#42 sed Binks one 
peas Ged ded tod eaiah 9 Ae ced 
ney Preraicte ined deaths vein? 
Mir dedl-te bs HU UGed ed Dede RNs Las HRA | » Weded 
bee ae ea atataveate min 
Be Gs dsard degra, Gan eo 
Ra ie eH 


ey ox) 
if bade 
mt Sitar 4 A) I Wart adits Laine 

4 aaa i a oe et tr 
pee * fi Ce Me Mae de devbnal dete web a 
Aeits belneais cited a 


ab 
; eth iN de be 
ad baits teeta ‘det ie yaa * bet ihe di itates 
Bigedede hed ab ote needs ts CRED wet aie ry tae 
KOT aaah ASP IAME A Biba 

4th + is foliek 

Pyrat a 

wy) 


ot 


oe do tag Gent oa we 
ll de eo Met 


) 
be ue dew 
patie iheby a Ar An 
ital the LAER hat easel 
Ase fede the Sadar Ca) Ap a ihe ha 


ne i 
“i Modan 
PRN ney is 
Nya bets utes 
Mle ale the he 


lecteve tb er Cette dnt 
on » os Niche dete ee 9 ie 
dod A Grebe hedrdsiledh dad andy oth ibe 
Ab a ded Oo toteded d dda ds ees chanel 


reetb ae had 


Ma 

orks at 
v S4Rinkeh Ge tbe Madde 820505 
nike tows bodediihe 


dee 
jayncaedeie bated 
% mah be ab Heoad ot A A pathete ded ey ‘peli 
i Sohows che by? the 


pebeue dell i 
eee bay 
ya ie! ce 
Yea a th 
ray aay kualtene ts 


foie Hct peer 
i@ Yet itntls 


it 
diated dees tent serhd but 


ee ase et Aeihe 
Sale W atts dedodiecnett Ve 
rhe? ‘ 


J cA 
Balt ari ‘acai 
Delta ( 
‘i 


nies ‘bina 
tte VA Oe i Hsia 
Deaticinds hs weil aioe oh 

t Neh tartan ‘ Berton 

eed a sane ae 


Pd te be Yd the 


oes i 
My Ws eld decyl abe bold, i Ath 
aie Gane he 

Bedell bes de 


ee Peete Rew 


fa by ik 


cand ee oa Y 
‘i Di eee Dt) 


eet, 


ay peas 
i sfited eds 
i 


oe ch Me 
oteit 


jib Hohe ith a 
hire & deh EDS Godel Vo 
4 4-@ 


na 
oie zl 
Bt ito eat sine faites Asie 
debt jie ni [bed siete erst ¥ ina if 
ita it oo aie 


Keb be! 
tot edie fold th ith dea Jah {i 
uae € he Batt ted # cap iy 


NY 
Aid Ae ine 


aide Kees 
Vedi dkatdetiaas 
Cote 


rey Bt) 
aetna cata dearendeed sik aie 


Ch OM Dek deden 


Maiasd as if Sah 
Syicchetie tna da 
sacar uae a gate ao re 
LA ey “ity int 
ibd 


stashed 
id 4a ade d Baka nai ¥ 
ar he ar a Pentre tw 
Fath ida dalle eee dere ola A 


Wi (Oude Ga 
é aay) My bas 
wake spits 


ee Be Te dia ee 

A he ezine bidet oho dat oe alu iin 

ENT slaty es AVIS 
‘ te eta it 

t Awehnes fF : Paty opt 


Bees dead 
oled Bad fiaed-it 
. Ge aol ad) baB, dates (eerie 


ie eb ale . 

i aeae as ad sade duis ae dels 
he nid dale , 

Pereer tc eet. are On ee 


Pree er tee Ser se) ori ean} 
Sedat ted BUR a 46 Dt “ 


fo aie 
Ny ed Sah wee 


Lae ~ 
bodied de gedit Posts tb 


ere + 
Sea aM bd om ewd y tt Yes be 8 oh 
‘ ¥ Be 
erat Citta 
bla ie dee Ye G tio8 tery fem Webi dy as 
Bede ceed pd Fin Heed: © bee k hfe be erin de donk 
ve. eet Die et oe eat ot ee i “ 
4h babe be heel) 
at hh) ws 2 el oth 


Pree ene 
bea 


eedaied 
eke ek foe Pd wet pbk 8 
hetebpie hath bee 
oH fobonert 148 bdo 


a 
Oe die 
UD Searing oa Flay 
te dt ate ail te 
* i bait bi Moan 
“Aa oehed iA: Seed WechasAnk eee Bred bee 1 othe os the 
RFA ROD thd eb Oye Bok det o Se ath 


Heit 
eh de aa 


a8 oe ae 


oy 
Pa 

Wel 

We pi 


te 
oe Pale eer mire tas act 
FE Ne be od Payton ar aC MMC ri ate thea pot eT 
hd dele kD beetle Onde de rite bdo goth Ret -W eri a3 bikates 
Fete sk Ee ke A et teed. Oy Veh mech heute whet -ie ae hed ies HA 1H 
Ser ee ee roy) bed 


4 WV od ae 

Oe ee ee Rr Re 
Pieler Pe en Wee NC eon Ra doe ge tenet AN 
ot " i WAN, * 


OLA OOOO EEE oe oS ae & loge & obel 18 


aie at 


daily oi 
ATA Me Ren 


on 
shike bey 1 ath 
He ada 


' te ach Hie ete 
asaenek ie ish at 
ibe Naito eh re 

a Hib 


Veet 
the 


nf 
er il ai te itatte 
PH alta tebe 


Vine it ie 


Jn 


{isi pater ta Pures be ah ‘ 
ie oH bt 43) edited M 


EN i aN 
“4 Poa ss it rasdee Wetted Uae moe 


i ae a a 


ha ye oy by 6 be eh 0 00H ed ieesarnste 
eo hit 


Oe G08 9G) SVP ee: 
a And ns epost ot 


Ae tite heat the 4a te 
hi Liem bee tebe None woth 
tt we 


pap ary 


iy 
eh firites iat alan ebactceraira eae ne 
* ett hota Ue! 


aie a ete 
Ak ae ee Wows ee ihe ng Sth gd oh te 
hae Welle Pin aR 
Ws sibs Tether Basho Maun Sats i 
Cy Ma Phe Ns Neh tha ay He ew We HE aha 
Heid Nantsda ie teatvaae Treteeedcseh 
OF er rarer 2 a 


hii vii Sreiaventunt 

ihe OW Cette he 
a Nai Vike eed sae Powe 
ihe Ha 44 | Mheibe evi» 

To 

eee 


a 
ie 
a 


hota 8, 
i fetta 
i ta 
oe 


Hottest eels 


de nthe the doe 

(tet Aemege 4 hs Cx eb A scant bose r 

He mediate piovivanae. 

