te si — Ornithologists’ YB. Volume 127, No. 3 September 2007 MEETINGS are normally held in the Sherfield Building of Imperial College, South Kensington, London SW7. The nearest Tube station is at South Kensington; a map of the area will be sent to members, on request. (Limited car parking facilities can be reserved [at a special reduced charge of £5.00], on prior application to the Hon. Secretary.) The cash bar is open from 6.15 pm, and a buffet supper, of two courses followed by coffee, is served at 7 pm. (A vegetarian menu can be arranged if ordered at the time of booking.) Informal talks are given on completion, commencing at about 8 pm. Dinner charges are £22.50 per person (since 1 January 2007). FORTHCOMING MEETINGS See also BOC website: http://www.boc-online.org 25 September—Lord Cranbrook—Swiftlets: retrospect and prospects The swiftlets form a distinctive group, extending across the Indo-Pacific but most diverse in South-east Asia. Some (but not all) species can echo-locate, and some (but not all) build nests in which the edible component is sufficiently copious to afford them high market value. Fifty years ago, the taxonomy of the group was in confusion. In succeeding decades, a variety of field and museum characters have proved valuable indicators of specific identity, and latterly molecular studies have provided additional evidence. Yet, a convincing phy- logeny remains elusive and there are key areas in which further work is needed. Over the same period, there has been enhanced research-based understanding of the birds’ reproductive biology and a large increase in the numbers of swiftlets breeding in managed colonies, in many cases in specially constructed buildings. Future prospects of this new and unusual form of domestication will be discussed. As a key task in his first post-graduate job, in 1956 Lord Cranbrook’s employer, the late Tom Harrisson, Curator of the Sarawak Museum, charged him with “sorting out the swiftlets”. This spurred a lifetime’s interest in the group, lead- ing to many and varied adventures with fellow ornithologists and with the disparate community of birds’- nest farmers and traders, whose unusual business is carried out in a fascinating variety of places and condi- tions. Lord Cranbrook has held a number of high positions in biological/ecological organisations in this country including that of Editor of /bis (1973-80), and Chairman of English Nature (1990-98). Applications to Hon. Secretary (address below) by 11 September 6 November—David Fisher—Birds of Australia David will talk about the birds of Australia with particular reference to the families that occur there and the evolution of the Australian avifauna. David Fisher is a director of Sunbird, one of the UK’s leading bird tour operators. For 19 years he was Sunbird’s Managing Director, but retired from that position in 2001. David has led more than 130 tours to 28 countries on six continents, as well as travelling widely on his own. He has spent a total of more than three years in the field in South America and more than two years each in Australia and Africa. David is a member of the East African Rarities Committee, Chairman of Seychelles Bird Records Committee, and is a council member of the Neotropical Bird Club. He also edits the highly regarded Birdwatchers’ Guides series of birding site guides. David is also a committee member of BOC. Applications to Hon. Secretary (address below) by 23 October Overseas Members visiting Britain are especially welcome at these meetings, and the Hon. Secretary would be very pleased to hear from anyone who can offer to talk to the Club giving as much advance notice as possible—please contact: S. A. H. (Tony) Statham, Ashlyns Lodge, Chesham Road, Berkhamsted, Herts. HP4 2ST, UK. Tel. +44 (0) 1442 876995 (or e-mail: boc.sec@bou.org.uk). Club Announcements 169 Bull. B.O.C. 2007 127(3) Bulletin of the BRITISH ORNITHOLOGISTS’ CLUB Vol. 127 No. 3 Published 12 September 2007 CLUB ANNOUNCEMENTS Members’ attention is drawn to the Chairman’s update on The BOC—A vision for the future? which was announced at the AGM, in his annual report (see Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl. 127: 87). A full summary is presented below within the proceedings of the 944th meeting held on 24 April. The 942nd meeting of the Club was held on Tuesday 30 January 2007, in the Sherfield Building Annexe, Imperial College, London. Twenty-one members and eight guests were present. Members attending were: Cdr. M. B. CASEMENT, RN (Chairman), Miss H. BAKER, S. E. CHAP- MAN, Prof. R. A. CHEKE, Dr J. COOPER, G 8S. COWLES, F. M: GAUNTLETT, D. GRIFFIN, K. HERON, Dr J. P. HUME (Speaker), R. R. LANGLEY, Dr C. F. MANN, D. J. MONTIER, Mrs M. N. MULLER, P. J. OLIVER, R. C. PRICE, Dr R: P. PRYS- JONES, P. J. SELLAR, S. A. H. STATHAM, M. J. WALTON and P. J. WILKINSON. Guests attending were: Mrs C. R. CASEMENT, A. S. CHEKE (Speaker), Dr J. A. COLES, Mrs M. H. GAUNTLETT, Mrs J. A. JONES, Mrs M. MONTIER, G. MOREL and C. A. MULLER. After dinner, Dr Julian Hume and Anthony Cheke discussed The ecological history of the Mascarenes. The Mascarene Islands—Mauritius, Réunion and Rodrigues—are in the western Indian Ocean. Unlike many oceanic islands, they remained pristine until comparatively recently. Arab and Portuguese traders were probably aware of them from the 13th century, but it was not until the arrival of the Dutch on Mauritius in 1598, the French on Réunion in 1648 and on Rodrigues in the late 17th/early 18th centuries that written records were kept. As a result, a precise chronology of exotic introductions, deforestation and extermination of the fauna can be ascertained. The palaeontological record commenced in the 1860s with simultaneous discoveries on Mauritius, in the marsh Mare aux Songes, and limestone caves on Rodrigues. By the 1890s, interest had faded and both sites were forgotten. Interest was rekin- dled with the discovery of a fossil horizon in the Mare aux Songes in 2005/6 and a pristine cave on Rodrigues, which have yielded vast numbers of fossils, including bones, eggshells, leaves, branches, seeds and even fungi. Analysis of this material is in progress. The ecological history of the Mascarenes is the subject of a new A. & C. Black publication, Lost land of the Dodo, by Anthony Cheke and Julian Hume, due September 2007. The 944th meeting of the Club was held on Tuesday 24 April 2007, in the Sherfield Building Annexe, Imperial College, London, following the AGM. Seventeen members and four guests were present. Members attending were: Cdr. M. B. CASEMENT, RN (Chairman), Miss H. BAKER, D. R. CALDER, D. J. FISHER, J. B. FISHER, F. M. GAUNTLETT, D. GRIFFIN, Dr J. P. HUME, R. R. LAN- GLEY, Dr C. F. MANN, D. J. MONTIER, Mrs M. N. MULLER, Dr R. P. PRYS- JONES, P. J. SELLAR, S. A. H. STATHAM, C. W. R. STOREY and P. J. WILKINSON. Guests attending were: Mrs C. R. CASEMENT, Mrs B. FISHER, Mrs M. H. GAUNTLETT and Mrs M. MONTIER. After dinner, several members gave short talks, preceded by the Chairman with an update on The BOC—A vision for the future? As announced at the AGM, Committee has spent much time in consulta- tion and discussion, preparing a long-term vision for the Club’s future, especially the recommendations for future publishing options of the Bulletin Subcommittee (BSC). A brief explanation of this review Club Announcements 170 Bull. B.O.C. 2006 126(4) summarised the recommendations and decisions of a special meeting of the Committee, together with a number of experienced Members of the Club, held at Tring on 15 February. The chief topic was the range of options for the future publication of the Bulletin. Increase scope? It was agreed that the specialist role of the Bulletin concerning taxonomy and distribution be maintained. Online publication? High costs and complexity ruled out this option, for now. Change format? Ideas for increasing to the size of Ibis, but with only two issues per year, were unanimously rejected. Quarterly issues would continue, with the slightly larger ‘journal size’ (B5) format to be implemented in 2008. Commercial partner? Although attractive for gaining institutional subscribers, the Bulletin was currently unable to achieve commercial viability. The special meeting unanimously agreed not to pursue this. Publication as a sister journal to Ibis? Although joint distribution would reduce costs, this was not currently viable and will not be pur- sued. In summary, it was overwhelmingly agreed to maintain the Bulletin as an independent publication with minor changes. The following was also agreed. Dinner meetings. A survey was being conducted calling for sugges- tions prior to agreeing a programme for 2008. Bulletin scanning project. Steven Gregory had managed this project almost single-handedly for 8-10 years, scanning 24,000+ pages to date. Volumes 1-40 are now available, on CD, for purchase, but professional assistance was needed to complete the project, and this is now underway. It is hoped that the remaining volumes (50—117) may become available sometime in 2008. BOC website. The website requires a major revamp, to improve accessibility and better pro- mote the aims, activities and products of the Club. Ideas and suggestions and, more importantly, offers to help are welcome—to the Hon. Secretary, please. Bulletin SubCommittee (BSC). Following the res- ignation of Chris Feare, the meeting welcomed Nigel Collar’s agreement to chair this forum, to advise on the future development of the Bulletin and the marketing of the product of the scanning project. Tony Statham further addressed the topic of dinner meetings and thanked all those who had com- pleted the questionnaire distributed with Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl. 127(1). He suggested that the majority view was concerned with the expense, with many members finding it both inconvenient and costly to attend at present. Recommendations would be put to Committee, to consider possible changes in 2008. The Hon. Secretary continued with a simple outline of the Preferred terrestrial locomotion of avi- fauna. He queried why some birds apparently preferred to ‘walk’ rather than hop and vice versa. Several scientific papers had examined the feeding and foraging efficiency of various species, to conserve and maximise energy, but these did not apparently identify the more naive question of why, for example, some relatively small species, e.g. Chaffinch Fringilla coelebs and Dunnock Prunella modularis favoured ‘walking’ compared to European Robin Erithacus rubecula. He compared these with slightly larger species; many 7urdus tend to hop, or even run, whereas Sturnidae are familiar species tending to ‘walk’. Clearly, some genera or species possess anatomical factors preventing one form of locomotion or another. Most longer legged species, e.g. waders, storks, ibises and herons, tend to walk and would have some difficulty in hopping, perhaps implying that there may be some relationship between body mass and leg length that determines forward locomotion, and feeding and foraging requirements. Whilst larg- er species perhaps do not hop as a rule, it is curious to note that many vultures exhibit a type of hop and run when approaching a food source. The Hon. Secretary concluded that his query could be an avenue for further research and acknowledged that there were several other genera for which terrestrial locomo- tion was not a priority at all, e.g. those species that are largely arboreal or aerial. Julian Hume outlined The birds of Hawaii: conservation and status. Hawaii is a remote chain of volcanic islands, atolls and seamounts as famous for its geological history as for its ecology. Endemic biotas have witnessed spectacular radiations amongst birds, plants, insects and snails, but have also suf- fered severe human disturbance; sadly, extinctions now outnumber extant species by some margin. Julian’s recent visit to Kauai, Oahu and Maui indicated that some birds are still in serious decline, despite conservation efforts, whilst others have dramatically recovered due to intense management. Complications due to inertia and misconstrued ethics are negatively impacting the Hawaiian conserva- tion movement. Robert Pr¥s-Jones provided an intriguing overview of Gray's Grasshopper Warbler and Meinertzhagen: a case of long-distance fraud. Gray’s Grasshopper Warbler Locustella fasciolata is an east Asian species supposedly recorded in Europe on three occasions, all as specimens killed at lighthous- Club Announcements 171 Bull. B.O.C. 2007 127(3) es: a first-winter female at Ile d’Ouesssant, France, in September 1913, an adult male there in September 1933, and a first-winter female at Lodbjerg, Denmark, in September 1955. The first two are held at the Natural History Museum (NHM), Tring, UK, and the last at the Zoological Museum, University of Copenhagen, Denmark. The male is a Meinertzhagen specimen and in reality is almost certainly a spec- imen collected by A. Owston, in June 1908, in Manchuria and, as such, the longest-distance Meinertzhagen fraud yet documented (Brit. Birds 99: 506-516, 2006). The facts leading to this conclu- sion were presented, illustrated by a cross-section of relevant specimens. Persons interested in placing Richard Meinertzhagen’s ornithological misdemeanours in the wider context of his life should read the recent book by Brian Garfield (The Meinertzhagen mystery: the life and legend of a colossal fraud. 2007, Potomac Books). Ben Fisher read a short extract from a letter dated 1946 by Dr Norman Joy, MRCS, FES, MBOU. Joy authored A practical handbook of British beetles (1934) and appears to have been rather sensitive following poor reviews of his book. He wrote ‘I am doing bird migration down here. I wish the British Ornithologists’ Union were more like the RES. We have no library or lecture room. Only a general meet- ing once a year. An ordinary member is not allowed to say anything at any time. Now the British Ornithological Trust is worse still. I have been discovering all sorts of new things about migration sim- ply by keeping my eyes open and using common sense, so I am being treated as Lister, Ross and Sir Herbert Barker and others were’. REVIEW Garfield, B. 2007. The Meinertzhagen mystery: the life and legend of a colossal fraud. Potomac Books, Washington DC. 353 pages, 8 pages of black-and-white photographs. US$27.50. The unquestionably colourful life of the ornithologist Richard Meinertzhagen continues to attract unparalleled attention. This new biography, by the American writer Brian Garfield, is an extraordinary indictment of the flamboyant colonel’s largely imaginary place in history. Since Mark Cocker’s deservedly award-winning (1989) near-exoneration of the legend, ‘RM’ has come under considerable further scrutiny and, indeed, outright attack. Ornithologists, principally Robert Prys-Jones and Pamela Rasmussen, are engaged in a long-term study of the extent to which the Natural History Museum’s Meinertzhagen material is tainted by the accusations of fraud, whilst historians have been spurred on by J. N. Lockman’s Meinertzhagen’s diary ruse (1995), which conclusively demonstrated the extent to which the colonel falsified entries concerning T. E. Lawrence. Garfield has arguably dug deeper than any previous commentator in his quest to prove or disprove any of the man’s claims, contentious or previously uncontested alike, aided by a willing battery of researchers and assistants, and by access to many documents until recently unavailable to the public. The result is a near-complete debunking of “RM’s’ right to a place in history. The famous ‘haversack ruse’ was appropriated by Meinertzhagen for his own; that he ever met Hitler, never mind with a loaded pis- tol on his person, is extremely doubtful; and so the list of flights of fancy in which Richard Meinertzhagen indulged proceeds almost never-endingly on. Once described as a ‘soldier, scientist, spy’, his right to any of these titles wilts under Garfield’s scrutiny, backed up with extraordinary detail, usual- ly in footnotes. Despite the scholarly lengths to which the author has gone, as befits a writer of fiction, The Meinertzhagen mystery 1s a gripping and exciting read. Questions remain, some salacious (what was ‘RM’s’ relationship with Theresa Clay?), or possibly criminal (did ‘RM’ murder his second wife, Anne Jackson, as seems possible?), and still others psycho- logical (just why did he do it and did he expect to be found out?). Garfield’s book will surely encourage a new generation of ‘RM’ watchers, who will of necessity agree that the life of Richard Meinertzhagen could never be described as ‘ordinary’. Guy M. Kirwan Thomas M. Donegan et al. 72 Bull. B.O.C. 2007 127(3) Range extensions, taxonomic and ecological notes from Serrania de los Yariguies, Colombia’s new national park by Thomas M. Donegan, forge E. Avendano-C., Elkin R. Briceno-L. & Blanca Huertas Received 7 Fune 2006 In Colombia, the Andes split into three more or less parallel, north—south oriented mountain ranges, the West, Central and East Andes. At 6°—7°N, the East Andes reach their widest point and the Serrania de los Yariguies (or Serrania de los Cobardes) forms an isolated north-west spur rising from the rio Magdalena Valley to c.3,400 m (Fig. 1). Serrania de los Yariguies lies entirely within dpto. Santander. Details of its geography are presented in Donegan & Huertas (2005) and Huertas & Donegan (2006). Until recently, the relatively small Cachalt reserve (Charala and Virolin, dpto. Santander) was considered to harbour the only remaining humid temperate oak Figure |. Location of study sites in Serrania de los Yariguies, as follows (low to high elevation, west to east): BS: Bajo Simacota (W: 130 m); MPE: Montana Pedro Elias (W: 500 m and 750 m); PA: Plan de Alvarez (W; 500-1,350 m); CP: Cerro de la Paz (W: 1,000 m and 1,300 m); AH: Alto Honduras (W: 1,600 m); P: Primavera (W: 1,700 m); ET: El Talisman (W: 2,000 m); BC: Bajo Cantagallos (W: 1 ,000—2,300 m); AC: Alto Cantagallos (W: 2,450 m); LP: Lepipuerto (W: 2,900-3,000 m); FP: Filo Pamplona (E: 3,200 m); LA: La Aurora (E: 2,700 m); LL: La Luchata (E: 2,000 m). Also Fundacion Natura (2003) site Zapatoca (1,600—2,800 m) and historic ICN collecting locality Chima (1,400 m). The rivers extending from Chima to the rio Chicamocha and isolating Yariguies from the main East Andean range are the rios Sogamoso and Suarez. Bull. B.O.C. 2007 127(3) 173 Thomas M. Donegan et al. Oval ‘CW OVAL ‘OVAL ‘CINL OVAL ‘OVAL ‘CNL boy OD [ewog d % B[2) d uesou0g ‘WW ‘Hd ‘CNL OVAl ‘laud “CL ‘yp Ja euNTy ‘dD ‘f ‘OVAL ‘Tau “Hd ‘CIN euny ‘OD Tf ‘IOUIN], “Cd ‘dieys "W OVAL ‘OVAL ‘CIL ‘euny] ‘Df Jou, ‘> ‘dieys ‘Ww ‘OVAL ‘Tad ‘CNL OVAL -Taud “CNL ‘SOlUPLA “H O10LI0g ‘Tf ‘ZopueulaH ‘| ‘f ‘OVAL ‘Tadd ‘GWL (q10q) OVAL ovar OVAL ‘OVAL ‘CNL YIOM PLY palg Sooz Atne 9007 Iudy ‘sooz Arne 9007 INdy ‘sooz Aine C00 CL—8961 S00z Avenues 9007 JAQUISAON ‘pooc Arzenuer ‘yuasoid 0} pO0Z ‘Q00Z JOQUISAON, ‘egoz Avenues 9007 Arenig9J 900Z Jaquisc0q ‘9007 Arenuer 9007 Aenues ‘Q00T JOQUISAON, ‘poO7T Arenuer 9007 J9quISAON ‘poo7 Arenuer 8S-9S6l ‘9007 1990190 ‘¢goz Arenuer LOOT Arenig24 “9007 4990190 900Z Joquiajydas 9007 Jequiss9q ‘9007 Arenuer sayUq Fava (€007) BANIeN uoloepuny SUOTIDaTJOO NOI Vda Vda Vdd Vdd Vda Vdd OM Play sisoy) OVAL YOM Ploy sisoy} OVAL FavVA 7 Apnyg uryeD uReD ueyeD eoojedez BJOOBUIIS BJOORUIIS / LINONYyD op uoue) |q lmnonyg ap aJUdOIA, URS nony9 ap dJUIOIA, URS nony9 ap ajU90IA URS LInonyD op usuued |q lnonyd op QUSOIA, URS eoojede7z eoojede7z B]OORUIIS uodg jap eus[oH eyues BJOOBUITS sjuedionaed Ayyedrorunyy] M.PCoEL “N.8 £090 M.PCoEL “N.8 £090 M.61oEL ‘N.8 £090 N. IZo€L “N. 817090 M. CEL “N.77Z090 M.87o€L “N.87090 M.C7oEL ‘N.67090 M.7ZoEL ‘Ni 1 S090 M.ST of€L ‘N.L1090 M.O£oEL ‘N.LE090 M.77oEL ‘N.66090 M.97oEL “N.66090 M.9ToEL'N.65090 M.LEo€L ‘N.1 £090 M.7£0EL ‘N.L7090 M.tro€L ‘N.9F090 Sajvulp.100, ysvo ysvo ysvo yseo yseo SOM SOM SOM }SOM SOM JSOM\ SOMA SOM SOM SOM Som adojs "SIOYJO PUB SdATSINO AQ PIIPN}S SoINSUeX SO] ap eIURLIAS UI SoqIS la TavL 007'€ 00L‘7 000°C 008°7-009'T 00r'T 000°€-006'7 Osr'7 000°C O0L'T 009'T 00€°7-000'T OSE I-00E'T 000° OSL—00S OSE 1-005 OS I—-001 (w) UOHvAIA euojduieg oft eIOINY VT eyeyon’y] eT (O1qHO] Uo ep oulerRd, / RISIAR][Og epaldA) voojede7Z EDO) eIOWIYD Ol oY ‘oyendidaT soyjesejuey oiV ([nZy OJaID eyUuIOY, JAIOSOI DINU SOAWOIg MOU) URUWUISTTRL 1 PIOARUL oY seinpuoy] soyesejueg oleg (o[[ieury oleg / odoys JSOM) ZB RP] Op OLD (o]Jaqayuoyy / edojs jsea) zeq P| ap olladg SPIT O1pog euryuopy oosog uenr ues ‘ZOICATY Op UL|d eyoovulls ofeg—eue A ayis ApNyg Thomas M. Donegan et al. 174 Bull. B.O.C. 2007 127(3) forest in the northern East Andes (e.g. Stattersfield et al. 1998). However, since 2003, we have studied a significant forest wilderness in Serrania de los Yariguies on Colombian Evaluation of Biodiversity in the Andes (EBA) Project field work. This forest had gone unstudied due to historical political instability. The only published biological notes from the massif involved a brief lowland study of vertebrates during which a few tens of bird specimens were collected (Borrero & Hernandez 1957), with various other specimens and ad hoc observations mentioned elsewhere (e.g. Romero 1983, Bates 1997, Renjifo et al. 2002, Fundacién Natura 2003). We returned in 2004—05 for further studies on EBA Project field work and in 2005—06 on the BP Conservation Programme-sponsored Proyecto Yariguies Assessment and Research Expedition (YARE), to include the entire elevational range and both slopes of the range in our studies. Aerial surveys by TMD and BH and satellite maps (IGAC 1999) revealed Serrania de los Yariguies to constitute one of the largest premontane and montane forest wildernesses in the northern Andes (Donegan & Huertas 2005). Pristine primary forest covers most of the west slope and ridgeline, whilst the east slope is largely deforested. During our field work in 2003-06, we studied habitats on the west slope at 100—3,000 m, the highest elevation being accessed by helicopter, and on the east slope at 2,000—3,200 m. JEAC returned to several sites to undertake additional surveys in 2006-07. Details of all sites studied are presented in Table 1. Access and characteristics of each are described in Donegan & Huertas (2005) and Huertas & Donegan (2006). Notably, the west slope appears more humid than the east, being characterised by day-round ground-level fog above 1,500 m and, especially at higher elevations, extraordinary levels of precipitation. Subsequent to our field work and that of others in the region (e.g. Fundacion Natura 2003), Serrania de los Yariguies has been declared a 78,000-ha National Natural Park (Ministerio del Medio Ambiente, Desarrollo y Vivienda 2005), an Alliance for Zero Extinction site (Ricketts et al. 2005) and an Important Bird Area (AICA: Franco & Bravo 2005), and Fundacion ProAves has established a nature reserve there (see Donegan & Huertas 2005, Huertas & Donegan 2006). Study sites Study sites are set out in Table 1. Each site was located within primary or mature forest as far as practicable from human populations and was studied for five days. Exceptions were: Bajo Simacota, a threatened lowland forest fragment of c.3 km x 4 km where secondary forest was also surveyed; and Cerro de la Paz, La Luchata, Bajo Cantagallos and El Talisman which each included some forest-edge habitats. Our field work methods involved rapid assessment protocols used by previous EBA Project expeditions: (i) mist-netting (10—18 mist-nets per site operated for 12 hours each day); and (ii) observations by two observers and sound-recordings. All birds trapped were photographed and measured (wing, tail, tarsus, culmen and weight; data and photographs available from the authors or ProAves). Mist-netting Thomas M. Donegan et al. LES Bull=B.O:G 2007 127(3) mortalities were inevitable in a study of this nature and a handful of specimens of potentially undescribed taxa were also taken. Almost all are housed at Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional, Bogota (ICN), with a handful of duplicates at Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga (UIS). Blood and tissue samples have been deposited at UIS, Instituto Alexander von Humboldt ([AVH) and Universidad de los Andes. TMD’s sound-recordings are archived at the British Library National Sound Archive, London, and most at IAVH in Colombia. Some recordings mentioned herein will be posted on Xeno-Canto (www.xeno- canto.org). Various photographs were published in Donegan & Bricefio (2005) and Donegan & Avendanio (2006). This paper details the most significant new distributional records from our field work. Also mentioned are certain of the c.130 specimens at ICN collected mostly in secondary habitats around San Vicente de Chucuri by J. I. Hernandez, H. Vidales and J. I. Borrero in the 1950s and 1960s; by R. Ardila in the early 1980s principally at Cerro de la Paz but also at Primavera; and those collected by P. Bernal and P. Cala in the rio Suarez Valley at Chima in the 1960s and 1970s. We note certain of the records of Fundacion Natura (2003) during their brief surveys in the Zapatoca and Landazuri regions. Finally, we are aware of a biological survey funded by the energy company ISA in the early 2000s (referenced in Fundacion Natura 2003), but have been unable to locate a copy of the report. In any event, we understand that the surveys took place largely in the San Vicente de Chucuri / Zapatoca region, at premontane elevations, i.e. those habitats in which our observations and those of others have been concentrated. Although we are aware that many others have worked recently in the East Andes of Santander and Boyaca (notably at Cachali and Iguaque), we report only new records from the Yariguies massif and refer to other records from the main East Andes only for species reported here and only to evidence a wider range than currently supposed in mainstream literature. Some data come from DATAves (2006) and other unpublished sources, the accuracy of which we cannot vouch. We exclude from Serrania de los Yariguies (and hence the direct scope of this paper): (1) sites east of the rio Suarez (e.g. collections from Veléz and Suaita at ICN and sites studied recently in Parque Nacional Natural Chicamocha by J. Parra et al.); (11) sites south of c.06°15’N (including the Fundacion Natura site near Landazuri in Cerro de las Armas); (ili) sites north of Betulia (07°00’N); (av) the main Eastern Andes; and (v) sites west of Bajo Simacota, e.g. along the rio Magdalena and highway. The following other localities, listed alphabetically with approximate coordinates and (sometimes) elevations, are mentioned herein: Agua de la Virgen, Norte de Santander (08°13’N, 73°24’W; 1,600—1,750 m; East Andes); Albania, Santander (06°52’N, 73°40W; 100-800 m; Magdalena Valley); Aguachica, Cesar (08°19°N, 73°38’W; 200 m; East Andes); Anori, Antioquia (07°03’N, 75°07’ W; 1,500—1,800 m; Central Andes); Bucaramanga, Santander (07°08’N, 73°07’ W; East Andes); Cachalu / Charala / Virolin, Santander (c.06°03’N, 73°09’ W; 1,850—2,750 m; East Andes); Cerro la Judia, Santander (07°05’N, 73°00’ W; 1,000—2,400 m; East Andes); Chicamocha (Parque Nacional Natural), Santander (06°27’N, 72°54’W; Thomas M. Donegan et al. 176 Bull. B.O.C. 2007 127(3) 600—2,300 m; East Andes); Cimitarra, Santander (06°20’N, 73°55’W; 100 m; East Andes), laguna Pedro Palo, Cundinamarca (04°45’N, 74°24’W; East Andes); Landazuri, Santander (06°15’N, 73°50’W; East Andes); Chicaque (Parque Nacional), Cundinamarca (04°37’N, 74°18’W; 2,000—2,700 m; East Andes); Frontino, Antioquia (06°25’N, 76°05’ W; 2,500—3,900 m; West Andes); Fusagasuga, Cundinamarca (04°20’N, 74°20’W; East Andes); Mambita, Boyaca (73°20’W, 04°47°W; East Andes); Iguaque (Sanctuario de Fauna y Flora), Boyaca (05°40’N, 73°27’ W; East Andes); Landazuri (Cerro de las Armas / vereda Morro Negro Alto), Santander (05°00’N—06°18’N; 73°08’—73°50’W; 1,000—1,700 m; East Andes), Pamplona, Norte de Santander (07°25’N, 72°40’W; East Andes); los Picachos (Parque Nacional Natural), Meta and Caqueta (02°30’—03°10’N, 74°30’—75°00’ W; East Andes); Pajarito, Boyaca (05°23’N, 72°42’W; East Andes); Portugal, Lebrija, Santander (07°09°N, 73°17’W, 1,100 m; East Andes); Puerto Olaya, Cimitarra, Santander (06°30’N, 74°22’W; 100 m; Magdalena Valley); Rogitama, Arcabuco, Boyaca (05°47’N, 73°31’ W; East Andes); Rondon (Santa Isabel), Boyaca (05°45’N, 73°04’ W; East Andes); Sabana de Torres, Santander (07°25’N, 73°30’N; 100 m; Magdalena Valley); Santa Maria, Boyaca (04°52’N, 73°45’W; East Andes); Serrania de las Quinchas, Boyaca (06°00’N, 74°00’W; 200—1,700 m; East Andes); Serrania de los Churumbelos, Cauca (01°10’—01°30’N, 76°15’—76°30’W; 300—2,500 m; East Andes); Serrania de San Lucas, Bolivar and Antioquia (06°30—07°30’°N, 74°00’—74°30’W; 150—1,400 m, Central Andes); Soata, Boyaca (05°07’N, 73°07’W; East Andes); Suaita, Santander (06°04’N, 73°28’W; East Andes); Surata, Santander (07°23’N, 73°00’W; East Andes); Tama (Parque Nacional Natural), Norte de Santander and Venezuela (07°00’—07°40°N, 72°00’-72°30’W; East Andes); Tambito (Reserva Natural), Cauca (02°30’N, 77°00W; 1,400—2,500 m; West Andes); Tona (finca El Brasil), Santander (07°08’N 73°03’ W; East Andes); Veléz, Santander (c.06°05’N, 73°42’W; East Andes). Below, we present details of our observations, followed by a discussion of the species’ previously known range in the region and the significance of our record/s. Some taxonomic and ecological notes made during the study are also noted. Numbers in brackets refer to the number of birds caught at a site, with a semi-colon splitting EBA/YARE records from later JEAC fieldwork and + indicating any specimens. Where no semi-colon or other note is made, data are from EBA/YARE studies. Taxonomy, order and nomenclature follow Remsen et al. (2007). Subspecies are noted only where identified to this level. Major range extensions The following records involve range extensions of more than 100 km, new biogeographical records or other important records, including taxa new to the Magdalena Valley, East Andes or west slope of the East Andes, southward extensions in range of species known from the Perijé or Tama mountains, and northward extensions in range of species known from published records only to Cundinamarca or further south on the west slope. Thomas M. Donegan et al. 177 Bull. B.O.C. 2007 127(3) SICKLE-WINGED GUAN Chamaepetes goudotii A typically noisy group was heard at El Talisman, though not observed or sound- recorded. Previously known in the East Andes only as far north as dpto. Cundinamarca, 250 km south of Yariguies (Hilty & Brown 1986). SCALED PIGEON Patagioenas speciosa Sound-recorded at Bajo Simacota. There is also a 1970s ICN skin from Veléz, a UIS specimen from Sabana de Torres and records near the rio Magdalena in nearby Serrania de San Lucas (Salaman & Donegan 2001) and Puerto Olaya (DATAves 2006: E. Constantino), but no published records from the west slope of the East Andes (Hilty & Brown 1986). AFRICAN COLLARED DOVE Sireptopelia roseogrisea A free-flying bird photographed at Bajo Cantagallos (at c.1,800 m). An escaped pair was recently observed in Norte de Santander (Donegan & Huertas 2002, Donegan et al. 2003). Apparently an isolated individual, but this common cagebird in Colombia is clearly prone to escape and has become established elsewhere in the world. BARRED PARAKEET Bolborhynchus lineola Observed frequently in small flocks of up to 16 over La Aurora, Filo Pamplona and Alto Cantagallos. Its high, fast-paced calls were sound-recorded. A captive individual, apparently from the adjacent east flank of the rio Sogamoso at 1,300 m (municipio Giron, vereda Altamira), was seen on 8 April 2004 (JEAC). B. lineola is known on the west slope of the East Andes only near Salazar in the southern Periya Mountains, in Norte de Santander, and Penon, Cundinamarca (Rodriguez & Hernandez 2001), as well as in the southernmost section in Caqueta (Hilty & Brown 1986) and from the east slope in Cundinamarca and Cauca (Salaman et al. 2002b). Though still few, these records suggest the species may, at least formerly, have been continuously distributed in suitable habitat in the East Andes. Our records close a c.300 km gap between those in Cundinamarca and Norte de Santander. SCALY-NAPED PARROT Amazona mercenaria Small flocks observed frequently and sound-recorded at Lepipuerto, Alto Honduras, Alto Cantagallos, La Aurora and Filo Pamplona, and common at La Judia at 2,400 m (JEAC, ERB). Reported on the west slope of the East Andes only north to Cundinamarca (Hilty & Brown 1986, Rodriguez & Hernandez 2001), 250 km to the south, although hypothesised possibly to extend this far north (Rodriguez & Hernandez 2001) and recorded in Boyaca on the east slope (Salaman et al. 2002b). Also recorded in the northernmost East Andes, in Serrania de Perija (Hilty & Brown 1986). The species occurs usually at low densities (Fjeldsa & Krabbe 1990), making its abundance in the large primary premontane and montane forests of Yariguies notable. Thomas M. Donegan et al. 178 Bull. B.O.C. 2007 127(3) CENTRAL AMERICAN PYGMY-OWL Glaucidium griseiceps One sang for over 30 minutes after dusk at Cerro de la Paz (1,000 m) and was sound-recorded. Also recently observed at the same site, at 1,350 m (JEAC), and collected at Montana Pedro Elias (0; 1+). The song comprised a repeated series of monotone hoots at 1.1—1.5 kHz, given every c.0.035 s and typically in series’ of 8-10 notes (Fig. 2). Our recordings are similar to those described by Howell & Robbins (1995) and recordings of G griseiceps by P. M. Valenzuela in Cotacachi- Cayapas Ecological Reserve, Ecuador (Jahn et al. 2002), and by S. Woltmann at rio San Juan, refugio Bartola, Nicaragua (no. 6785 www.xeno-canto.org). G griseiceps is known in South America from specimens taken in north-west Colombia and north-west Ecuador (Howell & Robbins 1995, Robbins & Howell 1995) and observations in Los Katios National Park in 1991 (F. G. Stiles & L. Rosselli in Jitt. 2006). We suspect it was G griseiceps (and not G brasilianum) that was observed in humid habitats in Anori, Antioquia (A. M. Cuervo in /itt. 2006) and in the western foothills of Serrania de San Lucas (Salaman ef al. 2002a). Our record is the first East Andes and Magdalena Valley record of G griseiceps and a range extension of c.300 km east from the Sinu (or c.150 km east from the Central Andes, if confirmed). The voices of G griseiceps and the ridgwayi group of G brasilianum in northern South America are very similar, comprising similar numbers of hoots, delivered at a similar frequency and pace. That of G griseiceps differs from the G b. ridgwayi group from Venezuela (Boesman 1999), Central America (Xeno-canto nos. 582 and 1322) and those of the nominate race east of the Andes (Xeno-canto nos. 275 and 6305), in being delivered slightly slower (>0.03 s / note vs. <0.03 s / note in G brasilianum) and with a more plaintive quality involving a flatter (not intonated) note spectrographically (P. Coopmans in /itt. 2006). In Central and South America, they further separate by habitat, with G griseiceps in humid forest and G brasilianum in drier regions (S. Woltmann & P. Coopmans in Jitt. 2006). It is possible that G griseiceps ranges continuously in suitable habitat of the Choco and Nechi Endemic Bird Areas, and across the northern Central Andes to humid lowlands of the Magdalena Valley. 1.000 0.800 0.600 0.400 0.200 aa 000 KHz Figure 2. Sonogram of song of Central American Pygmy-owl Glaucidium griseiceps, Cerro de la Paz (1,000 m), Serrania de los Yariguies, January 2003. Recording by TMD. Thomas M. Donegan et al. 179 Bull. B.O.C. 2007 127(3) GREAT POTOO Nyctibius grandis Sound recorded at Bajo Simacota and Montana Pedro Elias. Known previously from only one other locality in the Magdalena Valley (Hilty & Brown 1986). WHITE-TIPPED SWIFT Aeronautes montivagus Common throughout Serrania de los Yariguies with flocks of 5-40 daily at El Talisman, La Luchata (photos, video and sound-recordings), below Alto Honduras (sight), Montana Pedro Elias and down to the towns of Galan and San Vicente de Chucuri and environs. An overlooked specimen is from near San Vicente de Chucuri, taken in the 1970s (ICN 28040). Calls consisted of a screaming trill given at c.25 notes/s, varying considerably in frequency between individuals or within a call, but typically at c.5—7 kHz. Unpublished observations on the west slope exist in Cundinamarca and Boyaca (e.g. Chicaque: C. D. Cadena in /itt. 2006) and in Soata and Chicamocha (F. G. Stiles in /itt. 2006). Two females in body and wing moult were taken by JEAC north-east of Bucaramanga on 24 December 2004 (ICN 35330, 35331) where it is also common. This was probably a pre-breeding moult, given that the species supposedly breeds in April—July (Hilty 2003, Strewe 2004). Though common in parts of Colombia, A. montivagus was previously considered hypothetical in the country, being known solely from sight records including from three scattered localities in the East Andes (Hilty & Brown 1986, Salaman et al. 2002b, Strewe 2004, Ramirez & Ocampo 2006). TAWNY-BELLIED HERMIT Phaethornis syrmatophorus syrmatophorus Trapped and photographed (Fig. 4), at high-elevation sites on both slopes of Serrania de los Yariguies, at El Talisman (1), Alto Cantagallos (1; 7+1), Lepipuerto (1), La Aurora (1+; 1) and La Luchata (17; 0). The pale-breasted columbianus race is reported from the East Andes north to Cundinamarca (Salaman et al. 2002b). The Yariguies population has little white in the belly, like specimens at ICN from the Central Andes in Quindio and Antioquia, labelled as being the nominate, which has not previously been recorded in the East Andes. In the foothills, it was replaced by Green Hermit P. guy (at Montafia Pedro Elias, Cerro de la Paz and Alto Honduras). P. guy was also present at La Luchata (2,000 m) in April 2006, the breeding season for most species in the region, whilst P. syrmatophorus was not recorded then. P. syrmatophorus has not previously been reported anywhere on the west slope of the East Andes. It is apparently absent from Serrania de las Quinchas (F. G. Stiles in Jitt. 2006), perhaps due to the relatively high elevation at which P. guy occurs in the region. The records at 2,900 m in Lepipuerto are unusually high for P syrmatophorus in Colombia, though it has been recorded at 3,100 m in Ecuador (Ridgely & Greenfield 2001). BLACK-MANDIBLED TOUCAN Ramphastos ambiguus Lowland R. a. abbreviatus was observed frequently and sound-recorded at Bajo Simacota, Montana Pedro Elias and Cerro de la Paz (where the head of a recently Thomas M. Donegan et al. 180 Bull. B.O.C. 2007 127(3) hunted bird was photographed). In lower montane forest at Alto Honduras (1,600 m) and El Talisman (2,000 m), probably the same taxon (on a basis of call vs. R. a. ambiguus) was heard. Also collected at Albania (ICN skins) and reported below Landazuri (Fundacion Natura 2003). Highland R. ambiguus populations were also recently heard at Tona (JEAC) but not identified to either of the two possible taxa in the region. R. a. abbreviatus ranges to 1,800 m in Venezuela (Hilty 2003) but has been recorded only to 1,300—1,400 m in Colombia (Hilty & Brown 1986, Donegan & Salaman 1999, Salaman & Donegan 2001; F. G Stiles in Jitt. 2006), with R. a. ambiguus in cloud forests on the east slope (e.g. Salaman