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ah BULLETIN

OF THE

EDITED BY

Dr. G. CARMICHAEL LOW.

VOLUME LIV.
SESSION 19388-19384.

LONDON:

H. F.& G. WITHERBY, 326 HIGH HOLBORN, W.C. 2,

1934.

ALERE , FLAMMAM,

PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS,
RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET.

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PREFAOK,

THE number of attendances during the past Session of the
Club has again been well maintained, 371 members, 31
members of the B. O. U., and 137 guests having been present,
a total of 539.

Mr. David Bannerman, the Chairman, gave his annual
address at the November meeting of the Club, first dealing
with matters of general ornithological interest which had
occurred during the year and then touching upon the question
of aviculture, literature, books, and the gift of Mr. H. F.
Witherby of his collection of birds to the British Museum.

Amongst the communications given during the Session may
be mentioned a paper on the “‘ Meaning of Animal Colour
and Adornment,” by Major R. W. G. Hingston; a short
account of a trip to Shetland and the Orkneys, by Dr. G.
Carmichael Low; an account, illustrated by lantern-slides,
of an ornithological trip to Ireland, by Mr. B. W. Tucker ;
an account of the bird observatory at Heligoland and its
work, also illustrated by lantern-slides, by Mr. W. B. Alexander ;
a paper on the “ Sea-birds of West Spitsbergen—their food
supply,” by Mr. C. H. Hartley ; and a paper on “ The Birds
of Abyssinia,” by Major R. E. Cheesman.

_ New forms were described by Dr. C. B. Ticehurst, Col. R.
Meinertzhagen, Capt. C. H. B. Grant and Mr. C. W. Mackworth-
Praed, Mr. E. C. Stuart Baker, Mr. G. M. Mathews, Dr. Finn
Salomonsen, Mr. D. A. Bannerman, Mr. N. B. Kinnear,
Mr. T. H. Harrisson and Mr. C. H. Hartley, and Mr. J. Vincent.

Capt. C. H. B. Grant and. Mr. C. W. Mackworth-Praed
contributed further notes upon the status, races, distribution,

a2

IV

and type-localities of various African birds, and Col. R.

Meinertzhagen made some remarks upon autumn migration
at Ushant.

Mr. D. A. Bannerman exhibited birds new to the fauna
of Nigeria; Mr. N. B. Kinnear the skin of a Blue-winged
Abyssinian Goose; Dr. P. R. Lowe specimens of the Hottentot
Teal from Nigeria, and a hybrid between a Black Grouse
and Pheasant; and Dr. G. Carmichael Low a series of skins
of the Ringed Plover from the Orkney Islands.

The Annual Dinner, held in conjunction with the British
Ornithologists’ Union, took place this year at the Rembrandt
Hotel, Thurloe Place, S.W.7, and was, as usual, very well
attended, 159 members of the Club and Union, with their
friends, being present, a record number for this dinner.
Dr. P. A. Buxton showed a series of slides of ornithological
interest from Nigeria; Mr. Ian Thomson slides illustrative of
bird-life in Shetland and Holland; Mr. T. A. Glover a film
of wild life in Africa; Mr. D. Seth-Smith a film of the
Humming-Birds in the Zoological Gardens; and Mr. F. 8.
Chapman one of views of Greenland.

The Club entertained as distinguished guests during the
Session Capt. G. C. Shortridge, Mr. C. H. Hartley, Major
R. W. G. Hingston, Mr. K. J. Paludan, Mr. F. 8. Chapman,
and Mr. and Mrs. T. A. Glover.

G. CARMICHAEL LOW,

Editor.
London, July 1934.

BRITISH ORNITHOLOGISTS’ CLUB.
(FounpED OctoBER 5, 1892.)

xa <ieeeee

TITLE AND OBJECTS.

The objects of the Club, which shall be called the
‘ British Ornithologists’ Club,” are the promotion of social
intercourse between Members of the British Ornithologists’
Union and to facilitate the publication of scientific infor-
mation connected with ornithology.

RULES.
(As amended, October 8, 1980.)

MANAGEMENT.
I. The affairs of the Club shall be managed by a

Committee, to consist of a Chairman, who shall be
elected for three years, at the end of which period he
shall not be eligible for re-election for the next term; a
Vice-Chairman, who shall serve for one year, and who
shall not be eligible for the next year; an Hditor of the
‘ Bulletin,’ who shall be elected for five years, at the end
of which period he shall not be eligible for re-election for
the next term; a Secretary and Treasurer, who shall be
elected for a term of one year, but shall be eligible for re-
election. There shall be in addition four other Members,
the senior of whom shall retire each year, and another
Member be elected in his place; every third year the two
senior Members shall retire and two other Members be
elected in their place. Officers and Members of the
Committee shall be elected by the Members of the Club at
a General Meeting, and the names of such Officers and
Members of Committee nominated by the Committee for
the ensuing year, shall be circulated with the notice
convening the General Meeting, at least two weeks before
the Meeting. Should any Member wish to propose another
candidate, the nomination of such, signed by at least two
Members, must reach the Secretary at least one clear week
before the Annual General Meeting.

Vi

II. Any Member desiring to make a complaint of the
manner in which the affairs of the Club are conducted,
must communicate in writing with the Chairman, who will,
if he deem fit, calla Committee Meeting to deal with the
matter,

III. If the conduct of any Member shall be deemed by
the Committee to be prejudicial to the interests of the Club,
he may be requested by the Committee to withdraw from
the Club. In the case of refusal, his name may be removed
from the list of Members at a General Meeting, provided
that, in the notice calling the Mecting, intimation of the
proposed resolution to remove his name shall have been
given, and that a majority of the Members voting at such
Meeting record their votes for his removal.

A Member whose name has been removed shall forfeit all
privileges of Membership and shall have no claim on the
Club from the date of his removal.

SUBSCRIPTIONS.

IV. Any Member of the British Ornithologists’ Union
may become a Member of the Club on payment to the
Treasurer of an entrance-fee of one pound and a subscription
of one guinea for the current Session. On Membership
of the Union ceasing, Membership of the Club also ceases.

Any Member who has not paid his subscription before
the last Meeting of the Session, shall cease, ipso facto, to be
a Member of the Club, but may be reinstated on payment
of arrears.

Any Member who has resigned less than five years ago
may be reinstated without payment of another Entrance Fee.

Any Member who resigns his Membership on going
abroad may be readmitted without payment of a further
Entrance Fee at the Committee’s discretion,

MEETINGS.

V. The Club will meet, as a rule, on the second Wednes-
day in every month, from October to June inclusive, at such
hour and place as may be arranged by the Committee, but
should such Wednesday happen to be Ash Wednesday, the
Meeting will take place on the Wednesday following. At
these Meetings papers upon ornithological subjects will
be read, specimens exhibited and described, and discussion
invited.

Vil

VI. A General Meeting of the Club shall be held
on the day of the October Meeting of each Session and
the Treasurer shall present thereat the Balance-sheet and
Report ; and the election of Officers and Committee, in so
far as their election is required, shall be held at such
Meeting.

VII. A Special General Meeting may be called at the
instance of the Committee, for any purpose which they
deem to be of sufficient importance, or at the instance
of not fewer than fifteen Members. Notice of not less than
two weeks shall be given of every General and Special
General Meeting.

INTRODUCTION OF VISITORS.

VIII. Members may introduce visitors at any ordinary
Meeting of the Club, but the same guest shall not be
eligible to attend on more than three occasions during
the Session. No former Member, who has been removed
for non-payment of subscription, or for any other cause,
shall be allowed to attend as a guest.

‘ BULLETIN’ OF THE CiuB.

IX. An Abstract of the Proceedings of the Club shall be
printed as soon as possible after each Meeting, under the
title of the ‘ Bulletin of the British Ornithologists’ Club ’
and shall be distributed gratis to every Member who has
paid his subscription.

Contributors are entitled to six free copies of the
‘ Bulletin,’ but if they desire to exercise this privilege,
they must give notice to the Editor when their manuscript
is handed in. Members purchasing extra copies of the
‘Bulletin’ are entitled to a rebate of 25 per cent. on
the published price, but not more than two copies can be
sold to any Member unless ordered before printing.

Descriptions of new species may be published in the
‘Bulletin, although such were not communicated at the
Meeting of the Club. This shall be done at the discretion
of the Editor and so long as the publication of the ‘ Bulletin ’
is not unduly delayed thereby.

Any person speaking at a Meeting of the Club shall
be allowed subsequently—subject to the discretion of the
Editor—to amplify his remarks in the ‘Bulletin,’ but
no fresh matter shall be incorporated with such remarks.

Vill

X. No communication, the whole or any important part
of which has already been published elsewhere, shall be
eligible for publication in the ‘ Bulletin,’ except at the
discretion of the Editor; and no communication made
to the Club may be subsequently published elsewhere
without the written sanction of the Editor.

ALTERATION AND REpeEat oF RULEs.

XI. Any suggested alteration or repeal of a standing rule
shall be submitted to Members to be voted upon at a General
Meeting convened for that purpose.

COMMITTEE, 1933-1934.

D. A. BANNERMAN, Chairman. Elected 1982.
G. M. Maruews, Vice-Chairman. Elected 1933.
Dr. G. CarmicuaEL Low, Editor. Elected 19380.

C. W. Mackxworrtu-Pragp, Hon. Secretary and Treasurer.
Elected 1929.

Rev. J. R. Haute. Elected 1931.
H. Wuistier. LHlected 1982.

A. Ezra. Elected 1933.

Dr. J. M. Harrison. Elected 1938.

Officers of the British Ornithologists’ Club,

Past and Present.

Chairmen,
P. L. Scrater, F.R.S.
Lord RotuscuHitp, F.R.S.
W. L. ScuatTeEr.
H. F. WITHERBY.
Dr P. BR. Lowe.
Major 8. 8. FLoweEr.
D. A. BANNERMAN.

Vice-Chairmen.

Lord RoruscHILpD, F.R.S.
W. L. ScLaTER.

H. F. WirHersy.

G. M. MarueEws.

Editors.
R. BowpLeER SHARPE.
W. R. OainviE-GRANT.
D. A. BANNERMAN.
D. Seru-SMitTH.
Dr. P. R. Lowe.
N. B. KInneEar.
Dr. G. CaRrMIcHAEL Low.

1892-19138.
1913-1918.
1918-1924.
1924-1927.
1927-1930.
1930-19382.
1952-

1930-1951.
1931-19382.
1932-1933.
1933-1934.

1892-1904.
1904-1914.
1914-1915.
1915-1920.
1920-1925.
1925-1930.
1930-

Honorary Secretaries and Treasurers.

Howarp SAUNDERS.

W. E. pE Winton.

H. F. WitTHERBY.

De Pl hy Lows.

C. G. TatBot-PonsonBy.
D. A. BANNERMAN. |

Dr. Putiip GosseE.

J. L. Bonnore.

C. W. Mackworru-PRAED.
Dr. G. CARMICHAEL Low.
C. W. Mackworrtu-PRAED.

1892-1899.
1899-1904.
1904-1914.
1914-1915.
1915-1918.
1918-1919.
1919-1920.
1920-1922.
1922-19238.
1923-1929.
1929-

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LIST OF MEMBERS.

JUNE 1934.

i

Actanp, Miss C. M.; Walwood, Banstead, Surrey.

Acworta, Capt. Bernarp, D.8.0., R.N.; 12 Tudor Street, E.C. 2.

Apis, W. J., M.D., F.R.C.P.; 86 Brook Street, W.1.

AtexanperR, H.G.; 144 Oak Tree Lane, Selly Oak, Birmingham.

ALEXANDER, W. B.; Dept. of Zoology, University Museum, Oxford.

APLIN, Otrver Vernon; Stonehill House, Bloxham, Banbury, Oxon.

Ascuerson, C. 8.; 15 Phillimore Gardens, Kensington, W. 8.

AYLMER, Commdr. EH. A., R.N.; Wyke Oliver, Preston, Dorset.

Baxer, E. C. Stuart, C.I.E., O.B.E., F.Z.8., F.L.S., H.F.A.0.U. ;
6 Harold Road, Upper Norwood, 8.E. 19.

Bannerman, Davin A., M.B.E., B.A., F.R.S.E. (Chairman); British
Museum (Natural History), 8.W.7; and 7 Pembroke Gardens,
Kensington, W. 8.

Barciay-Smirg, Miss P.; Park Lodge, Hervey Road, Blackheath,
et Oars e

Barrineton, Freprrick J. F., M.S., F.R.C.8.; University College
Hospital Medical School, Gower Street, W.C. 1.

Bates, G. L.; Blasford Hill, Little Waltham, Chelmsford.

Brst, Miss M. G. 8.; Broadwater, Amport, Andover, Hants.

Buruam, Brigadier-General R. M., C.I.E.; c/o The National
Provincial and Union Bank of England, 208-209 Piccadilly,
Wt.

Braavw, F. E., C.M.Z.S. ; Gooilust, s'Graveland, Hilversum, North
Holland.

Braker, Grorcr B.; Gaveston Place, Nuthurst, Horsham, Sussex.

Brezarp, Miss Ruru ; Stocks, Tring, Herts.

Boorman, 8.; Heath Farm, Send, Woking, Surrey.

Bootu, H. B.; ‘ Ryhill,” Ben Rhydding, Yorks.

Boyp, A. W.; Frandley House, near Northwich.

Braprorp, A. D.; Garston House, near Watford.

BravrorpD, Sir J. Rosz, K.C.M.G., M.D., F.R.C.P., F.R.S.; 8 Man-
chester Square, W.1.

Brown, Guorer; Combe Manor, Hungerford, Berks.

Browne, Patrick R. E.; Firwood, Trumpington Road, Cambridge.

30

a

40

45

5°

BE)

xit

Bunyarp, P. F., F.Z.S.; 57 Kidderminster Road, Croydon.

Bureav, Dr. L.; 15 rue Gresset, Nantes, France.

Butier, Artuur L.; St. Leonard’s Park, Horsham, Sussex.

Buxton, AntHony ; Horsey Hall, Gt. Yarmouth, Norfolk.

Campsent, James; Layer Marney Hall, Kelvedon, Essex.

Coapman, F. M.; American Museum of Natural History, New
York: U.S.A.

Cuarxes, Mrs. Edith S.; Woodside House, Chenies, Bucks.

Cuarteris, Hon. G. L.; 24 Oxford Square, W. 2.

CHasEy, Freperick N.; Raffles Museum, Singapore.

CuresmMAN, Major R. E., O.B.E.; Tilsden, Cranbrook, Kent.

Crarke, Brig.-General Gotanp van Horr, C.M.G., D.S.0. F.Z.S.
Wiston Park, Steyning, Sussex.

CuarkeE, Joun P. StepHenson; Broadhurst Manor, Horsted Keynes,
Sussex.

Crarke, Col. SrepHenson Rosert, C.B., F.Z.S.; Borde Hill, Cuck-
field, Sussex.

CieaveE, Henry P. O.; Mansfield House, Kendrick Road,
Reading.

Cocurane, Captain Hevnry L., R.N. (Retd.); The Chase, Whaddon,
Bletchley, Bucks.

Cottier, Cuartes, F.Z.S.; Bridge House, Culmstock, Devon.

Conover, H. B.; 6 Scott Street, Chicago, Illinois, U.S.A.

Cox, Major-Gent Sir’ Percy? Z., 9G.C.LE.,. G:C: 0WG., (ICCeAG
25 Kensington Palace Mansions, Kensington, W.8.

Cunninenam, Jostas; Drinagh, Kensington Road, Knock, Belfast.

Curtis, Freprrick, F.R.C.8.; Alton House, Redhill, Surrey.

Dantes, CuristopHEeR; 75 Grosvenor Street, W. 1.

Deane, Ropert H.; Seaford Head Golf Club, Seaford, Sussex.

Detacour, Jean; Chateau de Cléres, Cléres, Seine-Inférieure, France.

Detmt-Rapcurre, Lieut.-Col. A., D.S.0.; Cypress Lodge, Bridge
Street, Walton-on-Thames, Surrey.

Dewnvrst, Captain F. W., Royal Marine L.I.; Elmwood, North
End, Hampstead, N.W. 3.

Dosiz, Witt1aM Henry, M.R.C.S.; 2 Hunter Street, Chester.

Duncan, ArtHur Bryce; Gilchristlands, Closeburn, Dumfriesshire.

Exuis, Raven, Jr.; 2429 Ridge Road, Berkeley, California.

Ezra, A., O.B.E., F.Z.S. (Committee); Foxwarren Park, Cobham,
Surrey.

Ferrier, Miss Jupirn M.; Hemsby Hall, Hemsby, Norfolk.

Fisner, Keynetu ; School House, Oundle, Northamptonshire.

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70

75

80

XIII

Frower, Major S. S. (Chairman, 1930-1932); Spencersgreen End,
Tring, Herts.

Fourxes-Roserts, Captain P. R.; Kwale, Warri Province, Nigeria,
West Africa, and Westwood, Goring-on-Thames, Oxfordshire.

GitBert, H. A.; Bishopstone, near Hereford.

Guirae, W. E.; The House, Albion Brewery, Whitechapel Road, E.1.

Guienisrer, A. G.; The Barn House, East Blatchington, Seaford.

Gopman, Miss Eva; South Lodge, Horsham, Sussex.

GosneLht, H. T.; The Boreen, Headley Down, Bordon, Hants.

Grant, Captain C. H. B., F.Z.8.; 58a Ennismore Gardens, 8. W.7.

GyipEnstotPE, Count Nins; Royal (Natural History) Museum,
Stockholm, Sweden.

Hacuisuxa, The Marquess; Mita Shiba, Tokyo, Japan.

Hateu, Grorce Henry Caton, F.Z.S.; Grainsby Hall, Great
Grimsby, Lincolnshire.

Hatz, Rev. James R., M.A. (Committee); Boxley Vicarage, Maid-
stone, Kent.

Hamerton, Colonel A. E.; 1 Park Village West, Regent’s Park,
NS WeAL.

Harrison, Bernarp Guy; 45 St. Martin’s Lane, W.C. 2.

Harrison, Dr. James M., D.S.C. (Committee); Bowerwood House,
St. Botolph’s Road, Sevenoaks, Kent.

Harrisson, THomas H.; The Chase, Weeke, Winchester.

Heara, R. K.; 54 Brompton Square, S.W. 3.

Hert, Grorrrey Seccomsr, M.B., F.R.C.S., F.Z.8.; 86 Brook Street,
Grosvenor Square, W.1.

Hopexiy, Mrs. T. Epwarp; Old Ridley, Stocksfield, Northumberland.

Hottom, P. A. D.; Birchfield, Addlestone, Weybridge, Surrey.

Horr, R. F.; Herons Ghyll, Uckfield, Sussex.

Horxinson, Emitius, C.M.G., D.8.0., M.B., F.Z.8.; Wynstay,
Balcombe, Sussex.

Horpern, Miss DorrEen ; Babworth House, Darling Point, Sydney,
N.S.W., Australia.

Hourson, Major H. P. W., R.E.; Windy Ridge, Old Compton Lane,
Farnham, Surrey.

Inetis, C. McFaruane; Natural History Museum, Darjiling, India.

Ingram, Capt. Cottrinawoop; The Grange, Benenden, Cranbrook,
Kent.

JABOUILLE, PrprrE; Chateau de Cléres, Cléres, Seine-Inférieure,
France.

JorDAN, Dr. Kart; Zoological Museum, Tring, Herts,

85

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| Coxe)

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XIV

Jourpatn, Rev. F. C. R., M.A., H.F.A.0.U., H.M.S.0. de France ;
Whitekirk, 4 Belle Vue Road, Southbourne, Hants.

Krynrar, Norman B.; British Museum (Natural History), Cromwell
Road, S.W. 7.

Kross, C. Bopnn; Royal Societies Club, St. James’s Street,
SW AL:

Kuropa, Dr. Nagamicur; Fukuyoshi Cho, Akasaka, Tokyo, Japan.

La Toucne, J. D. D.; Kiltymon, Newtownmountkennedy, Co.
Wicklow, Ireland.

Leacg, Miss HK. P.; 17 Hereford Square, S.W. 7.

Lewis, Joun Spepan, F.Z.8.; North Hall, Mortimer Crescent,
Greville Road, St. John’s Wood, N.W. 6.

Lioyp, Bertram; 53 Parkhill Road, Hampstead, N.W. 3.

Low, Grorce CarmicHart, M.A., M.D., C.M., F.R.C.P., F.Z.S.
(Editor of the * Bulletin’); 86 Brook Street, Grosvenor Square,
Wid

Lown, P, R.,-0.B.E., B.A., M.B.; B.C., F.Z.8. COhawman, 1927—
1930); British Museum (Natural History), Cromwell Road,
S.W. 7.

Lucas, Natuanisr §., M.B., F.Z.S.; 19 Westbourne Terrace, Hyde
Park, W. 2.

Lynes, Rear-Admiral Huspertr, R.N., C.B., C.M.G.; 23 Onslow
Gardens, S8.W. 7.

Mackenziz, Joun M. D., B.A., C.M.Z.8S.; Sidlaw Fur Farm,
Tullachard, Balbeggie, Perthshire.

McKrrrricx, T. H.; Great Surries, Kast Grinstead, Sussex.

Macxwortu-Prarp, C. W., F.Z.S8. (Hon. Sec. & Treasurer) ;
51 Onslow Gardens, 8.W. 7.

Macminian, Captain W. E. F.; 42 Onslow Square, 8.W. 7.

McNettez, J. H.; Nonsuch, Bromham, Chippenham, Wilts.

Maeratu, Lieut.-Colonel H. A. F.; 43 Millbank, Westminster,
S.W. 1.

Maweon-Bame, -P: “Ho Di8:0. 3S, MoD. CPs, eas:
149 Harley Street, W. 1. |

Matnews, G. M., F.LS., F.Z.8. (Vice-Chairman); Meadway,
St. Cross, Winchester, Hants. .

Mavroagorpatro, J. G.; Mariners, Westerham, Kent.

May, W. Norman, M.D.; The White House, Sonning, Berks.

Mayavup, Nort; 1 Rue de Bordeaux, Saumur, France.

MernerrzHacen, Colonel R., D.S.0., F.Z.8.; 17 Kensington Park
Gardens, W.8.

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Micuotts, Mrs. Dorotuy; Silver Birches, Wentworth, Virginia
Water.

Momiyama, Toxu Taro; 1146 Sasazka, Yoyohata-mati, Tokyo,
Japan.

Munn, P. W.; Puerto Alcudia, Majorca, Balearic Isles, Spain.

Mvrron, Mrs. C. D.; Cranbrook Lodge, Cranbrook, Kent.

Mosse.wuitrt, D. W.; 59 Mayford Road, Wandsworth Common,
S.W. 12.

Mustrers, James Lawrence CuawortH; Royal Societies Club,
St. James’s Street, S.W. 1.

Navmpoure, Mrs. W. W.; 121 East 64th Street, New York.

Newmay, ‘I’. H., F.Z.8.; Verulam, 46 Forty Avenue, Wembley
Park, Middlesex.

Nicuorson, EK. M.; 61 Marsham Street, S.W.1.

Orpuam, Cuas., F.Z.S.; The Bollin, Shrublands Road, Berk-
hamsted, Herts.

Osmaston, Bertram BrresFord; 116 Banbury Road, Oxford.

Pautson, C. W. G.; 10 King’s Bench Walk, Temple, E.C. 4.

Prasz, H. J. R.; Medmenham, Marlow, Bucks.

Prrsuouse, Major 8.; c/o Lloyds Bank (Cox & King’s Branch),
6 Pall Mall, S.W. 1.

Pirman, Capt. C. R. 8., D.S.0., M.C.; Entebbe, Uganda.

Prayer, W. J. P.; Wernfadog, Clydach R.S.0., Glamorganshire.

PorHam, Hueu Lryzorne, M.A.; Hunstrete House, Pensford,
Somerset.

Ruopus, Miss G. M.; Hildersham Hall, Cambridge.

Riexert, C. B., F.Z.8.; 27 Kendrick Road, Reading, Berks.

Riviere, B. B., F.R.C.S.; The Old Hall, Woodbastwick, Norfoll:.

Roruscaitp, LioneL Waniter—Lord, D.Sc., F.R.S., Ph.D., F.Z.S.
(Chairman, 1918-1918); Tring Park, Herts.

Sanpeman, R. G. C. C.; Dan-y-parce, Crickhowell, Brecon.

ScHAUENSEE, R. M. pz; Devon, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.

Scrater, Wittiam Lutiey, M.A., F.Z.8. (Chairman, 1918-1924) ;
10 Sloane Court, S.W. 1.

Sconz, The Rt. Hon. Muneo Davin—Lord; Scone Palace, Perth.

Sera-Ssirn, Davin, I'.Z.8.; Curator’s House, Zoological Gardens,
Regent’s Park, N.W. 8.

Suipton, Wm., B.A., M.D.; 2 The Square, Buxton.

Sistonps, Major Mavricu H., Fines Baylewick, Binfield, Berks.

Srapen, Major A. G. L., M.C.; Horsenden Manor, Princes
Risborough, Bucks,

140

145

150

155

160

XVI

Sparrow, Col. R., O.M.G., D.8.0., F.Z.S., F.R.G.S.; The Lodge,
Colne Engaine, Earls Colne, Essex.

Srares, J. W. C.; Portchester, Hants.

StevENs, Hersert; Clovelly, Beaconsfield Road, Tring, Herts.

SroneHam, Lt.-Col. H. F., O.B.E., F.E.S.; Kitale Estates, Kenya
Colony, British East Africa.

Stuart-Menreru, W.G.; Bransfield, Godstone, Surrey.

Styan, F. W., F.Z.8.; Stone Street, near Sevenoaks.

Swynnperton, C. F. Massy; Poste Restante, Dar-es-Salaam,
Tanganyika Territory, East Africa.

Taxa-Tsuxasa, Prince Nosusuxe; 1732 Sanchome, Kami-meguro,
Meguro-Ku, Tokyo, Japan.

Tatsor-Ponsonsy, C. G.; 5 Crown Office Row, Temple, E.C. 4.

Taytor, Miss D. L.; Bellefields, Englefield Green, Surrey.

Tavistock, Hastinas Witt1am Sackvitte, Marquess of, F.Z.8.;
The Place House, Peasmarsh, Rye, Sussex.

Tomson, A. LanpsBorovenu, O.B.E., D.Sc.; 16 Tregunter Road,
S.W. 10.

Tuorps, W. H., M.A., Ph.D.; Jesus College, Cambridge.

Trcenurst, Craup B., M.A., M.R.C.S.; Saxon House, Appledore,
Kent.

Trcenvurst, N. F., O.B.E., M.A., M.B., F.R.C.S., F.Z.8.; 24 Peven-
sey Road, St. Leonards-on-Sea.

Tucker, B. W., B.A., F.Z.S.; 9 Marston Ferry Road, Oxford.

Turner, Miss E. L., F.Z.8.; The Half Way Cottage, 13 Storey’s
Way, Cambridge.

Turtie, Lancerot J.; 17-21 Castle Place, Belfast.

Tyrwuitt-Draxr, Hues G., F.Z.8.; Cobtree Manor, Sandling,
Maidstone.

Uraunart, Capt. Anastarr, D.S.0., Latimer Cottage, Latimer,
Chesham, Bucks.

van Somerrn, Dr. V. G. L.; East Africa and Uganda Natural
History Society, Coryndon Memorial Museum, Nairobi, Kenya
Colony, East Africa.

Vernay, A. S.; 51 Berkeley Square, W. 1.

Vincent, J.; c/o The Bird Room, British Museum (Natural History),
South Kensington, 8.W. 7.

Wane, Major G. A., M.C.; St. Quintin, Sandy Lane, Newcastle-u.-
Lyme, Staffs.

Warre, Hersert Writiam; c/o Messrs. Grindlay & Co., Ltd.,
Bombay.

XVIL

Watts, H. M.; 110 Kendrick Road, Reading.
Ware, R.; Leatwood, Frant, Tunbridge Wells.
165 Wart, Mrs. H. W. B.; 90 Parliament Hill Mansions, Lissenden
Gardens, N.W. 5.
Wuistter, Hoen, F.Z.S., F.L.8. (Committee); Caldbec House,
Battle, Sussex.
Wuriraker, Josepu I. 8., F.Z.8.; Malfitano, Palermo, Sicily.
Wuire, S. J., F.Z.S.; 17 Philpot Lane, E.C.3
Wuittty, H.; Primley, Paignton, §. Devon.
170 WituraMs, Vicror Owen; 6 Crown Office Row, Temple, E.C. 4.
Wixtramson, Sir W. J. F., C.M.G., F.Z.S.; c/o Lloyds Bank, 6 Pall
Mall, S.W. 1.
Wixiovensy-Exus, H., F.Z.8.; Woodlands, Old Hill, Chislehurst,
Kent.
Wine, J. Snapen ; 21 Cheyne Gardens, Chelsea Embankment, 8. W.3.
Wisuart, K. E.; Marsh Farm, Binsted, Arundel, Sussex.
175 Wirnersy, Harry F., M.B.E., F.Z.S8. (Chairman, 1924-1927) ;
12 Chesterford Gardens, Hampstead, N.W. 3.
Wirnerineron, G.; Sumner Plat, Hayward’s Heath.
Woop, Casry A., M.D.; c/o The Library of Ornithology, McGill
University, Montreal, Canada.
Workman, Wittram Hugues, F.Z.8.; Lismore, Windsor Avenue,
Belfast.
Worms, Cuarues pE; Milton Park, Egham, Surrey.

Total number of Members .... 179

NOTICE.

[Members are specially requested to keep the Hon. Secretary
informed of any changes in their addresses, and those
residing abroad should give early notification of coming home
on leave. |

Vou. LIV, bh

LIST OF AUTHORS

AND OTHER PERSONS REFERRED TO.

Page
ACCOUNTS, OPATHMENT OF gp a)s ccuscn «6 wipe »lepaiw BU sogge face eee 4
ALEXANDER, W. B.

Exhibition of slides of Heligoland, with an account of the
Bird-Observyatory theres i. 25 seis, Deke D <i e reise oes a 101-105
ANNUATICENERAT MME TING + p/ailsseqsivieis's wo is poner g's sala 2-3
ARDLEY, R. A. B.
Remarks upon Petrels and other birds from the Antarctic. 9
BAKER, E. C. STUART.
Description of a new subspecies, Krimnochelidon concolor
smtaungensis, from the Shan Stages > 2... 22. 6.0% sce see 24.
BANNERMAN, D. A.
Exhibition of, and remarks on, Francolinus coqui spine-
torum, Lophotis savilec, and Thalassornis leuconotus leuco-
notus, being new to the fauna of Nigeria ................ 5
A communication on the range of Anthus pallidiventris .. 106
Description of a new race of the Blackcap Akalat
(Illadopsis cleavert poensis) from Fernando Po ............ 107
Remarks on a collection of birds recently made in
Ashanti, Gold Coast, by Mr. Willoughby P. Lowe ........ 122-123

Remarks on the distribution of three Ducks in Africa,
Anas punctata, Nyroca f. fuligula, and Anas querquedula .. 123-124

Remarks on the Honey-Buzzard occurring in Nyasaland. 124

Notes on the types of T’ricophorus flavigula, Xenocichla
pallidigula, Phyllastrephus flavicollis adamauc, and Xeno-
Cichla flavicollis sinupliCteOlOr. aa. Guaiie > ++ +90 +054 05 qlee 145-148

XIX

Page
BrtTuam, Brig.-Gen. R. M.
Remarks on his own unsuccessful attempts to reach
Moremi Slamel! 55) OO eee eae eee Gee wes bes 143
BUNYARD, P. F.
Exhibition of, and remarks on, a series of eggs from
Alberta collected by Professor Rowan ..............200- 12-15
Buxton, Dr. P. A.
Exhibition of a series of slides from N. Nigeria ........ 117
CHAIRMAN, THE.
PRAIA eT NGL ODN C SSS cit cic ao ia ale ooo, uci o, vus~ 49, otlene sigue sae etsbs exe (28-45
CHAPMAN, F. S.
Exhibition of a film showing views of Greenland ...... 118-119

CHEESMAN, Major R. E.

Exhibition of some slides illustrating the types of country
in North-West Abyssinia, with remarks on various birds .. 167-168

SeemiMerram. HOR, UO3a—1 934." det. satis Gu cre oil als eee o Lalas ran 3
CoRRIGENDA eee eee eee eee eee teen eee eee e teen eee ne es 18l

DELACOUR, J.
Pitta soror «intermedia being preoccupied, Pitta soror
peiersi, nom. nov., is proposed to replace it .............. OF

DELAcOUR, J., and D. SETH-SMITH.

Remarks on the behaviour of Humming-Birds in captivity. 128
Evans, A. H.
enomagion trop bier Clube eee oye «ois ois = a fele, 8 0.0 2 4.850 0, 9,4 90

FERRIER, Miss J. M.
Exhibition of a series of eggs from Cyprus.............. 94

GLovER, T. A.

Exhibition of a series of films taken during a journey
across Africa from Senegal to Italian Somaliland ........ 117-118

GRANT, Capt. C. H. B., and C. W. MAckwortTH-PRAED.
On the correct name and exact type-locality for the
Greater Flamingo of Europe and Africa............e.ee08. 16-17

On the occurrence of the Garganey (Anas querquedula) in
Varnpanyilce Termibeigameds Ake ie ek eas daca 18

xX

Page
Grant, Capt. C. H. B., and C. W. MackwortH-PRAED (cont#.).
Descriptions of three new subspecies, Falco tinnunculus
tanganyike from Tanganyika Territory, Falco tinnunculus
buryt from South Arabia, and Milvus. migrans tenebrosus
from West Ainicn Oarte cme. «ss «iss ss Soe ees Ce 21-28
A further note on the status of Egretta gularis .......... 73-75
On the races and distribution of the African and
Arabian Kestrels of the Falco tinnunculus group, with
descriptions Of tiwommeny Pa GOS aisle aij kic ie Bes ops theese d eee 75-83
On the distribution of the African resident and migratory
Kites, Milvus migrans migrans, M. m. cegyptius, M. m.
arabicus, M.m. parasitus, and a new subspecies .......... 83-86
The exact type-locality for the South African Black Kite
(MGAIS MIGrANS PARASITUS) Vix. myntos sree arin es eet oxy Rem blee 109
On the correct type-locality for the Booted Eagle
ING CrOGELUS ACT RQTUS) Oe) wfc. unos wai wn, wee pe DRS ate na a 109-110
On the type-locality of the Black-breasted Harrier-Eagle
(Cer CUES PEECOTALIS) oo. ois s.a/e sie’ simaane aes + « 6 cetera terme stonaene 110
On the exact type-locality of the African Lammergeyer
(Gupactus barbaims meidionalis)- a. yee 24 s.: be eee oer ‘Vil
On the correct type-locality of the South African Sparrow-
Hawk (Accipiter rufiventris rufiventras) ... 2.6. cccsecndcns 111
On the exact type-locality of the Gabar Goshawk
CM CLEP OR GOOG rete seo <5 are RIE ace is Ee pete se, he 111
Note on the distribution of the Marsh-Harrier (Circus
CVU LOSILS. CONUGINOSUS) 0%. <<. Sat aamede a oueeh wip hayst oke dened weaves 112
On the races of the African Pigmy Falcons of the genus
PDIP CTD oso bev RoRTa aS » ois te se hg euahnces soe Rik) ihc SMa See slee yes 129-130
On the races of the Lizard-Buzzard (Kaupifalco mono-
UAL IOUGH trate iocke ie eee + ale sehace cedere Bisna we Otero 6s vanes ob Game e eetee oie 130-131
On the status and range of the South and East African
Goshawks, Accipiter tachiro tachiro and Accipiter tachiro
SPAT SUN OSCUOLUG A eos cas Reais Cine RR eres 20a Sins Bin Sess 6s 8 oop 131
On the races of the South African Marsh-Harrier (Circus
PLUGIIOSUS TORMUOTIIS). veintete Rite nen ta alies "os a cs Gis 9 Foes. 90, 6.8 oc s 132
Remarks on the eastern African races of Francolinus
sephena, with a description of a new race, Francolinus
BEPRENG SOMANENSIS as «=e Wapheh eels eae eae we § apend eeteoke 170-173

Descriptions of two new races, Francolinus coqui thikce
from Kenya Colony, and Francolinus castaneicollis kaffanus
from, Western Abyssinia: c.mcis pants cing so oes she we wis ielavole 173-174

GI

Page
Harrisson, T. H., and C. H. HartLey.
Descriptions of ten new subspecies, Pyrotrogon kasumba
usa, Mesobucco duvaucelii cyaneus, Malacocincla canicapillus
longstaffi, Stachyris larvata vermiculata, Rhinocichla mitrata
damnata, Dendrocitta sinensis tuckert, Buchanga leucophea
penrissenensis, Buchanga leucophea dulitensis, Althopyga
mystacalis perretti, and Diceum sulaense zita, from mountain
areas In OUNea Akeks! J et oho. Bs DOS! NS de Ds 148-160
HARTLEY, C. H.
Read a paper, illustrated by lantern-slides, on *“‘Sea-birds
of West Spitsbergen—their food supply.” ................ 164-167
HARTLEY, C. H., and T. H. Harrisson.
Descriptions of ten new subspecies, Pyrotrogon kasumba
usa, Mesobucco duvaucelii cyaneus, Malacocincla canicapillus
longstaffi, Stachyris larvata vermiculata, Rhinocichla mitrata
damnata, Dendrocitta sinensis tuckerit, Buchanga leucophea
penrissenensis, Buchanga leucophea dulitensis, Althopyga
mystacalis perretti, and Diceum sulaense zita, from mountain
026 MITTEN TG elias (ailing aes Neil Sse i gn A Aap a 148-160
Hineston, Major R. W. G.
An account of the meaning of animal colour and adorn-
NIM ete ee oc aia cha tata Sao for aa chao: «91 ,0°S ie auasah oy sl Oehace, seek aeahe gis 54-57
eR ARON en ehh ein f Vem 5 pu a. vied. as trogacn Wa ace Ook Sh oLe eS 57-58
INTERNATIONAL ORNITHOLOGICAL CONGRESS.
Pariieulens ob V Teith: Comegess 2... sie iach we ew Selene 180
JOURDAIN, Rev. F. C. R.
Remarks on the eggs of Limnodromus g. hendersoni...... 15-16
Exhibition of, and remarks on, an egg of Puffinus puffinus
OCUPOLONIOUS Hip e Gedy dese dee date Paee ree le ee been 70-71
Exhibition of a series of slides showing scenery in Palestine
TS ISTE Ss loti tincastere ee uy dana alaaelis a Gr aS EE a a 101
Remarks upon the breeding times of birds ............ 128-129

Remarks on the disappearance of Sea-grass (Zostera

marina) from the south coast of England, and its effect on

the bird-lite of the British coasts... 0. ..0.00ceceeeccane 143-144
Remarks with reference to Dr. P. R. Lowe’s paper on

hybrids between Black Game and Pheasant (antea, pp. 138-
re ora aa Eads os Sik «0, 0\/a:'e me's ale a0 Boy gum 168-169

JOURDAIN, Rev. F. C. R., and others.
Remarks on the status and protection of the Great Skua
COGUAAT OCHS Be HAE ee ae aia yx igs 162 shoe ee ee he 0k se ae 93-94

XXII

KINNEAR, N. B.

Exhibition of, and remarks on, photographs of a Grey
West African Parrot (Psittacus erithacus erithacus) from the
Wax-works at Westminster Abbey) ...........eeeeeeees

Exhibition of, and remarks on, the skin of a Blue-winged
Abyssinian Goose (Cyanochen cyanopterus) ........00e08-

Description of a new race of Long-tailed Wren (Spelwornis
soulier sherrege) irom Bhutan ©... 2. 0.46. ia. os ee wee

Remarks on a collection of birds made in Bhutan by
Mr. Ludiow-and Mir 1G Sherritt $5, gekiy she a bw hades

LITERATURE, List oF (referred to at Annual Address) ......

Low, Dr. G. CARMICHAEL.
A short account of a visit to Shetland and Orkney during
AMEUSE WOSGH geen ere Ss eek Cee Me ee Ree ee ae a

Exhibition of, and remarks on, a series of skins of the
Ringed Plover (Charadrius h. hiaticuld) os... 60 Kei 6 «sus winps'als

Remarks on the disappearance of Sea-grass (Zostera
marina) from, the coast of inglamd ~ 2... a. 26 is «6a» ss

Lowe, Dr. P. R.
Exhibition of, and remarks on, a nesting chick of Pallas’s
Sand-Grouse (Syrrhapies Par Gdovus) Soc. oo ccewinrmomwials » a ony

Exhibition of a specimen of the Hottentot Teal (Anas
punctata) trom Nigeria.’ “(Second wecord.) <<). ). ss .oope 5 «ane

An appeal for the protection of the Kite (Milvus milvus). .

Exhibition of, and remarks on, a hybrid between a Black
Grouse and a PRCA san 2%) aia apetapnin oh) sen) 5rs, ye sie MORON

MACKWORTH-PRAED, C. W., and Capt. C. H. B. GRANT.
On the correct name and exact type-locality for the
Greater Flamingo of Europe and Africa............esee08.

On the occurrence of the Garganey (Anas querquedula) in
Tanganyika Territory. Tor scenes eee ae i whe se + dis ooo ls),

Descriptions of three new subspecies, Palco tinnunculus
tanganyike from Tanganyika Territory, Falco tinnunculus
buryit from South Arabia, and Milvus migrans tenebrosus
from West Africa >i. cen mee aie siete ele cs ono + «'s, oldie muauanane

A further note on the status of Hgretta gularis ........ ee

Page

68-69

69-70

107-109

124-125

40-44

58-68

126-127

144

71-72

72-73
88-90

138-140

16-17

18

21-23
73-75

XXITI

Page
MackwortuH-PRAED, C. W., and Capt. C. H. B. Grant (cont.).
On the races and distribution of the African and
Arabian Kestrels of the Falco tinnunculus group, with
descriptions of two new raceS ....- ee eee ee eee eee e eens 75-83

On the distribution of the African resident and
migratory Kites, Milvus migrans migrans, M. m. cegyptius,
M.. arabicus, M. m. parasitus, and a new subspecies .... 83-86

The exact type-locality for the South African Black
Kite (Miluus migrans parasitus) ..cecererr cre r cence eeees 109

On the correct type-locality for the Booted Eagle
CAIGETAGDELUS PENNALUS). cece cee cee sens testiseereenecnes 109-110

On the type-locality of the Black-breasted Harrier-Eagle
MO OMEL US FICCLOT ALISON aie wevigs a a nile a waa oh OS op) 2 cyan leuapere iey Sins 110

On the exact type-locality of the African Lammergeyer
(Gypacius barbatus meidionalis) wo... cee ee cs eee ees 111

On the correct type-locality of the South African Hawk
Cicerpiter GU fiventris TUSWENITIS) 6.60 oss. Sv ees a lose 11]

On the exact type-locality of the Gabar Goshawk
PUP ROR GMUER LSet soe eee ee ese ceh ep asd se yewins «one Lig

Note on the distribution of the Marsh-Harrier (Czrcus
ERUTINOSHS: COLUGINOSUS) OF oD a hgccire. ds Seek dail heyles speieh Wie teed oe 112

On the races of the African Pigmy Falcons of the genus
ERO VENOM: Seid a oa) ojavielen. <a eaiaracsarent ees bts aes Tat). gi dae 129-130

On the races of the Lizard-Buzzard (Kawpifalco mono-
S EROI TLS CIN EE ox LA cs aE A a Oe 130-131

On the status and range of the South and East African
Goshawks, Accipiter tachiro tachiro and Accipiter tachiro
RRM USE TALUS alc,« ahem cid dela safe ele <4 se © 6 ee ieee we diy eae 131

On the races of the South African Marsh-Harrier
OS OPC TUGUITOSUS TONIVOLUS), .oisccov ie cneiase veer es sie niece teenies 132

Remarks on the eastern African races of Francolinus
sephena, with a description of a new race, Francolinus
EL) USS ECCS! Gn AE SE en 170-173

Descriptions of two new races, Francolinus coqui thikee
from Kenya Colony, and Francolinus castaneicollis kaffanus
from Western Abyssinia .,.,....... Wterescee velo e nmee ey 173-174

XXIV

MATHEWS, GREGORY M.

(1) Note on Puffinus kuhliana, nom. nov.; (2) a descrip-
tion of a new genusof Whale-bird, Aitaprion; (3) Pterodroma
satalandig,, NOMI ONE GG oes s'ns ssn o « BONES Bite RSI Sonate be

Description of a new subspecies of Royal Albatross
(Diomedea epomophora longirostris) from the South Atlantic.

Description of a new genus of Storm-Petrel, Loomelania. .
Description of a new subspecies of the Soft-plumaged Petrel
(Pierodroma mollis madeira) from Madeira ..............

Notes on the Soft-plumaged Petrel (Pterodroma mollis)
BUG MUS SUS WEGISS Macaty ares © rc aia! sjein aie wy 0:1 x ote) ENE E eee See

MAVROGORDATO, J. G.

Remarks upon a Cuckoo depositing an egg in a
Chatmehts mest ra tag nc wks bee we oteee tate s¥s ac cuthata Rin Be ehorapales aime

Exhibition of a peculiar egg, one of a clutch of four in a
ied ee-SpureOwy es emest: iw <a ayertcipateaiee 0's gis viele als ora) ses

Mayaup, NOEL.

Description of a new subspecies of Bluethroat (Luscinia
svecica namnetum) from Western France ................

MEIKLEJOHN, Lt.-Col. R. F.

Exhibition of six clutches of eggs of Ruppell’s Warbler
CSylvia@uppells) from, Creve rm crn ntegee oi eayncs ye egies ae felons

MEINERTZHAGEN, Col. R.

Remarks upon autumn migration at Ushant............

Descriptions of two new subspecies, T'roglodytes troglodytes
syriacus from Lebanon, and Francolinus francolinus billy-
OED LRU OMEN A a oe geile Bsn el elieni ee folse, «so YaNei's-& 45h a ecclissi

MoreEAu, R. E.
Remarks on the migration routes across the Lybian
Desert ope cir ee © OE ricki oo oss 2 ad ad eee eee

NEUMANN, Prof. OSCAR.

Remarks on the nomenclature, winter dress, and migra-
tion Of Some Paleareric GMS i ee. oe. 6k cw oe ows re new wees

OBITUARY.
Hartert, Dr, Hast) tea ees oaks b> » » » one aemvelte ween

Page

25

112
119

161

178-179

169

169

179-180

12

20-21

XXV

OLDHAM, C.
Herring-Gulls and other birds: methods of fracturing
OMT aS a, ois, 5)-c yan a -« (9 a, DU ORR ERO PEE RGM ata xe «1 Palasa Bexar ® a eihe ay +b

Remarks on the disappearance of Sea-grass (Zostera
mearimma) from the coast of England) +f... ....-...522.205!

PiTMAN, Capt. C. R. S.
Remarks and interesting notes on the movements of the
Wikibe Storix, (Crcoid.6. CIOnIH)Y 2 ort as Petes woes baie 223

PoprHam, H. L.
Exhibition of a rare and unique specimen of a female
Wigeon (Anas penelope) from Holland .......<...:......

SALOMONSEN, Dr. FINN.
Read a paper entitled ‘“* Remarks on the Montane Avi-
fanart Central Madagascar.” ~. o..0's 6 << deletes ae bm oon

Description of a new African Paradise Flycatcher (T'chitrea
wriwns resiricia) from: Victoria, Nyanza .....64..0.55.6.5%

Descriptions of three new subspecies, Alcyone pusilla
halmahere, Geoffroyus geoffroyr stresemanni, and Ducula
concinna aru, from the Moluccas: “an vised ec ee Be ee).

ScLATER, W. L.

Remarks on the racial forms of Sigmodus scopifrons......

SETH-SmitTu, D.
Exhibition of a film of the Humming-Birds in the Zoo-
logical Gardense: «vicy.!.4 oisass dis = ta: BORA eheretole svah oir dieu wa

SETH-Smi1TH, D., and J. DELACOUR.

Remarks on the behaviour of Humming-Birds in captivity.

THomsSoN, IAN.
Exhibition of slides illustrating bird-life in Shetland and
MME FOE ete oe Maatoti a PSRs A die, vas DLN WSiaceneia So ee e's s

TICEHURST, Dr. C. B.

Descriptions of two new subspecies, Phylloscopus reguloides
kashmiriensis and Vivia innominata simlaensis, from N.W.
Etna ee ee ie es ce o's 36s) So wa Ved cee wes

Description of a new subspecies, Phylloscopus armandii
PEC OUCL US race GTi fin Ss pene c eee eae

VOL. LIV. (bs

Page

94

144-145

135-136

94

9-12

48—50

86-87

94—96

118

128

117

XXV1

Page
TUCKER, B. W.
An account, illustrated by lantern-slides, of an ornitho-
logical trip to Prelate s:$... +5... 2. 0.54550 0e eee eee ee 100-101
VINCENT, JACK.
The correct type-locality of the Vulturine Guineafowl
(Aorayliiainn. eT) enw wis eA ees vs «oe SE 18-19
Remarks on the breeding of the Roseate Tern (Sterna
dougalliz) and other birds in South Africa .............. 141-143
Descriptions of two new subspecies, Ureginthus bengalus
katangee and Buccanodon anchiete katange, from Belgian
Congo, and a new species, Apalis macphersoni, from Cholo
Muli Rosh auseenrels, It 9 ¢2ys[2 1121010 Mee 2 Deere g ecto ane. eee 174-178

WITHERBY, H. F.

Statement about the disposal of his collection of birds
bb the daribish Magseuml 5°." fogs see eee tc ee ee 45—48

or” BULLETIN

ho. ig al OF THE
BRS

No. CCCLAXI.

Tue three-hundred-and-sixty-sixth Meeting of the Club was
held at the Knightsbridge Hotel, Knightsbridge, S.W. 1,
on Wednesday, October 11, 1933.

Chairman: Mr. D. A. BANNERMAN.

Members present :—Miss C. M. Acuanp ; W. B. ALEXANDER;
C.S. AscHerson; E.C. Stuart Baker; Miss P. Barcnuay-
SmitH; F. J. KF, BARRINGTON ; G. Exown; P. F. BUNYARD;
Mrs. EK. S. Cuarutes; Hon. G. L. CHartzris; H. P. O.
CLEAVE; J. CUNNINGHAM; A. Ezra; Miss J. M. FerRrRizr ;
Miss EK. M. Gopman ;5 G. H. GurNey ; Col. A. HK. HAMERTON ;

Dr. J. M. Harrgison; R. E. Heatu; Mis. T. E. Hopextw;
Dr. K. Hopkinson; Rev. F. C. R. Jounparmn; N. B. Kiv-
NEAR; Miss HK. P. Leacw; Dr. G. Carmicuann Low (iidiior) ;
Dr. P. R. Lower; Dr. N.S. Lucas; T. H. McKirrrick, jun. ;
C. W. Mackworts-Prarp (Hon. Sec. & Treasurer); Lt.-Col.
H. A. F. Macratu; Dr. P. H. Manson-Baur ; J. G. Mavro-

, GoRDATO; Dr. W. Norman May; E.G. B. Meapz-WaALpDo ;
ef ~ Col.-R.- MetnertzHacen; T. H. Newman; C. OLpHaAmM;
e H. Lfyporne Porpuam; C. B. Rickerr; W. lL. ScLATER ;
iy D. Setu-SmitH; Col. R. Sparrow; Der. A. LANDSBOROUGH
Taomson ; B. W. Tucker; Miss #. L. TURNER; Capi. A.
) URQUHART; H. M. Wattis; H. WuistLeR; J. SLADEN

Wine; H. F. Wirnersy; W. H. Workman; C. G. M.
DE WORMS.
[October 31, 1933.] oO VOL. LIv.

re
ov _ a

Vol. liv.] 2

Members of the B.O.U.:—Dr. H. B. Enron; R. M.
GARNETT; P. A. D. Hottom; Lt.-Col. R. F. Merkiesoun ;
R. E. Morzav ; Col. W. H. Payn.

Guest of the Club :—Captain G. C. SHORTRIDGE.

Guests :—Mr. R. A. B. ArpuEy; Mrs. ASCHERSON ;
R. §S. JENYNS ; Guy Morris; Dr. F. SaALomMonseEn ;
Mrs. W. L. Scuater ; Mrs. A. URQUHART.

Annual General Meeting.

This was held at the Knightsbridge Hotel, Knightsbridge,
S.W.1, immediately preceding the Dinner. Mr. D. A.
BANNERMAN took the Chair, and twenty-eight other members
of the Club were present. The minutes of the last meeting
were read and confirmed.

Mr. C. W. Mackwortu-PraEp, the Hon. Secretary and
Treasurer, presented the Financial Statement and Secretary’s
Report for the past Session, 1932-1933.

He said that the status of the Club was very satistaartee
He regretted to announce the deaths of Messrs. E. E. Adams,
W. Shore Baily, T. G. Laidlaw, and Thomas Parkin. He
further regretted to announce the death of Lord Grey, who
was for many years a member of the Club, and who resigned
his membership only last year. There had been also five
resignations. During the Session fifteen new Members had
joined the Club.

