Bulletin
British Museum |
(Natural History)

F Entomology Series

The Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), instituted in 1949, is issued
in four scientific series, Botany, Entomology, Geology (incorporating Mineralogy)
and Zoology.

The Entomology Series is produced under the editorship of the
Keeper of Entomology: Dr R.P. Lane
Publications Manager (Entomology): Dr P.C. Barnard

Papers in the Bulletin are primarily the results of research carried out on the
unique and ever-growing collections of the Museum, both by the scientific staff
and by specialists from elsewhere who make use of the Museum’s resources.
Many of the papers are works of reference that will remain indispensable for
years to come.

A volume contains about 192 pages, made up by two numbers: published Spring
and Autumn. Subscriptions may be placed for one or more of the series on an
Annual basis. Individual numbers and back numbers can be purchased and a
Bulletin catalogue, by series, is available. Orders and enquiries should be sent
to:

Intercept Ltd.

P.O. Box 716
Andover

Hampshire SP10 1YG

Telephone: (0264) 334748
Fax: (0264) 334058

World List abbreviation: Bull. Br. Mus. nat. Hist. (Ent.)

© British Museum (Natural History), 1992

Entomology Series
ISSN 0524-6431 Vol. 61, No. 1, pp. 1-76

British Museum (Natural History)
Cromwell Road
London SW7 5BD Issued 25 June 1992

Typeset by Ann Buchan (Typesetters), Middlesex
Printed in Great Britain by The Alden Press, Oxford

Bull. Br. Mus. nat. Hist. (Ent.) 61(1): 1-76 Issued 25 June 1992

Thrips (Thysanoptera) from
Pakistan to the Pacific: a review

J.M. PALMER

Department of Entomology, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road,
London SW7 5BD

CONTENTS

SVT PSIG aos aes ce winlneliasis cteelaelaesin sad ne'siredlcapine ac «doe o SOAS « ARRAS Tes Aaidaattes dae foad bas aCe. 1
TCU CH ON gasses neces ate cats aciai ss sacstesesapase est dace nse a tusncinyiss cc snejcaciasis aie enue 1
IO loc ysAnGeCOUOUNC IMA POREADCGs arctan. cca da-ign reer sncceess vapeiidsece cess dtrnecerascenrence 2
MEMEO AMIN tore rse cs ciaeaeragt serosa ea somone aeiest auclsaurceioar «sossdutaunanasenactecdadunducencovenan st 2
ACKHOWILEALeMIents ANG type GEPOSILOMES c..nceecsstas uate dans. testaesesete ena cste renee tenet 2
Thrips and related genera in the Oriental and Pacific Regions ....................0.00e0e0 3
Gharacters) SIGE dst... engsscpe- tress de toes cescesodeeee sesstoatans tdmetsastescseces cectesreestercas 4
GHECKISHOMSPECIES chien Monet ated tects toe sin ouicte eden cetnah eaeenictom at cibee inlets tejetats sie ese ate 6
NOMUnASPEcles TEMOVEd ran TIpSee...-..-ccenueesesseenceene tt ceme te seeeacseeee tes sceece 7
SPECIES NODE XAMUINEMIN Ts. | Jrore ek suck ot eos anicsedagentelank «euededectedoebeniseeceaeds acto «cuseuec ee 8
Introduction andikey: toiproups er f6 .Bik. <a... gacetecsaede-ean cet mocaaee ce kieeinetdtioeeaials <ccetse lve 8
EVILS PECIES—TEMAlES Mitte hie 1 WEP Sah wnisine sgeintis ocla oais voeidete aeaaenteit spmemeene ne saetes eet 9
REVAL OMSPECLES OIA EST isd LE Sad acide tateeiasais onan setieneiaane ces aaron teelaine scjeatelnsie mele sapeblee as 15
Speckesid scription sta. gesagt Paes Acie. Seishe a «ae Wa teee chee saaeue ate eae eee wlgoace ate eee 19

Grou pyulit Betarsncecesectea: asth cars oercomagedd+ +--+ Se eRe soem temeeeee bias oe MIS 5 3% Ge 19

Grip Up oo stgd cases cepa tiga ctesininn s aera vchhgile oso ensecbvuteh deenees Seebemedecnadedeenaret bone eee ae 24

ON, sees ars aia tacts icareste jain e’n ine vn OEM sorser mM wae ee Me iniate Saye Oy te daira 35

GOW 6 oasis doce ris oot pisaininnsi esi No ais cis anne lem Madge treme macetae Akane wets one CREME aise 39

TOU PV arc Sis stesso Sa aia asian eds inate ata o'o.0 so woe ate eRe Raa RARER Se aot Sis aioe alate Sei Wesiae aa'okates 46
PAVIOSENEHCCONSIGETATIONS yo sat <sin ee qen- «nn «be ttoteeeeee detansk eee ea ta cbt «dass steer eee « 60
PRELETONICES soe ts Secicar ain otis lu an ens -incias Seba cinbiee »» «<< ae mne« SME aM ER ERT IU SAREE MERE «belts sae Se 61
TNO CK orcad ste Renincgn sion aa gras Swaiisn css spiquad’ es one Rateaehenaneldu Satan «Same ineg. Gece ok kts « 76

Synopsis. Each of the 91 Thrips species (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) known to occur in
the Oriental and Pacific Regions is assigned to one of five defined species groups and
included in a checklist and identification key. Diagnoses and biological notes are given
for all species not restricted to the Indian subcontinent, including seven species new to
science. Two new specific synonymies are established in the genus. Twelve Oriental and
Pacific species names formerly included in the genus Thrips are listed including one new
synonymy, three new combinations, one unplaced and one removed to Coleoptera. Four
nominal species from the region that have not been examined are listed, including one
nomen dubium.

comparable in size is the phlaeothripid Haplo-
eee eee thrips. Species of Thrips can be found throughout

the world in flowers and on leaves of a wide
The genus Thrips probably comprises as many as variety of plant hosts from grasses to hardwoods.
250 species and is the largest of all Terebrantian Some are beneficial pollinators, while others
genera. The only other Thysanopteran genus cause significant economic damage. Some are

2

very common, polyphagous and widespread,
while others are rarely seen and restricted to a
single locality or one species of plant. Because of
this diversity of life-styles there have been as
many as 400 or 500 species names associated with
the genus and experience has shown that a high
percentage of them are synonyms.

The genus was thought to be most diverse in
the temperate regions of the world and the study
of about 100 nominal species from the Oriental
and pacific Regions was expected to reveal a
number of new synonymies. However, only two
new synonymies were discovered and 91 species
are recognised from the regions. Variation
between closely related populations from differ-
ent Pacific islands is difficult to interpret and
these ‘island populations’ may represent yet
more distinct species.

BIOLOGY AND ECONOMIC
IMPORTANCE

Species of Thrips range from 0.5 to 2.5 mm in
length and are most usually found in flowers.
Adult thrips are attracted to flowers by both
scent and colour and, like the larvae, will feed
both on cell sap and pollen. Adults do not
necessarily feed only on their breeding host plant
(Kirk, 1984a & c, 1985), which can be ascer-
tained only by the presence of larvae. The pres-
ence of adults in flowers can be beneficial. T.
hawaiiensis for example, is probably an effective
pollinator for both oil and banana palms in the
Pacific Region and T. imaginis and obscuratus
could perform the same function in the orchards
of Australia and New Zealand (Kirk, 19845).
However, when thrips occur in the flowers of a
host plant on which they breed, populations can
build to pest proportions. Then pollen-feeding
may reduce pollination, cell-sap-feeding can
deform and scar buds, petals, fruit and seeds and
any resulting sticky exudations can attract
unsightly moulds. Gladiolus flowers worldwide
suffer particularly from feeding damage by T.
simplex.

There are a number of leaf-feeding species of
Thrips that tend to be attracted to seedlings and
young leaves at the growing tips of mature
plants. Even trees are not immune from attack
and may be defoliated by heavy infestations. T.
calcaratus causes such damage to Tilia species in
Europe and North America. Most economically
significant damage caused by leaf-feeding species
is due to coincidental transmission of isolates of

J.M. PALMER

tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) which is car-
ried by palmi to groundnuts in India and water-
melons in Japan; by setosus to tomatoes in Japan;
by tabaci to tobacco in central Europe (Zawir-
ska, 1976; 1983).

It should be remembered that some species
can be extremely common on a particular plant
without apparently causing any severe damage.
Two such species are australis on Eucalyptus and
Acacia and the polyphagous coloratus.

LITERATURE

There are numerous small papers on the Aus-
tralasian and Pacific species of Thrips, many by
the late Dr K. Sakimura. An account of the
Philippines’ fauna of about 20 species has been
produced by C.P. Reyes (in press). Bhatti (1980)
published an invaluable account of 33 species
recorded from the Indian sub-continent. The
Thrips fauna of the New World, comprising
about 61 species, has been covered by Gentile &
Bailey (1968) and Nakahara (in press) and the 60
or so European species are keyed in Priesner
(1964), Mound et al. (1976) and Schliephake &
Klimt (1979). The fauna of the African continent
has not yet been studied in depth but is currently
known to be represented by about 30 species of
which seven or eight are widespread in other
continents as well.

The present work is intended to provide not
only a means of identification of the 91 species of
Thrips from the Oriental and Pacific Regions but
also to consider this fauna in a world context.
The species included are all those listed by Jacot-
Guillarmod (1975) under Taeniothrips and
Thrips from the Oriental and Pacific Regions but
excluding those species transferred by Bhatti
(1978) to Amomothrips, Ceratothrips, Dorcadot-
hrips, Javathrips, Laplothrips or Taeniothrips.
Those species known only from the Indian sub-
continent and included in Bhatti (1980) are
included in the key but are not discussed fully in
the text. The synonymies of each species are not
intended to be complete and include only those
names associated with the study area.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS AND
TYPE DEPOSITORIES

I am very grateful for the help and support of many
colleagues, particularly to Jenny Cox, Bill Dolling and

THRIPS FROM PAKISTAN TO PACIFIC

Laurence Mound of The Natural History Museum,
London, for their forbearance and constructive criti-
cism of the manuscript; to the curators of the collec-
tions listed below for lending specimens, particularly to
Steve Nakahara of Washington, Shuji Okajima of
Tokyo and Richard zur Strassen of Frankfurt for allow-
ing me to study their unidentified material; to Pat
Marsh and my daughter Heather for typing some of the
manuscript and for compiling the bibliography. With-
out their assistance this study could not have been
completed.

BMNH —The Natural History Museum, London.

BPBM -—Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Hawaii.

CAS —California Academy of Sciences, San
Francisco.

IARI —Indian Agricultural Research Institute,
New Delhi.

ICH —Ishida Collection, Hokkaido University.

IZUI —Institut ftir Zoologie der Universitat, Inns-
bruck.

JSB —J.S. Bhatti Collection, Delhi.

NHM —Naturhistorisches Museum, Vienna.

NHMB —Natural History Museum, Basel.

NR —Naturhistoriska Riksmuseum, Stockholm.

NZAC —New Zealand Arthropod Collection,
Auckland.

QM —Queensland Museum, Brisbane.

Reyes —C.P. Reyes Collection, University of the
Philippines, Los Banos Museum of Natu-
ral History, Laguna.

Saki —K. Sakimura Collection, Hawaii.

SMF —Senckenberg Museum, Frankfurt.

SO —Shiji Okajima Collection, Tokyo Agricul-
tural University.

TNA —T.N. Ananthakrishnan Collection, Loyola
College, Madras.

USNM —United States National Museum of Natu-

ral History, Washington.
ZSI —Zoological Survey of India, Calcutta.
ZWG —dZhang Wai-Qiu Collection, South China
Agricultural College, Guangzhou.

THRIPS AND RELATED GENERA IN
THE ORIENTAL AND PACIFIC
REGIONS

Following the comprehensive description and
definition of the genus Thrips by Bhatti (1980),
the grass-feeding genera related to Thrips were
discussed by Bhatti & Mound (1980) and the
genus group was defined by Mound & Palmer
(1981). Ten genera related to Thrips and found
in the Oriental and Pacific Regions are included
in these works: Adelphithrips, described by
Mound & Palmer (1981) from the Nothofagus

3

forests of New Zealand is considered to be the
sister-group of the Thrips genus-group and dif-
fers from it in the scattered distribution of micro-
trichia laterally on the tergites and the
propinquity of the median tergal setae; Bolaco-
thrips, a grass-living genus, was excluded from
the genus group by Bhatti & Mound (1980)
presumably because it has a simple, not forked,
sense cone on each of antennal segments III and
IV; Ctenidothrips (monotypic) found on bamboo
in India, is distinguished by its large fore femora,
toothed sternal craspedum and short median
metanotal setae; Ernothrips (monotypic) known
from India and Java, is distinguished by its
smooth flanges of tergal and sternal craspeda;
Fulmekiola (monotypic) common on sugar-cane
throughout the Orient and a pest in Mauritius
and the West Indies, may be distinguished by its
long anteocellar setae (II) and large, lobed tergal
(including tergite VIII) and sternal craspeda.
Microcephalothrips (monotypic) common in
flowers of Compositae throughout the tropics,
subtropics and the USA, is distinguished by its
lobed tergal craspeda; Oxyrrhinothrips (mono-
typic) known only from the type series collected
from Macaranga tanarius on Sebesie in Indone-
sia, is distinguished mainly by its long, pointed
mouthcone, dense fringe of microtrichia laterally
and the posteromarginal craspeda on the terg-
ites. Plesiothrips is grass-living but was excluded
from the Thrips genus-group by Bhatti & Mound
(1980) presumably mainly because it has very
poorly developed ovipositor and tergal ctenidia;
Sphaeropothrips (= Ednathrips) (monotypic) a
European grass-living genus also known from
India, is distinguished mainly by the absence of
mesothoracic sternopleural sutures; Stenchaeto-
thrips, a grass-leaf feeding genus, tropical but
mostly Oriental, is distinguished mainly by its
long anteocellar setae (II).

The majority of Thrips species and all related
genera have seta b2 on tergites III to VIII long,
in contrast to species of Frankliniella and related
genera where b2 is shorter on tergites III to VII.
Seta b3 is normally short on tergites VI to VIII in
all these genera. The genus Thrips may be distin-
guished from all other Thysanoptera genera
found in the Oriental and Pacific Regions by the
following combination of characteristics: anten-
nae 7- or 8-segmented, III and IV each with a
forked sense cone (Figs 1, 42-44, 143). Anterior
pair of ocellar setae (I) absent; lateral pair (II)
shorter than the interocellars (III); postocular
setae usually in an even row (figs 2, 3, 12, 13
etc.). Mesothoracic sternopleural sutures
present. Tergites V to VIII with a row of micro-
trichia (ctenidium) laterally; tergite VIII ctenidia

4

situated posterior and median to the spiracles
(Figs 51-55 etc.). Tergites and sternites without a
deep or lobed posteromarginal flange (craspe-
dum).

A number of species in this work have been
placed, at some time, in subgenera of Thrips or
Taeniothrips or in distinct genera, notably Thrips
(Epithrips) unispinus Moulton, Taeniothrips
(Isochaetothrips) seticollis Bagnall, Isoneuro-
thrips australis Bagnall, Thrips (Isothrips) orien-
talis Bagnall and Ramaswamiahiella subnudula
Karny. Although these species have particularly
distinctive characteristics, it does not help in the
understanding of species or generic relationships
to exclude them from this study nor, indeed, to
isolate them in monobasic genera, from a hope-
fully monophyletic genus.

CHARACTERS STUDIED

Size and colour. Size is fairly uniform through-
out the genus and within the most common and
variable species the largest and darkest speci-
mens are seldom more than 1.3 times as big as
the smallest and palest. Males are generally
smaller than their females but allometric growth
patterns are not apparent in the genus. In the
Oriental Region one of the smallest species,
about 1 mm long, is subnudula (group IV) and
amongst the largest, almost 2.5 mm long, are
gardeniae and tristis (group V). Actual measure-
ments are given here for few species but relative
sizes may be judged from the illustrations.

Colour is often variable and antennal colour is
particularly difficult to interpret. This problem is
discussed in the sumatrensis species group (group
V). Some species, often the more common, have
both brown forms and yellow forms and are
sometimes bicoloured e.g. tabaci and flavus
(group IT), imaginis (group IV) and coloratus and
hawaiiensis (group V). Some species which have
brown females have yellow males. This charac-
teristic could cast doubt on the synonymy of
morindae with javanicus (group II). There are
some species, however, that have constant dis-
tinctive coloration. T. latis (group I), taurus
(group II) and arorai (group V) all have banded
forewings; atactus, carthami, dorax and garudus
(group II), australis, cedri and facetus (group IV)
all have a particularly recognisable colour pat-
tern.

Antennae. Most species consistently have either
7- or 8-segmented antennae, the apical style
comprising one or two small segments respec-
tively (Figs 42, 103-105, 143). This is the most

J.M. PALMER

easily used antennal character but a few species
have both 1- and 2-segmented styles, e.g. flavus
(group II), obscuratus (group IV), florum,
hawaiiensis and possibly wedeliae (group V).
Segments III to VI may differ slightly in size and
shape between species and the sense cones on III
and IV may vary in length between species. T.
australis may be recognised by its unusually
shaped segment VI (fig. 105).

Head. Normally as broad as or broader than
long but two species, alliorum, common around
the north Pacific on onions and phormiicola on
Phormium in New Zealand (group IV), have
particularly long heads (Figs 72, 81) reminiscent
of many grass-living Thysanoptera. The apparent
length of the mouthcone can be affected by
orientation of the head and telescoping of the
head into the pronotum. This may have caused
confusion in the recognition of beharensis (group
Il). Thripidae typically have 3 pairs of ocellar
setae but in Thrips the anterior pair (1) is always
absent; II is situated laterally near the eye; III is
situated either within the triangle formed by the
ocelli (Figs 13, 19, 60 etc.) or just outside its
lateral margins (Figs 2, 12, 17 etc.). The position
of pair III is often a valuable distinguishing
characteristic and, apart from body size, is the
main distinction between the two common spe-
cies palmi and flavus (group II) (Figs 19, 20) but
caution is necessary as it is sometimes variable,
e.g. alius (group I) and longiceps (group V). The
length of pair III is not usually significant but
they are remarkably long in cerno (group IJ)
(Fig. 21). The postocular setae, a row of setae
behind the hind margin of the eye, sometimes
have useful taxonomic characteristics. The
median pair (I) may be displaced posteriorly,
e.g. alliorum (Fig. 72) or the sub-median pair
(II) may be similarly displaced, e.g. vulgatissimus
(group IV). The relative lengths of postocular
setae I, II and III may also help in distinguishing
between closely related species as in the hawai-
iensis species group (group V) (Figs 120, 121).

Pronotum. Usually more or less transversely stri-
ate but striations are absent in some species, e.g.
rapaensis (group II). There are usually 2 pairs of
long posteroangular setae on each posterior
angle but occasionally one or both of these are
short or not developed any more than the discal
setae, e.g. melastomae (Fig. 117) and unispinus
(Fig. 129) (group V). This variation is discussed
on p.9 and under imaginis (group IV). The
density of discal setae is a useful characteristic as
in the number of posteromarginal setae between
the inner posteroangular setae. The Oriental

THRIPS FROM PAKISTAN TO PACIFIC

species normally have 3 pairs of posteromarginal
setae but 4 to 6 pairs may be found in imaginis
(Fig. 77) and subnudula (Fig. 79) (group IV).

Metanotum. Sculpture may be distinctive, striate
(Figs 27, 28, 101, 134 etc.) or reticulate, with
(Figs 7, 8, 66, 139 etc.) or without wrinkles
within the reticulations (Figs 6, 94, 136 etc.).
Although usually a reliable character it is some-
times variable, e.g. alius (group I) (Fig. 4) and
rhabdotus (group II) (Figs 32, 33). The presence
or absence of a pair of campaniform sensilla in
the posterior half of the metanotum is usually
relatively stable within species of Thrips,
(although they are sometimes difficult to see),
and is one of the distinguishing features withu:
the formosanus, rostratus, obscuripes group
(group II) (Figs 27, 29, 34). However, Strauss
(1988) shows that this characteristic may not
always be reliable. There are normally 2 pairs of
setae at or near the anterior margin. The lateral
pair are fairly uniform in length and position but
the median pair of setae usually provide useful
distinguishing characteristics. They may be situ-
ated at the anterior margin (Figs. 35, 130, 140
etc.), slightly posterior (Figs 25, 101) or far back
from the margin (Figs 4-8, 26-33 etc.). Their
position is usually stable within species but is
occasionally variable, e.g. in coloratus (group
V). They are also usually situated equidistant
from the lateral setae or slightly closer to them
than to each other. However, in brevistylus and
pavettae (group V) they are very much closer
together (Figs 132, 138). The median setae are
usually much longer than the laterals but they are
particularly short in evulgo (group IV) (Fig. 96).

Wings. The majority of Thrips are macropterous
in both sexes and in the Oriental and Pacific
Regions it is only nigropilosus (group II) and
phormiicola (group IV) that may be brachypter-
ous or micropterous. Fully developed forewings
have 2 longitudinal seta-bearing veins. The hind
vein normally has a more or less complete row of
setae but that of the first vein varies (Figs 10, 11,
45). Most commonly the setae are arranged in a
basal group of 7 and 3 more widely spaced along
the distal half. Even if there are more distal setae
there is usually a gap after the basal group of 7.
Some species have a complete row of first vein
setae. These setal arrangements are normally
relatively stable but orientalis (group III) is par-
ticularly variable. The forewing scale usually
bears 5 setae with the apical seta longer than the
subapical but sometimes there are more setae,
e.g. australis and subnudula (group IV) and the
apical setae may be shorter than the subapical,

e.g. orientalis and setipennis (group III).

Legs. T. seticollis (group I) and T. coprosmae
(group IV) share the rare characteristic of having
a pretarsal claw on the forelegs (Fig. 108). It is
also found in calcaratus (Uzel) from Europe and
North America and possibly alysii Hood from
North America, and is often difficult to observe.

Abdomen. Tergites III to VIII b2 setae are long
and tergites VI to VIII b3 setae short except in an
undescribed species similar to imaginis which has
b2 setae short on tergites VI and VII, and
subnudula and another similar but undescribed
species which have b3 setae long on tergites VI
and VII (group IV). Tergite II may have 3 or 4
lateral setae but caution is necessary as the 4th
seta is often displaced onto the pleurite (Figs. 49,
50). The posteromarginal comb on tergite VIII
may be entirely absent, there may be a few
microtrichia only laterally (Fig. 64), it may be
complete but with microtrichia short and sparse
or irregularly spaced (Figs. 52, 54, 86, 146, 147
etc.) or it may be a complete, regular comb of
long, fine microtrichia (Figs 53, 55, 89 etc.).
Even if the female of a species has a well
developed comb it may be absent in the male.
Tergites IX & X are usually about equal in length
but they are particularly long in longicaudatus
(group V) (Fig. 152) and IX is particularly short
in facetus (group IV) (Fig. 84). Male tergite IX
bears 2 pairs of setae in the distal half usually
near the posterior margin and the relative lengths
and positions of the median (b1) and submedian
(b2) setae are useful diagnostic features
(Figs. 109-111 etc.). Sternite II usually bears 2
pairs of posteromarginal setae but in 4 New
Zealand species, austellus, coprosmae, obscura-
tus and phormiicola (group IV) and 2 New Cale-
donian species, bianchii and insignis (group 1),
there are 3 pairs. Sternites III to VII usually bear
3 pairs of posteromarginal setae but imaginis has
more than 3 pairs and subnudula has 6 pairs
(both group IV) (Fig. 82). Sternites often also
bear discal setae (Figs. 82, 83), the quantity and
length of which can be useful diagnostic features
but they are particularly variable in orientalis
(group III). Pleurotergites also sometimes bear
discal setae in addition to the 1 posteromarginal
seta (Figs. 106, 107) and various types of sculp-
ture (Figs. 47, 48). In Oriental species the most
common distribution of discal setae is on sterni-
tes II or III to VII although absent from the
pleurotergites (group V). Less commonly discal
setae are found on the pleurotergites as well
(group IV). In a few species they are found on
sternites II or III to VI only (group III) and

6

rarely are they found on the pleurotergites only:
brunneus, setosus and xenos (group II in part).
Discal setae are particularly numerous in a few
species: apicatus, australis, facetus, imaginis and
subnudula (group IV) all have at least 20 sternal
discal setae and 5 or 6 on the pleurotergites.
Males tend to have comparatively fewer discal
setae. With 5 exceptions, males of Oriental
Thrips have a glandular area on each of sternites
III to VII (Figs 56, 150, 151). They are usually
narrowly or broadly transverse but they vary
from small and almost circular, as in Jongiceps, to
occupying most of the sternite, as in simplex
(group V). T. tabaci and flavidulus have a trans-
verse glandular area on each of sternites III to V
only, carthami (group II) has them on III to VI,
coprosmae (group IV) has them on IV or V to
VII only and xenos (group II) is unique in the
genus in having each gland dissected into 5 to 8
small, irregular patches. Due to distortions of the
preparation technique, the precise nature of the
ovipositor is difficult to assess but in 4 species,
facetus (group IV), hispidus, leeuweni and longi-
caudatus (group V), it appears to extend beyond
the end of the abdomen.

CHECKLIST OF SPECIES

Group I

alius sp.n. [C' 2] Philippines, China

beta sp.n. [O’] New Guinea

bianchii Sakimura [C" 2] New Caledonia

insignis Bianchi [o'] New Caledonia

Javanicus Priesner
morindae Priesner syn.n. [O" 9] Java, Malaya

latis Bhatti
ignobilis Ananthakrishnan & Jagadish [C’ 2] India

malloti Priesner
addendus Priesner
rosaceae Moulton [C' 9] Malaya, Sumatra, Java,
New Guinea, Queensland, Bali, Celebes, Solomon
Is, Philippines, Okinawa, Caroline, Palau, Taiwan,
India

pallisetis Sakimura [C’] Australia

reticulatus Moulton [C' 2] New Guinea

Group II

alatus Bhatti [C’ 2] India, Nepal

atactus Bhatti [O’] India

beharensis Ramakrishna & Margabandhu [Cv Q] India

brunneus Ishida [C’ 2] Japan

carthami Shumsher [C’ 9] India, Kashmir, Pakistan,
Bhutan

cerno sp.n.

conocephali Priesner [C’] Java

dorax Bhatti [O’] India

flavidulus Bagnall [C’ 2] India, Nepal, China

J.M. PALMER

flavus Schrank
clarus Moulton (Taeniothrips) syn.n.
saussaureae Ishida (Taeniothrips) [oh 9] Nepal,
Pakistan, India, Thailand, China, Taiwan, Japan,
Korea, Philippine Is, Malaya, Australia; also
Europe, Africa, North America

formosanus Priesner [O’| India, Taiwan, China

fuscicornis Ishida

garuda Bhatti [C’] India

himalayanus Pelikan [C’'] Nepal, China

kodaikanalensis Ananthakrishnan & Jagadish
exhuberans Ananthakrishnan & Jagadish [C’ 9]
India

levatus Bhatti [C’ 2] India, Thailand

modicus Bianchi [O' 2] Samoa

nigropilosus Uzel [OX 9] China, Korea, Japan, Philip-
pines, Hawaii, Fiji, New Zealand, Australia; also
Europe, E. Africa, Mauritius, North America

obscuripes Priesner [C’ 2] Java

pallidulus Bagnall [C’ 2] India, China

palmi Karny
clarus Moulton [Thrips] [Ch 9] Sudan, Mauritius,
Reunion, Pakistan, India, Bangladesh, Thailand,
China, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Japan, Korea, Malaya,
Singapore, Sumatra, Java, Brunei, Philippines, Aus-
tralia NT, Wallis, New Caledonia, Samoa, Guam,
Hawaii, Guadeloupe, Martinique, St Kitts, Trinidad

pectiniprivus Priesner [C’ 2] Krakatau

rapaensis Moulton [C’] Rapa I

rhabdotus Sakimura [C’ 2] Tonga, Fiji

rostratus Priesner [C’] Java, Celebes, Bali

seticollis Bagnall [C’ 2] Australia

setosus Moulton [C’ 2] Japan, Korea, China

tabaci Lindeman [C’ 2] worldwide

tanicus Bhatti [O’ 2] India

taurus Bhatti [C’] India

tectus zur Strassen [C’ 2] Bhutan, Nepal

xenos Bhatti [C’ 2] India

Group III

compressicornis Sakimura [C’ 2] Marquesan Is, Malaya

decens sp.n. [C&' 2] Malaya

extensicornis Priesner [O' 9] Taiwan, Java, Riouw
Arch, Philippines

orientalis Bagnall
setipennis Steinweden & Moulton [C Q] India,
Thailand, China, Japan, Malaya, Java, Philippines,
Borneo, Sarawak, Tahiti, Hawaii

parvispinus Karny
jenseni Karny [C' 2] Thailand, Malaya, Singapore,
Sumatra, Java, Philippines, Celebes, New Guinea,
Solomon Is, Torres St, Queensland

setipennis Bagnall
myrsiniicola Bagnall [O' 9] Australia, Tasmania

taiwanus Takahashi
pallipes Moulton [C’ 2] China, Thailand, Taiwan,
Bali, Philippines, Malaya

THRIPS FROM PAKISTAN TO PACIFIC

Group IV

alliorum Priesner
carteri Moulton [C' 9] China, Taiwan, Japan,
Korea, Manchuria, Hawaii

apicatus Priesner [C’ 2] India, Thailand, Philippines

austellus Mound [Co] New Zealand

australis Bagnall [C&’ 2] worldwide

cedri Bhatti [CO] India

coprosmae Mound [C' 9] New Zealand

evulgo sp.n. [ | Pakistan

facetus sp.n. [C’|] Bangladesh, Malaya

imaginis Bagnall [o’ 2] New Guinea, Australia, Tas-
mania, New Caledonia, New Zealand, Fiji

meridionalis Priesner [C' 9] mainly Mediterranean
distribution. Africa, Europe, Central Asia, Nepal

novocaledonensis Bianchi [Ch 2] New Caledonia, New
Hebrides, Norfolk I

obscuratus Crawford [C&' 2] New Zealand

phormiicola Mound [C" 2] New Zealand

subnudula Karny [C' 2] Pakistan, India, Bali, Philip-
pines, Nigeria, Uganda

vulgatissimus Haliday [o" 2] China, New Zealand; also
Europe, North America

Group V

aleuritis Moulton & Steinweden [C’ 9] Tahiti

andrewsi Bagnall [C’ ?] India, China

arorai Bhatti [O'] India

brevistylus Priesner [C’ 2] Java, Philippines

cinchonae Priesner [O'] Java

coloratus Schmutz
aligherini Girault
japonicus Bagnall
melanurus Bagnall [C' 9] Pakistan, India, Ceylon,
Thailand, Laos, China, Taiwan, Japan, Malaya,
Java, Celebes, Philippines, Brunei, New Guinea,
Queensland

emulatus Ananthakrishnan [C’ 9] India, S.W. Africa

florum Schmutz [C’ @] throughout the Oriental and
Pacific Regions

fulmeki Priesner [C’] Sumatra

gardeniae sp.n. [CO 9] New Guinea, Solomon Is

griseus Bagnall [C’] Japan

hawaiiensis Morgan [C’ 2] throughout the Oriental and
Pacific Regions, northern Australia, southern and
eastern USA

hispidus Ananthakrishnan & Jagadish [C’] India

kotoshoi Moulton [C’] China, Taiwan, Fiji

leeuweni Priesner [C’] Malaya, Singapore

longicaudatus Bianchi [C'] South Australia, Queen-
sland, Samoa, New Guinea, Philippines

longiceps Bagnall [&’ 9] India

melastomae Priesner [O' 9] Thailand, Malaya, Suma-
tra, Java, Riouw Arch, Philippines

Reyes (in press) [’] Philippines

pavettae Priesner [O' 2] Sumatra, Java

samoaensis Moulton [G’] Samoa, New Hebrides

simplex Morison [C' 9] India, China, Hong Kong,
Japan, Hawaii, Philippines, New Guinea, Australia,
New Zealand; also Europe, Africa and the Americas

7.

sumatrensis Priesner [CO' 9] Thailand, Sumatra, Java,
Timor, Guam, Philippines, Tahiti

tristis Priesner [C’ 2] Java

unispinus Moulton [C’ 9] Solomon Is, New Guinea,
Brunei, Queensland

unonae Priesner [C’'] Java

vitticornis Karny
canavaliae Moulton [C’ 9] India, China, Thailand,
Vietnam, Taiwan, Philippines, Malaya, Sumatra,
Java, Solomon Is, New Hebrides, Tonga, Fiji,
Samoa, Guam, Marshall Is, Palau I, Botel, Tobago,
Verlaten, Krakatau, Tambaram, Torres St, Hawaii

wedeliae Priesner [C’] Taiwan, Solomon Is, Timor,
Philippines

NOMINAL SPECIES REMOVED
FROM THRIPS

allia Moulton, 1936: 267. Holotype ©’, [Taeniothrips],
PHILIPPINES, (CAS). Transferred to Ceratothrips
by Bhatti, 1978: 194. [not examined].

armatus Moulton, 1936: 271. Holotype ©’, [Thrips],
PHILIPPINES, (CAS). Labelled as Baliothrips ser-
ratus (Kobus) by Sakimura (= Fulmekiola) but
synonymy apparently not published. [Holotype and
20°, 62 paratypes examined]. Syn. nov.

carteri Moulton, 1937: 411. Holotype oO’, [/soneuro-
thrips|, HAWAII, (CAS). Transferred to Neuriso-
thrips by Sakimura, 1967a: 422. [not examined].

calopgomi Zhang Wai-qiu, 1981: 325. Holotype ©’,
[Taeniothrips]|, CHINA, (ZWG). This species has a
long mouthcone, all abdominal tergites and sternites
with posteromarginal craspeda, tergal ctenidia
absent. It is here transferred to Tusothrips. [Holo-
type and 20" paratypes examined]. Comb. nov.

fusca Moulton, 1936: 270. Cotypes oc’, 9, [Thrips
tusca, sic. see Gentile & Bailey, 1968: 67], PHILIP-
PINES, (CAS). Described from seedling cane, pre-
sumably sugar, it has long ocellar setae II and
belongs in Stenchaetothrips. (30°, 12 cotypes exam-
ined]. Comb. nov.

karafutensis Ishida, 1931: 36. Holotype ©’, [Taenio-
thrips], JAPAN, (ICH). Synonymised with Serico-
thrips gracilicornis Williams by Kudo, 1979: 490.
[not examined].

konumensis Ishida, 1931: 37-39. Holotype ©’, [ Taenio-
thrips], JAPAN, (ICH). Synonymised with Odonto-
thrips biuncus John by Kudo, 1979: 489. [not
examined].

karnyianus Priesner, 1934: 282-283. lectotype ©’,
[Thrips], JAVA, (SMF), [labelled by Bhatti, 1978.
Transferred to Stenchaetothrips by Bhatti & Mound,
1980-15. [examined].

koitakii Moulton, 1940: 253. Holotype o’, [Thrips],
NEW GUINEA, (BPBM). This species has 3 pairs
of ocellar setae and is therefore not a Thrips. It was
described from Saccharum and is more similar to

Stenchaetothrips in many ways. Its coloration is
similar to S. bicolor but it is not congeneric with it.
[3 paratypes examined].

mucunae Ishida, 1934: 57-59. Holotype CO’, [Thrips],
JAPAN, (ICH). Transferred to Baliothrips by
Kud6, 1979: 488-489. Transferred to Stenchaeto-
thrips by Bhatti & Mound, 1980: 16. [Holotype and
1C paratype examined].

paradoxa Linnaeus, 1763: 401. Unknown, [Thrips],
CHINA, (unknown). From the original description
it is obviously not a Thysanopteran and is most likely
to be a Coleopteran.

sacchari Kruger, 1890: 103-106. Syntypes CO, Q,
[Thrips], JAVA, MALAYA, (Depository
unknown). Transferred to Stenchaetothrips by
Bhatti, 1982: 411. [not examined].

setifer Karny, 1920: 38. Lectotype ©’, [Isoneurothrips],
AUSTRALIA, (NR). Transferred to Parabalio-
thrips by Mound & Houston, 1987:7. [10% paralecto-
type examined].

victoriensis Moulton, 1936: 270. Holotype ©’, [Thrips],
PHILIPPINES, (CAS). Labelled as Baliothrips by
Sakimura and should now be regarded as a Stencha-
etothrips similar to faurei. [examined]. Comb. nov.

SPECIES NOT EXAMINED

coreanus Woo, 1974: 47-48. Holotype ©, [Taenio-
thrips], KOREA, (Seoul National University,
Suweon).

Floreus Kurosawa, 1968: 32-33. Holotype o’, [Thrips],
JAPAN, (National Institute of Agricultural Sci-
ences, Tokyo).

inferus Chen, 1979: 423. Holotype oO’, [Thrips], TAI-
WAN, (Bureau of Commodity Inspection and quar-
antine, Taipei).

dealatus Priesner, 1928: 43-45. Holotype CO [Taenio-
thrips], JAVA, (Hamburg, lost). From the original
description and illustration it can be seen to be an
unusual species with 8-segmented antennae; 2 pairs
of ocellar setae; pronotal anteromarginal setae and
inner posteroangular setae much longer than the
outer pair; tergite VIII posteromarginal comb
absent. There are, however, no characteristics given
to place it definitely in either Thrips or Taeniothrips
as presently recognised (Bhatti, 1978 and Mound &
Palmer, 1981). This species has therefore been omit-
ted here although described from ‘the region of
study. Nomen dubium.

J.M. PALMER

INTRODUCTION AND KEY TO
GROUPS

Key to groups

1 Abdominal sternite VII always without discal setae
(cf. Fig. 46); [tergite VIII posteromarginal comb
usually absent medially (Fig. 64) or complete and of
evenly spaced microtrichia (Figs 51, 53, 55)]
(groups.I, 11, Il)! 2. Ae ee Agee ee 2

— Abdominal sternites III-VII always with discal
setae (Figs 82, 83); [tergite VIII posteromarginal
comb usually present but often of irregularly spaced
microtrichia (Figs 85, 86, 147)] (groups IV, V) .. 4

2 Abdominal sternites III-VI usually with discal setae
(cf. Figs 82, 83); [metanotal sculpture usually dis-
tinctly polygonally reticulate (figs 66-68); tergite
VIII posteromarginal comb rarely present medially
sates «Sevtoeeaetsnee sage scaee esas eae eree group III (p. 35)

— Abdominal sternites always without discal setae
(Fig 46)" ee AUER iene cctee see ee 3

Ww

Metanotal sculpture distinctly reticulate (Figs 4-8);
[tergite VIII posteromarginal comb usually absent
medially® 4.5. 5.as-cbeoen tee seas. group I (p. 19)
— Metanotal sculpture longitudinally striate, some-
times with a few reticulations medially (Figs 24-37);
[tergite VIII posteromarginal comb usually com-
plete and of long, regularly spaced microtrichia
(Bigs:S1 S95) secset sereececerctes coe group II (p. 24)

4 Abdominal pleurotergites with discal setae, often
less numerous in males but 1 or 2 pleurites always
with 1 or 2 discal setae (Figs 106, 107) .. group IV

(p. 38)
Abdominal pleurotergites always without discal
setae (cf. Figs 47, 48) ............08 group V (p. 46)

Group characteristics are summarised in Table 1.

