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Pe beh ie ae hell 2 ee ee eee ae ate dal CTT LoT ee pascal A GUIDE TO THE GENERA AND SPECIES OF PARNASSIINAE (LEPIDOPTERA : PAPILIONIDAE) Pook ACKERY BULLETIN OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) ENTOMOLOGY Vol, 31° No. 4 LONDON §: 1975 i sh " ; ; : ; I ie y : ed ie : .) iV ESS LOY Fo A eee ee a: et BRONTISPIE CE Representatives of the seven genera comprising the Parnassiinae (natural size) Fre. IB. IE, Fic. PIG. ne: Fie. Parnassius apollo apollo (Linnaeus) 2 (Sweden) Sevicinus montela montela Fruhstorfer ¢ (China: Kiangsi) Bhutanitis thaidina thaidina (Blanchard) ¢ (China: Szechwan) Archon apollinus apollinus (Herbst) § (Turkey) Hypermnestrva helios helios Nickerl ¢ (U.S.S.R.: Turkmenistan) Parnalius polvxena polyxena (Denis & Schiffermiller) ¢ (Hungary) Luehdorfia puzilor puziloi (Erschoff) g (U.S.S.R.: Russia, Primorye) A GUIDE TO THE GENERA AND SPECIES OF PARNASSIINAE (LEPIDOPTERA : PAPILIONIDAE) BY, PHILLIP RONALD ACKERY Pp. 71-105; 16 Plates, 32 Text-figures BULLETIN OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) ENTOMOLOGY Vol. 31 No. 4 LONDON : 1975 THE BULLETIN “OF TIHE (BRITISH) MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY), instituted im 1949, 1s assued in five series corresponding to the Departments of the Museum, and an Historical serves. Parts will appear at irregular intervals as they become veady. Volumes will contain about three or four hundred pages, and will not necessarily be completed within one calendar year. In 1965 a@ separate supplementary series of longer papers was instituted, numbered serially for each Department. This paper is Vol. 31 No. 4 of the Entomological series. The abbreviated titles of periodicals cited follow those of the World List of Scientific Periodicals. World List abbreviation Bull. Br. Mus. nat. Hist. (Ent.). © Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History), 1975 LTRUSTEBRS OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) Issued 7 February, 1975 Price £4.80 Peele TO THE GENERA AND SPECIES OF PARNASSIINAE (LEPIDOPTERA : PAPILIONIDAE) By P. R. ACKERY CONTENTS Page SYNOPSIS A 5 : : ° ; ° : : : ; HS INTRODUCTION ; : ° 5 : : : 5 : ; 73 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS : 5 . 5 : : : 74 KEY TO THE GENERA OF PARNASSIINAE. : 5 74 NOTES ON THE GENERA, WITH KEYS TO THE SPECIES WHERE APPLICABLE . 75 Archon Hiibner . : : A ‘ : : : : 75 Hypermnestra iene cries) : : : : : : 6 . 75 Parnassius Latreille : : : 4 5 2 i 5 F 70 Sericinus Westwood : . F ; : a ‘ ‘ ; 90 Parnalius Rafinesque . . ; : : : 5 : ‘ fore) Luehdorfia Criiger . ; : : 4 ; 5 5 ‘ ‘ 2 Bhutanitis Atkinson ‘ ‘ 3 5 : 5 s , ‘ 93 REFERENCES . : : : : : 3 : : : : 94 PND EK 7% : 5 : ; : : : : : : : 105 SYNOPSIS Illustrated keys are given to the seven genera and 44 species of Parnassiinae here recognized, together with brief notes on the distribution and larval food plants of each species. For polytypic species a list is given of the subspecies that differ most markedly from the typical form. One generic synonym is newly established. INTRODUCTION THE inconsistency of the wing pattern within many species of the Parnassiinae has inspired the description of numerous subspecies and forms, principally in the works of Fruhstorfer, Bang-Haas, Bryk and Eisner. Thus, although the literature is extensive, it is concerned mainly with intra-specific variation rather than the definition and identification of the recognized species. Bryk (1934; 1935) includes keys to the Parnassiinae in his extensive monograph; however, the lack of availability of this work, together with the great emphasis placed on variation within species throughout the study, renders it unsuitable as a ready means of identification to species. It is hoped that this present work will to some degree fill this apparent gap in the literature available to lepidopterists interested in the Parnassiinae. There has been considerable difference of opinion concerning the higher classifica- tion of this subfamily, the two tribes here recognized, the Parnassiini and Zerynthiini, being regarded by Bryk (1934; 1935) and Ford (1944) as subfamilies, while Clench 74 P. R. ACKERY (1955) and Hemming (1960) have suggested that they be accredited with family status. I have followed Ehrlich (1958) and Munroe (1960) in treating the two groups as tribes which together form the subfamily Parnassiinae. At the generic and specific levels there has been more general agreement, except over the status of the genus Parnassius and its species (see pp. 76-77). Sericinus, Archon and Hypermnestrva are at present monotypic, Bhutanitis contains four species and the far-eastern genus Luehdorfia consists of two species. Allancastnia, hitherto a valid monotypic genus, is here considered to be a junior synonym of Parnalius, which now includes three species. I have adopted Munroe’s (1960) broad concept of Parnassius, which is regarded here as comprising 32 species. Examples of each genus are illustrated in the Frontispiece, figs 1-7. To include notes on all the described forms is certainly not the purpose of this work. I have, however, listed under the relevant species some of those subspecies that seem to differ most markedly from the more typical forms, together with their localities and points of difference. No attempt has been made to produce a comprehensive list of all the subspecies described. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I wish to thank Mr R. I. Vane-Wright for his help in the preparation of this work together with Messrs C. F. Huggins, R. L. Smiles and M. A. Kirby whose helpful suggestions led to many improvements, particularly in the key to Parnassius. I also extend my thanks to Messrs T. G. Howarth, H. K. Clench, H. J. Epstein, O. Kudrna, A. Tsvetejev, P. M. Hammond, R. B. Grubh, J. C. Eisner, Suguru Igarashi and Kazuo Saitoh. To Mr P. York and Mr F. EECnON Ay, I am indebted for the production of the photographs. KEY TO THE GENERA OF PARNASSIINAE I Outer margin of hindwing rounded, without tails . : : (Parnassiini) 2 - Tails of various lengths present on the outer margin of hindwing (Zerynthiini) 4 2 (1) Claspers of male narrow (Text-fig. 1) ; forewing with five radial veins (Text-fig. 18) ARCHON Hiibner (p. 75) ~ Claspers of male various, never narrow; forewing with four radial veins . 3 3 (2) Male tarsal claws equal (Text-fig. 29) . . HYPERMNESTRA Menetries (p.. 75) Male tarsal claws sub-equal (Text-fig. 30) . . PARNASSIUS Latreille (p. 76) 4 (1) Vein M, of hindwing produced to a short tapering or rounded tooth (Text-figs 17, 19) : . PARNALIUS Rafinesque (p. 90) -- Vein M, of hindyane produced fe a Hess: caller. ; 5 5 (4) Uncus short, bifid (Text-fig. 16); hindwing tail on vein M, longer than the discal cell of hindwing; vein R, of qe usually arising from discal cell (Text-fig. 26) : 2 . SERICINUS Westwood (p. 90) - Uncus elongate, bifid; hindaine tal on vein J, no longer than the discal cell; vein R, normally stalked with Rais 6 ots) Precel cell wide; tails well developed on veins ene and fois a uae ing (Text-fig. 25); internal ventral surface of claspers smooth (Text-figs 14, I >) BHUTANITIS Atkinson (p. 93) GENE RAVAND SPECIES OF PAKNASSIINAE 75 - Precostal cell narrow; tails rudimentary on veins Cu,;, and Cu,p of hindwing (Text-fig. 23); internal ventral surface of claspers spinose (Text-figs 12, 13) LUEHDORFIA Criiger (p. 92) NOES ON LHE GENERA, WIth KEYS TO THE SPECIES WHERE APPLICABLE Tribe PARNASSIINI Parnassinae Swainson, 1840 : 87, 90. Type-genus: Parnassius Latreille. ARCHON Hibner [Dovitts Fabricius sensu Hiibner, [1819] : 86.] Archon Hiibner, [1822]: 2, 6, 8, 9. Type-species: Papilio thia Hiibner, by subsequent designation (Scudder, 1875 : 117). Dovarchon Rothschild, 1918 : 219. Type-species: Papilio apollinus Herbst, by monotypy. Archon Hiibner; Bryk, 1934 : 19. Archon Hiibner; Munroe, 1960 : Io. The name Doritis is still commonly used for this taxon, although Papilio apollo Linnaeus is clearly the type-species of Dorvitis, not Papilio apollinus Herbst as was erroneously believed. Archon apollinus (Herbst) (Pla, figs a,.2) Text-figs 1,/ 18) Papilio apollinus Herbst, 1798 : 156. Papilio thia Hiibner, [1806] : 60. Archon apollinus (Herbst); Bryk, 1922 : 224; 1934 : 23. Archon apollinus (Herbst); Eisner, 1966 : 89. DISTRIBUTION. Rumania. Bulgaria. Turkey. U.S.S.R.: Armenia, Turk- menistan. Greece. Syria. Iraq. Lebanon. Israel. LARVAL FOOD PLANTS. Aristolochia hastata (Higgins & Riley, 1970). A. bodame (Bryk, 1934). A. maurorum (Suguru Igarashi, in litt.). HYPERMNESTRA Menétriés Ismene Nickerl, 1846: 207. Type-species: Ismene helios Nickerl, by monotypy. [Junior homonym of both Ismene Savigny, 1816, and Ismene Swainson, 1820.] Hypermnestva Ménétriés, 1848 : pl. 6, fig. 1. [Replacement name for Ismene Nickerl.] Hypermnestva Ménétriés; Bryk, 1935 : 4. Hypermnestra Ménétriés; Munroe, 1960 : Io. Ehrlich (1958) says that there are reports of Parnassius species in which the males have nearly symmetrical claws as in Hypermnestra Ménétriés; however, | have always found the tarsal claws of male Parnassius to be subequal. 76 Pook. AGKE RY, Hypermnestra helios (Nickerl) (Pl. 1, figs 3, 4, Text-figs 2, 20, 29) Ismene helios Nickerl, 1846 : 208, pl. 3, figs a-g. Hypermnestra helios (Nickerl); Bryk, 1935 : 7. Hypermnestra helios (Nickerl); Eisner, 1966 : 121. DISTRIBUTION. Iran. Afghanistan. U.S.S.R.: Uzbekistan, Kirghizia. LARVAL FOOD PLANTS. Zygophyllum (Munroe, 1960). Z. turcomanicum (Verity, 1906). Z. atriplicoides (Bryk, 1935). Z. fabago, Z. portulacoides (Eisner, 1968). Z. gontsharovit (Stschetkin, 1963). PARNASSIUS Latreille Parnassius Latreille, 1804 : 185, 199. Type-species: Papilio apolio Linnaeus, by monotypy. Doritis Fabricius, 1807 : 283. Type-species: Papilio apollo Linnaeus, by subsequent designation (Dalman, 1816 : 60). Tadumia Moore, 1902 :116. Type-species: Parnassius acco Gray, by original designation. [Synonymized by Munroe, 1960: 11.] Kailasius Moore, 1902:118. Type-species: Parnassius charlionius Gray, by original designation. [Synonymized by Munroe, 1960 : I11I.] Koramius Moore, 1902 :120. Type-species: Parnassius delphius Eversmann, by original designation. [Synonymized by Munroe, 1960 : I1.] Lingamius Bryk, 1935 : 538-540. Type-species: Parnassius havdwickii Gray, by original designation. [Synonymized by Munroe, 1960 : I1I.] Eukovamius Bryk, 1935 : 630, 673-674. Type-species: Parnassius impevator Oberthiir, by monotypy. [Synonymized by Munroe, 1960 : 11.]