Statistics for attendance at Meetings showed a total of
525, a slight drop from the previous year, but under existing
circumstances quite satisfactory.

Turning to finance, the noteworthy features were, firstly,
a considerable increase in printing expenses. The ‘ Bulletin ’
was larger last year than for very many years. As, however,
the ‘ Bulletin’ must be looked on as the measure of the
Club’s usefulness towards ornithological science outside its
own Members, this could only be regarded as a cause for
congratulation ; secondly, the Club had this year renewed its
support towards the ‘ Zoological Record’ to the extent of

3 [Vol. liv.

£10 10s. ; and thirdly, it had made a donation of £25 towards
the British Trust for Ornithology.

This coming year the Club would probably have some con-
siderable expenses in connection with the International
Ornithological Congress, to be held in this country. The
membership was, however, on the increase, and the deposit
account was satisfactory and was put aside to some extent
for this very purpose, so he (the Hon. Secretary) did not
think the Club would need to reduce its ordinary expenditure
in any way. On the contrary, he looked forward to an
enlarged membership and a _ considerable increase in its
activities.

The Report was carried unanimously.

Mr. G. M. Maruews was elected Vice-Chairman of the
Club in place of Mr. H. F. Witherby, whose period of office
had terminated.

Mr. C. W. MackwortH-PRAED was re-elected Hon. Secretary
and Treasurer.

Mr. A. Ezra and Dr. J. M. Harrison were elected Members
of the Committee in place of Dr. P. H. Manson-Bahr and
Dr. A. Landsborough Thomson, retiring through seniority.

This concluded the business, and those present then
adjourned to the Dinner.

Committee, 1933-1934.

Mr. D. A. BANNERMAN, Chairman (elected 1932).

Mr. G. M. Matuews, Vice-Chairman (elected 1933).

Dr. G. CaRMICHAEL Low, Editor (elected 1930).

Mr. C. W. Mackwortu-Prarep, Hon. Secretary and
Treasurer (elected 1929).

Rev. J. R. HAuz (elected 1931).

Mr. H. WuIsTLER (elected 1932).

Mr. A. Ezra (elected 1933).

Dr. J. M. Harrison (elected 1933).

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5 { Vol. liv.

Mr. Davip BANNERMAN exhibited three birds new to the
fauna of Nigeria, and said :—

In the spring of this year, Dr. P. A. Buxton, who will be
known to many of you for his work on desert birds and
animals, went out to Nigeria to make investigations on the
Tsetse-fly, and, fortunately, was quartered at Gadau, in the
Azare district of Bauchi Province, a locality concerning
which we previously knew little. While in residence there,
from February till June, Dr. Buxton made a small collection
of birds, which included some very interesting species.

You will remember that in 1928 Mr. G. L. Bates discovered.
a fine new Francolin at Say, in the Upper Volta, about 230 miles
west of Sokoto. He shot one bird only, which was made the
type of Francolinus coqui spinetorum. This Francolin was
one of the prizes which Dr. Buxton secured at Gadau, and
through his interest we have recently received another fine
specimen from Dr. J. O. Paisley from Azare, in the same
province.

Of even greater interest is a specimen of Savile’s Pigmy
Bustard, also obtained by Dr. Paisley near Azare a few months
ago. ‘'Fhis bird was discovered by Admiral Lynes in Kordofan,
and named by him Lophotis savilet. Its appearance in
Nigeria is, therefore, of great interest, extending as it does
its range hundreds of miles to the west. I have also secured
reliable information that it occurs in Senegal, but this requires
confirmation, as the bird was eaten.

Finally, Dr. Buxton discovered the White-backed Duck
(Thalassornis leuconotus leuconotus) on the Hago Swamp,
near Hadejia, in Kano Province. His party shot nineteen,
and he saw fifty on April 30. Its occurrence there came
as a surprise to me, for it had never been previously recorded
from north of Angola, and only once from eastern Cameroon.

I hope that when we have an evening devoted to lantern-
slides Dr. Buxton will show us views of the country where
these birds were secured.

- Colonel R. MEENERTZHAGEN made the following remarks
upon autumn migration at Ushant :—
The island of Ushant, lying 12 miles off the west coast of

Vol. liv.] 6

Brittany, has proved itself to be a first-class observatory for
bird migration. Dr. Eagle Clarke visited it in 1898, but was
only able to remain there some ten days owing to the mis-
construction placed on his activities by the French authorities.
Since the war, Collingwood Ingram visited the island for a short
period of the autumn migration, during September, and made
some valuable observations, also recording for the first time
in Europe the occurrence of Locustella fasciolata from eastern
Asia. We visited the island from September 11 to October 4,
arming ourselves with a Naturalist’s Permit from the
French Government, a Permis de Chasse, and a letter of
recommendation from the authorities to the lighthouses.
We were not molested in the slightest degree, and on all sides
met with courtesy and kindness. One has to be devoted to
crustaceans of every description to enjoy a visit to Ushant.

Ushant Island has been well described by Eagle Clarke in
vol. ii. of his ‘ Studies in Bird Migration,’ 1912, pp. 305-328.
It is, roughly, five miles by two, the longer axis running south-
west and north-east. It is practically treeless, but contains
small patches of scrub and a few small spinneys, sufficient,
and, indeed, ideal, for sheltering migrants. Two shallow
valleys running parallel into the Bay of Lampaul contain a
few reed-beds and osier-beds. The rest of the island is open
heath, stunted gorse, and heather, whilst at the south-west
extremity is a fine stretch of short crisp grass, ideal for
Wheatears, Dotterel, and suchlike birds. Wader-ground is
poor, the bulk of the coast-line being granite rock, rugged
and ragged. Lampaul Bay has a fair stretch of sand, and
it was here that we saw the few Waders observed. We soon
became well acquainted with the island, and our party of
three made a rule of patrolling it thoroughly every day.

The local inkabitants and the lighthouse keepers had no
bird-sense, though quite prepared to give information on the
purely sporting aspect. We were, however, credibly informed
that on December 27, 1927, 416 Woodcock struck the Crecch
Light, and many hundreds of exhausted birds were killed
on the following day throughout the island. All the islanders
were agreed that during the winter storms from November

7 [Vol. liv.

to March, especially when snow has fallen on the mainland,
the island is visited by thousands of birds of all sorts. Un-
fortunately we have no accurate information on bird migration
at Ushant except during the early part of autumn passage,
in fact during the periods during which Kagle Clarke, Colling-
wood Ingram, and ourselves visited the island. Local
information we found to be quite unreliable. One quite
intelligent informant, after enumerating many species seen
in winter, was asked, by way of a test, ““I suppose you get
a few Turkeys here in hard winters ?”’ ‘ Oh, yes,” he replied,
without a smile; “in very hard weather I have shot them,
but they are rare.”’

During the period of our visit we kept a migration chart
(now exhibited) which shows at a glance the volume of migra-
tion among sixteen of the commoner forms. What stands
out from this chart is the response made by migrants to an east
wind. It moved them from Ushant and caused others to
arrive. Other winds had not the same effect, neither had the
weather. The only influence fog, cloud, or clear weather
seemed to have on passage was that in clear weather only
tired birds would come down to Ushant, whilst during fog
the main body would take advantage of the island.

Among the residents and summer visitors the Meadow-Pipit,
Stonechat, Yellow Hammer, Wheatear, Rock-Pipit, Hedge-
Sparrow, Wren, House-Sparrow, Sky-Lark, Corn-Bunting,
Swallow, and Common Tern were the commonest. The
Robin (continental form), Raven, Water-Rail, and Moorhen
are scarce. The Kestrel is probably resident, also the Ringed
Plover. Notableexceptions are the Starling, Dartford Warbler,
and Chough, all so common in Brittany. The Chough was
seen occasionally, but these were only parties wandering
from the mainland. The Stonechat is darker even than the
British form (Sazxicola torquata hibernans), and is much nearer
the Hebridean form (S. ¢. theresw). The Hedge-Sparrow and
Robin are the continental forms.

This is no place for a detailed list of migrants. I shall
only mention the rarer observations. Among interesting
birds we secured a Firecrest on Sept. 18 and saw another

Vol. hiv] 8

on the 25th. A Tawny Pipit was shot on Sept. 18,
a solitary bird. Dotterel were seen on September 14, 16,
and 18. <A specimen of the Melodious Warbler (Hippolais
polyglotta) was obtained on Sept. 22. Pairs of Grey Phalarope
were seen on Sept. 20 and 30. A few British Robins appeared
on Sept. 24, and were easily recognizable on colour and by
habit. Whereas the resident Ushant Robin is a skulker
and confined to bush and spinneys away from habitations,
the British form, on arrival, kept close to habitations, and
showed no fear otf man. Sedge-Warblers were common
during most of our stay, and struck the Light in some numbers.
The problem of the Kingfisher is interesting, for Eagle Clarke
noted them as surprisingly abundant in September. We
saw only a few individuals. They must certainly be migrants,
and little seems to be known about the movements of this
bird. Great Shearwaters were seen in August, when I spent
a day at Ushant, and several were seen on Oct. 4. A single
Pied Wagtail was secured on Sept. 28, though the White
Wagtail was fairly common throughout our visit. Two
Pratincoles were seen flying over on Sept. 29, and a few
Snow-Buntings appeared on Sept. 24 and 25 in a very tired
condition.
- Whence do these Ushant September migrants come? It is
too early for the east-to-west European passage, and I am
inclined to think they all come from a northerly direction.
The occurrence of Snow-Buntings and Greenland Wheatears
would seem to support this view, whilst we never saw a single
migrant which could for certain be said to be an east-to-west
migrant. If this is: correct it would-then appear that the
Firecrest, Melodious. Warbler;-and-Tawny Pipit might be
British breeding birds. -But-whence came the Pratincole ?
There are two other aspects of migration which interested
us. In the first place, ‘the relation between moult and
migration. We caught several individuals with primaries
still in moult, and a good many in full body moult. But by
far the majority of specimens handled showed no sign of
moult, and had changed into winter plumage. Where moult
was'in progress birds were thin, otherwise they were all very
fat. The other aspect of migration was stomach-contents of

e

9 [Vol. liv.

birds actually on passage, that is, birds which. struck the
Creoch Light. These comprised ten Sedge-Warblers, three
Whitethroats, a Tree-Pipit, and three Dunlins. In every
case there was not a trace of food in the stomach.

The nearest portion of the English coast to Ushant is
about the south coast of Cornwall and Devon, a distance
of 120 miles. When birds struck the Creoch Light it was
always between 1 a.m. and 3.30 Aa.m., which still further
lends support to the view that September passage in Ushant
arrives from the north.

There are two lighthouses on Ushant Island and two on
rocks just off its coast. The main light is the Creoch Light,
at the south-west end, with a white beam. The other land
lighthouse is at the north-east end, with a red beam. This
red-beam light has never been known to attract birds.

Mr. R. A. B. ArpteEy, late second officer of the
‘ Discovery II,’ who had recently returned from the Antarctic,
made some interesting remarks upon Petrels and other birds
found in these southern waters.

Mr. R. E. Moreau made some remarks on the migration
routes across the Lybian Desert. A full account of this
interesting paper will appear in ‘ The Ibis’ later.

‘Dr. Finn SALoMONSEN read a paper entitled ‘‘ Remarks
on the Montane Avifauna in Central Madagascar.’ He said :—

The geographical aspect of Madagascar shows the whole of
the western parts covered with great arid plains, and in the east
a densely forested region. These two areas are divided by
a mountain barrier, extending from the north to the extreme
south of the island, occupying the interior parts of Madagascar.
To the south we find the vast high plateau Betsileo, which
is replaced in the central parts of the island by high
mountains, of which Ankaratra has an altitude of 10,000 feet,
and is the highest mountain in Madagascar. ‘To the north
of the Ankaratra Mountains we find only smaller chains,
such as Manjaka, Tsaratanana, and others. To the west
of all these mountains is situated a large high plateau, which
gradually merges into the arid plains of the western lowland.
The bird-life in the interior of Madagascar is rather scarce,

a a

Vol. liv.] 10

and only few birds are recorded from there, although some
species, as, for instance, the Grass-Warbler (Cisticola cherina),
the Wagtail (Motacilla flaviventris), and the Bush-Lark
(Mirafra hova), are quite common. The mountainous part
of Madagascar is especially poor in birds peculiar to it,
3. e., birds which occur only on the mountains and on the high
plateau. Of such species only two are known, the Warbler
Dromeocercus seebohmi Sharpe and the Rail Sarothrura
waterst (Bartlett). Both were previously known only from
the type-specimens until the great Anglo-Franco-American
Expedition recently rediscovered them and collected a good
series of both.

Through a careful examination of the very extensive
series of Madagascar birds in the British Museum and the —
Museum of Natural History in Paris I succeeded in finding
some other birds peculiar to the mountains. These birds
are all to be regarded as geographical subspecies of well-known
birds from the forests of the eastern lowland. However,
as the discovery of these mountain birds was quite unexpected,
and as their modification seems to show an example of an
ecological rule, I thought it might be of some interest to
mention them here. I am very indebted to Dr. Lowe, of
the Bird Room of the Natural History Museum, through
whose kindness it has been possible for me to exhibit
specimens of these birds to-night.

The first of the species which I shall show you is a Fly-
catcher, Newtonia brunneicauda. It occurs on the whole island
wherever there is a growth of trees. The birds which have
ascended the mountains appear to have become larger, which
is easily seen by comparing the birds of the two series shown
in this box. The specimens on the left belong to the small
lowland form, and those on the right are specimens from the
Ankaratra Mountains, showing much larger proportions. On
the slip underneath the birds I have written the variation
of the wing-length of both forms. In addition, the mountain
form is somewhat darker than the lowland form.

The second species is a White-eye (Zosterops maderaspatana),
which is the only species of its family in Madagascar. Like
Newtonia brunneicauda, it inhabits the whole island, but it is

ll [Vol. liv.

also to be found on most of the islands surrounding Madagascar,
differentiated as certain island forms. This bird, in a quite
analogous way to the Flycatcher (Newtonia), grows larger in
the mountains, but, regarding the coloration, it differs only
slightly from the lowland form. Jn another box I exhibit
some specimens of this bird.

The third species is the well-known Stonechat (Sazicola
torquata), which is distributed over nearly the whole of the
Ethiopian and Palearctic regions. Madagascar is inhabited
by the subspecies S. t. sibilla, which is found over the whole
island. This bird also becomes larger in the central high
plateau, but is coloured. similarly to the lowland form, as was

_the case with the Mountain White-eye. The two forms of the
Madagascar Stonechat, of which the mountain form is very
much larger than the lowland bird, are exhibited in this box.

And now for the fourth, and last,form. It belongs to a genus
peculiar to Madagascar, called Pseudocossyphus, being, however,
very closely allied to the African Rock-Thrushes (Monticola)
and Robin-Chats (Cossypha). Pseudocossyphus imerinus is,
in a number of subspecies, distributed over the whole of
Madagascar, the eastern forests being inhabited by P. 7. sharpez.
The birds which are found in the Ankaratra Mountains are,
on an average, paler than sharper, but the main character is
their larger size. I also exhibit some specimens of these birds.

Thus we find that all the mountain forms mentioned here
are modified in a similar way, as they are all larger than the
birds from the eastern coastal regions. In colour, however,
there exist no, or at any rate very slight, differences. The
differences in size are rather large, and the measurements
of the respective mountain and lowland races do not overlap.
The wing-measurements are as follows :—

Lowland form. Mountain form.

mm. mm. .

Newtoma brunneicauda........ 3d; 52-58 3d, 58-62
22, 52-58 29, 58-61

Zosterops maderaspatana....... 3d; 53-59 3d, 59-65
22, 52-59 22, 61-63

Sdxtcola torquard... vdieo us es bd, 64-71 dd, 73-76
22, 63-69 22, 73-74

Pseudocossyphus imerinus ...... 36d, 75-80 36d, 80-87
22, 71-78 22, 79-84

Vol. liv.] 12

That the mountain forms are satisfactorily established is
proved through the fact that about 600 specimens of the
four species mentioned have been examined and measured.
The analogous way in which these birds have been differen-
tiated, when moving from the lowland up the slopes of the
mountains, makes it possible that the larger size is due to
climatic changes, and I suppose it is .a reaction against
lower temperature at the higher altitudes. It is a well-
known fact that birds grow larger in colder climates, and. we
find the same all over the world. For instance, you all know
that many birds breeding in northern or polar regions migrating
south to England are larger than the English breeding-birds.
I would recall to your minds the Redpoll, the Wheatear,
the Dunlin, and the Redshank, and some others. -I consider
the large mountain forms in Madagascar as having developed
in accordance with this principle. |

A more detailed report on these birds will be published. at
some future date.

Lt.-Col. R. F. ME&IKLEJoHN showed six clutches of eggs
of Riippell’s Warbler (Sylvia ruppelli) from Crete :— |
c/5, Crete, 7. v. 1933.

0/5, 5, © 29. w.1988)
0/4, ,, 12.-v, 1983:
e/2

te, 13. v. 1933.
fV(addiedy ft h yie aaa

Mr.-P. F. BuNyaRD exhibited: an interesting series of eggs
from the Alberta muskegs collected by Professor Rowan :—

Eight clutches of three each of Bonaparte’s Gull (Larus
philadelphia); a clutch of four eggs of the Red-breasted
Snipe (Limnodromus griseus hendersont Rowan); clutches
of three and two of the Greater Yellowshank (Tinga melano-
leuca) ; clutches of four and three of the Yellowshank (Tringa
flavipes), and, made the following remarks :—

On April 14, 1926, I exhibited two clutches of three eggs
each of Bonaparte’s Gull, the first to reach this country since
the time of McFarlane (Bull. B. O. C. xlvi. 1926, pp. 108-110).
A further exhibit of a third clutch was made on October’8, 1930

13 [Vol. liv.

(Bull. B.O.C. hl. 1930, pp. 11-12). I re-exhibit the fore-
going with the five additional clutches recently received
from Prof. Rowan, making a unique series of eight clutches.

_ The recently acquired material does not. necessitate any
alteration in my original comparative study—the distinguishing
characteristics are amply confirmed, especially in regard
to their shape, constancy in ground-colour, and the evenness
of the distribution of their markings. ,

In clutch B there is a very small egg, which I have left. out
of the averages, measuring 42 <31-5 mm., and weighing only
1-352 mg. Clutch D has one egg with an exceptionally large
mark for this species, measuring 19 x 17 mm.

Measurements and weights of 26 eggs (including three in
the Massey collection) average as follows :—49-1 x 35:2 mm.,
1-650 mg. The eggs showing the four extremes measure
45-4 x 34-4, 53-2 34, 4936-5. Maximum weight 1-828 mg. ;
minimum weight 1-451 mg.

_ Two of the above clutches were collected by A. D, Henderson.
_ Bent (number of eggs not stated) gives as the average
49-5 x 34:9 mm. |

The clutch of four eggs of the Red-breasted. Snipe (or
Dowitcher) was taken by Prof. Rowan at Fawcett, Alberta,
on June 6, 1931. The 2 was collected off the nest, which
was situated on the edge of an enormous muskeg flanked
by tall spruce, and was composed. of grasses placed in a small
clump of scrub. The eggs were fresh.

This clutch differs very considerably from the one I exhibited
on January 11, 1933 (Bull. B.O.C. lii. 1933, pp. 90-92).
The eggs are much more pyriform, almost sharply so. The
ground-colour is pale olive-green or oil-green. The so-called
“odd” egg is considerably paler and conspicuous. The
markings are paler and more confluent and more or less capped.
The underlying markings are more numerous and con-
spicuous.

Measurements, Weights.
mm, mg
Average, 4eggs ..... 41-9 x 30 Average, 4eggs ......... 957-2
Mo. by oo. eee 42 x29 ale ae oe oe ote he ee 954
Ao ad A erie Ox, PME gg De eR Ps ee ewe’ 993
oer 41-5x 31 he ae wie 3 bls RN eS 965

Vol. liv.] 14

Average measurements and weights for eight eggs, including
the four previously exhibited :—41-4 x 29-4 mm., 938-4 mg.

Prof. Rowan informs me that no other eggs beyond those
exhibited of L. g. hendersont have so far reached this country ;
all other clutches collected by him and his friends were
acquired by American collectors.

I have called attention to the so-called ‘“‘ odd ’’ eggs in these
two clutches of L. g. hendersont. It is well known that these
eggs persist in many clutches of the Limicoline species.
With some it is very constant. During the weighing of
a great number of clutches of eggs of the birds belonging
to this order I have discovered that, without exception, the
‘odd ’’ egg is not only the least marked. of the clutch, but also
by far the lightest in weight, due, in my opinion, to the fact
that it is the last egg of the clutch laid, pointing to a period
of exhaustion in the reproductive organs, and to a loss of
shell-forming matter.

The clutch of three eggs of the Greater Yellowshank
exhibited is very interesting. Two of them, it will be seen,
have the same ground-colour as those I exhibited in October
1930 (Bull. B.O.C. li. 1930, pp. 9-11). The third egg has
a ground-colour of drab, perceptibly tinged greenish. One
egg is very remarkable, and has nearly all the markings at the
small end, 2.¢., it is a mis-marked egg, laid the small end
first, a most unusual occurrence in eggs of the Limicole.
Among the 2,543 eggs of this family, representing 58 species,
in my collection it only occurs in five cases—twice in a clutch
of Redshank (Tringa totanus totanus), once in the Curlew
(Numenius arquata arquata), and once in the Stilt (Himantopus
h. himantopus). As I consider these are very interesting
specimens, they are included in the exhibit.

The clutch of two is also interesting, and uneven; one
has the ground-colour reddish-brown, the other somewhat
resembles the eggs of the Moorhen (Gallinula c. chioropus)
both in the ground-colour and markings, proving that the
ground-colour of these eggs varies considerably.

Measurements (13 eggs), Bunyard’s series :—49-6 x 34:0 mm.

Weights (13 eggs), Bunyard’s series :—1-503 mg.

15 [Vol. liv.

I exhibit the whole of my series of eggs of the Yellowshank,
including the two recent clutches from Prof. Rowan. The
clutch of three is typical, the clutch of four is small for this
species ; the ground-colour is unusual and decidedly greenish
instead. of pinkish-buff.

THE CLUTCH OF SMALL EGGS.

Measurements. Weights.

mm. mg.
Average, 4 eggs ..... 28°4X 27-7 | Average, 4epgs .......... 659-2
Mees c.. 5 or gear SO eee S| INO. TL aerosrtiae se ole isis sieves 740
SES ea areca 38-1 x 27 » 2 the‘ odd” egg. 590
Ro ek, S att Site be 38 x28 Shap) O Wan ns thongs er dgiaddere ¢ 667
USES eee 39-2 27 Pe eS oe eG eee eee 640
Average, 3l eggs .... 41-8 28-8 | Average, 3l eggs ........ 829

I also exhibit a clutch of three eggs of the Corn-Bunting
(Emberiza c. calandra) found at Cliffe-at-Hoo, Kent, on
June 25, 1933, showing true erythrism.

The nest was situated in a partly harvested field of cabbages,
and was found by watching the female return. There were
originally four eggs, one of which was on the point of hatching ;
the three exhibited were all unfertile.

The clutch when tested by internal illumination showed. an
entire absence of any bluish or greenish tinge, usually present
in the shell of the eggs of LH. c. calandra. They were not unlike
the true erythristic form of egg of the. Blackcap (Sylvia
atricapulla).

The Rev. F. C. R. JourDAIN remarked that while he did
not propose to traverse all the erroneous statements made by
Mr. Bunyard, he had evidently been misled by Professor Rowan’s
information that no other eggs of Limnodromus g. hendersonr
beyond those exhibited had so far reached this country. This
was not the case, as he himself had one clutch in his own
collection, while Mr. Maples had another, Major Malcolm a
third, and Lt.-Col. Meiklejohn a fourth. Mr. Massey had also
a set from the North-West Provinces which were either this race
or L. g. scolopaceus. There were thus at least 16 to 20 eggs
in English collections besides the eight eggs exhibited. As

Vol. liv.] 16

the race on the British List was L. g. griseus, the eggs of which
were still unknown, it was impossible to quote measurements
in the ‘ Practical Handbook,’ and those given were of the
western race, L. g. scolopaceus. =

thee.

Capt. C. H. B. Grant and Mr. C. W. Mackwortu-
PRAED sent the following notes :—

~ 1. On the Correct Name and Exact Type-locality for the _
Greater Flamingo of Europe and Africa.

So far as we can trace, the names Phenicopterus antiquorum
and P. rosews were used indiscriminately for this bird up to
the time of the publication of Salvadori’s vol. xxvii. of the
Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus. 1895, when roseus was more generally
used, although we cannot find that Salvadori published any
note giving his reasons for adopting this name, which is first
found in Barrére, Orn. Spec. Nov. 1745, p. 21 (no locality),
as Phenicopterus roseus, but, being pre-Linnean, cannot be
used. Between 1895 and 1920 roseus was generally used,
when in the latter year Hartert resurrected antiquorum in
his Vég. pal. Faun. ii.. 1920, p. 1266, and this has been
followed by most authors, including Sclater, Syst. Av. Authiop. i.
1924, p. 39; Meinertzhagen, Nicoll’s Bds. Egypt, ii. 1930,
p. 453; Bannerman, Bds. Trop. .W. Afr. i. 1930, p. 126; and
Chapin, Bds. Belg. Congo, 1. 1932, p. 488.

We have critically examined the subject matter on pp. 586-
589 in Temminck’s Man. d’Orn. i. 1820, and we are of opinion
the description on p. 586 is that of the genus, being followed
by the distribution, habits, food, nesting, moults, difference
in sexes, colour of nestling, the webbed. feet, gregariousness,
shyness, formation in flight, and mode of walking of these
birds (les oiseaux), that is to say, of the Flamingoes as a
genus. About half-way through the above is to be found the
following :—‘‘ Two small species, half the size of the European
one, live in Africa and Asia; the plumage of the young under-
goes the same changes.” This seems tous to very clearly refer
to Pheniconaias minor, which must have been known to Tem-
minck, as it was named by Geoffroy in 1798. Then follow
the remarks, which read :—* It still seems to me very doubtful

17 [Vol. liv.

whether one ought to consider the American Flamingoes
as being the same species as the European and African ;
I have not yet come to certain conclusions about it, but
researches made make me anticipate that they are two dis-
tinct species ; when these differences will have been established
one will be able to give the Flamingoes from Europe and
Africa the name of Phenicopterus antiquorum, and to leave
to that of America the name of Phenicopterus ruber.”

After this, on p. 587 (bottom) and pp. 588, 589, is a des-
cription, references, plumages, distribution, food, and nesting
of Phenicopterus ruber Linneus. Therefore the only place
where the name antiquorum is mentioned is on p. 587, under
‘“* Remarks,”’ and there is certainly no description whatsoever,
nor even any mention, of a character by which the European
and African bird can be distinguished from the American
bird. The name antiquorwm is, therefore, a nomen nudum,
and cannot be used. The European and African form of
Phenicopterus ruber must bear the name of :—

PH@NICOPTERUS RUBER ROSEUS Pallas.

Phenicopterus roseus Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat. ii. 1827,
p. 207: mouth of the River Volga, Caspian Sea, Southern
Russia.

The exact type-locality as given above is to be found on
p. 207 of Pallas’s Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat. ii. 1827.

As we have accepted the date of Pallas’s work as 1827
we must consider the name major given by Dumont, Dict. Sci.
Nat. xvii. 1820, p. 96. Dumont refers to Geoffroy, Bull. Sci.
Soc. Philom. i. 1798, p. 98, whom he quotes for the three
species of Flamingo then recognized, but replaces ruber by
major, although he copies correctly the vernacular name and
the description given by Geoffroy, merely adding to the des-
cription four extra words to make better reading. As we
know that ruber is now the American bird, Dumont’s major
must be considered merely a substitute name, and would
in future appear in the synonymy of Phenicopterus ruber
ruber Linneeus and not of Pheenicopterus ruber roseus, as has
been done in the Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus. xxvii. 1895, p. 14 and
Hartert, Vog. pal. Faun. ii. 1920, p. 1266, under P. r. anti-
quorum.

Vol. liv.] 18

2. On the Occurrence of the Garganey, ANAS QUERQUE-
puLA Linneus, in Tanganyika Territory.

With reference to our note in the Bull. B. O. C. liti. 1933,
p. 245, we have to record a third occurrence of this Teal from
Tanganyika Territory. ;

This is an adult female obtained by Mr. Eric D. Bars at
Mayonga River, Isaka, Shinyanga District, on December 12,
1932. The collector has presented this specimen to the
British Museum (Natural History). This further record

seems to show that this bird, together with several other ~*~

migratory Ducks, is a regular visitor to the northern half of
Tanganyika Territory during the non-breeding season.

Mr. Jack: VINCENT sent the following note :—

The Correct Type-locality of the Vulturine Guineafowl,
ACRYLLIUM VULTURINUM (Hardwicke).

In the ‘Systema Avium Aithiopicarum’ the type-locality
is given as ‘‘ West Africa, errore,’’ and the fact that the bird
is confined to Eastern Africa led me to search in early literature
for something more accurate, with the following result :—

1.—1834. Hardwicke, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1834, p. 52, gives
West Africa, and says if the type ‘‘ was brought from the
western coast of Africa it had been in confinement.” This
bird could not have originated from West Africa, since the
species does not occur there, as we know, and as shown by
Schlegel & Pollen, Recher. de Madag. 1868, p. 119.

2.—1837. Gould, Icon. Av. pl. 8, 1837, gives West Africa,
and refers to Hardwicke, reference no. 1 above.

3.—1845. Gray, Gen. B. iii. 1845, p. 501, gives no locality,
but refers to nos. 1 and 2.

4.—1851. Reichenbach, vol. on Gallinacex, pl. 2956, p. 290,
gives no locality, but refers to nos. 1 and 2.

5.—1857. Hartlaub, Syst. Orn. West Afr. 1857, p. 200,
gives West Africa, and references to nos. 1, 2, and 4.

6.—1861. Layard, Ibis, 1861, p. 120, gives Madagascar,
from E. Layard, saying that he obtained living examples at
Bojana Bay, on the N.W. side of Madagascar. This locality

19 [Vol. liv.

cannot be accepted, since the bird does not occur on that
island.

7.—1861. Hartlaub, J. f. Ornith. 1861, p. 266: west coast
of Madagascar, gives reference to no. 5, and corrects it to west
coast of Madagascar by referring to no. 6.

8.—1863. Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1863, p- 126, gives
Madagascar, and references to nos. 1, 2, and 6.

9.—1863. Pollen, Ned. Tijdschr. v. Dierk. 1863, p. 315

includes the species in a list of Madagascar birds, and refers to

* nos, 1, 2, 4,5, and 6.

10.—1864. Layard, Ibis, 1864, p. 133. In a letter Layard
says that he saw two live specimens which had come “ from
the eastern coast of Africa, a little to the northward of Zanzi-
bar.” Since in that locality we have the Pangani District,
wherein Acryllium vulturinum occurs, I maintain that the
type-locality for the Vulturine Guineafowl should in future
read the Pangani District of Tanganyika Territory.

Dr. C. B. Tickunurst forwarded the following descriptions
of two new forms of Indian birds :—

1. Phylloscopus reguloides kashmiriensis, subsp. nov.

Description.—Differs from Phylloscopus reguloides reguloides
(type-loc. Calcutta) in having the upper-parts, edges to the
wings, and coverts a yellower green; the lateral coronal
bands are less dark and so not so conspicuous ; usually there
is less white in the outer tail-feather ; also it has a longer wing.

Measurements.—Wing, $9, 58-5-64:5 mm., as against
55-59 mm. in reguloides.

Distribution.—North-West Himalayas: Kashmir to Dehra
Dun.

Type.—g, Simla, 28.9.1877. W. Davison coll. British
Museum. Brit. Mus. Reg. no. 1886.7.8.975.

Remarks.—Nine specimens examined and compared with
a large series of reguloides from Bengal and Sikkim. A series
in fresh plumage is easily separable, as are most individuals.
The qualitative distinctions are those shown in other North-
West Himalayan Phylloscopi compared with north-eastern.

Vol. liv.] 20

2. Vivia innominata simlaensis, subsp. nov. -

Description.—Similar to Vivia innominata innominata (type-
loc. Sikkim), but longer in the wing and, on the whole, with
paler, less yellow upper-parts.

Measurements.—Wing, 3 33, 6 29, 59-625 mm., against
54-59 mm. in innominata (21 measured). wy es

Distribution. North-West Himalayas, from Murree to
Dehra Dun. Birds from Nepal (Vivia nepalensis eae
Piculus rufifrons Gray) belong to the typical form.

Type.—, Murree. Hume coll., British Museum. Brit.
Mus. Reg. no. 1887.8.10.2174.

Remarks.—Small non-migratory birds such as Vivia show
very little variation in wing-length, so that differences, though
small, if constant and if they accord to geographical dis-
tribution, should be recognized.

Colonel R. MEINERTZHAGEN sent the following descriptions
of new subspecies of Wren and Francolin :—

Troglodytes troglodytes syriacus, subsp. nov.

Description.—Not a very constant nor distinct form, but
with sufficient differences to justify separation. Differs
from 7’. t. troglodytes in being more barred underneath, in some
cases the barring extending to the throat and always to the
lower breast. Bill as long as in 7’. ¢. cypriotes and much longer
than in 7’. t. troglodytes, but paler and greyer than 7’. t. cypriotes.
Bill longer than 7’. t. hyrcanus and the plumage slightly more
heavily barred above and below. In my Lebanon series
two are uniform above and five barred.

Distribution.—The main Lebanon Range above 3000 feet,
perhaps in winter to lower levels and to the Jordan Valley.

Type.—In my collection, g, Zachle, Lebanon, 3000 feet,
30. x: 1919.

Remarks.—Hartert (V6g. pal. Faun. i. 1910, p. 780), under
T’. t. cypriotes draws attention to the Lebanon bird as being
rather long-billed, but not particularly pale; but at that
time Hartert had but a single specimen. The Tring collection

21 [Vol. liv.

subsequently received a large series from the Lebanon Range,
but, unfortunately, these passed to America before they were
critically examined.

Francolinus francolinus billypayni, subsp. nov.

Description.—Males generally darker than any form except
F. f. melanonotus, from which it differs only in being slightly
paler. Ear-coverts pure white and not quite so dark on the
upper parts. Rump and upper tail-coverts not so closely
‘barred. Centres of feathers on back black. Females much
~ darker than any form except IF. f. melanonotus.
<< Distribution.—Only known from the type-locality, which is
isolated by over a hundred miles from any other colony.
Type.—In my collection, 9, north shore of the Lake of
Antioch, Syria, 20. v. 1933.

Capt. C. H. B. Grant and Mr. C. W. MackworTH-PRAED
sent the following descriptions of two new subspecies of
Kestrel :—

Faleo tinnunculus tanganyike, subsp. nov.

Description.—Similar in size to fF. ¢. tinnunculus, but much
darker and richer in colour; mantle, back, scapulars, and
wing-coverts deep chestnut-brown, with no vinous tinge,
darker and richer than either fF. ¢. rufuscens or F. t. carlo ;
grey of crown, rump, upper tail-coverts, and tail dark slate,
deeper in shade than either F’. ¢. rufuscens or F. t. carlo; below
much darker and richer than F. ¢. tinnunculus, F. t. rufuscens,
or F. t. carlo, more rufous to chestnut, with dark chestnut
edges to flank-feathers. Female also chestnut-brown above,
without vinous tinge ; below darker than other races, more
rufous and, chestnut.

Soft parts :—lIrides brown, bill blue-slate, cere, round eyes,
and legs and toes lemon-yellow; soft parts of female the
same.

Measurements.—Wing 238; tail 149; culmen 14; tarsus
41 mm.

Distribution.—Tanganyika Territory.

Vol. liv.] 22

Type.— adult, Kigoma, Tanganyika Territory. Collected
by Capt. Claude H. B. Grant on October 21, 1928 (Brit. Mus.
Reg. no. 1929.5.13.1).

Remarks.—An adult male and female, paired, with a brood
of four young birds which had bred in the roof of the collector’s
bungalow.

The measurements of this pair are :—

Wing: 6 238; 9248 mm. Tail: ¢ 149; 2 157 mm.

Besides the above family party, we have examined an
adult 9 from Kondoa-Irangi collected on May 28, 1928
(Brit. Mus. Reg. no. 1929.8.17.12).

This specimen isin moult and the wing cannot be measured,
but the tail measures 159 mm.; but another from M’Kangagi,
Uluguru Mts., a 9, kindly lent to us by the Museum of
Comparative Zodlogy, dated October 20, 1926, no. M.C.3.
237536, has a wing-measurement of 239 mm.

Falco tinnunculus buryi, subsp. nov.

Description.—On the average equal in size to F. t. carlo.
Similar to /’. ¢. tinnunculus, but more richly coloured, especially
below, and thighs more rufous, grey crown of head more
distinctly streaked, grey rump, upper tail-coverts, and tail
similar to F. t. tinnunculus. Mantle, back, scapulars, and

upper wing-coverts lacking the vinous tinge of f.t. carlo. It is,

however, in the female that the differences are most striking,
as the adult is both above and below much warmer and richer
in colour than either the female of F. t. innunculus, F. t. rupi-
coleformis, or F’. t. archeri, but is more rufous and lacks the
darker vinous tinge of the female of F. t. carlo, and the rump,
upper tail-coverts, and tail are wholly slate-coloured, the
tail being partially barred.

‘Soft parts :—Bill slate, cere, orbital patch, and feet yellow.

Measurements.—3, wing 231; tail 160; culmen 14;
tarsus 36 mm. 9&9, wing 248; tail 172; culmen 14;
tarsus 42 mm.

Distribution.—Southern Arabia (Aden Protectorate, east to
Dhufar).

23 [Vol. liv.

Types — adult, Dthala, Amiri District, South Arabia.
Collected by G. W. Bury on March 11 (Brit. Mus. Reg. no.
1902.12.12.17).

g adult, Menacha, Yemen, South Arabia. Collected by
G. W. Bury on December 27, 1912 (Brit. Mus. Reg. no.
1913.7.18.130).

Remarks.—We have in this case named two types and given
the female type first, as the racial characters appear more
defined in this sex; but at the same time it seems desirable
that a male type should be designated in accordance with the
accepted practice.

Five males and six females examined, which measure :—

Wing: ¢ 229-242; 9 224-249 mm. Tail: g 156-162 ;
© 145-170 mm.

Named in honour of the late Mr. G. W. Bury.

Capt. C. H. B. Grant and Mr. C. W. MackwortH-PRAED
also sent the following description of a new subspecies of Kite :—

Milvus migrans tenebrosus, subsp. nov.

Description.—A yellow-billed form, the young bird having
a dark bill. Very much darker and blacker in general appear-
ance than M. m. egyptius. Differs from M. m. parasitus
in being much darker, more sooty and blackish. Size equal
to M. m. parasitus.

Soft parts :—Bill yellow, iris brown, feet yellow.

Measurements.—Wing 400; tail 265; culmen 24; tarsus
49 mm.

Distribution.—West Africa south to Angola, Northern
Rhodesia, and Upper Zambesi, Sudan, Abyssinia to Uganda,
Kenya Colony, and Tanganyika Territory, Belgian Congo,
Zanzibar and Pemba Island.

Type.—§ adult, Beoumi, Ivory Coast, West Africa.
Collected by W. P. Lowe and H. R. Hardy on December 21,
1922 (Brit. Mus. Reg. no. 1923.11.12.13).

Remarks.—Forty-six specimens examined. Wing 395-
454 mm.

Vol. liv] 24

Mr. E. C. Stuart Baker forwarded the following des-
cription of a new race of Krimnochelidon concolor :—

Recently Mr. T. R. Livesey has forwarded to me for examina-
tion several very interesting little parcels of birds from the
Southern Shan States, mostly collected at an elevation of
about 6000 feet in the vicinity of Sintaung. Among these
are three specimens of Krimnochelidon concolor, originally
described by Sykes from the Deccan, which is a resident
bird over a great part of South and Western India, extending
casually so far East as Western Bengal, and also obtained
by Forrest in Yunnan. The specimens sent appeared to me
to be darker than the typical form, and on comparison with
the British Museum series this proves to be the case.

I accordingly name it

Krimnochelidon concolor sintaungensis, subsp. nov.

Description.—Similar to K. c. concolor, but decidedly darker
above, more blackish, less brown; below very little darker,
but with the reddish tinge rather prominent.

Measurements.—As in the typical race. Wing: ¢ 112,
22 108-110; tail about 55; bill at front 20; tarsus
7mm.

In the typical form the wings of a few measured vary from
104 to 118 mm.

Type.—¢, collected by T. R. Livesey in Sintanng, 6900 feet,
Shan States, 20.11.33. In the British Museum. Brit. Mus.
Reg. no. 1933.10.10.9.

Remarks.—In the British Museum series of this species
there is one specimen collected by Messrs. Craddock and
Thompson in the Shan States which was at once detected
in the box by its darker colour above ; wing 113 mm.

I examined five specimens of the new race and a series of
the typical form from Western India.

Mr. Livesey found this little Martin breeding in rifts in
the limestone ground, in hollows between the hills. Unlike
the Western form, these birds were breeding in colonies of
some Size.

25 [ Vol. liv.

Mr. Gregory M. Matuews sent the following notes :—

1.—Kuhl, in Beit. Zool. Vergl. Anat. Zweite Abth. 1820,
p. 148 (pref. April 9), uses Proc[ellaria] munda, but there the
name is indeterminable ; he puts Nectris munda Banks as a
synonym.

In Rowley’s Miscell. i. May 1876, p. 236, Salvin used Nectris
munda, and here also it is indeterminable, the description
being “‘ supra cinereo-nigricans subtus nivea.”’ The locality
for both names is lat. 48° 27’, long. 93°, in the South Pacific
Ocean.

Another name also indeterminable may belong here :—

Puffinus bicolor Tschudi, J. f. Ornith. May 1856, p. 187:
Sala-y-Gomez and Waihu.

In vol. ii. of * The Birds of Australia,’ May 30, 1912, p. 59,
I published the full description of Solander’s Nectris munda.
This name cannot stand. So for the bird described on p. 59
I give the name

Puffinus kuhliana, nom nov.,

and the locality as above.

2.—A description of a new genus of Whale-bird :—
Genus Attaprion, gen. nov.
Type, Procellaria desolatus Gmelin.

Differs from Pachyptila Illiger in having the inter-ramal
space feathered and not distensible.

3.—New name for a Petrel :—
Pterodroma satalandia, nom. nov., _

for the bird described as Procellaria sandaliata in ‘ Birds of
Australia,’ i. July 31, 1912, p. 151; not of Salvin, 1876.

Vol. liv.] 26
NOTICES.

The next Meeting of the Club will be held on Wednesday,
November 8, 1933, at the Knightsbridge Hotel, Knightsbridge,
S.W.1. The Dinner at 7 p.m.

Members intending to dine must inform the Hon. Secretary,
Mr. C. W. Mackworth-Praed, 51 Onslow Gardens, London,
S.W. 7, on the post-eard sent out with the ‘ Bulletin.’

Members who wish to make any communication at the
next Meeting of the Club must give notice to the Editor,
Dr. G. Carmichael Low, 86 Brook Street, Grosvenor Square, W. 1,
as soon as possible. The titles of their contributions will then
appear on the Agenda published before each Meeting. All
MSS. for publication in the ‘ Bulletin’ must be given to the
Editor before or at the Meeting.

Agenda.
1. Mr. David A. Bannerman, Chairman of the Club, will deliver
his Annual Address.
2. The Rev. F. C. R. Jourdain will exhibit an egg of
Puffinus puffinus yelkouan.

BULLETIN

OF THE

Pattie AP Wil HOLUGISTS -"CLUB.

No. CCCLXXAITTI.

THE three-hundred-and-sixty-seventh Meeting of the Club was
held at the Knightsbridge Hotel, Knightsbridge, S.W. 1,
on Wednesday, November 8, 1933.

Chairman: Mr. D. A. BANNERMAN.

Members present :—Dr. W. J. Avie; W. B. ALEXANDER;
E. C. Stuart Baker; Miss P. Barciay-Smitu; F. J. F.
BaRRINGTON; P. F. Bunyarp; Hon. G. L. CHARTERIS;
Miss J. M. Ferrier; H. A. GitBert; W. E. Gueca; Miss
E.M. Gopman; Rev. J. R. Hate; Dr.J. M. Harrison; R. E.
Heatu; Dr. E. Hopkinson; Rev. F. C. R. Jourpain;
N. B. Kinnear; Miss E. P. Leacu; Dr. G. CarmMicHarn
Low (Editor); Dr. N. 8S. Lucas; T. H. McKirrrick, jun. ;
C. W. MackwortuH-PRAED (Hon. Sec. & Treas.); Capt. J. H.
McNeiue; Dr. P. H. Manson-Baur; G. M. Matuews (Vice-
Chairman); J.G.Mavrocorpato; T.H.NEwman; C.OLDHAM ;
F.R. Ratcuirr; W.L.Sciater; D.Sera-SmitH; Major A. G. L.
S~aDEN; Dr. A. LANDSBOoROUGH THOMSON; B. W. TUCKER;
H. M. Watuis; H. F. Wiruersy; C. G. M. pg Worms.

Guests :—Mrs. GILBERT; W. H. Hatz; G. A. B. JENyns;
E. M. Nicnotson; Miss P. Pirrarp; Mrs. W. L. Scuater;
A. E. L. Suapen; Mrs. H. F. Wirnersy; T. F. Wiruersy.

[November 25, 1933.] a VOL. LIV.

Vol. liv.] 28

Mr. Davip A. BANNERMAN, Chairman of the Club, delivered
his annual address :—

Chairman’s Address.

GENERAL.
LADIES AND GENTLEMEN,—

Since I last addressed you we have had to deplore the
deaths of a past and two present members—Viscount Grey of
Fallodon, Ernest E. Adams, and Thomas G. Laidlaw.

Lord Grey had been a Member of the Club since 1909,
but had resigned his membership in 1932 owing to ill-health.
His well-known interest in bird protection, for which he worked
ceaselessly, and his true love of birds were outstanding features
in a particularly charming character. The birds have lost
a good. friend and our Ciub a very distinguished public servant
who endeared himself to all who knew him.

Although never a member of the Club, ornithology has
suffered a severe loss through the untimely death on January 29,
1933, of T. A. Coward. He was the best known naturalist in
the north of England and a most popular writer. A member
of the B. O. U. for many years, his influence as a field-naturalist
and writer on the present generation—particularly the younger
members—whom he was always willing to help and advise,
can hardly be over-estimated. He will be remembered
chiefly for his books, of which his ‘ Birds of the British Isles
and their Eggs’ is doubtless the best known.

During the last session we had the honour of entertaining
two ornithologists from abroad, Dr. Finn Salomonsen from
Denmark and Dr. C. H. Kellaway from Melbourne, Australia,
and at our last meeting Captain Guy Shortridge, from
King William’s Town Museum, Cape Colony, was our guest.
I need hardly say with what pleasure this Club entertains
ornithologists from our Dominions and foreign countries, and
I hope I shall have the pleasure of welcoming many more
before my term of office as your Chairman comes to an end.
No more important function can be carried out at the meetings
of the Club than that of cementing the bonds of friendship
between ornithologists of all nations, and we welcome the

29 [Vol. liv.

opportunity which our meetings afford of receiving them in
our midst. |

The most important event of the period under review is
unquestionably the initiation at Oxford of the British Trust
for Ornithology. The main object of the Trust is to form
a centre for biological work in birds. <A great deal of excellent
work has been done in the past on these lines, but has suffered
greatly from the lack of co-ordination and consequent over-
lapping which takes place. It is of the greatest importance,
in order to advance our knowledge of the biology of birds,
that the work done should be on systematic lines, just as
museums carry out systematic work on classification.

The Institute at Oxford will be under the supervision of
a Director, who will be assisted by an advisory committee
of experienced field-workers; their task will be to initiate
fresh schemes and advise on programmes of work.

Such an Institute must be on a permanent footing, and, there-
fore, must have funds to put it on a proper working basis.
A public appeal was made, with the result that a certain sum
is now available.

In this connection I have to make a very important announce-
ment, and I do so with the very greatest pleasure. Many
of you are doubtless aware that the President of the British
Ornithologists’ Union, Mr. Harry F. Witherby, has in the course
of his life formed a large and valuable collection of birds
entirely Palearctic, and especially rich in birds in immature
plumage and moult. It is the largest collection of Palearctic
birds now remaining in this country. Mr. Witherby has
offered this collection to the Trustees of the British Museum
(Natural History), who, at their meeting last month, agreed to
purchase it for the sum of £1500. £100 of this Mr. Witherby
intends to spend on the development of a Nature Reserve
surrounding his own Surrey home; the balance, £1400, he is
handing over to the British Trust for Ornithology to form
the nucleus of a permanent fund. : I would emphasize the
fact that Mr. Witherby obtains no pecuniary gain whatsoever
from the transaction. The British Trust for Ornithology
receives a splendid gift and the National Collection is enriched

az

Vol. liv.] 30

by the acquisition of first-class Palearctic material for study.
This magnanimous action of Mr. Witherby’s should place
the British Trust on firm ground, and I hope such an example,
coming from one who has done so much for British ornithology,
will inspire others to support the Trust with gifts of money
or literature.

At the conclusion of my address I shall ask Mr. Witherby
to make a personal statement.

I have now to refer to a collection of birds in which we shall
always have a great personal interest, even though it is now
so far away. I refer to Lord Rothschild’s collection, which
was acquired by the American Museum of Natural History.
As you know, that vast collection, comprising some 280,000
specimens, reached New York eighteen months ago, and it
will surprise some of you to learn that the birds are still
reposing in their packing-cases. The authorities of the
Museum are naturally as anxious as we are over here to have
the birds unpacked, and the collections again made available
for study, but their hands have been tied by the failure of the
New York City administration to hold to the letter or spirit
of a contract entered into with that institution to provide
half the necessary funds to complete the new wing of the
Museum in which the Rothschild collection will be housed.
Half the money required is available through the gift of the
late Mr. H. P. Whitney, but by the terms of the bequest the
sum expended from the Whitney fund must be equalled, dollar
for dollar, by the City before work can be resumed. Requests
for the loan of specimens from the British Museum and other
institutions, as well as from private individuals, have to be
met with a refusal, to the great regret of the officials of the
American Museum, on the grounds that the collection cannot
be unpacked. Thus for the time being this vast material is lost
to the scientific world. I am sure I am voicing the opinion
of all members of the British Ornithologists’ Club when
I express our sympathy with those now in charge of the col-
lection, and our hope that the New York City administration
will soon see its way to remedy the existing state of affairs.

31 -[Vol. liv.

REGIONAL REVIEW
(October 1932 to October 1933).

I now come to review the year’s work in the field of orni-
thology, and, following the plan of my address last year,
I shall group my observations under the various countries.

Europe.

To deal first with the field-work of our members and brother
ornithologists in Great Britain.

It is satisfactory to note that, as first made public last year,
the Honey- Buzzard (Pernis a. apivorus) seems to have definitely
established itself, for it has now been found nesting in yet
another locality. The preservation of this species as a breeding
bird is unquestionably due to the generous action of a dealer,
Mr. C. H. Gowland, whose unselfish efforts to save a pair
in the first instance from a keeper’s gun and a game-preserver,
by undertaking to pay compensation for any damage the birds
did, cannot be too widely known.

The first authentic instance for many years of a Hen-Harrier
(Circus c. cyaneus) breeding—and. successfully hatching out
four young in one of the home counties in 1932—is published
in ‘ British Birds,’ on the authority of Mr. C. V. Stoney and
Mr. N. Thompson. |

A second instance of the Redwing (T’urdus musicus) breeding
in Scotland was recorded at one of our own meetings last
year (May) by Dr. P. R. Lowe. I mentioned the previous
record in my address to you last year.

Finally, I may perhaps mention the occurrence, as reported
by the Rev. J. R. Hale, of the Black Redstart (Phenicurus
ochrurus gibraltariensis) breeding at Woolwich. An account
of this was published in ‘ British Birds,’ xxvii. 1933, p. 74.
It is, I understand, the second authentic record of the bird
having bred in Kent,

Passing from the work accomplished in our own islands,
expeditions have been made by our members to various
countries overseas,

Vol. liv] 32

Mr. C. H. Hartley accompanied an Oxford University
Expedition as ornithologist to Spitsbergen, but I have not
yet heard what work was accomplished.

Mr. E. G. Bird has been in Iceland, where he joined forces
with Mr. Haig-Thomas and visited the breeding grounds
of the Icelandic Geese in Central Iceland, and the little-known
Melrakka Sljetta Peninsula.

Mr. Stuart Baker has visited Lapland in company with
Dr. Ivar Hortling, pzincipally to investigate the breeding
ranges of the Redpolls (Acanthis hornemanni exilipes, A. flam-
mea flammea, and A. f. holboellii), and believes that he has
solved the problem successfully.

' Mr. E. S. Steward has visited East Finmark, with the
approval of the Norwegian Government, to investigate the
reported breeding of Steller’s Eider.