Pale? he leds 4 Bal Ue 

Iniisad bons teat Me 
Lad 


eae ty A 
ra hod Vt ot toto Wi 


i. 
ewan 
pe 5 


eet tnaanimrnct 
z stor bratabsoisekagenele 

sehen wa tan eae da 
tea nt Lorie ty ot aated! 


ah ra Mie testa 
ei 


senegacniened 
Py thank che Hh Oe fot 


iit: uate 


Ph ae 


Paid ie 
ail 
See ae 
ihe 
paar 


’ pee siete alerts 
oe . 
eat Wied teen Us aA Me ct 


Laiteettnae heb bah 
EA mnie rth a 
Fant doh aa chy Me 

het Ne eal habe itedhs he 
ror url tales de te 
oa U) 


i Hn 
discaees 
Orit ciniehoaehen cae t 


ft 
ioatienes Becdideh eed 
é Set ret 


ee 


t 
varbs tho 
tee in He hn A tea she tha 
pipette Peete ry 
Toki cegialear peters 
ae 


neat te 
ee 
i 


" bith recesses, 


rot 


Ae ae 


Wea 
He Wes ‘et oy eftaih 
iste oa edisiy bait 


bah Daibe 
ais Ht it 


ie Pa Me adn tte ta tach fe + ol 
Talat araet re) 


tur zie bad! Toe! Aerobed Rob. celr Had bo Gor Gage hates 
CUM aha ited eeuaent: Fo 


beta ries cenit ase 1 ba SH a 


hy 
ria ioe labeta erebatei 


ds hee 
Gach ite ish ee 


ie 
ty 


ie jfen Renate a 
otrt Jolie & 

nie Yoh Rade dot) 

yaar beet ae 


a 
ant ah ee ala 


ie ta ahiet 


Rhawens A 


hove alt 
ee 


“s ata jan 
patent 


WR 
a hilcta 


USL Awa ip Bp. Ce E Bodonee, i. 


arte tlre Heteds 
ae zi ice atere 


ate tote 


ait i i 
mrs | es ui 


shall 


x be Wiha bs ibe bee Ba 
t Mi ieee Bul 
en Ra sie Paha ae 
Hier ma Cait 
me 


Aout "4 
sia iededs totais 
ew os 
dete de 9 de 
rere pest 
ane Ab Ba idege Jods pode odie 
roalshieat shapenaens 


ip 


ee 


ort inne 
vn al 


alba 


eae jes 
PORK 


jot ee 
mt psy i 


i 
wie 
aS 
preety eae yak 


ny ee 
Aly Debs doe i 


‘y 


7 re ie 
se ace 


abe 
saad i 


A os tei wd sree ete ga 
a ce oe on gals be Boda 


a 
faut iss ah i 


span 
Wades edatehs 


eae) yah Ate het 
M (seeks in donganits os 
cap ee seni 


risoek tha edaitaatl ay eat 


Vite ‘ih 
sp hy Nie ste basa hts Ci) 


Hag Maw 
oe 


vie 
a Pret bite 
4s dw) aba lh a a 

Rasataase aca 


yh att ed yee if 
sib anh es 
aN oe 
sea ou wait Hae Pe Bis a et 
obi das deus > is 
( Joan Babee ee Ven 
" vats coh Melat 
jasc (reer rye eure detow? 
RE ed Ce, iy! iy. Gini 
igbsbnieti daanaad' we 
etek curt Ca en esto 
ene oie 


sitabiangaat 


hie ats a 
it 


iy a aa - 
sad ge 


ree 


teh 


weap 
GA Ae se tee rite trerren 
sary aaa “gies 


andes 
cane us Tegtarce notte 
wey ardyyfous ors 


ee reinines ate 
he ath ob ikonk hi pesca 


Hie 
Se aisinieiesers 


ike gtr Ds has Vrs 
pee wed iii 


ewe 
Atay ia iad as 


how 
x" ite ees : 


ional 
ea ie 
ih Ube boc gh 
pity Hs Tait tall 
Astehe ie easasited 
ai Ad 


des dean: 


vs Meese 


Sas 


es 
Vaio 
ea 

7 


ane deme 


+ avih 
wink Cries bet 
i Obs et 

a 
she setae ht A fur 
ni wk Wag 
u tg le ated 
() vA eval ee 
Sy iK wiley at We dou apt 
jane netilite 


Cots 
wy o pipe yoy 


ve A 
dea aa nity 
ve Ghani 8 


et ath en 
f ae ae 
mitt vane 
Beers Cains ee 
rete srs oy ee cae 
oe pentane 
ae ne = 


ry Aly ie he 4 

‘ai 
iy seh vitelierteeh 

We Rh ya rites 
Pir aan ets 
aaa err aA ae 
it 
sett ce ARES 

wee in a4 see 
i bation emete tt 
on ye ad desl be hay 
Sree erent 
el ty 


eye He wo vel ane Wa 


6 
ae 
‘itn iH teh ates fo? 


A a tf & 
A vi | \ : _ 
vi 


VOLUME X No, 1 


Be ik ET EN 


of the 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES 


A DIRECTORY 
of 
AMERICAN MUSEUMS ., 


BUFFALO, NEW YORK 
1910 


VOLUME xX No. 1 


BwkLE TiN 


OF THE 


Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences 


Buse sil O Si 


AS DIRECTORY 
of 
AMERICAN MUSEUMS 


BUFFALO, NEW YORK 
1910 


BULLETIN 


of the 


Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences 


VOLUME X OCTOBER, 1910 No 1 


A DIRECTORY OF AMERICAN MUSEUMS OF ART, 
HISTORY, AND SCIENCE 
COMPILED BY 
Paut MARSHALL REA 


Secretary of the American Association of Museums 


INTRODUCTION 


At the third annual meeting of the American Association of 
Museums, in 1908, the writer discussed the desirability of a directory 
of American museums and presented a tentative outline of data 
which might advantageously be included.1 He was then authorized 
to undertake the compilation of such a directory on behalf of the 
Association, and the Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences generously 
offered to publish the work. To Mr. Henry R. Howland, Superin- 
tendent of the Buffalo Society, the writer desires to acknowledge 
indebtedness for many courtesies. 

The purpose of the directory is to bring together in convenient 
form data regarding the organization and work of American museums, 
with the object of promoting mutual aid and coédperation. It is 
fully realized that statistics concerning collections can give only a 
very imperfect indication of the importance of museums, but when. 
the character of the financial support and other details of organiza- 
tion are also given it is possible to form a much closer estimate of 


1 See Proc. Am. Assoc. Mus., II, 1908, 33-35. 


4 DIRECTORY OF AMERICAN MUSEUMS 


relative efficiency. It is also hoped that the publication of, such 
information may stimulate the development of museums by showing 
what is already being done. 

The scope of the directory was finally determined after receiving 
suggestions from the council of the Association and others, and a 
form for the return of information was prepared. The mailing of 
these forms was begun in February, 1909. Since that time informa- 
tion has been gathered as rapidly as the time and funds available 
would permit. All manuscript has been prepared since February 1, 
1910, and the account of each museum has been submitted for revision, 
except in a few cases during the course of publication. It was origin- 
ally planned to issue the directory in May, 1910, but delay in secur- 
ing returns from many museums necessitated postponement, seven 
or eight communications being necessary in a number of cases. 

An effort has been made to include the museums of both North 
and South America, but the time consumed in the mails to South 
America has made it impossible to obtain satisfactory results in this 
part of the work. Such information, however, as has been obtained 
is printed, with the names of other museums secured from various 
sources. As the work progressed it became evident that no line of 
demarcation could be drawn between active museums and collec- 
tions hardly worthy of the name, and it was decided to include all 
except private museums not open to the public. No effort has been 
made to compile data regarding medical or other special museums, 
but accounts of some of these have been received and printed. 