The 91 species considered here appear to fall into
five relatively distinct taxonomic groups (keyed
above), essentially those with or without sternal
and pleurotergal discal setae and reticulate or
striate metanotal sculpture. These groups, how-
ever, do not necessarily reflect phylogenetic rela-
tionships (see p. 60). By far the most common
combinations of characteristics in the Oriental
and Pacific Regions are: all sternites and pleurot-
ergites without discal setae and metanotal sculp-
ture longitudinally striate (group II); sternites
II-VII with discal setae, pleurotergites without
discal setae and metanotal sculpture usually stri-
ate or with a few reticulations medially (group
V). It is interesting to compare the New World,
European and what is known of the African
faunas with regard to these 5 groups (Table 2).
The two smallest groups, I and III, appear to
be essentially Austro-oriental in origin with ori-

THRIPS FROM PAKISTAN TO PACIFIC

entalis being the most widespread and common
species. None of the species is yet of economic
significance.

Group II, the largest group of all, is most
diverse in the northern temperate regions and
accounts for more than half of the North Ameri-
can and European faunas. Its representatives in
the Oriental and Pacific faunas are mostly
endemic species from the cooler areas of India
and four others with a more or less worldwide
distribution and are of notable economic signifi-
cance: flavus, nigropilosus, palmi and _ tabaci.
This group also contains species with the rare
combination of pleurotergal discal setae but no
sternal discals. These comprise 9 species from the
American fauna; brevicornis, fulvipes and her-
ricki from Europe; brunneus, setosus and xenos
from this study. The Oriental and Pacific faunas
may also contain a larger Palaearctic element,
yet to be recorded, belonging mainly to this
group.

Group IV contains a large proportion of the
African fauna and most of the New Zealand
species. The palaearctic species meridionalis also
belongs here with vulgatissimus and atratus which
are holarctic, and australis, probably an Austra-
lian species now found in the warmer areas of the
world wherever Eucalyptus is grown. Species
with the potential to have particular economic
significance in this group are alliorum, common
on onions, imaginis, the plague thrips of Austra-
lian fruit trees, and obscuratus, its New Zealand
equivalent.

Species of group V are well distributed
throughout the region of study. They represent
the highest proportion of the Old World Tropics’
fauna and include most of the endemic African
and Austro-oriental species. The worldwide
gladiolus thrips, simplex, and the Oriental
banana and oil palm pest and pollinator species,
florum and hawaiiensis, also belong in this group.

Although these groups appear to have not only
taxonomic but also biological, geographical and
some phylogenetic significance, the boundaries
between them are not always clear. It is possible
that some species are more closely related to
those in another group than to the rest of their
own group, as is discussed under ‘Phylogenetic
considerations’ (p. 60). Such situations may
occur between groups I and III with decens,
extensicornis and orientalis, and between groups
IV and V with alliorum and novocaledonensis
(Table 1) and the unispinus group summarised in
Table 3.

The undescribed species E in this table is
represented by a single C&’ from Tanah Rata and
10 from Taiwan (SO). They have pleurotergal

9

discal setae and are very similar to imaginis and
subnudula but have both pairs of pronotal pos-
teroangular setae short, little longer than the
discals, and a more distinctly reticulate metano-
tum like that of unispinus. The undescribed
species B in this table is represented by a series of
90°, 59 from New Guinea (BMNH). These
specimens are almost identical to imaginis but
are without pleurotergal discal setae. The males
have a transverse glandular area on each of
sternites III-VII; tergite VIII posteromarginal
comb absent; [X bl setae shorter than b2 and
closer to b2 than to each other. They belong,
therfore, in group V, possibly related to the
unispinus group. There are a number of species
complexes in Thrips which are highlighted
throughout the text but this is perhaps the most
difficult to resolve. It may indicate some instabil-
ity in the characteristics examined and this
should always be borne in mind when using
identification keys and recording new species.

KEY TO ORIENTAL AND PACIFIC
THRIPS SPECIES FEMALES (Key to
males p. 15)

N.B. A few species appear more than once in the
key due to morphological variation. The female
of fuscicornis in group II is unknown.

Females

—

Abdominal sternites without discal setae (Figs 9,
AO) GLOW PSHM ccs xcisceemeste tne re tpen en cannncitectee 2
Abdominal sternites with at least 1 pair of discal
setae (Figs 82, 83) Groups III, IV, V ............. 42

i

Metanotal sculpture distinctly reticulate (Figs 4-8)
GOA ee se teste sa nstevacleass smasiesuactinehoadeetmencnts 3
— Metanotal sculpture usually striate, sometimes with
a few reticulations medially (Figs 24-37) Group

chee acta setae aoe AS cali select ade lie 15
3 Metanotal sculpture of distinctive, elongate reticu-
TAHOMSI(ETLS A) P tanec cade eaatioaee seete se teaeecs sea +
— Metanotal sculpture polygonally reticulate, not
elongate (Rigs! SOG)! site re. sete s eenaett eins cant 6
4 Forewings completely pale, first vein with a com-

plete row of setae (cf. Fig. 10) ............. pallisetis
— Forewings dark with pale base, first vein usually
with more than 7 basal and 3 distal setae but not a
comypsectemowa(Eigeeli))me.. sseatemseeer --m-ceeeeeee 5

5 Ocellar setae III situated inside ocellar triangle (cf.
IDS lod reaenccnenenc acetate tescecteccemer res Javanicus
— Ocellar setae III situated outside ocellar triangle
(igs 2) ae hs eee eee alius sp.n. in part

10
6

a

co

10

1

—

12

Antennae 8-segmented (cf. Fig. 143); sternite II
with 3 pairs of posteromarginal setae; [posteromar-
ginal comb on abdominal tergite vIII present medi-
ally (cf. Figs 53, 54); reticulations of metanotal
sculpture clear, without internal wrinkles (Fig. 6);
forewings usually with a complete row of first vein
setae (cf. Fig. 10)]
Antennae 8-segmented (cf. Fig. 143); sternite II
with 3 pairs of posteromarginal setae; [posteromar-
ginal comb on abdominal tergite VIII present medi-
ally (cf. Figs 53, 54); reticulations of metanotal
sculpture clear, without internal wrinkles (Fig. 6);
forewings usually with a complete row of first vein
setae (cf. Fig. 10)]
Antennae 7-segmented (cf. Fig. 42); sternite II with
2 pairs of posteromarginal setae; [comb often
absent medially (cf. Figs 52, 64); reticulations of
metanotal sculpture often with internal wrinkles
(Fig. 8) (very slight in extensicornis); number of
forewing first vein setae various]

Tergite VIII posteromarginal comb of long and fine
microtrichia; antennae short; yellow species
sfcla;dNialetjeta otaeas vieieieetnrja tiajoidlawiteierotiaiiciestafeihe sloieise oeermee insignis
Tergite VIII posteromarginal comb of very short
microtrichia antennae long; brown species
SE Cee ee te ee ee bianchii
Forewings completely dark; sternites usually with at
least 1 pair of discal setae; [metanotal campaniform
sensilla absent (Figs 67, 68)]
Forewings dark with at least base pale; sternites
without discal setae; [metanotal campaniform sen-
silla absent or present (Figs 5, 8)] .........--....- 10

Ocellar setae III situated outside ocellar triangle
(Fig. 61); forewing first vein usually with an almost
complete row of setae (cf. Fig. 10) .... orientalis in
part

Ocellar setae III situated inside ocellar triangle
(Fig. 60); forewing first vein with 7 basal and 3
distal setae extensicornis in part

Sternite VII median setae situated on posterior
margin (Fig. 96); [metanotal campaniform sensilla
present]
Sternite VII median setae situated in front of poste-
noramargin! (BigN9a)| ets: ceeesrreseseseece care acs 12

Brown species; forewing dark with base pale, first
vein with three distal setae; antennal segments I &
II brown: tergite VIII comb absent medially; met-
anotal sculpture arranged almost in a whorl
(Fig. 5); pronotum with 3 pairs of posteromarginal
setae, inner posteroangular setae distinctly longer
than outer pair beta sp.n.
Yellow species; forewing pale with a narrow, darker
band near base, first vein with 6 distal setae;
antennal segments I & II pale; tergite VIII comb
complete; metanotal sculpture broadly elongate;
pronotum with 4 pairs of posteromarginal setae,
posteroangular setae subequal taurus

Antennal sense cones long, those on III & IV
reaching well into apical half of IV & V respec-

13

1

-

16

17

18

19

J.M. PALMER

tively; [forewing first vein with 3 distal setae; ocellar
setae III situated inside ocellar triangle (Fig. 13);
metanotal campaniform sensilla absent (Fig. 8);
tergite VIII comb complete] reticulatus
Sense cones short, reaching no further than basal
quarter of subsequent segment (Fig. 1); [forewing
first vein usually with 4 or more distal setae, or with
2; ocellar setae III situated usually outside triangle,
near anterior margin; metanotal campaniform sen-
sillajpresentior absent |iilee.. 012+ eseee eee ate eee 13

Yellow species; forewing pale with 2 narrow dark
bands; first vein with 2 distal setae; tergite II with 4
lateral setae (cf. Fig. 49); tergite VIII comb com-
plete; [metanotal campaniform sensilla absent]
Brown species; forewing dark with only base pale;
first vein with 3 or more distal setae; tergite II with
3 lateral setae (cf. Fig. 50); tergite VIII comb
absent/at leastsmedially pcr >. .3.2-¢-.-vd-ndeeeeeeet ees 14

Forewing first vein with an almost complete row of
setae; metanotal sculpture polygonally reticulate
(cf. Figs 67, 68), campaniform sensilla present
(cf. Figs 5, 6) malloti
Forewing first vein with 7 basal and 3-6 distal setae;
metanotal sculpture of poorly formed elongate
reticulations, sensilla absent (Fig. 4) . alius sp.n. in
part

Median metanotal setae situated on anterior margin
of segment (Figs 25, 35); antennae 8-segmented

Median metanotal setae situated behind anterior
margin (Figs 26-34 etc); antennae often 7-segmented
cdeiaca te os aetiee nia ur wcpemooeepipm mats: tadaey oi caee ar ee 18

Forewing first vein with 3 distal setae

DeestaNLucee cece st ocatece Tees deena ee same TORE nee himalayanus
Forewing first vein with a complete row of evenly
Spaced'setae’y .13:5,.5 Sai 55 525. ese ee. eee 17

Metanotal sculpture closely striate (Fig. 35); poster-
omarginal comb on tergite VIII of long, fine micro-
trichia, complete, sometimes with a few teeth miss-
ing medially (cf. Fig. 55); ocellar setae III short,
little longer than the distance between their bases
(Fig. 39) seticollis
Metanotal sculpture more broadly striate (Fig. 25);
posteromarginal comb on tergite VIII absent; ocel-
lar setae III very long, more than 3 times as long as
the distance between their bases (Fig. 21)

cerno sp.n.

Posteromarginal comb on tergite VIII complete and
of long, fine microtrichia (Figs 53, 55)
Posteromarginal comb usually incomplete or
absent, if complete then irregular and usually of
very small microtrichia (Figs 52, 54) .............. 35

Pleurotergites with 1-3 discal setae (cf. Fig. 107);
[tergite If with 3 lateral marginal setae
(Figs SO) onc celsase-asecossscaecete ae raee econ se eee eee 20

Pleurotergites without discal setae (Figs 47, 48);
[tergite II with 3 or 4 lateral marginal setae (Figs 49,

THRIPS FROM PAKISTAN TO PACIFIC

20 Yellow species; forewings pale; pronotum with 2
pairs of posteromarginal setae; metanotal campani-
FOLD SENSHIA ADSEME «pone « ino ca vcvactinesoaencisineen xenos

— Brown species; forewings dark; pronotum with 3
pairs of posteromarginal setae; metanotal campani-

form sensilla present (Fig. 36) ..............:000006- 21

21 Antennal segment III and base of IV & V pale
Se eerste eiclciaid a ohelclalaiersceaieso.de cleios cap einateiint ads Setosus
— Antennal segments IV & V wholly dark, III slightly
Case deat «caves steven scacedonaedaceesancnevss brunneus
22 Ocellar setae III situated inside or near margin of
Gcellar triangle (Figs 19,41) 0 .....220..-<-. acerca 23
— Ocellar setae III situated outside or near margins of
ocellar triangle (Figs 18, 20,22) .................5 25
23 Pleurotergites with rows of ciliate microtrichia

(Fig. 47); tergite IX with only 1 pair of campani-
form sensilla (Fig. 55); forewing first vein with 7
basal and 3-6 (usually 4) distal setae (Fig. 45);
tergite II with 3 lateral marginal setae (cf. Fig. 50);
metanotal sculpture with a few reticulations medi-
ally (Fig. 37); postocular setae all subequal in
length (Fig. 41); [antennae 7-segmented (Fig. 42);
colour variable, yellow to brown] ............. tabaci
— Pleurotergites without microtrichia (Fig. 48); terg-
ite IX with 2 pairs of campaniform sensilla
(cf. Figs 84, 152); forewing first vein with 7 basal
and 2-3 distal setae; tergite II with 4 lateral mar-
ginal setae (cf. Fig. 49); metanotal sculpture striate;
postocular seta II minute, much smaller than I or III
(Fig. 19); [antennae 7- or 8-segmented] ......... 24

24 Large yellow species; antennal segments IV & V
SES ANE). 2s ee ee teiciksiees ciate flavus and flavidulus

— Large pale brown species; antennal segments IV &
WADLOMI ccs csccasennnccecscceresssees@bnin kodaikanalensis

25 Brown species; wings dusky or dark; antennal seg-
ments I & II as dark as, or darker than III ...... 26

— Pale yellow or with some brown markings; wings
pale or banded; antennal segments I & II often
Palemta UE oe5 05. vosnanadueansemenn@treuss senses 29

26 Antennae 8-segmented; [forewing first vein with 4
AGiLONS )iGistall' Setae]| <c-.recssccereest eee -ee seems tectus

— Antennae 7-segmented; [forewing first vein with 3
distal setae] (this group also includes tanicus) .. 27

27 Antennal segment III pale ............... formosanus
— Antennae completely dark ....................0.005 28

28 Ocellar setae III situated near margins of ocellar
triangle; metanotal campaniform sensilla present
(Eig429) pct eee. ee obscuripes

— Ocellar setae III further apart, outside ocellar trian-
gle (Fig. 38); metanotal campaniform sensilla

absenti(Bige 34) esas tee etek rostratus
29 Pale yellow species without any brown abdominal
markings; [metanotal campaniform sensilla
PICSEDE | js wisccte hares wae nwh staat dea cecbennace nesses 30

— Yellow or pale brown species with darker abdomi-

ia liMMALKIMNOS.. Sead cdbwads. mveatistwrs teiblvar vaskiqecooad 32

30 Forewings banded, first vein with 6 distal setae;
pronotum with 4 pairs of posteromarginal setae
(cf. Figs 71, 77); tergite II with 3 lateral marginal
SENS (Gaal FOS (0) nen eae cee taurus

— Forewings uniformly pale or dusky; first vein with
2-3 distal setae; pronotum with 3 pairs of postero-
marginal setae; tergite II with 4 lateral marginal
Setae (Big AO one asi ntin scans cidales aasiacacienns 31

3

raire

Metanotal sculpture striate, converging posteriorly
(Fig. 30); [antennal segment IV base often pale]
Desa sbeetgorne awan dnnescaderscscaestaqsucssaexotesianone cers palmi
— Metanotal sculpture striate, not converging posteri-
orly; [antennal segment IV brown] ........... alatus
— Metanotal sculpture reticulate medially; [antennal
Scgmenthy ipale|) 2248..0e5 svaiets. Seezeee-< pallidulus

32 Metanotal campaniform sensilla present; [forewings
Palettes tects onccdsstacescanaee oe carthami

— Metanotal campaniform sensilla absent; [forewings,
when fully developed, often banded] ............. 33

33 Often micropterous; abdominal tergites with 2 or 3

lines of sculpture between median setae
(ETO FO). Wascsccn tec ad tae gence ies wea e nigropilosus
— Macropterous; abdominal tergites unsculptured
medially (chi Figs ADpRR Lites: cevcescevscns .eeccsees eee 34
34 Forewing with distinct dark band; antennal seg-
ments. all darkey se 5. 2a... 5.002d.. Asean eee te atactus
— Forewing with paler dark band; antennal segment I
andiapexiomIh pale 222nceneks esi. este garuda

35 Posteromarginal comb on tergite VIII apparently
absent medially; metanotal sculpture broadly striate
or with some reticulations medially (Fig. 31); [ocel-
lar setae III situated sometimes inside ocellar trian-
gle; forewing first vein with 7 basal and 3-6 distal
Setate] pl ent, ete tele AB se eh i 36

— Posteromarginal comb on tergite VIII complete but
irregular (Fig. 54); metanotal sculpture closely stri-
ate (Figs 28, 32, 33); [ocellar setae III situated
outside ocellar triangle (Figs 18, 23); forewing first
vein with 3 distal or a complete row of setae] .. 39

36 Ocellar setae III situated inside ocellar triangle;
VEllOWISPECIESA, «224-5 desea ckichive sda eeeese ete levatus
Ocellar setae III situated outside or on margins of
ocellar triangle (Figs 16, 17); brown species .... 37

37 Reticulations of metanotum often almost polygo-
nal; [with internal wrinkles (Fig. 4)] .... alius sp.n.
Metanotal sculpture almost striate or of ill-formed
elongate reticulations medially; [with or without
wrinkles (Fie? 3ilycf. Big. 133))\ 2-2 2..c.ceeetee 38

3

co

Antennal segments IV & V brown; median metano-
tal setae situated near anterior margin
(cf. Fig. 133); pronotal discal setae numerous
(ETDs TO vec ccaneessorndeedeesttaasums auc acce conocephali
— Antennal segments IV & V bicoloured, pale at
base; median metanotal setae situated behind ante-
rior margin (Fig. 31); pronotal discal setae sparser
(Eig: 916) pers sept .epascems Bede deomilocsce unre pectiniprivus

12

39

40

41

42

4

ie)

44

4

n

46

47

Forewing pale with a dark band, first vein with 3
distal setae; bicoloured species dorax
Forewing dark or only base pale, first vein with a
complete row of setae: brown species ............ 40

Metanotal campaniform sensilla absent (Fig. 28);
head setae minute, pronotal posteroangular and
median metanotal setae short (Fig. 23) ... modicus
Metanotal sensilla present (Figs 32, 33); head and

major setae longer (Fig. 118) \e-ceenen--eeeeeeeseeee: 41
Pronotum with transverse striations ..... rhabdotus
Pronotum without striations (Fig. 18) ... rapaensis

Sternite VII without discal setae; [pleurotergites
without discal setae; metanotal campaniform sen-
silla absent, median setae usually situated behind
anterior margin (Figs 66-68)] Group III ......... 43
Sternite VII with discal setae (Fig. 83); [pleuroterg-
ites with or without discal setae; metanotal campan-
iform sensilla present or absent, median setae
situated often at anterior margin (Figs 91-102,
131142) (Groups WWI eee eres meateeet eet 49

Posteromarginal comb on tergite VIII complete,
microtrichia fine and regular; metanotal sculpture
closely striate; sternal discal setae, particularly on
sternite II, situated near posterior margin (Fig. 65);
antennae 8-segmented; [forewing first vein with a
complete row of setae] setipennis
Posteromarginal comb on tergite VIII usually
absent medially (Fig. 64), if complete then microtri-
chia short and irregular; metanotal sculpture reticu-
late (Figs 66-68); sternal discal setae situated in
middle of sclerite, not near posterior margin
(cf. Figs 82-83); antennae 7-segmented; [forewing
first vein sometimes without a complete row of
setae]

Ocellar setae III situated inside ocellar triangle
(Figs 59, 60); [forewing first vein with gap in setal
HOW) hin ont Seaeeuet Chee ioe eee Sade emeeeas 45
Ocellar setae III situated on or outside margins of
ocellar triangle (Figs 61, 62) [forewing first vein
usually with a complete row of setae] ............ 46

Antennal segments IV & V basal half pale; metano-
tum polygonally reticulate (Fig. 67); forewing first
vein with 7 basal and 3 distal setae

save iO EMR BO th abateheeeat extensicornis in part
Antennal segments IV & V brown; metanotal
sculpture of smaller elongate reticulations (Fig. 66);
forewing first vein with 10-14 basal and 2-3 distal
setae decens sp.n.

Forewings completely dark; sternites II-VI with
0-6 discal setae; reticulations of metanotal sculpture
with internal wrinkles (Fig. 68) .. orientalis in part
Forewings dark with base pale; sternites II-VI with
6-14 discal setae; metanotal sculpture without inter-
mal wrinkles|(Cishigs(@=) 94) iin eeeen ieee eeeen eee 47

Ocellar setae III situated on margin of ocellar
triangle (Fig. 62); sternites with 5-6 pairs of discal
setae; median metanotal setae situated near ante-

4

oo

49

50

5

—

52

53

54

55

J.M. PALMER

rior margin; antennae dark, segment III base
pale parvispinus
Ocellar setae III further apart, outside ocellar trian-
gle; sternites with 3-5 pairs of discal setae; median
metanotal setae situated further behind anterior
margin; at least antennal segment III and base of IV
jor (eae arene rs Te aes se aisn Somme seuatas ont Scsiocts 48

Sternites with 4-5 pairs of discal setae; antennal
segment III pale, IV & V bicoloured taiwanus
Sternites with 3-4 pairs of discal setae; antennal
segments I-III and base of IV pale

compressicornis

Pleurotergites with discal setae (Figs 106, 107);
median metanotal setae situated usually behind
anterior margin (Figs 91-102) Group IV
Pleurotergites without discal setae (cf. Figs 47, 48);
median metanotal setae situated often at anterior
margin (Figs 130-142) Group V

Forewing first vein with complete or almost com-
plete row of numerous setae; sometimes microp-
terous or brachypterous
Forewing first vein with 7 or 8 basal and only 2 or 3
distal setae; always macropterous ...............-. 55

Comb on tergite VIII absent medially; apical anten-
nal segments sharply tapering (Fig. 105); sternite II
with 2 pairs of posteromarginal setae; sternite VII
with more than 20 discal setae (cf. Fig. 83)

dia sais seoaiomieisiiteinare ts be. calsie ater On eas temieiserscheeeeeaee australis
Comb on tergite VIII complete but often irregular
(Fig. 90); apical antennal segments finely tapering;
sternite II with 3 pairs of posteromarginal setae;
sternite VII with fewer than 15 discal setae ..... 52

Antennae completely brown; [metanotal sculpture
striate; sternites with 6-14 discal setae; antennae 7-
or 8-segmented] obscuratus
Antennal segments I, II, III or more, paler than the
rest; [metanotum with broader striations or a few
reticulations medially (Figs 93, 95, 100); sternites
with 6-10 discal setae; antennae 7-segmented] . 53

Metanotal campaniform sensilla absent (Fig. 95);
foretarsi with an apical claw; antennal segments
II-VI brown, much darker than I or II

RES Ie eer eee Toe ee dee ee enero coprosmae
Metanotal campaniform sensilla present (Fig. 100);
foretarsi without an apical claw; at least the base of
antennal segment III as pale as or paler than the
TESE co sen anenitiarisinsacen cone tet eeee eee Ree Cee Oe eee EEEE Ee 54

Head not produced in front of eyes (Fig. 74);
metanotal sculpture slightly reticulate medially,
median setae shorter than outer pair (Fig. 93);
abdomen pale, yellow austellus
Head elongate, slightly produced in front of eyes
(Fig. 81); metanotal sculpture striate, median setae
longer than outer pair (Fig. 100); abdominal seg-
ments brown; [forewings often not fully developed]
phormiicola

Pronotum usually with 3 pairs of posteromarginal

THRIPS FROM PAKISTAN TO PACIFIC

setae, sometimes fewer (Figs 72-76); metanotal
sculpture more or less striate (Figs 91, 92, 96);
{abdominal sternites with 3 pairs of posteromarginal
setae; ocellar setae III situated outside ocellar trian-
gle (Figs 70, 73, 75); posteromarginal comb on
tergite VIII usually present medially (Figs 86, 88,
89); antennae 7- or 8-segmented]
— Pronotum with 4 or 5S pairs of posteromarginal setae
(Figs 71, 77, 79); metanotal sculpture reticulate or
with at least some reticulations medially (Figs 94,
98, 102); [abdominal sternites usually with more
than 3 pairs of posteromarginal setae (Fig. 82);
ocellar setae situated inside or outside ocellar trian-
gle (Figs 77, 79); posteromarginal comb on tergite
VIII absent medially (Fig. 87); antennae
HESS CINCIUCO |e sets a2 ctl ouiele a. cicceidedeas eatdiseacbar’ 63

56 Posteromarginal comb on tergite VIII complete,
microtrichia long, fine and regular (Figs 84,
Biber ete). Sire thc a asad Weecnpaaeeccwes ge deasan 57

— Posteromarginal comb on tergite VIII absent
(Fig. 85), complete but irregular, microtrichia often
on broad bases (Figs 86, 88), or with only a few
microtrichia medially

57 Sternites with 15-20 discal setae; head and thoracic
setae short and broad (Figs 75, 97); abdominal
tergite X about twice as long as IX (Fig. 84);
[distinctively bicoloured species; pleurotergites with
A= OiclisCall SETAE)... de snce-deedeivinsedernins facetus sp.n.

— Sternites with 7-15 discal setae; head and thoracic
setae finer; abdominal tergite IX subequal to

58 Antennae 7-segmented; [pleurotergites with 2 discal
setae]

— Antennae 8-segmented; [pleurotergites with 2-4
BISEAUSELAG| Yc nee. ceterie oc sn conten cctenaeecseeetes tare 60

59 Forewing dark; postocular setae II & III small
(ira 73) sbrown' Species: s......+.c0+0-.-- evulgo sp.n.

— Forewing pale; postocular setae III well-developed;
EICOIONKEUISMECIES: fe sciccwcocecuccacte dare ccncnenndte cedri

60 Forewing pale or shaded; pleurotergites with 3-4

CUSCAUSE LACM Leis Missed teats cesotee sae vulgatissimus
— Forewing dark; pleurotergites with 2-3 discal setae-
JeCe Ceca BECCA CED “OC CE COERUORECCR COS ICOC EEE meridionalis

61 Yellow species; sternites with about 20 long discal
setae almost reaching posterior margin (Fig. 83);
antennac./-scamentedier.s.).scesseaarestese apicatus

— Brown species; sternites with fewer, shorter discal
setae about 0.5 times length of segment; antennae
Sesepmente dey. Ci hate weer.-tenseee. tocace eee eee nn 62

62 Forewing dark, first vein with 4+ 8-10 basal and 2-3
distal setae; pleurotergites with 1-3 discal setae;
posteromarginal comb on tergite VIII of irregularly
spaced microtrichia on broad bases (Fig. 86);

median metanotal setae at anterior margin
(Fig. 99); all postocular setae in a row
(Gig: T8) sine desis ceeeeeie eee novocaledonensis

— Forewing pale, first vein with 4+5—7 basal and 2-3
distal setae; pleurotergites with 3—4 discal setae;

63

64

65

66

67

68

6

‘©

70

13

posteromarginal comb on tergite VII of short, irreg-
ular microtrichia, almost lobed or absent medially
(Fig. 85); metanotum with median setae behind
anterior margin (Fig. 91); head long with a pair of
small postocular setae situated far behind row
(Bight 72) eree te tccdea co eenee wat etees te. tee alliorum

Ocellar setae III situated inside ocellar triangle
(Fig. 79); sternites with 6 pairs of posteromarginal
setae (Fig. 82); pronotum with 5 pairs of postero-
marginal and numerous additional discal setae
CEigsd7 9) rarer see ere subnudula
Ocellar setae III situated outside or near anterior
margins of ocellar triangle (Fig. 77); sternites with
3+4 pairs of posteromarginal setae; pronotum with 4
or 5 pairs of posteromarginal and the normal num-
ber of'disealisciaetn:. ) Paes, eee imaginis

Posteromarginal comb on tergite VIII incomplete
or absent (Fig. 145)
Posteromarginal comb on tergite VIII complete
CES AAP TAG AS eT eet etccce tee cco 71

Outer pronotal posteroangular seta much smaller
than inner, little longer than discal setae (Fig. 129);
[sternites often with more than 6 posteromarginal
SCLAGI Sc ccecemadcensccc sacar deeeebene Bat: ase unispinus
Both pairs of pronotal posteroangular setae sube-
qual, equal to or twice as long as discal setae
(Figs 113-119, 122-126); [sternites with only 6 pos-
LeOMmar pital SEtac|Pecctect.cteree reer coor ecto 66

Metanotal sculpture closely striate (Figs 91, 134);
{antennae 8-segmented; ocellar setae III situated
outside ocellar triangle (Figs 123, 128)] .......... 67
Metanotal sculpture reticulate (Fig. 136)

Median metanotal setae situated behind anterior
margin (Fig. 91); postocular setae II small and
situated well behind row; ocellar setae II well
developed (fig. 72); [pleurotergites with 0-3 discal
SEAS ioe Ma. cas sae ae sees Rte damned alliorum
Median metanotal setae situated at anterior margin
(Fig. 134); all postocular setae in a row; ocellar
setae III smaller (Figs 123, 128); [pleurotergites
without discalisetac], .fvestacassseesee--. coer teeee ees 68

Forewing dark with base pale, first vein with a
complete row of setae; postocular setae I long
(Fig. 123); [body setae very dark; large brown
species about 2 mm long] ........... gardeniae sp.n.
Forewing completely dark, first vein with 7-14 basal
and 3-8 distal setae; postocular setae all subequal
andi smalli(Bigs el 28)... ee. 6 dete. eee eee 69

Forewing first vein with 7 basal and 3-8 distal setae;
smaller species, about 1.25 mm long; [brown]
Sacainind a Se orocear ca Sereno ia Amease rica cae vitticornis
Forewing first vein with 7 basal and 3 distal setae;
larger species, about 1.5 mm long; [brown]

We dee sgitte awa tadsagogancaadtenwe cosas hee banetee see kotoshoi

Median metanotal setae situated well behind ante-
rior margin; forewing first vein with 7 basal and 4
distal setae; pronotum with distinct, transverse stri-

14

ations; abdominal segments IX & X and ovipositor
not particularly long; antennae 7-segmented
Svat as bora eremaattettsdreavetey [n.sp.Reyes, in press]
— Median metanotal setae situated at anterior margin;
forewing first vein with a complete row of setae;
pronotum almost without striations (Fig. 118);
abdominal segments IX & X particularly long and
narrow (Fig. 152); antennae 8-segmented
Senn alae demo cicpant eh mineiiteecle Ane tee Pome eeeees longicaudatus
— Median metanotal setae situated at anterior margin;
forewing first vein with 7 basal and 3 distal setae;
pronotum with distinct transverse striations
(Fig. 116); abdominal segments IX & X shorter but
Ovipositor apparently extending beyond tip of X;
antennae 7- or 8-segmented ................. leeuweni

7

—

Ocellar setae III situated inside ocellar triangle
(Fig. 122) (variable in longiceps)
Ocellar setae III situated outside ocellar triangle
(Bigs TI2=118 51205 1212427 eee eeceee eases 74

72 Antennae 7-segmented; outer pronotal posteroan-
gular setae much shorter than inner; [forewing first
vein with 3 distal setae; metanotal campaniform
sensilla‘absent]| [Meee cstees scene teee setae. notes emulatus

— Antennae 8-segmented; pronotal posteroangular
setae simtlarinllenpth yy... 20e see cecseeeaeeese aerate 73

73 Forewing first vein with 3 distal setae; metanotal
sculpture broadly striate, campaniform sensilla
present; postocular seta II displaced posteriorly
behind ceokily £2035.. eeiecccbesowte ce eonaseeee longiceps

— Forewing first vein with 4~7 distal setae; metanotal
sculpture of elongate reticulations with internal
wrinkles, campaniform sensilla absent (Fig. 139);

postocular seta II in line with I & III
(Rig F122) Meee 5. Racert ode vit acnereat nett simplex
74 Forewing first vein without a long gap in setae,

10-16 basal and 2-3 distal setae, sometimes almost
a complete row; [metanotal sculpture striate] .. 75
— Forewing first vein with a long gap in setae, usually
7, rarely 8-9 basal and 2-4 distal setae; [metanotal

sculpture sometimes reticulate medially] ........ 79
75 Antennae 8-segmented, segments IV & V
EOWA, ea 2 AS es Bee eee 76

— Antennae usually 7-segmented, if 8-segmented then
antennal segments IV & V pale in basal half ... 77

76 Forewing with an almost complete row of first vein
setae; metanotum very closely striate; larger spe-
Ciessyabout2; mmiullongpase- eee ceeeee seer fulmeki

— Forewing with a gap in row of first vein setae;
metanotum less closely striate; smaller species,
aboutadimuilonpetere. sees: race eee seer samoaensis

77 Antennal segments IV & V bicoloured, basal half
pale; [tergite VIII posteromarginal comb of short
and irregular microtrichia; antennae 7- or
S-sepmented ||. .atesstecetetes coco eeeeeeere wedeliae

— Antennal segments IV—VII brown, IV & V rarely
pale at extreme base; [antennae 7-segmented] . 78

78 Posteromarginal comb on tergite VIII of fine and

79

80

8

rearg

82

83

84

85

J.M. PALMER

regular microtrichia (Fig. 144); head setae small
(Fig. 114); abdominal sternites with about 8 discal
SOLAS sioner des gcemneeh scebannSeapaseaepenene cinchonae
Posteromarginal comb on tergite VIII of short and
irregular microtrichia (Fig. 148); postocular setae I
and ocellar setae III well developed (Fig. 124);
abdominal sternites with 8-16, usually more than
1d. discal Sctae. -. <cs. coe coc ee eee ae sumatrensis

Median metanotal setae situated behind anterior
margin; [antennae 7-segmented]
Median metanotal setae situated at or near anterior
margin, if situated behind anterior margin then
antennae usually 8-segmented; [antennae 7- or
S-segmented|] Ntev..s-ce. ste. eeeaee oe cee eee eee 83

Forewings banded; [median metanotal setae situ-
ated well behind anterior margin] ............ arorai
Forewings not banded, unicolorous or with base
paler; [median metanotal setae situated sometimes
nearer to anterior Margin) j...-c4c-s--cececeeee eee 81

Forewings with base pale; [usually pale or darker
yellow-brown species with at least darker brown
antennal segments VII, VI, apical half of V & IV,
abdominal tergite X, usually [IX and sometimes a
small, median patch on tergites V-VIII dark, some-
times entirely brown but always darkest medially;
postocular setae I well developed; forewing first
vein with 7 basal and 3 distal setae; posteromarginal
comb on tergite VIII complete and of long, fine
irregular microtrichia on broad bases; median met-
anotal setae situated usually behind or near anterior
margin, sometimes on the margin; abdominal stern-
ites with 12-20 discal setae] ................. coloratus
Forewings entirely brown; [brown species; antennal
segments III & IV brown with base pale; abdominal
tergites always concolorous; forewing first vein with
7 basal and 3-4 distal setae; metanotal sculpture
Striate’ 2...22.. tvs ie sostaeoeateeey: «eee See 82

Postocular setae I small; abdominal sternites with
8-9 discal setae; antennal segments V & VI entirely
DIOWD. .: idsscnss aeverences Reteesen: cee tee griseus
Postocular setae I well developed; abdominal stern-
ites with 15—18 discal setae; antennal segments V &
WI with base pale <:2tes:it.eteeeeee 2 eee eee hispidus

Antennae completely brown; [median metanotal
setae situated sometimes behind anterior margin;
antennaers-sepmented||messsceeeee he -peeee eee ae 84
Antennal segment III pale, yellow

Postocular seta II long and displaced posteriorly
behind I & III; from India .................. longiceps
Postocular setae II shorter than I & III and not
displaced posteriorly; from Java (Fig. 125)

Median metanotal setae closer together than to
lateral pair (Figs 132, 138); [antennae 8-segmented;
metanotal sculpture striate; abdominal sternites
with about 10 discal setae] ..............-:.ceeeeeeeee 86
Median metanotal setae closer to lateral pair than
to each other; [antennae 7- or 8-segmented; metan-

THRIPS FROM PAKISTAN TO PACIFIC

86

87

88

8

\o

90

91

92

93

reticulate medially;
fg 87

otal sculpture sometimes
abdominal sternites with 6-25 discal setae]

Antennal segment III distinctly paler than II & IV;
median metanotal setae adjacent (Fig. 132); prono-
tum with distinct striations brevistylus
Antennal segment III little paler than II & IV;
median metanotal setae further apart (Fig. 138);
pronotal striations indistinct; [antennal segment VI
unusually long] pavettae

Pronotal posteroangular setae short (Figs 117,
119a), equal to or shorter than median metanotal
setae; [antennae 7-segmented, segments IV & V
and sometimes VI, with base pale; comb on tergite
VIII robust and sometimes irregular (Fig. 146);
abdominal sternites with 12-14 discal setae; often
on Melastoma spp.] melastomae
Pronotal posteroangular setae equal to, or longer
than median metanotal setae; [antennae 7- or
8-segmented, segments IV & V often brown]

Postocular setae all small (Fig. 112); [cuticular sur-
face of head and pronotum smooth; comb on tergite
VIII of long, fine, regular microtrichia; forewings
with base pale; metanotal sculpture striate
(Fig. 130); antennae 8-segmented; abdominal stern-
ites with 10-12 discal setae] andrewsi
Postocular setae I well developed, usually much
RANK CMALGLLO ES ..cetrt ietes tian teeters seks ceva aclecen 89

forewings pale or dark but without base distinctly
paler; [median postocular setae large, subequal to
ocellar setae III (Fig. 113); tergal sculpture reach-

ing median pores and_ setae; antennae
PESePAIONCE || oe cdas 04: 1-04. Sua dvedacaranaet <auciss nica Sh 90
Forewings with base pale; [antennae 7- or
BENSON eC | Metess ese auc Tortuets. Ae es Somteeaa se 91

Brown, tergites always concolorous; antennae dark
except segment III; abdominal sternites with about
10 discal setae aleuritis
Usually bicoloured (see couplet 81), tergites dark-
est medially; at least antennal segments I-III paler
than IV—VII; abdominal sternites with 12-20 discal
setae coloratus in part

Bicoloured, head and thorax orange-yellow, abdo-
men brown; [metanotal sculpture broadly striate
medially (Fig. 135)] hawaiiensis in part
Brown; [metanotal sculpture often more closely
Striate |i... La I RES 92

Postocular setae II minute, much smaller than I or
Ill (Fig. 121); [antennae usually 7-segmented;
abdominal sternites with 6-14 discal setae] . florum
Postocular setae II subequal to III (Figs 120, 126);
[antennae 7- or 8-segmented; abdominal sternites
with) 12=25/discal'setac|Messecess te -nee setae ee es 93

Antennae usually 7-segmented; ocellar setae III
and postocular setae I much enlarged (Fig. 126);
metanotal sculpture with a few ill-formed reticula-
tions medially = with internal wrinkles

15

(Fig. 142) unonae
Antennae usually 8-segmented; ocellar setae III
and postocular setae I smaller (Fig. 120); metanotal
sculpture without internal wrinkles (Fig. 135)
hawaiiensis in part

KEY TO ORIENTAL AND PACIFIC
THRIPS SPECIES MALES

N.B. Males are unknown for the following spe-
cies: Group I, beta, insignis, pallisetis; Group II,
atactus, cerno, conocephali, dorax, formosanus,
garuda, himalayanus, rapaensis, rostratus, tau-
rus; Group IV, austellus, cedri, evulgo, facetus;
Group V, arorai, cinchonae, fulmeki, griseus,
hispidus, kotoshoi, leeuweni, longicaudatus, n.sp.
Reyes, in press, samoaensis, unonae, wedeliae.