Messis. David Lack, G. C. L. Bertram, and B. B. Roberts
spent three weeks in Iceland, where an ecological survey was
undertaken; they also landed on Grimsey, where they listed
all the birds seen. Finally, the party spent three weeks
with the Charcot Mission in East Greenland at Scoresby Sound
(Hurry Inlet), and later sailed down the Blosseville coast.
They found Red-necked Phalarope, probably Lapland Buntings,
and Meadow-Pipits breeding further north than previously
known in East Greenland.

Mr. W. B. Alexander, accompanied by Miss M. Barclay,
Mr. J. R. Pease, Mr. and Mrs. B. W. Tucker, and Mr. H. F.
Witherby, visited Heligoland, and the first three mentioned
remained on this island seventeen days, from September 18
to October 4, the other members of the party shorter periods.
They received great kindness from Dr. R. Drost, Director of
the ‘‘ Vogelwarte,’’ and his assistant, Dr. M. Schildmacher,
and were granted all the facilities of the institution, which
includes a museum, study collection of skins, library, and
“catching gardens ” (Fanggarten). Nearly 2000 birds were
caught and ringed during their visit, and they were able
to handlé and examine the plumages, etc., of many hundréds
of living birds, ranging from Goldcrests to Sparrow-Hawks,
and including Bluethroats, a Marsh-Warbler, and an aduli

33 [Vol. liv.

male Red-breasted Flycatcher. During the seventeen days
they saw 100 species of migrants, including, besides those
which were caught, Shore-Lark, Lapland Bunting, Tawny
Pipit, and Goshawk. |

Capt. P. W. Munn continues his researches on the birds of
Mallorca, and has made two important additions to our know-
ledge of the island during the past year.

The Hon. G. Charteris, with Messrs. G. Tomkinson and
H. A. Gilbert, visited Hungary and were able to add a new
species to the Hungarian breeding list, Calandrella b. brachy-
dactyla.

Capt. J. H. McNeile was successful in finding the Great
Snipe (Capella media) breeding in Esthonia; while the
Rev. F. C. R. Jourdain worked in Haute-Savoie and Mr. Burras
in Provence.

Lt.-Col. R. F. Meiklejohn has worked in Greece and
also in Crete, studying, among other objects, the breeding of
Riippell’s Warbler.

Mr. Hugh Whistler, accompanied by his wife, has just set
forth on a visit to Sicily. There is much work to be done
in that island, and travelling, as he is, with the full permission
of the Italian Government, I feel sure we may expect great
results. J know of no one more competent than Mr. Whistler
for the work which lies before him. Mr. C. G. Bird is also at
work among the Cyclades.

Colonel R. Meinertzhagen, accompanied by Mr. W. H.
Payn, has been travelling extensively as usual. In March
1933 they visited the Jebel Druze east of Damascus, where
they were able to ascertain the volume of spring migration
and. collect the breeding birds of that isolated region. A trip
was made into the north Syrian Desert, penetrating as far as
Rutbah in Iraq, and to the deserts which lie to the south of
that place; the areas of black-lava desert which are charac-
teristic of that region were also visited. Colonel Meinertzhagen
tells me that his object was to collect. evidence as to influence
of environment on plumage, and that much valuable material
was obtained on this important aspect. Subsequently
collections were made in the Anti-Lebanon, and the travellers
crossed. the highest part of the main Lebanon Range, such rare

Vol. liv.] 34

residents as Serinus syriacus, a new Wren, T'roglodytes ¢.
syriacus, Rhodopechys sanguinea, and LEHremophila alpestris
bicornis being seen and obtained in their breeding haunts.
In late May the Lake of Antioch was visited, where the breeding
colonies of Anhinga rufa, Phalacrocorax pygmaeus, Platalea
leucorodia, and other water-birds were studied. June was
spent in Bulgaria touring the Rhodope Mountains and seeing
the rare Picoides tridactylus. Finally, in September Colonel
Meinertzhagen visited Ushant off the Brittany coast, remaining
there till early October. He gave us an interesting account of
his experiences there at our last meeting. We are looking
forward to the published results of these travels, and I must
congratulate him on the enormous amount of work he manages
to get through in a year.

Of French expeditions, the Mission Charcot of the Polar
Year 1932-1933 has returned from Greenland with a small
but interesting collection of birds valuable for the light which
they throw on the dates of migration and nidification of
Greenland birds.

Asia
(Asia Minor, India, Burma, and Siam).

Mr. F. Ludlow and Captain Sherriff have been collecting
in the higher parts of Bhutan, a country unexplored since
the time of Captain Pemberton’s Mission in 1838. Conditions
were very difficult owing to the abnormally wet season and
thick undergrowth, but some 600 birds were obtained. Those
from eastern Bhutan prove to be of great interest, and contain
at least two new forms.

Sir Richard Maconachie, assisted by Captain Fletcher, is
collecting birds at Kabul, and two small consignments which
are of great interest have been received at the British Museum.

Mr. Salim Ali undertook a partial survey of Hyderabad
State, and is now about to make a similar survey in the Cochin
State.- - le NG

Mr. J. K. Stanford has been investigating the avifauna
of the high ranges between north-east Burma and Yunnan.

Mr. H. C. Smith has been working in the Pegu Yomas.

35 [Vol. liv.

Dr. Hugh M. Smith, an American ichthyologist, has been
collecting birds in Siam for the U.S. National Museum.

North Siam was also visited in 1932-33 by another American,
Mr. R. M. de Schauensee, who collected 2800 skins and added.
some new records for Siam. Most of his work was carried
out in the hills between, 2000 and 6000 feet. Later he made
a small collection of 170 skins in the southern Shan States
of Burma, collecting as far north as Keng Tung.

Of German Asiatic expeditions, Dr. Kummerléwe and
Dr. Neithammer travelled from Angora to Eneboli, on the
Black Sea, from April to July 1933, collecting birds in the high
mountains of northern Asia Minor and discovering there several
unexpected species. They are at present out again in the same
district. A report will, I think, appear next year.

Arabia. —

Mr. H. St. J. Philby, during his journey across the Rub Al
Khali, collected a few birds which were recorded in an Appendix
to the account of his travels entitled ‘‘ The Empty Quarter.”
A fuller account will appear in the ‘ Journal of the Bombay
Natural History Society.’

Colonel Boscawen followed up his previous trip to the
Hadramat in the winter of 1931 by a second expedition last
winter, and has sent home another small collection which
adds much to our knowledge of Arabian birds.

Africa.

Africa has once again been the centre of much activity,
and if rather less so than for the period I reviewed twelve
months ago, it must be remembered that Admiral Lynes,
Colonel Meinertzhagen, Mr. G. L. Bates, and Mr. Jack Vincent
have all been busy working out and publishing the results
of their important expeditions in that continent to which
I referred last year.

Admiral Lynes has again left. our shores, and is back in the
Belgian Congo, where he has been joined within the last few
months by his former companion, Mr. Jack Vincent. It is his
intention to spend about nine months in the field, and the

Gad

Vol. liv.] 36

collections formed will be divided between the British Museum
(Natural History) and the Musée Congo Belge.

I am sure that you will wish me, on your behalf, to con-
gratulate the Admiral on his recovery from an extremely
nasty accident, he having fallen into a big-game pit and
seriously damaging his shoulder. Fortunately he was able
to receive medical aid within a few hours, and is, I understand,
again carrying on his work as if nothing had happened.

Mr. R. E. Moreau, who was present and spoke at our last
meeting, is continuing to do excellent work in the Usambara
Mountains and to send specimens home to the British Museum.
Just before he returned on leave he was able to pay a visit
to Mount Kilimanjaro.

In our West African colonies an increasing interest is being
taken in bird life, and the field-notes which reach me by
almost every mail from West Africa bear witness to the accuracy
of these observations.

At our last meeting I gave an account of some important
discoveries in the Azare district of Northern Nigeria made by
Dr. P. A. Buxton and his colleagues when investigating the
tsetse flies of that district. I must refer you to the last
‘Bulletin’ for details. Dr. Buxton has, I am glad to say,
promised to show some slides illustrating this country at one
of our meetings this season.

In the Benin Province Mr. W. A. Fairbairn has continued
to make valuable observations on the birds of the southern
forest area.

Mr. Denis Golding has made an extensive tour in the
Lake Chad area, and has sent an interesting paper to ‘ The
Ibis ’ on his experiences in this still imperfectly known district.

Lieut.-Commander Hughes, R.N., was able to make some
observations of interest in Sierra Leone when engaged in
ocean survey work in H.M.S. ‘ Endeavour ’ last winter.

The forests of the Gold Coast are still imperfectly explored,
and I am glad to say that Mr. Willoughby P. Lowe is shortly
starting on a collecting tour in Ashanti on behalf of the
British Museum, from which we shall expect interesting
results.

37 [Vol. liv.

Mr. Ronald Shuel (Commissioner of Police in Nigeria) and his
wife have continued their investigations on the nidification of
West African birds, and have forwarded to the British Museum
for my use a further large collection of scientifically collected
eggs from Nigeria, many of which have not previously been
known or described. The collection was accompanied by
first-rate field-notes, which greatly enhance its value. It was
made chiefly in the neighbourhood of Ilorin. Mr. Shuel
has recently been transferred to Kaduna, which is situated
in very different country, with an entirely fresh fauna, so that
‘we may expect to hear more from him in the next twelve
months. It is hoped that the Rev. F. C. R. Jourdain will find
time to write a report on Mr. Shuel’s very valuable collection.

Mr. Austin Roberts, of the Transvaal Museum, whose
field-work is recognized to be of a very high order, has been
engaged since his return from the Vernay Kalahari Expedition
on a trip to Zululand. I much regret that I have been unable
to learn much about his expedition, but we may be sure that
he made a success of it, and shall look forward to the published
results.

Mr. L. 8. Bradley has been collecting mammals and a few
birds in Angola for the American Museum of Natural History.
Angola is attracting American ornithologists, and is a field
well worthy of attention from ourselves. It still remains
rather a gap in our knowledge of Africa; it is a wonderfully
healthy country, and I commend it to the attention of some
of the younger members of this Club who may wish for scope
for their energies.

Major Bagnold, in the course of another journey in the
Lybian Desert, collected a certain number of birds which
Mr. R. E. Moreau is studying from the point of view of the
light they throw on migration.

Messrs. Wilfred Thesiger and David Haig-Thomas are
engaged in an expedition to Abyssinia. They propose to
survey the course of the Hawash River and as much of the
surrounding country as possible, then to attempt to cross the
intervening desert to Eritrea. They propose also to study
the distribution of the tribes and big game, and to obtain

Vol. liv.] 38

a specimen of the buffalo which is to be found by the river.
Mr. Haig-Thomas will pay special attention to the birds.
They have made a successful beginning, as we have just
received at the British Museum several specimens of the Blue-
winged Goose (Cyanochen cyanopterus), of which we previously
had only two examples.

Of French expeditions to Africa, the Niaeadtia Griaule from
Dakar to Djibouti takes precedence as the most important.
Valuable bird collections were brought back, more particularly
from the Gondar district of Abyssinia, characteristic of the
avifauna of the Abyssinian plateau.

America.

As wemight expect, this huge field is almost entirely occupied.
by Americans. I will very briefly mention some of their
activities :—

Mr. Wharton Huber has been senate birds and mammals
in New Mexico for the Philadelphia Academy.

Mr. M. A. Carricker, of the same Academy, collected birds
in Peru.

Mr. Robert T. Moore, well —— for his studies on the
Humming-Birds in South America, has been collecting birds
in the highlands of Mexico during last April and May.

Mr. J. Stuart Rowley has made a collection of birds in
Lower California.

While on the subject of America, I may mention that the
large and important collection of birds in New England formed
by the late Colonel J. E. Thayer has gone to the Museum
of Comparative Zoology at Harvard, where it will be available
for study.

West Indies.

Sir Charles Belcher is, I understand, continuing to make
interesting .observations on the birds of Trinidad, where he
is now Chief.Justice.

Mr. James Bond has been collecting in the West Indies
on- behalf of the Philadelphia Academy.

39 [Vol. liv.

Falkland Islands.

Mr. J. E. Hamilton, Government Naturalist on the Falkland
Islands, seconded to the ‘Discovery’ Investigation, was
detached for special research on the Southern Sea-Lion
(Otaria byronica) in the Falklands, and undertook a tour,
lasting from 1929-1932, which entailed visiting almost every
part of that colony. The results of his investigations will
be published shortly in the ‘ Discovery ’ Reports. Mr. Hamil-
ton took the opportunity presented to collect a number
of birds, and the bulk of the 80 or 90 specimens received by
the British Museum were secured by him. Special attention
was paid to the Skuas, a series being collected, and
Mr. Hamilton’s report on these birds is in course of pre-
paration. As Mr. Hamilton is shortly returning to the
Falklands to continue his investigations, we shall look for-
ward to hearing more about the birds of this far outpost
of our Empire. While mentioning these islands I should
like to draw attention to the good ornithological work which
is being done there by Mr. A. G. Bennett, who has been
resident in the Falklands for many years.

Pacific.

Our fellow member Mr. Herbert Stevens, during 1932 and
the current year, has been working in the Morobe district
of New Guinea in the interest of the Museum of Comparative
Zoology, Harvard. He was in the field from January 1932
until May 1933, with headquarters at Wau. He had five
camps at elevations between 2300 and 7000 feet, the last
being on Mt. Misim (circa 9280 feet), in the Kuper Range,
where he remained six months. The other camps refer
to the valley of the Bulolo and the Upper Watut, where
collections were made between the coast and a point 75 miles
inland. The results came up to all expectations, and the
fauna proved to be marvellously rich.

Two Americans—Mr. Richard Archbold, a former member
of the Franco-British-American Expedition to Madagascar,
and Dr. A. L. Rand—have been collecting in south-east New
Guinea for the American Museum of Natural History.

Vol. liv.] 40)

I now turn to another branch of our subject—

AVICULTURE.

When glancing through the addresses of your past Chairmen
in recent years I note that there has been no allusion to avi-
culture, although many of our members are aviculturalists
of standing, and the President of the Avicultural Society—
Mr. Ezra—has just been elected to your Committee. I do not
intend to-night to give you a résumé of what is going on in
that field, but I would draw your attention to one fact which
I think merits your notice—there are no less than ten species
of Birds-of-Paradise at the present time alive in the London
Zoological Gardens. During the year the Society has received
some very rare examples brought home by Mr. Shaw Mayer,
and the species now on exhibition include Seleucides nigricans,
Astrarchia rothschildi, Paradisea auguste-victorie, P. minor,
P. gulielmi, Paradisornis rudolphi, Uranornis sanguinea, Semi-
optera wallaci, Parotia wahnesi, and Lophorhina superba minor.
The majority of these, Mr. Seth-Smith tells me, are now in
full breeding plumage, and may frequently be seen performing
their “display.”

Another noteworthy achievement of the Zoological Society,
for which Mr. D. Seth-Smith should be given great credit,
has been the exhibition of a collection of some six species of
Humming-Birds under conditions that not only show them
to the best advantage, but apparently provide them with the
necessities for health and happiness.

Though too numerous to mention, private members of the
Avicultural Society are doing extraordinarily good work,
and in some instances very rare species are being kept success-
fully and bred in confinement.

LITERATURE.

Following the practice of the past, I shall now mention the
principal books which have been published during the past
twelve months. Jt is not usual in this address to include orni-
thological papers which have appeared in the numerous

41 [Vol. liv.

scientific periodicals ; lists of these are published quarterly
in ‘The Ibis’ and in several foreign journals. There is one
paper, however, which is of such importance that I should
be failing in my duty if I did not draw particular attention
to it. I refer to Dr. Percy Lowe’s study “‘ On the Primitive
Characters of the Penguins and their Bearing on the Phylogeny
of Birds,” published in the ‘ Proceedings of the Zoological
Society,’ 1933, pp. 483-538.

It looks as if Dr. Lowe’s researches into the question of the
phylogeny of the Ostriches and Penguins will revolutionize
our former ideas as to their origin and relations to the carinate
flying division of birds. His recognition of the avian form
of the metacarpus in such bipedal Dinosaurs as Ornitholestes
seems to provide an answer to those who see in the osteology
of this part of the fore-limb of the Ostrich and Penguin proof
that they are descended from flying ancestors. His dis-
covery, too, of the embryonic arrangement of the feathers
in the wing of the Penguin makes it difficult to avoid agreeing
with his conclusion that the Penguins represent a highly
specialized branch descended. directly from a generalized and
primitive avian ancestor.

Books.

Baker, E. C. S.—‘ The Nidification of Birds of the Indian
Empire,’ vol. ii. (Will bring our knowledge of Indian
Oology up to date, and prove a great asset to those who
are interested in the birds of that region.)

Bouam, G.—‘ Catalogue of the Birds of Northumberland.’

Cuapin, J. P.—‘ Birds of the Belgian Congo.’ (A fine piece
of work, which comes fully up to our expectations of the
author. It will for long remain the standard work on the
region covered. I reviewed it at length in the last July
Ibis.)

CHISLETT, RALpH.— Northward Ho! for Birds.’ (Anexample
of the highest photographic skill, and is a book which
sets a standard for all bird-photographers to aim at.)

Vol. liv.] 42

Coss, A. F.—‘ Birds of the Falkland Islands.’ (As the sub-
title announces, is a ‘‘ Record of Observation with the
Camera in the Falklands.’’) |

GROEBBELS, F.—‘ Der Vogel. Bau, Funktion, Lebenser-
scheinung, Einpassung,’ vol. i. Berlin (Gebriider Born-
trager). (The first volume of an important monograph
on the physiology of birds.)

HaRTERT, E., and STEINBACHER, F'.—‘ Die Vogel der palaark-
tischen Fauna,’ Supplement, pt. 11. (This carries on the
fine work which Drs. Hartert and Steinbacher have set
themselves, 2.e., to bring up to date all the available
information since the publication of Dr. Hartert’s classic
work.)

HeErnroty, C. & M.—‘Die Vogel Mitteleuropas.’ Er-
ganzungsband. Berlin (Hugo Bermuhler), 1933. The
supplementary volume to the well-known work.

Kuropa, N.—‘ Birds of the Island of Java,’ vol. i. (A colla-
tion of all the published information on Javanese birds,
fully illustrated in colour and written in English. An
excellent piece of ground-work upon which future field-
workers can build, and upon which the author deserves
our warmest congratulations. )

LAMBRECHT, K.—‘ Handbuch der Paleornithologie.’ Berlin
(Gebritider Borntrager), 1933. (A very complete mono-
graph on avian paleontology. It is the most important
work ever published on this subject, containing, as
Dr. P. R. Lowe has assured us, “‘ a complete and accurate
up-to-date record of avian fossil remains,” and is a full
history of the science since its birth.)

La Toucusz, J. D—‘A Handbook of the Birds of Eastern
China,’ vol. ii. pt. 1i. (Mr, La Touche continues his work
on the birds of Eastern China, and we look forward
to seeing its completion at an early date. The last part
published deals with the Nightjars and Birds-of-Prey.)

LoweE, Dr. P. L.—‘“‘ On the Primitive Characters of the Pen-
guins and their Bearing on the Phylogeny of Birds.”

43 [Vol. liv.

Proc. Zool. Soc. 1933, pp. 483-538. (I have already
drawn attention to Dr. Lowe’s work on the Penguins
in an earlier part of my address, antea, pp. 40-41.)

Lowe, WittovcHBY P.—‘ The Trail that is always New.’
(Although this is a popular book, it contains much of
interest to the ornithologist, for it is the narrative of the
many expeditions which Mr. Lowe has undertaken to all
parts of the world collecting birds for the British Museum.
The author is a well-known member of this Club.)

TaKA-TsuKASA, Prince.—‘ The Birds of Nippon,’ vol. i. pt. ii.
(This is a princely monograph indeed, written in English,
and will remain the authoritative work on the birds
of the Japanese Empire for many years to come.)

YamasHina, Marquis.—‘ Nippon no Chorui to Sono Seitai.’
(A Natural History of Japanese Birds. In Japanese.
Vol. i. pts. 2 and 3.)

Books in Preparation.

Of books in active preparation, I may perhaps be permitted
to allude to my third volume of ‘ The Birds of Tropical West
Africa,’ which should be published at the end of this month.
The letterpress has been in the hands of the printers since
July last, but delay has been caused by some of the coloured
plates refusing to dry. This volume completes my work on
the non-passerine species.

Mr. W. L. Sclater’s revision of Sir Frederick Jackson’s
volumes on ‘The Birds of Kenya and Uganda’ is making
progress, but will not be issued until the whole work is complete.

We are still looking for Sir Geoffrey Archer’s promised book
on ‘ The Birds of Somaliland ’ and regret that the first volume
of this work, commenced many years ago, is still delayed.

A work of considerable importance to African ornithologists,
entitled ‘ An African Handbook of Birds,’ has been undertaken
by our Secretary, Mr. C. W. Mackworth-Praed, and Captain
C. H. B. Grant. This will link up with the other regional
treatises which have appeared, or are in course of preparation,
on the birds of that continent. The area embraced joins up

Vol. liv.] 44

with Meinertzhagen’s ‘ Birds of Egypt,’ Chapin’s ‘ Birds of the
Belgian Congo,’ Belcher’s ‘ Birds of Nyasaland,’ and the area
included in my own ‘ Birds of Tropical West Africa.’

Yet another book on African birds, now in the press, is
Captain C. D. Priest’s entirely revised and re-written ‘ Birds
of Southern Rhodesia.’ I have seen some of the proof-sheets
of this work, and observe that it contains a mine of useful
field information, besides being planned on a much better
system than his previous volume on the same subject.

Messrs. C. Boden Kloss and F. N. Chasen have practically
completed their work on the avifauna of the Malay Archi-
pelago, continuing the volumes commenced by the late
H. C. Robinson.

The Marquis Hachisuka is continuing his ‘ Birds of the
Philippines,’ the first volume of which I noticed last year.
The third part, commencing volume ii., is now passing through
the press.

Lastly, I must not forget to mention the second volume
of Mr. J. Lee Peters’s ‘Check List of Birds of the World,’
the proof-sheets of which are now being checked by various
regional specialists.

CONCLUDING REMARKS.

In the concluding part of my address to you last year
I stressed the importance of our members working hand in
hand, whenever possible, with the Royal Geographical Society,
and pointed to the fortunate fact that both the Honorary
Secretaries of the R.G.S. were distinguished members of the
B O20.

This year we may indeed congratulate ourselves, for not
only do both the R.G.S. Honorary Secretaries remain in
office, but the newly-elected President of the Royal Geo-
graphical Society is one of our most distinguished members,
and a regular attendant at our meetings—Major-General Sir
Percy Cox. I would take this opportunity not only of con-
gratulating him on having been elected to that highly onerous
position, but also the Royal Geographical Society for ee
made such an extraordinarily wise choice.

45 [ Vol. liv.

Before I conclude I would draw your attention to an aspect
of ornithology to which we can none of us afford to turn a deaf
ear. I refer to the protection of our African fauna—of course
with particular reference to birds. Our Government have
just concluded an important conference in London, to which
many nations were invited to send delegates, with the object
of arriving at some international agreement to save the
fauna of Africa. _I am glad to say that birds not only entered
into their deliberations, but that a schedule has been drawn
up of certain species which for one reason or another merit
special protection. I am informed on good authority that the
Conference has been extremely successful, and that a great
step forward has been made. The membership of this Club
contains the names of many distinguished naturalists and
experienced collectors, and it is the duty of all of us—wherever
we may be—to do all we can, individually and collectively,
to put a stop to wasteful collecting and to throw our weight
in with those who, at the invitation of our own Government,
are striving to preserve for posterity the animals and birds
that are threatened with extermination.

I do not for one moment advocate no more collecting,
but I do urge upon you the necessity of collecting with more
discrimination and with ever-increasing attention to the
birds’ habits and biology. Happily there are signs in our
own ranks that such is being done.

Finally, Ladies and Gentlemen, I would express my thanks
to those, both at home and abroad, who have assisted me
in preparing this résumé of the es ’3 work.

The Chairman then called on Mr. H. F. Witherby to make
a statement about the disposal of his collection of birds to the
British Museum :—

I am grateful (said Mr. WirHERBY) for being given this
opportunity of saying something about my collection, and
I trust my fellow members will bear with me if my explana-
tion ‘is to a large extent of a personal nature, as indeed it
must be.

Vol. liv.] 46

In the first place, Mr. Chairman, I must thank you very
much for your very kind remarks. I greatly appreciate
what you have said and shall always treasure your kind. words.
I feel that you have been too kind, because for a long time
I have looked on my collection as belonging to ornithology,
and am not, therefore, in my own view, making any pecuniary
sacrifice.

I am not seeking to lay this down as a general principle.
In the past many have presented their collections to museums,
but many others have thought differently and have acted
differently; it is a personal question, but I may, perhaps,
be allowed to express a hope that some day my view may be
general, and that scientific collections may be regarded as
belonging to the science concerned.

If I may give a few more personal explanations, I should
like to state that I have been collecting birds for over forty
years. I have never collected merely for the sake of making
a collection, but with the object of studying various questions.
Chief of these have been moults and the sequence of plumages
and geographical variations. Consequently I have always
used and worked at my collection a great deal, but recently
I have had to i my mode of life, and to do far less
indoor work.

Some years ago, as Dr. Percy Lowe knows, I arranged to
bequeath my collection to the British Museum (Natural
History); but as I am not now using it fully I felt that I
ought to make it more generally available at once.

The British Trust for Ornithology was then nee
and this seemed to me a great opportunity to make a double
use of the collection by disposing of it by sale to the Trustees
of the British Museum, where it would be of more use than
I can now make of it, and where it could be used to develop
and. encourage systematic work in field ornithology—in other
words, the biology of birds.

I think you must all agree that it is of the utmost importance
that this essential side of ornithology shall:be fully developed,
and to this end a properly equipped centre: for such work
in this country is absolutely necessary. |

47 [ Vol. liv.

To return to my collection. This consists of rather over
9000 skins of some twelve to thirteen hundred forms. It is
entirely Palearctic, and the main series are from the western
side of the region; from the east there is the rest of my
Persian and White Nile collections, part of which I gave to the
Museum at the time; and there is a fine series of birds from
the Yangste Kiang. These last, and a Mediterranean series,
were collected by my old friend, Rear-Admiral H. Lynes,
and. I am happy to say he thoroughly approves of my present
intention.

I take this opportunity of again thanking many other friends
and correspondents for sending me birds and skins, and of
expressing the hope that they will also approve of the arrange-
ment.

I shall, of course, greatly miss my collection, and I could not
continue to answer the numerous questions and puzzles
constantly sent me in connection with birds on the British List
without some skins to refer to. For this purpose the Museum
authorities have very kindly arranged to allow me to retain
on loan a small reference collection of British species.

As the Chairman has already stated, the amount I shall be
handing over to the Trust is £1400, to form the nucleus of
a permanent fund.

But this sum is obviously merely a nucleus, and I sincerely
hope that it may attract many other larger and smaller
gifts, so that we may build up a fund the income from which,
added to current subscriptions and donations, will place
the Trust in a sound position financially to carry out this
research work.

It takes some time for new things to be well understood,
and you will perhaps allow me to say before I sit down that
the main objects of the Trust are :—

To establish at or near Oxford an Institute to form a
national centre of field-ornithology.

To form an advisory committee of representative field-
ornithologists to consider projects for research to be
carried out through the Institute.

Vol. liv.] 48

To form a chain of observers throughout the country
to carry out programmes approved by this Committee.

- Supposing we begin on only a very modest programme of
work, and cut expenses to bare essentials. It is obvious that
to carry out such work the Institute must be housed and
equipped, and, however much voluntary help is given, there
must be a certain whole-time staff, so that, whatever the
minimum is, this sum must be a permanent yearly expense.

I have very carefully considered the project, and I see a great
future for it. I have the firm belief that this organization,
when it gets going, will be of the greatest possible value to
British Ornithology. It deserves all possible support, and
Iam very glad that my collection has been the means of making
a step towards its permanent foundation *.

Dr. Fiyn SaLomonseEn forwarded the following description
of a new African Paradise Flycatcher :—

Tchitrea viridis restricta, subsp. nov.

Description.—Nearest to T. v. viridis (Miller) from Senegal
and Gambia, but differing as follows :—Males: upper-parts
and wing-coverts dark maroon, with a strong purplish gloss,
in viridis chestnut; under-parts with a dark bluish gloss
from chin to under tail-coverts, the latter being deep chestnut,
strongly contrasting; in viridis the abdomen is more or less
grey, but the under tail-coverts also chestnut, as in restricta ;
remiges black, in viridis—also in quite fresh specimens—
brown or even lght brown. Females: darker above than
in viridis, but with only a slight purplish gloss; darker
black or metallic below; primaries and secondaries black,
in viridis brown. (One female has lost all pigment on the
crown, which is pure white (normally glossy black), sharply
contrasting with the maroon back. This is a mutant I have
not seen in any other form of T’chitrea.)

* [For full details and text of the appeal to the public vide Bull.
B. O.C. liii. 1933, pp. 198-199.—Ep.]

49 [Vol liv.

Measurements.—As in T. v. viridis, only tail in males longer.
Eleven viridis measured: 140-250, one 284, one 317 mm.
Four restricta measured: 255, 310, 327, 330 mm., the
streamers in this last form thus being longer.

Material.—4 33, 3 2g.

Distribution.—Restricted to Nkose, the southernmost of the
Sese Islands in Victoria Nyanza.

Type.—tIn the British Museum. ¢ ad., coll. Capt. Pitman,
Nkose Island, Victoria Nyanza, May 26, 1928. Brit. Mus,
Reg. no. 1929.1.7.22.

Remarks.—T. v. restricta cannot be confounded with 7. v.
ferreti (Guérin), the breeding-area of which surrounds Victoria
Nyanza (good series examined from Uganda, Tanganyika,
Kenya, Ruwenzori). In this form the upper-parts are chest-
nut, the breast and abdomen, greyish, only the throat glossy,
the under tail-coverts grey, white or orange, never chestnut.
Only 7. v. viridis from Senegal and Gambia is similar to
T’. v. restricta, but is easily distinguished by its brown, not
black, remiges, and duller, not so bright shining plumage
throughout. In both forms, however, the white phase is
entirely absent, but is commonly found in the two forms
separating restricta and. viridis (viz., speciosa (Cassin) in Conge
and Cameroon, and ferreta (Guérin) in Uganda). Wherea:
T’. v. viridis has always red streamers, three of the four males
of 7. v. restricta examined have one or both streamers white.
On Ukerewe Island, in the southern part of Victoria Nyanza,
occur typical 7’. v. ferrett (specimens from Berlin Museum),
but a specimen from “Scesse Island ’’ (probably Bugala),
coll. Stuhlmann (in the Berlin Museum), is intermediate
between ferret: and restricta, as might be expected; however,
specimens from Entebbe are already typical ferreti (Col. Mein-
ertzhagen’s collection).

The development of this characteristic Flycatcher on Nkose
Island is remarkable, as it is one of the very few birds known
to be confined to an island in a freshwater lake*. Previously

* Prof. Stresemann kindly informs me that Coliuspasser macroura
conradst Berger, from Ukerewe Island, as well as Phasianus colchicus

bergit Sarudny, from Lake Aral, both being good races, are other
examples of birds restricted to freshwater islands.

Vol. liv.] 50

an antelope has been described from Nkose (Limnotragus
speker sylvestris Meinertzhagen, P.Z.8. 1916, p. 380, the
Nkose Sitatunga) differing considerably from the Bugala form.

Nkose is a small island, uninhabited by man, about 2000 yards
long and 300 broad. Throughout its entire length it is
covered with dense forest, which overhangs the water’s edge
(cf. Meinertzhagen, ¢. c. p. 379).

It is with profound regret that we have heard, since
going to press, of the death of Dr. Ernst Hartert, which
occurred on November 10, 1933. Dr. Hartert was a

distinguished member of the Club since its inception
in October 1892. His loss will be deeply felt by all of us
and by Ornithologists throughout the world. A full
obituary notice will be published later in ‘ The Ibis.’

NOTICES.

The next Meeting of the Club will be held on Wednesday,
December 13, 1933, at the Knightsbridge Hotel, Knightsbridge,
S.W.1. The Dinner at 7 p.m.

Members intending to dine must inform the Hon. Secretary,
Mr. C. W. Mackworth-Praed, 51 Onslow Gardens, London,
S.W. 7, on the post-card sent out with the ‘ Bulletin.’

Members who wish to make any communication at the next
Meeting of the Club must give notice to the Editor, Dr. G.
Carmichael Low, 86 Brook Street, Grosvenor Square, W. 1,
as soon as possible. The titles of their contributions will
then appear on the Agenda before each Meeting. All MSS.
for publication in the ‘ Bulletin ’ must be given to the Editor
before or at the Meeting.

51 [Vol. liv.

Agenda.

1. Major R. W. G. Hingston will read a paper entitled “‘ The
Meaning of Animal Colour and Adornment.”’

2. Dr. G. Carmichae] Low will give a short account of a trip
to Shetland and the Orkneys.

3. Mr. N. B. Kinnear will exhibit a skin of the Blue-winged
Goose (Cyanochen cyanoptera) from Abyssinia, and will
show a photograph of a Parrot (Psittacus erithacus) in
the Westminster Abbey Wax Works.

4. The Rev. F. C. R. Jourdain will exhibit an egg of Puffinus
puffinus mauretanicus (erroneously announced in the
Agenda in the last ‘Bulletin’ as Puffinus puffinus
yelkouan), held over from last meeting.

eg * —r i" + 7 — =
SS eee oe es! id - | oe a UY
eee Je ee
> ve eng ; a er as : -

P| a |
“ a Y
U 7
F + a a ,
i - Pad + as :
= _ eo

BULLETIN

OF THE

BRITISH ORNITHOLOGISTS’ CLUB.

- @

No. CCCLXXIII.

THE three-hundred-and-sixty-eighth Meeting of the Club was
held at the Knightsbridge Hotel, Knightsbridge, S8.W. 1,
on Wednesday, December 13, 1933.

Chairman: Mr. G. M. Matruews.

Members present :—Miss C. M. Actanp; Dr. W. J. ADIE;
E. C. Stuart Baker; Miss P. Barcuay-Smito; F. J. F.
BARRINGTON; P. F. Bunyarp; Mrs. E. 8. CHARLES;
Hon. G. L. CHarteris; H. P. O. CLEavE; Maj.-Gen. Sir
P. Z. Cox; R. H. Deane; Miss J. M. Ferrinr; Miss E. M.
Gopman ; Capt. C. H. B. Grant; Col. A. E. Hamerron ;
B. G. Harrison; Dr. J. M. Harrison; P. A. D. HoLtom ;
Dr. E. Hopkinson ; Rev. F.C. R. Journparn ;x N. B. KINNEAR;
Miss E. P. Leach; Bertram Luoyp; Dr. G. CarRmIcHAEL
OW etHdttor); Dr. P. KR. Lower; Dr. N. -S8. Luvoeas;
C. W. MackwortH-Prarep (Hon. Sec. & Treas.); J. G.
Mavrocorpato; J. L. CoawortH Musters; C. OLDHAM ;
B. B. Osmaston; Miss G. Ruooprs; W. L. ScuaTer;
D. Seru-Smirx; Major A. G. L. StapEn; Marquess of
Tavistock; Dr. A. LanpsporovucH THomson; B. W.
TuckeR; Miss E. L. Turner; E. E. Wisuart; H. F.
WITHERBY ; C. G. M. DE Worms.

Guest of the Club :—Major R. W. G. Hineston.

[January 1, 1934.} a VOL. LIV.

Vol. liv.] 54.

Guests :—Brig.-Gen. R. M. BretHam; Miss G. BopKIN ;
R. H. Catvert; F. SPENCER CHAPMAN ; LESLIE B. DYBALL ;
Miss C. E. Gopman; Lt.-Commander A. M. Hucuus ;
P. I. Lake; Col. F. P. Mackie; Lt.-Col. R. F. MerKiEesonn.

Before the Meeting started, the Chairman referred with
regret to the death of Dr. Ernst Hartert, which was announced
in the last number of the ‘ Bulletin.’ All present stood
in silence for a minute as a tribute to his memory.

THE MEANING OF ANIMAL COLOUR AND ADORNMENT.

Major Hinaston gave a brief account of his theory of
animal colour, the full details of which have been published
in his ‘Meaning of Animal Colour and Adornment’ (Arnold
& Co. 18s.)

Major Hingston’s view is that the conspicuous colours of
animals do not function as a sex-attraction for the female, but
are rather a fighting attire that functions during battle with the
rival male. He illustrated this view by a number of examples.
For instance, the lion is essentially a concealingly-coloured
animal; but this concealing colour is in three parts of the
body, namely: (1) the mane, (2) the tail-tuft, (3) the back
of the ears—replaced by brownish-black. Now when the
lion threatens a rival lion he moves these three conspicuously
coloured areas in a menacing manner. He (1) spreads the
mane, (2) swishes the tail-tuft over his haunches, (3) rotates
his ears so that their black surfaces look directly forward.
Thus he exhibits blatantly before his enemy the whole of
his conspicuous pattern. This exhibition has a threatening
significance. The gesture is a demonstration of hostility to
the rival, and the greater the intensity of the demonstration
the more it will tend to overawe the rival. Thus the
conspicuous colours have a threatening function. They
accentuate and intensify the threatening gesture. Hence
their function is to intimidate the enemy. Their use to the
animal is similar in nature to the use of war-paint by the
human savage.

Several other examples were given of this principle, which
Major Hingston maintains is universal in Nature. Take,

55 [ Vol. liv.

for example, the wild goat and wild sheep. The goats carry
beards: their allies, the sheep, have no beards. Beards
must have the same meaning as manes; hence it should
follow that the fighting attitude of goats must be such as will
make display of the beard, while the sheep must fight in
some different manner, and in such manner as would not
display a beard. And such is the case. When goats fight,
they rush at one another, but just before coming in contact
they rear up on their hind legs, then throw their heads back-
wards and thrust their chins forward, after which they bring
their horns together with a crash. Now it is obvious that
this rising on the hind legs and thrusting forward of the chin
results in each bringing his beard conspicuously in the face
of his rival. When sheep fight there is no such manceuvre.
They merely rush together on all fours and crash their horns
together. But there is one exceptional goat, the Tahr,
which, unlike other goats, carries no beard, and this goat does
not fight like other goats, but fights on his four legs like a sheep.
Also there is an exceptional sheep, the Urial, which, unlike
other sheep, carries a beard, and this sheep does not fight
on all fours like other sheep, but fights on his hind legs like
a goat. All of which fits in exactly with the view that the
beard, is linked with the threatening behaviour of the animals.
The gnu is a further example. This animal carries no
less than five of these tufts: (1) a neck-crest, (2) a face-
tuft, (3) a beard, (4) a tail-tuft, (5) a tuft between the front
legs. This is a more complicated arrangement than exists
in any other mammal. It should follow that the gnu’s
threatening behaviour is in some way specially complicated.
Disturb a herd and you will see the complication. At
one moment an animal will stare at you like a statue:
he is showing the threat-tuft on his face. At another
moment he thrusts down his head to the soil: he is
exhibiting his threatening neck-crest. At another moment
up goes his head into the air: he is displaying his beard
after the manner of the goat. At another moment he
flourishes his tail over his haunches: he is showing the
menacing tail-brush. Lastly, he throws himself up on his
fore-feet—a threatening attitude unique amongst mammals

a2

Vol. liv.] 56

he is exhibiting the tuft between his front legs—a threat-tuft
which he alone amongst mammals possesses.

The same principle is applicable to birds. Major Hingston
maintained that wherever he was acquainted with the hostile
behaviour of a bird before its rival, that behaviour was
of such a character as to exhibit before the rival such
bright colour or elaborate plumes as that bird possessed.
He gave the following as a few examples. Birds with con-
Spicuous crowns, such as the Blackcap, lower their heads to
near the level of the tail when threatening, and elevate
the conspicuous crown-feathers. The Sandwich-Tern and
the Black-billed Cuckoo were mentioned as _ illustrations.
On the other hand, birds with bright-coloured breasts turn
their beaks upward and puff out their breasts before their
rivals. The Robin and cock Sparrow are common, examples.
Birds with conspicuous collars strike a different fighting
attitude. They crane their necks straight forward and open
wide the circular ruff. The Great Crested Grebe and the
Ruff were given as illustrations. Birds with bright patches
on the outer surface of the wings, such as the Magpie, strike
a battle-attitude with wings widely spread and the outer
surface exposed to the enemy. On the other hand, birds
with conspicuous patches on the under-wing surface strike
an attitude with the wings so spread that the under surfaces
are exhibited to the enemy.

Major Hingston gave many more examples to indicate
what he asserts is a universal rule, namely, that the hostile
behaviour of all animals is correlated intimately with their
patterns of colour; and the correlation is such that the
conspicuous element in the colour-pattern is exhibited most
blatantly before the rival. And, if that is true, he maintains
that there is only one conclusion, namely, that the colour-
pattern is linked with the hostile behaviour, and, if so, then
the display of colour must be a part of this behaviour; and
since the behaviour is intended to threaten the rival, then
the colour too must have a threatening function. The colour
is not to make the male look beautiful in the eyes of the female,
but rather to make him look terrible in the eyes of the rival
male.

57 [Vol. liv.

This view throws light on several other problems. Take
the difference between the sexes. Why are the males more
brightly coloured than the females? If bright colour has
a threatening function then the reason is obvious. It is
because the males fight more savagely than the females, and,
therefore, need a more elaborate threatening-machinery.
The males are more brightly coloured for the same reason
that they have large horns, tusks, and spurs. For bright
colour has the same hostile meaning as the physical weapons.
Both come into use at time of battle ; hence both are specially
required by the males.

Or take the moult. Why should the conspicuous colour
of summer change into the dull colour of winter? Because
the bird in these two seasons is in two different emotional
states. In summer it is an aggressive bird—has to fight
in defence of territory and nest ; in winter it is a timid bird
that commonly collects in peaceful flocks. If bright colour
is linked with hostile temperament, then there will have
to be a change in colour in harmony with change in tem-
perament: hence two moults must occur. The bird fights
throughout the summer in a bright-coloured uniform, without
which it would be unable to do battle with its rival. In
autumn its fighting spirit declines: hence the fighting
uniform is no longer needed. It is now a peaceful bird:
hence it puts on the concealing uniform of winter. When
spring comes round, its hostile nature again develops; without
conspicuous colour it cannot express that hostility: hence
it resumes the conspicuous coat.

Major Hingston also showed. how this view threw a new light
on courtship behaviour. Readers who are interested in the
subject are advised to consult his book.

The Marquess of Tavistock, Mr. Stuart Baker, Mr. D. Seth-
Smith, Mr. B. W. Tucker, and others discussed and criticized
Major Hingston’s paper.

The Rev. F. C. R. Jourpain, who also spoke, remarked
that boldly contrasted markings on a uniformly coloured
mammal would tend to break up the outline, and so render
it less conspicuous, and not more prominent. That in the
case of ornamental appendages (with one or two possible

Vol. liv.] 58

exceptions) none of them had any valve as part of the “‘ fighting
machinery’; also that the courtship display in birds was
more fully developed than the display prior to fighting, and
it seemed reasonable to suppose that the partial display
to impress the rival male had originated in that developed
to stimulate the female rather than vice versa.

Dr. G. CARMICHAEL Low gave a short account of a visit
to Shetland and Orkney during August 1933. He said :—

Mr. A. Holte Macpherson and myself left King’s Cross
on Saturday, August 5, at 10 a.m., by the ‘ Flying Scotsman,’
and arrived at Broughty Ferry, Scotland, that evening.
We spent Sunday and Monday morning looking at Waders
on the river Tay ; the Bar-tailed Godwits and other migrants
were just beginning to arrive. In the afternoon we continued
our journey to Aberdeen, where we set sail at 11 p.m. that
evening for Shetland.

The weather was perfect, with a beautiful sunset, but
in the early hours of the following day we encountered a
tremendous gale of such strength that none of us moved
out of our bunks until 4.30 in the afternoon, when the vessel
got into the lee of Sumburgh Head, the southernmost point
of Shetland. Lerwick, was reached after 6 P.M., some four
hours late.

Shetland, or Zetland as it used to be called, is an archi-
pelago of some hundred odd islands and rocks. Lerwick,
the capital, is situated on the east side of Mainland, on the
Sound of Bressay, this dividing it from that island. The
most important of the islands are Mainland, Yell, Fetlar,
Unst, Foula, Bressay, Whalsey, Hascosay, and Noss. They
lie just north of latitude 60°, the same as Bergen, and the
Faroes and Iceland are to the north-west of them.
They are very bleak, barren, and hilly, with wonderful
cliffs, the hills either being bare and stony or covered with
short heather, dwarf juniper, or grass. Arms of the sea
called ‘“‘ Voes’”’ penetrate the islands in all directions. There
are no trees, and the animals—ponies, collie dogs, sheep,
and cattle—are small and stunted. Passerine birds are
scanty, there are no Grouse, Pheasants, or Partridges, but
sea-birds exist in countless numbers. The weather as a rule

59 [ Vol. liv.

is bad, gales sweeping the country in summer as well as in
winter, with heavy rains. The climate, however, is mild,
owing to the Gulf Stream. The agriculture is primitive ;
fishing, especially for herring, constitutes the principal industry
of the country.

Our first ornithological visit was to Noss, the small island
lying to the east of Bressay, and separated from it by a narrow
sea-channel. We crossed the Sound of Bressay in the ferry-
boat (a life-boat of the old ‘ Oceanic,’ which was torpedoed.
in the War), then walked across Bressay, some two miles,
to its eastern side, where we were rowed across the channel
by one of the watcher’s daughters. Jameson, the watcher,
lives on the only house on the island, and keeps sheep. The

Fia. 1.

NOUP oF Noss

a

island is small and covered with short grass, on which the
sheep and numerous rabbits feed. From sea-level the ground
gradually rises by an easy slope to a summit (the Noup of
Noss) ; then, as if the hill had been cut sheer through by an
enormous knife, it drops straight down into the sea, forming
a cliff or precipice nearly 600 feet in height (fig. 1).
Innumerable birds inhabit this wonderful island. On the
slopes the Great Skua (Catharacta s. skua) and Richardson’s,
or the Arctic, Skua (Stercorarius parasiticus) breed in large
numbers. On the cliffs Ravens (Corvus c. corax), Cormorants
(Phalacrocoraz c. carbo), Shags (Phalacrocoraz a. aristotelis),
Gannets (Sula bassana), Herring-Gulls (Larus a. argentatus),

Vol. liv.] 60

Greater Black-backed Gulls (Larus marinus), Kittiwakes
(Rissa t. tridactyla), Northern Guillemots (Uria a. aalge),
Black Guillemots (Uria g. grylle), and Puffins (Fratercula
arctica grabe) were nesting, or rather had nested, in enormous
numbers, and had not yet left. There were also Fulmar
Petrels (Fulmarus g. glacialis), and a few Storm-Petrels (Hydro-
bates pelagicus) are said to nest there also. Peregrines used
to nest on the main cliff, but have not done so for some
years now.

On the grassy top of the Holm of Noss, a stack of rock
separated from the cliff of the island by a chasm through
which the sea passes (fig. 2), a colony of 500 Greater Black-
backed Gulls nest. Common Gulls (Larus c. canus), Lesser

Bie: 2:

NOUP OF NOSS

HOLM of INOSS

Black-backed Gulls (Larus fuscus graellsi), Black-headed Gulls
(Larus r. ridibundus), Arctic Terns (Sterna macrura), and
Common Terns (Sterna h. hirundo) were also seen flying
about the channel between the two islands.

Of Passerine birds there were Ravens (Corvus c. corax),
Hooded. Crows (Corvus c. cornix), Shetland Starlings (Sturnus
vulgaris zetlandicus), House-Sparrows (Passer domesticus),
Twites (Acanthis f. flavirostris), Corn-Buntings (Hmberiza
c. calandra), Sky-Larks (Alauda a. arvensis), Meadow-Pipits
(Anthus pratensis), Rock-Pipits (Anthus spinoletta petrosus),
Wheatears (Hnanthe ow. enanthe), and Shetland Wrens (T'roglo-
dytes troglodytes zetlandicus), the last-named inhabiting the
cracks and crevices of the stone walls which are built on the

61 [Vol. liv.

top of the cliffs to prevent the sheep from falling over into
the sea. The day was perfect, warm and pleasant, with bright
sun all day.

A visit to the Loch of Spiggie on Mainland, where the
Red-necked Phalarope (Phalaropus lobatus) breeds, was not
very productive, as the birds had just left their nesting-
quarters ; one was seen, however, a young bird.

On Friday morning, August 11, we left Lerwick for the north,
travelling in a small steamer called the ‘ Karl of Zetland.’
On the way we stopped at Whalsey, Yell, Mid Yell (opposite
the island of Hascosay), Fetlar, south end of Unst, between
it and Uyea, and finally reached Balta Sound, on the east
side of Unst, at 7 p.m. (fig. 3). The village of a few houses lies
at the head of the Sound, a nice sea inlet, with its mouth well
protected by Balta Island. On the journey, besides the
ordinary sea-birds, we saw our first Red-throated Divers
(Colymbus stellatus), many Hider-Ducks (Somateria m. mollis-
sime), Skuas of both sorts on and around Hascosay, a Red-
breasted Merganser (Mergus serrator), with eight young, in
Balta Sound, and on the mud at the head of the Sound
Redshank (Tinga t. totanus), Iceland Redshank (Tringa t.
robusta), Curlew (Numenus arquata), Knot (Calidris c.
canutus), Dunlin (Calidris a. alpina), Ringed Plover (Chara-
drius hwaticula), and Green Plover (Vanellus vanellus). The
Hotel Nord, which commands a fine view of the Sound,
afforded us accommodation.

Not far from here is Halligarth, where Dr. Edmonston
lived, and after him his son-in-law, Dr. Saxby, author of
‘The Birds of Shetland’ (1874), the standard work on the
subject, a knowledgeable and most readable work. By the
house is a small grove of sycamore trees (Acer pseudo-platanus),
which was planted to attract Warblers and other birds. It is
now known as Dr. Saxby’s grove, and the present Dr. Saxby,
a son, who now resides there, showed us a Thrush’s nest in it
and another in the garden—a rare event for Unst.

Unst ends in two massive headlands, Saxa Vord and
Hermaness, the Burra Firth, an arm of the sea, dividing them
(fig. 3).

asd

Vol. liv.] 62

We spent Saturday, August 12, on Hermaness, and inspected
this famous breeding ground of the Great Skua. The ground
rises up a long slope of a mile or more in length to the top
of Hermaness Hill, after which it drops a little, and then,
in a similar way to Noss, falls sheer into the sea. Standing

Fig. 3.

o——_—_———_ N6R WICK

HAROLDS WICK

BALTA SOUND

BALTA ISLAND

BALTASOUND
VILLAGE

LOCH of
WATLE €

yre® ‘ee

here one sees below one several masses of rock rising out of
the sea, and on one of these, Muckle Flugga, there is a light-
house. This is the northernmost part of the British Isles.
The cliffs here, and to the west, were literally teeming with
birds. There were five definite colonies of Gannets (Sula
bassana), countless Guillemots (Uria a. aalge), Kittiwakes

63 [Vol. liv.

(Rissa t. tridactyla), Puffins (Fratercula arctica grabe),—not
in thousands, but in millions,—Cormorants (Phalacrocorax c.
carbo), Shags (Phalacrocorax a. aristotelis), with a few Razorbills
(Alca torda) and Fulmar Petrels (Fulmarus g. glacialis). The
watcher also showed us a slope covered with huge loose
boulders where the Storm-Petrels (Hydrobates pelagicus)
nest. While walking along the top of the cliff a group of
eleven Ravensrose. We could not see why they had collected,
but it was probably for a dead sheep, which had perished.
by falling over the cliff.

The Great Skua (Catharacta s. skua) and Richardson’s
Skua (Stercorarius parasiticus) nest on the slope of the headland
in large numbers. Some of the Great Skuas still had young
ones unable to fly, and now and then the parents birds would
approach us and make a sudden dive at our heads, passing
within a foot or so, and then swinging up into the air again.
They do not actually strike one, at least none struck us, but
Richardson’s sometimes do, and would inflict an unpleasant
wound if one were bare-headed. On the slope were some
small tarns, and on one of these a pair of Red-throated
Divers (Colymbus stellatus) nested and brought up two young,
but one of these had died. We saw the remaining one
swimming about in the tarn within about ten feet of us.
Before the Divers took possession of the Tarn the Skuas
used, to resort to it for washing every day, but after several
submarine torpedo attacks on them by the newcomers they
left it severely alone. A Red-necked Phalarope had been
on another small tarn the day before, but we did not see it.
The watcher told us that an Hider had nested right among
the Skuas and had brought off eight young ones.

Our next trip was to the Loch of Cliff and the hills to the
west of this, and here we saw a pair of breeding Whimbrel
(Numenius ph. pheopus), and on Heimar Loch a Red-throated
Diver (Colymbus stellatus).

