11 veins in the fore wing. One interesting fact emerges from the figures, which naturally, are too small to be the basis of safe conclusions : whilst the males are almost equally divided (6 : 5) between 12 and 11 veins, none of the females has more than 11. Lipaphnaeus is much better characterized by its 3 genitalia, in which the dorsal structures sharply differ from Spindasis. Male genitalia (adervna aderna, Text-fig. 143). Uncus subtriangular, deeply divided to form two tapering points ; subunci long, very slender, evenly curved and folded (when im situ) inwardly below the uncus ; tegumen very small, well differentiated from the vinculum ; vinculum narrow dorsally, wider ventrally, with a rounded saccus ; inferior fultura lozenge- shaped, deeply divided distally ; valves oblong, tapering to a point, the upper processes united midway by a narrow band as in Spindasis ; penis elongate, much less massive than in Spindasis, devoid of dorsal protuberance but with a rounded depression midway on dorsal margin, the outer portion tapering to a blunt end ; margins of uncus and apex of valves pilose. Fic. 143. Lipaphnaeus aderna aderna (Plotz), $ genitalia. GENERA OF AFRICAN LYCAENIDAE 161 The male genitalia of aderna spindasoides are identical to those of aderna aderna. Those of loxura and leonina (Text-fig. 144) are slightly different, but of the same type. I have not been able to examine euwstorgia, of which only the female holotype is known. The armatures of the three species of Lipaphnaeus examined are remote from those of Spindasis, but, on the other hand very close to those of Chloroselas and Desmoly- caena. Their general appearance is similarly different from Sfindasis. I conclude that Lipaphnaeus is a distinct, valid genus, not a subgenus. List OF SPECIES OF Lipaphnaeus *Lipaphnaeus aderna aderna (Plotz), 1880. Fig. Crowley, 1890 (as fallax and latifimbriata). fallax (E. Sharpe), 1890 ; latifimbriata (E. Sharpe), 1890. *Lipaphnaeus aderna pan (Talbot), 1935, Entomologist’s mon. Mag. 71 : 120, fig. *Lipaphnaeus aderna spindasoides (Aurivillius), 1916. Lipaphnaeus bicolor (E. Sharpe), see leonina. Lipaphnaeus eustorgia (Hulstaert), 1924, Revue zool. afr. 12 : 128. Lipaphnaeus fallax (E. Sharpe), see aderna. Lipaphnaeus latifimbriata (E. Sharpe), see aderna. Lipaphnaeus leonina leonina (E. Sharpe), 1890. Fig. Crowley, 1890. bicolor (E. Sharpe), 1891. *Lipaphnaeus leonina bitje (H. H. Druce), 1gto. Lipaphnaeus leonina ivoirensis Stempffer, 1966, Bull. Inst. fond. Afr. noire 28 : 1577) fig. Lipaphnaeus leonina paradoxa (Schultze), 1908. *Lipaphnaeus loxura (Rebel), 1914. Fic. 144. Lipaphnaeus leonina leonina (Sharpe), 3 genitalia. 162 H. STEMPFFER Genus CHLOROSELAS Butler Chloroselas Butler, 1886, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1885 : 765 ; Aurivillius, 1898 : 323 ; 1923 : 416; Murray, 1935 :90; Swanepoel, 1953: 168. Type-species : Chlovoselas esmeralda Butler, 1886, by original designation. Eyes glabrous ; palpi long, reaching beyond the frons, second segment ascending, wider and more curved than in Spindasis, clothed below with large erect scales, third segment hori- zontal, shorter than in Spindasis, clothed with adpressed scales ; antennae more slender than those of Spindasis, with a better differentiated, fusiform club ; thorax clothed below with white hair ; abdomen white-annulated ; 3 fore leg more slender than in Spindasis, tibia shorter than the femur, tarsus long, unsegmented, spinose below. Wing shape. Hind wing produced at the anal angle, a delicate tail at the end of 1b (in pseudozeritis, overlaeti, azuvea and taposana there is also a short delicate tail at the extremity of vein 2), an indistinct lobe at the anal angle. Wing venation (Text-fig. 303). Fore wing with 10 or I1 veins ; vein 11 is sometimes absent entirely ; when present, it is reduced to a short stalk joining the upper margin of the cell to the costal vein ; veins 6 and 7 are also sometimes slightly stalked. Individual variations of this kind are frequent. Male genitalia (Text-fig. 145). Dorsally similar to Lipaphnaeus, except that the apex of the uncus is less deeply divided and the lateral margins are serrate ; subunci long, evenly curved and tapering ; tegumen reduced, intimately fused to the uncus but not with the vinculum ; vinculum narrow with a subtriangular saccus ; lower fultura shield-shaped, with deeply notched apex ; valves oblong with blunt apices, their basal thirds fused together, the upper processes connected midway by a membranous band which surrounds the penis as in the preceding genera ; internal portion of penis ovoid, the external portion cylindrical with an obliquely truncate apex ; vesica with large cornuti ; uncus and distal extremity of valves pilose. The male genitalia of pseudozeritis, overlaeti, argentea and azurea closely resemble those of C. esmeralda, and in the first three the vesica encloses a sheaf of long, fine spines ; in azurea the external portion of the penis is slightly shorter and the vesica and devoid of cornuti. Fic. 145. Chlovoselas tamaniba esmeralda Butler, g genitalia. GENERA OF AFRICAN LYCAENIDAE 163 The caterpillar of C. pseudozeritis tytleri Riley has been described by Jackson (1937, Trans. R. ent. Soc. Lond. 86 : 218). It lives on Acacia stenocarpa Hochst. (ex. A. Rich) (Leguminosae), in symbiosis with ants of the genus Crematogaster. List OF SPECIES OF Chloroselas *Chloroselas argentea Riley, 1932, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (10) 10 : 145, fig. *Chloroselas azurea Butler, 1899. Chloroselas minima Jackson, 1965, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (13) 8 : 524, fig. Chloroselas ogadenensis Jackson, 1965, l.c. : 526, fig. *Chloroselas overlaeti Stempffer, 1956 : 36, fig. *Chloroselas pseudozeritis pseudozeritis (Trimen), 1873. *Chloroselas pseudozeritis tytleri Riley, 1932, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (10) 10: 147, fig. Chloroselas pseudozeritis tytleri f. umbrosa Talbot, 1935, Entomologist’s mon. Mag. 71 : 207, fig. Chloroselas tamaniba tamaniba (Walker), 1870. *Chloroselas tamaniba esmeralda Butler, 1886. Chloroselas taposana Riley, 1932, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (10) 10 : 146, fig. Chloroselas vansomereni Jackson, 1965, l.c. : 525, fig. Genus ZERITIS Boisduval Zeritis Boisduval, 1836, Spec. Gen. Lep. 1, pl. 22, fig. 6 ; Aurivillius (as a “ gen. nov.’’), 1898 : 333; 1924: 417. Type-species: Zeritis neriene Boisduval, by monotypy. Aurivillius, believing Boisduval’s Zeritis invalid, re-introduced the name as new. Eyes glabrous ; palpi rather short but extending beyond the frons, second segment clothed with long white scales, third segment cylindrical with rounded apex ; antennae about half the length of the costa, club elongated, not well differentiated ; 3 fore leg with tibia shorter than the femur, tarsus unsegmented, finely spinose below. Wing shape. Fore wing apex angular, outer margin very convex ; hind wing with two short, delicate tails, at the ends of vein 2 and rb, a small lobe at the anal angle. Wing venation (Text-fig. 304). Fore wing with only 10 veins. Male genitalia (Text-fig. 146). Uncus composed of two subtriangular rounded lobes ; subunci long, curved, with robust bases, tapering gradually to the apices with, on the inner margin of the basal half, a long apophysis ; tegumen with convex anterior edge ; im situ uncus and tegumen together are hood-shaped ; vinculum rather narrow, prolonged to form a short triangular saccus ; lower fultura fused to the base of the valves, asymmetrical, one branch having a spatulate apex bearing short spines, the other distinctly longer branch having a slightly serrate edge and tapering gradually to the pointed apex ; valves oblong, their upper processes connected by a membrane as in the preceding genera ; penis long, robust, weakly curved, with an obliquely truncated apex ; vesica containing numerous small cornuti ; uncus and distal portions of the valves pilose. The male genitalia of Z. pulcherima resembles so closely those of Z. neriene that one wonders whether these are two species or just two forms of one species, differing only by the markings on the underside of the wings. The male genitalia of Z. sorhagent and fontaine, whilst being of the same type as those of Z. neriene, differ 164 H. STEMPFFER from them in the following particulars :—in Z. sorhageni the lobes of the uncus are quadrangular, the subunci bear two small apophyses instead of one large one, and the two branches of the lower fultura are much stouter, though still asymmetrical. In fontainei the lobes of the uncus are rounded, there is only one small apophysis on the lower margin of the subunci, the protuberance on the margin of the tegumen is rounded and very large, and the branches of the inferior fultura are as in sorhagent. In the shape of the uncus, tegumen and subunci, the species of Zeritis are more closely allied to species of Axtocerses than to those of Chloroselas and Desmolycaena. List OF SPECIES OF Zeritis Zeritis aurivillii Schultze, 1908. Fig. Aurivillius in Seitz, 1924. *Zeritis fontainei Stempffer, 1956 : 35, fig. *Zeritis neriene neriene Boisduval, 1836. Zeritis neriene f. muzizii Bethune Baker, 1924, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (9) 14: 134. Zeritis neriene amine (Butler), 1874. *Zeritis pulcherrima Aurivillius, 1916. Fig. Aurivillius in Seitz, 1924. *Zeritis sorhageni (Dewitz), 1879. Genus DESMOLYCAENA Trimen Desmolycaena Trimen, 1898, Tvans. ent. Soc. Lond. 1898: 7 ; Aurivillius, 1898 : 334 ; 1924: 419 ; Swanepoel, 1953 : 169. Type-species : Desmolycaena mazoensis Trimen, by original designation. Eyes glabrous ; palpi long, ascending beyond the frons, second segment long, flattened laterally, clothed below with long, erect scales, third segment very short, slender, cylindrical, with obtuse apex, clothed with adpressed scales ; antennae three-fifths of length of costa, rather slender with a well differentiated, fusiform club ; thorax clothed below with long white Fic. 146. Zevitis neriene neriene Boisduval, 3 genitalia. GENERA OF AFRICAN LYCAENIDAE 165 hair ; legs short, rather robust ; 3 fore leg with femur clothed with white hairs, tibia shorter than femur, tarsus rather long, unsegmented, bearing long spines below. Wing shape. Fore wing with apex angular ; hind wing with a small filiform tail at the end of vein rb. Wing venation (Text-fig. 305). Fore wing with 11 veins; 11 free, but very close to the costal vein and sometimes in contact with it. As in Chlovoselas, variations in the venation are not rare. Riley cited examples in his original description of rogerst. Male genitalia (Text-fig. 147). The gf genitalia of D. mazoensis are very similar to those of Chloroselas esmeralda, except that the lateral margins of the uncus are not serrate and the apical depression is rounded instead of triangular ; the subunci are a little shorter and the vesica has no cornuti. The male genitalia of D. arabica are almost identical with those of D. mazoensis. On the other hand, those of D. vogersi (Text-fig. 148) differ’ considerably ; the dorsum is rectangular instead of oval and the subunci are reduced to two rudiments ; the inferior fultura, valves and penis are as in D. mazoensis. By the structure of the genitalia as well as by the markings of the wings, the species of the genus Desmoly- caena are closely allied to those of Chloroselas. Fic. 147. Desmolycaena mazoensis Trimen, ¢ genitalia. Fic. 148. Desmolycaena rogersi Riley, 3 genitalia. 166 H. STEMPFFER List OF SPECIES OF Desmolycaena *Desmolycaena arabica Riley, 1932, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (10) 10 : 148, fig. *Desmolycaena mazoensis Trimen, 18908. *Desmolycaena rogersi Riley, 1932 Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (10) 10 : 149, fig. Genus AXIOCERSES Hibner Axiocerses Hiibner, 1826, Verz. bek. Schmett.: 71; Aurivillius, 1898 : 334; 1924 : 419; Murray, 1935: 91; Pinhey, 1949: 105 ; Swanepoel, 1953 ; 162. Type-species : Papilio perion Stoll, 1781 (i.e. Papilio harpax nore 1775), by monotypy. Chrysorichia Wallengren, 1857, Rhop. Caffr. : 4 In 1857 Wallengren (Rhop. Caffr. : 44) ere the genus Chrysorichia for what he regarded as two species, which he called thyra Linn and tjoane sp. nov. These, according to Aurivillius, who had access to the type specimens, were in fact the male and female respectively of the species now known as Axiocerses harpax Fabricius. However, in 1875 Scudder selected “‘ thyva Linn”’ as the type-species. According to the present International Rules of Zoological Nomenclature, Article 70, a case such as this, in which the type-species of a genus has obviously been misidentified, is to be submitted to the Commission for a ruling. I propose therefore to invite the Commission to designate Papilio harpax Fabricius as the type-species of Chrysorichia, which will make that name an objective synonym of Axiocerses, and in the meantime to regard Chrysorichia as such. Eyes glabrous ; frons clothed with erect hairs ; palpi rather short, parallel, hardly protruding beyond the frons, second segment clothed with erect scales and hair, third segment short, acuminate, slightly ascending ; antennae more than half the length of the costa, white-annulated, club cylindrical, well differentiated ; thorax robust, clothed above with long silky hair and below with close woolly hair ; ¢ fore leg very robust, tibia as long as femur, both densely Fic. 149. Avxiocerses havpax harpax (Fabricius), 3 genitalia. GENERA OF AFRICAN LYCAENIDAE 167 clothed with hair, tibia with a dorsal outer spur and two inner apical spines, tarsus stout, unsegmented, clothed with short adpressed hair and bearing below long spines, the apical claw slightly curved ; mid and hind legs very robust, with tibiae shorter than femora, tarsi long and stout, strongly spinose below, the metatarsus very long. Wing shape. Fore wing with apex pointed, outer margin angled at the end of vein 4 ; hind wing oval, produced at the anal angle, outer margin slightly scalloped at the ends of the veins, a delicate tail at the end of vein 1b, a small, well marked lobe at the anal angle. Wing venation (Text-fig. 306). Fore wing with only Io veins. Male genitalia (Text-fig. 149, side view of genitalia, right valve removed and other parts in situ ; Text-fig. 150, postero-ventral view of genitalia, parts separated and flattened out) : uncus composed of two oval lobes ; subunci long, much swollen basally, bent in an acute angle, the free branch slender and ending in a widely open claw, the lower edge bearing a short apophysis at the angle ; tegumen lozenge-shaped ; im situ uncus and tegumen together are hood-shaped ; vinculum fairly wide, prolonged to form a short, robust saccus ; lower fultura composed of two long conical processes bristling with strong spines at the tip ; valves oblong, their upper processes rolled back on to the inner surface and connected in the middle by a thinly sclerotized band which passes above the penis ; penis long and robust, slightly curved, its internal portion swollen ; vesica (exserted in Text-fig. 150) encloses a number of large cornuti ; uncus and upper processes of the valves pilose. In bambana the inferior fultura is formed of two suboval lobes with rounded ends, a character which permits its easy separation from harpax, a species with which it is easily confused if reliance is placed only on the very variable external appearance (cf. Stempffer, 1957, Bull. Inst. fr. Afr. noire 19 : 217). On the other hand, in amanga the two branches of the inferior fultura are very long and tapering and extend beyond the tips of the valves. Fic. 150. Avxiocerses harpax harpax (Fabricius) g tegumen, penis ; harpax {. kadugli Talbot, valves. 168 H. STEMPFFER In punicea and jacksoni the inferior fultura is composed of lobes which are clearly longer than in bambana, and in jacksoni the subunci are devoid of apophyses. The early stages of A. amanga have been described by Jackson (1937, Trans. R. ent. Soc. Lond. 86 : 219) and Pinhey, 1949 : 106. The caterpillar lives on the leaves of Ximenia americana L., in symbiosis with ants (Camponotus niveosetosus Mayr). The caterpillar of the widely distributed A. harpax is so far unknown. List OF SPECIES OF A x10cerses *Axiocerses amanga amanga (Westwood), 1881. Fig. Trimen, 1887. *Axiocerses amanga mendeche (Smith), 1889. Fig. Aurivillius in Seitz, 1924. mendeche bistrigata Aurivillius, 1924 (9). Axiocerses amanga mendeche borealis Aurivillius, 1915. Axiocerses argenteomaculata Pagenstecher, 1902. *Axiocerses bambana Smith, 1goo. mendeche bistrigata Aurivillius, 1924 (4). Axiocerses baumi Weymer, 1901. Axiocerses croesus (Trimen), see harpax. Axiocerses cruenta (Trimen), see punicea. *Axiocerses harpax harpax (Fabricius), 1775. Fig. Cramer, 1781 (as perion). tjoane (Wallengren), 1857 ; croesus (Trimen), 1862 ; harpax piscatoris Clench, 1943. *Axiocerses harpax {. perion (Cramer), 1781. *Axiocerses harpax {. kadugli Talbot, 1935, Entomologist’s mon. Mag. 71 : 120, pl. 2,, fig..9: Axiocerses harpax efulena Clench, 1963, J/ New York ent. Soc. 71 : 183. Axiocerses harpax styx Rebel, 1908. Axiocerses harpax piscatoris Clench, see harpax. Axiocerses harpax ugandana Clench, 1863, l.c. : 184. * Axiocerses jacksoni Stempfier, 1948, Revue fr. Ent. 15 : 10, fig. genitalia. Axsiocerses maureli Dufrane, 1954, Bull. Annls Soc. R. ent. Belg. 90 : 284. *Axiocerses mendeche bistrigata Aurivillius ; 3 see bambana ; 2 see amanga mendeche. *Axiocerses punicea (Smith), 1889. Fig. Trimen, 1894 (as cruenta). cruenta (Trimen), 1894. Axiocerses tjoane (Wallengren), see harpax. Genus LEPTOMYRINA (LEPTOMYRINA) Butler Leptomyrina Butler, 1898, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1898 : 405 ; Aurivillius, 1898 : 335 ; 1924: 421 ; Murray, 1935 : 93 ; Pinhey, 1949 : 106 ; Swanepoel, 1953 : 171. Type-species : Hesperia phidias Fabricius, 1793, by original designation. Eyes smooth ; vertex and frons clothed with long erect hair ; palpi fairly long, horizontal, widely divergent, second segment clothed below with erect bristles, third segment long, acumin- ate ; antennae slender, a little longer than half the length of the costa, white-annulated, club GENERA OF AFRICAN LYCAENIDAE 169 short, ovoid, abruptly swollen ; thorax clothed above with long silky hair and below with close-set white hair ; ¢ fore leg with tibia shorter than the femur, tarsus unsegmented, finely spinose below. Wing shape. Fore wing apex angular, outer margin slightly convex, inner margin straight ; hind wing oval, produced at the anal angle, outer margin slightly scalloped, a filiform tail at the end of vein rb, a lobe at the anal angle, abdominal margin concave between the lobe and vein Ia. Wing venation (Text-fig. 307). Fore wing with only ro veins. Male genitalia (Text-fig. 151). _Uncus composed of two lobes with rounded apices, separated by the depression in the posterior margin of the tegumen ; subunci long, robust, bent at an acute angle, tapering gradually to the apex, a short apophysis on the lower edge at the bend ; tegumen large, hood-shaped ; vinculum very wide with a short saccus ; no lower fultura ; valves small in relation to the dorsal structures, simple, apical margin Serrate, upper margin with a protuberance at the second point of attachment ; penis elongate, swollen at the base and slightly expanded at the apex ; vesica covered with fine cornuti which give it a shagreened appearance ; uncus and distal halves of valves finely pilose. The male genitalia of Leptomyrina are quite similar to those of certain Hypolycaena. It seems to me therefore that these two genera ought to be placed close together and not far apart as in Aurivillius’ classification, in which Leptomyrina is inserted between the group containing Aphnaeus, Spindasis, Axiocerses etc., and the Phasis group, with which they have no true affinity, at least no more than a resemblance in external facies. The male genitalia of L. hirundo, L. boschi and L. sudanica closely resemble those of L. phidias. List OF SPECIES OF Leptomyrina (Leptomyrina) *Leptomyrina boschi Strand, 1g11._ Fig. Aurivillius in Seitz, 1924. Leptomyrina handmani Gifford, 1965, Butt. Malawi : 53, figs. *Leptomyrina hirundo (Wallengren), 1857. Fig. Trimen, 1866. Leptomyrina makala Bethune Baker, 1908. Fic. 151. Leptomyrina (Leptomyrina) phidias (Fabricius), 3 genitalia. 170 H. STEMPFFER *Leptomyrina phidias (Fabricius), 1793. Fig. Mabille, 1885. rabe (Boisduval), 1833. Leptomyrina rabe (Boisduval), see phidias. *Leptomyrina sudanica Stempftfer, 1964 : 1285, fig. LEPTOMYRINA (GONATOMYRINA) Aurivillius Gonatomyrina Aurivillius, 1924, in Seitz, Macrolep. World 13 : 422. Type-species : Papilio lava Linnaeus, 1764, by monotypy. Only distinguished from other species of Leptomyrina by the shape of the hind wing in which the filiform tail at vein rb is lacking but, on the other hand, the actual anal angle is produced as a triangular prolongation which forms a kind of broad, blunt tail. The anal lobe is absent. These characters are accentuated in L. gorgias which Aurivillius regarded as a variety of lara. Male genitalia (Text-fig. 152). Similar to those of other species of Leptomyrina ; those of gorgias almost identical with lara. The early stages of Gonatomyrina have been dealt with in the following publica- tions :—Murray, 1935 ; Clark and Dickson, 1944, J. ent. Soc. sth. Afr. 7 : 97 and 1947, 10: 128 ; Pinhey 1949: 106. The larvae of Java and gorgias live within the leaves of fleshy plants of the genera Cotyledon, Kalanchoe, Echeveria, Crassula and Mesembryanthemum, feeding on their tissues. It was principally on the characters of larval chaetotaxy that Clark and Dickson specifically separated gorgias and lara (1957, J. ent. Soc. sth. Afr. 20 : 333). List OF SPECIES OF Leptomyrina (Gonatomyrina) *Leptomyrina (Gonatomyrina) gorgias (Stoll), 1790. *Leptomyrina (Gonatomyrina) lara lara (Linne), 1764. Leptomyrina (Gonatomyrina) lara cana Talbot, 1935, Entomologist’s mon. Mag. (1: 12m) Leptomyrina (Gonatomyrina) lara sobrina Talbot, 1935 : 121. Fic. 152. Leptomyrina (Gonatomyrina) lara lava (Linnaeus), ¢ genitalia. GENERA OF AFRICAN LYCAENIDAE 171 Genus CAPYS Hewitson Capys Hewitson, 1865, Jil. Diuwrn. Lep.: 59; Aurivillius, 1898 : 337, 1924 : 423; Murray, 1935 : 36; Swanepoel, 1953: 156. Type-species: Papilio alphaeus Cramer, 1777, by original designation. Scoptes Hiibner, [1819], Verz. bek. Schmett. : 111, an unused senior synonym of Capys is the subject of an application to the Commission, under Article 23 (b), for rejection. Head broad ; eyes large, densely pilose ; frons clothed with erect hair ; palpi horizontal, second segment laterally compressed, third segment short and slender in the ¢, slender but much longer in the 2 ; antennae about two-thirds the length of the costa, club fusiform, well differentiated ; thorax robust, clothed with long hair ; 3 fore leg with tibia much shorter than femur, tarsus unsegmented, finely spinose below ; mid and hind legs with tibiae shorter than femora, metatarsi very long. ; Wing shape. Fore wing, apex pointed, outer margin very oblique ; hind wing oval, pro- duced at the anal angle, outer margin slightly scalloped, a short obtuse projection at the end of vein tb. Male secondary sexual characters : on underside of fore wing a tuft of hairs in the middle of the inner margin ; on upperside of hind wing a small scaly spot at the origin of vein 7. These characters are present in the type-species, alphaeus, and in disjunctus and penningtoni ; they are absent in brunneus and catharus. Wing venation (Text-fig. 308). Fore wing with 11 veins. Male genitalia (Text-fig. 153). Uncus composed of two lobes separated by the rounded depression of the distal margin of the tegumen ; subunci long, bent at an acute angle, tapering gradually in the apical third ; tegumen large, im situ hood-shaped ; vinculum narrow with an indistinct saccus ; no lower fultura ; valves very elongate, narrow, fused together on the lower edge for about half their length, apex slightly hook-shaped ; penis elongate, widely open dorsally for almost the whole length of its internal portion, the external portion narrowing gradually to a slightly wider, obliquely truncate apex ; vesica with a series of large cornuti and many smaller ones ; uncus and upper edges of the distal part of valves clothed with long, fine hair. The male genitalia of C. catharus are almost identical with those of C. alphaeus, except for some minor differences in the valves. The male genitalia of these two species of Capys resemble those of species of Dewdorix and indicate a generic affinity to which Hewitson called attention in his original description of Capys. The early stages of C. alphaeus and C. disjunctus Trimen have been described by Dr. J. Lunt and J. F. Leigh (see Murray, 1935 : 97-8) and by C. G. C. Dickson (1947, J. ent. Soc. sth. Afr. 10: 128). The larva of penningtoni has been described by Pennington (1946, J. ent. Soc. sth. Afr. 9 : 22). Fic. 153. Capys alphaeus (Cramer), 3 genitalia. 172 H. STEMPEPER LIST OF SPECIES OF Capys *Capys alphaeus (Cramer), 1777. brunneus Aurivillius, 1916. *Capys catharus catharus Riley, 1932, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (10) 10 : 144, fig. (3) ; Stoneham, 1938, Bull. Stoneham Mus. No. 36 : 36 (9). Capys catharus rileyi Stoneham, 1938, l.c. : 36. Capys disjunctus disjunctus Trimen, 1895. Capys disjunctus bamendanus Schultze, 1909. Capys disjunctus connexivus Butler, 1897. Capys penningtoni Riley, 1932, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (10) 10 : 142, fig. Genus PHASIS Hiibner Phasis Hiibner, 1826, Verz. bekannt. Schmett : 73. Type-species : Papilio salmoneus Cramer, 1781 (Papilio thero Linnaeus, 1764) designated by Scudder, 1875. Phasis Hibner (partim), Aurivillius, 1898 : 337 ; 1924 : 424 ; Swanepoel, 1953 : 121. Pseudocapys Murray, 1935 : 106. Type-species, by original designation, Papilio thevo Linnaeus. Murray (1935 : 103) erroneously attempted to designate, as type-species of Phasis, Papilio pierus Cramer, which was not one of the originally included species (see Aloeides). Pseudocapys Murray is an objective junior synonym of Phasis Hubner. Head rather broad ; eyes glabrous ; frons clothed with long, erect hair ; palpi long, second segment robust, ascending, clothed with scales, third segment rather long, slender ; antennae about half the length of the costa, robust, gradually increasing in thickness to the clavate end ; thorax robust, clothed below with woolly hair ; ¢ fore leg with tarsus unsegmented. Wing shape. Fore wing with costa arched at the base then straight, apex truncate, outer margin straight from the apex to vein 5, deeply concave between veins 5 and 3 and convex MN a. ~Pagginins Fic. 154. Phasis thero thevo (Linnaeus), 3 genitalia. GENERA OF AFRICAN LYCAENIDAE 173 from 3 to the inner angle ; hind wing subtriangular, costa convex at the base, outer margin scalloped at the ends of vein 5 to 3, a short, rounded tail at the end of vein 2 and another slightly longer at the end of vein 1b, a small, weak lobe at the anal angle. Wing venation (Text-fig. 309). Fore wing with 12 veins. Male genitalia (Text-fig. 154). Uncus subrectangular, the distal margin rounded at the sides and with a slight median, obtuse protuberance ; subunci long and robust, strongly curved, tapering evenly to the apices ; tegumen oval, its proximal edge jutting out towards segment 8 ; in situ uncus and tegumen together are hood-shaped ; vinculum narrow, with a robust tri- angular saccus ; lower fultura crescentic ; valves oblong, subtriangular, with rounded, serrated apices, the edges of the upper processes folded over the inner surface and connected by a mem- brane which sheathes the penis, as in species of A phnaeus, Spindasis, A xiocerses, etc. ; penis short and massive, swollen in its internal portion and with obliquely truncate apex ; vesica enclosing numerous long delicate spines ; uncus and distal portions of the valves clothed in fine, delicate hair. é The male genitalia of sardonyx and argyraspis are of the same type as those of P. thero although the saccus is less developed. The lower fultura is shield-shaped in argyraspis ; but composed of two long digitate processes in sardonyx. The early i of P. thero have been well studied by Gowan C., Clark, 1942, J. ent. Soc. sth. Afr. 5 : 111-115, pl. ai the caterpillar feeds on Rhus longisperma, in association with the ants called “ cocktailed ants ’ List OF SPECIES OF Phasis *Phasis argyraspis (Trimen), 1873. Phasis argyraspis {. labuschagnei van Son, 1959, Koedoe 2 : 56. Phasis erosine (Fabricius), see thero. Phasis pulsius (Herbst), see thero. Phasis rumina (Drury), see thero. Phasis salmoneus (Cramer), see thero. *Phasis sardonyx (Trimen), 1868. Phasis sardonyx {. peringueyi Aurivillius, 1924 : 430. Phasis sardonyx {. knobeli van Son, 1959, Koedoe 2 : 56. *Phasis thero thero (Linne), 1764. Fig. Drury, 1773 (as rumina). ryumina (Drury), 1773 ; salmoneus (Cramer), 1781 ; erosine (Fabricius), 1787 ; pulsius (Herbst), 1793. Phasis thero clavum Murray, 1935 : 104, fig. (regarded by Swanepoel, 1953, as a distinct species). Genus ALOEIDES Hibner Aloeides Hiibner, 1826, Verz. bekannt. Schmett : 73. Type-species : Papilio pierus Cramer, 1779, selected by Scudder, 1875. Phasis Hiibner (partim); Aurivillius, 1898 : 337; 1924:424; Murray, 1935 : 113; Swanepoel, 1953 : 125. Head rather broad ; eyes glabrous ; frons clothed with erect hair ; palpi long, second segment ascending, laterally compressed, clothed below with close-set long scales, third segment short and conical ; thorax robust, clothed below with close-set hair ; ¢ fore leg with tibia 174 H. STEMPFFER shorter than femur, tarsus unsegmented and finely spinose below ; mid and hind legs with tibiae shorter than femora. Wing shape. Fore wing with costa arched at the base, then straight, apex pointed, outer margin slightly convex ; hind wing oval, apex rounded, outer margin slightly scalloped at the ends of veins 2 and 3, a small rounded projection at the end of vein 1b. Wing shape is not uniform in the genus Aloeides. In wallengreni the anal angle is much more produced. On the other hand, in barklyi the hind margin of the hind wings is almost evenly rounded. Wing venation (Text-fig. 310). Veins 6 and 7 of the fore wings arise from a short common stalk. Male genitalia (Text-fig. 155). Uncus trapezoidal, distal margin feebly convex and forming the long base of the trapezoid ; subunci robust, bent near the base and tapering gradually to their apices ; the proximal edge of the tegumen forms a large rounded projection directed towards the eighth abdominal segment, im situ uncus and tegumen together are hood-shaped ; Fic. 155. Aloeides pierus (Cramer), g genitalia. Fic. 156. Aloeides thyra thyra (Linnaeus), § genitalia. GENERA OF AFRICAN LYCAENIDAE 175 vinculum rather narrow, with a rounded saccus ; lower fultura a triangular plate with a shallow notch at the apex ; valves oblong with rounded apices, their upper processes folded over the inner surface, and connected by a membrane which passes over the penis ; penis robust, widely open dorsally in its internal portion, swollen in the middle and with obliquely truncate apex ; vesica enclosing small cornuti and delicate spines ; distal margins of uncus and valves sparsely pilose. As in the type-species, A. pierus, the distal margin of the uncus is straight or feebly convex in aranda, damarensis, molomo, orthrus and thyra (Text-fig. 156). In barklyi it is very convex. On the other hand it is slightly concave in taikosama and almeida. In wallengrem (Text-fig. 157) the uncus is distinctly different in form, being subrectangular with a shallow depression on the distal margin, lateral angles rounded and sides straight, the subunci angled further from the ‘base, equally thick throughout, instead of tapered and ending in a blunt tip. A. malagrida approaches wallengrent in the form of its uncus. The larva of A. pierus has been described by Dickson (1945, J. ent. Soc. sth. Afr. 8: 161). It lives on a species of Aspalathus (Leguminosae). List OF SPECIES OF Aloeides Aloeides aglaspis (Trimen), see malagrida. *Aloeides almeida (Felder), 1862. Fig. Felder, 1865, Reise Novara. *Aloeides aranda aranda (Wallengren), 1857. Fig. Aurivillius in Seitz, 1924. mars (Trimen), 1862 ; pierus var. A. Trimen, 1866. Aloeides aranda {. rougemonti (Oberthiir), 1910. Aloeides aranda zilka Smith, 1goo. *Aloeides barklyi (Trimen), 1874. *Aloeides conradsi (Aurivillius), 1907. Fig. Aurivillius in Seitz, 1924. Fic. 157. Aloeides wallengreni (Trimen), ¢ genitalia. 176 H.STEMPFFER Aloeides conradsi {. ochraceus (Joicey & Talbot), 1924, Bull. Hill Mus. Witley 1 : 546. *Aloeides damarensis (Trimen), 1891. Aloeides damarensis {. punctata (Aurivillius), 1924. Aloeides euadrus (Fabricius), 3, see pierus ; 9, see thyra. Aloeides griseus Riley, 1921, Trans. ent. Soc. Lond. 1921 : 251, fig. *Aloeides malagrida (Wallengren), 1854. Fig. Murray, 1935. aglaspis (Trimen), 1862. Aloeides mars (Trimen), see avanda. Aloeides marshalli (Aurivillius), 1924. *Aloeides molomo molomo (Trimen), 1870. Aloeides molomo mumbuensis Riley, 1921, Trans. ent. Soc. Lond. 1921 : 250, fig. Aloeides molomo kiellandi Carcasson, 1961, Occ. Pap. Coryndon meml Mus. No.7 : 16, fig: Aloeides nycetus (Cramer), see thyra. *Aloeides orthrus (Trimen), 1874. *Aloeides pierus (Cramer), 1779. euadrus (Fabricius), 1787 (g) ; swetonius (Fabricius), 1793. Aloeides pierus var. A Trimen, see avanda. Aloeides pierus var. B Trimen, see taikosama. Aloeides simplex (Trimen), 1893. Aloeides suetonius (Fabricius), see pierus. * Aloeides taikosama (Wallengren), 1857. Fig. Aurivillius in Seitz, 1924. pierus var. B Trimen, 1866. *Aloeides thyra thyra (Linnaeus), 1764. Fig. Hiibner, Samml. Exot. Schmett. 1816-24. nycetus (Cramer), 1781 ; euadrus (Fabricius), 1787, 9. Aloeides thyra {. egerides (Riley), 1938, Trans. R. ent. Soc. Lond. 87 : 238. *Aloeides thyra f. pallida (Riley), 1938 : 238. *Aloeides thyra dentatis (Swiestra), 1909. Aloeides thyra maseruna (Riley), 1938, Trans. R. ent. Soc. Lond. 87 : 2309, fig. *Aloeides wallengreni (Trimen), 1887. Fig. Trimen, 1866 (as malagrida). Genus POECILMITIS Butler Poecilmitis Butler, 1899, Entomologist 32 : 78. Type-species : Zeritis lycegenes Trimen, by original designation. Phasis Hiibner (partim) ; Aurivillius, 1898 : 340 ; 1924 : 430 ; Murray, 1935 : 107 ; Swane- poel, 1953 : 135. Eyes glabrous, palpi long, ascending, second segment very long, laterally compressed, clothed below with erect hair, third segment short, laterally compressed, apex blunt ; antennae about half the length of the costa, becoming gradually stouter right up to the poorly differentiated club ; ¢ fore leg with tibia shorter than femur, tarsus unsegmented, finely spinose below. GENERA OF AFRICAN LYCAENIDAE 177 Wing shape. Fore wing, costa arched at the base, then straight, apex slightly rounded, outer margin convex ; hind wing oval, apex rounded, outer margin slightly scalloped at the endings of the veins. The shape of the hind wing is not constant in the genus Poecilmitis. Whilst in aethon, dicksoni, and pyroeis it is approximately the same as in the type-species, there is a short broad tail at vein Ib in chrysaor, palmus and felthami which is more or less pronounced also in the thysbe group. Wing venation (Text-fig. 311). Fore wing with 12 veins ; 6 and 7 from the upper angle of the cell. Male genitalia (Text-fig. 158). Uncus roughly rectangular with broadly rounded angles and a shallow median depression in the distal margin ; subunci long, curved; robust, with a short apophysis on the lower edge of the curve, apex blunt ; tegumen oval ; vinculum rather narrow with a short rounded saccus ; lower fultura small, shield-shaped, notched apically ; valves oblong, with apex digitate, the upper processes connected on their inner surfaces by a thin membrane which surrounds the penis ; penis long ; curving, swollen at its base, apex obliquely truncate ; uncus and distal portion of valves sparsely pilose. In P. thysbe, P. palmus, P. felthanu, P. chrysaor and P. aethon, the subunci bear an apophysis as in lycegenes. This is lacking in dicksont. In aethon and felthami the saccus is rounded and not prominent, but in thysbe, palmus and chrysaor it is quadrangular and very prominent. The early stages of thysbe, palmus, chrysaor and pyroeis have been described by Dickson 1943 (J. ent. Soc. sth. Afr. 6:37; 1944, 7:97; 1945, 8:99; 1947, orzo, 10: 128 ; 1948, 11 : 50). List OF SPECIES OF Poecilmitis Poecilmitis adonis Pennington, 1962, J. ent. Soc. sth. Afr. 25 : 277, fig. *Poecilmitis aethon (Trimen), 1887. Poecilmitis aridus Pennington, 1953, J. ent. Soc. sth. Afr. 16 : 104, fig. Poecilmitis atlantica Dickson, 1966, Entomologist’s Rec. ]. Var. 78 : 181, fig. Poecilmitis beaufortia Dickson, 1966, l.c., 78 : 109, fig. *Poecilmitis chrysaor (Trimen), 1864. Fig. Trimen, 1887. Fic. 158. Poecilmitis lycegenes (Trimen), ¢ genitalia. 178 H. STEMPFFER *Poecilmitis dicksoni (Gabriel), 1947, Entomologist 80 : 60. Poecilmitis endymion Pennington, 1962, J. ent. Soc. sth. Afr. 25 : 274, fig. *Poecilmitis felthami (Trimen), 1904. * Poecilmitis lycegenes (Trimen), 1874. Poecilmitis lycia Riley, 1938, Trans. R. ent. Soc. Lond. 87 : 242, fig. Poecilmitis lyncurium (Trimen), 1868. Fig. Trimen, 1887. Poecilmitis lysander Pennington, 1962, J. ent. Soc. sth. Afr. 25 : 275, fig. Poecilmitis midas Pennington, 1962 : 272, fig. Poecilmitis nais (Cramer), see thysbe. *Poecilmitis nigricans (Aurivillius), 1924. Fig. Murray, 1935. *Poecilmitis palmus (Cramer), 1781. Poecilmitis pan Pennington, 1962, J. ent. Soc. sth. Afr. 25 : 273, fig. Poecilmitis pelion Pennington, 1953, J. ent. Soc. sth. Afr. 16 : 106, fig. Poecilmitis penningtoni Riley, 1938, Trans. R. ent. Soc. Lond. 87 : 239, fig. Poecilmitis phosphor (Trimen), 1864. Fig. Trimen, 1866. Poecilmitis pyramus Pennington, 1953, J. ent. Soc. sth. Afr. 16 : 105, fig. Poecilmitis pyroeis (Trimen), 1864. Fig. Trimen, 1866. Poecilmitis splendens (Swainson), see thysbe. Poecilmitis swanepoeli Dickson, 1965, J. ent. Soc. sth. Afr. 27 : 160, figs. *Poecilmitis thysbe thysbe (Linn.), 1764. Fig. Butler, 1868. nats (Cramer), 1775 ; splendens (Swainson), 1833. *Poecilmitis thysbe osbecki (Aurivillius), 1882. Fig. genitalia, Stempffer, 1945, Ann. Socvent. Fr. : 82. Poecilmitis thysbe brooksi Riley, 1938, Trans. R. ent. Soc., 87 : 241, fig. Poecilmitis thysbe trimeni Riley, 1938 : 240, fig. Poecilmitis turneri Riley, 1938 : 241, fig. Poecilmitis uranus Pennington, 1962, J. ent. Soc. sth. Afr. 25 : 277, fig. Fic. 159. Chrysoritis oveas (Trimen), 3 genitalia. GENERA OF AFRICAN LYCAENIDAE 179 Genus CHRYSORITIS Butler Chrysoritis Butler, 1898, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1897 : 848. Type-species : Zeritis oreas Trimen, by original designation. Phasis Hiibner (partim) ; Aurivillius, 1898 : 340 ; 1924 : 431 ; Murray, 1935 : 107, 113, 116 ; Swanepoel, 1953 : 127, 144, 146. Eyes glabrous ; vertex clothed with long brown erect hair ; palpi long, second segment extending well beyond the frons, clothed above with adpressed scales and below with long white hair, third segment very short with blunt tip ; antennae about half the length of the costa, becoming gradually stouter right up to the poorly differentiated club, which is elongate and bright orange beneath ; thorax robust, clothed below with white hair ; ¢ fore leg, femur flattened, tibia shorter than femur, tarsus unsegmented, finely spinose below. Wing shape. Fore wing costa almost straight, apex somewhat rounded, outer margin strongly convex, hind wing with a small rounded projection at the end of vein rb. Wing venation (Text-fig. 312). Fore wing with 11 or 12 veins. In his description of Poecilmitis, Butler stated that oveas has only 11 veins in the fore wing. This assertion is repeated by Aurivillius (1924 : 429) ; it is, however, incorrect. A close examination reveals that vein 8 is present, though short and not very apparent ; on the other hand vein 8 is lacking in zewxo and chrysantas, which in consequence have only II veins in the fore wing. It is quite possible that vein 8 was absent in the specimen examined by Butler, the character being a variable one. Male genitalia (Text-fig. 159). Uncus subrectangular, the distal edge slightly depressed in the middle, lateral angles broadly rounded ; subunci long, robust, bent at about two-fifths of their length from the base, devoid of apophyses, apex blunt, tegumen subrectangular, in situ uncus and tegumen together hood-shaped ; vinculum narrow, no saccus, lower fultura shield- shaped with a deep apical notch ; valves oblong with rounded apices, their upper processes connected by a membrane which surrounds the penis, as is the case throughout the Phasis group ; penis elongate, swollen in the middle, the external portion dilated just before the obliquely truncated apex ; uncus and distal parts of the valves pilose. The male genitalia of zewxo and chrysantas are of the same type as those of oreas, but the distal margin of the uncus, instead of being concave, bears a weak median prominence, the subunci have an apophysis and the saccus is quadrangular and very prominent. The early stages of C. zewxo have been described by Dickson (1952, Trans. R. Soc. So. Ayr. 23 : 447, fig.). The two genera, Poecilmitis and Chrysoritis, are not sharply defined. The type- species of Chrysoritis (oreas) has 12 veins in the fore wing, like Poecilmitis. The two genera could well be united. LIST OF SPECIES OF Chrysoritis *Chrysoritis chrysantas (Trimen), 1868. *Chrysoritis oreas (Trimen), 1891. Fig. Trimen, 1906. *Chrysoritis zeuxo zeuxo (Linnaeus), 1764. Fig. Trimen, 1866. Chrysoritis zeuxo zonarius (Riley), 1938, Trans. R. ent. Soc. Lond. 87 : 239, fig. 180 H. STEMPFFER Genus CRUDARIA Wallengren Crudaria Wallengren, 1875, Ofvers K. svenska VetenskAkad. Férh. 32 : 86 ; Aurivillius, 1924 : 431 ; Swanepoel, 1953 : 149. Type-species : Arhopala leroma Wallengren, by monotypy. Phasis Hiibner (partim) ; Aurivillius, 1898 : 343 ; Murray, 1935 : 106. Head rather broad ; eyes glabrous, palpi long, ascending, second segment laterally com- pressed, clothed with long scales and hair, third segment long, slender, acuminate ; antennae slightly more than half the length of the costa, becoming gradually stouter up to the poorly differentiated fusiform club ; thorax rather robust, thickly clothed below with white hair ; 3 fore leg with tibia shorter than femur, tarsus rather slender, unsegmented, finely spinose below ; mid and hind legs with tibiae shorter than femora. Wing shape. Fore wing with costa arched at its base then straight, apex angular, outer margin convex between apex and vein 4, then straight ; hind wing oval, outer margin rounded, a short delicate tail at the end of vein 1b a small lobe at the anal angle. Wing venation (Text-fig. 313). Fore wing with 11 veins ; hind wing cell short. Male genitalia (Text-fig. 160). Uncus composed of two large semicircular lobes separated by the rounded depression on the distal edge of the tegumen ; subunci much reduced, curved, apex blunt, with a short rounded apophysis on the lower margin, tegumen large ; vinculum fairly broad with a rounded saccus ; lower fultura consists of a triangular plate with deeply notched base ; valves oblong with digitate apices, their upper margins connected in the middle by a membrane ; penis elongate, robust, swollen at the base, apex obliquely truncate ; uncus and apices of valves clothed with long, fine hair. The early stages of Crudaria leroma have been described by Gowan Clarke (1958, J. ent. Soc. sth. Afr. 24 : 127). List OF SPECIES OF Crudaria Crudaria capensis van Son, 1956, Ann. Transv. Mus. 22 : 505. Crudaria delagoensis (E. Sharpe), see leroma. *Crudaria leroma leroma (Wallengren), 1857. Fig. Trimen, 1870. zorites (Hewitson), 1874 ; delagoensis (E. Sharpe), 1891. Crudaria leroma albomaculate Aurivillius, 1924 : 432. Crudaria zorites (Hewitson), see leroma. Fic. 160. Cvrudaria leroma leroma (Wallengren), ¢ genitalia. GENERA OF AFRICAN LYCAENIDAE 181 Genus ERIKSSONIA Trimen Evikssonia Trimen, 1891, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1891 : 91 ; Aurivillius, 1898 : 343 ; 1924 : 432. Type-species : Erikssonia acraeina Trimen, by monotypy. Head small, downy ; eyes glabrous ; palpi long, parallel, horizontal, second segment laterally compressed, clothed below with long white scales, third segment long, acuminate ; antennae rather short, thick, with a blunt ill-defined club ; thorax short and slender ; ¢ fore leg, tibia with a strong apical spur, tarsus longer than the tibia, unsegmented, ending in a long sharp pointed claw ; mid and hind legs, tibiae with a short spur, metatarsi longer than the tibiae, terminal claws large and strong. Wing shape. Fore wing with costa weakly arched at the base then straight, outer margin convex ; hind wing oval, apex rounded, outer margin slightly scalloped at the ends of veins 3 and 2, an obtuse projection at the end of vein rb. . Wing venation (Text-fig. 314). Fore wing with 12 veins. Male genitalia (Text-fig. 161). Uncus crescent-shaped ; subunci long, curved, robust at the base then slender to the blunt apex ; tegumen with convex proximal edge ; uncus and tegumen together hood-shaped ; vinculum rather narrow with a weak rounded saccus ; lower fultura shield-shaped with a deep notch in the upper edge ; valves oblong with rounded apices, their upper processes connected together by a membrane which surrounds the penis ; penis swollen at its base, apex obliquely truncate ; vesica armed with large cornuti ; uncus and apices of valves sparsely pilose. The male genitalia of E. cooksoni are of the same type as those of E. acraeina. In his generic description Trimen wrote “ Erikssonia exhibits considerable divergence from the typical groups of the family and is probably best placed between Zeritis and Mimacraea, but nearer to the former than the latter’’. It is true that Erikssonia belongs to the same subfamily as Zeritis, Axiocerses, Phasis etc. but on the other hand it has no affinity whatever with Mimacraea. Trimen mentions that E. acraeina bears a superficial resemblance to certain species of Acraea, e.g. to Acraea buxtoni on the upperside and to A. axina and A. atergatis on the underside. He attributes this resemblance to mimicry. List OF SPECIES OF Erikssonia *Erikssonia acraeina Trimen, 1891. *Erikssonia cooksoni H. H. Druce, 1905. Fic. 161. Evikssonia acraeina Trimen, ¢ genitalia. 182 H. STEMPFFER Genus THESTOR Hiibner Thestoy Hiibner, 1823, Verz. bek. Schmett. (5) : 73 ; Swanepoel, 1953 : 149. Type-species : Papilio petalus Cramer, 1779 (Papilio protumnus Linnaeus, 1764), designated by Scudder (1875, Proc. Am. Acad. Arts Sci. 10 : 281). Arvugia Wallengren, 1872, Ofvers. K. svenska VetenskAkad. Férh. 29:47; Aurivillius, 1898: 343; 1924 : 433 ; Murray, 1933 : 99. Head small ; eyes glabrous ; palpi long, extending far beyond the frons, second segment clothed below with white adpressed scales, third segment with a blunt apex, palpi longer in 9 than in § ; antennae very short, thick shaft gradually increasing in thickness from the base to the undifferentiated club, which has a rounded apex ; thorax robust ; abdomen long and thick, especially in the 2; legs short, scaly, tibiae much shorter than femora and without apical spurs ; ¢ fore tarsus distinctly five-segmented like that of the female, and with two curved terminal claws. Wing-shape. Fore wing costa straight, apex slightly rounded, outer margin slightly convex, inner margin straight and much shorter than the costa ; hind wing oval, outer margin convex, anal angle very rounded. In their massive build and dull brown and black colours, the species of Thestoy have more the appearance of Hesperiidae than Lycaenidae. Wing venation (Text-fig. 315). Fore wing with 11 veins. Male genitalia (Text-fig. 162). Uncus a narrow band whose distal edge bears in the middle two very long recurved processes, each with a sharp pointed apex ; subunci long, curved, rather slender ; tegumen subrectangular ; vinculum narrow with a saccus ; above the penis are two subtriangular processes which have a blunt and slightly serrate apex, and are connected by a membrane both to the dorsal section of the vinculum and to the middle of the dorsal edge of the valves [Van Son, in his paper on some species of Thestor (1957, Ann. Transv. Mus. 21 : 442, fig.) gave these processes the name of “‘ Labiles’’. I believe that they correspond to the upper fultura] ; lower fultura crescentic, fused to the base of valves, valves oblong, distal portion widened, with an almost straight terminal edge ; penis elongate, robust at the base, curved, tapering gradually in its external portion, vesica clothed with numerous cornuti which give it a shagreened appearance ; uncus almost glabrous, distal portion of valves pilose. Fic. 162. Thestor protumnus protumnus (Linnaeus), $ genitalia. GENERA OF AFRICAN LYCAENIDAE 183 I have examined the male genitalia of Thester brachycora, T. obscurus, T. holmest and T. strutti. Bethune Baker (1914, Trans. ent. Soc. Lond. 1914 : 333) described and figured those of T. basuta. van Son (1949, Ann. Transv. Mus. 21 : 215) dealt with T. penningtom and the same author (1951, Ann. Transv. Mus. 21 : 440) described those of dukei, obscurus, holmesi, penningtomi and strutti. Pennington (1962, J. ent. Soc. sth. Afr. 25 : 281) figured the male genitalia of vansoni, petra, tempe, rileyi and obscurus. A comparison of these works shows clearly that all the species examined belong to the same type as T. protumnus, the type-species of the genus. The genus Thestor seems to be at the same time both very specialized and very homogeneous. Bethune Baker (1914, Trans. ent. Soc. Lond. 1914 : 333) found some resemblance between the dorsal elements of T. basuwto and of Mimacraea. I do not believe, however, that there is any affinity between these two genera. The uncus in Mimacraea is asymmetrical ; in Thestor it is not. In Mimacraea the tegumen is extremely reduced and subunci are absent ; they are well developed in Thestor. The only resemblance lies in the two long curved and pointed processes of the uncus, which are a quite spectacular character, but not one to which any considerable taxonomic importance should, in my opinion, be attributed, since it recurs in various degrees of development in several other widely separated groups, for example in Myrina ficedula and certain species of palaearctic Theclinae such as icana, butleri and attilia. The early stages of E. protumnus, E. basuta, E. brachycera and E. obscurus have been described by Murray (1935 : 99), Dickson (1945, J. ent. Soc. sth. Afr. 8: 151) and, in the same journal, by Clark (1960, 23 : 279, 282). List OF SPECIES OF Thestor Thestor basuta (Wallengren), 1857. Fig. Trimen, 1887. zaraces (Hewitson), 1874. *Thestor brachycera (Trimen), 1883. Fig. Trimen, 1887. Thestor braunsi van Son, 1941, J. ent. Soc. sth. Afr. 4 : 186. Thestor dicksoni dicksoni Riley, 1954, Entomologist 87 : 98, fig. Thestor dicksoni calviniae Riley, 1954 : 101, fig. Thestor dukei van Son, 1951, Ann. Transv. Mus. 21 : 439, fig. *Thestor holmesi van Son, 1951 : 441, fig. Thestor montanus montanus van Son, 1941, J. ent. Soc. sth. Afr. 4 : 19I. Thestor montanus pictus van Son, 1941 : 192. Thestor murrayi Swanepoel, 1953, J. ent. Soc. sth. Afr. 16 : 191, fig. *Thestor obscurus van Son, 1941, J. ent. Soc. sth. Afr. 4 : 186. Thestor penningtoni van Son, 1949, Ann. Transv. Mus. 21 : 214, fig. Thestor petalus (Cramer), see protwmnus. Thestor petra Pennington, 1962, J. ent. Soc. sth. Afr. 25 : 280, fig. *Thestor protumnus protumnus (Linnaeus), 1764. Fig. Cramer, 1779 (as petalus). petalus (Cramer), 1779 ; stluius (Fabricius), 1787. 184 H. STEMPFFER Thestor protumnus aridus van Son, 1941, J. ent. Soc. sth. Afr. 4 : 188. Thestor rileyi Pennington, 1956, J. ent. Soc. sth. Afr. 19 : 33, fig. Thestor silvius (Fabricius), see protumnus. *Thestor strutti van Son, 1951, Ann. Transv. Mus. 21 : 444, fig. Thestor tempe Pennington, 1962, J. ent. Soc. sth. Afr. 25 : 282, fig. Thestor vansoni Pennington, 1962 : 278, fig. Thestor zaraces (Hewitson), see basuta. Genus SPALGIS Moore Spalgis Moore, 1879, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1879 : 137 ; Aurivillius, 1898 : 344 ; 1924 : 433. Type-species : Lucia epeus Westwood 1851 (an Indo-Malayan species) by monotypy. Eyes glabrous ; palpi long, second segment laterally much compressed, extending well beyond the frons, third segment short, also laterally compressed, with pointed apex ; antennae less than half the length of the costa, thickening gradually to an ovoid club which is not clearly differentiated from the shaft ; thorax moderately robust ; abdomen long, reaching slightly beyond the anal angle of the wing ; ¢ fore leg with tibia shorter than femur, tarsus unsegmented, finely spinose below ; mid and hind tibiae slightly shorter than the femora. Wing shape. Fore wing with costa arched at its base, then straight, apex angular, outer margin slightly convex ; hind wing subtriangular, costa arched, apex rounded, outer margin slightly convex, anal angle well marked. Wing venation (Text-fig. 376). Fore wing with 11 veins. Male genitalia (Text-fig. 163). Uncus pentagonal with an obtuse median projection on the terminal edge, the angles rounded ; subunci short with very robust bases, curving, the free portion tapering gradually to a pointed apex ; tegumen subrectangular, im situ uncus and tegumen are hood-shaped ; vinculum moderately wide, without saccus ; lower fultura com- posed of two long digitate processes, swollen at their bases, their blunt apices level with the apices of the valves ; valves oblong with a small tooth at the apex, distally connected by a membrane ; penis very elongate, slender, slightly curved, uncus clothed with short hair, longer hair on the apices of the valves. The armature of S. lemolea resembles that of S. epeus ; in S. tintinga the subunci are less massive basally, evenly curved, and taper progressively to a sharp-pointed tip. The caterpillar of S. Jemolea has been described by W. A. Lamborn (1911, Proc. ent. Soc. Lond. 1911 : 105, and 1913, Trans. ent. Soc. Lond. 1913 : 475) and also by Fic. 163. Spalgis epius (Westwood), $ genitalia. GENERA OF AFRICAN LYCAENIDAE 185 T. H. E. Jackson (1937, Trans. R. ent. Soc. Lond. 86 : 220). It feeds on Coccidae of the genus Dactylopius. LisT OF SPECIES OF Spalgis Spalgis docus (Druce), see tintinga. Spalgis latimarginata E. Sharpe, see lemolea. *Spalgis lemolea H. H. Druce, 1890. Fig. Aurivillius in Seitz, 1924. latimarginata E, Sharpe, Oct. 1890 ; s-signata Holland, Nov. 1890. Spalgis pilos H. H. Druce, 1890. Spalgis s-signata Holland, see lemolea. *Spalgis tintinga (Boisduval), 1833. Fig. Mabille, 1887. docus (Druce), 1875. Genus CUPIDESTHES Aurivillius Cupidesthes Aurivillius, 1895, Ent. Tidsky. 16 : 215 ; 1898 : 345 ; 1924 : 435 ; Bethune Baker, 1910: 7. Type-species : Cupidesthes robusta Aurivillius, by monotypy. Frons black with two white lateral lines ; eyes glabrous or sparsely pilose ; palpi long, ascending, second segment laterally compressed, clothed below with white adpressed scales, third segment slender, acuminate ; antennae slender, a little longer than half the length of the costa, club ovoid, well differentiated ; thorax more robust than in Anthene, clothed below with long white hair ; ¢ fore leg, femur clothed with white hair, tibia shorter than the femur, tarsus long, unsegmented. Wing shape. Fore wing triangular, costa almost straight, outer margin slightly convex ; hind wing abdominal margin slightly concave before the anal angle. Wing venatiom (Text-fig. 317). Fore wing with 11 veins ; 10 and 11 free from the upper edge of the cell. Fic. 164. Cupidesthes robusta Aurivillius, 3 genitalia. 186 H. STEMPFERER Male genitalia (Text-fig. 164). Uncus composed of two small lobes fused to either side of the tegumen ; subunci short and robust, bent close to their massive bases ; tegumen a rather wide ribbon ; vinculum continuing as a long robust saccus ; lower fultura shaped like a furca, with straight divergent arms ; valves elongate, oval in their basal halves, tapered and slightly recurved in their distal halves ; penis very robust, the internal portion almost ovoid, the external portion rather short, tapering, dilated at the apex ; uncus and distal portions of the valves sparsely pilose. The male genitalia of the other species of Cupidesthes differ in varying degree from those of C. robusta, not in general plan, but in the relative dimensions and shapes of the parts. In Cupidesthes arescopa (Text-fig. 165) the subunci are extremely long and slender, the tegumen is reduced to a narrow ribbon in the median area, the valves are digitate and little swollen basally, and the penis is very long, tapering and dilated apically. The genitalia of C. voltae, C. thyrsis, C. lithas and C. paralithas are rather like those of C. arescopa, although the subunci are shorter in thyrsis and the valves are not so tapered in the other species. Bethune Baker did not examine the genitalia of robusta, but only those of voltae, thyrsts, lithas and arescopa, which explains his statement (l.c. : 5) that “‘ the genitalia are also very different from those of the following genera, the clasps being of a totally different structure as will be seen from the descriptions of these organs ”’ Other species of Cupidesthes present intermediate characters. In C. irwmu the valves are digitate, very narrow, the penis slender, but the subunci are only moder- ately long and the posterior margin of the tegumen is deeply excavate. In C. cuprifascia the subunci are very long, the penis slender, but the valves are rather short and moderately wide. In C. leonina the subunci are only of moderate length, the penis less long than in the foregoing species, the valves rather broad with a deeply cleft apex and the upper process ends in a long sharp point. Fic. 165. Cupidesthes avescopa avescopa Bethune Baker, ¢ genitalia. GENERA OF AFRICAN LYCAENIDAE 187 C. wilsoni (Text-fig. 166) differs again: posterior margin of tegumen deeply excavate on the median line, subunci fairly long, robust, bent, basally massive, vinculum rather broad, with a tapering saccus, lower fultura with small divergent branches ; valves oval with rounded apex, the upper process with very convex dorsal margin, the lower process almost straight and bearing a fine sharp tooth at three-fifths its length from base ; penis long and rather slender, slightly curved ; its faintly expanded tip obliquely truncate. It is evident that in Cupidesthes there are patterns of male genitalia intermediate between those that Bethune Baker considered typical of the genus (arescopa, thyrsis, etc.) and those of the large genus Anthene. Again, it is to be noted that, if on the one hand robusta, voltae, arescopa and wilsoni are large robust insects, on the other hand other species, such as thyrsis, leonina, and trumu have the stature and structure of most species of Anthene. The “ genus’”’ Cupidesthes seems but feebly differen- tiated and might well be reduced to the rank of a subgenus. The larva of C. wilson has been described by Jackson (1937, Trans. R. ent. Soc. Lond. 86 : 220). It lives in ants’ nests in hollow trees of Acacia abyssinica and Entada abyssinica (Mimosaceae). List OF SPECIES OF Cupidesthes Cupidesthes albida (Aurivillius), 1923, Ergebn. 2te D. Zent. Afr. Exp. 1910-11, pi i292. *Cupidesthes arescopa arescopa Bethune Baker, 1910, fig. and fig. genitalia. *Cupidesthes arescopa orientalis Stempffer, 1962 : 1169, fig. Cupidesthes brunneus (Smith & Kirby), see paludicola. *Cupidesthes caerulea Jackson, 1965, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (13) 8 : 531, figs. *Cupidesthes cuprifascia Joicey & Talbot, 1921, Bull. Hill Mus. Witley 1 : 95 (8). Fig. genitalia, Stempffer, 1950 Revue fr. Ent. 17: 141. Fig. 9, Stempffer 24 : 1170. Fic. 166. Cupidesthes wilsoni Talbot, 3 genitalia. 188 H.STEMPFFER Cupidesthes hilarion Hulstaert, 1924, Revue zool. afr. 12 : 129. *Cupidesthes irumu Stempffer, 1948, Revue fr. Ent. 15 : 192, fig. genitalia. *Cupidesthes leonina (Bethune Baker), 1903. *Cupidesthes lithas (H. H. Druce), 1890. Fig. genitalia, Bethune Baker, Igro. Cupidesthes mimetica (H. H. Druce), 1gto. Cupidesthes minor Joicey & Talbot, 1921, Bull. Hill Mus. Witley 1 : 95, fig. Cupidesthes paludicola (Holland), 1891. brunneus (Smith & Kirby), 1893, fig. *Cupidesthes paralithas Bethune Baker, 1926, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (9) 17 : 399. *Cupidesthes robusta Aurivillius, 1895. Fig. Bethune Baker, rg10. Fig. genitalia, Stempffer, 1945, Annls Soc. ent. Fr. 94 : 83. *Cupidesthes thyrsis (Hewitson), 1878. Fig. genitalia, Bethune Baker, 1gro. Cupidesthes thyrsis 9.-f. unicolor (Aurivillius), 1924. Cupidesthes vidua Talbot, 1929, Bull. Hill Mus. Witley 3 : 140, fig. *Cupidesthes voltae voltae (E. Sharpe), 1890. Fig. and fig. genitalia, Bethune Baker, 1g1o. Cupidesthes voltae gabunica (Aurivillius), 1899. *Cupidesthes wilsoni Talbot, 1935, Entomologist’s mon. Mag. 71 : 121, fig. (9) ; 1937, Tvans. R. ent. Soc. Lond. 86 : 67, fig. (3). Cupidesthes ysobelae Jackson, 1965, l.c. : 530, fig. Genus ANTHENE Doubleday Anthene Doubleday, 1847, List Lep. Ins. B.M. 2:27; Pinhey, 1949 : 108 ; Swanepoel, 1953: 116. Type-species : Papilio larydas Cramer, designated by Hemming (1935, Tvans. R. ent. Soc. Lond. 1935 : 435). Lycaenesthes Moore, 1866, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1865 : 773 (partim) ; Aurivillius, 1898 : 345, 353 ; 1924 : 435-4560 ; Bethune Baker, 1910 : 14, 64 ; Murray, 1935 : 131, 138. Pseudoliptena (partim) ; Stempffer, 1946 (see Liptena synonymy). Eves clothed in short but dense hair ; palpi long, ascending, extending far beyond the frons, second segment laterally compressed, third segment long, slender, acuminate ; antennae slender, more than half the length of the costa, with a well differentiated fusiform club ; thorax and abdomen robust ; ¢ fore leg, femur velvety, tibia shorter than the femur, tarsus unsegmented, finely spinose below ; mid and hind legs, femora velvety, tibiae shorter than the femora, tibiae with two spurs. Wing shape. Fore wing with costa evenly curved, apex pointed, outer margin slightly convex ; hind wing oval, apex very slightly angled, outer margin evenly rounded from vein 6 to 1b, three tufts of short hairs at the ends of vein 3, 2 and 1b respectively. Wing venation (Text-fig. 318). Fore wing with 11 veins, ro and 11 free from upper edge of cell. Male genitalia (Text-fig. 167). Uncus composed of two small lobes closely fused to the posterior edge of the tegumen on either side of the median depression ; subunci rather short, robust, bent almost at their base and tapering gradually to the apex, tegumen rather large, hood-shaped, vinculum broad with an inconspicuous saccus ; lower fultura (furca) with two wide lanceolate arms ; valves oblong with rounded apices, bearing, at about three-fifths of their length, a long digitate sclerite which ends level with the apex of the valve ; penis robust, very wide in its internal portion, abruptly narrowed in its external portion and ending in a point, uncus clothed with long thick hair, valves almost bare except just at the apices. GENERA OF AFRICAN LYCAENIDAE 189 The genus Anthene is very numerous in species, and it is one of those of which the male genitalia have been much studied. In his revision of the African Lycaenesthes, Bethune Baker (1910) figured and described those of nearly all the species known at that time. Unfortunately not all his figures show the same aspect, which renders comparison often rather difficult. Since 1936 I have myself published in a variety of papers both figures and descriptions of a number of species. There is no point in republishing them here, but references to them will be found in the list of species which follows. Comparison of these figures brings to light in nearly every case good specific characters, and also a perfect uniformity of type. The median indentation of the posterior margin of the tegumen varies in abruptness and depth, the curvature of the subunci and their thickness vary, and the outline of the valves is more or less incised, but the structural plan remains constant in all the species. Anthene is, in fact, a very homogeneous genus. The early stages of several species have been described by various authors :— A. liodes, A. lacheres and A. sylvanus by Lamborn, 1913, Trans. ent. Soc. Lond. 1913 : 476. A. rubricinctus by Farquharson, 1921 : 381. A. amarah and A. definita by Murray, 1935 : 132 and by Pinhey, 1949 : 109. A. ligures, A. definita, A. otacilia kikwyu, A. pitmani, A. lunulata, A. princeps ugandae, A. livida, A. levis grisea, A. amarah, A. larydas and A. crawshayi by Jackson, 1937, Trans. R. ent. Soc. Lond. 86 : 221, and Pinhey, 1949 : IIo. A. defimta by Dickson, 1944, J. ent. Soc. sthn Afr. 7 : 97. The larvae of several species live in company with ants of the genera Camponotus, Crematogaster and Pheidole. Fic. 167. Anthene larydas larydas (Cramer), ¢ genitalia. 190 H. STEMPFFER List OF SPECIES OF Anthene As the genus Anthene has not been the subject of any comprehensive revision since 1g10, it is probable the following list, which has been prepared with the help of suggestions by Mr. G. E. Tite, contains a certain amount of hidden synonymy. Anthene abruptus (Gaede), 1915. Possibly a mere aberration of /arydas Cramer. Anthene adherbal (Mabille), see liodes. *Anthene afra (Bethune Baker), 1910. lysias (Hulstaert), 1924. *Anthene alberta (Bethune Baker), 1910. Fig. genitalia, Stempffer, 1944, Revue fr. Ent. 10 : 50. *Anthene amarah amarah (Guerin), 1847. Fig. genitalia, Bethune Baker, 1gro. olympusa (Walker), 1870. Anthene amarah orphna Clench, 1965, Butt. Liberia : 3609, figs. Anthene arnoldi Jones, 1919, Proc. Trans. Rhod. scient. Ass. 16 : 19. Anthene aurea (Bethune Baker), 1g9to. Anthene bakeri (H. H. Druce), 1gto. ga (H. H. Druce MS). *Anthena barnesi Stevenson, 1940, J. ent. Soc. sth. Afr. 3 : 106, fig. Anthene bihe (Bethune Baker), 1910, see liodes bthe. *Anthene bipuncta (Joicey & Talbot), 1921, Bull. Hill Mus. Witley 1 : 96, fig. *Anthene bitje (H. H. Druce), 1910. Fig. genitalia, Stempffer, 1944, Revue fr. Ent. 10 : 56. Anthene buchholzi (Plétz), 1880. *Anthene butleri butleri (Oberthur), 1880. *Anthene butleri arabicus Gabriel, 1954, Exp. S.W. Arabia, 1937-38 : 379. *Anthene butleri aureobrunnea (Ungemach), 1932, Mem. Soc. Sci. nat. phys. Maroc. 32: 85. Fig. genitalia, Stempffer, 1936, Revue fr. Ent. 3 : 138. *Anthene butleri galla Stempftfer, 1947, Bull. Soc. ent. Fr. 52 : 38. *Anthene butleri livida (Trimen), 1881. Fig. Trimen, 1887. Fig. genitalia, Bethune Baker, IgIo. *Anthene butleri stempfferi Storace, 1954, Annali Mus. civ. Stor. nat. Genova 66 : 321. Anthene chirinda (Bethune Baker), 1910. *Anthene contrastata contrastata (Ungemach), 1932, Mem. Soc. Sct. nat. phys. Maroc 32: 86. Fig. genitalia, Stempffer, 1936, Revue fr. Ent. 3 : 137. otacilia mashuna (Stevenson), 1937. *Anthene contrastata turkana Stempffer, 1936, Revue fr. Ent. 3 : 137. *Anthene crawshayi crawshayi (Butler), 1899. Fig. and fig. genitalia, Bethune Baker, 1910. Anthene crawshayi 9-{. albilunulata (Ungemach), 1932, Mem. Soc. Sct. nat. phys. Maroc 3 : 88, fig. *Anthene crawshayi marginata (Hulstaert), 1924, Revue zool. afr. 12 : 131. Anthene crawshayi minuta (Bethune Baker), 1916, Trans. ent. Soc. Lond. 49 : 277). GENERA OF AFRICAN LYCAENIDAE 191 *Anthene crawshayi parallela (Aurivillius), 1924. Genitalia, Stempffer, 1945, Annls Soc. ent. Fr. 94 : 83. *Anthene crawshayi sobrina (Talbot), 1935, Entomologist’s mon. Mag. 71 : 208, fig. Anthene definita definita (Butler), 1899. Fig. Bethune Baker, rgro. nigrocaudata Pagenstecher, 1902. *Anthene definita liguroides (Strand), tg11. Fig. 1924, Aurivillius in Seitz. definita fasciata (Ungemach), 1932. Anthene dewitzi (Staudinger), see juba. *Anthene discimacula (Joicey & Talbot,) 1921, Bull. Hill Mus. Witley 1 : 96 (8). Fig. 9 and genitalia, Stempffer, 1950, Revue fr. Ent. 17 142. Anthene dulcis (Pagenstecher), see otacilia. Anthene emolus (Trimen), see liodes. Anthene erythropeocilus (Holland), 1893. Fig. Bethune Baker, 1910. *Anthene flavomaculatus (Smith & Kirby), 1893. Genitalia, Bethune Baker, IQI0O. Anthene grosei (Aurivillius), see /unulata. Anthene hewitsoni (Aurivillius), see lunulata. *Anthene hobleyi hobleyi (Neave), 1904. Fig. genitalia, Bethune Baker, rgro. *Anthene hobleyi elgonensis (Aurivillius), 1925, Ent. Tidsk. 46 : 210. Genitalia, Stempffer, 1945, Annls Soc. ent. Fr. 94 : 83. *Anthene hobleyi kigezi Stempffer, 1961 : 63. *Anthene hobleyi teita Stempftfer, 1961 : 63. *Anthene hodsoni hodsoni (Talbot), 1935, Entomologist’s mon. Mag. 71 : 125, 720,207, fig. *Anthene hodsoni usamba (Talbot), 1937, Trans. R. ent. Soc. Lond. 86 : 68, fig. *Anthene indefinita (Bethune Baker), 1910, fig. et genitalia. indefimta bigamuca (Strand), Ig1T. *Anthene indefinita f. oculata, Stempffer, 1946, Revue fr. Ent. 13 : 15, fig. *Anthene ituria (Bethune Baker), 1g10 (gf). 9, Talbot, 1935, Entomologist’s mon. Mag. 71 : 207, fig. Anthene ja (H. H. Druce) (MS), see bakert. *Anthene juba (Fabricius), 1787. Fig. 1924, Aurivillius in Seitz. Genitalia, Bethune Baker, 1910. dewitzt (Staudinger), 1891. *Anthene kampala (Bethune Baker), 1910 (gf). 9, Stempffer, 1947, Bull. Soc. ent. Fr.52: 40. Genitalia, Stempffer, 1944, Revue fr. Ent. 11 : 56. *Anthene katera Talbot, 1937, Trans. R. ent. Soc. Lond. 86: 68 fig. (fg). Q, Stempffer, 1947, Bull. Soc. ent. Fr. 52:40. Genitalia, Stempffer, 1944 Revue fr. Ent. 11 : 57. *Anthene lachares lachares (Hewitson), 1874 (9). 3g (as pulcher) Smith & Kirby, 1893. Genitalia, Bethune Baker, rgro. liparis (Smith), 1898. *Anthene lachares obsolescens (Bethune Baker), 1910. 192 H. STEMPFFER *Anthene lachares toroensis Stempffer, 1947, Bull. Soc. ent. Fr. 52 : 40. *Anthene larydas larydas (Cramer), 1780. Genitalia, Bethune Baker, Igro. pericles (Fabricius), 1793. Anthene larydas kersteini (Gerstaecker), 1871. Anthene larydas var. (Godart), see sylvanus. *Anthene lasti (Smith & Kirby), 1894. Genitalia, Bethune Baker, 1gto. *Anthene lemnos lemnos (Hewitson), 1878. Genitalia, Bethune Baker, rgto. Anthene lemnos loa (Strand), IgII. Anthene leptala (Strand), 1914. *Anthene leptines leptines (Hewitson), 1874. Fig. Hewitson, 1878. Genitalia Bethune Baker, IgIo. *Anthene leptines arnoldi (Aurivillius), 1923, Ergebn. 2te D. Zent. Afr. Exp. Ig10-11, 1 : 1236. Homonym of arnoldi Jones, 1919. *Anthene levis levis (Hewitson), 1878. Genitalia, Bethune Baker, rgro. *Anthene levis grisea (Talbot), 1935, Entomologist’s mon. Mag. 71 : 208, fig. *Anthene ligures (Hewitson), 1874. Fig. Hewitson, 1878. Genitalia, Stempffer, 1953, Aunls Mus. R. Congo belge 29 : 32. ligures amanica (Strand), 1909 ; ukerewensis pauperula Strand, 1909. *Anthene liodes liodes (Hewitson), 1874. Fig. Bethune Baker, rgro. emolus (Trimen), 1866 ; sichela (Hewitson), 1878 ; adherbal (Mabille), 1877 ; montetroms (Kirby), 1878. *Anthene liodes bihe (Bethune Baker), 1910 (J). @ Stevenson, 1937, Occ. Pap. natn. Mus. sth. Rhod. No. 6: 33. Anthene liparis (Smith), see lachares. Anthene lithas 9° (Smith & Kirby), see /unulata. Anthene lochias (Hewitson), see princeps smith. Anthene locra (Plétz), see sylanus. *Anthene locuples (Smith) 1898. Fig. Smith & Kirby, Igor ; fig., genitalia, Stempffer, 1944, Revue fr. Ent. 11 : 56. Anthene lukokesha (Karsch), see xanthopoecilus. *Anthene lunulata lunulata Trimen, 1894. Genitalia, Bethune Baker, 1gro. otacilia (Hewitson), 1878 ; hewitsoni (Aurivillius), 1898. groset (Aurivillius), 1898 ; lithas 2 (Smith & Kirby), 1894. Anthene lunulata f. magna (Hulstaert), 1924, Revue zool. afr. 12 : 131. Anthene lunulata aquilonis (Hulstaert), 1924, l.c. : 130. *Anthene lychnaptes (Holland), 1891. Fig. 1924, Aurivillius in Seitz. Genitalia, Stempffer, 1944, Revue fr. Ent. 11 : 59. lychnoptera (Smith & Kirby), 1893. Anthene lychnides (Hewitson), 1878. Anthene lychnoptera (Smith & Kirby), see lychnaptes. Anthene lycotas (Smith), see xanthopoecilus. Anthene lysias (Hulstaert), see afra. *Anthene lysicles (Hewitson), 1874. Fig. Hewitson, 1878. Genitalia, Bethune Baker, IgIo. GENERA OF AFRICAN LYCAENIDAE 193 Anthene madibirensis (Wichgraf), 1921, Int. ent. Z. 14 : 179. *Anthene mahota (Smith), 1887. Fig. Smith & Kirby, 1893. Genitalia, Stempffer, 1944, Revue fr. Ent. 11 : 58. *Anthene makala (Bethune Baker), 1910. Genitalia, Bethune Baker, rgro. Anthene melambrotus (Holland), 1893. Fig. Bethune Baker, rgro. *Anthene millari (Trimen), 1893. Genitalia, Bethune Baker, rgro. *Anthene minima (Trimen), 1893. Genitalia, Stempffer, 1936, Revue fr. Ent. oS T4i. Anthene moncus (Fabricius), see sylvanus. Anthene monteironis (Kirby), see liodes. Anthene musagetes musagetes (Holland), see rubricinctus. Anthene musagetes elgonensis Stempffer, see rwbricinctus jeannelt. Anthene neglecta (Trimen), see princeps. *Anthene ngoko Stempfifer, 1962 : 1174 ; fig. and fig. genitalia. Anthene nigrocaudata (Pagenstecher), see definita. *Anthene nigropunctata (Bethune Baker), 1910. Genitalia, Stempffer, 1944, Revue fr. Ent. 11 : 53. Anthene ochreofascia (Talbot), 1935, Entomologist’s mon. Mag. 71 : 123, fig. Anthene olympusa (Walker), see amarah. *Anthene onias (Hulstaert), 1924, Revue zool. Afr. 12 : 132. Genitalia, Stempffer, 1953, Aunls Mus. R. Congo Belge 27 : 37. *Anthene opalina opalina Stempftfer, 1946, Revue fr. Ent. 13 : 16, fig. and fig. genitalia. *Anthene opalina janna Gabriel, 1949, Proc. R. ent. Soc. Lond. (B) 18: 214, fig. *Anthene otacilia otacilia (Trimen) 1868. Fig. Trimen, 1887. Genitalia, Bethune Baker, 1910. dulcis (Pagenstecher) 1902 ; tongidensis (Bethune Baker), 1926. *Anthene otacilia benadirensis Stempffer, 1947, Bull. Soc. ent. Fr. 52 : 39. *Anthene otacilia kikuyu (Bethune Baker), 1910. Genitalia, Stempffer, 1944, Revue fr. Ent. 11 : 54. Anthene otacilia (Hewitson) see lunulata. Anthene otacilia mashuna (Stevenson), see contrastata. Anthene pericles (Fabricius), see larydas. *Anthene pitmani pitmani Stempffer, 1936, Revue fr. Ent. 3 : 139, genitalia. Fig. Stempffer, 1944, Revue fr. Ent. 11. *Anthene pitmani somalina Stempffer, 1936, Revue fr. Ent. 3 : 140. *Anthene princeps princeps (Butler), 1876. Fig. and fig. genitalia, Bethune Baker, Igro. neglecta (Trimen), 1891. *Anthene princeps smithi (Mabille), 1877. Fig. Mabille, 1887. Genitalia, Stempffer, 1936, Revue fr. Ent. 3 : 142. lochias (Hewitson), 1878. *Anthene princeps smithi f. mabillei (Lathy), 1921, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (9) 8: 208. Fig. Lathy, 1926, Lepidoptera, 2. Genitalia, Stempffer, 1944, Revue fr. Ent. 11 : 53. 194 H. STEMPFFER *Anthene princeps ugandae (Bethune Baker), 1910. Genitalia, Stempffer, 1944, Revue fr. Ent. 11 : 52. Anthene pulcher (Smith & Kirby), see lachares. *Anthene pyroptera (Aurivillius), 1895. Fig. Aurivillius, 1898. Genitalia, Stempffer, 1944, Revue fr. Ent. 11 : 58. Anthene radiata (Bethune Baker), 1910. Genitalia, Bethune Baker, 1910. *Anthene rhodesiana Stempffer, 1962 : 171, fig. and fig. genitalia. Anthene rothschildi (Aurivillius), 1922, Voyage M. Rothschild en Ethiopie : 364. *Anthene rubricinctus rubricinctus (Holland), 1891, (2). Fig. Smith & Kirby, 1893. (as musagetes) Holland, 1893. Fig. Aurivillius, 1924, in Seitz. Genitalia, Bethune Baker, r1gro. *Anthene rubricinctus anadema (H. H. Druce), 1905. Genitalia, Stempffer, 1944, Revue fr. Ent. 11 : 50. *Anthene rubricinctus jeanneli Stempffer, 1961 : 64. musagetes elgonensis Stempffer, 1936 (invalid homonym). *Anthene rubricinctus jeanneli {. latefasciata Stempffer, 1944, Revue fr. Ent. 11 : 50, fig. *Anthene rubrimaculata (Strand), 1909. Genitalia, Stempffer, 1944, l.c. : 51. *Anthene rufomarginata (Bethune Baker), 1910, genitalia. Anthene ruwenzoricus (Grinberg), 1912. Anthene saddacus (Talbot), 1935, Entomologist’s mon. Mag. 71 : 123, fig. *Anthene sanguinea (Bethune Baker), 1910, genitalia. *Anthene scintillula (Holland), 1891. Fig. Smith & Kirby, 1893. Genitalia, Bethune Baker, 1910. *Anthene sheppardi Stevenson, 1940, J. ent. Soc. sth. Afr. 3 : 103, fig. *Anthene schoutedeni (Hulstaert), 1924, Revue zool. afr. 12 : 130. Genitalia, Stempffer, 1953, Annls Mus. R. Congo belge, 27 : 33. Anthene sichela (Hewitson), see liodes. Anthene suquala (Pagenstecher), 1902. Anthene syllidus (Hiibner), see sylvanus. *Anthene sylvanus sylvanus (Drury), 1773. Genitalia, Bethune Baker, Igio. moncus 2 (Fabricius), 1781 ; syllidus (Hiibner), 1826 ; larydas var. (Godart), 1823 ; locra 9 (Plotz), 1890. *Anthene sylvanus albicans (Grunberg), 1910. sylvanus bugalla Stempffer & Jackson, 1961. *Anthene sylvanus niveus Stempffer, 1953, Annls Mus. R. Congo belge 27 : 36. *Anthene talboti Stempffer, 1936, Bull. Soc. ent. Fr. 41 : 283 (g). Fig. Stempffer, 1944 Revue fr. Ent. 11 ; Genitalia, Stempffer, 1938, Mission Omo 4: 186. 9, Stempffer, 1951, Bull. Soc. ent. Fr. 56 : 127. Anthene tongidensis (Bethune Baker), see otacilia. Anthene ukerewensis (Strand), 1909. *Anthene versatilis (Bethune Baker), 1910. *Anthene xanthopoecilus (Holland), 1893. Fig. Aurivillius in Seitz, 1924. lukokesha (Karsch), 1895 ; lycotas (Smith), 1808. GENERA OF AFRICAN LYCAENIDAE 195 *Anthene zenkeri (Karsch), 1895. Fig. Bethune Baker, Igi1o. Genitalia, Stempffer, 1944, Revue fr. Ent. 11 : 60. Anthene zenkeri ab. connexa (Aurivillius), 1923, Ergebn. 2te D. Zent. Afr. Exped., IgIO-I1, 1 : 1237. Genus NEURYPEXINA Bethune Baker Neurypexina Bethune Baker, 1910, Tvans. ent. Soc. Lond. 1910 : 64. Type-species : Lycaen- esthes lyzanius Hewitson, by original designation. Lycaenesthes Moore, 1866, (partim) ; Aurivillius 1898 : 351 ; 1924 : 454. Eyes densely but shortly pilose ; palpi long, second segment laterally compressed, clothed below with long scales, third segment long, slender, acuminate ; antennae as in Anthene ; 3 fore leg, femur clothed below with long hair, tibia shorter than the femur, tarsus unsegmented, finely spinose below ; mid and hind legs, femora clothed with long hair, tibiae shorter than the femora and bearing two strong spurs, metatarsi very long. Wing shape. As in Anthene. Wing venation (Text-fig. 319). Fore wing with 11 veins ; 11 fused with 12 for some distance. Male genitalia (Text-fig. 168) (see also Bethune Baker, rg1o, pl. 11, figs 33-34). Uncus composed of two small lobes closely fused to the tegumen on either side of the median indenta- tion, subunci long, slender, bent at about one-third of the way from base, tegumen deeply notched on its posterior edge, vinculum fairly wide with spatulate saccus ; lower fultura (furca) with slender arms ; valves oblong, sub-oval, the upper process ending in a short point recurved close to the terminal edge, the lower process ending in a long sharp point ; penis narrow at the base, dilated in the middle, then abruptly constricted to the apex ; uncus densely pilose, valves almost bare. The genitalia of lyzanius closely resemble those of Anthene flavomaculatus Smith & Kirby, although Bethune-Baker says “‘the genitalia are decidedly different ”’ without mentioning in what way they differ. I can see no striking difference in his figures, (1910, pl. 9, fig. 25) ; however, the subunci of /yzanius seem to me to be more slender and longer than those of A. flavomaculatus. Fic. 168. Neurypexina lyzanius (Hewitson), 3 genitalia. 196 H. STEMPFFER The male genitalia of N. lamprocles scarcely differ from those of lyzanius except in the shape of the tip of the valves. In kalinzu the subunci are short and robust and the saccus robust and triangular. In quadricaudata the subunci are long and slender as in lyzanius, but the saccus is disproportionately long, the valves digitate, almost filiform, and the penis extremely long and thin. WN. quadricaudata was described as a Triclema, but the presence of vein 8 in the fore wing places it in Neurypexina, which is only to be distinguished from Anthene by the fore wing venation. The larva of N. lyzanius has been described by Lamborn, 1913, Trans. ent. Soc. Lond. 1913 : 484. It lives in company with the ant Phevdole rotundata. LisT OF SPECIES OF Neurypexina *Neurypexina kalinzu Stempffer, 1950, Revue fr. Ent. 16 : 143, fig. genitalia. *Neurypexina lamprocles (Hewitson), 1878. Fig. genitalia, Stempffer, 1944, Revue fr. Ent. : 60. *Neurypexina lyzanius (Hewitson), 1874. Fig. Hewitson, 1878. Fig. genitalia, Bethune Baker, Igro. vegillus (Holland), 1891 ; turbatus (Smith & Kirby), 1893. *Neurypexina quadricaudata (Bethune Baker), 1926, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (9) 17 : 400 (9). Stempffer, 1951, Bull. Soc. ent. Fr. 56 : 60, fig. f genitalia. Neurypexina regillus (Holland), see lyzanius. Neurypexina turbatus (Smith & Kirby), see lyzamius. Genus NEURELLIPES Bethune Baker Neuvellipes Bethune Baker, 1910, Tvans. ent. Soc. Lond. 1910 : 66. Type-species : Lycaenesthes lusones Hewitson, by original designation. Lycaenesthes Moore, 1866 (partim) ; Aurivillius, 1898 : 352 ; 1924 : 455. Monile Ungemach, 1932. Type-species: Monile pluricauda Ungemach (gemmifera Neave, 1QIO). Eyes densely pilose, palpi extending well beyond the frons, second segment laterally com- pressed, clothed above with scales and below with stiff hair, third segment fairly long, acuminate ; antennae like those of Anthene ; 3 fore leg tibia shorter than femur, tarsus un- segmented, finely spinose below ; mid and hind legs, femora clothed with long hair, tibiae shorter than the femora and bearing two robust spurs, metatarsi very long. Wing shape. Like that of Anthene. Wing venation (Text-fig. 320). Fore wing with 10 veins, veins 8 and g absent, 1o and 11 free. Male genitalia (Text-fig. 169) (see also Bethune Baker, l.c. pl. 13, figs 35-36). Uncus com- posed of two oval lobes narrowly fused to the tegumen on either side of the median indentation, subunci with very robust bases, tapered, and bent at about one-third, posterior margin of tegumen deeply excised, vinculum fairly wide, with a long saccus ; lower fultura (furca) with a pyramidal base and long slender arms ; valves wide with finely serrated distal edges, then deeply excised, the upper process ending in a sharp point, the lower process in a strong tooth, penis elongate, the upper surface of the internal portion widely open, the external portion evenly tapered and ending in a trumpet-shaped apex, uncus and apices of valve pilose. The male genitalia of N. chryseostictus and N. fulvus are of the same type as those of N. lusones, that is to say their valves are quadrangular, and even expanded GENERA OF AFRICAN LYCAENIDAE 197 distally. In N. likouala and N. aequatorialis the subunci are a little longer and more slender than in the preceding species, and the upper process of the valves is folded back towards the apex, against the lower process, both of them ending in a point. In N. staudingeri the valves take a very characteristic form, the two processes being separate almost from the base, the upper one being long, very curved and ending in a point, the lower one, equally long, being apically spatulate. The armature of N. gemmifera is remarkable in the size of the penis, which is enormous in relation to the other parts, shaped like a very elongate oval and encloses, towards the apex, a rather large cuneus. List OF SPECIES OF Neurellipes *Neurellipes aequatorialis Stempffer, 1962 : 1178, fig. and fig. genitalia. *Neurellipes chryseostictus Bethune Baker, 1910, fig. genitalia. Neurellipes fulvimacula (Mabille), see /usones. *Neurellipes fulvus Stempffer, 1962 : 1180, fig. and fig., genitalia. *Neurellipes gemmifera (Neave), 1910. Fig. genitalia, Stempffer, 1944, Revue fr. Ent. 11 : 61. pluricauda (Ungemach), 1932. *Neurellipes likouala Stempffer, 1962 : 1176, fig. and fig. genitalia. *Neurellipes lusones (Hewitson), 1874. Fig. Hewitson, 1878. Fig. genitalia, Bethune Baker, Igro. fulvimacula (Mabille), 1890. Neurellipes meander (Pl6tz), 1880. Fig. Aurivillius in Seitz, 1924. Neurellipes pluricauda (Ungemach), see gemmifera. *Neurellipes staudingeri staudingeri (Smith & Kirby), 1894. Fig. genitalia, Bethune Baker, 1gro. *Neurellipes staudingeri obsoleta Stempffer, 1947, Bull. Soc. ent. Fr. 52 : 41. Fic. 169. Neurellipes lusones (Hewitson), 3 genitalia. 198 H. STEMPFERER Genus TRICLEMA Karsch Triclema Karsch, 1893, Berl. ent. Z. 38: 227; Bethune Baker, 1910: 70 Type-species : Lycaenesthes lucretilis Hewitson, by original designation. Lycaenesthes Moore, 1866 (partim) ; Aurivillius, 1898 : 345, 1924 : 450. Eyes finely pilose ; palpi long, second segment laterally compressed, clothed below with long stiff black and white bristles, third segment fairly long, slender, acuminate ; antennae slender, three-fifths the length of the costa, club fusiform ; ¢ fore leg, femur clothed with long white hair, tibia shorter than femur, tarsus unsegmented. Wing shape. Like that of Anthene, the hind wing with a small pencil of hair at the ends of veins Ib, 2 and 3. Wing venation (Text-fig. 321). Fove wing with Io veins ; 8 and 9 absent ; Io free from the upper edge of the cell ; 11 broadly confluent with 12. Male genitalia (Text-fig. 170). Uncus composed of two small subtriangular lobes with rounded apices and fused to the lateral angles of the tegumen ; subunci long with massive bases, bent in an obtuse angle near the base and with a terminal claw ; tegumen subrectangular with a shallow rounded depression in the posterior margin ; vinculum fairly wide, with a long tapering saccus ; lower fultura two slender curved arms ; valves elongate, the folded over upper edge forming a sharp point at about three-quarters of the total length and hooked at the apex, the lower edge also forming a sharp point in the distal half ; penis elongate, slightly bent, swollen in its internal portion, then tapering in the external part and dilated just before the pointed apex ; uncus and distal part of valves clothed with long fine hair. The male genitalia of nigeriae, measseni, hades, phoenicis, kamilila ituriensis, lutzi and rufoplagata are very like those of lucretilus, the posterior margin of the tegumen being scarcely at all excavate on the median line, and the margins of both processes of the valves being provided with a robust tooth. In T. lamias the posterior margin of the tegumen is more deeply concave, and the valves are more produced with a recurved apex. The genitalia of obscura, inconspicua and lacidas are much the same, but the terminal margin of the tegumen is much more deeply concave, the apex of the valves more deeply incised and the two processes each end in a sharp stout tooth. I figure the genitalia of obscura (Text-fig. 171). I have not been able to examine Tviclema fasciatus, of which Aurivillius writes in his original description ‘‘ Alis subtus albidis signaturis nigris fere ut in L. staudingert formatis et ordinatis ”’ and, again, ‘‘ Die Art steht dem L. staudingert ohne zweifel Fic. 170. Tviclema lucretilis lucretilis (Hewitson), 3 genitalia. GENERA OF AFRICAN LYCAENIDAE 199 ziemlich nahe’’. Bethune Baker, however, underthe name fasciatus Aurivillius, figures firstly (1910, pl. 111, figs 15, 16) a male and female of a species of which the underside seems very different from that of stawdingert, and secondly (pl. x111, fig. 45) genitalia which, on the other hand, seem almost identical with those of staudingert. It would appear that some confusion has crept into the explanations of these figures. The caterpillar of /ucretilis has been described by Lamborn (1913, Tvans. ent. Soc. Lond. 1913 : 485) ; that of lamias by Farquharson (1921, Trans. ent. Soc. Lond. 1921 : 387) ; and that of mgeriae by Jackson, (1937, Trans. R. ent. Soc. Lond. 86 : 227). List OF SPECIES OF Triclema Triclema africana Bethune Baker, 1926, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (9) 17 : 400. Triclema caerulea (Aurivillius), 1895. Fig. Bethune Baker, r1gro. Triclema fasciatus (Aurivillius), 1895. Fig. et genitalia, Bethune Baker, 1910 (?). subnitens (Bethune Baker), 1903. *Triclema hades Bethune Baker, 1gto. Fig. genitalia, Bethune Baker, 1gro. *Triclema inconspecua H. H. Druce, rgro. Triclema inferna Bethune Baker, 1926, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (9) 17 : 399. *Triclema ituriensis Joicey & Talbot, 1921, Bull. Hill Mus. Witley 1 : 08, fig. *Triclema kamilila Bethune Baker, tg10._ Fig. genitalia, Bethune Baker, 1910. *Triclema lacides (Hewitson), 1874. Fig. g, Hewitson, 1878 ; 9 Bethune Baker, IgIo. *Triclema lamias (Hewitson), 1878, (g). 