} Bryk (1935) divides Parnassius into five genera on the basis of differences in the wing venation and relative lengths of the foretibial epiphysis. As shown by Munroe (1960) the groups so defined do not agree with those indicated by the male genitalia. Iam adopting Munroe’s broad concept of this genus, but not his suggested division into two subgenera, Parnassius s. str. and Doritis. The latter name cannot have any valid use as it is a junior objective synonym of Parnassius. Elwes (1886) attempted to define the limits of the species, focusing attention on the wide differences in the shape of the sphragis. The comparative morphology of the species is discussed by Hering (1932) who recognizes only six distinct species, this arrangement being followed by Fisher (1950). A revision of the mmemosyne group is presented by Miiller (1973), partly based on new morphological characters derived from the comparative structure and arrangement of the wing scales. Valuable information on this genus is to be found in some of the faunistic studies on butterflies. Kurentsov (1970) illustrates and discusses the Parnassius of the eastern U.S.S.R. and the distinguishing characters exhibited by the three western Palaearctic species are given by Higgins & Riley (1970). Yokohama & Wakabayashi (1968) illustrate the representatives in the Japanese fauna, whilst five species are included by Seok (1939) in his check list of Korean butterflies. The Asian species, nomion Fischer de Waldheim, is doubtfully listed by Wilson (1961) in his identification key of North American Papilionidae, but excluded by Dos Passos (1964). GENERA AND SPECIES OF PARNASSIINAE 77 The studies of the Indian fauna provide useful keys, notably in the works of Evans (1927) and Talbot (1939). A complete key to the 34 species then recognized is given by Bryk (1935). Munroe (1960) notes 37 species, five more than Eisner (1966), but the only species included here are those listed by Eisner in his index to the ‘Parnassiana’ and ‘Parnassius Nova’ series. The apparent uniformity of structure within the species-groups, as defined by Munroe (1960), together with the multiplicity of variations in the wing pattern within most of the species, presents some difficulty in the preparation of a key to the species of Parnassius. The wing pattern is used as the principal means of differentiating between the species since the structural characters derived from the genitalia, wing venation, sphragis and foretibial epiphysis, are generally applicable at the species-group level only. As the following key is based on wing pattern at the species level, it is to be expected that atypical specimens, particularly in the actius-yacquemoniu-phoebus subgroup, will not always run out satisfactorily. It must therefore be emphasized that the present work should be used only as a guide. This genus is generally distributed throughout the mountainous and northern areas of the Palaearctic and western Nearctic regions, the inaccessibility of many likely localities probably accounting for the rarity of some species. KEY TO THE SPECIES OF PARNASSIUS LATREILLE I Uncus normally plainly visible, spatulate, lying between the two elongate processes on the tenth tergite (Text-fig. 31); sphragis keeled and with a simple, single, backward-pointing flange (Pl. 15, fig. 98) [keel lacking in epaphus Oberthiir]; hindwing upperside lacking submarginal series of blue spots . . 2 - Uncus sometimes sqelosed on eighth setae terpite ‘aud binds never spatulate (Text-fig. 32) [simple and truncate in simo Gray]; sphragis various, never keeled and always lacking a single backward-pointing flange (Pl. 15, figs 99-105); hindwing upperside often with submarginal series of blue centred spots : : : : : : : s . 16 2 (i) Antennae dark, lacking wate scales : : : : ; : ; : 3 - Antennae with some white scales ‘ 5 3 (2) Submarginal band of forewing and hindwi me proked a ite a Higa series of internervular black spots (Pl. 1, figs 5, 6) . apollonius (Eversmann) (p. 80) - Submarginal band of hindwing indistinct or absent ‘ 4 (3) Pubescence of body mostly pale beneath; wing veins above sxuspamally distinct, with a covering of black scales; forewing above usually lacking red markings (Pl. 2, figs9, 10) . 3 bremeri Bremer (p. 81) = Body clothed with thick black suneseenue Benet wing veins above without black scales; forewing above usually with red markings (Pl. 1, figs 7, 8) honrathi Staudinger (p. 80) 5 (2) Scaling of antennae, excluding the club, completely white above = Scaling of antennae, excluding the club, dark and white above. Fi 6 (5) Margins distinctly chequered, being black about the wing veins and white in the internervular areas; upper surface of hindwing often with a distinct red basal spot (Pl. 3, figs Teoclcs) eine . nomion Fischer de Waldheim (p. 82) = Margins usually white, sometimes indistinctly chequered; upper surface of hindwing seldom with a red basal spot (PI. 3, figs 23, 24) apollo (Linnaeus) (p. 83) oOo loin ST 10 (9) II (10) POR. ACKERY Mates; G.- : : . : - : : : : : : : 8 Females . : ° : . ; : : 12 Eighth abdominal tergite rounded aoe eat : : : : ‘ 9 Eighth abdominal tergite pointed posterio-laterally . : : sme) Marginal and submarginal forewing bands poorly developed; prone cole of upperside creamy white; discal spot in cell Cu,, of forewing upperside absent or rudimentary, seldom distinctly scaled below and never centred with red) (Ple2 shen aa) : : phoebus (Fabricius) (p. Marginal and submarginal bands of eee well developed; ground colour of upperside grey-white, often distinctly dusted with black; discal spot in cell Cu,, of forewing upperside usually present, distinctly scaled below and often centred with red (PI. 3, fig. 21) tianschanicus Oberthiir (p. Basal red spot usually present in hindwing upperside; discal spot in cell Cup of forewing underside often heavily scaled, sometimes centred with red (Pl 2. Gs. 15) jacquemontii Boisduval (p. Basal red spot normally absent a the hindeine upperside, if present the discal spot in cell Cu, of forewing underside is ara scaled, not centred with red : : II Black basal scaling eee eats oa ens of forewings eee distinctly chequered, being black about the veins and white in the inter- nervular areas (Pl. 3, fig.19) . : epaphus Oberthiir (p. 82) Black basal scaling usually less extensive; eee of forewing seldom distinctly chequered (PI. 2, fig. 13) : actius (Eversmann) (p. 81) Sphragis lacking a keel (Pl. 3, fig. eal epaphus Oberthiir (p. 82) Sphragis strongly keeled . : 13 Discal spot in cell Cu, of forewing asses dighactig ie oe peal spat never present in hindwing upperside; upperside distinctly dusted with black scales (Pl. 3, fig. 22) : tianschanicus Oberthiir (p. Discal spot in cell Cu, of (ieee underside normally only lightly scaled, if distinctly scaled then red basal spot normally present in oes upperside; upperside not distinctly dusted with black : : 14 Abdomen usually hairy, almost as much so as the male [Asian species only] (Pl2) fig. 14). 