et al. 1999). The higher elevations to which R. a. abbreviatus ranges in the Yariguies suggest that it and R. a. ambiguus replace one another on opposite slopes of the East Andes, rather than elevationally. There is unlikely to be any permanent zone of contact due to the high ridgeline of the East Andes in this region. Some recent publications lump R. a. ambiguus with R. a. swainsonii / abbreviatus (Short & Horne 2001, 2002, Remsen et al. 2007), whilst others treat them specifically (Hilty & Brown 1986, Ridgely & Greenfield 2001, Hilty 2003, Weckstein 2005). Stiles et al. (1999) suggested that splitting ambiguus from swainsonii / abbreviatus would have some vocal and biometrical support. Individuals of R. a. swainsonii and R. a. ambiguus were recently found to be c.1.4% divergent in mtDNA but no R. a. abbreviatus were sequenced and it cannot be stated whether ambiguus and swainsonii / abbreviatus are mutually monophyletic (J. Weckstein in /itt. 2006). RED-HEADED BARBET Eubucco bourcieri Pairs or small family groups observed by TMD on several occasions at Alto Honduras feeding on a fruiting Melastomataceae also frequented by White-mantled Barbet Capito hypoleucus, whilst a pair was photographed at Primavera (C. Turner & M. Sharp: Fig. 5) and a female observed at El Talisman (JEAC). E. bourcieri has been observed several times at Chicaque (T. Cowley et a/. unpubl.; B. Porteous in litt. 2006, F. G Stiles in /itt. 2006), laguna Pedro Palo, Pajarito and Santa Maria (F. G. Stiles & L. Rosselli in litt. 2006). Apparently fairly continuously distributed in lower montane forest borders on the east slope of the East Andes (Salaman et al. 2002b) and Perija (Hilty 2003), but there are no published records on the west slope of the East Andes. YELLOW-VENTED WOODPECKER VPeniliornis dignus A male observed well, between Galan and La Luchata, in a small patch of secondary woodland at c.1,600 m (TMD & JEAC), was identified by its all-red cap, strong facial markings, relatively small size, barred breast and belly, and yellowish undertail. Though widespread in the Central and West Andes, the species was known previously only from one published record in the East Andes, at Fusagasuga, Cundinamarca (Hilty & Brown 1986), 300 km to the south, though it is also known from Venezuela’s Mérida range (Hilty 2003). Thomas M. Donegan et al. 181 Bull. B.O.C. 2007 127(3) PYGMY ANTWREN Myrmotherula brachyura A male seen well on several occasions at Montafia Pedro Elias (500 m), foraging from mid levels to the subcanopy in mixed-species flocks (JEAC). It was identified by its narrow black malar and black back with broad white streaks. The similar Pacific Antwren M. pacifica was observed in Parque Miraflores, near San Vicente de Chucuri town centre (TMD). M. brachyura is known from the Choco lowlands through the upper rio Sint to upper Nechi (Hilty & Brown 1986). Ours is the first East Andes and Magdalena Valley record of M. brachyura and a range extension of 200 km south-east. RUFOUS-RUMPED ANTWREN Terenura callinota Trapped and photographed at El Talisman (2: ¢ and 2; 0) and recently observed at Honduras Alto (JEAC). Our photographs are consistent with the nominate race. Previously unknown north of Bogota in the East Andes of Colombia, c.250 km south of El Talisman, with S. c. venezuelana in Serrania de Perija (Zimmer & Isler 2003). SCHWARTZ’S ANTTHRUSH Chamaeza turdina C. turdina was heard and sound-recorded at El Talisman (JEAC), Alto Cantagallos (JEAC), Lepipuerto (TMD), and La Aurora (0; 127 with follicular ovary). Three to four were heard on our 500-m transect at La Aurora. C. turdina is known north to 04°35’N on the east slope of the East Andes (Hilty & Brown 1986, Salaman et al. 1999, 2002b), but not from the west slope. The Yariguies specimen differs subtly from one taken in Serrania de los Churumbelos by TMD et al. (ICN 33448) in having fewer dark throat spots, less obvious moustachial markings and darker brown upperparts. We are unable to assess whether this represents individual or geographic variation, though similar degrees of back colour variation are noted between some Grallaricula subspecies (TMD unpubl.). C. turdina has been recorded from various ‘new’ sites in Colombia in recent years (e.g. Alvarez 2000, Salaman et al. 2002b, Echeverry & Cordoba 2007), but few specimens or photographs exist. Our recordings recall those from elsewhere: a rapid series of loud, repetitive energetic hoots at 1.5—2.0 kHz, increasing in frequency over time. However, almost all our natural recordings are less than 30 s long, whilst longer calls are typical elsewhere, e.g. Cundinamarca (Alvarez 2000), Parque Nacional Natural los Picachos (M. Alvarez-R. in litt. 2006), Serrania de los Churumbelos (A. M. Cuervo in /itt. 2006) and Venezuela (C. ¢. chionogaster: Boesman 1999), though shorter calls are given in response to playback (Krabbe & Schulenberg 2003a). SLATE-CROWNED ANTPITTA Grallaricula nana Fairly common by voice at Alto Cantagallos (0; 17) in November and Lepipuerto (2+, see Donegan & Huertas 2005) in January. Also present at La Aurora (11), where not heard in July or April. Heard and two collected recently at Surata, Santander, at 3,000 m (JEAC). The population in Serrania de los Yariguies and Surata apparently Thomas M. Donegan et al. 182 Bull. B.O.C. 2007 127(3) represents an undescribed race, possibly together with birds of the northern Central Andes in Antioquia and Risaralda. They have a rather pale orange breast reminiscent of birds in Tama and Mérida, Venezuela, but lack the white collar of those populations. Specimens of G n. nana from the east slope of the East Andes have ferruginous not orange-red underparts. Sound-recordings broadly recall those from the Central Andes (Alvarez & Cordoba 2002), but differ from Mérida, Tama and east-slope recordings (Boesman 1999, Alvarez 2000, Krabbe & Schulenberg 2003b). Ours is the first record of G nana for the west slope of the East Andes and the first of birds allied to the Central Andes population in the East Andes. OCHRE-BREASTED ANTPITTA Grallaricula flavirostris Present at La Luchata (0; 17), Alto Honduras (0; 1) and El Talisman (0; 1+). Also collected recently by F. G Stiles at Suaita (ICN). Though fairly widespread on the southern east slope of the East Andes (Hilty & Brown 1986, Salaman et al. 2002b), it has not previously been reported on the west slope of the East Andes or north of 02°50’N, 500 km south of Yariguies. Considerable variation (probably age-related) is evident in Yariguies, Central Andes and Suaita skins, particularly in the black breast markings. Like C. turdina, more research is required to assess whether variation is individual or geographical. An implausibly large number of races of G flavirostris are described from Ecuador but relatively few are considered present in Colombia (Krabbe & Schulenberg 2003a). WHITE-CROWNED TAPACULO Scytalopus atratus Observed and sound-recorded at Alto Honduras (17) where fairly common. Sonograms are similar to those from Peru and dpto. Cundinamarca (Krabbe & Schulenberg 1997). Those observed and the specimen showed considerable white belly streaking. One from the east slope of the East Andes, in dpto. Meta, labelled S. a. atratus (ICN 32621) shows less streaking. Another, labelled S. a. confusus, from Anori in the Central Andes of Antioquia, taken by A. M. Cuervo (ICN 34387), is intermediate in this feature. Other than the extent of belly streaking, all three specimens are similar. Krabbe & Schulenberg (1997), noting the vocal similarities between birds on the west slope of the East Andes and in Peru, restricted S. a. confusus to the Colombian Central and West Andes. It is unknown whether plumage differences between nominate S. atratus and ‘S. a. confusus’ reflect geographical or individual variation. TAPACULO Scytalopus sp. A Scytalopus was common by voice at El Talisman (0; 27), but rare at La Luchata (0; 1+). The call comprised a 5—6 s ap ap ap ap ap... refrain at c.7 notes/s, pitched at c.1.5 kHz, and is superficially similar to Narifo Tapaculo S. vicinior (Moore et al. 1999, Krabbe et al. 2001), the recently described Upper Magdalena Tapaculo S. rodriguezi (Krabbe et al. 2005) and some recordings provisionally assigned to S. meridanus from premontane Venezuela (e.g. sonogram 67 in Krabbe & Schulenberg Thomas M. Donegan et al. 183 Bull. B.O.C. 2007 127(3) 1997, from Los Frailes Hotel, Mérida, by P. Coopmans). As will be discussed further elsewhere (Donegan & Avendafio-C. ms), the Venezuelan recording noted above may not relate to S. meridanus but could be of an undescribed taxon related to the Yariguies population. Certain lower montane specimens assigned to S. meridanus from the east slope of the East Andes (e.g. from near Pamplona, Norte de Santander, at Museo La Salle, Bogota (MLS 3990-93), a ‘Bogota’ skin (BMNH_ 89.9.10.995) (see Acknowledgements for acronyms) probably concern the same species as the Yariguies population. They have broadly similar plumage to many other Scytalopus in Colombia previously assigned to S. femoralis (e.g. Hilty & Brown 1986) and differ from S. vicinior and S. rodriguezi in biometrics and plumage tone (Donegan & Avendano ms). The Luchata bird has an obvious wingbar on the greater coverts, apparently an immature feature. Recordings of the Yariguies and Mérida populations differ from those of S. vicinior in that the individual notes are upstrokes (increasing in frequency) but downstrokes (decreasing in frequency) in S. vicinior, and from S. rodriguezi in being faster and less variable in intra-note frequency. S. vicinior is considered present only on the west slope of the West Andes (Krabbe & Schulenberg 1997), north to dpto. Risaralda, 350 km south-west of Yariguies (Cuervo et al. 2003), with S. rodriguezi known only from the headwaters of the Magdalena Valley (Krabbe et al. 2005). Two recent studies in the Central Andes did not find S. vicinior (Cuervo et al. 2005, Krabbe et al. 2005), nor have our studies of Scytalopus in most major Colombian and some European collections from the East Andes. Doubt was correctly cast on the identity of historic specimens, supposedly of this species, from the Central and East Andes (Krabbe & Schulenberg 1997), which appear likely to refer to Long-tailed Tapaculo S. micropterus, Stiles’s Tapaculo S. stilesi, Spillmann’s Tapaculo S. spillmanni, the undescribed taxon discussed here, or other morphologically similar species. SPILLMANN’S TAPACULO Scytalopus spillmanni Sound-recorded and trapped at La Aurora (27; Fig. 5). S. spillmanni has also recently been reported at Rogitama (J. Zuluaga in /itt. 2006). It is previously known in Colombia only from the Central and West Andes (Krabbe & Schulenberg 2003b). These records are the first for the East Andes. Our sound-recordings are indistinguishable from those made in the Central Andes (Alvarez & Cérdoba 2002), but specimens from Yariguies are darker than those from the Central Andes and Ecuador (including the holotype). Geographical variation in Colombia is complex (e.g. Cuervo et al. 2003, Krabbe et a/. 2006) and requires further investigation. This new East Andes population appears to involve an undescribed subspecies. HANDSOME FLYCATCHER Myiophobus pulcher bellus M. p. bellus was present at Alto Cantagallos (1; 0) and recently observed and sound- recorded at La Aurora by JEAC. M. p. bellus (East and Central Andes of Colombia and eastern Ecuador) is identified by the contrasting breast and underparts, browner Thomas M. Donegan et al. 184 Bull. B.O.C. 2007 127(3) back, more cinnamon wingbars, darker red crown and longer tail compared to nominate M. p. pulcher (West Andes and western Ecuador). With two exceptions (BMNH 88.1.1.1249, ICN 29164), specimens of M. p. bellus typically have five primaries with paler remiges (from the second outermost inwards) whilst M. p. pulcher (and M. p. oblitus of Peru) typically have only 3-4 primaries so marked (from the third outermost). At Alto Cantagallos in January, only lone individuals were observed by TMD, whilst at La Aurora in April a (family?) group of four was seen by JEAC perched on horizontal twigs of midstorey small trees and tree ferns. They sallied 3-4 m, occasionally ascending to 6 m and frequently moved their vertical stratification with continuous position interchanges. Such ‘fidgety’ behaviour is similar to that of M. p. pulcher at Tambito, West Andes (TMD). The principal foraging aerial manoeuvre was the sally-hover (Remsen & Robinson 1990), to capture small arthropods below the leaves, with a few sally-glides. One vocal bird at La Aurora was observed on three occasions clinging woodpecker-like from moss-carpeted tree bark to pull at moss then shake it free from a perch, presumably searching for invertebrates. M. p. bellus was previously known from just two sites in the East Andes: on the west slope in Cundinamarca, c.250 km to the south, and on the east slope in northern Santander (Hilty & Brown 1986, Fjeldsa & Krabbe 1990, Ridgely & Tudor 1994). JEAC sound-recorded M. p. bellus making a rapid trill, identical to certain calls given by M. p. bellus in eastern Ecuador (Moore & Lysinger 1997). Examples of some such calls do not occur in published recordings of M. p. pulcher from Ecuador (Moore et al. 1999), but this may reflect lack of sampling. Some calls, such as sequences of falling notes and energetic ‘chips’, are given by both taxa. M. p. pulcher and M. p. bellus were described by Sclater (1860, 1862) who noted that M. p. bellus is ‘easily distinguishable [from M. pulcher] by its larger size and larger wings’, but were lumped by Berlepsch (1905) with little published justification. The two indeed differ somewhat in biometrics (Sclater 1862, Bond 1943). Mensural data from specimens and live birds at Tambito and Yariguies are as follows (mean + standard deviation in mm or g, with number of specimens in parentheses): bellus wing 58.5 mm + 3.9 (13), tail 48.6 mm + 3.1(13), mass 11.3g + 1.6 (4); pulcher wing 52.8 mm + 2.9 (23); tail 41.1 mm + 2.9 (20); mass 9.1g + 0.6 (12). Tail-length (pulcher <43 mm 2,000 m). Also included are species considered to be of fragmented or poorly known, but possibly continuous, range in the East Andes, and species we suspect have been recorded elsewhere (but unpublished) due to their common presence elsewhere in the Colombian Andes or habitat use. Records involve range extensions of 80—150 km and some represent new departmental records. BAND-TAILED GUAN Penelope argyrotis Three nestlings captured by a local farmer, at 2,000 m, below La Aurora in April 2006, exhibited the whitish-buff terminal tail-band typical of the nominate race. ANDEAN GUAN Penelope montagnii Present at Alto Cantagallos (sound- recordings and photograph) and Filo Pamplona (sound-recorded). The call was a repeated low-pitched wak wak wak wak wak wak... at 1.3—1.7 kHz, given at 4—5 notes/s, recalling the transcription in ABO (2000). GORGETED WOOD-QUAIL OQOdontophorus strophium The population of this Critically Endangered species in Yariguies is estimated at c.1,800—3,300 individuals and is the largest extant (Turner & Donegan 2006). First found at El Talisman (Donegan et al. 2005) and also present at Bajo Cantagallos (to 2,300 m), La Luchata, La Aurora, Filo Pamplona (to 3,100 m), Alto Honduras, Primavera and other unspecified localities (Fundacion Natura 2003). Formerly considered restricted to 1,500—2,050 m (Hilty & Brown 1986). Thomas M. Donegan et al. 194 Bull. B.O.C. 2007 127(3) RUSTY-FACED PARROT dHapalopsittaca amazonina Flocks observed and sound-recorded at Honduras Alto, Alto Cantagallos, Lepipuerto, Filo Pamplona, Bajo Cantagallos, Primavera and La Aurora (photograph). WHITE-THROATED SCREECH-OWL Megascops albogularis Heard at El Talisman, common at Alto Cantagallos (sound-recorded and photographed) and sound-recorded at La Aurora. STYGIAN OWL Asio stygius Sound-recorded making low, muffled, single short hoots at intervals (as in Krabbe et al. 2001), at La Aurora and El Talisman. STRIPED OWL Pseudoscops clamator The typical wheyoo call reported by Hilty (2003) was recorded at Montana Pedro Elias (750 m) after 19.00 h. COLLARED TROGON Trogon collaris Fairly common in Cerro de la Paz (1,000 m, 1; 0 and 1,350 m), El Talisman (sound-recorded) and Alto Honduras (male seen). A San Vicente de Chucuri specimen (ICN) was taken by R. Ardila in 1983. T. collaris is known from the East Andes only north to Cundinamarca on the west slope (Hilty & Brown 1986), 300 km to the south, but specimens exist from Soata and Charala (ICN). Masked Trogon 7. personatus was observed and sound-recorded at Cerro de la Paz (1,300 m), El Talisman, Alto Cantagallos, Filo Pamplona, La Aurora (2) and La Luchata, and was sometimes sympatric with 7: collaris. BAND-WINGED NIGHTJAR Caprimulgus longirostris Trapped at Filo Pamplona (1+) and heard at Alto Cantagallos (JEAC). LAZULINE SABREWING Campylopterus falcatus Trapped at La Luchata (3; 1), La Aurora (0; 1) and El Talisman (0; 3), showing intriguing presence/absence patterns perhaps indicative of seasonal altitudinal movements. CHESTNUT-BELLIED HUMMINGBIRD Amazilia castaneiventris Trapped in second growth below El Talisman in 2005 (J. C. Luna in litt. 2006). Considered Critically Endangered (BirdLife International 2004) and known from only a handful of sites, all in Boyaca and Santander (Renjifo et al. 2002, Chavez & Cortés 2006), making this new site of conservation import. MOUNTAIN VELVETBREAST Lafresnaya lafresnayi At La Aurora (0; 2) near forest-edge and treefall gaps. BLACK INCA Coeligena prunellei One of the commonest species in lower montane forest on both slopes, at Alto Honduras (3), El Talisman (16+1; 10+1), La Luchata (8+4, 2+), Bajo Cantagallos (observed at 1,700 m) and Zapatoca (Fundacion Natura 2003). This threatened species was replaced by the more widespread Collared Inca C. torquata in forest above 2,400 m at Alto Cantagallos (9, 2+), Lepipuerto (2) and La Aurora (10+1, 1+). C. prunellei is endemic to the west slope of Colombia’s East Andes, being known from only a handful of sites (e.g. Renjifo et al. 2002, BirdLife International 2004, Daza & Villamarin 2006), the closest at Cachali (Renjifo et al. 2002), where it is also locally common (C. D. Thomas M. Donegan et al. 195 Bull. B.O.C. 2007 127(3) Cadena in Jitt. 2006). Only one of C. prunellei or C. torquata was recorded at any of our primary forest sites, but their elevational replacement is less clear-cut in secondary habitats and forest-edge. We observed C. torquata at 2,100 m in forest- edge at El Cerro, just above La Luchata (c.300 m distant), and C. prunellei was present below La Aurora, at c.2,550 m, feeding on the same Cavendishia (Ericaceae) flowers as it was observed feeding on at El Talisman on the west slope. Moult in C. prunellei appears to occur in the late and early year. At Honduras Alto and El Talisman, almost all were in moult in January and November. At La Luchata, we found individuals completing a moult sequence in April, whilst in June at the same site none that was trapped was in moult. GOLDEN-BELLIED STARFRONTLET Coeligena bonapartei bonapartei Fairly common at Filo Pamplona (4). Hilty & Brown (1986) reported this taxon only from Cundinamarca and Boyaca, the closest site being 150 km to the south. However, it is more widespread, being present at Iguaque (L. Rosselli & F. G Stiles in litt. 2006) and Rogitama (R. Chavarro in itt. 2006). Birds in Yariguies are closer to the nominate race than C. b. consita of Periyja. AMETHYST-THROATED SUNANGEL #Heliangelus amethysticollis clarisse Common at higher elevations, at Alto Cantagallos (7; 4), Lepipuerto (20+1, 1), Filo Pamplona (3) and La Aurora (0; 5+2). Also photographed at Rogitama (R. Chavarro in litt. 