2 and genitalia, Bethune Baker, 1910. Triclema lucretia (Smith & Kirby), see lucretilis. *Triclema lucretilis lucretilis (Hewitson), 1874. Fig. g, Hewitson, 1878 ; 9, Bethune Baker, 1913. lucretia (Smith & Kirby), 1894. Triclema lucretilis albipicta Talbot, 1935, Entomologist’s mon. Mag. 71 : 127. *Triclema lutzi Holland, 1920, Bull. Am. Mus. nat. Hist. 43 : 229. Fig. and fig. genitalia, Stempffer, 1953, Annls Mus. R. Congo belge 27 : 309. Triclema lydia Hulstaert, see nigeriae. Fic. 171. Tviclema obscura Druce, ¢ genitalia. 200 H. STEMPPRER *Triclema maesseni Stempffer, 1957, Bull. Inst. Afr. notre 19 : 223 : fig. genitalia. Triclema marshalli (Bethune Baker), 1903. Fig. Bethune Baker, rgro. *Triclema nigeriae (Aurivillius), 1905. Fig. Aurivillius in Seitz, 1924. lydia Hulstaert, 1924. Fig. genitalia, Stempffer, 1953, Annls Mus. R. Congo belge 27 : 38. *Triclema obscura H. H. Druce, 1gto. Triclema oculatus (Smith & Kirby), 1893. *Triclema phoenicis Karsch, 1893. Fig. and fig. genitalia, Bethune Baker, 1gro. *Triclema rufoplagata Bethune Baker, r1gto, and fig. genitalia, Bethune Baker, IgIO. Triclema subnitens (Bethune Baker), see fasciatus. Triclema tisamenus (Holland), 1891. Fig. Bethune Baker, 1910. Genus PHLYARIA Karsch Phlyaria Karsch, 1895, Ent. Nachy. 21 : 302. Type-species: Lycaena cyava Hewitson, by original designation. Cupido Schrank (partim) ; Aurivillius, 1898 : 358 ; 1924 : 460. Eyes shortly and densely pilose, palpi long, ascending, second segment long, clothed below with adpressed scales and some short stiff bristles, third segment short, very slender at its base, swollen in the middle and with a blunt apex ; antennae slender, a little longer than half the length of the costa, with a well differentiated fusiform club ; thorax clothed below with long white silky hair, legs long and slender ; 3 fore leg with tibia shorter than the femur, tarsus unsegmented, finely spinose below. Fic. 172. Phlyaria cyava cyara (Hewitson), ¢ genitalia. GENERA OF AFRICAN LYCAENIDAE 201 Wing shape. Fore wing subtriangular, outer margin very slightly convex ; hind wing suboval, a short filiform tail at the end of vein 2, anal angle well marked. Wing venation (Text-fig. 322). Fore wing with 11 veins ; 11 confluent with 12 for part of its length. Male genitalia (Text-fig. 172). Uncus reniform with rounded lateral angles ; subunci long and slender, bent at two-fifths from base, apex unguiculate (im situ the subunci are folded back under the uncus) ; tegumen reduced ; vinculum wide above, narrow below ; lower fultura in the form of a furea with two slender curved arms ; valves narrow, long, slightly swollen at the base, apex spatulate with strongly serrated edge ; penis cylindrical, slightly swollen at its base ; apex of uncus and lower edge of valves clothed with many fine hairs. The genital armatures of stactalla and cyara are identical, for which reason I regard the former as a subspecies of the latter. The genitalia of heritsta are of the same type as those of cyara, but the valves are broader and shorter with long sharp apical teeth. The genitalia of chibonotana and heritsia again are identical, the former being a subspecies of the latter. The early stages of cyarva and heritsia have been described by T. H. E. Jackson (Trans. R. ent. Soc. Lond. 1937 : 228). List OF SPECIES OF Phlyaria *Phlyaria cyara cyara (Hewitson), 1876. *Phlyaria cyara f. tenuimarginata (Griinberg,) 1908. *Phlyaria cyara stactalla Karsch, 1895. Fig. Aurivillius in Seitz, 1924. *Phlyaria heritsia heritsia (Hewitson), 1876 (3). virgo (Butler), 1896 (9). *Phlyaria heritsia chibonotana (Aurivillius), 1910. Fig. Gabriel, 1939, Ruwen- zort Exp. Phlyaria heritsia intermedia Tite, 1958, Entomologist 91 : 115, fig. Phlyaria virgo (Butler), see heritsia. Genus URANOTHAUMA Butler Uranothauma Butler, 1895, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. : 631 ; Pinhey, 1949 : 111 ; Swanepoel, 1953 : 76. Type-species : Uvanothauma crawshayi Butler, by original designation. Cupido Schrank (partim) ; Aurivillius, 1898 ; 359; 1924 : 461. Eyes densely and shortly pilose ; palpi long, ascending, second segment very long, laterally compressed, clothed below with adpressed white scales and long stiff black bristles, above with black scales, third segment slender, cylindrical ; antennae slender, a little more than half the length of the costa, club well differentiated, flattened ; ¢ fore leg, femur clothed with long hair, tibia slightly shorter than the femur, tarsus unsegmented, finely spinose below. Wing shape. Fore wing with costa slightly arched, apex slightly rounded, outer margin slightly convex and scalloped, hind wing with costa almost straight, outer margin slightly scalloped, a short triangular tail at the end of vein 2, a small indistinct lobe at the anal angle. Wing venation (Text-fig. 323). Fore wing with 11 veins, ro and 11 free from the upper edge of the cell, the latter being bent towards, and almost touching 12. Androconial scales are present in nearly all the species of Uvanothauma, either grouped in a large velvety patch as in cvawshayi, or in the form of long internervular rays as in falkensteini. 202 H. STEMPPRER Male genitalia (Text-fig. 173). Uncus composed of two oval lobes fused to the tegumen and separated by the concave margin of the latter, subunci long and curved, gradually tapered ; tegumen reduced ; vinculum broad above, narrow below ; lower fultura furca-like with two curved, tapering arms ; valves oblong with spatulate and slightly serrate apices ; penis oblong, slightly swollen at its base, vesica with a shagreened appearance ; apices of uncus and valves pilose. With the exception of nubzfer, all the species of Uranothauma have male genitalia like those of crawshay1, only differing in the shape of the valves, which furnish good specific characters and enable one to separate artemenes on the one hand, and on the other, to associate lunifer with pogget. In nubifer the uncus lobes are smaller than in other species, the subunci shorter, the tegumen is larger and its distal margin less concave, and the upper part of the vinculum is expanded in the form of a triangle directed cephalad. The early stages of nubifer, delatorum and falkensteini have been described by Jackson, (1937, Tvans. R. ent. Soc. Lond. 86 : 229-230). The caterpillars live on species of Mimosacae, for nubifer, see also Pinhey, 1949 : III. List OF SPECIES OF Urvanothauma *Uranothauma antinorii (Oberthir), 1883. Fig. genitalia, Stempffer, 1938, Mission Omo, 4 : 190. Uranothauma antinorii f. albicans Talbot, 1935, Entomologist’s mon. Mag. 71: 147, fig. Fic. 173. Uvanothauma crawshayi Butler, $ genitalia. GENERA OF AFRICAN LYCAENIDAE 203 Uranothauma antinorii f. felthami (Stevenson), 1934, Occ. Pap. natn Mus. Sth. Rhod. 16. Fig. Stevenson, 1940, J. ent. Soc. sth. Afr. 3. Uranothauma antinorii f. magnificans Stoneham, 1937, Bull. Stoneham Mus. 3 : 3. Uranothauma antinorii f. 2 splendens Stoneham, 1937, Bull. Stoneham Mus. a4 : 3. *Uranothauma artemenes (Mabille), Feb. 1880. Fig. Mabille 1885 : 7. Fig. genitalia, Stempffer, 1938, Mission Omo 4 : 193. auratus (Butler), April, 1880. Uranothauma auratus (Butler), see artemenes. j *Uranothauma cordatus (E. Sharpe), 1891 (3). Fig. 9 and genitalia, Stempffer, 1938, Mission Omo 4 : 188. *Uranothauma crawshayi Butler, 1895. crawshayinus Aurivillius, in Seitz, 1925 : 473. Uranothauma cuneatum Tite, 1958, Entomologist 91 : 117, fig. and fig. genitalia. *Uranothauma delatorum Heron, tIgog. Fig. genitalia, Stempffer, 1938, Mission Omo 4 : rot. *Uranothauma falkensteini (Dewitz), 1879. Fig. genitalia, Stempffer, 1938, Pc. t) 19x. Uranthauma falkensteini f. albescens Stoneham, 1937, Bull. Stoneham Mus. 34 : 3. Uranothauma falkensteini 9-f. umbra Talbot, 1935, Entomologist’s mon. Mag. 7a-* 148. *Uranothauma nubifer (Trimen), June 1895. Fig. genitalia, Stempffer, 1938, Mission Omo 4 : 191. pelotus (Karsch), October 1895. Uranothauma nubifer f. distinctesignatus (Strand), 1911. Fig. Aurivillius in Seitz, 1925. Uranothauma pelotus (Karsch), see nubifer. *Uranothauma poggei poggei (Dewitz), 1879. Fig. Aurivillius in Seitz, 1925. *Uranothauma poggei lunifer Rebel, 1914. *Uranothauma vansomereni Stempffer, 1951, Bull. Soc. ent. Fr. 56 : 128, fig. *Uranothauma williamsi Carcasson, 1961, Occ. Pap. Coryndon meml Mus. 7 : 21, fig. and fig. genitalia. Genus CACYREUS Butler Cacyreus Butler, 1898, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1897 : 845 ; Pinhey, 1949: 111 ; Swanepoel, 1953 : 67. Type-species : Papilio lingeus Cramer, by original designation. Hyvreus Hibner, 1826, Verz. bek. Schmett. : 70 (invalid junior homonym). Cupido Schrank (partim) ; Aurivillius, 1898 ; 360 ; 1924 : 463. Lycaena Fabricius (partim) ; Murray, 1935 : 146. Eyes densely and shortly pilose, palpi long, ascending, second segment laterally compressed, clothed below with scales and long stiff hair, third segment slender, ending in a sharp point, antennae slender, about half the length of the costa, club elongate and flattened ; thorax rather 204 HH. STEMPFFER robust, clothed below with white hair, § fore leg, femur clothed below with long white hair, tibia shorter than the femur, tarsus unsegmented, finely spinose below. Wing shape. Fore wing subtriangular, apex angular, outer margin slightly convex ; hind wing suboval, anal angle well marked, a short filiform tail at the end of vein 2. Wing venation (Text-fig. 324). Fore wing with 11 veins ; 1o and 11 free from the upper edge of the cell ; 12 is slightly curved towards 11, but not touching it. Male genitalia (Text-fig. 174). Uncus composed of two small subtriangular lobes with rounded apices fused to the lateral angles of the tegumen, each bearing a small projecting tubercle with rounded apex crowned with stiff hairs ; subunci very robust with massive bases, curved, and ending in an open claw ; tegumen large with a very convex posterior margin, giving the dorsal structures a trilobed appearance ; vinculum broad above, narrow below ; lower fultura furca-like with slender arms ; valves broadly oval at the base ; distally spatulate, the lower edge bearing sharp and irregular teeth which vary somewhat in shape in different specimens ; penis short, stumpy, vesica with fine cornuti ; uncus and distal portions of the valves pilose. In their external characters (colour and markings of the wings) darius, virilis and audeoudi so closely resemble lingeus that they have for a long time been considered varieties of it ; their genitalia, however, show quite clearly that they are separate species. In darius (Text-fig. 175) the dorsal structures resemble those of lingeus, but the two processes of the valve are widely separate at their apices and the upper one, which is much longer than the lower one, is broad and heel-shaped. In 1938 (Mission Omo 4 : 196) I figured the male genitalia of vivilis and andeoudt. Examination of these figures will show that in these two species the valves resemble those of lingeus, but the dorsal structures are very different : no tubercles on the uncus lobes, subunci longer and less robust, and in particular the posterior margin of the tegumen, instead of being markedly convex, is concave and so reduced to a narrow band medially. In ethiopicus and dicksoni (for reference to figures see list of species) the tegumen is similarly reduced to a narrow band in its median portion, but tubercles on the Fic. 174. Cacyreus lingeus lingeus (Cramer), 3 genitalia. GENERA OF AFRICAN LYCAENIDAE 205 uncus are developed to form two lobes, which are longer in dicksoni, and the valves are elongate, slightly spatulate apically and smooth in outline. In 1938 (l.c. : 199) I also figured the genitalia of palaemon and marshalli. In these the terminal margin of the tegumen is deeply concave, the uncus tubercles have become long digitate sclerites, the valves are oblong, massive in marshalli but deeply cleft apically in palaemon, the lower process much longer than the upper one. The early stages of lingeus, palaemon and marshalli have been described by Murray (1935 : 148), by Jackson (1937, Trans. R. ent. Soc. Lond. 86 : 230) and by Dickson (1944, J. ent. Soc. sth. Afr. 7:96; 1945, 8: 150; and 1947, 10: 127). The caterpillar of lingews feeds on various species of Labiatae ; those of palemon and marshalli on Geraniaceae. According to Jackson the colour of the caterpillar of lingeus varies considerably and always matches the colour of the species of Labiatae on which it feeds. LIsT OF SPECIES OF Cacyreus *Cacyreus audeoudi Stempffer, 1936, Bull. Soc. ent. Fr. 41 : 284. Genitalia, Stempffer, 1938, Mission Omo 4 : 197. *Cacyreus darius (Mabille), 1877. Fig. Mabille, 1885 : 7. *Cacyreus dicksoni Pennington, 1962, J. ent. Soc. sth. Afr. 25 : 283, fig. and fig. genitalia. Cacyreus ericus (Fabricius), see lingeus. Cacyreus ethiopicus Tite, 1961, Entomologist 94 : 112, fig. and fig. genitalia. *Cacyreus lingeus lingeus (Cramer), 1781. ericus (Fabricius), 1793. *Cacyreus lingeus ciliaris (Aurivillius), 1910. *Cacyreus marshalli Butler, 1898. Genitalia, Stempffer, 1938, Misston Omo 4 : 200. lingeus 2 (Wallengren), 1857. PAS Fic. 175. Cacyveus darius (Mabille), 3 genitalia. 206 H. STEMPFFER *Cacyreus palemon palemon (Cramer), 1782. Fig. genitalia, Stempffer, 1950, Revue fr. Ent. : 145. tespis (Herbst). Cacyreus palemon f. fracta (Grinberg), 1912. *Cacyreus palemon f{. ecaudata Stempffer, 1950, Revue fr. Ent. 17 : 145. *Cacyreus palemon ghimirra Talbot, 1935, Entomologist’s mon. Mag. 71 : 148. Fig. genitalia, Stempffer, 1938, Mission Omo 4: 198 ; 1950, Revue fr. Ent. 17 : 145. Cacyreus tespis (Herbst), see palemon. *Cacyreus virilis (Aurivillius), 1924. Genitalia, Stempffer, 1938, Mzssion Omo 4 : 196. Genus CASTALIUS Hubner Castalius Hiibner, 1819, Verz. bek. Schmett (5) : 70 ; Pinhey, 1949 : 112 ; Swanepoel, 1953 : 62. Type-species : Papilio vosimon Fabricius (Indo-Malayan), designated by Scudder, 1875, Proc. Am. Acad. Arts Sci. 3 : 135. Cupido Schrank (partim) ; Aurivillius, 1898 : 363, 1924 : 466. Lycaena Fabricius (partim) ; Murray, 1935 : 155. Eyes glabrous ; palpi long, ascending, slightly divergent ; second segment long, laterally, compressed, clothed below with long white adpressed scales ; third segment long, slender acuminate ; antennae slender, a little longer than half the length of the costa, club elongate, flattened ; thorax clothed below with white hair ; ¢ fore leg, femur clothed with white hair, tibia shorter than femur, tarsus unsegmented, finely spinose below. Fic. 176. Castalius vosimon Fic. 177. Castalius hintza hinitza (Trimen), ¢ genitalia. (Fabricius), ¢ genitalia. A, Bulawayo ; B, Kaikai Hills, N. of Ngami. GENERA OF AFRICAN LYCAENIDAE 207 Wing shape. Fore wing subtriangular, hind wing oval, a thread-like tail about 3 mm. long, at the end of vein 2. Wing venation (Text-fig. 325). Fore wing with 11 veins ; 11 bent and touching 12 at one point. Male genitalia (Text-fig. 176). Uncus composed of two oblong lobes with rounded apices, subunci long, slightly curved, with blunt apices, folded under the uncus ; tegumen very much reduced, dorsally on the whole somewhat resembling species of holarctic Lycaeninae, vinculum very wide ; lower fultura curtain-shaped and fused to the penis, which cannot be extracted without tearing open the apex of the fultura ; valves subtriangular, the two processes slightly separated at their lightly serrated apices, near the base on the inner surface there is a rounded, semimembranous process ; penis elongate, cylindrical in its internal portion, gradually tapering in its external portion to a sharply pointed apex, uncus and apices of valves pilose. The male genitalia of the ethiopian species generally placed in the genus Castalius are entirely different from those of rvosimon, the type-species ; and they also display such a lack of uniformity that it is desirable to deal with each one individually. C. hintza. Male genitalia (Text-fig. 177) : uncus composed of two small semicircular lobes fused to the lateral angles of the tegumen ; no subunci ; tegumen very large with a rounded depression in its terminal margin ; vinculum very wide above ; lower fultura of two curved arms ; valves much reduced, disc-shaped, with a small hook at the apex ; penis highly special- ized, short, massive, the external portion divided into two processes, one short, spatulate, the other long, gutter-shaped, with slightly serrated edges and enclosing a sheaf of imbricated spines ; uncus and middle of valves pilose. The wing venation also differs slightly from that of vosimon inasmuch as in the fore wing vein 11 comes very near 12 but does not touch it. C. calice. Male genitalia (Text-fig. 178) : uncus composed of two small oval lobes fused to the lateral angles of the tegumen ; subunci short, massive, only slightly curved, with a widened, strongly dentate apex ; tegumen rather large, its posterior margin only slightly concave, lower fultura in the form of a small lamella with slightly spatulate apex ; valves very large, the upper process folded under the lower one and ending in a finely spinose rounded apex, lower process connected to the vinculum by a membrane, its lower edge bearing teeth which are irregular in shape and size, its apex widely falcate ; penis minute, slightly curved, gradually tapering ; uncus pilose, valves with longer hair. C. gregovit. Male genitalia differ from those of calice only by the heavier upper process of the valves. Probably these two species are only two races of the same species. Fic. 178. Castalius calice calice (Hopffer), 3 genitalia. 208 H. STEMPEBRE R: C. cretosus. Male genitalia (Text-fig. 179) : resembling those of calice but the valves are not so large, the upper process, which is folded under the lower one, ending in a long sharp point clothed with strong spines, the lower process, also connected to the vinculum by a membrane, armed with a tooth in the middle of its lower edge. C. kaffana. Male genitalia (Text-fig. 180) : closely resembling those of cvetosus except that the terminal point of the upper process of the valves is shorter and more robust, and the apex of the lower process differs slightly in shape. C. melaena. Male genitalia (Text-fig. 181) : uncus composed of two rounded lobes fused on either side of the median concavity of the tegumen ; subunci long, bent close to their massive base and gradually tapering to the apex ; tegumen large, the dorsal part of the vinculum pro- longed towards the eighth abdominal segment by a rounded expansion, ventral part narrow ; Fic. 179. Castalius cretosus cretosus Butler, 3 genitalia. A, Sudan-Abyssinia border ; B, Elgon, 3500 m., penis, lateral. Fic, 180. Castalius kaffana Talbot, 3 genitalia. GENERA OF AFRICAN LYCAENIDAE 209 lower fultura well developed, in the shape of a St. Andrew’s cross whose lower arms are fused to the valves ; valves oblong, widely connected to the vinculum by a membrane, the upper process folded under the lower one, short, curved and ending in a sharp point, the lower process having strongly serrated edges ; penis minute, uncus and middle of valves pilose. C. griqua. Male genitalia identical with those of melaena, with which it is probably conspecific. C. carana. Male genitalia (Text-fig. 182) : uncus composed of two small flattened lobes fused to the tegumen ; subunci long, bent near the base, tapering to an apex which bears an open claw ; tegumen and vinculum large ; no lower fultura ; valves oblong, the upper process folded under the lower one and both ending in a sharp point ; penis of normal size, elongate, external portion short, slender, vesica with numerous cornuti, uncus and distal portions of valvae pilose. Fic. 181. Castalius melaena melaena (Trimen), $ genitalia, tegumen, penis (Delagoa Bay), valves (Rhodesia-Congo border). Fic. 182. Castalius carana cavana (Hewitson), ¢ genitalia. 210 H. STEMPFFER C. evtli. Male genitalia (Text-fig. 183) : uncus composed of two small flattened lobes fused to the tegumen ; subunci very long with massive bases, only slightly curved, tapering gradually to their apices ; tegumen strap-shaped ; vinculum wide above, narrow below ; lower fultura consists of a small spatulate lamella ; valves oblong, upper process folded under the lower one and ending in a slender point with serrated edges, lower process widely connected to the vincu- lum by a membrane and having a rounded apex ; penis of normal size and resembling that of cavana ; uncus pilose, hairs on valves more numerous and longer than on the uncus. C. margaritaceus. Male genitalia (Text-fig. 184) : uncus composed of two small oval lobes fused to the tegumen ; subunci long, almost straight, with massive bases and tapering gradu- ally to their apices ; terminal margin of tegumen smoothly concave ; vinculum wide above, narrow below ; lower fultura consists of a small triangular lamella ; valves very large, the upper process, which is folded under the lower one, ending in a long sharp spinose point, the lower process strongly dentate, the shape of the teeth varying in individual specimens ; penis as in cavana ; uncus and valves pilose. Fic. 183. Castalius evtli Aurivillius, 3 genitalia. Fic. 184. Castalius margaritaceus Sharpe, 3 genitalia. GENERA OF AFRICAN LYCAENIDAE 211 Comparison of the genitalia of the above species with those of vostmon, can only lead to the conclusion that the Ethiopian species of Castalius have no true relation- ship with the type-species vosimon. Besides rosimon, I have examined only four Indo-Malayan species, viz : decidia Hewitson, ethion Doubleday, voxus Godart and elna Hewitson. Their male genitalia also differ considerably from those of vosimon and they show no resemblance to the so-called Castalius of Africa. Fruhstorfer (Seitz, 9 : 883) has already pointed out the great diversity that is found in the male genitalia of species of this genus and yet he considered that the genus Castalius, as he understood it, was a valid systematic group. I cannot agree with him. It is evident that the species of Castalius auct. do not constitute a natural genus, but that they form a heterogeneous collection of groups of species whose convergent characters are of minor importance, e.g. the type of venation, which is commonplace, and the undeniable similarity of external appearance, with the white ground-colour of the upperside more or less tinged with blue, and with black mark- ings, and especially a strong black streak parallel to the costa on the underside of the fore wing. I do not consider that this black streak has any particular systematic value, being only a recurrent character-found also in species of Tarucus and in Azanus isis Drury, which have genitalia very distinctive from those of C. rosimon. In my opinion, the generic name Castalius should be restricted to vosimon and its Indo-Malayan congeners, if there are any. The Ethiopian species should be divided into four groups, probably with the status of genera :—1. hintza ; 2. calice, gregori, cretosus and kaffana ; 3. melaena and griqua ; 4. carana, ertli and margari- taceus. At present however, I refrain from naming these groups as genera, prefering to wait till the related Indo-Malayan species have received comprehensive treatment. The early stages of hintza and cretosus have been described by Jackson (1937, Trans. R. ent. Soc. Lond. 86 : 231-2) : for hintza see also Pinhey (1949 : 112). List oF SPECIES OF Castalius Castalius analogramma Bethune Baker, see cretosus nodiert. *Castalius calice calice (Hopffer), 1855. Fig. Hopffer, 1862. *Castalius calice gregorii Butler, 1894. Castalius calice (Wallengren), nec Hopffer, see melaena. *Castalius carana carana (Hewitson), 1876. Castalius carana kontu (Karsch), 1893. Fig. H. H. Druce, rgro. *Castalius cretosus cretosus Butler, 1876. Castalius cretosus lactinatus Butler, 1886. Castalius cretosus nodieri (Oberthur), 1883. analogramma Bethune Baker, Ig1rt. *Castalius cretosus usemia Neave, 1904. *Castalius ertli Aurivillius, 1907. *Castalius hintza hintza (Trimen), 1864. Fig. Trimen, 1887. rosimon (Wallengren), 1857, nec Fabricius, 1775. Castalius hintza resplendens Butler, 1876. 212 H. STEMPFFER *Castalius kaffana Talbot, 1935, Entomologist’s mon. Mag. 71 : 149, fig. *Castalius margaritaceus E. Sharpe, 1892. Castalius margaritaceus f. phasma Talbot, 1935, Entomologist’s mon. Mag. 71 «148, fig. *Castalius melaena melaena (Trimen), 1887. Fig. Aurivillius in Seitz, 1924. calice (Wallengren), 1857 ; melama and melas Aurivillius ex errore Seitz : 467. *Castalius melaena griqua Trimen, 1887. Castalius melaena interruptus Gabriel, 1954, Exp. S.W. Arabia, 1937/38 : 381. Castalius melama (Aurivillius), see melaena, 1924 : 467. Castalius melas (Aurivillius), see melaena. Castalius rosimon (Wallengren), see hintza. Genus TARUCUS Moore Tavucus Moore, 1881, Lep. Ceylon 1:81; Bethune Baker, 1918 : 269-296 ; Swanepoel, 1953 : 65. Type-species : Hesperia theophrastus Fabricius, by original designation. Cupido Schrank (partim) ; Aurivillius, 1898 : 363 ; 1924 : 468. Lycaena Fabricius (partim) ; Murray, 1935 : 152. Cacyreus Butler (partim); Pinhey, 1949: 119 Eyes glabrous, vertex clothed with white hair; palpi long, strongly ascending, second segment long, laterally compressed, clothed with white erect scales, third segment slender, cylindrical, clothed with black scales (see Bethune Baker, 1917, pl. 20, figs 33-34) : antennae slender, about three-fifths the length of the costa, club elongate, well differentiated ; thorax fairly robust, clothed below with long white hair ; ¢ fore leg, femur slightly flattened, tibia about as long as femur, tarsus unsegmented, black and white-annulated, spinose below. Wing shape. Fore wing subtriangular, hind wing oval with a short filiform tail at the end of vein 2. Wing venation (Text-fig. 326) : Fore wing with 11 veins, 11 curved, and touching 12 at one point in its length. Male genitalia (Text-fig. 185). Uncus composed of two small lobes with rounded apices fused to the lateral angles of the tegumen ; subunci long, bent at right-angles, the basal part massive, the free arm tapering gradually to the claw-shaped apex ; tegumen rather large, the terminal margin deeply excised so as to leave only a narrow median band ; vinculum very wide above ; lower fultura peculiar in that the arms are enlarged to form wide curtains, which are fused to form a conical hood that passes above the penis, the apex of the cone directed towards the eighth abdominal segment (Bethune Baker gave the name “ tectorius’”’ to this structure) ; valves elongate with three sharp teeth of varying lengths at the apices, and bearing towards the base on the inner surface of the upper process a digitate, sharply pointed sclerite which runs parallel to the valve itself (the “‘ virgae excitatae ’’ of Bethune Baker) ; penis very elongate, sheathed by an anellus fused to the tectorius, tapering gradually in its external portion to the sharp pointed apex, vesica echinate ; uncus and apices of valves pilose. Bethune Baker (1917: 271) has interpreted the structures of the male genitalia of the species of Tarucus in a way which differs from my own interpretation. Instead of considering the “ tectorius’”’ as a modification of the lower fultura, he considers that it is a peculiar vestigial organ, part of a primitive structure which consisted of two groups, one surrounding the anus, the other protecting the sexual organs. On GENERA OF AFRICAN LYCAENIDAE 213 the other hand he admits that the “ virgae excitatae ”’ take the place of the furca of other species of Lampidinae. I cannot agree with this interpretation. I have fora long time studied the geographical distribution of Tarucus in the Ethiopian region and dissected very numerous male genitalia of species of this genus. Not content with single whole mounts, in side view, I have dissected out the parts and cut through the top of the tectorius to extract the penis. I have come to the conclusion that the tectorius is not an independent structure, not a second vinculum, but simply a prolongation of the lower process of the valves, as there is no suture between the two structures. In other African Lampidinae one comes across a similar fusion of the distal portions of the arms of the lower fultura, or at least a curtain-like expan- sion of its arms. In my opinion the virgae excitatae do not correspond to the furca ; they are simply extensions of the valves originating at different levels according to the species, and furthermore they are not found in all species of Tarucus. In theophrastus the virgae excitatae (Text-fig. 186) arise from the upper process, in species of the rosacea group (mediterraneae Bethune Baker) they are fused to the lower process. The valves of some Ethiopian species of Castalius (e.g. melaena Trimen) also have sclerites comparable to the virgae excitatae of Tarucus. To illustrate my contention I have drawn in the accompanying diagram (Text-fig. 186) with solid lines the lower process of the valves, the tectorius (cut open at its apex) and the virgae excitatae, and have indicated the general outline of the valves by dotted lines. I believe that my interpretation of these structures in the genitalia of Tarucus is more tenable than that of Bethune Baker. In accordance with his genitalia studies, Bethune Baker divided the species of Tarucus into four groups and he figured the male genitalia of all the species known in 1918, except those of thespis Linnaeus. As I have since illustrated the genitalia of all the species that I have described, figures are here given only of those species not yet illustrated. 186 Fics 185-186. Tarucus theophrastus (Fabricius) § genitalia. 185, Kantara ; 186, W. Darfur. 214 H. STEMPFFER Group I : virgae excitatae well developed, fused to the lower process of the valve ; tectorius present. T. rosacea Austaut ; Bethune Baker, 1918 : 282, pl. 16, fig. 7 ; Stempffer, 1943, Annls Soc. ent. Fr. 1942 : 121 ; fig. 2. T. balkanicus Freyer ; Bethune Baker, 1918 : 278, pl. 15, fig. 3 ; Stempffer, 1943, Annls Soc. ent. Fr. 1942 : 121, fig. 3. T. legrast Stempffer, 1948, Revue fr. Ent. 15 : 195, fig. 4. T. kulala Evans (Text-fig. 187). The armature of kulala resembles that of rosacea except that the subunci are rather less robust and the valves narrower with the apex not bent back. T. kulala is certainly a distinct species, easily separated by the pattern of the underside. Group II : Virgae excitatae absent, tectorius poorly developed. T. grammicus Gr. Smith ; Bethune Baker, 1918 : 284, pl. 16, fig. Io. T. sybaris Hopffer ; Bethune Baker, 1918 : 285, pl. 16, fig. 9. T. quadratus Grant ; Bethune Baker, 1918 : 286, pl. 16, fig. 11. Group III : Virgae excitatae fused to the upper process of the valve (theophrastus) or absent (ungemacht) ; tectorius well developed. T. theophrastus Fabricius; Bethune Baker, 1918 : 287, pl. 16, fig. 12; Stempffer, 1943, Annls Soc. ent. Fr. 1942 : 121, fig. 1. T. ungemachi Stempffer, 1943 : 121, fig. 4. Fic. 187. Tarucus kulala Evans, ¢ genitalia. GENERA OF AFRICAN LYCAENIDAE 215 Group IV : virgae excitatae absent, tectorius present, uncus and subunci well developed. T. bowkert Trimen ; Bethune Baker, 1918 : 295, pl. 17, fig. 15. T. thespis L. ; Bethune Baker, 1918 : 296. This fourth group of species departs rather markedly from the others. The venation differs slightly in that vein 11 of the fore wing is anastomosed with vein 12 for some distance, whereas in the other species the two veins only touch at a point. The external appearance is also different, the pattern of the underside being heavier ; in respect of the genitalia, in thespis (Text-fig. 188) the uncus consists of two narrow subtriangular lobes with rounded apices, the subunci are bent, very long and slender, with a terminal hook ; the tegumen is reduced to a narrow band, vinculum moderately broad above, narrow below, tectorius well developed, valves fusiform, very elongate, broadly fused to the vinculum and apically rounded ; penis elongate, very swollen at the level of the floor of the genital cavity, then suddenly narrowed and ending in a sharp point ; vesica shagreened in appearance ; lobes of the uncus and apices of the valves pilose. The early stages of T. rosacea have been described by Chapman and Buxton (1919, Entomologist’s mon. Mag. 55 : 163-173), those of T. sybaris by Murray (1935, 153), Gowan C. Clark (1942, J. ent. Soc. sth. Afr. 5 : 115-118), and Pinhey (1949, : 112) ; those of T. thespis by Dickson (1944, J. ent. Soc. sth. Afr. 7 : 20-29). The caterpillars of thespis feed on species of Rhamnaceae, those of rosacea and sybaris on species of Zizyphus. In Europe theophrastus has been found on Zizyphus vulgaris Lam, Fig. 188. Tavucus thespis (Linnaeus), ¢ genitalia. 216 H. STEMPFFER The genus Tarucus includes several species which it is almost impossible to differentiate by their external appearance, but their male genitalia are distinctive enough to leave no doubt as to the validity of the species. It would be interesting to examine systematically the genitalia of all the specimens of Tarucus which are to be found in various collections so as to decide the habitats of the known species and possibly discover new species. List OF SPECIES OF Tarucus *Tarucus balkanicus (Freyer), 1844. *Tarucus bowkeri (Trimen), 1883. Fig. Trimen, 1906. *Tarucus grammicus (Gr. Smith), 1893. louisae E. Sharpe, 1808. *Tarucus kulala Evans, 1955, Entomologist 88 : 185. *Tarucus legrasi Stempffer, 1948, Revue fr. Ent. 15 : 194, fig. Tarucus louisae E. Sharpe, see grammicus. Tarucus mediterraneae Bethune Baker, see rosacea. Tarucus pitho (Linnaeus), see thespis. *Tarucus quadratus Grant, 1899. Fig. Bethune Baker, 1918. *Tarucus rosacea (Austaut), 1885. Fig. Bethune Baker, 1918 (as mediterraneae). mediterraneae Bethune Baker, 1918. *Tarucus sybaris sybaris (Hopffer), 1855. Fig. Hopffer, 1862. *Tarucus sybaris linearis (Aurivillius), 1924. *Tarucus theophrastus (Fabricius), 1793. *Tarucus thespis (Linnaeus), 1764. Fig. Trimen, 1887. pitho (2) (Linnaeus), 1764. *Tarucus ungemachi Stempffer, 1943, Annls Soc. ent. Fr. 1942 : 121, fig. Fic. 189. Lampides boeticus (Linnaeus), ¢ genitalia. GENERA OF AFRICAN LYCAENIDAE 217 Genus LAMPIDES Hiibner Lampides Hiibner, 1819, Verz. bek. Schmett (5) 70 ; Pinhey, 1949 : 115 ; Swanepoel, 1953 : 82. Type-species : Papilio boeticus Linnaeus, by selection of Grote (1873, Bull. Buffalo Soc. nat. Set. 3 : 179). Cupido Schrank (partim) ; Aurivillius, 1898 : 367 ; 1924 : 471. Lycaena Fabricius (partim) ; Murray, 1945 : 161. Eyes clothed with long dense hair ; palpi long, ascending, second segment very long, laterally compressed, clothed below with close-set long white scales and with a row of long stiff black hairs, third segment short, horizontal, with blunt apex ; antennae slender, white-annulated, a little longer than half the length of the costa, club elongate, clavate ; thorax robust, clothed below with long white hair ; 3 fore leg, femur clothed with very long -white hair, tibia shorter than femur, tarsus unsegmented. Wing shape. Fore wing triangular, outer margin slightly convex, hind wing oval, with a filiform tail at the end of vein 2. Wing venation (Text-fig. 327). Fore wing with rr veins. Male gemitalia (Text-fig. 189). Uncus composed of two subtriangular lobes with rounded apices fused to the lateral angles of the tegumen, subunci short, flattened into lamellae, slightly curved, apices blunt ; tegumen reduced to a narrow median band, vinculum wide above, very narrow below, no saccus ; lower fultura Y-shaped, with long slender arms ; valves oblong with broad bases and serrated apices which are slightly recurved ; penis short, massive, apical part with two short blunt-ended processes which are probably homologous with the carina of the penis of Syntarucus ; vesica armed with numerous cornuti ; uncus and distal halves of valves pilose. The early stages of boeticus have often been described :—Murray (1935 : 162) ; Jackson (1937, Trans. R. ent. Soc. Lond. 86 : 234) ; Dickson, C.G. E., (1944, J. ent. Soc. sth. Afr.7:96; 1945, 8: 150; and 1947, 10: 127) ; Pinhey, (1949 : 117). As in Europe the caterpillar is polyphagous and lives in the pods of many wild and cultivated species of Leguminosae. List OF SPECIES OF Lampides *Lampides boeticus (L.), 1767. Genus CYCLYRIUS Bulter Cyclyrius Butler, 1897, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1896 : 830. Type-species : Polyommatus webbianus Brulle (species restricted to the Canary Islands), by original designation. Cupido Schrank (partim) ; Aurivillius, 1924 : 471. Eyes densely clothed with fairly long hair ; palpi long, ascending, second segment long, laterally compressed, clothed above and below with white scales and below also bearing long black stiff hairs, third segment rather short, slender, acuminate and clothed with black scales ; antennae slender, about three-fifths the length of the costa, club elongate clavate, well differ- entiated ; thorax fairly robust, clothed below with white hair ; ¢ fore leg, tibia shorter than the femur, tarsus unsegmented, finely spinose below. Wing shape. Fore wing subtriangular, apex angular, hind wing oval, no tail. Wing venation (Text-fig. 328). Fore wing with 11 veins, 11 runs close to 12 but does not touch it. Male genitalia (Text-fig. 190) (see also Stempffer, 1938, Mission Omo 4 : 201, fig. 23) : Uncus composed of two small lobes narrowly fused to the tegumen on either side of its median con- 218 H. STEMPPRER cavity ; subunci rather short, almost straight, tapering gradually from their base to the blunt apices ; tegumen reduced to a rather narrow median strip ; vinculum wide above, narrow below ; lower fultura consisting of two slender curved arms arising from the base of the valves ; valves oblong, proximal portion oval, apex serrated, the size of the teeth increasing gradually from the upper to the lower process, the lower edge deeply excised near the apex ; penis of the same structure as in the genus Syntarucus, i.e. short, massive with carina penis and cuneus, the latter bifid ; uncus and lower processes of valves pilose. As can be seen by comparing figures, the male genitalia of C. webbianus are closely analogous to those of Ethiopian Syntarucus and American Leptotes. In his generic description, Butler included in Cyclyrius the species aequatorialis Sharpe and jwno Butler ; Aurivillius (1924 : 471-473) also included in what he called the Cyclyrius group, tsomo Trimen, noquasa Trimen, kisaba Joicey & Talbot, notobia Trimen and crawshayi Butler. Later on other species or subspecies were placed in this genus by other authors, viz : boma Bethune Baker, ruandensis Joicey & Talbot, vulcanica Joicey & Talbot, marungensis Joicey & Talbot, wollastoni Bethune Baker and major Joicey & Talbot. I have examined the male genitalia of all these species or subspecies. As I have shown (1943, Annls Soc. ent. Fr. 1942 : 125) they have nothing in common with those of C. webbianus ; crawshayi is a Euchrysops (Stempffer, 1938, Mission Omo 4: 204, fig. 26) and all the others belong to the genus Harpendyreus. They must be excluded from the genus Cyclyrius, which they resemble only fortuitously and in the markings on the underside of the hind wing. On the other hand mandersi H. H. Druce, from Mauritius, described as a Nacaduba, is a true Cyclyrius not only in its venation but also in its male genitalia, of which I give a drawing (Text-fig. 191) : it is true that the subunci are finely spinose, but the penis has the highly characteristic form of Cyclyrius, Syntarucus and Leptotes. It seems impossible to have any doubts as to the close relationship of these three genera Fic. 190. Cyclyrius webbianus (Brullé), 3 genitalia. GENERA OF AFRICAN LYCAENIDAE 219 and of their common ancestry. They are rare examples amongst Lycaenidae, of a stock common to Indo-Malaysia, Africa and to sonoran and neotropical America. This interesting fact had already been noted by Seitz, who (1937, Macrolep. World 5 : 739) writes ‘‘ By this, however, we cannot explain other symptoms, such as the occurrence of otherwise African genera on the high ridge of the Andes (genus Cyclyrius Butler)’. It is interesting to note that whereas the underside markings of Leptotes casstus Cramer, L. theonus Lucas and L. marina Reakirt recall species of Syntarucus, those of Lepototers callanga Dyar and L. andicola Godman & Salvin are much more like those of C. webbianus. The early stages of C. mandersi have been described by Manders (1908, Trans. ent. Soc. Lond. 1907 : 446). , List OF SPECIES OF Cyclyrius *Cyclyrius mandersi (H. H. Druce), 1907. *Cyclyrius webbianus (Brulle), 1850 (palaearctic species : Canary Isles). Genus SYNTARUCUS Butler Syntarucus Butler, 1900, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond.: 929 ; Pinhey, 1949 : 115 ; Swanepoel, 1953 : 8. Type-species : Papilio pirithous L., 1767 (Papilio telicanus Lang, 1789), by monotypy. Cupido Schrank (partim) ; Aurivillius, 1898 : 364 ; 1924 : 470. Lycaena Fabricius (partim) ; Murray, 1935 : 189. Eyes densely pilose ; vertex clothed with erect black hair ; palpi long, ascending, second segment long, laterally compressed, clothed beneath with long stiff white and black hair, third segment slender, acuminate ; antennae slender, a little longer than half the length of the costa, Fic. 191. Cyclyrius mandersi (Druce), 3 genitalia. 220 H. SPEMPFERER club oval, flattened, well differentiated, thorax moderately robust, clothed below with long white silky hair ; ¢ fore leg, tibia shorter than femur, tarsus unsegmented, finely spinose below. Wing shape. Fore wing subtriangular, apex angular, outer margin slightly convex ; hind wing oval, with a short filiform tail at the end of vein 2, anal angle not well marked. Wing venation (Text-fig. 329). Fore wing with 11 veins, 11 approximate to but not touching vein 12. Male genitalia (Text-fig. 192). _Uncus composed of two small oval lobes narrowly fused to the posterior margin of the tegumen ; subunci long, slightly curved, tapering gradually to blunt apices, not unguiculate ; tegumen reduced to a narrow median band of which the posterior margin is roundly concave ; the rather wide upper part of the vinculum bent at right angles to the narrow lower portion ; lower fultura composed of two slender curved arms fused together at their base and attached to the base of the valves ; valves suboval ending in a long curved point which bears a small tooth on its inner edge ; penis short, massive in its internal protion ; vesica enclosing a large hook-shaped cornutus (cuneus of Stitz) : the external portion of the penis ends in two long sharp points curved towards the ventral surface (carina penis of Petersen). During the act of copulation the pars inflabilis, accompanied by the cuneus, is unsheathed and passes above (not between) the points of the carina penis ; uncus and distal portions of valves pilose. In 1935 (Mission Omo 2 : 219, 240) I published a revision of the African species of Syntarucus, in which I showed that Syntarucus plinius Fabricius, often recorded from Africa by various authors, was in fact an exclusively Indo-Malaysian species, but that, on the other hand there existed in Africa other very common species, which till then had been confused with pirithous, all of which had conspicuously different genitalia. Since then Tite (1958, Entomologist 19 : 189) has isolated three other species. The male genitalia of all species resemble those of pivithous, though the subunci and the valves supply excellent specific characters which allow one to determine the species rapidly and accurately, in contrast to their external appearances which are Fic. 192. Syntarucus pirithous (Linnaeus), 3 genitalia. GENERA OF AFRICAN LYCAENIDAE 221 confusing. The penis of all has the same characteristic form and has the carina penis and cuneus typical of the genus. References to figures of genitalia are included in the list of species given below. It is worth noting that, whereas most of the species of Syntarucus are widespread throughout Africa and often found flying together, five have very restricted distribu- tions. These are S. socotranus, found only on Sokotra, S. rabefaner, restricted to Madagascar, S. terrenus in Sao Thomé and mayottensis and casca of the Comoro Islands. In the description of Cyclyrius I have already called attention to the close affinities existing between that genus and Syntarucus and the American genus Leptotes. ; The early stages of pirithous have been described by Murray (1935 : 190). In S. Africa the caterpillar feeds on various species of Leguminosae, e.g. Plumbago capensis, Burkea africana, Indigofera spp., Mundulea sericea and Medicago sativa L. (Legu- minosae). Recently Mr. K. M. Pennington has informed me that at Delagoa Bay the caterpillar of pulcher feeds on Sesbania sesban. List OF SPECIES OF Syntarucus *Syntarucus babaulti Stempffer, 1935, Mission Omo 4 : 235, fig. and fig. genitalia. *Syntarucus brevidentatus Tite, 1958, Entomologist 91: 189, fig. and fig. genitalia. *Syntarucus casca Tite, 1958, Entomologist 91 : 190, fig. and fig. genitalia. *Syntarucus jeanneli Stempffer, 1935, Mission Omo 4 : 232, fig. and fig. genitalia. *Syntarucus marginalis (Aurivillius), 1924. Fig. genitalia, Stempffer, 1935, Mission Omo 4. *Syntarucus mayottensis Tite, 1958, Entomologist 91 : 191, fig. and fig. genitalia. *Syntarucus pirithous pirithous (Linnaeus), 1767. Fig. Gerhard, 1853. Fig. genitalia, Stempffer, 1935, Mission Omo 4. telicanus (Lang), 1789. Syntarucus pirithous insulanus (Aurivillius), 1909. *Syntarucus pulcher (Murray), 1874. Fig. genitalia, Stempffer, 1935, Mzssion Omo 4. *Syntarucus rabefaner (Mabille), 1877. Fig. and fig. genitalia, Stempffer, 1935. *Syntarucus socotranus (Grant), 1899. Fig. and fig. genitalia, Stempffer, 1935. Syntarucus telicanus (Lang), see pirithous. Syntarucus terrenus Joicey & Talbot, 1926, Entomologist 59 : 224. Genus HARPENDYREUS Heron Harpendyreus Heron, 1909, Trans. zool. Soc. Lond. 19: 158 ; Swanepoel, 1935: 72. Type- species : Harpendyreus veginaldi Heron, by monotypy. Cupido Schrank (partim) ; Aurivillius, 1898 : 368 ; 1924 : 462, 472. Lycaena Fabricius (partim) ; Murray, 1935 : 162, 185. Eyes densely clothed with long hair ; palpi long, ascending, second segment long, laterally compressed, clothed above with black scales, below with white scales and long stiff black hair, 222 H. STEMPFFER third segment slender, acuminate, clothed with white scales on the inside and black scales on the outside ; antennae slender, about three-fifths the length of the costa, club oval, flattened, well differentiated ; thorax fairly robust, clothed below with long silky hair ; ¢ fore leg, femur clothed with long grey hair, tibia slightly shorter than the femur, tarsus unsegmented, finely spinose below. Wing shape. Fore wing subtriangular, apex angular margin convex, hind wing oval, no tail, anal angle rounded. Wing venation (Text-fig. 330). Fore wing with II veins. Male genitalia (Text-fig. 193). _Uncus composed of two oval lobes fused to the posterior edge of the tegumen, each lobe bearing near its apex a small prominent tubercle crowned with long strong stiff bristles (N.B. as this tubercle is rather soft, it is easily displaced when the genitalia are mounted ; sometimes it is pushed sideways as in the case in the figure, sometimes it is pushed upwards, projecting above the posterior margin of the tegumen so that it is difficult to prepare mounts that are strictly comparable in respect of all details) ; subunci long, slender, curving, tapering gradually from the base to the pointed apex which bears a wide-open claw ; tegumen very large, prolonged towards the eighth abdominal segment by a wide rounded expansion ; vinculum narrow, almost at right-angles to the-tegumen when seen in side view, lower fultura composed of two long curved arms fused together at their bases and arising from the origin of the valves ; valves oblong, their general shape reminding one of a human leg including calf, ankle and foot, the internal surface bearing near its base a small protuberance which possibly corresponds to a connection between the valves and the tergal elements of the genitalia ; penis short, massive, vesica with numerous cornuti ; uncus densely clothed with long fine hair, distal portion of the valves sparsely clothed with short hairs. The male genitalia of all the species or subspecies of Harpendyreus examined are of the same type as those of H. reginaldi except those of H. notobia (see below). Their specific characters are found mainly in the shape of the valves, but these Fic. 193. Harpendyreus veginaldi Heron, ¢ genitalia. GENERA OF AFRICAN LYCAENIDAE 223 characters are sometimes so poorly defined that it is difficult to decide whether one is dealing with a distinct species, a geographical race or even an individual variation. The species can be grouped according to variation in the valves, but as in certain species I had only a few specimens for dissection, I cannot rest satisfied with such an arrangement. To illustrate what I mean I give a figure (Text-fig. 194) of the male genitalia of major, which had been described as a subspecies of noquasa, but which is certainly a valid species. H. notobia Trimen (Text-fig. 195). In this species uncus, subunci, tegumen and penis are of the same type as in reginaldi, but the two arms of the lower fultura are strongly curved and their apices are connected by a membrane which forms a com- plete ring around the penis, and the valves are very long, digitate, without any distal widening. Judging by their male genitalia the species of Harpendyreus form a homogeneous genus. The markings on the underside of the hind wing of reginaldi remind one of Uranothauma antinorit Oberthur. All the other species have a white transverse streak, more or less pronounced, like the one in Cyclyrius webbianus and it is this trivial unimportant character that led some authors to include them, rather arbi- trarily, in the genus Cyclyrius. In Eastern Africa Harpendyreus is distributed from Kivu, Ruanda and Ruwenzori to Natal, Transvaal, Basutoland and the Cape, but it is discontinuous, the various scattered species and subspecies being restricted to specific mountain masses, though clearly having a common origin. The early stages of notobia and noquasa have been described by Murray (1935 : 163, 186). Fic. 194. Harpendyreus major (Joicey & Talbot), ¢ genitalia. 224 H. STEMPFFER List OF SPECIES OF Harpendyreus *Harpendyreus aequatorialis aequatorialis (Sharpe), 1892. Fig. genitalia, Stempffer, 1938, Mission Omo 4 : 202. *Harpendyreus aequatoralis sharpiae (Butler), 1900. *Harpendyreus aequatoralis vulcanica (Joicey & Talbot), 1924, Bull. Hill Mus. Witley 1 : 547. *Harpendyreus argenteostriata Stempffer, 1961 : 65, fig. and fig. genitalia. *Harpendyreus juno juno (Butler), 1897. *Harpendyreus juno boma (Bethune Baker), 1926, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (9) i7-: 402. *Harpendyreus major (Joicey & Talbot), 1924, Bull. Hill Mus. Witley 1 : 548. *Harpendyreus marlieri Stempffer, 1961 : 64, fig. and fig. genitalia. *Harpendyreus marungensis marungensis (Joicey & Talbot), 1924, Bull. Hill Mus. Witley 1 : 547. *Harpendyreus marungensis wollastoni (Bethune Baker), 1926, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (9) 17 : 402. Fig. Gabriel, 1939, Ruwenzori Exp. *Harpendyreus meruanus meruanus (Aurivillius), 1910. *Harpendyreus meruanus kisaba (Joicey & Talbot), 1g2r. *Harpendyreus meraunus ruandensis (Joicey & Talbot), 1924, Bull. Hill Mus. Witley 1 : 548. *Harpendyreus notobia (Trimen), 1868. Fig. Trimen, 1887. *Harpendyreus reginaldi Heron, 1909. _ Fig. Gabriel, 1939. *Harpendyreus tsomo tsomo (Trimen), 1868. Fig. Trimen, 1887. *Harpendyreus tsomo noquasa (Trimen), 1887. Fig. Butler, 1808. Fic. 195. Harpendyreus notobia (Trimen), $ genitalia. GENERA OF AFRICAN LYCAENIDAE 225 Genus PSEUDONACAD UBA Stempfter Pseudonacaduba Stempffer, 1943, Ann. Soc. ent. Fr. 1942 : 130 ; Pinhey, 1949 : 186 ; Swanepoel, 1953: 77. Type-species : Lycaena aethiops Mabille, by original designation. Cupido Schrank (partim) ; Aurivillius 1898 : 367 ; 1925 : 471. Eyes densely pilose ; frons black with two narrow white lateral lines ; palpi long, ascending, second segment long, laterally compressed, clothed below with long erect bristles, third seg- ment fairly long, very slender, ending in a pointed apex ; antennae slender, about three-fifths the length of the costa ; club flattened, well differentiated ; ¢ fore leg, femur clothed with long grey hair, tibia shorter than the femur, tarsus unsegmented, finely spinose below. Wing shape. Fore wing subtriangular, apex angular, outer margin convex ; hind wing oval, no tail, anal angle well marked. : Wing venation (Text-fig. 331). Fore wing with 11 veins ; 11 bent and confluent with 12 for part of its length. Male genitalia (Text-fig. 196). Uncus crescentic with sharp pointed horns, thin in the median region ; subunci very robust, bent close to their massive base and bearing a distinct apical hook ; tegumen fairly large, its lateral margin markedly tooth-shaped ; vinculum broad, with a long slender saccus ; lower fultura consists of two divergent arms ; valves oblong with rounded apices fused together by their lower edges in the basal half ; penis elongate, gradually tapering in its internal portion, slightly dilated in its external portion, which ends in a sharp point, the meatus runs almost along its whole length and its edges bear spinules in its apical part ; uncus and apices of valves long pilose. In Pseudonacaduba sichela the male genitalia (Text-fig. 197) resemble those of aethiops except that the apices of the uncus, instead of tapering to a point, are crowned with a kind of volute ending in a hook, the subunci are shorter, and the valves more widely fused together, and with an obliquely truncated apex. In the figure the vesica, bearing fine cornuti, is exerted. Karsch (1895, Ent. Nachr., 21 : 297) placed sichela in the genus Orthomiella de Nicéville. Aurivillius (1898 : 357), followed by most other authors of faunistic papers, included aethiops and sichela in the genus Nacaduba Moore. Fic. 196. Pseudonacaduba aethiops (Mabille), 3 genitalia. 226 H. STEMPFEER I have compared the genitalia of aethiops and sichela with those of Orthomiella pontis sinensis and O.p. rovorea and several species of oriental Nacaduba. They had no similarity, and for this reason I erected the genus Pseudonacaduba. In 1938 (Trans. R. ent. Soc. Lond. 1938 : 125, 146) Corbet published a revision of of the Malayan species of the Nacaduba group, in which he stated “‘ The genus Petrelaea Toxopeus (1929, Tujds. Ent. 72 : 242), type Petrelaea dana varia Toxopeus (1929) ... includes P. dana de Nicéville and certain African forms in the sichela group’. Fic. 197. Pseudonacaduba sichela (Wallengren), 3 genitalia. Fic. 198. Petvelaea dana dana (de Nicéville), 3 genitalia. GENERA OF AFRICAN LYCAENIDAE 227 At that time, having no material of P. dana, I accepted Corbet’s opinion. Since then, I have been able to dissect three males from the British Museum (N.H.) and to figure the male genitalia (Text-fig. 198). A glance at this figure will show they bear little resemblance to the genitalia of stchela : the uncus is much simpler, the vin- culum very narrow and devoid of a saccus ; the valves bigger and well separated, and the penis disproportionately large in relation to the dorsal structures. I consider therefore that there is good reason to retain the genus Pseudonacaduba for the two African species in spite of the undeniable superficial resemblance between dana and sichela. List oF SPECIES OF Pseudonacaduba *Pseudonacaduba aethiops (Mabille). Fig. Aurivillius in Seitz, 1925. melania (Capronnier), 1889 ; strvatola (Holland), r8o9r. Pseudonacaduba dexamene (Druce), see sichela. Pseudonacaduba docilis (Butler), see sichela. Pseudonacaduba melania (Capronnier), see aethiops. *Pseudonacaduba sichela sichela (Wallengren) 1857. Fig. Aurivillius in Seitz, 1925. dexamene (Druce), 1887 ; docilis (Butler), 1888. Pseudonacaduba sichela reticulum (Mabille), 1877. Fig. Mabille, 1885 : 87. Pseudonacaduba stratola (Holland), see aethiops. Genus LEPIDOCHRYSOPS Hedicke Lepidochrysops Hedicke, 1923, Dt. ent. Z. 1923 : 226 (nom. nov. pro Neochrysops Bethune Baker, 1923, nec Szilady, 1922) ; Pinhey, 1949: 117 ; Swanepoel, 1953 : 89, 112. Type- species : Papilio plebeitus ruralis parsimon Fabricius, through Art. 67 (i) of Int. Com. zool. Nomenclature (replacement name). Neochrysops Bethune Baker, 1923 (invalid junior homonym). Cupido Schrank (partim) ; Aurivillius, 1898, 372 ; 1927 : 479 et seq. Lycaena Fabricius (partim) ; Murray, 1935 : 164 et seq. Catochrysops auct. plur., nec Boisduval, 1832. Head rather small ; eyes rather densely covered with short hair ; palpi of medium size, second segment rather long, laterally compressed, clothed with white scales and some black bristles near the apex, third segment rather short, slender, acuminate ; antennae slender, more than half the length of the costa, club elongate ; thorax robust, clothed below with white silky hair ; ¢ fore leg, femur pilose, tibias as long as the femur, tarsus unsegmented, finely spinose below ; mid and hind legs with a pair of short spurs at the apex of the tibia close to the meta- tarsus. Wing shape. Fore wing subtriangular, apex angular, outer margin very slightly convex ; hind wing oval, tailless in parsimon, but tailed in most species. Wing venation (Text-fig. 332). Fore wing with 11 veins. Male genitalia (Text-fig. 199). Uncus composed of two small lobes (“‘ cheeks’ of Bethune Baker) fused to the lateral angles of the tegumen ; subunci long, curving, tapering gradually to the apex ; tegumen consists of a median strip excised on its posterior edge ; vinculum fairly wide ; lower fultura comprising two small divergent arms fused to the base of the valves, and 228 H. STEMPFFER a conical anellus fused to and sheathing the penis completely ; valves very elongate with suboval bases, each valve being slightly dilated near its apex, which is recurved in the form of a short hook with slightly serrated lower edge ; penis elongate, subcylindrical the tip slightly dilated ovoid and divided ; vesica with fine cornuti ; uncus, anterior edge of tegumen, lower edge and upper portions of the valves all pilose. Although the genus Lepidochrysops contains a large number of species, the male genitalia are remarkably uniform throughout the genus. Three species alone, nzobe, lacrimosa and ariadne differ in having shorter, wider valves and the apex of the penis distinctly hook-shaped. The genitalia of some species differ so slightly from one another that it is difficult to determine them by their genitalia alone. This situation is complicated further by the fact that the apices of the valves vary considerably in individuals of the same species (Text-fig. 200, L. methymna valves) and are sometimes asymmetrical. Bethune Baker (1923) described and illustrated the genitalia of a large number of species. References to these are to be found below. The early stages of the following species have been described. L. procera and L. patricia by Murray (1935 : 167, 172) ; L. puncticilia, L. bacchus and L. ortygia by Dickson (J. ent. Soc. sth. Afr. 1945, 7: 150 ; 1947, 9: 127) ; L. asters, L’msbeand L. ariadne by Pennington (J. ent. Soc. sth. Afr. 1946, 8 : 23, 24). List OF SPECIES OF Lepidochrysops Lepidochrysops acholi (Bethune Baker), see victoriae. *Lepidochrysops aethiopia (Bethune Baker), 1923, fig. and fig. genitalia. nyasae (Bethune Baker) 1923, fig. Lepidochrysops albilinea Tite, 1959, Entomologist 92 : 159, fig. Lepidochrysops ansorgei Tite, 1959 : 160. Fic. 199. Lepidochrysops parsimon parsimon (Fabricius), 3 genitalia. GENERA OF AFRICAN LYCAENIDAE 229 Lepidochrysops arabicus Gabriel, 1954, S.W. Arabia Exp. 1937-38 : 379, fig. *Lepidochrysops ariadne (Butler), 1898. Fig. genitalia, Bethune Baker, 1923. *Lepidochrysops asteris (Godart), 1824. Fig. genitalia, Bethune Baker, 1923. celaeus (Trimen) (in part), 1866 ; caffrariae (Trimen), 1887. Lepidochrysops asteris (Trimen) (in part), see ortygia. *Lepidochrysops australis Tite, 1964, Entomologist 97 : 6, fig. genitalia. ortygia Trimen, 1887 (in part). *Lepidochrysops azureus (Butler), 1879. Fig. Mabille, 1885-1887. *Lepidochrysops bacchus Riley, 1938, Trans. R. ent. Soc. Lond. 87 : 243, fig. Lepidochrysops badhami van Son, 1956, Ann. Transv. Mus. 22 : 508. Lepidochrysops barnesi Pennington, 1953, J. ent. Soc. sth. Afr. 16 : 108, fig. Lepidochrysops brabo (Hulstaert) see skotios. *Lepidochrysops budama van Someren, 1957, J. ent. Soc. sth. Afr. 20 : 65, fig. Lepidochrysops butha (Strand), 1911. Lepidochrysops caerulea Tite, 1961, Entomologist 94 : 21, fig. Lepidochrysops caffrariae (Trimen), see asteris. Lepidochrysops carsoni (Butler). Fig. and fig. genitalia, Bethune Baker, 1923. Lepidochrysops celaeus (Cramer), see parsimon. Lepidochrysops celaeus (Trimen), see in parte asteris and triment. *Lepidochrysops chloauges (Bethune Baker), 1923. Fig. and fig. genitalia, Bethune Baker, 1923. *Lepidochrysops cinerea cinerea (Bethune Baker), 1923. Fig. and fig. genitalia, Bethune Baker, 1923. menna (Hulstaert), 1924 ; theodota (Hulstaert), 1924. *Lepidochrysops cinerea kitale (Stempffer), 1937, Bull. Soc. ent. Fr. 42 : 284. Lepidochrysops cinerea lunulifer (Ungemach), 1932, Mem. Soc. Sct. nat. Phys. Maroc 32 : 92. Fic. 200. Lepidochrysops methymna methymna (Trimen) valves showing variation, 1-3, Cape Town ; 4-5, Kalk Bay. 230 H. STEMPPFER Lepidochrysops cinerea imperialis (Stoneham), 1938, Bull. Stoneham Mus. 36 : 2. Lepidochrysops cinerea princeps (Stoneham), 1938 : 2. *Lepidochrysops coxii Pinhey, 1945, Proc. Trans. Rhod. Scient. Ass. 40 : 61, fig. *Lepidochrysops cupreus (Neave), 1910. Fig. and fig. genitalia, Bethune Baker, 1923. *Lepidochrysops delicata (Bethune Baker), 1923, fig. and fig. genitalia. *Lepidochrysops desmondi Stempffer, 1951, Bull. Soc. ent. Fr. 56 : 70, fig. genitalia. *Lepidochrysops dollmani (Bethune Baker) 1923, fig. and fig. genitalia. *Lepidochrysops elgonae elgonae Stempffer, 1950, Revue fr. Ent. 17: 147. Fig. van Someren, 1957, J. ent. Soc. sth. Afr. 20. *Lepidochrysops elgonae moyo van Someren, 1957, J. ent. Soc. sth. Afr. 20 : 73, fig. Lepidochrysops exclusa (Trimen), see peculiaris. Lepidochrysops flavisquamata Tite, 1959, Entomologist 92 : 161, fig. Lepidochrysops fulvescens Tite, 1961, Entomologist 94 : 24, fig. Lepidochrysops fumosa (Butler), see letsea. *Lepidochrysops gigantea (Trimen) 1898. Fig. and fig. genitalia, Bethune Baker, 1923. *Lepidochrysops glauca glauca (Trimen), 1887. Fig. and fig. genitalia, Bethune Baker, 1923. *Lepidochrysops glauca swinburnei Stevenson, 1939, Proc. Trans. Rhod. Scient. Ass. 34 : 42. *Lepidochrysops grahami (Trimen), 1893. Fig. genitalia, Bethune Baker, 1923. *Lepidochrysops grandis Talbot, 1937, Trans. R. ent. Soc. Lond. 86 : 65, fig. *Lepidochrysops guichardi Gabriel, 1949, Proc. R. ent. Soc. Lond. (B.) 18 : 213, fig. *Lepidochrysops hawkeri (Talbot), 1929, Bull. Hill Mus. Witley 3 : 140, fig. Lepidochrysops hypoleucus (Butler), see peculiaris. *Lepidochrysops hypopolia (Trimen), 1887. Fig. and fig. genitalia, Bethune Baker, 1923. *Lepidochrysops ignota (Trimen), 1887. Fig. Trimen, 1906. Fig. genitalia, Bethune Baker, 1923. *Lepidochrysops intermedia intermedia (Bethune Baker), 1923, fig. and fig. genitalia. *Lepidochrysops intermedia cottrelli Stempffer, 1954, Bull. Soc. ent. Fr. 59 : IO. *Lepidochrysops inyangae Pinhey, 1945, Proc. Trans. Rhod. scient. Ass. 40 : 64, fig. Lepidochrysops irvingi Swanepoel, 1948, J. ent. Soc. sth. Afr. 11 : 193, fig. Lepidochrysops jacksoni van Someren, 1957, J. ent. Soc. sth. Afr. 20 : 67, fig. *Lepidochrysops jansei van Someren, 1957 : 75, fig. *Lepidochrysops jefferyi (Sweistra), 1909. GENERA OF AFRICAN LYCAENIDAE 231 Lepidochrysops kilimandjarensis (Strand), 1909. Lepidochrysops koena (Strand), IgII. Lepidochrysops labwor van Someren, 1957, J. ent. Soc. sth. Afr. : 68, fig. *Lepidochrysops lacrimosa lacrimosa (Bethune Baker), 1923, fig. and fig. genitalia. *Lepidochrysops lacrimosa major (Bethune Baker), 1923. *Lepidochrysops lerothodi (Trimen), 1904. Fig. genitalia, Bethune Baker, 1923. *Lepidochrysops letsea (Trimen), 1870. Fig. genitalia, Bethune Baker, 1923. fumosa (Butler), 1885. *Lepidochrysops leucon (Mabille), 1879. Fig. Mabille, 1885-87. Lepidochrysops loewensteini Swanepoel, 1951, J. ent. Soc. sth. Afr. : 57, fig. *Lepidochrysops longifalces Tite, 1961, Entomologist 94 : 22, fig. and fig. genitalia. Lepidochrysops lotana Swanepoel, 1962, J. ent. Soc. sth. Afr. 25 : 291, fig. Lepidochrysops loveni (Aurivillius), see parsimon. *Lepidochrysops lukenia van Someren, 1957, J. ent. Soc. sth. Afr. : 69, fig. *Lepidochrysops mashuna (Trimen). Fig. and fig. genitalia, Bethune Baker, 1923. Lepidochrysops menna (Hulstaert), see cinerea. *Lepidochrysops methymna methymna (Trimen), 1862. Fig. and fig. genitalia, Bethune Baker, 1923. Lepidochrysops methymna dicksoni Tite, 1964, Entomologist 97 : 7. *Lepidochrysops mpanda Tite, 1961, Entomologist 94 : 23, fig. Lepidochrysops nacrescens Tite, 1961 : 24, fig. Lepidochrysops naidina (Butler), 1885. *Lepidochrysops neavei (Bethune Baker), 1923, fig. and fig. genitalia. *Lepidochrysops negus (Felder), 1865. Fig. and fig. genitalia, Bethune Baker, 1923. Lepidochrysops negus f. wau (Wichgraf), 1921. Lepidochrysops negus (Karsch), see quasst. *Lepidochrysops neonegus neonegus (Bethune Baker), 1923, fig. and fig. genitalia. variegata (Bethune Baker), 1923. *Lepidochrysops neonegus borealis van Someren, 1957, J. ent. Soc. sth. Afr. 20: 64, fig. *Lepidochrysops nevillei (Bethune Baker), 1923, fig. and fig. genitalia. *Lepidochrysops nigeriae Stempffer, 1957, Bull. Inst. fr. Afr. notre 19 : 225, fig. Lepidochrysops nigritia Tite, 1959, Entomologist 92 : 162, fig. *Lepidochrysops niobe (Trimen), 1862. Fig. Trimen, 1866. Fig. genitalia, Bethune Baker, 1923. Lepidochrysops nyasae (Bethune Baker), see aethiopia. *Lepidochrysops nyika Tite, 1961, Entomologist 94 : 23, fig. *Lepidochrysops oreas Tite, 1964, Entomologist 97 : 4, fig. genitalia. ortygia Trimen 1887 (in parte). Lepidochrysops orontius (Hulstaert), see skotios. 232 H. STEMPFFER *Lepidochrysops ortygia (Trimen), 1887. Fig. Trimen, 1go6. Fig. genitalia, (Bethune Baker), 1923, fig. 15. asteris (Trimen), 1870, in parte. *Lepidochrysops pampolis (H. H. Druce), 1905. Fig. genitalia, Bethune Baker, 1923. *Lepidochrysops parsimon parsimon (Fabricius), 1775. Fig. genitalia, Bethune Baker, 1923. celaeus (Cramer), 1782 ; loveni (Aurivillius), 1922. Lepidochrysops parsimon f. albicans (Hulstaert), 1924, Revue zool. afr. 12 : 143. Lepidochrysops parsimon abyssiniensis (Strand), IgII. *Lepidochrysops parsimon anerius (Hulstaert), 1924, Revue zool. afr. 12 : 139. Lepidochrysops parsimon kivuensis (Joicey & Talbot), 1921, Bull. Hill Mus. Witley 1 : 99, fig. *Lepidochrysops parsimon oculus (Ungemach), 1932, Mem. Soc. Sct. nat. Phys. Maroc 32 : 92. Lepidochrysops parsimon (Wallengren), see patricia. *Lepidochrysops patricia (Trimen), 1887. Fig. Trimen, 1906. Fig. genitalia, Bethune Baker, 1923. parsimon (Wallengren), 1875 (nec Fabricius, 1775). *Lepidochrysops peculiaris (Rogenhofer), 1891. Fig. and fig. genitalia, Bethune Baker, 1923. perpulchra (Holland), 1892; hypoleucus (Butler), 1894 ; exclusa (Trimen), 1894. *Lepidochrysops pephredo (Trimen), 1899. Fig. Trimen, 1906. Fig. genitalia, Bethune Baker, 1923. Lepidochrysops perpulchra (Holland), see peculiaris. Lepidochrysops phasma (Butler), see quasst. *Lepidochrysops plebeja plebeja (Butler), 1898. Fig. genitalia, Bethune Baker, 1923 3 3%. *Lepidochrysops plebeja proclus (Hulstaert), 1924, Revue zool. afr. 12 : 137. *Lepidochrysops polydialecta (Bethune Baker), 1923, fig. and fig. genitalia. Lepidochrysops praeterite Swanepoel, 1962, J. ent. Soc. sth. Afr. 25 : 293, fig. *Lepidochrysops procera (Trimen), 1893. Fig. genitalia, Bethune Baker, 1923. *Lepidochrysops pterou pterou (Bethune Baker), 1923. *Lepidochrysops pterou lilacina (Ungemach), 1932, Mem. Soc. Sct. nat. Phys. Maroc 32 : 92. *Lepidochrysops pterou suk van Someren, 1957, J. ent. Soc. sth. Afr. 20 : 61, fig. *Lepidochrysops puncticilia (Trimen), 1883. Fig. Trimen, 1887. Fig. genitalia, Bethune Baker, 1923. *Lepidochrysops quassi (Karsch), 1895. Fig. H. H. Druce, rgto. Fig. genitalia, Bethune Baker, 1923. negus (Karsch), 1893 ; phasma (Butler), 1901. *Lepidochrysops reichenowi (Dewitz), 1879. Lepidochrysops rhodesendae (Bethune Baker), 1923. Fig. and fig. genitalia, Bethune Baker, 1923. GENERA OF AFRICAN LYCAENIDAE 233 Lepidochrysops ringa Tite, 1959, Entomologist 92 : 163, fig. Lepidochrysops ruthica Pennington, 1953, J. ent. Soc. sth. Afr. 16 : 107, fig. *Lepidochrysops skotios (H. H. Druce), 1905. Fig. genitalia, Bethune Baker, 1923. orontius Hulstaert, 1924 ; brabo (Hulstaert), 1924. *Lepidochrysops solwezi (Bethune Baker), 1923, fig. and fig. genitalia. *Lepidochrysops stormsi (Ribbe), 1892. Fig. Aurivillius, 1898. Fig. genitalia, Bethune Baker, 1923. *Lepidochrysops subvariegata Talbot, 1935, Entomologist’s mon. Mag. 71 : 150, fig. Lepidochrysops swanepoeli Pennington, 1948, J. ent. Soc. sth. Afr. 11 : 164, fig. Lepidochrysops sylvius (Hulstaert), see synchrematiza. *Lepidochrysops synchrematiza (Bethune Baker), 1923. Fig. and fig. genitalia syluius (Hulstaert), 1924. *Lepidochrysops tantalus (Trimen), 1887. Fig. Trimen, 1906. Fig. genitalia, Bethune Baker, 1923. Lepidochrysops theodota (Hulstaert), see cinerea. *Lepidochrysops trimeni (Bethune Baker), 1923, fig. and fig. genitalia. celaeus (Trimen) (in parte). *Lepidochrysops vansoni Swanepoel, 1949, J. ent. Soc. sth. Afr. 12 : 123, fig. Lepidochrysops variegata (Bethune Baker), see neonegus. Lepidochrysops vera Tite, 1961, Entomologist 94 : 25, fig. *Lepidochrysops victoriae victoriae (Karsch), 1895. Fig. H. H. Druce, Igro. Fig. genitalia, Bethune Baker, 1923. acholi (Bethune Baker), 1906. *Lepidochrysops victoriae vansomereni Stempfier, 1951, Bull. Soc. ent. Fr. 56: 69. *Lepidochrysops violetta Pinhey, 1945, Proc. Trans. Rhod. scient. Assoc. 40 : 66, fig. Lepidochrysops wykehami Tite, 1964, Entomologist 97 : 5, fig. and fig. genitalia. Genus EUCHRYSOPS Butler Euchrysops Butler, 1900, Entomologist 33:1 ; Pinhey, 1949: 118; Swanepoel, 1953 : 113, 114. Type-species : Hesperia cnejus Fabricius (Indo-Malayan species) by original desig- nation. Cupido Schrank (partim) ; Aurivillius, 1898 : 373 ; 1925 : 473, 483, 484. Lycaena Fabricius (partim) ; Murray, 1935 : 165, 167, 169, 170. Eyes glabrous ; palpi long, ascending, second segment laterally compressed clothed below with long white scales, third segment short, acuminate ; antennae slender, about half the length of the costa, club elongate, gradually swollen, clavate ; thorax clothed below with white silky hair ; ¢ fore leg, femur clothed with white hair, tibia shorter than femur, tarsus un- segmented. Wing shape. Fore wing subtriangular ; hind wing oval, a very short linear tail at the end of vein 2, anal angle rounded. Wing venation (Text-fig. 333). Fore wing with 11 veins. 234 H. STEMPFFER Male genitalia (Text-fig. 201). Uncus composed of two small lobes (‘‘ cheeks’ of Bethune Baker) fused to the margin of the tegumen ; subunci long, bent about one-third from origin, tapering gradually to the apex which bears a wide-open claw, tegumen fairly large, the posterior edge with a rounded depression so deep that it leaves only a narrow median strip ; vinculum narrow in the sternite ; lower fultura Y-shaped and bearing an anellus which sheathes the penis ; valves elongate oval at the base, narrow in the middle, the upper part deeply notched just before the crescentic apex, whose lower edge is slightly serrate ; penis elongate, the internal portion subcylindrical, the external portion dilated at the apex ; vesica with numerous fine cornuti, uncus bearing long, fine hair, valves with stiffer hair especially on the lower edge in the basal half. The male genitalia of all the Euchrysops are like those of E. cnejus, and most of them have been figured by Bethune Baker (1923). They differ little from those of Lepidochrysops, and I find difficulty in defining the limits of these two genera. On the other hand they are far removed from strabo Fabricius, type-species of the genus Catochrysops Boisduval, in which Fruhstorfer (1924 im Seitz, Macrolep. 9 : 921) surprisingly included species belonging to two other quite different genera, namely cnejus (Euchrysops) and pandava (Chilades). In the following list it will be noticed that two species are included, on account of the structure of their male genitalia, which are commonly included in genera only remotely related to Euchrysops. These are unigemmata Butler, described as a Zizera but transferred later by Butler to Chilades, and crawshayi Butler described as a Scolitantides, but placed by Aurivillius in Harpendyreus. Fic. 201. Euchrysops cnejus (Fabricius), 3 genitalia. GENERA OF AFRICAN LYCAENIDAE 235 The early stages of some species of Euchrysops have been described, viz. E. crawshayt by Jackson (1937, Trans. R. ent. Soc. Lond. 86 : 234), E. malathana by Farquharson (1921, Trans. ent. Soc. Lond. 1921 : 377), by Jackson (1937 : 235) and by Pinhey (1949 : 118), E. osiris by Jackson (1937 : 236) and Pinhey (1949 : 119). List OF SPECIES OF Euchrysops *Euchrysops abyssinica (Aurivillius), 1922. *Euchrysops albistriatus (Capronnier), 1889. Fig. genitalia, Bethune Baker, 1923. Euchrysops anubis (Snellen), see osiris. Euchrysops asopus (Hopffer), see malathana. Euchrysops asteris (Snellen), see barkert. *Euchrysops barkeri (Trimen), 1893. Fig. genitalia, Bethune Baker, 1923. asteris (Snellen), 1872 ; tivessa (Karsch), 1985 ; ostris 9 (Trimen), 1887. Euchrysops browni Stempffer, see wnigemmata. *Euchrysops brunneus Bethune Baker, 1923, fig. genitalia. Euchrysops conguensis (Mabille), see malathana. *Euchrysops crawshayi (Butler), 1899. Fig. genitalia, Stempffer, 1938, Mission Omo 4 : 204. subdita (Smith), 1902 ; crawshayinus (Aurivillius), 1925. Euchrysops crawshayinus (Aurivillius), see crawshayt. Euchrysops cuprescens (E. Sharpe), see osiris. *Euchrysops cyclopteris (Butler), 1876. Fig. and fig. genitalia, Bethune Baker, 1923. *Euchrysops decaryi Stempffer, 1947, Revue fr. Ent. 14 : 139, fig. genitalia. *Euchrysops dolorosa (Trimen), 1887. Fig. Trimen, 1906. Fig. genitalia, Bethune Baker, 1923. Euchrysops fescennia Hulstaert, see subpallida. Euchrysops horus (Stoneham), 1938, Bull. Stoneham Mus. 36 : 3. *Euchrysops jacksoni Stempffer, 1952, Bull. Soc. ent. Fr. 57: 117. Fig. and fig. genitalia. *Euchrysops kabrosae (Bethune Baker), 1g06. Fig. and fig. genitalia, Bethune Baker, 1923. Euchrysops kama (Trimen), see malathana. Euchrysops katangae Bethune Baker, 1923, fig. and fig. genitalia. Euchrysops latruncula (Grinberg), 1910. Euchrysops lois (Butler), 1896. *Euchrysops malathana malathana (Boisduval), 1833. Fig. genitalia, Bethune Baker, 1923. asopus (Hopffer), 1855 ; kama (Trimen), 1862 ; conguensis (Mabille), 1877. Euchrysops malathana nilotica (Aurivillius), 1904. *Euchrysops mauensis mauensis Bethune Baker, 1923, fig. and fig. genitalia. Euchrysops mauensis abyssiniae Storace, 1950, Doriana 1 (7) : I. 236 H. STEMPFFER *Euchrysops migiurtinensis Stempffer, 1946, Revue fr. Ent. 13 : 17, fig. and fig. genitalia. *Euchrysops nandensis nandensis (Neave), 1904. Fig. genitalia, Bethune Baker, 1923. Euchrysops nandensis abyssiniae (Storace), 1953, Doriana 1 (35) : 3. *Euchrysops osiris osiris (Hopffer), 1855. Fig. Hopffer, 1862. Fig. genitalia, Bethune Baker, 1923. anubts (Snellen), 1872; phoa (Snellen), 1872; pyrrhops (Mabille), 1877 ; cuprescens (E. Sharpe), 1898. Euchrysops osiris australis Hulstaert, 1924, Revue zool. afr. 12 : 136. Euchrysops osiris orientalis Hulstaert, 1924, Revue zool. afr. 12 : 136. Euchrysops osiris 2 (Trimen), nec Hopffer, see barkeri. Euchrysops philbyi Gabriel, 1954, S.W. Arabia Exp. 1937-38 : 386, fig. Euchrysops phoa (Snellen), see osiris. Euchrysops pyrrhops (Mabille), see osirts. *Euchrysops reducta reducta Hulstaert, 1924, Revue zool. afr. 12: 134. Fig. genitalia, Stempffer, 1961, Annls Mus. R. Afr. centr. 94 : 67. Euchrysops reducta niveocincta Ungemach, 1932, Mem. Soc. Sct. nat. Phys. Maroc 32 : 93. *Euchrysops severini Hulstaert, 1924, Revue zool. afr. 12 : 134. Euchrysops subdita (Smith), see crawshayt. *Euchrysops subpallida subpallida Bethune Baker, 1923, fig. and fig. genitalia. fescennia Hulstaert, 1924. Euchrysops subpallida major Bethune Baker, 1923. Euchrysops tiressa (Karsch), see barkert. *Euchrysops unigemmata (Butler), 1895. browns Stempffer, 1954. Fic. 202. Eicochrysops eicotrochilus Bethune Baker, ¢ genitalia. GENERA OF AFRICAN LYCAENIDAE 237 Genus EICOCHRYSOPS Bethune Baker Eicochrysops Bethune Baker, 1924, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (9) 14: 132 ; Pinhey, 1949: 119 ; Swanepoel, 1953 : 70. ‘Type-species : Eicochrysops eicotrochilus Bethune Baker, by original designation. Cupido Schrank (partim) ; Aurivillius, 1898 : 376 ; 1925 : 487. Lycaena Fabricius (partim) ; Murray, 1935 : 151, 152, 178. Eyes smooth ; palpi long, ascending, second segment long, laterally compressed, clothed below with adpressed scales and long erect bristles, third segment slender, acuminate ; antennae slender, longer than half the length of the costa, club fusiform ; thorax clothed below with long white silky hair ; ¢ fore tarsus unsegmented. Wing shape. Fore wing subtriangular, outer margin slightly convex ; hind wing oval, tailless in the type-species. Wing venation (Text-fig. 334). Fore wing with 11 veins. Male genitalia (Text-fig. 202). Uncus has four lobes, the median pair rolled up in the shape of a cornet with irregularly toothed edges, the lateral pair nodose at their apices ; subunci straight, slender, almost filiform ; tegumen very large, hood-shaped, so that, when viewed in profile in the natural position, the lateral lobes of uncus appear as if situated below the median lobes ; vinculum very narrow ; lower fultura formed of two long slender arms ; anellus absent ; valves long, narrowly digitate, with spatulate apices ; penis very small, elongate, cylindrical ; vesica with fine cornuti ; uncus and lower edges of valves bearing long hair. The male genitalia of all the species examined closely resemble those of ezcotro- chilus and it is easier to distinguish the species by external characters than by their genitalia. In pusillus, distractus, hippocrates and sanguigutta the hind wing has a filiform tail at the end of vein 2, which character would suffice to exclude them from Eicochrysops if their male genitalia did not resemble so closely those of eicotrochilus. I illustrate (Text-fig. 203) under higher magnification half the uncus and tegumen of hippocrates to show more clearly the peculiar shape of these parts. E. Mippocrates, incidentally has been referred, in faunistic works, to various different genera, includ- ing Cupido, Everes and Cupidopsis. Fic. 203. Eicochrysops hippocrates (Fabricius), ¢ genitalia. 238 H. STEMPFFER In spite of the differences in the external appearance of its species the genus Eicochrysops seems very homogeneous. The early stages of nandianus and messapus have been described by Jackson (1937, Trans. R. ent. Soc. Lond. 86 : 236), by Dickson (1945, J. ent. Soc. sth. Afr. 7 : 150) and by Pinhey (1948 : 1109). Aurivillius (1898 : 376 and 1925 : 487) places scintilla Mabille close to E. sangui- gutta, but the only characters common to these two species are their habitat (Madagascar) and their commonplace venation. Male genitalia of scintilla (Text-fig. 204). _Uncus composed of two small rounded lobes fused to the tegumen on either side of the median concavity of the posterior edge ; no subunci ; tegumen and vinculum large ; lower fultura with long slender divergent arms ; valves oblong, oval, apex rounded and bearing a strong spine bent back towards the body of the valve, penis very robust, base dilated and heart-shaped ; vesica with numerous cornuti and some strong spines ; uncus and distal portions of valves pilose. The male genitalia of scintilla are unlike any that I know among Ethiopian species; the penis with its heart-shaped base reminds one of the penis of palaearctic species of Maculinea, but that is the only point of resemblance. This species seems to me to be unique and its place in the classification is uncertain. In any case it cannot be included in Ezcochrysops, nor in Nacaduba where it has been placed by Lathy (Encycl. ent. B. II Lep. 2 : 40, 1926). LIsT OF SPECIES OF Etcochrysops Eicochrysops antoto (Strand), 1911. Fig. Aurivillius in Seitz, 1925. Eicochrysops coeruleoarcuatus (Saalmuller) ; see sanguigutta. Eicochrysops delicatula (Mabille), see hippocrates. *Eicochrysops distractus (de Joannis), 1913. *Eicochrysops dudgeoni Riley, 1929, Trans. ent. Soc. Lond. 77 : 497, fig. *Eicochrysops eicotrochilus Bethune Baker, 1924, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (9) 14 : 132. Fic. 204. Genus ? scintilla Mabille, ¢ genitalia. GENERA OF AFRICAN LYCAENIDAE 239 *Kicochrysops fontainei Stempffer, 1961, Annls Mus. R. Afr. cent. 94 : 68, fig. and fig. genitalia. *Eicochrysops hippocrates (Fabricius), 1793. Fig. Mabille, 1885-87. delicatula (Mabille), 1877. *Kicochrysops mahallakoena mahallakoena (Wallengren), 1857. Fig. Trimen, 1870. *Eicochrysops mahallakoena trisignatus (Strand), IgI1. *Kicochrysops masai (Bethune Baker), 1905. *Eicochrysops messapus (Godart), 1823. Fig. Aurivillius in Seitz, 1925. Eicochrysops messapus f. sebagadis (Guerin), 1847. *Eicochrysops nandianus (Bethune Baker), 1906. *Kicochrysops pauliani Stempffer, 1950, Naturaliste malgache 2 : 131, fig. *Kicochrysops pusillus (Ungemach), 1932, Mem. Soc. Sct. phys. Nat. Maroc 32 : 94, 96, fig. *Kicochrysops rogersi Bethune Baker, 1924, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (g) 14 : 133. *Kicochrysops sanguigutta (Mabille), 1879. Fig. Mabille, 1885-7. coeruleoarcuatus (Saalmuller), 1884. Eicochrysops sapphirinus (Stoneham), 1938, Bull. Stoneham Mus., No. 36: 3. Genus incertus Lycaena scintilla Mabille, 1877, Bull. Soc. ent. Fr. 5 (7) : \xxii. quadriocularis Saalmuller, 1884. Genus CUPIDOPSIS Karsch Cupidopsis Karsch, 1895, Ent. Nach. 21: 297 ; Pinhey, 1949 : 120 ; Swanepoel, 1953 : 114. Type-species : Lycaena iobates Hopffer, by original designation. Cupido Schrank (partim) ; Aurivillius, 1898 : 377 ; 1925 : 480. Lycaena Fabricius (partim) ; Murray, 1935 : 178. Eyes smooth ; palpi long, ascending, second segment long, laterally compressed, densely clothed with white adpressed scales, third segment shorter, slender, acuminate ; antennae slender, white-annulated, about half the length of the costa, club clavate, well differentiated, thorax clothed below with long white silky hair ; ¢ fore leg, femur clothed with white hair, tibia shorter than the femur, tarsus unsegmented, finely spinose below. Wing shape. Fore wing subtriangular, outer margin convex, hind wing oval, with a filiform tail at the end of vein 2. Wing venation (Text-fig. 335). Fore wing with only ro veins. Male genitalia (Text-fig. 205). _Uncus composed of two small flattened lobes fused to the tegumen on either side of the median concavity, subunci robust, bent at about two-fifths from base, tapering suddenly a little before the apex, which is not hooked ; tegumen large, hood- shaped, vinculum fairly broad with a rounded saccus ; arms of lower fultura slender, strongly recurved ; valves oblong, broadly fused to one another at the base and with rounded apices, their internal lamina bearing a kind of hook-like expansion, with a serrated apical edge ; penis long, robust, slightly curved with a short external portion ; vesica with two long rows of cornuti ; uncus, hook-like expansion and apices of valves, pilose. 240 H. STEMPFFER The male genitalia of cissus and mauritanica are almost identical with those of iobates. As cissus has no tail on its hind wing, Karsch (1895 : 297) included it in the genus Neolycaena de Niceville (type-species sinensis Alpheraky). In my opinion this arrangement cannot be correct as, judging from the male genitalia, the genus Neolycaena belongs to the subfamily Theclinae, whereas cissus belongs to the Lampidinae ; moreover the presence or absence of a tail in the hind wing has no generic value. The early stages of cissus have been described by Jackson (1937, Tvans. R. ent. Soc. Lond. 86 : 237). The caterpillar lives in the pods of Eriosema cordifolium Hochst (Leguminosae) ; it does not seem to be myrmecophilous. LisT OF SPECIES OF Cupidopsis *Cupidopsis cissus cissus (Godart), 1823. Fig. Mabille, 1885-87. Fig. genitalia, Stempffer, 1938, Mission Omo 4. Cupidopsis cissus f. aberrans (Butler), 1878. Cupidopsis cissus f. albiradiatus (Stoneham), 1938, Bull. Stoneham Mus., No. 36 : 3. Cupidopsis cissus f. immaculatus (Stoneham), 1938, l.c. No. 36 : 3. Cupidopsis cissus catharina (Trimen), 1862. *Cupidopsis iobates iobates (Hopffer), 1855. Fig. Hopffer, 1862. stwamt (Trimen), 1862. Cupidopsis iobates f. conjungens (Strand), IgI1. Cupidopsis iobates ochreopuncta (Aurivillius), 1925. Cupidopsis iobates uranochroa Ungemach, 1932, Mem. Soc. Sct. nat. phys. Maroc 32 : 97, fig. Cupidopsis mauretanica Riley, 1932, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (10) 10 : 141, fig. Cupidopsis siwani (Trimen), see zobates. Fic. 205. Cupidopsis iobates iobates (Hopffer), J genitalia. GENERA OF AFRICAN LYCAENIDAE 241 Genus THERMONIPHAS Karsch Thermoniphas Karsch, 1895, Ent. Nachr. 