The mailing list was originally compiled from a number of publi- 
cations covering a part of the field of the directory. This list has 
been extended by suggestions from the institutions to which manu- 
script has been sent. For this purpose a list of the museums in each 
state or province was included with nearly all manuscript submitted 
for approval, with a request that it be verified and extended if neces- 
sary. Among previous publications that of Merrill! is worthy of 
special mention. This contains accounts of scientific museums 
similar in many respects to those of the present work, the chief addi- 
tion in the latter being administrative information intended to indi- 
cate the organization and importance of the museums described. 
In a number of cases where we have been unable to obtain satisfac- 
tory information the account is based upon Merrill, due credit being 
given in each instance. In other cases where a similarity of accounts 


¥ Thon History Museums of the United States and Canadas Bull. N. Y. State Mus., 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES 5 


may be noted it is apparently due to the use of the same catalogs 
or other printed matter as sources of information. 

In relation to historical museums much help has been derived 
from a report on state and local historical societies! compiled for the 
American Historical Association by a committee consisting of Reuben 
G. Thwaites, chairman, Benjamin F. Shambaugh, and Franklin L. 
Riley. References to Thwaites in the text refer to this work. Other 
sources of information include the “‘ Handbook of Learned Societies” 
issued by the Carnegie Institution, the census reports, and “Minerva.” 
The last has been consulted chiefly in regard to South American 
museums which have not otherwise been heard from. ‘The census 
reports have been drawn upon for accounts of the smaller zodlogical 
parks, which it was decided to include only when the work was about 
to go to press. 

In comparing our returns with those of Merril! and Thwaites 
it is of interest to note that a considerable number of museums, often 
with the same curator, now report much smaller collections, or even 
“no museum.”’ This is probably not to be interpreted as an actual 
decrease of materia], but rather as an indication of estimates made in 
absence of records, either in both cases or in the earlier only. When 
“no museum”’ is reported it often indicates an indefinite conception 
of what a museum is. 

The final results fail in many respects to come up to the standard 
which it was hoped to meintain, and the work is submitted with a full 
realization of its incompleteness, but with the hope that it may prove 
of value in promoting the objects for which it was undertaken. It 
is intended that it may also serve as the basis of further studies in 
the organization and work of American. museums which may be 
published in the Proceedings of the American Association of Museums. 
To this end, all museums are urgently requested to place the secre- 
tary of the Association on their mailing lists for all publications 
descriptive of their work. Communications should be addressed 
to Paul M. Rea, Secretary, American Association of Museums, 
Charleston, S. C. 


1 Report of Committee on Methods of Organization and Work on the Part of State and 
Local Societies. Ann. Rep. Am. Hist. Assoc., I, 1905, 249-325. 


Pay 


CONTENTS 


UNITED STATES 


PACTPANB AMA gee es tcc veces 


IARI ONS es dee 
PNTRAKGAINISIAS genie ne Se 


(AEE ORINDA Ear : 


IPA WART So tegn fe 
DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 
ESTE @ TRU AUR eee ened. 


GIN OLS sean casainie ecles ccs 
HEN) WAIN AU Bn asic crs ders ot. 
NONE Re een nena te 
IGANSAS es poreteitan gcse 
KSC CRY ee gee te! 
NEOISWAIN AY Sees deseo 
VATINE ee te rciges ah unetene 
WVEARIVIEAINID ets <1 kere ays 
WASSACHUSE TTS: 2.55... 
VET CEU GANeh ar Pec een tes 
IVETE SOD Aes ores er ten ere 
WVETSSISSIPR aye hoes ae 
IMTSSOURI: 225. ca 
IMION DANA aa = le eee a 
INTE BRAS KiAt eel se et ose 
New HAMPSHIRE....... 
INGE WA: RSENE. strat cates cin 
NeW WViExtCOL ee ace - 
INE Wi a OR Kee Jes recesses 
NortH CAROLINA....... 
NORTE (DAKOMAL ii.) ae 


I51 


155 


UNITED STATES—Con. 


RODE MISIEANDE ee: 
SOUMEH CAROLINA see a2 
SOUDED ID AIKOTAU Gs tn aa 
ALE NINESSE Ayn ies 


VERMONT asters 
VaR GINA grote aes al erect 
NVA'STHIIN GIO Nesereee sense 
NINOS ae: AVANACTONTUN 6566 oo so 
NVAISCONSENG ee ree ae 
WO NGINGE ae eee ice ee ne 


CANADA 


INTER RATAN omar sie mne 
British COLUMBIA..... 
NEW BRUNSWICK....... 
NEWFOUNDLAND ........ 
INOW S COMUAR Ee elon 
ONDART Os yea er han ee 
QUEBEC he oe Se 


BREMO DAG rae ees 


MEXICO 


CAMPE CHIR. # certecti as 
BEDERAT DISERICT: 3s 
INVERT C OPN AES Olen Fa oe 
IMT CHOACAINGR ENE esn ne 
IMOREVOS#ee Geer EEA SOE 


335 
330 


8 DIRECTORY OF AMERICAN MUSEUMS 


BEASTIE SCOR SOUTH AMERICA 
INUEVOMERON Rhee ere 336 ARGENTINA: ©) 1550 ea o 
OUMSCAC AUG sewn crea 336 BOLIVIA fo sures 341 
LENO DNS G/N araed Senay See 330 BRAZIU ats facie Veen 341 
QUERETARONS eee 336 (Os WOM Dehn ees cos aad a oo 342 
NERA OROZ ono) ote ree. 337 COvOMBIA). We eeae 345 
NAUCATAN he at 337 ECUADOR. (500). 346 

PARAGUAY); cs aye ie 3246 

CENTRAL AMERICA PERUGS oe eee 346 

URUGUAY cu eee 346 


WOSTAMIRICA Hee inte snl: 338 VENEZUELA eter 347 


UNITED STATES 


ALABAMA 
AUBURN: 

ALABAMA POLYTECHNIG INSTITUTE. 

The herbarium of the institute comprises 6000 cryptogams and 
17,000 phanerogams, and is in charge of Francis E. Lloyd, professor 
of botany, assisted by Charles S. Ridgeway, instructor in botany. 

There are also small teaching collections in geology and zoélogy, 
and a paleontological collection including a series of local fossils and 
a small collection from the Paris basin. 


MONTGOMERY: 
ALABAMA DEPARTMENT OF ARCHIVES AND HISTORY. 
This department was established in tg0r and maintains a museum 
and art gallery in the state capitol, in charge of Thomas M. Owen, 
director. 


TALLADEGA: 

TALLADEGA COLLEGE. Museum. 

The museum has been accumulated gradually since the founding 
of the college in 1867, and includes small collections in anthropology, 
art, botany, commerce and industry, geology, paleontology, zodlogy, 
etc., chiefly used in connection with instruction in the college. The 
museum has no regular income and no special staff, being cared for 
by the teachers of the scientific subjects. 


TUSCALOOSA: 

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF ALABAMA. Museum. 

Starr. Director, Eugene Allen Smith, who is also director of the 
survey; Curator, Herbert H. Smith; Volunteer Assistant, Mrs. Herbert 
H. Smith. 