4 actius ‘ee (p. Abdomen not exceptionally hairy [except European phoebus] : 15 Hindwing upperside normally with a distinct red basal spot [Asian species only] (Pl. 2, fig. 16) : : jacquemontii Boisduval (p. Hindwing upperside seldom with a cane red basal spot [N. American, European & Asian species] (Pl. 2, fig. 12) phoebus (Fabricius) (p. Foretibial epiphysis short, not reaching the end of the tibia (Text-fig. 27); hindwing upperside without a submarginal series of blue spots (except orleans Oberthiir) : 17 Foretibial epiphysis longer, ee Bas the ead of ae He (fee fig. 28) ; hindwing upperside usually with a submarginal series of blue spots . . 2 Hindwing underside lacking red ocelli ‘ : ‘ : , : : 18 Hindwing underside usually with red ocelli : : : 20 Outer surface of palpi dark, occasionally with a few light yellow inate face lacking white hairs; bifid uncus with sat ventral processes (Text-fig. Pl. 4, figs 29, 30) glacialis aoe (p. 84) Outer surface of palpi with white sna Sci with some white hairs; bifid uncus without ventral processes. 19 Forewing upperside usually with two pik ines in the dizeat cal ee of male weakly produced posteriorly, never ending in a long thin point (Pl. 4, figs 25, 26) mnemosyne (Linnaeus) (p. 83) 22 (20) 23 (22) GENERA AND SPECIES OF PARNASSIINAE Forewing upperside without two black spots in the discal cell; clasper of male strongly produced posteriorly, ending in a long thin point (Pl. 4, figs 27, 28) Face usually with golden yellow pubescence. Pubescence of face black, pale yellow or white Basal black scaling of hindwing upperside sharply Wieeren ented margins of hindwing underside black; wings of male often yellow (Pl. 4, figs 31, 32, Pl. 5, figs 33, 34) Basal dark scaling of nian upperside TOE sharply divided from the white ground colour; margins of hindwing underside partly white; wings of male never yellow (Pl. 5, figs 39, 40) Hindwing upperside and underside with a submarginal series of internervular blue-centred spots; margins of forewing upperside usually distinctly chequered, black about the veins and white in the internervular areas (Pl. 6, figs 41, 42) Hindwing upperside jacking ‘sli canned Pneeeneerulce spots; forewing margins never divided into distinct black and white areas : : : Forewing apex largely hyaline, the submarginal internervular markings usually absent, if present pale and indistinct; veins of hindwing underside pale (Pl. 5; figs 35; 36) . Forewing above with submarginal feaie cna markings forming a distinct band in the wing apex; veins of hindwing underside dark (PI. 5, figs 37, 38) ariadne Lederer (p. Vein FR, stalked with vein R,_;, not arising from discal cell (Text-fig 24) Vein Ff, arising from discal cell (Text-figs 21, 22) : : : Hindwing upperside usually with large red postdiscal spots . Red postdiscal spots of hindwing upperside small or absent . Hindwing blue-black internervular submarginal spots absent from gel ae sphragis straight (Pl. 9, figs 67, 68, Pl. 15, fig. 105) Hindwing blue-black internervular submarginal spot present in cell f&;; sphragis coiled (Pl. 9, figs 65, 66, Pl. 15, fig. 104) Hindwing upperside without red markings but with an orange postdiscal band, wide in female, narrow in male (PI. 9, figs 71, 72) Hindwing upperside with red Meee and lacking an orange postdiscal band (Pl. 9, figs 69, 70) : ‘ ‘ Vein R, anastomosing with vein wie (Text-fig. 21) Vein R, not anastomosing with vein FR, (Text-fig. 22) Foncicine upperside usually with ieee blue-centred Sie eae apes: sphragis large, bilobate (Pl. 8, figs 63, 64, Pl. 15, fig. 103) imperator Oberthiir (p. § Hindwing upperside seldom with large blue-centred submarginal spots; sphra ee never bilobate Uncus short, strongly bifid: site normally eterally anetened! (oarne a complete ring about the abdomen (PI. 7, figs 51, 52, 53, 54) Uncus simple or weakly bifid; sphragis never laterally flattened or forming a complete ring about the abdomen Uncus short, simple (Text-fig. 8); sphragis andiimnantene anda Gniderside with few postdiscal spots (Pl. Io, figs 73, 74) Uncus elongate, weakly bifid (Text-fig. 3); sphragis well formed, distinct; hindwing underside with a edn row of postdiscal spots (Pl. Io, figs 75, 7) Clasper broad; eeaaal process half o io: thirds the length of the clasper (Text-figs 4, 5); sphragis simple, usually laterally flattened (Pl. 15, fig. 100) . stubbendorfii Ménétriés (p. eversmanni Ménétriés (p. clodius Ménétriés (p. orleans Oberthiir (p. nordmanni (Nordmann) (p. inopinatus Kotzsch (p. charltonius Gray (p. autocrator Avinoff (p. loxias Piingeler (p. acco Gray (p. simo Gray (p. tenedius Eversmann (p. 85) 85) 86) 5 (32) 36 (35) Po ROA GIGE RY Clasper narrow, distally pointed; internal process one-third the length of the clasper (Text-fig. 7) ; sphragis bilobate (Pl. 15, figs oI, 102). : Veins of hindwing underside bordered with white scales which cover the veins (Pl. 6, figs 45, 46) ; : szechenyii Frivaldsky (p. 86) Wing veins clearly visible, not paver by white scales 34 Male with a distinct row of bristles anterior to the uncus; plespea prodiecd dorsally to a distinct angle (Text-fig. 4); submarginal blue spots of hindwing upperside usually centred with white (PI. 