21 : 303. Type-species : Thermoniphas plurilimbatus Karsch, by original designation. Cupido Schrank (partim) ; Aurivillius, 1898 : 377 ; 1925 : 493. Eyes smooth ; palpi long, second segment laterally compressed, clothed below with long erect white scales, third segment shorter, slender, acuminate, clothed with small black adpressed scales, antennae slender, white annulated, longer than half the length of the costa, club flattened; thorax clothed below with silky white hair ; ¢ fore leg, tibia shorter than the femur, tarsus unsegmented, clothed below with stiff hair. Wing shape. Fore wing subtriangular, outer margin convex ; hind wing oval, a short filiform tail at the end of vein 2. ; Wing venation (Text-fig. 336). Fore wing with 11 veins ; 11 runs close to 12 and sometimes touches it at one point. Fic. 207. Thermoniphas micylus micylus (Cramer), 3 genitalia. 242 H. STEMPFFER Male genitalia (Text-fig. 206). Uncus composed of two small suboval lobes like those in Lepidochrysops and Euchrysops fused on either side of the tegumen ; subunci long, robust, curved, tapering evenly to the apex which ends in a shallow hook ; tegumen fairly large, reduced on the median line to a narrow strip ; vinculum narrow, lower fultura formed of two small divergent arms to which is fused an anellus that sheathes the penis ; valves very narrow, upper process with rounded apex, lower process ending in a slightly recurved point ; penis elongate, swollen in the middle, slightly curved ; vesica with fine cornuti; uncus clothed with long fine hair, a few short hairs on the lower edges of the valves, their apices bearing four bristles, of which the one on the upper process is much longer and stronger than the others. The species comprising the genus Thermoniphas have been described in a variety of genera, e.g. Cupido, Oboronia and Everes. Bethune Baker (1923 : 277) even relegated micylus (Text-fig. 207) and togara (Text-fig. 208) to the genus Lycaenopsis, Fic. 208. Thermoniphas togara togara (Plétz), 3 genitalia. Fic. 209. Thermoniphas distincta (Talbot), 3 genitalia. GENERA OF AFRICAN LYCAENIDAE 243 which is hard to understand, since he had examined their genitalia. In 1943 (Ann. Soc. ent. Fr. 1942 : 131) I suggested that micylus (Text-fig. 207) should be trans- ferred to Thermontphas. In 1956 (Annls Mus. R. Congo belge 38 : 52) I revised the genus as known at that date and figured the male genitalia of nearly all the species. On the basis of the evidence thus presented, the homogeneity of the genus is clear, and also its affinity to Lepidochrysops and Euchrysops on the one hand and to Oboronia on the other. A remarkable generic character peculiar to the genus Thermoniphas is the presence of the long stout bristles that arise from the apex of the valves. List OF SPECIES OF Thermontphas *Thermoniphas alberici (Dufrane), 1945, Bull. Soc. ent. Belg. 81: 123. Fig. genitalia, Stempffer, 1956. *Thermoniphas albocaerula Stempffer, 1956 : 50, fig. and fig. genitalia. Thermoniphas bibundana (Grinberg), 1910. *Thermoniphas caerulea Stempffer, 1956 : 49, fig. and fig. genitalia. *Thermoniphas distincta (Talbot), 1935, Entomologist’s mon. Mag. 71 : 149. Fig. genitalia, Stempffer, 1956 : 43. *Thermoniphas fontainei Stempffer, 1956 : 47, fig. and fig. genitalia. *Thermoniphas fumosa Stempfter, 1952, Bull. Soc. ent. Fr. 57 : 119, fig. and fig. genitalia. Thermoniphas kamitugensis (Dufrane), 1945, Bull. Annls Soc. ent. Belg. 81 : ¥27. *Thermoniphas kigezi Stempffer, 1956 : 48, and fig. genitalia. *Thermoniphas leucocyana Clench, 1961, Ann. Carnegie Mus. 36 ; 56, fig. and fig. genitalia. *Thermoniphas micylus micylus (Cramer), 1780. Fig. genitalia, Stempffer, 1956 : 4I. *Thermoniphas micylus colarata (Ungemach), 1932, Mem. Soc. Sct. nat. Phys. Maroc 32: 97. Fig. and fig. genitalia, Stempffer, 1956, 42. *Thermoniphas plurilimbata plurilimbata Karsch, 1895. *Thermoniphas plurilimbata rutshurensis (Joicey & Talbot), 1921, Bull. Hill Mus. Witley 1:99. Fig. genitalia, Stempffer, 1956, 40. *Thermoniphas stempfferi Clench, 1961, l.c. : 52, fig. and fig. genitalia. *Thermoniphas togara togara (Plotz), 1880. Fig. and fig. genitalia, Stempffer, 1956 : 45. *Thermoniphas togara bugalla Stempffer & Jackson, 1962, Proc. R. ent. Soc. Lond. (B.) 31 : 35. Genus OBORONIA Karsch Oboronia Karsch, 1893, Berl. ent. Z.38 : 229. Type-species : Plebeius punctatus Dewitz, 1879 (Lycaena elorea Staudinger, Karsch, 1893, nec Papilio elovea Fabricius 1793 ; Obornia staudingeri Hemming 1960), selected by Hemming, 1960. Cupido Schrank (partim) ; Aurivillius, 1898 : 380 ; 1925 : 493. 244 H: STEMPFFER In his description of the genus, Karsch does not designate a type-species, but gives as included species elorea Staudinger (with a reference to Staudinger’s figure in Exot. Schmett., pl. 94) and ornata Mabille. In the Ent. Nachr., 21 : 297, 1895, the same author erects for ornata the genus Athysanota and under Oboronia he writes “ zu Oboronia gehoren punctata Dewitz = elorea Staudinger nec Fabricius, gussfeldti Dewitz, etc.’”’ Hemming (1960, Annot. Lep. 1 : 35) pointed out that there was no such nominal species as Lycaena elorea Staudinger, gave the name Oboronia staudin- gert to the species depicted by Staudinger and then selected Oboronia staudingert as type-species of the genus Oboronia. The oldest name for this species is, however, Plebeius punctatus Dewitz, 1879. Eyes smooth ; palpi long, ascending, second segment long, laterally compressed clothed below with long white scales and stiff hair, third segment short, acuminate ; antennae slender, about half the length of the costa, club very elongate and flattened ; thorax clothed below with white hair ; ¢ fore leg, femur slightly flattened, tibia much shorter than femur, tarsus unsegmented. Wing shape. Fore wing subtriangular, costa and outer margin strongly convex, hind wing oval, a short linear tail at the end of vein 2. Wing venation (Text-fig. 337). Fore wing with 11 veins ; ro and 11 free from the upper edge of the cell. Aurivillius (1898 : 380) points out that the differences in the venation between Thermoniphas and Oboyonia are slight and inconstant ; this is true, for in certain specimens of punctatus vein 11 bends towards 12 and is sometimes confluent with it. Male genitalia (Text-fig. 210). Uncus composed of two small subtriangular lobes with rounded apices fused to the lateral angles of the tegumen ; subunci long, bent about two-fifths from base, tapering evenly from base to apex which ends as a shallow hook ; tegumen with a rounded median hollow on posterior margin ; vinculum fairly wide ; lower fultura with two short divergent arms to which is fused an anellus that sheathes the penis ; valves very elongate, widened at their base, then digitate, the lower process slightly serrated at its apex, penis elon- gate, internal portion cylindrical, external portion slightly dilated and divided into two pro- cesses ; vesica with numerous cornuti ; uncus and apices of valves pilose. Fic. 210. Obovonia punctatus punctatus (Dewitz), 3 genitalia. GENERA OF AFRICAN LYCAENIDAE 245 The male genitalia of all the species examined, except liberiana, closely resemble those of punctatus, the slight differentiating specific characters being found in varia- tions in the shape of the apex of the valves. In O. liberiana, (fig., Stempffer, 1950, Bull. Inst. fr. Afr. noire 12 : 406) the dorsal structures are very characteristic ; tegumen very wide with only a small rounded median notch, the uncus a narrow strip bordering the posterior edge of the tegumen and interrupted at the notch, subunci long, bent, very robust. But the vinculum, lower fultura, valves and penis are of the type common to the other species of Oboronia. The larva of O. punctatus has been described by Poulton (1911, Proc. ent. Soc. Lond. 1911 : ci) and by Lamborn (1913, Trans. ent. Soc. Lond: 46 : 489). It lives in the flowers of Costus afer and ants of the genus Pheidole construct shelters over them from plant debris. List OF SPECIES OF Oboronia *Oboronia albicosta (Gaede), 1915. *Oboronia bueronica Karsch, 1895. Fig. Aurivillius in Seitz, 1925. Oboronia elorea (Staudinger), see punctatus. *Oboronia gussfeldti (Dewitz), 1879. *Oboronia liberiana Stempffer, 1950, Bull. Inst. fr. Afr. notre 12 : 405, fig. and fig. genitalia. *Oboronia pseudopunctatus Strand, 1912. *Oboronia punctatus punctatus (Dewitz), 1879. elorea (Staudinger) nec Fabricius ; staudingeri Hemming, 1960. *Oboronia punctatus arctimargo Hulstaert, 1924, Revue zool. afr. 12 : 143. *Oboronia punctatus jacksoni Stempffer, 1943, Ann. Soc. ent. Fr. 1942 : 132. Oboronia staudingeri Hemming, see punctatus. Genus ATHYSANOTA Karsch Athysanota Karsch, 1895, Ent. Nachr. 21: 297. Type-species: Lycaena ornata Mabille, by monotypy. Cupido Schrank (partim) ; Aurivillius, 1898 : 381 ; 1925 : 494. Eyes smooth ; palpi long, ascending, second segment long, laterally compressed, clothed below with long erect scales, which are white at the base and black at the apex, third segment slender, cylindrical, acuminate ; antennae slender, about half the length of the costa, club very elongate, not well differentiated, apex pointed ; thorax clothed below with white hair ; ¢ fore leg, tibia much shorter than the femur, tarsus unsegmented, finely spinose below. Wing shape. Fore wing subtriangular, costa and outer margin strongly convex, hind wing oval, no tail. Wing venation (Text-fig. 338). Fore wing with 11 veins. Male genitalia (Text-fig. 211). Uncus composed of two small subquadrangular lobes fused to the lateral angles of the tegumen ; subunci very long, slender, bent about one-third from origin, apex ending as a shallow hook ; tegumen with a rounded depression in its posterior margin, vinculum rather broad ; lower fultura comprising two small divergent arms fused to an anellus that sheathes the penis ; valves digitate, a little dilated in the middle, lower process 246 H. STEMPFFER with a recurved apex which bears a few spines, its edge deeply serrate ; penis cylindrical in its internal portion, the external portion dilated and divided into two processes ; vesica with fine cornuti ; uncus and valves pilose. Both in external appearance, and the structure of the male genitalia, A. ornata is closely related to the species of Oboronia. LisT OF SPECIES OF Athysanota *Athysanota ornata ornata (Mabille), 1890. pseudosoyauxt (Ehrmann), 1894. Athysanota ornata flava Holland, 1920. Athysanata ornata vestalis Aurivillius, 1895. Athysanota pseudosoyauxi (Ehrmann), see ornata. Genus CHILADES Moore Chilades Moore, 1881, Lep. Ceylon 1:76. Type-species: Papilio laius Cramer (an Indo- Malayan species), by original designation. Cupido Schrank (partim) ; Aurivillius, 1898 : 375, 381 ; 1925 : 485, 490, 491. Eyes with very short, scarcely visible hair ; palpi long, ascending, second segment long, strongly compressed laterally, clothed below with long erect bristles, third segment short, slender, antennae slender, about half the length of the costa club distinct, but not very stout, with pointed tip ; thorax clothed below with long white silky hair ; ¢ fore leg, femur clothed Fic. 211. Athysanota ornata ornata (Mabille), 3 genitalia. GENERA OF AFRICAN LYCAENIDAE 247 with white hair, tibia shorter than the femur, tarsus unsegmented, finely spinose below. Wing shape. Fore wing subtriangular, costa slightly convex, apex rounded, outer margin convex ; hind wing oval, no tail. Wing venation (Text fig. 339). Male genitalia (Text-fig. 212) (see also Bethune Baker, 1913, Tvans. ent. Soc. Lond. 1913 pl. 4 and Stempffer, 1937, Bull. Soc. ent. Fr. 42 : 214). Uncus composed of two long digitate processes with rounded apices ; subunci long, bent in an acute angle close to their massive bases, apices hooked, tegumen reduced as in all species of the subfamily Plebeiinae ; arms of the 9th sternite united dorsally to form a pseudotergum (for an account of this structure, peculiar to the Plebeiinae, see Bayard (1933, Bull. Soc. fr. Microsc. 3: 4), and Stempffer, (1937, Bull. Soc. ent. Fr. 42 : 213, fig. A) ; lower fultura in the form of a furca with very long slender arms ; valves fusiform, the upper process connected in its middle to the pseudotergum by a weakly sclerotized membrane, traces of which can be seen in the dorsal region, ending in a finely toothed comb, lower process with a rounded apex ; penis elongate, slightly curved, apex pointed ; uncus and lower process of valves densely pilose. I place in the genus Chilades the following African species, of which I have been able to examine the male genitalia, eleusis, nigeriae, elicola, kedonga and parrhasius, their genitalia being of the same pattern as in Jaius ; those of eleusis, nigeriae and elicola are indeed so similar that they may be races of a single species. In kedonga (see Text-fig. 213) the valves are shorter and broader, but the other parts are very like those of laius. I have not been able to examine the genitalia of sanctithomae and alberta, and only refer them to the genus Chilades with reserve. Fic. 212. Chilades laius (Cramer), ¢ genitalia. 248 H. STEMPFFER List OF SPECIES OF Chilades Chilades alberta Butler, 1got. Chilades contracta (Butler), see parrhasius. *Chilades eleusis eleusis (Demaison), 1888. Fig. Aurivillius in Seitz, 1925. Fig. Genitalia, Stempffer, 1936, Livre jubilaire Bouvier : 324. podorina (Mabille), 1890 ; pharaonis (Staudinger), 1894. Chilades eleusis strigatus (Aurivillius), 1925. *Chilades elicola (Strand), 1911. Fig. Aurivillius in Seitz, 1925. *Chilades kedonga (Gr. Smith), 1898. Fig. Butler, 1899. pulchnistriata (Bethune Baker), 1905. *Chilades nigeriae (E. Sharpe), 1902. *Chilades parrhasius (Fabricius), 1793. contracta Butler, 1880. Chilades pharaonis (Staudinger), see eleusis. Chilades podorina (Mabille), see eleusis. Chilades pulchristriata (Bethune Baker), see kedonga. Chilades sanctithomae (E. Sharpe), 1893. Genus FREYERIA Courvoisier Freyeria Courvoisier, 1920, Dt. ent. Z. Ivis 34 : 234 ; Pinhey, 1949 : 120 ; Swanepoel, 1953 : 80 Type-species : Lycaena trochylus Freyer, by monotypy. Cupido Schrank (partim) ; Aurivillius, 1898 : 376 ; 1925 : 489, 495. Lycaena Fabricius (partim) ; Murray, 1935 : 150. Eyes smooth ; palpi long, ascending, second segment long, laterally compressed, clothed below with long stiff hair, third segment long, slender, cylindrical, acuminate ; antennae slender, three-fifths the length of the costa, club fusiform, well differentiated ; ¢ fore leg, tibia as long as the femur, tarsus unsegmented, finely spinose below. Fic. 213. Chilades kedonga (Grose Smith), g genitalia. GENERA OF AFRICAN LYCAENIDAE 249 Wing shape. Fore wing subtriangular, costa and outer margin convex ; hind wing oval, no tail. According to Courvoisier l.c., Fveveria differs from Chilades in the absence of androconia. Wing venation (Text-fig. 340). Fore wing with 11 veins, 11 is bent towards 12 but not confluent with it. Male genitalia (Text-fig. 214). Resembling closely those of Chilades, but the two processes of the uncus are less slender and shorter ; subunci long, with massive bases, bent at an acute angle about one-third from origin, apex ending in a shallow hook ; tegumen, pseudotergum and furca similar to those of Chilades ; valves fusiform, typical of Plebeiinae, connected to the pseudotergum by a thin membrane, upper process ending in a comb, lower process with a rounded apex, penis elongate, slightly curved, widely open towards its slender apex, vesica with fine cornuti, uncus and valves especially the lower process, pilose. The male genitalia of minuscula (Text-fig. 215) are like those of trochylus but differ as follows : Uncus a little more massive and with the apices of the lobes slightly recurved to form a hook ; subunci less robust, especially at the base ; comb of valves a little broader. The species of Freyeria closely resemble those of Chilades. Both genera are distributed throughout almost the whole of the Old World. Chilades ranges from Egypt to the New Hebrides. F. trochylus is found in Europe in the Balkans and its range extends as far as Ferghana in Central Asia and in Africa to the Cape. The caterpillar of F. trochylus has been observed by Pinhey (1949 : 120) in Rhodesia where it feeds upon Heliotrope and Indigofera. LIST OF SPECIES OF Freyeria *Freyeria minuscula (Aurivillius), 1909. Freyeria parva (Murray), see trochylus. *Freyeria trochylus (Freyer), 1844. parva (Murray), 1874. Fic. 214. Fveyeria trochylus (Freyer), $ genitalia. 250 H. STEMPFFER Genus AZANUS Moore Azanus Moore, 1881, Lep. Ceylon 1:79; Pinhey, 1949 : 113 ; Swanepoel, 1953 : 58. Type- species : Papilio ubaldus Cramer, by original designation. Cupido Schrank (partim) ; Aurivillius, 1898 : 364 ; 1925 : 468. Lycaena Fabricius (partim) ; Murray, 1935 : 158. Eyes densely pilose ; palpi long, ascending, second segment long, laterally compressed, clothed below with long stiff white hair, third segment short, acuminate ; antennae slender, about two-thirds the length of the costa, club oval, flattened well differentiated ; thorax clothed below with long white silky hair ; 3 fore leg, femur clothed with long white hair, tibia slightly shorter than the femur, tarsus unsegmented, finely spinose below. Wing shape. Fore wing subtriangular, apex angular, outer margin convex from the apex to the end of vein 4, then straight ; inner margin straight, distinctly shorter than the costa ; hind wing oval, no tail. Wing venation (Text-fig. 341). Fore wing with 11 veins ; 11 broadly anastomosed with 12. Male genitalia (Text-fig. 216). Uncus shaped like a breast-plate, its posterior margin deeply notched, each angle bearing a small, weakly sclerotized lobe ; subunci short, massive, curved ; tegumen reduced to a narrow band ; vinculum narrow ; lower fultura crescentic ; valves very long, digitate, with an irregular distal edge and a slightly recurved apex ; penis cylindrical, very long, curved, ending in a sharp point ; vesica with fine cornuti ; uncus clothed with long fine hair ; coarser hair on the distal halves of the valves. I have described and figured the genitalia of many species of Azanus. In all of them the uncus, subunci and tegumen are of the same shape as the corresponding Fic. 215. Freyeria minuscula (Aurivillius), ¢ genitalia. GENERA OF AFRICAN LYCAENIDAE 251 parts in ubaldus, but the valves and the penis are rather more complicated in shape than in the type of the genus. The valves, digitate in jesows, apex deeply incised in sitalces, wider than in ubaldus in the other species, have the distal portion broken up into more or less slender processes in isis and natalensis. The penis is not so long and more robust in these other species than in ubaldus, the ventral surface of the external portion is grooved and ends in a slender point, and in the groove there is a more or less massive cuneus, which is bare in sitalces and mirza, bristling with spinules in jesous. Azanus isis, which on account of the pattern of the upperside Fic. 217. Azanus isis (Drury), ¢ genitalia. 252 H. STEMPFFER markings has often been placed in Castalius, is quite unrelated to that genus ; its genitalia (Text-fig. 217) are illustrated for comparison. The early stages of uwbaldus, jesous and natalensis have been described by Murray (1935 : 159-160), Jackson (1937, Tvans. R. ent. Soc. Lond. 86 : 232-3) and Pinhey (1949 : 114). The caterpillars feed on species of Mimosacae, e.g. Acacia abyssinica, A. stenocarpa and A. karroo. LisT OF SPECIES OF Azanus Azanus agave (Walker), see jesous. Azanus artemides (Stoll), see ubaldus. Azanus benigna (Moschler), see moriqua. Azanus camillus (Cramer), see ‘sis. Azanus coeruleoalbus (Goeze), see isis. Azanus ethode (Walker), see ubaldus. Azanus gamra (Lederer), see jesous. Azanus isarchus (Fabricius), see isis. *Azanus isis (Drury), 1773. coeruleoalbus (Goeze), 1779 ; camillus (Cramer), 1780 ; tsarchus (Fabricius), 1793. Azanus itea (Walker), see ubaldus. *Azanus jesous jesous (Guerin), 1847. Fig. genitalia, Stempffer, 1938, Mzssion Omo 4 : 206. gamyra (Lederer), 1855 ; agave (Walker), 1870. Azanus jesous soalalicus (Karsch), 1900. Azanus macalenga (Trimea), see ubaldus. *Azanus mirza (Plotz) 1880. Fig. genitalia, Stempffer, 1938, Mission Omo 4 : 209. ocidentalis Butler, 1888. Azanus mirza f. deficiens Dufrane, 1953, Bull. Annls Soc. R. ent. Belg. 89 : 55. Azanus mirza f. ornata Dufrane, 1953, l.c. : 55. *Azanus moriqua (Wallengren), 1857. sigillata (Butler), 1876 ; benigna (Moschler), 1883. *Azanus natalensis (Trimen), 1887. Fig. Trimen, 1906. Fig. genitalia, Stempffer, 1938, Mission Omo 4 : 209, (as sigillatus). Azanus occidentalis Butler, see mirza. Azanus rubropuncta Lathy, see sitalces. Azanus sigillata (Butler), see moriqua. *Azanus sitalces (Mabille), 1899. Fig. genitalia, Stempffer, 1938, Mission Omo 4 : 207. rubropuncta Lathy. Azanus thebana (Staudinger), see ubaldus. *Azanus ubaldus (Cramer), 1782. zena (Moore), 1865 ; artemides (Stoll), 1782; ethoda (Walker), 1870; ttea (Walker), 1870 ; macalenga (Trimen), 1887 ; thebana (Staudinger), 1894. Azanus zena (Moore), see ubaldus. GENERA OF AFRICAN LYCAENIDAE 253 Genus BREPHIDIUM Scudder Brephidium Scudder, 1876, Bull. Buffalo Soc. nat. Sci. 3 : 123 ; Swanepoel, 1953 : 81. Type- species : Lycaena exilis Boisduval (a Sonoran species) by original designation. Cupido Schrank (partim) ; Aurivillius, 1898 : 369 ; 1925 : 473. Lycaena Fabricius (partim) ; Murray, 1935 : 150. Eyes smooth ; palpi long, second segment ascending, long, laterally compressed, clothed with white scales and bearing below long erect black bristles, third segment horizontal, slender, acuminate ; antennae slender, about half the length of the costa, club oval, flattened, well differentiated ; thorax clothed below with long white silky hair; ¢g fore leg, femur clothed below with long white hair, tibia about as long as femur, tarsus unsegmented, finely spinose below. . Wing shape. Fore wing subtriangular, apex rounded, outer margin convex ; hind wing oval, no tail. Wing venation (Text-fig. 342). Fore wing with 11 veins, 11 reduced to a short vein running from the upper edge of the cell to 12. Male genitalia (Text-fig. 218). As Bethune Baker has already pointed out (1914, Trans. ent. Soc. Lond. 47 : 330), the structure of the ¢ genitalia of species of Brephidium differs considerably from that of all the other known Lycaenidae and it is difficult to establish the homologies of all the parts. Directly fused to the vinculum there is, on the posterior margin dorsally, an un- paired process of which the apex is deeply divided into four teeth, which may correspond to the uncus ; on either side of this process the two lobes of the tegumen take an abnormal form ; in the mount from which the figure was drawn they are spread out and flattened, but in situ they are convex and situated laterally ; parallel to and arising from the external edge of these lobes there is a long process of which the rounded apex bears five strong rigid bristles which look like sharp-pointed thorns ; vinculum narrow ; the two slender arms of the lower fultura are fused, not to the base of the valves, but at two-thirds from their base, valves small, oval, with rounded apices, widely fused to each other along their lower edges ; internal portion of penis bulbous, external portion beak-like, the two sharp points of the ‘‘ beak ’’ with finely serrate edges ; tegumen clothed with long hair, especially on its anterior edge, short fine hair on the apices of the valves. Besides exilis, the genus Brephidium includes another Sonoran species, B. pseudofea Morrison and the S. African B. metophis. The male genitalia of B. metophis Wallengren (Text-fig. 219) are of the same type Fic. 218. Brephidium exilis (Boisduval), $ genitalia. 254 H. STEMPFFER as those of exilis, but the central dorsal process is more developed and is shaped like a wide blade with a scarcely denticulate distal edge ; the lateral processes of the tegumen are thinner and bear at their apices two long rigid bristles ; besides these the posterior edge of the tegumen bears two more short processes, strongly recurved and with apices divided into sharp-pointed teeth ; the valves are pear-shaped ; the penis is of the same shape as that of exilis. I have also examined the male genitalia of B. pseudofea (= isopthalma Herrich Schaffer) and found it to be of the same type as in the two species mentioned above. This uniformity of structure shows the close relationship of these three species, whose venations are identical and whose external appearances are alike. The geographical distribution of the genus Brephidiwm covers S. Africa (Cape of Good Hope, Natal and Delagoa Bay), the Sonoran region (Florida, Louisiana, New Mexico, Texas and California) and the northern part of the neotropical region (Mexico, West Indies, Central America and Venezuela). It is almost certain that this is a very ancient genus judging by the archaic structure of its male genitalia, e.g. the presence of rigid bristles and the beak-like apex of the penis, structures which elsewhere are only found in species of the genus Zizula, a genus also spread over the Old World and S. America. List OF SPECIES OF Brephidium *Brephidium metophis (Wallengren), 1860. Fig. Trimen, 1906. Genus ORAIDIUM Bethune Baker Oraidium Bethune Baker, 1914, Tvans. ent. Soc. Lond. 47 : 330 ; Swanepoel, 1953 : 80. Type- species : Lycaena barberae Trimen, by original designation. Cupido Schrank (partim) ; Aurivillius, 1898 : 369 ; 1925 : 474. Lycaena Fabricius (partim) ; Murray, 1935 : 163. Fic. 219. Brephidium metophis (Wallengren), $ genitalia. GENERA OF AFRICAN LYCAENIDAE 255 Eyes glabrous, palpi long, ascending, second segment laterally compressed, clothed below with white scales and long black stiff hair, third segment long, slender ; antennae slender, half the length of the costa, club oval, well differentiated ; ¢ fore leg, tibia with a spur and almost as long as femur, tarsus unsegmented, finely spinose below. Wing shape. Fore wing subtriangular, costa evenly convex, apex rounded, outer margin convex, hind wing oval, no tail. Wing venation (Text-fig. 343). Bethune Baker (1914 : 330) described the venation of the fore wing of barberae in these words, ‘“‘ Veins 6 and 7 arise from the upper apex of the cell and 7 is not stalked, 8 and 9 are absent, 11 is bent up to almost or quite touch 12’. The venation of barberae is probably not stable and Bethune Baker must have examined an aberrant specimen. In the five specimens that I have examined the venation is as follows :—Fore wing with 1o veins ; the cell short ; 3 from before the lower angle of the cell ; 4 from this angle ; 5 equi- distant from 6 and 4 ; 6 from the upper angle of the cell ; 7 from rather far before this angle, ending in the apex ; 8 and g absent ; 10 from the upper edge of the cell ; 11 reduced to a short cross-vein between Io and 12. Male genitalia (Text-fig. 220, side view ; parts in situ Text-fig. 221) posteri-ventral view of the dorsal structures under higher magnification with the parts spread out and flattened (see also Bethune Baker, 1914, fig. 41). In general plant the structure is similar to that of the 6 genitalia of B. exilis. Directly fused to the vinculum there is a broad grooved blade stretching horizontally to the rear ; above and parallel to this blade there is a process resembling a long- handled fork with two sharp-pointed prongs ; lobes of tegumen very large, convex, each with a deep depression in its posterior edge, and a long digitate process on its inner surface which, instead of surrounding the external edge as in Brephidium, is directed to the rear so that its apex protrudes considerably beyond the posterior edge of the tegumen ; vinculum narrow, lower fultura formed of two long slender arms which are fused to the valves, not at their base but at one-third from the base ; valves small, oval, their lower margins fused throughout the first third from origin ; penis very specialized, internal portion massive, saddle-shaped, external portion divided into two slender processes which diverge slightly apically where both the upper and lower edges are slightly serrate ; posterior margin of tegumen clothed in long hair, especially in the middle, the digitate processes are also clothed with hair along the whole of their length and bear a pencil of long stiff hair at their apices, the lobes only sparsely clothed with short hair, distal portion of valves clothed with finer and shorter hair than that on the posterior edge and processes of the tegumen. Fics 220-221. Ovaidium barberae (Trimen), ¢ genitalia. 256 H. STEMPFFER The male genitalia of barberae, when examined 7m situ and without dissection, are confusing as the long hairs of the upper parts hide the remainder ; it is for this reason probably that the presence of the “‘ long-handled fork’ escaped the notice of Bethune Baker, who would certainly have mentioned it had he seen it ; his figure 41 gives a very imperfect idea of the structure of the genitalia. The genus Ovaidium is evidently closely related to Brephidium, but it is mono- specific and is not found in the New World. Desmond Murray (1935 : 163) considered barberae to be a form of B. metophis in alluding to the instability of its venation. Comparison of the male genitalia of the two species renders such an hypothesis quite untenable. List OF SPECIES OF Ovaidium *Oraidium barberae (Trimen), 1868. Genus ZIZEERIA Chapman Zizeevia Chapman, 1910, Trans. ent. Soc. Lond. 43 : 480 ; Pinhey, 1949 : 121 ; Swanepoel, 1953 : 74. Type-species : Lycaena karsandva Moore, by original designation. Cupido Schrank (partim) : Aurivillius, 1898 : 379 ; 1925 : 495. Lycaena Fabricius (partim) ; Murray, 1935 : 183. Eyes bearing short, very fine hair ; palpi long, slightly ascending, second segment long, laterally compressed, clothed below with scales and long stiff hair, third segment shorter, slender, acuminate ; antennae slender, white-annulated, more than half the length of the costa, Fic. 222. Zizeevia karsandra (Moore), ¢ genitalia. GENERA OF AFRICAN LYCAENIDAE 257 club flattened, well differentiated ; thorax clothed below with long white silky hair ; legs : 3 fore leg, tibia shorter than the femur, tarsus unsegmented. Wing shape. Fore wing subtriangular, costa evenly convex, apex rounded, outer margin convex, hind wing oval, no tail, anal angle obtuse. Wing venation (Text-fig. 344) (see alsoChapman, 1910, Trans. ent. Soc. Lond. 43, pl., 54, fig. 14) : fore wing with 11 veins, 11 fused with 12 for part of its length. Male genitalia (Text-fig. 222) (see also Chapman, 1910, Trans. ent. Soc. Lond. 43, pl. 55, fig. 20 and pl. 56, fig. 24). Uncus composed of two small lobes fused to the tegumen on either side of the median depression in its posterior edge, subunci long, slender, curved, tapering gradually to the apex which is not hooked ; tegumen large, the median band strongly sclerotized on its anterior and posterior edges ; vinculum broad ; lower fultura formed of two robust arms fused to the base of the valves ; valves fused together for the first’quarter of their length, oblong, apices strongly serrate and truncate at right angles to the axis of the valves ; penis shaped like an elongated flask ending in a long fine spine ; vesica with numerous cornuti ; uncus clothed with fine hair ; thick stiff hair on the lower borders of the valves, especially near their bases, the distal portions more sparsely clothed with shorter weaker hair. The male genitalia of knysna (Text-fig. 223) (see also Chapman, 1910, pl. 56, figs 22, 23) differ from those of karsandra solely by the shape of the valves, which are slightly wider and whose serrated apex is obliquely truncate. Steven Corbet (in litt.) considered karsandra and knysna as a collective species, karsandra inhabiting the eastern region (N.E. Arabia, Palestine, Egypt, E. Algeria and Sudan), knysna the western and southern regions (Spain, Canary Islands, Morocco, W. Algeria, S. Arabia, Sudan and tropical Africa down to S. Africa, Madagascar and Mauritius). However the two species (or subspecies) have never been captured together and no specimens are known in which the valves have an intermediate shape. The early stages of knysna have been described by Dickson (1944, J. ent. Soc. sth. Afr. 7 : 96). The caterpillar feeds on a species of Euphorbia. According to Pinhey (1945 : 121) in Rhodesia it feeds on Oxalis, Zornia, Medicago, Euphorbia and Amaranthus. Fic. 223. Zizeeria knysna (Trimen), ¢ genitalia. 258 H. STEMPFFER List OF SPECIES OF Zizeeria *Zizeeria karsandra (Moore), 1865. *Zizeeria knysna (Trimen), 1862. lysimon (Hiibner), 1803, invalid homonym of lysimon (Stoll), 1790. Zizeeria lysimon (Hibner), see knysna. Genus ZIZINA Chapman Zizina Chapman, 1910, Tvans. ent. Soc. Lond. 43 : 482 ; Swanepoel, 1953 : 75. Type-species : Lycaena labyadus Godart (an Indo-Australian species) by original designation. Cupido Schrank (partim) ; Aurivillius, 1898 : 378 ; 1925 : 495. Lycaena Fabricius (partim) ; Murray, 1935 : 181. Eyes clothed in short, very fine hair ; palpi long, slightly ascending, second segment long, laterally compressed, clothed below with long stiff bristles, third segment very much shorter, slender, acuminate ; antennae slender, somewhat more than half the length of the costa, club flattened, well differentiated ; thorax clothed below with long white silky hair ; ¢ fore leg, tibia a little shorter than the femur, tarsus unsegmented. Wing shape. Fore wing subtriangular, costa evenly convex, apex rounded, outer margin weakly convex, hind wing oval, no tail. Wing venation (Text-fig. 345). Fore wing with 11 veins ; 11 partially anastomosed with 12. Male genitalia (Text-fig. 224). Uncus composed of two oval lobes fused to the tegumen on either side of the median depression in its terminal margin ; subunci long, slender, curved, no apical hook ; tegumen and vinculum large, lower fultura composed of two slender arms fused to the base of the valves ; valves oblong, upper process much longer than the lower one and with digitate apex ; penis ovoid, its extremity cylindrical with a slender sharp point ; vesica with numerous cornuti ; uncal lobes clothed with long fine hair, at the base of each valve there is a very long, very strong, sharp-pointed bristle and in the middle of the anterior edges of the valves there are a series of long bristles less robust than the one at the base. Fic. 224. Zizina labyadus (Godart), 3 genitalia. GENERA OF AFRICAN LYCAENIDAE 259 The male genitalia of Z. antanossa Mabille (Text-fig. 225) resemble closely those of labradus but they differ from them in the following particulars :— (x) The apex of the upper process of the valve is much shorter, more robust and sickle-shaped. (2) The basal bristle of the valve has a lanceolate apex. (3) The other valvular bristles are borne near the apex of the upper process and not along the middle part of the anterior edge. (4) The base of the penis is less swollen and the distal portion less elongated (the figures illustrate two different views of the penis, one “3 them with the vesica exserted after copulation). The male genitalia of Z. antanossa are almost identical with those of Z. indica Murray, from India and Ceylon. According to Steven Corbet, antanossa of Mada- gascar and Africa, indica Murray, labradus Godart of Australia and oxleyi C. and R. Felder of New Zealand should be considered as forms of one collective species, otis Fabricius. The two genera Zizeerta and Zizina are closely related and are the only genera in the subfamily Zizeerinae, which probably has a very ancient origin. This would explain its wide geographical distribution. List OF SPECIES OF Zizina *Zizina antanossa (Mabille), 1877. Fig. Mabille, 1885 : 87. publia (Hulstaert), 1924. Zizina publia (Hulstaert), see antanossa. Fic. 225. Zizina antanossa (Mabille), 3 genitalia. 260 HM. ST EMPERER Genus ZIZULA Chapman Zizula Chapman, 1910: 483; Pinhey, 1949: 121 ; Swanepoel, 1958: 74. Type-species : Papilio hylax Fabricius = Lycaena gaika Trimen, by original designation. Cupido Schrank (partim) ; Aurivillius, 1898 : 378 ; 1925 : 495. Lycaena Fabricius (partim) ; Murray, 1935 : 182. Eyes smooth ; palpi long, strongly ascending, second segment laterally compressed, clothed with scales and below with long stiff hair, third segment long, slender, acuminate ; antennae white-annulated, about two-thirds the length of the costa, club ovoid, well differentiated ; thorax clothed below with long white silky hair ; abdomen long, extending well beyond the anal angle of the hind wing ; ¢ fore leg, tibia longer than the femur, tarsus short, unsegmented, strongly spinose below. Wing shape. Fore wing subtriangular, elongate, costa evenly convex, apex rounded, outer margin convex, hind wing oval, elongate, no tail. Wing venation (Text-fig. 346). Fore wing with 11 veins ; 11 reduced to a short cross-vein between the upper edge of the cell and 12. Male genitalia (Text-fig. 226) (see also Chapman, Tvans. ent. Soc. Lond. 43: 493, pl. 59, figs. 33; and 35): uncus bifid, reminiscent of the Plebeiinae, the two lobes with rounded apices ; subunci curved, robust, apex blunt, not hooked, tegumen large, vinculum narrow ; lower fultura composed of a simple narrow blade, bent at right angles, bifid at its tip (in the mount from which the drawing was made the fultura had adhered to the penis) ; valves reduced, the upper process, which is folded over the lower one strongly sclerotized and ending in a long, curved digitate process crowned with a bundle of small spines, the lower process weakly sclerot- ized, and with a rounded apex ; at the apex of the anterior edge of the valve there is an enormous long and rigid bristle, probably composed of an agglomeration of hairs because, under high magnification, it seems longitudinally channelled, and is wide at its apex, which is irregularly truncate ; besides this large bristle there are 6 to 8 others, more slender and less rigid, but nearly equal in length (for the sake of the clarity only the points of insertion of these bristles are shown in the figure) ; penis short, massive, ending in two long beak-like points, the upper one with a smooth outer edge, and a grooved inner edge, the lower one with a slightly serrated outer edge ; in situ the lower part lies in the groove of the upper part which, at its base, has on each side a small rugose triangular excrescence ; uncal lobes and distal portion of the lower process of the valves pilose. Fic. 226. Zizula hylax (Fabricius), ¢ genitalia. GENERA OF AFRICAN LYCAENIDAE 261 As I have already pointed out (1934, Bull. Soc. ent. Fr. 1933 : 325-328) the genus Zizula includes, besides gatka, tulliola Godman & Salvin, whose male genitalia closely resemble those of gaika. Z. tulliola is found in Mexico, Guatemala, Venezuela and Brazil. Hence the habitat of the genus Zizula embraces India, Java, Sumatra, the Islands of the Indian Ocean, tropical and equatorial Africa and America, 1.e. almost the whole of the ancient Gondwana. I find it difficult to determine with certainty the exact relationship of Zzzula. Like Zizina it has a huge bristle on the valve, but the tegumen and especially the penis, have a totally different structure. A penis of this type is, as far as I know, found only in Brephidium, whose habitat is also Southern Africa (metophis) and tropical America (exilis, pseudofea) but the dorsal structures of Zizula, which are of a simple type, are quite unlike the complex tegumen of Brephidium. Nevertheless the similarity in the structure of the penis, and their identical habitats, make me inclined to think that these two genera are somewhat related. Both are certainly of ancient origin, dating from before the breaking up of Gondwanza. According to Pinhey (1949 : 121) the caterpillar of gatka has been found on flowers of Oxalis species. List OF SPECIES OF Zizula Zizula cleodora (Walker). Zizula gaika (Trimen), see hylax. *Zizula hylax (Fabricius), 1775. lysimon (Wallengren), 1857 ; gatka (Trimen), 1862 ; mylica Guenée, 1863 ; cleodora (Walker), 1870 ; pygmoea (Snellen), 1876 ; perparva (Saalmuller), 1889. Zizula lysimon (Wallengren) see hylax. Zizula mylica (Guenée), see hylax. Zizula perparva (Saalmuller), see hylax. Zizula pygmoea (Snellen), see hylax. Genus ACTIZERA Chapman Actizera Chapman, 1910 : 483 ; Pinhey, 1949 : 121 ; Swanepoel, 1953: 121. Type-species : Lycaena atrigemmata Butler, selected by Hemming, 1929, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (10) 3 : 220. Cupido Schrank (partim) Aurivillius, 1898 : 379 ; 1925 : 495. Lycaena Fabricius (partim) Murray, 1935 : 183. Eyes smooth ; palpi long ; ascending, second segment long, laterally compressed, clothed below with scales and long stiff hair, third segment long, slender, acuminate ; antennae white- annulated, more than half the length of the costa, club ovoid, well differentiated ; abdomen long, slender, extending beyond the anal angle ; ¢ fore leg, tibia as long as the femur, tarsus unsegmented, finely spinose below. Wing shape. Fore wing subtriangular, outer margin convex, hind wing oval, no tail, anal angle obtuse. Wing venation (Text-fig. 347). Fore wing with 11 veins, 10 and 11 free from the upper edge of the cell. 262 H. StTEMPPPER Male genitalia (Text-fig. 227) (see also Chapman, rgio, pl. 59, fig. 36 and pl. 60, fig. 39): uncus composed of two small lobes with rounded apices, tightly fused to the tegumen on either side of the shallow median depression of its posterior margin ; subunci rather short, curved, about the same diameter from base to blunt apex, no terminal hook ; tegumen large ; lower fultura forked with two slender prongs ; valves oblong, the distal portion digitate, bent up- wards, apex rounded, a row of fine spines on the distal edge ; valves attached below not only by their base, but also by an expansion of the upper process ; penis elongate, swollen at its base, the external portion short ; vesica with numerous spines ; uncal lobes and lower edge of valves with long hairs. The male genitalia of lucida (see Chapman, 1910, pl. 60, fig. 40) are similar to those of atvigemmata, differing by the serrated lower edges of the valves, the penis shorter and more swollen at its base. I have not been able to examine the type of Zzzera drucet Bethune Baker, but I believe it to be the Madagascan race of lucida. A specimen from Madagascar which I dissected has an armature similar to that of lucida. In the genitalia of stellata Chapman 1910, (fig. 38) the uncal lobes are more elongate, the subunci longer and more slender, the distal portion of the valve less curved, the apical edge smooth, the penis much longer but less swollen at its base. I do not think there is any real relationship between Actizera and the Zizeerinae, i.e. Zizeeria and Zizina. The only characters they have in common are their small size and a certain external similarity. The presence of a white streak on the under- side of the hind wings gives no valid information as to their relationship ; this character cannot have any systematic value as it varies in species of the same genus, and even in specimens of the same species, as for example, in the palaearctic genus Agrodiaetus. The geographical distribution of Actizera (Madagascar, South and East Africa) is much less extensive than that of Zizeeria ; maybe Actizera is a branch of the holarctic Glaucopsychinae in the Ethiopian fauna. Chapman included in Actizera the species described by Herrich Schaeffer as Lycaena panagaea, of Asia Minor, a species now generally assigned to the genus Twranana (Glaucopsychinae). The caterpillar of A. lucida has been observed by E. C. G. Pinhey (1949 : 122). Fic. 227. Actizera atrigemmata (Butler), 3 genitalia. GENERA OF AFRICAN LYCAENIDAE 263 List OF SPECIES OF Actizera *Actizera atrigemmata (Butler), 1878. Fig. Mabille, 1885 : 87. *Actizera lucida lucida (Trimen), 1883. Fig. Trimen, 1906. Actizera lucida drucei (Bethune Baker), 1906. *Actizera stellata (Trimen), 1883. Fig. Trimen, 1906. Genus LYCAENA Fabricius Lycaena Fabricius, 1807, Iiliger. Mag. 6: 285; Swanepoel, 1953: 148. Type-species : Papilio phlaeas Linnaeus (a palearctic species), designated by Curtis, 1828, Brit. ent. 5: pl. 12; Heodes Dalman : Aurivillius, 1898; 382; 1925: 497; Murray, 1953: 139. Eyes smooth ; palpi long, divergent, second segment long, laterally compressed, clothed with white scales and bearing below long black bristles, third segment more slender with obtuse apex ; antennae slender, three-fifths the length of the costa, club elongate, fusiform ; thorax clothed below with long white silky hair ; ¢ fore leg, femur clothed with long white hair, tibia shorter than the femur, tarsus unsegmented, finely spinose below, metatarsus of hind legs swollen. Wing shape. Fore wing triangular, costa convex at its base, then straight, apex acute, outer margin slightly convex ; hind wing suboval, somewhat produced at the anal angle in phlaeas but not in orus. Wing venation (Text-fig. 348). Fore wing with 11 veins. Male genitalia (Text-fig. 228). Uncus composed of two elongate oval lobes well separated from the tegumen, to which they are attached narrowly by their bases on either side of the median depression ; subunci long, evenly curved, slightly swollen in the middle ; tegumen reduced to a narrow band, vinculum rather narrow, with a tapering saccus ; lower fultura composed of two lamellae obliquely truncated at their apices and fused by their bases to the base of the valves, valves oblong, widened apically with a rounded spinose apex ; penis elongate, Fic. 228. Lycaena phiaeas pseudophlaeas (Lucas), 3 genitalia. 264 H. STEMPPFER lower portion curved like a pistol-stock, widely open on its upper surface, apex pointed ; vesica enclosing a short spine ; uncus densely clothed with fine hair ; just a few hairs on the upper edge of the valves near the apex. The male genitalia of abottii (see Stempffer, 1938, Mission Omo 4 : 210) resemble so closely those of phleaas that it is permissible to wonder whether it is a true species or a geographical subspecies of phlaeas. Those of orus are of the same type except that the apices of the valves, instead of being rounded, are obliquely truncate and irregularly dentate, and the lower fultura consists of two narrow lamellae with pointed apices. The biology of the European races of phlaeas is well known. The early stages of orus have been described by Murray (1935 : 140, fig. 86) and Dickson (1947, J. ent. Soc. sth. Afr. 10 :127). One can understand how, during the colder geographical periods, the genus Lycaena managed to reach South Africa by way of the Mountains of Abyssinia and East Africa. It is much more difficult to explain how it reached New Zealand, since in Asia it extends no further than the Himalayas and Sze Chuan being effectively replaced by Heliophorus in further Asia. LisT OF SPECIES OF Lycaena *Lycaena abottii (Holland), 1892. Fig. Holland, 1895. Lycaena arcas (Fabricius), see orus. *Lycaena orus (Cramer), 1780. arcas (Fabricius), 1787. *Lycaena phlaeas pseudophlaeas (Lucas), 1866. phlaeas ethiopica (Poulton), 1921 ; phlaeas menelicki (Thierry Mieg), 1911. Lycaena phlaeas ethiopica (Poulton), see phlaeas pseudophlaeas. Lycaena phlaeas menelicki (Thierry Mieg), see phlaeas pseudophlaeas. Lycaena phlaeas shima Gabriel, 1954, Exped. S.W. Arabia 1937-38 : 38. CONCLUSION Now that I have set out in detail the generic characters of the Ethiopian Lycaen- idae, the time has come to draw conclusions from my studies, and to attempt an outline of classification based on phylogeny, one which will, I hope, give a more accurate picture of the family than that given by the existing classification. What are the essential characters that should form the basis of a classification ? This poses the question that is at the root of the problem, because differing con- clusions will result from differing choices of prime characters. Further, whatever these results may be, in terms of major taxonomic units, many of the latter will not be completely homogeneous, for not all the included species will display all the chosen characters ; one can-but hope to reach an approximation to a true phylogeny, because the fossil record which could prove or disaprove it, is lacking. Aurivillius chose venation as the prime factor and I quote below the characters GENERA OF AFRICAN LYCAENIDAE 265 he chose when he divided the Lycaenidae into sub-families (1914, in Seitz, 13: 297). A. Fore wing nearly always with 12 veins, of which veins 7 and 9 arise from vein 8 behind the apex of the cell.* Rarely as in (Eresina and Iridana), vein 7 is wanting, so that only 11 veins are present, in which case either vein 10 arises from the stalk of vein 8 and 9, or vein 8 is semicircularly bent before its end. Eyes naked. Hind wing always rounded, without tail appendages, anal lobe or hairs tufts LIPTENINAE B. Fore wing nearly always with 10 or 11 veins, vein 7 and sometimes also vein g being absent ; vein 10 always free from the anterior margin of the cell. Rarely (e.g. in Aphnaeus, Phasis, Evikssonia’and the male of some species of Jo/laus) 12 veins are present, in which case however, the hind wing is tailed, lobed or angled , . LYCAENINAE Note the vagueness of the criteria : The Lipteninae have “ nearly always ’”’ 12 veins, the Lycaenidae “‘ nearly always’ 10 or 11 veins. For additional distinguish- ing characters, Aurivillius has recourse to the pilosity of the eyes, and the shape of the hind wings. However, although it is true that all the Lipteninae have smooth eyes, this character reappears in many genera of Lycaeninae, and especially in certain Theclinae ; further, many species of Lycaeninae (sensu Aurivillius) have rounded hind wings devoid of tails, lobes and hair tufts. Aurivillius subdivided his two subfamilies into genera, usually on venational characters, sometimes on shape of wings, or the palpi or the antennae. It is un- deniable that these characters are easily seen and so are convenient for the rapid determination of specimens, but in my opinion there are serious objections to the employment of venational characters as basic criteria, for example :— (rt) At the species level, venational aberrations that are certainly of little importance occur fairly frequently in different individuals. I have given examples in Anthene, Neurellipes and Triclema (1944, Revue fr. Ent. 10 : 63) and I feel sure that the examination of long series of specimens would reveal their occurrence in other genera. (2) If we classify species into genera solely on minor venational differences we shall have to split up certain natural groups (e.g. Jolaus, Phasis and Anthene), of which the homogeneity on other grounds is evident. (3) In many cases, genera characterized by a uniform venation will include species whose male genitalia are completely dissimilar, indicating a very distant phylogenetic origin. The most striking example of such an artificial genus is Cupido (sensu Aurivillius) which includes species belonging to several distinct sub- families, e.g. to Lampidinae, Plebeiinae, Zizeerinae, etc., but not a single true Cupido. I agree with Warren (1947, Entomologist 80 : 208 et seq.,) that we shall arrive at a more accurate classification by adopting as our basic characters (1) the shape of the legs, (2) the structure of the male genitalia. Warren makes use of the structure of the prothoracic legs to subdivide the superfamily Papilionoidea into three groups of families :— * An error of observation : It should read: veins 8 and 9 arise from vein 7. 266 H. STEMPFIFER A. Primitive family group : Prothoracic legs functional in both sexes. B. Advanced family group : Prothoracic legs degenerate in the male, perfect in the female. C. Specialized family group : prothoracic legs degenerate in both sexes. He subdivided Group A into Papilionidae, Pieridae and Lycaenidae. As charac- ters of the last he gives : Prothoracic legs slightly smaller in male than in female ; venation of fore wings specialized, veins being reduced in number (10 or 11) ; claws appendiculate and bifid. This characterization of the Lycaenidae needs some qualification. It is probable that Warren was thinking solely of the holarctic fauna when he refers to “ Io or II veins ’’, for most of the Lipteninae, and a few genera of the Lycaeninae (sensu Aurivillius) have 12 veins in the fore wing. Also the prothoracic legs of the Lycaenidae have more than a “ small”’ difference in size between the sexes. In almost all the genera of this family, the five segments of the fore tarsus of the male are fused to form one single segment, which is often rather slender, slightly curved, bears fine spines or short, stiff hair beneath, and has no distinct terminal claw. This seems to be the first stage of regressive evolution which culminates in the degenerate legs of the male of the Riodinidae. I think, the two families are more closely related than Warren assumes when he puts the Lycaenidae in his Group A and the Riodi- nidae in Group B. As far as I know, the genera of the Lycaenidae which provide exceptions to the rule are :—Artopoetes Chapman, Coreana Tutt, Japonica Tutt, Liphyra Westwood, Euliphyra Holland, Aslauga Kirby, Paraslauga Bethune Baker, Egumbia Bethune Baker, Lachnocnema Trimen, Thestor Hiibner and Theclopsis Godman & Salvin. The first three belong to the Far Eastern fauna, Liphyra is an Indo-Malayan genus and Theclopsis is a neotropical genus ; as I am not sufficiently well acquainted with these genera I will say no more about them. The other six genera belong to the Ethiopian fauna, and I am of the opinion that they should be taken out of this family, since they differ from all the other genera by an extremely important character which best characterizes the family. Liphyra, Euliphyra, Aslauga and Paraslauga should form the subfamily Liphyrinae described by Bethune Baker (1924, Tvans. ent. Soc. Lond. 1924 : 199-238). In this subfamily, Bethune Baker also included the genus Teratoneura, but as I have pointed out in my description of that genus (p. 73), Bethune Baker must have made a mistake since the fore tarsus of the male of Tevatoneura isabelle Dudgeon is quite ordinary and unsegmented. On the other hand I propose that the genus Egumbza, in which the fore tarsus of the male is five-segmented, and bears well developed terminal claws, be included in this subfamily. When we compare the male genitalia of the four Ethiopian genera of the Liphy- rinae we find the following similarities and variations :— Tegumen :— Euliphyra : well developed, a slight notch in the posterior margin, a wide expansion of the anterior margin. Aslauga : reduced in size, a rather deep notch in the posterior margin, a triangular expansion of the anterior margin. GENERA OF AFRICAN LYCAENIDAE 267 Paraslauga : well developed, subtriangular, no expansion of the anterior margin. Egumbia : fairly well developed, a rounded depression in the posterior margin, a rounded expansion of the anterior margin. Subunci :— Long, robust and curved in Euwliphyra, absent in the other genera. Vinculum :— Prolonged cephalad to form a large rounded saccus in all genera. Lower fultura :—Present in all four genera. Valves :— Reduced in size in Euliphyra, well developed in the other genera. Penis :— Small, elongate, subcylindrical in Euliphyra, more robust and enclosing numerous cornuti in the other genera. Thus we see that, although the male genitalia are not identical, there is no radical divergence from the type. As a complementary character we may note that the fore wing always has 12 veins, of which vein 7 is stalked on 6 in Ewliphyra but arises independently in the other genera. In my opinion the sub-family Liphyrinae is a homogeneous group, though the genus Euliphyra, both by its venation and by its male genitalia, seems more closely related to the Indo-Australian genus Liphyra than to the other three Ethiopian genera. Of the Ethiopian genera with a segmented fore tarsus in the male, there remain Lachanocnema and Thestor, two genera that cannot be included in the Liphyrinae. Their male genitalia show at first glance one striking difference. viz : the presence in Thestor of two long, curved, pointed processes on the posterior margin of the uncus but, as I have already pointed out, such median expansions of the uncus have little systematic value ; for instance, they recur in some species of palaearctic Thecla and Chaetoprocta, which cannot for that reason alone be separated generically from allied species. Apart from this, the male genitalia of Lachnocnema and Thestor are very similar ; tegumen subrectangular, subunci curved, long and rather slender, vinculum narrow and with a saccus, valves oblong with peculiar articulated processes, penis long, slightly curved and tapering gradually in its external portion ; also the venation is almost identical, except that vein 7 of the fore wing arises independently in Lachnocnema, whereas it is stalked low down on vein 6 in Thestor. Finally, species of these two genera resemble one another to some extent in their outward appearance with their stout bodies and dull colours, which remind one of the Hesperidae. Bethune Baker (1924 : 203) had already pointed out the close relation- ship of these two genera which I propose to unite in the subfamily Thestorinae. We now have to deal with the genera in which the fore tarsus of the male is unsegmented, and these compose the greater part of the family. In order to group them into subfamilies, we shall have recourse in the first place to characters derived from their male genitalia. In Alaena Boisduval, Telipna Aurivillius, Pentila Westwood, Ornipholidotos Bethune Baker and Liptenara Bethune Baker the ventral elements have undergone an important modification. The valves, instead of being independent organs articulated to the vinculum close to the saccus, have become mere expansions of, and more or less separated from, the vinculum, symmetrical in Alaena and Telipna, always asymmetrical in Pentila, Ornipholidotos and Liptenara. In these last three 268 H. STEMPFEER genera the dorsal elements are also asymmetrical and subject to individual variations especially in Ornipholidotos. In Telipna and Ornipholidotos we note also the presence of paired organs articulated to the tergal-sternal suture, these being symmetrical in Telipna, asymmetrical in Ornipholidotos. In the females of Pentila and Orni- pholidotos the ostium bursae is situated laterally in relation to the ostium oviductus and I suspect that the same holds good for Liptenara, but I have not had the oppor- tunity to examine females of this genus. As a complementary character we note a certain similarity in the wing venation of the five genera: the fore wing has 12 veins, there is a short precostal vein in the hind wing and veins 3 and 4 are widely separated at their origins. In Pentila, Ornipholidotos and Liptenara the cell is much elongated and extends beyond the middle of the wing. This combination of characters seems to me to justify the grouping of these five genera into a subfamily, the Pentilinae. Such a subfamily would correspond broadly to the tribe Pentilini sensu Aurivillius. But this author, taking the presence of a precostal vein in the hind wing as the sole criterion, included in his tribe the genera Cooksonia Druce and Durbamia Trimen, two genera which do not show in their male genitalia any of the distinctive characters enumerated above. A precostal vein being also found in Megalopalpus, a genus evidently far removed from the Pentilinae, I cannot accept its presence as a character of basic importance. In another group of genera it is the tergal elements that have undergone important modifications : the tegumen is radically reduced ; the uncus is composed of two large hemispherical lobes, clearly asymmetrical, fused directly to the vinculum and each armed at the apex with a long, curved, sharp-pointed process ; the valves are elongate, simple in outline and apically slightly falcate ; the penis is strongly curved and ends in a sharp point, its base closely wrapped in a kind of sheath borne on a pedicel attached to the base of the valves. This type of genitalia is very constant in the group, especially as regards the shape and asymmetry of the uncus, the valves differing only slightly from one species to another. I propose to erect for these two genera, Mimacraea and Mimeresia, the subfamily Mimacraeinae, (subfam. n.) although they differ in venational detail and, more particularly, in size and wing markings. Mimacraea more or less resembles Bematistes ; Muimeresia resembles Pseuderesia with which it has long been confused. Let us now consider the genera included by Aurivillius in his tribe Liptenini. We have taken out of this tribe Ewliphyra, and Aslauga and Paraslauga, which we have put into the Liphyrinae, and Mimacraea, which we have put into the Mimacraeinae. On the other hand we have added Cooksonia and Durbania, withdrawn from the Pentilinae, in spite of the presence of a small precostal vein in the hind wing, because their very ordinary male genitalia in no way resemble those of the highly specialized Pentilinae. On comparing the male genitalia of the species of those genera of the Liptenini which I have examined, I found such a great variety of structure that I was able to find only one character common to them all, namely that the base of the penis is wrapped in a sheath borne on a more or less distinct pedicel attached to the base of the valves, an arrangement similar to that found in the Mimacraeinae. No doubt, there are other characters common to most of the genera, but no other common to GENERA OF AFRICAN LYCAENIDAE 269 them all. The distribution of some of these, amongst the genera of the Lipteninae, are indicated below :— (rt) Uncus crescentic, more or less excised along its posterior margin, surrounding a subtriangular tegumen, to which it is connected by a weakly sclerotized membrane which is translucent under the microscope : Cooksonia, Durbania, Euthecta, Larino- poda, Liptena, Micropentila (in part), Argyrocheila, Teratoneura, Iridana, Deloneura, Poultonia, Epitolina, Batelusia, Powellana, Neaveia, Phytala, Stempfferia, Epitola, Aethopana, Neoepitola and Hewitsoma, but an uncus of this type is not found in Pseuderesia (s. str.), Citrinophila, Teriomima, Baliochila, Cnodontes, Evesinopsides, Eresina, Toxochitona and Pseudoneaveia, or at least not in all the species included in these genera. (2) Vinculum prolonged to form a more or less well developed saccus, which extends candad, not cephalad as is the case in most Lycaenidae. The saccus in this case is not an integral part of the vinculum, but is fused to it and is fairly easily detached in the course of dissection ; it is large and triangular in Cooksonia, Dur- bania, Argyrocheila, Deloneura and Poultonia ; more elongate in Liptena, Micro- pentila, Batelusia, Powellana, Neaveia, Stempfferia, Phytala, Epitola, Aethiopana and Hewitsonia ; sometimes disproportionate and with a spatulate apex, e.g. in some species of Liptena and Micropentila ; or even absent in some genera, e.g. Citrino- phila, Baliochila etc. (3) The penis varies very much in shape ; its external portion is gradually tapered in Cooksonia, Durbania, some Liptena, some Micropentila, Teratoneura. Indana and Epitolina ; bifid in Larinopoda ; strongly S-shaped in Falcuna, Argyrocheila, some Citrinophila and some Eresina ; provided with large dorsal expansions in Deloneura, Poultonia, Batelusia and some species of Epitola and Hewitsonia ; disproportionately long, slender, and curved in Toxochitona ; its apical part circinate in several species of Micropentila. (4) Finally there is the remarkable structure in Baliochila and Evesinopsoides bichroma Strand, that deserves mention. This consists of two processes with weakly sclerotized bases which are fused to the tegumen, and to the dorsal side of the penis, and bear either apical hooks or many stiff erect bristles along the whole of their length. I have not succeeded in dividing the Liptenini (sensw Aurivillius) into homogeneous subfamilies, each having a distinctive type of male genitalia. On the other hand, in the present state of our knowledge, with the male genitalia of many species still not examined, the erection of a large number of subfamilies as an alternative solution, seems undesirable. I think that here we are dealing with many different lines of descent, some of which are very ancient and, in the course of a long evolution, have undergone a complete modification of their original external appearance. What can have been the factors which caused some of these species to resemble, in wing colour and markings, Eurema or other Pieridae? This is not the place to start a discus- sion on the causes and evolution of mimicry, but to note its existence. In the course of evolution there may have been convergent lines of development, which tended towards not only similarity of external appearances but even similarity of venation, 270 H. STEMPFFER for, after all, the number of possible combinations of the veins is limited. Some of these fortuitous groups of species have up to now being treated as true genera, e.g. Teriomina, (sensu Aurivillius) Citrinophila and Eresina, but their male genitalia have retained, at least in part, their ancestral characters and their study reveals both the different origins of the species comprising the group, and the artificiality of these so- called genera. One may hope that when all the species of the Liptenini have been methodically examined, it may be possible to trace their phylogenetic relationships, and to group them in a natural classification. For the present however, I prefer to admit defeat rather than yield to a love of symmetry by forming arbitrary groups, whose systematic value would be no improvement on the present classification. Hence I propose to retain provisionally the division of the subfamily into two sections as done by Aurivillius, based on the relative positions of the origins of veins 6 and 7 of the fore wing, i.e. stalked or very close together, in the first group, far apart in the second group. Section I. Fore wing veins 6 and 7 stalked or very close together at point of origin. Durbamia Trimen. Fore wing 12 veins, vein 6 and the stem of veins 7+8-+9 have separate origins ; II arising nearer to Io than to the base ; hind wing short precostal vein present ; 7 not stalked on 6 ; costa strongly convex at its base ; 3 and 4 far apart. Durbaniella van Son. Fore wing with vein II arising equidistant between 10 and base ; hind wing with short precostal vein, cell about half as long as wing. Durbaniopsis van Son. Fore wing with vein 11 arising much nearer to vein Io than to base ; hind wing with short precostal vein, cell much shorter than in Dur- bamella, about one-third as long as wing. Pseuderesia Butler. Fore wing (P. eleaza) with 12 veins, vein 6 stalked on 7+8-+9, to from the upper angle of cell in g, stalked on 7+-8+9 in 9 ; or (P. isca group) to from upper angle of cell ; hind wing with 7 stalked on 6, 5 nearer to 6 than to 4, 3 and 4 far apart at origin. Citrinophila Kirby. Fore wing with 12 veins ; 6 and 7+8+9 have a common stem ; 5 nearer to 6 than to 4 ; hind wing, 7 branched on 6, 5 nearer to 6 than 4; 3 and 4 far apart. Teriomima Kirby, Baliochila Stempffer & Bennett, Cnodontes Stempffer & Bennett, Euthecta Bennett. Fore wing with 12 veins ; 6 and 7+8-+9 have a common stem ; 5 nearer to 6 than to 4 ; hind wing, 7 free ; 5 nearer to 6 than to 4 ; 3 and 4 rather close together. Larinopoda Butler. Fore wing with 12 veins ; 6 separated from 7+8-+9 ; cell produced at the lower angle ; hind wing, 7 free ; cell short produced at the lower angle ; 3 and 4 far apart ; 5 nearer to 6 than to 4. Liptena Hewitson, Falcuna Stempffer & Bennett. Fore wing with 12 veins; 6 separated from 7+8-+9 ; cell rather short, 5 nearer to 6 than to 4 ; hind wing, 7 free ; 3 and 4 slightly separated, connate, or slightly stalked. GENERA OF AFRICAN LYCAENIDAE 271 Micropentila Aurivillius. Venation as on Liptena ; differs from Liptena only in shape of palpi and antennae. Eresinopsides Strand. Fore wing with 11 veins ; 6 and 7+-9 have a common stem ; hind wing, 7 stalked on 6 ; 3 and 4 connate. Evesina Aurivillius. Fore wing with 11 veins ; 7+8 and 10 stalked on 6 ; hind wing 7 stalked on 6 ; 3 and 4 have separate origins. Toxochitona Stempffer. Fore wing with 11 veins, 7+-8 stalked on 6 ; 10 from upper angle of cell. Hind wing with 7 stalked on 6 ; 6 and 7 widely separate. Argyrocheila Staudinger. Fore wing with 12 veins ; 6 stalked on 7+8-+9 ; outer margin deeply scalloped (in wndifera) ; hind wing, 7 stalked on 6 ; 3 and 4 far apart. Teratoneura Dudgeon. Fore wing with 12 veins ; 6 and stalk of 7+8-+9 separate ; 2 and 3 curved towards the inner margin ; outer margin excised ; hind wing, 7 free ; 3 and 4 shortly stalked ; costa concave. Ivridana Aurivillius. Fore wing with 11 veins ; 6 and 7 arise from the upper angle of the cell ; 7 doubly curved near the apex ; hind wing, 7 free ; 3 and 4 connate. Section 2. Fore wing veins 6 and 7 widely separated at origin Cooksoma Druce. Fore wing with 12 veins ; 6 widely separated from 7+8-+9 ; 5 much nearer to 6 than to 4; hind wing, short precostal vein present ; 7 free ; 3 and 4 separate. Deloneura Trimen. Fore wing with 12 veins ; 6 widely separated from 7+8-+49 ; 5 and 6 arise from the upper angle of the cell ; hind wing, cell short, truncate ; 7 free ; 3 and 4 slightly separate at their origins. Poultonia Neave. Fore wing with 12 veins ; 6 widely separated from 7+8-+9 ; 5 very close to 6 ; hind wing, 7 free ; 5 a little nearer to 6 than to 4 ; 3 and 4 connate. Batelusia Druce. Fore wing with 11 veins ; 6 widely separated from 7-++8 ; 5 very close to 6 ; hind wing, 7 free ; 5 nearer to 6 than to 4 ; 3 and 4 connate. Tumerepes Aurivillius. Fore wing with 12 veins ; 6 widely separated from 7+8-++9; 5 very close to 6 ; hind wing, 7 free ; 5 nearer to 6 than to 4; 3 and 4o0na short common stem. Neaveia Druce. Fore wing with 12 veins ; 6 separate from 7+8-+9 ; 5 nearer to 6 than to 4 ; hind wing, 7 free ; 5 nearer to 6 than to 5 ; 3 and 4 separate. Pseudoneaveia Stempffer. Venation as in Neaveia. Genitalia very different. Epitolina Aurivillius. Fore wing with 12 veins ; 6 and 7+8-+9 separate ; hind wing, 7 free, 3 and 4 connate. Stempfferia Jackson. Fore wing with 12 veins ; 6 and 7+8+9 separate ; 5 nearer to 6 than to 4 ; Io (in the male) shortly stalked on 7, 11 and 7 connate ; Io (in the female) connate with 7, and 11 slightly before 7 ; hind wing with 7 free, 3 and 4 short stalked. Phytala Westwood. Fore wing with 12 veins ; 6 widely separated from 7+8-+9 : 272 H. STEMPFFER 5 nearer to 6 than to 4 ; 11 and 12 confluent ; hind wing, 7 free, 3 and 4 ona short common stem. Epitola Westwood. Fore wing with 12 veins ; 6 separate from 7+8+9 ; 5 nearer to 6 than to 4; 11 and 12 free ; hind wing, 7 free ; 3 and 4 shortly stalked. Aethiopana Bethune Baker. Fore wing with 12 veins ; 6 widely separated from 7+8+9+10 ; 11 and 12 free ; hind wing, 7 free ; 3 and 4 on a common stem. Neoepitola Jackson. Fore wing with 12 veins ; 6 widely separated from 7+8-+9 ; 11 stalked on 10 ; hind wing with 7 free, 3 and 4 on a common short stem. Hewitsonia Kirby. Fore wing with 12 veins ; 6 and 7+8-+ 9 separate ; 5 nearer to 6 than to 4 ; hind wing, 7 free ; 3 and 4 on a common stem. Powellana Bethune Baker. Fore wing with 12 veins ; 6 widely separated from 7+8+9; 5 nearer to 6 than to 4; 11 stalked on 10; hind wing 7 free ; 3 and 4 connate. I propose to restrict the name Lipteninae to Section 1, and to adopt the name Epitolinae, a name already employed by several authors, for Section 2, which is much more homogeneous than Section 1, from the point of view of the male genitalia. In Section 2 (except in Pseudoneaveia) the uncus is crescentic, sometimes notched at the apex, the subunci are robust, curved, except in Epztola hewitsoni which lacks them completely, the valves have a smooth uniform outline, are elongate with convex upper edge, a nearly straight lower edge and a rounded apex. The penis bears a wide expansion on its dorsal surface in Deloneura, Poultonia and Batelusia, and also in some species of Epitola and Phytala. In the Lycaeninae (sensu Aurivillius) we start with the genus Megalopalpus Rober, all the characters of which, specialized male genitalia, large palpi and venation, show its close relationship to the Indo-Malayan Gerydus and Allotinus. Its proper place is therefore in the subfamily Miletinae (= Gerydinae) as Aurivillius and Bethune Baker had already pointed out. We now come to the extensive subfamily Theclinae, which is cosmopolitan and forms the bulk of the rich neotropical Lycaenid fauna. I propose to include in it the following genera ; Deudorix Hewitson, Hypomyrina Druce, Actis Karsch, Kopelates H. H. Druce, Hypokopelates H. H. Druce, Pilodeudorix H. H. Druce, Diopetes Karsch, Virachola Moore, Myrina Fabricius, Oxylides Hiibner, Syrmoptera Karsch, Hypolycaena Felder, Hemiolaus Aurivillius, Stugeta H. H. Druce, Pseudiolaus Riley, Tvichiolaus Aurivillius, Dapidodigma Karsch, Tanuetheira H. H. Druce, Argiolaus H. H. Druce, Jolaphilus Stempffer & Bennett, Philiolaus Stempffer & Bennett, Jolaus Hiibner, Aphniolaus H. H. Druce, Epamera H. H. Druce, Etesiolaus Stempffer & Bennett, Swkidion H. H. Druce, Leptomyrina Butler, and Capys Hiibner. Except in a few instances, with which I shall deal later on, the male genitalia of the above genera have the following characters : tegumen large, hood-shaped with a more or less deep rounded median depression in the posterior margin ; uncus composed of two small lobes fused to the tegumen on either side of this depression, (but it is difficult to make out the suture by a superficial'examination, so the.lobes# may then appear to be mere thickenings of the tegumen less translucid posteriorly). Very seldom the two uncal lobes fuse with one another so that the median depression GENERA OF AFRICAN LYCAENIDAE 273 disappears, e.g. in some species of Epamera ; subunci long, robust, usually curved, sometimes bearing apophyses ; vinculum wide above, rather narrow below, the saccus generally small or absent ; lower fultura absent in many genera (e.g. Deudorix and closely allied genera, Capys, Hypolycaena and Leptomyrina), ring- shaped and encircling the penis, sometimes carried on pedicel in some genera of the Tolaus groups ; the valves, reduced in size in Deudorix and the closely allied genera, Capys, Oxylides, Syrmoptera, Hypolycaena and Leptomyrina, are more fully developed in the genera of the Jolaus group ; penis widely open on the dorsal surface of its internal portion, usually weakly curved, and often enclosing a voluminous cuneus or large spines. ; It is remarkable that the male genitalia of the Theclinae are often extremely similar in species which outwardly are very different. This is particularly the case in the Deudorix group. The relatively simple pattern of the genitalia of this sub- family suggests that the Theclinae are of recent origin, in spite of their wide geo- graphical distribution. The species whose male genitalia differ from the typical structure just described belong to the genera and subgenera Myrina, Dapidodigma, Argiolaus, Philiolaus and Etesiolaus. Having already given detailed accounts of their male genitalia under the relevant genera there is no need to repeat them here. It is only necessary to mention that in all these it is the tergal parts that are modified, the sternal ele- ments remaining typically Thecline. It is fairly easy to pick out groups of closely allied genera in the Ethiopian Thec- linae. The genera Hypomyrina, Actis, Kopelates, Hypokopelates, Pilodeudorix, Diopetes and Virachola are scarcely more than subgenera of Deudorix, Capys is closely allied to them. Myrina is rather isolated ; Syrmoptera can hardly be separated from Oxylides ; Leptomyrina is closely allied to Hypolycaena ; Dapido- digma is isolated, but Hemiolaus, Stugeta, Pseudiolaus, etc. up to and including Sukidion can be regarded as belonging to this large Jolaus group. Continuing the examination of the genera in the order adopted by Aurivillius, I propose to unite in the subfamily Aphnaeinae Swinhoe (1911, Lep. Indica 9 : 156) the following genera :—Aphnaeus Hibner, Paraphnaeus Thierry Mieg, Apharitis Riley, Spindasis Wallengren, Lipaphnaeus Aurivillius, Choloroselas Butler, Zeritis Aurivillius, Desmolycaena Trimen, Axiocerses Hiibner, Phasis Hiibner, Aloeides Hiibner, Poecilmitis Butler, Chrysoritis Butler, Crudaria Wallengren, Evikssonia Trimen and Pseudaletis Druce. The adoption of this grouping is justified on the basis of one striking character in the structure of the male genitalia, which is present in all the species I have examined, namely the semimembranous band connecting the median parts of the upper pro- cesses of the valves by passing and closely sheathing the penis. There is a trace of this structure in some species of Actis and Kopelates, in which the valves are also connected in their middle, but in these two genera, closely allied to Deudorix, it is less well developed and the lower fultura is absent, whereas the latter is always present in the Aphnaeinae, usually in the shape of a notched shield. In Aphnaeus and Paraphnaeus the dorsal elements are subrectangular and hood- 274 H. STEMPFFER shaped, the subunci long, robust, and curved, the two processes of the valves are separated at their apices, and the penis is very massive, and bears spines and numerous cornuti. In Apharvitis and in most species of Spindasis the dorsal ele- ments are divided into two lobes by a deep median depression in the posterior margin of the tegumen and the valves are not apically divided. In Lipaphnaeus, Chloroselas and Desmolycaena the dorsal structure form an oval, which is excised at the hind apex, the subunci long and slender (except in D. rogersi Riley in which the sub- rectangular shape reappears and the subunci are absent). In Zeritis the dorsal aspect is subtriangular, the anterior margin of the tegumen bears a rounded process, the subunci have a long apophysis and the lower fultura is composed of two long asym- metrical arms. In Axiocerses the dorsal aspect rather resembles that of Zeritis but the arms of the lower fultura are symmetrical. In Phasis, Aloeides, Poecilmitis and Chrysoritis the dorsal elements are more or less rectangular and always bear a rounded process on the anterior margin. The subunci are always long, and robust and bear a small apophysis. In Crudaria on the other hand the subunci are reduced in size. In Evikssonia the dorsal aspect resembles that of Axiocerses, but the sub- unci have no apophysis. I do not know Pseudaletis well, having examined only six species, in all of which the uncus is divided into four processes (in P. agrippina Druce the apex of each process is blunt, in P. clymneus Druce the apices are pointed) and lacks subunci. But the lower fultura, valves and penis are of Aphnaeine type, for which reason I include Pseudaletis in this subfamily, though with some misgiving. Except for Pseudaletis, all the genera of this subfamily have moreover one striking external character, namely the presence of metallic silvery golden or nacreous bands and spots on the underside of the wings. The palaearctic genus Cigaritis Boisduval, a close ally of Apharitis, should be included in this subfamily. We must now consider the genus Spalgis Moore, the precise affinities of which I find difficult to decide. In his generic description, Moore says that it is allied to Gerydus (Seitz, 1923, Gross-Schmett. Erde 9 : 881). Fruhstorfer compares the wing markings of Spalgis with those of Lycaenopsis and their dull colour with that of the Gerydinae ; as regards the male genitalia he says that the long furca resembles that of Tarucus, and that the uncus resembles that of Everes. He concludes that Spalgis is probably a very ancient group, possibly the stock from which both Gerydus and Everes were derived. Colour and wing pattern are not very important characters in my opinion. The palpi of Spalgis have no resemblance whatever to those of Gerydus, the short stout antennae are unlike those of Gerydus, Everes or Lycaenopsis, and the genitalia in no way resemble those of Lycaenopsis or Gerydus. On the other hand the pentagonal uncus and short stout subunci are very much Everine in type. I conclude that, on the evidence available, the wisest course is to leave the genus Spalgis isolated in the subfamily Spalginae, as other authors have done. The next group comprises the genera Cupidesthes Aurivillius, Anthene Doubleday, Neurypexina Bethune Baker, Neurellipes Bethune Baker and Tvriclema Karsch, which differ only in minor venational characters. Their male genitalia are so uniform in type that I think they ought to be considered merely as subgenera of GENERA OF AFRICAN LYCAENIDAE 275 Anthene. The genitalia may be described as follows : Uncus composed of two small lobes fused to the tegumen on either side of the median depression in its posterior margin, subunci curved, sometimes robust, sometimes slender ; tegumen a rather narrow notched band ; vinculum always prolonged towards sternite 8 to form a saccus which is often well developed ; lower fultura a furca with divergent arms and attached to the base of the valves, which are oval and more or less incised ; penis elongate and widely open on the dorsal surface of its internal portion. In external appearance the Anthene group bear some affinity to the Theclinae, but the male genitalia are intermediate between those of the Theclinae and the Lam- pidinae. However, the invariable presence of a furca and the poor development of the tegumen lead me to place the group in the Lampidinae, where they form a well marked tribe. I would also include in the Lampidinae the following genera taken from the “omnibus ”’ genus Cupido of Aurivillius :—Phlyaria Karsch, Uranothawma Butler, Cacyreus Butler, Tarucus Moore, Castalius Hiibner, Lampides Hiibner, Syntarucus Butler, Cyclyrius Butler, Harpendyreus Heron, Pseudonacaduba Stempffer, Lepi- dochrysops Hedicke, Euchrysops Butler, Eicochrysops Bethune Baker, Cupidopsis Karsch, Thermoniphas Karsch, Oboronia Karsch, Athysanota Karsch and Actizera Chapman. I must confess that it is not without some hesitation that I group together all these genera because the male genitalia are not of a perfectly uniform type. For instance, the male genitalia of Tarucus, Castalius and Etcochrysops differ in some particulars from the common plan, which may be summarized as follows :—Tegumen with a median depression in its posterior margin, sometimes reduced to a narrow band ; uncus divided into two lobes ; well developed subunci, lower fultura furca-shaped, and sometimes with an anellus ; penis subcylindrical. Some pairs of genera, e.g. Phlyaria and Uranothauna, Syntarucus and Cyclyrius have a similar specialized penis, and in this show close relationship to the American Leptotes ; others, e.g. Lepidochrysops, Euchrysops, Thermoniphas, Oboronia and Athysanota from a group characterized by their reduced tegumen, their digitate valves and the presence of an anellus. As regards Tarucus with tectorius and virgae excitatae present in most species, Castalius which is only an artificial grouping of species with convergent external appearance, and Ficochrysops with its four-lobed dorsum, all three genera differ considerably from the typical Lampidinae and if I have included them in this sub- family it is solely because I could not find a more suitable place and they seemed more allied to the Lampidinae than to any other subfamily. To Actizera, which has some of the characteristics of the Glaucopsychinae, I give only a temporary home in the Lampidinae. It seems probable that in the future this subfamily will need subdivision into several homogeneous groups, but before that can be done a more thorough study of the Indo-Australian species on the basis of their male genitalia is needed. There is no doubt that Chilades Moore and Freyeria Courvoissier should be included in the subfamily Plebeiinae, a subfamily not well represented in the Ethiopian and Indo-Malayan faunas but which includes many holarctic species. 