ANTHROPOLOGY. Two cases of Indian antiquities, chiefly from 
Moundville, near Tuscaloosa. This material has been presented by 
Dr. Smith, Professor Wyman, and Mr. E. N. C. Snow. There is no 
systematic collection at present. 


IO DIRECTORY OF AMERICAN MUSEUMS 


Botany. A. The Mohr herbarium, comprising (1) 2500 species 
of ferns and flowering plants growing without cultivation in Alabama, 
and 2500 species of algae, lichens, fungi, mosses, and liverworts of 
Alabama. (2) A forestry collection, comprising (a) specimens of the 
native woods of Alabama in blocks of brick shape with appropriate 
labels, collected by Dr. Mohr in 1880 for the geological survey and 
representing 125 species; (b) 150 specimens in individual glass-front 
cases, illustrating the foliage, flowers, and fruit of the species included 
in (a); (c) manuscript maps by Dr. Mohr, illustrating the geographical 
distribution of the most important timber trees. This extensive her- 
barium of native plants was collected by Dr. Charles A. Mohr and Dr. 
Eugene A. Smith, and presented by them to the geological survey of 
Alabama in 1873. It was the basis of Dr. Mohr’s report on “The 
Plant Life of Alabamax’’ Since that time many additions have been 
made by Dr. Mohr, who also did all the work of mounting and arrang- 
ing the specimens. B. The Peters collection, the gift of Judge Thomas 
Minott Peters, comprising (a) the T. M. Peters collection of 110 
species of mosses, 23 of algae, 500+ of Alabama fungi, r10 of Alabama 
lichens, and 200 of the genus Carex; (b) fascicles I-V of Ravenel’s 
Fungi Caroliniant exsiccati, 500 species; (c) fascicles I-V of Tucker- 
man’s Lichenes Amer. Septr., 150 species. ‘These are all mounted in 
bound volumes, and constitute a most valuable part of the herbarium. 

GeocrApHy. A large relief map of the southern Appalachian 
region, the work of E. E. Howell, and many maps and sections pre- 
pared by the state and United States surveys, together with models 
and relief maps for educational purposes. 

GEOLOGY AND PaLEonTOLoGY. The collections of the geological 
survey of the state are by law deposited in the museum, comprising 
75,000+ fossils and 5000+ minerals and rocks illustrative of Alabama 
geology and mining industries. There is also a very large and fine 
series of tertiary fossils, presented by Mr. T. H. Aldrich and including 
the co-types of species described by him; the Lommel collection of 
1000 specimens of European fossils and rocks; the Schowalter collection 
of minerals and fossils; extensive collections from New York, Vermont, 
Indiana, Wisconsin, etc.; andanextensive series from the United States 
geological survey. Among the fossils, the type series of Alabama 
coal plants, described by Lesquereux, deserve special mention. 

ZoOLocy. (1) The conchological collections of about 2000 spe- 
cies, comprising (a) the classical Schowalter collection of 100,000 land, 
fresh-water, and marine shells from all parts of the world; (b) the Mohr 
collection of land, fresh-water, and marine shells from all parts of the 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES It 


world; (c) collections of Alabama species, including 350 species of 
land and fresh-water shells collected by H. H. Smith. (2) Entomologi- 
cal collections, including several thousand specimens as yet unnamed, 
and rooo named species of Alabama coleoptera, presented by Mr. 
H. P. Léding, of Mobile. (3) The Mohr alcoholic collection of fishes 
of Mobile Bay. (4) Alcoholic specimens of marine invertebrates 
of the Atlantic coast, presented by the Smithsonian Institution. 
(5) The Tuomey collection of Alabama reptiles. (6) The Avery bird 
collection, made by the late Dr. Avery at Greensboro, and purchased 
by the geological survey and deposited in the museum. The collec- 
tion consists of 900 specimens of bird skins, representing 175+ 
species. 

HIsToRICAL SKETCH. The present museum has grown from the 
collections made by the geological survey, under Professor Tuomey 
from 1847 to 1857, and under Dr. Eugene A. Smith from 1873 to the 
present. The collections of Professor Tuomey and of the university 
were largely destroyed by fire in 1865. The specimens which were 
saved at that time lost most of their value by the destruction of their 
labels during the period of reconstruction from 1868 to 1871. Since 
1871 the geological department of the university, and since 1873 the 
geological survey of the state, have been under the charge of Dr. 
Eugene A. Smith. The present museum has been chiefly accumulated 
during this period. The state legislature of 1906-7 appropriated 
$100,000 for the erection of a new building to provide adequate 
quarters for the museum. 

FINANCIAL Support. The museum has no special funds. The 
expense of collection and administration has been met by the geologi- 
cal survey, while the cost of cases and other equipment has been borne 
by the university. 

Burtpinc. The new building, named Smith Hall in honor of the 
director, was completed in December, 1909, at a cost of $100,000 
appropriated by the legislature. It provides about 12,000 square feet 
of floor space available for exhibition, and 18,000 for library, offices, 
workrooms, lecture rooms, and laboratories for the geological survey 
and for the departments of biology and geology of the university. 

ADMINISTRATION. By a director, who is also professor of geology 
and state geologist, responsible to the president and board of trustees 
of the university. 

Scope. Special emphasis is laid upon exploration and exhibition 
of the biological and geological resources of Alabama, supplemented 
by general collections for university instruction. 


12 DIRECTORY OF AMERICAN MUSEUMS 


LIBRARY. 3000-4000 books and many thousand pamphlets 
relating chiefly to geology and natural history, intended primarily 
for the use of the staff and university students. Most of this material 
is the gift of Dr. Smith. 

Puptications. ‘The museum issues no publications at present, 
but many of its collections have been described in the reports of the 
survey. : 

ATTENDANCE. Open free to the public on week-days. No 
statistics of attendance are available. 


ALASKA 
SIGMKGAG 
ALASKA DISTRICT HISTORICAL LIBRARY AND MUSEUM. 
This institution was established by Congress in 1900 and main- 
tains a museum of Alaskan objects as well as a library, in charge of 
Governor Walter E. Clark, official custodian. 


ARIZONA 
TUCSON: 

UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA. Museum. 

STAFF. Curator, Herbert Brown. 

ANTHROPOLOGY. Specimens of ancient and modern aboriginal 
pottery from the pueblos and cliff houses of Arizona; stone implements; 
relics of the Spanish conquest; skulls and clay images; figures illus- 
trating the dress of the Yuma Indians and Mexicans. 

BOTANY. 10,000+ specimens, including the botanical survey 
herbarium of 2500 specimens of the Arizona flora. The cactaceae 
are especially well represented in the herbarium, there being more than 
tooo mounted specimens and as many more unmounted duplicates. 

GroLocy. Minerals, 2500; Rocks, 3000. There is, in addition, 
an economic collection including copper ores and minerals from Bisbee; 
gold, silver, and lead ores of the state; gypsum, cement, and building 
stones; and also the 86-pound Weaver meteorite. 

PALEONTOLOGY. Collections of Arizona fossils. 

ZOOLOGY. 1500 specimens, chiefly from Arizona, and the Herbert 
Brown collection of 1200 skins of Arizona birds loaned by the curator. 