The journey south was similar to that going north, with
the exception that we visited the Out Skerries, a rocky stack
of islands lying sixteen miles to the east of the main group.
Here we saw a large colony of Arctic Terns (Sterna macrura)
and several Turnstones (Arenaria 1. interpres).

ao

Vol. liv.] 64

Further visits to Bressay, including Bard Head and the
Ord, magnificent headlands with precipitous cliffs, and to
a series of lochs west of Walls, where we saw plenty of Red-
throated Divers and nesting-grounds of Terns and Gulls,
completed our visit to Shetland. Unfortunately we had
not the time or opportunity to visit Foula, but we got some
fine views of it on several occasions.

We saw fifty-three species in all, perhaps the most interesting
being the Skuas, the Fulmar Petrels, which are everywhere
now, the Black Guillemots, and the Red-throated Divers.
Twites, Corn-Buntings, Meadow-Pipits, and Wheatears, both
Common and Greenland, were all very common amongst
the Passerines. One Peregrine (Falco p. peregrinus) only
was seen.

The status of the Great Skua (Catharacta s. skua) in
Shetland, in view of the serious indictment made against
it by the Rev. F. C. R. Jourdain at the Meeting of the Club
on April 12, 1933 (Bull. B. O. C. li. 1933, p. 168), was specially
studied by us on the spot, and the observations we made
are as follows :—

1. The species (as also Richardson’s Skua) is now very
prevalent on many of the islands in the Shetland group.

2. There was no evidence obtainable, however, to say that
the bird had become an absolute pest. Most of the breeding-
erounds are on ‘barren hills where life of other sorts is
scarce.

3. It has already been stated that a Red-throated Diver
and an Eider-Duck bred in the midst of the great colony
on Hermaness and brought up young safely. A pair of
Whimbrels were also breeding quite near, and by their
behaviour evidently had young.

4. Jameson, the watcher on Noss, who keeps chickens
and, ducks in close proximity to the breeding-grounds there,
definitely said he had never lost a single bird.

5. No one, at least amongst those we cross-examined,
had ever heard of a Skua killing or even attacking a lamb.
Occasionally Ravens or Hooded Crows attack weakly lambs
and kill them by pecking their eyes out, and it is just possible

65 [Vol. liv.

that a Skua might have been seen feeding on such a carcase,
but even that is doubtful.

6. The Great Skua kills young Kittiwakes and possibly
the young of Terns and other Gulls. Of this there is no question,
but as these species are present in thousands little harm is done.

7. The removal of official protection from all areas with
the exception of Hermaness has had no effect this season
(1933), nor is it likely that it will be specially detrimental
in the future, as there are places, like Foula and Noss, where
protection, thanks to the owners of these islands, will still go
on. Its effect, however, will require to be carefully watched
in the years to come.

Fig. 4.
m pooeeres
ee 2
4, a, \
y
Bu NESS
FAIR ISLE /
SHEEP CRAIG
able %
ve paies
ae i)

We left for Orkney on Friday morning, August 18, at 4 a.m.,
with the South cone hoisted for another gale, and we quickly
ran into this on leaving the Sound of Bressay. The seas
were even More mountainous than those encountered on our
northern journey. Fair Isle—a small island some three miles
long by one broad—which lies twenty-four miles south of
Sumburgh Head. and twenty-six miles north of North Ronald-
say (fig. 4), was passed, about 8 a.m.

Vol. liv.] 66

There are fine bold cliffs all round the island, except at
its southern extremity. One especially stands out on the
east side, the Sheep Craig. The hills in the interior rise to
some height, Ward. Hill (711 feet) in the north-west being the
highest. The island has been rendered famous by the studies
on bird-migration carried out there by Hagle Clarke from 1905-
1911. He termed it the British Heligoland, and many rare
birds, some first records for the British Isles, have been
obtained there. On his first two visits he was accompanied
by Mr. Norman B. Kinnear—our late Editor—who rendered
valuable assistance.

As we got into the lee of the Orkney Islands the sea
moderated, but we were two hours late in arriving at
Kirkwall, which we made our headquarters.

The archipelago of islands, some seventy in number, which
make up the Orkneys is quite different from that of Shetland.
The main islands are Pomona, or the Mainland, Hoy, Rousay,
Westray, Papa Westray, Eday, North Ronaldsay, Sanday,
Stronsay, and Shapinsay. With the exception of Hoy, which
is mountainous, with high cliffs at the north end, the other
islands, though some have fair-sized hills, are mostly flat,
especially Sanday and North Ronaldsay. There are a few
trees, good, heather on the hills, quite good agriculture, oats,
turnips, etc., and some excellent cattle are now raised there.
Grouse are fairly abundant and a few introduced Pheasants,
but no Partridges. There are better shores and sand for
Waders than in Shetland, and small Passerines are much more
numerous. We saw seventy-seven species of birds in Orkney
as against fifty-three in Shetland. Black Guillemots (Uria g.
grylle) were very common, and Fulmars (fFulmarus g. glacialis)
and, other sea-birds also abounded, though not in such numbers
as further north. Two days were spent on the hills round
Finstown looking for Hen-Harriers (Circus c. cyaneus), but
here our luck was out and we did not see them. Merlins
(Falco columbarvus esalon) were fairly common in both groups
of islands.

After that we went to Sanday, the voyage being a somewhat
protracted one, as the steamer went first to the north, passing

67 [Vol liv.

Rousay, Veira, Egilsay, Westray, Papa Westray, Eday
(through the Calf Sound with good cliffs), then through HKday
Sound, and round from there to Bea Ness in Sanday, where
there is a small hotel at which we put up. On Bea Loch,
close by, we saw a Whooper-Swan (Cygnus cygnus) and
eight species of Duck—Sheld-Duck (Yadorna tadorna),
Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos), Teal (Anas c. crecca), Wigeon
(Anas penelope), Shoveler (Spatula clypeata), Pochard (Nyroca
f. ferina), Tufted (Nyroca fuligula), and Golden-eye (Bucephala
c. clangula). Next day we visited the north end of the island,
but found many of the lochs which we proposed to study
dried up owing to the drought. The summer in Orkney,
as elsewhere, had been a magnificent one, and the harvest
was said to be the earliest in living memory. We had a
good view of North Ronaldsay, famous as the island where
Lieut.-Colonel Eardley Todd got the Red-headed Bunting
(Emberiza icterica) (Bull. B. O. C. lii. 1932, pp. 20-21), and on
the shore we saw many Redshank (Tinga t. totanus), Bar-
tailed Godwit (Limosa l. lapponica), Curlew (Numenius a.
arquata), Whimbrel (Numenius ph. pheopus), Dunlin, (Calidris
a. alpina), Sanderling (Crocethia alba), Golden Plover (Pluvialis
apricaria altifrons), just arrived, and Ringed Plover (Chara-
drius h, hiaticula). Purple Sandpipers (Calidris m. maritima),
very common both in Shetland and Orkney in winter, had
not arrived yet (October is their month), and no Black-
tailed Godwits (Limosa 1. limosa) were seen. The Red-
necked Phalarope (Phalaropus lobatus) did not nest on the
island this year. Two pairs passed by in Spring, but
evidently passed on to North Ronaldsay, where a colony nests.

Our return voyage to Aberdeen was uneventful, this time
the weather being fine. On our way south we stopped again
at Broughty Ferry for further observations on the Tay.
Many more birds had. come since our visit on the way north.
There were hundreds of Bar-tailed Godwits (Limosa 1. lap-
ponica) now, thousands of Hiders (Somateria m. mollissima),
Common Scoters (Melanitta n. nigra), and Velvet Scoters
(Melanitia f. fusca) in St. Andrew’s Bay, with all the other
common Waders in addition. Worthy of note were Grey

Vol. liv.] 68

Plovers (Squatarola s. squatarola), Golden Plovers (Pluvialis
a&. apricaria), Oyster-catchers (Hematopus o. ostralegus)
in hundreds, and Sandwich Terns (Sterna s. sandvicensis).
Seals also were numerous, sixty being counted on a bank
at the mouth of the river.

Mr. Macpherson then left for the South at the end of August,
but I stayed on till September 6, and had some further days
on the river and three visits to Morton Lochs, two artificial
pieces of water on Tents Moor, near Tayport, which were
made some years ago by Mr. Christie, the proprietor of the
ground. These are famous as giving the first record of the
Broad-billed Sandpiper (Limicola f. falcinellus) for Scotland.
(Berry, Scott. Nat. 1912, pp. 212-213), and a Dusky Redshank
(Tringa erythropus) has also been reported from there (Berry,
Scott. Nat. 1928, p. 133).

The ponds were very dry owing to the drought, which also
prevailed here, so there was good mud for Waders. I was
fortunate in seeing on my first visit (August 31, 1933) a Wood-
Sandpiper (7'ringa glareola), a Green Sandpiper (T'ringa ocro-
phus), two Curlew-Sandpipers (Calidris testacea), Sheld-Duck
(Tadorna tadorna), Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos), Teal (Anas
c. crecca), Tufted Duck (Nyroca fuligula), and also, a thing
I do not remember having noticed before, several Snipe
(Capella g. gallinago) resting out in the open on the mud at
the edge of the water.

A second visit (September 2, 1933) added a Pink-footed
Goose (Anser brachyrhynchus), an early arrival, Wigeon (Anas
penelope), Shoveler (Spatula clypeata), and Scaup (Nyroca m.
marila).

London was reached, again on the night of September 6, 1933,
and thus ended a delightful and interesting trip, during which
the weather, apart from the gales round Shetland, was warm,
sunny, and perfect, with practically no rain all the time.

Mr. N. B. Kinnear exhibited photographs of a Grey West
African Parrot (Psittacus erithacus ertthacus) from the Wax-
works at Westminster Abbey, and made the following
remarks :—

Some months ago the cases containing the wax effigies
in Westminster Abbey were opened and the contents removed

69 [Vol. liv.

for cleaning. The stuffed Parrot, the photo of which is
exhibited, was sent to the Museum to be cleaned.

This Parrot, an example of the Grey West African Parrot,
Psittacus erithacus erithacus, was in a case along with the
effigy of Frances Stuart, Duchess of Richmond and Lennox.
According to tradition she had the bird for forty years, and
it only survived her death, on October 15, 1702, by a few days.

In spite of its great age the specimen has faded very little,
and compares very favourably with an old skin in the collec-
tion formerly mounted in the gallery. The skin is mounted
on a wooden manakin ; there are no wires up the legs, but the
body is supported by a wire passing through the perch.
The eyes were of glass, painted on both sides.

This is probably the oldest mounted bird in this country.
We have no mounted specimens in the Museum older than the
Pennant Collection, and these are set up with soft bodies
and, leg-wires. In regard to the age to which the bird is said.
to have lived, I may add that Major Flower accepts a record.
of Gurney’s for 50 years, and records another of 41 or 42 years.

Mr. KINNEAR also exhibited the skin of a Blue-winged
Abyssinian Goose, Cyanochen cyanopterus, and remarked. :—

This specimen, along with six others, was collected by
Mr. David Haig-Thomas, who accompanied Mr. Thesiger
on an expedition to explore the Hawash Valley, at Mulu,
23 miles north-west of Addis Ababa, on September 24-26
of this year.

The Blue-winged Goose was first described by Riippell,
Syst. Uebers. Vég. Nord-Ost Africa’s, 1845, p. 129, from an
example collected in the Shoa district, and even now is not
a common bird in collections. In the British Museum there
were only three specimens from Sir William Harris’s expedition
to Abyssinia in 1841, one female collected by Dr. Roth at
Angolola in October 1841, and one male and one unsexed
specimen collected by Harris himself in May 1842. The
female bird shot in October has the wing in full moult.

This Goose appears to be not uncommon in the country
where it occurs, and ranges from a little north of Addis
Ababa to the Tigri and Agameé country, and from the Semien

aQ

Vol. liv.] 70

district in the west to Lake Ashangi in the east. It is said
to inhabit the high table-lands from 8000 to 12,000 feet.
Salvadori described in the ‘ Catalogue of Birds in the British
Museum,’ xxvii. p. 140, a chick in down in the Genoa Museum
which had been collected by Antinori at Tuor-Hamesh, in
Southern Shoa, on September 15, 1877. Blaauw has given
an account in ‘ The Ibis,’ 1927, pp. 422-424, of the breeding
of this Goose in captivity, and states that the eggs were
laid in the end of June and the goslings hatched at the end of
August. He also remarks on the curious carriage of this
Goose, which is well illustrated in a photograph.

Very little has been published on the habits of this
bird, and we hope that Mr. Haig-Thomas has made some
observations. The measurements of the seven specimens
are as follows :—

Wing. Tarsus. Bill from feathers.
BSS this dae 338-376 63-5-65 31 mm.
GOLD ea ae 325-341 61—64-2 29-31 mm.

The Rev. F. C. R. JourDAIN exhibited an egg of Puffinus
puffinus mauretanicus. He stated that nearly 30 specimens
of Shearwaters had been recorded off the British coasts,
generally from the southern or eastern side, from August
onward, which were formerly ascribed to the Levantine
race, Puffinus p. yelkouan (Acerbi), but Dr. P. R. Lowe, in
the Bull. B. O. C. xl. 1921, p. 140, showed that the western
Mediterranean race was distinguishable from the eastern
race (yelkouan), and named it Puffinus puffinus mauretanicus.
The distribution, based on specimens in the British Museum,
was given as “ Algeria, Malaga, and Devonshire,” but of
course this includes the migration as well as the breeding
range. This was in 1921, and since then Mr. H. F. Witherby
has investigated the British records and examined 12 out of
28 (‘ British Birds,’ xv. 1921, pp. 151-153), all of which proved
to be mauretanicus. Six others also were identified from
descriptions as of this form. No specimen of yelkouan has
been identified from British seas, but all the eggs in British
collections belong to this race. The breeding-grounds of

aL [Vol. liv.

P. p. mauretanicus were surmised to be in the western
Mediterranean, and Dr. Lowe suggested the isles of Alboran
and, Habbas, but no evidence was available on this point until
quite recently. Meantime it has been ascertained that the
migration range of mauretanicus extends to Denmark (Schigler)
and Norway. On the other hand M. Noél Mayaud has shown
that the Shearwaters of Riou (near Marseilles) belong to
yelkouan. There is one specimen from Corsica in the British
Museum, obtained by Whitehead, which I have also examined,
and, this too can only be ascribed to yelkouan.

In 1931 Dr. Ticehurst and Mr. Whistler were in the Pityuse
Isles, and I happened to meet them on Formentera in that
year. They had just visited a colony of Shearwaters and
obtained specimens (including young in down) which were
obviously mauretanicus. They were too late for eggs, and
on the following day, at another locality on the same islands,
J found burrows from which the young had flown and fragments
of eggs.

The egg, however, still remained unknown until this year,
when a fisherman brought one to my friend Capt. P. W. Munn.
He visited a colony on the island of Conejera on May 15,
1933. Although most, if not all, of the young had already
flown, he was fortunate in finding one egg which was stale
and either infertile or deserted. This is the egg exhibited
to-night. It measures 62:3 44:2 mm. and the surface is
smooth, but only slightly glossy, with numerous pores. The
markings are, I think, only nest-stains.

Dr. Percy R. Lowe exhibited a nestling chick of Pallas’s
Sand-Grouse (Syrrhaptes paradoxus). He said this chick
had recently been presented to the British Museum by Mr. J. M.
Chadwick, whose father, Major Chadwick, with his keeper,
Alexander Scott, and a spaniel, found it at Binsness, on the
Culbin Sands in Morayshire, on August 8, 1889. This was
the first record of the taking of a chick of Pallas’s Sand-Grouse
which had been bred in the British Isles.

The chick had been taken (by the spaniel) close to the
place where the year before, at the end of June (that is to

Vol. liv.] 72

say, the year of the great irruption of 1888), the same keeper
with the same dog had seen some newly-hatched chicks
of the Sand-Grouse. At that time the sand-hills of Moray
were frequented by companies of from two to three hundred
Pallas’s Sand-Grouse.

The chick was sent off alive to Professor Newton at Cam-
bridge, but was dead when it reached him. He wrote a full
description of its plumage, and got Mr. Frohawk to make a
coloured drawing of it, the bird having been sent from Cam-
bridge to London for this purpose.

Mr. Frohawk, having drawn the bird (vide Ibis, 1890,
pl. vii.), it was then sent to Cullingford, of Durham, to
skin and mount. After this it was exhibited by Professor
Newton at the British Association meeting held that autumn
at Newcastle-on-Tyne, and finally returned to Major Chadwick,
who kept it mounted in a glass case until his death, when
it passed to his son.

It will be remembered that the 1888-9 invasion of Sand-
Grouse was on a larger scale than any of which we have
previous records.

Dr. Lowe also exhibited a specimen of the Hottentot
Teal (Anas gunctata Burchell), which had been shot in
Nigeria.

The skin had been sent to the Editor of ‘The Field’ by
Mr. S. A. 8. Leslie, who had bagged the duck, along with
another specimen, at Hadegia, in Kano Province, Northern
Nigeria. Mr. Leslie’s letter to the Editor of ‘The Field’
is dated November 5, 1933, and he says that he shot the birds
“recently.”’ We may therefore presume that they were
shot in the autumnal rainy season.

This makes the second record of the Hottentot Teal having
been found in Nigeria, or, for that matter, in West Africa.
The first record was based upon, a feather taken from a duck
and sent to Mr. David Bannerman for identification by
Mr. W. G. Smith, of the Nigerian Political Service, in
Bornu Province. Mr. Smith, at the same time, wrote a full
description of the strange duck he had shot, and from which he

73 [ Vol. liv.

took the feather. Mr. David Bannerman had no doubt at all
as to the identity of the duck, and recorded its occurrence
in ‘ The Ibis,’ for 1931, p. 99.

These records are interesting, for the previously recognized.
area of distribution of the Hottentot Teal is South and East
Africa, its extension northwards on the east coast reaching
as far as Shoa in Abyssinia, and on the west coast as far as
Angola.

James P. Chapin, in his “ Birds of the Belgian Congo,”’
Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. Ixv. 1932, p. 501, says
it is found in the highlands near Lake Kivu, and that
Dr. Phillips secured specimens on Lake Bunyoni, British
Ruanda. Also that in a papyrus swamp near Masikini,
at 5500 feet, in the highlands west of Lake Albert, de Witt
Sage secured, a female on August 17, ‘and we saw two others.”
This last record probably represents the nearest locality
from Kano and. Bornu at which this Teal has been previously
recorded—let us say roughly 1700 miles as the duck flies.
The Hottentot Teal is said not to be a migratory bird.

Capt. CLaupE H. B. Grant and Mr. C. W. MackwortTu-
PRAED sent the following three notes :-—

1. A further Note on the Status of EGRETTA GULARIS,
Bosc, Actes. Soc. d’Hist. Nat. Paris, i. 1792, p. 4, pl. il. :
Senegal River.

Since the publication of our notes on the species and sub-
species of Lgretta garzetta garzetta in the Bull. B.O.C.
hii. 1933, p. 189, Dr. J. P. Chapin has informed us that the
bills of specimens, in both white and dark slate phases, in
the American Museum of Natural History from Fernando Po
and Sao Thomé “‘seem never blackish, although they may
shade to dusky brown on the culmen,”’ and we have also
examined specimens at the Paris Museum and discussed
the matter with Dr. Berlioz. Five specimens were examined
at the Paris Museum, two from Konakry (nos. 1643 and.
1644), two from the Congo coast (nos. 262 and 263) and
one from the coast between Cape Palmas and Calabar
(no. 1368). These five birds are all in the dark phase, and

Vol. liv.] 74

the bills in the dried skins are not black, but dusky, the lower
mandible being paler. These agree in bill-coloration with
the information sent to us by Dr. Chapin and with specimens
in the British Museum from the mainland of West Africa
and the islands of Annobon, Principé, and Fernando Po,
but the two specimens from the Congo coast do not fall within
the measurements given by us, one having a culmen of 75 mm.
and the other a culmen of 73 mm. and a tarsus of 75 mm.
There are eight dusky-billed specimens in the British Museum
Collection, with the soft parts recorded on the labels; these
give, for the bill :—Blackish, green base of lower mandible ;
black, lower pinkish ; black, basal half of lower bluish-white ;
upper warm sepia, lower pinkish-grey; dirty flesh colour,
upper darker at base. Bose’s description of his Ardea
gularis is that of a dark slate bird (fusco-nigriscente), with
a white throat and alule, bill fawn (fauve), darker at base
of upper mandible; feet blackish, toes darker.

We may, therefore, conclude that the bill of the type was
similar to the dusky-billed specimens we have examined
in Paris and London. There is in the British Museum Collec-
tion a dark slate female with a black bill, base of lower
mandible pale, which was taken in Sierra Leone on March 4,
1920 (Brit. Mus. Reg. no. 1920.6.15.10).

This bird, with its distinct black bill, is a dark phase of
Egretta garzetta garzetta, similar to the same phase found
in Eastern Africa and Madagascar. Dr. Finn Salomonsen
has suggested to us that perhaps the black-billed and dusky-
billed birds are but colour-phases one of the other, as in
Casmerodius albus (Linneus), and this may be so, but the
evidence we have now inclines us to treat H. gularis as a
separate species.

To summarize this and previous notes in the ‘ Bulletin,’
we have in West Africa two distinct species found side by
side :—

(1) EGRETTA GULARIS (Bosc).

Distinguished by its dusky, not black, bill, and confined

to the coast of the mainland from Senegal to the French
Congo and the islands of Fernando Po, Principé, Sao Thomé,

75 [Vol. liv.

Annobon and Los, and having both white and coloured
phases of plumage.

(2) EGRETTA GARZETTA GARZETTA (Linneus).

Distinguished by its black bill and found throughout the
mainland of Africa, including West Africa, and also having
both white and coloured phases of plumage. wi Ex. !- Pe

This now agrees with the range and nomenclature given
by Bannerman, Bds. Trop. W. Africa, 1. 1930, pp. 67 & 69.

On the east side of Africa we also have two distinct species
found side by side :—

(1) EGRETTA SCHISTACEA (Ehrenberg).

Distinguished by its yellow bill, and confined to the Nile
Valley up to Lake Albert, coasts of the Red Sea, Somaliland,
and east to Ceylon and the Laccadives, and having both white
and. coloured phases of plumage.

(2) EGRETTA GARZETTA GARZETTA (Linnezeus).

Also found throughout Egypt and Eastern Africa, and
having both white and coloured phases of plumage, the
coloured phases being confined to Hast Africa only.

Egretta garzetta dimorpha Hartert is confined to Madagascar.

We are of opinion that all the above should now be placed
in the genus Hgretta, and that Demigretta be retained for the
eastern bird, Demigreita sacra (Gmelin).

2. On the Races and Distribution of the African and Arabian
Kestrels of the FaLco TINNUNCULUS group, with des-
criptions of two new races.

Sclater, in the Syst. Av. Githiop. 1. 1924, p. 53, recognizes
- five forms of Falco tinnunculus tinnunculus Linneus, and.
under fF’. t. carloremarks that the S.W. Arabian form is perhaps
distinct. Bannerman, Bds. Trop. W. Afr. i. 1930, p. 218,
uses f’, t. carlo for the West African bird, although he had
commented on the differences of the West African bird
in ‘ The Ibis,’ 1924, p.211. Inthe J. f. Ornith. 1932, p. 529,
Hartert and Neumann revise this group, describe a new race,
F. t. archert, and uphold FP. t. rhodesi. Chapin, Bds. Belg.

Vol. liv.] 76

Congo, i. 1932, pp. 641-642, discusses at some length the
question of races and distribution, and gives valuable notes
on individual specimens he has examined.

We may remark that, except in the original reference, this
author has changed, the second “uw” in rufuscens to an “e”’.
The original spelling is rufuscens.

In view of these divergent opinions and the recent acqui-
sition of further material by the British Museum (Natural
History), we have re-examined the literature, as well as the
series, in the British Museum Collection, and after very
very careful consideration we have come to the following
conclusions.

There are undoubtedly several resident breeding races,
the breeding areas and distribution of which are at present
not by any means clearly known. Besides the resident races,
which appear to be subject to local migration in the non-
breeding season, there are two races which migrate into the
areas of the resident races during their non-breeding season—
the European Kestrel, F. ¢. tinnunculus, and the Egyptian
Kestrel, F. ¢. rwpicoleformis. These two races have done
much to confuse the real issue, coupled with the fact that
nearly all the specimens of African Kestrel of all races in
the Collection have been collected during the months when
the northern migrants are visiting Africa. What we require
now is specimens, and these in pairs, with the young or
eggs, of breeding birds, and from such a series the correct
status of the races already named and their breeding range
could, be settled, and, no doubt, several new races would have
to be described. It must be admitted that this group is
an extremely difficult one, and it is only after intensive
examination and re-examination and comparison that some
specimens, especially females, can be satisfactorily identified.
We are not pretending that this new revision is by any means
the last word, and can only say that the conclusions we
have come to have been arrived at only after much study
and. time,

The barring on the tail, and on which some authors have
laid stress, is, in our opinion, an unreliable character, being
one more of age and individuality, although it is possible

77 [ Vol. liv.

that in the case of F. t. rufuscens fully adult males do not
assume a barless tail.
We recognize eight races, two of which are new, as follows :—

(1) FaLco TINNUNCULUS TINNUNCULUS Linneus.

Falco tinnunculus Linneus, Syst. Nat. ed. x. 1758, p. 90:
Sweden.

Description.—A pale race; the male has the mantle, back,
scapulars, and wing-coverts pale pinkish-rufous; crown of
head, rump and tail dove-grey or blue-grey; female dirty
rufous, with distinct barring ; variable amount of grey on
rump, upper tail-coverts and base of tail.

Measurements.—
Wing. Tail.
g .... 230-255 mm. 147-183 mm.
© .... 238-264 ,, 154-185 _,,

Distribution.—Kurope and Asia to Amurland, northern
Africa south to Tanganyika Territory, southern Arabia
and Angola in non-breeding season.

Remarks.—Sixty-five males and seventy females examined.

The specimens from Loge River (Brit. Mus. Reg. no. 1873.12.
10.111) and St. Paul de Loanda (Brit. Mus. Reg. no. 1911.12.18.
145) mentioned, by Chapin (op. cit. pp. 643-644) belong to this
race.

(2) FaLCo TINNUNCULUS RUFUSCENS Swainson.

Falco rufuscens Swainson, Bds. W. Afr. vii. 1837, p. 109:
Senegal.

Description.—A very dark race; the male has the mantle,
back, scapulars and wing-coverts dark chestnut-brown
with a vinous tinge, heavily barred with black ; crown, rump,
upper tail-coverts, and tail darkish slate, tail partially barred,
crown distinctly streaked ; below dark buff and light chestnut,
heavily marked ; the female equally dark and heavily marked,
with a slaty tinge on rump, upper tail-coverts, and base
of tail, which is completely barred.

M easurements.—
Wing. Tail.
SG .... 224-238 mm. 142-152 mm.

O une alge =. 165. ,,

Vol. liv.] 78

Distribution.—Senegal to Cameroons and Belgian Congo.
Remarks.—Three males and one female examined, but also
see Chapin, op. cat. p. 642.

(3) FaLco TINNUNCULUS RUPICOLZFORMIS Brehm.

Falco rupicoleformis Brehm, Vogelfang, 1855, p.29: Egypt.

Description.—Male more rufous, less pinkish on upper
parts than F’. ¢. tonnunculus, and rather more heavily spotted ;
crown washed, with rufous, with broader black streaks; below
more richly coloured and more heavily marked. Female
paler than average female of fF. ¢. tennunculus, and warmer
in colour, tinged with richer rufous, upper tail-coverts and
base of tail washed, with dove-grey.

Measurements.—
Wing. Tail.
O.+«». 2o0-2 72 mm, 153-183 mm.
QO .... 240-263 _,, 160-174 _,,

Distribution.—Egypt, south to Tanganyika Territory and
southern Arabia in non-breeding season.
Remarks.—Kight males and. twelve females examined.

(4) FaLco TINNUNCULUS ARCHERI Hartert & Neumann.

Falco tinnunculus archert Hartert & Neumann, J. f. Ornith.
1932, p. 531: Waghar Mts., British Somaliland.

Description.—Similar to F. ¢. tinnunculus but smaller ;
female perhaps on the average paler than that of the typical
form.

Measurements.—
' ‘Wing. Tail.
GO .... 222-2352 mm. 140-155 mm.
OD ole ity LEME: yy 141-152 _,,

Distribution.—Somaliland, and. coastal area of Kenya Colony
to Lamu; island of Socotra.

Remarks.—Ten males and three females examined, including
a breeding male collected at Sheikh, Somaliland, on October 11,
1917, by Sir G. F. Archer, and marked ‘‘ No. 487 a, eggs no, 93”
(Brit. Mus. Reg. no. 1923.8.7.7141).

79 [Vol. liv.

_ (5) FaLco TINNUNCULUS CARLO Hartert & Neumann.

Cerchneis tinnunculus carlo Hartert & Neumann, J. f.
Ornith. 1907, p. 592: Bissidimo, nr. Harar, Abyssinia.

Description.—Male generally darker than that of F. ¢.
tinnunculus ; mantle, back, scapulars and wing-coverts more
chestnut, with a vinous tinge, but not so dark as the male
of F. t. rufuscens, and mantle more spotted than barred:
crown, rump, upper tail-coverts, and tail much darker slate,
but perhaps a shade paler than F. ¢. rufuscens ; below rich buff
and rufous, but less heavily marked than Ff. ¢. rufuscens ; female
more similar to that of F. t. rufuscens, but warmer and, richer
in general coloration.

A rather smaller race than the typical.

Measurements.—
Wing. Tail.
Gg .... 227-241 mm. 151-166 mm.
Ohare eel Z OO). 5, 151-179

Distribution.—The Sudan, Abyssinia, Somaliland to Uganda,
Kenya Colony, and northern Tanganyika Territory.

Remarks.—Fourteen males and fourteen females examined.

There is no doubt that this form occurs in Somaliland
alongside F. t. archert, but there is a possibility that it only
occurs there on migration. Specimens we have examined
are dated, July to October, and this may be the non-breeding
season. The Narossura (Brit. Mus. Reg. no. 1916.12.1.234),
Elgonyi (Brit. Mus. Reg. no. 1910.12.26.53), Gofa (Brit.
Mus. Reg. no. 1912. 10.15.242),and Lake Ganjule (Brit. Mus.
Reg. no. 1912.10.15.244) birds mentioned by Chapin, (op. cit.
p. 643) belong to this race.

This race also occurs at Ujiji, and probably elsewhere
in northern Tanganyika Territory. The specimens we have
examined have been kindly lent to us by the Museum of
Comparative Zoology, five of which are recorded by Bangs
and, Loveridge, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Ixxv. 1933, p. 149,
under Ff. t. carlo; but no. 148228 (a male) is, in our opinion,
a specimen of F. t. rupicoleformis, as is also another male
from Morogoro (M.C.Z. no, 133152) dated Jan. 29, 1918.
It is possible that it is only a migrant to Tanganyika Territory.

Vol. liv.] 80

(6) FaALcO TINNUNCULUS TANGANYIK Claude Grant &
Mackworth-Praed.

Falco tinnunculus tanganyike Claude Grant & Mackworth-
Praed, Bull. B. O. C. liv. 1933, pp. 21-22 : Kigoma, Tanganyika
Territory.

Description.—Similar in size to F. t. tinnunculus, but much
darker and richer in colour; mantle, back, scapulars, and
wing-coverts deep chestnut-brown, with no vinous tinge,
darker and richer than either F. t. rufuscens or F. t. carlo,
grey of crown, rump, upper tail-coverts, and tail dark slate,
deeper in shade than either F’. t. rufuscens or F. t. carlo; below
much darker and richer than Ff’. t. tinnunculus, F.t. rufuscens,
or f. ¢. carlo, more rufous to chestnut, with dark chestnut
edges to flank-feathers. Female also chestnut-brown above,
without vinous tinge ; below darker than other races, more
rufous and chestnut.

Measurements.—
Wing. Tail.
Gist =, Loo. mm. 149 mm.
od! ho ae Laie.

Distribution.—Tanganyika Territory.

Remarks.—An adult male and female, paired, with a brood
of four young birds, which had bred in the roof of the collector’s
bungalow.

Besides the above family party, we have examined an
adult 9° from Kondoa—Irangi, collected on May 28, 1928 (Brit.
Mus. Reg. no. 1929.8.17.12). This specimen is in moult, and
the wing cannot be measured, but the tail measures 159 mm. ;
and another from Mkangagi, Uluguru Mts., a female, kindly lent
to us by the Museum of Comparative Zoology ,dated October 20,
1926, no. M.C.Z. 237536, has a wing-measurement of 239 mm.

(7) FaLCO TINNUNCULUS BURYI Claude Grant & Mackworth-
Praed..

Falco tunnunculus bury Claude Grant & Mackworth-Praed,
Bull. B. O. C. liv. 1933, pp. 22-23: Dthala, Amiri District,
South Arabia.

Descruption.—On the average equal in size to F. t. carlo.
Similar to F’. t.timnunculus, but more richly coloured, especially

81 [Vol. liv.

below, and thighs more rufous, grey crown of head more
distinctly streaked, grey rump, upper tail-coverts, and tail
similar to F. t. tinnunculus; mantle, back, scapulars, and.
upper coverts lacking the vinous tinge of F. ¢. carlo. It is,
however, in the female that the differences are most striking,
as the adult is, both above and below, much warmer and richer
in colour than either the female of F. ¢. tinnunculus, F. t.
rupicoleformis, or fF’. t. archert, but is more rufous and lacks
the darker vinous tinge of the female of F. t. carlo, and the
rump, upper tail-coverts, and tail are wholly slate-coloured,
the tail being partially barred.

Soft parts: bill slate ; cere, orbital patch, and feet yellow.

Measurements.—

Wing. Tail.
gO ..-. 229-242 mm. 156-162 mm.
So Sigal 42 ara 4S ae 145-170 ,,
Distribution.—Southern Arabia (Aden Protectorate, east

to Dhufar).
Remarks.—Five females and six females examined.

(8) FaLCO TINNUNCULUS RUPICOLUS Daudin.

Falco rupicolus Daudin, Traité d’Orn. ii. 1800, p. 185 : Cape
of Good Hope.

Description.—We have examined fifty-one specimens of
this race, and find that there is considerable individual varia-
tion in the general colour and in the markings on the upper
parts and tail, which must be allowed for, and the series in the
British Museum Collection show that there are specimens from
Southern Africa (Cape Colony and Natal) which agree in size,
markings, and colour with birds from Rhodesia and Angola.

We are, therefore, unable to recognize Falco tinnunculus
rhodest Finch-Davies, Ibis, 1920, p. 620: Matopo Hills,
Rhodesia.

Measurements.—

Cape Colony :—

Wing. Tail.
6 .... 222-249 mm. 140-161 mm.
© .... 246-270 ,, 144-167 __,,

Hight males and three females examined.

Vol. liv.] 82

Natal :—
Wing. Tail.
dS .... 237-240 mm. 147-153 mm.
Sovens,, 2 . 240 35 152 ie
Unsexed. 233-254 ,, 139-159 _,,
Two males, one female, and four unsexed examined.
Zululand :—
Wing. Tail.
O ...., 256-258 mm. 162-163 mm.
Two females examined.
Namaqualand :—
Wing. Tail.
O <ta. 220 mr, 149 mm.
Oo rr: 162" -,,
Two examined.
Damaraland :—
Wing. Tail.
SO .... 228-248 mm. 144-150 mm.
Unsexed. 237 “3 151 -

Three males and one unsexed examined

Angola :—

Wing. Tail.
QO .... 240-242 mm. 141-144 mm.
Unsexed. 220-230 __,, 141-147 _,,

Two females and two unsexed examined.

Orange River Colony :—

Wing. Tail.
ON...) | OSE: 150 mm.
Unsexed. 229-247 mm. 140-153 mm.
One female and three unsexed examined.
Transvaal :—
Wing. Tail.
Gd .... 229-240 mm. 133-151 mm.
QO .... 245-253 ,, 148-166 __,,

Three males and five females examined.

83 [Vol. liv.

Mashonaland :—
Wing. Tail.
Gg sos. J25-239 mm. 137-139 mm.
Ort eae 4 155 us
Three males and one female examined.
Bechuanaland :—
Wing. Tail.
Go ete ee comm, 152 mm.
Unsexed. 249 ,, © Page..,;
Two examined.
Zambesi :—
> Wing. Tail.
Unsexed. 216mm. 137 mm.
One examined.
Nyasaland :—
Wing. Tail.
Oy g.s aye pa, 128 mm.
Unsexed. 232 ,, 144. ..,

Two examined.

Combined measurements are :—

Wing. Tail.
SG .... 222-249 mm. 133-161 mm.
@ .... 240-270 ,, 141-167 _,,

Distribution.—South Africa, north to Angola and Nyasaland.
Remarks.—All tail-measurements have been taken from
the base of the feathers.

3. On the Distribution of the African Resident and Migratory
Kites, MInvus MIGRANS MIGRANS, M. M. GyYPTIUS,
M.M. ARABICUS, M. M. PARASITUS, and a new subspecies.

Considerable confusion exists in the correct identification
and. consequent distribution of these Kites, mainly due to the
young birds of the yellow-billed forms having dark-coloured
bills, the fact that some races migrate into the territory of
the others during the non-breeding season, and the mystery

Vol. liv.] 84

of the few records of the migrations of the African forms,
which probably will not be satisfactorily explained until
extensive ringing has been carried. out.

This new revision, which shows that northern birds, which
have been placed under M. m. parasitus, are different from
southern birds, has a direct bearing on the question of the
migrations or movements reported by such observers as
Swynnerton (Ibis, 1907, p. 302), Bates (Ibis, 1909, p. 11),
Neave (Ibis, 1910, p. 105), Lynes (Ibis, 1925, p. 398), and
Chapin (Bds. Belg. Congo, i. 1932, p. 553), and clearly shows
that these movements cannot take place over very wide areas,
as, for instance, from South Africa to West Africa. Chapin
has summarized and commented upon most of the known
information, but we would remark that the coincidence of
the Kites being abundant in the Cameroons and Uelle
District at the same time as they occur in South Africa
(Chapin, op. cit. p. 554) is accounted for by the Cameroons
and. Uelle bird being a different race to the South African.

Bates’s observations show that the movement is not complete,
as he saw birds in May, September, and October. Lynes states
that they are resident in Darfur, although a movement was
observed northwards in June and July, and southwards in
August. Belcher (Bds. Nyasaland, 1930, p. 33) says that it is
resident in Nyasaland. We can find no recent observations
on the South African form to support or refute the statement
by Stark and Sclater (Fauna 8. Afr. i. 1903, p. 337) that
the Kite only occurs there from October to March, although
Swynnerton states that it visits the Melsetter District of
Mashonaland between September and February. Bates
(Handb. Bds. W. Afr. 1930, p. 159) states that in the non-
breeding season ‘‘ they follow the rains.” Lynes (Ibis, 1925,
p- 398) inclines to the view that their movements are local.
As the Kite is very partial to termites, and as these normally
fly in the wet season, it would appear that their movements
are controlled by the rains, as stated by Bates, and are
merely local movements caused by the birds’ fondness for
certain insect food, and not the true migration of a bird
definitely leaving its breeding-haunts for the non-breeding
season.

85 [Vol. liv.

We are able to recognize five forms, as follows :—

(1) Minvus MIGRANS MIGRANS (Boddaert).

Falco migrans Boddaert, Tabl. Pl. Enl. 1783, p. 28, no. 472 :
France.

Description.—Bill black at all ages.

Measurements.—Wing 426-491 mm.

Distribution.—Kurope to Central Asia, northern Africa
south to the Transvaal, South-West Africa, Arabia and Mada-
gascar in non-breeding season.

Remarks.—The one specimen from Madagascar (Brit.
Mus. Reg. no. 1931.8.18.14) is not quite typical, is dated
July 27, is a female, and the label gives “ ovary slightly
enlarged.” This specimen suggests the possibility of a resident
black-billed form in Madagascar, but we refrain from giving
a name on a single specimen.

Thirty-two specimens examined.

(2) MILVUS MIGRANS =GYPTIUS (Gmelin).

Falco egyptius Gmelin, Syst. Nat. i. pt. i. 1788, p. 261: Egypt.

Description.—A yellow-billed form, the young bird having
a dark bill.

Measurements.—Wing 407-461 mm.

Distribution.—Egypt and Arabia, south to Sudan and
Kenya Colony in non-breeding season.

Remarks.—Twenty-two specimens examined.

(3) MILVUS MIGRANS PARASITUS (Daudin).

Falco parasitus Daudin, Traité d’Orn. ii. 1800, p. 150:
Peddie District, eastern Cape Colony, South Africa.

Description.—A yellow-billed form, the young bird having
a dark bill. On the average smaller than M. m. egyptius,
and, darker in general colour, especially the chest, tail, under-
side of wings, and crown of head.

Measurements.—Wing 393-445 mm.

Distribution.—South Africa north to Angola, southern
Rhodesia, Kenya Colony and Uganda, Madagascar and the
Comoro Islands.

Remarks.—Tanganyika Territory, Kenya Colony, and
Uganda specimens intergrade with WM. m. tenebrosus.

Thirty-one specimens examined.

Vol. liv.] 86

(4) MILVUS MIGRANS ARABICUS Kirke Swann.

Milvus migrans arabicus Kirke Swann, Syn. Accip. ed. 2,
1922, p. 153: Lahej, South Arabia.

Description.—Bill blackish or slate, never so deep a black
as in M. m. migrans. General colour more chestnut. Size
equal to M. m. parasitus.

Measurements.—Wing 398-448 mm.

Distribution.—Southern Arabia, Red Sea province of the
Sudan, through Eritrea, eastern Abyssinia, the Somalilands
to coastal area of Kenya Colony as far south as Malindi.

Remarks.—Sixteen specimens examined.

(5) MILVUS MIGRANS TENEBROSUS Claude Grant & Mackworth
Praed.

Milvus migrans tenebrosus Claude Grant & Mackworth-
Praed, Bull. B. O. C. liv. 1933, p. 23: Beoumi, Ivory Coast,
West Africa.

Description.—A yellow-billed form, the young bird having
a dark bill. Very much darker and blacker in general appear-
ance than M. m. cegyptius. Differs from M. m. parasitus
in being much darker, more sooty and blackish. Size equal
to M. m. parasitus.

Measurements.—Wing 395-454 mm.

Distribution.—West Africa south to Angola, northern
Rhodesia and upper Zambesi, Sudan, Abyssinia to Uganda,
Kenya Colony, and Tanganyika Territory, Belgian Congo,
Zanzibar and Pemba.

Remarks.—Forty-six specimens examined.

Dr. Finn SALOMONSEN sent the following descriptions of
new birds from the Moluccas :—

Alcyone pusilla halmahere, subsp. nov.

Description.—As A. p. pusilla (Temminck & Laugier),
but upper parts and flanks bluish, not violet, the colour
being between that of A. p. richards: Tristram (Rendova)
and A. p. masauji (Mathews) (New Ireland), but nearest
to the first-mentioned.

Distribution.—Halmahera in the Moluccas, thus forming
the most northern part of the breeding area of this King-

87 [Vol. liv.

fisher. Probably also Batjan (coll. Platen; cf. Hartert,
Nov. Zool. x. 1903, p. 48).

Type.—In the British Museum, Halmahera (Gilolo), adult ;
coll. Wallace, 1860. Brit. Mus. Reg. no. 1873.5.12.1427.

Geoffroyus geoffroyi stresemanni, subsp. nov.

Description.—Not differing from G. g. rhodops (Schlegel).

Measurements.—Much bigger than rhodops; 53 ad.
from Buru and Seran measure (wing): 200, 197, 194, 191,
Pss-mme= (¢ juv. 2) 186° mm... 599 ad. > 195, 193, 191,
186, 180 mm. The measurements of rhodops are decidedly
smaller; 6 gg ad. from Amboyna measure: 183, 179, 177,
iio, lio, lis mm. 2.¢¢ juv.: 169; 173 mm. 2ad/Oe:
178, 173 mm., both unfortunately in moult. Hartert gives for
this race (Buru, Seran) 189-195 mm. wing-length, which corre-
sponds with my measurements (Nov. Zool. viii. 1901, p. 4).

Distribution.—Buru, Seran, in the Moluccas. The type-
locality of rhodops is Amboyna, as Schlegel in the original
description (Mus. Pay-Bas, i. 1864, p. 43) first mentions
a series from Amboyna, and later on some Buru birds.

Type.—In, the British Museum, gad.; Buru, 10.4.1922,
coll. C. B. Pratt. Brit. Mus. Reg. no. 1923.9.15.59.

Remarks.—I name this form after my friend Dr. Erwin
Stresemann, whose works on the birds from these islands are
well known to all ornithologists.

Ducula concinna aru, subsp. nov.

Description.—The upper parts rather dull coloured, with
more coppery, not so steel-green gloss as in D. c. concinna
(Wallace); upper tail-coverts green, in concinna blue; hind
neck with a conspicuous cinnamon wash, in concinna uniform
grey, or with a slight rosy tinge. Regarding other particulars,
as CONCINNG.

Distributwon.—Aru Islands, in the Moluccas. The type-
locality of D. c. concinna is the Sanghir Islands.

Type.—In the British Museum, ¢ ad., Aru Islands, 1857 ;
coll. Wallace. Brit. Mus. Reg. no. 1881.5.1.5021.

Remarks.—Three specimens examined.

Vol. liv.] 88

PROTECTION OF THE KITE.

The following is the text of an appeal which was issued on
December 15, 1933, in favour of the Kite, which is seriously
threatened with extinction in this country.

THE PROTECTION OF THE KITE.

The question of what should be done to preserve the few
remaining pairs of the Kite (Milvus milvus) which still breed
in Wales has now reached such a critical phase that if some
very effective steps are not immediately taken their final
doom seems certain.

Wales alone now represents the last hope for the Kite.
Formerly abundant everywhere in Great Britain, it has, like
the ancient Briton, gradually been driven back and back
to its last stronghold among the forested valleys of the land
of hope and glory. It is hoped that this 8.0.8. appeal may
not be too late, and that it will call forth a determined effort
on the part of Welsh landowners, farmers, gamekeepers,
and sportsmen to secure for the Kite, as they can if so willed,
this one last desperate chance to carry on its race for the
enjoyment of posterity.

The fight for its existence will be worth while, and will
depend solely upon the goodwill of the Welshmen. It will
be more than worth while; for the Kite is not only one of
the last survivors of our larger birds of prey, but its magnificent
evolutions in the air are a fitting symbol of a land of freedom
and wild beauty.

Moreover, the Kite has an historical interest for us.
It forms a link in the chain connecting us with Tudor London.
In the reign of Queen Elizabeth it was one of the common
sights of the metropolis. Leicester, Essex, Raleigh, Walsing-
ham, and Burleigh must have watched it scores of times as it
soared magnificently over the Thames. Shakespeare in
his ‘ Winter’s Tale,’ Act iv., scene 2, gives us a word of warning
about it :—‘‘ When the Kite builds,” he says, “‘ look to lesser
linen’’; for the Kite had a playful way of swooping down
on the Londoner’s linen spread out on the hedges to dry,

89 [Vol. liv.

and of carrying off unconsidered trifles of millinery to weave
into its nest.

Given only a national will to preserve it there is no reason
why the Kite should not once more be seen over London, to
say nothing of the country in general. For years the efforts
and resources of private individuals and of such bodies as the
Royal Society for the Protection of Birds and the British
Ornithologists’ Club have been spent in fruitless endeavours
to protect this splendid and interesting bird of prey from the
cunning depredations of the reckless egg-collector, as also
from the chance gunman, trap, or snare when its young wander
far afield, during the open season. It is thought that the
time has come when, an appeal should be made to the good
sense and determination of the public at large to preserve
for posterity a bird which is linked up with its national
history.

Prercy R. Lowe.

In charge of Ornithology,
British Museum (Natural History).

AN APPEAL.

Since the beginning of the present century much has been
done for the preservation of this beautiful and interesting
bird. Various causes are, nevertheless, leading to an ever
increasing diminution in its numbers, and it is imperatively
felt that wider interest and support should be sought among
landowners and ornithologists.

All who have at heart the preservation of British Birds
are, therefore, urged to make every endeavour within their
power to protect this bird, which DURING THE OPEN SEASON
is liable to fall a victim to the gun or trap.

Precautions can be, and are, taken for safeguarding nesting
sites and eggs, but when the breeding season is over the birds
and the young fly far afield, and often perish in remote places.

Landowners, Farmers, Gamekeepers, and all shooting men
are urged to be on the alert to spare the Kitz, which, as is

Vol. liv.] 90

well known, is feared by many to be in danger of extinction
as a British breeding species.

This handsome bird is easily distinguishable from all other
large British Birds by its long, deeply cleft tail, long, pointed
wings, and rufous plumage.

WINIFRED PORTLAND,
President, Royal Society for the Protection of Birds,
CRAWFORD and BALCARRES,
President, Council for the Preservation of Rural England.
HowaRD DE WALDEN,
President, Council for the Preservation of Rural Wales.
H. F. WITHERBY,
President, British Ornithologists’ Union.
Davip A. BANNERMAN,
Chairman, British Ornithologists’ Club.
GLANUSE,
Lord Lieutenant, Breconshire.
LISBURNE,
Lord Lieutenant, Cardiganshire.
DYNEVOR,
Lord Lieutenant, Carmarthenshire.
PLYMOUTH,
Lord Lieutenant, Glamorganshire.
C. Venables Llewelyn,
Lord Lieutenant, Radnorshire.

15th December, 1933.
Contributions towards the Kite Preservation Fund will be gratefully

received and acknowledged by the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds,
82 Victoria Street, London, S.W.1.

—

We regret to have to announce the resignation from the
Club, through ill-health, of Mr. Arthur Humble Evans.
Mr. Evans was an original member, joining the Club at its
inception on October 5, 1892.

91 [Vol. liv.

NOTICES.

The next Meeting of the Club will be held on Wednesday,
January 10, 1934, at the Rembrandt Hotel, Thurloe Place,
S.W.7. The Dinner at 7 p.m.

Members intending to dine must inform the Hon. Secretary,
Mr. C. W. Mackworth-Praed, 51 Onslow Gardens, London,
S.W. 7, on the post card sent out with the ‘ Bulletin.’

Members who wish to make any communication at the next
Meeting of the Club must give notice to the Editor, Dr. G.
Carmichael Low, 86 Brook Street, Grosvenor Square, W. 1,
as soon as possible. The titles of their contributions will
then appear on the Agenda before each Meeting. All MSS.
for publication in the ‘ Bulletin’ must be given to the Editor
before or at the Meeting.

Agenda.

There is no set paper, so far, for the Meeting, so Members
who have any exhibits of interest are invited to bring them.

Se BULLETIN

e Cx OF THE

Nee

BRITISH ORNITHOLOGISTS’ CLUB.
No. CCCLXXIV.

THE three-hundred-and-sixty-ninth Meeting of the Club was |
held at the Rembrandt Hotel, Thurloe Place, S.W.7, on
Wednesday, January 10, 1934.

Chairman: Mr. D. A. BANNERMAN.

Members present :—Dr. W. J. ADIE; E. C. Stuart BAKER ;
Miss P. Barcuay-SmitH; F. J. F. Barrinetron; P. F.
BunyYARD ; Hon. G. L. CHARTERIS ; Maj.-Gen. Sir P. Z. Cox ;
Miss J. M. Ferrier; H. A. GIuBEertT ; Capt. C. H. B. Grant ;
Rev. J. R. Hate; Dr. J. M. Harrison; Mrs. C. HopaKIn ;
Rev. F. CG. R. Jourparn ; N. B. Kinnear; Miss E. P. Leacu ;
B. Luoyp; Dr. G. CarmicHaEL Low (Editor); Dr. N. S.
Lucas ; T. H. McKirrrick ; C. W. MackwortH-PRAED (Hon.
Sec. & Treas.); Capt. J. H. McNeme; Lt.-Col. H. A. F.
Macratu ; Dr. P. H. Manson-Baur; G. M. MAatuEws (Vice-
Chairman); C. OtpHAM; B. B. Osmaston; H. LEYBORNE
PoruamM ; F. R. Ratcuirr ; Miss G. Ruopzs ; W. L. ScLATER ;
Dr. C. B. TickHurst; B. W.TuckEeR; Miss E. L. TuRNER ;
H. F. WitHersy ; C. G. M. bE Worms.

Guests :—R. Dosson ; R. M. Lockuey.
: The Rev. F. C. R. JouRDAIN made some remarks upon the ~

status and protection of the Great Skua (Catharacta s. skua)

[January 27, 1934.] a VOL. LIV.

Vol. liv.] 94

in Shetland. Mr. C. Oldham, Mr. H. A. Gilbert, Dr. G.
Carmichael Low, and others also spoke on the subject.

Mr. C. OxpHam exhibited shells of a whelk, Buccinum
undatum, which had been dropped from a height on to the
sandy shore at Tenby by Herring Gulls in order to fracture
them and facilitate the extraction of the contained hermit-
erabs, and fractured shells of the cockle, Cardium edule,
dropped in a similar manner by Common Gulls on to the
sands in the estuary of the Cheshire Dee in order to make
the contained molluscs accessible. He also exhibited shells of
Buccinum, which, with other marine shells—Ostrea, Modiolus,
Pecten, Mya, etc.—had been carried from the shore to the
sand-dunes on Scolt Head Island by Gulls and Crows, where,
in the absence of suitable stones, they had been used by
Song-Thrushes as anvils for smashing the shells of the snail,
Helix nemoralis.