276 H. STEMPFFER Azanus Moore is characterized by its undivided uncus, which is more or less excised at its apex, its short robust subunci and its reduced tegumen, features typical of the sub-family Everinae, which it also resembles in venation viz. fore wing with II veins, with 11 and 12 confluent. Although the genera Brephidium Scudder and Oraidium Bethune Baker include very few species I think they should be placed in a subfamily to themselves, the Brephidinae. Their male genitalia are of such a peculiar structure and differ so markedly from those of all other genera of Lycaenidae that they cannot be included in any of the other subfamilies. I propose to restrict the subfamily Zizeerinae to the two genera Zizeeria Chapman and Zizina Chapman. It is characterized by an uncus divided into two slender lobes, slender curving subunci long slender curved valves with long stiff bristles, and a flask-shaped penis, with pointed apex and a vesica bearing numerous spines. Chapman included in the subfamily Zizeeriinae the genera Actizera Chapman and Zizula Chapman. I have above (p. 275) stated my reasons for taking Actizera out of the subfamily Zizeerunae. As for Zizula their male genitalia have one feature found in the Zizeeriinae, namely the stiff valvular bristles, but they have also one feature in common with the Brephidiinae, namely a penis shaped like a bird’s beak. The Zizeeriinae are found in the Indo-Malayan, Ethiopian and Palaearctic zones, the Brephidiinae in the Ethiopian, neotropical and Sonoran zones, the species of Zizula in Indo-Malayan, Ethiopian and neotropical zones. There is probably some relationship between these archaic groups which probably originated before the breaking up of Gondwanaland. There remains only the genus Lycaena Fabricius, which has very few species in the Ethiopian fauna, but is well represented in the holarctic zone. It comprises the “Coppers ’’ so familiar to British entomologists and must be included in a separate subfamily. As to the name to be given to this subfamily, I hesitate between Lycaeninae and Heodinae ; although the former is the correct name in accordance with the Rules of Nomenclature, there is a risk that it might be confused with Lycaeninae, sensu Aurivillius, by those entomologists who are not specialists. It is not difficult to foresee that criticisms will be levelled at my conclusions, indeed I am well aware of some that can be made. It is abundantly clear that most of the proposed subfamilies, namely the Liphyrinae, Thestorinae, Pentilinae, Mimacraeinae, Miletinae, Aphnaeinae, Plebelinae, Everinae, Brephidinae, Zizeerinae and Lycaeninae are based on well defined structural characters. To distinguish the Lipteninae from the Epitolinae or the Lampidinae from the Theclinae is much more difficult. Why, one might ask, split up the African Lycaenid fauna into so many fragments when eight subfamilies suffer for the whole of the palaearctic fauna? Why erect a sub- family to include only two genera each with only a few species? Why propose a modification of the generally accepted sequence of genera when, on my own admis- sion, the reasons for this are debatable. The answer is that the African fauna, at any rate as far as the Lycaenidae are concerned, is far richer and much more varied than that of the palaearctic region. During the Tertiary period, Europe was subjected to so many large scale changes of GENERA OF AFRICAN LYCAENIDAE 277 climate that its original fauna must have been replaced, at least partially on several occasions, the species present there now having been derived mostly from recent angarian immigrants. In Africa, on the other hand where the climate remained more stable, there are still ancient gondwanian elements which have continued to evolve there, or have come in from Indo-Australian regions via Arabia. It is this that has produced the astonishing diversity both of types and of highly specialized genera. Some of these archaic groups include only a small number of species that have, however, an exceedingly wide distribution, they are nevertheless very distinct, and it would be quite arbitrary to lump them, systematically, with a group of more recent and more numerous species. Classification can only take facts into account, it cannot be subservient to geometrical patterns. It cannot, for example, like an army commander divide its taxa into units of fixed size, like regiments, battalions and companies. I could have limited the scope of this work to a bare compilation and the statement of facts. Instead, I have attempted to revise and bring up to date the systematics of the African Lycaenidae by the use of characters accepted in the study of the faunas of other regions. This first attempt on these lines cannot but be imperfect and, to some extent, hypothetical. I have not glossed over my doubts, hesitations and setbacks, but have called attention to them, believing it wiser so to do than to attempt a dogmatic solution in spite of them. The preparation of this work has occupied much of my time and has entailed much labour, I am fully satisfied if it attracts fruitful criticism and provides basis for a more comprehensive and detailed investigation. A POSTSCRIPT Mr. Harry K. Clench, of the Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh, U.S.A. has been so very kind as to send me a copy of the volume on the Butterflies of Liberia, (1965, Mem. Am. ent. Soc. 19), to which he contributed the section on the Lycaenidae. It is most unfortunate that this should have been published at a moment when it was no longer possible for me to incorporate the important results of his research in the body of the present work. This has obliged me to review, in the form of a supplementary note, his ideas on the subject of the classification of the African Lycaenidae. And I find it a little disconcerting to have to disagree, on several matters of importance, with the views of a valued correspondent of long standing. As a starting point Clench erects the superfamily Lycaenoidea, divided into four families : Liptenidae, Liphyridae, Lycaenidae and Riodinidae. I will not deal with the last of these as it is outside the scope of the present work. If the Liphyridae are excluded from the Lycaenidae because of the segmented fore tarsi of the males of the former, it would be equally logical to exclude the Thestorinae from the Lycaenidae, because they too have segmented fore tarsi, a character which I regard as of primary importance. Clench then subdivides each of the families on the basis of a variety of characters, without according consistent primacy to any single character. For example, he 278 H. STEMPFFER uses turn and turn about the morphology of the fore tarsi of the male, the presence of a precostal vein on the hind wing, the arrangement of the small spines on the underside of the male fore tarsi, the relative lengths of the femur and tibia of the hind leg, the wing venation in general, the presence or absence of coremata, and even at times the food of the larvae. On the other hand he seems to attribute only a second- ary degree of importance to the form of the male genitalia. I find myself unable to agree with this method, for I believe it essential, in order to achieve a coherent system, to establish a kind of hierarchy—arbitrary perhaps, amongst characters, and to follow this throughout a family, only using characters of secondary importance in a supplementary sense. To me it does not seem reason- able, for example, to attach the same taxonomic importance to the spines on the fore leg as to the genitalia of the male. However, so as not unduly to prolong this note, I propose to indicate below only those points upon which I do not find myself in agreement with Clench. Page 269 :—Key to the subfamilies of the Liptenidae : 1 Humeral (precostal) vein present on hind wing . : - : . : : 2 Humeral vein absent . ° ; ; ; : ‘ : ‘ : , 3 2 Ventral spines of fused male fore tarsus apically in two similar rows, the number, angle of insertion and spacing of the spines about the same in each row ; hind leg with femur shorter than tibia : : : : : : : Pentilinae — Ventral spines of fused male fore tarsus in two dissimilar rows, a mesad row of erect, rather closely and evenly spaced spines and an exterior row of sparse, declivent, irregular spaced spines, hind leg with femur subequal to or slightly exceeding tibia Durbaniinae (extralimital) 3. Male fore tarsus fused to a single segment, with two dissimilar rows of spines (about as in Durbaninae above) ; hind leg with femur shorter than tibia . ‘ Lipteninae Male fore tarsus fully formed, similar to that of the female ; hind leg with femur longer than tibia . : ; : ‘ : : Thestorinae (extralimital) I have already explained (p. 268) my reasons for excluding Durbania, and the allied recently erected genera, from the Pentilinae, because their genital armatures are simple and symmetric. As to the genus Thestor (which Clench does not mention again, since it is restricted to South Africa), I consider it has nothing to do with the Lipteninae, the fore tarsi of the male being segmented. Page 269 :—Subfamily Pentilinae. I see no objection to the generic treatment adopted by Clench. Indeed I fully support his creation of the genus Ptelina for carnuta Hewitson, having already indicated, following Bethune Baker, that this species should be eliminated from the genus Telipna. I would point out, however, that the male genitalia of carnuta are clearly analogous to those of Alaena, particularly in respect of its dorsal elements and the presence of subunci. Page 281 :—Key to the Tribes of Lipteninae. 1 Fore wing R3_5 arises distinctly before upper angle of cell, well separated from origin of M ; male with coremata eversible ventral sacs bearing long, modified scales, the sacs just anterior to genital capsule . 5 ; : 3 : : . Epitolini GENERA OF AFRICAN LYCAENIDAE 279 R3_5 arise from upper angle of cell, close to or connate with (occasionally long stalked with M1) : : : ; : ; : ; : : : : ; 2 2 Male with coremata (as above) . , ; . : ‘ ; 2 . Tridanini Nocoremata . : ; F ; : ; : ; : x . Liptenini The presence of coremata in many species has been well known to me for many years. I make no mention of them in the present work for the following reasons :— (rt) Within a single genus there may be some species with coremata, others without. (2) Inthe course of dissection in water, after maceration in potash, it often happens that, on applying pressure to the abdomen to force the extrusion of the genitalia, the coremata remain within the eighth segment, and escape detection through being mixed up with other abdominal debris. This depends I believe, in some degree upon the degree of decomposition sustained by the organs after death, in a hot and humid climate, and also perhaps upon the strength of the potash solution used. (3) In the process of mounting in Canada balsam, when pressure is put upon the cover slip, the coremata often break away from the vinculum and the scales are dispersed throughout the preparation and become almost invisible ; for this reason I have hitherto not included the coremata in my preparations. These technical details may seem trivial, and out of place. Forty years experience, however, has taught me that they are of importance. It is only too easy to draw false conclusions from a faulty mount. Wishing to check the taxonomic importance of the coremata, in the sense in which Clench uses them, I have made a small series of fresh preparations of species already examined, paying particular attention to preserving the coremata, with the following results. Coremata present Coremata absent Lipteninae Liptena o-rubrum Holland Liptena opara immaculata Grinberg Liptena modesta Kirby Liptena flavicans Smith & Kirby Liptena despecta Holland Liptena homeyert Dewitz Liptena catalina Smith & Kirby Liptena ideoides Dewitz Micropentila brunnea Kirby Micropentila adelgitha Hewitson Micropentila dorothea Bethune Baker Argyrocheila undifera Staudinger Micropentila ugandae Hawker Smith Eresina rougeott Stempffer Micropentila bunyoro Stempffer & Bennett Micropentila mpigi Stempffer & Bennett Micropentila jacksoni Talbot Micropentila cherereti Stempffer & Bennett Teratoneura isabellae Dudgeon Indana unyoro Stempffer 280 H. STEMPFFER Coremata present Coremata absent Epitolinae Phytala elais Doubleday Hewitson Poultonia ochrascens Neave Phytala hyeltomdes Aurivillius Powellana cottoni Bethune Baker Stempfferia carcassoni Jackson Epitolina dispar Kirby Aethiopana honorius Fabricius Epitolina catort Bethune Baker Epitola ceraunia Hewitson Hewttsonia boisduvali Hewitson There is no point in pursuing this matter further. The lists above clearly demon- strate that the presence or absence of coremata does not provide a character of valid generic significance, and even less of tribal value. In order to separate the Lip- teninae from the Epitolinae we are forced back on the venational characters of Aurivillius’ system. In fact, as I have already indicated, the two subfamilies are not sharply definable, Jvidana providing a transition from one to the other. Clench includes the Mimacraeinae within his Liptenini. I must confess that I do not understand why he fails to accord them subfamily rank, for they constitute a perfectly homogeneous, very specialized group in which the male genitalia are so uniform that they are rarely even of use in separating species. I cannot accept Pseuderesia eleaza in any way as providing a transition in genitalia characters between Mimeresia and the Lipteninae, in Mimeresia as in Mimacraea the uncus is formed of two very large semicircular asymmetric lobes, each bearing a long tapering similarly asymmetric horn on its terminal margin and the tegumen is much reduced. The genitalia indeed are without any exception asymmetric in every species. On the other hand in Pseuderesia eleaza, although admittedly the tegumen is equally reduced, the uncus is formed of two long perfectly symmetrical foliaceous processes, and there are neither semicircular lobes nor accessory horns ; I freely admit that in eleaza the uncus is more deeply divided and the tegumen narrower than in the other species of pseuderesia, in consequence of which it occupies a somewhat isolated position in the genus, but I do not see any necessity to erect, for the other species of Pseuderesia, the new genus Evesiomera based otherwise on the shape of the fore wing and the pattern of the markings on the hind wings. If the shape of the wings is taken as a generic criterion, Epitola should be subdivided into at least three genera according to whether the four wings are falcate (posthumus), dentate (hewttsont) or slightly convex (cercene). To accept wing pattern as a generic character is to return to the mistakes of earlier authors who put Azanus isis in Castalius and Euchysops crawshayi and most of the species of Harpendyreus in Cyclyrius. In the same way, I see no merit in restricting the genus Phytala to its type species P. elais, and erecting for all the other species the new genus Hypophytala, on the basis of the large size of elais and the much smaller expanse of all the other species of Phytala, and the presence of a protuberance on the dorsal surface of the penis in hyettoides, which is lacking in elais. In my view this protuberance is not a good generic character, since it is to be found in many other Epitolinae, for example, Deloneura millari Trimen, Poultonia ochrasceus Neave, Batelusia zebra H. H. Druce, Epitola posthumus Fabricius, Epitola urania Kirby and others. GENERA OF AFRICAN LYCAENIDAE 281 Page 320 :—Family Liphyridae. Clench unites in this family the subfamilies Liphyrinae and Gerydinae and the Indo-Malaysian Poritiinae. The last is not well known to me, but the association of the other two seems debatable, since they differ fundamentally in their mor- phology. In the Liphyrinae the male fore tarsus is segmented and the genitalia differ little from those of the Lycaenidae. In the Gerydinae the fore tarsi are unsegmented, and in Gerydus, Allotinus and Megalopalpus the hind wing has a precostal vein, and the very specialized genitalia are different from those of the Lycaenidae. Page 321 :—Subfamily Liphyrinae. The author divides this subfamily into two tribes, the Liphyrinae and the Lachnocnemini. The former corresponds to my subfamily Liphyrinae ; but the presence here of Lachnocnema, which apart from the segmented fore tarsi, bears no resemblance whatever to the Liphyrinae, is a matter of surprise. I consider Lachnocenema to be much more closely related to Thestor, which Clench exiles to the Liptenidae. Page 325 :—Subfamily Gerydinae. Divided into two tribes, Gerydini and Spalgini. Here again I cannot accept this association. The Gerydini (or Miletinae) have a precostal vein on the hind wing and very specialized male genitalia ; Spalgis is utterly dissimilar, having no precostal vein and genitalia of a quite common-place Everinae type. Clench draws attention to the fact that in both groups the larvae are carnivorous. I doubt the advisability of using this character, for nothing is known of the larval habits of 80% of the African species. Moreover, such information as is available suggests that this carnivorous habit is not absolutely constant. Some phytophagous species do not disdain honey dew, and the exudates of various Homoptera. Others spend part of their larval life in ant’s nests or in shelters constructed by ants. What happens within the ant’s nests ? Do the larvae subsist on the regurgitated food of the ants, or do they sometimes devour the ant larvae or pupae? I do not know. In the course of rearing the common European Black Hairstreak butterfly in captivity, I noticed that this normally phytophagous larva sometimes becomes a ferocious cannibal during the last instar, even when amply provided with its normal food. I fancy this seldom happens in nature, since these slow-moving larvae live widely dispersed. There is here a clear indication of a carnivorous trend in the Lycaenidae; larvae of other families deprived of their natural food supply die of starvation without recourse to cannibalism. Page 331 :—Lycaenidae Page 332 :—Theclinae Page 357 :—Aphnaeinae We are in agreement here. No comment is necessary. Page 364 :—Subfamily Plebeiinae Divided by Clench into Lampidini, Everini, Plebejini and Zizeerini. 282 H. STEMPFFER In my view, all these tribes merit to rank as equal subfamilies. The Lampidini occur throughout the Ethiopian and Indo-Malaysian regions and even reach the Neotropical region, but very few penetrate into the holarctic zone. It is probably a very ancient subfamily, for the male genitalia exhibit wide variety. When the Lycaenid fauna of the tropics is fully known, I expect it will prove necessary to divide the group into several subfamilies. The Everinae are mainly holarctic and include only a few genera with relatively little differences in their male genitalia. The Plebejinae are certainly a recent subfamily of Angarian origin. They account for the great bulk of the holarctic “‘ Blues’’, only two genera, Freyeria and Chilades having penetrated the tropics of the Old World. The male genitalia throughout the Plebejinae are of a very uniform pattern, with the uncus divided into two more or less subtriangular lobes, and curved subunci. The Zizeeriinae are a primitive sub- family with a very wide distribution in spite of the small number of species. Their male genitalia often exhibit archaic characters. The subfamily Plebejinae as conceived by Clench appears to me to be decidedly heterogeneous. I will conclude by repeating that I make no claim to a monopoly of the truth, on the contrary, I have been at pains to show how precarious some of my conclusions seem to be, and I am naturally glad to change my opinions in favour of others that would seem better justified. But I should be lacking in scientific honesty if I failed to indicate, however briefly, my reasons for retaining provisionally the system of classification which I first elaborated some twenty years ago. GENERA OF AFRICAN LYCAENIDAE 283 SHORT BIBLIOGRAPHY OF PRINCIPAL WORKS ON AFRICAN LYCAENIDAE AuRIVILLius, P.O. C. 1898. Rhopalocera Aethiopica : 251-383, 6 pls, Stockholm. 1914-1919. in SEITZ, Gross-Schmetterlinge der Erde, 13 : 297-504, pls 61-74. Stuttgart BETHUNE BAKER, G. T. t1g10. A revision of the African species of the Lycaenesthes group of the Lycaenidae. Tyvans. ent. Soc. Lond. 1910 : 1-84, 13 pls. 1918. A revision of the genus Tarucus. Trans. ent. Soc. Lond. 1918 : 269-296, 7 pls. 1922. A monograph of the genus Catochrysops Boisduval (Auctorum). Tyvans. ent. Soc. Lond. 1922 : 275-366, 21 pls. 1924. A revision of the Liphyrinae. Tyvans. ent. Soc. Lond. 1924 : 99-238, 25 pls. CHAPMAN, T. A. 1910. On Zizeeria (Chapman) and Zizeva (Moore) a group of Lycaenid Butterflies. Tvans. ent. Soc. Lond. 1910 : 479-497, 10 pls. GRIFFIN, F. J. 1936. The contents of the parts and the dates of appearance of Seitz ‘‘Gross- Schmetterlinge der Erde (the Macrolepidoptera of the World)’’, Lieferungen 1~—130 Palaearctic and 1-575 Exotic. Vols 1-16, 1907-1935. Tyvans. R. ent. Soc. Lond. 85: 243-280. Jackson, T.H.E. 1962. Notesonthe Epitolinae. Bull. Br. Mus. nat. Hist. (Ent.) 12 : 125- 163, 13 pls. — 1964. Notes onthe Epitolinae. Part II. Bull. Br. Mus. nat. Hist. (Ent.) 15 : 59-80. Murray, DesmonpD I. 1935. South African Butterflies, a Monograph of the family Lycaenidae, 195 pp., 17 pls. London. PinuEy, E.C.G. 1949. Butterflies of Rhodesia. 209 pp., 21 pls. Salisbury. RocweE, P. 1954. Revisional notes on the genus Epitola Westwood. Bull. By. Mus. nat. Hist. (Ent.) 3 : 487-502, 4 pls. STEMPFFER, H. 1954. A Revision of the genus A phnaeus Hiibner (Rhopalocera : Lycaenidae). Trans. R. ent. Soc. Lond. 105 : 493-527. 1956. Contribution a l’étude des Lépidoptéres Lycaenidae de l'Afrique équatoriale. Annls Mus. R. Congo belge, Zool. 49 : 1-54. 1961. Contribution a l'étude des Lépidoptéres Lycaenidae de |’Afrique équatoriale. Annls Mus. R. Afr. cent. Zool. 94 : 7-70. 1962. Contribution a l’étude des Lépidoptéres Lycaenidae d’Afrique tropicale et équatoriale. Bull. Inst. fr. Afr. noive 24 : 1135-1181. 1964. Contribution a l’étude des Lycaenidae d’Afrique tropicale et équatoriale. Bull. Inst. fr. Afr. noive 26 : 1225-1287. — & Bennett, N. H. 1953. A Revision of the genus Teriomima Kirby (Lepidoptera : Lycaenidae). Bull. By. Mus. nat. Hist. (Ent.) 3 : 79-104. 1958, 1959. Révision des genres appartenant au groupe des Jolaus (Lep. Lycaenidae). Bull. Inst. fr. Afr. noive 20 : 1243-1347 ; 21 : 227-325. 1961. Révision du genre Pentila Westwood (Lep. Lycaenidae). Bull. Inst. fr. Afr. note 23 : tog8—1211. 1963. A new genus of Lipteninae (Lepidoptera : Lycaenidae). Bull. Br. Mus. nat. Hist. (Ent.) 13 : 173-194. 1965. A Revision of the genus Micyvopentila Aurivillius. Bull. Br. Mus. nat. Hist. (Ent.) 15 : 399-434, 4 pls. SWANEPOEL, D. A. 1953. Butterflies of South Africa : 56-193, pls. 408. Cape Town. Full references are given in the text only to works not listed above or not covered by references to be found in Aurivillius (1898, 1919-1925). 284 H. STEMPFFER AS S&S Zé eS ES = = Fics. 229-237. Wing venation of :—229, Alaena amazoula Boisduval ; 230, Telipna bimacula semirufa (Smith & Kirby) ; 231, Cooksonia trimeni Druce ; 232, Cooksonia neavet (Druce) ; 233, Pentila tropicalis tropicalis (Boisduval) ; 234, Liptenara batesi Bethune Baker ; 235, Ovnipholidotos kirbyi (Aurivillius) ; 236, Durbania amakosa Trimen ; 237, Mimacraea darwinii Butler. 235 238 241 OM 244 Fics. Teromima subpunctata Kirby ; libyssa libyssa (Hewitson) ; (Liptena) decipiens (Kirby) ; lina GENERA OF AFRICAN LYCAENIDAE a Vz WS a &S S ES WS ce & 238-246. Wing venation of :—238, Mimeresia libentina (Hewitson) ; 239, Pseuderesia eleaza eleaza (Hewitson) ; 240, Citrinophila marginalis Kirby ; 241, 242, Larinopoda lircaea (Hewitson) ; 243, Falcuna 244, Liptena (Liptena) undularis Hewitson ; 245, Liptena 246, Liptena (Tetrarhanis) ilma daltoni Poulton. H. STEMPFFER iS) ioe) » 247 ES S ONO 253 s o6 SS Fics. 247-255. Wing venation of :—247, Micropentila adelgitha (Hewitson) ; 248, Evesinopsides bichroma Strand ; 249, Evesina corynetes (Smith & Kirby); 250, Toxo- chitona gerda (Kirby) ; 251, Vga echele undifera Staudinger ; 252, Aslauga vininga (Hewitson) ; 253, Paraslauga kallimoides (Schultze) ; 254, Euliphyva mirifica Holland ; 255, Egumbia ernesti (Karsch). No ao | GENERA OF AFRICAN LYCAENIDAE Zea & 257 Ns 3 ACE A a Zé 262 263 Fics. 256-264. Wing venation of :—256, Tevatoneura isabellae Dudgeon ; 257, Ividana incredibilis (Staudinger) ; 258, Deloneura immaculata Trimen ; 259, Deloneura millari Trimen ; 260, Ebepius ochrascens (Neave) ; 261, Batelusia zebva Druce ; 262, Tumere- pedes flava Bethune Baker ; 263, Neaveia lamborni Druce ; 264, Pseudoneaveia jacksoni Stempffer. 288 H. STEMPFFER L&E © AS S EZ NS Fics. 265-269. Wing venation of :—265, Epitolina dispar (Kirby) : 266, Stempfferia caycassont Jackson ; 267, Phytala elais elais Westwood ; 268, Epitola posthumus (Fabricius) ; 269, Neoepitola barombiensis (Kirby). IN a 268 GENERA OF AFRICAN LYCAENIDAE 289 270 272 274 27\ 275 Fics. 270-275. Wing venation of :—270, Aethiopana honorius honorius (Fabricius) ; 271, Hewitsonia boisduvali boisduvali (Hewitson) ; 272, Powellana cottoni Bethune Baker ; 273, Megalopalpus simplex Rober ; 274, Lachnocnema bibulbus (Fabricius) ; 275, Deudorix epijarbas (Moore). 290 H. STEMPFFER & © & iS ih ai g | S 279 S Fics. 276-281. Wing venation of :—276, Hypomyrina nomenia nomion (Staudinger) ; 277, Actis mimeta mimeta Karsch ; 278, Kopelates virgata Druce ; 279, Hypokopelates mera (Hewitson) ; 280, Pilodeudorix camerona (Pl6étz) ; 281, Diopetes deritas (Hewitson). GENERA OF AFRICAN LYCAENIDAE 291 283 284 282 Fics. 282-287. Wing venation of :—282, Virachola perse (Hewitson) ; 283, Myrina silenus ficedula Trimen ; 284, Pseudaletis agrippina Druce; 285, Oxylides faunus (Drury) ; 286, Syrmoptera melanomitra Karsch ; 287, Hypolycaena sipylus (Felder) 292 H. STEMPFFER 290 N 293 291 292 Fics. 288-293. Wing venation of :—288, Dapidodigma hymen (Fabricius) ; 289, Iolaus (Hemiolaus) coeculus coeculus Hopffer ; 290, Iolaus (Stugeta) bowkeri bowkeri Trimen ; 291, Lolaus (Pseudiolaus) poultoni Riley ; 292, Iolaus (Trichiolaus) mermeros (Mabille) ; 293, lolaus (Tanuethiva) timon orientius Hulstaert. GENERA OF AFRICAN LYCAENIDAE 293 AE 296 a A ~ & Gea G G 298 : 299 Fics. 294-299. Wing venation of :—294, Lolaus (Argiolaus) silas silas Westwood ; 295, Iolaus (Aphniolaus) pallene (Wallengren) ; 296, Iolaus (Iolaus) euvisus (Cramer) ; 297, Tolaus (Epameva) sidus Trimen ; 298, Iolaus (Sukidion) inores Hewitson ; 299, A phnaeus oveas oveas (Drury). 204 H. STEMPFFER Aa & = S § A A = © & Fics. 300-305. Wing venation of :—300, Paraphnaeus hutchinsoni hutchinsoni (Trimen) ; 301, Apharitis epargyros (Eversman) ; 302, Spindasis natalensis (Doubleday & Hewitson) ; 303, Chloroselas tamaniba esmervalda Butler ; 304, Zervitis neviene neriene Boisduval ; 305, Desmolycaena mazoensis Trimen. GENERA OF AFRICAN LYCAENIDAE 295 — 310 307 306 309 AACE S &S & Fics. 306-313. Wing venation of :—306, A-xiocerses harpax harpax (Fabricius) ; 307, Leptomyrina (Leptomyrina) phidias (Fabricius) ; 308, Capys alphaeus (Cramer) ; 309, Phasis thero thero (Linnaeus) ; 310, Aloeides pierus (Cramer) ; 311, Poecilmitis lycogenes (Trimen) ; 312, Chrysoritis oreas (Trimen) ; 313, Crudaria leroma leroma (Wallengren). 296 H. STEMPPEER GAG 314 LE S a 318 319 320 321 322 | 3 Fics. 314-322. Wing venation of :—314, Evikssonia acrvaeina Trimen ; 315, Thestor protumnus protumnus (Linnaeus) ; 316, Spalgis epius (Westwood) ; 317, Cupidesthes robusta Aurivillius ; 318, Anthene larydas larydas (Cramer) ; 319, Neurypexina lyzanius (Hewitson) ; 320, Neurellipes lusones (Hewitson) ; 321, Tviclema lucretilis lucretilis (Hewitson) ; 322, Phlyaria cyara cyava (Hewitson). GENERA OF AFRICAN LYCAENIDAE 297 Vaz 327 325 328 Fics. 323-330. Wing venation of :—323, Uvanothauma crawshayi Butler ; 324, Cacyreus lingeus lingeus (Cramer) ; 325, Castalius vosimon (Fabricius) ; 326, Tarucus theophrastus (Fabricius) ; 327, Lampides boeticus (Linnaeus) ; 328, Cyclyvius webbianus (Brullé) ; 329, Syntarucus pirithous pirithous (Linnaeus) ; 330, Harpendyreus reginaldi Heron. H. STEMPPERER 332 333 : Fics. 331-339. Wing venation of :—331, Pseudonacaduba aethiops (Mabille) ; 332, Lepidochrysops parsimon parsimon (Fabricius) ; 333, Euchrysops cnejus (Fabricius) ; 334, Eicochrysops eicotrochilus Bethune Baker ; 335, Cupidopsis iobates iobates (Hopffer) ; 336, Thermoniphas plurilimbata plurilimbata Karsch ; 337, Oboronia punctatus punctatus (Dewitz) ; 338, Athysanota ornata ornata (Mabille) ; 339, Chilades laius (Cramer). GENERA OF AFRICAN LYCAENIDAE 299 ZZ SS S ZAZA S © & ge £4 £5 348 Fics. 340-348. Wing venation of :—340, Freyeria trochylus (Freyer) ; 341, Azanus ubaldus (Cramer) ; 324, Brephidium exilis (Boisduval) ; 343, Ovatdiwm barberae (Trimen) ; 344, Zizeeria karvsandva (Moore) ; 345, Zizina labradus (Godart) ; 346, Zizula hylax (Fabri- cius) ; 347 Actizera atrigemmata (Butler) ; 348, Lycaena phlaeas pseudophlaeas (Lucas). 300 INDEX Synonyms in italics aberrans, f. of Cupidopsis cissus 240 abottii, Lycaena 264 abraxas, Pentila 17 abruptus, Anthene 190 abyssiniae, subsp. of Euchrysops mauensis 235 abyssiniae, subsp. of Euchrysops nandanus 236 abyssinica, Euthrysops 235 abyssiniensis, subsp. of Lepidochrysops parsimon 232 acaves, Hypomyrina 100 acholi, Lepidochrysops 228 acraea, Telipna 11 acraeina, Erikssonia 181 acraeoides, Telipna 11 actinotina, Telipna 111 Actis 101 Actizera 261 adamsi, Aphnaeus 150 adamsi, lolaus (Epamera) 144 adelgitha, Micropentila 60 adelgunda, Micropentila 60 aderna, Lipaphnaeus 161 adherbal, Anthene 190 adolphifrederici, Epitola 87 adonis, Poecilmitis 177 aelianus, Iolaus (lolaphilus) 133 aemulus, Iolaus (Epamera) 144 aequatorialis, subsp. of Epitola staudingeri go aequatorialis, Harpendyreus 224 aequatorialis, lolaus (Iolaphilus) 133 aequatorialis, subsp. of Liptena flavicans 54 aequatorialis, Neurellipes 197 aequatorialis, Phytala 85 Aethiopana 91 aethiopia, Lepidochrysops 228 aethiops, Pseudonacaduba 227 aethon, Poecilmitis 177 aethvia, (Audeoud) Iolaus (Epamera) 144 aethria, (Karsch) Iolaus (Epamera) 144 affinis, Aphnaeus 150 affixa, Pentila 17 afra, Anthene 190 africana, Triclema 199 agave, Azanus 252 aglaspis, Aloeides 175 agnes, Iolaus (Epamera) 144 agripina, Pseudaletis 114 Alaena 8 alba, Epitola 87 alba, Pentila 17 albata, subsp. of Oxylides faunus 115 alberict, lolaus 144 albervici, Mimeresia 32 alberici, Thermoniphas 243 alberta, Anthene 190 alberta, Chilades 248 alberta, subsp. of Pentila nyassana 18 alberta, Micropentila 60 albescens, f. of Uranothauma falkensteini 203 albicans, subsp. of Anthene sylvanus 194 albicans, f. of Lepidochrysops parsimon 232 albicans, Liptena (Liptena) 53 albicans, f. of Uranothauma antinorii 202 albicosta, Oborona 245 albida, Cupidesthes 187 albida, subsp. of Pentila cloetensis 17 albifascia, ab. of Hewitsonia boisduvali 94 albifrons, f. of Virachola lorisona 110 albilinea, Lepidochrysops 228 albilunata, f. of Anthene crawshayi 190 albipicta, subsp. of Triclema lucretilis 199 albiradiatus, f. of Cupidopsis cissus 240 albistriatus, Euchrysops 235 albocaerula, Thermoniphas 243 albocaerulea, subsp. of Iolaus (Epamera) pollux 147 albofasciata, subsp. of Telipna bimacula 12 albomacula, Liptena (Liptena) 53 albomaculata, subsp. of Crudaria leroma 180 albomaculata, Epitola 87 albomaculatus, subsp. of Iolaus (Epamera) iasis 146 albula, Liptena (Liptena) 53 alcibiades, Iolaus (lolaphilus) 133 alcides, Myrina 112 alciopina, subsp. of Mimacraea neurata 31 alenica, ab. of Larinopoda lircaea 45 alenicola, ab. of Larinopoda lircaea 45 aliciae, Cooksonia 14 alienus, lolaus (Epamera) 145 aliquantum, subsp. of Liptena (Liptena) subvariegata 55 INDEX 301 alluaudi, Liptena (Liptena) 53 almeida, Aloeides 175 Aloeides 173 alphaeus, Capys 172 alticola, subsp. of Iolaus (Epamera) silanus 148 alticola, Virachola 109 amabilis, Durbania 27 amabilis, Liptena (Liptena) 53 amakosa, Durbania 27 amanga, Axiocerses 168 amanica, subsp. of Baliochila minima 43 amanica, Hypolycaena 119 amanica, subsp. of Jolaus (Epamera) nolaensis 147 amarah, Anthene 190 amasa, Syrmoptera 117 amazoula, Alaena 9 amenaida, Pentila 17 amenaidena, subsp. of Pentila nyassana 18 amenaidoides, Pentila 17 amine, subsp. of Zeritis nereine 164 ammon, Epitola 87 anadema, subsp. of Anthene rubricinctus 194 analogramma, Castalius 211 androgyna, f. of Syrmoptera nivea 117 anerius, subsp. of Lepidochrysops parsimon 232 anesius, lolaus (lolaphilus) 133 anetia, Hypokopelates 103 anetta, Hypokopelates 103 anettae, Myrina 112 angelita, Hypokopelates 103 angolensis, subsp. of Falcuna libyssa 47 angulosus, Megalopalpus 97 angustata, Mimacraea 30 angustifascia, Telipna 11 angustimargo, Pseudaletis 114 ankoleensis, Pilodeudorix 105 anneckei, Telipna 11 anomale, ab. of Hypolycaena lebona 120 ansorget, Iridana 75 ansorgei, Lepidochrysops 228 anta, Virachola 109 antalus, Virachola 109 antanossa, Zizina 259 Anthene 188 antifaunus, Hypolycaena 119 antimachus, Pseudaletis 114 antinorii, Oranothauma 202 antoto, Eicochrysops 238 anubis, Euchrysops 235 apatosa, f. of lolaus (Epamera) aemulus 144 apelles, Spindasis 158 Apharitis 155 aphnaeoides, Iolaus (Epamera) 145 Aphnaeus 150 Aphniolaus, subg. of Iolaus 137 apicalis, Mimacraea 30 apuleia, Spindasis aquilonis, subsp. of Anthene lunulata 192 arabica, Desmolycaena 166 arabicus, subsp. of Anthene butleri 190 arabicus, Lepidochrysops 229 aranda, Aloeides 175, arborifera, Iolaus (Epamera) 145 arcas, Lycaena 264 arctimargo, subsp. of Oboronia punctatus 245 arescopa, Cupidesthes 187 argentarius, lolaus (Trichiolaus) 128 argentea, Chloroselas 163 argenteola, f. of Aphnaeus asterius 153 argenteomaculata, Axiocerses 168 argenteostriata, Harpendyreus 224 Argiolaus, subg. of Iolaus 129 argyraspis, Phasis 173 Argyrochiela 65 argyrocyclus, Aphnaeus 150 ariadne, Lepidochrysops 229 aridus, Poecilmitis 177 aridus, subsp. of Thestor protumnus 184 arnoldi, Anthene 190 arnoldi, subsp. of Anthene leptines 192 arrhon, Pseudaletis 114 Arrugia 182 artemenes, Uranothauma 203 arvtemides, Azanus 252 aruma, Hypokopelates 103 ashivi, Mimeresia 32 Aslauga 67 aslauga, Baliochila 42 asopus, Euchrysops 235 aspasia, subsp. of Pentila cloetensis 17 aspidos, Larinopoda 45 asteris, Euchrysops 235 asteris, Lepidochrysops 229 asterius, Aphnaeus 153 Athysanota 245 atlantica, Poecilmitis 177 atrigemmata, Actizera 263 atrinervis, Telipna 12 aucta, Diopetes 107 audeoudi, Cacyreus 205 auga, Pentila 17 auga congoensis, Pentila 17 augusta, Liptena (Liptena) 53 aura, Aslauga 69 302 H. STEMPFFER aurantiaca, Alaena 9 auratus, Uranothauma 203 aurea, Anthene 190 aureobrunnea, subsp. of Anthene butleri 190 auveolineatus, Hypolycaena 119 auricostalis, Hypolycaena 119 aurivilli, lolaus (Epamera) 145 aurivillii, Telipna 12 aurivillii, Zeritis 164 aurivilliusi, Diopetes 107 aurora, subsp. of Iolaus (Iolaus) bolissus 139 australis, subsp. of Euchrysops osiris 236 australis, lolaus (Epamera) 145 australis, Lepidochrysops 229 avriko, Spindasis 158 Axiocerses 166 ayresi, subsp. of Durbania amakosa 27 Azanus 250 azurea, Chloroselas 163 azurea, Epitola 87 azurea, Hypokopelates 103 azureus, subsp. of Iolaus (Iolaus) bolissus 139 azureus, Lepidochrysops 229 baboulti, Syntarucus 221 bacchus, Lepidochrysops 229 bacotae, Ornipholidotos 25 badhami, Lepidochrysops 229 badhami, Virachola 10g badia, Epitola 87 baghirmi, Spindasis 158 bakeri, Anthene 190 bakeri, Iolaus (Epamera) 145 bakeriana, Liptena (Liptena) 53 bakotae, Micropentila 60 Baliochila 41 balkanicus, Tarucus 216 bambana, Axiocerses 168 bamendanus, subsp. of Capys disjunctus 172 banco, Iolaus (Epamera) 145 bansana, Iolaus (Epamera) 145 banyoana, Spindasis 158 barbara, subsp. of Iolaus (Epamera) hemi- cyanus 146 barbatus, Pilodeudorix 105 barberae, Oraidium 256 barca, Deloneura, 77 barkeri, Euchrysops 235 barkleyi, Aloeides 175 barnesi, Anthene 190 barnesi, subsp. of Aphnaeus erikssoni 153 barnesi, Baliochila 42 barnesi, Lepidochrysops 229 barnesi, f. of Spindasis ella 159 barnsi, subsp. of Iolaus (Epamera) hemi- cyanus 146 barnsi, subsp. of Mimeresia debora 32 barombiensis, Neoepitola 91 baronica, Virachola 109 bassae, Liptena (Liptena) 53 basuta, Thestor 183 Batelusia 79 batesana, Liptena (Liptena) 53 batesi, Epitola 87 batesi, Larinopoda 45 batesi, Liptenara 21 batesi, Pseudaletis 114 batikeli, Virachola 109 batikelides, Virachola 109 baumi, Axiocerses 168 beaufortia, Poecilmitis 177 bella, Aslauga 69 bella, Epitola 87 bella, Oxylides 115 bellatrix, subsp. of Apharitis acama 156 belli, Epitola 87 belli, (Aurivillius), lolaus (Epamera) 145 belli, (Hewitson), lolaus (Epamera) 145 bellina, Iolaus (Epamera) 145 bemba, Pilodeudorix 105 benedirensis, subsp. of Anthene otacilia 193 benguellana, subsp. of Pentila nyassana 18 beni, Pseuderesia 34 benigna, Azanus 252 benitensis, Phytala 85 benitonis, ab. of Larinopoda lircaea 45 berbera, subsp. of Iolaus (Epamera) mimosae 147 bergeri, Eresina 63 bergeri, Iolaus (Iolaphilus) 135 bertha, lolaus (Epamera) 145 bertha, Pentila 17 beryllina, Hewitsonia 94 bibulus, Lachnocnemus 98 bibundana, Thermoniphas 243 bibundica, ab. of Larinopoda lircaea 45 bicaudatus, subsp. of lIolaus (Epamera) alienus 145 bichroma, Eresinopsides 62 bicolor, Lipaphnaeus 161 bicolor, Pseuderesia 34 bicolora, Alaena 9 bicoloria, Megalopalpus 97 bigoti, subsp. of Liptena (Liptena) ferrymani 54 bihe, Anthene 190 bihe, subsp. of Anthene liodes 192 INDEX 303 bilinea, Eresina 63 bilineata, Iolaus 150 bimacula, Telipna 12 bimaculata, Virachola 109 bipuncta, Anthene Igo bistrigatus, subsp. of Telipna sanguinea 12 bitje, Anthene 190 bitje, Argyrochiela 67 bitje, subsp. of Lipaphnaeus leonina 161 bitjeana, Hewitsonia 94 bitjeana, Hypolycaena 120 bitjeana, Micropentila 60 bitjeensis, Ornipholidotos 25 bitjeensis, Aslauga 69 bitjensis, Toxochitona 65 boeticus, Lampides 217 boisduvali, Hewitsonia 94 bolivari, Liptena (Liptena) 53 boma, subsp. of Harpendyreus juno 224 bonifacei, Syrmoptera 117 borealis, f. of Axiocerses amanga mendeche 168 borealis, subsp. of Hewitsonia boisduvali 94 borealis, subsp. of Lepidochrysops neonegus 231 boschi, Leptomyrina (Leptomyrina) 169 bowkeri, Iolaus (Stugeta) 125 bowkeri, Tarucus 216 brabo, Lepidochrysops 229 brachycera, Thestor 183 brahami, Aphnaeus 153 braunsi, Thestor 183 brenda, f. of Larinopoda aspidos 45 Brephidium 253 brevidentatus, Syntarucus 221 brimo, Lachnocnemus 98 brooksi, subsp. of Poecilmitis thysbe 178 browni, Euchrysops 235 bruneeli, Aphnaeus 153 brunnea, Micropentila 60 brunnea, Spindasis 158 brunneus, Cupidesthes 187 brunneus, Euchrysops 235 bryki, lolaus (Epamera) 145 buchanani, Apharitis 156 buchholzi, Anthene 190 budama, Lepidochrysops 229 budduana, subsp. of Epitola conjuncta 88 bueronica, Oboronia 245 bugalla, subsp. of Thermoniphas togara 243 bunyoro, Micropentila 60 burgeoni, subsp. of Mimacraea eltringhami 30 busoga, Lachnocnemus 98 busoga, Pseudaletis 114 butha, Lepidochrysops 229 butleri, Anthene 190 buxtoni, Hypolycaena 120 bwamba, Diopetes 107 bwamba, Epitola 87 bwamba, subsp. of Falcuna orientalis 47 bwamba, Iridana 75 Cacyreus 203 caerulea, Cupidesthes’187 caerulea, subsp. of Hypolycaena lebona 120 caerulea, subsp. of Iolaus (Epamera) cytaeis 146 caerulea, f. of Iolaus (Stugeta) bowkeri 125 caerulea, Lepidochrysops 229 caerulea, Pilodeudorix 105 caerulea, Thermoniphas 243 caerulea, Triclema 199 caerulescens, ab. of Oxylides faunus 115 caesareus, Iolaus (lolaphilus) 135 caffey, Spindasis 158 caffraria, Lepidochrysops 229 caissa, Alaena 9 calice (Hopffer), Castalius 211 calice (Wallengren), Castalius 211 caliginosa, Virachola tog calisto, Iolaus (lolaphilus) 135 calviniae, subsp. of Thestor dicksoni 183 camerona, Pilodeudorix 106 camerona ugandae, Pilodeudorix 106 cameroona, subsp. of Liptena (Liptena) decipiens 54 cameroonica, subsp. of Falcuna libyssa 47 camerunensis, Ornipholidotos 25 camerunica, Pentila 17 camillus, Azanus 252 campimus, Falcuna 46 cana, subsp. of Leptomyrina (Gonatomyrina) lara 170 canescens, Hypokopelates 103 canissus, lolaus (Epamera) 145 capensis, Crudaria 180 Capys 171 cerana, Castalius 211 carcassoni, Pentila 17 carcassoni, Stempfferia 84 carcina, Epitola 87 carilla, Epitoma 87 carina, Iolaus (Iolaus) 139 carlota, Mimeresia 33 carnuta, Telipna 12 carpenteri, subsp. of Epitola catuna 87 304 H. STEMPFFER carpenteri, Iolaus (Stugeta) 126 carsoni, Lepidochrysops 229 casca, Syntarucus 221 Castalius 206 catalina, Liptena (Liptena) 53 catella, Diopetes 107 cataractae, f. of Pentila nyassa 19 catauga, subsp. of Pentila cloetensi 17 catharina, subsp. of Cupidopsis cissus 240 catharina, subsp. of Pseuderesia eleaza 35 catharus, Capys 172 catocata, Micropentila 60 catovt, Egumbia 73 catori, Epitolina 83 catori, Hypokopelates 103 catori, Iolaus (Etesiolaus) 149 catori, subsp. of Mimeresia debora 33 catori, subsp. of Pentila picena 19 catori, subsp. of Phytala elais 85 catori, Pseudaletis 114 catuna, Epitola 87 celaeus, (Cramer) Lepidochrysops 229 celaeus, (Trimen) Lepidochrysops 229 cellularis, Mimeresia 33 centralis, subsp. of Micropentila brunnea 60 cephena, Epitola 88 ceraunia, Epitola 88 cercene, Epitola 88 cercenoides, Epitola 88 ceres, Iolaus (Hemiolaus) 124 chaka, Spindasis 158 chalybeata, Virachola 109 chalybeatus, Aphnaeus 153 chapini, Aphnaeus 153 charmian, Mimacrea 30 cherereti, Micropentila 60 chibonotana, subsp. of Phlyaria heritsia 201 Chilades 246 chirinda, Anthene 190 chloauges, Lepidochrysops 229 Chloroselas 162 christina, Pentila 17 chrysantus, Chrysoritis 179 chrysaor, Poecilmitis 177 chryseostictus, Neurellipes 197 Chrysorvichia 166 Chrysoritis 179 chyluensis, subsp. of Ornipholidotos peucetia 26 chyulu, subsp. of Pentila tropicalis 20 ciconia, Epitola 88 ciliaris, subsp. of Cacyreus lingeus 205 cinerea, Lepidochrysops 229 cingulum, Micropentila 60 cissus, Cupidopsis 240 Citrinophila 37 citrrifascia, f. of Mimacraea krausei 31 citrimacula, Telipna 12 citronensis, Liptena (Liptena) 53 clarensis, subsp. of Pentila nyassa 18 clarki, Durbaniella 28 clavum, subsp. of Phasis thero 172 clenchi, Pseuderesia 34 cleodora, Zizula 261 cloetensi, Pentila 17 clymenus, Pseudaletis 114 Cnodontes 43 coarctata, ab. of Aethiopana honorius 92 cobalitina, Hypokopelates 103 cobaltina, Iolaus (Hemiolaus) 124 coeculus (Hopffer), lolaus (Hemiolaus) 124 coeculus (Mabille), lolaus (Hemiolaus) 124 coelestis, lolaus (Epamera) 145 coerulea, Epitola 88 coeruleoalbus, Azanus 252 coevuleoaycuatus, Eicochrysops 238 coffea, subsp. of Virachola lorisona 110 colarata, subsp. of Thermoniphas micylus 243 collitovum, Liptena (Tetrarhanis) 57 concepcion, Epitola 88 condamini, Hypolycaena 120 condamini, subsp. of Pentila cloentensi 18 confusa, Liptena (Liptena) 53 congoana, subsp. of Alaena amazoula 9 congoana, Epitola 88 congoana, Liptena (Liptena) 53 congoana, Pilodeudorix 106 congoana, f. of Pentila occidentalium 19 congoensis, subsp. of Hewitsonia boisduvali 94 congoensis, subsp. of Iolaus (Tanuetheira) timon 129 congoensis, subsp. of Liptena (Liptena) praestans 55 congoensis, Ornipholidotos 25 congoensis, subsp. of Teratoneura isabellae 74 congolanus, subsp. of Spindasis trimeni 159 conguensis, Euchrysops 235 conjuncta, Epitola 88 conjungens, f. of Cupidopsis iobates 240 connectens, subsp. of Alaena picata 9 connectens, subsp. of Pentila umangiana 20 connexa, ab. of Anthene zenkeri 195 connexivus, subsp. of Capys disjunctus 172 conradsi, Aloeides 175 conradti, Eresina 63 INDEX 305 consanguinea, Telipna 12 contracta, Chilades 248 contrastata, Anthene 190 convexa, Epitola 88 cooksoni, Erikssonia 181 cooksoni, Euthecta 41 Cooksonia 13 coomasiensis, subsp. of Liptena (Liptena) xanthostola 56 corax, ab. of Myrina silenus 112 cordatus, Uranothauma 203 cordelia, f. of Epitolina dispar 83 cornucopiae, Pseuderesia 36 coronae, Aphnaeus 153 corruscans, Diopetes 107 corynetes, Eresina 63 costleyi, Mimacraea 30 cottoni, subsp. of Iolaus (Etesiolaus) catori 149 cottoni, Powellana 95 cottrelli, lolaus (lolaphilus) 135 cottrelli, subsp. of Lepidochrysops intermedia 230 coxii, Lepidochrysops 230 crawshayi, Anthene 190 crawshayi, Euchrysops 235 crawshayi, Iolaus (Argiolaus) 131 crawshayi, Uranothauma 203 crawshayinus, Euchrysops 235 creta, lolaus (Epamera) 145 cretosus, Castalius 211 crippsi, Hewitsonia 94 croesus, Axiocerses 168 crola, Eresina 63 crowleyi, Epitola 88 Crudaria 180 cruenta, Axiocerses 168 crustaria, Spindasis 158 cuneatum, Uranothauma 203 Cupidesthes 185 Cupidopsis 239 cuprescens, Euchrysops 235 cupreus, Lepidochrysops 230 cuprifascia, Cupidesthes 187 cyanea, Epitola 88 cyara, Phlyaria 201 cyclopteris, Euchrysops 235 Cyclyrius 217 cydaria, subsp. of Pentila picena 19 cynica, Spindasis 159 cytaeis, lolaus (Epamera) 146 daemon, Liptena (Liptena) 53 daltoni, subsp. of Liptena (Tetrarhanis) ilma 57 dama, subsp. of Pentila nyassana 18 damarensis, Aloeides 176 Dapidodigma 121 dardanella, Pseudaletis 114 dariaves, Virachola 109 darius, Cacyreus 205 darwinii, Mimacraea 30 daveyi, Epitola 88 debilis, Pilodeudorix 106 debora, Mimeresia 33 deborula, subsp. of Mimeresia debora 33 decaryi, Euchrysops 235 decellei, Epitola 88 decempunctata, Liptena (Liptena) 54 decipiens, Liptena (Liptena) 54 decolorata, f. of Mimeresia moreelsi tass- manni 33 deficiens, f. of Azanus mirza 252 deficiens, ab. of Larinopoda lagyra f. emilia 45 definita, Anthene 191 delagoensis, Crudaria 180 delatorum, Uranothauma 203 delegorguei, Lachnocnemus 98 delicata, Lepidochrysops 230 delicatula, Eicochrysops 238 delicatula, Teriomima 40 Deloneura 76 demaculata, ab. of Pseuderesis isca 35 demeter, Dapidodigma 122 dentatis, subsp. of Aloeides thyra 176 depuncta, subsp. of Telipna sanguinea 12 derema, Pentilia deritas, Diopetes 107 dermaptera, Myrina 112 derona, Virachola 109 Desmolycaena 164 desmondi, Lepidochrysops 230 despecta, Liptena (Liptena) 54 Deudorix 98 dewitzi, Anthene 191 dewitzi, Epitola 88 dexamene, Pseudonacaduba 227 diametra, subsp. of JIolaus (Epamera) aphnaeoides 145 dicksoni, Cacyreus 205 dicksoni, subsp. of Lepidochrysopsmethymna 231 dicksoni, Poecilmitis 178 dicksoni, Thestor 183 dilatata, subsp. of Falcuna campimus 46 306 H. STEMPFFER dinochares, Virachola 10g dinomenes, Virachola rog dinora, Mimeresia 33 diocles, Virachola 110 diomedes, Virachola 110 Diopetes 106 diopolis, Virachola 110 discimacula, Anthene 191 discirubra, subsp. of Mimeresia dinora 33 disjunctus, Capys 172 dispar, Epitolina 83 disrupta, Lachnocnemus 98 distincta, Thermoniphas 243 distinctesignatus, f. of Uranothauma nubifer 203 distractus, Eicochrysops 238 divaricatus, subsp. of Iolaus (Philiolaus) parasilanus 137 divergens, Lachnocnemus 98 diversa, Liptena (Tetrarhanis) 57 divisa, subsp. of Aethiopana honorius 92 divisa, f. of Hypolycaena buxtoni 120 diyllus, Pilodeudorix 106 docilis, Pseudonacaduba 227 docus, Spalgis 185 dohertyi, subsp. of Mimacraea marshalli 31 dohertyi, Virachola 110 doleta, Epitola 88 dollmani, Lepidochrysops 230 dolores, f. of lolaus (Hemiolaus) coeculus 124 dolorosa, Epitola 88 dolorosa, Euchrysops 235 dondoensis, subsp. of Deloneura millari 77 dorothea, Epitola 88 dorothea, Falcuna 47 dorothea, Micropentila 60 drucei, subsp. of Actizera lucida 263 drucei, Mimeresia 33 drucei, subsp. of Paraphnaeus hutchinsoni 155 dubia, Epitola 88 dubia, f. of Epitolina dispar 83 dubia, Hypolycaena 120 dubiosa, Baliochila 42 dubiosa, Iolaus (Epamera) 146 dudgeoni, Eiocochrysops 238 dukei, Thestor 183 dulcis, Anthene 191 dunia, Epitola 88 duponti, ab. of Iolaus (Hemiolaus) coeculus 124 durbani, Lachnocnemus 98 Durbania 27 durbania, Liptena (Liptena) 54 Durbaniella 28 Durbaniopsis 28 Ebepius 78 echo, subsp. of Telipna bimacula 12 ecaudata, f. of Cacyreus palemon 206 ecaudata, Virachola 110 edwardsi, Virachola 110 efulena, subsp. of Axiocerses harpax 168 egerides, f. of Aloeides thyra 176 Egumbia 71 Eicochrysops 237 eicotrochilus, Eicochrysops 238 eketi, Liptena (Liptena) 54 elaidina, Phytala 85 elais, Phytala 85 eleala, Hypokopelates 104 elealodes, Hypokopelates 104 eleaza, Pseuderesia 35 eleusis, Chilades 248 elfrieda, Pentila 18 elfriedana, f. of Pentila cloetensi 17 elgonae, subsp. of Iolaus (Argiolaus) craw- shayi 131 elgonae, Lepidochrysops 230 elgonae, subsp. of Mimacraea krausei 31 elgonensis, subsp. of Anthene hobleyi 111 elicola, Chilades 248 elion, Epitola 88 elisa, lolaus (Iolaphilus) 135 elizabetha, subsp. of Pentila nyassana 18 elissa, Epitola 88 ella, Spindasis 159 elovea, Oboronia 245 elpinice, Pentila 18 eltringhami, Mimacraea 30 emarginata, Ornipholidotos 25 emilia, f. of Larinopoda lagyra 45 emma, lolaus (Epamera) 146 emolus, Anthene 146 empevamus, Lachnocnemus 98 endymion, Poecilmatis 178 entebbae, subsp. of Iolaus (lolaphilus) aelianus 133 entebbeana, subsp. of Epitola cephena 88 Epamera, subg. of Ilaus 139 Epitola 85 Epitolina 82 erasmus, ab. of Citrinophila erastus 39 erastus, Citrinophila 39 Eresina 63 Eresinopsis 61 erica, Telipna 12 INDEX 3°97 evicus, Cacyreus 205 erikssoni, Aphnaeus 153 Erikssonia 181 erna, Spindasis 159 ernesti, Egumbia 73 evosine, Phasis ertli, Castalius 211 ertli, subsp. of Iolaus (Epamera) tajoraca 148 ertli, subsp. of Mimacraea charmian 30 erycinoides, Liptena (Liptena) 54 evylus, Hypolycaena 120 erythropoecilus, Anthene 191 esmeralda, subsp. of Chloroselas tamaniba 163 Etesiolaus, subg. of Iolaus 148 ethiopica, subsp. of Iolaus (Stugeta) bowkeri 125 ethiopicus, Cacyreus 205 ethode, Azanus 252 etoumbe, Liptena (Tetrarhanis) 57 euadrus, Aloeides 176 Euchrysops 233 eukrinaria, Liptena (Liptena) 54 eukrines, Liptena (Liptena) 54 eukrinoides, Liptena (Liptena) 54 Euliphyra 70 Euliphyrodes 71% euprepes, Iridana 75 eurema, Larinopoda 45 eurisus, Iolaus (Iolaus) 139 eustorgia, Lipaphnaeus 161 Euthecta 51 evanescens, Liptena (Liptena) 54 exclusa, Lepidochrysops 230 exiguus, Lachnocnemus 98 exquisita, subsp. of Iolaus (Epamera) bellina 145 exquisita, Iridana 75 exsuperia, Telipna 12 extincta, ab. of Telipna consanguinea 12 Falcuna 46 falkensteini, Epitola 88 falkensteini, Uranothauma 203 fallax, Lipaphnaeus 161 fallax, Pentila 18 farquharsoni, Iolaus (Epamera) 146 fasciatus, Triclema 199 fatima, Liptena (Liptena) 54 faunus, Oxylides 115 favillacea, Mimeresia 33 fayei, subsp. of Pentila preussi 19 felthami, Poecilmitis 178 felthami, f. of Uranothauma antinorii 203 femina, Oxylides 115 feminina, Hypokopelates 104 ferruginea, Liptena (Liptena) 54 ferrulineata, Alaena 9 ferrymani, Liptena (Liptena) 54 frater, Iolaus (Epamera) 146 fervida, Telipna 12 fescennia, Euchrysops 235 fidecula, subsp. of Myrina silenus 112 fidonioides, Pentila 18 flava, subsp. of Athysanota ornata 246 flava, Tumerepedes 80 flavefasciata, Mimacraea 30 flaveola, ab. of Citrinophila erastus 39 flavescens, Aphnaeus 153 flavescens, ab. of Mimacraea landbecki 31 flavicans, Liptena (Liptena) 54 flavelinea, Iolaus (Epamera) 146 flavisquamata, Lepidochrysops 230 flavoantennata, Epitola 88 flavomaculatus, Anthene 191 flavopunctata, Micropentila 60 fontainei, f. of Aphnaeus orcas 153 fontainei, Eicochrysops 239 fontainei, Eresina 63 fontainei, Iolaus (Epamera) 146 fontainei, Micropentila 60 fontainei, subsp. of Myrina sharpei 113 fontainei, subsp. of Pentila umangiana 20 fontainei, subsp. of Pseudaletis nigra 114 fontainei, Thermoniphas 243 fontainei, Zeritis 164 fournierae, subsp. of Hypomyrina nomenia 100 fracta, f. of Cacyreus palemon 206 fracta, f. of Spindasis homeyeri 159 fragilis, Baliochila 42 Freyeria 248 freyi, Baliochila 43 frommi, subsp. of Hypolycaena auricostalis 119 fulvaria, Mimacraea 30 fulvescens, Lepidochrysops 230 fulvicans, Liptena (Liptena) 54 fulvimacula, Neuryllipes 197 fulvula, Micropentila 60 fulvus, Neurellipes 197 fumata, Diopetes 107 fumata, f. of Ornipholidotos kirbyi 26 fumosa, Lepidochrysops 230 fumosa, Thermoniphas 243 fusca, Eresina 63 fusca, subsp. of Falcuna synesia 47 308 H. STEMPFFER fusca, Hypokopelates 104 fusca, Pseuderesia 36 fuscomarginata, Iolaus (Epamera) 146 fuscula, Micropentila 60 gabonensis, subsp. of Falcuna synesia 47 gabonensis, subsp. of Iolaus (Iolaus) carina 139 gabonensis, Ornipholidotos 25 gabunica, subsp. of Cupidesthes voltae 188 gabunica, Iolaus (Iolaphilus) 135 gabunica, Iridans 75 gabunica, Micropentila 60 gabunica, subsp. of Pentila occidentalium 19 gaika, Zizula 261 galathea, Virachola 110 galla, subsp. of Anthene butleri 190 gambius, Virachola 110 gamyra, Azanus 252 gazei, lolaus (Epamera) 146 gelinea, Mimacraea 30 gemmarius, Iolaus (Epamera) 146 gemmifera, Neurellipes 197 genuba, Hypokopelates 104 gerda, Toxochitona 65 gerina, Epitola 88 ghanana, Iridana 75 ghesquierei, Epitola 88 ghimirra, subsp. of Cacyreus palemon 206 gigantea, Lepidochrysops 230 gigas, Megalopalpus 97 gilletti, Apharitis 156 gilloni, Aphnaeus 153 girthii, Liptena (Liptena) 54 glagoessa, Pentila 18 glauca, Lepidochrysops 230 glaucus, Iolaus (Epamera) 146 gloveri, Oxylides 115 gomensis, subsp. of Hewitsonia intermedia 94 Gonatomyrina, subg. of Leptomyrina 170 goodi, Epitola 88 gordoni, subsp. of Epitola staudingeri 90 gordoni, Liptena (Liptena) 54 gorgias, Leptomyrina (Gonatomyrina) 170 gracilis, Kopelates 102 graeseri, Mimacraea 31 grahami, Lepidochrysops 230 grammicus, Tarucus 216 grandis, Lepidochrysops 230 gregorii, subsp. of Castalius calice 211 griqua, subsp. of Castalius melaena 212 grisea, subsp. of Anthene levis 192 griseata, subsp. of Mimeresia favillacea 33 griseus, Aloeides 176 grvosei, Anthene 191 guichardi, Lepidochrysops 230 gussfeldti, Oboronia 245 gyrala, f. of Larinopoda lagyra 45 haemus, subsp. of Iolaus (Epamera) mimosae wail handmani, Iolaus (Epamera) 146 handmani, Leptomyrina (Leptomyrina) 169 hapale, Liptena (Liptena) 54 harpax, Axiocerses 168 harpax piscatoris, Axiocerses 168 Harpendyreus 221 hatita, Hypolycaena 120 hauttecoeuri, subsp. of Alaena interposita 9 hawkeri, Lepidochrysops 230 hedwiga, Pentila 18 helena, Liptena (Liptena) 54 heliodorus, Aphnaeus 153 helius, Iolaus (Iolaus) 139 hemicyanus, Iolaus (Epamera) 146 Hemiolaus, subg. of Iolaus 123 henleyi, Phytala 85 henryi, Iolaus (Iolaphilus) 135 Heodes 263 heritsia, Phylaria 201 hermansi, f. of Larinopoda lircaea 45 hesiodus, Oxylides 115 hewitsoni, Anthene 191 hewitsoni (Mabille), Epitola 88 hewitsoni (Staudinger), Epitola 89 hewitsont, Euliphyra 71 hewitsoni, Pentila 18 Hewitsonia 93 hewitsonioides, Epitola 89 hiendlmayri, Liptenara 21 hilarion, Cupidesthes 181 hildegarda, Baliochila 43 hintza, Castalius 211 hippocrates, Eicochrysops 239 hirundo, Leptomyrina (Leptomyrina) 169 hobleyi, Anthene 191 hodsoni, Anthene 191 hollandi, subsp. of Aphnaeus orcas 153 hollandi, Falcuna 47 hollandi, Pilodeudorix 106 hollandi, Telipna 12 holmsei, Thestor 183 homeyeri, Liptena (Liptena) 54 homeyeri, Spindasis 159 homeyeri, Syrmoptera 117 honorius, Aethiopana 92 horus, Euchrysops 235 INDEX 309 hulstaerti, Liptena (Liptena) 54 hutchinsoni, Paraphnaeus 155 hyetta, Phytala 85 hyettina, Phytala 85 hylax, Zizula 261 hymen, Dapidodigma 122 hypocala, Iridana 75 Hypokopelates 102 hypoleucus, Lepidochrysops 230 Hypolycaena 117 Hypomyrina 100 hypopolia, Lepidochrysops 230 Hyreus, 203 iasis, lolaus (Epamera) 146 iaspis, lolaus (Epamera) 146 ideoides, Liptena (Liptena) 54 ignota, Lepidochrysops 230 ikoya, Epitola 89 ilala, subsp. of Liptena (Tetrarhanis) diversa 57 ilma, Liptena (Tetrarhanis) 57 ilogo, Aphnaeus 153 immaculata, Deloneura 77 immaculata, subsp. of Liptena (Liptena) opaca 55 immaculata, f. of Pentila occidentalium 19 immaculata, f. of Virachola lorisona 110 immaculatus, f. of Cupidopsis cissus 240 imperialis, subsp. of Lepidochrysops cinerea 230 inconspicua, Triclema 199 inconspicua, Pentila 18 incredibilis, Iridana 76 incurvata, f. of Mimacraea neurata 31 indefinita, Anthene 191 inferna, Triclema 199 infima, Liptena (Liptena) 54 inframacula, Liptena (Liptena) 54 infusca, Hypokopelates 104 innesi, Deloneura, 77 innocentia, f. of Larinopoda lircaea 45 inores, Iolaus (Sukidion) 150 insulana, Epitola 89 insulanus, subsp. of Syntarucus pirithous 221 intermedia, Epitola 89 intermedia, Hewitsonia 94 intermedia, Lepicochrysops 230 intermedia, Liptena (Liptena) 54 intermedia, subsp. of Phlyaria heritsia 201 intermixta, Phytala 85 interposita, Alaena 9 interrupta, subsp. of Alaena picata 9 interruptus, subsp. of Castalius melaena 212 inundifera, Argyrochiela 67 inyangae, Lepidochrysops 230 iobates, Cupidopsis 240 lolaphilus, subg. of Iolaus 131 Iolaus 122 Iolaus, subg. of Iolaus 138 Iridana 74 Ividopsis 74 Ivis 74 iruma, Cupidesthes 188 irvingi, Lepidochrysops 230 isabellae, f. of Mimeresia libentina 33 isabellae, Teratoneura 74 isaychus, Azanus 252 isca, Pseuderesia 35 isis, Azanus 252 ismenius, Iolaus (Iolaphilus) 135 itea, Azanus 252 iturensis, lolaus (lolaphilus) 135 ituri, Hypokopelates 104 ituria, Anthene 191 ituriensis, Triclema 199 iturina, Epitola 89 iturina, Falcuna 47 ivoirensis, subsp. of Lipaphnaeus leonina 161 iza, Spindasis 159 ja, Anthene 191 ja, Telipna 12 jacksoni, Aphnaeus 153 jacksoni, Axiocerses 168 jacksoni, Epitola 89 jacksoni, Eresina 63 jacksoni, Euchrysops 235 jacksoni, Hypolycaena 120 jacksoni, lolaus (Epamera) 146 jacksoni, Iridana 76 jacksoni, Lepidochrysops 230 jacksoni, Liptena (Liptena) 54 jacksoni, subsp. of Liptena (Liptena) rubromacula 55 jacksoni, Micropentila 60 jacksoni, subsp. of Oborona punctatus 245 jacksoni, Ornipholidotos 25 jacksoni, Pseudoneaveia 82 jacksoni, Virachola 110 jamesont, lolaus (Lolaphilus) 135 janna, subsp. of Anthene opalina 193 jansei, Lepidochrysops 230 japhusa, subsp. of Hypolycaena hatita 120 jeanneli, subsp. of Anthene rubricinctus 194 SLC H. STEMPFFER jeanneli, Syntarucus 221 jefferyi, Aphnaeus 153 jefferyi, subsp. of Eresinopsides bichroma 62 jefferyi, Lepidochrysops 230 jesous, Azanus 252 johanna, Alaena 9 jordanus, subsp. of Iolaus (Epamera) glaucus 146 juba, Anthene 191 julianus, lolaus (Iolaphilus) 135 julius, Iolaus (Iolaphilus) 135 julus, Iolaus (lolaphilus) 135 juno, Harpendyreus 224 kabrosae, Euchrysops 235 kedassa, Diopetes 107 kadiskos, Hypolycaena 120 kadugli, f. of Axiocerses harpax 168 kaduglii, f. of Apharitis nilus 156 kaffana, Castalius 212 kafuensis, Hypokopelates 104 kagera, subsp. of Alaena caissa 9 kalinzu, Neurypexina 196 kallimoides, Paraslauga 70 kallimon, subsp. of Spindasis homeyeri 159 kallipygos, Hypokopelates 104 kama, Euchrysops 235 kamerunica, subsp. of Iolaus (Epamera) frater 146 kamilila, Triclema 199 kamitugensis, subsp. of Liptena (Liptena) praestans 55 kamitugensis, Telipna 12 kamitugensis, Thermoniphas 243 kampala, Anthene 191 kamyengensis, Epitola 89 karsandra, Zizeeria 258 karschioides, subsp. of Mimacraea krausei 31 kasai, Falcuna 47 katanga, subsp. of Pilodeudorix camerona 106 katangae, Euchrysops 235 katangae, subsp. of Mimeresia russulus 33 katangae, Ornipholidotes 25 katangae, Telipna 12 katangana, Egumba 73 katangana, Eresina 63 katanganae, Micropentila 60 katanganus, lolaus (Epamera) 147 katera, Anthene 191 katera, Eresina 63 katera, subsp. of Iolaus (Epamera) neavi 147 katera, Iridana 76 katera, subsp. of Liptena (Liptena) flavicans 54 katera, subsp. of Pseuderesia eleaza 35 katerae, Epitola 89 katerae, Micropentila 60 katherinae, Epitole 89 kayonza, Iolaus (Iolaphilus) 135 kayonza, Virachola 110 kedonga, Chilades 248 kedonga, subsp. of Iolaus (Stugeta) bowkeri 126 kelle, Liptena (Liptena) 54 kelleana, Micropentila 60 kersteini, subsp. of Anthene larydus 192 kholifa, Epitola 89 kiellandi, Alaena 9 kiellandi, subsp. of Aloeides molomo 176 kigezi, subsp. of Anthene hobleyi r191 kigezi, subsp. of Iolaus (Argiolaus) lalos 131 kigezi, subsp. of Liptena (Tetrarhanis) stempfferi 57 kigezi, Thermoniphas 243 kikuyu, subsp. of Anthene otacilia 193 kilimandjarensis, Lepidochrysops 231 kinumbensis, f. of Hypokopelates mera 104 kirbyi, Hewitsonia 94 kirbyi, Ornipholidotos 25 kisaba, subsp. of Harpendyreus meruanus 224 kitale, subsp. of Lepidochrysops cinerea 229 kitobolensis, subsp. of Virachola antalus 109 kivuensis, subsp. of Lepidochrysops parsimon 232 knobeli, f. of Phasis sardonyx 173 knysna, Zizeeria 258 koena, Lepidochrysops 231 kohli, Pilodeudorix 106 knotu, subsp. of Castalius carana 211 Kopelates 102 krausei, Mimacraea 31 kulala, Tarucus 216 kumboae, subsp. of Iolaus (Epamera) 146 labuschagnei, f. of Phasis argyraspis 173 labwor, Lepidochrysops 231 lachares, Anthene 191 Lachocnema 97 lacides, Triclema 199 lacrimosa, Lepidochrysops 231 lacta, Mimacraea 31 lacteata, Falcuna 47 lactinatus, subsp. of Castalius cretosus 211 lagyra, Larinopoda 45 lalos, Iolaus (Argiolaus) 131 lamborni, Alaena 9 lamborni, Aslauga 69 lamborni, Epitola 89 lamborni, Neaveia 81 lamias, Triclema 199 laminiter, Liptena (Tetrarhanis) 57 Lampides 217 lamprocles, Neurypexina 196 landana, f. of Falcuna synesia 47 landbecki, Mimacraea 31 landbecki, Pentila 18 laon, Iolaus (Epamera) 147 lanonides, Iolaus (Iolaphilus) 135 laplumei, subsp. of Telipna acraeoides 11 lava, Larinopoda 45 lara, Leptomyrina (Gonatomyrina) 170 Larinopoda 44 larydas, Anthene 192 lasti, Anthene 192 lasti, f. of Pentila tropicalis 20 latifascia, f. of Pentila cloentensi 17 lathyi, subsp. of Liptena (Tetrarhanis) ilma 57 laticlavia, Diopetes 107 latifascia, ab. of Mimacraea landbecki 31 latifasciata, f. of Anthene rubricinctus jeanneli 194 latifasciata, ab. of Hypolycaena antifaunus 119 latifimbriata, Lipaphnaeus 161 latimaculata, subsp. of Hypolycaena anti- faunus I19 latimarginata, subsp. of Baliochila minima latimarginata, f. of Larinopoda aspidos 45 latimarginata, Spalgis 185 latimargo, Ornipholidotes 26 latruncula, Euchrysops 235 latvuncularia, Liptena (Liptena) 55 lavinia, Pentila 18 lebona, Hypolycaena 120 Lactiles, 56 legrasi, Tarucus 216 lekanion, Iolaus (Iolaphilus) 135 lemnos, Anthene 192 lemolea, Spalgis 185 leonae, Aslauga 69 leonensis, Epitola 47 leonensis, Falcuna 47 leonina, Cupidesthes 188 leonina (Bethune-Baker), Epitola 89 leonina (Staudinger), Epitola 89 leonina, Hypokopelates 104 INDEX 311 leonina, Lipaphnaeus 161 leonis, subsp. of Iolaus (Epamera) cytaeis 146 leonis, Pseudaletis 114 leopardina, subsp. of Pentila nyassana 19 Lepidochrysops 227 leptala, Anthene 192 leptines, Anthene 192 Leptomyrina (Leptomyrina) 168 leroma, Crudaria 180 lerothoda, Lepidochrystops 231 letsea, Lepidochrysops 231 leucocerus, lolaus (Trichiolaus) 128 leucocyana, Thermoniphas 243 Leucolepis 47 leucon, Lepidochrysops 231 leucostola, Liptena (Liptena) 55 leucyana, Euliphyra 71 leura, f. of Pentila hewitsoni 18 levis, Anthene 192 lianna, Epitola 89 liara, Hypolycaena 120 libentina, Mimeresia 33 liberiana, Oboronia 245 libussa, Larinopoda 45 libyssa, Falcuna 47 libyssa confluens, Falcuna 47 libyssa latimarginata, Falcuna 47 licinia (Mabille), Virachola 110 licinia (Trimen), Virachola 110 ligures, Anthene 192 liguroides, subsp. of Anthene definita 191 likouala, Eresina 63 likouala, Neurellipes 197 lilacina, subsp. of Lepidochrysops pterou 232 limbata, Citrinophila 39 limbata, Durbania 27 limbata, subsp. of Pentila hewitsoni 18 linearis, subsp. of Tarucus sybaris 216 lineata, subsp. of Mimacraea neurata 31 lineosa, f. of Hypokopelates ituri 104 lingeus, Cacyreus 205 liodes, Anthene 192 Lipaphnaeus 159 lipara, Baliochila 43 liparis, Anthene 192 Liptena 47 Liptena, subg. of Liptena 53 Liptenaria 20 lircaea, Larinopoda 45 lithas, Anthene 192 lithas, Cupidesthes 188 littoralis, subsp. of Aphnaeus coronae 153 littoralis, subsp. of Ebepius ochrascens 79 312 H. STEMPFFER littoralis, subsp. of Iolaus (Argiolaus) craw- shayi 131 littoralis, ab. of Iolaus (Hemiolaus) coeculus 124 livia, Virachola 110 livida, subsp. of Anthene butleri 190 loa, subsp. of Anthene lemnos 192 lochias, Anthene 192 locva, Anthene 192 locuples, Anthene 192 loewensteini, Lepidochrysops 231 lois, Euchrysops 235 longicauda, Iolaus (Epamera) 147 longifalces, Lepidochrysops 231 lorisona, Virachola 110 lotana, Lepidochrysops 231 louisae, Tarucus 216 loveni, Lepidochrysops 231 loxura, Lipaphnaeus 161 lucayensis, subsp. of Pentila cloentensi 18 lucida, Actizera 263 lucretia, Triclema 199 lucretilis, Triclema 199 lukabas, Iolaus (Iolaphilus) 135 lukenia, Lepidochrysops 231 lukokesha, Anthene 192 lulua, Iolaus (Pseudiolaus) 127 luna, Lachnocnemus 98 lunaris, Pentila 18 lunifer, subsp. of Uranthauma poggei 203 lunulata, Anthene 192 lunulifer, subsp. of Lepidochrysops cinerea 229 lusambo, Pseudaletis 114 lusones, Neurellipes 197 luteomaculata, Mimacraea 31 lutosa, Spindasis 159 lutzi, Triclema 199 lybia, Falcuna 47 Lycaena 263 lycaenoides, Larinopoda 45 lycegenes, Poecilmitis 178 lychnaptes, Anthene 192 lychnides, Anthene 192 lychnoptera, Anthene 192 lycia, Poecilmitis 178 lycotas, Anthene 192 lydia, Triclema 199 lyncurium, Poecilmitis 178 lysander, Poecilmitis 178 lysias, Anthene 192 lysimon, Zizeeria 258 lysitmon, Zizula 261 lyzanius, Neurypenxinus 196 mabangi, Micropentila 60 mabillei, f. of Anthene princeps smithi 193 mabillei, subsp. of JIolaus (Philiolaus) parasilanus 137 macalanga, Azanus 252 maculata, Alaena 9 maculata, Epitola 89 maculata, subsp. of Pentila abraxas 17 madiberensis, Alaena 9 madiberensis, Anthene 193 maesa, Iolaus (Epamera) 147 maesseni, Eresina 63 maesseni, subsp. of JIolaus_ (Philiolaus) prasilanus 137 maeseni, Triclema 200 mafugae, subsp. of Iolaus aphnaeoides 145 magda, Virachola 110 magdalenae, Hewitsonia 94 magna, f. of Anthene lunulata 192 magna, Lachnocnema 98 magnifica, Epitola 89 magnifica, Iridana 76 mangificans, f. of Uranothauma antinorii 203 magnimaculata, subsp. of Pseuderesia isca 35 mahallakoena, Eicochrysops 239 mahota, Anthene 193 major, Alaena 9 major, subsp. of Euchrysops subpallida 236 major, Harpendyreus 224 major, subsp. of Lepidochrysops lacrimosa 231 makala, Anthene 193 makala, subsp. of Hypokopelates angelita 103 makala, Leptomyrina (Leptomyrina) 169 makoniensis, ab. of Larinopoda lircaea 45 melaena, Castalius 212 malagrida, Aloeides 176 malathana, Euchrysops 235 mandersi, Cyclyrius 219 mapongua, Pseuderesis 36 mara, Epitola 89 margaritacea, Alaena 9 margaritaceus, Castalius 212 margarita, Falcuna 47 marginalis, Aslauga 69 marginalis, Citrinophila 39 marginalis, Syntarucus 221 marginaria, subsp. of Aslauga purpurascens 69 marginata, subsp. of Anthene crawshayi 190 (Epamera) INDEX 313 marginata, Aslauga 69 marginata, Epitola 89 marginata, Hypokopelates 104 margites, lolaus (Hemiolaus) 124 maria, subsp. of Iolaus (Stugeta) bowkeri 126 mariae, Mimacraea 31 mariae, Telipna 12 mariana, Hypokopelates 104 mariana, subsp. of Pentila rothi 20 marina, Iridana 76 maris, subsp. of Iolaus (Epamera) bellina 145 maritimus, Iolaus (lolaphilus) 135 marlieri, Harpendyreus 224 marmorata, subsp. of Alaena nyassae 9 marmorea, Iolaus (Stugeta) 126 mars, Aloeides 176 marshalli, Aloeides 176 marshalli, Aphnaeus 153 marshalli, subsp. of Aslauga purpurascens 69 marshalli, Cacyreus 205 marshalli, Mimacraea 31 marshalli, Triclema 200 maryra, Iolaus (Hemiolaus) 124 maryva mabillei, lolaus (Hemiolaus) 123 marungensis, Harpendyreus 224 masai, Eicochrysops 239 masaka, Eresina 63 mashuna, Lepidochrysops 231 mashunae, subsp. of Aphnaeus erikssoni 153 mastlikazi, Spindasis 159 masindae, subsp. of Mimacraea krausei 31 masuruna, subsp. of Aloeides thyra 176 matilda, lolaus (lolaphilus) 135 mauensis, Euchrysops 235 maureli, Axiocerses 168 maureli, subsp. of Iolaus (Argiolaus) craw- shayi 131 mauritanica, Cupidopsis 240 mayottensis, Syntarucus 221 mazanguli, Pseudaletis 114 mazoensis, Desmolycaena 166 meander, Neurellipes 197 media, subsp. of Mimacraea marshalli 31 meditervaneae, Tarucus 216 medjensis, Telipna 12 Megalopalpus 95 melama, Castalius 212 melambrotus, Anthene 193 melandeta, Falcuna 47 melanis, Pseudonacaduba 227 melanomitra, Syrmoptera 117 melas, Castalius 212 melissa, f. of Epitolina dispar 83 menas, Iolaus (Iolaphilus) 135 mendeche, subsp. of Axiocerses amanga 168 mendeche bistrigata 3 Axiocerses 168 mendeche bistrigata 2 Axiocerses 168 menelas, Spindasis 159 mengoensis, Epitola 89 menna, Lepidochrysops 231 mera, Hypok pelates 104 mercedes, Epitola 89 mermeros, Iolaus (Trichiolaus) 128 mermis, Iolaus (Epamera) 147 meruanus, Harpendyreus 224 mesia, Pentila 18 messapus, Eicochrysops 239 metaleucus, Megalopalpus 97 methymna, Lepidochrysops 231 metophis, Brephidium 254 micra, Teriomima 40 Micropentila 58 micylus, Thermoniphas 243 midas, Poecilmitis 178 migiurtinensis, Euchrysops 236 mildbraedi, subsp. of Iolaus (Epamera) hemicyanus 146 mildbraedi, Pseuderesia 35 millari, Anthene 193 millari, Deloneura 77 Mimacraea 29 Mimeresia 32 mimeta, Actis 1or mimetica, Cupidesthes 188 mimetica, Iolaus (Stugeta) 126 mimosae, Ilolaus (Epamera) 147 minima, Anthene 193 minima, Baliochila 43 minima, Chloroselas 163 minium, Pseuderesia 35 minor, Cupidesthes 188 minuscula, Freyeria 249 minuta, subsp. of Anthene crawshayi 190 mirabilis, lolaus (Epamera) 147 miranda, Epitola 89 mirifica, Epitola 89 mirifica, Euliphyra 71 mirza, Azanus 252 mittoni, Hewitsonia 94 mixtuva, Syrmoptera 117 mnestra, Epitolina 83 modesta, Aslauga 69 modesta, f. of Hypokopelates otraeda 104 modesta, Liptena (Liptena) 55 modestus, Spindasis 159 modestissima, Liptena (Liptena) 55 molomo, Aloeides 176 mombasae, subsp. of Pentila tropicalis 20 314 H. SDTEMPEEE R mombase, subsp. of Iolaus (Stugeta) bowkeri 126 moncus, Anthene 193 mondo, Mimeresia 33 moneta, Micropentila 60 Monile, 196 montana, Spindasis 159 montanus, Thestor 183 monteivonis, Anthene 193 moreelsi, Mimeresia 33 moriqua, Azanus 252 moyambina, Epitola 89 moyambina, Hypokopelates 104 moyambina, Iolaus (Epamera) 147 moyambina, Mimeresia 33 moyo, subsp. of Lepidochrysops elgonae 230 mozambica, Spindasis 159 mpanda, Lepidochrysops 231 mpangensis, Epitola 89 mpigi, Micropentila 60 muhata, Ornipholidotos 26 mulsa, Alaena 9 multiplagiata, subsp. of Pentila nyassa 19 multipunctata, f. of Pentila nyassa 19 mumbuensis, subsp. of Alaeides molomo 176 murrayi, Thestor 183 mus, Epitola 89 musagetes, Anthene 193 musagetes elgonensis, Anthene 193 muzizil, f. of Zeritis neriene 164 mwagensis, Liptena (Liptena) 55 mylica, Zizula 261 mylothrvina, Pentila 18 Myrina I11 mysteriosa, subsp. of Spindasis crustaria 159 naara (Hewitson), Hypolycaena 120 naava (Karsch), Hypolycaena 120 nacrescens, Lepidochrysops 231 naidina, Lepidochrysops 231 nairobiensis, subsp. of Spindasis apelles 158 nais, Poecilmitis 178 namaqua, Spindasis 159 nandanis, Euchrysops 236 nandianus, Eicochrysops 239 nasissiil, subsp. of JIolaus aphnaeoides 145 natalensis, Azanus 252 natalensis, subsp. of Durbania amakosa 27 natalensis, Spindasis 159 ndolae, Iolaus (Iolaphilus) 135 neavei, Aphnaeus 153 neavei, Baliochila 43 (Epamera) neavei, Cooksonia 14 neavei, Iolaus (Epamera) 147 neavei, Lepidochrysops 231 neavei, Mimacraea 31 neavei, Mimeresia 33 neavei, subsp. of Telipna angustifascia I1 Neaveia 80 neglecta, Anthene 193 negus (Felder), Lepidochrysops 231 negus Karsch), Lepidochrysops 231 Neochrysops 227 Neoepitola 91 neokoton, Mimacraea 31 neongegus, Lepidochrysops 231 neriene, Zeritis 164 nero, Pentila 18 neurata, Mimacraea 31 Neurellipes 196 Neurypexina 195 nevillei, Lepidochrysops 231 ngoko, Anthene 193 ngonga, Alaena 9 nicephora, Virachola I10 nigeriae, Chilades 248 nigeviae, Epitola 89 nigeriae, Lepidochrysops 231 nigeriae, Ornipholidotos 26 nigeriae, Triclema 200 nigeriana, Iridana 76 nigeriana, Micropentila 60 nigeriana, Pentila 18 nigeriana, Pseuderesia 36 nigeriensis, subsp. of Hewitsonia boisduvali 94 nigra, Epitola 89 nigra, Hpyolycaena 120 nigra, Pseudaletis 114 nigra, subsp. of Pseuderesia eleaza 35 nigra, subsp. of Telipna acraea 11 nigrescens, Phytala 85 nigribasis, f. of Pentila nyassa 19 nigricans, subsp. of Falcuna hollandi 47 nigricans, Poecilmitis 178 nigrita, Lepidochrysops 231 nigrita, f. of Telipna bimacula 12 mgvocaudata, Anthene 193 nigromarginata, Liptena (Liptena) 55 nigropunctata, Anthene 193 nigrostriata, ab. of Actis ula ror nigrovenata, Epitola 89 nilotica, subsp. of Euchrysops malathana 235 niloticus, subsp. of Iolaus (Argiolaus) craw- shayi 131 nilus, Apharitis 156 INDEX 315 niobe, Lepidochrysops 231 nurmo, Diopetes 107 nitide, Epitola 89 nivea, Syrmoptera 117 niveus, subsp. of Anthene sylvanus 194 niveus, Lachnocnemus 98 niveocincta, subsp. of Euchrysops reducta 236 nobilis, Pilodeudorix 106 nodieri, subsp. of Castalius cretosus 211 nolaensis, lolus (Epamera) 147 nomenia, Hypomyrina 100 noniion, subsp. of Hypomyrina nomenia 1oo noquasa, subsp. of Harpendyreus tsomo 224 notobia, Harpendyreus 224 ntebi, Ornipholidotos 26 nuba, subsp. of Myrina subornata 113 nubifer, Uranothauma 203 nubifera, Liptena (Tetrarhanis) 57 nunu, Pentila 18 nuptus, subsp. of Dapidodigma demeter 122 nursei, lolaus (Epamera) 147 nyansa, Telipna 12 nyanzae, Aphnaeus 153 nyanzana, Hypokopelates 104 nyanzae, subsp. of Iolaus (Argiolaus) craw- shayi 131 nyanzana, subsp. of Iolaus (Stugeta) bowkeri 126 nyasae, Baliochila 43 nyasae, Lepidochrysops 231 nyasae, subsp. of Myrina dermaptera 112 nyasana, subsp. of Alaena amazoula 9 nyasana, subsp. of Iolaus (Stugeta) bowkeri 126 nyassae, Alaena 9 nyassae, Spindasis 159 nyassana, Pentila 18 nycetus, Aloeides 176 nyika, Lepidochrysops 231 nzoia, subsp. of Mimacraea marshalli 31 nzoiae, subsp. of Myrina silenus 112 oberthuri, Alaena 9 oberthueri, subsp. of Iolaus (Epamera) pollux 147 obliquisigna, Lachnocnemus 98 obliterata, f. of Virachola lorisona 110 Oboronia 243 obscura, Epitola 89 obscura, Hypokopelates 104 obscura, subsp. of Hypolycaena liara 120 obscura, Iridana 76 obscura, Phytala 85 obscura, f. of Spindasis natalensis 159 obscura, Triclema 200 obscurata, subsp. of Pilodeudorix caerulea 105 obscurus, lolaus (Epamera) 147 obscurus, f. of Iolaus (Hemiolaus) coeculus 124 obscurus, Thestor 183 obsolescens, subsp. of Anthene lachares 191 obsolescens, ab. of Mimacraea krausei 31 obsoleta, subsp. of Liptena (Liptena) eukrines obsoleta, subsp. of Neurellipes staudingeri 197 obsoleta, subsp. of Pentila nyassana 19 occidentalis, subsp. of Aphnaeus chapini 153 occidentalis, Azanus 252 occidentalis, subsp. of lLolaus (Stugeta) bowkeri 126 occidentalis, Liptena (Liptena) 55 occidentalis, Pseudaletis 114 occidentalium, Pentila 19 occidentalium congoana, Pentila 19 ochracea, ab. of Alaena nyassae 9 ochraceus, f. of Aloeides conradsi 176 ochrascens, Ebepius 79 ochrea, subsp. of Alaena maculata 9 ochrea, Liptena (Liptena) 55 ochreofascia, Anthene 193 ochreopuncta, subsp. of Cupidopsis iobates 240 oculata, f. of Anthene indefinita 191 oculatus, Triclema 200 oculus, subsp. of Lepidochrysops parsimon 232 odana, Virachola 110 ogadenensis, Chloroselas 163 ogadenensis, Hypolycaena 120 ogojae, Liptena (Tetrarhanis) 57 ogojae, Micropentila 60 olalae, subsp. of Iolaus (Stugeta) marmorea 126 olombo, Liptena (Liptena) 55 olympus, Anthene 193 onesso, Pseuderesia 36 onias, Anthene 193 oniens, subsp. of Liptena (Liptena) flavicans 54 oniensis, Epitola 90 onitshae, Liptena (Tetrarhanis) 57 onitshae, Ornipholidotos 26 opaca, Liptena (Liptena) 55 opalina, Anthene 193 Oraidium 254 orcas, Aphnaeus 153 316 H. STEMPFFER oreas, Chrysoritis 179 oreas, Lepidochrysops 231 ovejus, Uypolycaena 120 orientalis, subsp. of Cupidesthes arescopa 187 orientalis, Epitola 90 orientalis, subsp. of Euchrysops osiris 236 orientalis, Falcuna 47 orientalis, subsp. of Neaveia lamborni 81 orientalis, subsp. of Ornipholidotos peucetia 26 orientalis, subsp. of Pilodeudorix diyllus 106 orientalis, subsp. of Pseuderesia paradoxa 36 orientus, subsp. of Iolaus (Tanuetheira) timon 129 ornata, Athysanota 246 ornata, f. of Azanus mirza 252 Ornipholidotos 21 orontius, Lepidochrysops 231 orphna, subsp. of Anthene amarah 190 orthrus, Aloeides 176 ortygia, Lepidochrysops 232 o-rubrum, Liptena (Liptena) 55 orus, Lycaena 264 osbecki, subsp. of Poecilmitis thysbe 178 osheba, Pseuderesia 36 osiris (Hopffer), Euchrysops 236 osivis (Trimen), Euchrysops 236 otacilia (Hewitson), Anthene 193 otacilia (Trimen), Anthene 193 otacilia mashuna, Anthene 193 otlauga, Liptena (Liptena) 55 otraede, Hypokopelates 104 ouesso, Epitola 90 overlaeti, f. of Aphnaeus orcas 153 overlaeti, Chloroselas 163 overlaeti, Falcuna 47 overlaeti, Ornipholidotos 26 owerri, subsp. of Mimeresia drucei 33 Oxylides 114 pachalica, Hypolycaena 120 palemon, Cacyreus 206 pallene, Iolaus (Aphniolaus) 138 palemon, Cacyreus 206 pallene, Iolaus (Aphniolaus) 138 pallida, f. of Aloeides thyra 176 pallida, subsp. of Citrinophila erastus 39 pallida, Cnodontes 44 pallida, f. of Megalopalpus zymna 97 palmus, Poecilmitis 178 paludicola, Cupidesthes 188 pampolis, Lepidochrysops 232 pan, subsp. of Lipaphnaeus aderna 161 pan, Poecilmitis 178 pandora, Aslauga 69 paneperata, Iolaus (Iolaphilus) 135 paradoxa, subsp. of Lipaphnaeus leonina 161 paradoxa, Ornipholidotos 26 paradoxa, Pseuderesia 36 paragora, Mimacraea 31 paralithas, Cupidesthes 188 parallela, subsp. of Anthene crawshayi 191 parapetreia, subsp. of Pentila rogersi 19 Paraphnaeus 154 Pavapontia 47 parasilanus, Iolaus (Philiolaus) 137 Paraslauga 69 pardalina, subsp. of Pentila abraxas 17 parrhasius, Chilades 248 parsimon (Fabricius), Lepidochrysops 232 parsimon (Wallengren), Leipodochrysops 232 parva, Freyeria 249 parva, lolaus (Epamera) 147 parva, subsp. of Telipna carnuta 12 parva, Teriomima 40 pasteon, Dioptes 107 patricia, Lepidochrysops 232 paucipuncta, Pentila pauli, subsp. of Pentila nyassana 19 pauliani, Eicochrysops 239 pauperi, f. of Aphnaeus orcas 153 peculiaris, Lepidochrysops 232 pelion, Poecilmitis 178 pelotus, Uranothauma 203 penningtoni, Capys 172 penningtoni, Cnodontes 44 penningtoni, subsp. of Durbania amakosa 27 penningtoni, Iolaus (Epamera) 147 penningtoni, subsp. of Ornipholidotos peucetia 26 penningtoni, Poecilmitis 178 penningtoni, Thestor 183 penningtoni, Virachola 110 Pentila 15 pephedro, Lepidochrysops 232 perdita, Iridana 76 perfragilis, Ornipholidotos 26 pericles, Anthene 193 perigvapha, Actis 101 peringueyi, f. of Phasis sardonix 173 perion, f. of Axiocerses harpax 168 perobscura, Liptena (Liptena) 55 perparva, Zizula 261 perpulchra, Lepidochrysops 232 petalus, Thestor 183 petersi, Baliochila 43 petersi, Hypokopelates 104 petra, Thestor 183 petreia, Pentila 19 petreoides, Pentila 19 peuceda, Ornipholidotos 26 peucetia, Ornipholidotos 26 phaeochiton, Pseuderesia 36 phanes, Spindasis 159 pharaonis, Chilades 248 Phasis 172 phasma, f. of Castalius margaritaceus 212 phasma, Lepidochrysops 232 phidia, subsp. of Pentila abraxas 17 phidias, Leptomyrina (Leptomyrina) 170 philbyi, Euchrysops 236 Philiolaus, subg. of Iolaus 136 philippus, Hypolycaena 120 phlaeas ethiopica, Lycaena 264 phlaeas menelicki, Lycaena 264 phoa, Euchrysops 236 phoenicis, Triclema 200 phosphor, Poecilmitis 178 Phlyaria 200 Phyltaa 84 piaggiae, subsp. of Iolaus (lolaphilus) ismenius 135 picata, Alaena 9 picena, Pentila 19 picta, Pseuderesia 36 pictus, subsp. of Thestor montanus 183 pierus, Aloeides 176 pierus var. A, Aloeides 176 pierus var. B, Aloeides 176 Pilodeudorix 104 pilos, Spalgis 185 pinodes, Epitole 90 pinodoides, Epitola 90 pirithous, Syntarucus 221 pitho, Tarucus 216 pitmani, Anthene 193 plagiata, Telipna 12 plana, subsp. of Hypolycaena liara 120 plebeja, Lepidochrysops 232 pluricauda, Neurellipes 197 plurilimbata, Thermoniphas 243 podorina, Chilades 248 poecilaon, Iolaus (lolaphilus) 135 Poecilmitis 176 poggei, Uranothauma 203 pollux, lolaus (Epamera) 147 polydialecta, Lepidochrysops 232 posthumus, Epitola 90 poultoni, Iolaus (Pseudiolaus) 127 poultoni, subsp. of Mimacraea krausei 31 Poultonia 78 Powellana 94 INDEX 317 praeusta, subsp. of Liptena (Liptena) flavicans 54 praestans, Liptena (Liptena) 55 praeterite, Lepidochrysops 232 preussi, Hewitsonia 94 preussi, Pentila 19 princeps, Anthene 193 princeps, subsp. of Lepidochrysops cinerea 230 procera, Lepidochrysops 232 proclus, subsp. of Lepidochrysops plebeja 232 prodita, subsp. of Pentila umangiana 20 promethus, subsp. of Iolaus (Tanuetheira) timon 129 propinquus, Aphnaeus 153 protumnus, Thestor 183 Pseudaletis 113 pseudepaea, Mimacraea 31 Pseuderesia 33 Pseudiolaus, subg. of lolaus 126 Pseudocapys 172 pseudoconjuncta, Epitola 90 pseudoderitas, Diopetes 107 pseudofrater, Iolaus (Epamera) 147 pseudofusca, Eresina 63 Pseudonacaduba 225 Pseudoneaveia 81 pseudophlaeas, subsp. of Lycaena phlaeas 264 pseudopollux, Iolaus (Epamera) 147 pseudopunctatus, Oboronia 245 pseudorotha, Pentila 19 pseudosoyauxi, Athysanota 246 pseudozeritis, Chloroselas 163 pterou, Lepidochrysops 232 publia, Zizina 259 puella, Teriomima 40 puellaris, Teriomima 40 pulcher, Anthene 194 pulcher, Syntarucus 221 pulcherrima, Zeritis 164 pulchra, Epitola go pulchristriata, Chilades 248 pulsius, Phasis 173 pulverulenta, Epitola 90 pulverulenta, Mimacraea 31 punctata, f. of Aloeides damarensis 176 punctata, f. of Larinopoda lagyra 45 punctatus, Oboronia 245 puncticilia, Lepidochrysops 232 punicea, Axiocerses 168 purpurascens, Aslauga 69 purpurea, subsp. of Mimeresia moreelsi 33 318 H. STEMPFPRER pusillus, Eicochrysops 239 pusio, Citrinophila 39 pygmoea, Zizula 261 pyramus, Poecilmitis 178 pyroeis, Poecilmitis 178 pyroptera, Anthene 194 pyrvhops, Euchrysops 236 quadratus, Tarucus 216 quadricaudata, Neurypexina 196 quadriocularis, Lycaena 239 quassi, Lepidochrysops 232 questiauxi, Aphnaeus 153 vabe, Leptomyrina (Leptomyrina) 170 rabefaner, Syntarucus 221 radiata, Anthene 194 radiata, subsp. of Epitola viridana 90 radiata, f. of Pentila nyassana 19 ramonza, subsp. of Hypolycaena philippus 120 ras, subsp. of Pentila nyassana 19 vattvayi, Aphnaeus 153 rava, Hypokopelates 104 vectifascia, Lachnocnemus 98 vectifascia, Liptena (Liptena) 55 reducta, Euchrysops 236 reducta, Falcuna 47 reducta, Phytala 85 vegillus, Neurypexina 196 vegularis, Citrinophila 39 reichenowi, Lepidochrysops 232 renidens, Virachola 110 resplendens, subsp. of Castalius hintza 211 reticulata, Alaena 9 reticulum, subsp. of Pseudonacaduba sichela 227 reutlingeri, Lachnocnemus 98 rex, subsp. of Aphnaeus erikssoni 153 rezia, Phytala 85 rhodesendae, Lepidochrysops 232 rhodesiana, Anthene 194 rhodesiensis, subsp. of Virachola dinochares 109 rhodosense, subsp. of Jolaus (Epamera) mimosae 147 richardi, Pseudaletis 114 rileyi, subsp. of Capys catharus 172 rileyi, Epitola 90 rileyi, Thestor 184 ringa, Lepidochrysops 233 robusta, Cupidesthes 188 rochei, Liptena (Liptena) 55 rogersi, Desmolycaena 166 rogersi, Eicochrysops 239 rogersi, subsp. of Hypolycaena buxtoni 120 rogersi, Pentila 19 roidesta, f. of Pentila tachyroides 20 vollei, Alaena 9 rosacea, Tarucus 216 vosimon, Castalius 212 rotha, Pentila 20 rothi, Telipna 12 rothioides, Telipna 12 rothschildi, Anthene 194 rougemonti, f. of Aloeides aranda 175 rougeoti, Eresina 63 rougeoti, Iridana 76 rougeoti, Liptena (Tetrarhanis) 57 rougeoti, Pseuderesia 36 ruandensis, subsp. of Harpendyreus meruanus 224 vubrica, Mimeresia 33 rubricinctus, Anthene 194 rubrimaculata, Anthene 194 rubromacula, Liptena (Liptena) 55 rubropuncta, Azanus 252 rufilla, Telipna 12 rufomarginata, Anthene 194 rufoplagiata, Triclema 200 yumina, Phasis 173 ruspinoides, Telipna 12 russulus, Mimeresia 33 ruthica, Lepidochrysops 233 yutila, Virachola 110 vutilans, Virachola 110 rutilo, Pseuderesia 36 rutshurensis, subsp. of Thermoniphas plurilimbatus 243 ruwenzoricus, Anthene 194 sabulosa, f. of Apharitis nilus 156 sadducus, Anthene 194 sadeska, Diopetes 107 saga, Durbaniopsis 29 salmoneus, Phasis 173 sanctithomae, Chilades 248 sanguigutta, Eicochrysops 239 sanguinea, Anthene 194 sanguinea, Telipna 12 sankuru, Micropentila 60 sankuru, Toxochitona 65 sapphirinus, Eicochrysops 239 sapphirinus, Iolaus (Epamera) 148 sappirus, Iolaus (Epamera) 148 INDEX 319 sardonyx, Phasis 173 sauberi, Liptena (Liptena) 55 saundersi, Erisina 64 schmidtii, Mimacraea 31 schoutedeni, Anthene 194 schoutedeni, Liptena (Tetrarhanis) 57 schoutedeni, Liptenara 21 schubotzi, Hypolycaena 120 schubotzi, Mimacraea 31 schultzei, subsp. of Hypokopelates angelita 103 schultzei, lolaus (lolaphilus) 135 schultzei, Phytala 85 scintilla, Lycaena 239 scintillans, subsp. of Hypolycaena lebona 120 scintillans, lolaus (Epamera) 148 scintillula, Anthene 194 sciophilus, Iolaus (Epamera) 148 Scoptes 171 scotti, Spindasis 159 seamant, Hypolycaena 120 sebagadis, f. of Eicochrysops messapus 239 sebasta, Hypolycaena 120 semibrunnea, Epitola 80 semilimbata, Liptena (Liptena) 55 semirufa, Mimeresia 33 semirufa, subsp. of Telipna bimacula 12 semliki, Falcuna 47 septentrionalis, lolaus, (Epamera) 148 septistrigata, Liptena (Liptena) 55 serena, Citrinophila 39 sesse, subsp. of Virachola lorisona 110 severini, Euchrysops 236 seydeli, subsp. of Aphnaeus affinis 150 sharpei, Myrina 112 sharpiae, subsp. of Harpendyreus aequa- torialis 224 sheffieldi, Telipna 12 Sheffieldia 13 sheppardi, Anthene 194 sheppardi, subsp. of Deloneura millari 77 shima, subsp. of Lycaena phlaeas 264 sibella, Iolaus (Epamera) 148 sichela, Anthene 194 sichela, Pseudonacaduba, 227 sidus, Iolaus (Epamera) 148 sigiensis, f. of Pentila tropicalis 20 sigillata, Azanus 252 silanus, lolaus (Epamera) 148 silarus, subsp. of Iolaus (Argiolaus) silas 131 silas, Iolaus (Argiolaus) 131 silas ab. lasius, Iolaus (Argiolaus) 131 silenus, subsp. of lolaus (Epamera) silanus 148 silenus, Myrina 112 silvius, Thestor 184 simekoa, ab. of Larinopoda lircaea 45 similis, Citrinophila 39 similis, Hewitsonia 94 similis, Hypolycaena 120 similis, Liptena (Liptena) 55 similis, Megalopalpus 97 simplex, Aloeides 176 simplex, subsp. of Hypokopelates aruma 103 simplex, Megalopalpus 97 simplex, Liptena (Tetrarhanis) 57 simplex, Pilodeudorix 106 simplicia, Liptena (Liptena) 55 singularis, Baliochila 43 sitalces, Azanus 252 siwani, Cupidopsis 240 sjoestedti, subsp. of Euliphyra mirifica 71 skoptolos, Mimacraea 31 skotios, Lepidochrysops 233 smithi, subsp. of Anthene princeps 193 soalalicus, subsp. of Azanus jesous 252 sobrina, subsp. of Anthene crawshayi 191 sobrina, subsp. of Leptomyrina (Gonatomy- rina) lara 170 socotranus, Syntarucus 221 solwezi, Lepidochrysops 233 somalina, subsp. of Anthene pitmani 193 somalina, Iolaus (Stugeta) 126 somalina, Spindasis 159 somereni, f. of Mimacraea marshalli dohertyi 31 sorhageni, Zeritis 164 souanke, Liptena (Tetrarhanis) 57 souanke, Micropentila 60 soyauxii, Larinapoda 45 Spalgis 184 Spindasis 157 spindasoides, subsp. of Lipaphnaeus aderna 161 splendens, ab. of Hypolycaena lebona 120 splendens, Poecilmitis 178 splendens, f. of Uranothauma antinorii 203 spolia, Pseudaletis 114 spuma, f. of Larinopoda lircaea 45 spurcus, subsp. of Hypolycaena buxtoni 120 s-signata, Spalgis 185 stactalla, subsp. of Phylaria cyara 201 staphyla, Eresinopsides 62 staudingeri, Epitola 90 staudingeri, Neurellipes 197 staudingeri, Oboronia 245 stellata, Actizera 263 stempfferi, subsp. of Anthene butleri 190 320 H. STEMPFFER stempfferi, Epitola go stempfferi, Liptena (Tetrarhanis) 37 stempfferi, Thermoniphas 243 Stempfferia 83 stenogrammica, Iolaus (Epamera) 148 stormsi, Lepidochrysops 233 stvatola, Pseudonacaduba 227 strigatus, subsp. of Chilades eleusis 248 strutti, Thestor 184 Stugeta, subg. of Iolaus 124 stygia, Baliochila 43 styx, subsp. of Axiocerses harpax 168 subalba, Epitola 90 subangulata, subsp. of Pseudaletis clymenus 114 subargentea, Epitola 90 subaureus, Apharitis 156 subcoerulea, Epitola 90 subdita, Euchrysops 236 subfulvida, Aslauga 69 subfusca, Deloneura 77 subfuscata, Pentila 20 subgriseata, Epitola 90 subhyalina, Telipna 12 subinfuscata, subsp. of Iolaus (Stugeta) bowkeri 126 sublustris, Epitola 90 submacula, Liptena (Liptena) 55 subnotens, Triclema 200 subochracea, subsp. of Pentila abraxas 17 subornata, Myrina 113 subpallida, Euchrysops 236 subplagiata, Micropentila 60 subpunctata, Liptena (Liptena) 55 subpunctata, Teriomima 40 subrubra, Alaena 9 subsuffusa, Liptena (Liptena) 55 subundularis, Liptena (Liptena) 55 subvariegata, Lepidochrysops 233 subvariegata, Liptena (Liptena) 55 sudanica, subsp. of Iolaus (Epamera) umbrosa 148 sudanica, Lachnocnemus 98 sudanica, Leptomyrina (Leptomyrina) 170 suetonus, Aloeides 176 suffusa, subsp. of Falcuna hollandi 47 suk, subsp. of Lepidochrysops pterou 232 suk, Virachola 110 sukidion, subg. of Iolaus 149 sulpitia, Telipna 12 suquala, Anthene 194 swanepoeli, Lepidochrysops 233 swanepoeli, Poecilmitis 178 swinburnei, subsp. of Lepidochrysops glauca 230 swynnertoni, subsp. of Pentila tropicalis 20 sybaris, Tarucus 216 syllidus, Anthene 194 sylpha, Ornipholidotos 26 sylphida, Ornipholidotos 26 sylvanus, Anthene 194 sylvius, Lepidochrysops 233 symmacha, Hypolycaena 120 symplocus, Liptena (Tetrarhanis) 57 synchrematiza, Lepidochrysops 233 synesia, Falcuna 47 Syntarucus 219 Syrmoptera 116 tachyroides, Pentila 20 taikosama, Aloeides 176 tajoraca, Iolaus (Epamera) 148 talboti, Anthene 194 tamaniba, Chloroselas 163 tanganyikensis, subsp. of Epitola urania go tantalus, Lepidochrysops 233 Tanuethiera, subg. of Iolaus 128 taposana, Chloroselas 163 Tarucus 212 tavetensis, Spindasis 159 teita, subsp. of Anthene hobleyi 191 telesippe, Pentila 20 telicanus, Syntarucus 221 Telipna 9 telloides, Mimacraea 31 tempe, Thestor 184 tenera, Cirtinophila 39 tenuimarginata, f. of Phlyaria cyara 201 tenuivittata, Hypokopelates 104 tera, Larinopoda 45 Teratoneura 73 terias, Citrinophila 39 Teriomima 39 teroana, subsp. of Liptena (Liptena) o-rubrum 55 teroensis, Ornipholidotos 26 terpsichore, subsp. of Cooksonia trimeni 14 terranus, Syntarucus 221 tespis, Cacyeus 206 tessmanni, subsp. of Mimeresia moreelsi 33 Tetrarhanis, subg. of Liptena 57 thebana, Azanus 252 theodori, Eresina 64 theodota, Lepidochrysops 233 theophrastus, Tarucus 216 Thermoniphas 241 thero, Phasis 173 INDEX 321 thespis, Tarucus 216 Thestor 182 thuraui, Iolaus (lolaus) 139 thyra, Aloeides 176 thysbe, Poecilmitis 178 thyrsis, Cupidesthes 188 timon, Iolaus (Tanuetheira) 129 tintinga, Spalgis 185 tivessa, Euchrysops 236 tirza, Ornipholidotos 26 tisamenus, Triclema 200 tjoane, Axiocerses 168 togara, Thermoniphas 243 tongidensis, Anthene 194 toroensis, subsp. of Anthene lachares 192 toroensis, Eresina 64 toroensis, lolaus (Epamera) 148 tororo, Iridana 76 torrida, Pentila 20 Toxochitona 64 transverstigma, Telipna 12 triangularis, Micropentila 60 Trichiolaus, subg. of lolaus 127 Triclema 198 tricolor, Pseudaletis 114 tricolora, Liptena (Liptena) 55 trifasciata, Pseudaletis 114 trimeni, Cooksonia 14 trimeni, Iolaus (lolaphilus) 135 trimena, Lepidochrysops 233 trimeni, subsp. of Poecilmitis thysbe 178 trimeni, Spindasis 159 tripunctata, subsp. of Liptena (Liptena) o-rubrum 55 tvipunctata, (Aurivillius) Pentila 20 tvipunctata (Druce), Pentila 20 trisignatus, subsp. of Eicochrysops mahall- akoena 239 trochylus, Freyeria 249 tropicalis, Pentila 20 tsavao, subsp. of Alaena johanna 9 tsiphana, ab. of Virachola batikeli 109 tsomo, Harpendyreus 224 tullia, Liptena (Liptena) 55 tulliana, Liptena (Liptena) 55 tumentia, Epitola 90 Tumerepedes 80 turbata, Liptena (Liptena) 56 turbatus, Neurypexina 196 turkana, subsp. of Anthene contrastata 190 turneri, Poecilmitis 178 tytleri, subsp. of Chloroselas pseudozeritis 163 ubaldus, Azanus 252 uelensis, subsp. of Pentila cloetensi 18 ugandae, subsp. of Anthene princeps 194 ugandae, subsp. of Aphnaeus chapini 153 ugandae, subsp. of Argyrocheila undifera 67 ugandae, subsp. of Epitolina catori 83 ugandae, subsp. of Hewitsonia similis 94 ugandae, Hypokopelates 104 ugandae, subsp. of Hypolycaena hatita 120 ugandae, subsp. of Iolaus (Epamera) alienus 145 ugandae, subsp. of Liptena (Tetrarhanis) ilma 57 : ugandae, Micropentila 61 ugandae, subsp. of Mimeresia drucei 33 ugandae, Ornipholidotos 26 ugandae, subsp. of Phytala elais 85 ugandae, Pseudaletis 114 ugandae, subsp. of Telipna arica 12 ugandana, subsp. of Axiocerses harpax 168 ukerewensis, Anthene 194 ula, Actis 1or ultramarina, Hypokopelates 104 umangiana, Pentila 20 umbra, Pentila 20 umbra, f. of Uranothauma falkensteini 203 umbratilis, subsp. of Epitola marginata 89 umbrosa, f. of Chloroselas pseudozeritis tytleri 163 umbrosa, Iolaus (Epamera) 148 umbrya, Lachnocnemus 98 unda, subsp. of Actis mimeta ror undifera, Argyrocheila 67 undina, Liptena (Liptena) 56 undularis, Liptena (Liptena) 56 ungemachi, Tarucus 216 unicolor, f. of Cupidesthes thyrsis 188 unicolor, subsp. of Toxochitona gerda 65 uniformis, Epitola 90 unigemmata, Euchrysops 236 unimaculata, Alaena 9 unipunctata, Citrinophila 39 unyoro, Iridana 76 unyoro, subsp. of Mimeresia russulus 33 urania, Epitola 90 uranochroa, subsp. of Cupidopsis iobates 240 Uranothauma 201 uranus, Poecilmitis 178 usamba, subsp. of Anthene hodsoni 191 usambara, subsp. of lIolaus (Iolaphilus) maritima 135 usemia, subsp. of Castalius cretosus 211 vansomereni, f. of Aphnaeus coronae 153 322 H. STEMPFFER vansomereni, Chloroselas 163 vansomereni, Cnodontes 44 vansomereni, Iolaus (lolaphilus) 135 vansomereni, subsp. of Lepidochrysops victoriae 233 vansomereni, Phytala 85 vansomereni, Toxochitona 65 vansomereni, Uranothauma 203 vansomereni, Virachola 110 vansoni, Cnodontes 44 vansoni, Lepidochrysops 233 vansoni, Thestor 184 vansoni, Virachola 110 variegata, Lepidochrysops 233 variegata, Pseuderesia 36 varipes, Larinopoda 45 varnieri, Iolaus (Hemiolaus) 124 venanigra, Telipna 12 vera, Lepidochrysops 233 versatilis, Anthene 194 versicolor, Epitola 90 vestalis, subsp. of Athysanota ornata 246 vexillarius, Iolaus (lolaus) 139 victoriae, Lepidochrysops 233 victoriae, Micropentila 61 victoriae, Spindasis 159 vidua, Cupidesthes 188 vidua, subsp. of Epitola miranda 89 vidua, subsp. of Pseuderesia eleaza 35 villiersi, Telipna 12 vinalli, Epitola 90 vininga, Aslauga 69 violacea, Ilolaus (Epamera) 148 violetta, Diopetes 107 violetta, Lepidochrysops 233 Virachola 107 virgata, Kopelates 102 virginea, Epitola 90 vivginea, Powelli 95 virgo, Phylaria 201 viridana, Epitola go viridis, Hypokopelates 104 virilis, Cacyreus 206 virilis, ab. of Hewitsonia boisduvali 94 vittigera, ab. of Hypolycaena philippus ramonza 120 viviana, f. of Mimacraea krausei 31 voltae, Cupidesthes 188 vosseleri, subsp. of Virachola diocles 110 vulcanica, ab. of Citrinophila erastus 39 vulcanica, subsp. of Harpendyreus aequatorialis 224 waggae, Spindasis 159 wallengreni, Aloeides 176 wardii, Virachola 110 wau, f. of Lepidochrysops negus 231 webbianus, Cyclyrius 219 webeyi, Powellana 95 williamsi, subsp. of Aphnaeus flavescens 153 williamsi, Uranothauma 203 wilsoni, Cupidesthes 188 wollastoni, subsp. of Harpendyreus Mmarungensis 224 woodi, Baliochila 43 wykehami, Lepidochrysops 233 xantha, Liptena (Liptena) 56 xanthis, Liptena (Liptena) 56 xanthopoecilus, Anthene 194 xanthostola, Liptena (Liptena) 56 yalae, subsp. of Iolaus (Epamera) bansana u45 yuanda, Pentila 20 yokoana, lolaus (Epamera) 148 ysobelae, Cupidesthes 188 yukadumae, Liptena (Liptena) 56 zanzibarensis, Paraphnaeus 155 zavaces, Thestor 184 zebra, Batelusia 80 zebva, Pseudaletis 114 zela, Pilodeudorix 106 zelica, Epitola 90 zeloides, subsp. of Pilodeudorix zela 106 zelomina, Pilodeudorix 106 zelza, Epitola 90 Zeltus 117 zena, Azanus 252 zenkeri, Anthene 195 zerita, f. of Mimeresia libentina 33 Zeritis 163 zeuxo, Chrysoritis 179 zilka, subsp. of Aloeides aranda 175 Zizeeria 256 Zizina 258 Zizula 260 zonarius, subsp. of Chrysoritis zeuxo 179 zovaida, Mimeresia 33 zovites, Crudaria 180 zuluana, Teriomima 40 zymna, Megalopalpus 97 A LIST OF SUPPLEMENTS TO THE. ENTOMOLOGICAL SERIES OF "THE “BULLETIN |» OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) . MasnerR, L. The types of Proctotrupoidea (Hymenoptera) in the British Museum (Natural History) and in the Hope Department of Entomology, Oxford. Pp. 143. February, 1965. £5. . Nixon, G. E. J. A reclassification of the tribe Microgasterini (Hymenoptera : Braconidae). Pp. 284: 348 Text-figures. August, 1965. 