1

nN

Ww

P=

n

6

7

Abdominal sternite VIII without discal setae, III to
VII sometimes with 1 or 2 pairs; III to VII each with
a glandular area (Fig. 56, cf. Figs 150, 151) (III to V
in tabaci and flavidulus; III to VI in carthami;
fragmented in xenos); [median metanotal setae situ-
ated behind anterior margin (at margin in seticollis
and some parvispinus]| (Groups I, II & III) ....... 2
Abdominal sternites III to VIII with discal setae; III
to VII each with a glandular area (V to VII in
coprosmae) (Groups IV & V)_ ..........ceeeeeeeeeee 39

All sternites without discal setae (Groups I, II & III
in part)
At least sternite III with at least 1 pair of discal
setae (Group III)

Metanotal sculpture reticulate (cf. Figs 4-8, 66-68)
(Groups I & III in part)
Metanotal sculpture striate, sometimes with a few
reticulations
WM Mercere tanec scccereccactacecactucseariarmascecceers

Forewing first vein with a complete or almost
complete row of setae (cf. Fig. 10)
Forewing first vein usually with 7 or 8 basal and 3 (2
to 6) distal setae (cf. Fig. 45)

Antennae 8-segmented (cf. Fig. 143); [yellow; ocel-
lar setae III situated outside ocellar triangle
(cf. Fig. 12); | metanotal campaniform _ sensilla
present (Fig. 6); tergite VIII posteromarginal comb
complete but sparse] bianchii
Antennae 7-segmented (cf. Fig. 42)

Tergite IX b1 setae closer together than to b2 setae
(cf. Fig. 111); metanotal campaniform sensilla
present; [pale brown; comb absent or of a few
microtrichia laterally] malloti
Tergite IX b1 setae closer to b2 than to each other
(cf. Fig. 69); campaniform sensilla absent

Metanotal sculpture of elongate reticulations
(Fig. 7); [ocellar setae III situated within ocellar

16

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

co

\o

0

2

3

4

5

fos

triangle; [yellow javanicus, brown morindae}

« dualdiais eaedaeeh ocd aajelds te aMadiine odneeeeeeney tale Javanicus
Metanotal sculpture polygonally _ reticulate
(PigY8). sealbeask-: eeeen eee. taeeieehe- -seboeeeeee 8
Ocellar setae situated within ocellar triangle
(GHigS9) ae. eeeeente... ee. eo. Nes eee decens sp.n.
Ocellar setae situated outside ocellar triangle
(SiG) yo cers cpreetnctecen ang: ye nade ternincens eee orientalis

Metanotal sculpture of poorly formed reticulations;
forewing first vein with 4 to 6 distal setae; ocellar
setae III situated outside ocellar triangle (Fig. 2);
[sternal glandular areas large and _ oval
(cf. Fig. 151); tergite VIII comb absent; tergite IX
bl and b2 setae equidistant] alius sp.n.
Metanotal sculpture polygonally reticulate (Figs 8,
67); forewing first vein with 2 to 3 distal setae;
ocellar setae III situated within or on the margins of
ocellar triangle; [sternal glandular areas usually
narrow transverse] 10

Forewing banded; [tergite VIII comb complete but
sparse; ocellar setae III situated on margin of
ocellar triangle] latis
Forewing dusky or dark, base sometimes paler, not
banded; [ocellar setae III situated within ocellar
hocunule (Leite) IB}. (10))| oaodeeeaneacca. eaercucarccneron: 11

Tergite VIII comb complete but irregular; tergite
IX b1 and b2 setae equidistant reticulatus
Tergite VIII comb absent; tergite [X bl setae closer
to b2 than to each other extensicornis

Glandular area absent on sternite VII 13
Glandular area present on each of sternites III to
VII 15

Glandular area present on each of sternites III to
VI; metanotal campaniform sensilla present;
[antennae 7-segmented; forewing first vein with 3
distal setae; ocellar setae III situated outside ocellar
triangle] carthami
Glandular area present on each of sternites III to V;
metanotal campaniform sensilla absent; [tergite
VIII comb complete] 14

Antennae 8-segmented; ocellar setae III situated
within ocellar triangle; forewing first vein with 3
distal setae; tergite IX with 2 pairs of campaniform
sensilla; [yellow] flavidulus
Antennae 7-segmented; ocellar setae III situated on
margins of ocellar triangle (cf. Fig. 41); forewing
first vein with 4 (3 to 6) distal setae; tergite IX with
1 pair of campaniform sensilla (cf. Fig. 55); [yellow
or pale brown] tabaci

Forelegs with a pretarsal claw (cf. Fig. 108; [uni-
formly pale brown; ocellar setae III small, situated
within ocellar triangle; postocular setae I & III very
long, II small; sternal glandular areas small, almost
circular (Fig. 56) seticollis
Forelegs without pretarsal claw 16

Forewing first vein with a more or less complete
row of setae; [pale with brown head; tergite IX b1

17

22

23

24

25

26

J.M. PALMER

setae longer than b2 (cf. Fig. 69); ocellar setae III
situated outside or on the margin of ocellar trian-
gle]
Forewing first vein with 7 or 8 basal and 2 to 7 distal
setae, always with a distinct gap in setae row ... 18

Metanotal campaniform sensilla present (Figs 32,
33); sternal glandular areas small transverse; tergite
VIII comb complete but irregular rhabdotus
Metanotal campaniform sensilla absent (Fig. 28);
sternal glandular areas oval; tergite VIII comb
complete but sparse modicus

Sternites III to VII each with the glandular area
divided into 5 to 8 small irregular patches; [yellow;
antennae 7-segmented; ocellar setae III situated on
margin of ocellar triangle; metanotal campaniform
sensilla absent; forewing first vein with 3 distal
setae; pleurotergites with 0 to 3 discal setae
(cf. Fig. 107); tergite VIII comb complete but irreg-
ular] xenos
Sternites III to VII each with 1 entire oval or
transverse glandular area 19

Forewing first vein with 4 to 7 distal setae; metano-
tal campaniform sensilla absent (Fig. 31); tergite
VAI" combrabsenty... 5. 2)-2.-es s<achane =< neeeen ene eree 20
Forewing first vein with 2 to 4 distal setae; metano-

tal campaniform sensilla usually present
(Figs 24-27); tergite VIII comb _ usually
PIESEME™ Jeet eens cnccorareset ete ae sthe steamer 21

Yellow; ocellar setae III situated within ocellar
triangle levatus
Brown; ocellar setae III situated on margin of

ocellar triangle (Fig. 16) ................ pectiniprivus
Antennae 8-segmented) 25-2... on. -e. oe eee 22
Antennae 7-sesmented! ooo... .-ccea-en.eer eerie 23

Forewing first vein usually with 4 distal setae;
antennae brown except segment III tectus
Forewing first vein usually with 3 distal setae;
antennal segments I to base IV & V yellow

flavus in part

Ocellar setae III situated within ocellar trian-
gle 24
Ocellar setae III situated outside or on margin of
ocellar triangle

Metanotal sculpture with a few reticulations medi-

ally; [tergite VIII comb absent] .............. tanicus
Metanotal sculpture completely striate; [yel-
LOW ctx sposstotsnge se nclsnzegecsee te sence ssusct este eee 25

Tergite IX b1 setae shorter than b2; [b1 much closer
to b2 than to each other; tergite VIII comb com-
plete but short and irregular (Fig. 57); sternal glan-
dular areas large and transverse] .... flavus in part
Tergite IX b1 setae equal in length to b2

kodaicanalensis

Tergite VIII comb absent or with a few small
microtrichia; [metanotal campaniform sensilla
present] 27

THRIPS FROM PAKISTAN TO PACIFIC

27

28

29

30

32

33

36

37

Tergite VIII comb complete but sometimes short

MICU UN AG PR. 25 a Jecccianctiancncncwgsceedeake vowtvebiee 28
SUSUILOY Berne sCeeeter e aee ee re mee cccer ere scr cere alatus
EMEOWUIT) 9. i ctaasects tease ae siete sels Sainestelsjo vee 25 obscuripes
Metanotal campaniform sensilla absent; [yellow

with some brown markings; tergite VIII comb com-
plete and long (cf. Fig. 58); sometimes micropter-
ous or brachypterous] nigropilosus
Metanotal campaniform sensilla present; [always
IACEOPECLOUS [Mes sessed recs. tect caeteesuvoeec een eanbaee 29

Tergite IX bl setae much closer to b2 than to each
other; [brown; sternal glandular areas small and
oval; tergite VIII comb well developed; pleuroterg-
ites with 0 to 3 discal setae] brunneus
Tergite IX bl and b2 setae more or less equidis-
EAMUMSREIS TS: Soee retin do ck ee ou tivs tovet te veanda ceed cnet. te 30

Tergite IX bl setae longer than b2; [yellow; fore-
wing first vein with 2 distal setae; sternal glandular
areas large and transverse] pallidulus
Tergite IX b1 setae equal to or shorter than b2 . 31

Sternal glandular areas broad and transverse; [pleu-
rotergites with 0 to 3 discal setae; tergite VIII comb
Shorrandhinre cular) yiisiecti wavered ntdes -wiewaee setosus
Sternal glandular areas small or narrow ......... 32

Sternal glandular areas narrow and transverse; met-
anotal sculpture converging posteriorly (Fig. 30);
[very pale yellow; forewing first vein with 2 or 3
distal setae; tergite VIII comb long (Fig. 58)]
palmi
Sternal glandular areas small, oval; metanotal
sculpture not converging posteriorly ... fuscicornis

Antennae 8-segmented; metanotal sculpture striate;
{tergite VIII comb short, sparse and irregular; terg-
ite IX bl setae equal to or shorter than
b2] setipennis
Antennae 7-segmented; metanotal sculpture reticu-
TATEAUEIOSAGO—GG)) .acchtctancecrasetcsresacnargic tases ss 34

Forewing first vein with 2 or 3 distal setae

oni 4Gac oh, aSebReCo Rg AAP Bcaeo Hots BEEBE Cee extensicornis
Forewing first vein with a complete or almost
EOMIPLE LS MOW LOL SOLAS. cocieciasice nieleieniie cin cnloniseeieisies 35

Tergite IX bl setae closer to b2 than to each other;
NBEO WEI eos terrence Me 36
Tergite IX bl and b2 setae equidistant or b1 closer
LOVEUN ED i ses deccs uacan see tataehe tenths ee ante en tues Sy

Ocellar setae III situated within ocellar triangle
(Fig. 59) decens sp.n.
Ocellar setae III situated outside or on margin of
ocellar triangle (Fig. 61) orientalis

Tergite IX b1 setae closer together than to b2; [pale
yellowish brown; forewing first vein not always with
a complete row of setae; sternal glandular areas
large] compressicornis

— Tergite IX bl and b2 setae more or less equidis-

CARO scrrsdororaactroad macs saad eat act a 38

38

41

42

43

44

45

17

Brown; tergite VIII comb absent; ocellar setae III
situated on margin of ocellar triangle (Fig. 62);
median metanotal setae situated at or near anterior
margin parvispinus
Yellowish brown; tergite VIII comb usually present
but very sparse; ocellar setae III situated outside
ocellar triangle; median metanotal setae situated far
behind anterior margin taiwanus

Most pleurotergites with at least 1 discal seta
(Figs. 1067107) (Group EV)! * ©. 227. 2R0a. Meee. 40
All pleurotergites without discal setae (Group

Micropterous or brachypterous; [head longer than
broad (Figs 72, 81); ocellar setae situated outside

Gcellar trtanglella.tscasachieses. «<tc teases. cxeucanser 41
Macropterougi \ 7. - trras<kadieewtsseawabes 24 eve stare 42
Antennae 8-segmented; metanotal campaniform

sensilla absent, median setae situated far behind
anterior margin (Fig. 91); tergite [X b1 setae situ-
ated anterior to b2 and subequal in length; [pleuro-
tergites with 0 to 6 discal setae] ... alliorum in part
Antennae 7-segmented; metanotal campaniform
sensilla present, median setae situated behind ante-
rior margin (Fig. 100); tergite [X bl setae in a line
with b2 and much longer; [pleurotergites with 2 or 3
discal setae phormiicola

Sternite III and sometimes also IV without a glan-
dular area; [brown; antennae 7-segmented; fore-
wing first vein with a complete row of setae; metan-
otal campaniform sensilla absent (Fig. 95); tergite
VIII comb complete but irregular; tergite IX bl
setae longer than b2 and much closer to b2 than to
each other; sternal glandular areas small and circu-
lar] coprosmae
Sternites III to VII each with a glandular area . 43

Forewing first vein with a complete row of
SEC MERE RN I a ciate vex vinpnn Seen sos ncn 44

CECT Ly Set 4 ee ee ee ae rene 46

Metanotal sculpture reticulate, median setae situ-
ated far behind anterior margin (Fig. 94); ocellar
setae III situated on margin of ocellar triangle
(Fig. 71); tergite IX b1 setae equal to or longer than
b2; [antennae 7-segmented; sternal discal setae
numerous; glandular areas transverse] ... australis
Metanotal sculpture striate, sometimes with a few
reticulations medially, median setae situated at or
near anterior margin; ocellar setae III situated
outside ocellar triangle; tergite [IX bl setae much
lonser thamib2 "rnts.cve use. setecosetceeenasacac cece 45

Sternal glandular areas oval; head not longer than
broad (Fig. 80); [pale brown; antennae 7- or
8-segmented; metanotal sculpture closely striate;
pleurotergites usually with more than 3 discal setae]
Sa cfualn ces Cepek Gomnacint acted ans cece eos obscuratus
Sternal glandular areas narrow, transverse; head
longer than broad (Fig. 81); [pale brown; antennae
7-segmented; metanotal sculpture with a few reticu-

18

4

4

4

4

5

5)

6

7

8

9

i=

—=

lations medially (Fig. 100); pleurotergites with 2 or
3 discal setae] phormiicola

Antennae 7-segmented; usually yellow; [median
metanotal setae situated far behind anterior margin
(Figs 92, 98, 102)]
Antennae 8-segmented; mostly brown; [ocellar
setae III situated outside ocellar triangle (Figs 70,
78); metanotal sculpture striate (Figs 92, 99)] .. 48

Ocellar setae III situated outside ocellar triangle
(Fig. 70); metanotal sculpture striate (Fig. 92);
pleurotergites with 2 to 6 discal setae; tergite VIII
comb absent; tergite IX bl setae longer than
ONT Re sens cde Pe ae PE aes Se ene apicatus
Ocellar setae III situated on margin of ocellar
triangle (Fig. 77); metanotal sculpture reticulate
(Fig. 98); pleurotergites with 1 to 3 discal setae;
tergite VIII comb sparse or absent; tergite IX bl
setae shorter than b2 and closer to b2 than to each
other (Fig. 110) imaginis
Ocellar setae III situated within ocellar triangle
(Fig. 79); metanotal sculpture of elongate reticula-
tions (Fig. 102); pleurotergites with 4 or 5 discal
setae; tergite VIII comb sparse or absent; tergite IX
b1 setae subequal to b2 and closer together than to
b2 (Fig. 111) subnudula

Metanotal campaniform sensilla absent (Fig. 91);
head longer than broad (Fig. 72); [median metano-
tal setae situated far behind anterior margin; sternal
glandular areas large and transverse; pleurotergites
with 0 to 6 discal setae; tergite VIII comb absent or
with a few microtrichia laterally; tergite [IX b1 setae
situated anterior to b2 and subequal in length
(cf. Fig. 109)] alliorum in part
Metanotal campaniform sensilla present; head not
longer than broad (Fig. 78) 49

Median metanotal setae situated at anterior margin
(Fig. 99); sternal glandular areas narrow and trans-
verse; forewing first vein with 9 or 10 distal setae;
tergite [IX bl and b2 setae more or less in a line;
[pleurotergites with 0 to 3 discal setae; tergite VIII
comb complete but irregular; tergite IX bl setae
longer than b2] novocaledonensis
Median metanotal setae situated behind anterior
margin; sternal glandular areas oval; forewing first
vein with 7 basal setae; tergite IX b1 setae situated
anterior to b2 (Fig. 109) 50

Tergite VIII comb absent; [pleurotergites with 1 to
4 discal setae] vulgatissimus
Tergite VIII comb present but short, sparse and
irregular; [pleurotergites with 2 or 3 discal setae]
meridionalis

Forewing first vein with a more or less complete
tow of setae; [ocellar setae III situated outside
ocellar triangle; metanotal sculpture striate] Group
IV (part) & V 52
Forewing first vein with at most 7 to 12 basal and 2
to 8 distal setae, always with a distinct gap 54

52 Antennae 7-segmented; tergite VIII comb complete

53

54

56

57

58

59

J.M. PALMER

but short; sternal glandular areas narrow and trans-
verse; [yellow] sumatrensis
Antennae 8-segmented; tergite VIII comb absent;
sternal glandular areas large and transverse .... 53

Pale brown; tergite IX b1 setae slightly longer than
has nctbelse ance ade ose te ee nase seee eer c eee samoaensis
Yellow; tergite [IX bl setae much longer than b2;
[median metanotal setae situated sometimes slightly
behind anterior margin (Fig. 134)]

gardeniae sp.n.

Pronotum with 5 or 6 pairs of posteromarginal
setae; [antennae 7-segmented; ocellar setae III situ-
ated within or on margin of ocellar triangle; median
metanotal setae situated far behind anterior margin;
[yellow; pronotum with 1 pair (inner) of long pos-
teroangular setae; metanotal campaniform sensilla
absent; tergite VIII comb complete but irregular]

emulatus

fewer 55

Pronotum with 1 pair of long posteroangular setae
(Fig. 129); [yellow; antennae 7-segmented; ocellar
setae III situated within ocellar triangle; metanotal
sculpture at least partly reticulate (Fig. 131)
unispinus
Pronotum with 2 pairs of long posteroangular
setae

Metanotal sculpture distinctly reticulate, campani-
form sensilla absent (Fig. 139); [brown; antennae
8-segmented; ocellar setae III situated within ocel-
lar triangle (Fig. 122); median metanotal setae situ-
ated far behind anterior margin; forewing first vein
with 4 to 7 distal setae; tergite VIII comb short,
sparse and irregular; tergite IX bl setae situated
anterior to b2 (cf. Fig. 109); sternal glandular areas
large and transverse (Fig. 151)] simplex
Metanotal sculpture striate 57

Head longer than broad (Fig. 72); metanotal cam-
paniform sensilla absent, median setae situated far
behind anterior margin (Fig. 91); [brown; antennae
8-segmented; ocellar setae III situated outside ocel-
lar triangle; tergite vIII comb absent or with a few
microtrichia laterally; tergite IX bl setae situated
anterior to b2; sternal glandular areas large and
transverse] alliorum in part
Head not longer than broad; metanotal campani-
form sensilla present; median metanotal setae situ-
ated at or near anterior margin (except
longiceps) 58

Antennae 7-segmented; [mostly yellow; sternal
glandular areas narrow]
Antennae 8-segmented; [mostly brown; sternal
glandular areas circular or broad]

Tergite IX bl and b2 setae more or less equidis-
tant

other 61

THRIPS FROM PAKISTAN TO PACIFIC

60 Body setae longer, inner pronotal posteroangular
setae 0.4 times the median length of the pronotum
((LE(Go% INI) 0) RR ene ee een hawaiiensis in part

— Body setae shorter, inner pronotal posteroangular
setae 0.3 times the median length of the pronotum

(Eien WIGAN) coetecadeasct cscceceaverssc teens. melastomae
PMBIALOW KY fo. 5.. desea e cede deers o.oo florum in part
SMMC HOW AS «fsa osasares oh doses dau bamedesqidaacsepeecers 62

62 Forewing first vein with 3 or 4 distal setae; median
metanotal setae situated always at anterior margin-
Mae Meee ics eee Na sane. wdtecsceesuctauace Soceuaiemene aleuritis

— Forewing first vein always with 3 distal setae;
median metanotal setae situated sometimes slightly
behind anterior margin .................0608 coloratus

63 Postocular setae II (sub-median) long and displaced
posteriorly behind I and III; sternal glandular areas
circular; [brown; ocellar setae III situated on mar-
gin of ocellar triangle; median metanotal setae
situated far behind anterior margin; tergite IX bl

and b2 setae long and close together] .... longiceps
— Postocular setae all in a line; sternal glandular areas
oval, narrow or broad and transverse ............ 64

64 Median metanotal setae situated closer together
than to lateral setae and situated at or near anterior

MATAG EU ate AH tiian Aitcrode sub ak cmdeaaahcuctecban wearerrcs 65
— Median metanotal setae situated closer to lateral
Setae than toieach\Othen! caicicsecee5 sare. clacennien.cueme 66
65 Median metanotal setae almost adjacent
ME OMBIOO res ctecce-cceccsccesecrtctecescaseas et brevistylus
— Median metanotal setae further apart
(UST JIB) peeromenees Ceenaeneeee a: cetera sen near pavettae

66 Forewing first vein with 9 or 10 basal setae; tergite
vIII comb complete but irregular

207 SECA Jee DEEPER EERE ES Bone See novocaledonensis
— Forewing first vein with 7 basal setae; tergite VIII
COM TADSCI creas rece ncman spans naeadaneasea dec ses vapors 67

67 Sternal glandular areas oval; [median metanotal
setae situated at or near anterior margin (Fig. 141);
tergite IX b1 setae twice as long as b2] ....... tristis

— Sternal glandular areas narrow or broad and trans-
verse; [median metanotal setae situated always at
ATL MION MAL PU| fpetenss neice «-<c6sce-.ccerceescescecnes 68

68 Tergite IX bl setae almost twice as long as

ED ietentatse eo css catia san-eaass uetinan hans siicepen cee andrewsi
— Tergite IX b1 setae equal to or slightly longer than
Orcas Secac recent uestecaee: reavadsreestarteacte+dcsenic 69

69 Sternal glandular areas broad; [brown; forewing
first vein with 3 to 8 distal setae; metanotal sculp-
ture closely striate (cf. gardeniae, Fig. 134); tergite
IX bl setae more or less equal to b2 and slightly

closer to b2 than to each other] ........... vitticornis
— Sternal glandular areas narrow; [paler brown;
forewing first vein with 3 distal setae] ............ 70

70 Metanotal sculpture broadly striate (Fig. 135); terg-
ite IX b1 and b2 more or less equidistant
t bakhea dee aaeeeeae ee eee hawaiiensis in part

19

— Metanotal sculpture more closely striate; tergite IX
bl setae closer to b2 than to each other
a aa ates rama nla ES florum in part

SPECIES DESCRIPTIONS

Group I

All the species in group I lack sternal and pleu-
rotergal discal setae, and the metanotal sculpture
is distinctly reticulate, but they share some char-
acteristics with orientalis, decens and extensicor-
nis in group III (Table 1). It is a small group of
nine species found only in the Oriental and
Pacific Regions; two are described here as new,
but none is particularly common. These nine fall
into three main groups. T. insignis and bianchi,
both from New Caledonia, have 8-segmented
antennae and 3 pairs of posteromarginal setae on
sternite II, a characteristic shared only by four
New Zealand species in group IV; all the others
have 7-segmented antennae and 2 pairs of
posteromarginal setae on sternite II. T. pallisetis,
javanicus and alius have distinctively elongate
reticulate metanotal sculpture. All the other spe-
cies have polygonally reticulate sculpture. T.
alius, however, has probably the most variable
sculpture of all the species considered here,
sometimes appearing similar to the mallotti, retic-
ulatus and beta group and to conocephali in
group II. The affinities of the remaining species,
latis, are unclear as it shares characteristics with
insignis, malloti and reticulatus.

Thrips alius sp.n.
(Figs 1, 2, 4, 91)

Q macroptera. Colour uniformly brown; legs
pale with darker mid- and hind-femora; antennal
segment III pale, IV & V pale with darker
apices, VI pale at base; forewings with base pale;
body setae dark.

Antennae 7-segmented; ocellar setae III situ-
ated outside ocellar triangle; postocular setae I &
III well developed, II minute. Pronotum dis-
tinctly striate with 3 pairs of posteromarginal
setae (Fig. 2). Metanotal campaniform sensilla
absent; median setae less than half median length
of metanotum and situated far behind anterior
margin; sculpture arcuate in anterior half and of
poorly formed reticulations arranged almost in a
whorl or converging posteriorly, reticulations
with internal wrinkles (fig. 4). Forewing first vein
with 4+3 basal and 4(3-6) distal setae; scale with
5 setae, apical seta longer than subapical.

20 J.M. PALMER
Table 1 Character state distribution of Oriental and Table 1 Cont.

Pacific Thrips species fbr Qavvert vit be tres) esteem elt Ameteis Seale
<— AAiMaS Talaened, uinally yanee. imedial: SPECIES Aa Be CDE gh milage
A metanotal sculpture reticulate fer tanicus se/l= = = ape

striate = taurus iH = = = se
B_pleurotergal discal setae present + tectus Sy a ae te
absent = xenos = eS = see 7
C sternite V discal setae present + Group III
absent = decens jp RES =e 7
D sternite VII discal setae present + compressicornis + -— + -— + 7
absent a extensicornis te aac + 7
E_ tergite VIII posteromarginal comb absent orientalis se SHES =F 7
F tergite VIII posteromarginal comb present laterally parvispinus fi eagles Sak gph caghaty 7
only setipennis = sPl
G tergite VIII posteromargin comb complete and taiwanus ape see SE es Se A ets i
irregular Group IV
H tergite VIII posteromarginal comb complete and alliorum = te+ + st 8
regular apicatus =e ee sf 7
I number of antennal segments austellus Srp ae or =e ae
(* = species belonging to another group) australis co ore ap ae ae 7
cedri ct ata Rts aed
SPECIES Aul BigiGaeD OB sy Be (Ge digi coprosmae yee aa gees th 7
Group I evulgo iy tomate tas are
alius ob Se ode A 7 facetus ec ee Gare Fae a
beta te eee 7 imaginis +/-+ + + + 7
bianchii gal is lee aha: 8 MMeriGlONGliS pe ct atts at)
TESTES aie pa novocaledonensis—_ +/-+ + = 8
ENCES Leycapnpiiaceais 4 7 obscuratus Se aes + + 7/8
latis Ap ahi Tate ete bend phormiicola fo ot + +7
malloti_ Je Seni beak i subnudula ee oe # 7
pallisetis Role ew -+ther tee 7 vulgatissimus -— + + + + 8
reticulatus ee ee cian *unispinus + - + + + 7
*orientalis 4 = EE = + 7 Group V
*extensicornis + — +/— + U Pibyeaek ee ee ne
“decens Sh OP a a 7 andrewsi +/-- + + as
Group II arorai 7 acess ett + 7
alatus i. ehh ea ead brevistylus ee + + 8
atactus — le putiede > ih cinchonae - - + + + 7
beharensis 7 Dhan cea coloratus +/-- + + + 7
brunnea tM pol reyebia BP ag emulatus +/-- + + pele eae
carthami Ss staacler f roe florum ae Pete + 718
cerno Pee eee oe 8 fulmeki = = 35 GE eS
conocephali e= = = + 7 gardeniae we Bee i 8
dorax ee ws 7 griseus Uh uae ee ra a
flavidulus a ae 8 hawaiiensis = +/-- + + + + 718
flavus Serta aan + 78 hispidus Ses ae a 35 7
formosanus wits TLS — an a kotoshoi = = ae +f 8
fuscicornis me +, ow ia longicaudatus + — + + + + 8
garudus sani sich {oi vane longiceps Saree, ar aims
himalayanus an Ree ate ioe leeuweni pe ap ar 7/8
kodaikanalensis > ap i) PiEleRaaae, pe ce 7
levatus eed Boa a u n.sp. Reyes + = + + + 7
modicus es ae ie pavettae - - + + Sei see}
nigropilosus =O ada M- end simplex + - + + + + 8
obscuripes 7 a Wis) ile. samoaensis = cea Fee
pallidulus Ta tir her sumatrensis a eat = Ss ey)
palmi Ted cit week 4d tristis Se a + 8
CCU IDTE Sa a ae ae 7 unispinus a ee 2 + 7
GUEOUSS eae ae oe 7 unonae +/-- + + eed,
rhabdotus ae ee bagel vitticornis = Sore sk + 8
LORY GES SA PMN bo tivnl wedeliae ees Saale 3 + 7/8
seticollis TUNTO ED -¥ af woe *alliorum - +/+ + + 8
selosis TEC AE al *novocaledonensis +/-+ + 4 8
tabaci +e= = = sp

i EEE EEE

THRIPS FROM PAKISTAN TO PACIFIC

Abdominal sternites without discal setae, with 3
pairs of posteromarginal setae (II with 2 pairs),
VII with median setae anterior to posterior mar-
gin (Fig. 9a). Pleurotergites without discal setae.
Tergite II with 3 lateral setae, the 4th seta
situated on anterior corner of pleurotergite.
Tergite VIII posteromarginal comb absent or
represented by only a few small microtrichia
laterally.

Measurements (Q Holotype in um). Body
length 1500. Ocellar setae III 25. Postocular
setae I 20; II 4; III 12. Pronotal posteroangular
setae, inner 62/68; outer 60. Median metanotal
setae 36/38.

CO macroptera. Colour very pale yellow-brown
with darker brown apices of antennal segments
IV & V, apical two-thirds of VI and all of VII.

Structure similar to female. Tergite VIII comb
absent, IX b1 setae a little longer than b2, their
bases equidistant. Sternites III-VII each with a
large oval glandular area.

Measurements (C’ paratype in um). Body
length 1240. Ocellar setae III 30. Postocular
setae I 22; II 4; III 12. Pronotal posteroangular
setae, inner 60/62; outer 60/65. Median metano-
tal setae 24/30. Sternite V glandular area median
length 12; breadth 82. Tergite IX b1 setae length
26/28, distance between bases 8; b2 setae length
20/23, distance between bases 38.

COMMENTS. This species is morphologically
most similar to javanicus, from Java and Malaya,
which usually differs in the position of ocellar
setae III and in metanotal sculpture. However
alius is remarkably variable in both these charac-
teristics and may be confused with the mallotti
group from Malaysia and New Guinea, and with
conocephali and pectiniprivus in group II from
Java.

BIOLOGY. Possibly associated with bananas.
DISTRIBUTION. Philippines.

MATERIAL EXAMINED. Holotype Q PHILIP-
PINES: Tadeco, Davao Norte, alt. 30m, on
banana leaf, 9.ix.1977 (E.S. Raros) (BMNH).
Paratypes. 79, 10°, same data as holotype.
CHINA: Yunnan, on banana, 192 Menluen,
11.iv.1987, 1 Xishuangbanna, 18.iv.1987 (Zhang
Wei-qiu) (ZWG).

Thrips beta sp.n.

(Figs 3, 5, 9b)

© macroptera. Colour uniformly brown; tibiae
and tarsi pale; antennal segment III, most of IV

21

& V pale; forewings dusky with base slightly
paler.

Antennae 7-segmented; ocellar setae III situ-
ated inside but near anterior margins of ocellar
triangle; postocular setae I & III well developed,
II minute. Pronotum weakly striate with 3 pairs
of posteromarginal setae (Fig. 3). Metanotal
campaniform sensilla present; median setae short
and situated well behind anterior margin; sculp-
ture of small, ill-formed reticulations with inter-
nal markings (Fig. 5). Forewing first vein with
4+3 basal and 3 distal setae; scale with S setae,
apical seta longer than subapical. Abdominal
sternites without discal setae, with 3 pairs of
posteromarginal setae (II with 2 pairs); VII with
median setae on posterior margin (Fig. 9b).
Pleurotergites without discal setae. Tergite II
with 3 lateral marginal setae, the 4th seta situated
on margin of pleurotergite. Tergite VIII postero-
marginal comb absent or represented by only a
few small microtrichia laterally.

Measurements (2 Holotype in um). Body
length 1378. Ocellar setae III 32. Postocular
setae I 20; II 6; III 23. Pronotal posteromarginal
setae, inner 76; outer 46/52. Median metanotal
setae 26/36.

CO Unknown.

COMMENTS. This species is most similar to retic-
ulatus, which differs in having longer median
metanotal setae and a complete comb on tergite
VIII:

BIOLOGY. Unknown.
DISTRIBUTION. New Guinea.

MATERIAL EXAMINED. Holotype 2. PAPUA
NEW GUINEA: 1 mile from Tambul to Mt
Aagen, on grass verge, 13.vii.1976 (A. Ward)
(BNMH).

Paratypes. 2 2, same data as holotype.

Thrips bianchii (Sakimura)
(Figs 6, 10, 12)

Taeniothrips (Isochaetothrips) bianchii Saki-
mura, 1969: 77-79. Holotype 2, NEW CALE-
DONIA (BPBM) [examined].

Thrips bianchii (Sakimura): Bhatti, 1978: 191.

@ Medium to large; uniformly brown with anten-
nal segment III, tibiae and base of forewing
paler.

Antennae 8-segmented; ocellar setae III situ-
ated outside ocellar triangle; postocular setae I
well developed (Fig. 12). Forewing first vein
with a complete row of setae (Fig. 10); scale with
5 setae, apical seta shorter than subapical. Meta-

22

notum campaniform sensilla present; reticulate
sculpture, slightly elongate posteriorly; median
setae situated behind anterior margin (Fig. 6).
Tergite II with 4 lateral setae; VIII posteromar-
ginal comb of short and very fine microtrichia.
Abdominal sternites and pleurotergites without
discal setae. Sternite II with 3 pairs of postero-
marginal setae.

CO Yellow; sternites III-VII each with a large
transverse glandular area; tergite VIII comb with
a few microtrichia medially; IX with bl setae
longer than b2 and closer to b2 than to each
other.

COMMENTS. This species is structurally most
similar to insignis, which differs in being yellow
and in having a much better developed comb,
and to mallotti, which has 7-segmented antennae
and more polygonally reticulate metanotal sculp-
ture. Specimens from the New Hebrides are
identical to bianchii except that they appear
bicoloured with orange head and thorax and
brown abdomen.

BIoLoGy. In flowers of Croton, Acacia, Mela-
leuca and Cerbera.

DISTRIBUTION. New Caledonia.

MATERIAL EXAMINED. NEW CALEDONIA:
Holotype 9, 1 O paratype (BPBM), 2 9 para-
types (Saki).

DOUTFULLY ASSOCIATED MATERIAL. NEW
HEBRIDES: 5 ? (SMF), 6 2 (BMNH).

Thrips insignis (Bianchi)

Isochaetothrips insignis Bianchi, 1945: 274. Holo-
type 9. NEW CALEDONIA (BPBM) [exam-
ined].

Taeniothrips insignis (Bianchi): Sakimura, 1967c:
724.

Thrips insignis (Bianchi): Bhatti, 1978: 191.

@ Medium to large; uniformly orange-yellow,
antennal segment I paler than II—-VIII.
Antennae 8-segmented; ocellar setae III situ-
ated on margin of ocellar triangle, near base of
first ocellus. Pronotal posteroangular setae short,
about 0.25 of median length of pronotum. Met-
anotum with median setae short and situated well
behind anterior margin; sculpture reticulate;
campaniform sensilla not apparent. Forewing
first vein with a complete row of setae; scale
apparently with 4 setae, apical seta longer than
subapical. Sternites and pleurotergites without
discal setae. Sternite II with 3 pairs of postero-
marginal setae. Tergite II with 3 lateral setae;

J.M. PALMER

tergite VIII comb complete, microtrichia long,
fine and regularly spaced.
CO Unknown.

COMMENTS. T. insignis and latis are the only
completely pale species in the mallotti group. T.
bianchii is structurally most similar but this spe-
cies is brown and has a very poorly developed
comb on tergite VIII. The Indian species Jatis
differs mainly in having 7-segmented antennae,
forewings with 2 narrow dark bands and only 2
distal first vein setae.

BIOLOGY. Unknown.
DISTRIBUTION. New Caledonia.

MATERIAL EXAMINED. NEW CALEDONIA:
Holotype 9 (BPBM).

Thrips javanicus Priesner
(Figs 7, 11)

Thrips javanicus Priesner, 1934: 272-273. Holo-
type 9, JAVA (SMF) [examined]

Thrips morindae Priesner, 1934: 275-276. Syn-
type 2, JAVA, Edam 1. (SMF) [labelled as
lectotype by Bhatti, 1978] [examined]. Syn.n.

Small to medium, brown species; legs dark;
wings dark with base pale; antennae dark with
segment III pale.

Antennae 7-segmented; ocellar setae III situ-
ated within ocellar triangle (cf. extensicornis
Fig. 60). Metanotum with distinctively elongate
reticulations with internal wrinkles; median setae
situated behind anterior margin; campaniform
sensilla absent (Fig. 7). Forewing first vein with
an almost complete row of setae (4+3-5 +
2-4+2) (Fig. 11); scale with 5 setae, apical seta
longer than subapical. Sternites and pleuroterg-
ites without discal setae. Tergite II with 3 lateral
setae; tergite VIII posteromarginal comb repre-
sented by only a few microtrichia laterally.

CO Pale, orange yellow with pale wings; sterni-
tes III-VII each with a narrow transverse glandu-
lar area; tergite VIII comb indiscernable; IX bl
and b2 setae almost equal in length, b1 closer to
b2 than to each other.

COMMENTS. The Q holotype and © paratype of
morindae are mounted laterally and some char-
acteristics are therefore difficult to examine.
Apart from a slight difference in the arrangement
of forewing first vein setae and lengths of prono-
tal posteroangular setae the holotype is identical
to javanicus. The © paratype of morindae is
much darker than javanicus, the pronotum
appears to have more numerous discal setae and

THRIPS FROM PAKISTAN TO PACIFIC

tergite IX b1 and b2 setae are shorter and slightly
further apart. However, as specimens other than
type material of both species are unknown, this
variation is impossible to assess and so the two
are here synonymized. There are now an addi-
tional 2 2 known.

T. javanicus is most similar morphologically to
pallisetis, from Australia, which has completely
pale wings, evenly spaced first vein setae and
median metanotal setae on anterior margin; and
alius, from the Philippines, which has ocellar
setae III usually outside the ocellar triangle,
although variable in position, and metanotal
sculpture usually more striate although also vari-
able.

BIOLOGY. T. javanicus is recorded from flowers
of Corymbis and morindae from Morinda.

DISTRIBUTION. Java, Malaya.

MATERIAL EXAMINED. JAVA: Holotype 9, 1
paratype O' of javanicus; ‘Lectotype’ 9, 1 ‘para-
lectotype’ 0 of morindae (SMF); 1 2 (BMNH).
MALAYA: 1 2 (BMNH).

Thrips latis Bhatti

Thrips latis Bhatti, 1967: 17-18. Lectotype @,
INDIA (JSB) [designated by Bhatti, 1980: 141]
[not examined].

Thrips ignobilis Ananthakrishnan & Jagadish,
1969: 116-117. Syntypes 2, INDIA (TNA)
[Synonymised by Bhatti & Ananthakrishnan,
1978] [not examined].

DESCRIPTION. Bhatti, 1980: 141-143 [& illustra-
tions].

COMMENTS. A yellow species most similar to
insignis.

BioLoGy. Unknown.

DISTRIBUTION. India.

MATERIAL EXAMINED. None.

Thrips mallotti Priesner

Thrips (Isoneurothrips) mallotti Priesner, 1934:
269-270. Holotype 9, JAVA (SMF) [exam-
ined].

Thrips (Isoneurothrips) addendus Priesner, 1934:
270-271. Holotype 9, TAIWAN [FOR-
MOSA] (SMF) (Synonymised by zur Strassen
1978: 191) [examined].