FINANCIAL Support. By irregular appropriations from the 
general funds of the university. The curator receives, in addition to 
his professorship in the university, a small amount appropriated 
directly by the state. 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES 13 


ARKANSAS 
CONWAY: 
HENDRIX COLLEGE. 
The college has small teaching collections in charge of G. H. Burr. 
They comprise about 800 minerals, chiefly economic; about 75 speci- 
mens in historical geology; and too zoGdlogical specimens. 


FAYETTEVILLE: 

UNIVERSITY OF ARKANSAS. Museum. 

STAFF. The museum is in charge of A. H. Purdue, state geologist 
and head professor of geology and mining in the university. 

BOTANY. 1500+ species, 3500 specimens. 

Grotocy. Minerals, 3500; Rocks, 300; Relief maps, 13; Mine 
models, 8. 

PALEONTOLOGY. Invertebrates, 1000; Vertebrates, 300; Plants, 
500. 

ZOOLoGy. Insects, 200 species; Fishes, 350 species, 1500 speci- 
mens; Batrachians and reptiles, 40 species, 200 specimens, 18 skele- 
tons; Birds and mammals, 80 species, 200 specimens. 

HistoricAt SKEtcH. The botanical and zodlogical collections, 
and a part of the paleontological collection, were organized previous 
to 1896. The others have been added to the museum since that date. 

FINANCIAL SUPPORT. By appropriations from the state legisla- 
ture, averaging about $5co a vear. 

Burtpinc. The museum occupies 6130 square feet of floor 
space available for exhibition, and 2367 for offices, classroom, labora- 
tory, etc., on the fourth floor of the main building of the university, 
erected in 1871 at a cost of $170,000 defrayed by the state. 

ADMINISTRATION. By a curator, who makes a biennial report to 
the trustees of the university. 

Scope. Primarily teaching and research work. 

ATTENDANCE. Open free to the public on week-days throughout 
the collegiate year and upon application during vacation. 


CALIFORNIA 


AVALON, SANTA. CATALINA ISLAND: 

TUNA CLUB. 

The club has a museum of mounted game fishes of Southern Cali- 
fornia and Texas, in charge of A. L. Beebe, honorary curator. There 
is also a library of angling. 


14 DIRECTORY OF AMERICAN MUSEUMS 


ZOOLOGICAL STATION. 

This station maintains a collection of living fishes and inverte- 
brates of the locality; a set of alcoholic specimens of rare fishes, etc., 
many of which have been described and figured. The station also 
has a collection representing the archeology of the Channel Islands — 
of California, part of which is on exhibition in the chamber of com- 
merce at Los Angeles. 


BERKELEY: 

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA. Department of Botany. 

This department maintains a herbarium comprising 133,055 
mounted sheets of plants. This includes an economic collection of 
3182 sheets, 10,137 sheets of algae, 3267 sheets of fungi, 9285 other 
cryptogams, and 107,184 sheets of phanerogams. There is also a large 
collection of unmounted material, the greater part of which is available 
for study, making a total available collection of about 250,000 sheets. 
Although the general aim of the department is to devote special atten- 
tion to western North America, a large number of eastern and Euro- 
pean species is represented, while the collection of New Zealand and 
Australian plants is considerable. The nucleus of the herbarium is 
a nearly complete set of the state survey collections, to which have 
been added nearly all of the sets distributed from western North 
America and especially from the Brandegee herbarium, which is 
rich in types and duplicate types and contains a good representation 
of the Mexican flora. 

The herbarium is in charge of W. A. Setchell, professor of botany, 
who has assigned its keeping to H. M. Hall, assistant professor of bot- 
any; it also profits by the labors of Mr. and Mrs. T. S. Brandegee, 
who serve without pay, the former having the title of honorary cura- 
tor of the herbarium. C. A. Purpus is the botanical collector. 

The herbarium is temporarily housed on the top floor of the Hearst 
Memorial Mining Building, a thoroughly fireproof structure, where 
it is accessible to graduate students and to visiting botanists. It is 
supported by state funds administered through the officers of the uni- 
versity, about $2000 a year being expended on supplies and labor. 

Connected with the herbarium is a botanical museum comprising 
several thousand specimens reserved for research purposes, and also a 
botanical garden of two and a half acres, in which about 2500 species 
of plants are cultivated, and upon which the sum of $1200 per year is 
expended. 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES 15 


UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA. Department of Geology and 
Mineralogy. 


The department maintains a teaching collection of rocks and 
minerals contained in about 1200 drawers and in about 125 linear 
feet of glass cases. There are also glass and wooden models, speci- 
mens from mines on the Pacific coast, models of interesting geologic 
regions, and 3600 slides for microscopic study. These collections are 
in charge of Andrew C. Lawson, professor of geology and mineralogy. 


UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA. Museum of Paleontology. 

The paleontological collections are in charge of Professor J. C. 
Merriam and the staff of the department of paleontology. The 
museum includes the collections of the geological survey of California, 
and is rich in types and representative specimens of California fossils, 
in addition to a large series illustrating the invertebrate paleontology 
of North America, and a carefully selected series of crinoids from Craw- 
fordsville, Indiana. The number of invertebrate fossils is estimated at 
150,000, with several hundred type specimens; of vertebrate fossils 
at 15,000, with about roo types; of plant fossils at 3000, with about 
50 types. 

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA. Museum of Vertebrate Zoology. 

STAFF. Director, Joseph Grinnell; Curators, Edmund Heller 
(mammals), Harry S. Swarth (birds); Assistant curator of mammals, 
Walter P. Taylor; Preparators, John Rowley (work done by contract) 
and E. J. Fischer (osteology); 1 janitor, 1 stenographer, and x helper. 

ZooLocy. Fishes, very few; Batrachians, 500+; Reptiles, rooo+; 
Birds, 22,000+, including 40 types and the private collections of 
Messrs. Grinnell, Swarth, and Morcom, amounting to some 14,000 
specimens; Mammals, gooo+, including ro types; Bird eggs and nests, 
500. Most of this material is in study collections, the space for exhibi- 
tion being limited. A number of large groups is planned for the near 
future. 

HISTORICAL SKETCH. The museum was inaugurated in 1908 as 
a department of the university, under the patronage of Miss Annie 
M. Alexander of Oakland, California. 

FINANCIAL Support. A fixed sum of $6000 per year, promised by 
Miss Alexander for a term of years. In addition, Miss Alexander has 
expended several thousand dollars on exhibition, on securing the mate- 
rial for groups, and for the mounting of groups, which latter is provided 
entirely outside of the regular allowance. 

BuILpinc. Erected in 1909 at a cost of $15,000, of which $8000 
was appropriated by the university, and $7000 donated by Miss Alex- 


16 DIRECTORY OF AMERICAN MUSEUMS 


ander. It provides 3500 square feet of floor space for exhibition, and 
approximately 5000 for offices, workrooms, etc. This building is 
considered a temporary structure. 

ADMINISTRATION. By a director, responsible to the president of 
the university and to Miss Alexander. 

Scope. The purposes of the museum are exploration, research, 
and college teaching. 

PUBLICATIONS. Papers from the museum are published in the 
University of California Publications in Zodlogy. 


CLAREMONT: 

POMONA COLLEGE. Museum. 