6. . Watson, A. A revision of the Ethiopian Drepanidae (Lepidoptera). Pp. 177: 18 plates, 270 Text-figures. August, 1965. {4 4s. . Sanps, W. A. A revision of the Termite Subfamily Nasutitermitinae (Isoptera, Termitidae) from the Ethiopian Region. Pp. 172 : 500 Text-figures. September, 1965. £3 5s. . AHMAD,I. The Leptocorisinae (Heteroptera : Alydidae) of the World. Pp. 156: 475 Text-figures. November, 1965. £2 I5s. . Oxapa, T. Diptera from Nepal. Cryptochaetidae, Diastatidae and Droso- philidae. Pp. 129: 328 Text-figures. May, 1966. 3. . GILIOMEE, J. H. Morphology and Taxonomy of Adult Males of the Family Coccidae (Homoptera: Coccoidea). Pp. 168: 43 Text-figures. January, 1967. £3 3s. . FLETCHER, D. S. A revision of the Ethiopian species and a check list of the world species of Cleora (Lepidoptera : Geometridae). Pp. 119: 14 plates, 146 Text-figures, g maps. February, 1967. {3 Ios. . Hemminc, A. F. The Generic Names of the Butterflies and their type-species (Lepidoptera : Rhopalocera). Pp. 509. £8 Ios. pPLe 4 wa dest Printed in England by Staples Printers Limited at their Kettering, Northants, establishment ie m REVIEW OF R. S. BAGNALL THYSANOPTERA COLLECTIONS L. A. MOUND BULLETIN OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) ENTOMOLOGY Supplement 11 LONDON : 1968 WPREVIEW ‘OF Rf. 8. BAGNALL'S || THYSANOPTERA COLLECTIONS © Wie SS ~S is - 9 MAY 1968 BY L. A. MOUND _, { * i + British Museum (Natural History) 82 Text-figs. BULLETIN OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) ENTOMOLOGY Supplement 11 LONDON : 1968 THE BULLETIN OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY), tnstituted in 1949, 1s issued in five series corresponding to the Departments of the Museum, and an Historical series. Parts will appear at irregular intervals as they become veady. Volumes will contain about three or four hundred pages, and will not necessarily be completed within one calendar year. In 1965 a separate supplementary series of longer papers was instituted, numbered serially for each Department. This paper is Supplement No. 11 of the Entomolog- ical series. The abbreviated titles of periodicals cited follow those of the World List of Scientific Periodicals. © Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History) 1968 LRUSDEES OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) Issued 3 May, 1968 Price £4 A REVIEW OF R. S. BAGNALL’S THYSANOPTERA COLLECTIONS By L. A. MOUND CONTENTS INTRODUCTION BIOGRAPHICAL NOTES THE COLLECTIONS Black slides Carded specimens Specimens in tubes Labelling of specimens Missing species . LECTOTYPE DESIGNATIONS ; - SPECIES ASCRIBED TO BAGNALL IN ERROR. RECENT THYSANOPTERA Aeolothripidae . ; : = . : : - : Heterothripidae ; ‘ : : 2 - , . : 19 Thripidae . 3 : - F : : , 2 : - 19 Phlaeothripidae ; ; ‘ : : ‘ : 7 < 68 Fossit THYSANOPTERA . ‘ : : : : : ; : 153 REFERENCES . : : : ; 3 : A ; s - 162 INDEX . F : - ‘ : : ‘ . ; : 3 173 COMONNNINAAUW SYNOPSIS Between 1907 and 1936 R. S. Bagnall published almost 700 of the 5,o00 names now available in the Insect Order Thysanoptera. This review consists largely of an annotated catalogue of these generic and specific names and includes 134 new synonymies and 39 new combinations. The original descriptions have been compared in each case with the material remaining in Bagnall’s Collection, lectotypes are selected for many species and the original host and locality data are quoted for each species. Full synonymic histories are not given for each species, however. Biographical notes are included, also a general account of the history of the collections, with a list of the missing species and a list of the species ascribed to Bagnall in error. INTRODUCTION R. S. BAGNALL was one of the most outstanding amateur entomologists of the first thirty years of this century. A brilliant field worker known mainly for his studies on Thysanoptera and Collembola, he also published numerous papers on other Orders of insects and arthropods. Between the years 1907 and 1936 he published in the Order Thysanoptera alone some 577 species-group names and 100 genus-group names as well as a number of Family and other higher groups. The importance of this contribution can be gauged from the fact that Uzel’s Monograph of the Thysan- optera lists only 135 species in 36 genera up to the year 1895. Bagnall and Professor 4 LL. &. MOUND H. Priesner of Linz were largely responsible for our present knowledge of European Thysanoptera, and between them they also established a framework of classification of the African and Oriental forms. Unfortunately Bagnall was prevented by his business interests from spending as much time as he would have liked on entomology. For many years he was unable to maintain in one place a systematically arranged collection of either insects or literature, and as a result he never produced any synthesis of his work. It was probably this lack of revisionary studies, combined with the discord resulting from the disposal of his collection in 1932, that resulted in his concentration on the green fields of the Collembola. Bagnall gave up serious work on the Thysanoptera at a time when the species concept within the group was coming under increasing scrutiny (Priesner, 1934-1935 on Elaphrothnips ; Speyer, 1934 & 1935 on Thrips and Aptinothrips). Later studies on heterogonic growth in Elaphrothrips by both Hartwig and Hood, and the studies on normal variation in species of Dendrothrips and Haplothrips by Faure, and Chirothrips by zur Strassen were quite different in their basic approach. Bagnall’s main effort was directed towards finding differences between individual insects, whereas the present day accent on population ecology and economically important species directs the taxonomist’s effort towards finding correlations bet- ween different populations. Bagnall’s own studies on Thrips and Odontothrips, as well as on the Australian gall-forming Tubulifera, were based on the assumption that these insects were in all cases extremely host-specific, and his studies on the larger Phlaeothripidae were made without appreciating the extraordinary range of varia- tion now known to exist in many species. In spite of the advances in knowledge of the Thysanoptera since 1935, many of Bagnall’s nominal species have never been re-examined since they were first described. The emphasis placed on some characters has changed over the years and as a result, this review includes 134 new specific and generic synonymies and 39 new combinations. This involves nominal species described by authors other than Bagnall where type material is in the British Museum (Natural History) or was readily available to the present author from other sources. Of the forms described by Bagnall, 66 generic and 383 specific names are accepted here, although this is likely to be reduced by further studies even if some of the present author’s new synonymy has to be rejected. One of the major problems is the inferior state of specimens on which some species are based. On more than one occasion a new species appears to have been described solely because a previously described form was not in a suitable state for comparison. Remounting of critical specimens and examination with a modern phase-contrast microscope cannot always resolve the difficulties. Sometimes Bagnall did not appreciate that he was describing artefacts. Thus he describes a species as short and fat when the specimen is merely contracted due to dehydration before death. The exposed dorsal surface of the tube in such contracted specimens of the Phaleothripidae is compared with the full ventral length of the tube of expanded specimens, giving very different tube length/head length ratios. Bagnall described his species in over 120 separate publications, and the present BAGNALL’S THYSANOPTERA 5 review was begun as a bibliography and catalogue of the type specimens because of the number of slides in his collection bearing manuscript names. As the work progressed it was found necessary to include new synonymy, and so several genera have also been redefined, with keys to the species examined by the present author, and a few species have been redescribed where this appeared to be of particular value. This work could only have been produced through the co-operation of many other Thysanopterists, to all of whom the author would like to express his thanks. Much of the new synonymy published here for the Terebrantia is derived from con- versations with my colleague Edward R. Speyer. Dr. Guy Morison helped with the British species particularly, and during the author’s visits to Aberdeen gave valuable advice on field work. Professor H. Priesner, Dr. R. zur Strassen, and particularly Miss Kellie O'Neill have loaned material and given detailed replies to the author’s queries in correspondence. Professor S. F. Bailey kindly loaned his manuscript bibliography of Bagnall’s Thysanoptera, and specimens were received from the following workers: Professor T. N. Ananthakrishnan; Dr. J. S. Bhatti ; Professor A. Bournier ; Dr. T. Kono; Dr. J. Pelikan ; Mr. E. Reed ; Professor L. de Santis; Dr. L. j. Stannard ; Dr. E. Titschack. With the exception of figure 11, which was drawn by Mr. Arthur Smith, the text-figures were drawn by Mr. B. R. Pitkin. BIOGRAPHICAL NOTES Richard Siddoway Bagnall was born at Winlaton, near Whickham in the County of Durham, just outside Newcastle on Tyne on the 14th July, 1889 (teste the late F. Laing). According to an obituary notice in The Vasculum (July 1962, p. 11), he was the son of Mr. J. S. Bagnall, a member of the firm of R. S. Bagnall and Sons, forgemen and chainmakers of Swalwell and South Hylton. In unpublished notes dated 1921 Bagnall refers to himself as ‘ Forgemaster and Director of Engineering Works, Rydal Mount, Blaydon on Tyne’. He was educated privately and soon developed an interest in Natural History. In 1903 he was awarded the Hancock Prize for an essay “An October Day in Gibside’ about the joys of beetle collecting. I have been unable to confirm the statement in the obituary notice published by the Royal Entomological Society of London (Proc. R. ent. Soc. Lond. C, 27 : 50, 1962-63) that he was trained as a chemist, or the title “ Sir Richard ’ given to him in the Directory of Zoological Taxonomists, Illinois, 1961. Although an energetic man it appears that his health was never very good, possibly as a result of an attack of meningitis in his youth, and he died on the 19th January, 1962, after a series of cerebral thromboses. He was elected a Fellow of the Entomological Society of London in 1904, a Fellow of the Linnean Society of London on the 4th November, 1909, and a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh in 1920. He was also a member of learned societies in Belgium, France, Italy and Spain. He was one of the honorary curators of the Hancock Museum, Newcastle on Tyne, and also one of the founders of The Vasculum in 1915. In 1929 he was presented by Dr. J. W. Harrison to the University of Durham for the honorary degree of D.Sc., and the University Journal for that year 6 L. A. MOUND refers to him as the best entomological field worker in the country and one of the world’s authorities on thrips. The total of his publications probably approached 300 of which 125 referred to Thysanoptera. He was particularly interested in Zoocecidia (with J. W. Harrison) and the apterygote insects and myriapods. He was clearly an excellent naturalist and his contemporaries refer to his remarkable powers of finding small arthropods in the field. However, his habit of pronouncing on “new species’ with only the help of a hand lens was regarded as rather eccentric. Although of a cheerful and friendly disposition, his methods of curation and mercurial temperament resulted in a number of bitter personal attacks during the 1930s. According to the account books of the University of Oxford (teste E. B. Poulton) Bagnall was paid as an assistant curator of the Hope Department and as a special demonstrator in the Department of Zoology for the period October 1912 until Ist January, 1914. Thereafter his business affairs seem to have involved him in con- siderable travelling. During the period 1904-1949 he has been recorded as having 17 different addresses (teste G. D. Morison). As a result he did not always have access to his collections of insects or literature and he had to borrow papers from other workers. Much of his descriptive work was apparently done without reference to specimens of previously described species. He continued to work on Thysan- optera until shortly before his death, although he ceased publication in 1936. Asa result his collection contains numerous manuscript names, although in many cases the specimens can now be referred to common British species. THE COLLECTIONS As a result of his peripatetic way of life Bagnall, for many years, was unable to keep his collection of Thysanoptera available for study in any one place. Much of it had to be kept in store for varying lengths of time apart from the year he spent at Oxford in 1913. His correspondence and sometimes his publications refer to the fact that he was unable to check some point of detail ‘as my collection is not immediately available’. For this reason in 1932 he decided to ask the Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History) to purchase the collection in order that it should be properly curated and more readily available for his use. At that time there were about 17,000 specimens in the collection, of which 5,000 were on slides. There were 430 Type specimens and 750 paratypes. However, in addition to this, Bagnall had presented specimens to the Museum over the preceding years and continued to present them until his death. He also described a number of species from material already in the British Museum collection, and these combined collec- tions now contain about 10,000 slides of more than 1,200 recognized species, in addition to unworked material. Black slides. During 1913 Bagnall experimented with a new mountant. Many slides made during that year, including some type specimens, have turned dark brown to jet black. When viewed with a strong light the specimens on these slides can be seen to be partially dissolved, leaving a series of large pale crystals. The mountant of one such slide was found to dissolve readily in phenol, but of the specimen only a wing, a leg and some abdominal sclerites remained intact. It is BAGNALL’S THYSANOPTERA 7 possible that large specimens such as the Eupathithrips affinis holotype might be recovered when they are needed, but small specimens such as Baliothrips biformis have degenerated too much. Some of the species listed below as missing may have been lost by Bagnall himself in attempting to remount from such blackened slides. The mountant may have been a mixture of balsam in chloral hydrate and phenol, as this has recently been shown to have the same behaviour. Carded specimens. Bagnall described many species from dry specimens mounted on cards, although this is not always clear from the description. Some of these specimens were seriously damaged by fungus. In a few cases the insect was covered by a network of hyphae, a spectacular condition which was not found to be as serious as an internal fungal attack destroying the intersegmental membranes. The external hyphae have now been dissected free and the specimens removed with the loss of only a few setae in many cases, but internal fungal attacks left several speci- mens excessively fragile. About 100 specimens, mainly types, have been removed from cards and mounted in balsam although some of these are seriously damaged. Specimens in tubes. Several hundred tubes were received from Bagnall by the British Museum. Most of these are still unclassified. They are dry, often without labels, but in some cases contain the remains of series from which species were described. Preliminary sorting has not disclosed any of the species listed below as missing. Labelling of specimens. Data on the slide labels has been checked with the published data for each species. Unfortunately Bagnall sometimes did not write the collection data on the slides and in the text below this is indicated by enclosing such data, and any other information, in square brackets. Missing species. Type material of the following species has not been found. Thripidae Odontothrips vualleti Phlaeothripidae Docessissophothrips frontalis Elaphrothrips femoralis, laevicollis, propinquus Haplothrips nigricans Kleothrips ceylonicus Leeuwenia indica Phlaeothrips gallicus Rhaebothrips major Sedulothrips insolens Tetracanthothrips borneensis Trybomia intermedia Fossil species Amorphothrips klebsi Physothrips connaticornis, gracilicornis Procerothrips cylindricornis 8 L. A. MOUND LECTOTYPE DESIGNATIONS Only in a few of his descriptions of new species did Bagnall designate a specific individual as a ‘ holotype’ or ‘ type’, and in most of these cases the designation consists of the statement ‘ type in Coll. Bagnall’. Where a species was described on a unique the holotype status of the specimen is not in question, but where there was a series Bagnall wrote ‘ Type’ on two specimens, a male and a female. For this reason, and because the published place of deposition is frequently incorrect, the present author has in many instances selected lectotypes during the course of this work. Such lectotype selection is indicated as LECTOTYPE, and except where indicated to the contrary the specimens listed under each species are now in the general collection of Thysanoptera in the British Museum (Natural History). Lectotypes have been selected from those specimens originally labelled as ‘ Type’, except where otherwise indicated in the text, after comparing the specimens and their data with the original publication. Where several individuals are mounted together on a slide, however, it was considered desirable to refer to these as syntypes. SPECIES ASCRIBED TO BAGNALL IN ERROR Bagnall frequently wrote a new name and the indication ‘ Type’ on specimens in his collection, but many such names were never published. However, the names were made available to other writers and have in the following cases been published, giving Bagnall as the author. Dendrothrips cameroni Priesner, 1965 : 281-283. Although ascribed to Bagnall by Priesner when he described this species no specimens bearing this name have been found in Bagnall’s collection. Eurhynchothrips castor and E. pollux, nomina nuda in Kelly and Mayne, 1934 : 52. Frankliniella kellyana Kelly & Mayne, 1934 : 20, a synonym of F. schultzei (Tryb.), q.v. Gamothrips connaticornis Priesner, 1965 : 214, a synonym of Astrothrips roboris, q.v. Oedemothrips australis and O. migricans, nomina nuda in Kelly & Mayne, 1934 : 51. Sericothrips bedfordi Priesner, 1965 : 243-244, a synonym of S. occipitalis Hood, 1917 : 32-34. Syn.n. Hood described this species from Nigeria and the present author has studied material from Nigeria, Sudan, Kenya, Malawi, Tanzania and Transvaal. Tetrachaetothrips, nomen nudum in Priesner, 1949 : 150, a synonym of Gynatko- thrips. RECENT THYSANOPTERA AEOLOTHRIPIDAE Aeolothrips brevicornis Bagnall Aeolothrips brevicornis Bagnall, 1915a : 317. Aeolothrips africanus Moulton, 1936 : 495-496. BAGNALL’S THYSANOPTERA 9 Originally described from a single female, this species is apparently common in South Africa. The colour of antennal III, the relative lengths of antennals V, and VI to IX, and the chaetotaxy of the head and pronotum are generally regarded as being variable. The setae on the head and pronotum of the types of africanus are particularly stout. Holotype 2. SoutH ArricA: Cape Town, from a flower, 13.vii.1g04 (E. B. Poulton). Allotype g (Moulton, 1936). SouTH Arrica : Mossel Bay, vi-—vii.1g930 (R. E. Turner 5146). Aeolothrips bucheti Bagnall Aeolothrips bucheti Bagnall, 1934e : 484-485. Originally described as differing from citricinctus and citricollis by the shorter sensoria on antennals III and IV, and the greater length of segment IV relative to III, this species is very close to citricinctus. They have been collected together in Tangiers, and may yet prove to be synonymous. Antennal IV varies from as long as III to about 0-77 of this length. The sensorium on III varies from 0-31 to 0-38 of the length of that segment in the seven females available. LECTOTYPE 9. TANGIER: May, r1gor (G. Buchet). Aeolothrips citricinctus Bagnall Aeolothrips citricinctus Bagnall, 1933c : 649-650. Aeolothrips citricollis Bagnall, 1934d : 126-127. Syn. n. Aeolothrips citricinctus Bagnall ; Bagnall, 1934e : 483-485. The species citricollis was based on a single specimen and was distinguished from citricinctus by the more slender body and antennae. However, in the holotype of citricollis antennals III and IV are 5-5 and 4:9 times as long as broad, whereas in the paratype female of citricinctus they are 6-1 and 4-6 times as long as broad. “Types’ 9. TANGIER : end of May, 1go1 (G. Buchet). Paris Museum. Paratypes 2 with identical data in B.M. (N.H.). Holotype @ of citricollis. FRANCE: Perpignan, in fl. Centaurea solstitialis, vill.1926 (R.S.B.). Aeolothrips collaris Priesner Aeolothrips collaris Priesner, 1919a (March) : 119-120. Aeolothrips fulvicollis Bagnall, 1919 (October) : 253-254. Syn. n. Aeolothrips brevicinctus Bagnall, 1934d : 125. Aeolothrips collaris {. fulvicolus Bagnall ; Priesner, 1948 : 340. 10 L. A. MOUND Bagnall distinguished fulvicollis originally from fasciatus (Linn.) by the yellowish colour of the pronotum, but the species does not appear to differ essentially from collaris described that same year from Albania. The dark transverse markings on the fore wings were considered to be narrower in brevicinctus than in collaris, but these markings are known to be variable, and the chaetotaxy of the ninth abdominal segment in the males is identical in both forms. LECTOTYPE 9 of fulvicollis. Inn1a : Cawnpur, in fl. Verbascum, 20.i11.1911 (A. D. Imms). LECTOTYPE @ of brevicinctus. FRANCE: St. Cyr-sur-Mer, in fl. crucifer, 1x.1927. Aeolothrips ericae Bagnall Aeolothrips evicae Bagnall, 1920 : 60-61. This species was distinguished from fasciatus (Linn.) by the pale basal antennal joints and the presence of a pair of stout sickle-shaped bristles on the ninth abdominal segment in the male. The species comes near collaris, but the median pale wing bar is usually parallel-sided rather than V-shaped, and the tenth abdominal segment of the female rather paler than the preceding segment. The type is not in the Bagnall collection, and is probably lost. The original description was based on material from various localities including Ilfracombe, and the following specimens can be regarded as syntypes. Syntypes, 29, Ig. ENGLAND: Devon, Ilfracombe, on Evica, viii.1913 (R.S.B.). Aeolothrips gloriosus Bagnall Aeolothrips gloviosus Bagnall, 1914f : 375-376. This is a very distinctive species with yellow legs, head, thorax and anterior abdominal segments. Antennal segments one and two, and the basal half of three are also yellow. The original description refers to three females collected by Dr. A. H. Krausse at Sorgono, Sardinia, and submitted to Bagnall by the ‘ German Entomological Museum’. These specimens are not in the Deutsches Entomolo- gisches Institut or the Humboldt University Museum in Berlin. However, there is in the British Museum (Natural History) a single female of this species labelled “SARDINIA, Sorgono, Coll. Dr. A. H. Krausse, In tube purchased by R. S. Bagnall’. There were three labels on the right-hand side of the slide, the first two are both marked ‘ Type’ but the uppermost label is marked ‘ Comp. with Type ’. The male has not been described but there is a male bearing the same collection data as the above female in the British Museum collection. This specimen has a brown head, thorax and tibiae. The ninth abdominal segment resembles ghabui Priesner in its chaetotaxy, but the first antennal segment and the ring vein of the fore wing are much paler than in that species. BAGNALL’S THYSANOPTERA TI Aeolothrips intermedius Bagnall Aeolothrips intermedius Bagnall, 1934d : 123-124. Although compared originally with anthyllidis, this species is very similar to fasciatus (Linn.). Males of intermedius have no setae longer than the claspers on the ninth abdominal segment, whereas the seta at the base of the claspers in fasciatus exceeds the claspers in length. The species was described from England, France, Italy and Switzerland. LECTOTYPE 9. SwitzerLanp : Zurich, Uteliberg, 2,500. ft., Medicago sativa, vii.1925 (R.S.B.). Aeolothrips melaleucus Haliday Aeolothrips (Coleothrips) melaleuca Haliday, in Walker, 1852 : 1117. Aeolothrips uzeli Bagnall, 1934b : 482. Syn. n. Aeolothrips melaleucus Haliday ; Priesner, 1964 : 19. Although compared initially with versicolor, the specimen on which wzeli was based cannot be distinguished at present from melaleucus. Holotype 2 of wzelt. MANCHURIA : Ourga Tsitsikhar (Chaffanjon, 174-95). Aeolothrips propinquus Bagnall Aeolothrips propinquus Bagnall, 1924] : 269. Aeolothrips fasciatus var. propinquus Bagnall ; Bagnall 1926f : 280. Aeolothrips propinquus Bagnall ; Titschack, 1964 : 61-65. Titschack has given a detailed comparison of propinquus and astutus Priesner. The species resembles tenwicornis in the dark ring vein at the fore wing apex, but differs in the proximity of the accessory setae on sternite seven to the hind margin of that segment, and the greater length of the sensoria on antennals III and IV. Although three localities are given in the original publication only a single specimen, labelled ‘ Type’, remains in the Bagnall collection. This bears the date vi.1924, although the published date of collection was vii.1924. LECTOTYPE 9. ENGLAND: Surrey, Woldingham, on Verbascum migrum, vi.1g24. Aeolothrips pyrenaicus Bagnall Aeolothrips pyrenaicus Bagnall, 1934e : 482-483. Although belonging to the fasciatus group, this species has the ring vein of the fore wing dark as in tenwicornis. The male is unknown. LECTOTYPE 9. France : l’Hospitalet, 5,500 ft., on Cistus, vilil.1926 (R.S.B.). 12 L. A. MOUND Aeolothrips tenuicornis Bagnall Aeolothrips tenuicormis Bagnall, 1926f : 280. Aeolothrips anthyllidis Bagnall, 1932a : 161-162. Syn. n. Aeolothrips clavicornis Bagnall, 1934d : 122-123. Syn. n. This species can be distinguished from the fasciatus group by the close proximity of the median setae on the margin of the female seventh sternite, and the presence of sickle-shaped setae on the male ninth tergite. The ring vein of the fore wing is dark at the apex, and the species is often associated with the flowers of Verbascum. Bagnall compared clavicornis to pyrenaicus, although the latter species belongs to the fasciatus group. The species anthyllidis was distinguished from tenuicornis by the narrower wings, the width of the fore wings at the distal third in the two lectotypes being 200u and 220u. LECTOTYPE 9. ENncGLanp: Surrey, Woldingham, on Verbascum, vii.1924 (ReS.B3). LECTOTYPE @ of anthyllidis. ENGLAND: Surrey, Coulsdon, on Anthyllis, Vi.1925. LECTOTYPE 9 of clavicorms. ENGLAND : Brighton, on Ulex, v.1926 (R.S.B.). Aeolothrips variicornis Bagnall Aeolothrips variicornis Bagnall, 1932c : 290. A second specimen of this species has been collected recently from Kenya. Antennal IIT is clear yellow and the accessory setae on sternite seven are close to the hind margin of that sclerite. Holotype 9. TANGANYIKA: Arusha, Rasha-rasha, on Onion, viii. 1926 (A. H. Ritchie 509). Aeolothrips versicolor Uzel Aeolothrips versicolor Uzel, 1895 : 69-70. Aeolothrips maculosus Bagnall, 1920 : 62. Aeolothrips maculosus var. costalis Bagnall, 1920 : 62. Aeolothrips parvicornis Bagnall, 1920 : 62. Syn. n. Aeolothrips tiliae Bagnall, 1913e : 156-157. The dark markings on the fore wings of versicolor vary from a single broad band to two narrow bands connected by a dark line on the hind margin. The species parvicornis falls in the latter part of this range and has rather short antennae. Bagnall used maculosus as a nomen novum for melaleucus of Uzel nec Haliday, but both this and the variety costalis are now recognized as versicolor. Although Bagnall indicates that he collected both sexes of tzliae, only two females remain in the collection. Holotype @ of costalis. LEENGLAND : Yarnton, on Fraxinus, xi.1914 (R.S.B.). BAGNALL’S THYSANOPTERA 13 LECTOTYPE 92 of fparvicornis. HUNGARY: MHunzentmiklos, 28.viii.1g1o (Horvath). LECTOTYPE 9 of tiliae. Norway: Bygdo near Christiania, on lime leaves, vi.1g09 (R.S.B.). ALLELOTHRIPS Bagnall Allelothrips Bagnall, 1932c : 288-289. Type-species A. cincticornis, by monotypy. Pseudaeolothrips Bagnall, 1932c : 290. Type-species P. cameroni, by monotypy. Arhipidothrips Bagnall, 1932c : 293. Type-species A. tenuicornis, by monotypy. Allelothvips Bagnall ; Stannard, 1961 : 9-11. This genus was defined largely on the number of maxillary palp segments and the form of the antennal sensoria. The three nominal genera were separated on the fact that the maxillary palpi were two-segmented in Arhipidothrips, three-segmented in Pseudaeolothrips, and seven- or eight-segmented in Allelothrips. Stannard has indicated that these characters cannot be used to define genera within this group of Aeolothripids. Unfortunately the granular-like markings on the fore wing, men- tioned by Stannard as a generic character, are absent in the males of tenwicornis. This genus is apparently related to Mymarothrips in the sub-basal constriction and the granular-like markings (reduced microtrichia) of the fore wing and also the well developed costal setae. The most distinctive character present in the following species is the sculpture of the metanotum (Text-fig. 1) ; cameroni Bagnall, cincti- cornis Bagnall ; pandyani (R. & M.) ; talithae Faure ; tenwicornis Bagnall. In addition, brunneus Faure is described as having a striate metanotum. Bhatti (1964) indicates that ananthakrishnami Stannard is a synonym of pandyani. These six species may be separated by use of the following key. Key to ALLELOTHRIPS SpeEciEs 1 Antennals I and II brown, at least in part . : : : ; : : : 2 — Antennals I and II not brown . : . F 3 2 Antennal IV brown in distal half, antennal Vv subequal to vi 1p op P . cameroni — Antennal IV not brown, antennal V much shorter than VI-IX ‘ .tenuicornis 3 Antennal IV brown with sinuate sensorium, antennals VI—-IX pale é cincticornis — Antennal IV not brown . : p ; . : : ‘ : : ¢ 4 4 Head longer than prothorax F ; : : , : P ; . pandyani — Head shorter than prothorax ; 5 General colour yellow to light brown, antennal V-IX distinctly darker cana, talithae — General colour brown, antennals V—IX light brown : : : : . brunneus Allelothrips cameroni (Bagnall) Pseudaeolothrips cameroni Bagnall, 1932c : 290-2901. Alleiothrips cameron (Bagnall) Stannard, 1961 : 9. Bagnall refers to one female from Wad Medani and several females from Merebea. Only the Wad Medani specimen, labelled as ‘ Type’ remains in the Collection. Holotype 9. SupDAN : Wad Medani. BAGNALL’S THYSANOPTERA 15 Allelothrips cincticornis Bagnall Allelothrips cincticornis Bagnall, 1932c : 289. Only one female remains in Bagnall’s collection but a specimen was collected by the present author on Ricinus at the type locality on 3.x.1963. Holotype 9. SupAN: Wad Medani, on Naal grass in Insectory, 26.1x.1929 (W. P. L. Cameron). Allelothrips tenuicornis (Bagnall) (Text-fig. 1) Arhipidothrips tenuicornis Bagnall, 1932¢ : 293-294. Allelothrips tenuicornis (Bagnall) Stannard 1961 : 9. The present author collected six females, one male and several larvae of this species on grass and groundnuts at various places in Wad Medani, Sudan, in October 1963. In life the species is very active and moves about on plants with the antennae waving like a small Hymenopteron. LECTOTYPE 9. Supan: Blue Nile Province, Darwish, in ‘ dura’ (Sorghum) field, 1.ix.1931, (W. P. L. Cameron). Andrewarthaia kellyana (Bagnall) Rhipidothrips kellyanus Bagnall, 1924f : 584-585. Andrewarthia kellyana (Bagnall) Mound, 1967b : 47-51. This is apparently a common Australian species on Eucalyptus. The genus is close to Desmothrips but there is a pair of stout setae near the posterior angles of the pronotum. LECTOTYPE 9. SoutH AustraLia : Mount Lofty Ranges, Eucalyptus leucoxy- lon, 22.1v.1923 (R. Kelly). CORYNOTHRIPOIDES Bagnall Corynothripoides Bagnall, 1926a : 170. Type-species C. marginipennis, by monotypy. Corynothripoides marginipennis Bagnall Corynothripoides marginipennis Bagnall, 1926a : 171-172. This remarkable species is apparently only known from a single specimen. The head is produced conically in front of the eyes and there are only two ocelli. The first vein of the fore wing is closely associated with the costa, the costal setae are rather long, and the submedian part of the wing has very reduced microtrichia reminiscent of Allelothrips. Holotype 9. SIERRA LEONE: Taninahun, 6.11.1925 (EF. Hargreaves). 16 L. A. MOUND CRANOTHRIPS Bagnall Cranothrips Bagnall, 1915a : 315. Type-species Cranothrips poultoni, by monotypy. Cranothrips Bagnall ; Mound, 1967b : 53. Cranothrips poultoni Bagnall Cranothrips poultoni Bagnall, 1915a : 316. Cranothrips poultoni Bagnall ; Mound, 1967b : 53-54. This differs from Ankothrips species in having the first, not the second, antennal segment produced at its inner margin into a serrate lobe, and in lacking a stout inter- antennal projection bearing the ante-ocellar setae. The metanotal sculpture consists of a series of arcuate lines concentric about the anterior midpoint of the metanotum. LECTOTYPE 9. WESTERN AUSTRALIA: Nr. Freemantle, on flowers, viii.1g14 (E. B. Poulton No. 17). DESMOTHRIPS Hood Desmothrips Hood, 1915a : 57. Type-species Ovothrips australis Bagnall, by monotypy. Archaeolothrips Bagnall, 1924k : 627. Type-species A. fontis, by monotypy. Desmothrips Hood ; Mound, 1967b : 54-56. Bagnall concluded from a study of the number of maxillary palp segments that Archaeolothrips, based on a single male, was related to Aeolothrips, and that Desmo- thrips was related to Ovothrips. However in Orothrips species all the antennal segments are distinctly separate and the genus is apparently related to Melanthrips. All Desmothrips species are from Australia. Desmothrips australis (Bagnall) Ovothvips australis Bagnall, 1914¢ : 287. Archaeolothrips fontis Bagnall, 1924k : 627-628. Desmothrips australis (Bagnall) ; Mound, 1967b : 57-60. Holotype 2. AusTRALIA : Victoria, Healesville, Xanthorrhoea australis, 12.X.1913 (A. E. Shaw). Holotype ¢ of fontis. AusTRALiaA: Victoria, Healesville, Evythrea australis, 21.xiil.1913 (A. E. Shaw & R. Kelly). Desmothrips obsoletus Bagnall Desmothrips obsoletus Bagnall, 1924k : 626—627. Desmothrips obsoletus Bagnall ; Mound, 1967b : 63. The unique holotype lacks accessory setae on sternites V and VI, and this is unusual in species related to Desmothrips. Holotype 9. AUSTRALIA: Victoria, Melbourne, Brighton Beach, Mesembry- anthemum growing in sand, 8.xii.1923 (R. Kelly). BAGNALL’S THYSANOPTERA 17 Desmothrips propinquus (Bagnall) Orothrips propinquus Bagnall, 1916b : 397. Desmothrips propinquus (Bagnall) ; Mound, 1967b : 65-66. From australis this species can be distinguished by the dark costa around the distal pale area of the fore wing. LECTOTYPE 9. AusTRALIA: Victoria, Creswick, on Sweet Pea, 17.1.1915 (R. Kelly). Desmothrips tenuicornis (Bagnall) Orothrips tenuiconnis Bagnall, 1916b : 397-398. Desmothrips tenuicornis (Bagnall) ; Mound, 1967b : 68-70. Although Bagnall refers to three females in the original description of this species only one remains in the collection, labelled ‘Type’. In spite of the long, clear yellow third antennal segment, tenwicornis is very closely related to australis. Holotype 9. AusTRALIA : Victoria, Healesville, Erythraea australis, 21.xii.1913 (A. E. Shaw & R. Kelly). Franklinothrips tenuicornis Hood Franklinothrips tenuicornis Hood, 1915b : 164-165. (April). Mitothrips petulans Bagnall, 1915d : 496-498. (September). Franklinothrips tenuicornis Hood ; Stannard, 1952 : 14-23. Holotype 2 of petulans. TRINIDAD : Sangre Grande, vii.1913. Melanthrips ficalbii Buffa Melanothrips [sic] ficalbii Buffa, 1907 : 61. Melanothrips [sic] angusticeps Bagnall, 1924a : 10-11. Bagnall considered that angusticeps differed from ficalbit in having the head as long as broad instead of strongly transverse. LECTOTYPE 9 of angusticepbs. ENGLAND: Berks., Cholsey, in yellow flower, ? Potentilla, vi.1913 (R.S.B.). Melanthrips fuscus (Sulzer) Thrips fuscus Sulzer, 1776 : 113. Melancthrips [sic] harrisoni Bagnall, 1930a : 48-49. Melanothrips [sic] bisetosus Bagnall, 1934e : 485-486. Melanthrips fuscus (Sulzer) ; Speyer & Parr, 1950 : 37-39. Bagnall described harrisoni from a single deformed immature female, and the two subapical external setae on the hind tibiae of bisetosuws are variable in development. Holotype 9 of harrison. ENGLAND: Sandhurst, ? grass, vi.1g29. Paratypes g & 9° of bisetosus. FRANCE: Dercy, Pisum sativum, 18.vii.1913 (L. Bru). 18 L. A. MOUND Melanthrips nigricornis Bagnall Malanothrips [sic] nigricornis Bagnall, 1913h : 263-264. Melanothrips [sic\ thymicola Bagnall, 1934e : 486-487. Syn. n. Melanthrips mgricornis Bagnall ; Titschack, 1960 : 29. This species belongs to the group of Melanthrips which have no cilia on the costal margin of the fore wing between the bases of the two cross veins. The wing is not lighter at the base as it isin fuscus. M. pallidior Priesner is closely related and may prove to be a smaller and more common form of this species. Bagnall described thymicola from two male and two female specimens, all mounted under one cover- glass and in poor condition. These were said to differ from nigricornis in possessing a long subapical hair on the hind tibiae. However this hair is present, although not so elongate, in the paratypes of nigricornis. LECTOTYPE 9. N.E. Tunisia: Djebel Achkel, on Convolvulus tricolor, 27.11.1913 (P. A. Buxton). Syntypes of thymicola. FRANCE: Alpes Maritimes, Cap-Ferrat, on Thymus vulgare, 25.11.1913. MYMAROTHRIPS Bagnall Mymarothrips Bagnall, 1928a : 306. Type-species M. ritchianus, by monotypy. Bagnall erected a new family and superfamily of Thysanoptera for this genus, although these groups are no longer used. The wings are narrowed basally and greatly expanded subapically. The microtrichia of the submedian part of the wing are very reduced and the costal setae are long. The antennal segments are short and broad, almost quadrate, with numerous setae, and the maxillary palps are multi- segmented. The genus is probably derived from Allelothrips like Aeolothripids, in which group the antennal structure is highly variable between species and the maxillary palps are often much divided. Mymarothrips ritchianus Bagnall Mymarothrips vitchianus Bagnall, 1928a : 306-307. Holotype 9. TANGANYIKA: Rubunge, on Coffea arabica, 21.1x.1926 (A. H. Ritchie 526). RHIPIDOTHRIPIELLA Bagnall Rhipidothripiella Bagnall, 1932c : 292-293. Type-species Rhipidothrips turnert Moulton, 1930a : 197-198, by monotypy. The single species for which this genus was erected is more closely related to Allelothrips than to Rhipidothrips. However the fore wings are not as Bagnall stated ‘ as in Allelothrips’, although the costal setae are well developed the wing is BAGNALL’S THYSANOPTERA 19 barely constricted toward the base. The metanotal sculpture (Text-fig. 2) of turnert is quite different from that of Allelothrips species. The holotype of turneri is in the British Museum and the collection data are SouTH AFRICA : Orange Free State, Harrismith, iti.1927 (R. E. Turner). Rhipidothrips gratiosus Uzel Rhipidothrips gratiosus Uzel, 1895 : 66-68. Rhipidothrips uzelianus Bagnall, 1934e : 482. Rhipothrips gratiosus Uzel ; Bailey, 1954 : 218. R. uzelianus is now recognized as a small form of gratiosus. Holotype 92 of wzelianus. SWITZERLAND: Zurich, Uteliberg, on Brachypodium, vii.1925 (R.S.B.). HETEROTHRIPIDAE HOLARTHROTHRIPS Bagnall Holarthrothrips Bagnall, 1927b : 562-563. Type-species H. tenuicornis, by monotypy. Bagnall proposed a new family, Opadothripidae, to include this genus and the fossil genus Opadothrips Priesner. This family name is not used at present. Holarthrothrips tenuicornis Bagnall (Text-figs. 3 & 6) Holarthrothrips tenuicornis Bagnall, 1927b : 563-564. Although the sensoria on antennals III and IV are similar to those of Oligothrips oreios Moulton, the two genera differ in the chaetotaxy of the head and pronotum as well as in the sculpture of the metanotum. Holotype 9. FRANCE : St. Cyr-sur-Mer, on Grape, ix.1927 (R.S.B.). THRIPIDAE Anaphothrips badius (Williams) Euthrips badius Williams, 1913 : 221-224. Anaphothrips badius Williams var. pectens Bagnall, 1923b : 57. Bagnall indicated that one of his specimens had finer microtrichia on the eighth tergite than the type of badius. There is no significant difference between the forms. Holotype 2 of pectens. ENGLAND : Oxford, Weston-on-the-Green (R.S.B.). 20 L. A. MOUND Anaphothrips cameroni (Bagnall) Euthrips cameroni Bagnall, 1919 : 271-272. As indicated in the original description, this species is close to obscurus (Mill.), from which it differs in the darker colour and the long, even comb on tergite eight. The male has similar appendages to obscurus on tergite nine. Holotype 9. CANADA: Saskatchewan, Semans, in injured wheat stems, 4.vill.1917 (A. E. Cameron). Anaphothrips gracillimus Priesner (Text-figs. 4 & 5) Anaphothrips gracillimus Priesner, 1923b : 82-83. Anaphothrips debilis Bagnall, 1927a : 568-569. Syn. n. Anaphothrips johni Bagnall, 1933c : 653. Syn. n. A. debilis was distinguished from gracillimus by its small size and the darker colour of antennal II, and A. johni was stated to be intermediate between these two species. Both debilis and johni are here regarded as small forms of gracillimus, since they do not differ from that species in the form of cuticular sculpture, nor the arrangement of setae. The trichomes of antennal III may be simple, forked, or partially forked with the forks unequally developed (Text-figs. 4 & 5). LECTOTYPE 9° (microptera) of debilis. FRANCE : L’Almanarre, nr. Hyéres, on Juncus at edge of salt marsh, 11.1927 (R.S.B.). LECTOTYPE 9 (microptera) of johni. FRANCE : nr. Plage d’Hyéres, on Grass, edge of the Salins, ix.1927 (R.S.B.). Anaphothrips obscurus (Miller) Thrips obscura Miller, 1776 : 96. Anaphothrips obscurus (Miller) ; Priesner, 1926 : 183-187. Anaphothrips discrepans Bagnall, 1933c : 651-652. Bagnall described discrepans as a ‘ small and slender edition of obscurus’ and it does not appear to differ from that species in any fundamental way. LECTOTYPE 9° of discrepans. FRANCE: Arcachon, Mouth of the Teste, on Juncus, vii.1g26 (R.S.B.). Anaphothrips orchidaceus Bagnall Anaphothrips orchidaceus Bagnall, 1909a : 33-34. Anaphothrips orchidaceus ssp. orchidaceus Bagnall ; Sakimura, 1967 : 89-94. This is a very distinctive species with long brown antennae, found occasionally as a pest in greenhouses. Lectotype 9. ENGLanp: Northumberland, Wylam-on-Tyne, on Odonto- glossum crispum, viil.1907 (R.S.B.). BAGNALL’S THYSANOPTERA 21 Anaphothrips sudanensis Trybom Anaphothrips sudanensis Trybom, 1911 : 1—4. Euthrips flavicinctus Karny, t912b : 115-117. Syn. n. Euthvips (Anaphothrips) alternans Bagnall, 1913f : 291-292. Syn. n. Euthrips citricinctus Bagnall, 1919 : 270-271. Anaphothrips bicoloy Morgan, 1925 : 4-5. Syn. n. Anaphothrips transvaalensis Faure, 1925 : 150-153. Syn. n. In the original description Trybom states that this species has simple sense cones on antennals III and IV. The two syntypes, still in alcohol, have been borrowed recently from the Riksmuseum Stockholm and mounted in balsam. The coloration has faded seriously, but forked sense cones are clearly visible on the antennal segments. Type specimens of bicolor, flavicinctus and transvaalensis have been studied. The species can be recognized, not only from its coloration, but also by the sculpture of the metanotum and abdominal tergites, the small median setae of the tergites, and the stout teeth of the eighth tergal comb. The pronotum, abdominal segment five and antennal V-_are all quite variable in colour, from clear yellow to light brown. The adults and larvae live within the leaf sheaths of many Gramineae and cause reddish brown longitudinal markings on the expanded leaves, not unlike rust fungi. LECTOTYPE 9°. Supan: South of Kaka, inner halb Grasscheiden, 7.ii.1g01 (I. Trdgardh). Riksmuseum Stockholm. LECTOTYPE 9 of flavicinctus. JAVA: Salatiga, Blattgallen von Homalomena sp., 17.v.1909 (Docters v. Leeuwen). H. Priesner Collection. LECTOTYPE 9Q of alternans. Ecyrt: Bahteem, nr. Cairo, on Maize, I.v.IgII (F. C. Willcocks). Holotype 9 of citricinctus. INDIA: N. Malabar, on Arrowroot leaves, ix.1g18 (Ramakrishna). Anaphothrips tamaricis Bagnall Anaphothrips tamaricis Bagnall, 1926e : 645-646. Oxythrips navasi Bagnall, 1926e : 648-649. Anaphothrips (Tamaricothrips) tamaricis Bagnall; Priesner, 1964 : 49. This species can be separated from Oxythrips species by the presence of a comb on the eighth tergite. The tergal pores are not very close to the hind margins and the median part of the tergites is without sculpture, whereas in Oxythrips species the pores are separated from the hind margins only by a distance about equal to their diameter and the median part of the tergites bears several transverse lines of sculpture. LECTOTYPE 9. FRAncE : Perpignan, Canet-le-Plage, Tamarix gallica, viii.1926 (it.9.5.). LECTOTYPE 9 of navasi. Spain : [Saragossa, vill.1913 (L. Navds)]. 22 L. A. MOUND Anaphothrips tamicola (Bagnall) Euthrips tamicola Bagnall, 1914e : 273-274. This species is apparently common on its host plant, Tamus communis, in Western Europe. The body is dark brown, with the tarsi, tibiae and antennals III and IV yellow. The tenth abdominal segment of the pink larvae has a pair of horns (modified setae) at the apex similar to those found in stlvarwm Priesner and the species of Oxythrips. LECTOTYPE 9. Encrianp : Oxford, Yarnton, in flowers of Tamus communis, vi.1914 (R.S.B.). Anaphothrips vitalbae Bagnall Anaphothrips vitalbae Bagnall, 1926e : 644-645. The antennae of this species, with numerous rings of microtrichia, are very similar to betae Uzel. Also the sculpture of the two species, particularly on the thorax, shows some similarities. The genus Dictyothrips, defined by Uzel for the single species betae, is regarded by the present author as a synonym of Anaphothrips. LECTOTYPE 9. Itaty: S. Vito (Modena), on Vitalba, 9.vii.1g17 (C. Minozzt). APTEROTHRIPS Bagnall Apterothrips Bagnall, 1908c : 185. Type-species A. subreticulata, by monotypy. Apterothrips Bagnall ; Priesner, 1964 : 53. This genus is commonly regarded as a synonym of Anaphothrips, although Bagnall compared the type-species to swbapterus Haliday, which is now placed in Tmetothrips. Apterothrips secticornis (Trybom) Thrips secticovnis Trybom, 1896 : 620-622. Apterothrips subreticulata Bagnall, 1908c : 185-186. Apterothrips secticornis (Trybom) ; Priesner, 1964 : 53. This species is widespread on grasses, according to Priesner, in North Europe and northern parts of America. The present author has seen specimens from the Falkland Islands. LECTOTYPE 9° of subreticulata. CANADA: Queen Charlotte Island, Masset, B.M. 1900-102. APTINOTAHRIPS Haliday A ptinothrips Haliday, 1836 : 445. Type-species Thrips rufa Gmelin, by monotypy. Uzeliella Bagnall, 1908a : 5. Type-species U. lubbocki, by monotypy. BAGNALL’S THYSANOPTERA 23 Aptinothrips rufus (Gmelin) Thrips rufa Gmelin, 1790 : 2224. Uzeliella lubbocki Bagnall, 1908a : 5-6. Bagnall described his species from a single female collected on sea-weed at Whitley Bay, Northumberland, x.1906. Asprothrips indicus (Bagnall) comb. nov: (Text-figs. 9 & 10) Dendrothrips indicus Bagnall, 1919 : 261. Although described as being ‘ very near to Dendrothrips sexmaculatus ’, the species indicus must be removed from Dendrothrips on account of the wing structure and body chaetotaxy. The cilia arise close to the anterior margin of the fore wing, not as in Dendrothrips at some distance from the margin, and moreover they form a continuous row to the wing apex. The wing apex bears two stout setae and the cilia of the hind margin are wavy, not straight. The median setae of the abdominal tergites are not longer than the distance between them, and the marginal setae on the ninth tergite are much shorter than the tenth segment in the female. In these characters indicus resembles antennatus Moulton, the type-species of Asprothrips. They differ, however, in the sculpture of the cuticle, and the structure of the hind tarsi. In indicus only the first two pairs of legs have two-segmented tarsi, whereas in antennatus all the tarsi are two-segmented. The following description is based on two females and two males, and these have been compared with four females from the type series of Asprothrips raui Crawford, a junior synonym of antennatus Moulton. FEMALE : Brown, all tarsi yellow. Antennal II brown, I and VI to VIII light-brown, III to V yellow. Fore wing pale with second quarter dark brown and a pale brown subapical band, posterior marginal cilia dark. Head broad, eyes occupy about two-thirds of head length ; dorsal surface sculptured ; setae minute 3u long ; one pair of ocellar setae on anterolateral sides of ocellar triangle, one pair lateral to first ocellus close to compound eyes ; three pairs of postocular setae, the median pair close to posterior ocelli. Mouth-cone short, maxillary palpi three-segmented. Antennae eight-segmented, II large and globular, III small and constricted at base, V and VI broadly united ; trichomes on III and IV broadly U-shaped. Pronotum with transversely anastomosing sculpture, some of the elongate reticulations with internal markings. Setae small, anterior margin with three pairs, posterior margin with four or five pairs about 8u long, disc with about six pairs about 3u. long. Metanotum with two pairs of minute setae, internal thoracic skeleton typically Dendrothripid as in Asprothrips rawi. Fore and mid tarsi two-segmented, hind tarsi undivided. Setae of fore wing on costa and also first and second veins minute, more slender than the microtrichia of the pigmented areas. Wing apex with two stout setae, posterior fringe wavy. Abdominal tergites with a median groove, laterally with strong transverse sculpture. Median paired setae minute, about 5u, submedian paired setae close to the tergite pore. Tergites two to nine with one pair of small posterior marginal setae ; eighth tergite without a comb. Sternites with three pairs of small marginal setae, 24 L. A. MOUND Fics. 8-12. Fig. 8. Euhydatothvips nigripennis, right antenna. F igs.9 & 10. Aspvothrips indicus : 9, Metanotum. to. Left antenna of male. Fig. 11. Dendrothrips jeanneli, metanotum. Fig. 12. Bvregmatothrips vamakrishnae, left margin of tergite VII of female paratype. BAGNALL’S THYSANOPTERA 25 Mate: Colour paler than in female. Sculpture and chaetotaxy very similar to female, tergites IX and X almost identical in the two sexes. Sternites III to VIII with a small circular glandular area, sternal marginal setae longer than in the female. Measurements (in 1) of Lectotype 2 : Body length 750 ; wing length 500 ; head length 130, breadth 80 ; antennal segments III to VIII length 31, 31, 29, 34, 8, 11 ; tergite IX marginal seta 8 ; hind tibia 115. LECTOTYPE 9. [Inp1a: Malabar, on Arrow root leaves, ix.1g18 (Rama- krishna)|, Reg. 337. ‘Astrothrips roboris (Bagnall) comb. n. Tryphactothrips roboris Bagnall, 1919 : 257-258. Astrothvips (Gamothrips) connaticornis Priesner, 1965 : 214-216. Syn. n. The unique holotype of this species lacks antennae, but the present author has examined both males and females from Southern Nigeria, along with an undescribed member of the genus. A. pentatoma Hood is probably a synonym. Holotype 9. [GHANA: Aburi, Thunbergia laurifolia, 11.xi.1915 (W. H. Patterson)|, Reg. 281. Syntypes ¢ & 99 of connaticornis. SuDAN : Wad Medani, on climbing plant, 1.1931 (W. P. L. Cameron). AUSTRALOTHRIPS Bagnall Australothrips Bagnall, 1916a : 214-215. Type-species A. bicolor, by monotypy. Australothrips bicolor Bagnall (Text-fig. 7) Australothrips bicolor Bagnall, 1916a : 215. In the extreme reduction of the wing setae and the presence of simple sense cones on the antennae, this species appears to be related to Rhipiphorothrips cruentatus Hood. However, in the latter genus the costal setae are quite absent, the first vein of the fore wing is complete and bears very reduced setae, and the second vein is fused to the hind margin. In Australothrips bicolor the costal setae are present, although no longer than the tubercles upon which each is set, the first vein is fused to the costa, and the second vein free along the length of the wing as in Dinurothrips. The sense cones of antennals III and IV in bicolor are set in cup-shaped depressions. Adults and larvae of this species have recently been received from Eucalyptus obliqua, Belair National Park, South Australia. The published type locality is Healesville, but this is not entered on the syntype slides. Syntypes (52, 3g on four slides). AUSTRALIA : Victoria, [Healesville], Eucalyptus viminalis (R. Kelly 107). 26 L. A. MOUND BALIOTHRIPS Uzel Baliothrips Uzel, 1895 : 204-205. Type-species Thrips dispar Haliday, by monotypy. Euchaetothrips Bagnall, 1916b : 402. Type-species Thrips kroeli Schille, 1911. Syn. n. Stenchaetothvips Bagnall, 1926c : 107. Type-species Stenchaetothrips melanurus, by monotypy. Syn. n. Bagnall indicated that the genus Euchaetothrips, which he erected for kroeli Schille, was ‘ nearest Thrips (Bagnallia group)’. Bagnallia, as used by Bagnall, is synonym- ous with Baliothrips, Stenchaetothrips was based on two damaged females, and in the opinion of the present author biformis, dispar, kroeli, melanurus and vitipennis should be regarded as congeneric. These five species differ from Thrips species in the arrangement of the postocular setae. If these setae are numbered from the median pair outwards, then pair two is always displaced to the posterior of pairs one, three and four. These postocular setae are well separated from the eye, the cheeks rather long and straight, and the head broadest across the eyes. The fifth antennal segment is broad at the apex and the metanotum is striate. The species may be separated as follows :— Key to BALIOTHRIPS SPeEcIEs 1 Anterior border of pronotum with two pairs of setae, the median pair rather elongate ; maxillary palpi three-segmented . : : kroeli Schille — Anterior border of pronotum with four or more pairs of setae—48 one pair is elongate, then these arise just behind the anterior border ; palpi two- or three-segmented . 2 2 One pair of submarginal setae near anterior border of eam rather longer than the the other marginal setae : : 3 — Setae on anterior border of acta of equal length, all arising at the maxpin ; microtrichia of eighth tergal comb simple, each base bears a single apex. : 4 3. Microtrichia of comb on eighth tergite compound, several apices arise from each base ; maxillary palpi two-segmented ; body dark . . dispar Haliday — Comb absent from eighth tergite ; maxillary a three- segmented body pale, abdominal segments IX and X dark : . melanurus Bagnall 4 Pronotal disc without setae ? 4 vittipennis Bagnall — Pronotal disc with three or more pairs of ee: ; mazallary palpi three-segmented biformis Bagnall Baliothrips biformis (Bagnall) Bagnallia biformis Bagnall, 1913k : 237-238. Bagnallia biformis var. adusta Bagnall, 1913k : 238. Bagnallia biformis var. melanurus Bagnall, 1913k : 238. Thrips biformis (Bagnall) ; Priesner, 1964 : 95. Baliothrips biformis (Bagnall) ; Mound, 1967a : 16. The specimen labelled ‘ biformis v. adusta 9 Type’ and one female and three males labelled ‘ biformis Cotypes’ have been ruined, due to the mountant turning black and the insect body decomposing. The only other material available from the original series is a male and female mounted by C. B. Williams, and it is this female which is here selected as Lectotype. LECTOTYPE 9. Encrianp : Oxford, Weston-on-the-Green, on sedge, I3.viil. TOTS". .) BAGNALL’S THYSANOPTERA 27 Baliothrips dispar (Haliday) Thrips dispar Haliday, 1936 : 449. Bagnallia agnessae Bagnall, 1911b : 7-8. Bagnallia halidayi Bagnall, 1911b : 8-9. Baliothrips dispar (Haliday) ; Bagnall, 1914c : 297. Baliothrips exilis Bagnall, 1928e : 154-155. In 1914, Bagnall acknowledged the fact that his species agnessae, based on females, and halidayi, based on four males, were synonymous with dispar. The two speci- mens later described as exilis are small females of dispar. Syntypes 2 of agnessae. ENGLAND: County Durham, Gibside, on grasses, x.1gI0. LECTOTYPE 9& of exilis. [ENGLAND : Manchester, Burnage Lane, on Holcus lanatus, 19.vili.1925 (H. Britten)). LECTOTYPE 9° of halidayi. ENGLAND : Epping Forest, on grasses, ix.1g10. Baliothrips melanurus (Bagnall) comb. n. Stenchaetothrips melanurus Bagnall, 1926c : 108. This species was considered by Bagnall to be related to ‘ Anaphothrips, Bregmato- thrips and Oxythrips’. The ocellar and postocular chaetotaxy is similar to the other Baliothrips species and the metanotum is striate as in biformis. The tergites are devoid of sculpture medially and there is no comb on the eighth tergite. The pale colour with dark abdominal apex is quite distinctive. The present author has examined one female apparently of this species trapped in Mokwa, Northern Nigeria. Syntypes 9. SuDAN: Khartoum, on Green Tura (? Sorghum) 23.viii.1gt0 (King). Baliothrips vittipennis Bagnall Baliothrips vittipennis Bagnall, 1927b : 574-575. Although probably closely related to dispar, the holotype of vittipennis lacks a long pair of setae near the anterior margin of the pronotum, and the eighth tergal comb is regular. The maxillary palpi are not visible in the only available specimen. Holotype 9. FRANCE: l’Estaque near Marseille, on grasses near sea, ix.1927 (iz.S.B.). Bandamia melanophthalma (Bagnall) A ptinothrips melanophthalmus Bagnall, 1927b : 567-568. A ptinothrips melanophthalmus Bagnall ; Speyer, 1935 : 498-500. Bandamia melanophthalma (Bagnall) zur Strassen, 1956 : 16-19. 28 L. A. MOUND Bagnall described this species from a single female, and zur Strassen having found the species in the Canary Islands has recently redescribed it as the type of a new monotypic genus. It is apparently a grass-living species. Holotype 9. FRANCE : |’Estaque near Marseille, on a crucifer, ix.1927 (R.S.B.). BRACHYUROTHRIPS Bagnall Brachyurothrips Bagnall, 1921b : 265. Type-species B. anomalus, by monotypy. Brachyurothrips Bagnall ; Bagnall, 1929d : 69. Brachyurothrips Bagnall ; Costa Lima, 1956 : 559-563. Costa Lima has suggested from a consideration of the descriptions, that this genus is identical with Xestothrips Priesner. However, Brachyurothrips is clearly different from both Selenothrips and Xestothrips in having only one pair of ocellar setae, simple trichomes on antennals III and IV, only one seta on the second vein of the fore wing, and few setae on the pronotum. Brachyurothrips anomalus Bagnall Brachyurothrvips anomalus Bagnall, 1921b : 265-266. Brachyurothrips hargreavesi Bagnall, 1929d : 70-71. Syn. n. Brachyurothrips walteri Costa Lima, 1956 : 560-562. Syn. n. The description of anomalus was based on a single damaged female from which the antennae are missing. Although hargreavesi was described from several females, no attempt was made to compare the two species, and it is clear that Bagnall was in some doubt as to the validity of the second name. No difference can be found between the two forms and they are here regarded as synonymous. The type specimen of waltevi from Bahia has not been examined, but the author has seen one female collected by G. Bondar on leaves of Malvaceae, 17.iii.1926, at Bahia, Brazil, which is anomalus. The description of walteri does not indicate any differences from the type of the genus. In addition to the characters given under the genus above, anomalus is remarkable in the very long costal setae, the long microtrichia of the wing, and the microtrichia on the median part of each tergite, particularly the eighth just anterior to the comb. Holotype 9. SEYCHELLES : Mahé, 1908-1909. No. 97. Syntypes 6 2 of hargreavesi. SIERRA LEONE: Niala, on Acalypha, 8.viii.1926 (E. Hargreaves No. 240). Bregmatothrips ramakrishnae Bagnall (Text-fig. 12) Bregmatothrips vamakrishnae Bagnall, 1923c : 625-626. Neolimothrips saccharvivova Shumsher ; Ananthakrishnan 1966 : 30-31. Neolimothrips is here regarded as being synonymous with Bregmatothrips in view of the close similarity of the setal arrangement of the head and pronotum, and the BAGNALL’S THYSANOPTERA 29 position of the setae and pori on the abdominal tergites. The weakly sclerotized posterior marginal fringe of the abdominal tergites is distinctly scalloped in venustus, the type of Bregmatothrips, weakly scalloped in ramakrishnae, and slightly indented in brachycephalus, the type of Neolimothrips. Similarly, the presence of a septum in the elongate distal segment of the maxillary palps in venustus, which is apparently not developed in brachycephalus, is a matter of degree rather than a basic difference. In addition to the characters given by Ananthakrishnan, these two Indian species can be recognized by the differences in sculpture on the metanotum. LECTOTYPE 9. [Inp1A: South Arcot, Palur, on Sugar Cane leaf tips, 29.x. 1918], Reg. 238. Bregmatothrips saccharicola Bagnall Bregmatothrips saccharicola Bagnall, 1923c : 626-627. This species is known from a single teneral female from which the antennae are missing. It differs from other Bregmatothrips species in having longitudinal stria- tions on the metanotum, the median pair of postocular setae anterior to the sub- median pair, and the abdominal tergites with sculpture extending across the median part of these sclerites. The first vein of the fore wing bears about nine setae distal to the junction of the first and second veins. The maxillary palpi are not visible, but there are three pairs of ocellar setae, pair three being on the anterior margins of the ocellar triangle and rather longer than the side of the triangle. Holotype 9. SupAN : Khartoum, on green Sugar Cane, vil.1g10 (King). Caliothrips graminicola (Bagnall & Cameron) Hercothrips graminicola Bagnall & Cameron, 1932d : 417-418. Caliothrips graminicola (Bagnall & Cameron) ; Faure, 1957 : 79-88. This species is very close to indicus and is known from Sudan, Rhodesia and South Africa. LECTOTYPE 9. Supan : Wad Medani, Gezira Research Farm, on Naal grass, 18.ix.1930 (W. P. L. Cameron). Caliothrips impurus (Priesner) Heliothrips impurus Priesner, 1927b : 61. Hercothrips fumipennis Bagnall & Cameron, 1932d : 413-415. Caliothrips impurus (Priesner) ; Faure, 1962 : 14. Originally described from Southern Nigeria, this species is known from Gambia, Sudan, Eritraea and Rhodesia. It can be a serious pest of seedling cotton but may build up large populations on other plants, particularly Arachis hypogoea. Syntypes of fumipenmis 99 3g. SupAN : Khartoum, Wellcome Trust Research Laboratories, on Cotton leaves, 2.x.1926 (W. P. L. Cameron). 30 L. A. MOUND Caliothrips indicus (Bagnall) Heliothrips indicus Bagnall, 1913f : 291-292. Caliothrips indicus (Bagnall) ; Faure, 1962 : 12. In this species the distal extremity of antennal V is barely lighter than the base of VI, whereas in the closely related African graminicola antennal V is much lighter than VI. LECTOTYPE 9. Invi: Bengal, Sirsiah, on Indigo, 1908 (Lefroy). Caliothrips sudanensis (Bagnall & Cameron) Hercothrips sudanensis Bagnall & Cameron, 1932d : 415-417. Calhiothrips sudanensis (Bagnall & Cameron) ; Faure, 1962 : IT. The distribution and biology of this species in East Africa is apparently similar to impurus, however, sudanensis has not been recorded from West Africa. Syntypes 992 gg. Supan: Khartoum, Wellcome Trust Research Laboratories, on Cotton, 1.11.1927 (W. P. L. Cameron). Cestrothrips karnyi (Bagnall) Rhamphothrips kavnyi Bagnall, 1927b : 572-573. Cestrothrips karnyi (Bagnall) ; Priesner, 1964 : 83-84. The two females and single male available are too opaque to attempt a redescrip- tion of this unusual species. The prothorax, which is wider at the posterior than the anterior, recalls Mycterothrips, as does the small head and long mouth cone. Con- trary to the descriptions the eighth tergal comb is well developed, long and fine as in Mycterothrips and the metathoracic furca appears to have a spinula. However, there are no traces of any microtrichia on the tergites which are so typical of Myctero- thrips. The nine-segmented antennae and the absence of major pronotal setae may indicate some relationship with Anaphothrips. LECTOTYPE 9. France: Iles d’Hyeres, Porquerolles, Evica arborea, ix.1927 CESS a3.) Chaetanaphothrips signipennis (Bagnall) Scirtothrips signipennis Bagnall, 1914b : 22-23. Chaetanaphothrips signipennis (Bagnall) ; Stannard, 1956b : 175. As Stannard has pointed out, this species differs from orchidii in having a pair of setae anterolateral to the first ocellus, a glandular area on the third sternite of the female, and the fifth seta from the mid-line on the hind margin of the pronotum less than half as long as the third. Holotype 9. CryLton: Peradeniya, under leaf-sheath of banana, 16.v1.1913 (A. Rutherford). BAGNALL’S THYSANOPTERA 31 Chirothrips aculeatus Bagnall Chirothrips similis of Priesner, 1926 : 142, nec Bagnall, 1909. Chirothrips aculeatus Bagnall, 1927a : 567. Chirothrips angusticornis Bagnall, 1932b : 186-187. Chirothrips aculaetus Bagnall ; zur Strassen 1960 : 168. Bagnall stated that aculeatus was ‘ readily separated from similis by the long pointed end of the abdomen ’, and indicated that the species had been fully described by Priesner on material from Austria and Hungary. No types were designated but one of the original specimens collected by Pillich in Hungary is here designated as lectotype. Some of the material referred to by Bagnall as aculeatus was later described by him as angusticornis on the grounds that these specimens were smaller and paler. LECTOTYPE 9. Huncaria: Simontornya, ‘ Weingarten Gramineen’, 5.v. 1924 (F. Pillich). LECTOTYPE 9 of angusticornis. FRANCE : Gavarnie, on grass, no date (Randall Cooke). Chirothrips africanus Priesner Chirothrips africanus Priesner, 1932a : 46-47. Chirothrips aethiops Bagnall, 1932b : 184. This species is closely related to manicatus Hal. and pallidicornis Pr. It may be recognized by the straight exterior margin of antennal II similar to pallidicornis, the four setae on the hind vein of the fore wing as in manicatus, and the fact that antennal VII is distinctly longer than VIII. Priesner notes that this is a common species in Egypt, and the present author has taken it several times in Wad Medani, Sudan. It has been recorded from Cyprus and India. Further comments on this specimen will be found under manicatus. Holotype 2 of aethiops. SupDAN: Wad Medani, Gezira Research Farm, on Medicago sativa, 5.11.1931 (W. P. L. Cameron). Chirothrips manicatus Haliday Thrips (Chirothrips) manicata Haliday, 1836 : 444. Chirothrips similis Bagnall, 1900f : 34-35. Chirothrips ammophilae Bagnall, 1927b : 564-565. Syn. n. Chirothrips similis var. productus Bagnall, 1932b : 184. Chirothrips ambulans Bagnall, 1932b : 185. Chirothrips laingi Bagnall, 1932b : 185-186. Chirothrips manicatus Haliday ; zur Strassen, 1959 : 89. The above synonymy is taken from the studies on Chivothrips by zur Strassen (1959 and 1960). Priesner (1964 : 110) is not fully in agreement with these con- clusions, particularly concerning the nominal species pallidicornis Priesner. In the present author’s opinion, if pallidicornis is a distinct species! then ammophilae (syn. 1 Zur Strassen (1967, J. ent. Soc. sth. Afr. 29 : 33) has recently shown that pallidicornis is to be re- garded as a valid species. 32 L. A. MOUND laingt) is also distinct from manicatus. If, however, pallidicornis is synonymous with manicatus, then not only ammophilae but also, in all probability, africanus must be included as synonyms. These forms have been separated on the length of the tenth abdominal segment, the length of the ante-ocular projection, and the concavity or straightness of the outer margin of antennal II. Speyer (in litt.) has indicated that pallidicornis from New Zealand was restricted to Dactylis glomerata and manicatus was found on Alopecurus pratensis. Since Chirothrips species breed within the seeds of grasses it is possible that this close relationship between insect and host plant has facilitated the production of host-limited forms. LECTOTYPE 9° of similis. ENGLAND: Durham, Gibside, on grass, 1908 (R.S.B.). Syntypes 2 of ammophilae. FRANCE: Plage d’Hyéres, Ammophila, ix.1927 (R.S.B.). LECTOTYPE 9 of productus. Spain : Puigcerda, Avena, viii.1926 (R.S.B.). LECTOTYPE 9 of ambulans. GaAtvicta : ex Collection Schille. LECTOTYPE 9 of lJaingi. France: Plage d’Hyéres, Ammophila, 1x.1927 (R.S.B.). Chirothrips meridionalis Bagnall Chirothrips meridionalis Bagnall, 1927a : 566. This is one of the few described species of Chirothrips with a forked trichome on antennal IV. It is readily separated from aculeatus Bagnall by the absence of any ante-ocular head projection and the weakness of the external projection on antennal II. The species has been found not only in the Mediterranean region, but also in North West Pakistan, and Mokwa, North Nigeria. LECTOTYPE 9. France: Villefranche, on Brachypodium ramosum, 11.1927 (K.S.B.). Craspedothrips minor (Bagnall) comb. n. Physothrips minor Bagnall, 1921d : 393-394. Zur Strassen (1966b) erected Craspedothrips for hargreavesi Karny, 1925, a species widespread in Africa. Bagnall described minor from two damaged females, one from Coimbatore and the other from Maddur in Southern India, and these specimens are very similar to hargreavest. There are three pairs of ocellar setae and no sternal accessories, and both pairs of metanotal setae are at the anterior border. The sensoria on antennals III and IV are thick and sausage-like, and antennal IV is constricted in the apical half. The posteromarginal fringes of the tergites and sternites are not so well developed as in hargreavsi. Toxothrips ricinus Bhatti, 1967 is very similar to minor. oe BAGNALL’S THYSANOPTERA 33 LECTOTYPE 9. Inp1A: Mysore, Maddur, Ipomea staphylina, 30.viii.1g18 (Ramakrishna). DENDROTHRIPOIDES Bagnall Dendrothripoides Bagnall, 1923c : 624-625. Type-species D. ipomeae, by monotypy. The abdominal tergites of the species included in this genus bear laterally numerous, very stout microtrichia. The setae on the ninth abdominal tergite are very long and stout, rather flattened apically. In the structure and reduction of the wing setae the genus resembles Asprothrips. Dendrothripoides ipomeae Bagnall Dendrothripoides ipomeae Bagnall, 1923c : 625. Dendrothripoides ipomeae Bagnall ; Faure, 1941 : 107-110. In describing a second species in this genus, venustus, Faure gave a number of additional details concerning the structure of ipomeae. The species is represented in the British Museum (Natural History) by the type series, and also females and larvae from Bermuda. Syntypes 99 g. INpIA: Mysore, Maddur, on [pomea staphylina, 30.viii.1918 (Ramakrishna). DENDROTHRIPS Uzel Dendrothrips Uzel, 1895 : 159-160. Type-species D. tiliae Uzel, a synonym of D. ornatus Jablonowsky, 1894, designated by Priesner, 1925. Dendrothripiella Bagnall, 1927a : 567. Type-species D. phyllireae, by monotypy. Dendrothrips Uzel ; Faure, 1960a : 16. Bagnall described Dendrothripiella ‘ As in Dendrothrips, but with the antenna 7- jointed’. Faure has shown that the divisions of the apical antennal segments in this group are variable, and the genus is now used for species with antennae seven- to nine-segmented. Dendrothrips decoris (Bagnall) Dendrothvipiella decoris Bagnall, 1927b : 568-570. Dendrothrips decoris (Bagnall) ; Faure, 1960a : 16. This species is distinctively coloured, having antennals III, IV and V, and also the abdomen yellow, with the head, thorax and wings dark. The antennae are seven- or eight-segmented. LECTOTYPE 9. France: Plage d’Hyéres, [Phyllirea or Quercus cocctfera], ix,1927 (K.S.B.). 34 L. A. MOUND Dendrothrips jeanneli Bagnall (Text-fig. 11) Dendrothrips jeanneli Bagnall, 1919 : 260-261. Dendrothrips jeanneli Bagnall ; Faure, 1964 : 62-69. Faure redescribed this species without being able to compare the unique holotype with his South African specimens. However, his description clearly applies to this species, although one important character was not mentioned. The sternites of the female bear far more setae, six or more pairs, than any other described member of the genus. The present author has also seen numerous males and females of this species caught in yellow water-traps at Mokwa, Central Nigeria. In a small percentage of the specimens examined the terminal antennal segment is undivided, as in the holo- type, whereas most individuals have nine segmented antennae. Holotype 9. [Kenya : Lake Victoria, Kisumu], 6.xii.1g11 (Alluaud & Jeannel). Dendrothrips ornatus (Jablonowsky) Thrips ovnatus Jablonowsky, 1894 : 93-99. Dendrothrips ornatus var. schillei Bagnall, 1927b : 568. Dendrothrips schillei Bagnall ; Bagnall, 1930a : 49. The form schillei was described by Bagnall as having more extensive pale areas on the fore wing than ovnatus. This species is variable in pigmentation and is occasion- ally a pest of Ligustruwm (Privet) in England. Holotype @ of schillet. GatLiciA : ex collection Schille. Dendrothrips phyllireae (Bagnall) Dendrothripiella phylliveae Bagnall, 1927a : 567-568. Dendyrothrips phylliveae (Bagnall) Faure, 1960a : 20. This species was designated as the type of a monotypic genus, Dendrothripiella, which only differed from Dendrothrips in having seven-segmented antennae. Bagnall suggested that the species was near to saltator Uzel, but the sculpture of the metanotum and tergites is very different in these two forms. The specimen here selected as lectotype is labelled ‘ cotype’, but it is the only member of the type series remaining in the Bagnall collection. LECTOTYPE 9. FRANcE: nr. Hyéres la Plage, on Phyllirea angustifolia, i127, (sseb.)- Dendrothrips saltator Uzel Dendrothrips saltatrix Uzel, 1895 : 164-165. Dendrothrips peucedani Bagnall, 1932a : 162-163. Dendrothrips saltatoy Uzel ; Mound, 1965 : 141-144. BAGNALL’S THYSANOPTERA 35 Bagnall’s species peucedani was based on some rather large specimens of saltator. The species may be recognized from the form of the sculpture on the abdominal tergites. Syntypes 99 gg of peucedani. ENGLAND: Kent, Tankerton, on Peucedanum officinale, vi.1931 (R.S.B.). Dendrothrips sexmaculatus Bagnall Dendrothrips sexmaculatus Bagnall, 1916b : 401. Dendrothrips sexmaculatus Bagnall ; Faure, 1960b : 269-277. Faure has redescribed this species from abundant material collected in South Africa. Bagnall’s type series came from Ceylon but it is possible that the species is African in origin. It differs from other Dendrothrips species in the transverse pale band across the abdomen. LECTOTYPE 9. Cryton : Peradeniya, 1913 (A. Rutherford No. 47). Dinurothrips frontalis (Bagnall) Heliothrips frontalis Bagnall, 1916a : 213-214. ‘Dinurothrips’ frontalis (Bagnall) ; Stannard & Mitri, 1962 : 218. Known from a single female, this species shows some resemblance to Tryphacto- thrips. However, the fore wing chaetotaxy and wing retaining setae on abdominal tergites VII and VIII are similar to Dinurothrips hookeri. Holotype 2. AuSTRALIA : Victoria, Healesville, Senecio dryandeus (R. Kelly). Dinurothrips vezenyii Bagnall Dinurothrips vezenytvi Bagnall, 1919 : 256. This species is known only from the holotype, a damaged micropterous female which lacks antennae. The specimen is very similar to hookert Hood, the type of the genus, which is widespread in the tropics. It may possibly be a micropterous form of that species. The last abdominal segment is shorter than in hookeri, and the radially elongate reticulations which border the eyes of hookeri are subdivided in vezenyit. Holotype 9. ARGENTINE : Tucuman, xi.1905 (Vezeny?). Elixothrips brevisetis (Bagnall) Tryphactothrips brevisetis Bagnall, 1919 : 257. Elixothrips brevisetis (Bagnall) ; Stannard & Mitri, 1962 : 202-205. Stannard & Mitri record this species from various islands in the Western Pacific. Holotype 9. SEYCHELLES : Mahé, [Cascade, 800-1,500 ft.], Igog. 36 L. A. MOUND EUHYDATOTHRIPS Bagnall Euhydatothrips Bagnall, 1926c : 99. Type-species E. nigripennis, by monotypy. This genus, based on a single male specimen mounted laterally on a slide, was compared to Hydatothrips Karny. The latter genus is a synonym of Sericothrips, whereas Euhydatothrips is a Heliothripine related to Caliothrips. The type speci- men has been remounted dorsoventrally and is redescribed below, but many features are still not apparent. The genus may be defined as follows. Antennae similar to Caliothrips ; head reticulate, longer than broad, without large setae, mouth cone reaching middle of prothorax ; prothorax reticulate, transverse ; legs elongate as in Sevicothrips ; wings long and narrow, upper vein with wide interval in setal distribution, lower vein with four widely spaced setae ; abdomen pale but apparently reticulate ; armature of ninth and tenth tergites as in Helionothvips ; sternal setae apparently long, two thirds as long as the sternites. Euhydatothrips nigripennis Bagnall (Text-fig. 8) Euhydatothrips nigripennis Bagnall, 1926c : 99-100. Mate: Colour pale yellow, but brown on vertex, metathorax, and antennals I, II, distal half of V and VI to VIII ; fore wings dark brown. Antennae Heliothripid, trichomes on III and IV forked, long, that on IV extends to distal tip of V. Head reticulate, ocelli close together, elevated : setae minute, about 2u long, one pair on anterolateral margins of ocellar triangle, ? one pair lateral to fore ocellus ; two pairs of postocular setae situated between posterior ocelli and hind margin of eye. Pronotum reticulate ; one pair of anteromarginal setae and one pair of postero-angular setae 12u long ; disc with five or six pairs of setae 8u long. Meso and metathorax reticulate. Legs elongate, tarsi undivided. Microtrichia of fore wings stout ; upper vein with 8 (or 6) setae basally, and two near wing apex ; lower vein with four widely spaced setae ; wing apex pointed with two subapical setae. Abdominal tergites with three pairs of setae, median pair posterior to median pores, close to hind margin. Reticulations equiangular medially, elongate laterally, apparently with some internal sculpture. Tergite IX with two pairs of stout thorn-like setae and tergite X with a circle of six papillae as in Helionothrips. Holotype g. [TANGANYIKA]: Arusha, x—xi.1905 (Katona). EUPHYSOTHARIPS Bagnall Euphysothrips Bagnall, 1926e : 646. Type-species E. minozzii, by monotypy. This genus was erected for a unique species which bears two pairs of long post- ocular setae on the head and two pairs of elongate postero-angular prothoracic setae, The prothorax also bears numerous dorsal setae. Euphysothrips minozzii Bagnall (Text-fig. 21) Euphysothrips minozzti Bagnall, 1926e : 646-648. Euphysothrips menozzii Bagnall, 1927a : 570. [Emendation]. Euphysothrips minozzu Bagnall ; Bagnall, 1933¢c : 653. Euphysothrips minozzti Bagnall ; Priesner, 1964 : 69. BAGNALL’S THYSANOPTERA 37 This species has been described by both Bagnall and Priesner, but the chaetotaxy of the head is not referred to in full by either author. There are four pairs of post- ocular setae, the first and third being twice as long as the second and fourth. There are also four pairs of ocellar setae ; 1, in front of the first ocellus ; 2, lateral to the first ocellus ; 3, within the ocellar triangle just behind the first ocellus ; 4, postero- lateral to the hind ocelli. The specimen labelled ‘ type’ is very seriously damaged and only one paratype female remains in Bagnall’s collection. The data are as follows : FRANCE : nr. Perpignan, fl. Clematis vitalba, viii.1926 (R.S.B.). Frankliniella distinguenda Bagnall Frankliniella distinguenda Bagnall, 1919 : 264-265. Frankliniella distinguenda Bagnall ; Moulton, 1948 : 66-67. Although Moulton did not examine the types, the notes given in his key to the species of Frankliniella clearly refer to distinguenda. Bagnall compared this species to melanommata Williams but antennal III of distingwenda does not have a shelf-like thickening around the pedicel. The interocellar setae arise within the ocellar triangle (position 2), and the teeth of the eighth tergal comb are slender and widely spaced. Moulton records the species from Argentina and there is material in the British Museum (Natural History) from a composite shrub, Espirito Santo, Brazil, 12.x.1928. LECTOTYPE 9. Paracuay : Puerto Max, 1905 (Vezenyt). Frankliniella fulvipes Bagnall Frankliniella fulvipes Bagnall, 1919 : 265-266. Frankliniella fuluipes Bagnall ; Moulton, 1948 : 82. Moulton states that the eighth tergal comb in this species is weak and irregular. This is true in the type specimens, but in some females from Brazil apparently of this species the teeth of the comb are finely pointed with broad triangular bases. The tibiae and tarsi, and antennals III to V are yellow, although the hind tibiae are sometimes shaded brown medially. LECTOTYPE 9. ARGENTINA : Tucuman, xi.1905 (Vezenyt). Frankliniella gemina Bagnall Frankliniella gemina Bagnall, 1919 : 265. Frankliniella gemina Bagnall ; Moulton, 1948 : 67. This species is very closely related to F. distinguenda, with which it was originally collected. The species apparently differ in the length of the major setae, but the type specimens of gemina are all damaged and poorly mounted. The antero-angular seta on the pronotum of distinguenda is almost twice as long as the anteromarginal seta. In gemina these two setae are nearly equal in length. LECTOTYPE 9. Paracuay : Puerto Max, 1905 (Vezenyt). 