Q Medium; pale to dark brown species, pale
legs, forewings dark with base pale.
Antennae 7-segmented; ocellar setae situated

23

near margins of ocellar triangle. Metanotal cam-
paniform sensilla present; sculpture polygonally
reticulate; median setae situated behind anterior
margin. Forewing first vein with a complete row
of setae; scale with 5 setae, apical seta longer
than subapical. Sternites and pleurotergites with-
out discal setae. Tergite II with 3 lateral marginal
setae, 4 displaced onto pleurotergite; tergite VIII
posteromarginal comb absent or represented by
only a few small microtrichia laterally.

CO Paler brown; sternites III-VII each with a
narrow transverse glandular area; tergite VIII
comb with a few small microtrichia laterally;
tergite IX bl setae longer than b2, and closer
together than to b2.

COMMENTS. T. mallotti looks most similar to
orientalis and extensicornis (Figs 60-61, 67-68)
but these species are probably not closely
related. They usually have at least 1 pair of
sternal discal setae and uniformly dark wings and
extensicornis has a long gap in the row of first
vein setae.

BIOLOGY. Found in flowers of Lantana, Mallo-
tus and Beaumontia.

DISTRIBUTION. Sumatra, Java, Malaya, New
Guinea, Queensland, Bali, Celebes, Solomon Is,
Philippines, Okinawa, Caroline, Palau, Taiwan,
India.

MATERIAL EXAMINED. JAVA: Holotype @ of
mallotti (SMF); 8 2, 1 & (BMNH). TAIWAN:
Holotype 2, 3 & paratypes of addendus (SMF).
BAL lo (SO). CELEBES: 1 9 (SO).
MALAYA: 2 2, 2 0’ (BMNH).

Thrips pallisetis Sakimura

Thrips (Isothrips) pallisetis Sakimura, 1969:
71-74. Holotype 2, AUSTRALIA (CAS)
[examined].

? Large; brown, antennal segments II & III and
forewings pale.

Antennae 7-segmented; ocellar setae III situ-
ated outside ocellar triangle. Metanotum with
distinctively elongate reticulate sculpture; cam-
paniform sensilla present; median setae situated
at anterior margin. Forewing first vein with com-
plete row of setae; scale with 5 setae, apical seta
longer than subapical. Sternites and pleuroterg-
ites without discal setae. Tergite II with 4 lateral
marginal setae; tergite VIII posteromarginal
comb absent or represented by only a few small
microtrichia.

CO Unknown.

COMMENTS. Close relatives of T. pallisetis are

24

not obvious. It looks most similar to javanicus
but this species has dark forewings and an irregu-
lar row of first vein setae. T. malloti is also
similar but differs mainly in having polygonally
reticulate metanotal sculpture and ocellar setae
III situated inside the ocellar triangle.

BIOLOGY. Unknown.
DISTRIBUTION. Australia: NSW.

MATERIAL EXAMINED. AUSTRALIA: NSW.,
Holotype 9 (CAS).

Thrips reticulatus Moulton
(Figs 8, 13)

Thrips reticulatus Moulton, 1940: 254-255. Holo-
type 2, NEW GUINEA (BPBM) [not exam-
ined].

2 Medium to large; brown, legs yellow, antennal
segments III-VI pale at base, forewings slightly
paler at base.

Antennae 7-segmented; ocellar setae III situ-
ated inside ocellar triangle (Fig. 13). Metanotum
with polygonally reticulate sculpture; campani-
form sensilla absent; median setae long and
situated behind anterior margin (Fig. 8). Fore-
wings with 7 basal and 3 distal first vein setae;
scale with 5 setae, apical seta shorter than sub-
apical. Sternites and pleurotergites without discal
setae. Tergite II with 3 lateral setae; tergite VIII
with a complete comb of microtrichia although
sometimes irregular (cf. Fig. 144).

CO Paler, yellow with long, dark pronotal pos-
teroangular setae; sternites III-VII each with a
narrow transverse glandular area; tergite VIII
comb complete but short and irregular; tergite
IX b1 setae longer than b2, their bases equidis-
tant.

COMMENTS. T. reticulatus is morphologically
similar to malloti, which has a complete row of
forewing first vein setae and ocellar setae III
situated on outer margins of ocellar triangle, and
extensicornis, which usually has a pair of sternal
discal setae and comb absent medially. T. beta
from New Guinea is also similar but this species
has small metanotal median setae and comb
absent medially.

BIOLOGY. Unknown.
DISTRIBUTION. New Guinea.

MATERIAL EXAMINED. NEW GUINEA: 2 9, 2
CO paratypes (CAS).

J.M. PALMER

Group II

Species in group II do not have any sternal discal
setae and, apart from three species, they also
lack pleurotergal discals. They differ from spe-
cies in group I in having mostly striate metanotal
sculpture. The group comprises 32 species in the
Oriental and pacific Regions, 15 of which have
not been found previously outside the Indian
subcontinent and one from Fiji described as new.
It includes four of the most significant pest
species in the genus; nigropilosus, palmi, setosus
and tabaci. Thrips palmi, setosus and tabaci are
also vectors of tomato spotted wilt virus
(TSWV). Apart from setosus, these pest species
appear to form a closely related group of yellow
to pale brown species with the microtrichia of the
posteromarginal comb on tergite VIII long, fine
and regularly spaced. This group also includes
the pale Indian species flavidulus, kodaikanalen-
sis, taurus, alatus and pallidulus and the bico-
loured Indian species carthami, atactus and
garuda. T. dorax is also similar but has a more
irregular tergal comb. Other species with such a
well develope 1 comb are brown. These include
himalayanus, tanicus and tectus from India, for-
mosanus from Taiwan, obscuripes and rostratus
both from Java, and setosus and brunneus, both
from Japan. These last two species are unusual in
having at least 1 discal seta on most pleuroterg-
ites, as does the Indian species xenos which may
be closely related to them. It is a yellow species,
however, and the males are unique in the genus
in having numerous, small sternal glandular
areas. T. seticollis from Australia and cerno from
Fiji are unusual in this group in having the
median metanotal setae situated at the anterior
margin. The remaining species fall into two
groups; T. modicus, rhabdotus and rapaensis
from South Pacific islands all have a complete
row of forewing first vein setae, and conocephali
and pectiniprivus from Java and Krakatau have
only 3-5 distal first vein setae. In many ways
these last two species are very similar to alius
from the Philippines in group I. The yellow,
Indian species Jevatus also belongs to this group
although its relationships are unclear.

Thrips alatus Bhatti

Thrips alatus Bhatti, 1980: 118-120. Holotype °,
INDIA (JSB) [not examined].

DESCRIPTION. Bhatti, 1980: 118-120.

COMMENTS. Yellow species very similar to
palmi, indeed Bhatti considers it to be the Hima-
layan counterpart of palmi.

THRIPS FROM PAKISTAN TO PACIFIC
BIOLOGY. Unknown.
DISTRIBUTION. India, Nepal.

MATERIAL EXAMINED. NEPAL: 5 9, 2 &
(BMNH).

Thrips atactus Bhatti

Thrips atactus Bhatti, 1967: 17. Holotype 9,
INDIA (ZSI) [not examined].

DESCRIPTION. Bhatti, 1980: 126-127.

COMMENTS. Distinctively bicoloured species,
structurally most similar to garuda and nigropilo-
SUS.

BIOLOGY. Unknown.

DISTRIBUTION. India, known only from the
holotype.

MATERIAL EXAMINED. None.

Thrips beharensis (Ramakrishna &
Margabandhu)

Oxyrrhinothrips beharensis Ramakrishna & Mar-
gabandhu, 1939: 29-30. Syntypes 9, INDIA
(ZSI) [not examined].

Thrips (Oxyrrhinothrips) beharensis (Rama-
krishna & Margabandhu), Shumsher, 1942:
130-131 (in part—Shumsher considered it a
synonym of rostratus Priesner).

Thrips beharensis (Ramakrishna
gabandhu), Bhatti, 1980: 127.

& Mar-

DESCRIPTION. Ramakrishna & Margabandhu,
1939: 29-30. Male described by Ananthakrish-
nan, 1953: 199.

COMMENTS. Small, pale yellow species closely
related to palmi, alatus and _ pallidulus.
Described, originally in Oxyrrhinothrips, as hav-
ing a long, pointed mouthcone. This characteris-
tic is difficult to interpret as its appearance may
be affected by the orientation of the head and the
degree of telescoping of the head into the prono-
tum. The types were not illustrated and have not
been available for study but the two females from
the Murshidabad District of India (ZSI) labelled
as beharensis are indistinguishable from palmi.

BIOLOGY. Unknown.
DISTRIBUTION. India.

MATERIAL EXAMINED. None.

25

Thrips brunneus Ishida
(Fig. 14)

Thrips physapus f. brunnea Ishida, 1936: 67-70.
Holotype 2 KURILES (ICH) [examined].
Thrips brunneus Ishida, Kud6, 1979: 490.

© Medium to large; dark brown; forewings paler
at base; antennal segment III slightly paler.

Antennae 7-segmented; ocellar setae III situ-
ated outside ocellar triangle near anterior margin
(cf. Fig. 40). Metanotum with broadly striate
sculpture; campaniform sensilla present; median
setae situated far behind anterior margin
(cf. Fig. 36). Forewings with 7 basal and 3 distal
first vein setae; scale with 5 setae, apical seta
longer than subapical. Sternites without discal
setae. Pleurotergites with 1-3 discal setae. Terg-
ite II with 3 lateral setae, 4th on pleurite; tergite
VIII posteromarginal comb complete, with long,
fine and regularly spaced microtrichia
(cf. Fig. 53).

CG’ Brown; well developed posteromarginal
comb on tergite VIII; tergite [IX b1 setae closer
to b2 setae than to each other; sternites II-VI
each with a small oval glandular area.

COMMENTS. T. brunneus is unusual in having
pleurotergal discal setae but no sternal discals.
From the species considered here it shares this
characteristic only with setosus, also from Japan
and with which it is closely related, and xenos, a
yellow species from India. The females of setosus
are much smaller and differ in having pale bases
to antennal segments IV & V; pronotal discal
setae more numerous (cf. Figs. 14, 40); the
males are paler brown with tergite VIII comb
shorter and tergite IX bl and b2 setae equidis-
tant. The males of xenos are unique in the genus
in having numerous small glandular areas on
sternites III-VII.

BIOLOGY. Unknown.

DISTRIBUTION. Known only from Japan.
MATERIAL EXAMINED. JAPAN: Kuriles, Holo-
type 2; 1 9, 1 oO paratypes (ICH).

Thrips carthami Shumsher

Thrips carthami Shumsher, 1946: 184-185. Holo-
type 2, INDIA (? IARI) [not examined].

DESCRIPTION. Bhatti, 1980: 128-129.

COMMENTS. Bicoloured species, larger but
structurally similar and probably related to
palmi.

BIOLOGY. Often found on Rosaceous trees such

26

as almond, peach and loquat (Amygdalus and
Eryobotrya species).

DISTRIBUTION. India, Kashmir, Pakistan,

Bhutan.

MATERIAL EXAMINED. INDIA: 5 Q. PAKI-
STAN: 41 9. BHUTAN: 5 9 (BMNH).

Thrips cerno sp.n.
(Figs 21, 25)

macroptera. Colour uniformly brown; tibiae
and tarsi pale; antennal segment III and base of
IV & V pale; forewings dusky, slightly paler at
base.

Antennae 8-segmented; ocellar setae III
exceptionally long and situated inside but near
anterior margins of ocellar triangle; postocular
setae I apparently absent, II minute, III well
developed (Fig. 21). Pronotum without stria-
tions, with 3 pairs of posteromarginal setae,
median pair, midlaterals and posteroangulars
long (Fig. 21). Metanotal campaniform sensilla
present; sculpture elongate, almost striate,
median setae situated near anterior margin
(Fig. 25). forewing first vein with a complete row
of setae; scale with 5 setae, apical seta shorter
than subapical. Abdominal sternites without dis-
cal setae, with 3 pairs of posteromarginal setae,
sternite VII with median setae near posterior
margin. Pleurotergites without discal setae. Terg-
ite II with 3 lateral setae, 4th seta situated on
pleurotergite. Tergite VIII posteromarginal
comb absent or represented by only a few small
microtrichia laterally.

Measurements (Holotype 2 in um). Body
length 1220. Ocellar setae III 100/96. Postocular
setae II 4; III 26/28. Pronotal posteroangular
setae, inner 108; outer 116. Median metanotal
setae 56/60.

CO Unknown.

COMMENTS. Although known from only 2 speci-
mens, this species is described here as new
because it has exceptionally long interocellar
setae more reminiscent of Frankliniella and Tae-
niothrips species. It is otherwise an unremark-
able species, similar in most respects to the
Australian Thrips seticollis but differing in the
length of ocellar setae III, absence of a complete
posteromarginal comb of long microtrichia on
tergite VIII, pale tibiae and bicolored antennal
segments IV & V.

BIioLoGy. Taken from gladiolus flowers.

DISTRIBUTION. Fiji.

J.M. PALMER

MATERIAL EXAMINED. Holotype @. FIJI: Viti
Levu, Naduruloulou, in gladiolus flowers,
27.x1.1951 (B.A. O’Connor) (BMNH). Paratype.
1 Y, same data as holotype.

Thrips conocephali Priesner
(Fig. 17)

Thrips conocephali Priesner, 1934: 274-275. Syn-
type 2, JAVA (SMF) [labelled as lectotype by
Bhatti, 1978] [examined].

@ Medium; brown, dark forewings with pale
base, antennal segment III slightly paler.

Antennae 7-segmented, ocellar setae III situ-
ated near anterior margins of ocellar triangle
(Fig. 17). Pronotum with numerous discal setae
(Fig. 17). Metanotum with striate sculpture
sometimes with a few ill-formed reticulations
medially; campaniform sensilla present; median
setae situated behind anterior margin
(cf. Fig. 133). Forewing first vein with 7 basal
and 4 or 5 distal setae; scale with 5 setae, apical
seta longer than subapical. Abdominal sternites
and pleurotergites without discal setae. Tergite II
with 3 lateral setae; tergite VIII posteromarginal
comb absent medially (cf. Fig. 52).

CO Unknown.

COMMENTS. T. conocephali is morphologically
similar to alius (group I), from banana leaves in
the Philippines, which also sometimes has a few
reticulations medially on the metanotum but the
antennae of alius are paler. However, conoceph-
ali is most closely related to pectiniprivus, which
differs in having bicoloured antennal segments
III & IV, fewer pronotal discals, no campaniform
sensilla and median metanotal setae situated
further behind anterior margin. Although the
position of ocellar setae III is difficult to assess,
those of conocephali appear to be situated on the
outer margins of the ocellar triangle, slightly
further apart than in pectiniprivus.

BIOLOGY. Known only from flowers of Cono-
cephalus.

DISTRIBUTION. Java.

MATERIAL EXAMINED. JAVA: ‘Lectotype’ 9, 1
Q ‘paralectotype’ (SMF).

Thrips dorax Bhatti

Thrips dorax Bhatti, 1980: Holotype 2, INDIA
(JSB) [not examined].

DESCRIPTION. Bhatti, 1980: 132.

COMMENTS. Bicoloured species which Bhatti

THRIPS FROM PAKISTAN TO PACIFIC

suggests is related to garuda. It is unusual in this
group, however, in having a complete but irregu-
lar posteromarginal comb on tergite VIII.

BIOLOGY. Unknown.

DISTRIBUTION. India, known only from the
holotype.

MATERIAL EXAMINED. None.

Thrips flavidulus (Bagnall)

Physothrips flavidulus Bagnall, 1923: 628. Lecto-
type 2 INDIA (BMNH) [designated by
Mound, 1968: 56] [examined].

Thrips flavidulus (Bagnall) Bhatti,
132-133.

DESCRIPTION. Bhatti, 1980: 132-133.

1980:

COMMENTS. Large, pale yellow species morpho-
logically very similar to flavus. They may be
found in mixed populations, and the two species
are not always distinguishable (Bhatti, 1980).

BIOLOGY. Unknown.
DISTRIBUTION. India, Nepal.

MATERIAL EXAMINED. INDIA: Lectotype 9, 1
Q paratype, 1 9 (BMNH).

DOUBTFULLY ASSOCIATED MATERIAL. INDIA:
1 CO’. NEPAL: 1 9. CHINA: 1c’ (BMNH).

Thrips flavus Schrank
(Figs 19, 26, 46, 48, 57)

Thrips flava Schrank, 1776: 31-33. Syntypes 9,
AUSTRIA (depository unknown).

Physothrips flavidus Bagnall, 1916b: 399-400.
Holotype 9, JAPAN (BMNH). [Synonymised
by Bhatti, 1970] [examined].

Taeniothrips clarus Moulton, 1928b: 287-289.
Holotype o', TAIWAN (CAS) [examined].
Syn.n.

Taeniothrips saussureae Ishida, 1936: 70-72.
Holotype 2 (ICH), [Synonymised by Kud6,
1979: 491]. [examined].

Full synonymy in Bhatti, 1980: 133-135.

© Large; pale, brownish yellow, antennal seg-
ments IV to VIII brown or IV & V often
bicoloured.

Antennae 7- or 8-segmented; ocellar setae
small, situated close together, well within ocellar
triangle (Fig. 19). Metanotum with striate sculp-
ture; campaniform sensilla present; median setae
situated well behind anterior margin (Fig. 26).
Forewing first vein with 7 basal and 3 distal setae;

27

scale with 5 setae, apical seta longer than subapi-
cal. Sternites and pleurotergites without discal
setae. Tergite II with 4 lateral marginal setae;
tergite VIII posteromarginal comb complete, of
long, fine, regularly spaced microtrichia.

CO Similar to 2 but much smaller; sternites IIT
to VII each with a large transverse glandular
area; tergite VIII with a complete but very short
and irregular posteromarginal comb (Fig. 57);
tergite IX bl setae shorter than b2 and closer to
b2 than to each other.

COMMENTS. T. flavus is a very variable species
and this variation is discussed by Bhatti (1980).

Moulton (19285) described Taeniothrips clarus
with 8-segmented antennae, and five pages later
Thrips clarus which differed in being smaller,
having fewer wing setae and 7-segmented anten-
nae. The holotype and 2 ? paratypes of saus-
sureae have 8-segmented antennae. The
variation known to exist within flavus encom-
passes all these nominal species, and Thrips
clarus was synonymised with flavus by Gentile &
Bailey (1968). However, although one of the C’
paratypes may be flavus, all the females have
ocellar setae III situated outside or on the mar-
gins of the ocellar triangle and must, therefore,
be palmi.

Apart from size, flavus is morphologically very
similar to palmi, and these belong to a group of
related, pale species from India.

BIOLOGY. Common and polyphagous.

DISTRIBUTION. Widespread from Pakistan to
Korea: Nepal, Pakistan, N. India, Thailand, Tai-
wan, China, Korea, Japan, Malaya, Philippine
Islands, Australia; also known from North
America, Europe and Africa.

MATERIAL EXAMINED. TAIWAN: Holotype C’,
1 2 paratype, 3 2 of Taeniothrips clarus (CAS).
JAPAN: Holotype, 2 Q paratypes of Taenio-
thrips saussureae (Ishida Collection); lectotype
©, 2 9 paralectotypes of T. flavidus; holotype °
of P. flavidus (BMNH). (Thrips clarus see
palmi). Also about 350 9, ©’, Europe, Japan,
China, Nepal, Pakistan, India, Malaya, Australia
(BMNH), 21 9, Oo’, Taiwan, Nepal, Japan (SO).

Thrips formosanus Priesner

(Figs 22, 27)

Thrips formosanus Priesner, 1934: 283-284.
Holotype 2, TAIWAN (SMF) [examined].

2 Medium uniformly brown, forewings dusky,
legs dark, antennae dark, segment III paler at
base.

28

Antennae 7-segmented; ocellar setae III situ-
ated outside ocellar triangle (Fig. 22). Metano-
tum with striate sculpture; campaniform sensilla
present; median setae situated far behind ante-
rior margin (Fig. 27). Forewing first vein with 7
basal and 3 distal setae: scale with 5 setae, apical
seta longer than subapical. Sternites and pleurot-
ergites without discal setae. Tergite II with 4
lateral setae; tergite VIII with a complete, regu-
lar posteromarginal comb (cf. Fig. 51).

CO Unknown.

COMMENTS. 7. formosanus is very closely
related to obscuripes and rostratus. Both these
species, however, have antennal segment III
dark, and rostratus has no metanotal campani-
form sensilla. T. tanicus known only from India,
however, may be most closely related. T. tabaci
with ocellar setae III inside the ocellar triangle,
and the yellow species palmi, alatus and pallidu-
lus are also structurally similar.

BIOLOGY. Unknown.
DISTRIBUTION. India, Taiwan.

MATERIAL EXAMINED. TAIWAN: Holotype 2
(SMF).

DOUBTFULLY ASSOCIATED MATERIAL. NEPAL:
7 2. JAPAN: 6 @ (SO).

Thrips fuscicornis Ishida

Thrips fuscicornis Ishida, 1936: 72-74. Holotype
O', KURILES, JAPAN (ICH) [examined].

Unknown.

CO Pale. Antennae 7-segmented; ocellar setae
III situated outside ocellar triangle. Metanotal
campaniform sensilla present; sculpture striate;
median setae situated far behind anterior mar-
gin. Forewings with 7 basal and 3 distal setae;
scale with 5 setae, apical seta longer than subapi-
cal. Sternites and pleurotergites without discal
setae. Sternites III-VII each with a small, trans-
verse, oval glandular area. Tergite II with 4
lateral setae; VII with microtrichia medially on
posterior margin; tergite VIII comb complete.
Tergite IX b1 and b2 setae equal in length and
distance between bases.

COMMENTS. This species was collected with T.
saussureae (=flavus) and T. brunneus. Kud6
(1979) recognised that the &’ holotype and 2 0
paratypes were not conspecific with the 2 para-
types. These females are misidentified flavus.
The males are not flavus as they differ in having
ocellar setae III outside the ocellar triangle. They
could be palmi but the sternal glandular areas are

J.M. PALMER

a little small, tergite VIII comb is a little short
and, as a few pleurotergites appear to have a
single discal seta, they may be teneral brunneus.
It is also possible, however, that they do belong
to the formosanus species group which com-
prises: tanicus and possibly himalayanus from
India and formosanus from Taiwan, males of
which are unknown; rostratus from Java, Celebes
and Bali, the holotype 2 of which does not have
a pair of metanotal campaniform sensilla;
obscuripes from Java; and possibly tectus from
India.

T. setosus is another similar species closely
related to brunneus and also from Japan. Both
these species, however, normally have at least 1
pleurotergal discal seta on most segments but it
would not be surprising for males of either to be
found without them. Males of many species tend
to be smaller and have fewer, often shorter body
setae than the females.

BioLoGy. Unknown.

DISTRIBUTION. Japan.

MATERIAL EXAMINED. JAPAN: Holotype C’, 1
CO paratype (ICH).

Thrips garuda Bhatti

Thrips garuda Bhatti, 1980: 137. Holotype ?,
INDIA (JSB) [not examined].

DESCRIPTION. Bhatti, 1980: 137.

COMMENTS. Bicoloured species morphologically
similar to atactus and dorax both also from India.

BIOLOGY. Unknown.
DISTRIBUTION. India.

MATERIAL EXAMINED. None.

Thrips himalayanus (Pelikan)

Taeniothrips himalayanus Pelikan, 1970:
363-365. Holotype 9, NEPAL (IZUI) [not
examined].

Thrips himalayanus (Pelikan) Bhatti,
192-193.

1978:

DESCRIPTION. Bhatti, 1980: 140-141.

COMMENTS. Dark brown species very similar
morphologically and probably related to formo-
sanus and tanicus. Both these species, however,
have 7-segmented antennae and median metano-
tal setae situated well behind the anterior mar-

gin.

THRIPS FROM PAKISTAN TO PACIFIC

BIOLOGY. Described from 22 Q from Rhodo-
dendron leaves.

DISTRIBUTION. Nepal.

MATERIAL EXAMINED. None.

Thrips kodaikanalensis Ananthakrishnan &

Jagadish

Thrips kodaikanalensis Ananthakrishnan & Jag-
adish, 1966: 89-91. Syntypes 9, INDIA
(TNA) [not examined].

Thrips exhuberans Ananthakrishnan & Jagadish,

1968: 360-361. Syntypes 2 oO’, INDIA (TNA)
[Synonymised by Bhatti 1970] [not examined].

DESCRIPTION. Ananthakrishnan & Jagadish,
1966: 89-91.

COMMENTS. Large, pale brown species, very
similar morphologically and related to flavus.

BIOLOGY. Unknown.
DISTRIBUTION. India.

MATERIAL EXAMINED. INDIA: 8 9 paratypes of
kodaikanalensis (BMNH).

Thrips levatus Bhatti

Thrips levatus Bhatti, 1980: 143-144. Holotype
2, INDIA (JSB) [not examined].

DESCRIPTION. Bhatti, 1980: 143-144.

COMMENTS. Yellow species with the postero-
marginal comb of tergite VIII absent medially.

BioLoGy. Unknown.
DISTRIBUTION. India, Thailand.

MATERIAL EXAMINED. INDIA: 1 9, 1 CO para-
types (BMNH)

DOUBTFULLY ASSOCIATED MATERIAL. THAI-
LAND: 3 9 (BMNH). MALAYA: 2 9,1 0c
(SMF): 3 @ (BMNH). SINGAPORE: 3 9
(BMNH). BRUNEI: 2 9 (BMNH).

Thrips modicus Bianchi
(Figs 23, 28)

Thrips (Isothrips) modicus Bianchi, 1953: 96-97.
Holotype 2, SAMOA (BPBM) [examined].

Q Small to medium; uniformly mid-brown,
forewings and femora dark, tibiae and antennal
segment III pale.

Antennae 7-segmented; ocellar setae III very
short, situated just outside ocellar triangle; pos-
tocular setae II minute, situated anterior to I

29

(Fig. 23). Pronotum with striations; posteroan-
gular setae very short (Fig. 23). Metanotum
closely striate; campaniform sensilla absent;
median setae very short and situated far behind
anterior margin (Fig. 28). Forewing first vein
usually with an almost complete row of setae;
scale with 5 setae, apical seta longer than subapi-
cal. Sternites and pleurotergites without discal
setae. Tergite II with 3 lateral setae; tergite VIII
posteromarginal comb complete but of short and
irregular microtrichia.

CO Pale with brown head. Sternites IHI—VII
with oval glandular areas. Tergite VIII comb
with microtrichia medially; tergite IX bl setae
longer than b2 and almost equidistant.

COMMENTS. This species is closely related to
rhabdotus and rapaensis from Fiji, Tonga and
Rapa I, but both these species have longer ocel-
lar setae III, pronotal posteroangulars and
median metanotals. 7. rapaensis also lacks pro-
notal striations.

BioLoGy. Unknown.
DISTRIBUTION. Samoa.

MATERIAL EXAMINED. SAMOA: Holotype Q, 1
CO paratype (BPBM).

Thrips nigropilosus Uzel
(Fig. 50)

Thrips nigropilosa Uzel, 1895: 198-199. Syntypes
2, 0. BOHEMIA (?NHM) [not examined].

2 Medium; yellow with various brown markings.

Antennae 7-segmented; ocellar setae III situ-
ated outside ocellar triangle. Metanotum with
sculpture varying with wing development, reticu-
late or striate with some reticulations medially;
median setae situated far behind anterior mar-
gin; campaniform sensilla absent. Forewings,
when fully developed, with 7-8 basal, 3 distal
setae; scale with 5 setae, apical seta longer than
subapical. Sternites and pleurotergites without
discal setae. Tergite II with 3 lateral marginal
setae (Fig. 50); tergite VIII posteromarginal
comb complete, and of long, fine, regular micro-
trichia.

CO Similar to Q; sternites III-VII each with a
transverse glandular area; tergite VIII comb with
long microtrichia medially; tergite IX b setae
shorter than b2, bases about equidistant.

COMMENTS. This species is most similar mor-
phologically and related to the bicoloured Indian
species atactus and garuda; to palmi, which is a
unformly very pale species; and to tabaci and

30

flavus, which both have ocellar setae III situated
inside the ocellar triangle.

BioLoGy. The Chrysanthemum thrips, a pest of
cultivated Pyrethrum in East Africa and egg
plant in Hawaii. Common particularly on lettuce,
other Compositae and Phaseolus in Fiji and on
Scotch thistle in New Zealand (Walker &
Michaux, 1989), a glasshouse pest in Europe and
the USA. Also known from Plantago, flax,
wheat and onion.

DISTRIBUTION. It is widespread in northern tem-
perate regions; Korea, Japan, Hawaii, Philip-
pines, Fiji, Australia, New Zealand, North
America, Europe, East Africa, Mauritius.

MATERIAL EXAMINED. About 60 9 from North
America, Europe, East Africa, Australia and
New Zealand (BMNH).

Thrips obscuripes Priesner

Thrips obscuripes Priesner, 1934: 278-279. Syn-
type 2, JAVA (SMF) [labelled as lectotype by
Bhatti, 1978] [examined].

Medium to small; uniformly dark brown, legs,
wings and antennae dark.

Antennae 7-segmented, ocellar setae III situ-
ated outside or near margins of ocellar triangle
(cf. Fig. 38). Metanotum with striate sculpture;
campaniform sensilla present; median setae situ-
ated well behind anterior margin (Fig. 29).
Forewing first vein with 7 basal and 3 distal setae;
scale with 5 setae, apical seta longer than subapi-
cal. Sternites and pleurotergites without discal
setae. Tergite II with 4 lateral marginal setae;
tergite VIII posteromarginal comb complete and
regular (Fig. 51).

© similar to 9; sternites I1I-VII each with a
small, transverse, oval glandular area; tergite
VIII posteromarginal comb not apparent; tergite
IX b1 setae slightly shorter than b2 and slightly
closer to b2 than to each other.

COMMENTS. This species is closely related to
tanicus from India, formosanus, which has a pale
antennal segment III, and rostratus, which does
not have metanotal campaniform sensilla. The
last 2 species also have ocellar setae III slightly
further apart. T. flavus is also similar but is a pale
species with ocellar setae much closer together.

BIoLoGy. Unknown.
DISTRIBUTION. Java.

MATERIAL EXAMINED. JAVA: Lectotype 9; 3
2,10 paralectotypes (SMF).

J.M. PALMER

Thrips pallidulus Bagnall

Thrips pallidulus Bagnall, 1924: 424-425. Lecto-
type 2, INDIA (BMNH) [designated by
Mound, 1968] [examined].

DESCRIPTION. Bhatti, 1980: 151-152 [& illustra-
tions].

COMMENTS. Pale yellow species most similar
and closely related to palmi and alatus.

BIOLOGY. Unknown.
DISTRIBUTION. India.

MATERIAL EXAMINED. INDIA: Lectotype 9; 3
2,10 paralectotypes (BMNH).

DOUBTFULLY ASSOCIATED MATERIAL. CHINA:
10 (BMNB#).

Thrips palmi Karny
(Figs 20, 30, 49, 58)

Thrips palmi Karny, 1925: 10-15. Lectotype 9,
SUMATRA. (SMF) [not examined].

Thrips clarus Moulton, 1928b: 294-295. Holo-
type 2, TAIWAN (CAS) [Synonymised by
Nakahara, 1990] [examined].

Thrips gossypicola Priesner, 1939: 41. INDIA
(Nomen nudum) [Synonymised by Bhatti,
1980: 153].

Thrips gracilis Ananthakrishnan & Jagadish,
1968: 361. Syntypes 2, oO’. INDIA (TNA)
[Synonymised by Bhatti, 1970: 381] [not exam-
ined].

Chloethrips aureus Ananthakrishnan & Jagadish,
1967: 381. Syntypes 9, Oo’. INDIA (TNA)
[Synonymised by Bhatti, 1970: 381] [not exam-
ined].

2 Medium to small; uniformly very pale yellow,
antennal segments [IV & V bicoloured or dark,
VI & VII dark.

Antennae 7-segmented; ocellar setae III situ-
ated outside ocellar triangle (Fig. 20). Metano-
tum with sculpture broadly striate, converging
posteriorly; median setae situated far behind
anterior margin; campaniform sensilla present
(Fig. 30). Forewing first vein with 7 basal and
2-3 distal setae; scale with 5 setae, apical seta
longer than subapical. Sternites and pleuroterg-
ites without discal setae. Tergite II with 4 lateral
marginal setae (Fig. 49); tergite VIII postero-
marginal comb complete and of long, fine, regu-
larly spaced microtrichia.

CO Similar to 2; sternites III-VII each with a
narrow, transverse glandular area; tergite VIII
comb complete medially and of long, fine micro-

THRIPS FROM PAKISTAN TO PACIFIC

trichia (Fig. 58); tergite [IX bl setae slightly
shorter than b2 and a little closer to b2 than to
each other.

COMMENTS. T. palmi is very closely related to 2
Indian species alatus and pallidulus which differ
slightly in metanotal sculpture and antennal
colour. Other, morphologically similar, pale spe-
cies are tabaci and flavus which have ocellar setae
III situated close together within the ocellar
triangle, and nigropilosus, which usually has
some brown abdominal markings and is often
brachypterous or micropterous. Variation and
distribution of palmi are discussed by Bhatti
(1980).

BIOLOGY. It has been known since the 1920's
from Sumatra, Java and India where it was found
particularly on tobacco and cotton, and in Tai-
wan on the composite flowers of Chrysanthemum
and Bidens where it was known as clarus Moul-
ton. Until 1980, when Bhatti made it possible to
recognise palmi, it was found in the Orient from
Pakistan to Thailand frequently on cucurbits but
a number of specimens in 5 samples from Thai-
land, 1947, 1959, 1960 and 1962, were misidenti-
fied as flavidulus (= flavus) (BMNH). It has
been recognised as palmi only during the last 10
years while it has spread rapidly throughout the
Oriental and Pacific Regions and has become a
serious pest (Sakimura eft al., 1986; Bournier,
1987). It causes most economic damage to cucur-
bits and is known to transmit tomato spotted wilt
virus in water melons in Japan (Kameya-Iwaki et
al., 1988). It is now also suspected of transmitting
TSWV to groundnuts in India (Palmer ef al., in
press).

DISTRIBUTION. Common and widespread from
Mauritius to Japan and New Caledonia. [Marti-
nique, Guadeloupe, Dominica, St Kitts, Trin-
idad, Sudan, Mauritius, Reunion, Pakistan,
India, Bangladesh, Thailand, Taiwan, China,
Hong Kong, Japan, Korea, Hawaii, Philippine
Is, Malaya, Singapore, Sumatra, Java, Guam,
Brunei, Australian N.T., Wallis, New Caledonia,
Samoa. |

MATERIAL EXAMINED. TAIWAN: Holotype Q;
8 9, 2 & paratypes of Thrips clarus (CAS).
About 150 9, of from St Kitts, Trinidad, Mauri-
tius, Pakistan, India, Thailand, Taiwan, China,
Japan, Korea, Hawaii, Philippines, Malaya, Sin-
gapore, Java, Brunei, Australian N.T., Samoa
(BMNH). 20 9, 4 Oo from Korea, Thailand,
Taiwan (SO).

31

Thrips pectiniprivus Priesner
(Figs 16, 31, 52)

Thrips pectiniprivus Priesner, 1934: 273-274.
Holotype 2, KRAKATAU (SMF) [exam-
ined].

2 Small to medium; uniformly brown, forewings
dark with pale base, antennal segments IV & V
with paler base.

Antennae 7-segmented; ocellar setae III situ-
ated near anterior margins of ocellar triangle
(Fig. 16). Metanotum with broadly striate sculp-
ture; median setae situated far behind anterior
margin; campaniform sensilla absent (Fig. 31).
Forewing first vein with 7 basal and 4-5 distal
setae; scale with 5 setae, apical seta longer than
subapical. Sternites and pleurotergites without
discal setae. Tergite II with 4 lateral marginal
setae; tergite VIII posteromarginal comb absent
medially (Fig. 52).

CO Similar to 9, small, brown; legs pale;
sternites III-VII each with a large, transverse
glandular area; tergite VIII posteromarginal
comb absent, tergite [X bl and b2 setae equal in
length, bases equidistant.

COMMENTS. This species is most closely related,
and very similar, to conocephali, which has
brown antennal segments IV & V, more numer-
ous pronotal discal setae, median metanotal
setae nearer the anterior margin and ocellar
setae III slightly further apart on the outer mar-
gins of the ocellar triangle. 7. alius (group II) is
also similar but has more reticulate metanotal
sculpture and ocellar setae III further apart.

BIoLoGy. In flowers of Desmodium.
DISTRIBUTION. Krakatau.

MATERIAL EXAMINED. KRAKATAU: Holo-
type 2; 1 9,10 paratype (SMF).

Thrips rapaensis Moulton

(Fig. 18)

Isoneurothrips _rapaensis Moulton, 1939:
142-143. Holotype 9, SOCIETY IS. (BPBM)
[examined].

Thrips (Isothrips) rapaensis Moulton; Priesner,
1940: 54. 2 Medium; uniformly brown, fore-
wings dark with base very slightly paler, anten-
nal segment III pale yellow-brown.

Antennae 7-segmented; ocellar setae III well
developed and situated outside ocellar triangle;
postocular setae I & III well developed subequal
to ocellar setae III, II minute (Fig. 18). Pronotal

32

striations indistinct (Fig. 18). Metanotum with
closely striate sculpture; median setae situated
far behind anterior margin; campaniform sensilla
present (cf. Fig. 33). Forewing first vein setae
variable, usually almost a complete row; scale
with 5 setae, apical slightly shorter than subapi-
cal. Sternites and pleurotergites without discal
setae. Tergite II with 4 lateral setae; tergite VIII
posteromarginal comb complete but irregular.
CO Unknown.

COMMENTS. This species is most similar and
closely related to rhabdotus, from Tonga and
Fiji, which has distinct pronotal striations and
usually only 3 lateral marginal setae on tergite II,
whereas rapaensis usually has 4.

A sample of 8 2, 6 & from the Cook Archipel-
ago appear to be identical to the types of rapaen-
sis except for completely dark forewings and
broader striations on the metanotum. Males
from this series are brown; sternites III—-VII with
transverse glandular areas; tergite VIII comb
with a few irregular groups of very small microt-
richia; tergite [IX b, and b2 setae subequal in
length, b1 setae much closer to b2 than to each
other. The pronotal striations in this sample are
also more distinct.

BIoLoGy. Unknown.
DISTRIBUTION. Rapa I in the Society Is.

MATERIAL EXAMINED. SOCIETY IS.: Holotype
Q (BPBM); 2 9 paratypes (CAS).

DOUBTFULLY ASSOCIATED MATERIAL. COOK
ARCHIPELAGO: 8 9, 6 (SMF).

Thrips rhabdotus Sakimura
(Figs 32-33, 54)

Thrips (Isothrips) rhabdotus Sakimura, 1969:
74-79. Holotype 9, TONGA (USNM) [exam-
ined].

© Medium to large: uniformly brown species,
antennal segment III and forewing base paler.
Antennae 7-segmented, ocellar setae III situ-
ated outside ocellar triangle. Pronotum with
transverse striations. Metanotum with closely
striate sculpture; campaniform sensilla present;
median setae situated far behind anterior margin
(Figs 32-33). Forewing first vein with an almost
complete row of setae; scale with 5 setae, apical
and subapical setae almost equal in length. Ster-
nites and pleurotergites without discal setae.
Tergite II with 3 lateral setae, 4th situated on the
pleurite; tergite VIII posteromarginal comb com-

J.M. PALMER

plete but short and slightly irregular, microtrichia
arranged in groups (Fig. 54).