Miss J. M. FeRRIER showed a series of eggs from Cyprus.
These included eggs of the Hooded Crow (Corvus cornix
pallescens), the Goldfinch (Carduelis carduelis harmsi*%), the
Crested Lark (Galerida cristata cypriaca) a clutch, the Short-
toed Lark (Calandrella b. brachydactila) a clutch, and the
Cyprian Pied Wheatear (Ginanthe leucomela cypriaca).

Mr. H. L. Poruam exhibited the skin of a buff-coloured
female Wigeon (Anas penelope). He said that he had shown
the specimen once before to the Club*, but thought that many
of the younger members might like to see-it as it was a very
rare and unique specimen. The bird was shot by himself off
the coast of Holland in January 1912.

Mr. W. L. ScuaTeR sent the following note on Sigmodus
scopifrons Peters :—

This species was first obtained by Professor Wilhelm Peters
during his travels in Mozambique between the years 1842-1848,
but no exact locality was indicated (J. f. Ornith. 1854,
p. 422). Its range has since been found to extend northwards

‘(Bu Bs. O.C. xxix, 1912, p. 90.

95 [Vol. liv.

as far as Lamu, on the coast of Kenya, inland to the
Morogoro district in Tanganyika and Meru (on the eastern
slopes of Mt. Kenya) in Kenya Colony, and south to the
Beira district, and several races have been described.

The species is. characterized by the curious pad or cushion
of short bristle-like feathers on the forehead of a rich chestnut-
colour, while the rest of the plumage is slaty or dusky.

In consequence of this peculiarity Professor Neumann
(J. f. Ornith. 1920, p. 77) separated the species from Szgmodus
and named it Knestrometopon, but there is no other structural
character separating it from Szgmodus.

The Natural History Museum has recently received a series
of four skins collected by Mr. Moreau from the East Usambaras,
and by the kindness of Count Gyldenstolpe and Dr. Stresemann
I have been allowed to examine the material in the Stockholm
and Berlin Museums, including Dr. Peters’ type.

The examination of this material and that already in the
Museum brings me to the following conclusions as regards
the racial forms of this remarkable bird :—

1. S. S. SCOPIFRONS.

Sigmodus scopifrons Peters, J. f. Ornith. 1854, p. 422:
Mozambique.

A grey band on the crown behind the “ cushion” hardly
perceptible ; very distinct white lores; a white band on the
inner web of the primaries well developed, measuring about
15 mm. broad on the fourth primary ; white on the tip of the
outer tail-feather reduced, measuring about 10—12 mm.

Examples examined : from Mozambique (type in the Berlin
Museum), Masambeti (C. Grant), Lindi and Mikindini (Grote,
in Berlin Mus.).

2. 8. s. [examples from Usambara Hills].

Grey band on crown as in the typical race; less white on
the lores; white band on the primaries much narrower,
about 5 mm. wide on the fourth primary ; white on the tip
of the outer feather much wider, about 25 mm., and occupying
about half the visible portion of the feather.

Examples examined : 4, Usambara Hills (2 3, 2 2, Moreau),
1 Mamboio (Kirk).

Vol. liv.] 96

3. S. S. KIRKI.

Sigmodus scopifrons kirki, W. L. Sclater, Bull. B. O. C. xliv.
1924, p. 92: Lamu.

Band on the crown behind the cushion white, not grey ;
no white on the lores; white band on the wing reduced to
a small patch on the inner web and never reaching the shaft ;
white on the outer tail-feather as in Usambara examples.

Examples examined: Lamu (Kirk, type of the subspecies),
Mombasa, Malindi, Lamu (8S. Clarke).

4, S. S. KENIENSIS.

Sigmodus scopifrons keniensts van Someren, Bull. B. O. C.
xliii. 1923, p. 80: Meru, North-west of Mt. Kenya.

Band on the crown grey and obscure; trace of white
on the lores ; white on the primaries less than in kirki, reduced
to a tiny spot; white on the tail as in korki, slightly larger,
viz., 100—103 mm.

Examples examined: 2 Meru (Lénnberg, in the Stockholm
Museum).

The series shows a series of slight changes therefore from
south to north in the reduction of the white on the wings
and the increase of white on the tail. We have already
three named races, and it does not seem worth while giving
a definite name to that from Usambara, which is obviously
an intermediate.

Dr. C. B. Ticknurst forwarded the following description
of a new form of Phylloscopus :—

Phylloscopus armandii perplexus, subsp. nov.

Description.—Like Phylloscopus armandii armandit, but
darker on the upper parts, yellow of underparts not so pale,
flanks darker fulvous.

Distribution.—S.W. Szechuan, N. Yunnan (Lichiang Range,
Yangpi Valley, Mekong Valley) ; Lower Chindwin (January),
Mt. Victoria (April), and Southern Shan States (no date,
but probably spring) in Burma.

Type. — 3% Chien-Chuan Valley, lat. 26° 40’ N.:

97 [Vol. liv.

N.W. Yunnan, May 1918, collected by G. Forrest. Brit.
Mus. Reg. no. 1921.7.5.399. _-

Remarks:—Material examined: seven armandu; eighteen
perplexus. This form is quite easily recognizable, but has
evidently been a puzzle in the past to ornithologists. Thus,
Col. Rippon’s series from the Shan States have been named
fuscatus, schwarzi, and indicus! Dr. Berlioz kindly informs
me that Milne-Edwards’ type of armandiw came from the
mountains west or north-west of Pekin, and from this area
I have seen a specimen in the St6tzner-Weigold collection in
Dresden (through the courtesy of Dr. W. Meise). Others of
the typical form were collected by Przevalsky on the Upper
Hwang Ho and Chuan Che, and by Berezovsky in Kansu.
The southern limit, so far ascertainable, of the typical form
is the mountains of N.W. Szechuan, whence I have examined
birds obtained by the Stdtzner-Weigold Expedition at Sung-
pan. Phylloscopus armandw thus agrees with other wide-
ranging Phylloscopi, such as inornatus and proregulus, in having
a northern and a southern form.

Mr. J. DELAcour sent the following note :—

The name Pitta soror intermedia Delacour, Bull. B. O. C. xlix.
1928, p. 49, being preoccupied by Pitta versicolor intermedia
Mathews, Nov. Zool. xix. 1912, p. 298, the following is pro-
posed in its place: »

Pitta soror petersi, nom. nov.

NOTICES.

The next Meeting of the Club will be held on Wednesday,
February 21, 1934 (instead of Wednesday, February 14, which

is Ash Wednesday), at the Rembrandt Hotel, Thurloe Place,
S.W.7. The Dinner at 7 p.m.

Members intending to dine must inform the Hon. Secretary,
Mr C. W. Mackworth-Praed, 51 Onslow Gardens, London,
S.W. 7, on the post-card sent out with the ‘ Bulletin.’

Vol. liv.) 98

Members who wish to make any communication at the next -
Meeting of the Club must give notice to the Editor, Dr. G.
Carmichael Low, 86 Brook Street, Grosvenor Square, W. 1,
as soon as possible. The titles of their contributions will then
appear on the Agenda published before each Meeting. All
MSS. for publication in the ‘ Bulletin’ must be given to the
Editor before or at the Meeting.

The attention of Members is drawn to the fact that the
March Meeting, which will be held on Wednesday, March 14,
1934, in conjunction with the British Ornithologists’ Union,
will be devoted principally to lantern-slides. The Hon. Secretary
will be glad to hear from any Member who wishes to exhibit
slides.

Agenda
(for February Meeting).

1. Mr. B. W. Tucker will give an account of an ornithological
trip to Ireland, illustrated by lantern-slides.

2. The Rev. F. C. R. Jourdain will show some slides of
Lake Huleh, Palestine.

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BULLETIN

at @\S OF THE

BRITISH ORNITHOLOGISTS’ CLUB.

“272i. 00 SNe. cooznxxv.

THE three-hundred-and-seventieth Meeting of the Club was
held at the Rembrandt Hotel, Thurloe Place, S.W. 7, on
Wednesday, February 21, 1934.

Chairman: Mr. D. A. BANNERMAN.

Members present :—Dr. W. J. ADIE; W. B. ALEXANDER:
E. C. Stuart Baker; F. J. F. BarRRiInaton; P. F, BuNyarp ;
H. P.O. CuEave; Maj.-Gen. Sir P. Z. Cox: Miss J. M. FERRIER:
H. A. GinBEert; Miss E. M. Gopman ; Capt. C. H. B. Grant:
Col. A. E. Hamertron; Dr. J. M. Harrison; Mrs. C.
Hopexin; Rev. F. C. R. JOURDAIN; N. B. KINNEAR:
Miss E. P. Leacu; Dr. G. CarmicHarL Low (Hditor); Dr.
P. R. Lowe; Dr. N.S. Lucas; C. W. Mackwortu-PraEp
(Hon. Sec. & Treas.); Lt.-Col. H. A. F. Macratu; Dr. P. H.
Manson-Banr; G. M. Matuews (Vice-Chairman); J. G.
MavrocorDato; (C. OLDHAM; Miss G. RHopES; W. L.
SCLATER; D. SETH-SMITH; Dr. A. LANDSBOROUGH THOMSON ;
Dr. C. B. Ticknurst; B. W. Tucker; H. F. WITHERBY :
C. G. M. pE Worms.

Guest of the Club :—K. J. Pauupan.
[March 7, 1934.] qa VOL, LIV,

Vol. liv.) 100

Guests :—Brig.-Gen. R. M. BrtuHam; Mrs. GILBERT;
L. A. Hawkins; M. Meynett; K. NEwatu; Mrs. OLp#am;
Lt. C. ScuatEerR, R.N.; N. WHITE.

Mr. B. W. Tucker gave an account, illustrated by lantern-
slides, of an ornithological trip to Ireland made by Mrs. Tucker
and himself, in company with Mr. H. J. R. Pease, in the
summer of 1933. They crossed from England on June 24
and spent a fortnight in the country, during which, through
the kindness of Mr. L. J. Turtle, of Belfast, and other Irish
ornithologists, they were able to see something of most of the
more noteworthy Irish breeding species.

Lantern-slides were shown of the main Irish colony of
Roseate Terns, where a careful census taken in 1932 showed
a breeding population of approximately 500 pairs. All the
other British breeding Terns were also seen nesting.

Rathlin Island was visited to see Choughs and sea-bird
colonies.

One of the most interesting excursions was to the very
remarkable breeding colony of Black-necked Grebes recorded
by Messrs. Stoney and Humphreys in ‘ British Birds,’ xxiv.
1930, pp. 170-173, which was visited through the kindness
of these gentlemen. Here a very large number of these birds
breed under colonial conditions in the sedge and reed-beds
of a remote lough. The numbers in 1933 were probably
below the average owing to the low level of the water, which
left the greater part of the main reed-bed high and dry, but
they were still very considerable.

The Red-necked Phalarope colony and the breeding haunt
of the Common Scoter were also described. Broods of young
were seen in both places. The watcher on the Phalarope
ground estimated the number of breeding pairs present as 40,
while in the Scoter locality the numbers have increased
from one pair in 1905 to about 30 in 1933.

Observations were also made on the Irish Jay, Irish Coal-
Tit, Woodcock, Siskin, Crossbill, and other species. The

101 [Vol. liv.

variability in colour of Irish Coal-Tits observed in Co. Wicklow |
was very striking, and it was doubtful whether many individuals
seen could be differentiated in the field from the British
form.

The Rev. F. C. R. JouRDAIN exhibited a selection of slides
showing scenery in Palestine and Syria. The introductory
slides showed the characteristics of the barren Judean high-
lands, contrasting with the Dead Sea depression and the
lower Jordan Valley. At Lake Huleh, in the upper part of
the valley, a series of slides illustrated the great papyrus
marsh, which is inhabited by a small tribe of Arabs who
are dependent entirely on the papyrus crop for their livelihood.
There is a herd of Buffalo here, now reduced to about 1500.
The harvesting and drying of the papyrus crop were shown
on the screen, and some description was given of the bird-
life of the swamp, which has rarely been visited by an English-
man. It is remarkable that the little papyrus rafts on which
these Arabs traverse the swamp are very similar to those
figured in ancient Egyptian hieroglyphics.

A few slides of Syrian scenery were also shown, including
views of the water gardens of Damascus and the effects of the
bombardment during the trouble with the Druses, as well
as street scenes during a Moslem feast ; and the last slides
showed the wonderful ruins at Baalbek and a typical street
scene in a hill-village in the Libanon.

Mr. W. B. ALEXANDER showed slides of Heligoland and
gave an account of the Bird Observatory there and its work.
He also contributed the following notes on migrants and
migration seen during his visit :—

Up to the present time 421 species or subspecies of birds
have been recorded on Heligoland, the latest addition to the
list being a small Thrush (T'urdus unicolor), shot there on
Oct. 15, 1932. It is an inhabitant of the Himalayan region,
and has never previously been obtained in Europe.

a2

Vol. liv.] 102

Of these 421 birds, only one, the House-Sparrow (Passer
domesticus), is a resident. It has been claimed that the
Sparrow is a parasite on the horse, but there are no horses
or cattle on Heligoland, and the birds here seem to depend
to a great extent on the food supplied to poultry, supple-
mented by scraps obtained round the houses and the harbour.

Apart from the Sparrows, five species have bred regularly
on Heligoland in recent years. At one part of the cliff there
is a colony of about 1000 pairs of Guillemots and a few
Razorbills. Starlings have nested in gradually increasing
numbers since about 1880, but depart after breeding. Since
1924 the British race of the Yellow Wagtail (Motacilla flava
ray?) has nested each year on Dune Island amongst the marram-
grass, whilst the White Wagtail has nested since 1927 on
Heligoland itself. In 1929 and 1931 the male of one of the
breeding pairs was a Pied Wagtail (17. a. lugubris).

Over 100 years ago Herring-Gulls, Kittiwakes, and Puffins
also nested on the cliffs, and Oyster-catchers on Dune Island.
Other birds which have bred occasionally are the House-
Martin, Wheatear, Sky-Lark, Tree-Pipit, Chaffinch, Lesser
Redpoll, Black Redstart, and Whitethroat, but the birds
or their nests have usually fallen victims to the cats with which |
the island swarms.

The attraction of Heligoland to the ornithologist is, of course,
its fame as a station where migration can be observed and
studied on a large scale. Our visit from Sept. 18 to Oct. 4,
1933, was planned in the hope that in that period we should
see something of the latter part of the migration of Flycatchers,
Warblers, and other insectivorous birds, and the beginning
of the migration of Thrushes, Finches, and Crows. The
period proved to have been well chosen, since in seventeen
days we saw 82 species of land-birds and shore-birds on or
over the island, in addition to 21 species of aquatic birds
seen on the water or flying past, or from the steamer, on our
voyages to and from the island from Cuxhaven. With the
addition of the resident Sparrow this makes 104 species.

The great majority of the species undoubtedly performed
their migrations at night. Unfortunately during our stay

103 [Vol. liv.

the nights were always clear, even though it was sometimes
foggy in the daytime, and we never had the good fortune to see
birds attracted to the lighthouse, though we had secured
permits to enable us to visit the gallery of the light in case
opportunity arose. On some evenings the revolving beams
frequently illuminated one or two birds at short intervals
as they passed near, but the light did not attract them.
A single flash as the rays were reflected from the plumage
of the bird was all that could be seen, and the identity of the
bird could not even be guessed.

Every morning a survey of the island showed that new
birds had arrived and others had departed during the night.
We made estimates of the numbers of birds of each species
present on the island each day, as well as of the numbers on
Dune Island whenever we visited it. The following were the
species which were present in the largest numbers :—

On Heligoland :

Species. Nos. Dates.
Cheatin eh, 2,6 «4 sieves 300 Sept. 23 & 24.
Meadow-Pipit ...... 250 Sept. 21 & 22.
Song-P brush! . 73%... 120 Oct. 1.

EVONOTID pro ate covet oe 120 Oct. 3.
Ried start. 22. «+ vee 100 Sept. 23.
Hedge-Sparrow .... 100 Sept. 29 & 30.
Wiheatear. (i. v2.44 <% 70 Sept. 19.
SS CAMINO 5) oa Spe cde 5. wie 70 Sept. 29.
Claritchey is. aha os. 60 Sept. 22.
Pree Pipliers sos ste 50 Oct. 3.
key ark, 2% <4 61.4514 3 40 Oct. 1.
ock-Pipib -....... 40 Octre 1c
Golderést . 22.5.4... 40 Oct. 3.
BSUS et siraae a 5 Shs le 30 Sept. 23.
Brambling:/. 2.22... 30 Oct. 1.

On Dune Island :
TT eee a ape a) ol 100 Sept. 21.
Meadow-Pipit ...... 60 Sept. 24 & 25.
Tree-Pipite<: as .2e as. 60 Sept. 30.
Sanderling .% s< sm. a. 50 Sept. 21-26.
Wheatear ......... 50 Sept. 24 & 25.

Ringed Plover ..... 40 Sept. 25.

Vol. liv.] 104

The greatest numbers, both of species and of individuals,
seen during our stay on Heligoland were recorded on Sept. 23.
Up to that date we had experienced easterly winds, but
during the night of the 22nd the wind went round to the
south-west, and at daybreak on the 23rd there was a brief
but heavy shower of rain. This break in the weather and
adverse wind evidently caused more birds than usual to alight
on the island. We saw 42 species, and estimated that there
were 957 individuals present. Chaffinches and Redstarts
swarmed everywhere; Siskins, Pied Flycatchers, Garden-
Warblers, Willow-Wrens, and Fieldfares were seen in greater
numbers than on any other date; a Dotterel was seen on the
highest point of the island, and an adult male Red-breasted
Flycatcher was captured.

After a further spell of easterly winds another check to
migration occurred on Oct. 1, when it came on foggy during
the early hours of the morning, and the fog only lifted about
1] a.m. On that date we saw birds of 39 species on Heli-
goland and of 29 species on Dune Island. Song-Thrushes,
Sky-Larks, Bramblings, and Rock-Pipits were more numerous
than on any other date; several Blackcaps, a Garden-Warbler,
and a Whitethroat were noted, though these species had not —
been seen for several days previously; the first Shore-Lark
appeared, two more Red-breasted Flycatchers were seen, and
a Goshawk spent some time circling about over Dune Island.

After the fog lifted it remained as a pall overhead for some
time, and during this period numerous small flocks of Song-
Thrushes, Rock-Pipits, Sky-Larks, and Bramblings were seen
to leave the southern point of the island and fly off to the
south at a comparatively low elevation over the water. It
seems pretty certain that the reason why birds of these species
were not seen leaving the island on other occasions was
because during clear weather they rose to a much greater
height before taking off.

Except on this occasion, the only land-birds seen flying past
or over the island during the daytime were Hawks, Swallows,
and Crows. Kestrels were seen passing on several dates
flying steadily southwards, without paying any attention
to the island, and always solitary. Peregrines, Merlins,

105 [Vol. liv.

and Sparrow-Hawks, on the other hand, generally broke
their journey to hunt round the cliffs, and Sparrow-Hawks
were more than once seen in pursuit of small birds, several
even chasing them into the traps and being captured.

Swallows in smaller or larger flocks were seen passing
almost every day, but they, too, usually stopped for a time
to hawk about the cliff-faces or over the lower ground. House-
Martins were much less numerous, and Sand-Martins only
occasional.

On our last day, Oct. 3, we were fortunate in seeing a
considerable migration of Hooded Crows. The first flock
appeared about 7 A.M. over the sea to the east and passed over
the island, flying due west. Other flocks followed at intervals
throughout the day in scattered groups, slowly and silently,
at an altitude of perhaps 500 feet above the sea. Though
the intervals between the flocks were usually much too great
to allow of their following one another by sight, the majority
followed exactly the same east-to-west line across the island.
One or two flocks swerved from their course in the neigh-
bourhood of the island, and one appeared to contemplate
settling upon it, but the reception they received from the
local sportsmen as they approached speedily induced them
to change their minds. One Heligolander assured us that they
were just as good to eat as Woodcock. During the day we
counted 311 Hooded Crows passing over, but numerous flocks
undoubtedly passed unobserved by us. In one of the flocks
there were four Jackdaws. The movement was apparently
not continued on the following day—at least no flocks were
seen up to 10 A.M., when our boat sailed, and we saw none on
our voyage to the mainland.

Finally, it seems worth recording the appearance of certain
species on Heligoland which we do not usually think of as
migrants. Wrens were seen almost daily, and on Oct. 3
and 4 were present in considerable numbers. A Blue Tit
was noted on Sept. 26, and two on the following day. A Coal-
Tit seen on Sept. 24 was, perhaps, the most unexpected addition
to our list of birds encountered on Heligoland. A Corn-
Bunting was observed on Sept. 30, and single Yellow-Hammers
on Sept. 23 and Oct. 3. Stock-Doves occurred several times.

Vol. liv.] 106

Mr. Davip BANNERMAN sent the following communication
with reference to the range of Anthus pallidiventris
Sharpe :—

Through the kindness of Professor Dr. Gestro I have been
able to examine three specimens of a Pipit, now in the Museo
Civico di Storia Naturale, Genoa, which had been collected
by Signor Fea in Portuguese Guinea in 1899, and had been
recorded several times in literature, notably by Count Salvadori
in ‘Annali Museo Civico di Storia Naturale,’ xl. ser. 2, vol. xx.
1901, p. 763; by Bocage in Journ. Acad. Sci. Lisboa, ser. 11d,
vi. 1901, p. 167; and by Dr. Reichenow in his‘ Vogel Afrikas,’
ill. pp. 319, 320, as Anthus pallidiventris Sharpe.

As I suspected, the specimens from Farim and Bissao in
Portuguese Guinea have nothing whatever to do with A. palla-
diventris, a large-billed, white-bellied species described from
Gabon, of which the type and four other examples from
French and Portuguese Congo are in the British Museum.
Mr. Sclater wisely omitted Portuguese Guinea from the range
of A. pallidiventris when compiling the ‘ Systema Avium
Aithiopicarum,’ but he did not examine the specimens.

Although not in full agreement with Mr. Sclater as to
the ranges he accepts for the various subspecies of the Plain-
backed Pipit, it can be seen at a glance that the three speci-
mens—no. 42, g, Bissao, 2. 11.99; no. 44, 9, Bissao, 26. 1. 99;
and no. 123, 9, Farim, 17. iv. 99—collected by Signor Fea
are a subspecies of Anthus leucophrys, and I would refer
them to the race Anthus leucophrys zenkerv.

I consider that the range of this Pipit extends from Senegal
to the Upper Uele River, N. Nigeria, N. Cameroon, and
Darfur, whereas Anthus leucophrys gouldiw should be restricted
to the coastal regions of the forested countries from Sierra
Leone to the Ivory Coast.

Having had the privilege of comparing the specimens from
the Genoa Museum with the type of A. pallidiventris, it seems
to me to be of sufficient importance to put this on record in
order to prevent any further errors in the range of A. palli-
diventris appearing in literature.

107 [Vol. liv.

Mr. BANNERMAN also sent the description of a new race
of the Blackcap Akalat from Fernando Po, which he proposed
to name

Illadopsis cleaveri poensis, subsp. nov.

Description.—Ditters from I. cleavert batesc in its darker
coloration, particularly on the mantle and back, which has
a dusky chestnut tinge, the upper tail-coverts more rufous
chestnut, the breast browner, and the sides of the body more
inclining to chestnut-brown. This deeper coloration is
apparent even in the nestling, which at the same stage of
development has more brown and less white on the under-
parts and darker upper-parts.

Measurements—Adult male: bill 15-5; wing 76; tail 52;
tarsus 28 mm.

Distribution.—Fernando Po (Bakaki and Bubi Town,
Banterbari).

Type.—In the British Museum. ¢ ad., near Bakaki,
Fernando Po, November 19, 1902. Boyd Alexander Coll.
Brit. Mus. Reg. no. 1911.12.23.2371.

Remarks.—Another male, with the centre of the breast grey
and sooty brown patches on either side, apparently adult,
measures: bill 15; wing 77; tail 55; tarsus 28-5 mm.

Mr. N. B. Kinnuar sent the following description of a new
race of Long-tailed Wren from Bhutan :—

Spelzeornis souliei sherriffi, subsp. nov.

Description.—Similar to Spelewornis s. soulier, but darker
above, and the white spots on the head and scapulars of
a more pure white, and not tinged with buff as in that bird;
this is especially noticeable on the sides of the head. LEar-
coverts whitish, and not pale buff. The throat and breast
are pure white below, and not mixed with buff as in souwlvev,
but this difference may be due to age; belly and abdomen
darker brown, not so rufous, and the bars on the wings browner

Vol. liv.] 108

and not so grey. In Spelwornis s. rocki the upper surface is
still paler, more rufous, than souwlie:, and the spots stand out
even less, since they are more buffy and less white than in the
latter bird. Below, the only difference appears to be the paler,
less rich colour. Ear-coverts as in souliex and the bars on
the primaries grey, greyer than in souliei, but not greyish-
buff as in the Bhutan bird; the tail also is paler than in either
of the other races.

M. Berlioz, who has kindly compared one of the Bhutan
birds with the type of Spelewornis soulier souliei, remarks on
the more rufous colour in the type, the restriction of white
on the throat, and the greyer colour of the bars on the wings.

Speleornis s. sherriffi is readily distinguished from S. s. rockz
by the darker colour and whitish ear-coverts, but the differ-
ences between it and NS. s. sowliet are not so marked; the
colour of the ear-coverts will, however, always be a dis-
tinguishing character.

Measurements.—
Bill from
Wing. skull. Tail. Tarsus.
eh dome eee ee wpa 47 1 50 20
Ta SEER See 47 11-5 50 20:5
da Reg AP ae 49 11-5 50 20
6, Lunnan....... ol 12-5 30 21
JN ORIG ot Oe ee eas AB 4Y 12:5 4Y 21-5

>

Type and Distribution.—, Dongma La, between Lingste
and Trashi Yangtsi, East Bhutan, 10,500 ft., July 25, 1938,
no. 2071. Collected by Messrs. F. Ludlow and G. Sherriff.
Brit. Mus. Reg. no. 1933.11.16.34. A female was also obtained
at the same place, and an unsexed skin at Pang La, further
east, on August 13.

Mr. J. L. Peters, of the Museum of Comparative Zoology,
Cambridge, Mass., kindly lent me a specimen of S. s. rocki
for comparison.

The distribution of the other races is as follows :—

S. souliet soulier Oust., Bull. Mus. d’Hist. Nat. Paris, no. 6,
1898, p. 257. Type-locality, Tsekou, N.W. Yunnan. Range,
Yunnan west of the Mekong.

109 [Vol. liv.

S. souliei rocki Riley, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, xxiv.
1929, p. 214. Type-locality, Hofpuing Mts., near Litiping,
Yangste—Mekong watershed, N.W. Yunnan. Range, Yunnan
east of the Mekong.

Captain C. H. B. Grant and Mr. C. W. MackwortH-PRAED
sent the following notes on type-localities :—

1. The exact type-locality for the South African Black Kite,
MILVUS MIGRANS PARASITUS (Daudin).

In the Syst. Av. Aithiop. i. 1924, p. 58, Sclater has given
the type-locality as South Africa, and this has been followed
by both Bannerman, Bds. Trop. W. Afr. i. 1930, p. 227, and
Chapin, Bds. Belg. Congo, i. 1932, p. 551, although Claude
Grant gave “ Cape Colony, ex Levaillant,’ in ‘ The Ibis,’
1915, p. 248. This has caused us to enquire further into
this question, and we find that an even more definite locality
than Cape Colony can be fixed.

Daudin, Traité d’Orn. ii. 1800, p. 150, bases his description
on the plate no. 22 in Levaillant’s Ois. d’Afr. 1799, p. 88,
and quotes Levaillant’s localities. Levaillant says that he
found this Kite in all parts of Africa that he visited, but
first definitely mentions ** les Caftres.”

Reference to the map in Levaillant’s ‘ Travels’ (1783 to
1785), i. 1796, p. 1, shows that “ les Caffres ” was that part
of South Africa east of the Great Fish River now known as
the Peddie, East London, and King William Town Divisions,
and we are of opinion that the exact type-locality for Milvus
migrans parasitus (Daudin) can be fixed as the Peddie Division,
Cape Province, South Africa.

2. On the correct Type-locality for the Booted Eagle, Hrmra-
AKTUS PENNATUS (Gmelin).

In the Syst. Av. Atthiop. i. 1924, p. 61, Sclater gives “ no
locality indicated,” and as we cannot find that any author
has designated a type-locality for this Eagle, it seems to us
desirable that one should now be fixed. The following are
the earliest references to this bird :—

Vol. liv.] 110

1788. Falco pennatus Gmelin, Syst. Nat. i. pt. i. 1788,
p. 272: no locality given, but two references to

1760. Brisson, Orn. vi. 1760, App. p. 22, App. pl. i.: no
locality and no references.

1781. Latham, Syn. i. pl. i. 1781, p. 75, no. 55: no locality,
and refers only to Brisson as above.

As we cannot find any work previous to 1760 that mentions
this bird, and as none of the above works help us, we must, in
accordance with priority, seek for a locality in the earliest
works published after 1788, and these are :—

1824. Vigors, Zool. Journ. i. 1824, p. 387: no locality.

1824. Temminck, Pl. Col. i. 1824, pl. 38, who gives eastern
parts of northern Europe, Hungary, Austria, and south
Russia, and references to Brisson and Gmelin as above; also
Latham, Index Orn. 1790, p. 19, sp. 84: no locality; Cuvier,
Reg. Anim. i. 1817, p. 323: no locality.

We therefore have a choice of localities given by Temminck,
and in one of the first two works published after 1788 and
in which this Eagle is mentioned.

We know that this Eagle still occurs throughout the areas
given by Temminck, and as “ eastern parts of northern Europe”
is somewhat vague, we suggest that the type-locality for the
Booted Eagle, Hieraaétus pennatus (Gmelin), be fixed as
Hungary.

3. On the Type-locality of the Black-breasted Harrier-Eagle,
CIRCAETUS PECTORALIS Smith, S. Afr. Quart. Journ.
ser. I, 1830, p. 109.

In the original description Smith gives no definite locality,
nor any references to other works, except to note that this
bird escaped the notice of Levaillant. Authors have there-
fore quoted South Africa as the type-locality. By 1830
travellers had only reached the Orange River and the country
immediately north of that river, so that specimens seen and
described by Smith would most likely have come from within
the limits of Cape Colony. We therefore suggest that the
type-locality of Circaétus pectoralis Smith be fixed as Cape
Province, South Africa.

111 [Vol. liv.

4. On the exact Type-locality of the African Lammergeyer,
GYPAETUS BARBATUS MEIDIONALIS Keys. & Blas., Wir-
belth. Europ. 1840, p. xxviii.

Keyserling and Blasius based their Gypaetos meidionalis on
two specimens from South Africa in the Berlin Museum.

Dr. Stresemann has kindly informed us, under date Dec. 20,
1933, that these specimens are still in the Berlin Museum,
both being mounted. They bear the following data :—No. 354,
Caffraria, Ludwig Krebs leg. (about 1825), and No. 355,
Zondags-river, Mundt and le Maire leg. (about 1816).

Both specimens, therefore, came from the Cape Province,
and as the oldest has a definite locality, we are of opinion
that the exact type-locality for this race should be Sunday
River, Cape Province, South Africa.

5. On the correct Type-locality of the South African Sparrow-
Hawk, ACCIPITER RUFIVENTRIS RUFIVENTRIS Smith.

Sclater, Syst. Av. Aithiop. i. 1924, p. 68, gives South Africa ;
Kirk Swann, Mon. Bds. Prey, v. 1926, p. 321, gives Baviaan’s
River, and this has been followed by Chapin, Bds. Belg. Congo,
i, 1932, p. 636.

In the S. Afr. Quart. Journ. ser. 1, 1830, p. 231, Smith
records his localities in the following order :—South-east coast,
Baviaan’s River; southern branches of the Orange River ;
Constantia, Cape Town. In strict priority we consider that
the correct type-locality for this Sparrow-Hawk must be
South-East coast, Cape Province, South Africa.

6. On the exact Type-locality of the Gabar Goshawk,
MELIERAX GABAR (Daudin).

All authors have given “‘ Interior of South Africa ” as the
type-locality of this Goshawk.

Daudin, Traité d’Orn. ii. 1800, p. 87, quotes Levaillant,
Ois. d’Afr. i. 1799, p. 138, who says :—“ Je n’ai trouvé le
Gabar que dans l’intérieur des terres, sur les bords des rivieres
Swartekop et Sondag,” etc. We are, therefore, of opinion
that the exact type-locality for the Gabar Goshawk, Melierax
gabar (Daudin), should be Zwart River, Graaf Reinet Division,
Cape Province, South Africa,

Vol. liv.] 112

Capt. C. H. B. Grant and Mr. C. W. MackwortH-PRAED
also sent the following note on the distribution of the Marsh-
Harrier, Circus eruginosus cruginosus (Linneus) :—

In recent years some doubt has arisen as to the record
for Potchefstroom, Southern Transvaal, South Africa, given
by Thomas Ayres in ‘ The Ibis,’ 1871, p. 147. Sclater, Fauna
South Africa, Bds. ii. 1903, p. 374, mentions this bird and
one obtained by Sir Guy Marshall near Salisbury, Mashonaland.

This latter bird we cannot trace as being still in existence.
In the Syst. Av. Atthiop. i. 1924, p. 74, Mr. Sclater says:
‘ doubtfully recorded from the Transvaal.”’

Through the kindness of the Curator of the Norwich
Castle Museum we have examined Thomas Ayres’ specimen
(no. 10/3606), which is a male in first dress, and is an undoubted
specimen of the Marsh-Harrier. Therefore the Transvaal
can be included in the distribution without any further doubt,
and we can accept Marshall’s record as being this species.

Mr. Grecory M. Matuews sent the following description
of a new subspecies of Royal Albatross from the Atlantic :—

Diomedea epomophora longirostris, subsp. nov.

Description.—Differs from D. e. epomophora in its much
longer bill—178-182 mm.

Distribution.—Off the east coast of South America from
Uruguay to the Horn.

Type-locality—South Atlantic Ocean.

Remarks.—The longest bill of D. e. epomophora from off
New Zealand measures 170 mm., and D. e. sanford: from
Chile has a bill-measurement of only 150. In forty specimens
the eyelid is black, in contrast to the coloured eyelid of
Diomedea exulans and its subspecies.

113 [Vol. liv.

NOTICES.

The next Meeting of the Club will be held on Wednesday,
March 14, 1934, at the Rembrandt Hotel, Thurloe Place, S.W. 7.
The Dinner at 7 p.m. Members are reminded that this Dinner
is held conjointly with the Annual Dinner of the British
Ornithologists’ Union.

The Meeting will be devoted to the exhibition of films and
lantern-slides.

Members of the B.0O.C. intending to dine should inform
the Hon. Secretary, Mr. C. W. Mackworth-Praed, 51 Onslow
Gardens, London, S.W. 7, and not the Secretary of the Union.
This notice is necessary in order that the seating may be
arranged beforehand, and failure to comply with it may result
in no seat being available.

Agenda.
The following exhibits will be shown :—

Lantern-slides.

1. Dr. P. A. Buxton. Photographs of ornithological interest
from the northern part of Nigeria.

2. Mr. Ian M. THomson. Some Birds of Shetland and
Holland.

Films.

. Mr. T. A. GLOVER. Some African Birds and Animals.
. Mr. D. SetH-SmitH. Humming-Birds.
. Mr. F.S. Coapman. Views of Greenland,

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BULLETIN

OF THE

BRITISH ORNITHOLOGISTS’ CLUB.

fe | | : No. CCCLXXVI.

THE three-hundred-and-seventy-first Meeting of the Club was
held at the Rembrandt Hotel, Thurloe Place, S.W.7, on
Wednesday, March 14, 1934, in conjunction with the Annual
Dinner of the British Ornithologists’ Union.

Mr. H. F. Wiruersy, the President of the B. O. U., took
the Chair during the Dinner, and Mr. D. A. BANNERMAN,
Chairman of the Club, during the subsequent proceedings.

Members of the B.O.C. present :—Miss C. M. AcLanp;
Capt. B. AcwortH; Dr. W. J. Apiz; W. B. ALEXANDER;
C. S. AscHERson; E. C. Stuart Baker; Miss P. Barciay-
SmitH; F. J. F. Barrinaron; Miss M. G. 8S. Brust; G. B.
BLAKER; Miss R. BuEzarp; S. Boorman; H. B. Bootu;
A. W. Boyp; P. F. Bunyarp; Hon. G. L. CHARTERIS;
H. P. O. CiEAvE; Maj.-Gen. Sir P. Z. Cox; R. H. DEANez;
Lt.-Col. A. DELM#-RADCLIFFE; A. Ezra; Miss J. M. FERRIER;
Dr. K. FisHer; H. A. Ginpert; W. E. Guzac; A. G.
GLENISTER; Miss E. M. Gopman; R. E. Heatu; P. A. D.
Hoxttom; Rev. F. C. R. Journpain; N. B. KINNEAR;
Miss E. P. Leacu; Dr. G. CarmicHatt Low (Hditor); Dr. P. R.
LowE; Dr. N. 8. Lucas; T. H. MoKirtrick, jun.; C. W.

[March 29, 1934.] VOL. LIV.

Vol. liv.] 116

MaAcKWORTH-PRAED (Hon. Sec. & T'reas.); Dr. P. H. Manson-
Baur; G. M. Matuews (Vice-Chairman); W. G. Mavro-
GoRDATO; W. N. May; Col. R. MEINERTzZHAGEN; Mrs. D.
MicHoutts; J. L. CHawortH Mustrers; B. B. Osmaston;
Miss G. Ruopss; R. G. C. C. SanpEMAaN; W. L. ScuatTER;
D. SetH-SmitH; Major M. H. Stmonps; Major A. G. L.
SLADEN; H. STEVENS; C. G. TaLBot-PoNSONBY; Dr. A.
LANDSBOROUGH THOMSON; B. W. TucKER; H. WHISTLER;
C. G. M. DE WorRMS.

Members of the B.O. U. present :—Lt.-Col. F. M. Batiny ;
Brig.-Gen. R. M. Beroam; Dr. P. A. Buxton; Miss B. A.
CARTER; Mrs. E. STAFFORD CHARLES; A. H. Evans; S. H.
Hart; A. G. HawortH; Miss A. HIBBERT-WaRE; G. C. S.
IncRAM; Miss E.M.KnNospe.; Mrs. M. L. Lemon; Lt.-Col. W.
A. Payn; W. H. Payn; W. J. P. Puayver; Miss D. T.
Rarkes; W. E. Renavut; Dr. F. G. Swayne; Miss D. L.
Taytor; Mrs. R. Tentson; I. M. THomson; N. Tracy;
Capt. L. R. Waup; Capt. W. B. INcLEDON WEBBER.

Guests of the Club :—Mr. F. S. CoHapman, Mr. T. A. GLOVER;
Mrs. T. A. GLOVER.

Guests :—Mrs. C. S. AscHeRSon; Mrs. E. D. Arxins;
Mrs. F. M. Barney; Mrs. E. C. Stuart BAKER; Dr. BANKs;
Mrs. R. M. BetHam; D. Buackie; J. R. W. BLatTHwaytT;
Mrs. W. Boyp-Wartt; Miss P. BrRownriac; J.T. H. Butmayn;
Mrs. P. A. Buxton; R. H. Catvert; Miss F. Cameron;
M. CaMpBELL; J. Ciay; Lady Cox; H. B. Curwen; S. L.
Forpes; H. Gaster; Mrs. H. A. GitBEert; Mrs. A. L.
GopMAN; Miss C. E. Gopman; C. L. Green; Mrs. A. G.
HawortH; F. E. Lemon; G. Litritz; R. M. Lockey;
Mrs. G. CARMICHAEL Low; Mrs. N.S. Lucas; Miss Lynzs;
Mrs. C.W. MackwortTH-PRAED; Major W. MargEuseE; Mrs. N.
May; Mr. R. Murray; D. M. Murray-Rust; Knup Patv-
pAN; W. H. Perrett; F. Prke; Miss E. Joyce Preston;
H. M. Satmon; Miss SanpBack; Lady Savory; Mrs. W. L.
ScLaTER; Mrs. SetBy; Miss R. Seru-SmirH; Mrs. M. H.
Srmonps; Mrs. A. G. L. SuaDEN; Miss B. N. Sotty; Capt. I.

117 [Vol. liv.

STEWART-LIBERTY; Mrs. J. Stewart-Liserty; Lady Mary
STRICKLAND; Sir GERALD TaLBotT; Mrs. A. LANDSBOROUGH
THomson; Mrs. B. W. Tucker; J. VINCENT; Major G. A.
Wave; T. Wake; Miss B. INCLEDON WEBBER; N. WHITE;
Mrs. N. Wurtte; R. Winiiams-Exvuis; Mrs. H. F. WITHersy ;
R. C. F. WITHERBY.

Members of the B. O. C. 59; Members of the B. O. U. 24;
Guests of the Club 3; Guests 64; and 9 others. Total 159—
a record number for this Dinner.

The programme for the evening was devoted to the exhibi-
tion of slides and cinematograph-films. The first exhibitor
was Dr. P. A. Buxton, who showed a series of slides of
ornithological interest from the northern part of Nigeria.
These illustrated very strikingly the differences in the topo-
graphical features of the country during the dry and wet
seasons. Amongst the slides shown was one depicting the
nest of the Hammer-headed Stork or Hammerkop (Scopus
u. umbretta), and another a collection of Vultures (Necrosyrtes
m. monachus) eating the offal from slaughtered animals
outside Kano.

Mr. Ian Tuomson showed slides illustrative of bird-life
in Shetland and Holland. Those from Shetland included
the Great Skua (Catharacta s. skua), Richardson’s Skua
(Stercorarius parasiticus), Fulmar Petrel (Fulmarus g. glacialis),
and the Red-necked Phalarope (Phalaropus lobatus) with
its nest; those from Holland the Black-tailed Godwit
(Limosa 1. limosa) with its nest, the Avocet (Recurvirostra
avosetia) with its nest, the Kentish Plover (Charadrius a.
alexandrinus), and the nest of the Purple Heron (Ardea
purpurea). Mr. Thomson must be heartily congratulated
on the excellence of his photographs, and those who have
also seen his photographs in ‘ Birds from the Hide,’ published
last year, will realize that the author is a bird-photographer
of exceptional merit.

After the exhibition of the slides a series of films was
_ shown, the first of these being one taken by Mr. T. A. GLOVER

Vol. liv.] 118

and his wife during a journey across Africa from Senegal
to Italian Somaliland. The complete film of this tour was
shown by Captain Andrews, another member of the party,
before the Royal Geographical Society lately, and came in for
very high praise. Mr. Glover himself showed the audience the
part of the film dealing with birds and mammals. Amongst
the birds were Abdim’s or the White-bellied Stork (Spheno-
rynchus abdimii), the Sacred Ibis (Threskiornis ce. ethiopicus),
Buff-backed Herons or Cattle-Egrets (Bubulcus ibis), Pink-
backed Pelicans (Pelecanus rufescens), all nesting in trees,
and Lesser Flamingoes (Pheniconaias minor) on Lake Elmen-
teita, East Africa; amongst the mammals remarkable scenes
depicting Giraffes (Guraffa camelopardalis), White-bearded Gnus
(Connochetes taurinus albojubatus), Zebras (Hquus burchellit),
and Gazelles, Thomson’s and Grant’s (Gazella thomsoni and
grantt) in their natural homes. The destructive effects of
enormous flights of Locusts were also well shown on the film.

Mr. D. Setu-SmitH showed a film of the Humming-Birds in
the Zoolegical Gardens. Since last May the Zoological Society
has received three consignments of these birds, and there are
now no less than thirty belonging to various species alive in the
Gardens. This is the first time a series of Humming-Birds has
been kept for any length of time in captivity. The appearance
of these charming little creatures hovering over the flowers
of an orchid and over their ingeniously constructed feeding-
bottles made a delightful picture.

Mr. F. 8. CHapmMan showed a remarkable film of views of
Greenland. He was the ornithologist on the first British
Arctic Air-route Expedition which visited Greenland in
1930-31, and again on the expedition of 1932-33, when the
leader and organiser of both expeditions, Gino Watkins,
lost his life. After Watkins’s tragic death the geographical
work of the expedition was carried on by Mr. Rymill and
Mr. Chapman, who brought it to a highly successful conclusion.
The pictures of the dogs drawing the sledges over the Great
Ice Cap were particularly pleasing. Of birds, Glaucous Gulls

119 [Vol. liv.

(Larus hyperboreus) and Iceland Gulls (Larus glaucoides)
were common, while Ivory Gulls (Pagophila eburnea) were
also seen, and on the Ice Cap Snow-Buntings (Plectrophenax
nivalis) and Red-necked Phalaropes (Phalaropus lobatus) were
encountered.

The enthusiastic applause with which the slides and films
were received showed how much the audience had enjoyed
the exhibits of the evening. They were all of a very high
standard of merit.

Mr. Grecory M. Maruews sent the following description
of a new genus of Storm-Petrel :—

LOOMELANIA, gen. nov.

Description.—Tarsus longer than the middle toe and claw,
and almost twice as long as the culmen; the tail is forked
for over 20 mm., and is just less than half the length of the
wing.

Measurements.—The average measurements of 150 skins
are: Wing 177; tail 85; culmen 15-7; tarsus 31; middle
toe and claw 29-25 mm.

Type.—Procellaria melania Bonaparte.

NOTICES.

The next Meeting of the Club will be held on Wednesday,
April 11, 1934, at the Rembrandt Hotel, Thurloe Place, S.W. 7.
The Dinner at 7 p.m.

Members intending to dine must inform the Hon. Secretary,
Mr. C. W. Mackworth-Praed, 51 Onslow Gardens, London,
S.W. 7, on the post-card sent out with the ‘ Bulletin.’

Members who wish to make any communication at the next
Meeting of the Club must give notice to the Editor, Dr. G.
Carmichael Low, 86 Brook Street, Grosvenor Square, W. 1,

Vol. liv.] 120

as soon as possible. The titles of their contributions will then
appear on the Agenda published before each Meeting. All
MSS. for publication in the ‘ Bulletin’ must be given to the
Editor before or at the Meeting.

Agenda.
Dr. G. Carmichael Low will show :—

A series of skins of the Ringed Plover in winter plumage
from near Stromness, Orkney Islands, and will make
some remarks upon the race occurring there.

ie

BULLETIN

OF THE

BRITISH ORNITHOLOGISTS’ CLUB.

No. CCCLXXVII.

Tue three-hundred-and-seventy-second Meeting of the Club
was held at the Rembrandt Hotel, Thurloe Place, S.W. 7, on
Wednesday, April 11, 1934.

Chairman: Mr. D. A. BANNERMAN.

Members present :—K.C. Stuart Baker; Miss P. BARCLAY.
SmirH ; F. J. F. Barrineton ; Brig.-Gen. R. M. BETHAM ;
Miss R. Buezarp ; S. Boorman ; P. F. Bunyarp; Mrs. E.
STAFFORD CHARLES ; Hon. G. L. CHARTERIS ; J. DELAcouR :
Miss J. M. Ferrier ; W. E. Guece; Miss E. M. Gopman ;
H. T. GoSNELL ; Gat. C.H. B. Guan Col. A. E. HamErron -
B. G. ee oh eS he VE. Ha anoe hem EVE: R.
JouRDAIN ; N. B. Kinnear; Miss E£. P. Leach; Dr. G,
- eee Low (Editor) ; N. ‘S. Lueas; “TEL oKemcox
C. W. MackwortH-PraxEp (Hon. Sec. & Preas.) ; Dr. P. H.
Mawnson-Banr ; G. M. MatHews (Vice-Chairman) ; H. J. RB.
PEASE; Miss G. Ruopes ; W.L. Scuater; D. Sera-Surri ;
Major % G. L. Suapen ; Marquess or Tavistock ; B. W.
Tucker ; Mrs. W. Boyp Wart: H. F. Wiruerpy CFG?
DE WORMS.

Guests :—Mrs. JoHN CHARLES ; P. C. Hawker ro An oVie
VINCENT ; H. Boyp Warr; G. WresstErR.

[April 30, 1934.] a VOL, Liv,

Vol. liv.] 122

Mr. Davin BANNERMAN made some remarks on a collection
of some 560 birds recently made in Ashanti, Gold Coast, by
Mr. Willoughby P. Lowe for the British Museum, and exhibited
a specimen of Glaucidium tephronotum tephronotum, the Gold
Coast Yellow-legged Owlet, from Mampong. Mr. Bannerman
said that no large collection from the forests of the Gold Coast
had been made since Governor Ussher had employed Aubinn—
a native collector—to obtain birds for him between the years
1867-1872. Although a number of very rare birds were
secured in that collection, and finally were presented to the
British Museum, none bore any data on the labels, the only
locality mentioned being either Denkera (a spot which is not
marked on modern maps, but which is situated in lat. 6° 15’ N.,
2° 12’ W. long., south-west of Kumasi) or “ the interior of the
Gold Coast.” It was imperative, therefore, that we should
have confirmation of Usshers records, and arrangements
were made with Mr. W. P. Lowe, with the aid of the Godman
Fund, to spend three months in Ashanti from December 1933
to March of this year. Mr Lowe's collection contains a number
of rare species, but a cursory glance has not revealed anything
entirely new. By far the greatest prize is a female specimen
which had just finished laying of

GLAUCIDIUM TEPHRONOTUM TEPHRONOTUM Sharpe,

which was secured on February 25, 1934, eae Mampong,
Ashanti. This bird was hitherto known from the unique type
in the British Museum, described in 1875 by Sharpe from
eighteen birds sent to the British Museum by Mr. William
Saunders and labelled ‘“‘S. America.’’ As already foreseen by
Drs. Hellmayr and Chapin, it was evidently recorded wrongly
as coming from South America. I took the precaution to
include a description of this Owlet in my third volume of the
‘ Birds of Tropical West Africa,’ in a footnote on pp. 31-32,
and the discovery of the bird at Mampong,in Ashanti, is
pleasant confirmation of what I then wrote.

As the soft parts of the bird (described in ‘ The Ibis,’ 1875,
p. 260, and figured in the ‘Catalogue of Birds, ’ii. 1875, pl. xiii.)
have never been given, I append these, taken from the label

123 [Vol. liv.

of Mr. Lowe’s specimen :—Eye yellow ; bill greenish-yellow ;
feet orange ; claws greenish-yellow at base, tips black. Eye-
lids, upper half yellow, lower half dark green. Total length
in the flesh 170 mm., expanse 380 mm. 9 just finished laying,
25. 11. 1934 (W. P. Lowe’s coll., no. 546).

Other rare birds exhibited, of which Mr. Lowe secured
specimens, are :

The Black Dwarf Hornbill (Lophoceros hartlaubt hartlaub:),
a rare species, of which few specimens are known.

The Long-tailed Hawk (Urotriorchis macrourus macrourus),
three specimens of which were secured at Mampong and Kjura.

The Fernando Po or Fraser’s Eagle-Owl (Bubo poensis
poensis), two adults and an immature one being obtained—the
first specimen I have ever seen in immature dress.

The Maned Owl (Jubula lettic), the first record from the
Gold Coast ; previously not known from any locality between
Liberia and Cameroons.

An account of Mr. Lowe’s trip, together with an annotated
list of the specimens he secured, will, it is hoped, be published
in ‘ The Ibis’ in due course. The passerine birds, which have
not yet been named, are likely to prove of considerable
interest, and the collection as a whole is a valuable asset to
our West African material in the British Museum.

Mr. BANNERMAN made some further remarks with regard
to the distribution of Ducks in Africa :—In a recent number
of the ‘ Bulletin’* Dr. P. R. Lowe recorded for the first
time the occurrence of the Hottentot Teal (Anas punctata)
from Hadejia, Kano Province, Nigeria. I have now received
two further specimens from the same source—evidently
the species is by no means rare in the locality. Mr. Leslie,
who sent the skins, believes that it breeds there, but as yet
he has been unable to obtain confirmation.

Of particular interest is a record of the Tufted Duck
(Nyroca f. fuligula), shot in February 1934, also in the Kano
Province of Nigeria at Hadejia by Mr. 8. A. Leslie. This
is a new record for West Africa. The skin, an adult female,

* Bull. B.O.C. liv. 1933, p. 72.

a 3

me

Vol. liv.] 124

was sent to myself at the British Museum for identification
and has been presented to the Collection (Brit. Mus. Reg. no.
1934.4.13.1).

Mr. BAaNNERMAN also recorded, for the first time, the
occurrence of the Garganey (Anas querquedula) from Nyasa-
land, and said :—The British Museum has recently received
an adult male and female Garganey (the male being in eclipse
plumage) from Mr. W. D. Lewis, of Mudi Estate, near Lilongwe,
which were shot on January 13 and 14, 1934, during a duck-
shoot at a point where the Mudi River joins the Bua River.
The oecurrence of the Garganey so far south in Africa has
not hitherto been noted. It is known to reach Tanganyika
Territory in winter, but the present record is a notable exten-
sion of its range, and the first from Nyasaland. Mr. Lewis
writes to me that he is familiar with twelve species of duck
in Nyasaland, and that when the Garganeys were shot—
they were dropped by the same gun, but were each flying
singly, fast and high—he immediately recognized them
as new to the country. This instance is certainly worthy of
record, as the Garganey is not included in Sir Charles Belcher’s
‘ Birds of Nyasaland,’ containing all species recorded up to 1930.