38 L. A. MOUND Frankliniella intonsa (Trybom) Thrips intonsa Trybom, 1895 : 188-190. Frankliniella breviceps Bagnall, 1911b : 2. Frankliniella intonsa (Trybom) ; Priesner, 1926 : 251. Bagnall described breviceps on a single female lacking antennae taken at Acton, ENGLAND. This specimen is not in the Bagnall collection but the species is accepted as a synonym of the widespread intonsa. Frankliniella oxyura Bagnall Frankliniella oxyura Bagnall, 1919 : 267-268. Frankliniella oxyuva Bagnall ; Moulton, 1948 : 60. On account of the small interocellar setae this species was placed by Moulton in the minuta—group of Frankliniella species. Material has been examined from Paraguay and Brazil. LECTOTYPE 9. Paracuay : Puerto Max, 1905 (Vezenyt). Frankliniella pallida (Uzel) Physopus pallida Uzel, 1895 : 101-102. Frankliniella ononidis Bagnall, 1934e : 491-492. Syn. n. Frankliniella ononidis Bagnall ; Priesner, 1964 : 62. F. ononidis was distinguished from pallida by the longer setae on antennals III and IV, and the presence of fewer setae on the fore wing. These forms may be distinguished from zntonsa by the teeth of the eighth tergal comb. In intonsa the comb teeth are long and regular, longer than the width of their triangular bases. In pallida many of the teeth, particularly laterally, have multiple apices, and the triangular bases are relatively wider. Syntypes 2 of ononidis. FRANCE: St. Palais-sur-Mer, on Ononis repens, I.vii. 1914 (Vuillet). Frankliniella priesneri Bagnall Frankliniella priesnert Bagnall, 1923¢ : 627. Bagnall distinguished this species from pallida through the possession of shorter setae at the abdominal apex, and longer postocular and prothoracic anteromarginal setae. However, the postoculars and prothoracic setae of the lectotype are no longer than in pallida, i.e. 184 and 45u. It seems probable that priesneri is a synonym of pallida. LECTOTYPE 9. Tunisia: Tunis, 26.11.1903 (Biro). BAGNALL’S THYSANOPTERA 39 Frankliniella schultzei (Trybom) Physopus schultzet Trybom, 1910 : 151-154. Frankliniella sulphurea Schmutz, 1913 : to19. Syn. n. Frankliniella delicatula Bagnall, 1919 : 263. Syn. n. Frankliniella dampfi Priesner, 1923a : 64. Syn. n. Frankliniella dampfi ssp. interocellaris Karny, 1925a : 126. Syn. n. Frankliniella africana Bagnall, 1926c : 100-101. Frankliniella anglicana Bagnall, 1926f : 281-282. Syn. n. Frankliniella kellyana Kelly and Mayne, 1934 : 20. Syn.n. The species here regarded as schultzei can be divided into two distinct colour forms, the dark ‘ schultzei-form’, and the pale ‘ sulphurea-form’. In many collec- tions made by the author in Sudan these two colour forms have been taken in the same flowers. This is also true of collections made in Kenya and Uganda. The pale forms have been compared with pale ‘F. dampfi’ from Egypt and ‘ F. sul- phurea’ from India, and the dark forms have been compared with ‘ F. interocellaris ’ from Uganda, and schultzei (det. J. C. Faure) from South Africa. Apart from colour, no other morphological differences have been found between these two forms. It has been suggested that suwlphurea can be separated from schultzet on the shape of the base of the internal trichome on antennal VI. In all the material examined by the author in this group this trichome had an elongate base, no speci- mens were seen with a circular base to the trichome. The situation with regard to this species in East Africa and the Nile Valley appears to be similar to that of the colour variants of Frankliniella occidentalis in California (Bryan and Smith, 1956). Holotype 2 of africana. GHANA: Aburi, fls. of Strophanthus gratus, 9.x1.1915 (W. H. Patterson). Holotype 9 of anglicana. ENGLAND : Berkshire, Besselsleigh, on pine, 13.vi.1914 (R.S.B.). Holotype @ of delicatula. [KENYA]: nr. Nairobi, 1.1.1912 (Alluaud & Jeannel). Syntypes 9 of interocellaris. UGANDA: Kampala, Ipomea hildebrantei, 26.xii. 1920 (H. Hargreaves). Syntypes 99, gd of kellyana. SoutTH AuSTRALIA : Glen Osmond, Waite Institute, 28.11.1928 (G. Samuel). Frankliniella setipes Bagnall Frankliniella setipes Bagnall, 1919 : 266-267. This species is very close to fulvipes Bagnall from which it differs in having the tibiae uniformly brown contrasting with the yellow tarsi. LECTOTYPE 9. ARGENTINA : Tucuman, xi.1905 (Vezenyt). Frankliniella tritici (Fitch) Thrips tritici Fitch, 1855 : Frankliniella varicorne Bagnall, 1919 : 268-270. Syn. n. Frankliniella tritici £. varicornis Bagnall ; Moulton, 1948 : 87. 40 L. A. MOUND Moulton recognized three forms of ¢vitici in addition to the nominal species. These forms were distinguished on colour alone, and no morphological differences are apparent between the varicorne holotype and typical specimens of tritict. Holotype 2 of varicorne. CANADA: Saskatchewan, Semans, on Petalostemon purpureum, 4.viil.1917 (A. E. Cameron). GLAUCOTHAHRIPS Karny stat. n. Glaucothvrips Karny, 1921 : 240, as subgenus of Pseudothrips Bagnall. Type-species Pseudo- thrips glaucus Bagnall, by monotypy (not stated but indicated by tautonymy). Karny failed to include any species in his new subgenus Glaucothrips, but in view of the fact that he derived the name from Bagnall’s species glaucus, this failure is regarded as an unfortunate printer’s error. Glaucothrips differs from Pseudothrips in having eight- rather than nine-segmented antennae, and the median setae on tergites III to VI are not closer together than their length. Pseudanaphothrips is rather similar but has both pairs of metanotal setae at the anterior margin, and the median tergal setae are very short. Glaucothrips glaucus (Bagnall) stat. n. (Text-figs. 17 & 18) Pseudothrips glaucus Bagnall, 1914b : 23. Pseudothrips (Glaucothrips) glaucus (Bagnall) ; Karny, 1921 : 240. [By inference]. Pseudanaphothrips turneri Moulton, 1936 : 498-499. Syn. n. The holotype of glaucus consists only of the thorax and abdomen. For the following redescription a series of females from South Africa, Cape Province, 1966, on plum trees has been used, as well as the holotype of turnert. FEMALE: Length 800-1000n. Colour brown, pterothorax orange internally ; legs and antennals I and III paler; wings shaded. Head rather wider than long (140% X Iooy) ; postocular region with about eight transverse lines ; three pairs of ocellar setae present, pair III on anterolateral margins of triangle, a little shorter than one side of triangle ; five pairs of postocular setae, pair II from midline close to posterior ocelli. Antennae eight-segmented, lengths of segments in wu; 12; 25; 28; 28; 25; 33; 8; 10. Pronotal disc transversely striate, with about 15 pairs of setae 8u long ; one pair of postero-angular setae 25u ; four pairs of posteromarginals 8-12u long. Metanotum reticulate, median setae not at anterior margin. Fore wings 7oou ; first vein with 15-22 setae (4 + 6 + 9), second vein with 13-15 regularly spaced setae. Abdominal tergites with transverse reticulations medially ; median pair of pores about three times their own diameters from tergal hind margin ; median setae on VI to VIII at least one third as long as the tergites ; comb on VIII long and regular, microtrichia with stout bases. Sternites with three or four pairs of posteromarginal setae. Holotype 9. SoutH Arrica : Cape Town, Sebaea (R. Marloth). Holotype 9 of turneri. SouTH AFRICA : Mossel Bay, vi.1930 (R. E. Turner). BAGNALL’S THYSANOPTERA 41 HELIONOTARIPS Bagnall Helionothrips Bagnall, 1932e : 506. Type-species Heliothrips brunneipennis, by monotypy. Helionothrips Bagnall ; Faure, 1961a : 134. Helionothrips brunneipennis (Bagnall) Heliothrips brunneipennis Bagnall, 1915a : 318. Helionothrips brunneipennis (Bagnall) ; Faure, 1961a : 134. The key given by Faure to separate the species of Helionothrips has not been found satisfactory when used on the material in the British Museum (Natural History). The presence or absence of a pale subapical band on the fore wing may not be consistent in all species, and there is doubt about the constancy of pigmentation of antennal II. In the description of kadaliphus (R. & M.), antennal II is stated to be either pale or dark, and females from New Guinea examined by the present author compare well with brunneipennis except in this character. LECTOTYPE 9. Cryton : Peradeniya, Litsea chinensis leaves (A. Rutherford, 3648). HERCINOTHARIPS Bagnall Hercinothrips Bagnall, 1932e : 506. Type-species Heliothrips bicinctus, by original designation. Hercinothrips Bagnall ; Mound, 1966a : 243-244. Apart from the type-species bicinctus, Bagnall included in this genus femoralis Reuter and pattersoni, and he added that he thought that errans Williams should be included. This latter species is now placed in Helionothrips. Hercinothrips bicinctus (Bagnall) Heliothrips bicinctus Bagnall, 1919 : 258-259. Hercinothrips bicinctus (Bagnall) ; Faure, 1957 : 89-100. This species is known as a minor pest in glasshouses in temperate regions and is widely distributed in the subtropics. It has been reported damaging bananas in Kenya and the Canary Islands. LECTOTYPE 9. Bertcitum: Brussels, Chamaedorea fragans in glasshouses, t.r907 (R.S.B.). Hercinothrips pattersoni (Bagnall) Heliothrips pattersoni Bagnall, 1919 : 259-260. Hercinothrips pattersoni (Bagnall) ; Faure, 1961a : 152. Apart from a single female taken recently on lime tree flowers at Ibadan, Nigeria, 12.v.1964, this species is known only from the type series. Holotype 9. GHANA: Aburi, Granadilla leaves, 11.xi.1915 (W. H. Patterson). 42 L. A. MOUND Isochaetothrips seticollis (Bagnall) Taeniothrips seticollis Bagnall, 1915b : 591-592. Isochaetothrips seticollis (Bagnall) ; Moulton, 1928a : 227. This species, described on a single female, was designated as the type of Jso- chaetothrips by Moulton. The first pair of ocellar setae are absent, and pair III lie on the anterior margins of the ocellar triangle. The metanotum is longitudinally striate and both pairs of setae are on the anterior margin. The tergites are devoid of sculpture medially, the eighth tergal comb is rather coarse, and the sternites are without accessory setae. Holotype 9. WESTERN AUSTRALIA: nr. Perth, Mundaring Weir, flowers of small Acacia, 3.vili.1914 (E. B. Poulton). Isochaetothrips setipennis (Bagnall) Physothrips setipennis Bagnall, 1916b : 399. Physothrips ignobilis Bagnall, 1926c : 101-102. Syn. n. Physothrips myrsinticola Bagnall, 1926c : 103. Syn. n. This can be distinguished from seticollis by the more numerous pronotal setae, the longer and finer microtrichia of the comb on tergite eight, and the median pair of metanotal setae which are posterior to the lateral pair. The species ignobilis, based on two females, is here regarded as a small form of setipennis, and myrsinticola, which was based on a single male, cannot be distinguished from males of setipennis except that one seta is not developed in the row of setae on the first vein of one fore wing. LECTOTYPE 9. AvustTRALIA: Victoria, Healesville, on cultivated white briar, 25.1.1914 (R. Kelly). LECTOTYPE 9 of ignobilis. AusTRALIA : Victoria, Warburton, Myrsine varia- bilis, 17.1.1926 (R. Kelly). Holotype § of myrsiniicola. AUSTRALIA : Victoria, Warburton, Myrsine varia- bilis, 17.1.1926 (R. Kelly). ISONEUROTHRIPS Bagnall Isoneurothrips Bagnall, 1915b : 592. Type-species I. austvalis, by monotypy. Isoneurothrips australis Bagnall Isoneurothrips australis Bagnall, 1915b : 592-593. Although described originally from Western Australia, australis has since been recorded from many subtropical areas. The density of the abdominal pigmentation is quite variable. LECTOTYPE 9. WEsTERN AUSTRALIA: Perth, Mundaring Weir, Acacia flowers, 3.vill.1914 (E. B. Poulton no. 16). BAGNALL’S THYSANOPTERA 43 Isoneurothrips multispinus (Bagnall) comb. n. Thrips multispinus Bagnall, 1910d : 699-700. This differs from australis in having three pairs of ocellar setae ; pair I anterolateral to first ocellus, II lateral to first ocellus near compound eyes, III within ocellar triangle on a line connecting the anterior margins of the hind ocelli. Sternal and pleurotergal accessory setae are absent, but there are twelve to thirteen pairs of setae on tergites three to five mainly near the lateral margins. The eighth tergite bears a complete comb in both sexes and the median pair of metanotal setae are very close to the anterior border of the sclerite. LECTOTYPE 9. Hawau : Kilauea, vii.1895 (Perkins 575). Isoneurothrips orientalis Bagnall comb. rev.? Tsoneurothrips orientalis Bagnall, 1915b : 593-594. Thrips (Isothrips) orientalis (Bagnall) ; Priesner, 1940 : 54. This species differs from australis most importantly in lacking sternal accessory setae. However the chaetotaxy of the head and wings, and the structure of the metanotum, are sufficiently similar for the species to be regarded as congeneric. LECTOTYPE 9. Borneo: Sarawak, Matang, 1,000 ft., in white flower, 20.x11. 1913 (G. E. Bryant). Limothrips cerealium Haliday Thrips (Limothrips) cerealium Haliday, 1836 : 445. Limothrips minor Bagnall, 1927b : 565-567. [Synonymized by Morison, 1948 : 48]. Syntypes 2 of minor. SARDINIA : Sorgono (A. Krausse). Limothrips denticornis Haliday Thrips (Limothrips) denticornis Haliday, 1836 : 445. Limothrips incertis Bagnall, 1926e : 642-643. Syn. n. The sublateral setae on the ninth abdominal tergite of male denticornis specimens can be as long as the extreme lateral setae or only half that length in a single series of specimens. These setae are not always uniform on the two sides of the body. When elongate these setae are slender, but when short they are stout. L. incertis is regarded as an extreme example of this variation. LECTOTYPE 9° of incertis. FRANCE : Ax-les-Thermes, Hordeum sp., vili.1926 (.5.5.). MICROCEPHALOTHORIPS Bagnall Microcephalothrips Bagnall, 1926c : 113. Type-species Thrips abdominalis Crawford, by monotypy. The single species placed in this genus is widespread in the tropics and subtropics on Composite flowers (Jagota, 1961). 2 Sakimura (1967, Pacific Insects 9 : 429-436) treats Isothvips as a subgenus of Thrips. 44 L. A. MOUND ODONTOTHRIPIELLA Bagnall Odontothnipiella Bagnall, 1929a: 47. Type-species Odontothrips fasciatipennis, by original designation. The three species included in this genus differ from Odontothrips species in the shorter ocellar setae, the long thin apex of the trichome on antennal VI, the relatively shorter fore wing setae, and the single seta at the posterior angles of the pronotum. In species of Odontothrips the male phallus bears a highly distinctive array of spines, but in Odontothripiella species the phallus is unarmed as in most Terebrantia. Odontothripiella australis (Bagnall) Odontothrips australis Bagnall, 1918a : 204-205. Odontothripiella gracilis Bagnall, 1929a : 48. Syn. n. The male specimens referred to by Bagnall as australis may represent bispinosus. The two species were collected together originally, and the present author has examined a series of females of australis collected recently in New South Wales with four males of two species of Odontothripiella. O. gracilis is here regarded as a small form of australis. Syntypes 9. WESTERN AUSTRALIA: Perth, Mundaring Weir, in red papilion- aceous flowers, 3.vili.1g14 (E. B. Poulton). Holotype 2 of gracilis. SoUTH AUSTRALIA: Renmark, Hotel Gardens, Sweet Allysum, 3.x.1926 (R. Kelly). Odontothripiella bispinosa (Bagnall) Odontothrips bispinosus Bagnall, 1918a : 203-204. The unique female upon which this species is based was collected with australis and is very similar to that species except for the pair of remarkable spines on the abdomen. Holotype 9. WESTERN AUSTRALIA: Perth, Mundaring Weir, in red papilion- aceous flower, 3.vili.1914 (FE. B. Poulton). Odontothripiella fasciatipennis (Bagnall) Odontothrips fasciatipennis Bagnall, 1916a : 217. Although similar to australis and bispinosa in the ocellar chaetotaxy and the sculpture of the metanotum, fasciatipennis is quite distinct in having the second quarter of the fore wing dark and the rest of the wing pale. LECTOTYPE 9. SoutH Austraiia: Adelaide. Outer Harbour, Mesembry- anthemum flower, 28.vill.1914 (EZ. B. Poulton). BAGNALL’S THYSANOPTERA 45 ODONTOTHRIPOIDES Bagnall Odontothripoides Bagnall, 1929a : 48. Type-species O. morisoni, by monotypy. The single species at present in this genus differs from Odontothrips and Odonto- thripiella species in having no elongate setae on the posterior angles of the pronotum. There is a long interval without setae on the first vein of the fore wing. Odontothripoides morisoni Bagnall Odontothripoides morisoni Bagnall, 1929a : 49. Syntypes 99 & gg. [Sout AusTRALIA : Clare, on Goodenia, 14.x.1926]. Odontothrips biuncus John Odontothrips biuncus John, 1921 : 7-8. Odontothrips uzeli of Bagnall, 1924) : 272, nec Bagnall, 1919 : 262. Bagnall described wzeli originally from material in Uzel’s Collection. This has now been re-examined and represents Joti Haliday. The material referred to by Bagnall in 1924 from Gibside, County Durham represents biuncus. Odontothrips loti (Haliday) Thrips loti Haliday, 1852 : 1108. Odontothrips uzeli Bagnall, 1919 : 262. Syn. n. Odontothrips anthyllidis Bagnall, 1928c : 96-97. Odontothrips thoracicus Bagnall, 1934a : 59-60. Odontothrips quadrimanus Bagnall, 1934a : 60. Odontothrips brevis Bagnall, 1934e : 488-489. [Lapsus calami for brevipes). Odontothrips brevipes Bagnall, 1934e : 488-489. Syn. n. Odontothrips loti (Haliday) ; Priesner, 1964 : 66. The name brevis appears at the beginning of a description in 1934, but the name given twice in the text is brevipes. The claw is missing from one fore tibia of the holotype female but the ninth tergite of the male is typical of Jotz. Syntypes 9 of anthyllidis. ScoTLAND: Aberdeen, Anthyllis, vili.1925 (R.S.B.). Holotype @ of brevipes. SwiTZERLAND : Lugano, vili.1929 (J. J. Mann). LECTOTYPE 9° of quadrimanus. ENGLAND: Kent, Tankerton, Ononis spinosa, v1.1931 (R.S.B.). Holotype 2 of thoracicus. ENGLAND: W. Grimstead, near Salisbury, Ononis, vii.1929. Lectotype @ of wzeli. BOHEMIA : ex Collection Uzel. 46 L. E. MOUND Odontothrips meridionalis Priesner Odontothrips ulicis var. meridionalis Priesner, 1919a : 122. Odontothrips ignobilis Bagnall, 1919 : 262-263. Syn. n. Odontothrips mutabilis Bagnall, 1924] : 271-272. Syn. n. Odontothrips inermis Bagnall, 1928c : 95-96. Syn. n. Odontothrips meridionalis Priesner ; Priesner, 1964 : 67. Bagnall’s species ignobilis and mutabilis have both been regarded as synonyms of meridionalis by various authors, although Priesner (1964) re-established both names. The base of the wing in ignobilis is pale, although the costa is dark, but this is not uncommon in meridionalis. The colour of antennal IV does not differ in the syn- types of mutabilis from typical meridionalis. In a footnote to the description of inermis, Bagnall indicated the possibility that this species represented the male of mutabilis. The chaetotaxy of the ninth abdominal tergite in the holotype is typical of meridionalis and the fore tarsus bears a small tooth. Holotype 9 of ignobilis. Spain : Ortigosa (Lagrosa) (Navas). Syntypes 9 of mutabilis. ENGLAND : Hampshire, Bournemouth, Ulex europeus, ix.1924 (R.S.B.). Holotype ¢ of imermis. ENGLAND: Cheshire, Delamere, Ulex, 26.viii.1925 (H. Britten). Odontothrips morgani Bagnall Euthrips phalevata of Morgan, 1913 : 1-3 nec Haliday, 1836 : 447. Odontothvips morgam Bagnall, 1929a : 49. The name morgani was proposed for the species referred to by Morgan as phalarata Haliday, and described by him from two females from Plantago virginica, Quincy, Florida. The species differs from phalaratus Haliday in having a complete row of setae on the first vein, but as far as the present author is aware, Bagnall never examined any Odontothrips specimens from Florida. Odontothrips ononidis Bagnall Odontothrips ononidis Bagnall, 1934e : 490-491. This species is known only from females. These, although described as being related to confusus Priesner, cannot be distinguished at present from karnyi Priesner, 1924a, or large specimens of meridionalis Priesner, 1919. Syntypes 9. FRANCE: St. Georges-de-Didonne, Ononis natrix, 15.vil.1914. Odontothrips phaleratus (Haliday) Thrips phaltevata Haliday, 1836 : 447. Odontothrips anisomeris Bagnall, 1924} : 271. Odontothrips phalevatus (Haliday) ; Bagnall, 1928c : 97. Syntypes 2 of anisomeris. ENGLAND: Surrey, Box Hill, Vicia sp., v.1924 ; Durham, Gibside, Lathyrus pratensis, vii.1924 (R.S.B.). BAGNALL’S THYSANOPTERA 47 Odontothrips vuilleti Bagnall Odontothrips vuilleti Bagnall, 1934e : 489-490. The unique holotype female is not in the Paris Museum, nor in the British Museum (Natural History). The published data were, FRANCE: Pyrénées, Cauterets, Astragalus monspessulanus, 25.V.1913 (M. Vuillet). Oxythrips ajugae Uzel Oxythrips ajungae Uzel, 1895 : 137. Oxythrips pernicis Bagnall, 1926f : 283. Syn. n. Bagnall described pernicis on a single male, and distinguished this from ajugae by the shorter and broader antennal segments. This specimen is here regarded as a small example of ajugae. Holotype ¢ of pernicis. ENGLAND : Surrey, Leith Hill, Salix, 2.v.1926 (R.S.B.). Oxythrips halidayi Bagnall Oxythrips halidayi Bagnall, 1924) : 272-273. Bagnall did not indicate any type series when describing this species, but stated that the species was found on Fraxinus in Britain from Deeside in the North to Devon in the South. Only three micropterous females remain in the collection, two from Durham, Gibside, vii.19g24, and one from Kirtlington Park, Oxford, 21.1x.1913. The interocellar setae are longer than the sides of the ocellar triangle as in quercicola, but the latter species is pale, whereas halidayi is dark brown. Oxythrips nobilis Bagnall Oxythrips nobilis Bagnall, 1927a : 569-570. Priesner (1964 : 57) states that the pores on the eighth tergite in nobilis do not lie close to the hind margin of the tergite. However, in the seven females available from the type series, these pores lie very close to the hind margin. The species is close to brevistylis Trybom, from which it differs in having a partial suture on the ventral surface of antennal VI. LECTOTYPE 9. France: Eze, Pinus halepensis, iii.1927 (R.S.B.). Oxythrips quercicola Bagnall Oxythrips quercicola Bagnall, 1926f : 282. Bagnall described this species on three macropterous females but only a single specimen remains in the collection. It is a pale species with the interocellar setae larger than the sides of the ocellar triangle. The median pair of metathoracic setae apparently stand closer together than their length. LECTOTYPE 9. ScotLtanp : Cocksburnpath, Quercus flower, vi.1924 (R.S.B.). 48 L. A. MOUND Oxythrips tristis Bagnall Oxythrips tristis Bagnall, 1927b : 570-571. This species is known from a single macropterous female. The interocellar setae are a little shorter than the sides of the ocellar triangle, much as in ulmifoliorum Haliday. These two species can be separated by the sculpture of the abdominal tergites. In évistis there are eight transverse lines, rather close together and barely anastomosing at all. In wlmifoliorwm there are seven transverse lines which are wider apart and frequently anastomose medially. Holotype 2. FRANCE: Plage d’Hyéres, Eryngium maritimum flowers, 1x.1927 (Se Be), Oxythrips ulmifoliorum (Haliday) Thrips ulmifoliorum Haliday, 1836 : 447. Scirtothrips ulmi Bagnall, 1913k : 232-233. Bagnall described u/mi on material collected on ‘ the common Elm’ in the midland counties of England—Oxfordshire, Warwickshire, and Berkshire. None of this material remains in the collection. The species is usually light brown with short interocellar setae (see under ¢vistis). PANCHAETOTHORIPS Bagnall Panchaetothrips Bagnall, t912b : 258. Type-species Panchaetothrips indicus, by monotypy. Panchaetothrips indicus Bagnall Panchaetothrips indicus Bagnall, 1912b : 258-260. Panchaetothrips indicus Bagnall ; Hood, 1954 : 30. Hood gives a key for separating zmdicus from noxius Priesner. Moulton recorded indicus from Uganda on Coffee (1936 : 498) but one of the males upon which this record was based has been examined and is clearly noxius. Bagnall’s species is recorded only from India. The maxillary palpi in the type specimens are two- segmented, not three as originally figured. Syntypes 9. Inp1A : Madras, Curcuma longa leaves, 1889. Physothrips latus Bagnall comb. rev. Physothrips latus Bagnall, 1912e : 191-192. Physothvips propinquus Bagnall, 1921a : 62. Physothrips propinquus Bagnall ; Bagnall, r9zof : 181. Taeniothrips latus (Bagnall) ; Mound, 1966b : 57-58. The type specimen of Jatus is rather small, and moreover has contracted strongly during the mounting procedure. No morphological differences apart from size BAGNALL’S THYSANOPTERA 49 can be seen between the two nominal species. Ph. latus closely resembles salicis Reuter, the type-species of Physothrips, in the chaetotaxy of the ocellar region, the prothorax hind margin, the wings, and the metanotum. A metathoracic furcal spinula is indicated in some members of a series collected from Betula sp. leaves in Scotland by the present author. Taeniothrips decoratus Pelikan (1965 : 99-102), from the description, is closely related. Holotype 2. ENGLAND : Northumberland, Ninebanks, near Whitfield, Scabiosa, Summer ror (H. S. Wallace). Holotype 2 of propinquus. ENGLAND : Oxford, Pinus, vii.1914 (R.S.B.). Physothrips setiventris Bagnall Physothrips setiventris Bagnall, 1918b : 61-63. This species resembles salicis Reuter, the type-species of Physothrips, in the chaetotaxy of the ocellar region, the prothorax hind margin, the wings, and the metanotum. The eighth tergal comb is long and fine and a spinula is present on the metathoracic furca. However, the sternites bear twelve to twenty accessory setae and the tergites are covered laterally with numerous microtrichia. Ph. setiventris appears to be intermediate between Physothrips and Mycterothrips. Holotype 9. INp1A: Darjeeling, Ringtong, on tea bush, 14.vi.1g16 (E. H. Andrews). Platythrips tunicatus (Haliday) Thrips tunicata Haliday, 1852 : 1115. Bolacothrips nigricornis Bagnall, 1913k : 239. Platythrips tunicatus (Haliday) ; Bagnall, 1928d : 130. Bagnall’s species nigricornis was based on a single male. This specimen was subsequently recognized as the male of twnicatus Haliday but the preparation has now turned black. Holotype g of nigricornis. ENGLAND : Oxfordshire, Weston-on-the-Green, on sedge, vill.1913 (R.S.B.). Prosopothrips nigriceps Bagnall Prosopothrips nigriceps Bagnall, 1927b : 570. This species differs from the type of the genus, vezdovskyi Uzel, in the yellow pro- thorax and the shorter antennal segments. In the sixteen females available, antennal ITI is less than twice as long as broad, whereas in the single female rejdovskyi examined, antennal III is more than twice as long as broad. Syntypes 9. FRANCE : Hyéres-la-Plage, on a small beach grass, ix.1927 (R.S.B.). 50 L. A. MOUND Pseudanaphothrips achaetus (Bagnall) (Text-figs. 15 & 16) Pseudothrips achaetus Bagnall, 1916b : 398-399. Pseudanaphothrips achaetus (Bagnall) Karny, 1921 : 242. Karny (1921 : 216) suggested that this species should be the type of a new mono- typic genus. Pseudothrips inaequalis (Beach) has a pair of long median setae on tergites three to six, two pairs of long postocular setae, and pair III of the ocellar setae arise on the anterior margins of the ocellar triangle. P. achaetus does not have long median tergal setae, has five pairs of short postocular setae, and pair III of the ocellar setae arise on the posterior margin of the ocellar triangle. Contrary to the original description, a comb is frequently represented on tergite eight by a few teeth either medially or laterally. Syntypes 9. SouTH AUSTRALIA: Mt. Lofty Range, Adelaide, ? flowers of Acacia myrtifolia or Epachris impressa, 9.vili.1914 (E. B. Poulton). Pseudanaphothrips parvus (Bagnall) comb. n. Pseudothrips parvus Bagnall, 1916a : 222-223. - The chaetotaxy of the head, and the sculpture and chaetotaxy of the metanotum of parvus are very similar to achaetus, the type-species of Psewdanaphothrips. In achaetus the pronotal posteromarginal setae are of equal length, in parvus the longest postero-angular seta is about twice as long as the minor setae. LECTOTYPE 9. AusTRALia : Queensland, Brandon, flower of ? Helianthus sp., 16.x.1914 (R. Kelly). Pseudanaphothrips uniformis (Bagnall) comb. n. Physothrips uniformis Bagnall, 1926c : 102-103. Isochaetothrips uniformis (Bagnall) ; Moulton, 1928a : 227. This species resembles achaetus in the structure of the metanotum and the chaeto- taxy of the head. In the two females of the type series which have been studied, the major pronotal postero-angular setae are three times as long as the minor setae. The microtrichia of the eighth tergal comb are as long as the median setae on tergite eight. LECTOTYPE 9. AvustTRALiA: Victoria, Healesville, Ben Cairn, Senecio drya- deus, 17.1.1926 (R. Kelly). Rhipiphorothrips bicolor (Bagnall) Retithrips bicolor Bagnall, 1913f : 290-2901. Rhipiphorothrips bicoloy (Bagnall) Bagnall, 1915a : 320. R. cruentatus Hood, 1919 differs from bicolor and pulchellus Morgan in having a brown abdomen in the female, and a small lateral tooth on each side of tergite four BAGNALL’S THYSANOPTERA 51 of the yellow abdomen of the male. It has further been claimed that the setae on tergite ten are not fan-shaped. However, in a long series of males from India and Pakistan in the British Museum (Natural History) these setae frequently appear to be acute due to the fan being orientated vertically. The expanded nature of the setae can then only be determined by the use of an oilimmersion lens. Furthermore, the dark colour of the females is not constant. It seems possible that these three species are synonymous. Syntypes 9. CEYLON : on vines (E. E. Green). SCIRTOTAHRIPS Shull Scirtothrips Shull, 1909 : 222. Type-species S. ruthveni Shull, by monotypy. Sericothripoides Bagnall, 1929d : 69. Type-species Dendrothrips bispinosus, by monotypy. Scirtothrips Shull ; Bailey, 1964 : 329-362. Bagnall compared his new genus to Sericothrips Haliday, but apart from the reduc- tion in number of setae on the second vein of the fore wing the type-species, bispino- sus, cannot be readily distinguished from other Scirtothrips species. Bailey gives Sericothripoides as a synonym of Dendrothrips, but the fore wing of the latter is highly distinctive with the anterior fringe cilia arising submarginally and not extending around the rounded wing apex. Scirtothrips bispinosus (Bagnall) Dendrothrips bispinosus Bagnall, 1924d : 455. Sericothripoides bispinosus (Bagnall) Bagnall, 1929d : 69. Scirtothrips bispinosus (Bagnall) Mound, 1968a : [in press] As in other species of Scirtothrips, there are three pairs of ocellar setae ; pair I anterior to the first ocellus, pair II lateral to the first ocellus near the compound eyes, pair III between the posterior ocelll. The fore wing in no way resembles Dendro- thrips species, but differs from most Scirtothrips species in the reduction in number of setae on the hind vein. In the lectotype there are eight setae on the fore vein, but in two of the paratypes there are seven setae on the fore vein and one on the hind vein. Similar variation occurs in material of this species from Travancore, India, at the British Museum (Natural History). The metanotum is reticulate and the sternites are devoid of microtrichia medially. Bagnall’s indication that this species was based on a male was apparently due to a misprint. LECTOTYPE 2. Inpia: Nilgiri Hills, Kotagiri, Tea, 6.vii.1g22 (Ramakrishna). Scirtothrips dorsalis Hood Scirtothrips dorsalis Hood, 1919b : go-91 (April). Heliothrips minutissimus Bagnall, 1919 : 260 (October). Scirtothrips dorsalis Hood ; Mound, 1968a : In this species the microtrichia extend across the posterior half of the median part of the sternites. Ocellar setae III are on the posterior margin of the ocellar triangle, 52 LE. ASMOUND and the median metanotal setae are a little posterior to the lateral setae. The sculpture of the anterior half of the metanotum consists of parallel lines concentric about the mid-point of the anterior border of the sclerite, and the posterior and lateral areas bear elongate reticulations. The male does not have abdominal drepanae. LECTOTYPE 92 of minutissimus. INDIA: Bombay, Surat, on violet, ii.1g06 (Lefroy). Scirtothrips longipennis (Bagnall) Euthrips longipennis Bagnall, 1909d : 173-174. Scirtothrips longipennis (Bagnall) ; Bailey, 1964 : 342-343. This is a large species of Scirtothrips with very stout tergal microtrichia. The sternites are devoid of microtrichia medially, the metanotum is reticulate and the median pair of metanotal setae are only a very little posterior to the lateral pair. Pair III of the ocellar setae are on the anterior margins of the ocellar triangle. The species was described from specimens taken on the flowers and leaves of Chamae- dorea under glass at the Brussels Botanic Gardens, Belgium. None of this series remains in the Bagnall collection and the two females labelled by Bagnall ‘ Type’ were collected in England, Newcastle-on-Tyne, on Adiantum, xii.1908. Selenothrips rubrocinctus (Giard) Physopus rubrocinctus Giard, 1901 : 263-265. Brachyurothrips indicus Bagnall, 1926c : 98-99. The red-banded Cacao thrips is recognized as a pest on several tree-crops through- out the tropics. LECTOTYPE 9 of indicus. INDIA: Calcutta, salt marsh, 8.1ii.1914 (T. Bain- brigge-Fletcher). SYNAPTOTHAHRIPS Trybom Synaptothrips Trybom, 1910 : 155-156. Type-species S. crassicornis, by monotypy. Homothrips Bagnall, 1915b : 588-589. Type-species H. distinctus, by monotypy. Limphysothrips Bagnall, 1919 : 272. Type-species L. pavadoxus, by monotypy. Synaptothrips Trybom ; Mound, 1968b [in press]. This South African genus has recently been revised and a key published for the identification of the eleven species. Limphysothrips was distinguished from Homo- thrips by the presence of a pair of stout spines on the tenth abdominal segment, but the size of these spines is known to vary in at least one member of the genus. Synaptothrips distinctus (Bagnall) Homothrips distinctus Bagnall, 1915b : 589. Synaptothrips distinctus (Bagnall) Mound, 1968b [in press]. Lectotype 9. SourH ArFRicA: Cape Town, flower of Sugar Bush (Protea- ceae), 13.vil.1914 (E. B. Poulton no. 7). BAGNALL’'S THYSANOPTERA 53 Synaptothrips paradoxus (Bagnall) Limphysothrips paradoxus Bagnall, 1919 : 272-273. Synaptothrips parvadoxus (Bagnall) Mound, 1968b [in press]. Holotype 9. East Arrica: Bismarkhugel [? TANGANYIKA: Bismarkburg] 3.1v.1912 (Alluaud & Jeannel 70). TAENIOTHRIPS Amyot & Serville Taeniothvips Amyot & Serville, 1843 : 644. Type-species Thrips primulae Haliday, 1836, designated by Karny, 1907 : 45. Amblythrips Bagnall, 1911b : 3. Type-species A. ericae, by monotypy. Megalurothrips Bagnall, 1915b : 589. Type-species M. typicus, by monotypy. Ceratothripoides Bagnall, 1918a : 201. Type-species C. brunneus, by monotypy. The specimens on which Amblythrips ericae Bagnall was based, were males, not females as was stated originally. The genus has been used for two species of Taemiothrips in which the males are reduced and apterous. Megalurothrips was based on a single female of a species now recognized to be related to Taeniothrips nigricornis (Schmutz). It is possible that this genus could be usefully revived to include certain Odontothrips-like species of Taeniothrips. Ceratothripoides, like Ceratothrips Karny, was erected for a specimen with aberrant antennae. The genus Taeniothrips is clearly polyphyletic and many of its species are closely related to forms at present included in the genus Thrips. Table I draws attention to this relationship between the two genera, although only Bagnall’s species or their senior synonyms are included. It is possible that the generic limits could be more realistically drawn following the vertical columns rather than the horizontal. The present division between Thrips and Taeniothrips, which is based purely on the seven- or eight-segmented condition of the antennae, is not sound morphology as it is the extremities of an insect’s body which are most likely to be affected by abnormal growth conditions. Taeniothrips andrewsi (Bagnall) Physothrips andrewst Bagnall, 1921d : 394-395. This species is very close to Thrips albipes from which it can only be distinguished by the larger size and longer antennae, and the uniform brown colour. T. andrewst has been taken on tea in Assam. Only one specimen, marked cotype, remains in Bagnall’s collection, and this specimen is here designated lectotype. LECTOTYPE 9. Inpia: Darjeeling District, Rington Tea Estate, on rose, 14.vi.1916 (E. A. Andrews). Taeniothrips antennatus (Bagnall) Physothrips antennatus Bagnall, 1914b : 23-24. Superficially similar to xanthoceros Hood, which has the same habit of feeding on fungus spores on Coffee, antennatus may be distinguished by the presence of ocellar MOUND Lee AS. 54 Ajyerpou poydnaseyut quiog tf evjes SUIM [e}SIp o10W JO NOT | yuesoid ovjos ATOsse90R [eSIOJOINIG » SNYSNQOA snqqusnd snynpyyod {zanquy tsipryzunduam tuolfom wmoynod Sadun el YIUVAAOY UDO sugqaunf || vjoouqasoydna tT, seurspme snpiowy | swaoarssvaa SNqvA0109 snasus saqdiqw 4SYDpos Henk snaidy sdaavsuo] 40] is ypaysols | Sypauaa aLSnayoy apo | Svvunaeg | iofar a ne ,avunyuas snyouna ut yp | Stusoorssie aprungunf Ao lou syigap UsMmaLpuD snunnyjay srynpraoyf lS {suanbasuoour yaya 4 SNYDAD 1IVAL aes [e19}V] F | aeZOS [e.19}R] € avyas [e10}e] b | ovzos [e107 eT £ a Peele uae ee he YIM TT 071810, /q}IM TToz1810 7, YIM TT O}ISIO TL /YIIM TT 9319107, ae) eee ve . . . . . . . . tv ZV IV Jepioq I0110}ue wee ag Jepioq 10110}ue oie as ze JOU seJES [eJOUL OPAL TROWELOTT ye jou seyas [eJOUL OP, fone yuesqe oejzas AIOSSo09e [eUIN}S yuesoid oeyos ArOsse90e [VUES yuesqe oeyos ATOSsao0R [VUIO}S yuosqe J oej}os IeTJI0Q yuesqe T ovj}EsS Ie][I0Q yuesoid J ovzes IeTJooO Oo dNnouod @ dnouo V dQowo SdIXHL SdIXH LOINA PL sutAuouds JOTUas II9Y} IO sdisyjowav 7] pue sdisy J Jo sotoods s yveuseg I ATAVL BAGNALL’S THYSANOPTERA 55 setae I, the lines of sculpture on the prothorax and metanotum, and the numerous pronotal discal setae. The present author has examined a specimen from Coffee at Bukoba, Tanzania, 18.vii.19g31, determined originally as xanthocerus. The holotype is on a blackened slide, but two syntypes are in good condition. Syntypes 2. UGANDA : feeding on spores of Coffee Rust Fungus (Gowdey). Taeniothrips atratus (Haliday) Thrips atrata Haliday, 1836 : 447. Ceratothrips brittent Bagnall, 1914d : 2-4. Ceratothrips brittent was based on a single female with deformed antennae. Holotype 9 of brittent. ENGLAND : Cumberland, Great Salkeld, Scabiosa succisa, 16.ix.1913 (H. Britten). Taeniothrips brunneus (Bagnall) Ceratothripoides brunneus Bagnall, 1918a : 201-203 (2.iii.1918). Physothrips ventralis Hood, 1918a : 116 (10.iv.1918). Syn. n. Physothrips marshalli Bagnall, 1918c : 66-68 (v.1918). Syn. n. Paratype specimens of ventralis from both Cameroons and Nigeria have been compared with the types of brunneus and marshalli. This species is common in West Africa and Uganda, but has not been recorded from South Africa. The three nominal species were described almost simultaneously, but Bagnall’s brunneus, based on a single female with aberrant antennae, has priority. Holotype 9. GHANA, Aburi, on Cola shoots and buds, 5.x1.1915 (W. H. Patterson). Holotype 9 of marshalli. GHANA: Aburi, Hibiscus sinensis flowers, 30.x.1915 (W. H. Patterson). Taeniothrips discolor (Karny) Euthrips discoloy Karny, 1907 : 46. Physothrips navasi Bagnall, 1921a : 64. Oxythrips forticornis Bagnall, 1933c : 650-651. Syn. n. This species is very close to frici Uzel, from which it can be distinguished by the presence of a pair of pores on the metanotum, the shorter pronotal postero-angular setae of which the outer is much smaller than the inner, and the absence of a comb on the eighth tergite. Ph. navasi is given as a synonym of discolor by Priesner (1964 : 78) but Bagnall’s type series is on blackened slides. The unique holotype of fortz- cornis has the outer pronotal postero-angular seta broken off on one side which probably accounts for its description as an Oxythrips. Original data of mavasi. Spain : Arnes (Tarragona), vili.1g12 (Navas). Holotype @ of forticornis. FRANCE : Arcachon, Mouth of Teste, Juncus, vili.1926 (K.S.B.). 56 L. A. MOUND Taeniothrips ericae (Haliday) Thrips erica Haliday, 1836 : 448. Amblythrips ericae Bagnall, 1911b : 4. Oxythrips brevicollis Bagnall, tgrrb : 6. Bagnall’s evicae was described from five males, and brevicollis from a single female. Syntypes 3$ of ericae Bagnall. ENGLAND: Yorkshire, Ravenscar, Calluna, ix.19Lo (i.S.5.)} Holotype 2 of brevicollis. ENGLAND : Yorkshire, Ravenscar, Sphagnum, ix.1g10 (S.B.). Taeniothrips flavidulus (Bagnall) Physothrips flavidulus Bagnall, 1923c : 628. This species is close to Thrips flavidus in having ocellar setae III just within the ocellar triangle. In flavidulus, however, the pronotal discal setae are darker and, as Bagnall indicated, the antennae longer. The males described by Bagnall belong in the albipes group. LECTOTYPE 9. Inpi1a: Dehra Dun, Eriobotrya japonica flowers, 1.1.1912 (A. D. Imms). Taeniothrips frici (Uzel) Physopus frici Uzel, 1895 : 126-127. Physothrips brevicornis Bagnall, 1916a : 220. T. frict lives in the yellow flowers of various Compositae and has been collected in both Victoria and New South Wales on Hypochoeris, Helianthus and Taraxacum. The present author has also seen specimens from North West Pakistan. Ocellar setae III lie on the anterior margins of the ocellar triangle and the eighth tergal comb is absent in the males. Syntypes @ of brevicornis. AUSTRALIA : Victoria, Ballarat, Hypochoeris radicata, 28.1.1915 (R. Kelly). Taeniothrips funtumiae (Bagnall) Physothrips funtumiae Bagnall, 1913f : 292-293. Physothrips funtumiae Bagnall ; Bagnall, 1918c : 68-69. This species is similar to Physothrips species in having a spinula on the meta- thoracic furca, but the posterior margin of the pronotum bears four pairs of setae instead of only two. LECTOTYPE 9. UGANnpbA: Entebbe, Funtumia elastica (C. C. Gowdey). BAGNALL’S THYSANOPTERA 57 Taeniothrips gentianae (Bagnall) Physothrips gentianae Bagnall, 1933c : 653-655. Priesner (1964 : 73) gives this species as a form of trybomi Karny. I am not familiar with the latter species and cannot at present distinguish gentianae from vulgatissimus Haliday. Syntypes 9. Itaty : Dolomites, Lago di Misurina, 6,000 ft., Gentiana asclepiadea, ix.1929 (R.S.B.). Taeniothrips gowdeyi (Bagnall) Ceratothrips gowdeyi Bagnall, 1919 : 254-255. Taentothrips debilis Hood, 1925 : 136-137. Syn. n. Physothrips neavei Karny, 1925a : 129. Syn. n. Physothrips gowdeyi Bagnall, 1926c : 105-106. Bagnall described both of the forms he called gowdey: from the same series of specimens. The species was first described from a single female with aberrant antennae. One of Hood's five original specimens from Nigeria has been examined by the present author as well as the unique holotype of neavet. Holotype 9. UGANDA: Kampala, flower of Tree Tomato (Solanum), 11.xi.1917 (C. C. Gowdey). Holotype 2 of meavei. UGANDA: Kampala, flower of Ipomea hildebrantei, 26.xii.1920 (H. Hargreaves). Taeniothrips hispanicus (Bagnall) Physothrips hispanicus Bagnall, 1921a : 63-64. Taentothrips hispanicus Bagnall ; Priesner, 1964 : 78. This species is represented in Bagnall’s collection by a single blackened slide of a male. No details are visible and most of the specimen has decomposed. The data are as follows: Spain : Arnes (Tarragona), 28.vili.19g13 (Navas). Morison (1949 : 116) indicates that this is a synonym of frici Uzel. Taeniothrips immsi (Bagnall) Physothrips immsi Bagnall, 1926c : 106-107. Thrips immsi Bagnall, 1926c : 110. The two nominal species called immsi were distinguished by the possession of seven- or eight-segmented antennae. Ocellar setae III are on the anterior margins of the ocellar triangle and the abdominal pleurotergites bear accessory setae, although these are absent from the sternites. LECTOTYPE 9. [Inp1a: Bhowali Kumaon, 5,700 ft., Clematis, x.1909 (A. D. Imms)], Reg. 210. LECTOTYPE 9 of ‘Thrips immsi’. [Inp1a : Dehra Dun, Eriobotrya japonica, 1.1.1912 (A. D. Imms)}, Reg. 200. 58 L. A. MOUND Taeniothrips inconsequens (Uzel) Physopus inconsequens Uzel, 1895 : 117-119. Physothrips calcavatus Bagnall, 1916a : 221-222. LECTOTYPE 9 of calcaratus. BOHEMIA : ex Collection Uzel. Taeniothrips italicus Bagnall Taeniothrips italicus Bagnall, 1926e : 650-651. Priesner (1964 : 74) gives this species as a synonym of annulatus Karny and states that antennal IV is largely yellow. In the lectotype, however, both antennal IV and V are brown with only the basal constriction paler. The species differs from typical atratus in having antennal III yellow, and the number of setae on the distal half of the first vein variable from three to six. LECTOTYPE 9. ItTaty: Portici (Napoli), in Caprifoglio, 31.v.1917 (C. Minozz1). Taeniothrips kellyanus (Bagnall) Physothrips kellyanus Bagnall, 1916a : 219-220. This species is related to migricornis Schmutz and typicus Bagnall but differs from them in having the base of the large sensorium on antennal VI almost round, not elongate oval. Antennals III and IV are dark brown with the apical neck sharply yellow. LECTOTYPE 9. AustTraLiIa: Queensland, Brandon, on Composite flower ? Helianthus sp., 16.x.1914 (R. Kelly). Taeniothrips lefroyi (Bagnall) Physothrips lefroyi Bagnall, 1913f : 292. Taeniothrips (Lefroyothrips) lefroyi (Bagnall) Priesner, 1938 : 499. This species differs from most other Taeniothrips species in the long postocular region of the head with strong transverse lines dorsally. The male bears three pairs of stout thorns on the ninth tergite. Syntypes 92 g. Inp1A: Darjeeling, Lebong, tea-flowers, 6.1i.1909 (Maxwell Lefroy). Taeniothrips longiceps (Bagnall) Physothrips longiceps Bagnall, 1916a : 220-221. Taemothrips longiceps (Bagnall) ; Priesner, 1938 : 522. LECTOTYPE 9. Inp1a: Kulhara, Garhwal, 11,700 ft., Rhododendron flowers, 5.vi.1g10 (A. D. Imms). BAGNALL’S THYSANOPTERA 59 Taeniothrips major Bagnall Taeniothrips major Bagnall, 1916a : 216. This species is very close to picipes Zett., the type-species of the genus Taeniothrips. The four specimens available of Bagnall’s species can be separated from picipes by the dark colour of antennal III, and the origin of ocellar setae III on a line joining the posterior ocelli rather than just anterior to that line. LECTOTYPE 9. Inp1a: Kulhara, Garhwal, 11,700 ft., Rhododendron flowers, 5.vi.rg1o (A. D. Imms). Taeniothrips nigricornis (Schmutz) * (Text-fig. 14) Frankliniella nigricornis Schmutz, 1913 : 1020-1021. Physothrips usitatus Bagnall, 1913f : 293-294. Physothrips usitatus var. cinctipennis Bagnall, 1916a : 217-218. Physothrips brunneicornis Bagnall, t916a : 218. Syn. n. Taeniothrips nigricornis (Schmutz) ; Priesner, 1938 : 470—471. Priesner gives brunneicornis as a synonym of distalis Karny, a species not known to the present author. T. nigricornis is a highly variable species and in a long series the author has studied from New Guinea the largest specimen is almost twice as long as the smallest. The females are very similar to sjostedti Trybom, although the males are readily distinguished by the lack of the pair of marginal spines on tergite IX, which are found in the African species. Syntypes 2 of wsitatus. Inp1IA : Allahabad, Butea frondosa flowers (A. D. Imms). Syntypes 9 of cinctipennis. AUSTRALIA : Queensland, Brandon, on small flowers (pea), 16.x.1914 (R. Kelly). Holotype 2 of brunneicornis. JAPAN : Kobe, iv.1g14 (J. E. A. Lewis). Taeniothrips pallens (Priesner) comb. n. Oxythrips evicae var. pallens Priesner, 1919b : 89. Anblythrips ericicola Bagnall, 1927b : 573-574. Amblythrips pallens (Priesner) ; Priesner, 1964 : 83. Holotype 9° of ericicola. FRANCE: Iles d’Hyéres, Porquerolles, Evica arborea, ix.1927 (R.S.B.). Taeniothrips peculiaris (Bagnall) Physothrips peculiaris Bagnall, 1918a : 206-207. Taentothrips (Pongamiothrips) peculiaris (Bagnall) Ananthakrishnan, 1962 : go-91. Bagnall described this species on a series of males but Ananthakrishnan has recently figured the female and male antennae. The sternites of the male bear 3 Ananthakrishnan & Jagadish (1967, Opusc. ent. 32 : 159-160) indicate that distalis Karny, 1913, is the oldest name for this species. 60 L. A. MOUND medially seventy to eighty dagger-shaped setae. The female is variable in pigmen- tation, very similar to migricornis but with the median setae on abdominal tergites II and III longer, about 0-25 as long as the pronotal postero-angulars. Syntypes g. Inp1A: Bengal, Pusa, on Lucerne, 24.11.1906 (Maxwell Lefroy). Taeniothrips sjostedti (Trybom) Physopus sjostedti Trybom, 1908 : 4-6. Physothrips variabilis Bagnall, 1913f : 294. Syn. n. Taeniothrips sjostedti (Trybom) ; Faure, 1960a : 34-44. Taeniothrips meridiana Moulton, 1936 : 503-504. Syn. n. The broad form of the head referred to by Bagnall in describing variabilis is due to crushing by the cover-slip in mounting. The present author has examined numerous specimens of this species, particularly from a suction-trap in Malawi, and the first vein of the fore wing occasionally bears a complete row of setae. The pale band on the fore wing is variable, but the shape of the teeth of the pleurosternites figured by Faure is a valuable distinction between this species and migricornis. Both the holotype and allotype of meridiana are in the British Museum (Natural History). LECTOTYPE @ of variabilis. Comoro ISLANDS: Mayotte, ‘Coll: Marie, R. Oberthiir ’. Holotype 2 of meridiana. UGANDA: Kampala, 11.1.1924 (H. Hargreaves). Taeniothrips sodalis Bagnall Taeniothvips sodalis Bagnall, 1926e : 651. Taentothrips sodalis Bagnall ; Priesner, 1964 : 74. This species is represented in the Bagnall collection by a single male and female, both of which are damaged. The relationship of these to the atratus-vulgatissimus group is not clear. LECTOTYPE 9. Itaty :. Portict» (Napoli), in Capmifoglio, 31-v.1917 fie Minoz2). Taeniothrips spiranthidis (Bagnall) Physothrips spivanthidis Bagnall, 1926c : 104-105. Although apparently related to picipes and inconsequens, spivanthidis can be distinguished from these two species by the origin of ocellar setae III just anterior to the lateral sides of the ocellar triangle. LECTOTYPE 9& Austratia: Victoria, Healesville, Spivanthes australhs, 28.1.1923 (R. Kelly). BAGNALL’S THYSANOPTERA 61 Taeniothrips typicus (Bagnall) (Text-fig. 13) Megalurothrips typicus Bagnall, 1915b : 590-5901. Megalurothrips setipennis Karny, 1925b: 11. Syn. n. Taeniothrips varicornis Moulton, 1928b : 292. Syn. n. Priesner (1938 : 510) gives varicornis as a synonym of selipennis. The present author has compared a paratype of varicornis with the unique holotype of typicus. The species is related to nigricornis but antennal III is yellow, IV yellow in basal half, and V yellow at extreme base. Holotype 9. SARAWAK: Mt. Matang, 1,000 ft., in white flower, 8.x1i1.1913 (G. E. Bryant). Taeniothrips vuilleti (Bagnall) Physothrips vuilleti Bagnall, 1933c : 655-656. Taeniothrips vuilleti Bagnall ; Titschack, 1967 : 1-16. Although related to the alratus—vulgatissimus group, vuilleti is readily distingui- shed by the paler antennae, and the few accessory setae on sternite seven. LECTOTYPE 9. FRANCE: Banyul-sur-Mer, Carline Thistle, viil.1926 (R.S.B.). Thrips albipes Bagnall (Text-fig. 20) Thrips albipes Bagnall, 1914b : 25-26. Physothrips albipes Bagnall, 1916b : gor. Physothrips pallipes Bagnall, 1916b : 400. Thrips pallipes Bagnall, 1926c : 110. Thrips versicoloy Bagnall, 1926c : 108—109. Thrips albipes Bagnall ; Mound, 1967a : 17. This species has been referred by some authors to Euthrips hawatiensis Morgan, 1913, which was described from two females with eight-segmented antennae in the U.S. National Museum Collection. The common Indian species florwm Schmutz is very closely related and if it should prove identical, this is the earliest available name. In versicolor the head and thorax are clear yellow contrasting with the brown abdomen, and the albipes series are very similar in colour. The pallipes series are darker, the anterior part of the body being orange-brown and the abdomen dark brown. Morphologically I can find no differences between the specimens which can be interpreted as being of specific value. The eighth tergal comb is regular in typical Indian floruwm specimens, in some of the albipes specimens some of the micro- trichia have multiple apices, and in the pallipes series certain females have a few microtrichia fused to form one or more triangular teeth. The sculpture and chaeto- taxy is apparently identical. 62 L. A. MOUND LECTOTYPE 9. Japan : Okinawa, Luchu Island, Nasturtium, v.1913 (J. E. A. Lewis). LECTOTYPE 9° of ‘ Physothrips albipes’. JAPAN : Okinawa, Luchu Island, Nasturtium, v.1913 (J. E. A. Lewis). Syntypes 9 of Thrips and Physothrips pallipes. JAPAN : Kobe, Harada, Chrysan- themum, 15.x1.1915 (J. E. A. Lewis). Syntype 9 of versicolor. Fiji: Tamavui, Banana, 1.x.1924 (Campbell). Thrips assimilis Bagnall Thrips assimilis Bagnall, 1913f : 294. The unique holotype on which this species was based is on a slide which has turned black. Bagnall compared assimilis to albopilosus Uzel. Holotype 9. Tunisia : Sousse, 28.11.1903 (Bzro). Thrips coloratus Schmutz (Text-fig. 19) Thrips colovata Schmutz, 1913 : 1013. Thrips japonicus Bagnall, t914c : 288. Syn. n. Thrips melanurus Bagnall, 1926c : 111-112. Syn. n. Type material of coloratus has not been examined, the above synonymies being based on specimens determined by Dr. H. Priesner. The species has been found to be common in North West Pakistan. Apart from the characters indicated in Table I this species is readily distinguished from the florwm group by the fact that antennal IV is darker than antennal II. The hind margin of tergite eight is distinctly concave and the teeth of the comb are long and distinct. LECTOTYPE 9 of japonicus. JAPAN : Kobe, xi.1913 (J. E. A. Lewis). Holotype 2 of melanurus. InpIA: Darjiling, Ringtong Tea Estate, on rose, 14.vi.1916 (E. A. Andrews). Thrips crassicornis Bagnall Thrips crassicornis Bagnall, 1923b : 59-60. Thrips crassicornis Bagnall ; Mound, 19672 : 20. Contrary to Bagnall (1928d : 130) this species can be separated from euphorbiae Knechtal, 1922, by the greater length of the postero-angular pronotal setae. Syntypes 9. ENGLAND: Devon, Newton Abbot, Euphorbia flowers. Thrips euphorbiicola Bagnall Thrips euphorbiae Bagnall, 1924c : 115, nec Knechtel, 1922. Thrips euphorbiicola Bagnall, 1924] : 273-274 (nom. nov. for euphorbiae of Bagnall, 1924). Thrips euphorbiella Bagnall, 1927b : 575-576. Syn. n. Thrips euphorbiicola Bagnall ; Mound, 1967a : 19. BAGNALL’S THYSANOPTERA 63 \ Vi) << Y/p/ \\\\\\ WA BAN, WIZE 7 \ h\\ / 7 SN 10/4 I BeN\ | {h///4) Pa, ae WN Wy Fics. 13-21. Figs. 13 & 14. Metanotum: 13, Taeniothrips typicus (varicornis paratype). 14, Taeniothrips nigricornis (bvunneicornis paratype). Figs. 15 & 16. Pseudanaphothrips achaetus : 15, Dorsal chaetotaxy of head. 16, Metanotum. Figs. 17 & 18. Glauco- thrips glaucus : 17, Metanotum. 18, Sculpture on abdominal tergite V. Figs. 19 & 20. Metanotum of Thrips species: 19, T. colovatus (melanurus holotype). 20, T. albipes, syntype female. Fig. 21. Euphysothrips minozzit, dorsal chaetotaxy of head. 64 L. A. MOUND Bagnall described euphorbiella from three females collected in Southern France. These specimens are here considered to be small examples of ewphorbiicola. LECTOTYPE 9. ENncGLtanp : Hampshire, New Forest, Ewphorbia amygdaloides, iv.1923. Syntypes Q of euphorbiella. FRANCE: Plage d’Hyeres, Euphorbia paralias, ieng77 (KSBi); Thrips flavidus Bagnall Thrips flavidus Bagnall, 1916b : 402. Physothrips flavidus Bagnall, 1916b : 399-400. Bagnall stated that he was describing flavidus in two separate genera ‘ to avoid confusion by other workers...’. The species is very close to T. flavidulus q.v. Antennal III is light brown distally, although I and IT lack cuticular colour. LECTOTYPE 9. Japan > Kobe; vi. 1915 (J. E. A. Lewss). Holotype 2 of ‘ Physothrips flavidus’. JAPAN : Kobe, vi.1g15 (J. E. A. Lewis). Thrips flavus Schrank Thrips flava Schrank, 1781 : 297. Physothrips flavus Bagnall, 1928c : 98. Thrips flavus Schrank ; Mound, 1967 : 18-109. The female specimen that Bagnall referred to is not in the collection but the male is still available. This is an aberrant Thrips flavus and the collection data are: ENGLAND: Cheshire, Delamere, Chamaenerion angustifolium, 9.vili.1925 (H. Britten). Thrips fulvipes Bagnall Thrips fulvipes Bagnall, 1923b : 59. Thrips fuluipes Bagnall ; Mound, 1967a : 18. The larval host of this species, which is not uncommon in England, is Mercurialis perennts, Syntypes 9. ENGLAND : Oxfordshire, Shotover, Mercurialis perennis, 6.v.1916 (H. Britten). Thrips funebris Bagnall Thrips funebris Bagnall, 1924] : 274. Thrips funebris Bagnall ; Mound, 19672 : 20. This species is known to the present author only from the micropterous holotype. The eighth tergal comb consists of a complete row of triangular teeth, and the sculpture of the abdominal tergites extends across the median area. Ocellar setae IIT are lateral to the first ocellus. Holotype 9. ENGLAND : Hampshire, Hengistbury Head, Carex vulpina, i1x.1924 (R.S:). BAGNALL’S THYSANOPTERA 65 Thrips griseus Bagnall Thrips griseus Bagnall, 1916b : 403. There are eight or nine accessory setae on each sternite in this species, and these setae are barely half the length of the sternites. LECTOTYPE 9. Japan: Kobe, vi.1915 (J. E. A. Lewns). Thrips herricki Bagnall Thrips herricki Bagnall, 1926d : 545-548. This large species, although based on North American material, is probably native to the mountains of Europe. LECTOTYPE 9. U.S.A.: New York, Ithaca, Veratrum viride, 27.vi.1924 (G. W. Herrick). Thrips imaginis Bagnall Thrips fortis Bagnall, 1926c : to9-110. Syn. n. Thrips imaginis Bagnall, 1926c : 111. Thrips imaginis var. apicalis Bagnall, 1926c : 111. Although fortis has page priority over imaginis, the latter name is so well estab- lished in Australian economic literature that the present author feels justified in accepting Recommendation 24A of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (1961 : 25). The species fortis was based on a single, squashed, contracted female. The two females of smaginis labelled ‘ Types’ do not bear any other data apart from a small label ‘ Reg. 41’. In the original description several host plants and dates were mentioned from Victoria and South Australia. Holotype @ of fortis. AusTRALIA : Victoria, Melbourne Botanic Gardens, Canna, 13.11.1923 (R. Kelly). Thrips juniperina Linnaeus Physapus fuscus, alis albicantibus De Geer, 1744 : 3-6. Thrips juniperina Linnaeus, 1758 : 457. Thrips juniperina Linnaeus ; Bagnall, r909f : 39-41. Thrips junipericola Morison, 1948 : 66. Thrips juniperina Linneaus ; Mound, 1967a : 21. Linnaeus describes this species merely as ‘T. elytris niveis, corpore fusco ’, ‘Habitat in Juniperis ’, but he gives the earlier reference to De Geer quoted above. De Geer (1744 : 3-6) describes and figures (tab. I ; figs. 1-2) a typical member of Thrips genus which he finds throughout the year on the buds and in galls of Juniper bushes. Unfortunately Linnaeus, when naming juniperina and physapus, gives the two page references to De Geer the wrong way round. Contrary to the statement by Morison, there is nothing in the original description of the Juniper Thrips by De Geer, subsequently named juniperina by Linnaeus, to suggest that this is not the common species found on that plant in Northern Scotland. 66 L. A. MOUND Thrips major Uzel Thrips major Uzel, 1895 : 179-181. Physothrips inaequalis Bagnall, 1928c : 98-99. Thrips major Uzel ; Mound, 1966b : 56. Bagnall described inaequalis from two females, one of which, labelled ‘ Type ’, has been re-examined recently and found to be an abnormal specimen of major Uzel. LECTOTYPE @ of inaequalis. ENGLAND: Yorkshire, Tadcaster, Tamus flowers, vi.1920 (R.S.B.). Thrips menyanthidis Bagnall Thrips menyanthidis Bagnall, 1923b : 58. Thrips menyanthidis Bagnall ; Mound, 1967a : 20. In the opinion of the present author, this species is a synonym of fuscipennis Haliday, from which it can be separated only by reason of its larger size. G. D. Morison, however, has studied the thrips on Menyanthes in the field for several years, and considers that they are specifically distinct. Thrips paluster Reuter can be distinguished by the complete comb on tergite eight and details of the metanotum. LECTOTYPE 9. Encianp : Westmorland, Patterdale, Menyanthes trifoliata. Thrips origani Priesner Thrips ovigani Priesner, 1926b : 272. Thrips dyssochaetus Bagnall, 1927a : 570-571. Thrips origami Priesner ; Bagnall, 1928d : 131-132. There are only two or three accessory setae on sternites IV to VI in this species. The specimens of dyssochaetus labelled ‘ cotype’ come from Oviganum at Box Hill, Surrey, England. This is the material referred to by Bagnall in 1928. The species dyssochaetus was described from females collected in FRANCE: Ax-les-Thermes, Origanum vulgare, vill.1926, but this material is not in Bagnall’s Collection. Thrips pallidulus Bagnall Thrips pallidulus Bagnall, 1924b : 424-425. This species can be distinguished from both flavidulus and flavidus by the large equiangular reticulations on the median part of the metanotum. LECTOTYPE 9. [Inp1a: Bengal, Pusa (Lefroy) ]. Thrips paludosus Bagnall Thrips paludosus Bagnall, 1913k : 235-236. The only available specimens, the type male and female, are on slides which have turned black. The original collection data were ; ENGLAND: Oxfordshire, Weston-on-the-Green, on sedge, vill.1913. BAGNALL’S THYSANOPTERA 67 Thrips poultoni Bagnall Thrips poultoni Bagnall, 1933c : 656-657. Holotype 2. CANARY IsLANDs : Las Palmas, 28.vi.1914 (E. B. Poulton). Thrips pusillus Bagnall Thrips pusillus Bagnall, 1926c : 112-113. Thrips meliaeflovis Hood, 1932 : 138-140. Syn. n. A paratype of meliaefloris has been compared with females of puszllus collected in Sierra Leone, Ghana, Nigeria and Kenya. The colour of the body is here considered to be rather variable, but the apex of the abdomen is commonly darker than the base. LECTOTYPE 9. Guana: Aburi, Strophanthus gratus flowers, 9.xi.1915 (W. H. Patterson). Thrips robustus Priesner Thrips vobustus Priesner, 1920 : 76. Thrips robustus var. pyrenaica Bagnall, 1926e : 653. Thrips robustus Priesner ; Priesner, 1964 : 95. The variety pyrenaica, proposed for some material collected in the Pyrenees in France and Andorra, is regarded by Priesner as a form of robustus. No specimens bearing the variety name are present in Bagnall’s Collection. Thrips tabaci Lindemann Thrips tabaci Lindemann, 1888 : 61-75. Thrips hololeucus Bagnall, 1914b : 24-25. Syn. n. Thrips adamsoni Bagnall, 1923b : 58-59. Thrips debilis Bagnall, 1923b : 60. Thrips frankeniae Bagnall, 1926e : 654. Thrips dorsalis Bagnall, 1927b : 576-577. Thrips tabaci Lindemann ; Mound, 1967a : 19. Thrips tabaci is variable in both colour and size but it can be distinguished by the possession of four setae on the distal half of the fore vein of the fore wing, and by the absence of the pori found in most other Thrips species anterolateral to the median setae of the ninth tergite. The second instar larva is remarkable in that it has no spiracles on abdominal segment two. LECTOTYPE 9 of hololeucus. JAPAN: Kobe, vii.1913 (J. E. A. Lewis). LECTOTYPE 92 of adamsom. ENGLAND: Durham, Brockwell, Menyanthes trifoliata (R. Adamson). Holotype ° of debilis. ENGLAND : Isle of Wight, near Blackgang Chine, on heath. LECTOTYPE @ of /frankeniae. FRANCE: Perpignan, Frankenia, viii.1g26 (R.S.B.). Syntypes 9 of dorsalis. ENGLAND: Surrey, Woldingham, Verbascum nigrum, vii.1924 (R.S.B.). 68 L. A. MOUND TRYPHACTOTHORIPS Bagnall Tryphactothrips Bagnall, 1919: 256. Type-species Dinurothrips rutherfordi, by original designation. Tryphactothrips Bagnall ; Bagnall, 1921b : 264. Tryphactothrips Bagnall ; Stannard & Mitri, 1962 : 214-215. As a result of the revision by Stannard and Mitri, Tryphactothrips is now regarded as a monotypic genus. Tryphactothrips rutherfordi (Bagnall) Dinurothrips vutherfordi Bagnall, 1915a : 319-320. Tryphactothrips rutherfordi (Bagnall) ; Stannard and Mitri, 1962 : 215. This species is known only from the original material and the antennae have yet to be described. Holotype 9. CEYLON : Peradeniya, Allamanda leaves, 27.111.1914 (A. Rutherford). PHLAEOTHRIPIDAE Abiastothrips schaubergeri (Priesner) Trichothrvips schaubergeri Priesner, 1920 : 86-87. Cratothrips priesneri Bagnall, 1933c : 658-659. Abiastothvips schaubergeri (Priesner) ; Priesner, 1964 : 141. This species is very similar to Polyphemothrips species, but the monotypic genus Abiastothrips is retained by Stannard (1957 : 78) on account of the small size of the maxillary palps. Holotype 2 of priesneri. AusTRIA : Warmbad-Villach, dead branch, ix.1929 (ReSB). Acaciothrips ebneri (Karny) Gynatkothrips ebneri Karny, 1920a : 28-29. Gynatkothrips obscuripes Bagnall, 1921c : 362-364. Acaciothrips ebnevi (Karny) ; Priesner, 1965 : 386-389. Priesner has removed this species from Gynatkothrips on account of the short head and tube and the absence of accessory cilia on the fore wing. The insect causes terminal leaf galls on Acacia species very commonly along the Nile valley in Egypt and Sudan, and the present author has examined specimens from Ibadan, Nigeria. LECTOTYPE 9 of obscuripes. [Ecypt : Ezbst el Nakhl, Acacia arabica, vi.1909 (F. C. Willcocks)|, Reg. 306. ACALLUROTHORIPS Bagnall Acallurothrips Bagnall, 1921b : 269. Type-species A. macrurus, by original designation. Bagnall erected this genus for two species, each based on a badly damaged unique. It is not possible to redefine the genus from these specimens although it may be BAGNALL’S THYSANOPTERA 69 noted that the praepectus is apparently absent, the maxillary stylets broad and V- shaped within the head, and the apex of the tube strongly constricted. Stannard (1957) indicates that the genus is probably related to Pygothrips and Nesothrips. Acallurothrips macrurus Bagnall Acallurothrips macrurus Bagnall, 1921b : 270~—271. The antennae are seriously damaged but the suture between segments VII and VIII is probably incomplete. The sense cones are long and slender, two on III and three on IV. The fore tarsi are short with a stout tooth laterally and apical claw, the mesonotum weakly sculptured but the pelta strongly reticulate and moderately wide. Holotype 9. SEYCHELLES : Mahé, [Mt. Sebert, 2,000 ft., 1go8—og (H. Scott]. Acallurothrips proturus Bagnall Acallurothrips proturus Bagnall, 1921b : 269-270. The fore tarsus bears a stout apical claw but the lateral tooth appears to have been broken. Holotype 9. SEYCHELLES: Silhouette, [Mare aux Cochons, 1,000 ft., 1x.1908 (H. Scott)]. Acanthothrips nodicornis (Reuter) Phloeothrips nodicornis Reuter, 1880 : 16. Acanthothrips americanus Bagnall, 1933b : 123. Bagnall described americanus from two specimens from North America, in which the hind tibiae are scarcely paler at their extremities than they are medially. In typical specimens of nodicornis the hind tibiae are yellow at base and apex. The genus Acanthothrips has been used as a subgenus of Phlaeothrips by some authors but can be distinguished by ; (1) antennal IV bears three sense cones and the apex of the segment is prolonged beyond the base of these cones ; (2) the meso- and metanota and sometimes the pronotum are heavily sculptured. The present author has examined albivittatus Hd. and vittatus Hd., as well as one syntype of albovittatus Schille which should also be included in this genus (comb. n.). LECTOTYPE ¢ of americanus. Micuican, U.S.A. : Baldwin, on rotting poplar stump, 18.viil.1g08 (J. D. Hood). ACTINOTHRIPS Bagnall Actinothrips Bagnall, t909k : 332-333. Type-species A. longicornis, by monotypy. Actinothrips Bagnall ; Stannard, 1957 : 90-91. 70 L. A. MOUND Actinothrips longicornis Bagnall Actinothrips longicornis Bagnall, 1909k : 333-334. Actinothrips longicornis Bagnall ; Hood, 1935 : 247. All that remains of the unique specimen upon which this species was described is the tube mounted on a slide. The rest of the specimen is apparently lost as it was not returned to Copenhagen, the published depository. The original locality was VENEZUELA : Caracas (Mevnert). ALEURODOTHRIPS Franklin Aleurodothrips Franklin, 1909 : 228. Type-species Cryptothrips fasciapennis Franklin, by monotypy. Microcanthothrips Bagnall, 1914c : 295-296. Type-species Cephalothrips spinosus Bagnall, by monotypy. Aleurodothrips fasciapennis (Franklin) Cryptothrips fasciapennis Franklin, 1908 : 727-7209. Cephalothrips spinosus Bagnall, 1909d : 174-175. Franklin’s description was based on a unique female and Bagnall’s on a unique male. The species is apparently pan-tropical and is unusual amongst the Tubulifera in having banded wings. The males have a stout spur on the internal margin of the fore femora, and a comb of four or more setae medially on sternite five. Holotype g of spinosus. Brtcium: Brussels Botanical Gardens (under glass), Strelitzva nicolat, iv.1908. ANACTINOTHRIPS Bagnall Anactinothrips Bagnall, 1909k : 329-330. Type-species A. meinerti, by monotypy. Anactinothvips Bagnall ; Stannard, 1957 : 93. As indicated by Stannard this genus is close to Elaphrothrips. The praepectus is present and the mesopraesternum very broad. In the three species described by Bagnall there is only a single pair of wing retaining setae on each tergite. The antennal sense cones are much shorter than the antennal setae, there are two sense cones on III and four on IV. Anactinothrips distinguendus Bagnall Anactinothrips distinguendus Bagnall, 1914f : 379-380. Holotype g. GuyANA: Bartica, Mango leaves, 15.vi.19g13 (G. E. Bodkin). Anactinothrips longisetis Bagnall Anactinothrips longisetis Bagnall, 1926d : 556-557. Holotype 9. Guyana: Cattle Trail Survey, vi.1g19. ~ BAGNALL’S THYSANOPTERA 71 Anactinothrips meinerti Bagnall (Text-fig. 41) Anactinothrips Meinerti Bagnall, 1909k : 330-332. Although the description refers to a representative of both sexes the male is apparently lost as it is in neither the British Museum (Natural History) nor the Copenhagen University Museum. Holotype 9. VENEZUELA : Caracas (Meinert). Androthrips flavipes Schmutz Androthrips flavipes Schmutz, 1913 : 1031-1033. Androthrips flavipes Bagnall, 1914b : 27-28. Androthrips flavipes Schmutz ; Ananthakrishnan, 1964 : 28-209. Both Bagnall and Schmutz described this species from material collected in the same locality in Ceylon. Holotype 9 of Bagnall’s species. CEYLON : Peradeniya, Memexylon wmbellatum, 28.vi.1913 (A. Rutherford). Apterygothrips hispanicus (Bagnall) Cephalothrips hispanicus Bagnall, 1916b : 409-411. Apterygothrips hispanicus (Bagnall) ; Zur Strassen, 1966a : 165. The two females referred to in the original description are macropterous but the wings have been broken. A further female, from St. Cyr-sur-Mer, France, has recently been described as a new species, priesnert Zur Strassen. Holotype 9. Spain : [Zaragosa, 8.iv.1913 (Navds)]. Arrhenothrips lewisi (Bagnall) comb. n. (Text-fig. 22) Mesothrips lewisi Bagnall, 1921c : 366-367. Mesothrips lewist Bagnall ; Bagnall, 1924k : 636. According to the key to Arrhenothrips species published by Faure (1961b : 86) this species differs from the other members of the genus with accessory fore wing cilia in having two sense cones on antennal III and three on IV. The pelta is narrow and bell-shaped with a wide posterior margin. LECTOTYPE 9. Japan: Ashiya, on grass, 5.vil.1917 (J. A. E. Lewts). BACTRIANOTHAORIPS Bagnall Bactrianothrips Bagnall, 1936 : 226-227. Type-species B. alluaudi, by monotypy. This monotypic genus is closely related to Bactridothrips and Cervothrips in that the male has normal spiracles on segment VIII, and the lateral processes on segment VI 72 L. A. MOUND are reduced to small tubercles. Ezdothrips similarly has normal spiracles on segment VIII, whereas in the males of Bactrothrips these spiracles are greatly enlarged and elongate dorsoventrally. Bactrianothrips alluaudi Bagnall Bactrianothrips alluaudi Bagnall, 1936 : 227-228. ‘Type’ g and 2. Mapacascar: Tanala forest, between Savondron and Andranomafana, 1901 (Alluaud). Paris Museum. Paratypes 2 with identical data in British Museum (Natural History). Bactridothrips laingi Bagnall Bactridothrips laingi Bagnall, 1926d : 558. Bactridothrips laingi Bagnall ; Priesner, 1952 : 874-875. Actinothrips hargreavest Bagnall, 1926d : 555-556. Syn. n. Although the name hargreavesi has page priority, the present author as first reviser (International Code of Nomenclature, Article 24) has adopted the name associated with the males as females are less easily recognized in this genus. The females recorded by Moulton from Natal (1930b : 416) are not /aingi but might represent moultont. The fore tibiae of laingi are brown, the hind tibiae weakly yellow apically, and the internal pair of epimeral setae are about half as long as the major epimerals. Holotype g. SIERRA LEONE: Taninahun, 6.11.1925 (EF. Hargreaves). Holotype 9 of hargreavest. SIERRA LEONE: Nijala, 23.v.1926 (E. Hargreaves). Bactridothrips moultoni Bagnall Bactridothrips moultomi Bagnall, 1932e : 513-514. Bactridothrips laingi Moulton, 1930 : 416, nec Bagnall, 1926. Bagnall described this species from a single male which has yellow apices to the tibiae, and the inner epimeral seta not enlarged. This male was collected with the holotype male of natalensis Moulton. The single female and the broken specimen referred to by Moulton as Jaingi apparently represent either moultoni or natalensis. Holotype §. Soutu Arrica: Zululand, Eshowe, 6—31.v.1926 (R. E. Turner). Bactridothrips propinquus Bagnall Bactridothrips propinquus Bagnall, 1936 : 228-229. Bactridothrips propinquus Bagnall ; Priesner, 1952 : 874-876. Holotype g. Conco: Ogooue, Lambaréné, 1912 (R. Ellenberger). Paris Museum. Allotype and paratype 9 with identical data in British Museum (Natural History). BAGNALL’S THYSANOPTERA 73 Bactridothrips serraticornis Bagnall Bactridothvips servaticornis Bagnall, 1921d : 397. Bactridothrips servaticornis Bagnall ; Ananthakrishnan, 1964 : 85. It is possible that serraticornis may eventually be shown to be synonymous with tdolomorphus Karny from Perak. Holotype 3. CEYLON : Pundaluoya (E. E. Green). BACTROTHRIPS Karny Bactrothrips Karny, 1912c : 131. Type-species B. longiventris, by monotypy. Krinothrips Bagnall, 1918a : 220. Type-species K. divergens, by monotypy. Bactrothrips Karny ; Priesner, 1952 : 866-876. This genus differs from Bactridothrips, Cervothrips and Eidothrips in having the spiracles on abdominal segment VIII of the males much enlarged and elongate dorsoventrally. The lateral tubercles on segment VII are larger than those on VIII. Bactrothrips divergens (Bagnall) Krinothrips divergens Bagnall, 1918a : 220-221. Bactrothrips divergens (Bagnall) ; Priesner, 1952 : 873-875. Actinothrips vitchianus Bagnall, 1932e : 517-518. Syn. n. There are two pairs of major epimeral setae in this species, and the hind tibiae are yellow in the apical half compared to the almost completely brown fore and mid tibiae. Syntypes fg and 99. Guana: Aburi, Adawsi Rd., 27.i.1914 (W. H. Patterson). Holotype 2 of ritchianus. TANGANYIKA: Maraka, on tobacco, ix.1926 (A. H. Ritchie). Bagnalliola terminalis (Bagnall) Brachythrips terminalis Bagnall, 1927a : 571-573. Bagnalliola terminalis (Bagnall) ; Priesner, 1964 : 187. The unique holotype of this species can be recognized as a male on account of the short stout By setae on abdominal segment IX. Holotype g. FRANCE: Tamaris, Erica arborea, 1.ili.1927 (R.S.B.). Caudothrips buffai Karny Caudothrips buffai Karny, 1921 : 230. Megathrips lesnei Bagnall, 1933c : 659-661. Syn. n. The unique holotype of Jesnez is here interpreted as a small form of buffai which is known from Italy and Southern France on Quercus ilex. The monotypic genus Caudothrips is distinguished from Megathrips in Europe by the very long tube. The 74 L. A. MOUND pronotal antero-angular and midlateral setae are close together, and if the world fauna is taken into consideration it is unlikely that Caudothrips will stand. Holotype ¢ of lesnei. ALGERIA: Ravin de la Femme Sauvage (env. d’Alger), xii.18g92 (P. Lesne). Paris Museum. Cephalothrips coxalis Bagnall Cephalothrips coxalis Bagnall, 1926e : 657-658. Cephalothrips spartiicola Bagnall, 1927b : 581-582. Syn. n. The only specimens of spartiicola which have been seen are labelled ‘ paratypes ’ and these are here regarded as the apterous forms of coxalis. I am grateful to Dr. zur Strassen for discussing this synonymy with Professor Bournier. Holotype 9. FRANCE: Banyul-sur-Mer, ‘ Carline-Thistle ’, viii.1g26 (R.S.B.). Paratypes 9 and gg of spartiicola. FRANCE: Plage d’Hyeres, Spartium junceum, maig2y (K.5.B.) CERVOTHRIPS Bagnall Cervothrips Bagnall, 1936 : 229. Type-species C. berlandi, by monotypy. This genus is related to Bactrianothrips, Bactridothrips and Eidothrips in the form of the spiracles on segment VIII of the male, however the lateral processes on seg- ment VI are forked. Cervothrips berlandi Bagnall Cervothrips berlandi Bagnall, 1936 : 229-230. Cervothrips berlandi Bagnall ; Priesner, 1952 : 876-877. Priesner has recorded a male apparently of this species from the Nimba Mountains, Guinea. Holotype g. Conco: Ogoone, Lambaréné, 1912 (Ellenberger). Paris Museum. CHIROTHRIPOIDES Bagnall Chirothripoides Bagnall, 1915d : 505. Type-species C. typicus, by monotypy. Chivothripoides Bagnall ; Stannard, 1957 : 38-39. Chirothripoides typicus Bagnall Chirothripoides typicus Bagnall, 1915d : 505-500. The eighth abdominal sternite of this species bears several finger-like projections on the posterior margin. The tergites have one pair of rather straight wing retaining setae. Holotype 9. TriInripDAD: Arima, Verdant Vale, on a window (Urich). BAGNALL’S THYSANOPTERA 75 CLEISTOTHRIPS Bagnall Cleistothrips Bagnall, 1932e : 511. Type-species C. idolothripoides, by monotypy. Head long, arched dorsally with numerous transverse reticulations, eyes small ; antennae seven-segmented, antennal III rather elongate, sense cones long. Maxillary stylets slender, close together in midline of head ; maxillary palps rather large. Praepectus absent, meso- praesternum well developed , only epimeral setae well developed on prothorax. Fore tarsus with a claw in female ; wings broad with numerous accessory cilia. Pelta bell-shaped ; tube long and setose. As Bagnall indicated, this genus is close to Docessissophothrips, but it may prove to be a synonym of Polyphemothrips. From the latter genus Cleistothrips can be distinguished by the more elongate tube which bears numerous setae and lacks reticulations. Cleistothrips idolothripoides Bagnall (Text-fig. 23) Cleistothrips idolothripoides Bagnall, 1932e : 512-513. The following notes are based on the holotype, which lacks antennae, and two other females loaned by Miss Anne Ward of the New Zealand Department of Agriculture, Levin. This is intended to supplement the description given by Bagnall. Dorsal surface of head with two pairs of pale major setae, postocellars 230u, postoculars 280u, and about twelve pairs of shaded minor setae about 35y long. Sensoria on antennals III and IV long, extending to the midpoint of antennals IV and V. Pronotum transverse, epimeral seta pale 220u, remaining setae dark and shorter, midlateral 80u, postero-angular 60u. Fore tarsus with a short blunt tooth directed forward. Fore wing with four basal setae, 35u, 100y, 170, 250u. Pelta narrow and bell-shaped at the anterior but with long extensions basally. Lateral abdominal setae pale, long and fine, segment IX with B, and By 145y long. Tube about 2toy long, narrowed apically, terminal setae short 7ou, surface with numerous stout setae 30-35y long. Holotype 2. NEw ZEALAND : York Bay, 18.xi.1923 (J. G. Myers). COENOTHRIPS Bagnall Coenothrips Bagnall, 1924k : 629. Type-species C. fallax, by monotypy. Eucoenothrips Bagnall, 1926d : 553, nomen novum for Coenothrips. Bagnall’s nomen novum Eucoenothrips was unnecessary as Coenothrips Bagnall cannot be regarded as a homonym of Caenothrips Hood according to the Inter- national Code of Zoological Nomenclature, Article 56a. The only species is very close to Polyphemothrips, from which it can be distinguished by the small maxillary palps, and the small expanded postocular setae placed laterally and more than twice their length behind the eye. 76 L. A. MOUND Coenothrips fallax Bagnall Coenothrips fallax Bagnall, 1924k : 629-630. Holotype 9. AvustTRaLIa: Victoria, Healesville, Evythraea australis flower, 21.xil.1913 (A. E. Shaw & R. Kelly). COMPSOTHRIPS Reuter Compsothrips Reuter, 1901 : 214. Type-species Phloeothrips albosignata Reuter, by monotypy. Leurothrips Bagnall, 1908c : 196. Type-species L. albomaculata, by original designation. The second species, linearis, described in Leurothrips is now regarded as a synonym of Liothrips oleae (Costa). Compsothrips albosignatus (Reuter) Phloeothrips albosignata Reuter, 1884 : 290. Leurothrips albomaculata Bagnall, 1908c : 196-108. Compsothrips albosignatus (Reuter) ; Priesner, 1964 : 146. There is no locality given on the type specimens of albomaculata, but Priesner states that the species occurs in Southern Europe and Western North Africa. Holotype 9 of albomaculata. Ex Pascoe Collection, BM 1893-60. CRANIOTAHRIPS Bagnall Cramothrips Bagnall, 1915d : 504. Type-species C. urvichi, by monotypy. Cramiothrips Bagnall ; Stannard, 1957 : 39-40. The praepectus is well developed but the mesopraesternum degenerate in this genus. Antennal segment III bears two slender sense cones, and segment IV bears one short dorsal and two slender lateral sense cones. The pelta is triangular but weakly sclerotized and the abdominal tergites bear two pairs of wing retaining setae. The head and pronotum are figured by Stannard. Craniothrips urichi Bagnall Craniothrips uricht Bagnall, 1915d : 504-505. There are six females remaining of the type series in the Bagnall Collection. LECTOTYPE 9. TrinipapD : Capara, Inga sp. leaves, vili.1g13 (U7ich). Cryptothrips nigripes (Reuter) Phloeothrips nigripes Reuter, 1880 : 11. Cryptothvips majoy Bagnall, 191Ic : 60-61. Cryptothrips williamsi Bagnall, 1933b : 120-121. Cryptothrips nigripes (Reuter) ; Priesner, 1964 : 141. Bagnall described his two species from uniques, major on account of its large size and williamsi because of the long pronotal setae. BAGNALL’S THYSANOPTERA 77 Holotype 2 of major. Norway: Bygdo near Christiana, lime tree leaves, 27.v1.1909 (R.S.B.). Holotype ¢ of williamsi. ENGLAND : Surrey, Merton, on hazel sticks, 16.xil.19g12 (C. B. Williams). ‘ Cryptothrips’ shavianus Bagnall Cryptothrips shavianus Bagnall, 1918a : 216-217. This species has a heavy conical tube much as in Acallurothrips but it differs from both that genus and Diplochelaeothrips in having antennal VIII constricted basally. The pronotum has a concave anterior margin but the fore tibiae are not armed as they are in Pharetrothrips. A new genus will probably be required when further material becomes available for study. LECTOTYPE [probably 9]. AusTRALIA : Victoria, Healesville, Acacia linearis branch with galls, 31.1.1916 (R. Kelly). DACTYLOTHRIPS Bagnall Dactylothrips Bagnall, 1923c : 629-630. Type-species D. australis, by monotypy. This genus is apparently related to Adrothrips Moulton in the shape of the tube, the armed fore tibiae and tarsi, and the absence of postocular setae and fore wing accessory cilia. Abdominal tergites II to IV have two pairs of wing retaining setae, but the lateral abdominal setae of tergites III to VII are borne on bifurcate tubercles which extend medially. The pronotum is not long and only the epimeral setae are well developed. Dactylothrips australis Bagnall Dactylothrips australis Bagnall, 1923¢ : 630. Holotype 9. AusTRALIA: Victoria, Healesville, dead Acacia dealbata, 17.1.1914 (R. Kelly). DERMOTHRIPS Bagnall Dermothrips Bagnall, 1910d : 677-678. Type-species D. hawatiensis, by monotypy. Cuticle largely reticulate. Head longer than broad, sharply constricted basally ; cheek setae arising from tubercles ; postocular setae close to inner posterior margin of eye, about half as long as eye, one pair of postocellar setae rather shorter ; maxillary stylets V-shaped, mouth cone rounded. Pronotal major setae small ; praepectus present, mesopraesternum small. Fore wings when present without accessory cilia, basal wing setae small ; abdominal tergites with two pairs of wing retaining setae. Pelta broad, tube weakly constricted apically. Dermothrips hawaiiensis Bagnall Dermothrips hawariensis Bagnall, 1910d : 678-680. LECTOTYPE 9° aptera. Hawau, Mavar: Haleakala, over 5000 ft., x.1896 (Perkins). 78 L. A. MOUND DICERATOTHRIPS Bagnall Dicevatothvips Bagnall, 1908c : 193. Type-species D. bicornis, by monotypy. Dichaetothrips Hood, 1914 : 164-165. Type-species D. brevicollis, by monotypy. Dichaetothrips Hood as subgenus, Stannard, 1957 : 96-98. Ethivothrips Karny, 1925a : 133. Type-species Liothrips thomasseti Bagnall, designated by Priesner, 1949 : 129. Syn. n. Percipiothrips Ananthakrishnan, 1964: 72. Type-species Mesothrips indicus, by monotypy. Syn. n. The type-species of Dichaetothrips has not been seen by the present author, but Stannard has indicated that the Hawaiian brevicornis Bagnall is congeneric with brevicollis. Stannard has also indicated on a slide in the Bagnall collection that Ethirothrips nigricornis (Bagnall) should be placed in Diceratothrips. Perciprothrips was described in the Phlaeothripinae but can be recognized as a Megathripine from the broad band-like maxillary stylets arranged as a broad V within the head, and also from the three pairs of long setae on tergite IX of the male. Specimens from Zululand identified by J. C. Faure as Scotothrips vitrerpennis Priesner also belong on this group. The genus may be redefined as follows: Head moderately long, almost parallel-sided, often weakly extended in front of eyes, each cheek with a few setae. Maxillary stylets broad and band-like, wide apartin head. Postocellar setae well developed, usually longer than side of ocellar triangle ; interocellar setae sometimes long. Postocular setae arise behind inner margin of eyes ; vertex usually with one pair of moderately stout setae medially. Antennae eight-segmented, two sense cones on III, and four or five on IV ; segment VIII not strongly constricted basally ; segments V and VI weakly extended ventrally in some species. Pronotum with five pairs of major setae, epimeral sutures complete ; praepectus present, mesopraesternum well developed. Fore tarsus with a large broad-based tooth ; fore wing with numerous accessory cilia. Metanotum and pelta reticulate ; pelta broad, lateral lobes curve forward slightly away from tergite II. Abdominal tergites each with a single pair of wing retaining setae ; tube fairly long, frequently constricted apically, terminal cilia weak. Diceratothrips is here interpreted on a broad basis in order to draw together a group of species which have many characters in common but most of which are known from inadequate material. It is possible that the American species can be separated from the African and Oriental species on the basis of the position of insertion of the antennae and the presence of ventral prolongations on antennals V and VI. However brevicollis Hood, the type-species of Dichaetothrips, is not know to the present author. The species in which the tube has straight sides may need to be separated, but this character as well as the presence of sculpturing on the tube and the proximity of the maxillary stylets may be affected by the mounting proce- dure. The African genus [sopterothrips is very close to Diceratothrips but has very slender lateral lobes to the pelta, only three sense cones on antennal IV, and the mesopraesternum is sexually dimorphic. The differences between the species discussed here are summarized in the following key: 1 Interocellar setae longer than postocellars ; antennals V and VI with ventral apical prolongation ; pelta broad not trilobed ; posterolateral angles of mesopraesternum form a right angle. ; ; : : : : ; . armatus and bicornis BAGNALL’S THYSANOPTERA 79 Not with the above combination of characters ; posterolateral angles of mesoprae- sternum obtuse. : : : - : 2 Postocellar setae shorter then one Bide of cali =<" ; ; 3 : : 3 Postocellar setae longer than one side of ocellar triangle ; : ‘ : - 5 Fore wing with less than 20 accessory cilia ; pronotal anteromarginal setae about half as long as antero-angulars or less ; tube sculptured madagascariensis (and vitreipennis) Fore wing with about 30 accessory cilia : Z ; ; : : 4 Tube strongly sculpture ; pelta with slender tecal foes : ‘—™, ; . brevis Tube apparently straight-sided, without sculpture ; pelta broad not tiligbed angusticornis Antennae quite dark, segment IV with five sense cones 2 E é : : 6 At least antennal III yellowish . ‘ : ; ; : E ‘ ; 8 Seta B, on tergite IX about half as long as iil - . j : : . intrepidus Seta B, on tergite as long as tube : p ‘ , ? ‘ - : : 7 Fore tibiae as dark as fore femora : ; : ; ; ; F . brevicornis Fore tibiae paler than fore femora P . ; . : : . thomasseti Fore tarsal claw absent in female : : ; : P ? : ; ; 9 Fore tarsal claw present in female . : ; ; : : : F 10 Antennal IV yellow, sense cones about half as come as segment V . : . difficilis Antennal IV brown distally, sensoria shorter : ? - ; seychellensis Fore wing with about 30 accessory cilia ; sense cones on svbeimai III and IV about half as long as these segments : ; 3 . , : ‘ indicus Fore wing with less than 20 accessory cilia . ; ; ; ; : : : II Tube with straight sides, not sculptured. : : : : ? : karnyi Tube constricted apically, sculptured as in brevis . - ; : ‘ : beesoni Diceratothrips angusticornis (Bagnall) comb. n. Mesothrips angusticornis Bagnall, 1924k : 638-639. This species resembles karnyi in that the tube has straight sides, but the post- ocellar setae are short and the pelta is not trilobed. Holotype g. CEYLON : Peradeniya, swept from bushes (E. E. Green). Diceratothrips armatus Bagnall (Text-figs. 25, 34) Diceratothrvips armatus Bagnall, 1910a : 385-386. Bagnall made no attempt to compare this species with the type of the genus. Stannard (1957 : 96) indicates that individuals vary in armature depending on size in this genus, and so Bagnall’s reference to ‘ the strongly characterized fore legs’ may be of little value. The species is very close to bicornis but appears to have less strongly contrasting dark and light areas on the fore wing, and rather weaker antero- angular pronotal setae. Syntypes § and 9. VENEZUELA: La Moka, iii.1891 (Mevnert). 