CO Yellow with brown head; sternites III-VII
each with a small, transverse glandular area;
tergite VIII comb of irregular groups of very
small microtrichia, tergite IX bl setae longer
than b2 and slightly closer to b2 than to each
other.

COMMENTS. This species is most similar and
closely related to modicus, which has short major
head and thoracic setae, and to rapaensis, which
has less distinct pronotal striations and slightly
broader metanotal sculpture. They both have
dark forewing bases.

Two samples of several males and females
from Tonga (SMF) have been examined which
differ from rhabdotus types in having bicoloured
antennal segments IV & V, darker forewing base
and pale tibiae; also the microtrichia of the comb
are more evenly separated than in typical rhab-
dotus. The males from these samples are yellow,
some appear bicoloured with orange internal
pigment. Tergite VIII comb with longer but
sparser microtrichia than typical rhabdotus; terg-
ite [X without spines, b1 longer than b2 setae and
situated closer to b2 than to each other. There
are also 792, 2 CO from gladiolus flowers in Fiji
(BMNH) and 1 9 from Fiji (Saki.) with similarly
bicoloured antennae.

BIOLOGY. Has been found in rose, Leucaena
and gardenia flowers.

DISTRIBUTION. Tonga, Fiji.

MATERIAL EXAMINED. TONGA: Holotype @
(USNM); 1 9, 1 O&O paratype (Saki.);6 9,2c
paratypes (BMNH); TONGA & FIJI: about 50
2, Oo (BMNH).

DOUBTFULLY ASSOCIATED MATERIAL.
TONGA: 16 9, 40 (SMF).

Thrips rostratus Priesner
(Figs 34, 38, 44)

Thrips rostratus Priesner, 1934: 279-280. Holo-
type 9, JAVA (SMF) [examined].

Q Small to medium; uniformly brown, legs,
forewings and antennae dark.

Antennae 7-segmented, ocellar setae III situ-
ated outside ocellar triangle (Fig. 38). Metano-
tum with striate sculpture; median setae situated
behind anterior margin; campaniform sensilla
absent (Fig. 34). Forewing first vein with 7 basal
and 3 distal setae; scale with 5 setae, apical seta
longer than subapical. Sternites and pleuroterg-

THRIPS FROM PAKISTAN TO PACIFIC

ites without discal setae. Tergite II with 3 lateral
marginal setae; tergite VIII posteromarginal
comb complete and regular.

oO Unknown.

COMMENTS. The holotype is in rather poor con-
dition and therefore some characteristics are
difficult to see, but it appears to be most similar
and probably related to obscuripes, also from
Java. It differs in having shorter antennal seg-
ments (Figs 43-44), no metanotal campaniform
sensilla and ocellar setae III situated further
apart, away from the anterior margins of the
ocellar triangle. It is also similar to formosanus
which has antennal segment III pale and the
Indian species tanicus is also related to this

group.
BioLoGy. Unknown.
DISTRIBUTION. Java, Celebes, Bali.

MATERIAL EXAMINED. JAVA: Holotype 2
(SMF). CELEBES: 1 2. BALI: 2 9 (SO).

Thrips seticollis (Bagnall)

(Figs 35, 39, 56)

Taeniothrips seticollis Bagnall, 1915: 591-592.
Holotype 9, WESTERN AUSTRALIA
(BMNH) [examined].

Taeniothrips (Isochaetothrips) seticollis Bagnall:
Sakimura, 1967c: 724.

Thrips seticollis (Bagnall): Bhatti, 1978: 191.

? Medium size; brown, forewings dark with pale
base, antennal segment III and base IV pale.

Antennae 8-segmented; ocellar setae III situ-
ated within ocellar triangle (Fig. 39). Metanotum
with striate sculpture; campaniform sensilla
present; median setae at anterior margin
(Fig. 35). Forewing first vein with a complete
row of setae; scale with 5 setae, apical seta longer
than subapical. Forelegs with a pretarsal claw
(cf. coprosmae group IV). Sternites and pleuro-
tergites without discal setae. Tergite II with 4
lateral marginal setae; tergite VIII posteromar-
ginal comb complete and regular.

CO Similar to 2, paler brown; sternites III-VII
each with a small, almost circular glandular area
(Fig. 56); tergite VIII posteromarginal comb of
only a few scattered, very short microtrichia;

tergite IX bl setae equal in length to b2 but:

closer together than to b2.

COMMENTS. Apart from cerno this is the only
species in its group to have the combined charac-
teristics of 8-segmented antennae, a complete
row of forewing first vein setae and median

33

metanotal setae at the anterior margin. It can be
easily distinguished from cerno by its much
shorter ocellar setae III, long median postoculars
and a much better developed comb. It is also
unusual in having a pretarsal claw on the fore-
legs. The only other species in this region of
study to have such a claw is coprosmae from New
Zealand (group IV).

BIoLoGy. Unknown.
DISTRIBUTION. W. Australia.

MATERIAL EXAMINED. AUSTRALIA: W.A.,
Holotype 9, 1 Q paratype, 2 9, 1 oh (BMNH).

Thrips setosus Moulton
(Figs 36, 40, 53)

Thrips setosus Moulton, 1928c: 304-305. Holo-
type 2, JAPAN (CAS) [examined].

Q Small; pale brown, forewings paler at base,
antennal segment III and base IV & V pale.

Antennae 7-segmented; ocellar setae III situ-
ated outside ocellar triangle (Fig. 40). Metano-
tum with striate sculpture with a few reticulations
medially; median setae situated far behind ante-
rior margin; campaniform sensilla present
(Fig. 36). Forewing first vein with 7 basal and 3
distal setae; scale with 5 setae, apical seta longer
than subapical. Sternites without discal setae.
Pleurotergites with 1-3 discal setae. Tergite II
with 3 lateral marginal setae; tergite VIII
posteromarginal comb complete although some-
times slightly irregular (Fig. 53).

CO Pale brown; sternites III-VII each with a
broad transverse glandular area; tergite VIII
posteromarginal comb complete but of very short
microtrichia and irregular; tergite IX bl setae
shorter than b2, their bases equidistant.

COMMENTS. This species is very closely related
to the British species on Mercurialis, fulvipes
Bagnall, which differs significantly only in its
longer submedian postocular setae. It is also
related to brunneus from Japan but it differs
mainly in having paler antennal segments IV &
V, ocellar setae III slightly further apart, slightly
broader metanotal sculpture and comb on tergite
VIII sometimes more irregular. The males of
setosus differ from those of brunneus in being
paler and having tergite IX bl setae closer
together. It also looks similar to tanicus, formo-
sanus, rostratus and obscuripes but none of these
has pleurotergal discal setae. Indeed, setosus and
brunneus and the yellow species xenos are the
only three species, considered in this work, that

34

lack sternal discal setae but have pleurotergal
discals.

This species should not be confused with
Thrips setosus Moulton, 1929: 97-98, from India
which was synonymised with T. subnudula by
Bhatti (1969a).

BIOLOGY. Very common in Japan where it is a
pest, particularly on tomatoes, and transmits
tomato spotted wilt virus (Kobatake et al., 1984).
Other host plants are listed by Miyazaki & Kudo
(1988).

DISTRIBUTION. Japan, Korea.

MATERIAL EXAMINED. JAPAN: Holotype 9
(CAS); 41 2,1 & (BMNH); 8 2, 3 oh (SO).

Thrips tabaci Lindeman
(Figs 37, 41-42, 45, 47, 55)

Thrips tabaci Lindeman, 1889: 61—75. Syntypes
2, o, USSR. (depository unknown).

Thrips hololeucus Bagnall, 1914: 24. Lectotype
@ JAPAN. (BMNH) [designated and syn-
onymised by Mound, 1968: 67] [examined].

Ramaswamiahiella kallarensis Ananthakrishnan,
1961: 564. Holotype 2, INDIA (TNA) [syn-
onymised by Bhatti, 1980: 157] [not exam-
ined].

@ Medium to small; yellow, brown or bico-
loured; antennal segments III-V bicoloured;
forewings pale.

Antennae 7-segmented; ocellar setae III situ-
ated near margins of ocellar triangle, usually just
inside (Fig. 41). Metanotum with broadly striate
sculpture often with a few reticulations medially;
median setae situated far behind anterior mar-
gin; campaniform sensilla absent (Fig. 37).
Forewing first vein with 7 basal and 4 (3-6) distal
setae (Fig. 45); scale with 5 setae, apical seta
longer than subapical. Sternites and pleuroterg-
ites without discal setae. Tergites laterally and
pleurotergites with rows of numerous, fine
microtrichia (Fig. 47). Tergite II with 3 lateral
marginal setae; tergite VIII posteromarginal
comb complete, of long, fine microtrichia and
regular (Fig. 55). Tergite [IX with only 1 pair of
campaniform sensilla, the anterior pair absent
(Fig. 55).

CO Yellow to pale brown; similar to 2; sterni-
tes III-V only each with a transverse glandular
area; tergite VIII posteromarginal comb com-
plete, of long fine microtrichia and regular at
least medially; tergite IX b1 setae slightly shorter
than b2, bases equidistant.

COMMENTS. T. tabaci, although variable in

J.M. PALMER

colour, is readily recognised by the characteris-
tics given in the key. The most similar pale
species in the group are flavus, flavidulus, and
kodaikanalensis. These, however, have two pairs
of campaniform sensilla on tergite IX and are
much larger. T. flavus and flavidulus are always
pale yellow, kokaikanalensis is pale brown; their
ocellar setae are also usually much closer
together.

BIOLOGY. Highly polyphagous and common. It
transmits TSWV in tobacco but is not known to
be a vector outside northern Europe.

DISTRIBUTION. Worldwide but males have a
restricted distribution and have been found only
around the Mediterranean and by Bhatti (1980)
in India.

MATERIAL EXAMINED. About 450 CO, Q
(BMNH).
Thrips tanicus Bhatti

Thrips montanus Ananthakrishnan & Jagadish,
1968: 363-364. Syntypes 2, 0’, INDIA (TNA)
[not examined].

Thrips tanicus Bhatti, 1969b: 381 (new name for
montanus Ananthakrishnan & Jagadish, pre-
occupied by Thrips montanus Priesnet.).

DESCRIPTION. Ananthakrishnan & Jagadish,
1968: 363-364.

COMMENTS. Brown species closely related to
formosanus, obscuripes and rostratus. It is most
similar to obscuripes but antennal segment III is
slightly paler.

BIOLOGY. May be associated with Ulex flowers.
DISTRIBUTION. India.

MATERIAL EXAMINED. None.

Thrips taurus Bhatti

Thrips taurus Bhatti, 1980: 159-161. Holotype
2, INDIA (JSB) [not examined].

DESCRIPTION. Bhatti, 1980: 159-161.

COMMENTS. Pale yellow species with a dark
band on forewing. Most similar to the palmi
group but distinct in having forewing first vein
with 6 distal setae.

BIOLOGY. Unknown.
DISTRIBUTION. India.

MATERIAL EXAMINED. None.

THRIPS FROM PAKISTAN TO PACIFIC

Thrips tectus (zur Strassen)

Taeniothrips tectus zur Strassen, 1975: 62-69.
Holotype 2, BHUTAN (NHMB) [not exam-
ined].

Thrips tectus (zur Strassen) Bhatti, 1978: 191,
192, 195.

DESCRIPTION. Variation in characteristics dis-
cussed by Bhatti (1980: 161).

COMMENTS. Dark brown species, with dusky
wings, 8-segmented antennae closely striate
metanotum and a complete posteromarginal
comb on tergite VIII. Ocellar setae III are also
distinctively small. Its relationships are unclear
but it may be closest to himalayanus and tanicus.

BIOLOGY. Possibly associated with Arisaema
flowers.

DISTRIBUTION. Bhutan, Nepal.
MATERIAL EXAMINED. INDIA: 1 9 (BMNH).

Thrips xenos Bhatti

Thrips xenos Bhatti, 1980: 162-164. Holotype 9,
INDIA (JSB) [not examined].

DESCRIPTION. Bhatti, 1980: 162-164.

COMMENTS. Yellow species with a few pleuro-
tergal discal setae. This is a rare combination in
Group II and unique in the Oriental Region. The
males have an additional characteristic unique in
the genus; abdominal sternites III-VII each has
its glandular area dissected into 5—8 small, irreg-
ular areas.

BIOLOGY. Unknown.
DISTRIBUTION. India.

MATERIAL EXAMINED. None.

Group III

This is the smallest group in the Oriental fauna,
comprising only seven species. It is characterised
by having discal setae on sternites II or III to VI
only. They are absent from sternite VII and from
the pleurotergites. Also the median metanotal
setae are usually situated behind the anterior
margin, and six of the seven species have reticu-
late metanotal sculpture and 7-segmented anten-
nae. The Australian species setipennis Bagnall is
unique within the group as it has striate metano-
tal sculpture and 8-segmented antennae. The
other six species contain two of the most com-
mon Malaysian species, orientalis with two
closely related species extensicornis and decens,

35

and parvispinus with its related species taiwanus
and compressicornis.

Thrips compressicornis Sakimura

Isoneurothrips brevicornis Moulton & Steinwe-
den, 1932: 165. Holotype 9 MARQUESAS
(BPBM) [examined].

Thrips (Isothrips) compressicornis Sakimura,
1969: 79. [new name for I. brevicornis Moulton
& Steinweden, preoccupied by Thrips brevi-
cornis Priesner].

2 Medium to small; uniformly brown, forewings
paler at base, antennal segment III and base of
IV pale, tibiae pale.

Antennae 7-segmented; ocellar setae III situ-
ated outside ocellar triangle. Metanotum with
polygonally reticulate sculpture; campaniform
sensilla absent; median setae situated behind
anterior margin. Forewing first vein with a com-
plete row of setae, (7 basal and about 10 distal);
scale with 5 setae, apical seta longer than subapi-
cal. Abdominal sternites II-VI with 3 or 4 pairs
of discal setae; II with 0-2 discal setae; absent on
sternite VII. Pleurotergites without discal setae.
Tergite II with 3 lateral marginal setae; tergite
VIII posteromarginal comb absent, or with a few
short microtrichia laterally.

oO Small, pale, yellow brown, similar to Q.
Sternites III to VII each with a large, transverse
glandular area; tergite VIII posteromarginal
comb indistinct; tergite XI bl setae larger than
b2, bases closer than to b2.

COMMENTS. This species is closely related to
parvispinus and taiwanus which differ mainly in
having more numerous sternal discal setae.

BIOLoGy. A series of 60 9, 15 CO has been
examined from cucumber in Malaya, but this is
unlikely to be the only host.

DISTRIBUTION. Malaya, Marquesas.

MATERIAL EXAMINED. MAROUESAS: Holo-
type 2 (BPBM), MALAYA: 60 9, 15 co
(BMNH).

Thrips decens sp.n.
(Figs 59, 64, 66)

Q Macroptera. Colour uniformly brown; anten-
nal segment III, tarsi and fore tibiae slightly
paler.

Antennae 7-segmented; ocellar setae III situ-
ated inside ocellar triangle just behind first ocel-
lus; all head setae small but postocular setae I &

36

III relatively well developed, II minute (Fig. 59).
Pronotum distinctly striate with 3 pairs of poster-
omarginal setae (Fig. 59). Metanotal campani-
form sensilla absent; sculpture reticulate,
elongate posteriorly, with internal markings;
median setae situated far behind anterior margin
(Fig. 66). Forewing first vein often with almost a
complete row of setae (10-14 basal + 2-3 distal);
scale with 5 setae, apical seta longer than subapi-
cal. Abdominal sternites with 3 pairs of postero-
marginal setae (II with 2 pairs); II-VI usually
with at least 1 pair of discal setae, sometimes
with 2 or 3 pairs; sternite II with 0-2 discal setae;
sternite VII without discal setae. Pleurotergites
without discal setae. Tergite II with 3 lateral
setae, the 4th seta situated on the pleurotergite
margin. Tergite VIII posteromarginal comb rep-
resented by a few small teeth laterally (Fig. 64).

Measurements (2 Holotype in um). Body
length 1300. Ocellar setae III 25. Postocular
setae I, 14; II, 2; III, 10. Pronotal posteroangular
setae, inner 66; outer 58/62. Median metanotal
setae 40.

CO Macroptera. Colour and structure similar to
© although sternal discal setae sometimes
restricted to 1 pair on III only. Abdominal stern-
ites III to VII each with a transverse glandular
area: tergite VIII posteromarginal comb absent;
tergite IX b1 setae a little longer than b2, their
bases a little closer to b2 than to each other.

Measurements (C’ paratype in um). Body
length 1150. Ocellar setae III 20/25. Postocular
setae I 20; II 2; III 12. Pronotal posteroangular
setae, inner 62; outer 58. Median metanotal
setae 35. Tergite IX bi setae length 38/42, dis-
tance between bases 16; b2 setae length 28/36,
distance between bases 40.

COMMENTS. Although this species is described
from 25 specimens, they are probably represen-
tatives of a single population and therefore may
not show the full range of variation to be
expected. It is most closely related and extremely
similar to orientalis and extensicornis but has
darker antennal segments IV & V and smaller
metanotal reticulations than either of these,
more forewing first vein setae than extensicornis
and ocellar setae III situated inside the ocellar
triangle, not outside as in orientalis.

BIOLOGY. On Mussaenda mutabilis.
DISTRIBUTION. Malaya.
MATERIAL EXAMINED. Holotype 9.

MALAYA: Genting Highlands, alt. 4500 ft, on
Mussaenda mutabilis, 4.x.1973 (L.A. Mound)

J.M. PALMER

(BMNH). Paratypes. 17 9, 7 O, same data as
holotype (1 2 CAS).

Thrips extensicornis Priesner
(Figs 60, 67)

Thrips extensicornis Priesner, 1934: 276-277.
Holotype 2, JAVA (SMF) [examined].

Q Medium to small; uniformly dark brown,
forewings dark, antennal segments III-V bico-
loured.

Antennae 7-segmented; ocellar setae III situ-
ated inside ocellar triangle (Fig. 60). Metanotum
with polygonal reticulations; campaniform sen-
silla absent; median setae situated behind ante-
rior margin (Fig. 67). Forewing first vein with 7
basal and 2-3 distal setae; scale with 5 setae,
apical setae longer than subapical. Most sterni-
tes, except VII, with 1 pair discal setae. Pleurot-
ergites without discal setae. Tergite II with 4
lateral marginal setae: tergite VIII posteromar-
ginal comb absent medially.

CO Similar to 2 but smaller; sternites III-VII
each with a narrow, transverse glandular area;
tergite VIII posteromarginal comb apparently
absent; tergite IX bl setae longer than b2 and
closer to b2 than to each other.

COMMENTS. This species is closely related to
orientalis but it has fewer forewing first vein setae
and sternal discal setae, ocellar setae III inside
the ocellar triangle and median metanotal stae
nearer the anterior margin. It is also similar to
decens but this has smaller metanotal reticula-
tions, shorter ocellar setae III, more forewing
first vein setae and sternal discals and brown
antennal segments III-V.

BIioLoGy. Has been found in flowers of Clero-
dendron, Exostemma and Rhodomyrtus.

DISTRIBUTION. Java, Riouw Archipelago, Tai-
wan, Philippines.

MATERIAL EXAMINED. JAVA: Holotype 9; 1
2,10 paratypes (SMF).

Thrips orientalis (Bagnall)
(Figs 61, 68-69)

Isoneurothrips orientalis Bagnall, 1915: 593-594.
Lectotype 2, SARAWAK. (BMNH) [desig-
nated by Sakimura, 1967b: 432] [examined].

Thrips setipennis Steinweden & Moulton, 1930:
25-26. Holotype Q CHINA (CAS) [syn-
onymised by Sakimura, 1967b: 432] [exam-
ined].

THRIPS FROM PAKISTAN TO PACIFIC

Thrips (Isothrips) orientalis (Bagnall): Priesner,
1940: 54.

Medium to large; uniformly dark brown, legs
dark, forewings dusky, antennae dark, segments
III and base of IV pale.

Antennae 7-segmented; ocellar setae III situ-
ated outside ocellar triangle (Fig. 61). Metano-
tum with polygonal reticulations; median setae
situated far behind anterior margin; campani-
form sensilla absent (Fig. 68). Forewing first vein
with numerous setae, 7 basal and 8-10 distal;
scale with 5 setae, apical shorter than subapical.
Sternites II-VI usually with 1-3 pairs of discal
setae laterally; sternite II with 0-2; VII without
discal setae. Pleurotergites without discal setae.
Tergite II with 3 lateral setae, 4th on pleurite;
tergite VIII posteromarginal comb absent medi-
ally.

CO Small, brown, similar to Q; sternites
III-VII each with a long, narrow glandular area;
abdominal tergite VIII posteromarginal comb
absent; tergite [X bl setae much longer than b2
and much closer to b2 than to each other
(Fig. 69).

COMMENTS. This species is very closely related
to extensicornis, which differs in having only 2-3
distal forewing first vein setae, ocellar setae III
situated inside the ocellar triangle and median
metanotal setae slightly nearer the anterior mar-
gin. T. setipennis Steinweden & Moulton was
distinguished from other Thrips by having
numerous forewing setae and lacking a postero-
marginal comb on tergite VIII. The /sothrips and
Isoneurothrips complexes were not considered,
however, and the holotype and paratype CO’
examined are indistinguishable from orientalis. It
is a very common and variable species. This
structural variability is discussed by Bhatti
(1980).

BIOLOGY. May be particularly associated with
Jasmin flowers. (Bhatti, 1980)

DISTRIBUTION. Widespread throughout the
Indo-malayan Region: recorded from India to
Hawaii; India, Thailand, China, Japan, Philip-
pines, Malaya, Java, Borneo, Sarawak, Tahiti,
Hawaii; recorded here for the first time from
outside the Oriental and Pacific Regions.

MATERIAL EXAMINED. SARAWAK: Lectotype
2; 1 9, 1 o& paralectotypes of orientalis
(BMNH). MALAYA: 6 9, 10 co (BMNH).
TAHITI: 6 9 (BMNH). JAPAN 8 Q (SO).
THAILAND: 3 9, 4 oO’ (BMNH). CHINA:
Holotype 2, 1 O paratype of setipennis Steinwe-
den & Moulton (CAS). INDIA: 36 9, 16 c0

37

(BMNH). TRINIDAD: Tacamgua, 2 2, 3 C’, in
white flowers, 25.v.1972 (B.R. Pitkin) (BMNH).

Thrips parvispinus (Karny)
(Fig. 62)

Isoneurothrips parvispinus Karny, 1922: 106.
Syntypes 9, oO, THAILAND (SMF) [not
examined].

Isoneurothrips jenseni Karny, 1925: 7-10. Syn-
types 2, SUMATRA (SMF) [synonymised by
Priesner, 1934: 260] [not examined].

Thrips (Isoneurothrips) parvispinus (Karny),
Priesner, 1934: 259.

? Medium to large; uniformly brown, forewings
dark with base pale, antennae brown, segment
III with base pale.

Antennae 7-segmented; ocellar setae situated
near margins of ocellar triangle (Fig. 62). Meta-
notum with polygonally reticulate sculpture;
median setae situated near but behind anterior
margin; campaniform sensilla absent
(cf. Fig. 67). Forewing first vein with a complete
row of setae; scale with 5 setae, apical seta longer
than subapical. Sternites II-VI with 10-12 discal
setae; sternites II and VII without discal setae.
Pleurotergites without discal setae. Tergite II
with 4 lateral marginal setae, 4 sometimes dis-
placed to pleurite; tergite VIII posteromarginal
comb absent.

CO Small, pale brown similar to Q; sternites III
to VII each with a transverse glandular area;
tergite VIII posteromarginal comb absent: terg-
ite IX bl setae slightly longer than b2, bases
equidistant.

COMMENTS. This species is closely related to
compressicornis, which has paler antennal seg-
ments I to base IV and 6-8 sternal discal setae,
and to taiwanus, which has paler antennal seg-
ments III—-V and 8-10 sternal discal setae. Both
these species also have ocellar setae III distinctly
outside the ocellar triangle and median metano-
tal setae further behind the anterior margin.

BIOLOGY. Common and polyphagous.

DISTRIBUTION. Thailand, Malaya, Singapore,
Java, Sumatra, Celebes, Solomon Is, Philippines,
New Guinea, the Torres Straits, Australia
(Queensland).

MATERIAL EXAMINED. About 100 o’, 2 from
Malaya, Singapore, Java, Sumatra, New Guinea,
the Torres Straits and Australia (Queensland)
(BMNH).

38
Thrips setipennis (Bagnall)
(Figs 64, 65)

Physothrips setipennis Bagnall, 1916b: 399. Lec-
totype &', AUSTRALIA, Victoria (BMNH)
(designated by Mound, 1968: 42) [examined].

Physothrips chaetoneurus Karny, 1920: 37. Syn-
types 9, AUSTRALIA, Qld (NR) [syn-
onymised by Sakimura, 1967c: 724] [not
examined].

Physothrips ignobilis Bagnall, 1926: 101. Lecto-
type 9, AUSTRALIA, Victoria (BMNH)
(designated by Mound, 1968: 42) [syn-
onymised by Sakimura, 1967c: 724] [exam-

ined].
Physothrips myrsiniicola Bagnall, 1926: 103.
Holotype oO, AUSTRALIA, Victoria

(BMNH) [synonymised by Sakimura, 1967c:
724] [examined].
Thrips setipennis (Bagnall) Bhatti, 1978: 191.

© Medium; uniformly brown, antennal segment
III and base IV pale.

Antennae 8-segmented; ocellar setae III situ-
ated on anterior margins of ocellar triangle
(Fig. 63). Metanotum with striate sculpture;
campaniform sensilla absent; median setae situ-
ated behind anterior margin. Forewing first vein
with a complete row of setae; scale with 5 setae,
apical seta shorter than subapical. Abdominal
sternites III—VI with 5—12 discal setae situated
close to posterior margin (Fig. 65); sternite II
and VII without discal setae. Pleurotergites with-
out discal setae. Abdominal tergite II with 4
lateral marginal setae; tergite VIII posteromar-
ginal comb complete, microtrichia fine and regu-
lar.

CO Pale yellow brown, similar to Q; sternites
III to VII each with a small, narrow transverse
glandular area; tergite VIII posteromarginal
comb very short, sparse and indistinct; tergite IX
b1 setae slightly shorter than b2, bases equidis-
tant.

COMMENTS. This species is unique, within the
group of species which have sternal discal setae
on III-VI only, in having 8-segmented antennae
and striate metanotal sculpture. It was described
as being very similar to seticollis which, although
superficially similar, belongs to a group of spe-
cies without sternal discal setae.

BIOLOGY. Unknown.

DISTRIBUTION. Australia; Tasmania, Victoria,
New South Wales, Queensland, Western Austra-
lia.

MATERIAL EXAMINED. AUSTRALIA: Victoria,

J.M. PALMER

lectotype 0’; 2 9, 3 CO paralectotypes of setipen-
nis; lectotype 9, 1 2 paralectotype of ignobilis;
holotype CO of myrsiniicola (BMNH); 45 oO’, 2
from Tasmania, Victoria, New South Wales and
Queensland (BMNH).

Thrips taiwanus Takahashi

Isoneurothrips pallipes Moulton, 1928b: 296-297.
HOLOTYPE 9, TAIWAN (CAS) [exam-
ined].

Thrips (Isoneurothrips) taiwanus Takahashi,
1936: 440. [new name for /. pallipes Moulton,
preoccupied by Thrips pallipes Bagnall
(= hawaiiensis Morgan)].

@ Medium; uniformly brown, wings dark with
base paler, legs slightly paler, antennal segment
III and bases of IV and V pale.

Antennae 7-segmented; ocellar setae III situ-
ated outside ocellar triangle. Metanotum with
reticulate sculpture; campaniform sensilla
absent; median setae situated far behind anterior
margin. Forewing first vein with a complete row
of setae; scale with 5 setae, apical seta longer
than subapical. Abdominal sternites III-VI with
about 8-10 discal setae, sternites II and VII
without discal setae. Pleurotergites without discal
setae. Tergite II with 3 lateral marginal setae;
tergite VIII posteromarginal comb absent or
represented by only a few small microtrichia.

OC Unknown, although a series of 11 9,20
from Bali (SO) have been examined, the females
of which are indistinguishable from taiwanus.
These males are paler, yellow brown with darker
median areas on the tergites, sternites III to VII
each with a transverse glandular area; tergite
VIII posteromarginal comb absent or very short
and indistinct; tergite [X b1 setae longer than b2,
bases equidistinct.

COMMENTS. This species is most closely related
to compressicornis, which has paler antennal
segments I & II, darker V and 6-8 sternal discal
setae, and parvispinus, which has dark antennal
segments IV & V, 10-12 sternal discal setae,
ocellar setae III slightly closer together and
median metanotal setae nearer anterior margin.
It is also similar to orientalis, extensicornis and
decens, but these all have a less complete row of
forewing first vein setae. 7. decens also has
ocellar setae III distinctly within ocellar triangle.

BIOLOGY. Unknown.

DISTRIBUTION. Taiwan, Thailand, Bali, Philip-
pines, Malaya.

MATERIAL EXAMINED. TAIWAN: Holotype 9,

THRIPS FROM PAKISTAN TO PACIFIC

1 Q paratype (CAS), THAILAND: 3 @ (SO).
BALI: 11 9, 2 co (SO). MALAYA: 6 9
(BMNH).

Group IV

This group contains probably the most setose of
all Thrips species, many of them endemic to
Australia and New Zealand. It is characterised
by the presence of discal setae on sternites II or
III to VII and on the pleurotergites, and most
species have the median metanotal setae situated
behind the anterior margin. The New Zealand
species phormiicola sometimes has short fore-
wings but, when fully developed, the forewings
of most Australian and New Zealand species
have numerous setae on the first vein. All other
species have only 2 or 3 distal setae and a basal
group of 7 or 8. The four New Zealand species,
obscuratus, coprosmae, austellus and phormii-
cola, have 3 pairs of posteromarginal setae on
sternite II, whereas the majority of Thrips spe-
cies have only 2 pairs. Indeed the only other
species in this study to share this characteristic
are bianchii and insignis (group I) both from New
Caledonia. T. australis, originally from Austra-
lia, is now very common wherever Eucalyptus is
grown on a large scale. Its relationships are
unclear but it may be distantly related either to
the New Zealand or African faunas. However, it
is most likely to be closest to the Australian
‘plague thrips’, imaginis, and the Indian species
subnudula. They are small, pale species and very
distinct in being covered with numerous, small
setae. The hind margin of the pronotum bears 4
or 5 pairs of setae and most sternites have more
than 3, often as many as 6 pairs of posteromar-
ginal setae. There are also a number of other
‘species’, including unispinus from group V,
which share some or all of these characteristics.
These complex relationships are discussed under
imaginis, the most common species in the group.
There is an interesting group of 4 species which
reflect the Palaerctic relationships of the north-
ern Indian and Pakistan fauna. These comprise
the new species evulgo from Pakistan, cedri from
the Simla Hills, H.P. and the European species
meridionalis and vulgatissimus. The affinities of
the remaining 4 species in this group are not
clear. T. apicatus has numerous, long sternal and
pleurotergal discal setae reminiscent of imaginis
and subnudula but is otherwise morphologically
more similar to coloratus (group V) and there-
fore probably not related. The new species face-
tus from Malaya has remarkably broad setae and
is uniquely coloured, but has some similarities to
apicatus and subnudula. The last two species,

39

novocaledonensis, known only from New Cale-
donia, and alliorum, common on onions from
Taiwan to Hawaii, share a number of characteris-
tics although they are probably not related. The
presence of pleurotergal discal setae in these two
species is not always constant and, although they
are most closely related to other members of
group IV, alliorum is, in many ways, similar to
kotoshoi and brevistylus in group V, and novo-
caledonensis could easily be mistaken for hawai-
iensis, also in group V.

Thrips alliorum (Priesner)

(Figs 72, 85, 91, 107)

Taeniothrips alliorum Priesner, 1935: 128-129.
Holotype 2, TAIWAN. (SMF) [examined].
Taeniothrips carteri Moulton, 1937a: 183-184.

Holotype 2, HAWAII. (CAS) [? synonymised
by Jacot-Guillarmod, 1975: 985] [examined].
Thrips alliorum (Priesner): Bhatti, 1978; 190.

@ Medium to large; uniformly brown, legs
brown, antennae brown, III slightly paler, fore-
wings pale.

Antennae 8-segmented; ocellar setae III situ-
ated outside ocellar triangle; median postocular
setae situated far behind rest of row (Fig. 72).
Metanotal sculpture striate with a few ill-formed
reticulations medially; campaniform sensilla
absent; median setae situated far behind anterior
margin (Fig. 91). Forewing first vein with 7 basal
and 3 distal setae, scale with 5 setae, apical seta
longer than subapical. Abdominal sternites
III-VII with 8-12 discal setae; sternite II with
0-2 discal setae. Pleurotergites usually with 1-3
discal setae, rarely with 0-6 (Fig. 107). Tergite II
with 3 lateral setae, 4th on pleurite; tergite VIII
posteromarginal comb may appear absent or
represented by a few microtrichia laterally and a
very short lobed flange or craspedum medially
(Fig. 85).

CO Similar to 9; often brachypterous; sternites
III-VII each with a large, transverse glandular
area; tergite VIII comb of a few microtrichia
laterally; tergite [X bl setae situated anterior to
b2, between campaniform sensilla, subequal in
length to b2 and slightly closer together than to
b2.

COMMENTS. The elongate head is typical of spe-
cies that live on grasses and other monocotyle-
dons. The holotype of Taeniothrips carteri from
Taiwan (not to be confused with Jsoneurothrips
carteri Moulton from Hawaii, transferred to Neu-
risothrips by Sakimura, 1967a), has more pleu-
rotergal discal setae and a better developed comb

40

than that of allior'um but they are otherwise
indistinguishable, and specimens resembling
both are commonly found on onions. The most
similar species in overall appearance are kotoshoi
and brevistylus but these both have dark wings
and the median metanotal setae situated at the
anterior margin and neither has any pleurotergal
discal setae.

BIOLOGY. On onions.

DISTRIBUTION. Taiwan, Japan, Korea, Manchu-
ria, China, Hawaii.

MATERIAL EXAMINED. TAIWAN: Holotype 9
of alliorum, 7 2, 3 O& (Saki.). HAWAII: Holo-
type 2 of carteri (CAS), 4 2, 3 & (BMNH).
CHINA: 1 9 (BMNH).

Thrips apicatus Priesner
(Figs 70, 83, 88, 92)

Thrips apicatus Priesner, 1934: 264. Lectotype
Q, INDIA (SMF) [designated by Bhatti, 1980:
122] [examined].

© Medium to small; uniformly yellow, abdomi-
nal segment X sometimes dark, wings pale,
antennae pale with segments III or IV—V bico-
loured, VI & VII dark.

Antennae 7-segmented; ocellar setae III situ-
ated outside ocellar triangle (Fig. 70). Metanotal
campaniform sensilla present; sculpture striate;
median setae situated behind anterior margin
(Fig. 92). forewing first vein with 7 basal and 3
distal setae; scale with 5 setae, apical seta longer
than subapical. Abdominal sternites III-VII with
numerous, usually more than 20, long discal
setae (Fig. 83). Pleurotergites with 2-6 discal
setae. Tergite II with 4 lateral marginal setae;
tergite VIII posteromarginal comb irregular and
sometimes absent medially (Fig. 88).

CO Males of this species have not been exam-
ined but the following characteristics have been
taken from Bhatti (1980) and Ananthakrishnan
& Jagadish (1966). Yellow; sternites III to VII
each with a transverse glandular area; tergite
VIII posteromarginal comb absent; tergite IX b1
setae longer than b2.

COMMENTS. There are few species in the group
that have as many sternal or pleurotergal discal
setae. Pale species that have numerous pleuro-
tergal discal setae are: austellus, with a complete
row of forewing first vein setae; australis, which
also has a complete row of first vein setae and
reticulate metanotal sculpture; imaginis, also
with a reticulate metanotum and 4 or 5 pairs of
pronotal posteromarginal setae; and subnudula,

J.M. PALMER

distinct in having 6 pairs of sternal posteromar-
ginal setae and, like imaginis, with 5 pairs of
pronotal posteromarginal setae. The Indian spe-
cies cedri is also somewhat similar but has a
complete regular comb on tergite VIII. Apart
from the pleurotergal discal setae, apicatus is
almost indistinguishable from coloratus in group
V. The lectotype and paralectotype females have
the extreme tip of tergite X brown. One female
from the Philippine Is has been examined which
not only has a completely dark tergite X but also
more distinct tergal antecostal ridges. Two
females examined from Thailand (BMNH) are
completely pale but otherwise identical. Bhatti
(1980) discusses this variation more fully.

BIOLOGY. Often found in Acacia flowers.
DISTRIBUTION. India, Thailand, Philippines.

MATERIAL EXAMINED. INDIA: Lectotype Q, 1
@ paralectotype (SMF). THAILAND: 10 9
(BMNH). PHILIPPINES: 1 9.

Thrips austellus Mound
(Figs 74, 93)

Thrips austellus Mound, 1978: 618. Holotype 9,
NEW ZEALAND (NZAC) [not examined].

© Small; yellow species with antennal segments
II and [V—VII brown.

Antennae 7-segmented; ocellar setae III situ-
ated outside ocellar triangle (Fig. 74). Metanotal
campaniform sensilla sometimes present; sculp-
ture with reticulations medially; median setae
situated far behind anterior margin (Fig. 93).
Forewing first vein with a complete row of setae;
scale with 5 setae, apical seta longer than subapi-
cal. Abdominal sternites III-VII with 8-10 discal
setae; sternite II with 3 pairs of posteromarginal
setae. Pleurotergites with 3-6 discal setae. Terg-
ite II with 3 lateral marginal setae, 4 displaced
onto pleurite; tergite VIII posteromarginal comb
complete but microtrichia short and sometimes
irregular.

CO Unknown.

COMMENTS. This species is most closely related
to obscuratus, coprosmae and phormiicola, all
from New Zealand, and is also somewhat similar
to australis. They all have a complete row of
forewing first vein setae and, apart from obscura-
tus, at least partly reticulate metanotal sculpture.
The four New Zealand species also have 3 pairs
of posteromarginal setae on sternite II, an
unusual feature in the genus shared also, only by
the two New Caledonian species bianchii and

THRIPS FROM PAKISTAN TO PACIFIC

insignis (group I) in the Oriental and Pacific
Regions.

BIOLOGY. Possibly associated with Clematis
flowers.

DISTRIBUTION. New Zealand.

MATERIAL EXAMINED. NEW ZEALAND: 5 Q
(BMNH).

Thrips australis (Bagnall)
(Figs 71, 94, 105-106)

Isoneurothrips australis Bagnall, 1915: 592-593.
Lectotype 9, AUSTRALIA, W.A. (BMNH)
[designated Mound, 1968: 42] [examined].

Thrips australis (Bagnall), Bhatti, 1980: 112.

@ Large; bicoloured, mostly yellow with brown
markings, wings pale with setae dark, antennal
segments IV—VII, II and basal half of III dark,
abdominal tergites VIII or IX—-X and median
patches variably on II—-VII or VIII dark.

Antennae 7-segmented; ocellar setae situated
just inside ocellar triangle, near anterior margins
(Fig. 71). Metanotal campaniform _ sensilla
present; sculpture polygonally reticulate; median
setae situated far behind anterior margin
(Fig. 94). Forewing first vein with a complete
row of numerous, short setae; scale with 6 setae,
apical seta longer than subapical. Abdominal
sternites III-VII with 15 to 40, usually about 20
discal setae. Pleurotergites also with numerous, 6
to 10, discal setae (Fig. 106). Tergite II with 4
lateral marginal setae; tergite VIII posteromar-
ginal comb absent medially.