6, figs 43, 44) hardwickii Gray (p. 86) Male without a distinct row of bristles anterior to the uncus; clasper large, rounded; submarginal spots of hindwing upperside, when present, seldom centred with white (Pl. 6, figs 47, 48) . . cephalus Grum-Grshimailo (p. 86) Sclerotized area of male eighth abdominal tergite produced posteriorly to give two finger-like projections; sphragis produced backwards, forming two lateral points (Pl. 15, fig. 101); basal black scaling of hindwing upperside usually very extensive, often surrounding the red ocelli of hindwing above (Pl. 8, figs 61, 62) : s acdestis Grum-Grshimailo (p. 87) Sclerotized area of male eighth edoniacil tergite not strongly produced, never with finger-like projections ; sphragis produced backwards to form two ventral lobes (Pl. 15, fig. 102); basal black scaling of hindwing upperside usually rather less extensive Submarginal spots of hindwing moperide nents distinct and centred with blue (PI. 8, figs 57, 58, 59, 60) ‘ ‘ ; delphius (Eversmann) (p. 87) Submarginal spots of hindwing upperside, when present, paler and not centred with blue (Pl. 7, figs 55, 56) . : ; : ; patricius Niepelt (p. 87) 35 36 THE APOLLO-GROUP Parnassius apollonius (Eversmann) (Pl. 1, figs 5, 6) Doritis apollonius Eversmann, 1847 : 71, pl. 3, figs I, 2. Parnassius apollonius (Eversmann); Bryk, 1935 : 176. Parnassius apollonius (Eversmann); Eisner, 1966 : 89. DISTRIBUTION. U.S.S.R.: Uzbekistan, Tadzhikistan, Kirghizia. China: western Sinkiang. LARVAL FOOD PLANTS. Salsola (Elwes, 1886). Scabiosa (Stichel, 19070). Radiola semenovt (A. Tsvetajev, pers. com.) Parnassius honrathi Staudinger (Pl. x, figs 7, 8) Parnassius honvathi Staudinger, 1882 : 161, pl. 1, figs 4, 5a, pl. 2, fig. 5. Parnassius honvathi Staudinger & Bang-Haas; Bryk, 1935 : 185. Parnassius honrathi Staudinger & Bang-Haas; Eisner, 1966 : 122. DisTRipuTION. Afghanistan. U.S.S.R.: Tadzhikistan. GENERA AND SPECIES OF PARNASSIINAE 81 Parnassius bremeri Bremer (Pl. 2, figs 9, ro) Parnassius bremevi Bremer, 1864 : 6 (Felder in litt.). Parnassius bremeri Bremer; Felder & Felder, 1865 : 133. Parnassius bremert Bremer; Bryk, 1935 : 190. Parnassius bremevt Bremer; Eisner, 1966 : 94. DISTRIBUTION. China: Heilunkiang, Shansi, Hopei. U.S.S.R.: Russia (Chita, Khabarovsk, Sakhalin, Kamchatka). Korea. LARVAL FOOD PLANTS. Various species of Sedum (Stichel, 19070). S. atzon, S. wschida, S. ussuriensis, S. quadriflorum (Kurentsov, 1970). Parnassius phoebus (Fabricius) (Pi 2 figs 11, 12, Vext-fie. 31) Papilio phoebus Fabricius, 1793 : 181. Parnassius phoebus (Fabricius); Bryk, 1935 : 206. Parnassius phoebus (Fabricius) ; Eisner, 1966 : 157. DISTRIBUTION. Europe: Italy, Austria and Switzerland. [Maritime Alps and eastward to Styria and Grossglockner, rare in north, occasional in Allgauer Alps (Higgins & Riley, 1970).] U.S.A.: Alaska, Washington, Idaho, Montana, Dakota, Wyoming, California, Nevada, Utah, Colorado, New Mexico. Canada: British Columbia, Alberta. China: Sinkiang. U.S.S.R.: Russia (Irkutsk, Amur), Kazakhstan. Mongolia. LARVAL FOOD PLANTS. Saxifraga aizioides, Sempervivum montanum (Higgins & Riley, 1970). Sedum stenopetalum, Sempervivum and Saxifraga (Wilson, 1961). Sedum telephium, S. fabria, S. album, S. roseum and Sempervivum tectorum (Bryk, 1935). Saxifraga calycina, S. nivalis (Kurentsov, 1970). Carex filifolia, Gayophytum diffusum, Phlox douglasti, Sedum debile, S. obtusatum, S. wright (Tietz, 1972). Sedum lanceolatum (=stenopetalum) (Scott, 1973). Parnassius actius (Eversmann) (Bis25 igs 13, 14) Doritis actius Eversmann, 1843 : 540, pl. 9, figs 2a, b. Parnassius actius (Eversmann); Bryk, 1935 : 249. Parnassius actius (Eversmann); Eisner, 1966 : 82. DisTRIBUTION. Afghanistan. U.S.S.R.: Tadzhikistan, Kirghizia, Kazakhstan. China: Sinkiang, Kansu. Pakistan. Kashmir. Parnassius jacquemontii Boisduval (Pl. 2, figs 15, 16) Parnassius jacquemontii Boisduval, 1836 : 400. Parnassius jacquemontii Boisduval; Bryk, 1935 : 257. 82 PLR. ACKERY Parnassius jacquemontit Boisduvai; Eisner, 1966 : 128. Parnassius jacquemontit Boisduval; Ackery, 1973 : 6. DISTRIBUTION. Afghanistan. U.S.S.R.: Tadzhikistan, Uzbekistan. China: Sinkiang, Kansu, Szechwan. N.India. Pakistan. Tibet. Variable species. Red basal spot sometimes absent. Superficially many forms resemble efaphus Oberthiir, but the sphragis of the female always bears a keel. Subsp. mercurius Grum-Grshimailo [Tibet, Amdo], subsp. jupiterius Bang-Haas ‘Kansu, Pullow mont, Minschan], subsp. tatungi Bryk & Eisner [Kansu, Richthofen Mts, Nanschan Mts]. Wing margins distinctly chequered. Subsp. thibetanus Leech [Szechwan, How-Kow, Ta-tsien-lou]. Dusted with black scales. Parnassius epaphus Oberthtir (Pl. 3, figs 19, 20) Parnassius epaphus Oberthiir, 1879 : 23. Parnassius epaphus Oberthiir; Bryk, 1935 : 270. Parnassius epaphus Oberthiir; Eisner, 1966 : 106. Parnassius epaphus Oberthiir; Ackery, 1973: 5. DISTRIBUTION. Afghanistan. Pakistan. Kashmir. N. India. Nepal. Sikkim. Tibet. China: Sinkiang, Szechwan, Kansu, Tsinghai. Variable species. Red basal spot sometimes present causing many specimens to resemble jacguemontw Boisduval, but sphragis always without a keel. Parnassius tianschanicus Oberthtir (PL 3, figs 21,22) Parnassius corybas var. tianschanicus Oberthiir, 1879 : 108. Parnassius tianschanicus Oberthiir; Bryk, 1935 : 288. Parnassius tianschanicus Oberthiir; Eisner, 1966 : 184. DISTRIBUTION. U.S.S.R.: Uzbekistan, Tadzhikistan, Kirghizia. Afghanistan. Pakistan. Kashmir. China: Sinkiang. Parnassius nomion Fischer de Waldheim (Pl 2. es 17. XS) Parnassius nomion Fischer de Waldheim, 1823 : 242, pl. 6, figs 3, 4. Papilio apollo var. nomion; Geyer, [1838] : pl. 207, fig. 1029. Parnassius nomion Hiibner; Bryk, 1935 : 300. Parnassius nomion Hiibner; Eisner, 1966 : 149. DIsTRIBUTION. Mongolia. U.S.S.R.: Russia (Irkutsk, Buryat, Amur, Khabarovsk, Altay). China: Kansu, Tsinghai, Shensi, Heilungkiang, Liaoning. Korea. U.S.A.: Alaska? GENERA AND SPECIES OF PARNASSIINAE 83 LARVAL FOOD PLANTS: Yellow-flowered Sedum (Elwes, 1886). S. album (Bryk, 1935). Red basal spot sometimes absent causing specimens to resemble apollo Linnaeus. Subsp. epaphoides Bryk & Eisner [Kansu, Richthofen Mts.]