Mr. BANNERMAN concluded with the following remarks :—
Perhaps it hardly seems worth recording, but I know now
of three records of the Honey-Buzzard having occurred in
Nyasaland. I mention it because Sir Charles Belcher omitted
it (probably by mistake) from his ‘ Birds of Nyasaland.’
There is one skin, at any rate, in the British Museum.

Mr. N. B. Kinnear exhibited, and made the following
remarks on, a collection of birds made in Bhutan :—

The independent State of Bhutan is situated in the
Himalayas on the eastern border of Sikkim, which it closely
resembles in its climate and topography. The avifauna is
very little known, and Europeans are not encouraged to enter
the State.

During Major Pemberton’s mission to the Court of Bhutan
in 1837-38. a collection of birds was made under the supervision

125 [Vol. liv.

of Dr. William Griffith,who accompanied the mission as botanist.
No report was ever published on the birds, but Blyth, who
saw the collection in Calcutta before it was sent to the Kast
India Company’s Museum in London, described one new species
from it, and made a few remarks on others. The majority
of the specimens appear in the Catalogue of the East India
Company’s Museum by Moore and Horsfield, and when that
Museum was given up they were transferred to the British
Museum.

Through funds supplied by the Godman Fund, Mr. F.
Ludlow and Mr. G. Sherriff last year made an expedition
to Bhutan, on behalf of the Trustees of the British Museum
with the co-operation of the India Office, and were given
every facility to travel by His Highness the Maharajah
and his Prime Minister. The expedition entered Bhutan
on the western border, and traversed the State as far as
Trashiyangsi, some 30 miles from the eastern frontier ; then,
after crossing the Himalayas, returned to Sikkim via Gyantse
and the Chumbi Valley.

In addition to birds and butterflies, plants and seeds were
also collected, and many very interesting specimens of the
latter were obtained. Of the birds, some 700 skins were
sent home belonging to over 200 species. One new bird,
a Long-tailed Wren (Speleornis soulei sherriffi), described
in the Bull. B.O.C. liv. 1934, pp. 107-108, was of special
interest, since it is not only a new race, but is also a new
species to the Himalayan Fauna, having only been previously
recorded from Yunnan. Birds from Western Bhutan, as was
to be expected, were the same as those from Nepal and Sikkim,
but in the eastern parts of the State the species showed a
tendency towards races from Yunnan and Szechuan, and,
indeed, some cannot be distinguished from them. An
interesting series, with adults and juveniles, was obtained
of Molesworth’s Blood-Pheasant (Ithaginis cruentus tibetanus),
originally described by Mr. Stuart Baker from a specimen
obtained during the Abor Expedition of 1914; also several
specimens of Gould’s Short-wing (Heteroxenicus stellatus),
including one bird in juvenile plumage.

Vol. liv.] 126

Dr. G. CarmicHAEL Low showed a series of skins of the
Ringed Plover (Charadrius h. hiaticula) in winter plumage,
from near Stromness, Orkney Islands, which he had received
from Mr. Thomas Towers of Stromness. The series, though
small (said Dr. Low), was interesting in demonstrating
which race inhabits these islands in winter. Seebohm,
it will be remembered, differentiated two races of the Ringed
Plover—a large and a small—the former resident in the
British Isles, the latter from the Continent. The upper
parts of the large race, he said, were paler in colour, and the
legs and feet stouter. He named the large, or British race,
Charadrius hiaticula major. Later, Dr. P. R. Lowe described
the smaller Continental race as Afgialitis hiaticola tundre=
Charadrius hiaticula tundre, and, still later, Schidler suggested
four races :—(1) The typical, Agiahitis h. hiaticula, colour
of upper parts brown-grey, breeding in mid and south Sweden,
Denmark, etc. (2) The north-eastern, Mgialitis h. inter-
media=Charadrius hiaticula tundre, colour of upper parts
as in (1), but smaller, with bill and legs weaker, breeding
in north Sweden, north Russia, and Siberia. (3) The English,
Aigialitis h. major, quite like (1), the typical form, but with
colour of back pale-grey, not brown-grey, breeding in the
British Isles, and possibly on the coast of Holland, Belgium,
and west France. (4) The Icelandic, Mgialitis h. septen-
trionalis, standing in size between the typical and (2), the
north eastern, breeding in Iceland, Greenland, and possibly
Spitsbergen. Dr. Hartert did not think there were sufficient
points of distinction to distinguish (1), the typical race,
Charadrius h. hiaticula, from (3), the English race, Charadrius h.
major, and in this most English ornithologists agree.

The only point of distinction would seem to be in the colour
of the back in breeding birds, ¢.g., brown-grey for Scandi-
navian birds, pale-grey for British; but, as the late
Mrs. Meinertzhagen pointed out, British birds darken in
colour in winter, and so the distinction is lost. The
measurements are the same.

Further work has thrown doubt on (4), the Icelandic race,
Charadrius h. septentrionalis, and, personally, I do not think
this race can stand.

127 [Vol. liv.

Unless some further points of distinction can be discovered
for Scandinavian birds versus British birds (and for this
summer-breeding specimens are required), then there will
only be the two races of Ringed Plover :—

(1) Charadrius hiaticula hiaticula, with Charadrius hiaticula
major as a synonym.

(2) Charadrius hiaticula tundre, syn. Aigialitis [Charadrius]
hiaticula intermedia.

All the birdsin the series exhibited are of large size, Charadrius
h. hiaticula, and not the northern or Siberian form, Charadrius
h. tundre. One cannot say, of course, whether the birds were
born in Scandinavia and are only wintering in the Orkney
Islands, or whether they are local, or even have come from the
south, and will stay on and breed there.

The measurements (in millimetres) and details are as
follows :—

|

sie: Le

an Aa 5

ra o A= =, = a

No. Locality. Date. = ot tS Rio aee
ie Orkney,inthe 8.1.1934 9g Adult 133 65 15 25

vicinity of

Stromness.
2. mr 26.11.1984 ¢ Adult 136 67 16 26
oF net 70.1. L954 "4 Adult ' 136 65 15 (25
4. - 26.1. 1934 4 Adult 1389 69 16: 26
5, J Diane tes so Adult) (1g4) “650-16 25
6. aS ie iy MISE ae i Adulte F3s) 65.0. 16°26
Wing: Average 135
f me Su. 1934 Oo Adult 136 64, 15. 25
8 - S.1.1934 -2 Adult 140 67 15. 26
9, “ 8.1.1984 92 Adult 140 65 15 = 25
10. if 26.11.1984 9 Adult 136 64 15 24
1l. te 27.11.1984 92 Adult 1389 65 16 25

Wing: Average 138
Colour of upper parts distinctly dark ; brown-grey, not pale-grey.

=——$ -
————_

Vol. liv.] 128

Mr. J. DeLacour and Mr. D. SEetH-SMITH gave some
interesting details of the behaviour of Humming-Birds in
captivity. Several consignments of these birds have recently
been brought over from South America, and some of the
specimens have been distributed amongst private collectors.
Those at present in the London Zoological Gardens have
lived now for a considerable time, and appear to be flourishing
and in excellent health. Mr. Seth Smith, it will be remembered,
showed a film of them at the March meeting (antea, p. 118).

The Rev. F. C. R. JourpAIN made some remarks upon
the breeding times of birds:—He said there was always
a considerable amount of discrepancy between the breeding
times of birds which nested apart, such as the Raven. This,
however, could be explained to some extent by differences
of climate and altitude. Thus on the south coasts of Devon
and Wales full clutches might be expected in February,
whereas in the mountainous districts of Central Wales they
were usually found during the second or third week of March.

In the case of socially breeding birds, such as the
Rook and various species of Tern, there was extraordinary
unanimity within the colony, but differences in the average
date also existed between different colonies.

Thus, of two rookeries in Wiltshire, about 15 miles apart, and
under very similar conditions, one containing about 60 nests
had full clutches on March 29, 1934. It had been examined
during the previous week, and then contained incomplete
sets of one to three or four eggs in most cases. On March 29
practically all the nests had full sets of fresh eggs ; a few were
still incomplete. The second rookery was a large one, and
only about 30 nests were examined. Of these, some contained
newly hatched young, in others the eggs were chipping, or
very hard set, and only in a small proportion of nests were the
sets incomplete, and in these cases dead Rooks were noticed
below the trees. On the average there appeared to be a
difference of nearly three weeks between the breeding time
at the two places, and yet there was nothing in the environ-
ment to account for the difference. On previous occasions
the speaker had noticed differences of a week or so between

129 [Vol. liv.

the average dates at different rookeries, but this case seemed
particularly noticeable. It would be interesting to see whether
the difference held good in future years.

In the discussion which followed, the Marquess of Tavistock
agreed that the matter was apparently psychological, and
not dependent on external conditions, and Mr. EK. C. Stuart
Baker suggested that it might be a hereditary character.
Major Sladen said he had noticed wide differences of the date
of laying within a single rookery.

Captain C. H. B. Grant and Mr. C. W. MackwortH-PRAED
sent the following four notes :—

1. On the Races of the African Pigmy Falcons of the
Genus POLIHIERAX.

Sclater, Syst. Av. Aithiop. i. 1924, p. 56, recognizes only
two races, 1. e., Polihierax semitorquatus semitorquatus (Smith),
Rep. Exp. C. Afr. 1836, p. 44: Kuruman, Bechuanaland, and
Polinerax semitorquatus castanotus (Heuglin), Ibis, 1860,
p-. 407: near Gondokoro, Upper White Nile, Sudan, although
Zedlitz, J. f. Ornith. 1914, p. 675, recognized four races,
as does Bowen, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. Ixxxiii. 1931,
p- 257. Both Zedlitz and Bowen described new races.
Friedmann, U.S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 153, 1930, p. 99, follows
Kirke Swann, Syn. Accip. 1922, p. 183, and Sclater in recog-
nizing only two races. On the other hand, van Someren,
Nov. Zool. xxix. 1922, p. 44, whilst recognizing only two races,
resurrects P. s. homopterus Oberholser (Lake Stephanie).
These revisions and descriptions of new races have caused
us to measure and examine the series of fifty-five specimens
in the British Museum collection, which give the following
wing-measurements :—

Bechuanaland (two specimens) ..... 3 116, 9 119 mm.
Tanganyika Territory (one specimen). @ 126 mm.

Uganda (three specimens) ......... 36 118, 9 118-119 mm.
Kenya (eight specimens) .......... & 112-127, 2 115-119 mm.
Somaliland (thirty-two specimens)... ¢ 112-123, 2 111-121 mm.
Abyssinia (eight specimens) ........ 6 115-125, 2 120-122 mm.

Sudan (one specimen) ............. 2 118 mm,

Vol. liv.] 130

These show that birds as far north as the. Sudan and
Abyssinia equal in size specimens from Bechuanaland, and
when we see so great a variation as from 115 to 125 mm. in
males from Abyssinia and from 111 to 121 mm. for females
from Somaliland, we cannot but feel that this is a question
of individuality, and not of race. The evidence before us
inclines us to agree with those authors who recognize but two
races, i.e., Polihierax semitorquatus semitorquatus (A. Smith),
Rep. Exp. C. Afr. 1836, p. 44: Kuruman, Bechuanaland,
and Polihierax semitorquatus castanotus (Heuglin), Ibis, 1860,
p. 407: Méré Belenia, near Gondokoro, Upper White Nile,
Sudan.

We have only been enabled to examine three specimens
from South Africa, and one of these is moulting, but a com-
parison of these with birds from the northern limits of the
range of this Falcon appears to show that, except for the
northern form being, perhaps, on the average, larger, there
is no very certain differentiating character.

2. On the Races of the Lizard-Buzzard, KAUPIFALCO
MONOGRAMMICUS (Temminck).

It has been generally accepted that two races occur in
Eastern Africa, K. m. monogrammicus (Temminck), Pl. Col.
livr. 53, 1824, pl. 314: Senegal, and K. m. merid (Hartlaub),
Proc. Zool. Soc. 1860, p. 109: Ambriz, Angola, but as we can
find no character vhorby Basen African specimens can be
placed in either one race or the-other, we have examined the
series in the British Museum collection, including specimens
from, or very close to, the type-localities of both races. Our
critical examination shows that there is very considerable
individual variation, and specimens from Angola, Nyasaland,
Portuguese East Africa, and northern and southern Rhodesia
can be found to match specimens from Senegal, the Gambia,
and Sierra Leone, and it is not possible to find any definite
character by which K. m. merid may be distinguished from
K. m. monogrammicus. In view of this we are of opinion that
only one form can be recognized as occuring from Senegal

131 [Vol. liv.

and the Sudan south to Angola and Natal, and that K. m.
merid must become a synonym. We append a list of wing-
measurements, and would draw attention to the fact that
a single white bar on the tail is not a constant character,
as occasional specimens are found with two bars or indications
of the second bar, and, rarely, in immature birds the white bar
is faintly indicated.

Wing-measurements :—

West Africa, Senegal to Cameroons: 185 to 240 mm. ;
Belgian Congo: 207 to 238 mm.; Eastern Africa, Sudan to
Tanganyika Territory : 207 to 240 mm.; Angola: 218 mm. ;
Southern Africa, Portuguese East Africa, Northern Rhodesia,
and Nyasaland to Transvaal: 201 to 252 mm.

3. On the Status and Range of the South and East African
Goshawks, ACCIPITER TACHIRO TACHTRO (Daudin) and
ACCIPITER TACHIRO SPARSIMFASCIATUS (Reichenow).

The individual variation in these birds is such that it is
extremely difficult to find any character by which the East
African bird can be separated from the South African. We
can only find one character, and this rather a poor one.
As the East African bird has been given a name, this character
is, perhaps, sufficient to support it, although we must rearrange
the distribution.

ACCIPITER TACHIRO TACHIRO.

Tail with rather indistinct broad bars and some white spots
in central area of feathers.

Range.—South Africa north to Angola, the lower Zambesi
and Nyasaland.

ACCIPITER TACHIRO SPARSIMFASCIATUS.

Differs from A. t. tachiro in having less distinct bars on the
tail, with no white spots, or the barest indication of them.

Range.—Zanzibar to Uganda, north-eastern Belgian Congo,
Kenya Colony, and southern Somaliland.

Note.—Accipiter tachiro unduliventer (Riippell) is confined
to Abyssinia and Eritrea, and is distinguished by the clear
bright chestnut thighs,

Vol. liv.] 132

4. On the Races of the South African Marsh-Harrier,
CIRCUS HZRUGINOSUS RANIVORUS (Daudin),

Kirke Swann, Mon. Bds. of Prey, iii. 1925, p. 129, supports
Circus xruginosus xquatorialis Stresemann, Orn. Monatsh.
xxxll. 1924, p. 48: Kiraragua, nr. Kilimanjaro, Tanganyika
Territory, and gives the characters as smaller and as having
the pale margins of the upper parts brighter rufous and the
under parts deeper rufous. Our examination of the series
in the British Museum collection does not support this.
Measurements overlap, and some South African birds are
brighter and deeper rufous than East African. We therefore
recognize only one form from South Africa to Angola and
Uganda. Wing-measurements are as follows :—

Uganda. Tanganyika Territory. Nyasaland.
mm. mm. mm.
3. 370 — 362
Q. 368-377 377 330
— — 349
Three specimens One specimen Three specimens
examined. examined. examined.
Bechuanaland. Transvaal. Natal. Cape Colony.
mm. mm. mm. mm.
6. 382 351-381 357-363 349-376
2. 397—405 373-396 —
2 — 348-368 373-376 376-391
One specimen Nine specimens ‘Ten specimens Six specimens
examined. examined. examined. examined.

South Africa. Kenya Colony.
mm. mm.
fas =
Gi pk se

? 351-383 355

Seven specimens
examined.

One specimen
examined.

133 [Vol. liv.

Prof. Oscar NeruMANN (Berlin) sent a few remarks on
the nomenclature, winter dress, and migration of some
Palearctic Gulls :—

The Gulls which von Heuglin collected in Zeyla, British
Somaliland, and of which the head is figured in ‘ Ornithologie
Nordost-Afrikas,’ ii. 1873, pl. xxxvi. under the name of Larus
cachinnans Pallas, was named Larus heuglint by Bree in ‘ Birds
of Europe,’ ed. 2, v. 1876, p. 58. This name was made a
synonym of L. cachinnans by Saunders, ‘ Cat. Birds Brit. Mus.’
xv. 1896, p. 268 (with a“ ? ” however), but without that “ ? ”’
by Dwight, ‘The Gulls of the World,’ 1925, p. 88, by Hartert,
‘ Vogel pal. Fauna, 1921, ii. p. 1725, and by others.

A repeated and careful comparison of the type and cotype,
which are preserved in the Stuttgart Museum, and were
kindly lent me by Dr. Gotz, with topotypical specimens of
L. a. cachinnans from the Caspian and Lake Aral and with
winter specimens of this race from the northern portion
of the Red Sea, named Larus leucopheus by J. F. Naumann
(cf. infra), show that it differs rather widely from all these.
On the other hand, it agrees perfectly with winter birds
from the southern half of the Red Sea, Djambo and Hodeida
(Hemprich and Ehrenberg leg.), which are mounted in the
Berlin Museum under the name of Larus affinis Reinhardt.
It agrees further with a specimen from Buchara (Berlin Mus.),
and in the proportions, pattern of the wing, and shape of bill
with three specimens from the Taimyr Peninsula which I
secured through exchange with the Leningrad Museum, and one
from the Yenisei River kindly lent me by the authorities
of the British Museum.

These, of course, are all Larus argentatus taimyrensis
Buturlin. Thus it is evident that the latter name becomes a
pure synonym of L. a. heuglini Bree.

The winter dress of L. a. heuglini is very different from that
of L. a. cachinnans. I may refer, in regard to the former,
to von Heuglin’s magnificent plate, mentioned above, which
is also copied in Bree’s book. The winter dress of L. a.
cachinnans has never these well-marked black stripes on the
head and hind neck. The head, neck, and ail the upper parts,
which are white in the breeding dress, show grey patches

Vol. liv.] 134

or blotches, resembling mist or clouds. In this dress Larus
cachinnans was described as Larus leucopheus by J. F.
Naumann, ‘ Naturgeschichte der Végel Deutschlands,’ x. 1840,
p. 382.

Both in winter and in summer L. cachinnans differs from
L. heuglint by having the light tongues on the inner web
of the primaries almost white and not grey, and far better
defined towards the black part ; further, by a longer bill and
longer tarsus. The length of the wing is about the same,
between 420 and 470 mm., but it seems that the body is larger
in L. a. cachinnans.

I have also carefully compared the types of L. heuglini
with two specimens of L. a. antelius Iredale from Obdorsk,
on the lower Ob, but they belong certainly to the somewhat
_paler race from the Taimyr Peninsula and the Yenisei Bay.

L.a. heuglini migrates in winter through the whole of western
Asia to the Persian Gulf, the southern Red Sea, and the
northern Somali coast, while Larus a. cachinnans apparently
remains in the northern half of the Red Sea, especially the
Gulf of Suez.

It was questioned whether L. heuglint (=taimyrensis),
L. antelius, and L. atlantis were races of L. fuscus or of L. argen-
tatus. Hartert, ‘ Vogel pal. Fauna,’ considered ZL. atlantis
a subspecies of L. argentatus in controversy with Dwight,
the author of that race, and L. taimyrensis (rectius heuglinz),
of which he makes L. antelius a synonym, a subspecies of
L. fuscus.

Pleske, ‘ Birds of the Eurasian Tundra,’ in ‘ Memoirs of
the Boston Society,’ vi. 1925, pp. 195-197, treats all these
as subspecies of L. argentatus.

In my opinion there is one long chain of races, of which
the terminal links are Larus argentatus smithsonianus and Larus
argentatus argentatus at one end and Larus britannicus
(or graellsit) and Larus fuscus at the other.

These are so much differentiated that they can live side
by side in quite a small portion of the great area, which is
inhabited by the species L. argentatus. I know from cor-
respondence that this view is shared by Herr B. Stegmann,

135 [ Vol. liv.

of the Leningrad Museum, by whom an interesting article on
this subject will be published in the July issue of the Journal
fiir Ornithologie.

The race of Larus argentatus which inhabits the Mediter-
ranean is always called, as far as it is acknowledged, Larus
argentatus michahellesit Bruch, J. f. Ornith. 1853, p. 101
(cf. Hartert, ‘ Vég. pal. Fauna,’ Nachtrag i. 1923, p. 86). Its
true name, however, is Larus argentatus michahellis J. F.
Naumann,‘ Naturgeschichte der Vogel Deutschlands,’ x. 1840,
p. 382. Types in the Vienna Museum. Naumann quotes
here another paper, said to be written by von Feldegg in
Oken’s ‘ Isis,’ 1832, p. 1105. In this article, however,
which is by Bruch also, and not by von Feldegg, the author
proclaims his intention to name the Dalmatian Herring-Gull
in honour of Dr. Michahelles. This dedicatory name does not
appear, however, and the article runs under the heading
of Larus argentatus L.

Captain C. R. 8S. Prrman, Game Warden, Uganda Protec-
torate, sent the following interesting note :—

On February 14, 1934, about 12 miles due west of Mbarara,
in the Ankole District of south-west Uganda, a White Stork
(Ciconia c. ciconia), while eating locusts, was killed by a dog.
The District Commissioner of Ankole, Mr. F. Lukyn Williams,
has very kindly supplied me with particulars of the inscription
on a ring found on the bird’s leg :—

ADRESSE 4954 P. SKOVGAARD
EUROPA *R VIBORG
DANMARK.

On account of severe locust infestation in the south-western
regions of Uganda, tens of thousands of White Storks, evi-
dently on northern passage, are tarrying in the Protectorate
very much later than usual.

Normally most of the migrant White Storks have finished
passing north by mid-February at the latest. Probably
what was part of the normal movement was witnessed on
January 28 and 29, 1934, when several thousands, high up,

Vol. liv.] 136

passed northerly in the middle of the day over the Nile where
it leaves the Victoria Nyanza. On March 8, however, in the
locust-infested areas of the Ankole District miles of country,
literally white with Storks, were traversed.

NOTICES.

The next Meeting of the Club will be held on Wednesday,
May 9, 1934, at the Rembrandt Hotel, Thurloe Place, S.W. 7.
The Dinner at 7 p.m.

Members intending to dine must inform the Hon. Secretary,
Mr. C. W. Mackworth-Praed, 51 Onslow Gardens, London,
S.W. 7, on the post-card sent out with the ‘ Bulletin.’

Members who wish to make any communication at the next
Meeting of the Club must give notice to the Editor, Dr. G.
Carmichael Low, 86 Brook Street, Grosvenor Square, W. 1,
as soon as possible. The titles of their contributions will then
appear on the Agenda published before each Meeting. All
MSS. for publication in the ‘ Bulletin’ must be given to the
Editor before or at the Meeting.

Agenda.

1. The evening will be devoted to a series of short discussions
upon matters of ornithological interest.

2. Dr. P. R. Lowe will exhibit a hybrid between a Black
Grouse and a Pheasant.

a

BULLETIN

OF THE

Pio tioh ORNITHOLOGISTS” CLUB.
No. CCCLXXVIII.

THe three-hundred-and-seventy-third Meeting of the Club
was held at the Rembrandt Hotel, Thurloe Place, S.W. 7, on
Wednesday, May 9, 1934.

Chairman : Mr. D. A. BANNERMAN.

Members present :—Miss C. M. Actanp; E. C. Stuart
Baker; Miss P. Barcnuay-Smira; F. J. F. BARRINGTON ;
Brig.-Gen. R. M. BetHamM; Major R. E. Cuersman; H. P. O.
CLEAVE; A. Ezra; Miss E. M. Gopman: Capt: C. EB.
Grant; Rev. J. R. Hate; Col. A. E. Hamerton: Dr. J. M.
Harrison; R. EK. Hearn; P. A. D. Hottom: Dr. E.
Hopkinson; Rev. F. C. BR. Journpatn; Miss E. P. LEACH;
Dr. G. CarmicHaEL Low (Editor); Dr. P. R. Lowe; C. W.
Mackwortu-PraEp (Hon. Sec. & Treas.); Lt.-Col. H. A. F.
Macratn; G. M. Matuews (Vice-Chairman); J. G. Mavro-
GORDATO; C. OLDHAM; H. PraAsE; Miss G. Ruopss: C. B.
Rickett; B. B. Rivitre; W.L. Scuater; B. W. TUCKER ;
Miss KE. L. Turner; J. Vincent; G. A. Wave: H. F.
WITHERBY; C. G. M. pE Worms.

Guests :—R. Fiowrr; J. P. R. Hate; Eric Parker;
Mrs. B. B. Rivizre; A. W. VINCENT.

[May 31, 1934.] a VOL. LIV,

Vol. liv.] 138

Dr. P. R. Lows exhibited a hybrid between a Black Grouse
and a Pheasant and said :—

My exhibit to-night is an example of hybridization between
the Black Grouse and the Pheasant ; and although the material
is actually new, it is virtually a repetition of an exhibit [ made
at the Club in the year 1931 (Bull. B. O. C. lii. 1931, pp. 58-60).

But it is just the constant repetition of the self-same charac-
ters in any given series of these hybrids that makes this
particular exhibit interesting and also adds very considerably
to the interest of the three other examples which I have
brought across from the Museum. In fact the dominant
reason which justifies the exhibition of this new specimen
is its very close similarity to the examples we have in the
Museum.

This new specimen was sent to us, in the flesh, last February
by Mr. Kay Robinson, of the ‘ Field.’ It came from Abbey-
stead, near Lancaster, Lord Sefton’s place. On the other
hand, the last one I described came from Long Mountain in
Montgomery, and was sent to us in November 1931 by the
Rev. H. E. Cooke, although actually presented by Mr. H. G.
Harrison.

I will not bore you with a description of the plumage of
these two hybrids, for I described the Welsh specimen in the
‘ Bulletin ’ for December 1931 (loc. cit.) ; but you can compare
them for yourselves and see how like they are. It is enough
to say that, although taken in localities so far apart and with
an interval in time of three years, they might, except for some
rather conspicuous hen pheasant-like feathers on the breast
of the new specimen, almost have been taken out of the same
nest and have been brothers.

One of the other specimens which I have brought and which
is also strikingly similar to the two just referred to has the
distinction of having been exhibited by Yarrell at a meeting
of the Zoological Society in 1837—the year Queen Victoria
came to the throne. It only wants, therefore, three years
to make it, as a museum skin, a centenarian.

Yarrell said at this meeting that this bird more closely
resembled the hybrid discussed by Gilbert White than any of
the previous specimens he had examined,

139 [Vol. liv.

The last specimen to note is perhaps even more historical.
It came to the British Museum from the Royal College of
Surgeons, who acquired it from the Lever Museum. It is,
unfortunately, undated, and leaves us in ignorance of the
locality whence it was taken.

Lever was born in 1729 and died in 1788, so this skin must
be at the very least 146 years old; yet the coloration, colour-
pattern, and the general “‘ make-up ” of characters is strikingly
identical with the three other specimens exhibited.

These hybrids between Black Game and Pheasants are not
rare. The Rev. F. C. R. Jourdain has collected some 60 or 70
records *; but their interest does not lie in their frequency
or infrequency of occurrence, but, as I have said, in the wonder-
ful way in which, when examples do turn up, their peculiar
characters repeat themselves year after year.

As regards the sex of these hybrids, a word may be said :—
Two of the specimens exhibited to-night we know to have
been males, because we received them in the flesh. The one
which came from the Lever Museum has been sexed a male
probably because it looked like one. The other is unsexed.
Probably all four were males, but we do not know the sexes
of their progenitors. I have never seen an example of a reci-
procal cross, and we have not got one in the Museum.

To express an opinion as to whether the parents were male
Black Grouse and female Pheasant, or the other way round,
is really guessing. My own inclination is to regard these
hybrids as arising from the union of a Cock Pheasant and
a Grey Hen. My reasons are that, although the plumage of
all four specimens is a mixture of black game and pheasant
characters, it is the pheasant characters which seem dominant ;
and this dominance of the pheasant characters is found in
the skeleton which I had made from the body of the hybrid
I am exhibiting to-night. It is especially noticeable in the
pelvis and sternum.

Millais (‘Game Birds and Shooting Sketches,’ 1892, p. 40)
says :—‘‘ It is usually the case that in most of the crosses

* <Zoologist,’ x. 1906, pp. 321-330, t. c. p. 433, and ‘ British Birds,’
yi. 1912, p. 146; wide also Bull. B.O.C. lii. 1931, p. 60.
a2

Vol. liv.] 140

with which the Black Cock has anything to do the young
take very strongly after him and are generally of a very plain
and black appearance without possessing that noble bird’s
individual beauties.” It may therefore be that in most of
the crosses the Black Cock element is dominant, but not in
the case with the Pheasant.

Millais (loc. cit.) figures a hybrid between a Black Grouse
and a Common Grouse, and the difference between this cross
and the one I have been exhibiting is not so striking as one
would have expected. When, therefore, it is said that
reciprocal crosses between the Black Grouse and Pheasant
are well-known, caution is necessary in accepting the state-
ment, because they may be crosses between Black Grouse and
Common Grouse. If we study the Rev. F. C. R. Jourdain’s
lists published in the ‘ Zoologist ’ (1906) (Joc. cit.) and. else-
where, the impression gained seems to be that most of the
hybrids are similar to the ones I exhibit to-night, and that very
many, or the majority, are males.

In this connection it may be pointed out that the hybrid
figured on plate iv. by Mr. Jourdain in the ‘ Zoologist ’ (1906)
exhibits signs of immaturity in its white throat, cheeks, and
sides of neck. He has called it a hen, but on what grounds
I do not know. In the male hybrid exhibited by me from
Montgomery steely blue feathers are pouring through and
displacing the white juvenile feathers over an area exactly
similar to that figured by Mr. Jourdain.

Hybrids between Phasianus and Lyrurus in British Museum.

(1) Adult g. Brit. Mus. Reg. no. 1934.2.9.1. Abbeystead,
Lancaster (Lord Sefton’s Estate), Feb. 1934. Obtained
through the ‘ Field ’ Newspaper.

(2) Adult g. Brit. Mus. Reg. no. 1931.11.12.1. Long
Mountain, Montgomery, Nov. 1931. Presented by Mr. H. G.
Harrison. Described Bull. B.O.C. li. Dec. 1931, pp. 58-60.

(3) Adult g. Undated. Brit. Mus. Reg. no. 1909.3.23.2.
Lever Mus., ex Royal College of Surgeons.

(4) Unsexed. Undated. Brit. Mus. Reg. no. 1934.5.10.1.
Alnwick Castle, Duke of Northumberland. Vide Yarrell,
P. Z. 8. 1837, p. 135; Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. xxii. 1893, p. 58,
Figured Ill. Lond. News, Aug. 18, 1906,

141 [Vol. liv.

Mr. Jack VrincENT, who had just returned to England
on the completion of Admiral Lynes’s expedition to the
Southern Congo Basin, mentioned that he did not propose
to say anything in connection with the trip, as it was to be
hoped that Admiral Lynes would himself give the Club,
at a later date, a full account of their wanderings.

It is my intention this evening, he said, to allude to a
subject of interest to a meeting of ornithologists who are better
acquainted with European than with Central African birds,
namely, the breeding of the Roseate Tern (Sterna dougallir)
in South Africa :—When in Cape Town in June 1930 my
brother and I decided to collect some sea-birds and eggs from
the islands off the Cape Coast, and one locality selected was
Dyers Island, a very tiny piece of land lying a few miles
off the Caledon coast near the southernmost point of Africa,
Cape Agulhas. Permission having been obtained, and after
a long journey by car, the nearest part of the mainland at
Frikkie’s Bay, was reached at dawn on June 24, and our
smoke signal was answered by a flash from the lighthouse ;
the islanders soon put off in a small sailing boat, which en-
countered rough seas before reaching us, and they duly reported
that the weather obviated our being able to visit, or their
being able to put back to, the island that day.

Having ample time on our hands, we were undeterred,
and proceeded to the nearby Gans Bay, a small Cornish-like
hamlet apparently dependent upon the Snoek-fishing industry,
where we had a day’s collecting and spent the night. The
following morning, June 25, was fine and clear, with a “ flat ”’
sea, and a short spell of rowing and sailing brought us to the
small rocky island, where we proceeded to investigate the bird
population.

I do not intend to describe in detail the many wonderful
sights which a short walk revealed, but a brief list of some
of the birds which I can remember having seen may be of some
interest. Three species of Cormorants or Duikers were common
—the Reed Cormorant (Phalacrocorax a. africanus), the Cape
Cormorant (P. capensis), and the White-breasted Cormorant
(P. carbo lucidus), the two latter nesting on the summits of

Vol. liv.] 142

small pinnacles of rock with the colonies quite separate one
from the other.

A short distance away from the Cormorants was a large
breeding colony of Swift-Terns (Sterna b. bergii), whose young
were waddling about in a confused mass surrounded by
screaming adults, and that any parent bird could discover its
own progeny seemed an impossibility. In among this colony
of Swift-Terns were numbers of nests of Hartlaub’s Gull
(Larus hartlaubi), the only species which was not communal in
its breeding, but which was laying at random in among all the
other birds. The most ubiquitous inhabitants were the Jackass
Penguins (Spheniscus demersus), which were, however, by no
means as numerous as on Dassen Island in Table Bay; never-
theless their donkey-like braying was one of the loudest noises
in the indescribable din which persisted during our stay An
interesting point in connection with these Penguins was that on
Dassen Island the large majority of birds laid in short burrows
in the sand, apparently as a protection against those arch egg
fiends the Southern Black-backed Gulls (L. dominicanus),
whereas on Dyers Island, where these large Gulls are
uncommon, almost every Penguin had its eggs on the surface.

To our surprise and delight we found at one end of the
island a quieter stretch of shingle, where two pairs of Roseate
Terns became greatly agitated on our approach. After a short
search we discovered the nests, and whilst my brother collected
two clutches of eggs I secured two parent birds, which are now
in the National Collection. There have been many conflicting
reports as to the occurrence and breeding of the Roseate Tern
on the Cape coast, and it is of interest that all doubts should be
set at rest by this definitely authentic record. I have not
examined the skins in very great detail, but a short comparison
with other examples in the British Museum this morning,
when it was suggested I should speak upon this subject
to-night, lead me to the conclusion that the birds compare
very closely with nominate Sterna d. dougalli and are larger
than the race described from the Seychelles.

The nesting-site was in a stretch of growth which had all
the appearance of groundsel, apparently the only plant on the

143 [Vol. liv.

island, which lined the shore just above the narrow sandy
beach. No attempt was made at building a nest, the eggs
being laid on a small patch of bare earth. Of the clutches
taken one was fresh and the other fairly well incubated.

In conclusion, I would mention another record of interest
on the same day, for just as we were leaving the island I
secured two Turnstones (Arenaria 7%. interpres) in breeding
plumage, which are also now in the National Collection in the
British Museum. |

Mr. Vincent then exhibited the two birds collected on
Dyers Island, and in introducing his brother, Mr. A. W.
Vincent, also an enthusiastic ornithologist on leave in England.
from his work in the Belgian Congo, mentioned that it was
to be regretted that the two clutches of eggs could not be
shown to the meeting, as they were in his brother’s collection
in South Africa.

Brigadier-General Betham made a few remarks on his own
attempts to reach Dyers Island, all of which were unsuccess-
ful owing to the heavy seas prevailing.

The Rev. F. C. R. Jourpatn called attention to the dis-
appearance of Zostera marina from the south coast of England,
and its effect on the bird-life of the British coasts. He had
been informed that this had also been noted on the North
American coast and in Hast Anglia, the Zostera beds turning
brown and breaking up, finally disappearing altogether.
The great swannery at Abbotsbury seems to have been
completely broken up, apparently from this cause, and great
numbers of Swans have frequented Christchurch Harbour,
Poole Harbour, and Southampton Water of late, which have
made no attempt to breed except in a few cases. As the
Zostera is the main article of diet in some of the Geese and
Ducks (especially the Brent Geese and the Wigeon), and is
also eaten more or less by many other species, its disappearance,
if permanent, is likely to have far-reaching effects on the bird-
life of our estuaries and harbours. The speaker asked for
more information as to the cause of the disappearance of the
Zostera beds, and also invited observations on changes in the
distribution of the birds dependent on it for food.

Vol. liv. ] 144

Dr. G. CARMICHAEL Low said that the disappearance of
Zostera marina had also been noted on the East Coast of
England. When at Aldeburgh last Easter (March 30 to
April 2, 1934) the watcher there informed him that the banks
in the estuary had been greatly depleted of their grass, and
as a result considerably fewer Wigeon had visited the locality
than usual. Many of the banks were brown and showed no
sign of green at all. Information received later from the
Botanical Department of the British Museum (Natural History)
elicited the important fact that the Zostera was dying out in
certain localities in the Southern Coast of England and Western
Europe, but that there was no evidence of any diminution
in its abundance in Scotland, areas such as the Tay, below
Tayport, and the Montrose Basin still being well supplied.
Reports, however, also show that in North America there has
been a diminution. The death of the plant is supposed to be
due to the action of a bacterium, but as far as he (Dr. Low)
knew no experiments had yet been carried out to prove or
disprove this. Another theory was that the disappearance
was a cyclical one, corresponding in a way to the waxing and
waning of different zoological species. At the moment nothing
was definitely known as to the cause of the disappearance.

Zostera marina, also known as Grass-wrack, Sea-grass, or
Wigeon-grass, belongs to the order Helobie, family Potamo-
getonacee, and is common on all north temperate coasts,
growing on the mud-banks of estuaries, where the sea-water
is diluted with fresh water coming down the rivers and where
the ground is uncovered by each tide. Muddy ground, such
as is found on the shores and banks of estuaries, would seem
to be essential to its growth, and here it getsthe organic matter
upon which it feeds. Ruppia maritima and Zanichellia palus-
iris, members of the same family, grow in brackish water also.

Wigeon and Brent Geese are specially fond of the Zostera,
and its disappearance will undoubtedly have an effect upon
the numbers of these species visiting our estuaries.

Mr. C. OLDHAM also spoke. He corroborated the statement
that the disappearance of the grass was due to a bacterium,

145 [Vol. liv.

quoting Dr. Butcher as his authority. He believed that the
latter was going to carry out some experimental work on the
subject in the immediate future.

Mr. Davip BANNERMAN sent the following notes on the
types of Tricophorus flavigula Cabanis, Xenocichla pallidigula
Sharpe, Phyllastrephus flavicollis adamaue Reichenow, and
Xenocichla flavicollis simplicicolor Grote :—

I have recently had occasion to re-examine the races of the
Yellow- and White-throated Bulbuls which are placed by
Mr. W. L. Sclater in the ‘Systema Avium Atthiopicarum ’
in the genus Atimastillas Oberholser. Following recent
authors he groups all the races, both those with a white and
those with a yellow throat, under the specific name flavicollis
Swainson, a course with which I agree. In the ‘ Systema ’
he lists six subspecies, but he unfortunately overlooked a paper
written by Mr. G. L. Bates and myself (Ibis, 1926, p. 796),
where we point out that there has been confusion between
Tricophorus flavigula Cabanis, Orn. Centralb. 1880, p. 174:
Angola, and Xenocichla pallidigula Sharpe, Bull. B. O. C. vii.
1897, p. 7: Entebbe, resulting in the specimens in the National
Collection with a white throat having been wrongly deter-
mined as flavigula, whereas that name should be used for the
bird with a sulphur-yellow throat which Sharpe inadvertently
re-named. pallidigula. Neumann corrected this mistake in
the ‘ Ornithologische Monatsber.’ xxii. 1914, p. 9, where he
mentions that pallidigula Sharpe must become a synonym
of flavigula Cabanis, and in that paper he names the birds
with a white throat Xenocichla flavicollis soror. All this we
pointed out in the Ibis, 1926, pp. 796-798, where we state
“the true flavigula, of which we consider pallidigula a
synonym, has a sulphur throat, while soror has a whitish
throat with a very pale sulphur wash.” ‘There is, indeed,
hardly a trace of sulphur wash, but it may just be discerned.
In the same contribution we note that one of us (Bates)
compared Neumann’s type of soror (which was then in the
Rothschild collection at Tring, but is now in New York) with
specimens of this whitish throated bird in the British Museum
from Cameroon, and found that they agreed exactly. At the

aod

Vol. liv.] 146

time we were not able to compare the types of flavigula
Cabanis, adamaue Reichenow, and simplicicolor Grote with
our material in the British Museum. Now, thanks to the
kindness of Herr Gadow, the Secretary of the Berlin Museum
(in the absence of Dr. Stresemann abroad), I have been able
to examine all these types at the British Museum, together
with pallidigula Sharpe in our own collection, and would take

this opportunity of expressing my opinion upon them: I follow .

Bates in placing all these Bulbuls in the genus Pyrrhurus, as
I consider that the genus Atwmastilas was separated on very
slight grounds.

PYRRHURUS FLAVICOLLIS FLAVIGULA (Cabanis). The Sul-
phur-throated Leaf-love.

The type is a dismounted bird which has lost many feathers
from the hind crown and all from the back of the neck. It
measures: bill 19, wing 113, tail 105, tarsus 26 mm.; the
feathers of the mantle ‘are distinctly rufous, which is
apparently caused by wear or staining, as the same colour is
noticeable in other worn skins in the British Museum, 2. ¢.,
a skin from Nyasaland, Brit. Mus. Reg. no. 1899.3.1.105. It
certainly cannot be put down to normal colouring. In the
type the throat is very pale sulphur-yellow and has obviously
faded. This specimen was collected by Schutt and is labelled
** Angola.”’

Pyrrhurus flavicollis flavigula differs from P. flavicollis
flavicolis in having the throat pale sulphur-yellow instead
of bright yellow, the breast and underparts much paler, the
middle of the belly becoming creamy white and the breast-
feathers with greyish middles and white shafts. The upper
parts, particularly the crown, more olive and less brown.
The type (which I have examined, sex not determined)
measures: bill 19, wing 1138, tail 105, tarsus 26 mm.

Synonymous with P. flavicollis flavigula is Xenocichla
pallidigula Sharpe, described from Entebbe. Both types are
before me as I write.

Range.—Angola (I have not seen any other Angolan skins
except the type), Belgian Congo (Kambove, Lufupa River),
N. Rhodesia, Uganda, Tanganyika Territory (eed Kome,
Mwanja).

, 147 [ Vol. liv.

PYRRHURUS FLAVICOLLIS SOROR (Neumann). The White-
throated Leaf-love.

The type from Kamadekke, Ogowe River, Gabon, which is
now in the Rothschild collection in New York, was examined
in 1926, and is a white-throated bird which resembles the series
in the British Museum from Cameroon etc., specimens of
which were compared with it by G. L. Bates.

Range.—Gabon (Ogowe River), British and French Cameroons
(Kumbo (Banso Mts.), Manenguba Mts., Tibati, Bitye),
Ubangi River (near Luma Island), Kwoango, Kibali River,
Uele River (Poko), Bahr el Ghazal (Meridi and Tembura).

-+ Note.—I have not seen the type nor any specimens of
Pyrrhurus flavicollis shelleyi (Neumann), described from
Mwanza, 8. Victoria Nyanza, ranging west to Lake Kivu.

PYRRHURUS FLAVICOLLIS ADAMAUZ Reichenow. The
Adamawan Yellow-throated Leaf-love.

The type was described from the Genderu Mts. and collected
by Riggenbach. It measures: bill 19, wing 114, tail 106,
tarsus 26 mm. It appears rather greyer below than typical
examples, owing to the grey tips to some of the breast-feathers
not being abraded; also the margins of the outer webs of the
primaries are a shade greener. It has a bright yellow throat
similar to P. flavicollis flavicollis. The type of P. f. adamaue
has been carefully compared with examples of Pyrrhurus
flavicollis flavicollis from Gambia Sierra Leone, the Gold Coast,
and Northern Nigeria, and it is, as Reichenow declares in his
original description, distinctly greyer on the underside than
examples collected between Gambia and the Gold Coast
in the British Museum Collection. Itis most nearly approached
in the grey underside by a specimen from near Dejigazan,
Niger Province, N. Nigeria, which, if we accept adamauce
as valid, must be considered to belong to the same race.
All things considered I accept adamaue as a distinct sub-
species, although I should have thought twice before separating
it myself, and consider it a poor race.

Range-—Known only from the Genderu Mts. (Western
Cameroons), and closely matched by a specimen from the
Niger Province of Nigeria.

Vol. liv.] 148

PYRRHURUS FLAVICOLLIS SIMPLICICOLOR Grote. The Bosum
Leaf-love.

Thetype of this race (aQ) was collected by Tessmann at Bosum
in Eastern Cameroon in a locality which is outside the limits
of the range of soror or flavigula. It resembles soror in having
a white throat, but the whole of the colouring of the upper
parts is brown rather than olive, and in tone resembles the
central tail-feathers of Pyrrhurus flavicollis flavicollis. It is
also rather browner below than examples of either soror or
flavigula. The bill is broken, but the other measurements
are: wing 100, tail 88, tarsus about 26mm. It is, in my
opinion, a perfectly good race. It is not represented in the
British Museum.

Range.—Known only from the Bosum region of Eastern
French Cameroon.

Messrs. T. H. Harrisson and C. H. Hartuery sent the
following descriptions of new races from mountain areas in
Borneo.

The Oxford University Sarawak (Borneo) Expedition, 1932,
worked mainly in the central highlands of the Mt. Dulit
district, Sarawak. A full account of the expedition will be
found in the ‘ Geographical Journal,’ Ixxxii. no. 5, Nov. 1933,
pp. 385-410, and map. One of us (T. H. H.) has already
given a general account of the ornithological work, and
described the mountain habitats and zonation (Bull. B. O. C.
liii. 1933, pp. 107-115).

Thanks chiefly to the labours of the two Kuching Museum
collectors attached to the expedition, we brought back a col-
lection of about a thousand skins for the British Museum ;
in the following paper we describe ten new races. A full
account of our collection, as well as papers dealing with the
ecology and habits of the bird population, will appear in due
course, and further new forms may be described. Borneo
mountains have flora and fauna distinct from the lowlands, the
study of which was one of the first objects of all the scientists
on the expedition. <A large number of exclusively mountain
birds have already been described from Borneo, mainly from
Mt. Kinabalu (13,680 ft.) and from Mt. Dulit (4600 ft.); and

149 [Vol. liv.

most of the forms described below are mountain. All these
have special significance with reference to our study of the
origin, evolution, and exact distribution of mountain life.
Separate races have already been distinguished for a few species
in the different mountain masses of Borneo; and we have been
able to do this in a number of other cases, finding distinct
races on peaks about 100 miles apart. Further collections
from the mountains of Dutch Borneo and such peaks as Mulu,
Kalulong, and Tiban, in Sarawak, should produce further
examples. Borneo. mountains are thus doubly noteworthy,
since they have birds distinct not only above and below the
3000 ft. level, but also on different peaks. Hight of our races
are distinct between Kinabalu in North Borneo and Dulit
in Sarawak. Ina number of cases we suspect a third race in
the Poi—Penrissen group in West Sarawak (Kuching district),
but the material from these mountains is usually inadequate,
and we have named only one. Two races described here are
from the lowlands or the whole of Borneo. Chasen and Kloss
(Bull. Raffles Mus. 1930, no. 4) have separated a number of
species into North Borneo and Sarawak races; the Kinabalu—
Dulit distinction approximates to this lowland division.

In the following notes the main mountain groups referred
to are: North Borneo—Kinabalu and Marabok; Central
North Borneo—Klingkang and Murud; Central Borneo—
Dulit and Kalulong; West Sarawak—Poi, Penrissen, Matang,
and Sidong. We have described new races by comparison
with previously named Bornean races, but in all cases other
races of the same species, including the typical form, have
also been compared. Only the wing-measurements are given,
except where other measurements are significant.

We have been fortunate in having had not only the benefit
of our own and the British Museum collections, but also the
- facilities for studying the collections at the Kuching Museum,
Sarawak, and also at the Raffles Museum, Singapore, where
a fresh collection from Kinabalu was especially valuable.
We wish to express our gratitude to EK. Banks and F. N.
Chasen for providing us with these facilities, to N. B. Kinnear
and Dr. Finn Salomonsen for critical advice, and to Zita Baker
for clerical help.

Vol. liv.] 150

* _ Pyrotrogon kasumba usa, subsp. nov.

This Trogon is uncommon, but generally distributed in the
Malay States, rather scarce in Sumatra and Borneo; it is not
mentioned in Robinson and Kloss’s Java list (‘ Treubia,’ v.
1924, pp. 1-3). Two obtained by W. J. F. Williamson at
Baguara, Siam, July 1916, were the first recorded from Siam
(Journ. N. H.S. Siam, v. 1923, p. 146). It does not occur
elsewhere. In Malaya it is mostly a lowland species, but in
Sarawak it occurs mainly in virgin forest up to 2000 ft.
Previous writers considered the species to be uniform
throughout its range, but an examination of fifty skins leads
us to think differently. Wing ranges of thirty-five adults
measured are :—

Males :
Malaya ...... 142-148 mm.; av. 144-6 mm.
BoOrmeo 20... 131-141 mm.; av. 133-5 mm.
Females : |
Malaya ...... 142-149 mm.; av. 145-6 mm.
Borneo, je ces 132-142 mm.; av. 138-0 mm.

Chasen and Kloss (Bull. Raffles Mus. no. 4, 1930, p. 28)
in North Borneo obtained three males, wing 134, 134, 139 mm.,
and four females, wing 132, 136, 140, 140 mm., which fit the
above figures.

There is thus a clear racial distinction on wing-measure-
ment. The type of P. k. kasumba came from Sumatra—
Trogon kasumba Raffles, (Trans. Linnean Soc. xiii. 1822,
pp. 282-283); the only available Sumatra measurements
are for two males, wing 134 and 144 mm., which suggests
that Malayan birds are typical kasumba.

Description—Smaller than P. k. kasumba of Sumatra and
Malaya. There is no constant colour distinction in the male,
though in the female there is a tendency for Sarawak birds
to have greyer throats.

Measurements as above.

Distribution.—Borneo; not common. Specimens from
Lamag in north-east Borneo; Bettotan, Samawang River,
and Kinabalu foot-hills, in north-west Borneo; Kuching

“4 r = \4 j :
| 4 Ae

CG ;
i J
cn) So

151 [Vol. liv.

(numbers), Baram, Mt. Kalulong (four from 2000 ft.), and
Mt. Dulit, in Sarawak.

T'ype—tIn the British Museum. Male, Mt. Kalulong,
Sarawak, 2000 ft., April 5, 1893, taken by a native collector
acting for Charles Hose. Brit. Mus. Reg. no. 1894.2.2.15.

Remarks.—Named after our most reliable native and friend,
Uyau Usa, a Kenya from Long Atun, on the Tinjar River,
Sarawak. We promised to name a bird after him, and Trogon
shooting was one of his specialities.

Mesobucco duvaucelii cyaneus, subsp. nov.

There is considerable confusion, as discussed by Robinson
and Kloss (Journ. N. H.S8. Siam, v. 1922, p. 166), in races of
Mesobucco. As well as lowland forms a distinct mountain
form, M,. d: eximius, was named from Dulit on specimens
collected by Hose (Ibis, 1892, p. 324). We have examined
fifteen birds from Borneo mountains in addition to lowland
birds, and find, as in many other cases, that Kinabalu possess
a distinct form.

Description.—F rontal band blue, not black or blue-back
asin WM. d. eximius.

Measurements—TIwo males, wing 76, 82 mm. One im-
mature, unsexed, 80 mm.

Distribution.—Mt. Kinabalu, North Borneo.

Type.—|n the British Museum. Male, Mt. Kinabalu,
North Borneo, October 1895, wing 76 mm.; coll. A. H.
Everett. Brit. Mus. Reg. no. 1896.6.10.62. Topotypes at
Singapore.

Remarks.—Any form of Mesobucco, mountain or lowland,
is scarce in Borneo. Parrot described M. d. borneonensis
from the lowlands of North Borneo*, but Chasen and Kloss
(Bull. Raffles Mus. 1930, no. 4, p. 36) consider Malay (JM. d.
robinsoni of Stuart Baker) and Bornean birds are not separable
from M.d. duvaucelia Lessonof Sumatra, All these have black
crowns. The type of the Dulit M. d. eximius, which is
perfectly distinct from all lowland forms, is described by
Sharpe as having “‘a broad frontal band of black slightly

.* Abhandl, Math, Phys, Ak. Wissensch. Miinchen, xxiv. 1907, p. 171.

Vol. liv.] 152

washed with blue.”’ The bird described was a male. Seven
male and one female topotypes of M. d. eximius all have
the frontal band black or blackish; the type is the least
black of the specimens examined. Specimens from Pen-
rissen (two males) and Prang (one female) resemble birds
from Dulit. The Kinabalu birds all have the frontal band
blue or blue-green, with no trace of black.