CO Smaller, paler, yellow brown, similar to 9;
sternites III to VII each with a transverse glandu-
lar area; tergite VIII posteromarginal comb com-
plete but short and very irregular, microtrichia
indistinct; tergite IX bl setae shorter than b2,
bases slightly closer to b2 than to each other.

COMMENTS. This is a distinctively coloured spe-
cies with an unusually shaped antennal segment
VI (Fig. 105). Its closest relatives appear to be
imaginis and subnudula and possibly also the
group of four species from New Zealand.

BIOLOGY. Found in a wide variety of flowers but
particularly associated with Eucalyptus and
known as the ‘gum tree thrips’. Host specificity is
discussed by Kirk (1987).

DISTRIBUTION. An Australian species which has
spread to warmer countries worldwide.

MATERIAL EXAMINED. AUSTRALIA: Lecto-

41

type 9, 2 C paralectotypes, also about 170 2,
worldwide (BMNH).

Thrips cedri Bhatti

Thrips cedri Bhatti, 1980: 129-130. Holotype Q,
INDIA (JSB) [not examined].

DESCRIPTION. Bhatti, 1980: 129-130.

COMMENTS. Bicoloured species known only
from the holotype from Simla Hills of northern
India, it appears to be most closely related to the
Palaearctic fauna, particularly the Pakistan spe-
cies evulgo and the European species vulgatissi-
mus and meridionalis, all of which are brown.

BIoLoGy. Described from male cones of Cedrus
deodara.

DISTRIBUTION. India.

MATERIAL EXAMINED. None.

Thrips coprosmae Mound
(Figs 76, 95, 108)

Thrips coprosmae Mound, 1978: 618-620. Holo-
type 9, NEW ZEALAND (NZAC) [not
examined].

@ Small to medium; pale to dark brown or
bicoloured, head and thorax often paler.

Antennae 7-segmented; ocellar setae situated
outside ocellar triangle (Fig. 76). Foreleg with a
pretarsal claw (Fig. 108). Metanotal campani-
form sensilla absent; sculpture with some reticu-
lations medially; median setae situated far
behind anterior margin (Fig. 95). Forewing first
vein with a complete row of setae; scale with 5
setae, apical seta longer than subapical. Abdom-
inal sternites III-VII with 5-10 discal setae;
sternite II with 3 pairs of posteromarginal setae.
Pleurotergites with 2-3 discal setae. Abdominal
tergite II with 3 lateral marginal setae; tergite
VIII posteromarginal comb complete but micro-
trichia irregular and sometimes sparse
(cf. Fig. 90).

CO Similar to Q; sternites IV or V—VII each
with a small, circular glandular area; tergite VIII
posteromarginal comb complete but microtrichia
indistinct; tergite IX bl setae much longer and
stouter than b2 and bases closer to b2 than to
each other.

COMMENTS. This species is related to the other 3
New Zealand species austellus, obscuratus and
phormiicola, but has the unusual characteristic of
a pretarsal claw on the forelegs shared only by

42

seticollis from australia (group II), within the
Oriental and Pacific Regions.

BIOLOGY. Thought to be specific to Coprosma
robusta, feeding on young terminal shoots.

DISTRIBUTION. New Zealand.

MATERIAL EXAMINED. NEW ZEALAND: 84
2, o' (BMNH).

Thrips evulgo sp.n.
(Figs 73, 89, 96, 103)

@ Macroptera. Colour uniformly brown with
tibiae, tarsi and antennal segments III and base
of IV slightly paler, forewing brown with base
slightly paler. Body setae small and inconspicu-
ous.

Antennae 7-segmented, segments short and
rounded (Fig. 103); ocellar setae III situated
outside ocellar triangle; postocular setae I well
developed, subequal to III, other postoculars
small (Fig. 73). Pronotum with transverse stria-
tions and 3 pairs of posteromarginal setae
(Fig. 73). Metanotal campaniform - sensilla
absent; median setae short, equal to or shorter
than lateral setae and situated far behind anterior
margin; sculpture arcuate anteriorly, striate pos-
teriorly (Fig. 96). Forewing first vein with 7 basal
and 3 distal setae; scale with 5 setae, apical seta
longer than subapical. Abdominal sternites with
3 pairs of posteromarginal setae (2 on II), sterni-
tes II or III-VII with discal setae, 8-10 on V,
10-18 on VII. Pleurotergites with 1-3 discal
setae. Tergite II with 3 lateral setae only. Tergite
VIII posteromarginal comb complete, microtri-
chia long and fine (Fig. 89).

Measurements (2 Holotype in um). Body
length 1140. Ocellar setae III 18. Postocular
setae I 18; II 4; III 6. Pronotal posteroangular
setae, inner 38/42; outer 32/38. Metanotal setae,
median 18/24; lateral 24/26.

oO Unknown.

COMMENTS. This species probably represents
the Palaearctic element of the Pakistan fauna. It
appears to be most closely related to the larger,
brown, European species vulgatissimus and
meridionalis and particularly to the unique holo-
type of cedri from N. India, a bicoloured species.
They are distinct from the Australian and New
Zealand group of species in having only 7 basal
and 2-3 distal forewing first vein setae and from
the rest of group IV by having a long, fine,
regular comb on tergite VIII.

BIOLOGY. Found in flowers of compositae.

J.M. PALMER
DISTRIBUTION. Pakistan.

MATERIAL EXAMINED. Holotype 92. PAKI-
STAN: Hazara Province, Naran/Kaghan-Tal
2400 m, compositae flowers, 26.vii.1981
(W. Heinz) (SMF T 10483). Paratypes. 13 9,
same data as holotype (8 2 in BMNH).

Thrips facetus sp.n.
(Figs 75, 84, 97, 104)

Q Macroptera. Bicoloured with short, stout,
dark setae. Mostly pale yellow with antennal
segments I, VI & VII, apex of III-V brown;
abdominal tergites II-VII with dark antecostal
ridge and dark transverse patch in anterior half,
reduced to a median patch in posterior half,
VIII-X pale brown.

Antennae 7-segmented (Fig. 104); ocellar
setae III situated outside ocellar triangle, lateral
to first ocellus; all postocular setae well devel-
oped (Fig. 75). Pronotum finely striate with
numerous, stout discal setae and 3 pairs postero-
marginal setae (Fig. 75). Metanotal campani-
form sensilla present but indistinct; median setae
situated behind anterior margin; sculpture stri-
ate, converging posteriorly (fig. 97). Forewing
first vein with 7 basal and 3 distal setae; scale
with 5 setae arranged in 2 groups, apical seta
longer than subapical. Abdominal sternites with
3 pairs of posteromarginal setae (2 pairs on II),
sternites II-VII with long discal setae, 18-20 on
V, 17-19 on VII. Pleurotergites with 4-8 discal
setae. Tergite II with 4 lateral setae. Tergite VIII
posteromarginal comb complete, long and very
fine (Fig. 84). Tergite [IX very short, X long, XI
well developed (Fig. 84).

Measurements (2 Holotype in wm). Body
length 1378. Ocellar setae III 30. Postocular
setae I 25; II 22; III 24. Pronotal posteroangular
setae, inner 38/42; outer 42. Tergite IX median
length 40. Tergite X median length 84.

CO Unknown.

COMMENTS. Although known from only 3 speci-
mens, this species is described, as it is remark-
able in having extremely broad setae particularly
on the head, wings and thorax, and a distinctive
abdominal colour pattern; antennal segments
IIJ-VII are sparsely setose and have numerous
rows of microtrichia; the ovipositor is long and
appears to extend somewhat beyond the end of
the abdomen; tergite IX is particularly short and
X long. The specimen from Bangladesh is some-
what paler than the other two and may be
teneral.

The new species is most similar to apicatus

THRIPS FROM PAKISTAN TO PACIFIC

with which it shares the characteristics of long
sternal discal setae and numerous pleurotergal
discals. The numerous pronotal discals and
grouping of forewing scale setae are reminiscent
of subnudula. Its relationships, however, remain
unclear.

BIOLOGY. Unknown.
DISTRIBUTION. Malaya.

MATERIAL EXAMINED. Holotype Q.
MALAYA: Tanah Rata, 17.iii.1976 (W. Suzuki)
(SO). Paratypes: 1 Q same data as holotype
(BMNH); 1 9 BANGLADESH: Burirhat
(Distr. Rangpur), from yellow tray, xii. 1981,
(A. van Harten) (SMF, T.11003).

Thrips imaginis Bagnall
(Figs 77, 98, 110)

Thrips imaginis Bagnall, 1926: 111. Syntypes 9°,
Oo, AUSTRALIA: Victoria and South Austra-
lia. (4 9, 2 Oh syntypes BMNH) [examined].

Thrips fortis Bagnall, 1926: 109. Holotype 9,
AUSTRALIA: Victoria) (BMNH) _[syn-
onymised by Mound, 1968: 65] [examined].

Neophysopus io Girault, 1927: 1. Lectotype Q,
AUSTRALIA: Qld. (QM) [designated and
synonymised by Pitkin, 1978: 369] [not exam-
ined].

Neophysopus aureolus Girault, 1928: 3. Syntypes
©, AUSTRALIA: Qld. (QM) [synonymised
by Pitkin, 1978: 369] [not examined].

Aptinothrips apertus Kelly & Mayne, 1934: 33.
Lectotype larva, AUSTRALIA: Qld.
(BMNH) [designated and synonymised by
Palmer, 1975: 185] [examined].

© Small to medium; uniformly pale yellow-
brown or bicoloured, head and thorax paler,
abdomen brown.

Antennae 7-segmented; ocellar setae III short,
situated inside ocellar triangle but just behind
first ocellus, near anterior margins (Fig. 77).
Pronotum with 4-5 pairs of posteromarginal
setae (Fig. 77). Metanotum with reticulate sculp-
ture; campaniform sensilla present; median setae
situated far behind anterior margin (Fig. 98).
Forewing first vein with 7 basal and 3-4 distal
setae; scale with 5 setae, apical seta longer than
subapical. Abdominal sternites III—VII each with
15-25 discal setae, often with 1 or 2 additional
setae near posterior margin; sternite II some-
times with 1 or 2 discals. Pleurotergites with 1-3
discal setae. Tergite II with 3 lateral marginal
setae; tergite VIII posteromarginal comb repre-
sented by a few microtrichia laterally.

43

CO Similar to Q; sternites III to VII each with a
narrow, transverse glandular area; tergite VIII
posteromarginal comb indistinct; tergite XI bl
setae shorter than b2, bases slightly closer to b2
than to each other (Fig. 110).

COMMENTS. This species is most similar to sub-
nudula from India, which differs in having sev-
eral more pairs of sternal posteromarginal setae,
numerous pronotal discal setae and very short
posteroangulars. T. unispinus from the Solomon
Is also shares most characteristics of imaginis but
has only 1 pair of long pronotal posteroangular
setae and does not have pleurotergal discal setae.
It is therefore not included in the same species
group. Two @ with pleurotergal discal setae and
short pronotal posteroangular setae, and 9 9, 5
CO from New Guinea (BMNH) without pleuro-
tergal discal setae have been examined which are
otherwise very similar to imaginis and sub-
nudula. These characteristics confuse relation-
ships and are discussed more fully in the
introduction to groups and Table 3 (p. 48).

BIOLOGY. This is the ‘Plague Thrips’ of eastern
Australia, a pest of apple and other fruit trees.
The damage caused is typical of flower thrips.
Direct feeding damage causes discoloration of
petals, deformation of the reproductive parts,
shortage of pollen, poor fruit set or distorted and
scarred fruit. Host specificity is discussed by Kirk
(1987).

DISTRIBUTION. Tasmania, Australia, New
Zealand, New Caledonia, New Guinea, Fiji.

MATERIAL EXAMINED. 4 Q, 2 CO Syntypes of
imaginis, Holotype Q of fortis, lectotype larva of
apertus (BMNH). Also about 180 9, CO from
throughout the distribution range (BMNH).

Thrips meridionalis (Priesner)

Taeniothrips meridionalis Priesner, 1926: 301.
Lectotype 2, YUGOSLAVIA (SMF) [desig-
nated by Bhatti, 1980: 147] [not examined].

Thrips meridionalis (Priesner), Bhatti, 1978: 191,
193.

DESCRIPTION. Priesner, 1926: 301.

COMMENTS. Large brown species very similar to
vulgatissimus.

BIOLOGY. Found in flowers of a wide variety of
plants and is known to damage flowers of
orchard trees in Europe.

DISTRIBUTION. Mainly a Mediterranean distri-
bution, Africa, Europe, Central Asia. Recorded
from Nepal by zur Strassen (1976: 58).

44

MATERIAL EXAMINED. MEDITERRANEAN:
about 50 2, 25 oh’ (BMNH).

Thrips novocaledonensis (Bianchi)
(Figs 78, 86, 99)

Taeniothrips novocaledonensis Bianchi, 1944:
270-273. Holotype 9. NEW CALEDONIA
(BPBM) [not examined].

Thrips novocaledonensis (Bianchi): Bhatti, 1978:
191.

© Medium; uniformly mid-brown, antennal seg-
ment III and base of forewing paler.

Antennae 8-segmented; ocellar setae III situ-
ated outside ocellar triangle (Fig. 78). Metanotal
campaniform sensilla present; sculpture striate;
median setae situated at or near anterior margin
(Fig. 99). Forewing first vein with 9-12 basal and
3 distal setae; scale with 5 setae, apical seta
longer than subapical. Abdominal sternites
II-VII with discal setae, about 16 on III-VII.
Pleurotergites with 0-3, usually 2-3, discal setae.
Tergite II with 4 lateral setae; tergite VIII poster-
omarginal comb complete but microtrichia short
and irregular (Fig. 86).

CO Similar to Q although often without pleu-
rotergal discal setae, but usually with more than
7 basal forewing first vein setae. Sternites III to
VII each with a narrow, transverse glandular
area. Tergite VIII posteromarginal comb com-
plete but irregular. Tergite IX bl setae larger
than b2, distance between bases more or less
equal.

COMMENTS. This species is very similar in
appearance to, and may easily be mistaken for,
the very common hawaiiensis which may be
distinguished by having pale legs, only 7 basal
forewing first vein setae and no pleurotergal
discals and is therefore probably not closely
related. The only group IV species that looks
similar to novocaledonensis is alliorum. This spe-
cies is quite distinctive, however, in head shape
and position of postocular setae. It also has pale
forewings, median metanotal setae situated
behind anterior margin and tergite VIII postero-
marginal comb absent medially.

BIOLOGY. Common species found in flowers of
Lugunaria and composite weeds.

DISTRIBUTION. New Hebrides, Norfolk I., pre-
viously known only from New Caledonia.

MATERIAL EXAMINED. NEW CALEDONIA: 5
, 10 O paratypes (BPBM). NEW HEBRIDES:
15 9, 12 oO (BMNH). NORFOLK I: 7 9,7¢
(BMNH).

J.M. PALMER

Thrips obscuratus (Crawford)
(Figs 80, 90, 101)

Isoneurothrips obscuratus Crawford, 1941: 63.
Holotype 9, NEW ZEALAND (USNM) [not
examined].

Thrips (Isothrips) _ obscuratus
Sakimura, 1967b: 433.

(Crawford),

° Medium; uniformly pale to dark brown.

Antennae 7- or 8-segmented; ocellar setae III
situated outside ocellar triangle (Fig. 80). Metan-
otal campaniform sensilla present; sculpture stri-
ate; median setae situated at or near anterior
margin (Fig. 101). Forewing first vein usually
with a complete row of setae, sometimes irregu-
lar, sometimes micropterous; scale with 5 setae,
apical seta longer than subapical. Abdominal
sternites III-VII with 6-14 discal setae; sternite
II with 3 pairs of posteromarginal setae. Pleuro-
tergites with several discal setae. Tergite II with 3
lateral marginal setae; tergite VIII posteromar-
ginal comb complete but sometimes irregular
(Fig. 90).

CO’ Small, paler yellow brown; sternites III to
VII each with a transverse, oval glandular area;
tergite VIII posteromarginal comb complete but
very short, microtrichia indistinct; tergite IX bl
setae much longer and stouter than b2, bases
equidistant.

COMMENTS. This is a very variable species and
the most common of all New Zealand species
(Mound & Walker, 1982). It is closely related to
the other New Zealand species austellus, copros-
mae amd phormiicola which all share the unusual
characteristic of having 3 pairs of posteromar-
ginal setae on sternite II.

BIOLOGY. Very common and highly polypha-
gous; particularly abundant in the flowers of fruit
trees and is probably the New Zealand equiva-
lent of imaginis in Australia.

DISTRIBUTION. New Zealand.

MATERIAL EXAMINED. NEW ZEALAND:
About 350 9, o&' (BMNH).

Thrips phormiicola Mound
(Figs 81, 100)

Thrips phormiicola Mound, 1978: 620-622.
Holotype 9, NEW ZEALAND, (NZAC) [not
examined].

@ Medium; uniformly brown or head and thorax
paler than abdomen, forewing paler at base,
antennal segment III slightly paler.

THRIPS FROM PAKISTAN TO PACIFIC

Antennae 7-segmented; ocellar setae III situ-
ated outside ocellar triangle (Fig. 81). Metanotal
campaniform sensilla present; sculpture with
reticulations medially; median setae situated at
or near anterior margin (Fig. 100). Forewing
usually micropterous, when fully developed with
a complete but sparse row of first vein setae;
scale variable, macropterae with 4 setae, apical
seta about as long as subapical; abdominal stern-
ites III-VII with 5-7 discal setae, sternite II with
3 pairs of posteromarginal setae. Pleurotergites
with 1-3 discal setae. Tergite II with 3 lateral
marginal setae; tergite VIII posteromarginal
comb complete but often irregular.

CO Always micropterous, similar to 2; sternites
III to VII each with a transverse glandular area,
sometimes also a spot on II; tergite VIII postero-
marginal comb complete but microtrichia indis-
tinct; tergite IX b1 setae much longer and stouter
than b2, bases closer to b2 than to each other.

COMMENTS. This species is closely related to the
other New Zealand species austellus, coprosmae
and obscuratus but it has a distinctively long
head, typical of species living on grasses or
grass-like plants.

BIOLOGY. Found on Phormium tenax and P.
cookianum.

DISTRIBUTION. New Zealand.

MATERIAL EXAMINED. NEW ZEALAND: 10
, 10 & paratypes and about 100 additional °,
o' (BMNH).

Thrips subnudula (Karny)
(Figs 79, 82, 87, 102, 111)

Ramaswamiahiella subnudula Karny, 1926:
208-210. Syntypes 2, 0’, INDIA (depository
unknown) [not examined].

Thrips pandu Ramakrishna Ayyar, 1928: 264.
Holotype 9, INDIA (depository unknown)
[synonymised by Bhatti, 1969a: 68] [not exam-
ined].

Thrips setosus Moulton, 1929: 97. Holotype @,
INDIA (ZSI) [synonymised by Bhatti, 1969a:
69] [not examined].

Thrips subnudula (Karny): Ramakrishna Ayyar,
1934: 4.

Thrips temporatus Bailey, 1951: 19. [replacement
name for 7. setosus Moulton, 1929, preoccu-
pied by Thrips setosus Moulton, 1928].

Q Small; uniformly pale yellow, legs pale, wings
pale, antennal segments I, II and bases of III and
IV pale.

Antennae 7-segmented; all head setae small;

45

ocellar setae III situated within the ocellar trian-
gle (fig. 79). Pronotum with numerous small
discal setae; posteroangular setae short; 5 pairs
of posteromarginal setae (Fig. 79). Metanotal
campaniform sensilla present; sculpture of elon-
gate reticulations; median setae short and situ-
ated far behind anterior margin (Fig. 102).
Forewing first vein with 7 basal and 3 distal setae;
scale with 5—7 setae separated into two groups, 3
and 4, apical seta longer than subapical. Abdom-
inal sternites III-VII with 24-30 long discal
setae, sternite II also with 2 or 3 discals, with 6-7
pairs of posteromarginal setae (fig. 82). Pleuro-
tergites with 3-5 discal setae. Tergite II with 3
lateral marginal setae; tergite VIII posteromar-
ginal comb absent medially (Fig. 87).

CO Similar to Q; sternites III to VII each with a
narrow, transverse glandular area; tergite VIII
posteromarginal comb complete but irregular,
microtrichia indistinct; tergite [IX b1 and b2 setae
almost equal in length, b2 displaced laterally, b1
much closer to each other than to b2 (Fig. 111).

COMMENTS. This species is most similar to imag-
inis, which is usually darker yellow to brown with
a slightly more distinctly reticulate metanotal
sculpture, fewer pronotal discal setae and only
34 pairs of sternal posteromarginals. It also
shares some characteristics with the new species
facetus from Malaya. T. unispinus is similar but
does not have pleurotergal discal setae and is
therefore not included in the same group. It also
has only 4-5 pairs of sternal posteromarginal
setae and 1 pair of long pronotal posteroangu-
lars, the outer pair being little longer than the
discals. As is mentioned in the introduction to
groups (p. 8) and under imaginis, 1 Q from
Tanah Rata and 1 @ from Taiwan (SO) have
been examined which are identical to subnudula
except that they have pale yellow antennae with
brown only at the apices of segments IV—VI, the
metanotum is more polygonally reticulate medi-
ally and neither pair of pronotal posteroangular
setae is long.

Although subnudula was transferred back to
Ramaswamiahiella by Bhatti (1969a) because it
has 6-7 pairs of sternal posteromarginal setae, it
is included here because of its similarities with
Thrips imaginis, T. unispinus, the 2 Q discussed
above and the undescribed ’species’ discussed
under imaginis (see also Table 3 and introduc-
tion to groups). Not only is suwbnudula the type
species of Ramaswamiahiella but the only other
species described in the genus, kallarensis Anan-
thakrishnan, was synonymised with T. tabaci by
Bhatti, 1980. The character states exhibited by
the species included in Table 3 must therefore

46

cast doubt on the validity of Ramaswamiahiella
as a distinct genus. T. subnudula has now been
studied from Bali I. in Indonesia and from Nige-
ria. It has recently been found also in the Philip-
pines and its distribution will no doubt prove to
be far wider.

BIOLOGY. Found in flowers of a wide variety of
plants.

DISTRIBUTION. Pakistan,
pines, Nigeria, Uganda.
MATERIAL EXAMINED. PAKISTAN: 7 @

(BMNH). INDIA: 5 9, 1 co’ (BMNH). BALI: 4
Q (SO). NIGERIA: 2 9 (BMNH).

India, Bali, Philip-

Thrips vulgatissimus Haliday
(Fig. 109)

Thrips vulgatissimus Haliday, 1836: 447-448.
Syntypes 9, ©, BRITAIN (depository
unknown) [not examined].

? Medium to large; dark brown, forewings pale
or dusky, antennal segment III pale.

Antennae 8-segmented; ocellar setae III situ-
ated outside ocellar triangle. Metanotal campan-
iform sensilla present; sculpture striate; median
setae situated behind anterior margin
(cf. Fig. 101). Forewing first vein with 7 basal
and 3 distal setae; scale with 5 setae, apical seta
more or less equal to subapical. Abdominal
sternites III-VII with 8-16 discal setae, sternite
II sometimes with 1 or 2. Pleurotergites with 14
discal setae. Tergite II with 3 lateral marginal
setae; tergite VIII posteromarginal comb com-
plete, long and regular.

CO Smaller, pale brown, similar to 9; sternites
III to VII each with an oval, transverse glandular
area; tergite vIII posteromarginal comb absent
or with a few very short microtrichia; tergite IX
b1 and b2 setae very long and almost equal in
length, b2 situated posterior to b1 (Fig. 109).

COMMENTS. This species is closely related to the
other mainly European species meridionalis and
is also similar in appearance to the commonest
New Zealand species obscuratus, which differs in
having entirely brown antennae, forewing first
vein with a complete row of setae, shorter major
pronotal setae, longer median metanotal setae,
sternite II with 3 pairs of posteromarginal setae
and posteromarginal comb on tergite VIII often
more irregular.

T. vulgatissimus may also be confused with
alliorum which is very common on onions from
Taiwan to Hawaii and which differs in having
postocular setae II displaced behind the row,

J.M. PALMER

fewer pleurotergal discal setae and a very short
or almost absent posteromarginal comb on terg-
ite VIII.

BIOLOGY. Very common on a wide variety of
plants, particularly those with white flowers.

DISTRIBUTION. This is really a European and
North American species but it has been recorded
from China and New Zealand.

MATERIAL EXAMINED. About 200 ©’, 2, mostly
European. CHINA: 1 @ (BMNH). NEW
ZEALAND: 3 9 (BMNH).

Group V

This is the largest and most homogeneous group
in the Oriental and Pacific Regions, and is char-
acterised by the presence of discal setae on
sternites II or III to VII, but the absence of discal
setae on the pleurotergites. The majority of
species have ocellar setae III situated outside the
ocellar triangle; metanotal campaniform sensilla
present, more or less striate sculpture, and
median setae at or near anterior margin; tergite
VIII with complete posteromarginal comb;
forewing first vein usually with 7 basal and 3
distal setae.

Within group V there is a group of species that
have the comb on tergite VIII absent medially:
gardeniae, vitticornis and kotoshoi have closely
striate metanotal sculpture; /ongicaudatus, leeu-
weni and n.sp. Reyes (in press) have reticulate
sculpture. 7. unispinus also has an incomplete
comb and reticulate metanotal sculpture but is
otherwise morphologically dissimilar and not
related. All other species in the group have a
complete comb on tergite VIII.

Of these species with a complete comb, two,
simplex and emulatus, have ocellar setae III
situated within the ocellar triangle and more or
less reticulate metanotal sculpture; three, T. tris-
tis, brevistylus and pavettae, share a tendency for
the median metanotal setae to be situated unusu-
ally close together and have striate metanotal
sculpture; and the majority of the remainder fall
into two large groups of common and variable
species which are often difficult to distinguish.

Members of the sumatrensis group, comprising
cinchonae, samoaensis, sumatrensis and wedeliae,
and possibly fulmeki, have numerous setae on
the forewing first vein, at least 10 basal setae and
sometimes an almost complete row. They are a
group of remarkably similar species, from the
Pacific Islands, differing only in small variations
of structure and colour.

The hawaiiensis group, containing probably

THRIPS FROM PAKISTAN TO PACIFIC

Table 2 An estimate, partly from literature, of the
total number of Thrips species, the number of
endemic species and the distribution of the more
widespread species (X) within the 5 species groups
in the 8 geographical regions of the world. NT =
Neotropical, NA = Nearctic, PA = Palaearctic, AT
= Afrotropical, Or = Oriental, AO =
Austro-Oriental, Au = Australian, Pa = Pacific.

=
os

Group I 0 2
8endemicspecies - - —- —- 1
mallotti - - - = x
Group Il 2 46 40 4 20
99 endemic species — 38 32
albopilosus -
discolor -
flavus -
fuscipennis -
herricki -
nigropilosus -
palmi »4
tabaci Xx

1

| mn w & >
|

ios

}
*
*

1 >e |
*

SKK Rm

|
op | ee ee

|

3 ee |

|

> >

a eroren
>>

validus

Group Ill

3 endemic species
extensicornis - - - -
orientalis XK! Pheer
parvispinus == = =
taiwanus -
Group IV 2,

22 endemic species —

alliorum X - - -
apicatus -

atratus - xX X
australis Ls REX
facetus - - - =
imaginis =- =-- =
meridionalis Dam, «
subnudula - - - xX
vulgatissimus - xX

Group V 3 6

40 endemic species - 3 13
calcaratus =i 3X
coloratus - - - =
emulatus
florum
hawaiiensis
kotoshoi
longicaudatus - - = - =
melastomae -
simplex > OD. E. >,
sumatrensis - - - -
unispinus So
vitticornis - - - =
wedeliae - - - =

}

I
oO

l
>

] ia
AK KK MND
ee
}

|
|
|
> eee | pe de S de de de
| epee | pe

—
i=)
|
-
=

sf
WY |

Noma}
ie.)

Wo

|
|
|
roe | oe pee | pee oe oe
dd ddd dd pd dee | de bd De >
| 64 ddd | eT De DET De I

the most common pest species of the region,
comprises aleuritis, andrewsi, coloratus, florum,
hawaiiensis, melastomae, unonae, possibly gri-
seus, hispidus and a number of other undescribed
forms that may represent species. They usually
have only 7 or 8 basal first vein setae. Both these

47

groups of species show a very confusing degree of
variation which is discussed under wedeliae and
hawaiiensis, and species in these two groups are
very similar to each other. A series of 12 9,40
of an undescribed ‘species’ from Adinandra
dumosa in Singapore (BMNH) appears to differ
from the sumatrensis group only in having 7-8
basal forewing first vein setae and 3 distal. They
have 8-segmented antennae and would therefore
be most similar to samoaensis.

The remaining species, T. unispinus, shows
some similarities to imaginis and its relatives in
group IV (see Table 3).

Thrips aleuritis Moulton & Steinweden
(Fig. 113)

Thrips aleuritis Moulton & Steinweden, 1933:
29-31. Holotype 2 TAHITI (BPBM) [exam-
ined].

@ Medium to small; uniformly dark brown,
tibiae slightly paler, antennal segment III and
sometimes base of IV pale.

Antennae 7-segmented; ocellar setae III situ-
ated outside ocellar triangle (Fig. 113). Metano-
tal campaniform sensilla present; sculpture
broadly striate with some reticulations medially;
median setae at anterior margin. Forewing first
vein with 7 basal and 34 distal setae; scale with 5
marginal setae, apical longer than subapical.
Abdominal sternites III-VII with about 10 discal
setae. Tergite II with 3 lateral marginal setae, 4
displaced onto pleurite; tergite VIII posteromar-
ginal comb complete but microtrichia short and
irregular.

CO Small, yellow with dark wings similar to 2;
sternites III to VII each with a narrow, trans-
verse glandular area; tergite VIII posteromar-
ginal comb absent or of a few very short
microtrichia; tergite [IX b1 setae longer than b2
and slightly closer to b2 than to each other.

COMMENTS. Structurally this species belongs to
the hawaiiensis group but differs from the rest of
that group in having uniformly dark forewings. It
also differs from andrewsi in having long median
postocular setae I and from florum in having long
postocular setae II.

BrioLoGy. Has been found on Aleurites, Lan-
tana, Dodonaea and Psidium guava.

DISTRIBUTION. Tahiti in the Society Islands.

MATERIAL EXAMINED. SOCIETY IS: Tahiti,
Holotype 2 (BPBM); 19 9, 2 oh’ (BMNH).

48

J.M. PALMER

Table 3 Character states which confuse relationships between species and species groups.

Group V unispinus

Group V undescribed sp.n. (BMNH)
Group IV imaginis

Group IV subnudula

Group IV undescribed sp.n. (SO)

MOOW >

Postocular setae II

small

large -
Pronotal striations

fine =

broad xX
Pronotal discal setae

few -

numerous xX
Pronotal posteromarginal setae 3
Outer posteroangular setae:

Inner posteroangular setae 2.0
Metanotal reticulations
broad x
elongate -
Pleurotergal discal setae 0

Tergite VIII posteromarginal comb

present medially (E

absent medially -
Sternite V

discal setae 15-20

posteromarginal setae 6-10

C = craspedum

B € D E

xX ».4 ».4 xX

x ~ = =

— ».4 ».4 xX

XxX ».4 - -

- - Xx xX
4(3-5) 5(4) 5 5

1.0 1.0 1.0 small
- x - ».4

Xx - x -

0 D 45 5-7
Xx XxX Xx -
15-25 15-25 24-30 20-28
6-8 6-8 12-14 10-14

Thrips andrewsi (Bagnall)
(Figs 112, 130)

Physothrips andrewsi Bagnall, 1921: 394-395.
Lectotype 2, INDIA (BMNH) [designated by
Mound, 1968: 53] [examined].

Thrips andrewsi (Bagnall); Bhatti, 1978: 191.

@ Medium; uniformly dark brown, wings dark
with base pale, antennal segment III and some-
times base of IV pale.

Antennae 8-segmented; ocellar setae III situ-
ated outside ocellar triangle (Fig. 112). Metano-
tal campaniform sensilla present; sculpture
striate with a few poorly formed reticulations
medially; median setae situated at anterior mar-
gin (Fig. 130). forewing first vein with 7 basal
and 3 distal setae; scale with 5 setae, apical equal
in length to subapical or slightly shorter. Abdom-
inal sternites III—-VII with 10-12 discal setae, 2-3
on sternite II. Pleurotergites without discal setae.
Tergite VIII posteromarginal comb complete
and regular.

© Abdominal sternites III-VII each with a
large, transverse glandular area; tergite VIII
posteromarginal comb absent; tergite [X bl setae

closer to b2 than to each other and almost twice
as long.

COMMENTS. This species appears to be related
to florum but postocular setae I are not enlarged,
II not particularly small, and the metanotal
sculpture is more closely striate. In the BMNH 4
Q have been examined which may represent
andrewsi. They differ, however, in having 8-9
basal forewing first vein setae, a more irregular
comb and a certain cuticular granular appearance
particularly on the head. They also share some
characteristics of vitticornis: striate metanotal
sculpture and more numerous forewing first vein
setae but this species is smaller, has shorter
antennal segments and tergite VIII posteromar-
ginal comb absent medially. Two of these
females are from canopy fogging in Brunei and 2
Q, slightly larger, with a more closely striate
metanotal sculpture and longer pronotal postero-
angular setae, are from a pitfall trap in Sarawak.
One of these last two females also has ocellar
setae III situated within the ocellar triangle.

BIOLOGY. May have a preference for tea flow-
ers.

THRIPS FROM PAKISTAN TO PACIFIC
DISTRIBUTION. India, China.

MATERIAL EXAMINED. INDIA: Lectotype 9, 1
Q paratype, 20 9, 30 ho (BMNH), CHINA: 2 2
(BMNH).

Thrips arorai Bhatti

Thrips arorai Bhatti, 1980: 124-126. Holotype 9,
INDIA (JSB) [not examined].

DESCRIPTION. Bhatti, 1980: 124-126; illustra-
tions p. 148.

COMMENTS. Dark brown species with banded
wings and 7-segmented antennae. It does not
appear to be closely related to any other species.

BIOLOGY. Known from only 2 @ collected on
fern.

DISTRIBUTION. India.

MATERIAL EXAMINED. None.

Thrips brevistylus (Priesner)
(Figs 115, 132)

Taeniothrips brevistylus Priesner, 1938: 496.
Holotype 9, JAVA (SMF) [examined].
Thrips brevistylus (Priesner): Bhatti, 1978: 191.

@ Medium to large; uniformly brown, wings
dark, legs dark, antennae dark with pale III.

Antennae 8-segmented, ocellar setae III situ-
ated outside ocellar triangle (Fig. 115). Metano-
tal campaniform sensilla present; sculpture
striate; median setae situated at anterior margin
and very close together (Fig. 132). Forewing first
vein with 7 basal and 3 distal setae: scale with 5
setae, apical shorter than subapical. Abdominal
sternites III-VII with about 10 discal setae, 2-3
on sternite II. Pleurotergites without discal setae.
Tergite II with 4 lateral marginal setae; tergite
VIII posteromarginal comb complete but often
irregular.

CO Recorded for the first time from the Philip-
pines (Reyes, in press).

COMMENTS. This species is closely related to
pavettae from Sumatra and Java, differing mainly
in the proximity of the median metanotal setae.

BIOLOGY. Unknown.
DISTRIBUTION. Java, Philippines.

MATERIAL EXAMINED. JAVA: Holotype @
(SMF). PHILIPPINES: 1 9, 1 o& (Reyes).

49

Thrips cinchonae Priesner
(Figs 114, 133, 144)

Thrips sumatrensis var. cinchonae Priesner, 1934:
256-257. Holotype 2, JAVA (SMF) [exam-
ined].

Thrips cinchonae Priesner: Sakimura, 1967b:
435.

? Small to medium; uniformly brown.

Antennae 7-segmented; ocellar setae III situ-
ated outside ocellar triangle (Fig. 114). Metano-
tal campaniform sensilla present; sculpture
striate; median setae situated at anterior margin
(Fig. 133). Forewing first vein with numerous
setae, about 15 basal and 2 distal; scale with 5
setae, apical seta longer than subapical. Abdom-
inal sternites III-VII with about 8 discal setae, 1
on sternite II. Pleurotergites without discal setae.
Tergite II with 4 lateral marginal setae; tergite
VIII posteromarginal comb complete and regular
(Fig. 144).

CO Unknown.

COMMENTS. This species is known only from the
unique holotype, which is poorly preserved. It is
closely related to samoaensis, wedeliae and suma-
trensis. All four are very difficult to distinguish.
However, cinchonae has a comb which appears
to have longer, finer and more regular microtri-
chia, antennal segments darker and sternal discal
setae fewer than the other 3 species.

BIOLOGY. Cinchona flowers.
DISTRIBUTION. Java.

MATERIAL EXAMINED. JAVA. Holotype 92
(SMF).

Thrips coloratus Schmutz

Thrips colorata Schmutz, 1913: 1013-1015. Syn-
types 2, SRI LANKA (NHM) [not exam-
ined].

Thrips japonicus Bagnall, 1914: 288. Lectotype
@, JAPAN [designated and synonymised by
Mound, 1968: 62] (BMNH) [examined].

Thrips melanurus Bagnall, 1926: 111-112. Holo-
type 9, INDIA (BMNH) [synonymised by
Mound, 1968: 62] [examined].

Thrips aligherini Girault, 1927: 1. Syntypes @
QUEENSLAND (QM) [synonymised by
Mound & Houston, 1987: 9 [examined].

Thrips coloratus coloratus Schmutz: Bhatti, 1980:
jcy

Thrips coloratus japonicus Bagnall: Bhatti, 1980:
131.

2 Small to medium; very variable, pale yellow to

50

brown. The majority of specimens are pale yel-
low with antennal segments VII, VI & IV and
apex of V brown; dark median patches on
abdominal tergites; most of IX and X entirely
brown. The nominal species that exhibit this
colouring are coloratus ssp. coloratus, melanurus
and aligherini.

Palest specimens are uniformly pale yellow
with antennal segments VII, VI and apex of V &
IV brown, also tip of abdomen, at least most of
tergite X brown.

Darkest specimens (japonicus) are more
extensively pale brown; forewings dusky; anten-
nal segment II darker than I & III, IV—VII
entirely brown; abdominal tergites mostly
brown, paler laterally, IX & X brown.

Antennae 7-segmented; ocellar setae III situ-
ated outside ocellar triangle. Metanotal campan-
iform sensilla present; sculpture broadly striate;
median setae situated just behind anterior mar-
gin. Forewing first vein with 7 basal and 3 distal
setae; scale with 5 setae, apical longer than
subapical. Abdominal sternites III-VII with
15-25 discal setae, 3-4 on sternite II. Pleuroterg-
ites without discal setae. Tergite II with 4 lateral
setae; tergite VIII posteromarginal comb com-
plete but irregular.

CO Described for the first time by Bhatti (1980:
131); small, yellow. Sternites III to VII each with
a transverse glandular area; tergite VIII postero-
marginal comb absent, tergite IX bl setae
slightly longer than b2 and far apart, very close to
b2.