. Much smaller than the typical form. Parnassius apollo (Linnaeus) (Bl 2, fies, 23,24, Pi15, fig..08) Papilio apollo Linnaeus, 1758 : 465. Parnassius apolio (Linnaeus); Latreille, 1804 : 199. Parnassius apollo (Linnaeus); Bryk, 1935 : 325. Payrnassius apollo (Linnaeus); Eisner, 1966 : 89. DISTRIBUTION. Sweden. Finland. Poland. Germany. France. Spain. Switzerland. Austria. Czechoslovakia. Hungary. Rumania. Italy. Bulgaria. Greece. Albania. Turkey. Syria. U.S.S.R.: Latvia, Lithuania, Ukraine, Armenia, Caucasus, Russia (Orel, Ural Mountains, Omsk, Altay, Tuva). China: Sinkiang. Mongolia. LARVAL FOOD PLANTS: Stonecrop; Sedum, especially S. album, S. telephium, S. purpurascens, and Sempervivum (Higgins & Riley, 1970). Sedum acre (Rebel & Rogenhofer, 1893). S. annuum, S. villosum and S. roseum (Eisner, 1958). S. maximum (Holik, 1937). Subsp. geminus Stichel (Switzerland: Grindelwald). Faintly yellowish, red spots smaller. Subsp. bartholomaeus Stichel [Germany: K6nigsee]. Small, male heavily marked above. Subsp. rhodopensis Markovic [Bulgaria: Rila Planina, Rhodopi Planina]. Very large. Subsp. nevadensis Oberthtir [Spain: Sierra Nevada]. Male above with yellow ocelli. Subsp. sicilae Oberthiir [Sicily]. Very small (Higgins & Riley, 1970). THE MNEMOSY NE-GRovupP Parnassius mnemosyne (Linnaeus) (Pl: 4; figs. 25, 26, Pl. 15, fig. 99, Text-fg. 32) Papilio mnemosyne Linnaeus, 1758 : 465. Parnassius mnemosyne (Linnaeus); Bryk, 1935 : 19. Parnassius mnemosyne (Linnaeus); Eisner, 1966 : 142. DISTRIBUTION. Finland. Sweden. Denmark (Baltic Islands). Germany. France. Spain. Switzerland. Italy. Austria. Poland. Czechoslovakia. Hungary. Yugoslavia. Rumania. Bulgaria. Albania. Greece. Turkey. Syria. Lebanon. Iraq. Iran. Afghanistan. U.S.S.R.: Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Tadzhikistan, Kirghizia, Russia (Mordov, Ural Mountains). 84 P. R. ACKERY LARVAL FOOD PLANTS. Corydalis (Higgins & Riley, 1970). C. cava and C. hellert (Bryk, 1935). C. solida (Rebel & Rogenhofer, 1893). C. parnanica (Kolar, 1937). C. intermedia (Eisner, 1958). Parnassius stubbendorfii Ménétriés (Pl. 4, figs 27, 28) Parnassius stubbendorfii Ménétriés, 1849 : 273, pl. 6, fig. 2. Parnassius stubbendorfi Ménétriés; Bryk, 1935 : 107. Parnassius stubbendorfi Ménétriés; Eisner, 1966 : 179. DISTRIBUTION. U.S.S.R.: Russia (Altay, Tuva, Buryat, Chita, Amur, Khabarovsk, Primorye, Sakhalin, Kurile Islands). Mongolia. Tibet. Korea. China: Heilungkiang, Kansu, Szechwan, Tsinghai. Japan: Hokkaido. LARVAL FOOD PLANTS. Corydalis ambigua, C. giganiaea (Kurentsov, 1970). Aristolochia debilis (Lee, 1958). Parnassius glacialis Butler (Pl. 4, figs 29, 30, Text-fig. 6) Parnassius glacialis Butler, 1866 : 50. Parnassius stubbendorjfi glacialis Butler; Bryk, 1935 : 128. Parnassius glacialis Butler; Eisner, 1966 : 117. Parnassius glacialis Butler; Ackery, 1973 : 7. DISTRIBUTION. Japan: Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku. Korea. China: Hupeh, Shangtung, Kiangsu, Anhwei, Chekiang. LARVAL FOOD PLANTS. Corydalis incisa, C. ambigua, C. decumbens and C. remota (Suguru Igarashi, in litt). Avzstolochia debilts (Lee, 1958). Parnassius eversmanni Ménétriés (Pl. 4, figs 31, 32, Pl. 5, figs 33, 34) Parnassius eversmanni Ménétriés, 1855 : 73, pl. I, fig. 2. Parnassius eversmanni Ménétriés; Hemming, 1934 : 199. Parnassius eversmannit Ménétriés; Bryk, 1935 : 133. Parnassius eversmanni Ménétriés; Eisner, 1966 : 108. DISTRIBUTION. U.S.S.R.: Russia (Irkutsk, Buryat, Primorye, Khabarovsk, Tuva, Chita, Yakut, Magadan, Kamchatka, Yevrey). Mongolia. Japan: Hokkaido. U.S.A.: Alaska. LARVAL FOOD PLANTS. Corydalis gigantea (Fumariaceae) (Wilson, 1961). Dicentra peregrina (Suguru Igarashi, in litt.). Subsp. felderi Bremer [U.S.S.R.: Russia (Amur, Khabarovsk, Yevrey)]. ey GENERA AND SPECIES OF PARNASSIINAE 85 Yellow pigment absent in male. Postdiscal and costal spots often black. Superficially similar to glacizalis Butler. Parnassius nordmanni (Nordmann) (Pl. 5, figs 35, 36) Doritis nordmanni Nordmann, 1851 : 423, pl. 13, figs 1-3. Parnassius nordmanni (Nordmann); Hemming, 1934 : 198. Parnassius nordmanni Ménétriés; Bryk, 1935 : 140. Parnassius novdmanni Ménétriés; Eisner, 1966 : 149. DistRIBUcION. U.S.:S.R.: Caucasus. Parnassius ariadne Lederer (Pl. 5, figs 37, 38) Doritis clarius Eversmann, 1843 : 539, pl. 9, figs 1A, B, C (nec clarius Hiibner, [1806] : 61, nota 6). Parnassius ariadne Lederer, 1853 : 354. Parnassius ariadne Lederer; Hemming, 1934 : 198. Parnassius clarius (Eversmann); Bryk, 1935 : 151. Parnassius clarius (Eversmann); Eisner, 1966 : 98. DISTRIBUTION. U.S.S.R.: Russia (Altay), Tadzhikistan. Western Mongolia. Parnassius clodius Ménétriés | (Pl. 5, figs 39, 40) | Parnassius clodius Ménétriés, 1855 : 7. | Parnassius clodius Ménétriés; Bryk, 1935 : 156. Parnassius clodius Ménétriés; Eisner, 1966 : 98. | DISTRIBUTION. U.S.A.: Alaska, Washington, Idaho, Montana, Wyoming, | Oregon, Nevada. Canada: British Columbia. ! LARVAL FOOD PLANTS. Vola, Sedum (Stonecrop), Vaccinium?, Rubus? (Wilson, 1961). Saxifraga sp., Vitis californica (Tietz, 1972). Parnassius orleans Oberthtir (Pl6; fies 41742, Lext-tie. 27) Parnassius orleans Oberthtir, 1890 : I. Parnassius orleans Oberthiir, 1891 : 8, 18, pl. 1, fig. 2. Parnassius orleans Oberthtir; Bryk, 1935 : 163. Parnassius orleans Oberthtir; Eisner, 1966 : 154. DISTRIBUTION. Tibet. Mongolia. China: Sinkiang, Tsinghai, Kansu, Shensi, Szechwan, Yunnan. 