2006). PURPLE-BACKED THORNBILL Ramphomicron microrhynchum Trapped at Filo Pamplona (1). LONG-TAILED SYLPH Aglaiocercus kingi kingi Males observed fairly frequently at El Talisman (0; 1), and La Aurora (0; 3), Alto Cantagallos (12; 1<) and Alto Honduras (12). WEDGE-BILLED HUMMINGBIRD Schistes geoffroyi geoffroyi Trapped or observed at Alto Honduras (2+2; 2), Bajo Cantagallos, Primavera, El Talisman (0; 1) and La Aurora (0; 2, 17). WHITE-BELLIED WOODSTAR Chaetocercus mulsant Observed at El Talisman (TMD), where a female was trapped and photographed in 2006 (J. C. Luna, M. Sharp & C. Turner in /itt. 2006) and Alto Cantagallos (JEAC). Also, unpublished photographs from Rogitama (J. Becker; R. Chavarra & J. Zuluaga in /itt. 2006). BLACK-BILLED MOUNTAIN-TOUCAN Andigena nigrirostris Common at La Aurora around several fruiting trees and heard once distantly above Alto Cantagallos (JEAC). A Near-Threatened species, confirmation of its presence in the new national park is welcome. GOLDEN-OLIVE WOODPECKER Piculus rubiginosus Heard recently at Alto Honduras, El Talisman and Alto Cantagallos (JEAC). Thomas M. Donegan et al. 196 Bull. B.O.C. 2007 127(3) WHITE-CHINNED THISTLETAIL Schizoeaca fuliginosa Common at Filo Pamplona (4+1; Fig. 7). The subspecies involved is yet to be determined. RUFOUS SPINETAIL Synallaxis unirufa Common in the highest elevations of Yariguies, at Alto Cantagallos (3; 3), Lepipuerto (1) and Filo Pamplona (3). An undescribed subspecies is involved, more rufous than other East Andean populations. WHITE-BROWED SPINETAIL 4Gellmayrea gularis gularis Captured at Lepipuerto (2, 1+). The Yariguies population is of the nominate form, with brownish underparts, the specimen being a juvenile indistinguishable from juvenile H. g. gularis at ICN from elsewhere in the Colombian Andes as far south as Narifo. RUSTY-WINGED BARBTAIL Premnornis guttuligera Fairly common in montane forest at El Talisman (2), Alto Cantagallos (1; 3) and La Aurora (1; 3). The call was sound-recorded, a sharp, high-pitched 0.1 s tsip falling rapidly in frequency, from c.9.5 to c.4.5 kHz, as in Ecuador (Moore et al. 1999). SPOTTED BARBTAIL Premnoplex brunnescens Fairly common at Alto Honduras (2; 2), El Talisman (1), Alto Cantagallos (seen and sound-recorded; 2), Filo Pamplona, La Aurora (5+1, 1+; 4+3) and La Luchata (5+1; 1+3). Calls we recorded are similar to those in Ecuador (Moore et al. 1999). PEARLED TREERUNNER WMargarornis squamiger Trapped at Alto Cantagallos (3; 1), Filo Pamplona (1) and La Aurora (1; 1), and observed at El Talisman (JEAC). STRIPED TREEHUNTER Thripadectes holostictus Trapped at Alto Honduras (1, at 1,500 m an unusually low elevation for Colombia). Replaced at higher elevations by T. flammulatus. STREAK-CAPPED TREEHUNTER Thripadectes virgaticeps Recently captured at Alto Honduras (0; | «f). Also at Suiata (F. G Stiles in litt. 2007). FLAMMULATED TREEHUNTER Thripadectes flammulatus Trapped at Alto Cantagallos (1). STREAKED XENOPS Xenops rutilans Sound-recorded at La Aurora. TYRANNINE WOODCREEPER Dendrocincla tyrannina Seen at La Aurora, tape-recorded below Filo Pamplona (JEAC) and heard at Alto Honduras. BROWN-BILLED SCYTHEBILL Campylorhamphus pusillus Trapped on both slopes, at Alto Honduras (1), El Talisman (1; 0), Alto Cantagallos (0; 1) and La Aurora (1), and sound-recorded making similar vocalisations to those in Moore ef al. (1999) from Ecuador. Published records from the west slope of the East Andes come only from Perija, adjacent to the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, 400 km to the north. Also known from various sites on the east slope of the East Andes (Hilty & Brown 1986, Salaman et al. 2002b). Other sites on the west slope include mountains north-east of Bucaramanga (07°14’N, 73°05’W; 1,700 m: Avendafio 2005), Suaita Thomas M. Donegan et al. 197 Bull. B.O.C. 2007 127(3) (F. G. Stiles in /itt. 2006) and Charala (ICN), and various sites in Cundinamarca including laguna de Pedro Palo (ABO 2000; ICN specimens). C. trochilirostris replaces this species in Yariguies, at lower elevations (e.g. Montafia Pedro Elias: 0; 1+) and in bamboo-dominated secondary habitats at similar elevations. UNIFORM ANTSHRIKE Thamnophilus unicolor Present on both slopes, at Alto Honduras (1; 1), El Talisman and La Luchata (5+6, 1+; 17). Published records exist from the west slope of the East Andes only north to Cundinamarca (Hilty & Brown 1986), 250 km to the south, but there are specimens from Charala (ICN) and records at Rogitama (R. Chavarro & J. Zuluaga in Jitt. 2006). Found in scarred primary forest and forest-edge in premontane and lower montane cloud forest. 7! unicolor appears rather similar in its male and female plumages, bill structure, bill- and wing- lengths, mass and habitat requirements to montane north-Andean Dysithamnus occidentalis and D. leucostictus. We do not doubt that these latter taxa are more closely related to D. mentalis than Thamnomanes, as noted by Whitney (1992), but further investigation is warranted. MATORRAL TAPACULO Scytalopus griseicollis Common in ridgetop, treeline and paramo habitat at Alto Cantagallos (0; 17), Lepipuerto and Filo Pamplona (27), being sound-recorded many times. The Yariguies population appears to differ from nominate S. griseicollis of the main East Andes by its darker breast, belly, mantle and tail, on average longer tail and small vocal differences. An undescribed subspecies is involved (Donegan & Avendafio ms). ASHY-HEADED TYRANNULET Phyllomyias cinereiceps The same individual trapped twice, almost two years apart at Alto Cantagallos (1; 1), moulting its tail and primaries in November 2006. Known from just two sites in the East Andes (Hilty & Brown 1986), near Bucaramanga and Bogota. WHITE-TAILED TYRANNULET Mecocerculus poecilocercus Observed in mixed-species flocks below Filo Pamplona (c.3,100 m: TMD) and at Alto Cantagallos (JEAC). RUFOUS-HEADED PYGMY-TYRANT Pseudotriccus ruficeps Fairly common at Alto Cantagallos (2; 2+1), Lepipuerto (1) and La Aurora (2). In the East Andes reported previously only from the east slope (Salaman ef a/. 2002b) and recently north of Bucaramanga (Avendafio 2005). STREAK-NECKED FLYCATCHER Mionectes striaticollis columbianus Fairly common at El Talisman (4; 1), Alto Cantagallos (1f) and La Aurora (2; 0). Replaced at lower elevations by M. olivaceus, at Cerro de la Paz (1,300 m: 12+2, 1+; 13+7), Alto Honduras (12) and La Luchata (20). In Cerro de la Paz, Ochre-bellied Flycatcher M. oleagineus (1,000 m: 24+6, 1+; 9 and 1,300 m: sound-recorded; 4) was also present. M. striaticollis was unknown on the west slope of the East Andes north of Cundinamarca, but has been confirmed along almost the entire east slope (Salaman et al. 2002b) and observed at Rogitama (J. Beckers; R. Chavarro in litt. Thomas M. Donegan et al. 198 Bull. B.O.C. 2007 127(3) 2006). The lack of records in Serrania de las Quinchas (Stiles et al. 1999, Stiles & Bohorquez 2000, Laverde et al. 2005a, Quevedo et al. 2006a) may be due to the relatively high elevation to which M. olivaceus extends there. RUFOUS-BREASTED FLYCATCHER Leptopogon rufipectus Fairly common at El Talisman (1), La Aurora (1+1; 2+17) and Alto Cantagallos (0; 1+). Though Hilty & Brown (1986) only noted a handful of East Andean localities, it is widespread at montane forest sites, e.g. at Chicaque (TMD, BH) and on the east slope at Pajarito and Serrania de los Churumbelos (ICN specimen). ORNATE FLYCATCHER Myiotriccus ornatus Common, at Cerro de la Paz (1,300 m: 4+1; 2+1), Alto Honduras (7+1), El Talisman (1; 1+) and Alto Cantagallos (1). STREAK-THROATED BUSH-TYRANT Wjiotheretes striaticollis One seen and video recorded at close quarters at La Luchata (TMD, JEAC). Also at Surata (Avendano 2005). Although very few localities are noted in the East Andes by Hilty & Brown (1986), the species is sometimes present in degraded habitats and is probably widespread. SMOKY BUSH-TYRANT Mpyiotheretes fumigatus Flock of c.8 seen at Lepipuerto and mist-netted at Filo Pamplona (1). Also present at Iguaque (C. D. Cadena in Jitt. 2006) and Surata (Avendano 2005). It is probably more widespread in remaining high-elevation forests in the East Andes, though published records exist only from Bogota and Bucaramanga (Hilty & Brown 1986). - YELLOW-BELLIED CHAT-TYRANT Ochthoeca diadema Common in montane forest at Alto Cantagallos (5; 2+1), Lepipuerto (1+1), Filo Pamplona (1 in bamboo forest at 3,100 m) and La Aurora (0; 1). GOLDEN-CROWNED FLYCATCHER Myiodynastes chrysocephalus Fairly common at Cerro de la Paz (1,300 m), Alto Honduras, El Talisman and La Luchata, filling an apparently large gap in its range, with published records only from Bogota and Bucaramanga (Hilty & Brown 1986). However, there is a specimen from Charala (ICN) and sight records at Santa Maria, Mambita (F. G Stiles in litt. 2006) and laguna de Pedro Palo (J. Beckers in /itt. 2006), making us suspect that it is widespread. DUSKY PIHA Lipaugus fuscocinereus Common and sound-recorded in montane forest on both slopes, at El Talisman, Alto Cantagallos, Filo Pamplona and La Aurora. GOLDEN-WINGED MANAKIN Masius chrysopterus Common in lower montane forest in Yariguies including at Alto Honduras (8+3, 1+), Bajo Cantagallos and El Talisman (3: Fig. 8). The male specimen agrees broadly with those from Charala at ICN, which are closest to the M. c. pax group, but possibly represent an undescribed race (Salaman et al. 2002b). Thomas M. Donegan et al. 199 Bull. B.O.C. 2007 127(3) BARRED BECARD Pachyramphus versicolor At Alto Cantagallos (TMD observation; |) and a male in a mixed-species flock at La Aurora (TMD). BLACK-BILLED PEPPERSHRIKE Cyclarhis nigrirostris Fairly common at Alto Honduras (sound-recorded) and El Talisman. SHARPE’S WREN Cinnycerthia olivascens Common at Alto Cantagallos (5; 77), Lepipuerto (4), Filo Pamplona and La Aurora (recordings; 27). C. olivascens is known in the East Andes only north to Boyaca (Hilty & Brown 1986), 150 km to the south, though Fyeldsa & Krabbe (1990) suggested a more widespread distribution and there is an ICN specimen from Cachalu. The Yariguies population represents an undescribed subspecies, distinguishable from: (1) C. o. olivascens of the Central and West Andes, (11) more rufous populations of the southern Central and East Andes (perhaps C. o. bogotensis: Brumfield & Remsen 1996) and (iii) less rufous Santander and Cundinamarca populations (which may alternatively be C. o. bogotensis: Brumfield & Remsen 1996), by their darker head and paler throat (Avendano & Donegan ms). PALE-EYED THRUSH Turdus leucops Four males and a female trapped at La Luchata (0; 6+1, 2+ both with enlarged gonads), and recently photographed at Primavera (C. Turner, M. Sharp & J. C. Luna in Jitt. 2006). T; leucops has been sound-recorded at Cachalu (C. D. Cadena in Jitt. 2006) but is apparently absent elsewhere on the west slope of the East Andes (Hilty & Brown 1986). The lack of records in June—July 2005 at La Luchata suggests seasonal (altitudinal?) movements, as in some other Neotropical thrushes such as Black Solitaire Entomodestes coracinus (Donegan & Davalos 1999), or sensitivity to disturbance by a larger expedition team. BROWN-BELLIED SWALLOW Notiochelidon murina Common over paramo at Lepipuerto on the west slope. Interestingly (given this is typically a species of farmland and urban areas), it was found in pristine habitat tens of km from human settlements or modified habitat. Strangely, N. murina was not present at similar habitat and elevation at Filo Pamplona, where Blue-and-white Swallow Pygochelidon cyanoleuca was common (again, interestingly, in remote, pristine habitat). These species may originally have been paramo specialists before range expansions following human landscape modification. NICEFORO’S WREN Thryothorus nicefori Sound-recorded and observed at vereda El Alto, near Los Anacos (c.1,300 m) and finca El Rubi, vereda San Ignacio (c.1,540 m), above Galan, en route to La Luchata and La Aurora, respectively. Also observed by JEAC at the first locality on a previous visit and recently mist-netted (March 2007) in the Chucuri Valley near San Vicente (J. C. Luna; photograph). Not previously reported west of the rio Suarez, though known from San Gil, just 30 km away (Renjifo et al. 2002). Although a small range extension, it is important given the tiny range and the species’ Critically Endangered status (BirdLife International 2004). Vocalisations comprise combinations of melodic but flat weee and oo notes, Thomas M. Donegan et al. 200 Bull. B.O.C. 2007 127(3) e.g. weeee 00 00 00 wee, similar to Rufous-and-white Wren 7: rufalbus. The wee notes are typically of 0.3—0.6 s duration at c.1.5—2.3 kHz; the 0o’s each at 0.8—1.2 kHz and generally shorter (0.1—0.2 s). The species also makes various low-pitched and abrupt churrs. A detailed study of the voices and molecular biology of T. nicefori and 7: rufalbus is in preparation (J. Parra in /itt. 2006). BLACK-EARED HEMISPINGUS Hemispingus melanotis At Alto Cantagallos (2; 1) and La Aurora (1), contrasting with the greater abundance and wider elevational range of H. frontalis (at 2,000—3,000 m on both slopes). H. melanotis was known previously in the East Andes only above Bucaramanga and around Bogota (Hilty & Brown 1986, ABO 2000), but has also been seen at La Judia (ERB, JEAC) and Chicaque (C. D. Cadena in /itt. 2006), and collected at Rondon (Santa Isabel) in Boyaca (ICN), making us suspect it is more widespread in suitable habitat. GOLDEN-CROWNED TANAGER /ridosornis rufivertex Common at Lepipuerto (1) and Filo Pamplona (5+3). Reportedly scarce in the East Andes (Hilty & Brown 1986), but perhaps common in remaining high-elevation habitats elsewhere in Santander. SAFFRON-CROWNED TANAGER Tangara xanthocephala Observed at El Talisman and La Luchata (TMD), and also reported at Zapatoca (Fundacion Natura 2003). Previously known from the west slope of the East Andes only in the Serrania de Perija and north to Cundinamarca, c.350 km apart (Hilty & Brown 1986). This relatively widespread forest-edge species is probably continuously distributed in the East Andes as it occurs at various sites in the main Andean range in Santander and Cundinamarca (JEAC, ERB). FLAME-FACED TANAGER Tangara parzudakii Observed at various sites, including Alto Honduras (1, immature), El Talisman (where nesting in November 2006), Primavera (where an ICN specimen was taken by R. Ardila in 1984), Alto Cantagallos (0; 1), La Aurora and La Luchata, in secondary forest, scrub and primary forest treefall gaps. T. parzudakii was not previously known north of Cundinamarca in the East Andes (Hilty & Brown 1986), c.250 km to the south, although there is a population in Mérida, Venezuela (Isler & Isler 1999). Identified as the distinctive nominate form, due to the paler forecrown, compared to /unigera of the West Andes. Records at La Aurora (2,700 m) are unusually high. GOLDEN-NAPED TANAGER Tangara ruficervix One observed recently in a mixed-species flock at El Talisman (JEAC). Few records on either slope of the East Andes north of Cundinamarca (Hilty & Brown 1986, Salaman et al. 2002b), but recently found at Pedro Palo (J. Beckers in litt. 2006) and there is a specimen from an unspecified locality in Santender (LSUMZ 61895). METALLIC-GREEN TANAGER Tangara labradorides Observed at forest-edge in mixed-species flocks and trapped at some sites: La Aurora (2,700 m), La Luchata (JEAC), Alto Honduras (JEAC), El Talisman (0; 1+) and Alto Cantagallos (0; 1). Thomas M. Donegan et al. 201 Bull. B.O.C. 2007 127(3) The former represents an unusually high elevation in Colombia. Though only a few published records and specimens exist from the East Andes north of Cundinamarca (Hilty & Brown (1986), the species is more widespread. In Santander, it has been recorded at Reserva El] Diviso, above Bucaramanga (Asociacion Santanderana de Ornitologia unpubl.), Cachalu (Corredor de Conservacion 2006) and Suaita (F. G. Stiles in /itt. 2006), for example. BLACK-CAPPED TANAGER Tangara heinei Fairly common at El Talisman, Bajo Cantagallos and La Luchata, generally in premontane second growth and forest-edge. Previously known in the East Andes only from Serrania de Perija and around Bogota, 250 km south of El Talisman, but it is also common at 1,700 m above Bucaramanga and in Parque Nacional Chicamocha, Aratoca, at similar elevations (JEAC), with numerous specimens (ICN) from Charala, Suaita (Santander), various sites in Cundinamarca, Boyaca and from Pamplona (Norte de Santander), and observations at sites including Rogitama (J. Zuluaga & R. Chavarro in litt. 2006) and laguna de Pedro Palo (J. Beckers in /itt. 2006). These suggest the species 1s widespread in the East Andes. HEPATIC TANAGER Piranga flava Observed in second growth near La Luchata in July (TMD, JEAC), and recently recorded in La Judia at 1,400—1,700 m (ERB, JEAC) and Parque Nacional Chicamocha, at 1,700 m (JEAC). Not reported in the East Andes south of Norte de Santander, 100 km north of La Luchata (Hilty & Brown 1986, Isler & Isler 1999). The race P. f. faceta, considered present in this region (Isler & Isler 1999, Salaman et al. 2001), is known from few sites and specimens in Colombia. PLUSHCAP Catamblyrhynchus diadema Trapped, bamboo forest below Filo Pamplona (1). DULL-COLOURED GRASSQUIT Tiaris obscura Fairly common in secondary habitats of the west slope. Borrero & Hernandez’s (1961) records of 7! fuliginosa from lowlands adjacent to Yariguies refer to this species (Bates 1997). SLATY FINCH HAHaplospiza rustica At La Luchata (0; 1+) and Alto Cantagallos (0; 1). Probably found sporadically in suitable habitat throughout the East Andes, with records in Norte de Santander (Rodriguez 1985), La Judia (JEAC), Otanche and Santa Maria, Boyaca (ICN specimens), and in Cundinamarca, on the east slope (Salaman et al. 2002b). Apparently a wanderer, being unpredictable in its occurrence (Salaman et al. 2002b). BLACK-AND-WHITE SEEDEATER Sporophila luctuosa Observed on the west slope around San Vicente and El Carmen, and reported at Zapatoca (Fundacion Natura 2003). CITRINE WARBLER Basileuterus luteoviridis luteoviridis Fairly common at Lepipuerto (1+, sound-recorded) and uncommon at La Aurora (lf). The most Thomas M. Donegan et al. 202 Bull. B.O.C. 2007 127(3) frequently heard call was a c.1.3-s chattering series of chi notes at c.3-10 kHz, increasing in frequency and volume towards the end. BLACK-CRESTED WARBLER Basileuterus nigrocristatus Observed in bamboo forest below Filo Pamplona (JEAC). Few records, but the species is found at other sites including Rogitama (J. Beckers; J. Zuluaga & R. Chavarro in litt. 2006) and Surata (JEAC). RUSSET-CROWNED WARBLER 8Basileuterus coronatus Common in premontane and montane forest at El Talisman (3; 2), Alto Cantagallos (2; 2), La Aurora (4; 2+2, 17) and La Luchata (3+4; 5+9). Though Hilty & Brown (1986) noted no records north of Boyaca, it has been recorded at various sites in the main cordillera in Santander (JEAC, ERB) including Surata (JEAC) and near the Boyaca/Santander border in Rogitama (J. Becker; R. Chavarro & J. Zuluaga in itt. 2006). RUSSET-BACKED OROPENDOLA Psarocolius angustifrons sincipitalis Flocks of up to 30 at El Talisman (down to c.1,700 m), Primavera (M. Sharp photographs), Bajo Cantagallos, Plan de Alvarez (900—1,350 m) and below La Aurora (c.2,100 m), and sound-recorded at Alto Honduras. Also reported at Landazuri (Fundacion Natura 2003). All observed sufficiently well were of the race sincipitalis, due to their strong yellow eyebrow. This form is restricted to the East Andes and is considered poorly known (Jaramillo & Burke 1999). A broad repertoire of calls is given by P. a. sincipitalis, including loud sequences rising rapidly in frequency, and low unmusical grunts not dissimilar to those of the montane group elsewhere in Colombia. SCARLET-RUMPED CACIQUE Cacicus uropygialis Up to 15 at El Talisman (TMD), Bajo Cantagallos (M. Sharp) and Alto Cantagallos (JEAC); also reported at Landazuri (Fundacion Natura 2003) and present in the main cordillera at La Judia (ERB, JEAC), but not previously reported north of Cundinamarca on the west slope of the East Andes (Hilty & Brown 1986, Renjifo et al. 2002). MOUNTAIN CACIQUE Cacicus chrysonotus Common at El Talisman, Alto Cantagallos and La Aurora (0; 1), where noisy groups were sound-recorded in mixed flocks with Green Jay Cyanocorax yncas and Mountain Grackle Macroagelaius subalaris. The most common call involved 0.15-s unmusical dup or chip notes given singly or in rapid series’ of up to five. Each note includes multiple overtones or principal notes (e.g. at 2.5, 3.7, 5.0, 6.0 and 7.2 kHz), with those in mid-range (e.g. 5.0 kHz) sometimes lasting slightly longer and being stronger, or sometimes given in sequences of varying frequency. Replaced at lower elevations (e.g. Bajo Simacota) by Yellow-rumped Cacique C. cela. YELLOW-BILLED CACIQUE Amblycercus holosericeus australis One observed (TMD) and sound-recorded in tall reeds at Lepipuerto. One call recorded was chu chu weeeee chrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrr (Fig. 3). Another call was a repeated Thomas M. Donegan et al. 203 Bull. B.O.C. 2007 127(3) Figure 3. Sonogram of song of Yellow-billed Cacique Amblycercus holosericeus australis, Lepipuerto, Serrania de los Yariguies, January 2005. Recording by TMD. waak waak waak waak waak . .. comprising notes at 1.3—2.1 kHz, repeated at c.4/s. The species has a wide repertoire (Jaramillo & Burke 1999), but the former calls are somewhat different from those reported for the nominate in Peru (Jaramillo & Burke 1999, Fjeldsa & Krabbe 1990), though similar to those reported in the Sabana de Bogota (ABO 2000). A detailed vocal study is warranted. MOUNTAIN GRACKLE Macroagelaius subalaris Rare at Alto Cantagallos (BH), eight observed recently above El Talisman (JEAC) and very common at La Aurora. Also reported near Zapatoca (Fundacion Natura 2003), with two old specimens apparently from 2,750 m in San Vicente de Chucuri (Renjifo et a/. 