80 L. A. MOUND Diceratothrips bicornis Bagnall Dicevatothrips bicornis Bagnall, 1g08c : 194-195. The unique holotype of this species is very similar to armatus. The basal half of the fore wing is dark brown in contrast to the hyaline apical half, and the pronotal antero-angular setae are dark and stout. Holotype 9. Brazit : Santarem, R. Amazon (Bates). Diceratothrips brevicornis Bagnall (Text-fig. 26) Diceratothrips brevicornis Bagnall, 1910d : 696-6908. The postocellar setae of the unique holotype male are considerably longer than the interocellar setae, contrary to Bagnall’s original figure. The species is very close to thomasseti but the head seems to be rather more constricted basally and the fore tibiae are quite dark. Holotype g. Hawai, OAHU : Kawailoa gulch, iv.1gor (Perkins 768). Diceratothrips brevis (Bagnall) comb. n. (Text-figs. 24 & 35) Adiaphorothrips brevis Bagnall, 1921b : 276-277. The unique holotype of this species is very similar to vitreipennis Priesner and madagascariensis Bagnall, but the specimen lacks antennae and is not in a suitable condition for comparison as it has been badly distorted in mounting. The tube is sculptured, the mesopraesternum quite slender and the maxillary stylets probably formed a narrow V as in the species mentioned above. Holotype 3. SEYCHELLES : Mahé {high damp forest between Trois Freres and Morne Seychellois, 1,500—2,000 ft., xii.1908]. Diceratothrips difficilis (Bagnall) comb. n. (Text-fig. 40) Cryptothrips difficilis Bagnall, 1921b : 276. As Bagnall has stated, this species is close to seychellensis, and in addition to the characters listed by him, these two differ in the length of the antennal sensoria. In difficilis the sensoria are long, those on IV being about half as long as segment V. From indicus this species is distinguished by the absence of a fore tarsal tooth in the female. Holotype 9. SEYCHELLES : Silhouette, near Mont Pot-a-Eau, 1,500 ft., vili.1g08. BAGNALL’S THYSANOPTERA - LA} Sos 28 Fics. 22-29. Figs. 22-26. Pelta (abdominal tergite I). 22, Avrhenothrips lewisi, lectotype female. 23, Cleistothrips idolothripoides, holotype female. 24, Dicevatothrips brevis, holotype male. 25, Dicevatothrips avmatus, syntype female. 26, Diceratothrips brevi- cornis, holotype male. Figs. 27 & 28. Tube (last abdominal segment) : 27, Dicerato- thrips thomasetti. 28, Diceratothrips karnyi. Fig. 29. Eurhynchothrips convergens, head and pronotum of female paratype to show maxillary bridge. 81 82 L. A. MOUND Diceratothrips indicus (Bagnall) comb. n. Mesothrips indicus Bagnall, 192I1c : 365-366. Percipiothrips indicus (Bagnall) Ananthakrishnan, 1964 : 72-74. The maxillary stylets of the type specimens of imdicus are broad and band-like, forming a broad V in the middle of the head. Furthermore the male lacks sternal glandular areas and has three pairs of long setae on tergite IX. These characters indicate that the species belongs in the Megathripinae. The length of the post- ocellar setae on the six available specimens varies from 35-60. The minor seta on the epimeron is about 35y long. LECTOTYPE 9. Inp1a: Dehra Dun, Thajbra, bark of half-dead ‘ sal ’. Diceratothrips intrepidus (Bagnall) comb. n. Liothrips intrepidus Bagnall, tg921b : 279. The unique holotype is rather smaller than thomasseti and the major setae of tergite IX, although damaged, are apparently just half as long as the tube. Holotype ?2. SEYCHELLES : Silhouette [Mare aux Cochons, ix.1908]. Diceratothrips karnyi (Bagnall) comb. n. (Text-fig. 28) Mesothrips harnyi Bagnall, 1924k : 639-640. The tube of karnyi has straight sides like angusticornis and is not suddenly con- stricted apically as in imdicus. However the postocellar setae are long, about 80u. The broad maxillary stylets do not form a wide V but approach each other slightly near the base of the head as in madagascariensis. However the surface of the tube is apparently not sculptured. D. beesoni Moulton, also described from Dehra Dun, has a sculptured tube which is constricted apically. LECTOTYPE 9. Inp1a: Dehra Dun, Albizzia lebbek, under dead seeds in dead pods. Diceratothrips madagascariensis (Bagnall) comb. n. Cryptothrips madagascariensis Bagnall, 1936 : 220-221. This species appears to be close to Scotothrips vitreipennis (Priesner) and brevis Bagnall in the long sculptured tube which is constricted apically, the shallow meso- praesternum, and the weak postocellar setae. Unfortunately the type-species of Scotothrips has not been studied, but vitveipennis is possibly a synonym of madagas- cariensis. Holotype 9. Mapacascar : Ambalamadakana, 1901 (Alluaud). Paris Museum. BAGNALL’S THYSANOPTERA 83 Diceratothrips seychellensis (Bagnall) comb. n. Cryptothrips seychellensis Bagnall, 1921b : 274-276. This species and difficilis are unusual in the group in lacking a tarsal tooth in the female although this is well developed in the male. The tube bears very faint indications of sculpture near the base. LECTOTYPE g. SrycuELLes : Mahé [Cascade Estate, 1,000 ft., i-tii.1g09]. Diceratothrips thomasseti (Bagnall) comb. n. (Text-fig. 27) Liothvips thomasseti Bagnall, 1921b : 288-289. Liothrips nigricornis Bagnall, t921b : 278-279. Syn. n. Ethivothrips madagascariensis Bagnall, 1936 : 222. Syn. n. Although nigricornis has page priority the present author as first reviser (Inter- national Code of Nomenclature, Article 24) uses the name thomasseti as that was designated type-species of Ethirothrips by Priesner. The length of the antero- angular pronotal setae is 65y in the migricornis specimens from Seychelles, 130 in the thomasseti lectotype, but varies from 57—105u in four specimens from New Guinea. The number of accessory fore wing cilia varies from about thirty five to forty five, but the differences in head shape, pronotum and tube length appear to be due to faulty preparation of the original microscope slides. The species is very close to brevicornis with which it may prove to be identical. LECTOTYPE ?9. RopricuEs Is. : vii-ix.1g18 (H. J. Snell & H. P. Thomasset). LECTOTYPE ?9 of nigricornis. SEYCHELLES : Silhouette [Mare aux Cochons, 1x.1g08]. Holotype ° of madagascariensis. MADAGASCAR : Ivondro, 13.vil.1gor (Alluaud). Paris Museum. DIMORPHOTHRIPS Bagnall Dimorphothrips Bagnall, 1928b : 58-60. Type-species D. microchaetus, by original designation. Head about twice as long as broad, narrowed behind eyes ; eyes large ; first ocellus on conical projection overlaying base of antennae ; without major setae ; maxillary stylets slender, very low in head ; mouth cone rounded. Antennae eight segmented ; I very large ; sense cones on III to VII long, 1; 3; 2; 2; 1; respectively. Pronotum broad, eroded laterally, epimeral sutures complete ; epimeral setae long, the other major setae only about twice as long as the minor setae ; praepectus absent, mesopraesternum broad. Mesonotum and metanotum reticulate ; mesonotum eroded only at extreme apex. Fore femora expanded, fore tibiae broad at apex, fore tarsi armed. Mid and hind legs stout. Fore wings with about twenty accessory cilia ; basal setae short and stout. Pelta longer than broad, with elongate reticulations medially. Abdomen, including tube, completely reticulate ; numerous short stout setae laterally. Male sternite VIII with a continuous gland ; setae on tergite IX sexually dimorphic. 84 L. A. MOUND Dimorphothrips microchaetus Bagnall Dimorphothrips microchaetus Bagnall, 1928b : 60-61. Dimorphothrips solitus Bagnall, 1928b : 61-62. Syn. n. Bagnall regarded the unique holotype of microchaetus as a male, but the internal rod of segment IX found in females of the Phlaeothripidae is clearly present. As the two specimens on which microchaetus and solitus were based were apparently taken together, it can be assumed that they are the female and male of the same species. Holotype 9. Tonca : Nukualop, leaves of Ficus, 20.11.1925 (Buxton & Hopkins). Holotype ¢ of solitus. ToncA : Nukualop, leaves of Ficus, 20.11.1925 (Buxton & Hopkins). DINOTHRIPS Bagnall Dinothrips Bagnall, 1908c : 190-191. Type-species D. sumatyensis, by monotypy. Dinothrips Bagnall ; Priesner, 1959 : 52-59. Dinothrips Bagnall ; Ananthakrishnan, 1964 : 88-90. Dinothrips sumatrensis Bagnall Dinothrips sumatrensis Bagnall, 1908c : 191-192. Dinothrips affinis Bagnall, 1915c : 270-271. Syn. n. Dinothrips celebensis Bagnall, 1934b : 485-487. Syn. n. The material upon which affinis apparently was based is mounted on cards with typical specimens of swmatrensis, as referred to by Bagnall in the original description, although none of this material is named. However the collection data is identical with that given in the original publication. In two specimens which have antennal III only narrowly shaded at base and apex, the length of this segment varies from 375p. to 400n. In two specimens in which antennal III is more extensively shaded the length varies from 350 to 280u. These differences are here interpreted as individual variation, and moreover the celebensis holotype is regarded as a small male of swmatrensis. The type series of swmatrensis is not in the British Museum (Natural History) and the published data were: ‘ Several examples of both sexes and in all stages [not carded—p. 183], SUMATRA, Amsterdam Museum ’. Syntypes gg and 99 of affinis. SARAWAK: Mt. Matang, on dead tree, xii.1913 (G. E. Bryant). Holotype ¢ of celebensis. CELEBES : (Saviniére). Paris Museum. DOCESSISSOPHOTHRIPS Bagnall Docessissophothrvips Bagnall, 1908c : 201-202. Type-species D. ampliceps, by monotypy. Egchocephalothvips Bagnall, 1916b: 408. Type-species Docessissophothvips monstrosus, by monotypy. Syn. n. As Stannard has indicated, this genus is very similar to Polyphemothrips Schmutz, although it is possibly not monophyletic. The structure of the thoracic sternites is BAGNALL’S THYSANOPTERA 85 not visible in the holotype of ampliceps but both monstrosus and laticeps have the praepectus and mesopraesternum well developed. Bagnall placed monstrosus in a separate genus on account of the extreme elevation of the dorsal surface of the head. This appears to be unnecessary in view of the variation within the genus. There are two pairs of long postocular setae and the concentric lines of sculpture on the anterior half of the metanotum are similar in ampliceps and monstrosus. Docessissophothrips ampliceps Bagnall Docessissophothrips ampliceps Bagnall, 1908c : 202-203. The pelta of the unique male is not clear but is apparently triangular. Both this sclerite and the metanotum are reticulate. The median pair of metanotal setae are small and lie just posterior to the concentric reticulations, which are at the anterior end of the sclerite. The fore wings have about thirty accessory cilia and there are two pairs of wing retaining setae on each abdominal tergite. Holotype g. [MExIco ?] Orizaba, xii.1887 (H.S. & F.D.G.). Docessissophothrips frontalis Bagnall Docessissophothrips frontalis Bagnall, 1914b : 26-27. The unique holotype of frontalis is not in the Bagnall Collection. The specimen was collected in Japan by J. E. A. Lewis, and Bagnall gives a figure of the head viewed laterally. Docessissophothrips laticeps Bagnall Docessissophothrips laticeps Bagnall, 1915a : 322-323. Although reduced ocelli are present, the female holotype is apparently apterous. The praepectus and mesopraesternum are well developed, the pelta very broad basally, and both the pelta and metanotum are devoid of sculpture. The postocellar setae are long, almost reaching the base of antennal II. There are two sense cones on antennal III and three on IV. Holotype 9. SARAWAK: Mt. Matang, under bark with termites, 28.1.1914 (G. E. Bryant). Docessissophothrips longiceps Bagnall Docessissophothrips longiceps Bagnall, 1916b : 407-408. The pronotum of this species is emarginate anteriorly and as in monstrosus, lacks anteromarginal setae. The fore tarsus is unarmed, the metanotum reticulate, and the pelta divided into a large quadrate median sclerite and a pair of small lateral plates. The surface of the tube is reticulate in contrast to the other members of the genus. The ocelli are very reduced but there is a pair of stout interocellar setae. Holotype 9. MaApbeErRA: (Wollaston). BM 1858 : 21. 86 L. A. MOUND Docessissophothrips major Bagnall Docessissophothrips majoy Bagnall, 1912a : 215. This species is probably fairly close to ampliceps. The pelta and metanotum are reticulate and the postocellar setae well developed. There are about seventy accessory cilia on the fore wing, and the hind wing has about eight stout recurved setae basally apparently for attaching it to the fore wing. Holotype 9. Without data. Docessissophothrips monstrosus Bagnall comb. rev. Docessissophothrips monstrosus Bagnall, 1909] : 538-539. Egchocephalothrips monstrosus (Bagnall) Bagnall, r916b : 408. This species is here regarded as an extreme form within the genus Docessissopho- thrips. _The head is much expanded dorsally, and the pronotum deeply emarginate anteriorly asaresult. There are only two pairs of major setae on the pronotum, the posteromarginals and the epimerals. There is a pair of large setal bases on the metanotum at the centre of a series of concentric rings of reticulation, and the pelta is broad basally and reticulate. Only one of the pairs of wing retaining setae is well developed on each tergite, the anterior pair being weak with the setae usually straight. The praepectus and mesopraesternum are well developed, but unfor- tunately the specimen is badly damaged and parts are missing. Holotype (sex unknown). NEw CALEDONIA: Mt. Kogin (A. Faurel). DOLICHOLEPTA Priesner stat. n. Dolichothrips sabgenus Dolicholepta Priesner, 1932b : 198. Type-species Dolichothrips givaffa Karny (synonym of micrurus Bagnall), by original designation. This genus resembles Dolichothrips in having the praepectus present, meso- praesternum degenerate medially, elongate mouth cone, triangular pelta, abdominal tergites with more than two pairs of wing retaining setae, and sternites with the median pair of marginal setae much longer than the submedian pair. It is to be distinguished from Dolichothrips by the lack of accessory cilia on the fore wing, the elongate antennal III which bears only two small sense cones, the extension of the inner apical margin of antennals IV, V and VI, and the closely striate sculpture on the metanotum. Macrophthalmothrips scotti Morison, 1958 belongs in this genus (comb. n.) and may be a large specimen of jeanneli. The four species known to the present author may be distinguished as follows: i Pronotum with numerous transverse lines of sculpture ; eyes not extended on ventral surface of head, or only very weakly so ; pelta weakly reticulate . 5 2 — Pronotum without any sculpture ; eyes strongly extended on ventral surface of head ; pelta strongly reticulate : : : : ; 3 2 Pronotal midlateral setae not developed ; postoculae setae slender micrurus Bagnall BAGNALL’S THYSANOPTERA 87 — Pronotal midlateral setae stout, broadly expanded apically, about equal to epimerals (zou) ; postocular setae at least twice as long as their separation from hind margin of eye : : : ; , : é : - . nigripes Bagnall 3 Mid dorsal setae of head long, extending to base of postocular setae : scotti Morison — Mid dorsal setae of head small, not reaching base of postoculars . . jeanneli Bagnall Dolicholepta jeanneli (Bagnall) comb. n. Dolichothrips jeanneli Bagnall, 1921c : 358-359. Dolichothrips karnyi Faure, 1925 : 153-158. Syn. n. D. karnyi has been reported to differ from jeanneli in having longer setae on tergite IX. From a study of material collected in Kenya it is apparent that this species varies considerably in overall size, and the median setae on tergite [IX may be rather shorter or rather longer than the tube. The species is known from Kenya, Uganda, Tanganyika and Transvaal. LECTOTYPE 9. Kenya: Molo, Mau Escarpment, 8.xii.rg1r (Alluaud & Jeannel). Dolicholepta micrurus (Bagnall) Liothrips micrurus Bagnall, 1914¢ : 292-293. Dolichothrips (Dolicholepta) micrurus (Bagnall) Priesner, 1965 : 417-420. The original description refers to a unique female but there are two specimens in the Bagnall Collection bearing the original data. The species is known from Egypt, Sudan and Seychelles Islands, although the latter record is based on a fragmentary specimen. LECTOTYPE 9. Ecypt: Matarieh, near Cairo, Zyztphus, 9.ix.1g11 (F. C. Willcocks). Dolicholepta nigripes (Bagnall) comb. n. Dolichothrips nigripes Bagnall, 1936 : 223. Although the unique holotype is in a very bad condition it is clearly more closely related to micrurus from the Nile valley than to the East African jeanneli. The other species described from near Addis Ababa in Ethiopia, scott? Morison, is however close to jeannelt. Holotype 9. [? Eruiop1a: between Addis Ababa and Ankober] Ethiopie méridionale, prés riviére Golba, under bark of Makanissa, 3.viii.1904 (Rothschild). Paris Museum. DOLICHOTHAHRIPS Karny Dolichothrips Karny, 1912d : 299. Type-species D. longicollis Karny, by monotypy. The subgenus Dolicholepta is here recognized as a full genus. Several of the species treated here under Dolichothrips were described in Neoheegeria, and these two 88 L. A. MOUND genera are probably related. N. dalmatica and D. longicollis, the type-species of these genera both have the praepectus present, mesopraesternum degenerate medially, three sense cones on antennal III, elongate mouth cone and duplicated wing cilia. They may be distinguished by the presence in Dolichothrips of three or more pairs of setae on the abdominal tergites anterolateral to the two pairs of wing retaining setae. Some of these setae are developed as additional wing retaining setae, whereas in Neoheegeria there are two pairs of wing retaining setae. The following key includes those species represented in the British Museum (Natural History) by type material, and in addition gracilipes R. & M. of which the author has examined specimens determined by Professor T. N. Ananthakrishnan. It should be noted that D. citricruris Moulton, 1949 does not belong in Dolichothrips. 1 Prothoracic midlateral setae very small; antero-angular setae close to antero- marginals . , 3 : , ‘ é : : - .longicollis Karny — Prothoracic midlaterals not much smaller than the other major setae. : : 2 2 Legs yellow ; metanotal setae stout with expanded apices, similar to pronotal major setae . : : : é : : : : . ochripes Karny — Atleast femora brown ; metanotal setae slender. : : : : ; A 3 3 Basal wing setae small, less than the distal width of the fore wing in length indicus Hood = rambhutanae Anan. syn. n. — Basal wing setae longer than the distal width of fore wing . : : : : 4 4 All tibiae yellow : : : : : ; - : : . citripes Bagnall — Mid and hind tibiae brown : : : : : : 2 5 5 Tergite IX with seta Bi about as eee as tube ; pronotal postero-angular setae less than twice as long as eee basal wing seta 2 softly pointed not expanded apically. : : : : : : . varipes Bagnall — Tergite IX setae distinctly longer than tube ; postero-angular setae more than twice as long as anteromarginals . - : : - . : - : 6 6 Pronotal postero-angular setae three times as long as anteromarginals ; fore wing with nine accessory cilia : é : - : ‘ . fumipennis Bagnall — Pronotal postero-angular setae twice as long as anteromarginals ; fore wing with twelve or more accessory cilia. : ‘ : : ; : . Zzyziphi Bagnall Dolichothrips citripes (Bagnall) comb. n. Neoheegeria citvipes Bagnall, 1921¢c : 360-361. Dolichothrips (Dolicholepta) gracilipes Ram. & Marg., 1939 : 46. Syn. n. The original description of gracilipes states that the antennae are shorter than in citripes, but the length of the antennal segments is quite variable in three specimens in the British Museum (Natural History) collection determined as gracilipes by Professor Ananthakrishnan. Bagnall described his species on one female and one damaged male. The published host plant is probably an error for Abutilon indicum as this is the host plant of gvacilipes in Orissa and Madras. LECTOTYPE 9. Inp1a: Pusa, on Alentillon indicum, 12.x.1g09 (C. S. Misra). BAGNALL’S THYSANOPTERA 89 Dolichothrips fumipennis (Bagnall) comb. n. Neoheegeria fumipennis Bagnall, 1921c : 360. This species, known only from the unique holotype, is very similar to zyziphi, from which it can be distinguished by the longer setae on the posterior margin of the pronotum. Holotype 9. Inp1A: Kurseong, East Himalayas, 4,700 ft., 26.iii.1g1o (F. Gravely). Dolichothrips varipes Bagnall Dolichothrips varipes Bagnall, 1921¢ : 359. This species is in many ways intermediate between the two genera Dolichothrips and Dolicholepta. Although the metanotal reticulations are rather narrow, the sculpture is distinct from the close striations found on the metanotum of Dolicholepta. Antennal segments IV, V and VI are only weakly extended on the inner apical margin in varipes and there are five or more accessory cilia on the fore wing. This species is known from India, Egypt and Sudan, and the present author has also examined a specimen from Ethiopia. Syntypes 9. Inp1A : [? Coimbatore] (Ramakrishna). Dolichothrips zyziphi (Bagnall) comb. n. Neoheegeria zyziphi Bagnall, 1923¢ : 629. Three females and two males bearing no data other than the name and registration number 186 remain in the Bagnall Collection. The original description refers only to “ several examples ’. LECTOTYPE ¢. [Inp1A: Paresnoth, W. Bengal, at 4,400 ft., on Zyziphus rugosus, 10.1v.1909.| Reg. 186. ECACANTHOTHARIPS Bagnall Ecacanthothrips Bagnall, 1909c : 348. Type-species Acanthothrips sanguineus, by monotypy. Ecacanthothrips san guineus (Bagnall) Acanthothvips sanguineus Bagnall, 1908b : 362. Ecacanthothrips bryanti Bagnall, 1915a : 320-321. Ecacanthothrips coxalis Bagnall, 1915b : 597. Ecacanthothrips coxalis var. consanguineus Priesner, 1930 : 367-368. Syn. n. Ecacanthothrips flavipes Bagnall, 1915b : 597. Ecacanthothrips sanguineus Bagnall ; Ananthakrishnan, 1961 : 275-280. The unique holotype of sanguineus is a female and not a male as originally stated, and the figures of the fore tibiae of bryanti and sanguineus are inaccurate in that the original specimens have tibial tubercles. In addition to the characters studied by go L. A. MOUND Ananthrakrishnan, it has been observed that the second (lateral) pair of postocular setae are usually acute in the female but expanded apically in the male, and the third sub-basal wing seta is acute in the male but expanded in the female. A paratype female and male of consanguineus have been examined. Holotype g. NEw Guinea: Dorey. (Wallace). LECTOTYPE ¢ of bryanti. SARAWAK: Matang, 1,000 ft., on dead tree, 17.xil. 1913 (G. E. Bryant). LECTOTYPE ¢ of coxalis. SARAWAK: Mt. Matang, 1,000 ft., 2.1i.1914 (G. E. Bryant). LECTOTYPE ¢ of flavipes. SARAWAK: Matang, 1,000 ft., in white flower, 3.xl1.1913 (G. E. Bryant). Ecacanthothrips spinipes (Bagnall) comb. n. Phloeothrips spinipes Bagnall, 1908c : 195-196. There are about fourteen sensoria on antennal III of the unique female holotype of this species. From sanguineus it can be distinguished by the shorter head, unarmed femora, and broader reticulations laterally on the pelta. The postocular seta has a widely expanded assymetric apex and almost reaches the base of the antenna. The fore wings are damaged but there are probably more than twenty accessory cilia. Holotype 9. NEw Guinea: Dorey (Wallace). EIDOTHRIPS Bagnall Eidothrips Bagnall, 1918a : 219. Type-species E. alluaudi, by monotypy. This genus is distinguished from the others in the Bactrothrips group by the presence of lateral processess on abdominal segments five and six in the male and the absence of processes from segments seven and eight. The spiracles on segment eight are small and round as in Bactridothrips, Bactrianothnips and Cervothrips. Eidothrips alluaudi Bagnall Exdothrips alluaudi Bagnall, 1918a : 219-220. The internal epimeral seta is very small and the base of antennal III is shaded although the rest of the segment is pale. Moulton (1930b : 416) has recorded females of this species from Zululand. The type locality is in Kenya not Uganda as stated originally. LECTOTYPE g. Kenya: Kijabe, Kikuyu Escarpment, xii.1g11 (Alluaud & Jeannel). BAGNALL’S THYSANOPTERA gl ELAPHROTHRIPS Buffa Elaphrothrips Buffa, 1909 : 162-163. Type-species Idolothrips coniferarum Pergande, 1896, designated by Andre, 1940. Dicaiothrips Buffa, 1909 : 169-170. Type-species Thrips schotti Heeger, 1852, designated by Bagnall, 1910. Elaphoxothrips Bagnall, 1932e : 516-517. Type-species Kleothrips athletes Karny, by monotypy. Klinothrips Bagnall, 1918a : 217-218. Type-species Kk. femoralis, by monotypy. Elaphrothrips Buffa ; Priesner, 1935 : 58-60 and 1952 : 845-866. Elaphrothrips Buffa ; Stannard, 1957 : 98-100. This genus has been confused frequently with Jdolothrips, and Stannard states that the differences between the two genera are ‘of a minor nature’. The type- species of Idolothrips has been compared during the present study with more than fifty species of Elaphrothrips and these two genera may be distinguished as follows: 1 Pronotal antero-angular and midlateral setae close together, anteromarginals well developed, two pairs of epimerals present ; fore tarsi unarmed in both sexes ; external margin of femora angular in profile, bearing several pairs of major setae asin Meiothrips . ; : : : : : : : IDOLOTHRIPS — Pronotal antero-angular and midlateral setae not close together, anteromarginals small, one pair of major epimerals. Fore tarsi frequently armed ; fore femora expanded, external margin with a smoothly curved profile. . ELAPHROTHRIPS The difficulties in this genus have been greatly increased through the description of numerous species on solitary specimens or very short series. Bagnall’s species were described before the principle of heterogonous growth in Thysanoptera was appreciated, and in view of the variation in Elaphrothrips species discussed by Priesner (1935), Hartwig (1948) and Hood (1955) it is likely that more synonymy awaits elucidation. The colour of the antennal segments is frequently used for species recognition within the group, but in certain species such as E. stenocephalus (and Idolothrips spectrum) the stems of antennals IV to VI are not constant in colour although variation from clear yellow to pure brown has not been observed. The variation involved is in the shades of yellowish brown and brownish yellow, and forms with this intermediate colouring need special attention. Elaphrothrips aethiopiae Bagnall Elaphrothrips aethiopiae Bagnall, 1936 : 225-226. Elaphrothrips aethiopiae Bagnall ; Priesner, 1952 : 865. Holotype g. [? Eruiopi1a] Ethiopie meridionale, Abou, 31.vil.1904 (Rothschild). Paris Museum. Elaphrothrips affinis (Bagnall) Idolothrips affinis Bagnall, 1908c : 213-214. Idolothrips assimilis Bagnall, 1908c : 213. Syn. n. Dicaiothrips distinctus Bagnall, 1910a : 378-379. Syn. n. Bagnall described these three forms from three uniques which bear identical collection data. In view of the variation now known in Elaphrothrips species from g2 L. A. MOUND South America (Hood, 1955), it appears reasonable to treat the slender differences between these three specimens as variation within one species. The postocular setae of the male (distinctus) are small, whereas these setae are well developed in the two females (affinis and assimilis). The stems of antennals III to V are yellow, although IV and V have a dark basal ring. Holotype 9. NicaRAGua : Chontales (Jansen). Holotype 9 of assimilis, NIcARAGUA : Chontales (Jansen). Holotype ¢ of distinctus. NicaAraGua : Chontales (Jansen). Elaphrothrips angustatus (Bagnall) (Text-fig. 31) Idolothrips angustatus Bagnall, 1910a : 380-382. Bagnall’s records of brevicornis from Trinidad (1915) and St. Vincent (1917) are here regarded as mis-identifications of angustatus. The anterior reticles of the pelta are equiangular but the reticles on the posterior half are transversely elongate. The postocular setae of the male are small although these setae are long in the female. Holotype gj. VENEZUELA : Los Trincheras, 11.xii.1891 (Meinert). Elaphrothrips antennalis Bagnall Elaphrothrips (Idolothrips) antennalis Bagnall, 1g21d : 398. The fore tarsus of this species bears a broad-based tooth rather similar to that found in the minor males of procer Schmutz. Holotype §. JAPAN: Kobe, on grass, I1.vii.1916 (J. E. A. Lewis). Elaphrothrips bagnallianus Priesner Elaphrothrvips bagnallianus Priesner, 1952 : 863. Nomen novum for clarispinis of Bagnall. Elaphrothrips clarispinis Bagnall, 1935a : 134-135, nec clavispinis Priesner, 1935 : 247. Holotype g. [ZamBIA]: Kipushi, Congo Border, in dry dead leaves, 9.xi.1928 (H.S. Evans). Elaphrothrips brachypes Bagnall Elaphrothrips brachypes Bagnall, 1934b : 495-497. Elaphrothrips jeanneli Bagnall, 1935a : 140-142. Syn. n. In this species the postocular and interocellar setae are colourless, and the pronotal and femoral setae are shaded yellow. The extreme base of the femora and tibiae are yellow, and the hind tibiae are light brown in the distal half. Holotype g. East Arrica : without data. Holotype @ of zeanneli. [KENYA]: Molo, Mau Escarpment, 7,000 ft., 2.x11.19g11 (Alluaud & Jeannel). BAGNALL’S THYSANOPTERA 93 Se EA TAY) 36 er = aN lp oe. 40 38 Fics. 30-41. Figs. 30-33. Half of pelta of Elaphrothvips species (first abdominal tergite) : 30, E. crassiceps, holotype female. 31, E. angustatus, holotype male. 32, E. brevicornis, holotype female. 33, E. foveicollis. Figs. 34 & 35. Mesosternum of Dicevatothrips species : 34, D. avmatus. 35, D. brevis. Figs. 36—39. Fore tarsus of Elaphrothrips species males : 36, E. longiceps. 37 & 38, E. procer (37, approximatus, 38, proximus). 39, E. greent (bouviert holotype). Fig. 40. Dicevatothrips difficilis, antennals III & IV of holotype female. Fig. 41. Anactinothrips meinerti, apex of antennal III of holotype female. 94 L. A. MOUND Elaphrothrips brachyurus Bagnall Elaphrothrips brachyurus Bagnall, 1926d : 555. Holotype 9. SoutH ArFrica : Pondoland, Port St. John, iv.1923 (R. E. Turner). Elaphrothrips breviceps (Bagnall) Dicaiothrips breviceps Bagnall, 1921d : 399-400. Elaphrothrips breviceps (Bagnall) Bagnall, 1935a : 143-145. The interocellar setae are colourless in this species although the epimeral setae are shaded and the lateral head setae dark. On tergite IX of the unique holotype setae B, are missing, but B3 are apparently only 0-7 as long as By. The antennae are not known, but the lateral lobes of the pelta are very slender. A second species is mounted on the same slide as the holotype. Holotype 9. [KENYA]: Nairobi (Wa-Kikuyu et Masai), 1904 (Alluaud). Elaphrothrips brevicornis (Bagnall) (Text-fig. 32) Dicaiothrips brevicornis Bagnall, 1910a : 379-380. Bagnall’s records of this species from Trinidad and St. Vincent are referred to under angustatus. Holotype 9. VENEZUELA: Los Trincheras, 12.xii.1891 (Meinert). Elaphrothrips brunneipennis Bagnall Elaphrothrips brunnetpennis Bagnall, 1935a : 130-132. Elaphrothrips brunneipennis Bagnall ; Priesner, 1952 : 859. LECTOTYPE 9. San THOME : 6.xi.1932 (W. H. T. Tams). Elaphrothrips conicurus Bagnall Elaphrothrips conicurus Bagnall, 1934b : 497-498. Holotype 9. VENEZUELA : Sarare, 1899 (F. Geay). Paris Museum. Elaphrothrips coronatus Bagnall Elaphrothrips coronatus Bagnall, 1934c : 630-632. This species can apparently be distinguished from the other Indo-Malayan species by the produced part of the head being narrowed apically, and antennals III to V with very pale brown shadings apically. Holotype 9. CryLon : Peradeniya, on banana, 2.vi.1913 (A. Rutherford). BAGNALL’S THYSANOPTERA 95 Elaphrothrips crassiceps (Bagnall) (Text-fig. 30) Dicaiothrips crassiceps Bagnall, 1g21d : 399. Elaphrothrips crassiceps (Bagnall) ; Priesner, 1934 : 197. Apart from the short broad head, this species may also be recognized by the fact that the lateral lobes of the pelta are quite separate from the large median plate. Holotype 2. Burma : Myawadli, goo ft., 24-26.xi.1g11 (F.-H. Gravely). Elaphrothrips denticollis (Bagnall) Dicaiothrips denticollis Bagnall, 1909} : 527. This species is known from a single female, but comparison with the description of mucronatus Priesner, 1935 : 167-168 suggests that these two forms may eventually be shown to be identical. Holotype 2. InponesiA : Isle of Nias (K. Jordan). Elaphrothrips distans Bagnall Elaphrothrips distans Bagnall, 1935a : 132-134. Elaphrothrips distans Bagnall ; Priesner, 1952 : 859. Holotype 9. TANGANYIKA : Morogoro, ili.1925 (A. H. Ritchie). Elaphrothrips femoralis (Bagnall) Klinothrips femoralis Bagnall, 1918a : 218-219. Elaphrothrips (Klinothrips) femoralis (Bagnall) Priesner, 1952 : 846-849. The specimen on which this species was described (in spirit) has not been located in the British Museum (Natural History). The published data were; GHANA: Aburi, Cacao leaves, 12.1x.1915 (W. H. Patterson). Priesner has redescribed the species from two males from the Ivory Coast and one of these is deposited in the Paris Museum. The basal wing setae of this specimen are dark as in gaboniensis. Elaphrothrips foveicollis (Bagnall) (Text-fig. 33) Idolothrips foveicollis Bagnall, r908c : 214-215. Dicaiothrips championi Bagnall, 1910a : 375. Syn. n. Dicaiothrips grandis Bagnall, 1910a : 373-374. Syn. n. This species belongs in the Jaevicollis group in which the anterior reticles of the pelta are distinguished from those at the posterior by their thicker margins, and the postocular setae of the males are negatively heterogonous (see Hood, 1955 : 54). 96 L. A. MOUND The holotype of championi is a female, not a male as originally stated, the internal rod in abdominal segment IX is visible, the fore tarsal claw is short and broad, and the postocular setae are long. The holotype of grandis is here regarded as a major male of foveicollis. LECTOTYPE 9. [GUATEMALA : 14° 44’ N. 91° 27’ W] Cerro Zunil, 4-5,000 ft., (Champion). Holotype 9 of championi. [GUATEMALA: 14° 44’ N. 91° 27’ W]: Cerro Zunil, 4-5,000 ft., (Champion). Holotype ¢ of grandis. [GUATEMALA: 14° 44’ N. g1° 27’ W]: Cerro Zunil, 4-5,000 ft., (Champion). Elaphrothrips gaboniensis Bagnall Elaphrothrips gaboniensis Bagnall, 1936 ; 224-225. Elaphrothrips gabonensis Bagnall ; Priesner, 1952 : 860. The specimen recorded by Bagnall (1935a : 140) from Ibadan, NIGERIA has the third basal wing seta very darkly shaded. The epimeral setae are colourless, the femoral setae weakly shaded, and the head setae dark. Holotype 2. Conco: Libreville (J. Chalot). Paris Museum. Elaphrothrips graveleyi Bagnall Elaphrothrips graveleyi Bagnall, 1934c : 628-630. Holotype 9. Inp1A: Kurseong, 4,700 ft., 26.ili.1g10 (Ff. H. Gravely). Elaphrothrips greeni (Bagnall) (Text-fig. 39) Dicaiothrips greeni Bagnall, 1914c (March) : 289-290. Dicaiothrips bouvieri Vuillet, 1914 (April) : 276-277. Syn. n. The above synonymy is based on a comparison of the type and paratype of bouviert with a third specimen from the same locality and the remains of the holotype of greent. The basal stems of antennals IV and V apparently vary in colour from brownish yellow to pale brown (cf. Priesner 1934 : 195), and as in many other species, the sickle-shaped seta on the fore femur varies in degree of development. The fore tarsal tooth is long and slender, arising basally, and the hind tibia is yellowish in the distal half. Holotype g. CryLon : Peradeniya, on decayed Phaseolus pods (E. E. Green). Holotype ¢ of bouvieri. INDIA : Coonoor, Nilgiri Hills, 6,000 ft., 14—-31.vii.1g01 (Matndron). BAGNALL’S THYSANOPTERA 97 Elaphrothrips laevicollis (Bagnall) Dicaiothrips laevicollis Bagnall, 1910a : 375-376. Elaphrothrips laevicollis (Bagnall) ; Hood, 1955 : 54. The two syntypes are not in the British Museum nor the University Museum, Copenhagen. The original data were ; VENEZUELA: Los Tejes, 20.ix.1891 (Meinert). One male identified as this species by Bagnall from Trinidad has been examined and this is very close to foveicollis. Hood gives an account of the hetero- gony exhibited by the males. Elaphrothrips laticeps Bagnall Elaphrothrips laticeps Bagnall, 1935a : 142-143. Elaphrothrips laticeps Bagnall ; Priesner, 1952 : 862. The unique holotype is damaged, but antennal III is clear yellow and IV weakly shaded apically. This should be compared with wniformis Buffa in which both III and IV are yellow. Holotype 9. TANGANYIKA : Moschi, 1905. Elaphrothrips longiceps (Bagnall) (Text-fig. 36) Idolothrips longiceps Bagnall, 1908c : 211-213. The unique holotype has a well developed, dark sickle-shaped seta on the fore femur. The inner apical margin of the fore tibia bears a distinct tooth, and the fore tarsus is rather short with a broad-based, claw-shaped tooth. Holotype g. [Mexico] : Orizaba, xii.1857 (H.S. & F.D.G.). Elaphrothrips madagascariensis Bagnall Elaphrothrips madagascariensis Bagnall, 1935a : 138-140. Elaphrothrips madagascariensis Bagnall ; Priesner, 1952 : 865. Holotype 9. Mapacascar : Ambalamadakana, 1go1 (Alluaud). Paris Museum. Elaphrothrips mahensis (Bagnall) Dicaiothrips mahensis Bagnall, 1921b : 283-284. Dicaiothrips vex Bagnall, 1921b : 281-283. Syn. n. Dicaiothrips hystrix Bagnall, 1921b : 284-286. Syn. n. Although the name vex has page priority, the present author as first reviser (International Code, 1961 : 24A) uses mahensis, because the holotype bearing that name is in good condition whereas the holotype of vex is crushed, macerated and lacks antennae. These two forms are here regarded as the major males of the species and hystrix represents the females. The males which Bagnall labelled 98 L. A. MOUND hystrix may be minor males of this species or they may represent a distinct species. The colour of the stem of antennal V varies from yellow to light brown, but the extreme apex of III and base of IV are black, contrasting with the surrounding yellow colour. The basal wing setae are light brown. Holotype g. SEYCHELLES : Mahé [near Morne Blanc, x—xi.1908 (H. Scott)]. Holotype g of vex. SEYCHELLES: Silhouette [Mare aux Cochons, 6.ix.1g08 (H. Scott)]. Holotype 9 of hystvix. SEYCHELLES : Silhouette [Mare aux Cochons, 6.ix.1g08 (H. Scott) |. Elaphrothrips malayensis (Bagnall) Dicaiothrips malayensis Bagnall, 1909] : 525-526. Three males remain in the Bagnall collection, and in one of these there is a well developed, fore femoral, sickle-shaped seta (cf. Priesner, 1934 : 195). From this specimen it appears that bruneitarsis Schmutz may well prove to be a synonym, particularly as Priesner (1935 : 64) has recorded that species from Indonesia. How- ever bruneitarsis of Bagnall (1934c : 630) is not the same species. Holotype 3. Inponesi4 : Isle of Nias (Jordan). Elaphrothrips nitidus (Bagnall) Dicaiothrips nitidus Bagnall, 1910a : 372-373. The posterior reticles of the pelta are smaller than the anterior reticles. Unlike foveicollis the postocular setae are well developed in this male specimen. Holotype §. Brazit : Rio de Janeiro, near La Tijuca, rgor (EF. R. Wagner). Elaphrothrips priesneri (Bagnall) Dicaiothrips priesnevt Bagnall, 1926d : 554-555. Nomen novum for D. breviceps Priesner, 1921b nec Bagnall, 1g2id. This species was described by Priesner from Paraguay. Elaphrothrips procer (Schmutz) (Text-figs. 37 & 38) Dicaiothrips procey Schmutz, 1913 : 1063-1065. Dicaiothrips proximus Bagnall, 1914c : 289. Syn. n. Elaphrothrips achaetus Bagnall, 1934c : 633-634. Syn. n. Elaphrothrips approximatus Bagnall, 1934c : 635-636. Syn. n. Elaphrothrips procer (Schmutz) Priesner, 1935 : 60—61. This synonymy is based on a comparison of Bagnall’s type specimens with Priesner’s redescription of procer. The fore tarsal tooth is quite distinctive in the BAGNALL’S THYSANOPTERA 99 major males, although in the minor males (approximatus) the tooth is weaker and lacks the tubercle on the internal margin. As is not uncommon in females of Elaphrothrips, the type specimen of achaetus has no major outstanding setae on antennals III and IV. Holotype ¢ of proximus. CEYLON : Peradeniya, Crotalaria pods, xi.1g12 (E. E. Green). Holotype 2 of achaetus. CEYLON : Peradeniya, Crotalaria pods, xi.1g12 (E. E. Green). Holotype ¢ of approximatus. CEYLON : Peradeniya, Hevea dead leaves, 6.v.1914 (A. Rutherford). Elaphrothrips propinquus (Bagnall) Dicaiothrips propinquus Bagnall, 1910a : 377-378. The unique male on which Bagnall described this species is not in either the British Museum (Natural History) nor the University Museum, Copenhagen. The published data were ; VENEZUELA: Los Trincheras, 11.xii.18g1 (Meinert). This may represent the malé of brevicornis. Elaphrothrips seychellensis (Bagnall) Dicaiothrips seychellensis Bagnall, 1921b : 280-281. Elaphrothrips seychellensis (Bagnall) Priesner, 1934 : 196. Holotype 9. SEYCHELLES : Mahé [above Port Glaud, 500-1,000 ft., 5.xi.1908 (H. Scott)]. Elaphrothrips spiniceps Bagnall Elaphrothrips spiniceps Bagnall, 1932e : 514-515. In view of the absence of antennae from the unique holotype, this species cannot be placed in Priesner’s key (1934). Holotype g. Inp1a: Sikkim, Gangtok (Bailey). Elaphrothrips stenocephalus (Bagnall) Dicaiothrips stenocephalus Bagnall, 1914c : 288-289. Elaphrothrips nigrospinosus Bagnall, 1932e : 515-516. Syn. n. Elaphrothrips atrispinis Bagnall, 1935a : 135-137. Syn. n. Elaphrothrips variispinis Bagnall, 1935a : 137-138. Syn. n. The stem of antennal segments IV and V varies in colour from yellow to light brown, although IV always has a conspicuous narrow dark brown ring at the extreme base. The major head, pronotal and femoral setae are dark, although the lateral abdominal setae and B, on tergite IX (not By or B3) are hyaline. The first pair of cheek setae have pointed apices and the outer margins of the fore femora have 100 L. A. MOUND a series of stout thorn-like setae. The wings are narrow and pale although the cilia are dark. The basal wing setae are hyaline or weakly shaded (cf. gaboniensis). Holotype g. [TANGANYIKA] : Moschi, 15.viii.1g05 (Katona). Holotype ¢ of migrospinosus. TANGANYIKA : Morogoro, iil.1925 (A. H. Ritchie). Holotype 3 of atrispinis. East ArricA: Nairobi, 1905 [this may be Engare Nairobi, between Moschi and Arusha in Tanganyika]. Holotype 2 of vartispinis, TANGANYIKA: Arusha, Rasha-rasha, on Onion, vull.1926 (A. H. Ritchie). Euoplothrips buxtoni Bagnall Euoplothrips buxtoni Bagnall, 1928b : 68-71. Euoplothrips incognitus Bagnall, 1928b : 71-72. Syn. n. Bagnall described buxtoni from two females, and incognitus from a female and two males, but the differences between the two forms are here interpreted as being due to size variation. The specimens labelled buxtoni are much larger than those labelled incognitus but they were all collected together and they all have very similar post- ocular and basal wing setae. EF. buxtoni may be separated from the related uncinatus as follows: i Postocular setae acute, shorter than half of eye length ; basal wing setae slightly expanded, the second seta about 1-5 times as long as the distance between the second and third seta . : : : : : : : : . uncinatus — Postocular setae blunt, about as long as eye ; basal wing setae softly rounded, the second seta about 2°5 (2-7 in 9, 2°3 in 9) times as long as the distance between the second and third seta . - : : - 2 . : : buxtoni LECTOTYPE 9. Tonca: Nukualop, leaves of Ficus, 20.11.1925 (Buxton & Hopkins). LECTOTYPE 9° of incognitus. ToNnGa: Nukualop, leaves of Ficus, 20.11.1925 (Buxton & Hopkins). Euoplothrips uncinatus Bagnall Euoplothrips uncinatus Bagnall, 1928b : 73-74. This species was described from one male and one female and characters for separating these from buxtoni are given above. LECTOTYPE 9. Samoa: Upolu Is., Apia, leaves of Ficus, 25.v.1925 (Buxton & Hopkins). EUPATHIT®ARIPS Bagnall Eupathithrips Bagnall,.1908c : 203. Type-species E. dentipes, by monotypy. Eupathithrips Bagnall ; Stannard, 1957 : 43-44. This genus is similar to Acanthothrips as pointed out by Stannard. The praepectus is absent, there are three subapical sense cones on antennal III and the abdominal tergites bear more than two pairs of wing retaining setae. BAGNALL’S THYSANOPTERA 101 Eupathithrips affinis Bagnall Eupathithrips affinis Bagnall, t915d : 501. The unique holotype is not available for study as the mountant has turned black. Holotype g. TrinipApD: Tucuche, on epiphytic Bromeliad, 20.iii.1g12 (H. Scott). Eupathithrips dentipes Bagnall Eupathithrips dentipes Bagnall, 1908c : 204-205. Holotype 9. GUATEMALA : Salle Coll., without further data. EURHYNCHOTHARIPS Bagnall Eurhynchothrips Bagnall, 1918a : 213-214. Type-species E. convergens, by monotypy. Head broad ; antennae eight-segmented, one sense cone on III and three on [IV ; maxillary stylets slender, close together in middle of head with stout maxillary bridge ; mouth cone long and pointed. Praepectus absent, mesopraesternum often degenerate. Fore tarsus unarmed ; fore wings with accessory cilia. Pelta broadly triangular ; tube not long; major setae expanded at apices. Mimothrips Priesner, proposed as a subgenus of Eurhynchothrips, is here regarded as a full genus (q.v.). Eurhynchothrips convergens Bagnall (Text-figs. 29 & 70) Eurhynchothrips convergens Bagnall, 1918a : 214-215. The original description states that this species was based on males, but the holotype and six paratypes in the British Museum are all females. Both convergens and flavicornis have two pairs of epimeral setae, but in convergens the median part of the metanotum is without sculpture and the median setae are broadly expanded, whereas in flavicornis the metanotum is striate and the median setae are acute apically. Holotype 9. GHANA: Aburi, Cola shoots and buds, 5.xi.1915 (W. H. Patterson). Eurhynchothrips flavicornis Bagnall Eurhynchothrips flavicornis Bagnall, 1926d : 550-551. The structure of the metanotum and its setae are referred to under convergens. In flavicornis the antennal sensoria are short and fine, whereas in convergens they are very broad and almost half the length of the segments on antennals III and IV. Seta Bz on the ninth abdominal segment of the male is about half as long as By. Holotype g. SIERRA LEONE: Falaba, in stem gall of Micragyne macrophylla, 6.11.1925 (E. Hargreaves). 102 L. A. MOUND Eurhynchothrips messuicola (Bagnall) comb. n. Gynaikothrips messuicola Bagnall, 1929e : 602-603. Gynatkothrips sodalis Bagnall, 1929e : 603-604. Syn. n. The tube varies in length in the three available males of messuicola from 134y to 166u. The tube of the sodalis holotype is 129. Contrary to the description, antennal V is brown in the distal third and IV is shaded distally to a variable extent (never ‘ clear yellow’). The type of sodalis is therefore regarded as a small form of messuicola. This species is similar to Eurhynchothrips ordinarius Hood (cf. Anantha- krishnan, 1964 : 44). The maxillary stylets are close together in the middle of the head and there is a stout and short maxillary bridge, however the mouth cone of messuicola is short. These two species differ from the African species referred to above in having only one pair of major epimeral setae. LECTOTYPE g. Maraya: Messua ferrea (J. Brander). Holotype g of sodalis. MarayA: Messua ferrea (J. Brander). EURYNOTHORIPS Bagnall Eurynothrips Bagnall, 1908c : 199. Type-species E. magnicollis, by original designation. Head parallel-sided, constricted medially in large specimens, vertex reticulate basally. Antennae eight-segmented, VIII constricted basally, pore of II in median part of segment. Maxillary stylets slender, wide apart low in head. Praepectus present, mesopraesternum degenerate. Pronotum very large, anterior setae about one third as long as the epimerals and postero-angulars. Mesonotum reticulate, median setae small. Pelta triangular; male abdomen apparently without glandular areas or short Be setae on segment IX. Fore tarsus with a large tooth, fore tibia produced at apex. Fore wings with numerous accessory cilia. Setae on tergite IX acute, remaining major setae with expanded rounded apices. Eurynothrips magnicollis Bagnall Eurynothrips magnicollis Bagnall, 1908c : 199-201. Eurynothrips denticollis Bagnall, 1908c : 201. Syn. n. Eurynothrips denticollis Bagnall ; Bagnall, 1932e : 509-510. Bagnall described these forms from pinned specimens and these have now been mounted on slides. The two syntypes of denticollis include a male and a female, and of the three remaining syntypes of magnicollis two are females and one male. The cheek pouches, the ventral spine-like projection of the frons, and the lateral tooth on the pronotum which were used to distinguish the two forms are here interpreted as being due to overall size differences. Bagnall’s record of this species from the Seychelles (1921b : 277) needs further substantiation as it could have arisen through an error in labelling. LECTOTYPE 9. AuvsTRALiA : Queensland, Townsville, 16.vii.1g02 (F. P. Dodd). LECTOTYPE 9° of denticollis. AusSTRALIA : Queensland, Townsville, 14.vil.1g02 (E. P. Dodd). BAGNALL’S THYSANOPTERA 103 Eurythrips modestus (Bagnall) comb. n. Malacothrips modestus Bagnall, 1917 : 24-26. This is a typical member of the genus Eurythrips as defined by Stannard (1957). The praepectus is well developed and the pelta is broadly semicircular. The lateral abdominal setae of segments II to VI and VIII have expanded apices, but the extreme lateral pair on VII are finely acute and the median lateral pair are slightly flattened. Holotype 9. St. ViINcENT: (H. H. Smith). Fulgorothrips breviceps (Bagnall) Phoxothrips breviceps Bagnall, 1914f : 380-381. Fulgorothrips breviceps (Bagnall) Ananthakrishnan, 1964 : 96. The unique holotype has a well developed praepectus, broad pelta, and two pairs of wing retaining setae on each tergite. Holotype g. Inp1A : Simla, 7,000 ft., 7.v.1g10 (Annandale). GIGANTOTHRIPS Zimmermann Gigantothrips Zimmermann, 1900 : 18. Type-species G. elegans Zimm., by monotypy. Cercothrips Hood, t919a : 73-74. Type-species Acanthinothrips nigrodentatus Karny, by monotypy. Syn. n. Panurothrips Bagnall, 1908c : 208. Type-species P. gracilis (= elegans), by monotypy. Cercothrips Hood ; Priesner, 1937a : 134. The above synonymy is based on a comparison of type material of the species concerned with several other members of the genus. The chaetotaxy of the anterior margin of the pronotum is very different in elegans and nigrodentatus, but in marshalli Pr. for example the antero-angular setae are reduced and there is more than one seta along the anterior margin of the pronotum. The ocellar cone and lateral abdominal setae are similarly variable. The major setae on tergite [X are acute in elegans and caudatus, but the latter species is related to the other African species treated below. The genus may be defined as follows: Head long, 1-5 times as long as wide or longer, weakly projecting in front of eyes ; ocelli sometimes raised on a cone-shaped projection ; no elongate postocular setae, one or two pairs of short stout setae on vertex ; cheeks with several pairs of setae, these frequently stout ; eyes large, mouth cone broadly rounded, maxillary stylets slender, close together, low in head. Antennae eight-segmented, VII and VIII broadly jointed ; one sense cone on III, four on IV although the dorsal one is barely one third as long as the other three sense cones. Pronotal major setae when present short and stout, midlaterals distant from epimeral sutures ; epimeral sutures complete ; praepectus absent, mesopraesternum very well developed. Metanotum reticulate, longitudinally in anterior half. Fore tarsus with a tooth in both sexes ; fore wing broad with numerous accessory cilia, basal setae never elongate. Pelta small, triangular, reticulate ; tergites with eight or more pairs of accessory wing retaining setae in addition to at least two pairs of sigmoid setae ; posterolateral tergal setae short and stout ; tube long, reticulate with weak decumbent hairs. Ten nominal species placed in this genus have not been 104 L. A. MOUND examined by the present author, the following key being based on material in the British Museum (Natural History) ; I Pronotum with no enlarged major setae developed : : : : . caudatus — At least epimeral setae well developed ; : : : : ‘ 2 2 Postero-angular pronotal setae stout, at least half as ag as eptaunis : : : 3 — Postero-angular pronotal setae small, much smaller than epimerals : : ; 5 3 Tube more than 1°5 times as long as head, usually between 1-6 and 2:0 ; Bi setae on tergite IX short, about o-1 times as long as tube - : : : . marshalli Tube shorter, about 1-2 to 1-4 times as long as the head : : : : : 4 4 Bi setae on tergites IX 0-25 to 0:35 as long astube . - ; : : vuilleti — Bi setae on tergite IX 0-15 to 0-20 as long as tube : : - : . micrurus 5 Major pronotal setae very dark ; African species. : s : : : : 6 — Major pronotal setae pale, hyaline ; Oriental species . : P ‘ P ‘ 7 6 Reticles of metanotal sculpture between the median setae narrow, much narrower than posterior metanotal reticulations ea 67); By setae on terette 126 about o-r times as long as tube : : turneri — Anterior reticles of metanotum linear but ren as a as ee rs pela (Text- fig. 66) ; By setae on tergite IX about o-2 times as long as tube : . modestus 7 Anterior margin of pronotum with about gts Ee of short setae, ae not enlarged. : : F : . : : elegans -— Antero-angular pronotal setae siete as stout as epimerals, anterior margin with only four pairs of setae . : : : : 8 8 Anterior part of mesonotum jotlouiats or with —s er striations ; antero- angular and midlateral setae closer together than their length . : : tibialis — Anterior part of mesonotum more closely striate (Text—fig. 65) ; antero-angular and midlateral pronotal setae further apart than their length . : . nigrodentatus Gigantothrips caudatus (Bagnall) Panurothrips caudatus Bagnall, r910b : 427-428. Gigantothrips caudatus (Bagnall) ; Faure, 1953 : 212-216. Contrary to many species in this genus the tube setae of caudatus are not decum- bent but stand out at an angle of about forty five degrees. Moulton’s record of caudatus from Pondoland (1930b : 416) is a mis-identification of turneri. Holotype 9. SoutH AFRICA: Cape Province, Knysna, on Curtisia fraginea (E. J. O'Connor). Gigantothrips elegans (Zimmermann) Gigantothrips elegans Zimmermann, 1900 : 18-19. Panurothrips gracilis Bagnall, 1908c : 208-210. Gigantothrips crawfordi-Hood, 1919a : 71-73. Syn. n. A paratype of crawford: from the Philippines has been compared with the type specimens of gracilis and material of elegans from Java and India. Holotype 2 of gracilis. THAILAND: Bangkok (H. Hillman). BM 1899-20. BAGNALL’S THYSANOPTERA 105 Gigantothrips marshalli Bagnall Gigantothrips marshalli Bagnall, 1926d : 560. Idolothrips niger Moulton, 1928a : 247-248. Syn. n. Gigantothrips fumipennis Bagnall, 1934b : 493-494. Syn. n. Type material of afer Priesner from Sudan has not been studied, but specimens bearing this name from Uganda and Sierra Leone are apparently identical with marshalli. Moulton described niger from a unique specimen,. probably a female, which is too opaque to study in detail. G. fwmipennis was distinguished from turnert on account of the shaded wings, but specimens of marshalli from Akure, Nigeria on Ficus elastica have shaded fore wings, although this is not apparent in the type specimens, which have been macerated in caustic alkali. Holotype 9. NIGERIA : Ibadan, 1926 (O. B. Lean). Holotype ?9 of niger. Ernuiop1a : Djem-Djem Forest, 21.ix.1926 (H. Scott). Holotype 9 of fumipennis. TANGANYIKA : without data (W. A. Lambourn). Gigantothrips micrurus Bagnall Gigantothrips micrurus Bagnall, 1936 : 223-224. Only two specimens of this species have been studied and these could be inter- preted as a variety of marshalli with a short tube. The setae on tergite IX are stout as in marshalli not slender as vuilleti. Holotype g. DaAnomeEy: Kotonou, 4.xi.1g08 (R. Blanchard). Paris Museum. The allotype female is in the British Museum (Natural History). Gigantothrips tibialis Bagnall (Text-fig. 64) Gigantothrips tibialis Bagnall, 1921¢ : 364-365. This species is very close to migrodentatus Karny from Java. According to Ananthakrishnan (1964 : 36) it is very common in India. LECTOTYPE 9. Cryton (E. E. Green 82). Gigantothrips turneri Bagnall (Text-fig. 67) Gigantothrips turneri Bagnall, 1926d : 559-560. Although placed near the Uganda species modestus Priesner in the above key, turnert is closely related to marshalli in the metanotal sculpture and stout short setae on tergite IX. Holotype 9. SoutH Arrica: Pondoland, Port St. John, 1-14.v.1923 (R. E. Turner). 106 L. A. MOUND Gigantothrips vuilleti Bagnall Gigantothrips vuilleti Bagnall, 1934b : 492-493. Although similar to marshall: in its sculpture, vwilleti is quite distinctive in having long, slender, rather pale setae on tergite IX. The species is not in the Paris Museum collection but there are three females and three males labelled as paratypes in the British Museum. Paratypes gg and 99. Mari Repusiic: Koulikoro, on Ficus gnaphalocarpa, 11.1913 (J. Vuallet). Gynaikothrips australis Bagnall Gynaikothrips australis Bagnall, 1929h : 187-188. There are two pairs of postocular setae in this species, stout and dark with flattened apices. The epimeral and postero-angular pronotal setae are hyaline and almost as long as the pronotum. Syntypes g & 9. AusTRALIA: New South Wales, Gosford, curling leaves of Ficus macrophylla, 13.vi.1902 (W. W. Froggatt). Gynaikothrips hopkinsi Bagnall Gynatkothrips hopkinsi Bagnall, 1928b : 66-67. LECTOTYPE g. Samoa: Upolu Is., Apia, on Ficus leaves, 25.v.1925 (Buxton & Hopkins). Gynaikothrips hystrix Bagnall Gynatkothrips hystrix Bagnall, 1928b : 64-66. This species is very close to hopkinsi. They both have two pairs of very long acute postocular setae, but /ystrix is distinguished by the presence of two pairs of subequal epimeral setae and the long postocellars which reach to antennal II. LECTOTYPE ¢. Tonca: Nukualop, on Ficus leaves, 20.11.1925 (Buxton & Hopkins). Gynaikothrips karnyi Bagnall Gynatkothrips karnyt Bagnall, 1914b : 28-29. Gynaikothrips kavnyi Bagnall ; Ananthakrishnan, 1964 : 46. Holotype 9. CrEyYLoNn : Peradeniya, marginal leaf galls of Piper mgrum, 21.vil. 1913 (A. Rutherford). a BAGNALL’S THYSANOPTERA 107 Gynaikothrips ficorum (Marchal) Phloeothrips ficorum Marchal, 1908 : 252. Leptothrips flavicornis Bagnall, 1909] : 528-529. Syn. n. Gynatkothrips ficorum (Marchal) ; Canizo, 1945 : 123-156. Contrary to Bagnall’s statement (1916b : 409) flavicornis is not a synonym of uzelr Zimmermann, a species found only in the Far East. Syntypes 3 & 9 of flavicornis. MADEIRA (Meinert). Gynaikothrips scotti Bagnall Gynathothrips scotti Bagnall, 1921b : 273-274. Holotype 2. SEYCHELLES : Silhouette, ix.1g08 (H. Scott). Gynaikothrips uzeli (Zimmermann) Mesothrips uzeli Zimmermann, 1900 : 12-14. Phloeothrips longitubus Bagnall, 1909] : 534-535. Gynatkothrips uzeli (Zimmermann) ; Canizo, 1945 : 123-156. This can be distinguished from the widespread ficorwm by the elongate postero- angular pronotal setae. Syntypes 3 & 99 of longitubus. JAVA : Semarang, young top leaves of Waringin [Ficus benjamina] (E. Jacobson). HAPLOTHRIPS Amyot & Serville Haplothrips Amyot & Serville, 1843 : 640. Type-species, by monotypy, Phloeothrips albipennis Burmeister, 1839, a synonym of Thrips aculeatus Fabricius, 1803, in Priesner, 1928. Haplothrips (Trybomiella) Bagnall, 1926d : 548. Type-species of subgenus Anthothrips bagnalli Trybom, 1910, by original designation. Hapliothrips Bagnall, 1934e : 495-496. Type-species H. globiceps, by monotypy. Haplothrips Amyot & Serville ; Priesner, 1950 & 1964. Karnyothrips is treated here as a distinct genus, but Xylaplothrips is regarded as a synonym of Haplothrips. Trybomiella is not accepted in view of the demonstration that in cotter Vuillet the fore wing accessory cilia may be present or absent (O’Neill, 1960). The species of Haplothrips described by Bagnall and accepted as valid are here listed in Table II under four sections according to a classification proposed by Miss O'Neill (in litt. 1964). Section I includes Holarctic species, II includes many European species as well as the Indian tenwipennis and the (presumably) African gowdeyi, III includes African and Australian species, and IV includes species from Europe, Africa, Asia and Australia. L. A. MOUND 108 swuuadinua Jousolig sadyas swmo1gauas Auseyy t4ajnaa $1swatAoq900 sdaayoaponb D10ILYSAOS sunburdorg 18408 SNSOJASOAIVUM snuvisausarad DIOINIQNAAOUL avaayyayd snyaaq Lyanquou saqusuo] SNISNQOA wmnaoount vunpaol SWUAOIIASUU uljyuely wapmos sda01qops sapiodrayjoyoyop IIIS snsoursynf pjoayaurg syvoudv SNSOJNIYAD usunsa SNIONIGe.Y sugvajnav 9}N9v JOU svJOS Ie[NIO}SOg ITIO ATOSsoONR YNOYIIM SUM o10q veTIO Arosseo0v YM Sum a10.g 2}NOe 9"JOS Ie[N90}so0g 9UOS asUOS T YFIM TI] [PUUs}UW S9UOD osUaS z Y}IM JT] TeUUS}UW soUod esues z Y}IM JI] [PUUO}UW 9UOD asuUaS I YIM JT] [eUUOIUY I Wor}9ag (2[qezIuUsOIe1 JOU SI stsuazanoyjis) SuIXUOUAS IOTUAS Jay} 10 sdr4yjo7dv FY snueS ay} Jo sa1seds S ]Teuseg Il HWIGVL BAGNALL’S THYSANOPTERA 109 Haplothrips aculeatus (Fabricius) Thrips aculeatus Fabricius, 1803 : 312. Haplothrips cephalotes Bagnall, 1913) : 265-266. Syntypes gg and 99 of cephalotes. ENGLAND : Weston-on-the-Green, in sedge stacks, vili.1913 (R.S.B.). Haplothrips apicalis (Bagnall) Hindsiana apicalis Bagnall, 1915a : 323. Pelikan (1963) in describing a new species cingulatus, referred apicalis to the subgenus Trybomiella. Both of these species have a single sense cone on antennal III however and are not closely related to bagnalli Trybom. The present author has not examined macropterous specimens of apicalis, but the three basal wing setae on the micropterous forms available all have expanded apices. The maxillary bridge is long and slender and all the prothoracic major setae are developed. LECTOTYPE 9. [Inp1a: Almora, Kumaon, 5,500 ft., jungle plant, 4.vii.1g11 (O. Paiva)}. Haplothrips articulosus Bagnall (Text-fig. 42) Haplothrips articulosus Bagnall, 1926d : 548-549. Haplothrips trybomianus Priesner, 1927b: 70. Syn. n. Haplothrips (Trybomiella) derisoy Priesner, 1935b : 324. Syn. n. The male and female syntypes of trybomianus (= bagnalli var. pallicornis Trybom, 1g11) from Mombasa, Kenya have been compared with the type series of derisor from Sierra Leone and numerous specimens from Nigeria, Ghana, Tanganyika, Malawi and the Congo. Midlateral prothoracic setae are present as in fertiws and these two species are very closely related. In articulosus the aedeagus tip is pincers-shaped whereas in tertius it is spoon-shaped. Both species are commonly found in flowers of Compositae. Holotype 9. TANGANYIKA: Morogoro, Sunflower blossom, 9.i.1925 (A. H. Ritchie). Syntypes g & Q of trybomianus. KENYA: Mombasa, scarlet Acacia flowers, 21.xil.1g10 (Lénnberg). Riksmuseum, Stockholm. Holotype 92 of derisor. SIERRA LEONE: Erigeron sumatrensis leaves (E. Hargreaves). Haplothrips dolichothripoides Bagnall Haplothrips (Trybomiella) dolichothripoides Bagnall, 1933a : 315-317. Priesner (1950 : 93) indicated that this species might be a synonym of clarisetis Priesner. However the unique male and female both have softly pointed postocular 110 L. A. MOUND and third subbasal wing setae, whereas these setae have distinctly expanded apices in clarisetis females at least. The tip of the aedeagus is similar to that of clarisetis but much more strongly constricted subapically. Holotype 9. SupAN : Wad Medani, on cotton seedlings, 17.11.1932 (W. P. L. Cameron). Haplothrips eryngii Bagnall Haplothrips evyngii Bagnall, 1934e : 497-499. Unfortunately this species is known only from females, and these probably represent either leucanthemi Schrank or angusticornis Priesner. The fore wings are pale and the colour of antennals IV and V varies from entirely brown to yellow basally. The type specimen is not in the Paris Museum or the British Museum (Natural History). Paratypes 9. FRANCE: Gers, Ornezan, Eryngium campestre, 17.vili.1913 (Vuillet). Haplothrips fuliginosus (Schille) Cryptothrips fuliginosa Schille, 1911 : 7-8. Haplothrips (Xylaplothrips) fuliginosus (Schille) Priesner, 1928 : 572. Haplothrips obscuripennis Bagnall, 1913} : 264-265. The subgenus Xylaplothrips is distinguished by the presence of only two sense cones on antennal IV. In view of the comments by Faure (1956b : 336), when describing the South African species callani, it seems likely that the present sub- genera of Haplothrips have little significance. LECTOTYPE 4 of obscuripennis. ENGLAND : Oxford, Hogley Bog, old bean sticks, ix.1913 (R.S.B.). Haplothrips globiceps (Bagnall) Haplothrips globiceps Bagnall, 1934e : 496-497. The unique female upon which this species is based belongs in the minutus group but differs from the holotype of flavitibia Williams in having the apices of the major setae hyaline but not clearly expanded. The maxillary bridge is wide and the pronotal anterior marginal setae reduced. Holotype 9. TuRKEY : Smyrna, Vitis vinifera, 25.vi.1913 (M. Sureya). Haplothrips gowdeyi (Franklin) Anthothrips gowdeyi Franklin, 1908 : 724. Anthothrips usitatus Bagnall, 1910d : 695-696. Haplothrips brevicolis Bagnall, 1913f : 297. Syn. n. Haplothrips karnyi Bagnall, 1913f : 296-297. Syn. n. Haplothrips mahensis Bagnall, 1921b : 267-268. BAGNALL’S THYSANOPTERA ITI The specimens labelled as males in the original series of wsitatus are actually females, and Bagnall’s statement in describing karnyi that the setae on tergite IX are longer than in wsitatus is not correct. The unique holotype of karnyi and the two syntypes of brevicollis differ from typical gowdeyi in having antennal VI yellow, but they resemble the common species in other respects, particularly in having the third subbasal wing setae expanded apically and about equal in length to the epimerals. In a recent collection of this species from Kenya the length of the third subbasal wing seta is variable, and the weak apical expansion of this seta has collapsed, in most cases with the result that these setae appear to be acute. This is an artefact caused by the Berlese Mountant but the other major setae were not affected. Syntypes 2 of usitatus. Hawatt: Kona, 2,000 ft., on Hilo grass, ix.1892 (Perkins). Syntypes 2 of brevicollis. [2 KENYA: Kibos] Africa Orientale, Kibosho, 1903 (Kuttenberger). Holotype 2 of karnyi. TANGANYIKA : Arusha, x—xi.1905. Holotype 2 of mahensis. SEYCHELLES : Mahé, 1908-09 (H. Scott). Haplothrips jordani (Bagnall) Zygothrips jordani Bagnall, 1909] : 530-531. Haplothrips vernoniae var. grandioy Priesner, 1933 : 361. Syn. n. Although the original description refers to numerous specimens only a single male remains in the Bagnall collection. The above synonymy is based on a comparison of this male with a female syntype of grandior. The tip of the aedeagus in vernoniae is very similar to jordani but in the latter species antennal III is twice as long as wide and has several ring-like constrictions in the basal third. The epimeral setae are dark, and the third subbasal wing seta is softly pointed. Holotype g. JAvA: Isle of Nias (K. Jordan). Syntype 9 of grandior. Taiwan: Taihoku, Cirsium japonicum, I1.x.1g21 (Okunt). Haplothrips juncorum Bagnall Haplothrips juncorum Bagnall, 1913g : 227-228. Haplothrips junicola Bagnall, 1932a : 165. Syn. n. This common European species is distinguished by the maxillary stylets, which almost meet in the middle of the head a little posterior to the narrow maxillary bridge. H. quadraticeps and H. kilimandjarica are rather similar in this character. H. juncicola was based on a single gynaecoid male with unusually dark antennae. Syntypes 9. ENGLAND: Yarnton, Juncus, vi.1913 (R.S.B.). Holotype § of juncicola. ENGLAND: Surrey, Oxshott, Juncus, 28.1x.1927 (G. D. Morison). 112 L. A. MOUND Haplothrips longipes Bagnall (Text-fig. 44) Haplothrips longipes Bagnall, 1926e : 654-656. Only two specimens, a male and a female, are available of this species. It belongs near minutus Uzel along with phyllireae, flavitibia Williams and corticinus Priesner. The tip of the aedeagus is more widely expanded than in phylliveae. LECTOTYPE g. Spain: St. Esteban, 23.vi.1912 (Navds). Haplothrips maltbaeki Bagnall (Text-fig. 47) Haplothrips maltbaeki Bagnall, 1933a : 324-325. This species is related to leucanthemi and setiger. The terminal wing cilia are weakly plumose as in leuwcanthemi, the anterior marginal and midlateral pronotal setae are no larger than the discal setae but the epimerals are about 60 to 80u, the postero-angulars 50 to 60u and the antero-angulars 30 to 4ou. The tip of the aedeagus is parallel-sided and no wider than the shaft. LECTOTYPE g. France: Montlouis, 5,000 ft., Czstus sp., viii.1926 (R.S.B.). Haplothrips marrubiicola Bagnall Haplothrips marrubiicola Bagnall, 1932a : 163-164. This species is known only from the original series. Bagnall’s measurements of the female are overestimated, thus the postoculars are 80u, postero-angulars I00y, median setae on tergite IX r1o0u and the tube 150u. H. graecus, to which this species was compared, has no major setae on the anterior margin of the pronotum and has much shorter setae on tergite IX relative to the tube. With the exception of the postoculars the major setae are not truly acute, their apices being softly rounded. The most closely related species is apparently verbasct Osborn. LECTOTYPE g. ENGLAND: Rye, Marrubtum vulgare, 29.vi.1930 (G. D. Morison). Haplothrips microsetosus Bagnall Haplothrips microsetosus Bagnall, 1933a : 319. The unique holotype of this species belongs in the Jewcanthenu group and probably represents angusticornis Priesner. The wings are paler than typical leucanthemi but the tube is 2-9 times as long as its maximum breadth and the terminal wing cilia are weakly plumose. Holotype 9. CZECHOSLOVAKIA : Vsetin, ix.1929 (R.S.B.). BAGNALL’S THYSANOPTERA 113 Haplothrips nigricans Bagnall Haplothrips nigricans Bagnall, 1934e : 499-500. Haplothrips nigricans Bagnall ; Priesner, 1964 : 157. The unique holotype female is not in either the Paris Museum or the British Museum (Natural History). The original collection data were ; FRANCE : Beaune, Sambucus ebulus, 1.vii.1913 (A. Paillet). Haplothrips nigricornis (Bagnall) Androthrips nigricornis Bagnall, 1g10b : 425-426. Haplothrips unicoloy Bagnall, 1919 : 274-275. Haplothrips nigricornis (Bagnall) ; Faure, 1955 : 208-218. According to Faure this species differs from bagnalli in lacking major antero- angular and posteromarginal pronotal setae. This group needs further study in South Africa as the present author has examined a number of males with very similar chaetotaxy but in which the aedeagus is different from either bagnalli or nigricornis. These species are related to clarisetis, dolichothripoides and robustus in that they lack pronotal midlateral setae. The epimeral setae have expanded apices in the females but softly pointed apices in the males. Syntypes ¢ & 99. [SoutH Arrica : Cape Town, flowers of Diplopappus, Europs, Olipterus and Sebaea). Syntypes gf and 2 of wnicolor. SouTH AFRICA : Pirie, no other data. Haplothrips phyllireae Bagnall Haplothrips phylliveae Bagnall, 1933a : 329-330. The anteromarginal pronotal setae vary from quite small to as long as the antero- angulars. The aedeagus is very similar to minutus as figured by Fabian (1938). The postocular seta is very weakly expanded apically, and the maxillary bridge is wide as in longipes and globiceps. LECTOTYPE g. France: Hyéres Plage, Phyllirea, ix.1927 (R.S.B.). Haplothrips pineticola Bagnall Haplothrips pineticola Bagnall, 1926e : 656. This species is probably a synonym of phyllophilus Priesner, 1914. It can be distinguished from aculeatus by the absence of a fore tarsal tooth, and the presence of well developed pronotal anteromarginal setae. LECTOTYPE 9. France: Font Romeu, 5,500 ft., Pinus, viii.1926 (R.S.B.). 114 L. A. MOUND Haplothrips priesnerianus Bagnall (Text-fig. 45) Haplothnips priesnerianus Bagnall, 1933a : 327-328. Haplothrips tolevabilis Priesner, 1936 : 96-97. Syn. n. Haplothrips tolerabilis Priesner ; Faure, 1956a : 115-117. The aedeagus and chaetotaxy of specimens determined as folerabilis by J. C. Faure have been compared with the type specimens of preisnerianus. Some specimens in the British Museum (Natural History) collection determined by various authors as ganglbauert Schmutz are also conspecific with priesnerianus, but the type specimens of Schmutz’s species have not been seen by the present author. H. tolerabilis was described from Sudan and later recorded from Libya and Southern Sudan. The present author has examined specimens from rice and other Gramineae from the Solomon Islands, and also specimens from Gramineae and some dicotyledons in West Pakistan. LECTOTYPE ¢. [Inp1a: Allahabad, flowers of Lantana in jungle, 26.11.1910 (A. D. Imms)], Reg. 209. Haplothrips propinquus Bagnall (Text-fig. 43) Haplothrips propinquus Bagnall, 1933a : 325-326. The unique male holotype of this species is mounted with the aedeagus well displayed. The expanded spoon-shaped tip of this structure is 204 broad and about 40 long, and the shaft is about 30u by Iou. The same species is present in the Bagnall collection from the Eastern Pyrenees labelled ‘ angusticornis Priesner ’. The present author has not examined type specimens of angusticornis but Fabian (1938) illustrates the aedeagus of that species as barely wider than the shaft. 4H. angusticornis of Morison (1949 : 99) is actually propinquus, and the true host plant is Achillea millefolium. Holotype g. FRANCE: lHospitalet, 6,000 ft., Dianthus fimbriatus, viii.1926 (K.5-B.): Haplothrips quadraticeps Bagnall Haplothrips quadraticeps Bagnall, 1933a : 333-334. This species resembles juncorum in the shape of the head and eyes, and the elongate maxillary stylets which are close together in the middle of the head. The terminal wing cilia are weakly plumose and the pronotal anteromarginal setae are no longer than the discal setae. Holotype 2. France: L. Bouillouse, nr. Montlouis, Sempervivum, viii.1926 (R.S.B.). ll nn BAGNALL’S THYSANOPTERA 115 me 43 45 44 ry a _ —— > —=S Diy) Fics. 42-53. Figs. 42-48. Aedeagus of Haplothvips species males: 42, articulosus. 43, propinquus, holotype. 44, longipes, lectotype. 45, priesnerianus. 46, tenuipennis, 47, maltbaeki, paratype. 48, tertius,paratype. Figs. 49-53. Antennal III of Hoplandro- thrips species : 49, coffeae. 50, flavipes. 51, hoodi. 52, hystrix. 53, trybomt. 116 L. A. MOUND Haplothrips reuteri (Karny) Anthemothrips veuteyi Karny, 1907 : 51. Haplothrips satanus Bagnall, 1933a : 321-323. Haplothrips tenuisetosus Bagnall, 1933a : 320-321. Haplothrips veuteri (Karny) ; Priesner, 1964 : 151. According to Priesner this species is widespread in the Mediterranean region. The median dorsal setae on abdominal segment IX are almost as long as the tube, and the three subbasal wing setae arise close together with their bases forming a triangle. Holotype 2 of satanas. FRANCE: Perpignan, Centaurea solstitialis, viii.1926 (2.S35:). Holotype Q of tenwisetosus. SUDAN : Wad Medani, Dolichos lablab, 7.1v.1932 (A. P. G. Michelmore). Haplothrips robustus Bagnall Haplothrips vobustus Bagnall, 1918a : 209-210. Haplothrips melanoceratus Bagnall, 1918a : 210. Syn. n. Haplothrips ? clarisetis O'Neill, 1960 : 507-510. This species is apparently common in South Australia on many flowers and there is considerable size variation in the specimens available to the present author. The tip of the aedeagus is triangular and the species can further be distinguished from clarisetis Pr. by ; 1. tergite IX median setae softly rounded not acute at apex ; 2. basal wing seta III not much longer than II ; 3. male pronotal anteromarginal setae much weaker than antero-angulars. The species recorded by O’Neill from North America as ? clarisetis is very probably robustus, but males have not been found and it is possible that further closely related species will be found in Australia. H. melanoceratus was described from a single female with uniformly dark antennae taken with vobustus females which have rather paler antennals III. Holotype 9. SoutH AuSTRALIA : Adelaide, Mt. Lofty Range, flowers of Acacia myrtifolia or Epachris impressa, 9.vili.1914 (E. B. Poulton). Holotype 2 of melanoceratus. SouTH AUSTRALIA: Adelaide, Outer Harbour, flowers of Mesembryanthemum, 28.vili.1914 (E. B. Poulton). Haplothrips senecionis Bagnall Haplothrips senecionis Bagnall, 1932a : 164. This species apparently differs from distinguendus in having softly rounded apices to the major setae. It is related to both verbasct Osborn and marrubticola, and has been recorded from both Britain and France. There are four slides bearing both sexes and labelled ‘ paratypes’ in the Bagnall collection. Paratypes gg and 99. ScoTLanD : Kinghorn, Senecio jacobea, vii.1930 (R.S.B.). BAGNALL’S THYSANOPTERA 117 Haplothrips setiger Priesner Haplothrips trifolii var. setigey Priesner, 1921a : IT. Haplothrips plumociliatus Maltbaek, 1931 : 3. Syn. n. Haplothrips sedicola Bagnall, 1933a : 317-318. Syn. n. Haplothrips tenuicornis Bagnall, 1933a : 318-319. Syn. n. Haplothrips uzelianus Bagnall, 1933a : 317-318. Syn. n. The above synonymy is based on a comparison of material from Austria deter- mined as setiger by Dr. H. Priesner with two syntypes of plumociliatus and the type material of the three Bagnall species. Priesner (1964 : 151) separates plumoctliatus on the grounds that the epimeral setae are pointed, but the major setae of setiger are finely chisel-shaped and therefore appear flattened or pointed depending on the position from which they are viewed. In typical forms of this species only the epimeral setae are larger than the pronotal discal setae, but in some specimens labelled sedicola by Bagnall (not the type series from White Sedum) the anterior and posterior angular setae are almost half as long as the epimerals. In most of the specimens of sedicola the epimerals are 85u long and in none of the available speci- mens are these setae more than 95u. Bagnall’s record of setiger on Sedum at V'Hospitalet (1933a : 323) is a mis-identification of maltbaekt. Syntypes f and 9 of plumociliatus. Spain : St. Helena, Anthemis. LECTOTYPE 9 of sedicola. FRANCE : Ax-les-Thermes, White Sedum, viii.1g26 (2-S.B.). Holotype 2 of tenwicornis. FRANCE: Canet Plage, nr. Perpignan, Lotus, viii. 1926 (R.S.B.). LECTOTYPE ¢ of wzelianus. CZECHOSLOVAKIA : Vsetin, 1x.1929 (R.S.B.). Haplothrips silhouettensis Bagnall Haplothrips silhouettensis Bagnall, 1921b : 268-269. Five of the original eight specimens have been examined and they all lack antennae, postocular and basal wing setae, as well as the setae on tergite [X and the tube. There is only one major pronotal seta available between all the specimens, this is dark with an expanded apex. LECTOTYPE g. SrycHEeLLEes: Silhouette, Mare aux Cochons, ix.1g08 (H. Scott). Haplothrips sorghi Bagnall Haplothrips sorght Bagnall, 1933a : 331-332. Although related to priesnerianus, this species has dark major setae and the third subbasal wing setae are strongly expanded apically. H. cahirensis (Trybom) may be a senior synonym. LECTOTYPE ¢g. Supan: Blue Nile Province, Darwish, Sorghum, [ix.1931] (W. P. L. Cameron). 118 L. A. MOUND Haplothrips sorghicola Bagnall Haplothrips sorghicola Bagnall, 1933a : 332-333. Haplothrips confinis Priesner, 1950 : 79-80. Syn. n. The above synonymy is based on a comparison of Bagnall’s unique holotype with Priesner’s description of confinis, and a series of specimens from Segou, Mali Republic. Several of Bagnall’s measurements of the holotype are overestimated, thus the three subbasal wing setae are 32 : 35 ; 48y in length, and the postocular setae 42u arising I5u behind the eye. The species differs from priesnerianus in having yellow apices to the tibiae. Holotype 9. Supan: Blue Nile Province, Darwish, Sorghum, [ix.1931] (W. P. L. Cameron). Haplothrips tenuipennis Bagnall (Text-fig. 46) Haplothrips tenuipennis Bagnall, 1918a : 210-211. Haplothrips ceylonicus var. mangifevae Priesner, 1933 : 359. Syn. n. The present author has not seen any specimens of ceylonicus which bear the original data given by Schmutz (1913 : 1039), but most of the material from India in the British Museum collection labelled ceylonicus is here regarded as conspecific with tenuipennis. Paratypes of mangiferae have been examined. Contrary to Ananthakrishnan (1964 : 48) antennals III to VI are yellow, as are the tarsi and the apices of the middle and hind tibiae. The median setae on tergite IX are shorter than the tube, the third subbasal wing seta is acute, and the inner sense cone on antennal III is smaller than the outer. The shaft of the aedeagus is slightly curved upwards but the extreme tip is weakly expanded and turned down. LECTOTYPE ¢g. Inp1a: Darjeeling District, Ringtong Tea Estate, on rose, 14.v1.1916 (E. A. Andrews). Paratypes 2 of mangiferae. JAVA: Semarang, Mangifera indica flowers, 25.viil. Igi2 (van Leeuwen). Haplothrips tertius Bagnall (Text-fig. 48) Haplothrips (Trybomiella) tertius Bagnall, 1934b : 484-485. The present author has collected this species commonly at Wad Medani, Sudan, on the flowers of garden Zinnias. It can be distinguished most readily from articulosus by the spoon-shaped aedeagus tip. The type specimen is not in the Paris Museum or the British Museum (Natural History). Paratypes gg & 99. Mati: Koulikoro, Chrysanthemum procumbens, 1.vii.1913 (J. Vuallet). BAGNALL’S THYSANOPTERA 119 Haplothrips victoriensis Bagnall Haplothrips victoriensis Bagnall, 1918a : 208-209. This large dark species has a wide and stout maxillary bridge and the stylets are also rather stouter than usual. The major setae are all dark with broadly expanded apices, except the third subbasal wing seta which is pale and softly pointed. LECTOTYPE g. AustrALia: Victoria, Healesville, Prostanthera lasiantha, 18.xii.1915 (R. Kelly). HOLUROTHRIPS Bagnall Holurothrips Bagnall, 1914f : 376. Type-species H. ornatus, by monotypy. This genus is near Hystricothrips Karny from which it can be distinguished by the longer and less hairy tube. The genus may be defined as follows. Head widest across eyes, slightly narrowed basally, interocellar projection about two thirds as long as rest of head. Two pairs of interocellar setae, one pair of postocellars, and two pairs of postocular setae ; cheeks with one stout seta just beyond eye. Antennae eight-segmented, III and IV with two sense cones. Pronotal antero-angular setae close to midiaterals ; praepectus present, mesopraesternum not seen, metanotum reticulate. Pelta broad, tergites 1V and V with three pairs of wing retaining setae, tergite IX with B, and By setae short and stout ; tube long, curved ventrally, setose in basal four fifths. Holurothrips ornatus Bagnall Holurothrips ornatus Bagnall, 1914f : 376-377. Holurothrips leeuweni Priesner, 1934b : 62-63. Syn. n. This synonymy is based on a comparison of the two original specimens with three paratypes of Jeewwent. Bagnall’s specimens are macropterous, but most of the differences indicated by Priesner are due to the fact that ornatus was described from dry carded specimens and Jeewweni from specimens on slides. The lateral abdominal, and marginal wing retaining setae are pale yellow in both forms, but the accessory wing retaining setae are black. LECTOTYPE g. Sarawak: Matang, 1,000 ft., in decaying leaves, 2.xii.1913 (G. E. Bryant). Hoplandrothrips bidens (Bagnall) Acanthothrips bidens Bagnall, 1910g : 374-375. Hoplandrothrips ellisi Bagnall, 1914a : 35-37. Syn. n. Hoplandrothrips collinsi Bagnall, t914a : 37-38. Syn. n. Phloeothvips parvulus Bagnall, 1927b : 584-585. Syn. n. This species apparently varies considerably in size and colour. In gynaecoid males the fore femoral tubercles are not developed. The author is grateful to Dr. G. D. Morison for his comments on this synonymy. The holotype male of collinst was taken with the type series of ellisi but is mounted on a blackened slide and is spoiled. 