86 PooRK) ACKERY THe HARDWICKII-GRoup Parnassius hardwickti Gray (Pl. 6, figs 43, 44, Text-fig. 4) Parnassius havdwicku Gray, 1831 : 32. Lingamius hardwicket (Gray); Bryk, 1935 : 541. Lingamius hardwicket (Gray); Eisner, 1966 : 120. DISTRIBUTION. Kashmir. N. India. Nepal. Sikkim. Bhutan. LARVAL FOOD PLANTS. Various species of Saxifrage (Moore, 1902). Superficially similar to ovleans Oberthiir but normally distinguishable by the white-centred, blue, submarginal series of spots on the hindwing upperside. Tue SZECHENYII-Grovp Parnassius szechenyii Frivaldszky (Pl. 6, figs 45, 46, Pl. 15, fig. 100, Text-fig. 5) Parnassius szechenyu Frivaldszky, 1886 : 39, pl. 4, figs I, Ia. Kovramius szechenyui (Frivaldszky); Bryk, 1935 : 550. Kovamius szechenyi (Frivaldszky) ; Eisner, 1966 : 181. DISTRIBUTION. Tibet. China: Tsinghai, Kansu, Szechwan, Yunnan. Parnassius cephalus Grum-Grshimailo (Pl. 6, figs 47,48, Pl. 7, figs-40, 50, Text-fig. 22, 30) Parnassius cephalus Grum-Grshimailo, 1891 : 446. Kovramius cephalus (Grum-Grshimailo) ; Bryk, 1935 : 558. Kovamius cephalus (Grum-Grshimailo) ; Eisner, 1966 : 97. DISTRIBUTION. Tibet. China: Kansu, Szechwan, Tsinghai. Kashmir. Subsp. maharaja Avinoff [Kashmir: Ladakh Range]. Markings generally reduced. Submarginal spots above faint, not centred with blue. Postdiscal and costal spots absent from hindwing upperside. This subspecies (PI. 7, figs 49, 50), treated by both Bryk (1935) and Munroe (1960) as a species, differs from typical cephalus in having veins R, and R, consistently anastomosing, causing it to key out as P. acco Gray. THE ACCO-GrRouP Parnassius acco Gray (Pl. 7,\figs 51°52, 53554) Parnassius acco Gray, 1853 : 76, pl. 12, figs 5, 6. Tadumia acco (Gray); Bryk, 1935 : 631. Tadumia acco (Gray); Eisner, 1966 : 82. GENERA AND SPECIES OF PARNASSIINAE 87 DISTRIBUTION. Kashmir. Tibet. Sikkim. Subsp. liliput Bryk [Tibet: Everest District], subsp. hunningtoni Avinoft [Tibet: Dochar, Tuna, Tsangpo Valley, Dzara, Kyetrak, Chumbi Valley. Sikkim: Gangtok]. Smaller than the typical form, red markings absent. THE DELPHIUS-GrRovup Parnassius patricius Niepelt (Pl. 7, figs 55, 56) Parnassius patricius Niepelt, 1911 : 274. Koramius patricius (Niepelt); Bryk, 1935 : 568. Koramius patricius (Niepelt); Eisner, 1966 : 155. DistRrsutTIONn. U.S.5.R.: Kirghizia. Parnassius acdestis Grum-Grshimailo (Ries ies Or )02, Pl. 15" fe. 101, Dext-fis. 7) Parnassius delphius var. acdestis Grum-Grshimailo, 1891 : 446. Kovamius acdestis (Grum-Grshimailo); Bryk, 1935 : 572. Kovamius acdestis (Grum-Grshimailo) ; Eisner, 1966 : 82. DisteMBUTON. W.S.5.1k.: Kirghizia, Kashmir. Tibet. Sikkim. Bhutan. China: Sinkiang, Szechwan. The arrangement of the forewing radial veins is more variable in this species than in any other. Although veins Rk, and R, are usually separate, in many specimens they do appear to touch and in some cases quite definitely anastomose. Subsp. lucifer Bryk [Sikkim: Gyamtshona]. Postdiscal and costal spots black in hindwing above. Subsp. lux Eisner [Tibet: Jung-jung Khola]. Basal black scaling in hindwing above far less extensive than in the typical form. Postdiscal and costal spots large. Parnassius delphius (Eversmann) (Pl. 8, figs 57, 58, 59, 60, Pl. 15, fig. 102) Doritis delphius Eversmann, 1843 : 541, pl. 7, figs ta, b. Parnassius delphius (Eversmann); Elwes, 1886 : 39. Kovramius delphius (Eversmann); Bryk, 1935 : 583. Kovramius delphius (Eversmann); Eisner, 1966 : 102. DISTRIBUTION. Afghanistan. U.S.S.R.: Tadzhikistan, Kirghizia, Uzbekistan. Pakistan. Kashmir. N. India. Tibet. China: Sinkiang, Tsinghai. Highly variable species. Hindwing discal spots often without red scales. 88 Pp. KR. ACKERY Subsp. pulchra Eisner | Kirghizia: Kungey Alatau Mountains]. Wings exception- ally dark, semi-transparent. Although treated by Bryk (1935) and Munroe (1960) as a distinct species, Parnassius stoliczkanus is here regarded, in accordance with Eisner (1966), as a subspecies of Parnassius delphius (Eversmann). The following subspecies are those that Bryk and Munroe would have included in Parnassius stoliczkanus Felder & Felder. Subsp. atkinsoni Moore [Kashmir: Pir Pinjal, Sind Valley, Burzil Pass. India: Himachal Pradesh, Kulu], subsp. beate Eisner [Kashmir: Karakoram, Potu-la Pass, Chalsi, Leh], subsp. chitralica Verity [Pakistan: Chitral], subsp. florenciae Tytler [Tibet: Phupes Hundes, Tibu, Churmurti], subsp. gracilis Bryk & Eisner ‘India: Himachal Pradesh, Kangra, Rohtang Pass], subsp. imitator Bryk & Eisner [U.S.S.R.: Tadzhikistan, Pamirs, Beik Pass], subsp. kumaonensis Riley [India. Uttar Pradesh, Kumaon, Shillung], subsp. nicevillei Avinoff [Kashmir: Pir Pinjal, Burzil Pass, SariSungur Pass, Sapta La], subsp. parangensis Eisner [India: Himachal Pradesh, Parang Pass, Bara Lacha Pass. Kashmir: Tagalang Pass, Lingti, Ladahk], subsp. rileyi Tytler [Kashmir: Rupal Valley, Astor], subsp. spitiensis Bang-Haas (Tibet: Spiti, Tum-Tum-Thang, Churmurti], subsp. stoliczkanus Felder & Felder (Kashmir: Ladak, Rupshu, Sapta La], subsp. tenuis Bryk & Eisner [Kashmir: Gya-Ladahk, Tagalang Pass], subsp. tytlerianus Bryk & Eisner [Kashmir: Chitral, Bangol Pass], subsp. zanskarica Bang-Haas [Kashmir: Nira, Zanskar Mts.], subsp. zogilaica Tytler [Kashmir: Zogila]. Generally smaller than the typical delphius. Red costal spot of hindwing upperside usually absent. THE TM PE RA TOR-GRowvupP Parnassius imperator Oberthiir (Pl. 8, figs 63, 64,-Pl. 15, fig. 