2002). Frequently flocked with Mountain Cacique Cacicus chrysonotus and Green Jay Cyanocorax yncas. At La Aurora, flocks of up to 30 observed daily and sound-recorded. The most common contact calls were short (<0.05 s) monotonous dup noises at 2.84.0 kHz. M. subalaris, like Gorgeted Wood-quail O. strophium, was until recently considered amongst the most threatened birds in the world, being known only from a few montane forests in Colombia’s East Andes, but it has been observed recently at several new sites (Cadena et al. 2002, Rodriguez et al. 2005, Velasquez et al. 2005, Cortés et al. 2006). M. subalaris appears to have a smaller (higher) elevational range and thus a smaller geographical range than O. strophium and may be subject to higher threat levels. We conservatively estimate the MM. subalaris population in Yariguies to be at least 1,400 individuals. However, a more detailed survey is needed. PARAMO SEEDEATER Catamenia homochroa At Filo Pamplona (3). In the East Andes reported only from high-elevation sites in Boyaca and Cundinamarca, 150 km to the south, and from Periya (Hilty & Brown 1986). YELLOW-BELLIED SISKIN Carduelis xanthogastra At El Talisman (sound- recordings) and observed in forest and second growth below Alto Honduras. Supposedly little known in the East Andes, where reported from Norte de Santander with old records around Bogota (Hilty & Brown 1986), but also found at Rogitama Thomas M. Donegan et al. 204 Bull. B.O.C. 2007 127(3) (J. Beckers; R. Chavarro in /itt. 2006) and la Plazuela, Tona (2,200 m: JEAC; G Moreno in /itt. 2006). Common in premontane secondary habitats and is probably continuously distributed in the East Andes. ORANGE-BELLIED EUPHONIA Euphonia xanthogaster Fairly common at Cerro de la Paz at 1,300 m (3; 3T), Alto Honduras (3; 10+4), El Talisman and La Luchata (6+3), and also observed at Agua de la Virgen (Donegan et al. 2003). E. xanthogaster ranges in the Magdalena lowlands to Puerto Olaya (E. Constantino in litt. 2006). Calls recorded in Yariguies included zhurr, zhurr-dit and zhurr-dit-dit, as described by Isler & Isler (1999), the zhurr being 0.1 s long at c.3.3—3.7 kHz, and the dit comprising a falling then rising whistle at 4.0—6.0 kHz. Unusual elevational records Several additional unusual elevational records were noted on the basis of a non- exhaustive search of major references (Hilty & Brown 1986, Ridgely & Tudor 1989, 1994, Fjeldsa & Krabbe 1990, Parker et al. 1996, Ridgely & Greenfield 2001, Hilty 2003) and certain publications containing multiple new elevational records for Colombia (Donegan & Davalos 1999, Salaman et al. 1999, Stiles et al. 1999, ABO 2000, Renjifo et al. 2002, Salaman et al. 2002a,b, Cuervo et al. 2003, Strewe & Navarro 2004, Krabbe et al. 2006). None of these records is claimed as ‘new’ due to the sporadic nature of publication of new elevational records and the many unpublished records. For each species, the lowest and highest elevational records are specified in [], together with the apparently extralimital or unusual elevation at which we recorded it. All records relate to trapped and photographed birds unless initials are noted, in which case a field observation is involved. Records for Colombia are from Hilty & Brown (1986); for Ecuador, Ridgely & Greenfield (2001); for Venezuela, Hilty (2003); and for elsewhere, Fjeldsa & Krabbe (1990), unless otherwise stated. Only elevational ‘extensions’ of 200 m+ are presented and only records at extralimital elevational sites detailed. We intend to fully detail elevational ranges of all species we have recorded on both slopes of Yariguies in a future publication. Rusty-faced Parrot Hapalopsittaca amazonina [{2,000-3,000 m] 1,500 m (at Honduras Alto, Primavera and Bajo Cantagallos) and to the species’ upper elevational limit at Lepipuerto (TMD). Rufous-breasted Hermit Glaucis hirsutus [To 1,100 m] 1,300 m (Cerro de la Paz). Band-tailed Barbthroat Threnetes ruckeri [To 1,050 m] 1,300 m (Cerro de la Paz). Green-fronted Lancebill Doryfera ludovicae {1,400—2,850 m; once to 3,150 m in West Andes: Krabbe et al. 2006]. To 3,200 m (Filo Pamplona) and down to 500 m (Montafia Pedro Elias and Plan de Alvarez: JEAC). Green Violetear Colibri thalassinus [600—3,000 m] 3,200 m (Filo Pamplona). Speckled Hummingbird Adelomyia melanogenys [1,000—2,500 m; 3,400 m Ecuador] 2,900 m (Lepipuerto). Buff-tailed Coronet Boissonneaua flavescens {1,400—2,800 m; to 3,600 or 4,200 m in Venezuela and 3,150 m in West Thomas M. Donegan et al. 205 Bull. B.O.C. 2007 127(3) Andes: Krabbe et al. 2006] 3,200 m (Filo Pamplona). White-necked Puffbird Notharchus hyperrynchus [To 500 m; to 1,200 m in Venezuela and 700 m in Central Andes of Colombia: Salaman et al. 2002a] 1,200 m (Cerro de la Paz: BH). Beautiful Woodpecker Melanerpes pulcher [To 500 m] To 1,350 m (Cerro de la Paz at 1,000 m: TMD, and Plan de Alvarez at 1,000-1,350 m: JEAC). Stripe- breasted Spinetail Synallaxis cinnamomea_ [900-2,100 m] 3,100 m (sound-recorded below Filo Pamplona: JEAC). Rusty-winged Barbtail Premnornis guttuligera [1,600—2,500 m; to 2,900 m in Venezuela] 2,700 m (La Aurora). Spotted Barbtail Premnoplex brunnescens [1,300—2,600 m; or 2,750 m: Fjeldsa & Krabbe 1990] 3,100 m (below Filo Pamplona: TMD & JEAC). Montane Foliage-gleaner Anabacerthia striaticollis [1,000—2,400 m; 2,600 m Venezuela] 2,700 m (La Aurora: TMD & JEAC). Lineated Foliage-gleaner Syndactyla subalaris [950—2,400 m; 2,600 m Ecuador] 2,700 m (La Aurora). Slaty-winged Foliage-gleaner Philydor fuscipenne [To 1,400 m] 1,600 m (Alto Honduras). Olivaceous Woodcreeper Sittasomus griseicapillus [To 1,550 m; 1,700 m Ecuador; 2,300 m in Venezuela and Bolivia; 1,800 m in Central Andes: Salaman et al. 2002a] 2,000 m (El Talisman). Brown-billed Scythebill Campylorhamphus pusillus [To 2,200 m; 2,600 m West Andes: Cuervo et al. 2003, Krabbe et al. 2006] 2,700 m (La Aurora). Dot-winged Antwren Microrhopias quixensis [To 1,100 m] 1,300 m (Cerro de la Paz: TMD). White-bellied Antpitta Grallaria hypoleuca [1,500—2,500 m] 2,700 m (sound-recorded La Aurora). Brown-capped Tyrannulet Ornithion brunneicapillus [To 900 m; 1,200 m Venezuela] 1,300 m (sound-recorded Cerro de la Paz: TMD). Southern Bentbill Oncostoma olivaceum [To 1,000 m] 1,300 m (Cerro de la Paz: TMD). Scale-crested Pygmy-Tyrant Lophotriccus pileatus [300—2,300 m] 2,900 m (heard Lepipuerto: TMD). Slate-headed Tody-flycatcher Poecilotriccus sylvia [To 1,100 m] 1,350 m (Cerro de la Paz: JEAC). White- throated Spadebill Platyrinchus mystaceus [To 2,000 m] 2,400 m (Alto Cantagallos). Ruddy-tailed Flycatcher Terenotriccus erythrurus [To 900 m; 1,000 m in Ecuador; 1,200 m: Parker et al. 1996] 1,350 m (Cerro de la Paz: JEAC). Green-and-black Fruiteater Pipreola riefferii [1,500—2,700 m; 3,050 m Venezuela and exceptionally 3,300 m Ecuador] 3,200 m (Filo Pamplona). Song Wren Cyphorhinus phaeocephalus [To 1,000 m] 1,300 m (heard Cerro de la Paz (TMD) and trapped below this). Half-collared Gnatwren Microbates cinereiventris [To 900 m; 1,200 m elsewhere: Parker et al. 1996] 1,300 m (Cerro de la Paz: TMD, and trapped below this). Crimson-backed Tanager Ramphocelus dimidiatus [To 1,700 m; to 2,600 m Bogota: ABO 2000] 2,000 m (El Talisman where recently mist- netted: J. C. Luna in Jitt. 2006). Common Bush-tanager Chlorospingus ophthalmicus {1,000—2,700 m; to 3,000 m Venezuela] 3,200 m (Filo Pamplona). Discussion To date, we have recorded over 450 bird species in Serrania de los Yariguies. A surprising number represent significant range or elevational extensions. Threatened Thomas M. Donegan et al. 206 Bull. B.O.C. 2007 127(3) Thomas M. Donegan et al. 207 Bull. B.O.C. 2007 127(3) species have been discussed elsewhere and include four species rated Critically Endangered at the time of our study: Odontophorus strophium, Macroagelaius subalaris, Thryothorus nicefori and Amazilia castaneiventris. Two of these (O. strophium and M. subalaris) have been downgraded to Endangered (or are proposed for such) due to the discovery of healthy populations in Yariguies and elsewhere. Several new taxa including Atlapetes latinuchus yariguierum, at least three new Scytalopus taxa and new subspecies of Grallaricula nana, Cinnycerthia olivascens, Synallaxis unirufa and Anisognathus lacrymosus have been or will be described in the near future. The number of new distributional records presented herein demonstrates the essentially unexplored nature of Yariguies prior to our studies. It is surprising that so many undescribed taxa and new distributional records should be encountered c.100 km from the headquarters of the government’s biological collection and research arm, Instituto Alexander von Humboldt ([AVH), or just four hours’ travel from Bogota. Yariguies is relatively safe, particularly in the San Vicente and El Carmen regions, though negative misconceptions involving past guerrilla activity pervade the public consciousness in Colombia. The avifauna of lower elevations of Yariguies includes elements shared with the Choco / Nechi Endemic Bird Areas, the latter of Critical conservation priority (Stattersfield et al. 1998). Many species we found at such elevations are also present in lowland forests of northern Antioquia, south Bolivar (Salaman & Donegan 2001, Salaman et al. 2002), and Serrania de las Quinchas in Boyaca (Quevedo et al. 2006a). The premontane fauna is likewise essentially similar to that of Serrania de las Quinchas (Stiles et al. 1999, Stiles & Bohorquez 2000, Laverde et al. 2005a). The montane and paramo fauna of Yariguies was the most interesting. As might be expected, the majority of species are shared with montane East Andes sites such as Cachalu / Charala, Surata, Rogitama and La Judia. At least four undescribed endemic subspecies appear to be restricted to Yariguies: of Scytalopus griseicollis, Synallaxis unirufa, Cinnycerthia olivascens and Anisognathus lacrymosus. A further undescribed Scytalopus (not discussed in detail herein) may also be a Yariguies Captions to plates on opposite page Figure 4. Tawny-bellied Hermit Phaethornis syrmatophorus syrmatophorus, E| Talisman, Serrania de los Yariguies, January 2003 (Thomas M. Donegan/Proyecto EBA) Figure 5. Red-headed Barbet Eubucco bourcieri, Primavera, Serrania de los Yariguies, February 2006 (M. Sharp/Proyecto YARE) Figure 6. Lacrimose Mountain-tanager Anisognathus lacrymosus subsp. nov., Filo Pamplona, Serrania de los Yariguies, July 2005 (Blanca Huertas/Proyecto YARE) Figure 7. White-chinned Thistletail Schizoeaca fuliginosa, Filo Pamplona, Serrania de los Yariguies, January 2006 (Blanca Huertas/Proyecto YARE) Figure 8. Golden-winged Manakin Masius chrysopterus, El\ Talisman, Serrania de los Yariguies, January 2003 (Thomas M. Donegan/Proyecto EBA) Figure 9. Black-winged Saltator Saltator atripennis caniceps, La Luchata, Serrania de los Yariguies. June 2005 (Blanca Huertas/Proyecto YARE) Thomas M. Donegan et al. 208 Bull. B.O.C. 2007 127(3) endemic (Donegan & Avendanio ms). Such endemisms, if confirmed, may be due to the geographical isolation of the Yariguies massif above 2,500 m. A handful of the Yariguies montane avifauna present counter-intuitive and unexplained biogeographical affinities. In particular, Phaethornis s. syrmatophorus, Grallaricula nana subsp. and a Three-striped Warbler Basileuterus tristriatus subsp. (Salaman et al. 2002a) each range across the Central Andes and Yariguies, but are replaced by different subspecies on the east slope of the East Andes. The presence of multiple ‘subspecies’ in Santander and Norte de Santander that replace one another on different slopes, but which have wide ranges elsewhere is a situation also postulated for Grey-breasted Wood-wren Henicorhina leucophrys (Brewer 2001) and Slaty Brush-finch Atlapetes schistaceus (Paynter 1972), whilst up to three Common Bush-tanager Chlorospingus ophthalmicus races are considered present in Santander and Norte de Santander (Isler & Isler 1999). The similarities between disjunct Central and East Andes populations are borne out by specimens and, in some cases, vocalisations. Yariguies populations allied to Central Andes populations could be relicts, the result of relatively recent colonisations between Andean ranges, or might indicate that the species concerned have or formerly possessed wider and continuous ranges to the south in the Central and East Andes. Such taxa and patterns require further investigation. Following recent studies (Stiles et al. 1999, Stiles & Bohdérquez 2000, ABO 2000, Salaman et al. 2002b, Laverde et al. 2005a, Quevedo et al. 2006a) and this paper, the avifauna of the East Andes is much better known than it was 20 years ago, on the west slope from Cundinamarca north to Santander and most of the east slope to Norte de Santander, from sea level to over 3,000 m. Attention must now focus on the Perija range, the northernmost extension of the East Andes, which has barely been subject to detailed study and which almost certainly harbours undescribed taxa, subspecies that are strong candidates for species rank, and new distributional records in its dwindling and threatened forests. Acknowledgements We thank the rest of the EBA Project and YARE Project teams, John Arias, Martin Donegan, Cristobal Rios, Laura Rosado and Diana Villanueva, and local guides José Pinto, Alonso Macias, Hernando Figueroa, Abelardo Pimiento, Rafael Torres, Father James Mitchell, Father Mesias and Hernan & Juan Fajardo. Juan Carlos Luna, Clare Turner and Mike Sharp kindly provided photographs and additional records. Jirgen Beckers, C. Daniel Cadena, Roberto Chavarro, Emilio Constantino, Mateo Hernandez, Gregorio Moreno, Bill Porteous, Loreta Rosselli, F. Gary Stiles and Johana Zuluaga kindly permitted mention of unpublished records or submitted such to DATAves (2006). C. Daniel Cadena, Guy Kirwan and F. Gary Stiles commented on and improved the manuscript. The late Paul Coopmans, Andrés Cuervo, Niels Krabbe, Mark Robbins and Stefan Woltmann helped identify some voices. John Bates assisted our discussion of Tiaris fuliginosus and Jason Weckstein Ramphastos. Sjoerd Mayer, Daniel Mennill, Robin Carter, Weber Girao, Stefan Woltmann and Ciro Albano kindly permitted reference to sound-recordings. CAS (resolution no. 832 of 2004, with thanks to Alvaro Prada, Armando Rodriguez and Hector Lamo), Corporacion Autonoma Regional para la Defensa de la Meseta de Bucaramanga-CDMB (Hernando Guevara), and the mayors of San Vicente de Chucuri, Galan and E] Carmen and sub-mayoralty of Yarima provided permissions for field work, the former including a collecting permit. Robert Prys-Jones, Mark Adams & Douglas Russell (Natural History Museum, Tring), Enrique Castillo & Fernando Forero Thomas M. Donegan et al. 209 Bull. B.O.C. 2007 127(3) (Instituto Alexander von Humboldt, Colombia), José Gregorio Moreno Patifio (Universidad Industrial de Santander), Roque Casallas & Arturo Rodriguez (Universidad de la Salle), Ray Symonds (University Museum of Zoology, Cambridge University, UK), Miguel Lentino (Coleccién Ornitologica Phelps, Caracas), F. Gary Stiles (Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional), Gérman Gomez (Universidad del Cauca, Popayan) and J. F. & C. Voisin (Musée National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris) provided access to specimens. The EBA and YARE expeditions were supported by: the Royal Geographical Society, BP Conservation Programme (BirdLife International, Conservation International, Flora & Fauna International, Wildlife Conservation Society), Fondo para Accion Ambiental, Fundacion Omacha, Conservation International Colombia (Becas Iniciativa de Especies Amenazadas—Jorge Ignacio ‘El Mono’ Hernandez-Camacho), Rio Tinto plc, Duke of Edinburgh, the Percy Sladen Memorial Fund (Linnean Society), Fundacion ProAves, Game Conservancy Trust, World Pheasant Association, Tropical Andean Butterflies Diversity Project, Carter Ecological, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Universidad de Caldas, Universidad de Tolima and Gobernacion de Santander. IdeaWild and The Explorers Club provided equipment for JEAC. 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Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. Addresses: Thomas Donegan, Fundacion ProAves, 33 Blenheim Road, Caversham, Reading RG4 7RT, UK, e-mail: tdonegan@proaves.org / thomasdonegan@yahoo.co.uk. Jorge Enrique Avendanio-C, Escuela de Biologia, Universidad Industrial de Santander, A.A. 0678 Bucaramanga, Colombia, e- mail: jorgeavec@gmail.com / jorgeavec@ciencias.uis.edu.co. Elkin R. Bricefio-L., Corporacion Autonoma Regional para la Defensa de la Meseta de Bucaramanga (CDMB), Cra. 33 #69—04, Bucaramanga, Colombia, e-mail: elkinbl@hotmail.com. Blanca Huertas, University College London / Natural History Museum, London, UK, e-mail: b.huertas@nhm.ac.uk / blancahuertas@yahoo.com © British Ornithologists’ Club 2007 New distributional and other bird records from Tatama Massif, West Andes, Colombia by Maria Angela Echeverry-Galvis & Sergio Cordoba-Cordoba Received 14 Fune 2006 The West Andes of Colombia have received comparatively little ornithological attention (Proyecto Biomap & Instituto Humboldt 2004). Avian inventories are available for a number of localities in dptos. Antioquia, Valle del Cauca, Cauca and Narino (e.g. Echeverri 1986, Negret 1994, Salaman 1994, Hilty 1997, Donegan & Davalos 1999, Cuervo et al. 2003, Krabbe et al. 2004). In recent years, several M. A. Echeverry-Galvis & S. Cordoba-Cordoba 214 Bull. B.O.C. 2007 127(3) previously undescribed bird species have been discovered in this cordillera (e.g. Salaman & Stiles 1996, Robbins & Stiles 1999) and many range extensions have been noted (e.g. Salaman 1994, Donegan & Davalos 1999, Cuervo et al. 2003, Downing & Hickman 2004, Krabbe et a/. 