COMMENTS. This is a very common and very
variable species. Antennal segments IV & V may
be dark or bicoloured and the median metanotal
setae are usually behind the anterior margin but
sometimes very close to it. Javanese specimens
examined are entirely pale yellow; the majority
from India, Laos, China etc. have a darker
median spot on abdominal tergites; Japanese
specimens are darkest with tergites mostly
brown. This species is morphologically most sim-
ilar to hawaiiensis and florum but it differs from
these in colour and position of metanotal setae.
It has more numerous discal setae on sternite VII
than florum and the comb is possibly a little
sparser, longer and finer but no less irregular.

Bhatti (1980) appears to support the retention
of two subspecies, coloratus for the paler speci-
mens including melanurus and aligherini, and
Japonicus for the darkest.

A series of 5 CO’, 5 2 from dead branches on
the Ogasawara Islands, Japan (SO) has been
examined. The specimens are almost entirely
dark brown with paler tibiae and antennal seg-

J.M. PALMER

ment III. The males are also brown. They appear
most similar to florum but sternal discal setae are
too numerous. The position of the median met-
anotal setae is distinctly behind the anterior
margin and for this reason alone they are
included in coloratus.

BIOLoGy. Polyphagous, flower-living.

DISTRIBUTION. Pakistan, India, Ceylon, Thai-
land, Laos, China, Taiwan, Japan, Malaya,
Celebes, Java, Philippines, Brunei, New Guinea,
Queensland.

MATERIAL EXAMINED. The Girault collection
(QM) contains 2 slides with a total of 8 specimens
fitting the description of aligherini. One slide
labelled ‘Physothr mjobergi Karny’ (1 )/ Thrips
aligerini/Gir. Cotype Qs ‘(3Q)/Castor Oil
flowers/Brisbane 16 Feb. 1927/Ex Ricinus com-
munis Linn.’ The other slide labelled ‘Thrips
aliger/ini girault/Type 9’ (5 Q completely visi-
ble). “Wynnum, Q/forest/Trichoth. erinaceus’ (2
Q under separate cover slip). ‘Inner:/
Physothrips/mjobergi/Karny’ (1 9). All 8 9 are
here regarded as syntypes.

PAKISTAN: 32 2. INDIA: Holotype 9 of
melanurus. THAILAND: 2 9. LAOS: 6 Q.
CHINA: 2 9 (BMNH). TAIWAN: 2 @ (SO).
JAPAN: lectotype 2, 1 @ paralectotype of
japonicus, 8 2 (BMNH), 3 2 (SO). MALAYA:
3 9. JAVA: 19 9. BRUNEI: 1 2 (BMNH).
CELEBES: 1 9 (SO). AUSTRALIA: 8 9 syn-
types of aligherini (QM), 2 9 (BMNH).

DOUBTFULLY ASSOCIATED MATERIAL. JAPAN:
5,055.6. (SO).

Thrips emulatus Ananthakrishnan

Thrips brunneus Ananthakrishnan & Jagadish,
1968: 359-360. Holotype 9, INDIA (TNA)
[not examined].

Thrips emulatus Ananthakrishnan in Kudé,
1979: 492. [new name for T. brunneus, preoc-
cupied by Thrips brunneus Ishida].

DESCRIPTION. Redescribed in Bhatti

127-128).

(1980:

COMMENTS. Yellow species with 7-segmented
antennae and outer pronotal posteroangular
setae about half as long as inner posteroangulars.

BIoLoGy. Described from leaves of Cynanchum
alatum, also known from white legume flowers,
Jasmine and Adhadota in India, Euphorbiaceae
in S.W. Africa.

DISTRIBUTION. India, S.W. Africa.

THRIPS FROM PAKISTAN TO PACIFIC

MATERIAL EXAMINED. None.

Thrips florum Schmutz
(Fig. 121)

Thrips florum Schmutz, 1913: 1003-1004. Syn-
types 9, SRI LANKA (depository unknown)
[not examined].

Full synonymy given by Nakahara (1985).

@ Medium; uniformly brown; antennal segment
III, sometimes base IV pale.

Antennae usually 7- rarely 8-segmented; ocel-
lar setae III situated outside ocellar triangle;
postocular seta II minute, much smaller than I or
III (Fig. 121). Metanotal campaniform sensilla
present; sculpture striate; median setae situated
at anterior margin. Forewing first vein with 7
basal and 3 distal setae; scale with 5 setae, apical
seta more or less equal to subapical. Abdominal
sternites III-VII with 6-14 discal setae, 1-2 on
sternite II. Pleurotergites without discal setae.
Tergite II with 4 lateral marginal setae: tergite
vIII posteromarginal comb complete but irregu-
lar.

CO Small, pale brown, similar to 2; sternites
III to VII each with a narrow transverse glandu-
lar area; tergite vIII posteromarginal comb
absent or indistinct; tergite IX b1 setae longer
than b2, bases much closer to b2 than to each
other.

COMMENTS. Inter- and intraspecific variation in
the hawaiiensis group causes problems in distin-
guishing between the species (Nakahara, 1985;
Palmer & Wetton, 1987). T. florum is particu-
larly similar to the brown forms of hawaiiensis
and coloratus, unonae, andrewsi and two unde-
scribed ‘species’, one from Singapore, and the
other from Sarawak and Brunei (BMNH). There
are also about 50 2, O&' in BMNH from localities
throughout the eastern Oriental Region that can-
not be assigned to any of these species.

BIOLOGY. Polyphagous, common in flowers of
many species but not known to cause damage.

DISTRIBUTION. India, Ceylon, Burma, Thai-
land, Malaya, Singapore, Brunei, Sarawak, Bali,
Celebes, New Guinea, New Hebrides, Java, Tai-
wan, Tahiti, Samoa, Fiji, Torres Strait, Philip-
pines, Solomon Is, Hawaii.

MATERIAL EXAMINED. About 50 0, @ from
India, Malaya, Singapore, Brunei, Sarawak,
Bali, Celebes, New Guinea, New Hebrides,
Java, Taiwan, Torres Strait, Philippines,
Solomon Is, (BMNH), 12 9 from Malaya, Bali,
Taiwan and Celebes (SO).

51

Thrips fulmeki (Priesner)

Taeniothrips fulmeki Priesner, 1938: 497-498.
Holotype 2, SUMATRA (SMF) [examined].
Thrips fulmeki (Priesner): Bhatti, 1978: 191.

The holotype, the only specimen of the species
known, is mounted laterally and therefore char-
acteristics are difficult to observe.

2 Medium to large; uniformly dark brown,
antennal segment III and possibly forewing base
paler.

Antennae 8-segmented; ocellar setae appear
to be outside ocellar triangle. Metanotal campan-
iform sensilla not visible; sculpture closely stri-
ate; median setae situated probably at anterior
margin. Forewing first vein with an almost com-
plete row of setae, 14 basal and 2 distal; scale
with 5 setae, apical shorter than subapical.
Abdominal sternites III-VII with discal setae,
1-2 on sternite II. Pleurotergites without discal
setae. Tergite II with 4 lateral marginal setae;
tergite VIII posteromarginal comb complete.

CO Unknown.

COMMENTS. This species is most closely related
and similar to samoaensis in colour and
8-segmented antennae but it is much larger, has a
few more forewing first vein setae and more
closely striate rhetanotal sculpture. Other species
in the group have either 7-segmented antennae
or paler antennal segments IV & V, or both. It is
also morphologically similar to vitticornis which
differs in having 3-6 distal forewing first vein
setae and tergite VIII posteromarginal comb
absent medially.

BIioLoGy. Unknown.
DISTRIBUTION. Sumatra.

MATERIAL EXAMINED. SUMATRA: Holotype
Q (SMF).

Thrips gardeniae sp.n.
(Figs 123, 134, 143, 145)

@ Macroptera. Large; colour uniformly dark
brown, legs pale with dark shading on hind
femora; head paler between eyes; antennal seg-
ment III, base IV & V pale; forewings pale at
base; major body setae dark.

Antennae 8-segmented, segments long and
narrow (Fig. 143); ocellar setae III situated out-
side ocellar triangle; postocular setae I well
developed, sometimes almost as long as ocellar
setae III; postocular setae II small and situated
behind pair I, posterior to the row (Fig. 123).
Pronotum finely striate; with 3 pairs of postero-

Sy

marginal setae; anteroangular and midlateral
setae well developed (Fig. 123). Metanotal cam-
paniform sensilla present; sculpture very closely
striate; median setae situated a little behind
anterior margin and very long, reaching almost
to posterior margin (Fig. 134). Forewing first
vein with an almost complete row of setae, the
gap between apical setae being the largest; scale
with 5 marginal setae, subapical seta larger than
apical. Abdominal sternites with 3 pairs of pos-
teromarginal setae (2 on sternite II); sternites II
or III-VII with discal setae, 0-3 on II, 9-14 on V,
8-11 on VII. Pleurotergites without discal setae.
Tergite II with 4 lateral setae. Tergite VIII
posteromarginal comb of short, irregular micro-
trichia laterally, absent medially (Fig. 145).

Measurements (2 Holotype in um). Body
length 2045. Ocellar setae III 68. Postocular
setae I 58/62; II 15; III 30. Pronotal posteroangu-
lar setae, inner 120; outer 124. Median metanotal
setae 86/88.

CO Macroptera. Colour uniformly pale, yellow,
antennal segments VIII—-VI, apices of V & IV
and body setae dark.

Structure similar to 9; abdominal sternites II
or III-VIII with 5-10 discal setae, III-VII each
with a very large, transverse glandular area.
Tergite VIII posteromarginal comb absent; terg-
ite [IX bl setae about twice as long as b2, their
bases almost equidistant.

Measurements (OC paratype in um). Body
length 1425. Ocellar setae HI 50. Postocular
setae I 45; II 12; III 22. Pronotal posteroangular
setae, inner 98/105; outer 105. Median metanotal
setae 72. Sternite V glandular area, breadth 120;
median length 24. Tergite IX bl setae length
58/60, distance between bases 12; b2 setae length
28/30, distance between bases 38.

COMMENTS. This is a distinctively large, dark
brown species with pale legs. It is most similar in
appearance to the widespread species vitticornis
but easily distinguished from it by the complete
row of forewing first vein setae and large postoc-
ular seta I.

BIOLOGY. Associated with Gardenia flowers.
DISTRIBUTION. New Guinea, Solomon Islands.

MATERIAL EXAMINED. Holotype 92. NEW
GUINEA; west Highland Province, Mt Hagan,
Kuk Agricultural Research Institute, in Gardenia
flowers, 24.x.1980, (B.M. Thistleton KK4436)
(BMNH). Paratypes. 16 2, 1 CO same data as
holotype (1 9 CAS.4 9, SMF). SOLOMON
ISLANDS: Gizo I., 4 Q, 6.xii.1980,
(N.L.H. Krauss) (SMF T10020) (1 9 BMNH).

J.M. PALMER

Thrips griseus Bagnall

Thrips griseus Bagnall, 1916b: 403. Lectotype 9°,
JAPAN (BMNH) [designated by Mound,
1968: 65] [examined].

Q Small to medium; uniformly brown, legs
brown, wings dark, antennal segments III & IV
paler at base.

Antennae 7-segmented; ocellar setae situated
outside ocellar triangle, near anterior margins,
postocular seta I small. Metanotum with striate
sculpture; campaniform sensilla not apparent;
median setae behind anterior margin. Forewing
first vein with 7 basal and 3-4 distal setae; scale
with 5 setae, apical seta longer than subapical.
Abdominal sternites III-VII with 8-10 discal
setae, none on sternite II. Pleurotergites without
discal setae. Tergite II with 3 lateral setae, 4th
seta sometimes on pleurite, tergite VIII postero-
marginal comb complete but microtrichia short
and irregular.

CO Unknown.

COMMENTS. This species belongs to the hawai-
iensis group and is most similar to aleuritis and
coloratus, and hispidus from India which differs
mainly in having paler tibiae and antennae, well
developed median postocular setae and more
numerous pronotal and sternal discal setae which
are also present on sternite II. Most species in
this group, however, usually have the median
metanotal setae on or near the anterior margin
and antennal segment III pale, IV dark. T.
coloratus is also usually a paler species with a
longer, finer comb, although the form japonicus
from Japan is mostly brown.

BIioLoGy. Has been found on Cirsium japoni-
cum. The six specimens from Pakistan were
found on Taraxacum officinale. Miyazaki &
Kud6 (1988) list also Trifolium, Nicotiana and
Thea.

DISTRIBUTION. Japan.

MATERIAL EXAMINED. JAPAN: Lectotype 2
(BMNH). 4 Q (Saki.).

DOUBTFULLY ASSOCIATED MATERIAL. PAKI-
STAN: 4 9, 2 0’ (BMNH).

Thrips hawaiiensis (Morgan)
(Figs 120, 135)

Thrips hawaiiensis Morgan, 1913: 3-5. Lectotype
©, HAWAII (USNM) [designated by Naka-
hara, 1985: 868] [not examined].

Full synonymy given in Nakahara (1985).

THRIPS FROM PAKISTAN TO PACIFIC

Q Medium; brown or bicoloured with head and
thorax orange-yellow, abdomen brown, anten-
nae dark, segment III pale.

Antennae 7- or 8-segmented; ocellar setae III
situated outside ocellar triangle; postocular setae
I & II well developed and subequal (Fig. 120).
Metanotal campaniform sensilla present; sculp-
ture broadly striate; median setae at anterior
margin (Fig. 135). Forewing first vein with 7
basal and 3 distal setae; scale with 5 setae, apical
seta longer than subapical. Abdominal sternites
III-VII with 12-25 discal setae, 1-2 on sternite
II. Pleurotergites without discal setae. Tergite II
with 4 lateral marginal setae; tergite VIII postero-
marginal comb complete but microtrichia often
short and irregular.

CO Small, pale yellow-brown; sternites III to
VII each with a narrow glandular area; tergite
VIII posteromarginal comb absent or indistinct;
tergite IX b1 slightly longer than b2 and equidis-
tant.

COMMENTS. This is a very common, widespread
and variable species (Nakahara, 1985; Palmer &
Wetton, 1987). The bicoloured form is more
easily recognised. It usually has 7-segmented
antennae and is often associated with bananas.
Pale specimens may be confused with typical
coloratus and dark forms with florum, the japoni-
cus form of coloratus or unonae. They often have
8-segmented antennae, however, which distin-
guishes them from unonae and most florum. T.
hawaiiensis and florum have been synonymised
in the past, which now confuses distributional
and biological information. Nakahara (1985),
however, clearly segregates the synonymies of
both species. 38 9, 9 CO (SMF) have been
examined, from Tahiti, Tubuai, Solomon
Islands, Guadalcanal and Gizo, and New
Hebrides that belong to the hawaiiensis group.
They differ from all previously described species
but, because of the degree of variation exhibited
by a number of characteristics, they are not
described here. Antennal segments IV & V may
be brown or bicoloured; postocular setae I large,
II small, III large or small; median metanotal
setae at or behind anterior margin; metanotal
sculpture closely striate, arcuate anteriorly or
closely striate, converging posteriorly or with
broader striations either converging or not, and
less arcuate. Samples from Tahiti and Tubuai are
most commonly with brown antennal segments
IV & V, small postocular setae III and converg-
ing metanotal sculpture. Those from Gizo usu-
ally have bicoloured antennal segments IV & V,
well developed postocular setae III and closely
striate metanotal sculpture. 7 2 from the New

35

Hebrides are much darker with brown tibiae,
darker wings, dark antennae except segment III
and small postocular setae I. The variation,
therefore, tends to be between, rather than
within, populations but it is not possible to know,
at present, whether it is also interspecific. There
are also more than 50 specimens (BMNH) from
throughout the distribution range of the hawai-
iensis species group that are not, at present,
assignable to any one species.

BIOLOGY. May be found in flowers of many
species, is often associated with bananas and has
been used as an oil palm pollinator. It causes
damage to roses in Georgia, U.S.A.; Citrus in
India; coffee and mangoes in Thailand; bananas
in Australia.

DISTRIBUTION. Throughout the area of study
from Pakistan to Korea, Hawaii and New
Zealand, around the southern and eastern
U.S.A. from the District of Columbia to Califor-
nia, Queensland and Northern Territories of
Australia (Palmer & Wetton, 1987).

MATERIAL EXAMINED. More than 200 9, co
including types of albipes and pallipes from
JAPAN and versicolor from FIJI (BMNH), 32
@,2C from Japan, Taiwan and Thailand (SO).

DOUBTFULLY ASSOCIATED MATERIAL. About 50
mostly from Malaya, Java, Solomon Is, New
Hebrides, New Guinea (BMNH).

Thrips hispidus Ananthakrishnan &
Jagadish

Thrips hispidus Ananthakrishnan & Jagadish,
1966: 88-89. Syntypes 9, INDIA (TNA)
[examined].

DESCRIPTION. Ananthakrishnan &
(1966: 88-89).

Jagadish

COMMENTS. Dark brown species with dark
forewings, paler tibiae and antennal segments
III-VI. Antennae 7-segmented. It is morpholog-
ically most similar to griseus from Japan and is
discussed under that species.

BIOLOGY. Has been found in Lantana and Aca-
dia flowers; also Rosa and Dahlia.

DISTRIBUTION. India.

MATERIAL EXAMINED. INDIA: 2 Q with type
data (1 labelled holotype) (TNA), 2 2 (ZSI).

54

Thrips kotoshoi (Moulton)

Taeniothrips kotoshoi Moulton, 1928c: 300-301.
Holotype 2, TAIWAN, (CAS) [examined].
Thrips kotoshoi (Moulton): Bhatti, 1978: 191.

© Medium to large; uniformly dark brown, legs
dark, wings dark, antennae dark, segment III
paler.

Antennae 8-segmented; ocellar setae situated
outside ocellar triangle. Metanotal campaniform
sensilla present; sculpture closely striate; median
setae situated at anterior margin. Forewing first
vein with 7 basal and 3 distal setae; scale with 5
setae, apical seta longer than subapical. Abdom-
inal sternites IJI-VII with 8-12 discal setae.
Pleurotergites without discal setae. Tergite II
with 4 lateral marginal setae; tergite VIII poster-
omarginal comb absent medially.

CO Unknown.

COMMENTS. This species is most closely related
and very similar to the more widespread and
common species vitticornis which differs only in
its smaller size and 3-8 distal forewing first vein
setae. It is also somewhat similar and more
distantly related to gardeniae described here
from New Guinea and the Solomon Is, but this
species has a complete row of forewing first vein
setae, pale wing base, bicoloured antennal seg-
ments IV & V and much longer postocular setae
I

BioLoGy. Unknown.
DISTRIBUTION. Taiwan, Fiji.

MATERIAL EXAMINED. TAIWAN: Holotype 2
(CAS).

Thrips leeuweni (Priesner)
(Figs 116, 136)

Taeniothrips leeuweni Priesner, 1938: 498-499.
Holotype @, SINGAPORE (SMF) [exam-
ined].

Thrips leeuweni (Priesner): Bhatti, 1978: 191.

@ Medium; midbrown, legs paler, forewing base
paler, antennal segment III paler.

Antennae 7- or 8-segmented; ocellar setae III
situated outside ocellar triangle (Fig. 116). Meta-
notal campaniform sensilla present; sculpture of
elongate reticulations medially; median setae at
anterior margin (Fig. 136). Forewing first vein
with 7 basal and 3 distal setae; scale with 5 setae,
apical seta shorter than subapical. Abdominal
sternites III—-VII with 10-12 discal setae, 2—3 on
sternite II. Pleurotergites without discal setae.
Tergite II with 4 lateral setae; tergite VIII

J.M. PALMER

posteromarginal comb usually absent medially
but sometimes represented by a few irregular
small microtrichia.

CO Unknown.

COMMENTS. This species is morphologically
most similar to Jongicaudatus which is larger, has
a complete row of forewing first vein setae and is
almost without pronotal striations. Species of the
hawaiiensis group are also similar but these have
a complete comb and less reticulate metanotal
sculpture.

There are 12 2 in the BMNH collection, from
Fiji, New Guinea, Solomon Is and Brunei, which
are a little larger, have a more polygonally retic-
ulate metanotum and comb definitely absent
medially. This is another instance of variation
which is difficult to interpret.

BIOLOGY. Known from flowers of Rubiaceae.
DISTRIBUTION. Malaya, Singapore.

MATERIAL EXAMINED. SINGAPORE: Holo-
type 2, 2 2 paratypes (SMF).

DOUBTFULLY ASSOCIATED MATERIAL. FIJI: 3
Q. NEW GUINEA: 3 9. SOLOMON IS: 1 @.
BRUNEI: 5 2 (BMNH).

Thrips longicaudatus (Bianchi)
(Figs 118, 152)

Thrips longicaudatus Bianchi, 1953: 94-96. Holo-
type 2, SAMOA (BPBM) [examined].

Isochaetothrips longicaudatus (Bianchi):
Sakimura, 1967c: 725.

Thrips longicaudatus (Bianchi): Bhatti, 1978:
191.

© Large; uniformly dark brown, forewing base
pale, antennal segment III pale; abdomen
extremely long and pointed.

Antennae 8-segmented; ocellar setae III situ-
ated outside ocellar triangle (Fig. 118). Prono-
tum without striations (Fig. 118). Metanotal
campaniform sensilla present; sculpture polygo-
nally reticulate medially; median setae situated
at anterior margin. forewing first vein with a
complete row of setae; scale with 5 setae, apical
seta much smaller than subapical. Abdominal
sternites III-VII with 8-12 discal setae; 3 on
sternite II. Pleurotergites without discal setae.
Tergite II with 4 lateral marginal setae; tergite
VIII posteromarginal comb often absent medi-
ally but sometimes represnted by short, irregular
microtrichia or small lobes; [IX—X unusually long
(Fig. 152).

CO Unknown.

THRIPS FROM PAKISTAN TO PACIFIC

COMMENTS. This species is most similar mor-
phologically but probably not closely related to
leeuweni which is smaller, has 3 distal forewing
first vein setae and distinct transverse striations
on the pronotum. Both species, however, show a
tendency for the ovipositor to extend beyond the
tip of the abdomen. A specimen from North
Queensland has been examined which has
slightly broader metanotal sculpture, more dis-
tinctly lobed comb and terminal body setae
slightly shorter.

BIioLoGy. Unknown.

DISTRIBUTION. South Australia, Queensland,
New Guinea, Samoa, Philippines.

MATERIAL EXAMINED. SAMOA: Holotype 2
(BPBM), AUSTRALIA: N. Queensland, 1 9
(BMNH).

Thrips longiceps (Bagnall)

Physothrips longiceps Bagnall, 1916a: 220-221,
Lectotype 9, INDIA (BMNH) [designated by
Mound, 1968: 58] [examined].

Thrips longiceps (Bagnall): Bhatti, 1970: 380.

DESCRIPTION. Redescribed by Bhatti (1980:

144-147).

COMMENTS. Medium to large dark brown spe-
cies morphologically most similar to fristis and
simplex. The position of the ocellar setae varies
within the type series but it is distinctive in
having postocular seta II situated behind I and
III. The males have particularly long b1 and b2
setae on tergite IX and an unusually small,
circular to oval glandular area on each of sterni-
tes ITI-VII.

BIOLOGY. Collected from Rhododendron flow-
ers at about 3500 m altitude.

DISTRIBUTION. Known only from the type series
from N. India.

MATERIAL EXAMINED. INDIA: Lectotype 9; 2
©,3C paralectotypes (BMNH).

Thrips melastomae Priesner
(Figs 117, 137, 146)

Thrips melastomae Priesner, 1934: 262-264. Syn-
type 2, JAVA (SMF) [labelled lectotype by
Bhatti, 1978] [examined].

© Small to medium; uniformly brown, legs pale,
wings dusky, antennal segments III, base IV & V
and sometimes also VI pale.

Antennae 7-segmented; ocellar setae situated

55

outside ocellar triangle (Fig. 117). Pronotal pos-
teroangular setae short (Fig. 117). Metanotal
campaniform sensilla present; sculpture striate;
median setae situated at anterior margin
(Fig. 137). Forewing first vein with 7 basal and 3
distal setae; scale with 5 setae, apical seta longer
than subapical. Abdominal sternites III—VII with
12-14 discal setae; 3-4 on sternite II. Pleuroterg-
ites without discal setae. Tergite II with 3 lateral
marginal setae, 4 displaced onto pleurite; tergite
VIII posteromarginal comb complete, microtri-
chia sometimes irregular (Fig. 146).

CO Small, pale, yellow brown, similar to Q.
Sternites III to VII each with a narrow, trans-
verse glandular area; tergite VIII posteromar-
ginal comb absent or indistinct: tergite IX bl
setae slightly longer than b2, bases equidistant.

COMMENTS. This species is closely related to the
hawaiiensis group but differs in having bico-
loured antennal segments IV & V and very short
pronotal posteroangulars. It is also similar to
wedeliae which has the same colouring but more
numerous wing setae. More particularly it is
similar to a sample of specimens, possibly of
wedeliae, from Guam, which has more numerous
sternal discal setae.

BioLoGy. A number of specimens recently
acquired from Malaysia and some from the Phil-
ippines in the USNM indicate that melastomae is
one of the more common species in the region
but poossibly restricted to Melastoma species.
Some of the type material, however, was col-
lected from Rhodomyrtus.

DISTRIBUTION. Philippine Islands, Java, Suma-
tra, Riouw Archipelago, Malaya, Thailand.

MATERIAL EXAMINED. JAVA: Lectotype 9, 1
CO paralectotype (SMF). MALAYA: 11 9,10
(BMNH), 1 2 (USNM). PHILIPPINES: 17 2, 2
C' (USNM).

Thrips n.sp. Reyes

Thrips n.sp. Reyes, in press. Holotype 2, PHIL-
IPPINES (Reyes) [examined].

@ Small; uniformly brown, legs, forewings and
antennae all dark.

Antennae 7-segmented; ocellar setae situated
outside ocellar triangle; postocular setae I & III
well developed, II small. Metanotal campani-
form sensilla absent; sculpture elongate, reticu-
late medially with internal wrinkles; median
setae situated far behind anterior margin. Forew-
ing first vein with 7 basal and 4 distal setae; scale
with 5 setae, apical seta longer than subapical.

56

Abdominal sternites III-VII with 10-14 discal
setae, none on sternite II. Pleurotergites without
discal setae. Tergite II with 4 lateral setae, 4th
may be displaced onto pleurite; tergite VIII
posteromarginal comb with only a few very
short, irregular microtrichia laterally.

CO Unknown.

COMMENTS. This is not a particularly distinctive
species but close relatives are difficult to recogn-
ise. In many characteristics it is similar to leeu-
weni from Malaya, but, although it does not have
a complete comb on tergite VIII, it is probably
more closely related to griseus from Japan.

BIOLOGY. Described from flowers of an
unknown plant.

DISTRIBUTION. Philippines.

MATERIAL EXAMINED. PHILIPPINES: Holo-
type 2, 1 paratype (Reyes).

Thrips pavettae (Priesner)
(Figs 127, 138, 147)

Taeniothrips pavettae Priesner, 1938: 493-494.
Holotype 2, SUMATRA (SMF) [examined].
Thrips pavettae (Priesner): Bhatti, 1978: 191.

. 2 Medium to large; uniformly brown, legs
brown, wings dark, antennal segment III paler.
Antennae 8-segmented; ocellar setae III situ-
ated outside ocellar triangle (Fig. 127). Metano-
tal campaniform sensilla present; sculpture
striate; median setae situated at anterior margin
and close together (Fig. 138). Forewing first vein
with 7-8 basal and 2-3 distal setae; scale with 5—7
setae, apical setae smaller than subapical.
Abdominal sternites III-VII with about 10 discal
setae, 2 on sternite IJ. Pleurotergites without
discal setae. Tergite II with 3 lateral marginal
setae; tergite VIII posteromarginal comb com-
plete but microtrichia often irregular (Fig. 147).
CO’ Brown, similar to 9; sternites III-VII each
with a large, transverse glandular area; tergite
VIII posteromarginal comb probably absent;
tergite [IX bl seta much longer and stouter than
b2 and slightly closer to b2 than to each other.

COMMENTS. This species is closely related to
brevistylus from Java and differs only in having
the median metanotal setae a little further apart
and less distinct pronotal striations.

BIOLOGY. Unknown.
DISTRIBUTION. Sumatra, Java.

MATERIAL EXAMINED. SUMATRA: Holotype
Q, 1 Q paratype (SMF). JAVA: 1 & (BMNH).

J.M. PALMER

Thrips samoaensis (Moulton)

Taeniothrips samoaensis Moulton, 1944:
268-270. Holotype 2, SAMOA (CAS) [not
examined].

Thrips samoaensis (Moulton): Bhatti, 1978: 191.

Small to medium; uniformly midbrown, legs
pale, wings dark with base paler, antennal seg-
ment III pale.

Antennae 8-segmented; ocellar setae III situ-
ated outside ocellar triangle. Metanotal campan-
iform sensilla present; sculpture striate; median
setae situated at anterior margin. Forewing first
vein with an almost complete row of setae, 4+9
basal and 2 distal setae; scale with 5 setae, apical
longer than subapical. Abdominal sternite II
with discal setae; sternites III-VII with 8-16
discal setae, 1-2 on sternite II. Pleurotergites
without discal setae. Tergite II with 4 lateral
setae; tergite VIII posteromarginal comb com-
plete but microtrichia short and sometimes irreg-
ular.

CO Unknown, although 1 CO in BMNH, from
Passiflora flowers in W. Samoa, has been exam-
ined which may be this species. It has been
poorly preserved but mentioned here because
until now the only species in the group whose
males are known is sumatrensis.

Small, pale brown; antennae 8-segmented;
forewing first vein with 4+6 basal setae and 3
distal; sternites III—VII each with a large trans-
verse glandular area; tergite VIII posteromar-
ginal comb indistinct; tergite [IX bl setae longer
than b2 and slightly closer to b2 than to each
other.

COMMENTS. This species belongs to a closely
related species group which includes cinchonae,
wedeliae and sumatrensis. It is most similar in
colour and numbers of sternal discal setae to
sumatrensis which is larger and has 7-segmented
antennae with longer segments. T. cinchonae is
darker and has a finer, more regular comb and
7-segmented antennae; wedeliae, although it
sometimes has 8-segmented antennae with short
segments, has bicoloured segments IV & V. T.
fulmeki is also similar in colour and_ has
8-segmented antennae but it is much larger, has a
complete row of first vein setae and more closely
striate metanotal sculpture. T. novocaledonensis
is also difficult to distinguish, with similar colour
and 8-segmented antennae, particularly in sam-
ples from the New Hebrides. It may be recogn-
ised, however, by the usual presence of at least 1
pleurotergal discal seta.

BIOLOGY. Possibly associated particularly with

THRIPS FROM PAKISTAN TO PACIFIC

Compositae although BMNH specimens from
New Hebrides are from citrus and legume flow-
ers.

DISTRIBUTION. Samoa, New Hebrides.

MATERIAL EXAMINED. SAMOA: 8 9 paratypes
(CAS). NEW HEBRIDES: 14 9 (BMNH).

DOUBTFULLY ASSOCIATED MATERIAL.
SAMOA: 1 Oo’ (BMNH).

Thrips simplex (Morison)
(Figs 122, 139, 151)

Physothrips simplex Morison, 1930: 12-13. Holo-
type 9, SOUTH AUSTRALIA (BMNH)
[examined].

Thrips simplex (Morison): Bhatti, 19695: 380.

@ Medium to large; uniformly dark, legs dark,
antennae dark, segment III pale, wings pale to
dusky with base slightly paler.

Antennae 8-segmented; ocellar setae III situ-
ated inside ocellar triangle (Fig. 122). Metanotal
campaniform sensilla absent; sculpture of ill-
formed but distinct reticulations with internal
wrinkles; median setae situated far behind ante-
rior margin (Fig. 139). Forewing first vein with 7
basal and 4~7 distal setae; scale with 5 setae,
apical longer than subapical. Abdominal sterni-
tes III-VII with 12-16 discal setae, 1—2 on stern-
ite II. Tergite II with 3 lateral setae; tergite VIII
posteromarginal comb complete, microtrichia
long but slightly irregular.

CO Brown, similar to 2; sternites III-VII each
with a large glandular area (Fig. 151); tergite
VIII posteromarginal comb of very short, sparse
and irregular microtrichia, tergite IX bl setae
anterior to b2, more or less equal in length and
distance between bases.

COMMENTS. The only other species in this group
that have distinctly reticulate metanotal sculpture
are leeuweni from Singapore, which has the
median metanotal setae situated at the anterior
margin, longicaudatus from Samoa, which has a
complete row of forewing first vein setae, ocellar
setae III situated outside the ocellar triangle and
median metanotal setae situated at the anterior
margin, and unispinus from New Guinea, which
is a yellow species, has 7-segmented antennae,
only 1 pair of pronotal posteroangulars and addi-
tional sternal posteromarginal setae. T. leeuweni
and unispinus have only 3 distal forewing first
vein setae and all three have metanotal campani-
form sensilla. There are a number of African
species, however, that are probably more closely
related to simplex than any of these.

57

Specimens very similar to simplex have been
examined; 1 9, 1 CO from Java and1 9,10
from Malaya. They are smaller and paler than
typical simplex, they have only 3 distal forewing
first vein setae and more elongate metanotal
reticulations. The males also differ in being pale,
with smaller oval sternal glandular areas and
tergite [X bl setae more or less equal in length to
b2 but slightly closer to b2 than to each other.

BIOLOGY. Common in Gladiolus flowers and
often causes serious economic damage (Har-
greaves & Cooper, 1980).

DISTRIBUTION. Hong Kong, Philippines, New
Guinea, Australia, New Zealand, Hawaii, India.
Also Europe, Africa and the Americas.

MATERIAL EXAMINED. AUSTRALIA: S.A.,
Holotype 2, 1 2 paratype, also about 100 2,
from Hong Kong, New Guinea, Australia, New
Zealand, India, Europe, Africa, the Americas
(BMNH).

DOUBTFULLY ASSOCIATED MATERIAL. JAVA: 1
, 10". Malaya: 1 9, 1 0 (BMNH).

Thrips sumatrensis Priesner
(Figs 124, 140, 148, 150)

Thrips (Isoneurothrips) sumatrensis Priesner,
1934: 254-256. Holotype 2, JAVA (SMF) [not
examined].

Thrips leucaenae Moulton, 1942: 9. Holotype Q,
GUAM (CAS) [synonymised by Bhatti, 1980:
112] [examined].

© Medium; uniformly brown, wings dark with
base paler, antennal segment III pale, IV & V
sometimes pale at extreme base.

Antennae 7-segmented; ocellar setae situated
outside ocellar triangle (Fig. 124). Metanotal
campaniform sensilla present; sculpture striate;
median setae at anterior margin (Fig. 140).
Forewing first vein with numerous setae
(4+4-8+2-3); scale with 5 setae apical seta
longer than subapical. Abdominal sternites
III-VII with 9-16 discal setae, 2-3 on sternite II.
Pleurotergites without discal setae. Tergite II
with 3 lateral setae; tergite VIII posteromarginal
comb complete but microtrichia short and irregu-
lar (Fig. 148).

CO Small, yellow; sternites ITI—-VII each with a
narrow transverse glandular area (Fig. 150);
tergite VIII posteromarginal comb complete but
microtrichia very short and indistinct; tergite IX
b1 setae longer than b2 and slightly closer to b2
than to each other.

58

COMMENTS. This species is closely related to
cinchonae which is darker with a longer, more
regular comb; samoaensis with 8-segmented
antennae and shorter antennal segments; wede-
liae with short, bicoloured antennal segments.

Samples from Guam, including the type series
of leucaenae, tend to have an orange-brown
thorax and darker abdomen. The males are paler
with narrow, transverse glandular areas on stern-
ites II-VI. A sample of 16 9, 4 & from wild
legumes in Thailand (SO) and 4 9, 1 & from
Erythrina variegata in Thailand have also been
examined and assigned to this species although
most specimens have bicoloured antennal seg-
ments. This variation is discussed under wede-
liae.

BIOLOGY. Apparently common in flowers of
many species, described from Cahlia, Canna,
Jasminum and Mangifera, specimens have also
been examined from composites, and wild
legumes, beans, Ipomea and Plumeria.

DISTRIBUTION. Sumatra, Java, Timor, Guam,
Philippines, Tahiti, Thailand.

MATERIAL EXAMINED. JAVA: Holotype 9; 6
@, 2 CO paratypes of sumatrensis (SMF).
TAHITI: 9 2, 3 oh’ (USNM). GUAM: Holotype
2, 4 & paratypes of leucaenae (CAS), 17 9,20
(USNM).

DOUBTFULLY ASSOCIATED MATERIAL. THAI-
LAND: 16 9, 14 oh (SO); 4 9, 1 oh (BMNH).

Thrips tristis (Priesner)
(Figs 125, 141)

Taeniothrips tristis Priesner, 1938: 494-496.
Holotype 2, JAVA (SMF) [examined].
Thrips tristis (Priesner): Bhatti, 1978: 191.

Q Large; uniformly dark brown, legs brown,
wings dark with base slightly paler, antennae
dark, III not much paler than the rest.

Antennae 8-segmented; ocellar setae III situ-
ated outside ocellar triangle (Fig. 125). Metano-
tal campaniform sensilla present; sculpture
striate; median setae situated at or near anterior
margin (Fig. 141). Forewing first vein with 7
basal and 3 distal setae; scale with 5 setae, apical
shorter than subapical. Abdominal sternites
III-VII with about 8 discal setae, 2-3 on sternite
II. Pleurotergites without discal setae. Tergite II
with 4 lateral marginal setae; tergite VIII
posteromarginal comb complete, microtrichia
long and regular.

© Smaller and paler than 9, orange-brown;
sternites III-VII each with a transversely oval

J.M. PALMER

glandular area; tergite VIII posteromarginal
comb indistinct or absent; tergite IX bl setae
twice as long as b2 and slightly closer to b2 than
to each other.

COMMENTS. This species is most closely related
and similar to brevistylis from Java and pavettae
from Sumatra, but these have darker wings,
paler antennal segment III and median metano-
tal setae very close together. It is also similar in
appearance to kotoshoi from Taiwan and Fiji and
the common and more widespread vitticornis but
these have dark wings, pale antennal segment III
and tergite VIII posteromarginal comb absent
medially.

BIOLOGY. Unknown.
DISTRIBUTION. Java.

MATERIAL EXAMINED. JAVA: Holotype 2,10
paratype (SMF).

Thrips unispinus Moulton
(Figs 129, 131)

Thrips (Epithrips) unispinus Moulton, 1940: 252.
Holotype 2, NEW GUINEA (BPBM) [not
examined].

Q Small; pale yellow, legs pale, wings pale,
antennal segments [-base III pale.

Antennae 7-segmented; ocellar setae III situ-
ated inside ocellar triangle (Fig. 129). Pronotum
with only inner posteroangular setae well devel-
oped (Fig. 129). Metanotal campaniform sensilla
present; sculpture reticulate; median setae situ-
ated far behind anterior margin (Fig. 131).
Forewing first vein with 7 basal and 3 distal setae;
scale with 5 setae, apical longer than subapical.
Abdominal sternites IIIJ-VII with 16-20 long
discal setae and 4-5 pairs posteromarginal setae;
sternite II with 1 or 2 discals. Pleurotergites
without discal setae. Tergite II with 4 lateral
setae; tergite VIII posteromarginal comb absent
medially.

CO Similar to 2; sternites III-VII each with a
small transverse glandular area; tergite VIII pos-
teromarginal comb complete, short, craspedum-
like, without microtrichia; tergite IX bl setae
slightly longer than b2 and slightly closer to b2
than to each other.