The museum was founded by A. J. Cook, and is connected with 
the department of biology. !t consists chiefly of teaching collections, 
in charge of C. F. Baker, curator and professor of zodlogy. It occupies 
a portion of the second floor of the Pearsons Hall of Science, erected 
in 1898. The collections comprise a herbarium of 200,000+ phanero- 
gams and 10,0o00+ cryptogams, including co-types, para-types, or 
topo-types of nearly all the numerous new species collected by the 
curator in the United States, Nicaragua, Colombia, Cuba, and Brazil; 
synoptic collections in geology and paleontology to illustrate the lectures 
given in courses on these subj ects; and extensive collections in zoélogy, 
including 5000+ shells, 250,000 insects (numerous types), 10,000+ 
other invertebrates, and 5000 vertebrates. There is a department 
library of over 5000 titles in direct connection with the museum. The 
collections are maintained from the funds of the department, amount- 
ing to $2000 or more per annum, and are used chiefly for teaching pur- 
poses. They are augmented by the results of exploration and research 
by members of the department. Publications based upon museum 
material are a portion of the “Invertebrata Pacifica’’ and the 
“Pomona Journal of Entomology Quarterly,” 5 numbers having been 
published. 


LOS ANGELES: 


BOARD OF EDUCATION. Science and Art Museum. (High 
School.) 


Starr. J. Z. Gilbert in charge. 

ANTHROPOLOGY. 100 Indian specimens. 

ART. 50 drawings and too working charts of drawings. 

Grotocy. Minerals, on exhibition, 200, in storage, 500; Rocks, 
200; non-mettalic ores, Too. 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES 17 


PaLEoNtoLocy. Invertebrates, on exhibition, 400, in storage, 
100; Vertebrates, on exhibition, roo, in storage, 1000, types and figured 
specimens, 2; Plants, on exhibition, 20, in storage, fo. 

ZoOLocy. Shells, 600; Insects, 50; Other invertebrates, 250; 
Fishes, 50; Batrachians, 25; Reptiles, 50; Birds, 400; Mammals, 20; 
Microscopic material, 400+ specimens. 

HIsToRIcAL SKETCH. The museum was begun in 1907 by Mr. 
Gilbert, and is designed to aid the schools of the city in illustrating 
class work. 

FINANCIAL Support. By a direct city appropriation of $200 
annually, in addition to $200 in fixtures, and by private contributions. 

Buitpinc. The museum occupies about 1400 square feet of 
floor space in the science hall of the Los Angeles High School. A two- 
story building 50 ~ too feet in Agricultural Park has recently been 
secured for the exhibition of part of the museum material. 

Scope. Public school teaching, supplemented by local explora- 
tion. 

ATTENDANCE. Open free to the public. 


CHAMBER OF COMMERCE. 


A part of the collection of the ZoGlogical Station of Avalon, Santa 
Catalina Island, representing the archeology of the Channel Islands 
of California is on exhibition here. 


SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


The academy has a collection of local pleistocene fossils and other 
material with which it proposes to establish a museum in the Art 
Building in Agricultural Park, where a floor space of 15,000 square 
feet has been set apart for this purpose. 


THE SOUTHWEST MUSEUM. 


STAFF. Founder emeritus, Chas. F. Lummis; Curator, Hector 
Alliot. 

CoLtections. The most perfect collection extant of Southern 
California archeology; important archeological collections from 
Arizona, New Mexico, Mexico, Peru, and Bolivia; all relics of the 
Franciscan missionaries and the missions in Southern California, 
including the mission records of Los Angeles; personal relics of John 
C. Fremont and Jessie Benton Fremont, including the flag which he 
raised on the crest of the Rocky Mountains in 1842; the Lummis 
collections of about 5000 items from New Mexico, Mexico, Arizona, 
Bolivia, and Peru. 


18 DIRECTORY OF AMERICAN MUSEUMS 


There is also the most important collection ever made of old 
Spanish and Indian folk-songs of the Southwest, including phono- 
graphic records of over 200 Indian songs in 36 different languages. 

HistoricaL SkEtcu. The Southwest Museum was founded by 
the Southwest Society of the Archzological Institute of America and 
was incorporated December 31, 1907. 

FINANCIAL Support. Chiefly from the Southwest Society, 
which has an income of about $2500 a year. Endowments in money 
and collections are now worth about $300,000. The Carrie M. 
Jones bequest of $50,000 is available for a new building, for which 
a sixteen-acre site has been purchased for $38,000. 

Buitpinc. The collections now occupy about 4000 square feet 
of floor space above the public library in the Hamburger building. 

Scope. In addition to a general museum special attention is 
given to the archeology, ethnology, history, science, and art of Cali- 
fornia, the Southwest, and Spanish America. 

Lisrary. The Lummis library of 5000 items of Spanish America, 
including the rarest books and manuscripts; and the Munk library 
of Arizoniana, comprising about 6000 items. 

PuBLicaTions. A series of leaflet bulletins relating to the work 
of the museum is issued by the Southwest Society. 

ATTENDANCE. Open free to the public on week-days from 2 to 
4. The average monthly attendance is about tooo. 


UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA. 

No information has been received concerning the collections of 
this university, which are said by Merrill to include nearly 3000 fossils, 
3700 minerals, 1000 specimens of historic and economic geology, 5000 
plants, 730 ethnological specimens, and 22,300 zodlogical specimens, 
including 525 birds and 125 bird eggs, 350 other vertebrates, a small 
collection of insects, and 19,500 mollusca. 


ZOOLOGICAL PARK. 


The city maintains a zodlogical park of 2 acres, established in 
1896, containing 4 reptiles, 194 birds, and 38 mammals. 


OAKLAND: 

OAKLAND PUBLIC MUSEUM. 

Starr. Curator, C. P. Wilcomb; Cataloger, Mrs. Alice G. Whit- 
beck; 1 stenographer, 1 mechanic, and 2 janitors. 

ANTHROPOLOGY. 2000specimens. Thisis the most active depart- 
ment of the museum at present, and special attention is given to collec- 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES s@) 


tions representing the Indian tribes of the Pacific coast. There is also 
a collection of well selected material from Africa, India, China, Thibet, 
South Pacific Islands, and the Philippines. 

GEOLOGY AND PALEONTOLOGY. 500 selected minerals and a small 
collection of fossils. 

History. tooo articles illustrating the husbandry, manufactures, 
arts, social customs, and home life of the early colonies and pioneer 
settlers. This collection is large and comprehensive. Four large 
rooms in the new annex have been specially prepared to accommodate 
it, as follows: old-time kitchen and living room, with huge fireplace; 
bedroom with complete equipment; weaving room; and large room for 
antiquities in general. These rooms are all low-posted, with heavy 
beam effect and small old-fashioned windows. All designed after 
colonial interiors in the East. 

Numismatics. A collection of coins and currency representing 
almost every country on the globe. 

ZooLocy. A small collection of carefully selected butterflies, 
moths, and insects; a collection of shells, corals, and other marine 
objects; and a bird collection, comprising 400 mounted specimens, 
200 skins, and 3000 eggs. 

HistoricaL SKETcH. The nucleus of the museum is the Bryant 
ornithological collection, which was purchased by private subscrip- 
tion and presented to the city in 1907. Subsequently the Rabe, 
Daggett, and Wilcomb collections were purchased, and in 1009 the 
museum was formally placed under the direction of the board of 
trustees of the Oakland Free Library. ‘The collections were installed 
in the Josiah Stanford mansion, on the western shore of Lake Mer- 
ritt, and C. P. Wilcomb was elected curator. 