2006). The efforts of others, e.g. G. Kattan (Kattan et al. 1994) and H. Alvarez (Stiles & Alvarez-Lopez 1995), have also brought a better understanding of some species’ ranges. Ornithological surveys in the vicinity of Tatama National Natural Park have been few, though dating from 1909 (Hellmayr 1911), more recently to the north at Alto de Pisones, on the west slope in dpto. Risaralda (Salaman & Stiles 1996, Stiles 1998), and finca Providencia, municipality of Pueblo Rico, dpto. Risaralda, below the park limits (SC-C unpubl.). However, no ornithological surveys have been conducted within the park (Franco & Bravo 2005). Seventeen Important Bird Areas (IBAs) have been delimited on both slopes of the West Andes (Boyla & Estrada 2005), including five national natural parks, but protected areas are patchily distributed and do not cover a complete altitudinal gradient. Many are subject to deforestation and illegal colonisation, making conservation action even more urgent. Mid elevations on the west slope of the West Andes (mainly 500—1,800 m) urgently require effective conservation, as many Pacific-slope endemics (at least 67) favour this altitudinal range (Cordoba 2001). Forest habitats are declining at an alarming rate on the west slope of the Andes and in adjacent lowlands. Infrastructural developments such as the proposed highway to the Pacific port of Nuqui-Tribuga (in the Choco lowlands) threaten to increase such deforestation. Bird populations are being fragmented, especially on montane slopes, whilst our knowledge of the distributions, biology and ecology of endemics and threatened species in the region is poor, making appropriate conservation measures impossible to design with confidence. The “Grupo de Exploracion y Monitoreo Ambiental’ (GEMA) of the Instituto de Investigacion de Recursos Biologicos Alexander von Humboldt ([AvH), as part of the ‘Conservacion y uso sostenible de la biodiversidad de los Andes Colombianos’ project, conducted biological inventories on 21—29 August 2004 in Tatama National Natural Park, dpto. Risaralda. A total 45.8 man-hours of observations and recordings, and 1,184 mist-net/hours were conducted during bird surveys exclusively in forest. Of the 116 species of 31 families identified, tanagers, followed by flycatchers and hummingbirds, were the commonest groups. All sound- recordings have been deposited in the Banco de Sonidos Animales (BSA-IAvH), skins and spirits in the "Coleccion de Vertebrados Jorge Hernandez-Camacho’ ([AvH), Villa de Leyva, Boyaca, and tissue samples at the ‘Banco de Tejidos’ ([AvH), Palmira Facility, Valle del Cauca. We present new geographical or altitudinal records, confirmation of presence for some species, and comments on taxa endemic to the West Andes or threatened species. A complete list of all species recorded will be published elsewhere and is available on request from the authors. Taxonomy and nomenclature follow Remsen et al. (2006). M. A. Echeverry-Galvis & S. Cordoba-Cordoba 215 Bull. B.O.C. 2007 127(3) Study sites Two localities were surveyed in Tatama National Natural Park, dpto. Risaralda, municipality of Pueblo Rico, vereda La Cumbre. High-Andean montane forest covers the area, with evidence of some selective logging and hunting. The first site was accessed by a 20-minute drive from the refuge at Planes de San Rafael Nature Reserve (municipality of Santuario), north to quebrada Risaralda, followed by a one-hour walk upslope. The second site was two hours walk from the first, along the mountain ridge to 2,650 m. Site I (05°09’N, 76°01’W) is on the west slope of the West Andes, at 2,200—2,400 m, near the ridge and c.20 km from Santuario municipality. Continuous forest covers the steep terrain (20—30° slopes), the understorey is not dense, reaching 9-12 m high, with a 15—18 m-high canopy, and emergents up to 30 m. Some of the commonest families are Meliaceae, Lecythidacea, Cunnoniaceae, Sabiaceae, Clusiacea and Hippocastanaceae (A. Prieto in /itt. 2006). Site 2 (05°08’N, 76°02’ W) lies on the ridge at 2,600—2,800 m and c.25 km from Santuario municipality. Continuous forest covers the rather gentler slopes at this site. Floristic composition and vegetation structure were very similar in general to Tatama site 1, but with a denser understorey and taller canopy of up to 20—24 m (A. Prieto in /itt. 2006). Major range extensions WHITE-THROATED SCREECH-OWL Megascops albogularis Heard at both sites and occasionally near Planes de San Rafael refuge, at 2,000 m, during the late afternoon. Previously reported in the West Andes in dpto. Cauca (Hilty & Brown 1986) and at Paramo de Frontino, dpto Antioquia (Krabbe ef al. 2006), respectively c.250 km south and c.150 north of our study site. RUFOUS-BANDED OWL Ciccaba albitarsis Two observed and sound-recorded pre-dawn at site 1. Previously known in the West Andes at Cerro Munchique and Tambito, dpto. Cauca (Hilty & Brown 1986, Donegan & Davalos 1999), and at Paramo de Frontino (Krabbe et al. 2006), c.290 and c.150 km from Tatama. Our record closes the gap between these localities, suggesting a more continuous distribution in the West Andes. FAWN-BREASTED BRILLIANT Heliodoxa rubinoides A male and juvenile collected at site 1. Very few localities in the West Andes, one just above Cali (Hilty & Brown 1986), and common in Tambito Nature Reserve and on the adjacent east slope in Cauca (Donegan & Davalos 1999). Recently recorded in south-west Antioquia, in the municipality of Caicedo (Cuervo et a/. 2003). Our record closes the c.450-km gap between the Valle and Antioquia records, suggesting the species’ range is continuous in the West Andes. M. A. Echeverry-Galvis & S. Cordoba-Cordoba 216 Bull. B.O.C. 2007 127(3) TOURMALINE SUNANGEL ZHeliangelus exortis Several trapped and tape-recorded at site 2. Two males, a female and two unsexed individuals were collected. Like the previous species, previously known in this cordillera from sites in Valle del Cauca (Hilty & Brown 1986), Cauca (Donegan & Davalos 1999) and Antioquia (Cuervo et al. 2003, Krabbe et al. 2006). Again, our record fills a c.450-km gap and suggests a continuous range in the West Andes. TYRIAN METALTAIL WMetallura tyrianthina Observed at site 1, and sound-recorded and trapped at site 2, with a male and juvenile collected. Previously known from sites c.150 km to the north in Antioquia (Hilty & Brown 1986, Krabbe et al. 2006) and c.290 km south in Cauca (Hilty & Brown 1986, Donegan & Davalos 1999). LONG-TAILED SYLPH Aeglaiocercus kingi A. kingi was common at 2,650 m, with several mist-netted, of which a male with a brood patch and female were collected. At site 1, A. coelestis was common (and a female collected), but A. kAingi was not recorded there, suggesting that they replace each other between the two sites. Nearby, mainly below 2,000 m, A. coelestis was also common at finca Providencia, Pueblo Rico (05°10’N, 76°04’W) (SC-C unpubl.). Although the species’ presence has long been suspected throughout the West Andes, published records exist only from dptos. Narifio north to Valle del Cauca, and in Antioquia (Hilty & Brown 1986, Donegan & Davalos 1999, Cuervo et al. 2003). WHITE-FACED NUNBIRD Hapaloptila castanea This rare puffbird was recorded at both sites; most observations involved singles perched inconspicuously. More frequent at site 1, where a group of three was observed in the subcanopy, giving short hoot-like calls and flying short distances (S—10 m). More conspicuous at dawn by voice, but may sing all day. H. castanea has been reported at 750—2,400 m on the west slope of the cordillera, with records at low passes on the east slope (Hilty & Brown 1986), and is also local and uncommon in Ecuador (Ridgely & Greenfield 2001). Hilty & Brown (1986) depict a continuous distribution in the West Andes, but all published localities are in dptos. Antioquia, Cauca and Narifo (Miller 1963), with the only recent record in Munchique, where it was considered rare (Negret 1994). Our discovery represents an upslope range extension of c.200 m. PEARLED TREERUNNER Margarornis squamiger A female with a furcular full of fat deposit and an unsexed individual collected at site 2. Previously reported for this cordillera from Paramo de Frontino, north-west Antioquia (Krabbe et al. 2006), the municipality of Jardin, on the east slope in the same department (Cuervo et al. 2003), and Tambito Natural Reserve, dpto. Cauca (Donegan & Davalos 1999). Ours is the first record for dpto. Risaralda. M. A. Echeverry-Galvis & S. Cordoba-Cordoba — 217 Bull. B.O.C. 2007 127(3) BICOLOURED ANTVIREO Dysithamnus occidentalis Four tape-recorded and observed at site 1, whilst four others were trapped and two more escaped from the mist-net. At site 2, three males, two females and a juvenile were collected (the juvenile, a female and male were trapped together). All showed evidence of body- and wing-feather moult. Poorly known in Colombia, the species has been reported in the south-west, from dpto. Valle del Cauca south to Narino and Ecuador (Renjifo et al. 2002). In Ecuador, subspecies punctipectus is present at 1,000—1,600 m on the west slope of the Cordillera del Condor (Agreda et al. 2005). Taxonomy and relationships unclear; the species was previously placed in Thamnomanes, or as a subspecies of Thamnophilus aethiops (Remsen et al. 2006), whilst its biological and ecological requirements are also largely unknown. Parker et al. (1996) considered it of conservation concern, and BirdLife International (2004) and Renjifo et al. (2002) as Vulnerable at global and national levels, despite the paucity of data. Our records represent a northward range extension of c.200 km in Colombia and an altitudinal range extension of c.400 m. SCHWARTZ’S ANTTHRUSH Chamaeza turdina At least two tape-recorded and seen in dense understory on all days at site 1, responding to playback. The species is easily identified and more regularly encountered by voice. Natural vocalisations were most frequently heard early morning. It was also heard at dawn near the refuge at Planes de San Rafael, on the east slope of this cordillera. Ours are the first records for the West Andes and confirm its presence on both slopes of the cordillera. RUFOUS ANTPITTA Grallaria rufula A female collected at site 1 resembles nominate rufula in plumage and thus individuals from the East Andes (Hilty & Brown 1986). However, subspecies (and species) limits in G rufula are under discussion. Previously known in the West Andes only from northern Antioquia (Hilty & Brown 1986, Krabbe ef al. 2006), c.200 km to the north, and c.200 km to the south at Farallones de Cali, Valle del Cauca (Hilty & Brown 1986). BARRED FRUITEATER Pipreola arcuata One seen in the subcanopy, and a male and female collected together at site 2. Both had enlarged and active gonads, with a visible brood patch. The female had no atrisic follicles and much greater furcular and flank fat deposits. Nearest records are from Munchique, dpto. Cauca, c.290 km to the south (Hilty & Brown 1986), and Las Orquideas National Natural Park, c.130 km to the north (Echeverri 1986). RUFOUS-BREASTED FLYCATCHER Leptopogon rufipectus Three sound-recorded and observed at site 1, which becomes the third known locality in the West Andes and represents a range extension of c.170 km to the south from Las Orquideas National Natural Park (Echeverri 1986) and c.150 km from Paramo de Frontino (Krabbe et al. 2006). M. A. Echeverry-Galvis & S. Cordoba-Cordoba 218 Bull. B.O.C. 2007 127(3) RUFOUS-HEADED PYGMY-TYRANT Pseudotriccus ruficeps Mist-netted at both sites and two were collected. Tape-recorded giving short trills and bill-snaps, presumably in group contact or territorially. Found in forest understorey, mainly in vegetation less than 1 m high with ground cover almost 100% ferns. Records for the West Andes are from Cauca (Donegan & Davalos 1999), Valle del Cauca (Hilty & Brown 1986) and Antioquia (Cuervo et al. 2003, Krabbe et al. 2006). Our records represent a midpoint in the species’ range in the cordillera, where it is probably continuously distributed. SMOKY BUSH-TYRANT Myiotheretes fumigatus Singles observed and tape-recorded at both sites, on exposed branches near the canopy in a small forest clearing on the ridge, or on a taller emergent on a steep slope. Our records represent a northerly range extension of c.300 km from Cauca (Hilty & Brown, 1986) and c.150 km from Paramo de Frontino, Antioquia (Krabbe et al. 2006). CITRINE WARBLER Basileuterus luteoviridis One collected at site 2 and another four escaped from the mist-net. Previously known from the West Andes at Paramo de Frontino, Antioquia, and Munchique, Cauca (Hilty & Brown, 1986). Tatama is c.150 km south of Frontino and c.290 km north of Munchique, suggesting the species is more continuously distributed through the cordillera, albeit restricted to high-elevation remnant forests above 2,000 m. Probably very local, as at several sites in the Central and East Andes it is abundant at some sites but almost absent from others nearby (MAE-G & SC-C pers. obs.). GOLDEN-HOODED TANAGER Tangara larvata Five were seen in a mixed-species flock along with other tanagers at site 1. Previously known to 1,800 m (Hilty & Brown, 1986), our record increases its altitudinal range by c.400 m. RED-HOODED TANAGER Piranga rubriceps One observed in a mixed-species flock in treetops at site 1. Previous records are from Cauca (Donegan et al. 2002), Valle del Cauca (Hilty & Brown 1986) and Antioquia (Cuervo et al. 2003, Krabbe et al. 2006). RUFOUS-CRESTED TANAGER Creurgops verticalis One was observed foraging mainly in treetops at site 1. Scattered records are available from the Central and West Andes (Hilty & Brown 1986), in Narino, Valle del Cauca and north-west Antioquia in the latter cordillera. Echeverri (1986) collected a male in the southern part of Frontino, in Las Orquideas National Natural Park, but neither Cuervo et al. (2003) or Krabbe et al. (2006) recorded the species there. M. A. Echeverry-Galvis & S. Cordoba-Cordoba DLS Bull. B.O.C. 2007 127(3) YELLOW-THROATED BUSH-TANAGER Chlorospingus flavigularis One seen at close range, foraging for insects on small branches, leaves and an inflorescence, at site 1. Previously recorded in the northernmost West Andes on the upper rio Sinu (c.250 km to the north) (Hilty & Brown 1986) and Las Orquideas National Natural Park (c.160 km) (Echeverri 1986); and c.125 km to the south in Valle del Cauca, and south to Narifo (Hilty & Brown 1986). Recorded to 1,650 m (Las Orquideas), thus our observation closes the gap between these records and is an altitudinal extension of c.600 m in the West Andes. The race concerned was probably C. f marginatus, due to the extent of yellow on the throat-sides, but confirmation is lacking. PLUSH-CAPPED FINCH Catamblyrhynchus diadema Mist-netted in dense bamboo at both sites, a range extension of c.200 km from Valle del Cauca to the south (Hilty & Brown 1986) and c.150 km from Paramo de Frontino to the north (Krabbe ef al. 2006). TANAGER-FINCH Oreothraupis arremonops Four were observed, tape-recorded and mist-netted at site 2, and a male and juvenile were collected. According to Renjifo et al. (2002), this species is known in Colombia from Antioquia, c.160 km north of our study site, and in Valle del Cauca, Cauca and Narifo, the first c.200 km to the south. In Colombia, Tanager-finch 1s mainly observed in national natural parks or protected areas of mature forest, suggesting it is sensitive to disturbance. It is endemic to the western slope of the West Andes and the main Andean range, south to Pichincha and Imbabura, Ecuador (BirdLife International 2004). Due to habitat loss, the species is considered Vulnerable globally and nationally (Renjifo et a/. 2002, BirdLife International 2004). SLATY FINCH Haplospiza rustica Six mist-netted at site 1 (two males, one subadult and three females); a female collected had an egg in formation in the upper oviduct. According to Sanchez (2005), the species is strongly tied to seeding bamboo Chusquea, which seems to regulate its breeding period, but the bamboo in Tatama was not clearly in seed. The species’ range in Colombia is poorly known, perhaps due to its unpredictable occurrences (Salaman ef a/. 2002), but it occurs in all three cordilleras. For the West Andes, it has been recorded in Valle del Cauca and Cauca, c.200 km south of Tatama, with observations at Cerro Munchique and Tambito (Hilty & Brown 1986, Donegan & Davalos 1999). Minor range extensions White-throated Quail-dove Geotrygon frenata—Tape-recorded and seen at both sites, G frenata was common at site 1. The Tatama Massif appears to be its northernmost limit in this cordillera, where it mainly occurs below 2,500 m (in the M. A. Echeverry-Galvis & S. Cordoba-Cordoba 220 Bull. B.O.C. 2007 127(3) Central Andes, there is a record at 3,300 m from Parque Regional Natural Ucumari). The species’ altitudinal and geographic range 1s surely more continuous. Andean Pygmy-owl Glaucidium jardinii—A male in heavy body- and flight-feather moult and with fully ossified skull was collected at site 1. Measurements and general coloration corresponded to G jardinii rather than the recently described G nubicola (Robbins & Stiles 1999). In the West Andes known from Cerro Torra (50 km to the south) (Hilty & Brown 1986), and in Cauca and Antioquia (Donegan & Davalos 1999, Krabbe et al. 2006). Mottled Owl Ciccaba virgata—Seen and sound- recorded pre-dawn at site 1. Typically found in the Central Andes below 2,000 m (Hilty & Brown, 1986), making our record a small altitudinal extension, to 2,200 m. A more continuous distribution to the north seems likely. Speckle-faced Parrot Pionus tumultuosus.—Pairs observed in flight twice at site 1 and once at site 2, the second locality in the West Andes, after that in Antioquia (Cuervo ef al. 2003). Chestnut-collared Swift Streptoprocne rutila—Flocks over site 1 and the steep valley of quebrada Risaralda. Few localities in the West Andes, though perhaps more common than appears in the literature, and is probably continuously distributed through the entire range. Green Violet-ear Colibri thalassinus—Two tape-recorded near the treeline at site 1. As noted by Cuervo et al. (2003), probably largely restricted to the east slope in this cordillera, only occasionally penetrating to the west via low passes, e.g. just north of Tatama and at Tambito, Cauca (Donegan & Davalos 1999). Masked Trogon Trogon personatus.—Several seen and tape- recorded at both sites, but more abundant at 2,650 m. In the West Andes mainly to 2,500 m (Echeverri 1986, Hilty & Brown 1986), once to 3,300 m (Krabbe et al. 2006). Striped Treehunter Thripadectes holostictus.—Several tape-recorded and one seen at close range at site 1. In the West Andes, until recently considered to reach north only to dpto. Cauca (Hilty & Brown 1986), but since found near Jerico, c.80 km from Tatama (Cuervo et al. 2003), and Paramo de Frontino (Krabbe et al. 2006). Streak-capped Treehunter 7. virgaticeps was also recorded at both sites, being commoner than 7) holostictus at site 1. Uniform Antshrike Thamnophilus unicolor.—Frequently sound-recorded at site 1. Observed alone or in flocks of up to five. Probably more widespread in the West Andes than known. Chestnut-naped Antpitta Grallaria nuchalis —Several responded vigorously to playback and were observed and tape-recorded at site 2. Third locality in the West Andes, after those in Antioquia (Cuervo et al. 2003, Krabbe et al. 2006). Appears rather less common at Tatama than in the Central Andes at 2,200—3,000 m. Slate-crowned Antpitta Grallaricula nana.