120 L. A. MOUND Holotype §. Huncary : Budapest, in moss, 4.xi1.1905 (Biro). Paratypes g of ellist. ENGLAND : Warwickshire, Balsall Common, dead branches, 1x.19xr3) (i. S282). Holotype g of parvulus. FRANCE: Plage d’Hyeres, Pinus halepensis, ix.1927 (K.S.B:). Hoplandrothrips brunneicornis Bagnall Hoplandrothrips brunneicornis Bagnall, 1917 : 23-24. Holotype 3. West InpiEs: St. Vincent (H. H. Smith). Hoplandrothrips coffeae Bagnall (Text-fig. 49) Hoplandrothrips coffeae Bagnall, 1929d : 75-76. This species is similar to flavipes in that antennal III is short and broad, the width is about three quarters the length, but it differs from both marshalli Karny and ugandensis Priesner in having the pronotal anteromarginal setae developed, about half as long as the antero-angulars. Syntypes ¢ & 9. TANGANYIKA: Bukoba, Kamachumu, curling leaves of coffee, ix.1926 (A. H. Ritchie). Hoplandrothrips flavipes Bagnall (Text-fig. 50) Hoplandrothrips flavipes Bagnall, 1923c : 628-629. This species differs from coffeae not only in the bright yellow tibiae, but also in having four short fat sense cones on antennal III. The sensoria on IV are normal and slender however, unlike gracillicornis Priesner. Holotype?. Kenya: Kijalie, Kikuyu Escarpment, xii.1g11 (Alluaud & Jeannel). Hoplandrothrips hoodi Bagnall (Text-fig. 51) Hoplandrothrips hoodi Bagnall, 1913f : 297-208. This differs from the other described East African forms in the long antennal III, 2:5 times as long as wide. The pronotal anteromarginal setae are well developed and the hind tibiae are brown medially. Syntypes fg & 9. TANGANYIKA: Arusha, x—xi. 1905 (Katona). BAGNALL’S THYSANOPTERA 121 Hoplandrothrips hystrix Bagnall (Text-fig. 52) Hoplandrothrips hystrix Bagnall, 1929d : 74-75. This species resembles marshalli Karny and ugandensis Priesner in having the pronotal anteromarginal setae reduced and the antero-angulars very long, arising at some distance from the pronotal fore margin. Antennal III is long, more than twice as long as broad. Syntypes g. SIERRA LEONE: Nijala, on Grapefruit bark, 10.iv.1927 (E. Hargreaves). Hoplandrothrips trybomi (Bagnall) comb. n. (Text-fig. 53) Cryptothrips trybomi Bagnall, 1913f : 295. The eyes are rather small and the antennae long, but otherwise this species fits well into the genus Hoplandrothrips. The maxillary stylets are retracted far into the head and lie close together in the mid line. Holotype 9 (not g). TANGANYIKA : Moschi, 15.vili.1g05 (Katona). Hoplandrothrips xanthopoides Bagnall Hoplandrothrips xanthopoides Bagnall, 1917 : 22-23. Holotype g. West INpiEs : St. Vincent (H. H. Smith). HOPLOTHRIPS Amyot & Serville Hoplothrips Amyot & Serville, 1843. Type-species Trips corticis De Geer, designated by Karny, 1912e. Hoplothrips Amyot & Serville ; Mound, 1966c : 126-128. Dolerothrips Bagnall, 1910d : 682-683. Type-species D. flavipes, by original designation. Bagnall described nine species under Dolerothrips and two under Trichothrips from the Hawaiian Islands, but these species are in need of further study and comparison with fresh material. The original specimens are fragmentary, and since the time of their description, studies on European and North American members of the genus have shown that species can vary considerably depending on the season and degree of wing development. 4H. flavipes is probably distinct, but barbatus is an oedymerous male and probably belongs with one of the other forms. H. perkinsi and laticornis differ from the other species in not having the base of antennals IV and V yellow. However the length of the abdominal setae is of doubtful value on the available material. The species were described from carded specimens which have now been mounted on slides, and further study suggests that certain setae are not ‘ obsolete ’ as described but broken. All the specimens have minor anteromarginal pronotal setae, and the antero-angulars are short except in two oedymerous males. 122 L. A. MOUND Hoplothrips angusticeps (Bagnall) Dolerothrips angusticeps Bagnall, 1910d : 688. One micropterous male without antennae remains in the collection. LECTOTYPE g. Hawa: Molokai, Kalae, 7.vili.1893 (Perkins 172). Hoplothrips barbatus (Bagnall) Dolerothrips barbatus Bagnall, 1g910d : 683-684. Holotype §. Hawair: Kona, 4,000 ft., under rotting log, ix.1892 (Perkins). Hoplothrips bicolor (Bagnall) Dolevothrips bicoloy Bagnall, 1g910d : 688-689. The colour of the unique micropterous female, which lacks antennae, does not appear to differ radically from the other Hawaiian forms such as barbatus, dubitus and ovatus. Holotype 2. Hawat: Oahu, Kaala Mts., 2,000 ft., 1.1893 (Perkins 56). Hoplothrips dubius (Bagnall) Dolerothvips dubius Bagnall, 191o0d : 601. Only one macropterous female of this species remains in Bagnall’s collection. LECTOTYPE 9°. Hawa: Molokai Mts., 4,500 ft., 21.xi1.1893 (Perkins). Hoplothrips flavipes (Bagnall) Dolerothnips flavipes Bagnall, 1910d : 685-686. Of the four females and one male, all micropterae, labelled flavipes in Bagnall’s collection only one female specimen has not been treated with strong caustic alkali and this is here designated as lectotype. The figure in Zimmermann (1948 : 402) by Bianchi and labelled flavipes Bagnall is almost certainly not this species. In flavipes the postocular setae are softly pointed and their length is about equal to half the head width. The epimeral and postero-angular pronotal setae are equal in length to the postoculars, but the midlaterals are rather longer. The antero- angulars are small except in one oedymerous male, in which they are about half as long as the postoculars. None of the Hoplothrips species described by Bagnall from Hawaii have pronotal setae as figured by Bianchi, moreover antennal VIII is con- stricted basally in lateral view in flavipes (cf. Zimmermann, 1948 : 393). LECTOTYPE 9. Hawatrr: Maui, Haleakala, 5,000 ft., iv.1894 (Perkins). BAGNALL’S THYSANOPTERA 123 Hoplothrips intermedius (Bagnall) Dolerothrips intermedius Bagnall, 1910d : 689-690. The tube has been lost from the unique male on which this species is based. Holotype g. [Hawatt: Maui, Haleakala, 3,000 ft.] (Perkins 809). Hoplothrips lanaiensis (Bagnall) Dolevothrips lanaiensis Bagnall, 1910d : 690-691. This species is represented in Bagnall’s collection by two female and one male micropterae. LECTOTYPE g. Hawai: Lanai, 2,000 ft., i.1894 (Perkins). Hoplothrips laticornis (Bagnall) Trichothrips laticornis Bagnall, 1910d : 692-693. The broad head of the unique holotype may be an artefact due to pressure when the specimen was mounted. Holotype 2. Hawai: Kona, 3,000 ft., ix.1892 (Perkins). Hoplothrips longisetis (Bagnall) Trichothrips longisetis Bagnall, 1910f : 662-663. Hoplothrips (Maderothrips) longisetis (Bagnall) Priesner, 1964 : 203. Holotype g. ENGLAND : Durham, Gibside, 1907 (R.S.B.). Hoplothrips melanurus (Bagnall) Trichothrips melanurus Bagnall, 1919 : 276-277. Bagnall compared this species to semicaecus Uzel, from which it differs in the longer and less pedicelate antennal segments, and the absence of accessory sensoria on antennals IV and V. Holotype 9. AusTRALIA: Victoria, Fern Tree Gulley, under dead Eucalyptus bark, 27.x.1913 (F. Spry). Hoplothrips nigricans (Bagnall) Trichothrips nigricans Bagnall, 1910d : 693-694. Bagnall described this species from one macropterous female without antennae. It is very closely related to the other Hawaiian forms and may be the macroptera of bicolor with which it was apparently collected. Holotype 9. Hawatt: Oahu, Kaala Mts., 2,000 ft., 1.1893 (Perkins 56). 124 L. A. MOUND Hoplothrips ovatus (Bagnall) Dolerothrips ovatus Bagnall, t910d : 686-687. Two male and one female micropterae remain in Bagnall’s collection. LECTOTYPE g. Hawai: Maui, Haleakala, 9,000 ft., 11.iv.1894 (Perkins 124). Hoplothrips pedicularius (Haliday) Phlaeothrips pedicularius Haliday, 1836 : 441. Trichothrips propinquus Bagnall, t9tof : 661-662. Trichothrips britteni Bagnall, 1926f : 284-285. Two of the four original specimens of propinquus have been studied. These are macropterous females from which the wings have been broken, not apterae as described. LECTOTYPE 9° of brittent. ENGLAND: Oxford, Shotover, dead oak stump, 4.111.1916 (H. Britten). Syntypes 92 of propinquus. ENGLAND : Durham, Gibside, iv.1g0g (R.S.B.). Hoplothrips perkinsi (Bagnall) Dolerothrips perkinsi Bagnall, 1910d : 687-688. The antennae are missing from the unique holotype but they were described as being brown with the basal part of III yellowish. Holotype 9. Hawai: Lanai, 2,000 ft., x11.1893 (Perkins 92). Hoplothrips poultoni (Bagnall) Trichothrips poultoni Bagnall & Kelly, 1929b : go-91. Holotype 9. AUSTRALIA: Victoria, flew onto newspaper, 9.xii.1927 (R. Kelly ns 45). Hoplothrips semicaecus (Uzel) Trichothrips semicaeca Uzel, 1895 : 249-250. Trichothrips amabilis Bagnall, 1926f : 283-284. Hoplothvips semicaecus (Uzel) ; Priesner, 1964 : 195. Holotype 2 of amabilis. ENGLAND : Surrey, Gomshall, on hazel sticks, 5.ix.1926 (R.S.B.). HYSTRICOTAHRIPS Karny Hystricothvips Karny, 1912c : 132. Type-species H. phasgonura, by monotypy. Zeugmatothripoides Bagnall, 1929d : 71-72. Type-species Z. africanus, by monotypy. Syn. n. The original specimen upon which Hystricothrips was based has not been examined by the present author, but Bagnall’s species from Sierra Leone fits so closely to BAGNALL’S THYSANOPTERA 125 Karny’s figure and description of phasgonura from Spanish Guinea that there can be little doubt as to the generic synonymy. The genus is close to Holurothrips, which is also based on specimens from leaf litter, but it can be recognized by the completely setose tube and may be defined as follows : Head broadest across eyes, narrowed basally, weakly extended in front of eyes ; no major interocellar setae, one pair of postocellars and one pair of very long postocular setae ; cheeks with two pairs of stout major setae on tubercles. Antennae eight-segmented, VIII weakly narrowed basally ; I with two stout dorsal setae, Il with one dorsal seta extending almost to apex of III ; two sense cones on both III and IV. Pronotum transverse, epimeral sutures complete, antero-angular seta close to midlateral. Pelta broad, abdominal tergites with two pairs of wing retaining setae, the anterior pair short and straight ; tube narrowed apically, densely clad with setae which are as long as the width of the tube. Hystricothrips africanus (Bagnall) comb. n. Zeugmatothripoides africanus Bagnall, 1929d : 72-73. Accessory cilia cannot be observed on the fore wings of the unique holotype as these are folded, extending to the posterior margin of tergite VI. The only other two specimens known are brachypterous and micropterous and hence would not be expected to bear accessory fore wing cilia. H. phasgonura Karny was described as having twenty three accessory cilia and the body colour was given as dark brown, whereas the africanus specimens are yellow with brown markings. From the gut contents it is evident that the species feeds on spores, and the two specimens referred to above were taken on Cola leaf litter at Ibadan, Nigeria. The larvae bear numerous very long capitate setae and there is a long seta on antennal III extending to the apex of the antenna. Holotype 9. SrERRA LEONE: Nijala, Cola, 17.vili.1928 (E. Hargreaves). IDOLOTHRIPS Haliday Idolothvips Haliday in Walker, 1852 : 1096. Type-species I. spectrum Haliday, designated by Froggatt, 1904. Idolothrips Haliday ; Froggatt, 1904 : 54-57. Acanthinothrips Bagnall, 1908c : 207. Type-species I. spectyum Hal., by monotypy. Idolothrips Haliday ; Bagnall, 1916b : 404. Comparisons with Idolothrips can be found under Elaphrothrips and Meiothrips. Most of the species originally assigned to [dolothrips have been removed to Elaphro- thrips, and the present author has not examined any species that can be placed in Idolothrips other than the type, spectywm, and its synonyms from Australia. The genus may be defined briefly as follows : Head long, weakly constricted medially and projecting slightly in front of eyes ; dorsal surface transversely striate ; two pairs of postocular setae, one behind the other ; cheeks with about twelve pairs of stout pale setae ; inter- and postocellar setae stout ; maxillary stylets broad, V-shaped, low in head ; antennae long. Pronotum transverse, sculptured, epimeral suture incomplete posteriorly ; all major setae well developed, antero-angular close to midlateral, two pairs of major epimeral setae. Praepectus present, large but weakly sclerotized, meso- 126 L. A. MOUND praesternum broad. Metanotal setae far apart, not enlarged. Fore wing rather pointed apically with more than sixty accessory cilia. Fore tarsi unarmed ; external surface of femora angular each angle bearing a stout seta. Pelta very broad, trilobed. Posterolateral angles of tergites produced, strongly in males, weakly in females. Tube hairy in basal two thirds. Idolothrips spectrum Haliday (Text-fig. 55) Idolothrips spectrum Haliday in Walker, 1852 : 1097. Idolothrips marginata Haliday in Walker, 1852 : 1096. Syn. n. Idolothrips lacertina Haliday in Walker, 1852 : 1097. Syn. n. Idolothrips spectrum Haliday ; Froggatt, 1904 : 54-57. Idolothrips marginatus f{. invalida Priesner, 1928b : 654. Idolothrips lacertinus {. infirma Priesner, 1928b : 654. Idolothrips kellyanus Bagnall, 1932e : 518-519. Syn. n. In his original description Haliday indicated the possibility that marginata represented the female and spectrum and lacertina the male. Froggatt concluded from his field studies that only one species was involved and selected the name spectrum. Bagnall (1916) rejected this however and recognized two species under the names marginata and lacertina, and separated them on the form of the male lateral abdominal tubercles. Priesner further distinguished these forms on the ratio of head length to width. The present author has examined many specimens from Australia and these two forms are to be found in the same population. The male tubercles and setae sometimes do not correspond on opposite sides of the body (Text-fig. 55) and the variation is correlated with body size. The colour of the stem of antennal VI varies from yellow to brown in the material examined, and so kellyanus is here interpreted as a small female of spectrum. Holotype 2 of kellyanus. SouTH AUSTRALIA: Lyrup, nr. Renmark, River Murray, dead leaves of Eucalyptus melliodora (R. Kelly). ISOPTEROTARIPS Bagnall Isopterothrips Bagnall, 1926d : 553. Type-species J. tenuipennis, by monotypy. This genus is very close to Diceratothrips, but may be distinguished by the narrow base of the long tarsal tooth, the pelta with very slender lateral lobes, and antennal IV with only three sense cones. The fore coxae bear six or more short stout setae on the posterior margin, and in the male there is in addition a group of about five setae directed anterolaterally. Isopterothrips tenuipennis Bagnall (Text-figs. 56-58 & 73) Isopterothrips tenuipennis Bagnall, 1926d : 554. Dichaetothrips penicillatus Priesner, 1937b : 626-629. Syn. n. The fore wings are colourless in this species and the tube is sculptured. The postocellar setae are about as long as one side of the ocellar triangle, but the posterior dronotal setae are ™ | BAGNALL’S THYSANOPTERA angular 56, Mesopraesternum of female. Lamillothrips typicus, pelta. head and pronotum to show maxillary tergite VII of male with dissimilar postero Isopterothrips tenuipennis : Fig. 54. Mimothrips hargreavesi, Fig. 55. Idolothrips spectrum Figs. 56-58. Mesopraesternum of male. Fics. 54-59. bridge. setae. 57) Fig. 59. 58, Pelta. 128 L. A. MOUND very long, particularly the midlateral setae of the male. The anterior margin of the meso- sternum is only half as wide in the male as in the female, the mesopraesterna therefore differ considerably in shape between the sexes. Holotype 9. GHANA: Aburi, in shot hole borer’s tunnel in dead Loranthus stem on Hevea, 3.xii.1915 (W. H. Patterson). Holotype ¢ of penicillatus. SIERRA LEONE : Nijala, in twigs of Bauhinia tomen- tosa, 1936 (E. Hargreaves). Karnyothrips duplicatus (Bagnall) comb. n. Podothrips duplicatus Bagnall, 1918a : 211-213. Most of the major setae are missing from the unique holotype, and the only two remaining are on the pronotum. These setae are widely expanded suddenly at the apex as in flavipes Jones, and the stout hind femora and short tube also recall that species. In duplicatus however the mesopraesternum is not reduced medially and the pronotal anteromarginal setae are not small. Holotype 2. GHANA: Aburi, Canna flowers, 30.xi.1915 (W. H. Patterson). Karnyothrips flavipes (Jones) Anthothrips flavipes Jones, 1912 : 18-19. Haplothrips longisetis Bagnall, 1913f : 297. The genus Karnyothrips Watson, 1923 with flavipes as type-species, is here accepted as a valid genus for a small group of Haplothrips-like species with stout hind femora and apical setae longer than the tube. Holotype ° of longisetis. EGypt : Alexandria, dead twig of Fig, 6.111.1905 (F. V. Theobald). Karnyothrips melaleucus (Bagnall) Hindsiana melaleuca Bagnall, 1911c : 61-62. Although described from a single specimen taken in a European glasshouse, Priesner (1964) states that this species occurs in Africa, India and North America. Holotype 9. DENMARK: Copenhagen, on cruciferous flower in Palm House, 30.v1.1909 (R.S.B.). KELLYIA Bagnall Kellyia Bagnall, 1929h : 188-189. Type-species Teuchothrips hoodianus, by monotypy. This is distinguished from Teuchothrips by its longer head and antennae. The type-species shares the following characters with Teuchothrips species ; antennae eight-segmented, VII and VIII closely united ; one sense cone on III, three major sense cones on IV ; maxillary stylets approach each other in middle of head ; fore tarsus with a stout claw ; praepectus absent, mesopraesternum degenerate medially ; pronotum with longitudinal median line thickened ; pelta triangular with apical margin transverse ; tergites with two pairs of wing retaining setae ; body surface reticulate ; tube weakly constricted apically. BAGNALL’S THYSANOPTERA 129 Kellyia hoodianus (Bagnall) Teuchothrips hoodianus Bagnall, 1924k : 630-631. LECTOTYPE g. AvustraLiA: Victoria, Lake Tyers, Acacia elata, 21.11.1919 (R. Kelly). Kladothrips acallurus Bagnall Kladothrips acallurus Bagnall, 1932e : 507-509. This species is very similar to rodwayi Hardy, of which it is possibly a synonym. The postocular setae are well developed, broadly expanded apically and almost reach the posterior margin of the eye. LECTOTYPE g. AusTRALiIA : without data (Kelly ns 133). Kladothrips differens Bagnall Kladothrips differens Bagnall, 1932e : 509. This species has similar postocular setae to acallurus but these arise far behind the eye. The species froggatti, intermedius and teppert Karny have no major postocular setae. Holotype g. AUSTRALIA : without data (Kelly ns 133?). Kladothrips froggatti Bagnall Kladothrips froggatti Bagnall, t929h : 196. This is close to teppert Karny and intermedius, and further material is required to define them clearly. Major postocular setae are absent in each of these forms. Syntypes 9. AUSTRALIA : Tasmania, in Acacia sp. galls, 7.1x.1903 (A. M. Lea). : Kladothrips intermedius Bagnall Kladothrips intermedius Bagnall, 1929h : 196-197. Intermediate in size between teppert Karny and froggatti, it is possible that these three forms are identical. LECTOTYPE 9. Austrraria : Victoria, Melbourne, on Acacia sp. (E. T. Carter). KLEOTARIPS Schmutz Kleothrips Schmutz, 1913 : 1057-1058. Type-species K. gigans, by monotypy. Dyracothrips Bagnall, 1914c : 290. Type-species D. ceylonicus, by monotypy. Kleothrips Schmutz ; Priesner, 1934-1935. Bagnall (1915c : 269) subsequently indicated that ceylonicus was a synonym of gigans. Both species were collected at the same locality, Peradeniya, Ceylon. The genus should be compared to Mecynothrips (q.v.). 130 L. A. MOUND Kleothrips gigans Schmutz Kleothrips gigans Schmutz, 1913 : 1058-1062. Dyracothrips ceylonicus Bagnall, 1914c : 290-291. The two original specimens of ceylonicus have apparently been lost. The original data were ; CEYLON : Peradeniya, swept from bushes (E. E. Green 2961). Priesner indicates that gigans always has a small tooth at the base of the fore tibia of the male, but a gynaecoid male apparently of this species from Ceylon is in the British Museum (Natural History) and lacks all trace of the tooth. K. simplex may be a synonym of gigans but further series are essential to establish the range of variation. Kleothrips simplex (Bagnall) Mecynothrips simplex Bagnall, 1912a : 216. As indicated above the unique male of this species is very similar to gigans Schmutz, of which it may prove to be a synonym. Holotype gj. PHILIPPINES : without data (E. Simon). KOPTOTHRIPS Bagnall Koptothrips Bagnall, 1929h : 197. Type-species K. flavicoynis, by monotypy. The unique male upon which this genus is based is contracted and crushed. The praepectus is apparently absent, the pelta small and triangular, and the abdominal tergites bear two pairs of wing retaining setae. A redefinition of the genus must await the collection of further material. Koptothrips flavicornis Bagnall Koptothrips flavicornis Bagnall, 1929h : 197-108. Holotype g. AUSTRALIA : Victoria, Gippsland, Acacia sp. (C. French). LAMILLOTHRIPS Bagnall Lamillothrips Bagnall, 1923c : 630-631. Type-species L. typicus, by orignal designation. This genus is very similar to Machatothrips but differs in having more than one pair of wing retaining setae on the tergites, and the lateral expansions of the pelta are typically slender. Hylothrips Priesner, 1932c, may be a synonym as one male in the Paris Museum collection labelled Hylothrips vitulus (Karny) by Priesner is congeneric with typicus. The anterolateral margins of the pronotum are expanded into distinct flanges in the male but only weakly expanded in the female. Similarly the tubercle which bears the epimeral seta is much larger in the male than in the female. BAGNALL’S THYSANOPTERA 131 Lamillothrips typicus Bagnall (Text-fig. 59) Lamillothrips typicus Bagnall, 1923c : 631. Lamillothrips pennicollis Bagnall, 1923c : 631. Syn. n. Machatothrips longidens Bagnall, 1934b : 491-492. Syn. n. The three specimens upon which Bagnall erected the two species of Lamillothrips, together with the holotype of Jongidens, form a continuous gradation in size. There is no good reason for regarding the largest specimen as a different species from the smallest. The epimeral tubercles bear two pairs of major setae. LECTOTYPE ¢g. Guana: Aburi, in tunnel of Cacao moth borer, 17.xi.1915 (W. H. Patterson). Holotype ¢ of pennicollis. GHANA: Aburi, in tunnel of Cacao moth borer, 17.x1.1915 (W. H. Patterson). Holotype ¢ of longidens. SIERRA LEONE : Nijala, xi.1926 (E. Hargreaves). Leeuwenia coriacea (Bagnall) Panuyrothrips coriaceus Bagnall, 1921a : 216-217. Leeuwenia coriacea (Bagnall) ; Priesner, 1929a : 449. Two of the original four females remain in the Bagnall collection. There are no major setae on the head or the anterior margin of the pronotum, and the most closely related species appears to be eugeniae. LECTOTYPE 9. Inp1a: West Dehra Dun, Karwapanny, on ‘ Piaman’ leaves (Iyer). Leeuwenia eugeniae Bagnall Leeuwenia eugeniae Bagnall, 1924k : 640. Leeuwenia eugeniae Bagnall ; Priesner, 1929a : 449. This species is very close to coriacea from which it differs in having shorter and less numerous setae on the tube. The antero-angular seta on the pronotum is small but arises from a relatively large base, as in coriacea. LECTOTYPE 9. InpiA: Madras, Kodaikanal, on Eugenia sp., I1I.v.1919 (Ramakrishna). Leeuwenia indica Bagnall Leeuwenia indicus Bagnall, 1914f : 377-378. Leeuwenia indica Bagnall ; Priesner, 1929a : 449. The unique holotype of indica has not been found in either the British Museum (Natural History) or the Indian Museum. The original published data were as follows ; Burma : Moulmein, 16.x1.1911 (fF. H. Gravely) (Indian Museum No. 4297/20). 132 L. A. MOUND Liothrips amabilis Bagnall Liothrips amabilis Bagnall, 1927a : 574-575. Liothrips amabilis Bagnall ; Priesner, 1964 : 191-192. Holotype 9. FRANCE : nr. Hyeres-la-Plage, Phyllivea, ii.1927 (R.S.B.). Liothrips brevicollis (Bagnall) Cryptothrips brevicollis Bagnall, 1915e€ : 199-200. Liothrips brevicollis (Bagnall) ; Bagnall, 1926e : 661. The two syntypes upon which this species is based may be small forms of austriacus Karny. The postocular setae barely extend beyond the hind margin of the eye and the other major setae are equally short. Antennal III is about 98u. long compared to I12-I16y in austriacus (in Priesner, 1964 : 192). Syntypes 9. Cyprus: Vitis (Z. G. Solomides). Liothrips karnyi Bagnall Liothrips karnyi Bagnall, 1924k : 631. Liothvips veuteri Karny, 1920¢ : 40, nec veuteyi Bagnall, 1913. Bagnall proposed karnyi as a new name for a species described by Karny from Australia. Liothrips kingi Bagnall Liothrips kingi Bagnall, 1921c : 356-357. This species has two pairs of postocular setae and the pronotal sculpture resembles that of Gynatkothrips species. It is retained in Liothrips on account of the long pointed mouth cone, although the pale setae are also unusual in that genus. Lzo- thrips anogeissi Priesner, 1965 is very closely related. Syntypes gg & 99. SupAN: Mongalla Province, Gebel Odo, 5.i.1g11 (H. H. King). Liothrips oleae (Costa) Thrips oleae Costa, 1857 : 80-82. Liothvips oleae (Costa) ; Priesner, 1964 : 190. Leurothrips linearis Bagnall, 1908c : 198-199. Syn. n. The original description of linearis states in error that wings and ocelli are absent. The wings were left in the glue on the original card mount when Bagnall prepared one specimen on a slide. These wings have now been recovered and mounted with the specimen. The postocular setae are not shorter than typical oleae in either of the original specimens. LECTOTYPE 9. Granp Canary : Sardilla, 1900 (Alluaud). BAGNALL’S THYSANOPTERA 133 Liothrips reuteri (Bagnall) Compsothrips reuteri Bagnall, 1913f : 295. Liothrips reuteri (Bagnall) ; Priesner, 1964 : 190. Holotype 2. EGypt : Suez, 4.vili.1g02 (Biro). Liothrips similis Bagnall (Text-fig. 69) Liothrips similis Bagnall, 1910a : 383-384. The two species elongatus and intermedius which were described with similis are now placed in Trybomia. However similis appears to be a true Liothrips although the metanotum is broadly reticulate and seta By on tergite IX is longer than the tube. Holotype 2. VENEZUELA : Los Adjuntas, 10.ix.1891 (Meznert). Liothrips willcocksi (Bagnall) Gynatkothrips willcocksi Bagnall, 1921c : 364. Liothrips (Epiliothrips) willcocksi (Bagnall) Priesner, 1965 : 396-398. This species is of interest in the Liothrips group in having a fore tarsal tooth in the male. Holotype 9. Ecypt: Ezbst el Nakhl (F. C. Willcocks). MACHATOTARIPS Bagnall Machatothrips Bagnall, t908c : 189. Type-species M. biuncinatus, by monotypy. Adiaphorothrips Bagnall, 1909] : 536-537. Type-species A. simplex, by monotypy. There are more than thirty five nominal species in this genus at present, but this figure is likely to be reduced when more of the type specimens are re-examined and compared with biwncinatus. The genus may be defined as follows. Large dark species ; head about two thirds as wide as long, weakly constricted basally and behind eyes ; interocellar setae long, sometimes two pairs of postoculars ; cheeks with several pairs of stout setae ; eyes not large ; antennae eight-segmented, III with two sense cones ; maxillary stylets broad, V shaped within head, mouth cone acute. Prothorax broad ; praepectus present ; mesopraesternum sexually dimorphic, anterior margin of mesosternum much narrower in male than in female (cf. [soptevothrips). Fore tarsus armed, tooth larger in male than in female ; fore femur with a row of tubercles on inner margin in female. Fore wing parallel- sided, narrowed in apical third ; numerous accessory cilia. Metanotum reticulate. Pelta broad ; abdominal tergites each with only one wing retaining seta ; setae on tergite IX almost as long as tube. The four species of this genus known to the present author may be distinguished as follows: t Fore femur of female with about 20 small tubercles 6m in length on inner margin ; mid-dorsal setae of head less than one quarter as long as postocular setae antennatus 134 L. A. MOUND Fore femoral tubercles of female much larger and less numerous. : : : 2 2 Mid-dorsal setae of head about two thirds as long as postoculars ; fore tarsal tooth of female small with very broad base . : J : biuncinatus Mid-dorsal head setae shorter ; fore tarsal tooth Gf ioaale large é : 3. Pronotal midlateral seta more cee two thirds as long as epimeral seta ; . gnid-dorsal head seta no larger than rest of minor head setae ; fore tarsal re of female longer than broad ; basal fore femoral tubercle about its own length from sub-basal tubercle : . haplodon — Pronotal midlateral eth dneut half as ae as eel set, z wid: daraxt head seta usually reaches base of postocular ; fore tarsal tooth of female broader than long ; first two fore femoral tubercles closer together than their length. ‘ - braueri Machatothrips antennatus (Bagnall) Adiaphorothrips antennatus Bagnall, 1915b : 594. This species was described from two specimens mounted on a card. These, a male and a female, have now been mounted on slides. The very small tubercles on the fore femora of the female are quite distinctive, and in both sexes the first pair of postocular setae are about five times as long as the second pair. LECTOTYPE 9. Sarawak: Matang, 1,000 ft., under bark of dead tree, 7.Xi1.1913 (G. E. Bryant). Machatothrips biuncinatus Bagnall Machatothrips biuncinata Bagnall, 1908c : 189-190. Adiaphorothrips simplex Bagnall, 1909] : 537-538. Syn. n. Although this species was stated to be based on a single male, it is clear from the description and the remains of the holotype (one fore leg) that the specimen was actually a female. The second postocular seta is very long, about two thirds as long as the first postocular. The fore tarsal tooth of the female is small but with a very broad base, whereas that of the male is long and acute. The species is widespread in the Indonesian region and the present author has examined specimens from the Solomon Islands. Holotype @ (fore leg only). SouTHERN NEw GuINEA (Netherlands Expedition 1904-5). LECTOTYPE 4 of simplex. BorRNEO: Sambas, v.1890 (Th. F. Lucassen). Machatothrips braueri Karny Machatothrips brauevt Karny, 1912a : 23-26. Machatothrips multidens Bagnall, 1934b : 487-488. Syn. n. Machatothrips paucidens Bagnall, 1934b: 489. Syn. n. Machatothvips paucidens var. bicolorisetosus Bagnall, 1934b : 489-490. Syn. n. The above synonymy is based on a comparison of the type specimens of each nominal form with further material collected in Nigeria. In describing multidens Bagnall compared his specimens with haplodon Karny not the true brauert as is BAGNALL’S THYSANOPTERA 135 evident from his comments on the fore tarsal teeth. The number of tubercles on the fore femur of females in braweri is dependant on the size of the individual. Small females have fewer tubercles and paucidens is here regarded as a small form. The species is known from Sierra Leone, Ghana, Nigeria, Cameroon and Congo. Holotype 9. CAMEROON : Bascho, iv.1g09 (Oberlt. Bartsch S.V.). Humboldt University Museum, Berlin. LECTOTYPE 9° of multidens. GHANA: Aburi, in tunnels of Cacao stem moth borer, x.1915 (W. H. Patterson). LECTOTYPE 9 of paucidens. GHANA: Aburi, in tunnels of Cacao stem moth borer, 29.x.1915 (W. H. Patterson). LECTOTYPE 9 of bicolorisetosus. SIERRA LEONE: Nijala, in tunnels of Coffee twig borer, 7.1.1927 (E. Hargreaves). Machatothrips haplodon Karny stat. n. Machatothrips braueri var. haplodon Karny, 1925a : 141. Machatothrips braueri var. buffai Karny, 1925a : 142. Syn. n. Machatothrips simplicidens Bagnall, 1934b : 490-491. Syn. n. This species is known from Uganda and the Congo and can be recognized from brauert by means of the key given above. Holotype 9. UGANDA: Kampala, in Scolytid galleries on Ficus ovata, 8.vili.1921 (H. Hargreaves). Holotype 2 of simplicidens. FRENCH Conco: Ntamba, River Kouilou (H. Lecomte). Paris Museum. MACROTHRIPS Bagnall Macrothrips Bagnall, 1908b : 359. Type-species M. papuensis, by original designation. Macrothrips dubius Bagnall Macrothrips dubius Bagnall, 1908b : 361. The unique female of this species is probably a small form of papuensis. Holotype 9. New Guinea : Dorey (Wallace). Macrothrips papuensis Bagnall Macrothrips papuensis Bagnall, 1908b : 359-360. Macrothrips intermedia Bagnall, 1908c : 187-189. Macrothrips papuensis Bagnall ; Moulton, 1947 : 178-179. The unique holotype of ¢ntermedius is not in the British Museum (Natural History), and the published data were ; one ? male, Friedrich-Wilhelmshafen, German New Guinea. Moulton has indicated that this species varies in size and degree of develop- ment of certain characters. Holotype g. NEw GuiIngEA : Dorey (Wallace). 136 L. A. MOUND Malacothrips lewisi (Bagnall) Trichothrips lewist Bagnall, 1914b : 30-31. Malacothrips lewisi (Bagnall) ; Bagnall, 1924k : 635. The mountant in which the unique holotype was prepared has turned black and the specimen is barely visible. The slide bears the following data ; JAPAN : Okinawa, Luchu Island (J. E. A. Lewis). MECYNOTHRIPS Bagnall Mecynothrips Bagnall, 1908b : 356-357. Type-species IM. wallacei, by monotypy. The genus Kleothrips is very close to Mecynothrips and could well be treated as a synonym. Mecynothrips is distinguished by the presence of horns on the anterior margin of the pronotum in the male, but both genera have many characters in common. The fore ocellus is weakly developed and a pair of setae arise lateral to this ocellus and not posterolateral as in Elaphrothrips species. There are several pairs of long wing retaining setae arising near the lateral margins of the tergites, a character not found in Elaphrothrips or the more closely related Tiarothrips. Mecynothrips wallacei Bagnall Mecynothrips wallacei Bagnall, 1908b : 357-358. M. bagnalli Priesner (1935 : 335) is probably a synonym of wallacei. Bagnall’s original figure is in error as his type specimen has two fore femoral teeth just as in Priesner’s figure of bagnallt. Holotype §. Netw Guinea: Dorey (A. R. Wallace). Megathrips brevis (Bagnall) comb. n. Siphonothrips brevis Bagnall, 1914c : 291-292. The fragmented unique holotype may be a small specimen of lativentris Heeger, although the present author has not seen any other specimen of that species with such short processes on segment six. Holotype 3. YuGosravia : Narenta (J. Sahlberg). Megathrips honoris Bagnall Megathrips honoris Bagnall, 1921d : 395. This species is based on a unique male which Bagnall (1916b : 406) regarded originally as quadrituberculatus. The head of this specimen has been shattered but the species can be distinguished from qguadrituberculatus as follows ; middle tibiae yellow only at extreme apex ; lateral setae on tube more than half median width of tube ; B, setae on tergite IX about one third as long as tube ; sensoria on antennals V and VI more than one third as long as these segments. Holotype g. JAPAN: Kobe, iv.1915 (J. E. A. Lewis). BAGNALL’S THYSANOPTERA 137 Megathrips nobilis Bagnall Megathrips nobilis Bagnall, tgoge : 130-131. Priesner (1964 : 140) states that nobilis occurs throughout Western and Central Europe on grass, but Morison (in litt.) has found all stages on dead branches of Salix phylicifolia in Scotland. LECTOTYPE ¢g. ENGLtanp: Cambridgeshire, Wicken, Fen, dried sedges, iv—v.1896 (D. Sharp). Megathrips quadrituberculatus (Bagnall) Idolothrips quadrituberculata Bagnall, 1908c : 210-211. Megathrips quadrituberculatus (Bagnall) ; Bagnall, 1921d : 396. This can be distinguished from honoris by the greater extent of yellow colouration on the middle tibiae, shorter lateral setae on the tube, shorter B, setae on tergite IX, and shorter sensoria on antennals V and VI. Holotype 9. JAPAN : 7.iv.1881 (G. Lewis). Meiothrips annulipes (Bagnall) Acanthinothrips annulipes Bagnall, 1914f : 378-379. Meiothrips annulipes (Bagnall) ; Bagnall, 1934b : 494. The genus Meiothrips is related to Idolothrips in the possession of praepectal plates, a broad mesopraesternum, two pairs of postocular setae and the proximity of the pronotal anteroangular and midlateral setae. Mezothrips species have a pair of very large setae close together medially on the metanotum, and there is only one pair of major epimeral setae. M. annulipes and the type-species of the genus, annulatus Priesner, have no accessory cilia on the fore wing but these are present in menoni Ananthakrishnan according to its description. LECTOTYPE g. SARAWAK : Matang, on dead bark, 13.xii.1913 (G. E. Bryant). Mesothrips jordani Zimmermann Mesothrips jordam Zimmermann, 1900 : 16-17. Phlaeothrips similis Bagnall, 1909] : 533-534. Syn. n. Ananthakrishnan (1964) has indicated some of the most important characters of the genus Mesothrips of which jordani is the type-species. In this species as in several others to be included in the genus, the praepectus is present and the meso- praesternum absent medially although widely expanded laterally. The head is suddenly narrowed basally, the cheeks bear a series of setae, the postoculars are long, there are three trichomes on antennal III, and the slender maxillary stylets are wide apart low in the head. The abdominal tergites bear two pairs of wing retaining setae, and anterolateral of these are six to ten small stout setae much as in Giganto- 138 L. A. MOUND thrips. Bagnall’s male and female syntypes have been compared with one female syntype of jordant. Syntypes 3 & 9 of similis. Java : Semarang, young top leaves of Waringin Tree [Ficus benjamina] (E. Jacobson). MIMOTHRIPS Priesner stat. n. (Text-figs. 54 & 71) Mimothrips Priesner, 1949 : 72, as subgenus of Eurhynchothrips. Type-species Eurhynchothrips hargreavest Priesner, by original designation. This genus may be distinguished from Eurhynchothrips by : Antennals III and IV with two sense cones ; fore wings without accessory cilia ; pronotum with only one pair of epimeral setae ; maxillary bridge longer, the stylets farther apart in the head (Text-fig. 54). The praepectus is absent, the mesopraesternum degenerate, and the abdominal tergites bear two pairs of wing retaining setae as in Euvhynchothrips. Mimothrips longicornis (Bagnall) comb. n. Trichothrips longicornis Bagnall, 1913f : 298-299. Trichothrips longicornis Bagnall ; Bagnall, 1918a : 215-216. The type series of this species is mounted on a slide with the mountant blackened and opaque. The material referred to by Bagnall in 1918 from Ghana, Aburi, has been studied. This may be distinguished from hargreavesi as follows ; postocular setae not as long as eye ; antennal V twice as long as broad ; metanotum with reticles equiangular not longitudinal as in hargreavesi. The paratypes on the blackened slide are from Sierra Leone, without further data. MOULTONIDES Kevan Moultonia Bagnall, 1929h : 199. Type-species Dolerothrips geijerae Moulton, by monotypy. Moultonides Kevan, 1963, nom. nov. for Moultonia Bagnall, nec I. Bolivar. The type-species of this genus is known from New South Wales, Australia. Mystrothrips japonicus (Bagnall) comb. n. (Text-fig. 72) Cryptothrips japonicus Bagnall, 1921c : 355-350. The unique specimen upon which this species is based differs from the type-species of Mystro- thyips in lacking a fore tarsal tooth and in having acute setae at the apex of the tube. However the body surface, particularly the tergites and sternites of the abdomen, is conspicuously reticulate and there is a single pair of postocular setae arising near the inner margin of the eye. The pronotal major setae are long except the anteromarginals, and all the major body setae have long spoon-shaped apices. The praepectus is present, the pelta broad, and the tergites bear only one pair of wing retaining setae. The wings are parallel-sided without accessory cilia, and the base of antennal III is conspicuously annulated. Holotype 9. JAPAN: Kobe, on grass, 23.vill.1g16 (Lewis). BAGNALL’S THYSANOPTERA 139 NEOCECIDOTHRIPS Bagnall Neocecidothrips Bagnall, 1929h : 186. Type-species Eothvips bursariae Moulton, by monotypy. This genus is near Teuchothrips from which it can be distinguished by the presence of two sense cones on antennals III and IV. The praepectus is absent and the meso- praesternum degenerate medially. The only species has been recorded from Victoria and New South Wales, Australia. Neoheegeria dalmatica Schmutz Neoheegeria dalmatica Schmutz, tg09b : 344. Cryptothrips tenuipilosus Bagnall, 1914c : 293-294. The genus Neoheegeria is probably best used for those Haplothrips-like species which have three sense cones on antennal III, although this excludes the widespread species verbasci Osborn. The similarities between dalmatica, the type-species of the genus, and verbasci are probably superficial. The three Bagnall species treated below under Neoheegeria may eventually have to be placed elsewhere. Holotype 2 of tenwipilosus. GREECE : Corfu (J. Sahlberg). Neoheegeria fuscicornis (Bagnall) comb. n. Advaneothrips fuscicornis Bagnall, 1929e : 606. This species cannot be placed in Advaneothrips as a well developed praepectus is present on the unique holotype. It is very close to pictipes but has the median setae on tergite [X distinctly rounded apically not acute. Holotype 9. Maraya: Messua ferrea (J. M. Brander). Neoheegeria pictipes (Bagnall) comb. n. Haplothrips pictipes Bagnall, 1919 : 273-274. This species has three sense cones on antennal III as in the closely related fuscz- corns. LECTOTYPE 9. [Inp1a: Talimparamta, Malabar, on diseased pepper berries, ix.1918 (Ramakrishna)|. Reg. 348. Neoheegeria propinquus (Bagnall) comb. n. Podothrips propinquus Bagnall, 1918a : 213. The unique holotype has three sense cones on antennal III but unlike the above two species the fore tarsi are unarmed. Holotype 9. GHANA: Aburi, Cola shoots and buds, 5.xi.1g12 (W. H. Patterson). 140 L. A. MOUND NESOTARIPS Kirkaldy Nesothrips Kirkaldy, 1907 : 103. Type-species N. oahuensis, by monotypy. Oedemothrips Bagnall, 1910d : 680. Type-species O. laticepbs, by monotypy (= oahuensis Kirk). Coenurothrips Bagnall, 1921b : 271. Type-species C. brevicollis, by original designation, here regarded as a synonym of validus. Nesothrips Kirkaldy ; Stannard, 1957 : 104-106. The name of the type-species of Coenurothrips is preoccupied in Nesothrips by brevicollis Bagnall, 1914. However C. brevicollis Bagnall, 1921 is apparently identical with validus Bagnall, 1921. The genus is particularly difficult because so many species have been founded on uniques or small series of specimens. Informa- tion on variation of species is lacking. N. propinguus is now known from South Africa, Australia and New Zealand, and may have been distributed along shipping routes in dried grass used for animal fodder. If this is so then other grass-associated species may be shown to have been described under more than one name. Nesothrips affinis (Bagnall) Coenurothrips affinis Bagnall, 1921c : 361-362. This is similar to validus from the Seychelles in the pronotal chaetotaxy and shape of the tube. Holotype ?9. CEYLON: among cotton from Hettipold Exp. Gd., 20.vi.1913 (A. Rutherford). Nesothrips brevicollis (Bagnall) Oedemothrips (?) brevicollis Bagnall, 1914b : 29-30. Antennal segments I and II are bright yellow in this species and it is very similar to ceylonicus Karny, 1925a. Both species were described on unique females but the B, seta on tergite 1X of brevicollis is short, less than two-thirds as long as the tube, whereas in ceylonicus this seta is more than five-sixths as long as the tube. These two species are related to N. formosensis Priesner according to the description, and also to the forms referred to under that name by Ananthakrishnan (1964 : 102) apparently from Southern India. Holotype 9. JAPAN : Okinawa, Luchu Island, v.1913 (J. E. A. Lewis). Nesothrips collaris (Bagnall) Cryptothrips collaris Bagnall, 1917 : 26-27. The eyes are very little extended on the ventral surface of the head, less so than in insularis. LECTOTYPE 9. West Inp1gEs : St. Vincent (#1. H. Smith). BAGNALL’S THYSANOPTERA 141 Nesothrips insularis (Bagnall) Cryptothrips insularis Bagnall, 1914 : 295. Cryptothrips icarus var. tuberculatus Priesner, 1922 : 105. Syn. n. Cryptothrips brachyurus Bagnall, 1927a : 573-574. Syn. n. Nesothrips tuberculatus (Priesner) ; Priesner, 1964 : 143. The present author is grateful to Dr. zur Strassen for loaning specimens of tuber- culatus and indicating the probability of this synonymy. Holotype 9. CANARY ISLANDs : Lancerota (7. V. Wollaston). LECTOTYPE ¢ of brachyurus. FRANCE : Tamaris, on grass, I.iii.1927 (R.S.B.). Nesothrips minor (Bagnall) Coenurothrips minor Bagnall, 1921b : 287-288. This may be a small form of validus, the antennae are paler and the unique specimen is much smaller than the available series of that species. Holotype 9. RopRIGUES : vii—xi.1g18 (Snell & Thomasset). Nesothrips oahuensis Kirkaldy Nesothrips oahuensis Kirkaldy, 1907 : 103. Oedemothrips laticeps Bagnall, 1910d : 680-681. Nesothrips hawaiiensis, lapsus for oahuensis Kirkaldy ; Bianchi, 1944 : 31-38. Syntype ¢ of laticeps. Hawatt: Oahu, Mts. nr. Honolulu, 2—3,000 ft., vii.1goo (Perkins no. 667). Nesothrips propinquus (Bagnall) Oedemothrips propinquus Bagnall, 1916b : 408-409. Oedemothrips propinquus var. breviceps Bagnall, 1924k : 634-635. Oedemothrips propinquus var. obscuricornis Bagnall, 1924k : 634. Cryptothrips dimidiatus Hood, 1918b : 145-146. Syn. n. Oedemothrips propinquus Bagnall ; Morison, 1931 : 453-454. Bolothrips dimidiatus (Hood) Hartwig, 1948 : 116 & 124. Neosmerinthothrips oleriae Moulton, 1949 : 492-494. Syn. n. Type material of dimidiatus has not been studied. The author is grateful to Miss Anne Ward of Levin, New Zealand for material of this species and for discussing the range of variation. WN. brevicollis and ceylonicus are rather similar, but in these species the lateral lobes of the pelta are joined to the median portion, whereas in propinquus the lateral lobes are small and quite separate from the rectangular median part of the pelta, even in the macropterous form. Holotype 9. AusTRALIA: Victoria, Healesville, Badger Weir, on clover, 6.iv. 1915 (R. Kelly). 142 L. A. MOUND Syntypes 2 of breviceps. NEW ZEALAND: Nelson, on apricot, 26.viii.1924 (E. S. Gourley). Paratype 9 of oleriae. SouTH AFRICA : Cape Province, Mossel Bay, vi—vii.1930 (R. E. Turner). Nesothrips validus (Bagnall) Coenurothrips validus Bagnall, 1921b : 272-273. Coenurothrips brevicollis Bagnall, t92tb : 271-272. Syn. n. Although brevicollis has page priority, the name is preoccupied in Nesothrips and validus is the next available name. Bagnall described validus from a single speci- men, and the broader head and more bulky form are apparently due to crushing during mounting. Holotype 9. SEYCHELLES : Silhouette [Mare aux Cochons, 1x.1908]. Syntypes 2 of brevicollis. SEYCHELLES : Mahé [Mount Sebert, 2,000 ft., 1.1909]. Onychothrips hakeae Bagnall Onychothrips hakeae Bagnall, 1929h : 198-199. Bagnall was unable to distinguish this species satisfactorily from tepperi Uzel, but described it as a new species on the basis of the different host association. O. teppert was found on Acacia aneura, but Thysanoptera are not completely host specific (see Teuchothrips pittosporiicola) and hakeae is probably a synonym of teppert. LECTOTYPE g. AustratiA: New South Wales, Broken Hill, in galls on Hakea sp. (O. Lower). Phaulothrips caudatus Bagnall Phaulothrips caudatus Bagnall, 1932e : 510-511. The unique holotype is shrunken and contains much white pigment internally, although it is not clear if this is an artefact. The species appears to be related to Polyphemothrips but agrees well with the definition of Phaulothrips. There is a pair of long anteocellar setae with flattened apices, and antennal segments V and VI are produced distally. The postocular setae are long and arise near the inner margin of the eyes. The pelta has a slender lateral lobe on each side and the abdominal tergites apparently have only one wing retaining seta. The tube is reticulate, slightly constricted apically, and the fore wing bears about sixteen accessory cilia. The maxillary stylets are broad and fairly close together in the middle of the head. Holotype 9. AusTRALIA: Victoria, Mornington, Casuarina branchlets, 21.x. 1928 (R. Kelly). BAGNALL’S THYSANOPTERA 143 Phlaeothrips annulipes Reuter Phloeothrips annulipes Reuter, 1880 : 19-21. Phloeothrips brevicollis Bagnall, t911c : 62-63. Syn. n. The status of brevicollis was queried by Priesner (1964), and the type specimen has now been compared with a series of the common annulipes. The generic position of this species is doubtful, and it is here placed in Phlaeothrips rather than Hoplandro- thrips on account of the broad pelta and unconstricted fore wings. On a world wide basis these genera are less readily distinguished. The larvae of annulipes have head horns similar to Acanthothrips nodicornis but smaller. Holotype 2 of brevicollis. Norway: Bygdo nr. Christiania, on lime trees, 27.Vi.1909 (R.S.B.). Phlaeothrips bispinoides Bagnall Phloeothrips bispinoides Bagnall, 1926e : 659-661. Phlaeothrips bispinoides Bagnall ; Priesner, 1964 : 182. This species is close to annulipes Reuter from which it differs in the darker tibiae and antennae, and the postocular setae which extend beyond the posterior margin of the eyes. Priesner gives the distribution as Switzerland, Germany and Czeckoslovakia. LECTOTYPE 9. SwitZERLAND : Zurich, Fagus, vii.1925 (R.S.B.). Phlaeothrips coriaceus Haliday Phlaeothvips coriacea Haliday, 1836 : 442-443. Phloeothrips immanis Bagnall, 1927b : 582-584. Syn. n. Acanthothvips coriaceus (Haliday) ; Stannard, 1957 : 25. Phlaeothrips coriaceus Haliday ; Mound, 1966c : 126-128. Phlaeothrips genus, with cortaceus Haliday as type-species, can be distinguished from Acanthothrips by the presence of four sense cones on antennal IV. The genus is very close to Hoplandrothrips, differing particularly in the form of the pelta, and it is also related to Hoplothrips whose species can usually be distinguished by their smaller eyes and weakly reticulate metanotum. Phlaeothrips and Hoplandrothrips species are usually macropterous, but wing reduction is common in Hopflothrips. Bagnall’s species tmmanis is here regarded as a large form of coriaceus. LECTOTYPE ¢ of tmmanis. SwiTZERLAND : Sihwald, nr. Zurich, under logs, vli.1925 (R.S.B.). Phlaeothrips gallicus Bagnall Phloeothrips gallicus Bagnall, 1934e : 494-495. The unique holotype of this species has not been found in either the British Museum (Natural History) or the Paris Museum. The original data published were ; FRANCE: Fontainebleu, on grasses, 20.v.1914 (Vuillet). 144 1A. MOUND: Phrasterothrips affinis Bagnall (Text-fig. 60) Phyasterothrips affinis Bagnall, 1924k : 633-634. The present author has not examined fuscus Moulton, but the other species included in Phrasterothrips may be recognized as follows : 1 Sculpture of metanotum consisting of a series of short parallel lines close together, not forming any reticulation medially ; epimera with one major seta . omercooperi Sculpture of me*anotum reticulate medially, at least near extreme anterior border . 2 2 Median reticles of metanotum almost as broad as they are long ; epimera with two major setae ; anterior marginal setae of pronotum variable in length . conducans — Median reticles of metanotum narrow, broad only near anterior border ; eipmera with one major seta ; anterior marginal seta of pronotum no longer than discal setae . ; , : : ’ ‘ 3 : 3 5 2 - . affinis Further material is essential to the understanding of these species, since the anteromarginals are variable in conducans and the epimerals are variable in an undescribed species according to Stannard (1957). P. affinis is based on one male and one female. Syntypes ¢ & 9. Brazit (J. Omer Cooper, no. 79). Phrasterothrips conducans Priesner (Text-figs. 61 & 62) Phyrastevothrips conducans Priesner, 1921b : 210-213. Phvrasterothrips braziliensis Bagnall, 1924k : 632. Syn. n. This is the type-species of the genus, and the above synonymy is based on a com- parison of the types of braziliensis with material determined as conducans by Priesner, collected in Brazil from galls on Myrica sp. LECTOTYPE 9 of braziliensis. Braziv (J. Omer Cooper, no. 67). Phrasterothrips omercooperi Bagnall (Text-fig. 63) Phrastevothrips omer-cooperi Bagnall, 1924k : 633. The metanotal sculpture is rather similar to that of affinis, but in omercoopert the pronotal anteromarginals are well developed. Syntypes 9. Brazit (J. Omer Cooper, no. 79). Plectrothrips collaris Bagnall Plectyothvips collavis Bagnall, 1909] : 531-533. According to Stannard (1957) Plectrothrips is well represented in the islands of the Western Pacific. Kladothrips has a rather similar pronotum, but in Plectrothrips the pelta is broad basally and the wing retaining setae only weakly developed. Holotype 3. InponestA : Isle of Nias (K. Jordan). BAGNALL’S THYSANOPTERA 145 Fics. 60-73. Figs. 60-63. Phrasterothrips species, metanotal sculpture near median setae : 60, affinis. 61, brasiliensis. 62, conducans. 63, omercooperi. Figs. 64-67. Sculpture of Gigantothrips species : 64, tibialis, anteromedian area of mesonotum. 65, nigvodentatus, anteromedian area of mesonotum. 66, modestus, median area of metanotum. 67, tuyneyi, median area of metanotum. Fig. 68. Tvichinothrips breviceps (brandert holotype). Fig. 69. Liothvips similis, metanotal sculpture. Figs. 70-72. Apex of major setae: 70, Eurhynchothrips convergens. 71, Mimothrips hargreavest. 72, Mystrothrips japonicus. Fig. 73. Isopterothvips tenuipennis, fore tarsus of female. 146 L. A. MOUND ‘ Podothrips’ varicornis Bagnall Podothrips varicorms Bagnall, 1919 : 275-276. The well developed praepectal plates of the unique holotype indicate that this species is not an Advaneothrips (cf. Bagnall, 1929 : 606) since the members of that genus lack these structures, nor yet a true Podothrips as species in that genus have a greatly enlarged praepectus. Contrary to the original description there are no fore wing accessory cilia. Dr. zur Strassen hopes to erect a new genus for this species shortly as both he and the present author have received fresh material from South Africa. Holotype g. SoutH Arrica: Cape Town, Sugar Bush flower, 13.vii.1914 (EZ. B. Poulton). POECILOTAHRIPS Uzel Poecilothrips Uzel, 1895 : 264. Type-species P. albopicta Uzel, by monotypy. Cephalothripoides Bagnall, 1927b : 582. Type-species Cephalothrips harrisoni, by monotypy. Poecilothrips albopictus Uzel Poecilothrips albopicta Uzel, 1895 : 264. Cephalothrips harrisoni Bagnall, 1926e : 657-659. Syn. n. Poecilothrips albopictus Uzel ; Pelikan, 1950 : 152-163. The above synonymy is based on a comparison of the unique holotype of harrisoni with Californian material of ovnatus Hood, a synonym of albopictus. Holotype 2 of harrisont. FRANCE: Orlu near Ax, on cherry log (R.S.B.). POLY PHEMOTHRIPS Schmutz Polyphemothrips Schmutz, 1909a : 276. Type-species P. brasiliensis, by monotypy. Panceratothrips Bagnall, 1936 : 219-220. Type-species P. typicus, by monotypy. Syn. n. Polyphemothrips Schmutz ; Stannard, 1957 : 76-78. This synonymy is based on a comparison of Bagnall’s material with Stannard’s redefinition of the genus. The type-species, brasiliensis, is not known to the present author. Polyphemothrips caudatus (Bagnall) comb. n. Allothrips caudatus Bagnall, 1915b : 595-596. The unique holotype agrees closely with the definition of Polyphemothrips given by Stannard (1957). Antennal segments VII and VIII are almost fused, the maxillary stylets fairly broad, meeting in the centre of the head, and the reticulations on the head are upturned medially. The praepectus is absent, the pelta small and there are two pairs of wing retaining setae on each tergite. Asa result of this new combination Adelothrips caudatus Hood, 1955 : go-g2 becomes a secondary homonym and is here renamed Polyphemothrips adelos n. n. Holotype 9. SARAWAK: Mt. Matang, I1.xii.1913 (G. E. Bryant). BAGNALL’S THYSANOPTERA 147 Polyphemothrips citricornis (Bagnall) comb. n. Cryptothrips citricornis Bagnall, 1913f : 296. The maxillary stylets meet in the centre of the head, and the reticulations on the dorsal surface of the head are upturned medially in this species. There are three sense cones on antennal III, and segments VII and VIII are broadly joined. The praepectus is absent, the anteromarginal pronotal setae apparently reduced, and there are two pairs of wing retaining setae on each tergite. Holotype 3. [TANGANYIKA] : Arusha, x—xi.1905 (Katona). Polyphemothrips typicus (Bagnall) comb. n. Panceratothrips typicus Bagnall, 1936 : 220. Two females from the original series have been studied. The species agrees closely with Stannard’s redefinition of the genus Polyphemothrips. Antennal segments VII and VIII are closely united, there are three sense cones on III and fouron IV. The maxillary stylets approach each other in the centre of the head, and the reticulations on the head turn toward the anterior in the midline. The pronotal major setae are all well developed, the praepectus absent and the mesopraesternum broad. The pelta is small and triangular, and the tergites each have two pairs of wing retaining setae. LECTOTYPE 9. Mapacascar: Province of Tanarive, Soanierane, 1905 (A. Mathiaux). Paris Museum. A paralectotype 9 bearing similar data is in the British Museum (Natural History). PRIESNERIA Bagnall Priesneria Bagnall, 1926d : 549. Type-species P. kellyana, by monotypy. Priesneria kellyana Bagnall Priesneria kellyana Bagnall, 1926d : 549-550. The unique holotype resembles Karnyothrips species in the stout median and posterior femora, the short tube and long apical setae, but the fore tarsus isnot armed. The praepectus is present but the mesopraesternum is degenerate medially. The major setae have expanded apices but the pronotal anteromarginals are small. Bagnall refers to the heavy body but this is due to contraction of the abdominal segments prior to mounting. Two basal wing setae with expanded apices are visible, the pore of what is probably the first basal wing seta is rather small. The wing apices are missing. This genus can only be distinguished from the Haplothrips group by the short antennal III which bears one sense cone, and antennal IV which bears two sense cones. The antennae may be aberrant. Holotype 2. AvusTRALIA : Victoria, Melbourne, 10.11.1925 (R. Kelly). Pselaphothrips pomeroyi Hood Pselaphothrips pomeroyi Hood, 1916 : 11-12. Pselaphothrips nigeriensis Bagnall, 1934b : 483-484. Syn. n. This synonymy is based on a comparison of the type of nigeriensis with the descrip- 148 L. A. MOUND tion of pomeroy: from Cameroon and five other specimens from Nigeria. It is possible that vualleti Karny, 1g20b from Cameroon is also the same species. The holotype of nigeviensis is a teneral specimen that has been treated with caustic alkali, and this explains the pale colour of the legs. The sexual dimorphism and the differences between the major and minor males are particularly interesting in this species. The female has short postocular setae close to the inner margin of the eye, unarmed fore tibiae, well developed pronotal anteromarginal setae, and four to six pairs of setae on the metanotum. The male has long postocular setae arising laterally on the cheeks, a small tooth on the inner margin of the fore tibia at its basal third, reduced anteromarginal setae, and eight or more pairs of metanotal setae. Oedymerous males have two femoral teeth instead of the single tooth found on each femur of the females and minor males. One oedymerous male from Nigeria has about sixteen pairs of metanotal setae. Pselaphothvips is similar to Acanthothrips and Pristothvips. The praepectus is absent, the mesopraesternum reduced, there are three sense cones on antennal III and four on IV, the mouth cone is very long, the pelta small, and there are two or more pairs of tergal wing retaining setae. The Nigerian specimens referred to above were taken at Ibadan, on Yam leaves, 7.vii.1964 (B. A. Okwakpam). Holotype 9 of migeriensis. NIGERIA: Adio, 1926 (O. B. Lean). Rhaebothrips major Bagnall Rhaebothvips major Bagnall, 1928b : 75-76. Rhaebothrips majoy Bagnall ; Bianchi, 1953 : 108. Bianchi has pointed out that records of this species from Hawaii and Fiji are mis- identifications. Bagnall’s original specimen(?s) are not in the British Museum (Natural History), and the original data were : SAMoA: Upolu, Apia, 17.1x.1924. RHOPALOTHRIPOIDES Bagnall Rhopalothvipoides Bagnall, 1929g :174. Type-species Rhopalothrips brunneus, by original designation. Froggattothrips Bagnall, 1929g : 175. Type-species F. acaciae, by original designation. Syn.n. Head little longer than broad, slightly wider basally ; one pair of postocular setae, no ocelli. Maxillary stylets arise close to eyes, parallel to each other in middle of head, separated by a faint maxillary bridge ; mouth cone acute. Antennae eight-segmented, II narrowed to basal neck ; VI broad at apex as in Cephalothvips ; VII and VIII broadly united, VII not strongly constricted basally. Praepectus absent, mesopraesternum and basisterna degenerate. Fore tarsus armed ; wings absent, pterothoraxreduced. Pelta four times as wideaslong ; abdominal tergites II to VII with conspicuous transverse row of twelve or more small setae ; B3 on tergite IX long and fine, Bi and Be short and expanded as are the other major setae. Sternite VIII in male with a small circular glandular area near anterior margin. Froggattothrips was based on two males and two females, all of which have the typical appearance of specimens starved or desiccated prior to their death. The abdominal segments are telescoped into each other resulting in a broadly ovate profile, and the mouth parts have been forced into the sternum of the prothorax giving a rounded appearance to the mouth cone. Of the five nominal species described by Bagnall in this group only two are here considered valid and these may be separated as follows : BAGNALL’S THYSANOPTERA 149 I Setae on abdominal tergite II tending to be arranged in two transverse rows ; pelta reticulate ; metanotum with twelve or more setae ; pronotum longer than the head in the male . : L < : : : : : : . brunneus — Fewer setae on abdominal tergite II, in a single transverse row ; pelta with transverse lines only weakly joined to form reticles ; metanotum with ten setae ; male pronotum shorter than the head. - : : ; ; - . froggatti Rhopalothripoides brunneus (Bagnall) Rhopalothrips brunneus Bagnall, 1916b : 412. Rhopalothripoides brunneus (Bagnall) Bagnall, 1929g : 174. Rhopalothripoides kellyanus Bagnall, 1929g : 174-175. Syn. n. Froggattothrips acaciae Bagnall, 1929g : 175-176. Syn. n. Froggattothrvips inconsequens Bagnall, 1929g : 176. Syn. n. The five nominal species in this group were described originally from seven specimens. These specimens are imperfectly mounted and some of the differences between them are due to differing degrees of contraction. Thus the figures given by Bagnall for the relative lengths of the head and tube in acaciae and inconsequens are the result of measuring the exposed dorsal surface of the tube in one specimen and the full internal length of the tube in the other. The specimen labelled kellyanus is very small but apparently does not differ from the other forms in any detail. In the male of this species the pronotum is enlarged, longer than the head, whereas in the male holotype of froggatti the pronotum is small. It is possible that the latter species is a gynaecoid form of brwunneus. Holotype 9. AUSTRALIA : Victoria, Acacia dealbata (R. Kelly). Holotype @ of kellyanus. AUSTRALIA: Victoria, Acacia dealbata, collected with brunneus holotype (R. Kelly). Holotype 2 of acaciae. AUSTRALIA: New South Wales, Termeil, Acacia sp., 27.1x.1899 (W. W. Froggatt). Holotype 2 of inconsequens. AUSTRALIA: New South Wales, Termeil, Acacia sp., (with acaciae 9 & 2 3) 27.1x.1899 (W. W. Froggatt). Rhopalothripoides froggatti (Bagnall) Rhopalothrips froggatti Bagnall, 1916b : 411-412. Rhopalothripoides froggatti (Bagnall) Bagnall, 1929g : 174. Holotype g. AusTRALIA : New South Wales, Upper Mangrove, in leaf glands of Acacia decurrens, 7.1x.1900 (W. W. Froggatt). SEDULOTHRIPS Bagnall Sedulothrvips Bagnall, 1915d : 503. Type-species S. imsolens, designated by Moulton, 1933. Sedulothrips Bagnall ; Stannard, 1957 : 82-83. 150 L. A. MOUND Sedulothrips insolens Bagnall Sedulothrips insolens Bagnall, 1915d : 503. The unique holotype is not in the Hope Department at Oxford, nor in the British Museum (Natural History). The published data were ; TRINIDAD : in cracks of dead cacao tree. TETRACANTHOTHRIPS Bagnall Tetvacanthothrips Bagnall, 1915b : 594. Type-species T. borneensis, by monotypy. Tetracanthothrips borneensis Bagnall Tetvacanthothrips borneensis Bagnall, 1915b : 595. The unique male holotype is not in the British Museum (Natural History) and has apparently been lost. The published data were : SARAWAK : Mt. Matang, xii.1913 (G. E. Bryant). TETRACERATOTHRIPS Bagnall Tetracevatothvips Bagnall, 1924k : 628. Type-species T. agrestis, by monotypy. This genus is very close to Phaulothrips but the unique holotype of agrestis is densely pigmented and many structural details cannot be observed. The postocular setae referred to by Bagnall arise laterally on the cheeks as in Phaulothrips. There are two sense cones on antennals III and IV, the pelta has slender lateral expansions, and the tube is sculptured and constricted apically. The maxillary stylets are broad and close together in the midline of the head. Further material is required in order to determine the validity of this genus. Tetraceratothrips agrestis Bagnall Tetvacevatothvips agrestis Bagnall, 1924k : 628-629. Holotype ?g. AUSTRALIA : [?N.S.W., 40 miles S. of Sydney,] Austinmer, Carnoy, iv.1914 (L. Harrison). Teuchothrips brevis (Bagnall) Mesothrips brevis Bagnall, 1924k : 636-637. Teuchothrips brevis (Bagnall) Bagnall, 1929h : 190. This species and parvus Zimmermann differ from the other Teuchothrips species in having the maxillary stylets very low in the head and wide apart, also the median pronotal carina is very weakly developed. In the male the Bj setae on tergite IX are acute and as long as the tube, Be setae are short and stout. LECTOTYPE 3. CryLon : [galling pepper], (Z. E. Green). BAGNALL’S THYSANOPTERA 151 Teuchothrips froggatti (Bagnall) Mesothrips froggatti Bagnall, 1924k : 637. Teuchothrips froggatti (Bagnall) Bagnall, 1929h : 190. This species resembles pittosporticola in having tergite [X By, setae of the male long and acute, and Bg short and softly pointed. It differs from that species in lacking fore wing accessory cilia as do both imsolens and minor, as well as the type-species of the genus simplicipennis Hood. LECTOTYPE g. Avustratia: New South Wales, Penshurst, nr. Sydney, Callistemon terminal leaf bud galls (W. W. Froggatt). Teuchothrips insolens (Bagnall) Mesothrips insolens Bagnall, 1924k : 638. Teuchothrips insolens (Bagnall) Bagnall, 1929h : 190. This species resembles the type-species of the genus, simplicitpennis Hood, in lacking fore wing accessory cilia and in having B, and Bg on tergite IX of the female expanded apically and about two thirds as long as the tube. In the male Bg is short and expanded. The postocular setae are as long as the eye whereas in simplici- pennis they are shorter. Syntypes gg & 99. AUSTRALIA: Victoria, Healesville, Leptosbermum myrsin- otdes, 1.1917 (R. Kelly). Teuchothrips minor Bagnall Teuchothrips minor Bagnall, 1929h : 193. This differs from the other forms described in the genus without fore wing accessory cilia in having B; and Bg on tergite IX short and subequal in length in both sexes, with the apices broadly expanded. LECTOTYPE 9. AustraLtia: New South Wales, Pt. Macquarie, in spirally curled leaf of Melaleuca, 3.11.1900 (W. W. Froggatt). Teuchothrips pittosporiicola Bagnall Teuchothrips pittosporiicola Bagnall, 1929h : 191-192. This is the only described species in this genus known to the present author with B, and Bg setae on tergite [X as long as or longer than the tube and with the apices acute. In bursariicola Priesner these setae are softly pointed or weakly expanded. The males of both species have Bg setae short and stout, about one third as long as B,. The host associations of these thrips are apparently not as strict as Bagnall considered. The present author has recently studied specimens of bursariicola from deformed leaves of Pittosporum phillyreoides collected in Glen Osmond, South Australia. LECTOTYPE g. Austratia : New South Wales, Botany, Pittosporum leaves, 14.11.1900 (W. W. Froggatt). 152 L. A. MOUND Teuchothrips sodalis Bagnall Teuchothrips sodalis Bagnall, 1929h : 190-1091. The unique holotype is in fragments but Bi setae on tergite [IX are about as long as the tube and Bg about half as long, the apices of both being weakly expanded. Holotype g. AustTRALia : New South Wales, Pt. Macquarie, in spirally curled leaf of Melaleuca, 3.i1.1900 (W. W. Froggatt). Treherniella stoechas Bagnall Treherniella stoechas Bagnall, 1927b : 578-579. Treherniella stoechas Bagnall ; Priesner, 1964 : 204. Syntypes jf and 99. FRANCE : Ile d’Hyéres, Porquerolles, Helichrysum stoechas, ixetg27 (itS2)5.)- TRICHINOTHARIPS Bagnall Trichinothrips Bagnall, 1929e : 604-605. Type-species T. branderi, by original designation, regarded here as a synonym of breviceps. Head about as wide as long ; maxillary stylets slender, wide apart low in head ; mouth cone short and rounded ; postocular setae expanded, longer than eyes ; two pairs of slender postocellar setae. Praepectus absent, mesopraesternum reduced medially, apparently fused to meso- sternum ; midlateral and anteromarginal pronotal setae close to antero-angulars ; epimeral sutures incomplete. Metanotum with one pair of moderately stout setae ; fore wings with parallel sides and few accessory cilia ; pelta small and triangular ; tergites with two pairs of wing retaining setae ; By, and Bg setae on tergite IX equal in length, longer than tube, with expanded apices. Stannard (1957) indicates a relationship between this genus and Phrasterothrips, however Trichinothrips lacks sculpture medially on the metanotum and has antennal segments VII and VIII partially fused. Trichinothrips breviceps (Bagnall) (Text-fig. 68) Trichaplothrips breviceps Bagnall, 1926d : 550. Trichinothrips brandevi Bagnall, 1929e : 605-606. Syn. n. T. branderi is here interpreted as a small specimen of breviceps. Holotype g. CEYLON: Peradenyia, predatory on Archipsoccus (Psocidae), xli.IgIi (Fryer). Holotype ¢ of branderi. Matava: Messua ferrea (J. Brander). Trybomia elongata (Bagnall) Liothrips elongatus Bagnall, 1910a : 382-383. The unique holotype can be recognized as belonging to the genus Tvybomia from BAGNALL’S THYSANOPTERA 153 the extension of the eyes on the ventral surface of the head, and also the very long interocellar setae. Holotype 9. VENEZUELA : Los Adjuntas, 10.1x.1891 (Meinert). Trybomia intermedia (Bagnall) Liothrips intermedius Bagnall, tgt0a : 384-385. The two syntypes of this species are not in the British Museum (Natural History) or the Copenhagen University Museum. The published data were : VENEZUELA : Los Adjuntas, 10.ix.1891 (Meinert). Priesner (1921 : 195) indicates that phasma Karny, the type-species of Trybomia, is a synonym of intermedia. UROTHRIPS Bagnall Urothrips Bagnall, t909g : 126. Type-species U. pavadoxus, by monotypy. From being the type-genus of a Sub-Order including ten or more genera, Uvothrips was reduced to the level of a subgenus of Amphibolothrips by Stannard, who also gives a table summarizing the important characters of the other members of the group (1957 : 30). Urothrips paradoxus Bagnall Urothrips paradoxus Bagnall, 1909g : 123-130. This species is widespread between Kenya and South Africa. Syntypes fj & 9. [TANGANYIKA]: Arusha, x—xi.1905 (Katona). FOSSIL THYSANOPTERA AEOLOTHRIPIDAE Archankothrips varicornis (Bagnall) (Text-fig. 75) Melanothrips [sic] varicornis Bagnall, 1923a : 36. Archankothrips variicornis [sic] (Bagnall) Bagnall, 1926b : 17. Priesner (1924b) erected the genus Archankothrips for a male specimen in Amber of which the prothorax was damaged. In varicornis the posterior margin of the pronotum bears six or seven pairs of major setae, and there are three pairs of post- ocular setae visible. The distal prolongation of antennal II was referred to by Bagnall in 1926, but the four transverse lines on antennal IX may be an artefact. The lines are not true sutures but are similar in appearance to the lines found on antennal segments in the recent genus Dactuliothrips. The sensoria on antennals III and IV are broader than in Ankothrips but not as broad as in Evotidothrips. Holotype 9. In Baltic Amber, IB 436 ; Type slide 1436.V.1. 154 L. A. MOUND EOCRANOTHORIPS Bagnall Eocranothrips Bagnall, 1926b: 17. Type-species Melanothrips annulicornis, by monotypy. Eocranothrips annulicornis (Bagnall) (Text-figs. 74 & 80) Melanothrips [sic] annulicornis Bagnall, 1923a : 36. Two pairs of postocular setae are visible, one medially and one laterally, and there is a pair of stout interocellar setae. One pair of postero-angular pronotal setae is elongate, with about four pairs along the hind margin, and there is one pair of well developed anteromarginals. The antennae are much as in Crvanothrips but the sensoria on III and IV are not visible. Holotype 2. In Baltic Amber, IB 186 ; Type slide no. 186. RHIPIDOTHRIPOIDES Bagnall Rhipidothripoides Bagnall, 1923a : 36. Type-species R. abdominalis, by monotypy. Rhipidothripoides abdominalis Bagnall (Text-fig. 78) Rhipidothripoides abdominalis Bagnall, 1923a : 36. This species occupies a position between Melanthrips and Rhipidothrips. Antennal segments VII to IX are connate but the fore wing has well developed cross veins and both longitudinal veins join the ring vein well before the wing apex. There are three pairs of ocellar setae, pair III about 95 long arises within the ocellar traingle. The head is retracted into the prothorax and so the postocular setae, if present, are obscured. The pronotal anteromarginal, midlateral, postero-angular and posteromarginal setae are long and fine, about roou long, the antero- angulars rather shorter. Holotype 9. In Baltic Amber, IB 444. HETEROTHRIPIDAE HEMITHRIPS Bagnall Hemithrips Bagnall, 1923a : 37. Type-species H. femorvalis, by original designation. Bagnall erected this genus as the type-genus of a new family, although that group is now given the status only of a tribe. The antennae show some relationship to the Melanthripini in the Aeolothripidae, but the ovipositor is typically Thripid and the head and pronotum lack major setae. In two of Bagnall’s species the venal setae are all small and the wings Anaphothrips-like, but in antiquus the setae are stout. The following four names were given to figures of amber inclusa published by Schlechtendal (1887), parallelicornis, schlechtendali, setosus, and thoracicus. Bagnall did not examine the original material of these forms and their identity and relation- ships remains equivocal BAGNALL’S THYSANOPTERA 155 y 76 #92 Fics. 74-82. Amber Inclusa. Fig. 74. Eocyvanothrips annulicornis, head. Figs. 75-82, Antennae : 75, Avchankothrips varicornis. 76, Hemithrips simplex. 77, Hemithrips antiquus. 78, Rhipidothripoides abdominalis. 79, ‘ Heliothrips’ scuddert. 80, Eocrano- thrips annulicornis. 81, Oxythrips physothripoides. 82, Hemithrips femoralis. 156 L. A. MOUND Hemithrips antiquus Bagnall (Text-fig. 77) Hemithrips antiquus Bagnall, 1923a : 38. No major setae are visible on the head and prothorax and the ovipositor is down-curved. However the antennae are typically Melanthripid with an apical annular sensorium on III and IV. The fore wings are 650u long and 7ou broad medially, rather narrowed apically, but unlike femovalis the setae on the costa and both longitudinal veins are stout, 35—50y long. Holotype 9. In Baltic Amber, without data. Hemithrips femoralis Bagnall (Text-fig. 82) Hemithrips femorvalis Bagnall, 1923a : 38. The fore wings are similar to some Anaphothvips species, about 45u wide medially. Both first and second veins apparently have a continuous row of small setae, and contrary to the original description, the costal setae are equally small (5u). Bagnall probably interpreted the costal cilia as setae. The metanotum is reticulate without large setae, and no setae can be seen on the prothorax. A pair of small interocellar setae are present between the anterior margins of the hind ocelli, and there appear to be two pairs of small postocular setae. Only the four apical antennal segments are undistorted, but III and IV are apparently cylindrical. The fore femora are enlarged and the external apical margin bears a ridge. Holotype 9. In Baltic Amber, without data. Hemithrips parallelicornis Bagnall Hemithrips parallelicornis Bagnall, 1924g : 158. This is based on Schlechtendal’s illustration 4, which was originally considered to represent the male of Thrips excellens Schlechtendal, 1887. Hemithrips schlechtendali Bagnall Henuthrips schlechtendali Bagnall, 1924g : 158. This is based on illustrations 5 to 8 by Schlechtendal (1887), which were originally considered to represent forms of Thrips excellens females. ‘ Hemithrips’ setosus Bagnall (?) Hemithrips setosus Bagnall, 1924g : 158. A pair of major pronotal postero-angular setae are indicated on illustration 3 on which this species is based. Schlechtendal (1887) drew the figure to represent a male of Thrips excellens. BAGNALL’S THYSANOPTERA 157 Hemithrips simplex Bagnall (Text-fig. 76) Hemithrips simplex Bagnall, 1923a : 38. The specimen labelled ‘ Type’ is in a roughly cut piece of amber and is not easy to examine, the following observations therefore refer to the second specimen (no. 10,364) which is apparently conspecific. The antennae are well preserved, III and IV bearing an apical annular sensorium. Contrary to the original description the costal setae are as small as on the other two veins, the fore wing being very similar to that of femovalis. Three pairs of minute ocellar setae are visible, pair I anterolateral of the first ocellus, pair II posterolateral of that ocellus close to the compound eyes, pair III between the hind ocelli. This species is very similar to femovalis but the fore femora are not enlarged. Holotype 9. In Baltic Amber, Phys. Oek. Ges. No. 9854.1.14. No. 3. Q. In Baltic Amber, Phys. Oek. Ges. No. 10,364.1.14. No. 1. Hemithrips thoracicus Bagnall Hemithrips thoracicus Bagnall, 1924g : 159. This is based on Schlechtendal’s illustration 12 which was considered originally to represent a form of Thrips pennifera Schlechtendal, 1887. STENUROTHORIPS Bagnall Stenurothrips Bagnall, 1914g : 484. Type-species S. succineus, by monotypy. The tenth abdominal segment of the species in this genus is greatly elongate as in the recent genus Macrurothrips. From the form of the antennae Stenurothrips appears to be related to the Heterothripidae, whereas Macrurothrips is a Thripid with forked sense cones on antennals III and IV. Stannard (1956a) has discussed the systematic position of Stenwrothrips. Stenurothrips brevisetis Bagnall Stenurothrips brevisetis Bagnall, 1923a : 37. This is a very poorly preserved specimen on which little detail can be made out due to fractures in the amber. The fore wing venal setae however are about half as long as those in succineus. Holotype 9. In Baltic Amber, IB 428. Stenurothrips succineus Bagnall Stenurothrips succineus Bagnall, 1914g : 484-485. Three pairs of ocellar setae are present, pair III arise within the ocellar triangle as indicated in Bagnall’s original figure. Holotype 9. In Baltic Amber, without data. 158 L. A. MOUND THRIPIDAE AMORPHOTHRIPS Bagnall Amorphothrips Bagnall, 1924h : 252. Type-species A. klebsi, by monotypy. Amorphothrips klebsi Bagnall Amorphothrips klebsi Bagnall, 1924h : 252. The description of this genus and species was quite inadequate and the type specimen has not been found in Bagnall’s collection. The published data were ; sex uncertain, in Baltic Amber, Koenigsberg Coll., labelled Dr. Richard Klebs, Mus. Stanten and Becker. Caliothrips cordatus (Bagnall) comb. n. Selenothrips corvdatus Bagnall, 1924e : 131. The specimen is well cleared and the sculpture of the body is easily observed. The sculptured reticles of the head, pronotum and mesonotum have internal wrinkles, and although the abdomen is strongly contracted the sculpture is very similar to that found in stviatus Hood. The first vein of the fore wing bears 5 + 2 setae, and the second vein bears 4 setae opposite the interval in the first vein. Holotype 2. In Baltic Amber, without data. ELECTROTHAHRIPS Bagnall Electrothrips Bagnall, 1924h : 251-252. Type-species E. hystrix, by monotypy. Electrothrips hystrix Bagnall Electrothrips hystrix Bagnall, 1924h : 252. Three pairs of ocellar setae are developed, pair III arising within the ocellar triangle. Pairs II and III are very long, subequal in length to the single pair of elongate postoculars (50y). The anterior margin of the pronotum is partially obscured but apparently lacks elongate setae, however there are two pairs of elongate postero-angulars. The costal setae on the fore wing are long and stout and the first vein is apparently close to the costa. The antennae are probably eight-segmented, V being longer and stouter than VI. Most of the specimen is obscured by fractures in the amber. Holotype 9. In Baltic Amber, without data. EOCEPHALOTHORIPS Bagnall Eocephalothrips Bagnall, 1924g : 160. Type-species Thrips capito Schlechtendal, 1887 : 579, by monotypy. This genus was erected for the species capito which Schlechtendal figures as having the bases of the antennae broadly pyramidal. The text states that the median antennal segments are not clearly visible. BAGNALL’S THYSANOPTERA 159 ‘ Heliothrips’ scudderi Bagnall (Text-fig. 79) Heliothrips scudderi Bagnall, 1924e : 131-132. The wings are folded on the back of this specimen, but tergite II is apparently constricted basally and on tergite VII a curved wing retaining seta is visible on one side. No major setae can be distinguished on the fore wings although the first vein is apparently fused with the costa, and costal fringe cilia are present. The specimen appears to be congeneric with Dinurothrips frontalis, but surface damage to the amber piece and also internal fractures make definite generic placement impossible at present. Holotype 9. In Baltic Amber, IB 443. Oxythrips physothripoides (Bagnall) (Text-fig. 81) Homothrips physothripoides Bagnall, 1924e : 131. Oxythrips physothripoides (Bagnall) ; Mound, 1968b. The holotype is a male and bears a pair of stout thorn-like setae medially on tergite IX. The single pair of pronotal postero-angular setae are about 4ou. long. The first vein of the fore wing has a wide interval in the setal row and two setae apically, the second vein bears seven setae. The bases of the antennae obscure the head but a forked sense cone is visible on antennal IV. Priesner (1929b) has described female specimens in the genus Oxythrips from Baltic Amber. Holotype g. In Baltic Amber, Phys. Oek. Ges. No. 11,063.1.14. No. 9. Physothrips connaticornis Bagnall Physothrips connaticornis Bagnall, 1924e : 133. The holotype female has not been found in Bagnall’s Collection. The original publication gave no reference number. ' Physothrips gracilicornis Bagnall Physothrips gracilicornis Bagnall, 1924e : 132. The holotype female has not been found in Bagnall’s Collection. The published data were Phys. Oek. Ges. No. 9855.1.14. No. 2. Physothrips succineus Bagnall Physothrips succineus Bagnall, 1924e : 132-133. The specimen is a distorted teneral female and its generic position is not clear. There are three pairs of ocellar setae, pair III 30u long, just within the lateral sides of the ocellar triangle. The postero-angular pronotal setae are 50u long, but the posteromarginals are not visible. The first vein of the fore wing has two distal and nine basal setae, the second vein has thirteen setae. The eighth tergal comb is not visible. Holotype 9. In Baltic Amber, IB 411. 160 L. A. MOUND PROCEROTHRIPS Bagnall Procerothrips Bagnall, 1924h : 252. Type-species P. cylindricornis, by monotypy. Procerothrips cylindricornis Bagnall Procerothvips cylindricornis Bagnall, 1924h : 252. The holotype female has not been found in Bagnall’s Collection. The published data were ; B.S.d. Univers. Koenigsberg ; Pr. 3B.671. Taeniothrips clavicornis (Bagnall) comb. n. Physothrips clavicornis Bagnall, 1924e : 133. This species has four pairs of posteromarginal pronotal setae whereas Physothvips species usually have only two pairs. There are three pairs of ocellar setae present, pair III on the anterior margins of the ocellar triangle. The two pairs of pronotal postero-angular setae are 2ou long, the metanotum is reticulate and both pairs of metanotal setae are at the anterior margin. The second vein of the fore wing bears nine setae but the first vein apparently has only one medial and one distal seta. The eighth tergal comb is not visible but there are no sternal accessory setae. The antennae are distorted and not horizontal but a forked sense cone can be seen on antennal IV. Holotype 9. In Baltic Amber, IB 422. PHLAEOTHRIPIDAE Hoplothrips minutatim (Bagnall) Trichothrips minutatim Bagnall, 1929¢ : 99—-I00. The ventral surface of the prothorax is clearly visible and both praepectal and basisternal plates are absent. Holotype 9. In Baltic Amber, XB 2387. LIOTRICHOTARIPS Bagnall Liotrichothrips Bagnall, 1929¢ : 97. Type-species L. hystrix, by original designation. In the three following species the pelta is broad, and both the metanotum and pelta are reticulate. The median metanotal setae are stout and the tergites each have one pair of wing retaining setae. Liotrichothrips antiquus Bagnall Liotrichothrips antiquus Bagnall, 1929¢ : 98-99. Holotype 9. In Baltic Amber, XIII. Bo8o. BAGNALL’S THYSANOPTERA 161 Liotrichothrips discrepans Bagnall Liotrichothrips discrepans Bagnall, 1920¢ : 99. Holotype 9. In Baltic Amber, IB 432. Liotrichothrips hystrix Bagnall . Liotrichothrips hystrix Bagnall, 1g29c : 97-98. Holotype 2. In Baltic Amber, without data. Phlaeothrips schlechtendali Bagnall Phloeothrips schlechtendali Bagnall, 1929¢ : 96. This is a true Phlaeothrips species as indicated by the tubercles on the cheeks, the reticulate metanotum and the broad pelta. Holotype 9. In Baltic Amber, 3618.V.595. SCHLECHTENDALIA Bagnall Schlechtendalia Bagnall, 1929c : 96. Type-species S. longitubus, by monotypy. Schlechtendalia longituba Bagnall Schlechtendalia longitubus Bagnall, 1929¢ : 97. Although antennal segment eight is broad basally it is not closely united to segment seven. Holotype 2. In Baltic Amber, without data. 162 L. A. MOUND REFERENCES (*not seen by Author) Amyot, C. J. B., & AUDINET-SERVILLE, J. G. 1843. Histoire Naturelle des Insectes. Hémip- téres. Paris. ANANTHAKRISHNAN, T. N. 1961. Allometry and speciation in Ecacanthothrips Bagnall. Proc. biol. Soc. Wash. 74 : 275-280. — 1962. Some little known Indian Terebrantia (Thysanoptera). Pyvoc. R. ent. Soc. Lond. (B) 31 : 87-01. — 1964. A contribution to our knowledge of the Tubulifera (Thysanoptera) from India. Opusc. ent. Suppl. 25 : 120 pp. 1966. Indian Terebrantia. III. Bull. ent. Madras 7 : 26-33. ANDRE, F. 1940. The nearctic species of Elaphrothrips Buffa (Thysanoptera : Phlaeo- thripidae). Proc. ent. Soc. Wash. 42 : 75-90. 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