103, Text-fig, 21) Parnassius imperatoy Oberthiir, 1883 : 77. Tadumia imperator (Oberthiir); Bryk, 1935 : 675. Eukovamius impevatory (Oberthiir); Eisner, 1966 : 123. DISTRIBUTION. Tibet. China: Tsinghai, Kansu, Szechwan, Yunnan. LARVAL FOOD PLANT. Corydalis (Verity, 1907). THE CHA RLTONIUS-GRovup Parnassius charltonius Gray (Pl. 9, figs 65, 66, Pl. 15, fig. 104, Text-fig. 24) Parnassius charltonius Gray, 1853 : 77, pl. 12, fig. 7. Kovamius charlionius (Gray); Bryk, 1935 : 694. Kovamius charltonius (Gray); Eisner, 1966 : 97. DISTRIBUTION. Afghanistan. U.S.S.R.: Kirghizia, Tadzhikistan. Pakistan. Kashmir. N. India. Tibet. LARVAL FOOD PLANT. Corydalis gortschakovi (A. Tsvetajev, pers. com.) GENERA AND SPECIES OF PARNASSIINAE 89 Parnassius inopinatus Kotzsch (PI. 9, figs 67, 68; Pl. 15, fig. 105) Parnassius inopinatus Kotzsch, 1940 : 17. Kaitlasius inopinatus (Kotzsch); Eisner, 1966 : 123. DISTRIBUTION. Afghanistan: Firus-Kuhi Range, Koh-i-Baba Range. Parnassius loxias Piingeler (Pl. 9, figs 69, 70) Parnassius loxias Piingeler, 1901 : 178, pl. 1, figs 5, 6. Kovramius loxias (Piingeler); Bryk, 1935 : 717. Eukoramius loxias (Piingeler); Eisner, 1966 : 132. DISTRIBUTION. U.S.S.R.: Kirghizia. China: Sinkiang. Parnassius autocrator Avinoff (Pit or figs 71,72, lext-fig. 28) Parnasstius charltonius autocratoy Avinoff, 1913 : 16, pl. 2, fig. 2. Kovramius charltonius autocrator (Avinoff); Bryk, 1935 : 710. Eukoramius autocrator (Avinoff); Eisner, 1966 : 91. DistRiBpuTion. Afghanistan. U.S.S.R.: Tadzhikistan. LARVAL FOOD PLANT. Corydalis adiantifolia (Wyatt & Omoto, 1963). THE TENE DIUS-GRoupP Parnassius tenedius Eversmann (Pl. ro, figs 75, 76, Text-fig. 3) Parnassius tenedius Eversmann, 1851 : 621. Tadumia tenedius (Eversmann); Bryk, 1935 : 647. Tadumia tenedius (Eversmann); Eisner, 1966 : 181. DIsTRIBUTION. Mongolia. U.S.S.R.: Russia (Yakut, Tuva, Chita). China: Inner Mongolia. LARVAL FOOD PLANT. Corydalis sp. (bracteata?)( A. Tsvetajev, pers. com.). THE SITMO-GrRovup Parnassius simo Gray (PR Ones 73. 745 Wlext-e-76) Parnassius simo Gray, 1853 : 76. Tadumia simo (Gray); Bryk, 1935 : 654. Tadumia simo (Gray); Eisner, 1966 ; 178, B* 90 Bm Re. ACKERY DISTRIBUTION. U.S.S.R.: Kuirghizia, Tadzhikistan. Kashmir. N. India. Mongolia. Tibet. China: Sinkiang, Kansu. Tribe ZERYNTHIINI Zerynthianae Grote, 1899: 17. Type-genus: Zerynthia Ochsenheimer. SERICINUS Westwood Sericinus Westwood, 1851: 173. Type-species: Papilio telamon Donovan, by original designation. Sericinus Westwood; Bryk, 1934 : 77. Sericinus Westwood; Munroe, 1960 : 13. Sericinus montela Gray (Pl. ro, figs 77, 78, Text-figs 16, 26) Papilio telamon Donovan, 1798 : pl. 27, fig. 1. [Junior homonym of Papilio telamon Linnaeus, 1758 : 486.] | Sericinus montela Gray, 1853 : 78, pl. 13, figs 1, 2. Sericinus telamon (Donovan); Bryk, 1934 : 80. Sericinus telamon montela Gray; Bryk, 1934 : 89. Sericinus montela Gray; Eisner, 1966 : 142. Sericinus telamon (Donovan); Eisner, 1966 : 181. Sericinus montela Gray; Hemming, 1967 : 409. DISTRIBUTION. China: Heilungkiang, Kirin, Liaoning, Hopei, Shangtung, Anhwei, Kiangsu, Hunan, Hupeh, Kiangsi, Kansu. Korea. LARVAL FOOD PLANTS. Aristolochia (Leech, 1893 : 488). A. contorta (Kurentsov, 1970). PARNALIUS Rafinesque Thats Fabricius, 1807 : 283. Type-species: Papilio hypsipyle Fabricius, bymonotypy. [Junior homonym of Thais Roding, 1789.] Parnalius Rafinesque, 1815 : 128. [Replacement name for Thais Fabricius. ] Zevynthia Ochsenheimer, 1816 : 29. [Replacement name for Thais Fabricius. ] Eugraphis Billberg, 1820: 75. Type-species: Papilio hypsipyle Fabricius, by monotypy. Parnalius Rafinesque; Sherborn, 1929 : 4765. Zerynthia Ochsenheimer; Sherborn, 1932 : 7041. Allancastria Bryk, 1934 : 19, 61-62. Type-species: Thais cerisy Godart, by original designation. Syn. n. Zervynthia Ochsenheimer; Bryk, 1934 : 31. Parnalius Rafinesque; Neave, 1940a@ : 614. Zervynthia Ochsenheimer; Neave, 1940) : 689. Allancasivia Bryk; Munroe, 1960 : Io. Zervynthia Ochsenheimer; Munroe, 1960 : 13. Zevynthia Ochsenheimer; Hemming, 1967 : 464. Parnalius Rafinesque; Cowan, 1970: 11. [Zevynthia Ochsenheimer cited as synonym.] GENERA AND SPECIES OF PARNASSIINAE QI According to Cowan (1970) Rafinesque introduced the name Parnalius for Thais Fabricius, which was invalid as a junior homonym. The name is available and valid, and is a senior objective synonym of Zerynthia Ochsenheimer, 1816. It has been correctly listed by both Sherborn (1929) and Neave (1940). The genus Allancasiria Bryk is here treated as a synonym of Parnalius Rafinesque. The differences in venation, as figured by Bryk (1934), do not appear to be consistent although the genitalia are certainly distinct. If Allancasiria Bryk is to be recognized as a valid genus it would seem to me that there is equal justification for raising the status of the species groups of Parnassius to genera. In order to maintain con- sistency in approach I am regarding Allancastria Bryk and Parnalius Rafinesque as being subjectively synonymous. KEY TO THE SPECIES OF PARNALIUS RAFINESQUE I Cell 2A of forewing underside uniformly scaled, without distinct red or black discal spot; uncus long, bifid; clasper narrow (Text-fig. 11, Pl. 10, figs 79, 80) cerisy (Godart) (p. 91) - Cell 2A of forewing underside with a distinct red or black discal spot; uncus short, bifid; clasper broad (Text-figs 9, 10) : 2 2 (1) Forewing upperside usually with distinct red spots in ake diced cell aad aah a vitreous spot near the wing apex; uncus in dorsal aspect narrowing towards ~ the base; clasper distinctly produced dorso-posteriorly (Text-fig. ro, Pl. 11, figs 83, 84) : ; rumina (Linnaeus) (De202) Forewing upperside rewealtky