FINANCIAL Support. The museum receives its entire support 
from the city of Oakland, which has appropriated $10,000 for mainte- 
nance during the current fiscal year, with a special appropriation of 
about $5000 for improvements and additions to the building. Oakland 
has a population of 200,000, an assessed tax value of $105,000,000, 
and a tax rate of $1.20. 

BuILpDING. Formerly a large residence belonging to the Stantord 
estate on the western shore of Lake Merritt. The land was recently 
purchased by the city for park purposes and the building has been 
thoroughly renovated and an addition of seven rooms erected. The 
building affords about 4700 square feet of floorspace available for 
exhibition purposes, and tooo for offices, workrooms, and _ store- 
rooms. 


20 DIRECTORY OF AMERICAN MUSEUMS 


ADMINISTRATION. By a curator, responsible to the board of trus- 
tees of the Oakland Free Library. 

Scope. The primary object of the museum is the instruction of 
the general public. 

ATTENDANCE. Open free to the public daily. 


PIEDMONT ART GALLERY. 

This is a private gallery owned by Mr. Frank C. Havens, and 
consists of about 350 pictures, principally modern, representing 
various European and American schools. It consists of three buildings, 
each 120 feet long, divided into nine rooms of various sizes. The 
gallery is in charge of Richard L. Partington, curator, and is open to 
the public from to to 4 ata nominal fee of rocents. Its object is ex- 
clusively educational. 


PACIFIC GROVE: 

PACIFIC GROVE MUSEUM ASSOCIATION. 

STAFF. Curator, Laura Duncan; Botanist, M. E. B. Norton; 
Librarian, Jeanette Murray. . 

Borany. A herbarium of 924 cryptogams, including 500 North 
American and foreign ferns, and 424 algae of Monterey Bay; 2478 
phanerogams, of which 478 local and Californian specimens are 
exhibited, while 500 local, and 1500 eastern, foreign, and Philippine 
forms are in storage. A small forestry collection includes 50 cones 
and a large number of seeds. 

GEOLOGY AND PALEONTOLOGY. About 200 minerals, and 20 in- 
vertebrate fossils. 

ZoOLocy. Shells, on exhibition, 235 local species and 285 Philip- 
pine specimens, in storage, 3000+; Insects, 200+; Other invertebrates, 
100 (local); Fishes, 54 mounted and 26 in alcohol; Reptiles, 15 mounted 
and 20 in alcohol; Birds, 62 mounted and 447 skins; Mammals, 45; 
Bird eggs, 600. 

HiIstorIcAL SKETCH. The museum was established in 1883 by the 
Chautauqua Assembly in connection with class work in zoélogy. The 
Pacific Grove Museum Association was organized in 1899, and incorpo- 
rated in tg0o0 with 35 charter members. At this timea collection of 
I1CO specimens was purchased, partly representing the life of Monterey 
Bay; later were purchased a collection of East Indian birds and one of 
local bird eggs. All other collections have been added by donation. 

FINANCIAL SuPppORT. The museum had the following sources of 
income in 1909: from memberships, $436; from donations, $31; from 
proceeds of entertainments and festivals, $196. 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES 21 


Burtpinc. The museum occupies a building presented to the 
association, and adapted for its use in rgor at a cost of $500. About 
836 square feet of floor space is available for exhibition, and 447 for 
offices, workrooms, etc. 

ADMINISTRATION. By the president and board of directors of 
the association. 

Scope. The objects of the association are to maintain a museum 
for the preservation of local fauna and flora; to develop a garden of 
native flora; to conduct classes and lectures; to provide a scientific 
library; to hold periodical exhibitions; and to encourage the study and 
preservation of the fauna and flora of Monterey County. 

LIBRARY. 330 volumes and 1200 pamphlets, on subjects pertain- 
ing to natural history, are available for the use of members of the 
association and students. 

PuBLicATions. A souvenir of the tenth anniversary (1910). 

ATTENDANCE. Open free to the public daily (except Mondays 
and holidays) from 2 to 5. The attendance for 1909 was’1224 adults 
and 484 children. 


PALO ALTO: 

LELAND STANFORD JUNIOR MUSEUM. 

STAFF. Curator, H. C. Peterson; Assistant curators, E. G. 
McCann and A. H. S. Chuck (Chinese and Japanese department), 
W. W. Adams (art), A. F. Meston (Egyptology); Assistants, C. 
Williams, O. Utzinger, B. Kawakama. 

ANTHROPOLOGY. Uncivilized peoples: Archeology, native, 350, 
foreign, 8126; Ethnology, native, 2985, foreign, 3110. Civilized 
peoples, ancient, 3630, modern, 3250. Among special collections may 
be mentioned the following: Danish stone and bronze, 1250;Ohio and 
Middle states, 1000; Klamath Indians (Dagget collection); Indian 
baskets; early Spanish and Mission. At present the curator is devot- 
ing special attention to local mound material. 

Art. Sculpture, 169; Prints and engravings, 1260; Oil paintings, 
685; Water colors, 325; Ceramics, 1650; Textiles, 1635. The Anna 
Lathrop Hewes collection of paintings, statuary, mozaic, etc., and a 
collection of pictures in oil presented by the Hon. Thomas Welton 
Stanford, of Australia, are noteworthy. The collection of ceramics is 
rich in Sevres, Bohemian, Venetian, French, Oriental, Dresden, Royal 
Berlin, Persian, Pompadour crystal, and many other wares. The 
textiles are rich in laces, Japanese embroideries, Turkish, Roumanian, 
and Chinese collections, and fine chronological series of mummy 


22 DIRECTORY OF AMERICAN MUSEUMS 


cloth. Included with the prints and engravings are many exceedingly 
rare books and maps. 

The famous Ikeda collection of Chinese and Japanese ceramics, 
kakimonos, bronzes, ivories, jades, lacquers, etc., was purchased in 
1g02 at a cost of $100,000. Another collection of great value is the 
Di Cesnola collection of 5000 pieces of Greek and Roman pottery and 
glass from the island of Cyprus. Next to that of the Metropolitan 
Museum of New York this is the largest collection in the world. 

COMMERCE AND INpustRY. No regular department is maintained 
but the museum has the first locomotive used on the Southern Pacific 
Railroad called the “Governor Stanford,” also a few model sailing 
vessels, cars, etc., valued chiefly for historical associations. 

GroLtocy. Minerals, 1500; Rocks, 100; Relief maps, models, 
etc., 2. This collection is rich in minerals of the Ural Mountains 
and in local quartz, cinnabar, iron, etc., but is being transferred to the 
mining department of the university. 

History. Rich in Central Pacific Railroad and U. S. Grant 
material, the latter being second in value to that of the Smithsonian 
Institution. 

ZooLocy. Shells, 2500; Birds, 600; Mammals, 15. This depart- 
ment, as well as that of geology, is discontinued for the present, the 
material being transferred to the university. 


Extensive collections of Stanford historical material, showing the 
history of the Stanford and Lathrop families and the growth of Stan- 
ford University as shown by photographs, plans, paintings, prints, 
publications, etc., since 1884. Also photographs, etc., showing the 
Stanford stock farm when it was the largest thoroughbred stock 
farm in the world. 