—Several tape-recorded, observed and mist-netted at site 2. Three collected were all in heavy moult of flight- and body-feathers, and some juveniles still had vinaceous-rufous down feathers. Known from Valle del Cauca (Hilty & Brown 1986) and Antioquia (Cuervo et al. 2003, Krabbe et al. 2006), our record suggests a more continuous distribution in the West Andes. Ocellated Tapaculo Acropternis orthonyx.—Two tape-recorded and one observed at site 2, the third locality for the West Andes after those in Antioquia (Cuervo et al. 2003, Krabbe et al. 2006). Black-capped Tyrannulet Phyllomyias nigrocapillus.— M. A. Echeverry-Galvis & S. Cordoba-Cordoba 221 Bull. B.O.C. 2007 127(3) Several tape-recorded and two collected, of which a male was in heavy moult in the flight-feathers, at site 2. Tatama represents a midpoint in its range, with records to the north from three localities in Antioquia (Cuervo et al. 2003, Krabbe et al. 2006), and to the south in Valle del Cauca. Flavescent Flycatcher Myiophobus flavicans.—Individuals and pairs observed at site 1, regularly joining mixed-species flocks on the ridge. Reported by Cuervo et al. (2003) at nearby Alto de Pisones and further north in Antioquia, and to the south known from northern Valle del Cauca and Cauca. Yellow-bellied Chat-tyrant Ochthoeca diadema.—Mist-netted and tape-recorded at both sites, and two collected. Reported for Narifo and Valle del Cauca, c.200 km to the south, and to the north in Antioquia (Echeverri 1986, Cuervo et al. 2003, Krabbe et al. 2006). Pale-edged Flycatcher Myiarchus cephalotes.— Two observed and tape-recorded at forest borders between quebrada Risaralda and upslope towards site 1. More common than previously noted in the West Andes, it probably favours forest edges and streams on slopes (Cuervo et al. 2003). Sharpe’s Wren Cinnycerthia olivascens.—Groups seen and tape-recorded foraging in the understorey, sometimes in small stands of Chusquea, at both sites, and common in mixed-species flocks. Scattered reports in the West Andes (Echeverri 1986, Hilty & Brown 1986, Cuervo et al. 2003, Krabbe et a/. 2006). Chestnut-breasted Wren Cyphorhinus thoracicus.—Family groups of 3+ tape-recorded at site 1, and two collected at site 2. Previous records in the West Andes are for dptos. Valle del Cauca and Cauca to the south, Alto de Pisones, Risaralda (Cuervo et al. 2003) and Las Orquideas, Antioquia (Echeverri 1986). White-capped Tanager Sericossypha albocristata.—Tape-recorded and observed at both sites in groups of 4-12. Hilty & Brown (1986) noted its presence only in the Central and East Andes, but since found at two localities in Antioquia (Cuervo et al. 2003, Krabbe et al. 2006). Suitable habitat exists both north and south of Tatama and the species may occur throughout much of the cordillera in montane forest. Grey-hooded Bush-tanager Cnemoscopus rubrirostris—Observed, mostly in mixed-species flocks, in the treetops and subcanopy at site 2; rarely in lower strata. A male with an active brood patch collected. Sparsely distributed in all three ranges with, in the West Andes, records from Cauca (Hilty & Brown 1986) and Antioquia (Echeverri 1986, Cuervo et al. 2003, Krabbe et al. 2006). Black-capped Hemispingus Hemispingus atropileus—A group observed at site | and, at site 2, four were captured, of which a female and subadult were collected. Previously reported in the West Andes in Cauca, at Munchique c.290 km south, and Antioquia c.65 km to the north (Donegan & Davalos 1999, Echeverri 1986, Cuervo et al. 2003, Krabbe et al. 2006). Mountain Cacique Cacicus chrysonotus.—Observed and tape-recorded at site 2, foraging in small mixed-species flocks. Previously reported in the south of the cordillera, in Valle del Cauca, and further north, in Antioquia (Echeverri 1986, Hilty & Brown 1986, Cuervo et al. 2003, Krabbe et al. 2006), suggesting a continuous distribution in the West Andes. M. A. Echeverry-Galvis & S. Cordoba-Cordoba 222 Bull. B.O.C. 2007 127(3) Endemics and threatened species Chestnut Wood-quail Odontophorus hyperthyrus——At least two groups tape- recorded at site 1 and one at site 2. This endemic occurs on both slopes of the Central and West Andes, at 1,400—2,700 m (Hilty & Brown 1986, Salaman et al. 1999), and is Near Threatened nationally (Renjifo et al. 2002) and globally (BirdLife International 2004), due to habitat loss and hunting. Black-billed Mountain-toucan Andigena nigrirostris—tLone individuals observed vocalising from the canopy and twice following mixed-species flocks. Sympatric with Emerald Toucanet Aulacorhynchus prasinus at both sites, but never observed in the same flocks. Emerald Toucanet was commoner at site 1 whilst A. nigrirostris was equally abundant at both. A. nigrirostris is Near Threatened in Colombia due to extensive habitat loss with, at least in some areas, decreasing populations (Renjifo et al. 2002). Purplish-mantled Tanager /ridosornis porphyrocephala.—c.10 of this nationally and globally Near-Threatened species (Renjifo et al. 2002, BirdLife International 2004) were seen and two collected; apparently commoner at site 2. Dusky Bush- tanager Chlorospingus semifuscus.—This endemic was tape-recorded, mist-netted and collected at both sites, but more frequently at site 2. Sang mainly on the ridge at 2,600 m and above. Previously reported to 2,500 m (Isler & Isler 1999), but where ridgetop forests are suitable for ‘lekking’ (Bohorquez & Stiles 2002) likely to occur considerably higher. Red-bellied Grackle Hypopyrrhus pyrohypogaster.—This endemic is categorised as Endangered both nationally (Renjifo et al. 2002) and globally (BirdLife International 2004. Commonly seen in small groups of 6-8, some birds calling from the 20-22 m canopy whilst others probed for insects under branches and leaves down to mid level. One group was seen regularly near quebrada Risaralda at c.2,000 m. Concluding remarks Many species in the West Andes have broader ranges than indicated in the mainstream literature, as noted here and by other studies (e.g. Echeverri 1986, Donegan & Davalos 1999, Cuervo et al. 2003), particularly north of dpto. Valle del Cauca. However, some species’ ranges remain unclear in several parts of this cordillera. Some birds at the elevations we surveyed may be widespread at higher elevations, but had not been recorded earlier due to lack of appropriate field work, or may be present on both slopes. Further surveys around the lower passes, e.g. that just north of Tatama, between Risaralda and Antioquia, would be welcome. We found 21 species whose ranges are extended north or south, five at higher elevations than previously known, and one not previously reported in the West Andes. Amongst our range extensions are two species endemic to the West Andes, two globally threatened (Oreothraupis arremonops and Dysithamnus occidentalis) and three Near-Threatened species. Many of the national natural parks in the West Andes are sited at higher elevations, including Tatama, making an evaluation of the efficiency of the protected areas network in conserving existing biodiversity much M. A. Echeverry-Galvis & S. Cordoba-Cordoba — 223 Bull. B.O.C. 2007 127(3) needed. Future surveys and conservation plans should also focus on the lower montane and premontane slopes which remain little-protected. Acknowledgements The Instituto de Investigacion de Recursos Biol6gicos Alexander von Humboldt provided logistic and financial support. Collecting permits were granted under governmental decrees 302 and 309 of 2003. The survey was funded by the Global Environmental Facility, Netherlands Embassy and World Bank. We thank Luis Ovidio Ledesma, Chairman of the Local Community Council at Planes de San Rafael, the forest guard at Planes de San Rafael, the ecological guides in Santuario, UEASPNN-PNN Tatama, Hugo Ballesteros (the park director), Socorro Sierra and José Agustin Lopez for assistance in the field, and all members of the “Grupo de Exploracion y Monitoreo Ambiental’. Thomas Donegan and Daniel Cadena furnished comments that greatly improved the manuscript. References: Agreda, A., Nilsson, J., Tonato, L. & Roman, H. 2005. Range extension for, and description of the juve- nile of, Bicoloured Antvireo Dysithamnus occidentalis punctipectus in Ecuador. Cotinga 24: 20-21. BirdLife International. 2004. Threatened birds of the world 2004. CD-ROM. BirdLife International, Cambridge, UK. Bohorquez, C. I. & Stiles, F. G 2002. The paradoxical social system of the Dusky Bush-Tanager (Chlorospingus semifuscus): lekking in a nine-primaried oscine? J. Field Orn. 73: 281-291. Boyla, K. & Estrada, A. (eds.) 2005. Areas importantes para la conservacion de las aves en los Andes tropicales: sitios prioritarios para la conservacion de la biodiversidad. BirdLife International & Conservation International, Quito. Cordoba, S. 2001. Cambios en riqueza y endemismo de aves en el gradiente altitudinal del Choco bio- geografico colombiano y areas protegidas. Pp. 87 in Sanchez, P., Morales, A. & Lopez-Arévalo, H. F. (eds.) Libro de resumenes V Congreso Internacional de Manejo de Fauna Silvestre en la Amazonia y Latinoamérica, 2001. Univ. Nac. Colombia & Fundacion Natura. Cuervo, A. M., Stiles, F. G., Cadena, C. D., Toro, J. L. & Londono, G. A. 2003. New and noteworthy bird records from the northern sector of the Western Andes of Colombia. Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl. 123: 7-24. Donegan, T. M. & Davalos, L. M. 1999. Ornithological observations from Reserva Natural Tambito, Cauca, south-west Colombia. Cotinga 12: 48-55. Donegan, T. M., Salaman, P. G. W., Cuervo, A. M., Luna, J. C. & Cortés, A. 2002. Recent records from Tambito Nature Reserve and Munchique National Park, south-west Colombia. Cotinga 17: 77. Downing, C. 2005. New distributional information for some Colombian birds, with a new species for South America. Cotinga 24: 13-15. Downing, C. & Hickman, J. 2004. New record of Hooded Antpitta Grallaricula cucullata in the Western Cordillera of Colombia. Cotinga 21: 76. Echeverri, E. H. 1986. Avifauna parcial, Parque “Las Orquideas”. INDERENA, Medellin. Franco, A. M. & Bravo, G. 2005. Areas importantes para la conservacién de las aves en Colombia. Pp. 117-281 in Boyla, K. & Estrada, A. (eds.) Areas importantes ara la conservacion de las aves en los Andes tropicales: sitios prioritarios para la conservacion de la biodiversidad. BirdLife International & Conservation International, Quito. Hellmayr, C. E. 1911. A contribution to the ornithology of western Colombia. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1911: 1084-1213. Hilty, S. L. 1997. Seasonal distribution of birds at a cloud-forest locality, the Anchicaya Valley, in west- ern Colombia. Pp. 321—343 in Remsen, J. V. (ed.) Studies in Neotropical ornithology honoring Ted Parker. Orn. Monogr. 48. Hilty, S. L. & Brown, W. L. 1986. A guide to the birds of Colombia. Princeton Univ. Press. Isler, M. L. & Isler, P. R. 1999. The tanagers. Second edn. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington DC. Kattan, G, Alvarez-Lopez, H. & Giraldo, M. 1994. Forest fragmentation and bird extinctions: San Antonio eighty years later. Conserv. Biol. 8: 138-146. M. A. Echeverry-Galvis & S. Cordoba-Cordoba 224 Bull. B.O.C. 2007 127(3) Krabbe, N., Florez, P., Suarez, G., Castano, J., Arango, J. D. & Duque, A. 2006. The birds of Paramo de Frontino, western Andes of Colombia. Orn. Colombiana 4: 39-S0. Miller, A. H. 1963. Seasonal activity and ecology of the avifauna of an American equatorial cloud forest. Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool. 66: 1-74. Negret, A. J. 1994. 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M., Franco-Maya, A. M., Amaya-Espinel, J. D., Kattan, G H. & Lopez-Lanus, B. (eds.) 2002. Libro Rojo de aves de Colombia. Instituto de Investigacion de Recursos Biologicos Alexander von Humboldt & Ministerio del Medio Ambiente, Bogota. Ridgley, R. S. & Greenfield, P. J. 2001. The birds of Ecuador, vol. 2. Cornell Univ. Press, Ithaca, NY. Robbins, M. B. & Stiles, F. G. 1999. A new species of pygmy-owl (Strigidae: Glaucidium) from the Pacific slope of the northern Andes. Auk 116: 305-315. Salaman, P. G W. 1994. Surveys and conservation of biodiversity in the Choco, southwest Colombia. BirdLife International, Cambridge, UK. Salaman, P., Donegan, T., Cuervo, A. M. & Ochoa, J. M. 1999. Rapid assessments and conservation of quail along three altitudinal transects in the Colombian Andes. Pp. 49-68 in Eitniear, J. C., Baccus, J. T., Dingle, S. L. & Carroll, J. P. (eds.) Conservation of quail in the Neotropics. Proc. Symp. VI Neotrop. Orn. Congr., Monterrey, Mexico, 4-10 October 1999. 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Current address: Calle 52A #9-72 apto. 201, Bogota, Colombia, e-mail: mayayito@yahoo.com © British Ornithologists’ Club 2007 Storrs L. Olson ZS Bull. B.O.C. 2007 127(3) Alca antiqua (Marsh, 1870), an invalid combination for a fossil auk (Alcidae) by Storrs L. Olson Received 15 Fune 2006 The most abundant fossil bird in the early Pliocene deposits of the Yorktown Formation in North Carolina is an auk originally described by Marsh (1870) as Catarractes antiquus. Catarractes is a variant spelling of a generic name that was synonymised with Uria Brisson (1760), which is now used for the living murres. Olson & Rasmussen (2001: 273) recognised that the affinities of the fossil auk lay with those of the genus A/ca Linnaeus (1758), so they created the new combination Alca antiqua (Marsh, 1870). This, however, is a secondary homonym preoccupied by Alca antiqua Gmelin (1789), the basionym for the extant Ancient Murrelet Synthliboramphus antiquus, and therefore is unavailable for the fossil species. The next available name is Australca grandis Brodkorb (1955). Olson & Rasmussen (2001) synonymised Australca Brodkorb (1955) with Alca Linnaeus (1758). Therefore, the fossil species should now be known as: Alca grandis (Brodkorb, 1955), new combination Acknowledgements I thank Neil Adam Smith for calling this problem to my attention. The manuscript was reviewed by Richard C. Banks, Walter Bock, Steven Gregory, Pamela Rasmussen and David W. Steadman. References: Brisson, M.- J. 1760. Ornithologie. C. J. B. Bauche, Paris. Brodkorb, P. 1955. The avifauna of the Bone Valley Formation. Florida Geological Survey Report of Investigations 14: 1—57. Gmelin, J. F. 1789. Systema Naturae. Thirteenth edn. J. B. Delamolliere, Lyon. Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae. Tenth edn. Salvius, Stockholm. Marsh, O. C. 1870. Notice of some fossil birds, from the Cretaceous and Tertiary formations of the United States. Amer. J. Sci. (2)49: 205-217. Olson, S. L. & Rasmussen, P. C. 2001. Miocene and Pliocene birds from the Lee Creek Mine, North Carolina. Pp. 233-365 in Ray, C. E. & Bohaska, D. J. (eds.) Geology and paleontology of the Lee Creek mine, North Carolina, III. Smithsonian Contrib. Paleobiology 90. Address: Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, P.O. Box 37012, Washington DC 20013-7012, USA, e-mail: olsons@si.edu © British Ornithologists’ Club 2007 Michael Walters et al. 226 Bull. B.O.C. 2007 127(3) The eggs of the Canarian (or Meade-Waldo’s) Black Oystercatcher Haematopus meadewaldoi by Michael Walters, Douglas G. D. Russell, Frank D. Steinheimer & Christiane Quaisser Received 3 Fuly 2006 Hockey (1996) stated that the eggs of the probably Extinct Haematopus meadewaldoi Bannerman, 1913, are undescribed and, by implication, unknown. Even in the most comprehensive work on avian eggs, the Handbuch der Oologie (Schonwetter & Meise 1962: 373, Meise 1988: 258-259), no such egg is mentioned. In fact there is an egg, probably the only one, in the collection of Dr Wolfgang Makatsch (Fig. 1). It does not, of course, look any different from any other oystercatcher Haematopus egg. Oystercatcher eggs are oval to elliptical, pale yellowish stone to clay buff in colour, blotched, spotted and streaked brown and black. They are distinctive and unlike those of other waders, but the eggs of the different Haematopus are similar, except those of Magellanic Oystercatcher H. leucopodus, which appear consistently slightly darker in ground colour. nga nerve | ‘Dr, WOLFGANG MAKATSCH of Haematopus meadewaldoi, in the Staatliches Museum fir Tierkunde, Dresden 11sser) Figure 1. Egg (Christiane Qu y & uc Michael Walters et al. 227 Bull. B.O.C. 2007 127(3) The Natural History Museum (NHM, Tring) has a file on the Makatsch collection that contains seven images of this egg. According to correspondence between Dr Makatsch and the then curator of eggs, MW (following Makatsch’s visit to Tring), dated 16 December 1982, Makatsch acquired the egg on 4 January 1950 with the egg collection of Dr Ludwig Huhn (d. 1949) at Bautzen. The egg, in good condition and signed by the collector (probably Ramon Gomez), was offered for exchange to the NHM. Subsequent correspondence with Christopher Swann (who sponsored Makatsch’s visit to Tring) indicates that, following Makatsch’s death, the collection was bequeathed to his grandson Christoph Schnabel. Walters wrote to Schnabel on 10 September 1984 suggesting the exchange as per the arrangement with his grandfather, or that the egg be deposited in a German museum. Makatsch (1906-83), was a famous ornithologist in the former East Germany, known not only for his egg collection but for field guides and other works on birds and eggs. His was one of the largest private egg collections in Europe (c.32,000 eggs in 16,000 clutches of 1,200 species). In the 1990s the collection (including the egg in question) was purchased (through the late Siegfried Eck) by the Staatliches Museum fiir Tierkunde, Dresden, Germany, where it remains. Data relating to the egg of H. meadewaldoi 1s on two record cards in Makatsch’s acquisitions catalogue: Makatsch collection no. 7770: one clutch of one egg; Fuerteventura, Canaries; 1898 acquired on 4 January 1950 with the egg collection of Huhn (signed no. 1094). Measurements: 54.5 x 38.8 mm; 3.67 g (1.e. smaller than typical eggs of H. moquini, as was predicted would be the case by Bannerman 1963). The taxon was named for Edmund Gustavus Bloomfield Meade-Waldo (1855-1934) who collected the holotype. References: Bannerman, D. A. 1913. [Exhibition and description of a new subspecies of Oyster-catcher (Haematopus niger meade-waldoi) from the Canary Islands.] Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl. 31: 33-34. Bannerman, D. A. 1965. The birds of the Atlantic Islands, vol. 2. Oliver & Boyd, London & Edinburgh. Hockey, P. A. R. 1996. Family Haematopodidae (oystercatchers). Pp. 308-325 in del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A. & Sargatal, J. (eds.) Handbook of the birds of the world, vol. 3. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. Meise, W. 1988. Nachtrage zu Band I. Pp. 193-384 in Schonwetter, M. & Meise, W. (eds.) Handbuch der Oologie, Lieferung 44. Akademie- Verlag, Berlin. Schonwetter, M. & Meise, W. (eds.) 1962. Handbuch der Oologie, Bd. 1, Lieferung 6. Akademie-Verlag, Berlin. Addresses: Michael Walters, 62 Mark Street, Portrush, Co. Antrim BT56 8BU, Northern Ireland, e- mail: mpwalters62@btinternet.com. Douglas G. D. Russell, Curator, Bird Group, The Natural History Museum, Akeman Street, Tring, Herts. HP23 6AP, UK, e-mail: d.russell@nhm.ac.uk. Frank D. Steinheimer, Sylter Strasse 18, D-90425 Nurnberg, Germany, e-mail: franksteinheimer@yahoo.co.uk. Christiane Quaisser, Strafe des Friedens 12, D-01738 Klingenberg, Germany, e-mail: c.quaisser@planet-interkom.de © British Ornithologists’ Club 2007 Charles A. Vogt 228 Bull. B.O.C. 2007 127(3) Range extensions and noteworthy records for mainland Ecuador by Charles A. Vogt Received 5 Fuly 2006 Until the publication of Ridgely & Greenfield (2001) knowledge of avian distribution in Ecuador was incomplete and reliant on relevant but geographically adjacent and outdated sources such as Hilty & Brown (1986), as well as general checklists (Ridgely et al. 1998). Now, however, ornithologists and birdwatchers alike possess a ready resource to assess the import of their sightings. Nonetheless, distributions are a first approximation, especially for rare or poorly known species, and will be refined as new data are reported (e.g. Freile 2004). Here, I present noteworthy records which enhance our knowledge of bird distributions in mainland Ecuador. Species accounts CURVE-BILLED TINAMOU Nothoprocta curvirostris One observed closely on a grassy road and adjacent pasture, on a ridge at 3,000 m, 2 km north-east of Hacienda Zuleta (12 km east of San Pablo, Imbabura), on 25 June 2006. Uncommon and somewhat local in shrubby paramo and pastures, usually near patches of woodland, from south-east Carchi (Guandera Biological Reserve), southern Imbabura (Laguna Cuicocha) and Pichincha, south to eastern Azuay (Sigsig and Ofia) and Zamora-Chinchipe (Cerro Toledo) (Ridgely & Greenfield 2001). Generally scarce and infrequently encountered in Ecuador, mine is the third published locality on the eastern slope of Ecuador, all of them on the inter-Andean side. TIGER HERON Tigrisoma sp. An immature on 16 September 2000 at La Perla reserve, 1 km south of La Concordia, Pichincha, at 200 m. Given the brief view and the difficulty in identifying immature tiger herons, I was unable to distinguish the species. Rufescent Tiger Heron 7: /ineatum is very rare in lowlands of western Ecuador, with several old records from the rio Peripa (Manabi/Los Rios), Vinces (Guayas) and a sight record of an immature from the rio Palenque on 23 October 1997 (Ridgely & Greenfield 2001). Given the low elevation, slow-flowing stream and distance from the foothills, it appears probable that my observation was of a Rufescent Tiger Heron. However, there appears to be a resident population of Fasciated Tiger Heron [’ fasciatum near Playa de Oro, in northern Esmeraldas, at 100 m, and it is suspected that most specimen records away from the rio Peripa and Vinces area refer to 7. fasciatum (O. Jahn et al. in Ridgely & Greenfield 2001). Charles A. Vogt 229 Bull. B.O.C. 2007 127(3) SNOWY EGRET Egretta thula One seen by the author and M. & D. Weller on 21 January 2005 by a roadside pond at 2,100 m, c.5 km from hacienda San Isidro, 4 km south-west of Cosanga, Napo. Uncommon to locally very common in the lowlands of east and west Ecuador, with small numbers occasionally reported from lakes in the central valley (Ridgely & Greenfield 2001, 2006), but mine is the first published record from the eastern slope of Ecuador. BLACK-CROWNED NIGHT HERON WNycticorax nycticorax An adult observed, and its vocalisations recorded, at La Perla reserve, 1 km south of La Concordia, Pichincha (200 m), on 13—14 August 2004. Rare to locally fairly common in mangrove, tidal flats, freshwater marshes and forested margins of waterbodies in the lowlands of west and north-east Ecuador and in the northern highlands, but more numerous in south-west Ecuador, from Manabi south. Presumably once resident around lakes Yaguarcocha and San Pablo, Imbabura, as well as in the Parque Carolina marshes, in Quito, Pichincha (Ridgely & Greenfield 2001, 2006). My record represents the first recent confirmed record from Pichincha. DARK-BILLED CUCKOO Coccyzus melacoryphus One observed at close range for several minutes on 18 and 25 April 1999, at hacienda San Francisco, 15 km north-west of Ibarra, Imbabura, at 2,300 m. Identification was initially uncertain, as the bird appeared to have a whiter throat like a Mangrove Cuckoo C. minor. Hilty (2003) remarked on the striking similarity between the two, though C. minor is smaller with a black bill and plain brown upperparts. However, C. minor is unknown in Ecuador, with the nearest recent record being from extreme north-east Colombia (Strewe & Navarro 2004), and is very rarely recorded away from coastal mangrove. Otherwise, the combination of grey cap, distinct black mask and rich buff underparts does not recall any other species in Ecuador. On 25 April, with R. Jonsson, playback of both species was performed. That of Dark-billed Cuckoo elicited a dramatic response, confirming the identification. The status of the species in Ecuador is complex and poorly understood. In eastern Ecuador it is an uncommon to locally fairly common austral migrant, but in the west is known only from a few specimens and several sight reports that are believed to pertain to austral migrants, but there is apparently a resident population in the extreme south-west. Recorded mostly below 1,000 m, occasionally to at least 1,900 m and sometimes even higher (Ridgely & Greenfield 2001, 2006); away from the south-west there are very few records, the nearest from Quito. This high-elevation sighting represents a new provincial record and an 80 km northerly range extension. BLACK-THROATED BRILLIANT Heliodoxa schreibersii A female was observed by myself and five other observers at midday, feeding on flowers in a large patch of Wercklea sp. (Malvaceae), 5 km south of Baeza, on 8 July 2002, at 1,900 m. The combination of curved bill, dark underparts, with an obvious Charles A. Vogt 230 Bull. B.O.C. 2007 127(3) buff malar is unique on the east slope. This hummingbird is rare to uncommon, and seemingly local, in lower growth of humid forest in the eastern lowlands, and in foothill forest at the base of the Andes. Recorded mostly below 1,250 m, locally in the south-east to 1,450 m in the Cordillera del Condor near Chinapintza (Ridgely & Greenfield 2001, 2006), this sighting represents a significant altitude extension and a new foodplant species (Heynen 1999a). AMETHYST-THROATED SUNANGEL ZHeliangelus amethysticollis During a bird survey of volcan Sumaco, an adult male was seen well on 18 November 2003 at two separate sites near the crater lake 10 km south-east of the summit, at 2,450 m. No other hummingbird on the east slope at this altitude possesses the unmistakable combination of a pink gorget and white pectoral band. Uncommon to locally fairly common at the borders of montane forest and in adjacent clearings, in the subtropical and lower temperate zones, on the east slope of the Andes in southern Ecuador, the species was previously recorded only from Morona-Santiago (Gualaceo—Limon road and Cordillera de Cutucu) and Zamora- Chinchipe, at 1,900—2,700 m (Fjeldsa & Krabbe 1990, Heynen 1999b, Ridgely & Greenfield 2001, 2006). My record constitutes a 210 km northerly range extension and a new record for Napo province. HOARY PUFFLEG Haplophaedia lugens One observed by myself, P. Herrera V., G. George and J. Brooks on 27 April 2005, at a previously known territory at 1,800 m in a steep, forested, stream valley at Mindo Loma, 7 km north-east of Mindo, Pichincha. It was feeding on flowers of Axinaea (Melastomataceae), Palicourea (Rubiaceae) and Besleria (Gesneriaceae). Uncommon in the lower and middle growth of montane subtropical forest on the west slope of the Andes in western Pichincha and in south-west Colombia (Ridgely & Greenfield 2001), this Choco endemic is considered Near Threatened due to severe deforestation within its small range (BirdLife International 2005). Whilst known to feed on Palicourea and Besleria (Collar et al. 1992, Heynen 1999c, Matheus 2002), Axinaea is a new foodplant. UNDULATED ANTPITTA Grallaria squamigera On 27 June 2002 an adult was observed at 2,200 m on the Guacamayos trail, 6 km south-east of Cosanga, Napo, for c.5 minutes at c.15 m distance, foraging leisurely in the middle of the trail. Good light conditions, as well as the bird’s proximity, afforded an unmistakable view of the grey cap concolorous with the grey back, and large whitish loral area and dark submalar. Not previously recorded from the Guacamayos ridge or San Isidro area (M. Lysinger pers. comm.). A G. squamigera was tape-recorded on 13 April 2004 at 2,770 m, 2.5 km south-east of the summit of volcan Sumaco, near Pavayacu on the north side of the saddle at the headwaters of rio Suno. The shorter-duration song (5—6 seconds), which was repeated six times per minute, is diagnostic of G squamigera rather than Giant Antpitta G g. gigantea, Charles A. Vogt 231 Bull. B.O.C. 2007 127(3) which has a significantly longer song (eight seconds) (Krabbe & Schulenberg 2003) and, on the east Andean slope of Ecuador, occurs only at 2,000—2,400 m. Records from the eastern cordillera are apparently more frequent than from inner or west- facing slopes. The only previous record from the vicinity is from upper Sumaco (Chapman 1926). These represent the easternmost records in Ecuador and the first for Orellana province. EASTERN KINGBIRD Tyrannus tyrannus Six seen well along the Cuenca—Molleturo highway, 15 km south-east of Puerto Inca, Guayas province, at 800 m, on 8 October 2006. There are a few records of transients in north-western Ecuador, the furthest south from Tinalandia (P. Coopmans in Ridgely & Greenfield 2001). My record is 270 km further south. Elsewhere on the Pacific slope of central and southern South America there are relatively few records, but small numbers occur in the coastal lowlands of western Peru, south to Mollendo in Arequipa (Ridgely & Tudor 1989, Clements & Shany 2001), and there are sight reports of vagrants in Region I and II in northern Chile with one from central Chile (Jaramillo 2003). MOSS-BACKED TANAGER Bangsia edwardsi One at 1,650 m on 15 December 2001, 8 km north-northeast of Mindo, beyond Reserva Pachijal and hosteria Nanca Jatunmi. This highland Chocé endemic is locally uncommon to common in montane forest, forest borders and second-growth woodland in foothills on the west slope of the Andes in north-west Ecuador (Ridgely & Greenfield 2001). This is a significant altitudinal record, as the species was previously only known to 1,100 m in this area. There is one older record from 1,700 m in Carchi (Ridgely & Greenfield 2001). My record is near the upper rio Pachiyal Valley, an important relict forest corridor for several lowland Choco endemics, which may be moving upslope in response to recent deforestation in the lowlands. LARGE-BILLED SEED FINCH Oryzoborus crassirostris Three males and a female near sea level, on 10 January 2005, at hacienda La Ciénega, 15 km north of Pedernales on the Cojimies Peninsula, northern Manabi, were observed through a telescope at c.50 m range for c.5 minutes. They were perched in a leafless tree in a dry, grassy, open area. According to the owner of the hacienda, the area is inundated during particularly wet years. O. crassirostris is rare to uncommon and very local in the lowlands of eastern and western Ecuador. In the west, it is known from only five localities: El] Placer (Esmeraldas), Lita (Imbabura), Babahoyo (Los Rios), Santa Rosa (El Oro) and Cerro Blanco (Guayas) (Ridgely & Greenfield 2001, 2006, Krabbe & Nilsson 2003). The nearest records are from El Placer, Esmeraldas (in 1987), 170 km west-northwest, with a 19th-century record from Babahoyo, 235 km south-west of Cojimies (Ridgely & Greenfield 2001). My record is a significant range extension and a new provincial record. Currently considered Least Concern as its numbers appear to be increasing in Colombia Charles A. Vogt 282, Bull. B.O.C. 2007 127(3) following deforestation (BirdLife International 2005), but it was previously listed as Near Threatened due to frequent capture for the cagebird trade (Collar et al. 1992, 1994). Its congeners, particularly O. angolensis and O. maximiliani are highly valued songsters and a culture of trainers and singing competitions has developed in Brazil (Sick 1993). In Ecuador, because of its evident rarity, the species is still considered Near Threatened (Ridgely & Greenfield 2001, Ribadeneira 2002). BAND-TAILED SIERRA FINCH Phrygilus alaudinus A male was photographed at 3,800 m on a roadside fencepost near the upper rio Chimborazo, on the south side of volcan Chimborazo, on 29 January 2005. Band- tailed Sierra Finch is uncommon and somewhat local in open, arid highlands and was previously recorded only to 3,000 m in Ecuador (Ridgely & Greenfield 2001, 2006), but in Peru there are records to 3,500 m (Clements & Shany 2001), and to 4,100 m in southern Peru and Bolivia (Fjeldsa & Krabbe 1990). RED-BREASTED BLACKBIRD Sturnella militaris An adult male was observed well for c.10 minutes adjacent to the Lago Agrio highway, 5 km north-east of Baeza on 22 January 2007, at 1,855 m. Known in eastern Ecuador to 400 m (Ridgely & Greenfield 2001, 2006), in Venezuela to 950 m (Hilty 2003) and in Colombia to 1,600 m (Hilty & Brown 1986). The species is increasing and spreading, often colonising newly deforested areas (Ridgely & Tudor 1989). Acknowledgements I express my gratitude to the tour participants of Andean Birding as well as to Carmen & Irene Bustamante of Bird Ecuador for providing the opportunity to make these observations. Proyecto Gran Sumaco, KfW Development Bank and Fundacion para la Educacion y Desarrollo Integral (FUNEDESIN) provided funding and logistical support for the Sumaco survey. Nathan Rice proffered details concerning specimen records. Jonas Nilsson offered critical remarks on the manuscript and support. Juan Freile refereed the manuscript, whilst Sherry Vogt provided enduring understanding, support, field companionship and fine cooking. References: BirdLife International. 2005. Species factsheet: Haplophaedia lugens. www.birdlife.org (accessed 26 February 2006). Chapman, F. M. 1926. The distribution of bird life in Ecuador. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. 55: 1-784. Clements, J. F. & Shany, N. 2001. A field guide to the birds of Peru. Ibis Publishing, Temecula, CA. Collar, N. J., Crosby, M. J. & Stattersfield, A. J. 1994. Birds to watch 2: the world list of threatened birds. BirdLife International, Cambridge, UK. Collar, N. J., Gonzaga, L. P., Krabbe, N., Madrofio-Nieto, A., Naranjo, L. G., Parker, T. A. & Wege, D. C. 1992. Threatened birds of the Americas: the ICBP/ IUCN Red Data book. International Council for Bird Preservation, Cambridge, UK. Fjeldsa, J. & Krabbe, N. 1990. Birds of the high Andes. Zool. Mus., Univ. of Copenhagen & Apollo Books, Svendborg. Freile, J. F. 2004. Range extensions and other noteworthy and new bird records from mainland Ecuador. Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl. 124: 188-201. Heynen, I. 1999a. Black-throated Brilliant Heliodoxa schreibersii. P. 616 in del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A. & Sargatal, J. (eds.) Handbook of the birds of the world, vol. 5. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. Charles A. Vogt 233 Bull. B.O.C. 2007 127(3) Heynen, I. 1999b. Amethyst-throated Sunangel Heliangelus amethysticollis. P. 636 in del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A. & Sargatal, J. (eds.) Handbook of the birds of the world, vol. 5. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. Heynen, I. 1999c. Hoary Puffleg Haplophaedia lugens. P. 643 in del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A. & Sargatal, J. (eds.) Handbook of the birds of the world, vol. 5. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. Hilty, S. L. 2003. Birds of Venezuela. Princeton Univ. Press. Hilty, S. L. & Brown, W. L. 1986. A guide to the birds of Colombia. Princeton Univ. Press. Jaramillo, A. 2003. The birds of Chile. Princeton Univ. Press. Krabbe, N. K. & Nilsson, J. 2003. Birds of Ecuador. DVD-ROM. Bird Songs International, Westernieland. Krabbe, N. K. & Schulenberg, T. S. 2003. Giant Antpitta Grallaria gigantea and Undulated Antpitta G squamigera. P. 713 in del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A. & Christie, D. A. (eds.) Handbook of the birds of the world, vol. 8. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. Matheus, J. C. 2002. Haplophaedia lugens. P. 370 in Granizo, T., Pacheco, C., Ribadeneira, M. B., Guerrero, M. & Suarez, L. (eds.) 2002. Libro rojo de las aves del Ecuador. SIMBIOE, Conservation International, EcoCiencia, Ministerio del Ambiente & UICN, Quito. Ribadeneira, M. B. 2002. Oryzoborus crassirostris. P. 414 in Granizo, T., Pacheco, C., Ribadeneira, M. B., Guerrero, M. & Suarez, L. (eds.) 2002. Libro rojo de las aves del Ecuador. SIMBIOE, Conservation International, EcoCiencia, Ministerio del Ambiente & UICN, Quito. Ridgely, R. S. & Greenfield, P. J. 2006. Aves del Ecuador. Guia de campo. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia & Fundacion de Conservacion Jocotoco, Quito. Ridgely, R. S. & Greenfield, P. J. 2001. The birds of Ecuador: status, distribution, and taxonomy. Cornell Univ. Press. Ithaca, NY. Ridgely, R. S., Greenfield, P. J. & Guerrero, M. 1998. An annotated list of the birds of mainland Ecuador. Fundacion Ornitoldgica del Ecuador, CECIA, Quito. Ridgely, R. S. & Tudor, G. 1989. The birds of South America, vol. 1. Univ. of Texas Press, Austin. Sick, H. 1993. Birds in Brazil: a natural history. Princeton Univ. Press. Strewe, R. & Navarro, C. 2004. New and noteworthy records of birds from Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta region, north-eastern Colombia. Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl. 124: 38—S1. Address: Andean Birding, Salazar Gomez E-1482 y Eloy Alfaro, Quito, Ecuador, e-mail: charlie@andeanbirding.com © British Ornithologists’ Club 2007 First record of Tyrannine Woodcreeper Dendrocincla tyrannina for Bolivia by Christopher 7. Vogel & Oswaldo Maillard Z. Received 12 Fuly 2006 Two specimens of Tyrannine Woodcreeper Dendrocincla tyrannina were collected, on 22 November 2001, in Area Natural de Manejo Integrado Nacional Apolobamba, Bolivia, dpto. La Paz, prov. Franz Tamayo, near the rio Palcabamba (14°49’S, 68°56’W), at c.2,500 m. The specimens were mist-netted in tall, humid second- growth woodland bordering a cleared pasture, adjacent to primary montane forest, and were prepared as study skins (American Museum of Natural History [AMNH] 834016, 834017). Christopher J. Vogel & Oswaldo Maillard Z. 234 Bull. B.O.C. 2007 127(3) The humid broadleaf evergreen forest in this area has been cleared and has regenerated at various periods in the past, creating a patchwork of mossy, bromeliad-laden forest at various stages of succession, interspersed with clearings, likewise of varied age. The largest trees are c.1.5 m dbh, with crowns approaching 30 m. A dense undergrowth of bamboo (Chusquea spp.), ferns and terrestrial bromeliads is rampant in more recently disturbed areas and in areas of slightly more mature second growth; old landslides also contribute to the mosaic. Tall forest ends rather abruptly at a variable and artificial treeline, usually at c.2,800—3,000 m. The Puya spp. and tall-grass-dominated puna (Poaceae) above the treeline is maintained by local residents through periodic burning. The two Tyrannine Woodcreepers were caught in different mist-nets almost simultaneously. The nets were separated by 50 m; one was in tall second-growth forest, the other a few metres out in a clearing. Both specimens had skulls completely ossified. The male (AMNH 834016) was moulting p6, in addition to being in the process of renewing the central rectrices, with light body moult (on the upper breast); it also had some subcutaneous fat, and its largest testis measured 10 x 5 mm. The female (AMNH 834017) likewise had a completely ossified skull, a granular ovary that measured 7