COMMENTS. Although this species appears to be
most similar to subnudula and imaginis, both of
them pale yellow species with numerous sternal
discal setae, it differs in having no pleurotergal
discal setae and only the inner pronotal postero-
angular setae well developed. As discussed in the

THRIPS FROM PAKISTAN TO PACIFIC

introduction to groups, Table 3 and under sub-
nudula and imaginis, however, 2 2 (SO) of an
undescribed species have been examined, which
have no long pronotal posteroangular setae, and
9 2,5 0 (BMNH) from New Guinea of another
undescribed species have the outer posteroangu-
lar setae only a little shorter than the inner pair
and the pronotal discal setae are finer and
sparser than those of subnudula. The stability of
these characteristics is therefore put into ques-
tion and species relationships difficult to assess.

BIioLoGy. Unknown.

DISTRIBUTION. New Guinea, Solomon Islands,
Brunei, Australia (Queensland).

MATERIAL EXAMINED. NEW GUINEA: 1 Q, 3
CO’ paratypes (CAS), 2 9 (BMNH). SOLOMON
IS: 1 9, 1 0’ (BMNH). BRUNEI: 1 co’ (BMNH).
AUSTRALIA, Queensland: 1 o’ (BMNH)

Thrips unonae Priesner
(Figs 126, 142, 149)

Thrips unonae Priesner, 1934: 260-261. Lecto-
type 2, JAVA (SMF) [designated by Bhatti,
1978] [examined].

Small to medium; uniformly brown species,
wings dusky with base slightly paler, antennal
segment III pale.

Antennae 7-segmented; ocellar setae III situ-
ated outside ocellar triangle (Fig. 126). Metano-
tal campaniform sensilla present; sculpture
broadly striate with a few ill-formed reticulations
medially; median setae situated at anterior mar-
gin (Fig. 142). Forewing first vein with 7 basal
and 3 distal setae; scale with 5 setae, apical
longer than subapical. Abdominal sternites
III-VII with 12-18 discal setae; sternite II with
2-3. Pleurotergites without discal setae. Tergite
II with 4 lateral marginal setae; tergite VIII
posteromarginal comb complete but microtrichia
sometimes short and irregular (Fig. 149).

CO Unknown.

COMMENTS. This species belongs to the hawai-
lensis species group and is particularly difficult to
distinguish from brown hawaiiensis. The metano-
tal sculpture is slightly broader and the comb is
possibly a little better developed than most
hawaiiensis. It is retained as a distinct species as
the taxonomy of the group is particularly com-
plex and it should be included in a more detailed
examination, possibly a morphometric analysis
(Nakahara, 1985; Palmer & Wetton, 1987).

BIOLOGY. Unknown.

59
DISTRIBUTION. Java.

MATERIAL EXAMINED. JAVA: Lectotype @
(SMF).

Thrips vitticornis Karny
(Fig. 128)

Thrips vitticornis Karny, 1922: 103-106. Lecto-
type 9, THAILAND (SMF) [designated by
Bhatti, 1980: 161] [not examined].

Taeniothrips canavaliae Moulton, 1928c:
295-297. Holotype 9, GUAM (CAS) [syn-
onymised by Priesner, 1938: 524] [not exam-
ined].

Thrips vitticornis (Karny): Bhatti, 1969b: 380.

© Medium; uniformly mid-brown, legs dark,
wings dark or with base slightly paler, antennal
segment III pale.

Antennae 8-segmented; ocellar setae situated
outside ocellar triangle; postocular setae all small
(Fig. 128). Metanotal campaniform _ sensilla
present; sculpture closely striate; median setae
situated at anterior margin (cf. Fig. 134). Fore-
wing first vein with 7 basal and 3-8 distal setae;
scale with 5 setae, apical longer than subapical.
Abdominal sternites II-VII with 10-14 discal
setae; sternite II with 1-2. Pleurotergites without
discal setae. Tergite II with 4 lateral setae, the
4th sometimes displaced onto the pleurite; terg-
ite VIII posteromarginal comb absent medially.

CO Brown, similar to 2; sternites ITI-VII each
with a very broad sternal glandular area; tergite
VIII posteromarginal comb absent; tergite IX bl
& b2 setae situated behind campaniform sensilla,
b1 more or less equal in length to b2 and closer to
b2 than to each other.

COMMENTS. This species is unusual in the group
in having all postocular setae small. It is most
closely related and similar to kotoshoi from Tai-
wan but this species is larger, has only 3 distal
forewing first vein setae and longer postoculars I
& Il.

BIOLOGY. This is one of the more common and
widespread species in the Oriental and Pacific
Regions and appears to be attracted to legume
flowers.

DISTRIBUTION. New Hebrides, Solomon Is,
Tonga, Samoa, Tambaram, Torres Strait, Fiji,
Krakatau, Verlaten, Thailand, Vietnam, Tai-
wan, Malaya, Java, Sumatra, Philippines, Botel
Tobago, Palau I., Guam, Hawaii, India, Mar-
shall Is.

MATERIAL EXAMINED. GUAM: 9 Q and 7 9

60

determined by Moulton as canavaliae. FIJI: 2 Q.
NEW HEBRIDES: 20 9, 4 o&’. SUMATRA: 2
Q. MALAYA: 1 9,2 0°. SOLOMON IS: 7 9, 3
oO. TORRES STRAIT: 3 9, 1 oO. TAM-
BARAM: 1 9, 1c’. THAILAND: 2 9. INDIA:
19,10. (Allin BMNH).

DOUBTFULLY ASSOCIATED MATERIAL.
TONGA: 1 co’ (BMNH).

Thrips wedeliae Priesner stat.n.

Isoneurothrips setipennis Moulton, 1928b:
297-298. Holotype 9, TAIWAN (CAS) [sec-
ondary homonym of setipennis Bagnall] [exam-
ined].

Thrips (Isoneurothrips) sumatrensis var wedeliae
Priesner, 1934: 257. Syntypes 2 SEBESI
(SMF) [synonymised by Sakimura, 1967b: 434]
[not examined].

Thrips setipennis (Moulton): Sakimura, 1967b:
434.

Q Small to medium; uniformly dark brown,
wings dark with base slightly paler, tibiae pale,
antennal segments II & III pale, IV—VI bico-
loured.

Antennae 7- or 8-segmented; ocellar setae III
situated outside ocellar triangle. Metanotal cam-
paniform sensilla present; sculpture striate;
median setae situated at anterior margin. Fore-
wing first vein with an almost complete row of
setae, 8 basal, 5 medially and 2 distal; scale with
5 setae apical seta more or less equal to subapical
or slightly longer. Abdominal sternites III-VII
with 5—16 discal setae, 1—2 on sternite II. Pleuro-
tergites without discal setae. Tergite II with 3
lateral setae, (majority of specimens in BMNH
have 4); tergite VIII posteromarginal comb com-
plete but irregular.

CO Unknown.

COMMENTS. Bhatti (1978: 191), in transferring
the Australian species setipennis Bagnall to
Thrips, created a senior secondary homonym
with setipennis Moulton. Therefore wedeliae
Priesner has become the valid name.

This species belongs to the closely related
species group of cinchonae, samoaensis and
sumatrensis, but these all usually have com-
pletely brown antennal segments IV-VI. T.
sumatrensis tends to be the most variable in
antennal colour and 17 9, 3 O& from Guam
belonging to the USNM are almost as pale as
wedeliae. T. cinchonae also differs in having a
longer, finer comb.

All species in this group are very difficult to
distinguish. 9 2, 3 C' from Alpina purpurata and

J.M. PALMER

Plumeria sp. in Tahiti (USNM) and 32 92 from
composite flowers in the Solomon Islands
(BMNH, 2 2 SMF) have been identified as
wedeliae although antennal colour, comb and
number of sternal discals all vary. 20 9 from
Taiwan from the Priesner collection (SMF) are
identical with the type. Although characteristics
within small samples tend to be consistent, in
larger samples there are always some specimens
which are more similar to sumatrensis. Con-
versely a sample of 16 9, 4 & from legumes in
Thailand (SO) and 4 9, 1 & from Erythrina
variegata in Thailand (BMNH) have been identi-
fied as sumatrensis although a number of female
and all male specimens have bicoloured antennal
segments IV & V. This coloration does not
appear to be correlated with body size. The
variation is difficult to interpret and must shed
doubt on the validity not only of wedeliae and
sumatrensis but also of samoaensis and cincho-
nae.

BIOLOGY. Common on compositae.

DISTRIBUTION. Taiwan, Philippines, Solomon
Islands, Timor, Guam.

MATERIAL EXAMINED. TAIWAN: Holotype
of setipennis Moulton (CAS), 2 @ (SMF).
GUAM, 17 2, 3 ch (USNM).

DOUBTFULLY ASSOCIATED MATERIAL. TAHITI:
9 2, 3 & (USNM). SOLOMON IS: 32 @
(BMNH), 20 2 (SMF).

PHYLOGENETIC
CONSIDERATIONS

Recent studies indicate that the difficulties in
determining phylogenetic relationships within
Thysanoptera are primarily the result of a high
degree of homoplasy in the external taxonomic
characteristics (Mound, Heming & Palmer, 1980;
Mound & Palmer, 1981; Gauld & Mound, 1982).
In the present study an attempt was made to
identify monophyletic groups of species within
the genus Thrips by conducting a cladistic analy-
sis of all characters used in the taxonomic study
to distinguish species. The outgroup chosen for
the analysis was Adelphithrips, the proposed
sister genus of Thrips (Mound & Palmer, 1981).
Using the bb* tree-building option of the ‘Hen-
nig 86’ microcomputer phylogenetics package of
J.S. Farris, separate analyses were performed
with all character states ordered, all character
states unordered, and with a combination of

THRIPS FROM PAKISTAN TO PACIFIC

ordered and unordered character states. A Nel-
son consensus tree was produced from each. The
analysis using ordered character states produced
some resolution for those species that remained
unresolved using unordered character states, and
vice versa. This may suggest that there has been
more than one line of evolution, but this possibil-
ity has not been pursued in this study.

A number of species were consistently
grouped together in all trees. Unfortunately
some of these groups comprised species from
more than one of the five taxonomic species
groups defined in this paper. Species from group
I were widespread in all trees. Some of the
species from group II formed two stable groups:
rapaensis, rhabdotus, tectus, seticollis, cerno; and
alatus, flavus, kodaicanalensis, nigropilosus, pal-
lidulus, palmi, carthami, fuscicornis, flavidulus.
The relationships of the remaining species within
this group are unresolved. Group III species
form a stable group with the exception of com-
pressicornis, decens and setipennis. Species in
groups IV and V merge badly with each other.
The only stable groups are: apicatus, facetus,
subnudula, imaginis, australia (group IV) with
their closest relative wunispinus (group V);
andrewsi, leeuweni, longicauda, tristis, brevisty-
lus, pavettae (group V); two species pairs
obscuratus-phormiicola and austellus-coprosmae
(group IV).

It is clear that the characters used traditionally
for species recognition in Thrips, and more
widely in Thysanoptera, are not sufficient to
resolve phylogenetic relationships. More stable
characteristics, perhaps of internal morphology
or molecular data, remain to be recognised which
will help to resolve relationships within this

group.

REFERENCES

Ananthakrishnan, T.N. 1953. Notes on some Thysanoptera
from South India. Indian Journal of Entomology 14(3):
197-201.

—— in Kudé, 1979.

Ananthakrishnan, T.N. & Jagadish, A. 1966. Studies on some
species of the genus Thrips Linn. from India—I. Entomolo-
gisk Tidskrift 87: 85-99.

— 1968. Studies on the species of the genus Thrips from
India—II. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 15: 359-365.

—— 1969. On some species of Taeniothrips Serville and Thrips
Linn. from India, with further notes on Hyalopterothrips
roonwali Bhatti. Zoologischer Anzeiger 182(1—2): 113-121.

Arnaud, P.H. Jr. & Lee, V.F. 1973. Types of Thysanoptera in
the Collection of the California Academy of Science. Occa-
sional Papers of the California Academy of Science 105:
1-138.

Bagnall, R.S. 1914. Brief descriptions of new Thysanoptera.

61

IIL. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (8) 13: 287-297.
1915. Brief descriptions of new Thysanoptera. VI. Annals
and Magazine of Natural History (8) 15: 588-597.

1916a. Brief descriptions of new Thysanoptera. VII.

Annals and Magazine of Natural History (8) 17: 213-223.

19166. Brief descriptions of new Thysanoptera. VIII.

Annals and Magazine of Natural History (8) 17: 397-412.

1921. Brief descriptions of new Thysanoptera. XII.

Annals and Magazine of Natural History (9) 8: 393-400.

1923. Brief descriptions of new Thysanoptera. XIII.

Annals and Magazine of Natural History (9) 12: 624-631.

1924. A new species of Thrips from India. Annals and

Magazine of Natural History (9) 13: 424-425.

1926. Brief descriptions of new Thysanoptera. XV.
Annals and Magazine of Natural History (9) 18: 98-114.

Bailey, S.F. 1951. A homonym in the genus Thrips Linné
(Thysanoptera: Thripidae). Pan-Pacific Entomologist 27: 19.

Bhatti, J.S. 1967. Thysanoptera nova Indica 24 pp. Published
privately, Delhi.

—— 1969a. Some synonyms chiefly among Indian Thysano-
ptera. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 66:
63-69.

—— 1969b. Taxonomic studies in some Thripini (Thysano-
ptera: Thripidae). Oriental Insects 3: 373-381.

—— 1978. A preliminary revision of Taeniothrips (Thysano-
ptera: Thripidae). Oriental Insects 12: 157-199.

—— 1980. Species of the genus Thrips from India (Thysano-
ptera). Systematic Entomology 5: 109-166.

—— 1982. Revision of the Indian species of Stenchaetothrips
Bagnall (Thysanoptera: Thripidae). Oriental Insects 16:
385-417.

Bhatti, J.S. & Mound, L.A. 1980. The genera of grass- and
cereal-feeding Thysanoptera related to the genus Thrips
(Thysanoptera: Thripidae). Bulletin of Entomology 21: 1-22.

Bianchi, F.A. 1944. Introduction to the Thysanoptera of New
Caledonia. Proceedings of the Hawaiian Entomological Soci-
ety 12: 249-278.

—— 1953. Thysanoptera of Samoa. Proceedings of the Hawai-
tan Entomological Society 15: 93-108.

Chen, L.-S. 1979. Thrips of leguminous plants in Taiwan.
Proceedings of the National Science Council 3: 414-428.

Crawford, J.C. 1941. A new Isoneurothrips from New Zealand
(Thysanoptera: Thripidae). Proceedings of the Entomologi-
cal Society of Washington 43: 63-64.

Gauld, I.D. & Mound, L.A. 1982. Homoplasy and the delinea-
tion of holophyletic genera in some insect groups. Systematic
Entomology 7: 73-86.

Gentile, A.G. & Bailey, S.F. 1968. A revision of the genus
Thrips Linnaeus in the New World with a catalogue of the
world species (Thysanoptera: Thripidae). University of Cali-
fornia Publications in Entomology 51: 1-95.

Girault, A.A. 1927. New Australian animals so far overlooked
by outsiders. 36: 1-2. Published privately, Brisbane.

— 1928. Some insecta and a new all highness. 42: 1-2.
Published privately, Brisbane.

Haliday, A.H. 1836. Epitome of British genera, in the order
Thysanoptera, with indications of a few of the species.
Entomological Magazine 3: 438-451.

Hargreaves, J.R. & Cooper, L.P. 1980. Differential susceptibil-
ity of some gladiolus cultivars to gladiolus thrips, Taenio-
thrips simplex (Morison). Queensland Journal of Agriculture
and Animal Science 37: 161-163.

Ishida, M. 1931. Fauna of the Thysanoptera of Japan. I. Insecta
Mastsumurana 5: 149-155.

—— 1934. Fauna of the Thysanoptera of Japan. V. Insecta
Matsumurana 9: 55-59.

Jacot-Guillarmod, C.F. 1975. Catalogue of the Thysanoptera
of the World, part 4. Annals of the Cape Provincial Museums
7: 977-1255.

Kameya-Iwaki, M., Hanada, K., Honda, Y. & Tochihara, H.

62

1988. A watermelon strain of tomato spotted wilt virus
(TSWV-W) and some properties of its nucleocapsid
(Abstr.). 5th International Congress of plant pathology,
Kyoto, Japan, Aug 20-27 1988: 65.

Karny, H.H. 1920. Die neuen australischen Thysanopteren der
Mjoberg-Ausbeute. Casopis Ceskoslovenské Spolecnosti
Entomologické 17: 35-44.

— 1922. Thysanoptera from Siam and Indo-China. Journal
of the Siam Society 16: 91-53.

— 1925. Die an Tabak auf Java und Sumatra angeltroffenen
Blasenfusser (Thysanoptera). Bulletin Deli Proefstation
Medan 23: 3-SS.

— 1926. Studies on Indian Thysanoptera. Memoirs of the
Department of Agriculture India, Entomological Series 9:
187-260.

Kirk, W.D.J. 1984a. Ecologically selective coloured traps.
Ecological Entomology 9: 35-41.

— 1984b. Ecological studies on Thrips imaginis Bagnall
(Thysanoptera) in flowers of Echium plantagineum L. in
Australia. Australian Journal of Ecology 9: 9-18.

— 1984c. Pollen-feeding in thrips (Insecta: Thysanoptera).
Journal of the Zoological Society of London 204: 107-117.
— 1985. Effect of some floral scents on host finding by thrips
(Insecta: thysanoptera). Journal of Chemical Ecology 11(1):

35-43.

—— 1987. A key to the larvae of some common Australian
flower thrips (Insecta: Thysanoptera), with a host-plant
survey. Australian Journal of Zoology 35: 173-185.

Kelly, R. & Mayne, R.J.B. 1934. The Australian Thrips.
Monograph of the Order Thysanoptera in Australia. 81 pp.
Australasian Medical Publishing Company, Sydney.

Kobatake, H., Osaki, T. & Inouye, T. 1984. The vector and
reservoirs of tomato spotted wilt virus in Nara Prefecture.
Annals of the Phytopathological Society of Japan 50:
541-544.

Kruger, W. 1890. Ueber Krankheiten und Feinde des Zucker-
rohrs. Bericht der Versuchsstation fiir Zuckerrohr in West
Java 1: 103-106.

Kudo, I. 1979. The Terebrantian Thysanoptera described by
M. Ishida in Japan and the vicinity. Kontya 47: 487-492.

Kurosawa, M. 1968. Thysanoptera of Japan. Insecta Matsumu-
rana 4: 1-95.

Linnaeus, C. 1763. Centuria Insectorum. Amoenitates Academ-
icae 6(121): 1-32.

Miyazaki, M. & Kudo, I. 1986. Descriptions of thrips larvae
which are noteworthy on cultivated plants (Thysanoptera:
Thripidae). I. Species occurring on solanaceous and cucurbi-
taceous crops. Akitu 79: 9-11.

— 1988. Bibliography and host plant catalogue of Thysano-
ptera of Japan. Miscellaneous publication of the National
Institute of Agro-Environmental Science 3: 1-246.

Morgan, A.C. 1913. New genera and species of Thysanoptera
with notes on distribution and food plants. Proceedings of the
United States National Museum 46: 1-55.

Morison, G.D. 1930. On a collection of Thysanoptera from
South Australia. Bulletin of Entomological Research 21:
9-14.

Moulton, D. 1928a. Thysanoptera of the Hawaiian Islands.
Proceedings of the Hawaiian Entomological Society 7:
105-134.

— 1928b. New Thysanoptera from Formosa. Transactions of
the Natural History Society Formosa 18: 284-328.

— 1928c. The Thysanoptera of Japan, new species, notes and
a list of all known Japanese species. Annotationes Zoologicae
Japonenses 11: 287-337.

— 1929. Thysanoptera from India. Records of the Indian
Museum. 31: 93-100.

—— 1936. Thysanoptera*of the Philippine Islands. Philippine
Journal of Agriculture 7: 263-273.

— 1937a. Thysanoptera of the Hawaiian Islands. Proceed-

J.M. PALMER

ings of the Hawaiian Entomological Society 9: 181-187.

—— 1937b. Further notes on Hawaiian thrips with descriptions
of new species. Proceedings of the Hawaiian Entomological
Society 9: 409-415.

—— 1939. Thysanoptera collected by the Mangarevan Expedi-
tion. Occasional Papers of the Bernice P. Bishop Museum 15:
142-148.

—— 1940. Thysanoptera from New Guinea and New Britain.
Occasional Papers of the Bernice P. Bishop Museum 15:
243-270.

—— 1942. Thysanoptera. Thrips of Guam. Bulletin of the
Bernice P. Bishop Museum 172: 7-16.

——1944. Thysanoptera of Fiji. Occasional Papers of the
Bernice P. Bishop Museum 17: 267-310.

Moulton, D. & Steinweden, J.B. 1932. New Marquesan Thys-
anoptera. Bulletin of the Bernice P. Bishop Museum 98:
165-168.

—— 1933. Thysanoptera from the Society Islands. Bulletin of
the Bernice P. Bishop Museum 113: 29-33.

Mound, L.A. 1968. A review of R.S. Bagnall’s Thysanoptera
collections. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History)
Entomology Supplement 11: 1-181.

—— 1978. Five new species of Thripidae (Thysanoptera)
endemic to New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Zoology
5: 615-622.

Mound, L.A., Heming, B.S. & Palmer, J.M. 1980. Phyloge-
netic relationships between the families of recent Thysano-
ptera. Zoological Journal of the Linnaean society 69:
111-141.

Mound, L.A. & Houston, K.J. 1987. An annotated check-list of
Thysanoptera from Australia. Occasional Papers on System-
atic Entomology 4: 1-28.

Mound, L.A., Morison, G.D., Pitkin, B.R. & Palmer, J.M.
1976. Thysanoptera. Handbooks for the Identification of
British Insects 1(11): 1-82.

Mound, L.A. & Palmer, J.M. 1981. Phylogenetic relationships
between some genera of Thripidae (Thysanoptera). Entomo-
logica scandinavica Suppl. 15: 153-170.

Mound, L.A. & Walker, A.K. 1982. Terebrantia (Insecta:
Thysanoptera). Fauna of New Zealand 1: 1-113.

Nakahara, S. (in press). The genus Thrips Linnaeus (Thysano-
ptera: Thripidae) of the New World.

— 1985. Review of Thrips Hawaiiensis and revalidation of T.
florum (Thysanoptera: Thripidae). Proceedings of the Ento-
mological Society of Washington 87: 864-870.

Palmer, J.M. 1975. A grass-living genus Aptinothrips Haliday
(Thysanoptera: Thripidae). Journal of Entomology 44:
175-188.

Palmer, J.M. & Wetton, M.N. 1987. A morphometric analysis
of the Thrips hawaiiensis (Morgan) species-group (Thysano-
ptera: Thripidae). Bulletin of Entomological Research 77:
397-406.

Palmer, J.M., Reddy, D.V.R., Wightman, J.A. & Ranga Rao,
G.V. (in press). New information about the thrips vectors of
tomato spotted wilt virus isolated in groundnut crops in
India. International Arachis Newsletter.

Pelikan, J. 1970. Thysanopteren aus Nepal. Ergebnisse der
Forschungsunternehmens nepal Himalaya 3: 361-369.

Pitkin, B.R. 1978. A revision of the Australian species of
Anaphothrips Uzel (Thysanoptera: thripidae). Australian
Journal of Entomology 26: 349-371.

Priesner, H. 1926-28. Die Thysanopteren Europas 755 pp.
Wien.

—— 1928. Thysanopterologica. III. Zoologische Jahrbiicher
56: 43-66.

— 1933. Indomalayische Thysanopteren. IV. Konowia 12
(3-4): 307-318.

1934. Indomalayische Thysanopteren. VII. Natuurkundig

Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch-Indie 94: 254-290.

1935. New Exotische Thysanopteren. Stylops 4: 125-131.

THRIPS FROM PAKISTAN TO PACIFIC

— 1938. Materialien zu Einer Revision der Taeniothrips-
Arten (Thysanoptera) des Indo-Malayischen Faunengebi-
etes. Treubia 16: 469-526.

— 1940. On some Thysanoptera (Thripidae) from Palestine
and Cyprus. Bulletin de la Société Fouad d’Entomologie 1:
46-56.

— 1964. Ordnung Thysanoptera, (Fransenfliigler, Thripse).
Bestimmungsbiicher zur Bodenfauna Europas 2: 1-242.

Ramakrishna Ayyar, T.V. 1928. A contribution to our knowl-
edge of the Thysanoptera of India. Memoirs of the Depart-
ment of Agriculture in India 10: 217-324.

— 1934. Entomological investigations on the spike disease of
sandal (21). Thysanoptera. Indian Forest Records 20(4):
1-12.

Ramakrishna Ayyar, T.V. & Margabandhu, V. 1939. Notes on
new and known Indian Thysanoptera. Records of the Indian
Museum 41: 21-33.

Sakimura, K. 1967a. A preliminary note on a review of the
genus Neurisothrips, new genus (Thysanoptera: Thripidae).
Proceedings of the Hawaiian Entomological Society 19:
419-423.

— 1967b. A preliminary review of the genus /soneurothrips
and the subgenus Thrips (Isothrips) (Thysanoptera: Thrip-
idae). Pacific Insects 9: 429-435.

— 1967c. Preliminary note on a review of subgenus Taenio-
thrips (Isochaetothrips) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae). Pacific
Insects 9: 721-726.

— 1969. New species of subgenera Isothrips and Isochaeto-
thrips from Oceania and Australia, with note on changes in
nomenclature (Thysanoptera: Thripidae). Pacific Insects 11:
71-80.

Schliephake, G. & Klimt, K. 1979. Thysanoptera, Fransenflu-
gler. Die Tierwelt Deutschlands 66: 1-477.

Schmutz, K. 1913. Zur Kenntnis der Thysanopterenfauna von
Ceylon. Sitzungsberichte der Akademie der Wissenchaften in
Wien 122: 921-1102.

Shumsher, Singh 1942. A contribution to our knowledge of

63

Indian Thysanoptera. Indian Journal of Entomology 4:
111-135.

—— 1946. Studies on the systematics of Indian Thysanoptera-
Terebrantia. /ndian Journal of Entomology 7: 147-188.

Steinweden, J.B. & Moulton, D. 1930. Thysanoptera from
China. Proceedings of the Natural History Society Fukien
Christian University 3: 19-31.

Strauss, M. 1988. Some new bionomical and morphological
studies on Pelikanothrips kratochvili Pelikan, 1974 (Thysan-
optera: Thripidae). Acta Phytopathologica et Entomologicak
Hungarica 23 (3-4): 361-368.

Takahashi, R. 1936. Thysanoptera of Formosa. Philippine
Journal of Science 60: 427-459.

Uzel, H. 1895. Monographie der Ordnung Thysanoptera.
K6niggratz 472 pp.

Wai-Chu, C. 1981. New species of Taeniothrips from China
(Thysanoptera: Thripidae). Acta Zootaxonomica Sinica 6:
324-32.

Walker, A.K. & Michaux, B. 1989. The chrysanthemum thrips,
Thrips nigropilosus Uxel (Terebrantia: Thysanoptera), on
Scotch thistle, Cirsium vulgare (Savi) Ten. (Compositae:
Cynareae) in New Zealand. New Zealand Entomologist 12:
17-19.

Woo, K.S. 1974. Thysanoptera of Korea. The Korean Journal
of Entomology 4: 1-90.

Zawirska, I. 1976. Untersuchungen tiber zwei biologische
Typen von Thrips tabaci Lind. (Thysanoptera, Thripidae) in
der VR Polen. Archiv ftir Phytopathologie und Pflanzens-
chutz 12: 411-422.

—— 1983. The problem of tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV)
in Poland. Zeszyty Problemowe Postepow Nauk Rolniczych
291: 393-405.

zur Strassen, R. 1973. Thysanopterologische Notizen (2) (Ins.:
Thysanoptera). Senckenbergiana biologica 54: 141-156.

—— 1975. Ergebnisse der Bhutan-Expedition 1972 des
Naturhistorischen Museums in Basel, Thysanoptera. Ento-
mologica Basiliensia 1: 61-75.

64 J.M. PALMER

Figs 1-13 Group I Thrips species. 1, antennal segments III & IV alius. 2-3, head and pronotum. 2, alius. 3, beta.
4-8, metanota. 4, alius. 5, beta. 6, bianchii. 7, javanicus. 8, reticulatus. 9, abdominal sternite VII. a, alius. b,
beta. 10-11, forewing. 10, bianchii. 11, javanicus. 12-13, head and pronotum. 12, bianchii. 13, reticulatus.

THRIPS FROM PAKISTAN TO PACIFIC

Figs 14-23 Group II Thrips species head and/or pronotum. 14, brunneus. 15, obscuripes. 16, pectiniprivus. 17,
conocephali. 18, rapaensis. 19, flavus. 20, palmi. 21, cerno. 22, formosanus. 23, modicus.

65

66 J.M. PALMER

Lo

ee
jt

Figs 24-41 Group II Thrips species. 24-37, metanotum. 24, alatus. 25, cerno. 26, flavus. 27, formosanus. 28,
modicus. 29, obscuripes. 30, palmi. 31, pectiniprivus. 32-33, rhabdotus. 34, rostratus. 35, seticollis. 36, setosus.
37, tabaci. 38-41, head and pronotum. 38, rostratus. 39, seticollis. 40, setosus. 41, tabaci.

THRIPS FROM PAKISTAN TO PACIFIC

i

Wee eaccett ta

45 <&

<a
~~

“Sos
= Ea
NWR SSSR
i SIV SS = a y SWS

Figs 42-58 Group II Thrips species. 42, antenna, tabaci. 43-44, antennal segments III & IV. 43, obscuripes. 44,
rostratus. 45, forewing, tabaci. 46, sternite V, flavus. 47-48, abdominal pleurite. 47, tabaci. 48, flavus. 49-50,
abdominal tergite II. 49, palmi. 50, nigropilosus. 51-54, 2 abdominal tergite VIII. 51, obscuripes. 52,
pectiniprivus. 53, setosus. 54, rhabdotus. 55, 2 abdominal tergite VIII & IX, tabaci. 56, C’ abdominal sternite
IV seticollis. 57-58, C abdominal tergite VIII. 57, flavus. 58, palmi.

67

68 J.M. PALMER

= P
® Ware ip

PGES
NWS hy
Nace: iy
NEY

Figs 59-69 Group III Thrips species. 59-63, head and pronotum. 59, decens. 60, extensicornis. 61, orientalis. 62,
Parvispinus. 63, setipennis. 64, abdominal tergite VIII, decens. 65, abdominal sternite III, setipennis. 66-68,
metanotum. 66, decens. 67, extensicornis. 68, orientalis. 69, O abdominal tergite IX, orientalis.

THRIPS FROM PAKISTAN TO PACIFIC 69

ie
(mm
: .
iy
\ Wa
\ eat t
ee!

\
1
\. \
) :
\
iS Ninca

eS :
pe at
ae ae
Nt Nal ee | = Lf;
———

[SP~\

Ss

!§

Figs 70-77 Group IV Thrips species head and pronotum. 70, apicatus. 71, australis. 72, alliorum. 73, evulgo. 74,
austellus. 75, facetus. 76, coprosmae. 77, imaginis.

70 J.M. PALMER

Figs 78-90 Group IV species. 78-81, head and pronotum. 78, novocaledonensis. 79, subnudula. 80, obscuratus.
81, phormiicola. 82-83, 2 abdominal sternite VII. 82, subnudula. 83, apicatus. 84, 9 abdominal tergites
VIII-X, facetus. 85-90, 2 abdominal tergite VIII. 85, alliorum. 86, novocaledonensis. 87, subnudula. 88,
apicatus. 89, evulgo. 90, obscuratus.

THRIPS FROM PAKISTAN TO PACIFIC 71

\" Hy
IW \\

N

WW yer
Al) y} y Y

At
\

Figs 91-111 Group IV Thrips species. 91-102, metanotum. 91, alliorum. 92, apicatus. 93, austellus. 94, australis.
95, coprosmae. 96, evulgo. 97, facetus. 98, imaginis. 99, novocaledonensis. 100, phormiicola. 101, obscuratus.
102, subnudula. 103-104, antenna. 103, evulgo. 104, facetus. 105, antennal segments VI-VII, australis. 106-107,
abdominal pleurotergite. 106, australis. 107, alliorum. 108, foretarsus, coprosmae. 109-111, C’ abdominal
tergite IX. 109, vulgatissimus. 110, imaginis. 111, subnudula.

72 J.M. PALMER

Figs 112-121 Group V Thrips species head and/or pronotum. 112, andrewsi. 113, aleurites. 114, cinchonae. 115,
brevistylus. 116, leeuweni. 117, malastomae. 118, longicaudatus. 119a, melastomae; b, hawaiiensis. 120,
hawaiiensis. 121, florum.

THRIPS FROM PAKISTAN TO PACIFIC 73

Figs 122-126 Group V Thrips species head and pronotum. 122, simplex. 123, gardeniae. 124, sumatrensis. 125,
tristis. 126, unonae.

74 J.M. PALMER

Figs 127-142 Group V Thrips species. 127, head, pavettae. 128-129, head and pronotum. 128, vitticornis. 129,
unispinus. 130-142, metanotum. 130, andrewsi. 131, unispinus. 132, brevistylus. 133, cinchonae. 134, gardeniae.
135, hawaiiensis. 136, leeuweni. 137, melastomae. 138, pavettae. 139, simplex. 140, sumatrensis. 141, tristis. 142,
unonae.

THRIPS FROM PAKISTAN TO PACIFIC

Figs 143-152 Group V Thrips species. 143, antenna, gardeniae. 144-149, 9 abdominal tergite VIII. 144,
cinchonae. 145, gardeniae. 146, melastomae. 147, pavettae. 148, sumatrensis. 149, unonae. 150-151, 0’
abdominal sternite IV. 150, sumatrensis. 151, simplex. 152, © abdominal tergites IX—X, longicaudatus.

75

76

INDEX

J.M. PALMER

addendus Priesner 23
alatus Bhatti 24
aleuritis Moulton & Steinweden 47
aligherini Girault 49
alius sp.n. 19
allia Moulton 7
alliorum Priesner 39
andrewsi Bagnall 47
apicatus Priesner 40
armatus Moulton 7
arorai Bhatti 49
atactus Bhatti 24
austellus Mound 40
australis Bagnall 41

beharensis Ramakrishna &
Margabandhu 25

beta sp.n. 21

bianchii Sakimura 21

brevicornis Moulton & Steinweden 35

brevistylus Priesner 49

brunneus Ananthakrishnan & Jagadish
50

brunneus Ishida 25

calopgomi Chang Wai-chu 7
canavaliae Moulton 59

carteri Moulton (Jsoneurothrips) 7
carteri Moulton (Taeniothrips) 39
carthami Shumsher 25

cedri Bhatti 41

cerno sp.n. 25

cinchonae Priesner 49

clarus Moulton (Taeniothrips) 27
clarus Moulton (Thrips) 30
coloratus Schmutz 49
compressicornis Sakimura 35
conocephali Priesner 26
coprosmae Mound 41

coreanus Woo 8

dealatus Priesner 8
decens sp.n. 35
dorax Bhatti 26

emulatus Ananthakrishnan 50

evulgo sp.n. 42

exhuberans Ananthakrishnan & Jagadish
29

extensicornis Priesner 36

facetus sp.n. 42

Invalid species names are in italics.

flavidulus Bagnall 27
flavus Schrank 27
floreus Kurosawa 8
florum Schmutz 51
formosanus Priesner 27
fulmeki Priesner 51
fusca Moulton 7
fuscicornis Ishida 28

gardeniae sp.n. 51
garuda Bhatti 28
griseus Bagnall 52

hawaiiensis Morgan 52
himalayanus Pelikan 28
hispidus Ananthakrishnan & Jagadish 53

ignobilis Ananthakrishnan & Jagadish 23
imaginis Bagnall 43

inferus Chen 8

insignis Bianchi 22

japonicus Bagnall 49
javanicus Priesner 22
Jenseni Karny 37

karafutensis Ishida 7

konumensis Ishida 7

karnyianus Priesner 7

kodaikanalensis Ananthakrishnan &
Jagadish 29

koitakii Moulton 7

kotoshoi Moulton 53

latis Bhatti 23

leeuweni Priesner 54
levatus Bhatti 29
longicaudatus Bianchi 54
longiceps Bagnall 55
lucaenae Moulton 57

malloti Priesner 23
melanurus Bagnall 49
melastomae Priesner 55
meridionalis Priesner 43
modicus Bianchi 29
morindae Priesner 22
mucunae Ishida 8
myrsiniicola Bagnall 37

nigropilosus Uzel 29

novocaledonensis Bianchi 43

obscuratus Crawford 44
obscuripes Priesner 30
orientalis Bagnall 36

pallidulus Bagnall 30
pallipes Moulton 38
pallisetis Sakimura 23
palmi Karny 30
paradoxa Linné 8
Parvispinus Karny 37
pavettae Priesner 56
pectiniprivus Priesner 31
phormiicola Mound 44

rapaensis Moulton 31
reticulatus Moulton 24
rhabdotus Sakimura 32
rosaceae Moulton 23
rostratus Priesner 32

sacchari Kruger 8
samoaensis Moulton 56
saussaureae Ishida 27
seticollis Bagnall 33
setifer Karny 8
setipennis Bagnall 37
setipennis Moulton 60
setipennis Steinweden & Moulton 36
setosus Moulton 33
simplex Morison 57
subnudula Karny 45
sumatrensis Priesner 57

tabaci Lindeman 34
taiwanus Takahashi 38
tanicus Bhatti 34
taurus Bhatti 34
tectus zur Strassen 34
tristis Priesner 58

unispinus Moulton 58
unonae Priesner 59

victoriensis Moulton 8
vitticornis Karny 59
vulgatissimus Haliday 46

wedeliae Priesner 60

xenos Bhatti 35

British Museum (Natural History)
Publications

THE GENERIC NAMES OF MOTHS OF THE WORLD

Vol. 1. Noctuoidea (Part): Noctuidae, Agaristidae, and Nolidae.

I.W.B. Nye

1975, A4, 568 pp.

0 565 00770 X £38.00

Vol. 2. Noctuoidea (Part): Arctiidae, Cocytiidae, Ctenuchidae,

Dilobidae, Dioptidae, Lymantriidae, Notodontidae,

Thaumatopoeidae and Thyretidae.

A. Watson, D.S. Fletcher & I.W.B. Nye

1980, A4, xiv + 228 pp.

0 565 00811 0 £27.50

Vol. 3. Geometroidea: Apoprogonidae, Axiidae, Callidulidae,

Cyclidiidae, Drepanidae, Epicopeiidae, Epiplemidae, Geometridae,

Pterothysnidae, Sematuridae, Thyatiridae and Uraniidae.

D.S. Fletcher

1979, A4, xx + 243 pp, frontispiece.

0 565 00812 9 £27.50

Vol. 4. Bombycoidea, Castnioidea, Cossoidea, Mimallonoidea,

Zygaenoidea, Sphingoidea, Sesioidea.

D.S. Fletcher & I1.W.B. Nye

1982, A4, xiv + 192 pp, frontispiece.

0 565 00848 X £27.50

Vol. 5. Pyraloidea.

I.W.B. Nye & D.S. Fletcher

1984, A4, xv + 185 pp.

0 565 00880 3 £27.50

Vol. 6. Microlepidoptera.

I.W.B. Nye & D.S. Fletcher

1991, hardback, 297 x 210 mm, 367 pp + prelims.

0 565 00991 5 £50.00

The price of the complete set of six volumes is £170.00.

Thrips (Thysanoptera) from Pakistan to the Pacific: a review

ENTOMOLOGY SERIES
Vol. 61, No. 1, June 1992