There is an overlap between the distribution of mountain
and lowland forms. In the British Museum there is an adult
female M. d. eximius labelled ‘“‘ Tinjar River, 26. vii. 19.
Coll. H. C. Robinson; and one of the Penrissen birds at
Kuching was taken by Dr. E. Mjoberg at only 2000 ft. On
the other hand, there are in the British Museum typical lowland
M. d. duvaucelii from Mt. Salikan (2000 ft.), Dulit (one male,
3000 ft.), and Kalulong (four males). The relative position
and distribution of these forms still remains rather uncertain.

J Malacocinela canicapillus longstaffi, subsp. nov.

Vv

We have examined forty-four Borneo skins, including
fresh series from Dulit and Kinabalu; we have placed a new
Dulit race as a form, provisionally, of JZ. c. canicapillus.

Description.—As compared with M. c. canicapillus from
Kinabalu it is larger, and differs in the possession of a well-
defined rufous band across the chest (slight or absent in
canicapillus) and in its more rufous colouring generally,
especially on the flanks and abdomen. Some birds have the
underparts entirely rufous except for the chin ane a small
white belly-patch.

Measurements.—Wing: Dulit, twelve males, 64-72 mm.
(seven of 68 or over); two females, 70, 72 mm. Kalulong,
two males, 68, 71 mm.; one female, 65 mm. Measurements
of canicapillus from Kinabalu: three males, 64-68 mm.;
three females, 65-69 mm.

Distribution.—The mountains of Central Borneo. One of
the commonest birds on Dulit from 3000 ft. to the summit.
Also on Kalulong.

Type.—tin the British Museum. Male, Mt. Dulit, 3600 ft.,
September 18, 1932. Bill blackish horn, rather paler at edges

153 [Vol. liv.

and at base of mandible; feet brownish flesh; iris light red-
brown. Wing 70 mm. Coll. T. H. Harrisson and C. H.
Hartley, O. U. Sarawak Expedition, 1932. Brit. Mus. Reg.
no. 1933.11.2¥.6.

Remarks.—Named after Dr. T. G. Longstaff, Honorary
Secretary of the Royal Geographical Society, who has done
much to help both of us and also to help the O. U. Exploration
Club.

M. canicapilus was named from Kinabalu by Sharpe
({bis, 1887, p. 450). The lowland allies are M. rufiventris
Salvadori from Sarawak and lM. harterti Chasen and Kloss
(J. f. Ornith. 1929, p. 116) from British North Borneo, which are
both forms of J. sepiara, as discussed by Chasen and Kloss
(Bull. Raffles Mus. no. 4, 1930, p. 13).

The lowland WM. s. rufiventris overlaps the mountain form
on Dulit, both occurring in the same habitat in the Koyan
Valley on the south side of the Dulit Range. Thus the form
described is not a mountain form of WZ. sepiara, but must be
considered to be directly allied to M. canicapillus of North
Borneo mountains.

We have associated Kalulong birds with those from Dulit,
50 miles away, but, if anything, the former are even darker
on the back and more darkly rufous below. Fourteen speci-
mens from Mts. Poi and Penrissen have the crown paler
than Dulit or Kinabalu birds.

Measurements.—Penrissen, six males, 69-74 mm.;_ three
females, 67-73 mm.; two unsexed, 68,71 mm. Poi, two males,
fo, 11 mm.; one female, 71 mm.

These have not been compared side by side with a good
series from other mountains, and their position remains
uncertain.

JV. Stachyris larvata vermiculata, subsp. nov.

We have examined altogether sixty-five skins, including
fresh series from Kinabalu and Dulit. As in other cases here
considered, each mountain has a distinct race, and there is
reason to suspect a third from Poi and Penrissen.

Description.—Differs from S. 1. borneensis in the following

Vol. liv.] 154

characteristics :—Underparts darker, with no orange tinge in
the rufous colouring. Chin darker. General shade of back,
tail, and primaries noticeably darker and less rufous (borneensis
is much paler). Crown darker, with less grey and white mark-
ing. All Dulit skins—nine in the British Museum, sixteen
of ours, etc.—have fine black vermiculations on the feathers
of the back, giving a thin but noticeable barring effect, the
vermiculations in Kinabalu birds being faint, and the whole
effect much paler. The last distinction is the strongest,
and establishes a clear race.

Measurements —Wing : twelve males, 60-64 mm.; fourteen
females, 59-63 mm. Wing of S. l. borneensis from Kinabalu :
fifteen males, 58-65 mm.; seven females, 58-62 mm.

Distribution.—Mt. Dulit, Sarawak, above 3600 ft., mainly in
the moss-forest, where it is common.

Type.—tIn the British Museum, male, Mt. Dulit, Sarawak,
August 29, 1932. Testes medium size; bill blackish; feet
greyish green; iris light buff. Wing 64 mm. Coll. T. H.
Harrisson and C. H. Hartley O. U. Sarawak Expedition,
1932. Brit. Mus. Reg. no. 1933.11.2.5. Topotypes in the
British Museum (25) and Kuching.

Remarks.—Birds from West Sarawak mountains average
a good deal longer in the wing. Measurements: Poi, one male,
68 mm.; one female,62 mm. _ Penrissen, three males, 60-
66 mm., two females, 63, 63 mm.; three unsexed, 59-65 mm.
(Kuching and British Museum collections). These are also
paler than birds from Dulit or Kinabalu, extremes being
pure sandy below, the crown rather paler, and the back
showing a general greenish wash with only a trace of rufous
colouring.

They are thus near borneensis and vermiculata, but paler and
larger. They probably constitute a third race; but we have
been unable to bring all the specimens together for comparison,
and hope that someone will do so.

Rhinocichla mitrata damnata, subsp. nov.
We have examined seventy Borneo skins, including our
own fresh series from Dulit and Chasen’s 1931 Kinabalu

155 [Vol. liv.

material. The Dulit race is clearly distinct, but birds from
other mountains are confusing; there may be a third race.

Description—Compared with R. m. treacherr of North
Borneo it is darker on the back and, on an average, on the
tail, the breast being less greenish and lacking any prominent
shaft-streaks and pale feather centres. R. m. treachert can
readily be distinguished by its much greener chest and. well-
marked streaking, which in some damnata is entirely absent.
On an average treacheri is larger.

Malayan R. m. major Robinson and Kloss are considerably
greener, with well-marked black chins and much paler backs,
wing 100-119 mm. Typical R. mitrata P. L. 8. Miller, from
Sumatra, are grey below; wing 94-106 mm.

Measurements —Wing: Dulit, ten males (100), 104, 107,
107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 116 mm.; nine females, 102, 104,
104, 105, 105, 105, 106, 107, 108 mm. Kinabalu treacheri
males, 101-109 mm.; females, 91-104 mm.

Distribution.—Mountains of Central Borneo. Very common
from 3600 ft. upwards on Mt. Dulit, Sarawak; also speci-
mens from the Kalabit country and Mt. Derian.

Type.—tIn the British Museum. Male, Mt. Dulit, Sarawak,
4000 ft., August 25, 1932. Testes small; soft parts similar to
treachert, wing 112 mm. Coll. T. H. Harrisson and C. H.
Hartley, O. U. Sarawak Expedition, 1932. Brit. Mus. Reg.
no. 1933.11.2.2. Topotypes in the British Museum, Kuching,
and Singapore.

Remarks.—This is by far the most numerous bird in the
moss-forest area on Dulit, above 4000 ft. We had to stop
natives from shooting it, as we had neither the time nor the
ammunition to spare. Rhinocichla was a curse; therefore
damnata.

R. m. treacheri was named from two adults, one from
“N.W. Borneo”? and one from Kinabalu (Sharpe, P. Z.S.
1879, p. 245). British Museum specimens from Lawas,
North-East Borneo, and Mt. Marabok, Brunei, are very pale
in general colouring, with the upper breast noticeably green
and pale, and with only a trace of white on the crown; wing
102-104 mm. They are thus intermediate between North

Vol. liv.] 156

and Central Borneo forms, but may represent a third distinct
race. <A bird from Tampussik River, Dutch Borneo (coll. W.
Prettyman, in the British Museum), is very pale and less
streaked than any other seen, with a very small red chin-patch,
distinctly tinged with black; wing 110 mm. This is close
to the Sumatran mitrata, though the chin is not black enough.

We have associated Kalabit and Derian birds with our
new race. A female in the Kuching Museum from Main,
Kalabit Country, has a wing of 116 mm., the largest we have
seen. The species is not known from the mountains of West
Sarawak, Poi, Penrissen, etc. Further material from all
parts of Borneo should prove interesting.

J Dendrocitta sinensis tuckeri, subsp. nov.

We have examined thirty-four skins. Birds in abraded.
plumage have not been considered, and comparisons are mainly
on fresh skins and skins taken in the same month.

Description.—Compared with D. s. cinerascens of North
Borneo (see below) the crown is a purer grey, with its posterior
termination sharply defined, not merging into the back;
a marked black line as frontal band is usually present. Cine-
rascens appears to have a greater maximum tail-length.

Measurements —Wing: Dulit, ten males, 144-153 mm.;
four females, 137-149 mm. (cf. Kinabalu cinerascens, six males,
137-150 mm.; five females, 144-150 mm.). Dulit birds have
a tail-length average of under 250 mm., max. 273 mm.;
two out of the three Kinabalu skins in the British Museum
have tails of over 280 mm.

Distribution.—Mt. Dulit, Sarawak; no doubt also on
adjacent mountains. Only occurs in moss-forest above
3600 ft.

Type.—In the British Museum. Male, Mt. Dulit, Sarawak,
4400 ft., moss-forest, October 10, 1932. Testes fair sized
and blackish; iris dark chestnut; bill and feet black; wing
153 mm.; tail 273 mm. Coll. T. H. Harrisson and C. H.
Hartley, O. U. Sarawak Expedition, 1932. Brit. Mus. Reg.
no. 1933.11.2.1.

157 [ Vol. liv.

Remarks.—Named after B. W. Tucker, Curator of the
Oxford University Museum. The type of D. cinerascens
Sharpe (Ibis, 1897, p. 250, pl. viii.) came from the Lawas
River, North Borneo (coll. Treacher). It proved to be an
unsexed immature bird, and the original plate is inaccurate
(corrected in ‘ The Ibis,’ 1889, p. 82). The type is now in the
University Museum, Oxford, and agrees with immature birds
from Kinabalu, thus limiting the northern extension of
tucker.

A bird from Mt. Marabok, unsexed, wing 138 mm. (coll.
Waderstadt), is close to Dulit birds. Both Borneo races are
near to D. occipitalis P. L. S. Miller of Sumatra,

wh Ny. Buchanga leucopheea penrissenensis, subsp. nov.

Buchanga occurs only at the highest mountain levels.
We separate two new forms of this Drongo, making three
races for the three best collected mountains of Borneo. We
have avoided old and abraded skins.

Description.—Larger than B. l. stigmatops of Kinabalu and
B. l. dulitensis (see below). Perhaps slightly paler than
Kinabalu birds. Twelve of this new race compared with
twenty-seven Kinabalu skins of all ages.

Measurements —Wing: Penrissen, one male, 142 mm.;
three females, 132, 136, 1836 mm. Poi, five males, 132, 132,
135, 137, 137 mm.; three females, 132, 133,136mm. Thirty-
seven specimens from other parts of Borneo have a wing
range of 122-134 mm., but only two of these exceed 132 mm,
(133, 134 mm.).

Distribution —Mountains of West Sarawak.

Type.—tIn the Kuching Museum, Sarawak. Male, Mt. Pen-
rissen, Sarawak, 3500 ft.; wing 142mm. Coll. Dr. E. Mjoberg.
Topotypes: three at Kuching (also five from Poi) and two
at Singapore. No specimens in the British Museum.

Remarks. —The type of B. stigmatops (in the British Museum)
came from Kinabalu, being collected by F. W. Burridge and
described by Sharpe (P. Z.S. 1879, p. 27). This had a wing
of 134 mm., but twenty other Kinabalu birds have wing :
122, 123, 123, 123, 124, 125, 125, 126, 127, 127, 127, 128, 130,

Vol. liv.] 158

130, 130, 130, 131, 131, 131, 133 mm. A male (?) from
Mt. Derian in the Kuching Museum has wing: c. 137 mm.

Buchanga leucophza dulitensis, subsp. nov.

Description.—Darker than B. 1. stigmatops, which has the
underparts paler and whiter, the chin noticeably pale, and
the tail blue with a blackish tip. The new race has a much
darker bluish tinge below, with the chin the same colour
as the breast, and the tail (in fully developed adults) blackish
all over. Size as stigmatops.

Measurements.—Wing : thirteen males, 126-132 mm.

Distribution.—Mountains of Central Borneo. Mt. Dulit
above 4000 ft., moss-forest zone, scarce. Also in the Temabo
and Marabok Ranges.

Type.—tIn the British Museum. Male, Mt. Dulit, Sarawak,
4500 ft., moss-forest, August 22, 1932. Testes small; bill
and feet black; iris orange-red. Wing 128mm. Coll. T. H.
Harrisson and C. H. Hartley, O. U. Sarawak Expedition, 1932.
Brit. Mus. Reg. no. 1933.11.2.4.

/ AEthopyga mystacalis perretti, subsp. nov.

Fresh material from Dulit has put us in a position to com-
pare series from Borneo with typical A. temmincki P. L. S.
Miller of Sumatra, with which Bornean and Malayan birds
have been thought identical. Thirty-one Borneo and seven
Sumatra skins examined.

Description.—Differs from the Sumatran temmincki as
follows :—

Male: breast darker and more blood-red; malar streak
stronger and broader, with strong blue-purple colouring ;
blue-purple patches on the crown and rump brighter and
more extensive; abdomen dark grey; mantle and tail darker
red:

Female: breast darker green; abdomen more yellow;
lower back dark green; green tinge on crown.

In both sexes the mandible, as compared with temmincki,
appears to be darker below.

Measurements,—Wing : thirteen males, 51-57 mm.; three

159 [Vol. liv.

females, 48-49 mm. Tail: fourteen males, 43-55 mm.;
nine females, 26-29 mm. Sumatra: Tails: four males,
56-64 mm.; three females, 28-33 mm. Bill-length from the
gape in perretti regularly averages 17 mm., as compared with
18 mm. in temminckv.

Distribution.—Mountains of Borneo, usually above 4000 ft.,
but occasionally down to 1000 ft. or less.

Type.—tIn the British Museum. Male, Mt. Dulit, Sarawak,
4000 ft., moss-forest, August 24, 1932. Testes medium;
bill blackish; mandible brown below; feet dull brown, with
soles yellowish; iris dull brown. Wing 54 mm., tail 52 mm,
Coll. T.H. Harrisson and C.H. Hartley, O.U. Sarawak Expedi-
tion, 1932. Brit. Mus. Reg. no. 1933.11.2.7.

Remarks.—Named after W. H. Perrett, of the Bird Room,
British Museum, who has always been of help to us, especially
with our Borneo collections.

Though perretti is a characteristic bird of the moss-forest
zone on Dulit, we collected two specimens in high virgin
forest at the foot of the mountain, while in the Kuching
Museum there are four specimens from Mt. Matang, 2800 ft.
The lowland A. siparaja is mainly a bird of the river-level,
but goes up to 3000 ft. The mountain races are forms of the
Javan A. mystacalis Temminck.

Diczeum sulaense zita, subsp. nov.

Doubt has been cast on the validity of D. s. monticolum
Sharpe (Ibis, 1887, p. 425 and plate) from Kinabalu. From
an examination of twenty-four Bornean skins, as well as typical
sulaense, we find that monticolum is a good race for North
Borneo, and we propose a further race for Central Borneo.
The bird has no lowland ally, and has not been recorded from
the mountains of West Sarawak.

Description.—A distinct race, differing from D. s. monticolum
in the following respects :— |

Male: flanks grey-green, centre of abdomen and under
tail-coverts pale yellow; in monticolum the flanks are dull
green with a yellow wash and the under tail-coverts almost
ege-yellow. In addition, males of the new race are less dark

Vol. liv.] 160

and more glossy blue above, with a smaller, less bright patch
of scarlet on the throat. The bill in monticolum is thick and
markedly curved towards the tip, whereas in zita it is thinner
and almost or wholly straight, averaging 1-3 mm. more in
length from the gape.

Female: darker and duller on the underside, with greenish
throat and chest; monticolum females have white or grey-
white throats (vide Ibis, 1890, p. 287, pl. viii. J. G. Keulemans
del.).

On colour this race closely resembles topotypes of sualense,
but the latter is distinguished by the smaller and brighter
scarlet patch on the throat, the larger whitish chin, the dull
mauve wash of the upper parts, and the almost sooty
crown.

Measurements.—Wing: Dulit, eight males, 47-53 mm.;
four females, 45-48 mm. Kinabalu monticolum : eight males,
48-54 mm.; three females, 42-47 mm. Bill (males only) :
Dulit, eight males, 13-14 mm. Kinabalu monticolum : eight
males, 11-13 mm., only one over 12 mm.

Distribution —Mt. Dulit, Sarawak; in the higher zones,
mainly in the moss-forest, but also down to 2600 ft. in the
Koyan Valley.

Type.—In the British Museum. Male, Mt. Dulit, Sarawak,
4500 ft., moss-forest, September 15, 1932. Testes fully
developed, in breeding condition; bill black; mandible
slightly paler at the base; feet black; irisdark. Wing 47 mm.
Coll. T. H. Harrisson and C. H. Hartley, O. U. Sarawak
Expedition, 1932. Brit. Mus. Reg. no. 1933.11.2.8.

Remarks.—Named. after Zita Baker, who has helped us
greatly, and is also a tropical explorer.

Thus both Kinabalu and Dulit possess a particularly
distinct race. The only specimen. known from any other
mountain in Borneo is one in the Kuching Museum, a male
from Mt. Murud, Sarawak, coll. Dr. KE. Mjoberg. Unfortu-
nately we have not been able to compare this bird with
a series of either race; it hasa wing of 51mm. Four Diceum
in the Kuching Museum labelled D. monticolum are certainly
not monticolum, and are probably D. cruentatum,

161 [Vol liv.

Mr. G. M. MatHEws sent the following description of a new
subspecies of the Soft-plumaged Petrel.

Pterodroma mollis madeira, subsp. nov.

Description.—Differs from P. mollis few in its generally
smaller size.

Measurements —Wing 245-250; tail 108-110; bill 25-26;
tarsus 29-30; middle toe and claw 39-40 mm., as against
wing 248-262 ; tail 106-109; bill 26-27 ; tarsus 32-36 mm.
in fee.

Distribution.—Madeira.

Type.—In the British Museum. Male, San Antonio,
Madeira, June 13, 1906. Brit. Mus. Reg. no. 1906.7.26.1.

Remarks.—Aistrelata fee of Salvadori was published in
Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. ser. ii. vol. xx. p. 8305. The sheet marked
20 is dated Dec. 1899, and the date on the back of the wrapper
is 1901; so the original reference and description should
correctly read 4strelata fee Salvadori, Ibis, April 1900, p. 302.
Type-locality : Cape Verde Islands.

NOTICES.

The next Meeting of the Club (the last of the Session) will
be held on Wednesday, June 13, 1934, at the Rembrandt
Hotel, Thurloe Place, S.W.7. The Dinner at 7 p.m.

Members intending to dine must inform the Hon. Secretary,
Mr. C. W. Mackworth-Praed, 51 Onslow Gardens, London,
S.W. 7, on the post-card sent out with the ‘ Bulletin.’

Members who wish to make any communication at the next
Meeting of the Club must give notice to the Editor, Dr. G.
Carmichael Low, 86 Brook Street, Grosvenor Square, W. 1,
as soon as possible. The titles of their contributions will then

b

Vol. liv.] 162

appear on the Agenda published before each Meeting. All
MSS. for publication in the ‘ Bulletin’ must be given to the
Editor before or at the Meeting.

Agenda.

1. Mr. C. H. Hartley will read a paper, illustrated by lantern-
slides, on “Seabirds of West Spitsbergen—their food
supply.”

2. Major R. E. Cheesman will read a paper on “‘The Birds of
Abyssinia.”

BULLETIN

ee OF THE
om
BRITISH ORNITHOLOGISTS’ CLUB
& : No. CCCLXXIX.

5° <«

THE three-hundred-and-seventy-fourth Meeting of the Club
was held at the Rembrandt Hotel, Thurloe Place, S.W. 7, on
Wednesday, June 13, 1934.

Chairman : Mr. D. A. BANNERMAN,

Members present :—Miss P. Barcuay- SMrre wy Hos dis UR.
BARRINGTON; Miss R. BLEzARD; Mrs. E., S, CHARLES ;
Hon. G.. L. praca Major R. E. CHEESMAN; Miss J. M.
FERRIER; H. A. Gurnee. W. E. Gurae; fant. C., H...B.
GRANT; Col. A. E. ieD ese rea P. A. D. eae Dip Ei.
Bee son: Rey. F.. 6. RB. Tene ee IN... B: eee
hiss EK. P. meee Dr. G. @umon en. Low (Editor) ; De
N.S. Lucas; T. H. McKirrrick ; C. W. Mackworru-PRaEp
(Hon. Sec. Treas.); Dr. P. HL. MaAnson-Banr; G. M.
MatTHEws (Vice-Chairman); J. G. Mavrocorpato; T. H.
Newman ; E. M. NicHoutson; H. LEYBorNE PHT LAT BSB
Riviere; D. Sera-Smrra : eee NEI. Prnoae mie W.
TucKER; Miss E. L. roee H. F. Wirnersy: C. G. M
DE rents,

Guest of the Club :—C. H. Hartiry.

Guests :—C. G. Brrp; Miss Joan BR. CHARLES; Mrs. GIz-
BERT; R. P. GRAHAM-VIVIAN ; A.C. Howarp ; H.D. KNIGHT;
Mrs. Mackwortu-PRArEpD ; L. StupINKA ; W. THESIGER.

[June 30, 1934.] a VOL, LIv,

Vol. liv.] 164

Mr. C. H. Hartuery read a paper, illustrated by lantern-
slides, on ‘“‘ Sea-birds of West Spitsbergen—their food
supply.”

The base camp of the Oxford University Arctic Expedition,
1933, was established in Petunia Bay, at the head of Klaas
Billen Bay in Ice Fjord, and all the biological work of the
expedition was carried out in this area—the main object
being an ecological survey of the marine and bird life of the
Inner Fjord zone, correlated with hydrographic observations.
The following account gives a brief summary of the orni-
thological results obtained by myself and my colleague,
Mr. J. M. Fisher: a full report will appear shortly.

The mountains in the Petunia Bay district rise steeply
from the shore, and the coastal plain, apart from a few large
valleys and corries caused by the retreat of glaciers, is extremely
limited. In general the region is somewhat barren, and was
found to support a meagre ground-nesting bird population.
Ptarmigan, though not much in evidence earlier in the summer,
were apparently nesting on the higher ground, and appeared
in numbers in September, nearly a hundred being present
in Ebba Valley. Northern Eider were also fairly plentiful, —
sixteen broods being noted along four miles of coast in August.
A sprinkling of Snow Buntings and Purple Sandpipers, four
small colonies of Arctic Terns, some forty Brent and twenty
Pink-footed Geese, and three pairs of Arctic Skuas completed
the ground-nesting population of the head region of Klaas
Billen Bay.

Weathering has reduced many of the mountains to immense
scree slopes with only small rock-faces near the summit,
and in consequence the cliff-nesting species in general prefer
the less weathered cliffs further down the bay. An exception
is found in the Fulmar, which is easily the most plentiful
nesting species in the district, establishing itself on every
available cliff, both on the coast and up to a considerable
distance inland. The main bird-cliffs in Klaas Billen Bay
were at least ten miles from the base camp, and accommodated
a fair population of the usual species—Little Auk, Puffin,
Brunnich’s and Mandt’s Guillemots, Fulmars in large numbers,
and Glaucous Gulls ; Kittiwakes, however, were not nesting.

165 [Vol. liv.

The above summary gives a rough idea of the breeding
population. At first sight the district appeared distinctly
unpromising even for a study of food-supply, but owing
to unforeseen conditions it proved in the end very productive.
The biological camp was established in some disused mining
huts near the Nordenskiold Glacier, the only glacier in the
bay which actually reaches the sea. An unusual flocking
of Kittiwakes and Fulmars was immediately observed close
to the glacier face at the central point of the sea frontage,
where the ice cliffs reached a height of a hundred feet, and
constant flights of Kittiwakes were noted passing over the
camp on their way to and from this point ; it was therefore
decided to direct our attention first to an investigation of the
causes of this localized feeding area.

The flock consisted normally of about three thousand Kitti-
wakes and from five hundred to a thousand Fulmars, these
numbers being maintained throughout the latter half of
July and all August. Stomach analyses were carried out on
a quantitative basis, and revealed that the food was almost
entirely composed of a small planktonic crustacean of the
family Euphauside, Thysanoessa inermis, the average single
meal for a Kittiwake being three hundred and fifty. An
estimate of the numbers of Kittiwakes leaving the glacier
per day was obtained by half-hour counts four times a day
over a period of a week, and from these figures we were able
to provide an estimate of the daily rate of consumption of
Thysanoessa in the feeding area, which was of assistance
to the marine biologist of the party in his investigation of the
cause of the swarm of Thysanoessa. Observations made
at the feeding area showed that the T'’hysanoessa were very
close to the surface, since the Kittiwake were resting on the
surface, making periodic darts in which the head was seldom
immersed deeper than the base of the bill. The rate of feeding
was observed over the whole period from July to early Sept-
ember, and proved to be relatively rapid, varying from one
to six captures per minute, with an average of three.

The Kittiwakes visiting the feeding area were trailed down
the coast as far as possible, and then followed with a telescope.
They were found to be coming from some large bird cliffs

a2

Vol. liv.] 166

on the south coast of Ice Fjord, which we had previously
noted on our way to Klaas Billen Bay. Tow-nettings carried
out in Klaas Billen Bay, taken in conjunction with the results
of the Swedish Expedition of 1907, indicate that Thysanoessa
does not normally occur in the immediate surface layer, and
the abnormal swarming at the face of the Nordenskiold
glacier is thus of great importance to the surface-feeding bird
population of Ice Fjord, which is borne out by the fact that
Kittiwakes were travelling up to thirty miles to the feeding
area. Montague noted, in 1923, that the Kittiwakes on the
north coast of West Spitsbergen were feeding chiefly on fish,
but from stomach analyses and the results of dynamiting
and night-lines it appears that fish are scarce in Klaas Billen
Bay. Thysanoessa offers the only possible alternative.

Although Kittiwakes were studied most intensively, detailed
stomach analyses were carried out on all other marine-feeding
species in the district, from which it was clear that Thysanoessa
was in general the staple article of diet, though in no case
was feeding so exclusive in character as in the case of the
Kittiwakes. Fulmars, being pure surface-feeders, were largely
dependent on it, since, although they were almost omnivorous’
as regards floating matter, it offered the only certain food-
supply. In the latter part of September, when the swarming
ceased, a limited number of Fulmars were still able to maintain
themselves on floating refuse, jellyfish, and less plentiful
forms of the major plankton. Arctic Terns fed largely in the
area surrounding the Kittiwake flock, but, owing to their
greater skill in fishing, were also able to capture more active
crustacea in the shore zone. Glaucous and Ivory Gulls
(the latter stray visitors), which under normal circumstances
are both scavengers, were occasionally seen feeding with the
Kittiwakes.

Among the diving birds it was noted that no species
normally ventured very far in the direction of the glacier,
Brunnich’s Guillemot and the Little Auk, however, confirmed
Thysanoessa-eaters, being enabled by their diving powers
to hunt for it in waters where it does not occur in the surface
layer. The Puffin fed extensively on it, but also made

167 [Vol. liv.

a speciality of fish-catching, and was often seen in September,
after the two previous species had left. Mandt’s Guillemot
proves to have a more localized hunting ground, being usually
found feeding in the Laminaria zone near the shore, diving
deep into the weed and obtaining a general diet of molluscs,
worms, and crustacea. Some adults and a large proportion
of the young of the year were, however, to be found feeding
further from the shore on Thysanoessa. Of the whole marine
bird population the Northern Eider alone appeared to be
independent of T'hysanoessa, feeding close inshore on bottom-
living crustacea and larger molluscs.

From this short summary it can be seen that. the food
problem in Klaas Billen Bay is highly simplified from the
biologist’s point of view, almost all species of marine feeding
bird being largely dependent on the same crustacean. ‘The
results obtained serve to illustrate the general organization
of life in the Arctic. The abnormal swarming of Thysanoessa,
and the consequent flocking of surface-feeders, is of special
interest, since it must account for the ability of the Kittiwake,
and, to a less extent, the Fulmar, to support life in the Inner
Fjord zone.

Major R. E. CHEEsMAN exhibited some slides illustrating
the types of country in North-West Abyssinia, in which his
Consular district is situated, and mentioned a few repre-
sentative birds that inhabit the different altitudes, varying
between 2500 feet on the Sudan frontier to 10,000 feet on the
Simien Mountains, the highest peak of which is 14,900 feet.

He also showed some views of Lake Tana (6000 feet) and
of the bird life encountered on his journey round the lake by
tankwa (native reed raft) in 1933.

_ He concluded by alluding to certain species which, formerly
palearctic migrants, had at some previous period settled
down in Africa. Some individuals of the same species had
continued to do the return journey to Europe and Asia,
whereas others had decided to stay. These residents had
now developed racial differences from the migrants, which
could be distinguished in the hand, but in the field were very

Vol. liv.] 168

hard to separate either by their appearance, call-note, or
habits.

The migrant breeds in Asia and HKurope, the resident in
Abyssinia, but both mingle together in Africa during the
winter.

He particularly mentioned the Wryneck (Jynx torquilla),
Hoopoe (Upupa epops), Golden Oriole (Oriolus oriolus), Common
Snipe (Capella capella), and Scops Owl (Otus scops), all of
which migrate annually to Africa, four of which he had
watched in their breeding quarters in HKurope and Asia in
previous years, and all of which have their counterparts in
a resident race breeding in Abyssinia. He had now had the
opportunity of watching these as well. All five, among others,
were seen at their nests, and comparisons were made, and the
conclusion was reached that unless the bird was shot it would
have been difficult to separate them with certainty from
the migrants, excepting the fact that they were breeding
in Africa. Their call-notes seemed identical. He also found
that most migrants’ bodies in spring were encased in rich fat,
which, he assumed, was a provision against the long journey
northward, as on the bodies of residents the fat was not |
remarkable.

The Rev. F. C. R. Jourpatn said (with reference to
Dr. P. R. Lowe’s remarks on hybrids between Black Game
and Pheasant (antea, pp. 138-140)) that he described the bird,
which was formerly in his own possession, and was figured
in the ‘ Zoologist ’ for 1906, as a female because it was
stated to be one by the shooter, but that now he was inclined
to think it more probable that it was really a male. Dr. Lowe
states that his inclination is to regard the hybrids of this
type as the produce of a Cock Pheasant and a Grey Hen,
on the ground that the Pheasant characters are dominant.
This seems to me a better reason for believing that the
male parent was a Black Cock and the female a Hen Pheasant.
He quotes Millais’ remark (written in 1892) that in most
of the crosses in which the Black Cock is concerned the
young usually take very strongly after him.

169 [Vou. liv.

This may or may not be correct, but it must be remem-
bered that these words were written over forty years ago,
and that even fourteen years later Millais believed that only
five specimens of this hybrid existed; so that it is doubtful
whether he had seen more than two or three of them. Under
these circumstances the statement cannot carry much weight.

I may add that when similar hybrids were exhibited at the
B.O.C. Mr. Millais, Lord Rothschild, and Mr. Pycraft all
agreed that they were probably crosses between the Black
Cock and Hen Pheasant.

The reciprocal cross, in which the Black Cock characters
are dominant, is much rarer, but has been recorded at least
three times. In this cross the tail approaches that of the
Black Cock. As two of these cases are from the counties of
Dorset and Suffolk, it is hardly probable that they were
Red x Black Grouse hybrids.

Mr. J. G. Mavrocgorpato made some remarks upon a
Cuckoo depositing an egg in a Chaffinch’s nest. This was
noted alone in an apparently completed but otherwise empty
Chaffinch’s nest on May 12, 1934. The rightful owner of
the nest did not desert it, but went on and laid a full clutch
of five eggs. The first of these was laid on May 14, and on
May 18 she (the hen Chaffinch) commenced sitting on her
own and the Cuckoo’s egg.

In due course all of these hatched out, and after this the
young Chaffinch’s were ejected from the nest in the usual
manner by the young Cuckoo. The latter is now being
fed on caterpillars, and is in a flourishing condition.

Mr. MavroGorpAtTo also exhibited a peculiar egg, one
of a clutch of four in a Hedge-Sparrow’s nest, discovered on
May 19, 1934. The other three eggs were normal in appear-
ance and half incubated. The strange egg was much bigger,
several shades paler, and rattled on being shaken. As it was
evident that it would not hatch, it was removed with one of
the normal ones for comparison. Both these were shown.
The abnormal egg was about the size of a Cuckoo’s egg.

Vol. liv.] 170

Captain C. H. B. Grant and Mr. C. W. MackwortH-PRAED
sent the following note upon the eastern African races of
Francolinus sephena (Smith) :—

It appears to us that there is considerable confusion,
that too many names have been accepted, and that existing
names have been used without taking into consideration
the essential points in the original descriptions.

F. s. jubaensis is described as “ below more yellowish
than washed with grey, and not having the distinct darker
edges to feathers of Ff. s. grantw.” Wing, ¢ 136-146;
© 132-143 mm.

Ff. s. schoanus is described as “ somewhat smaller than
pileatus (=sephena), but has nothing to do with F. kirkw.”
No measurements given.

F. s. spilogaster is described as being “‘ gastro fulvo-
ochraceo, obsolete fusco vario,’’ which we read as: below
yellowish buff, varied with indistinct dusky. Wing 170 mm.

We are surprised to find that this refers to a ‘‘ plain-bellied ”’
form, but no reference is made to chocolate stripes, and
birds in the British Museum from near Harar are “ plain-
bellied.” The name must, therefore, refer to the lighter
central striping seen on the underside of some specimens
of F. s. granti.

It therefore seems clear that all these are referable to the
forms without chestnut stripes on the breast and belly, and
that there is only one name available for the striped-
bellied bird, i. e., F. rovuma G. R. Gray.

We have made a very careful examination of all the material
in the British Museum collection, and, in view of a certain
amount of individual variation in both size and coloration
which must be allowed for, we can only recognize one “ plain-
bellied ” race and two “ striped-bellied ” races, although
we would draw attention to the two small males from Lamu,
wing 134 and 136 mm., and one male from Taka, near Lamu,
wing 130 mm. These are small birds, but at Malindi,
a few miles farther south, and also on the coast, there is
a male with a wing of 145mm. We therefore do not consider
them to be a distinct race, and they are certainly not f’. s.

66

171 [Vol. liv.

jubaensis, which has a wing in males, according to Zedlitz,
from 136-146 mm. The races we are able to recognize are :—

FRANCOLINUS SEPHHNA GRANTIL Hartlaub.

Francolinus granti Hartlaub, Proc. Zool. Soc. for 1865,
p. 665, pl. 39, fig. 1, 1866 : Unyamwezi country (—Northern
Tabora Province), Tanganyika Territory, of which Fran-
colinus sephena jubaensis Zedlitz, Ornith. Monatsber. xxi.
1913, p. 59: Afgoi, southern Italian Somaliland; Francolinus
schoanus Heuglin, Orn. Nord-Ost. Afr. i. 1873, p. 891:
Shoa, Abyssinia; and francolinus spilogaster Salvadori,
Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. xxvi. 1888, p. 541: Harar, Abyssinia,
are synonyms.

Below, breast and belly without chestnut stripes. Wing :
males 130-162, females 133-150 mm.

Distribution.—Tanganyika Territory excepting the coastal
area, Uganda, Kenya Colony, the Sudan, Abyssinia, and
British and Italian Somaliland, reaching the coastal areas
from Duruma, Seyidie Province, Kenya Colony, to the Juba
River.

Note.—In this race we find that wing-measurements
vary individually, and males from southern and central
Tanganyika Territory, Uganda, Kenya Colony, Abyssinia
(Shoa and Harar), the Sudan, and Somaliland have almost
identical measurements, and the individual variation is shown
by males having 139 mm. at Omo River, 149 east of Harar,
146 at Shoa, 145 on the Rovuma, and 151 in Central
Tanganyika Territory. Males from Lamu, Omo River, Orr
Valley, and Kerio River have wings from 136 to 139, and
males from Central Tanganyika Territory and Lake Zwai
have wings 151 mm.

FRANCOLINUS SEPHANA ROVUMA Gray.

Francolinus rovuma G. R. Gray, List Spec. Birds Brit.
Mus. pt. v. Galline, 1867 (March 6), p. 52. Specimen “ a”
in Gray’s list is the type, a female with striped underparts,
and not specimen “ b,”’ which is a specimen of F. s. grantii
having plain underparts (see also Ibis, 1915, p. 12, and 1922,
pe TTT).

av

Vol. liv.] 172

Below, breast and belly with chestnut stripes. Wing:
males 137-153, females 133-141 mm.

Distribution.—Beira (Masambeti, 64 miles inland) and
mouth of Lurio River, Portuguese East Africa, to Chiromo
and Ruo River, South Nyasaland, and Rovuma River,
Mikindani, Lindi, Morogoro, Dar-es-Salaam, and Korogwe
in Tanganyika Territory.

This race would therefore appear to be confined to the
more coastal areas lying between the seaboard and the Shiré
River, the eastern Rovuma, Morogoro, about 100 miles
inland,and Korogwe, about 40 miles inland, but being replaced
in the coastal areas of Kenya Colony and southern Italian
Somaliland by a “‘ plain-bellied ” form, which is F’. s. grantii.

But in British Somaliland a “ striped-bellied ’’ form occurs
from the coast to the Wagar and Goolis Ranges, where it
appears to intergrade with the “ plain-bellied ” race. This
Somaliland “ striped-bellied ”’ race is cut off from F’. s. rovuma
as shown above, and as all existing names refer to “ plain-
bellied ’’ races, it would appear therefore that there is, un-
fortunately, no name available for this Somaliland “ striped-
bellied ” bird, and we therefore propose for it the name

Francolinus sepheena somaliensis, subsp. nov.

Description.—A “‘ striped-bellied ”’ form having chestnut-
brown stripes on the breast, flanks, and abdomen. Similar
to Ff. s. rovuma Gray, but perhaps rather larger.

Measurements.—Wing :.males 157-164, females 147-150 mm.

Measurement of Type.—Wing 158, tail 96, culmen 23,
tarsus 47 mm.

Distribution.—British Somaliland from seaboard to Wagar
and Goolis Ranges, west to Jifa Medir (Jerato Pass, Suksade
Plain, Bihendula, Sheikh, Kabab, Jifa Medir).

Type—In the British Museum, ¢ adult. Bihendula,
about 20 miles south of Berbera, British Somaliland, collected
by Dr. Donaldson Smith for H.H. The Gaikwar of Baroda,
December 28, 1898. Brit. Mus. Reg. no. 1901.4.20.46.

Remarks.—Although the “ plain-bellied’’ and “ striped-
bellied’? forms are generally constant, we find occasional
specimens of the one bearing characters of the other, for

173 [Vol. liv.

there is a male from the northern Tana River (Brit. Mus. Reg.
no. 1906.12.16.9) and a female from Kitwi, Kenya Colony
(Brit. Mus. Reg. no. 1900.9.4.5), both of which have a few
spots on the chest. There can be no doubt that where F. s.
granti runs into the country of /. s. rovuma and F. s. soma-
liensis interbreeding occurs. Friedmann, Bull. 153, U.S. Nat.
Mus. 1930, pp. 106-112, has come to very similar conclusions
about the races, but has kept up F. s. schoanus Heuglin,
and does not remark on the “ striped-bellied ”’ coastal form
of Somaliland.

Captain C. H. B. Grant and Mr. C. W. Mackwortu-PraEp
Also sent the following descriptions of two new races of
Francolin :—

~Francolinus coqui thike, subsp. nov.

Description.—Has the clear abdomen of F. c. hubbardi
Ogilvie-Grant, but the black barring of breast and flanks
much narrower ; upper parts nearer to type of F. c. maharao
Sclater, but perhaps less chestnut; flight-feathers chestnut
with grey markings and tips. This new race has the
abdominal characters of F. c. hubbardi and the chestnut
flight-feathers of Ff. c. maharao. It appears to be a good
local form, and replaces /’. c. hubbardi east of the Rift Valley.

Soft parts: Iris light brown, bill dark yellow, legs yellow.

Measurements.—Wing 138, culmen 18, tail 62, tarsus 35 mm.

Distribution.—Fort Hall District of Kenya Colony.

Type.—§ adult. Ithanga Hills, Fort Hall District, Kenya
Colony, collected by C. W. Mackworth-Praed on 27. ix. 1914.
Brit. Mus. Reg. no. 1923.8.7.147.

~ Francolinus castaneicollis kaffanus, subsp. nov.

Description.—Difiers from the typical race by having the
mantle and rump plain olive-brown, with very faint indications
of some white edges and centres on some feathers. Crown
of head bright chestnut. Below rather more buff, with olive-
brown, not chestnut, spots at apical end of breast-feathers.
It differs distinctly in the markings of the mantle and breast-
feathers to F. c. gofanus Neumann. The mantle and rump

Vol. liv.] 174

partake of the character of F’. c. ogoensis Mackworth-Praed,
but are distinctly darker.

Soft parts: Bill and feet bright coral.

Measurements.—Wing 225, tail 107, culmen 29, tarsus
65 mm.

Distribution.—The Kulo and Kaffa areas of Western
Abyssinia, west of the Omo River Valley.

Type.—In the British Museum, ¢ adult, De Sium’s Town
(circa lat. 7°15’ N. long., 36° E.), Kaffa District, Western
Abyssinia. Collected by Louis Clarke on July 2. Presented
by Col. Stephenson Clarke. Brit. Mus. Reg. no. 1923.8.7.489.

Remarks.—Four specimens examined.

Mr. Jack VincENT forwarded the following descriptions
of two new subspecies, resulting from the work of identifying
Mr. A. W. Vincent’s collection of birds, made in the Katanga
Province of the Belgian Congo, an area in which there has
been surprisingly little ornithological investigation during
recent years; also the description of a new Warbler recently
received at the British Museum in a collection of birds from
southern Nyasaland :—

Ureeginthus bengalus katange, subsp. nov.

In Ibis, 1926, pp. 369-376, Admiral Lynes revised the
genus Ureginthus, and suspected that a new race of U. ben-
galus was to be found in the south-eastern Congo, but he
hesitated to name it, as only four birds were available, a male
and female from the Lofu River, and a male from Kassongo
in the British Museum; also a bird from Baraka which was
in Tring. Im the ‘ Systema,’ also, it will be found that
one undetermined race is mentioned. Four more examples,
however, have now arrived from the Elisabethville district
of the Congo, and these prove that the dark coloration,
surmised by Admiral Lynes to be the determining factor
as well as mentioned by Sharpe (Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. xiii.
1890, p. 401), is constant. I propose to name this race
katange, as the Katanga Province of the Belgian Congo,

another point presumed by Admiral Lynes, is obviously the
centre of its distribution.

175 [Vol. liv.

Description.—In both sexes forehead, crown, hind head,
nape, mantle, and back showing none of the warm brown
tones so evident in other races, such as have been described
as cinnamon-brown in U. b. bengalus (Linneus, Syst. Nat. ed. xii.
1766, p. 323: Senegal) and in U. 6b. schoanus (Neumann,
J. f. Ornith. liti. 1905, p. 350: Ejere, Shoa), or as vandyke-
brown in U. 6. ugande (Zedlitz, J. f. Ornith. lix. 1911, p. 606:
Entebbe, Uganda); instead, these parts are of a plain sepia.
In a long series this race proves very easy to distinguish, for
the dark birds are in great contrast, and can be separated
at a glance.

As regards the males, the turquoise-blue is in the aggregate
much deeper in this race, but not an infallible character, as
there are individuals from other races in which the colour
is as intense. The darker colour of the back is, to a slight
extent, reflected in the darker or arterial blood-red of the
ear-patches.

The principal distinction as regards the underside is in
the females, for whereas in other races the cobalt-blue is on
the chin, lores, throat, ear-coverts, and upper breast, and
extends down sides of breast to the flanks, in this new race
the blue is invariably much more intense and turquoise
a colour, and very restricted. It is similarly on the chin,
lores, throat, and ear-coverts, but extends little, if at all, on to
the chest, and there is no indication of blue whatsoever on the
avellaneous-fawn remainder of the underside.

Colours of bare parts (from the collector’s notes).—Irides
chestnut. Baill lilac, but with tip, commissure, culmen-ridge
and keel of lower mandible black. Feet brownish-flesh
in the cock, flesh in the hen.

Distribution.—So far as is at present known the south-
eastern Congo Basin, including its eastern rim, and the
Congo—Zambezi water-parting.

T'ype.—Collector’s no. 231, an adult male, pair with co-type,
and parent of a nest of four eggs, collected by Mr. A. W. Vincent
at Elisabethville, Belgian Congo, on March 17, 1933.

Measurements of type.—Wing 55; tail 53; culmen from
base of skull 11; tarsus 14:5 mm.

Vol. liv.] 176

Co-type.—An adult female, pair with, and collected at same
time and place as, the type, by Mr. A. W. Vincent, collector’s
no. 232.

Measurements of Co-type.—Wing 54; tail 51; culmen
from base of skull 11; tarsus 14 mm.

Buccanodon anchietz katange, subsp. nov.

Another example of a racial difference, apparent from two
southern Congo specimens in the British Museum Collection,
and now proved constant by examples in my brother’s recent
collection. [ propose to name this also katange for the
same reasons as those put forward in the case of the previously-
mentioned Cordon-bleu.

Description.—As unlike nominate B. a. anchiete (Bocage,
Proc. Zool. Soc. 1869, p. 486: Caconda) as is B. a. sowerbyi
(Sharpe, Bull. B. O. C. vii. 1898, p. xxxvi: Fort Chiquaqua,
Mashonaland), for the latter has neither the yellow coloration
on the throat nor the black collar on the hind-neck and chest
of the former, and this new race has the yellow coloration
but still lacks the black collar; in short, the adult male and
female differ from B. a. anchiete and B. a. rex (Neumann,
Bull. B. O. C. xxi. 1908, p. 47: Duque de Braganza) in having
a great deal more yellow on the underside.

In the nominate form the sides of neck, lower throat, and
chest are glossy black streaked sparingly with pale citron-
yellow, the streaks quite absent on the last-named; in
katange the pale citron-yellow is so diffused that darker
coloration is only faintly evident here and there, where the
dark sepia bases of the feathers are visible. Furthermore,
whereas in anchiete the yellow is separated from the brown
breast by the broad black band of the chest, in this new race
the yellow is so extended and continued over the chest as to
eliminate the black and to meet the brown.

Colours of bare parts. —Irides dark sepia. Bill and feet black.

Distribution.—The south-eastern Congo Basin.

Type.—An adult male, collected on the Kaluli River
(Baluba country), Katanga Province, Belgian Congo, at an
elevation of 3000 feet, by Dr. S. A. Neave, on April 20, 1907.
Brit. Mus. Reg. no. 1909.12.31.78.

177 [Vol. liv.

Measurements of Type.—Wing 92-5; tail 47; culmen
from base of skull 20; tarsus 19-5 mm.

Apalis macphersoni, sp. nov.

In my lst of mountain birds (Ibis, 1934, p. 159) I have
mentioned a yellow-breasted Apalis as “‘ seen’? on Cholo Mt.,
and in my manuscript for the continuation of the same paper,
under Apalis flavigularis, I wrote that I shot at and wounded
a pair of the unknown birds high up in the forest canopy,
but was unsuccessful in securing an example. It is of
unusual interest, therefore, that my contention as to the
existence of a new Apalis on Cholo Mt. has been borne out
by the recent arrival of two birds at the British Museum,
ina collection made and generously sent by Mr. D. W. Mac-
pherson of Nyasaland. I propose to call this new species
Apalis macphersoni, as a compliment to one who has turned
my failure into success.

The bird is in every way extraordinarily like Apalis melano-
cephala, the only species which closely approaches it as regards
length of tail; and in my own brief experience the two species
are very much alike in the field, both in their movements
and choice of habitat.

Description.—lts colour-pattern is an unusual one, but
it may be remarked that in general it is not unlike Apalis
jacksoni (Sharpe, Ibis, 1891, p. 119: Mt. Elgon). A detailed
description is as follows :—The male bird: forehead, crown,
hind-head, nape, mantle, back, rump, upper tail-coverts
(i. €., entire upperside), and ear-coverts black with greenish-
blue gloss. Lores black. Chin and throat white. A band
of black across lower throat which extends up towards middle
of the throat, and is, therefore, wider at its centre. Chest
saffron-yellow and forming a broad pectoral band which
margins the black throatal band. Breast, abdomen, and
flanks gamboge-yellow. Feathers of thighs blackish-grey,
tipped with white. Lower tail-coverts white. Central rec-
trices black tipped with white, the white tips increasing in
size and extending gradually down the outer webs of suc-
ceeding feathers until, on the outermost rectrices, the entire
outer web, as well as the broad tip, is found to be white.

Vol. liv.] 178

Scapulars and wing-coverts glossy black as the back. Second-
aries black with broad margin of white on the outer webs,
and narrow edges of the same colour on the inner webs.
Primaries black margined with white on the inner webs
only, broadly at the base, but quite absent at the extreme
tips. Under wing-coverts white faintly washed with yellow
at the tips. The female bird: forehead, crown, hind-head,
lores, ear-coverts, and nape slate-grey, faintly tinged on the
first-named with pale wood-brown. Mantle, back, rump,
and upper tail-coverts olive-green. Rectrices slate-grey,
increasingly tipped and margined on the outer webs with
white as described in the male. Underparts exactly as in the
male, except that the black throatal band is evident only
in a dull and dark slate-grey patch in the centre and at the
base of the throat. Scapulars, lesser and median wing-
coverts olive-green as the back. Greater wing-coverts light
slate-grey. Secondaries and primaries blackish-grey rather
than black, but otherwise with margins as in the male. Under
wing-coverts white.

Colours of bare parts (taken from the collector’s labels).—
Iris reddish-brown in male, claret in the female. Baill black.
Feet salmon-pink.

Type.—Coll. no. 61, an adult ¢ in non-breeding condition
collected by Mr. D. W. Macpherson on Cholo Mt., Nyasaland,
at an elevation of 3500 feet, on July 21, 1933. Brit. Mus.
Reg. no. 1934.3.4.1.

Measurements of Type.—Wing 54; tail 94; culmen from
base of skull 13; tarsus 19 mm.

Co-type.—Coll. no. 62, an adult 9 in non-breeding condition
collected by Mr. D. W. Macpherson on Cholo Mt., Nyasaland,
on August 30, 1933. Brit. Mus. Reg. no. 1934.3.4.2.

Measurements of Co-type.—Wing 48:5; tail 60; culmen
from base of skull 12:5; tarsus 19 mm.

Mr. Gregory M. Maruews sent the following communi-
cation upon the Soft-plumaged Petrel, Pterodroma mollis,
and its subspecies :—

Examination of the type of @strelata few, Ibis, April 1900,
p. 302, from the Cape Verde Islands, kindly sent over from

179 [Vol. liv.

Geneva, proves it to be a larger bird than the form from the

Deserta Islands. This latter is, again, a larger and a more

heavily built bird than the breeding bird on Madeira.

’ Pterodroma mollis mollis breeds on Tristan da Cunha in the
Atlantic Ocean.

Pterodroma mollis deceptornis breeds on St. Paul’s and New
Amsterdam, in the Indian Ocean. These do not have
the entire underparts white.

When we come to the northern hemisphere we find the
representative races, three forms, all have the entire under-
surface white.

Pterodroma mollis fee breeds on the Cape Verde Islands,
and is the largest of the subspecies. Wing 272-280 ;
tail 110-115; culmen 27-30; tarsus 33-36; middle
toe and claw 40-45 mm.

Pterodroma mollis deserta breeds on the Deserta Islands.
Wing 260-267 (264) ; tail 110-117 (114); culmen 27-29
(282) ; tarsus 32-33 (32:6) mm. This connects few with
madeira.

Pterodroma mollis madeira breeds on Madeira and is the
smallest, and is more delicate in build than the above.
Wing 245-250 (247-5) ; tail 108-110 (109) ; culmen 25-26

(25-5) ; tarsus 29-30 (29-5) mm.

There is no overlapping of the wing-measurements in these

birds, which breed north of the Line.

Mr. Nokt Mayaup sent the following description of a new
subspecies of the Bluethroat :—

Luscinia svecica namnetum, subsp. nov. *
Description and Measurements.—Differs from Luscinia
svecica cyanecula in its smaller size, especially shorter wing
and tail :

Wing. Tail.
29 3d (breeding) .... 67-72 mm. 45-8-54 mm.
6 2° Me .... 64:5-68 mm. 44-7-51-4 mm.

* [The generic name of Cyanosylvia Brehm is also used for the
Bluethroats, and is that given in the British Ornithologists’ Union
* List of British Birds,’ 1923.—Ep.]

Vol. liv.] 180

Most of these specimens were taken in April and May ;
some are in worn plumage. Nevertheless the differences
in size as compared with cyanecula are too great to be due to
abrasion ; besides, we compared this material with true
cyanecula taken in Germany from April, June, and July,
which are also worn, and these measured :—

Wing. Tail.
pea ale re 73-76 mm. 52-5-56 mm.
Be ee oe wee 75-76 mm. 51-55-9 mm.

4

L. s. cyanecula is also longer “ wing-tipped ’’* than nam-
netum. From tip of longest secondaries to tip of longest
primary 10-18 mm. in ¢¢ cyanecula* ; 9-5-12 mm. in 3g nam-
netum ; 9-10 mm. in 99 namnetum.

The white spot of the throat of the male is very conspicuous,
and was found present in all (except one) of the males (nearly
fifty) examined or seen in the field. The lores also appeared
darker than in cyanecula.

Distribution.—West France, Loire-Inférieure, Vendée,
Charente-Inférieure.

Type.—3, Noirmoutier, Vendée, May 28, 1934, coll. Mayaud,
no. 1811.

The VIIIth International Ornithological Congress will
take place at Oxford from July 2 to July 7, 1934. The
President is Dr. E. Stresemann and the Secretary the Rev.
F. C. R. Jourdain. A number of names have already been
sent in, and a large attendance is expected. There will be
meetings of the International Ornithological Committee,
and these and the ordinary sectional meetings of the Congress
will be held in Rhodes House. Excursions have been arranged
to Lilford Hall (Lord Lilford’s Aviaries), to Foxwarren Park
(Mr. Ezra’s Aviaries), to the Zoological Society’s park at
Whipsnade, and to the islands off the coast of Pembroke-
shire. There will also be receptions, and there will be a
dinner at Christ Church Hall on Thursday, July 5.

* A Pract. Hand. of Brit, Birds, i, 1920, p. 478,

181 (Vol. liv

Corrigenda to Volume LIV.
P. 13, lines, 11, 15, 16, 17, for 1-352 mg., 1-650 mg., 1-828 mg.,
1-451 mg., read 1-352 gm., 1-650 gm., 1-828 gm.,

1-451 gm.
mm.
P. 15, line 8, for Average, 4 eggs ...28:427-7 read
mm.

Average, 4 eggs... 38-4 x 27-7.
P97, tne 2, jor Brit. Mus. Reg. no. 1921:7:5.399 read
Brit. Mus. Reg. no. 1921.7.15.399.

P. 160, line 10, for [Diceum] sualense read [Diceum) sulaense.

NOTICES.

The next Meeting of the Club will be held on Wednesday,
October 10, 1934, at the Rembrandt Hotel, Thurloe Place, S.W. 7.
The Dinner at 7 p.m.

Members intending to dine must inform the Hon. Secretary,
Mr. C. W. Mackworth-Praed, 51 Onslow Gardens, London,
S.W. 7, on the post-card sent out with the ‘ Bulletin.’

ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING.
This will also be held at the Rembrandt Hotel, Thurloe Place,
S.W. 7, on Wednesday, October 10, 1934, at 5.45 p.m. An
Agenda and Balance Sheet will be issued in September.

Members who wish to make any communication at the next
Meeting of the Club must give notice to the Editor, Dr. G.
Carmichael Low, 86 Brook Street, Grosvenor Square, W. 1,
as soon as possible. The titles of their contributions will then
appear on the Agenda published before each Meeting. All
MSS. for publication in the ‘ Bulletin’ must be given to the
Editor before or at the Meeting,

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INDEX.

| Names of new species and subspecies are indicated by clarendon type
under the generic entry only ; vernacular, or common,
names are shown in ordinary type. |

aalge, Uria aalge, 60, 62.

abdimii, Sphenorynchus, 118.

Acanthis flammea flammea, 32.

holboellii, 32.

flavirostris flavirostris, 60.

hornemanni exilipes, 32.

Accipiter rufiventris rufiventris, 111.

tachiro sparsimfasciatus, 131.

tachiro, 131.

—— unduliventer, 131.

Acryllium vulturinum, 18, 19.

adamauc, Phyllastrephus flavicollis,
145, 146.

» Pyrrhurus flavicollis, 147.

Aigialitis (Charadrius) hiaticula
intermedia, 127.

hiaticola tundre, 126.

hiaticula hiaticula, 126.

intermedia, 126.

major, 126.

septentrionalis, 126.

egyptius, Falco, 85.

—., Milvus migrans, 23, 83, 85,
86.

cequatorialis Circus ceruginosus,
se,

ceruginosus cequatorialis, Circus,
132.

——, Circus cruginosus, 112.

raniwvorus, Circus, 132.

ceesalon, Falco columbarius, 66.

Aistrelata fee, 161.

ethiopicus, Threskiornis cethio-
picus, 118.

Aithopyga mystacalis, 159.

perretti, subsp. n., 158.

siparaja, 159.

temmincki, 158.

affinis, Larus, 133.

VOL. LIV,

africanus, Phalacrocoraxz africanus,
141.
Akalat, Blackeap, 107.
Alauda arvensis arvensis, 60.
alba, Crocethia, 67.
lugubris, Motacilla, 102.
Albatross, Royal, 112.
albus, Casmerodius, 74.
Alca torda, 63.
Aleyone pusilla halmahere,
subsp. n., 86.
masauji, 86.
—— —— pusilla, 86.
richardsi, 86.
alexandrinus, Charadrius alexan-
drinus, 117.
alpestris bicornis, Eremophila, 34.
alpina, Calidris alpina, 61, 67.
altifrons, Pluvialis apricaria, 67.
Anas crecca crecca, 67, 68.
penelope, 67, 68, 94.
—— platyrhynchos, 67, 68.
—— punctata, 72, 123.
—— querquedula, 18, 124.
anchietee, Buccanodon anchiete,
176.
katangee, Buccanodon, 176.
sowerbyi, Buccanodon, 176.
rex, Buccanodon, 176.
Anhinga rufa, 34.
Anser brachyrhynchus, 68.
antelius, Larus, 134.
4 argentatus, 134.
Anthus leucophrys, 106.
gouldii, 106.
zenkeri, 106.
pallidiventris, 106.
pratensis, 60.
spinoletta petrosus, 60.

a

Vol. liv.]

antiquorum, Phenicopterus, 16, 17.

: ruber, 17.

Apalis flavigularis, 177.

—— jacksoni, 177.

—— macphersonl, sp. n., 177.

melanocephala, 177.

apivorus, Pernis apivorus, 31.

apricaria altifrons, Pluvialis, 67.

, Pluvialis apricaria, 68.

arabicus, Milvus migrans, 83, 86.

archeri, Falco tinnunculus, 22, 75,
78, 79, 81.

arctica grabe, Fratercula, 60, 63.

Ardea gularis, 74.

purpurea, 117.

Arenaria interpres interpres, 63,
143.

argentatus antelius, Larus, 134.

cachinnans, Larus, 133, 134.

heuglini, Larus, 133, 134.

——, Larus, 134, 135.

—, argentatus, 59, 134.

—— michahellesw, Larus, 135.

—— michahellis, Larus, 135.

smithsonianus, Larus, 134.

taimyrensis, Larus, 133, 134.

aristotelis, Phalacrocorax aristotelis,
59, 63.

armandit perplexus, Phylloscopus,
96, 97.

—., Phylloscopus armandu, 96,
97

arquata, Numenius, 61.

- arquata, 14, 67.
aru, Ducula concinna, 87.
arvensis, Alauda arvensis, 60.
Astrarchia rothschildi, 40.
Atimastillas, 145, 146.
atlantis, Larus, 134.
atricapilla, Sylvia, 15.
Attaprion, gen. n., 25.
augustee-victorie, Paradisea, 40.
Auk, Little, 164, 166.
Avocet, 117.

avosetta, Recurvirostra, 117.

barbatus meidionalis, Gypaétus,
Ui

bassana, Sula, 59, 62.

batesi, Illadopsis cleaveri, 107.

bengalus katange, Ureeginthus, 174.

schoanus, Ureeginthus, 175.

—— ugande, Ureginthus, 175.

——, Ureeginthus, 174.

, bengalus, 175.

bergit, Phasianus colchicus, 49.

——, Sterna bergu, 142.

bicolor, Puffinus, 25,

184

bicornis, Hremophila alpestris, 34.
billypayni, Francolinus francolinus,
21

Bird-of-Paradise, 40.

Blackcap, 15, 56, 104.

Black Cock, 168, 169.

Black Game, 168.

Bluethroat, 32, 179.

borneensis, Stachyris larvata, 153,
154.

borneonensis, Mesobucco duvaucelii,
151.

brachydactila, Calandrella brachy-
dactila, 94.

brachydactyla, Calandrella brachy-
dactyla, 33.

brachyrhynchus, Anser, 68.

Brambling, 103, 104.

britannicus, Larus, 134.

brunneicauda, Newtonia, 10, 11.

Bubo poensis poensis, 123.

Bubulcus ibis, 118.

Buccanodon anchietce anchiete, 176.

katange, subsp. n.,

176.

rex, 176.

sowerbyi, 176.
Bucephala clangula clangula, 67.
Buchanga, 157.

leucophza dulitensis,
subsp. n., 157, 158.
penrissenensis, subsp. n.,

157.

stigmatops, 157, 158.
stigmatops, 157.

Bulbul, White-throated, 145.
—., Yellow-throated, 145.
Bunting, Corn-, 7, 15, 60, 64, 105.
——., Ice Cap Snow., 119.

——., Lapland, 32, 33.

—., Redheaded.-, 67.

, snow-, 8, 164.

buryt, Falco tinnunculus, 22, 80.
Bustard, Savile’s Pigmy, 5.
Buzzard, Honey-, 31, 124.

, Lizard-, 130.

cachinnans, Larus, 133, 134.

- argentatus, 133, 134.

calandra, Emberizacalandra, 15, 60.

Calandrella brachydactila brachy-
dactila, 94.

brachydactyla brachydactyla,

oe:
Calidris alpina alpina, 61, 67.
canutus canutus, 61.
—— maritima maritima, 67,
testacea, 68.

canicapillus longstaffi, Malaco-
cincla, 152.

, Malacocincla, 153.

; canicapillus, 152.

canus, Larus canus, 60.

canutus, Calidris canutus, 61.

Capella capella, 168.

gallinago gallinago, 68.

media, 33

capensis, Phalacrocorax, 141.

carbo lucidus, Phalacrocorax, 141.

, Phalacrocoraz carbo, 59, 63.

Carduelis carduelis harmsi ?, 94.

Carduelis ? harmsi, Carduelis, 94.

carlo, Cerchneis tinnunculus, 79.

, Falco tinnunculus, 21, 22, 75,
79-81.

Casmerodius albus, 74.

castaneicollis gofanus, Francolinus,
lite.

kaffanus, Francolinus, 173.

ogoensis, Francolinus, 174.

castanotus, Polihierax semitorqua-
tus, 129, 130.

Catharacta skua skua, 59, 63, 64,
oS. ELT.

Cerchneis tinnunculus carlo. 79,

Chaffinch, 102, 103, 104, 169.

(Charadrius) <Algialitis hiaticula
intermedia, 127.

Charadrius alexandrinus alexan-
drinus, 127.

hiaticula, 61.

hiaticula, 67, 126, 127.

—— —— major, 126, 127.

septentrionalis, 126.

tundree, 126, 127.

Chat, Robin-, 11.

cherina, Cisticola, 10.

Chiffchaff, 103.

chloropus, Gallinula chloropus, 14.

Chough, 7, 100.

Ciconia ciconia ciconia, 135.

cinerascens, Dendrocitta, 157.

j sinensis, 156.
Circaétus pectoralis, 110.
Circus cruginosus cequatorialis,
b32:

ceeruginosus, 112.
ranworus, 132.
cyaneus cyaneus, 31, 66.
Cisticola cherina, 10.

clangula, Bucephala clangula, 67.
cleaveri batesi, Illadopsis, 107.
poensis, Illadopsis, 107.
clypeata, Spatula, 67, 68.

Cock, Black, 140, 168.

colchicus bergii, Phasianus, 49.
Coliuspasser macroura conradsi, 49,

185

[Vol. liv.

columbarius cesalon, Falco, 66.

Colymbus stellatus, 61, 63.

concinna aru, Ducula, 87.

, Ducula concinna, 87.

concolor, Krimnochelidon concolor,
24.

—— sintaungensis, Krimnocheli-
don, 24.

conradsi, Coliuspasser macroura,
9

coqut hubbardi, Francolinus, 173.

maharao, Francolinus, 173.

spinetorum, Francolinus, 5.

thike, Francolinus, 173.

corax, Corvus corax, 59, 60.

Cormorant, 59, 63, 141.

, Cape, 141.

——, Reed, 141.

, White-Breasted, 141.

cornix, Corvus cornix, 60.

pallescens, Corvus, 94.

Corvus corax corax, 59, 60.

cornix cornix, 60.

pallescens, 94.

Cossypha, 11.

crecca, Anas crecca, 67, 68.

cristata cyprica, Galerida, 94.

Crocethia alba, 67.

Crossbill, 100.

Crow, 94, 102, 104.

,» Hooded, 60, 64, 94, 105.

cruentatum, Dicceum, 160.

cruentus tibetanus, Ithaginis, 125.

Cuckoo, 169.

, Black-billed, 56.

Curlew, 14, 61.

cyanecula, Luscinia svecica, 179,
180.

cyaneus, Circus cyaneus, 31, 66.

, Mesobucco duvaucelii, 151.

Cyanochen cyanoptera, 51.

cyanopterus, 38, 69.

cyanoptera, Cyanochen, 51.

cyanopterus, Cyanochen, 38, 69.

Cyanosylvia, 179.

Cygnus cygnus, 67.

cypriaca, Galerida cristata, 94.

, Enanthe leucomela, 94.

cypriotes, Troglodytes troglodytes,
20.

damnata, Rhinocichla mitrata, 154,
153.

deceptornis, Pterodroma mollis, 179.

demersus, Spheniscus, 142.

Demigretta, 75.

sacra, 715.

Dendrocitta cinerascens, 157.

a2

Vol. liv.]

Dendrocitta occipitalis, 157.
sinensis cinerascens, 156.
tuckeri, subsp. n., 156,

157.
deserta, Pterodroma mollis, 179.
desolatus, Procellaria, 25.
Dicceum cruentatum, 160.
sulaense, 160, 181.
monticolum, 159, 160.
zita, subsp. n., 159, 160.
dimorpha, Egretta garzetta, 75.
Diomedea epomophora epomophora,
112.
—— —— longirostris, subsp. n.,
tT:

sanfordi, 112.

exulans, 112.

Diver, Red-throated, 61, 63, 64.

domesticus, Passer, 60, 102.

dominicanus, Larus, 142.

Dotterel, 6, 8, 104.

dougallii, Sterna, 141.

: dougallir, 141, 142.

Dove, Stock-, 105.

Dowitcher, 13.

Dromeocercus seebohmi, 10.

Duck, 18, 124, 143.

, Eider-, 61, 64, 67.

——., Sheld-,; 67, 68.

——, Tufted, 68, 123.

——, White-backed, 5.

Ducula concinna aru, subsp. n., 87.

concinna, 87.

Duiker, 141.

dulitensis, Buchanga_ leucophea,
157, 158.

Dunlin, 9, 12, 61, 67, 103.

duvaucelit borneonensis, Meso-
bucco, 151.

cyaneus, Mesobucco, 151.

eximius, Mesobucco, 151, 152.

——., Mesobucco duvaucelu, 151,
y4

robinsoni, Mesobucco, 151.

Eagle, Black-breasted MHarrier-,
110.

, Booted, 109, 110.
Eagle-Owl, Fernando Po, 123.

, Fraser’s, 123.

eburnea, Pagophila, 119.

Egret, Cattle-, 118.

Egretta, 75.

—— garzetta garzetta, 73, 74, 75.
—— —— dimorpha, 75.
gularis, 73, 74.

—— schistacea, 75.

Eider, Northern, 164, 167,

186

Eider, Steller’s, 32.

Emberiza calandra calandra, 15, 60.
acterica, 67.

epomophora, Diomedea epomophora,

longirostris, Diomedea, 112.

sanfordi, Diomedea, 112.

epops, Upupa, 168.

Eremophila alpestris bicornis, 34.

erithacus, Psittacus, 51.

erithacus, 68, 69.

erythropus, Tringa, 68.

exilipes, Acanthis hornemannt, 32.

eximius, Mesobucco duvaucelvi, 151,
152.

exulans, Diomedea, 112.

falcinellus, Limicola falcinellus, 68.
Falco cegyptius, 85.

columbarius csalon, 66.

—— migrans, 85.

parasitus, 85.

pennatus, 110.

peregrinus peregrinus, 64.
rufuscens, 77.
rupicoleformis, 78.
rupicolus, 81.

tinnunculus, 75, 77.

archert, 22, 75, 78, 79,

81.
—— —— buryl, subsp. n., 22, 80. .
carlo, 21, 22, 75, 79-81.
rhodesi, 75, 81.
rufuscens, 21, 77, 79, 80.
rupicoleeformis, 22, 76,
78, 79, 81.
rupicolus, 81.

—— —— tanganyike, subsp. n.,

21, 80.

81.
Falcon, African Pigmy, 129.
fasciolata, Locustella, 6.
few, Hstrelata, 161.

, Gstrelata, 178.

, Pterodroma mollis, 161, 179.
ferina, Nyroca ferina, 67.

ferreti, T'chitrea viridis, 49.
Fieldfare, 104.

Finch, 102.

Firecrest, 8.

Flamingo, 16, 17.

, Lesser, 118.

flammea, Acanthis flammea, 32.
holboellu, Acanthis, 32.

flava rayi, Motacilla, 102.
flavicollis adamauce, Pyrrhurus,

147,

tinnunculus, 21,22, 75—

187

flavicollisadamaue, Phyllastrephus,
145, 146.

—— flavigula, Pyrrhurus, 146,
148.

——, Pyrrhurus flavicollis, 146,
147, 148.

Shelleyi, Pyrrhurus, 147.

simplicicolor, Pyrrhurus, 148.

, Xenocichla, 145, 146.

soror, Pyrrhurus, 147, 148.

, Xenocichla, 145.

flavigula, Pyrrhurus flavicollis, 146,
148.

, Tricophorus, 145, 146.

flavigularis, Apalis, 177.

flavipes, Tringa, 12.

flavirostris, Acanthis flavirostris, 60.

flavwentris, Motacilla, 10.

Flycatcher, 10, 11, 102, 104.

, African Paradise, 48, 49.

, Red-breasted, 33, 104.

Francolin, 20, 173.

Francolinus castaneicollis gofanus,
aoe

—— —— kaffanus, subsp. n., 173.

ogoensis, 174.

coqui hubbardi, 1738.

—— ——. maharao, 173.

spinetorum, 5.

—— —— thike, subsp. n., 173.

francolinus billypayni,

subsp. n., 21.

melanonotus, 21.

grantii, 171.

kirku, 170.

pileatus, 170.

rovuma, 170, 171.

sepheena, 170.

granti1, 170-173.

—— —— jubaensis, 170, 171.

rovuma, 171, 172, 173.

schoanus, 170, 173.

—— —— somaliensis, subsp. n.,
P72, 1738.

spilogaster, 170, 171.

spilogaster, 171.

francolinus billypayni,
linus, 21.

francolinus melanonotus, Franco-
linus, 21.

Fratercula arctica grabe, 60, 638.

fuligula, Nyroca, 67, 68.

: fuligula, 123.

Fulmar, 164-167.

Fulmarus glacialis glacialis, 60, 63,
66, 117.

fusca, Melanitta fusca, 67.

fuscatus, Phylloscopus, 97.

fuscus graellsii, Larus, 60.

——, Larus, 134.

Franco-

[Vol. liv.

gabar, Melierax, 111.

Galerida cristata cypriaca, 94.
gallinago, Capella gallinago, 68.
Gallinula chloropus chloropus, 14.
Game, Black, 139.

Gannet, 59, 62.

Garganey, 18, 124.

garzetta dimorpha, Egretta, 75.

, Kgretta garzetta, 73, 74, 75.
Geese, 143.

geoffroyt rhodops, Geoffroyus, 87.
stresemanni, Geoffroyus, 87.
Geoffroyus geoffroyt rhodops, 87.
stresemanni, subsp. n.,

87.

gibraltariensis, Phaenicurus ochru-
FUS, 31.

glacialis, Fulmarus glacialis, 60,
63, 66, 117.

glareola, Tringa, 68.

Glaucidium tephronotum tephrono-
tum, 122.

glaucoides, Larus, 119.

Godwit, Bar-tailed, 58, 67.

, Black-tailed, 67, 117.

gofanus, Francolinus castaneicollis,
is.

Goldcrest, 32, 103.

Golden-Eye, 67.

Goldfinch, 94.

Goose, Blue-winged, 38, 51.

, Blue-winged Abyssinian, 69.

——., Brent, 143, 144, 164.

, Pink-footed, 68, 164.

Goshawk, 33.

, Kast African, 131.

——, Gabar, 111.

, south African, 131.

gouldui, Anthus leucophrys, 106.

grabe, Fratercula arctica, 60, 63.

graellsvi, Larus, 134.

5 fuscus, 60.
grantiu, Francolinus, 171.
; sephoena, 170-173.

Grebe, Black-necked, 100.

——, Great Crested, 56.

griseus hendersoni, Limnodromus,
Zt, 15:

——.,, Limnodromus griseus, 16.

—— scolopaceus, Limnodromus,
Lo G6.

Grouse, 58.

yaplack, 136, L388; Keo; 240;
169.

——, Common, 140.

——., Pallas’s Sand-, 71, 72.

, Red, 169.

grylle, Uria grylie, 60, 66.

Guillemot, 62, 102.

, Black, 60, 64, 66.

Vol. liv. |

Guillemot, Briinnich’s, 164, 166.
, Mandt’s, 164, 167.

, Northern, 60.

Guineafowl, Vulturine, 18.
gularis, Ardea, 74.

, Lgretia, 73, 74.

gulielmi, Paradisea, 40.

Gull, 133.

, Black-headed, 60.

——. Bonaparte’s, 12.

——, Common, 60, 94.

—., Dalmatian Herring-, 135.
——, Glaucous, 118, 164, 166.
——., Greater Black-backed, 60.
——, Hartlaub’s, 142.

——., Herring-, 59, 94, 102.
——, Iceland, 119.

——., Ivory, 119, 166.

——, Lesser Black-backed, 60.

, Southern Black-backed, 142.
Gypaetos meidionalis, 111.
Gypaétus barbatus meidionalis, 111.

Hematopus ostralegus ostralegus,
68

halmahere, Alcyone pusilla, 86.
Hammerkop, 117.
Hammer, Yellow, 7, 105.
?harmsi, Carduelis carduelis, 94.
Harrier-Eagle, Black-breasted,
110.
—., Hen-, 3], 66.
——., Marsh-, 112.
, South African Marsh, 132.
harterti, Malacocincla, 158.
hartlaubwu, Larus, 142.
, Lophoceros hartlaubi, 123.
Hawk, 104.
, Long-tailed, 123.
——., South African Sparrow-,
1 et 2k
, Sparrow-, 32.
Hen, Grey, 139, 168.
hendersoni, Limnodromus griseus,
Ie 14s lib:
Heron, Buff-backed, 118.
, Purple, 117.
Heteroxenicus stellatus, 125.
heuglini, Larus, 133, 134.
; argentatus, 133, 134.
hiaticola tundre, Afgialitis, 126.
hiaticula, Afgialitis hiaticula, 126.
, Charadrius, 61.
——, hiaticula, 67, 126, 127.
intermedia, Afgialitis, 126.
, Hgialitis (Charadrius),

127.
major, Afgialitis, 126.
— ——, Charadrius, 126, 127.

188

hiaticula septentrionalis, Afgialitis,
126.

———. » Charadrius, 126.

tundre, Charadrius, 126, 127.

hibernans, Saxicola torquata, 7.

Hieraaétus pennatus, 109, 110.

Himantopus himantopus himanto-
pus, 14.

Hippolais polyglotta, 8.

hirundo, Sterna hirundo, 60.

holboellu, Acanthis flammea, 32.

homopterus, Polihierax semitorqua-
tus, 129.

Honey-Buzzard, 31, 124.

Hoopoe, 168.

Hornbill, Black Dwarf, 123.

hornemanni exilipes, Acanthis, 32.

hova, Mirafra, 10.

hubbardi, Francolinus coqui, 173.

Humming-Bird, 40, 113, 118, 128.

Hydrobates pelagicus, 60, 63.

hyperboreus, Larus, 119.

hyrcanus, Troglodytes troglodytes,

20.

ibis, Bubulcus, 118.

Ibis, Sacred, 118.

acterica, Eimberiza, 67.

Illadopsis cleaveri batesi, 107.

poensis, subsp. n., 107.

emerinus, Pseudocossyphus, 11.

sharper, Pseudocossyphus, 11.

indicus, Phylloscopus, 97.

mnermis, Thysanoessa, 165.

innominata simlaensis, Vivia, 20.

, Vivia innominata, 20.

inornatus, Phylloscopus, 97.

intermedia, Pitta soror, 97.

, Agialitis (Charadrius) hiati-

cula, 127.

: hiaticula, 126.

, Pitta versicolor, 97.

interpres, Arenaria interpres, 63,
143.

Ithaginus cruentus tibetanus, 125.

Jackdaw, 105.

jacksoni, Apalis, 177.

Jay, Irish, 100.

jubaensis, Francolinus
L70, U7

Jubula lettii, 123.

Jyn« torquilla, 168.

sephona,

kaffanus, Francolinus castaneicol-
lis, 173.

kashmiriensis, Phylloscopus regu-
loides, 19.

kasumba, Pyrotrogon kasumba, 150.

, Trogon, 150.

usa, Pyrotrogon, 150.

katange, Buccanodon anachiete,
176.

, Ureginthus bengalus, 174.

Kaupifalco monogrammicus merid,
130, 131.

monogrammicus, 130.

keniensis, Sigmodus scopifrons, 96.

Kestrel, 7, 21, 75.

, Egyptian, 76.

Kingfisher, 8, 86.

kirki, Sigmodus scopifrons, 96.

kirku, Francolinus, 170.

Kite, 23, 83, 84, 88, 89.

, South African Black, 109.

Kittiwake, 60, 62, 65, 102, 164—
167.

Knestrometopon, 95.

Knot, 61.

Krimnochelidon concolor concolor,
24.

—— —— sintaungensis, subsp. n.,
24.

kuhliana, Puffinus, 25.

Lammergeyer, African, 111.
lapponica, Limosa lapponica, 67.
Lark, Bush-, 10.

, Crested, 94.

——, Shore-, 33, 104.

——., Short-toed, 94.

, Sky-, 7, 60, 102, 103, 104.
Larus affinis, 133.

antelius, 134.

argentatus, 134, 135.
antelius, 134.
argentatus, 59, 134.
cachinnans, 133, 134.
heuglini, 133, 134.
—— michahellesv, 135.
—— michahellis, 135.
smithsonianus, 134.
taimyrensis, 133, 134.
atlantis, 134.

britannicus, 134.
cachinnans, 133, 134.
canus canus, 60.
dominicanus, 142.

—— fuscus, 134.

graellsii, 60.

—— glaucoides, 119.

graellsii, 134.

hartlaubui, 142.

heuglini, 133, 134.

—— hyperboreus, 119.
leucopheus, 133, 134.
marinus, 60.

189

[Vol. liv.

Larus philadelphia, 12.

ridibundus ridibundus, 60.

taimyrensis, 134.

larvata borneénsis, Stachyris, 153,
154.

vermiculata,
154.

Leaf-love, Adamawan Yellow-
throated, 147.

, Bosum, 148.

——, Sulphur-throated, 146.

, White-throated, 147.

lettiz, Jubula, 123.

leucomela cypriaca, Enanthe, 94.

leuconotus, Thalassornis leuconotus,
a:

leucophea dulitensis, Buchanga,
157, 158:

penrissenensis, Buchanga, 157,

—— stigmatops, Buchanga, 157,
158.

leucopheus, Larus, 133, 134.

leucophrys, Anthus, 106.

gouldii, Anthus, 106.

zenkeri, Anthus, 106.

leucorodia, Platalea, 34.

Limicola falcinellus falcinellus, 68.

Limnodromus griseus griseus, 16.

griseus hendersoni, 12, 14, 15.

griseus scolopaceus, 15, 16.

Limosa lapponica lapponica, 67.

lumosa limosa, 67, 117.

lobatus, Phalaropus, 61, 67, 117,
118.

Locustella fascialota, 6.

longirostris, Diomedea epomophora,
his

longstaffi, Malacocincla
pillus, 152.

Loomelania, gen. n., 119.

Lophoceros hartlaubi hartlaubi, 123.

Lophorhina superba minor, 40.

Lophotis savilei, 5.

lucidus, Phalacrocorax carbo, 141.

lugubris, Motacilla alba, 102.

Luscinia svecica cyanecula,
180.

—— —— namnetum, subsp. n.,
179, 180.

Lyrurus, 140.

Stachyris, 158,

canica-

Lio.

macphersoni, Apalis, 177.

macroura conradsi, Coliuspasser,
49.

macrourus, Urotriorchis macrourus,
13.

macrura, Sterna, 60, 63.

madeira, Pterodroma mollis, 161,
179.

Vol. liv.]

maderaspatana, Zosterops, 10, 11.

Magpie, 56.

maharao, Francolinus coqui, 173.

major, Afgialitis hiaticula, 126.

» Charadrius hiaticula,
127.

——, Phenicopterus, 17.

» Rhinocichla mitrata, 155.

Malacocincla canicapillus, 153.

canicapillus, 152.

longstaffi, subsp.n., 152.

harterti, 153.

—— rufiventris, 153.

—— sepiara, 153.

rufiventris, 153.

Mallard, 67, 68.

marila, Nyroca marila, 68.

marina, Zostera, 143, 144.

marinus, Larus, 60.

maritima, Calidris maritima, 67.

Martin, 24.

» House-, 102, 105.

, sand-, 105.

masaujt, Alcyone pusilla, 86.

mauretanicus, Puffinus puffinus, 51,
LOS TA.

media, Capella, 33.

meidionalis, Gypaetos, 111.

, Gypaétus barbatus, 111.

melania, Procellaria, 119.

Melanitta fusca fusca, 67.

nigra nigra, 67.

melanocephala, Apalis, 177.

melanoleuca, T'ringa, 12.

melanonotus, Francolinus franco-
linus, 21.

Melierax gabar, 111.

Merganser, Red-breasted, 61.

Mergus serrator, 61.

merid, Kaupifalco monogrammicus,
TSO. a5.

Merlin, 66, 104.

Mesobucco, 151.

—— duvaucelv borneonensis, 151.

cyaneus, subsp. n., 151.

—— —— duvaucelv,.151, 152.

eximius, 151, 152.

-robinsoni, 151.

michahellesii, Larus argentatus, 135.

michahellis, Larus argentatus, 135.

migrans cegyptius, Milvus, 23, 83,
85, 86.

arabicus, Milvus, 83, 86.

, Falco, 85.

——, Milvus mgrans, 83, 85, 86.

parasitus, Milvus, 23, 83-86,

109.

tenebrosus, Milvus, 23, 85, 86.

Milvus migrans cegyptius, 23, 83,
85, 86.

126,

190

Milvus migrans arabicus, 83, 86.
migrans, 83, 85, 86.
parasitus, 23, 83-86,

109.

——— —— tenebrosus, subsp. n.,
23, 85, 86.

milvus, 88.

minor, Lophorhina superba, 40.

, Paradisea, 40.

, Pheeniconaias, 16, 118.

Mirafra hova, 10.

mitrata damnata, Rhinocichla, 154,
155.

major, Rhinocichla, 155.

——, Rhinocichla, 155, 156.

treacheri, Rhinocichla, 155.

mollis deceptornis, Pterodroma, 179.

deserta, Pterodroma, 179.

fee, Pterodroma, 161, 179.

—— madeira, Pterodroma, 161,
179.

——., Pterodroma, 178.

» —— mollis, 179.

mollissima, Somateria mollissuma,
61, 67.

monachus, Necrosyrtes monachus,
117.

monogrammicus, Kaupifalco mono-
grammicus, 130.

merid, Kaupifalco, 130, 131.

Monticola, 11.

monticolum, Diceum sulaense, 159,
160.

Moorhen, 7, 14.

Motacilla alba lugubris, 102.

flava rayi, 102.

flaviventris, 10.

munda, Nectris, 25.

, Procellaria, 25.

musicus, Turdus, 31.

mystacalis, Aithopyga, 159.

perretti, Athopyga, 158.

namnetum, Luscinia svecica, 179,
180.

Necrosyrtes monachus monachus,
117.

Nectris munda, 25.

nepalensis, Vivia, 20.

Newtonia, 11.

brunneicauda, 10, 11.

Nightjar, 42.

nigra, Melanitta nigra, 67.

nigricans, Seleucides, 40.

nivalis, Plectrophenax, 119.

Numenius arquata, 61.

arquata, 14, 67.

pheopus pheopus, 63, 67.

Nyroca ferina ferina, 67.

19]

Nyroca fuligula, 67, 68.
fuligula, 1238.
marila marila, 68.

occipitalis, Dendrocitta, 157.

ochrurus gibraltariensis, Phant-
curus, 31.

ocrophus, T'ringa, 68.

Gnanthe leucomela cypriaca, 94.

ananthe cenanthe, 60.

Cstrelata few, 178.

ogoensis, Francolinus castaneicollis,
174.

Oriole, Golden, 168.

Oriolus oriolus, 168.

Ornitholestes, 41.

ostralegus, Hematopus ostralegus,
68.

Ostrich, 41.

Otus scops, 168.

Owl, Fernando Po Eagle-, 1238.

——., Fraser’s Eagle-, 123.

—. Maned, 123.

, Scops, 168.

Owlet, Gold Coast Yellow-legged,
22.

Oyster-catcher, 68, 102.

Pachyptila, 25. |

Pagophila eburnea, 119.

pallescens, Corvus cornix, 94.

pallidigula, Xenocichla, 145, 146.

pallidiventris, Anthus, 106.

Paradise, Bird-of-, 40.

Paradisea auguste-victorie, 40.

gulielmi, 40.

minor, 40.

Paradisornis rudolph, 40.

paradoxus, Syrrhaptes, 71.

parasiticus, Stercorarius, 59, 63,
DLT.

parasitus, Falco, 85.

, Milvus migrans, 23, 83-86,
109.

Parotia wahnesi, 40.

Parrot, 51.

, West African Grey, 68, 69.

Partridge, 58.

Passer domesticus, 60, 102.

pectoralis, Circaétus, 110.

pelagicus, Hydrobates, 60, 63.

Pelecanus rufescens, 118.

Pelican, Pink-backed, 118.

penelope, Anas,67, 68, 94.

Penguin, 41, 43.

, Jackass, 142.

pennatus, Falco, 110.

, Hieraaétus, 109, 110.

[Vol. liv.

penrissenensis, Buchanga leuco-
pheea, 157.

Peregrine, 60, 64, 104.

peregrinus, Falco peregrinus, 64.

Pernis apiworus apivorus, 31.

perplexus, Phylloscopus armandii,

perretti, Athopyga mystacalis, 158.

petersi, Pitta soror, 97.

Petrel, 9, 25, 178.

, Fulmar, 60, 63, 64, 117.

, Storm-, 60, 63.

petrosus, Anthus spinoletia, 60.

pheopus, Numenius pheopus, 63,
67.

Phalacrocorax africanus africanus,
141.

aristotelis aristotelis, 59, 63.

capensis, 141.

carbo carbo, 59, 63.

lucidus, 141.

pygmeeus, 34.

Phalarope, Grey, 8.

, Red-necked, 32, 61, 63, 67,
100, 117, 118.

Phalarepus lobatus, 61, 67, 117, 118

Phasianus, 140.

colchicus bergii, 49.

Pheasant, 58, 136, 138, 139, 140,
168.

» Molesworth’s Blood-, 125.

philadelphia, Larus, 12.

_ Pheniconaias minor, 16, 118.

Phenicopterus antiquorum, 16, 17.

major, 17.

roseus, 16.

ruber roseus, 17.

ruber, 17.

—-- antiquorum, 17.

Phenicurus ochrurus gibraltarien-
SiS, ole

Phyllastrephus flavicollis adamaue,
145, 146.

Phylloscopus, 96.

armandi armandii, 96, 97.

perplexus, subsp. n., 96,

97.
—— fuscatus, 97.
andicus, 97.
inornatus, 97.
proregulus, 97.
reguloides kashmiriensis,
subsp. n., 19.
reguloides, 19.
schwarzi, 97.
Picoides tridactylus, 34.
Piculus rufifrons, 20.
pileatus, Francolinus, 170.
Pipit, 106.
,» Meadow-,, 7, 32, 60, 64, 103.

Vol. liv.]

Pipit, Rock-, 7, 60, 103, 104.

, Tawny, 8, 33.

——, Tree-, 9, 102, 103.

Pitta soror intermedia, 97.

petersi, nom. n., 97.

versicolor intermedia, 97.

Platalea leucorodia, 34.

platyrhynchos, Anas, 67, 68.

Plectrophenax nivalis, 119.

Plover, Golden, 67, 68.

, Green, 61.

——., Grey, 68.

——, Kentish, 117.

—., Ringed, 7, 61, 67, 103, 120,
126.

Pluvialis apricaria altifrons, 67.

apricaria, 68.

Pochard, 67.

poensis, Bubo poensis, 123.

, Llladopsis cleaveri, 107.

Polithierax, 129.

semitorquatus castanotus, 129,

130.

homopterus, 129.

semitorquatus, 129, 130.

polyglotta, Hippolais, 8.

pratensis, Anthus, 60.

Pratincole, 8.

Procellaria desolatus, 25.

melania, 119.

—— munda, 25.

sandaliata, 25.

proregulus, Phylloscopus, 97.

Pseudocossyphus, 11.

amerinus, 11.

sharper, 11.

Psittacus erithacus, 51.

erithacus, 68, 69.

Ptarmigan, 164.

Pterodroma mollis, 178.

deceptornis, 179.

deserta, 179.

fee, 161, 179.

—— —— madeira, subsp. n., 161,
7a:

—— —— mollis, 179.

—— satalandia, nom. n., 25.

Puffin, 60, 102, 164, 166.

Puffinus bicolor, 25.

kuhliana, nom. n., 25.

—— puffinus mauretanicus, 51, 70,
ffi

yelkouan, 26, 51, 70, 71.
punctata, Anas, 72, 123.
purpurea, Ardea, 117.

pusilla, Aleyone pusilla, 86.
halmahere, Alcyone, 86.
— masauji, Alcyone, 86.
richardsi, Alcyone, 86.
pygmeus, Phalacrocorax, 34.

192

Pyrotrogon kasumba kasumba,
150.

—— uSa, subsp. n., 150.

Pyrrhurus, 146.

Pyrrhurus flavicollis adamaue, 147.

flavicollis, 146, 147, 148.

flavigula, 146, 148.

shelleyi, 147.

simplicicolor, 148.

soror, 147, 148.

querquedula, Anas, 18, 124,

Rail, 10.

, Water-, 7.

ranworus, Circus ceruginosus, 132.

Raven, 7, 59, 60, 64, 128.

rayi, Motacilla flava, 102.

Razorbill, 63, 102.

Recurvirostra avosetta, 117.

Redpoll, 12, 32.

» Lesser, 102.

Redshank, 12, 14, 61, 67.

» Dusky, 68.

, Iceland, 61.

Redstart, Black, 31, 102-104.

Redwing, 31.

reguloides kashmiriensis, Phyllo-
scopus, 19.

, Phylloscopus reguloides, 19.

restricta, T'chitrea viridis, 48, 49.

rex, Buccanodon anchiete, 176.

Rhinocichla, 155.

mitrata, 155, 156.

damnata, subsp. n., 154,

155.

major, 155.

treacheri, 155.

rhodesi, Falco tinnunculus, 75, 81.

Rhodopechys sanguinea, 34.

rhodops, Geoffroyus geoffroyi, 87.

richardsi, Alcyone pusilla, 86.

ridibundus, Larus ridibundus, 60.

Rissa tridactyla tridactyla, 60, 63.

Robin, 7, 56; 103:

» Ushant, 8.

robinsoni, Mesobucco duvaucelii,
151.

robusta, Tringa totanus, 61.

rocki, Speleeornis souliei, 108, 109.

Rook, 128.

roseus, Pheenicopterus, 16.

. ruber, 17.

rothschildi, Astrarchia, 40.

rovuma, Francolinus, 170, 171.

: sepheena, 171, 172, 178.

ruber antiquorum, Phenicopterus,
ie

193

ruber, Phenicopterus ruber, 17.
roseus, Pheenicopterus, 17.
rudolphi, Paradisornis, 40.

rufa, Anhinga, 34.

rufescens, Pelecanus, 118.

Ruff, 56.

rufifrons, Piculus, 20.

rufiventris, Accipiterrufiventris, 111.
, Malacocincla, 153.

: sepiara, 153.
rufuscens, Falco, 77.
: tinnunculus, 21, 77, 79,
80.

rupicoleformis, Falco, 78.
tinnunculus, 22, 76, 78,

79, 81.
rupicolus, Falco, 81.
: tinnunculus, 81.

ruppelli, Sylvia, 12.

sacra, Demigretta, 75.

sandaliata, Procellaria, 25.

Sanderling, 67, 103.

Sandpiper, Broad-billed, 68.

, Curlew-, 68.

——,, Green, 68.

——., Purple, 67, 164.

, Wood, 68.

sandvicensis, Sterna sandvicensis,
68.

sandfordi, Diomedea epomophora,
12;

sanguinea, Rhodopechys, 34.

, Uranornis, 40.

Sarothrura watersi, 10.

satalandia, Pterodroma, 25.

savilei, Lophotis, 5.

Saxicola torquata, 11.

hibernans, 7.

sibilla, 11.

—— therese, 7.

Scaup, 68.

schistacea, Egretta, 75.

schoanus, Francolinus
£70, B73.

, Ureginthus bengalus, 175.

schwarz, Phylloscopus, 97.

scolopaceus, Limnodromus griseus,
15, 16.

scopifrons keniensis, Sigmodus, 96.

kirki, Sigmodus, 96.

——., Sigmodus, 94, 95.

; scopifrons, 95.

scops, Otus, 168.

Scopus umbretta umbretta, 117.

Scoter, Common, 67, 100.

, Velvet, 67.

seebohmi, Dromeeocercus, 10.

Seleucides nigricans, 40.

sephena,

[Vol. liv.

Semioptera wallacii, 40.

semitorquatus castanotus,
hierax, 129, 130.

homopterus, Polihierax, 129.

——, Polihierax semitorquatus, 129,
130.

sephena, Francolinus, 170.

grantu, Francolinus, 170-173.

—— jubaensis, Francolinus, 170,
PT te

Poli-

rovuma, Francolinus, 171,
72. Vis,
schoanus, Francolinus, 170,

Vie.
somaliensis, Francolinus, 172,
173.
spilogaster, Francolinus, 170,

sepiara, Malacocincla, 153.

rufiventris, Malacocincla, 153.

septentrionalis, Afgialitis hiaticula,
126.

, Charadrius hiaticula, 126.

Serinus syriacus, 34.

serrator, Mergus, 61.

Shag, 59, 63.

sharpei, Pseudocossyphus imerinus,
Ik.

Shearwater, Great, 8.

shelleyi, Pyrrhurus flavicollis, 147.

sherriffi, Speleornis soulier, 107,
108, 125.

Short-wing, Gould’s, 125.

Shoveler, 67, 68.

sibilla, Saxicola torquata, 11.

Sigmodus, 95.

- scopifrons, 94, 95.

keniensis, 96.

kirki, 96.

scopifrons, 95.

simlaensis, Vivia innominata, 20.

simplicicolor, Pyrrhurus flavicollis,
148.

——, Xenocichla flavicollis, 145,
146.

sinensis cinerascens, Dendrocitia,

156.

tuckeri, Dendrocitta, 156, 157.

sintaungensis, Krimnochelidon con-
color, 24.

siparaja, Aithopyga, 159.

Siskin, 100, 103, 104.

Skua, 39, 61.

, Arctic, 164.

——., Great, 59, 62-65, 93, 117.

, Richardson’s, 59, 63, 64, 117.

skua, Catharacta skua, 59, 63, 64,
93, 117.

smithsonianus,
134.

Larus argentatus,

Vol. liv.]

Snipe, 68.

-- Common, 168.

——., Great, 33.

, Red-breasted, 12, 13.

somaliensis, Francolinus sephena,
72 ATS.

Somateria mollissima mollissima,
61, 67.

soror intermedia, Pitta, 97.

petersi, Pitta, 97.

——, Pyrrhurus flavicollis,
148.

, Xenocichla flavicollis, 145.

souliet rocki, Spelceornis, 108, 109.

sherriffi, Speloeornis, 107, 108,

125.

, Speleornis soulier, 107, 108.

sowerbyi, Buccanodon anchiete,
176.

Sparrow, 56.

, Hedge-, 7, 103, 169.

, House-, 7, 60, 102.

Sparrow-Hawk, 32, 105.

~ , south African, 111.

sparsimfasciatus, Accipiter tachiro,
Rois

Spatula clypeata, 67, 68.

speciosa, Tchitrea viridis, 49.

Spelwornis soulier rocki, 108, 109.

sherriffi, subsp. n., 107,

108, 125.

soulier, 107, 108.

Spheniscus demersus, 142.

Sphenorynchus abdimii, 118.

spilogaster, Francolinus, 171.

e sepheena, 170, 171.

spinetorum, Francolinus coqui, 5.

spinoletta petrosus, Anthus, 60.

Squatarola squatarola squatarola,
68.

Stachyris larvata borneensis, 153,
154.

—— —— vermiculata, subsp. n.,
153, 154.

Starling, 7, 102, 103.

, Shetland, 60.

stellatus, Colymbus, 61, 63.

, Heteroxenicus, 125.

Stercorarius parasiticus,
LU

Sterna bergi bergiw, 142.

dougallii dougallw, 141, 142.

hirundo hirundo, 60.

— macrura, 60, 63.

sandvicensis sandvicensis, 68.

stigmatops, Buchanga, 157.

, leucophea, 157, 158.

Stilt, 14.

Stonechat, 7, 11.

, Madagascar, 11.

147,

59, 63,

194

Stork, Abdim’s, 118.

, Hammer-headed, 117.

——, White, 135, 136.

, White-bellied, 118.

stresemanni, Geoffroyus geoffroyt,
87.

Sturnus vulgaris zetlandicus, 60.

Sula bassana, 59, 62.

sulaense, Dicceeum, 181.

monticolum, Diceum, 159,

160.

zita, Diceum, 159, 160.

superba minor, Lophorhina, 40.

svecica cyanecula, Luscinia, 179,
180.

namnetum, Luscinia, 179, 180.

Swallow, 7, 104, 105.

Swan, Whooper, 67.

Sylvia atricapilla, 15.

ruppelli, 12.

syriacus, Serinus, 34.

, Troglodytes troglodytes, 20, 34.

Syrrhaptes paradoxus, 71.

tachiro, Accipiter tachiro, 131.

sparsimfasciatus, Accupiter,

ile be

unduliventer, Accupiter, 131.

Tadorna tadorna, 67, 68.

taimyrensis, Larus, 134.

5 argentatus, 133, 134.

tanganyike, Falco tinnunculus, 21,
80

Tchitrea, 48.
viridis ferreti, 49.
restricta, subsp. n., 48,

49.

speciosa, 49.

viridis, 48, 49.

Teal, 18, 67, 68.

» Hottentot, 72, 73, 123.

temmincki, A’thopyga, 158.

tenebrosus, Milvus migrans, 23, 85,
86.

tephronotum, Glaucidium tephrono-
tum, 122.

Tern, 7, 65, 128.

, Arctic, 60, 63, 164, 166.

——, Common, 60.

——, Roseate, 100, 141, 142.

——, Sandwich-, 56, 68.

, Swift-, 142.

testacea, Calidris, 68.

Thalassornis leuconotus leuconotus,
a

theresee. Saxicola torquata, 7.

thike, Francolinus coqui, 173.

Threskiornis eethiopicus cethiopicus,
118.

Thrush, 101-104.

, African Rock-, 11.

, Song-, 94.

Thysanoessa, 165, 166, 167.
anermis, 165.

tibetanus, Ithaginus cruentus, 125.

tinnunculus archeri, Falco, 22, 75,

78, 79, 81.
—— bury, Falco, 22, 80.
carlo, Cerchneis, 79.
« Faleo, 21, 22, 75, 79=

St.
——, Falco tinnunculus, 21, 22,
75-81.
rhodesi, Falco, 75, 81.
rufuscens, Falco, 21, 77, 79,

80.

rupicoleformis, Falco, 22, 76,

785 79, 81.

rupicolus, Falco, 81.

tanganyikee, Falco, 21, 80.

Tit, Blue, 105.

, Codl-, 105.

, Lrish Coal-, 100, 101.

torda, Alca, 63.

torquata hibernans, Sazxicola, 7.

, Saxicola, 11.

sibilla, Saxicola, 11.

theresce, Saxicola, 7.

torquilla, Jynx, 168.

totanus robusta, Tringa, 61.

, Tringa totanus, 14, 61, 67.

treacheri, Rhinocichla mitrata, 155.

Tricophorus flavigula, 145, 146.

tridactyla, Rissa tridactyla, 60, 63.

tridactylus, Picoides, 34.

Tringa, erythropus, 68.

flavipes, 12.

—— glareola, 68.

—— melanoleuca, 12.

ocrophus, 68.

totanus robusta, 61.

totanus, 14, 61, 67.

Troglodytes troglodytes cypriotes, 20.

hyrcanus, 20.

——— ——— syriacus, subsp. n., 20,
34.

troglodytes, 20.
zetlandicus, 60.
Trogon, 150.

Trogon kasumba, 150.

tuckeri, Dendrocitta sinensis, 156,
Lot.

tundre, Afgialitis hiaticola, 126.

, Charadrius hiaticula, 126,
Lye

Turdus musicus, 31.

unicolor, 101.

Turnstone, 63, 143.

Twites, 60, 64,

195

[Vol. liv.

ugandee, Ureeginthus bengalus, 175.

umbretta, Scopus umbretta, 117.

unduliventer, Accipiter tachiro, 131.

unicolor, Turdus, 101.

Upupa epops, 168.

Ureeginthus, 174.

bengalus, 174.

bengalus, 175.

—— —— katang@, subsp. n., 174.

schoanus, 175.

ugandee, 175.

Uranornis sanguinea, 40.

Uria aalge aalge, 60, 62.

grylle grylle, 60, 66.

Urotriorchis macrourus macrourus,
123.

usa, Pyrotrogon kasumba, 150.

Vanellus vanellus, 61.

vermiculata, Stachyris larvata, 153,
154.

versicolor intermedia, Pitta, 97.

viridis ferreti, Tchitrea, 49.

restricta, T'chitrea, 48, 49.

speciosa, Tchitrea, 49.

, U'chitrea viridis, 48, 49.

Vivia innominata innominata, 20.

simlaensis, subsp. n.,

20.

nepalensis, 20.

vulgaris zetlandicus, Sturnus, 60.
Vulture, 117.

vulturinum, Acryllium, 18, 19.

Wader, 58.

Wagtail, 10.

, Pied, 8, 102.
——, White, 8, 102.

, Yellow, 102.
wahnesi, Parotia, 40.
wallacii, Semioptera, 40.
Warbler, 10, 61, 174.

, Dartford, 7.

——, Garden, 104.
——, Grass, 10.

——, Marsh-, 32.

——., Melodious, 8.
—_ 7 uppell’s, 12, 33.
, Sedge-, 8, 9.
watersi, Sarothrura, 10.
Whale-bird, 25.
Wheatear, 6, 7, 12, 60, 64, 102, 103.
, Cyprian Pied, 94.
, Greenland, 8.
Whimbrel, 63, 64, 67.
White-eye, 10.

,» Mountain, 11.
Whitethroat, 9, 102, 104,

Vol. liv.]

Wigeon, 67, 68, 94, 143, 144.
Woodcock, 100.

Wren, 7, 20, 34, 105.

, Long-tailed, 107, 125.
——,, Shetland, 60.

,» Willow-, 104.
Wryneck, 168.

Xenocichla flavicollis simplicicolor,
145, 146.

soror, 145.

pallidigula, 145, 146.

196

yelkouan, Puffinus puffinus, 26, 51,
70, Gas

Yellowshank, 15.

» Greater, 12, 14.

zenkeri, Anthus leucophrys, 106.
zetlandicus, Sternus vulgaris, 60.
, T'roglodytes troglodytes, 60.
zita, Diceum sulaense, 159, 160.
Zostera, 143, 144.

marina, 143, 144.
Zosterops maderaspatana, 10, 11.

PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS, RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET, E.C,

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