HistoricAL SKetcH. The nucleus of the museum is a collection 
made by Leland Stanford, Jr., in 1880 duringa trip through Great 
Britain and central and southern Europe. Upon his return to Califor- 
nia in 1882 he began to arrange and catalog the material accumulated. 
This collection is now exhibited in one of the rooms of the museum. 
In 1883 he accompanied his parents on a second visit to Europe and 
pursued his archeological researches and acquisitions with more fervor 
than ever. The material collected at this time is now exhibited in an 
adjoining room and shows how his tastes had matured. It was the 
intention of Leland Stanford, Jr., to add continually to this museum, 
and especially to begin a collection of Chinese and Japanese curios 
and one of American mound builders. His intentions are now being 
carried out by the museum. 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES 23 


FINANCIAL Support. By appropriations from the board of trustees 
of the university. There is, however, no regular appropriation and no 
fund of any kind for the acquirement of new material. About $2500 
is derived annually from admission fees. 

Buitpinc. Erected in 1891-1906 by Mrs. J. L. Stanford at a 
cost of $1,200,000. It provides 200,000 square feet of floor space 
available for exhibition, and 90,000 available for offices, workrooms, 
GC: 

ADMINISTRATION. By a curator, responsible first to the chairman 
of the museum committee, second, to the president of the board of 
trustees, third, to the board of trustees. The museum is not under the 
departments of instruction of the university. 

Scope. Maintained primarily for the instruction of the general 
public. 

Lrprary. The museum has access to the university library but 
has practically no library of its own. Nearly all of the books used 
at the museum are the personal property of the curator. 

PuBLICATIONS. A number of small handbooks describing the 
collections has been issued in the past. The annual report to the 
trustees is not printed for distribution. 

ATTENDANCE. Admission fee, 25 cents to all except members of 
the faculty of Stanford University. University students are admitted 
free on Saturdays. Up to 1906 the average paid admissions were 12,000 
a year, with an additional free list of 20,000. 


LELAND STANFORD JUNIOR UNIVERSITY. 


The university maintains teaching collections in connection with 
the departments of instruction as follows: 

Botany. Herbaria, consisting largely of plants collected in western 
America and including considerable donations from the National 
Herbarium, the California Academy of Sciences, J. W. Congdon of 
Mariposa, and others. The private collections of flowering plants 
and fungi belonging to the head of the department are also avail- 
able. 

GEOLOGY AND PALEONTOLOGY. In addition to its general teach- 
ing collections, this department is to receive the geological collections 
of the Leland Stanford Junior Museum. 

ZooLtocy. A very full representation of the fishes of North 
America; a valuable series of deep-water fishes of the Pacific; large col- 
lections of fishes from the West Indies, Hawaiian Islands, Bering 
Sea, Japan, the coasts of Mexico and Central America, and the 


24 DIRECTORY OF AMERICAN MUSEUMS 


Galapagos Islands; a large representation of the reptiles, batrachians, 
birds, and mammals, of California and adjoining states; and collec- 
tions of marine invertebrates, rich in Pacific echinoderms and crusta- 
cea. There are also entomological collections containing authorita- 
tively determined specimens in all of the insect orders; many sets of 
specimens illustrating development and habits of insects; the most 
important existing collection of North American Mallophaga, com- 
prising the types of four-fifths of all species so far described from 
North America and the Pacific Islands; an unusually large collec- 
tion of Coccidae; and a valuable series of specimens from the Gala- 
pagos Islands. 


PASADENA: 

THROOP POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE. 

The institute has an excellent collection of minerals and collections 
of insects, birds, and mammals, in addition to alcoholic material. 
The only officer of the museum yet appointed is Charles F. Holder, 
honorary curator. The institute is about to move intoanew building 
in which increased facilities will be provided for the museum. 


SACRAMENTO: 

CALIFORNIA MUSEUM ASSOCIATION. 

STAFF. Curator, W. F. Jackson; 2 minor employees. 

Art. E. B. Crocker Art Gallery. Sculpture, 7; Paintings, 7o1, 
including r19 miniatures. 

History. A miscellaneous collection of 2000+ uncataloged curios, 
Tehics ete: 

MINERALS. 2879 specimens, collected for the most part by Dr. 
H. W. Harkness, and purchased by the state. 

HisTorIcaAL SKETCH. The Crocker Art Gallery was erected in 
1870-73, at a cost of $235,000, by Judge E. B. and Mrs. Margaret E. 
Crocker and filled with their private art collections accumulated during 
travels in Europe, especially during the Franco-Prussian war. In 
1884 the California Museum Association was formed to gather a 
museum of art and science and to study matters relating to the re- 
sources of California. To aid in securing a hall for its purposes, it 
gave an art loan exhibition in the Art Gallery by the kindness of Mrs. 
Margaret E. Crocker, widow of Judge Crocker. During the exhibition 
Mrs. Crocker donated to the association the building and its contents, 
but later changed the gift so that the title is held by the city of Sacra- 
mento, with the California Museum Association as co-tenant and 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES 25 


administrator. The mineral collection is the property of the State 
of California. ~ 

FINANCIAL Support. Annual appropriations by the city, that 
for 1910 being $3000, exclusive of repairs. 

ADMINISTRATION. By a curator, responsible to a joint board 
consisting of the mayor of the city and the directors of the California 
Museum Association. 

PUBLICATIONS. Catalogs of paintings and of minerals in the 
collections. 

ATTENDANCE. Open free to public every day in the week. Num- 
ber of visitors in 1909, 13,387. 


SAN FRANCISCO: 

CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. Museum. 

STAFF. Director, Leverett Mills Loomis; Curators, Edwin Cooper 
Van Dyke (entomology), Leverett Mills Loomis (ornithology), John 
Van Denburgh (herpetology), Frank M. Anderson (invertebrate 
paleontology), John Rowley (mammalogy), A. L. Kroeber (anthro- 
pology), Alice Eastwood (botany); Assistant curators, Edward 
Winslow Gifford (ornithology), Joseph C. Thompson (herpetology), 
Washington H. Ochsner (invertebrate paleontology); Assistants 
Charles Fuchs (entomology), Rollo H. Beck (ornithology), Joseph 
R. Slevin and John I. Carlson (herpetology). 

CoLLections. With the exception of a few type specimens, the 
collections of the academy, including the library, were destroyed in the 
conflagration of April, 1906. Fortunately, at the time of the fire, the 
academy had an expedition at the Galapagos Islands, in its schooner 
“Academy.” This expedition returned to San Francisco on November 
29, 1906, after an absence of seventeen months, bringing large collec- 
tions of plants, fossil and recent shells, insects, reptiles, birds, and 
mammals, which formed the nucleus of anew museum. These collec- 
tions have been extensively added to by the academy’s collectors 
on the Pacific coast and in the Orient. 

The research collections of the academy now contain over 70,000 
fossil and recent shells; large series of insects from the Galapagos 
Islands, the Aleutian Islands, and the Orient; over 12,000 reptiles, 
chiefly from the Galapagos Islands, China, Japan, Formosa, and the 
Philippine Islands; 17,000 birds, over half of which are water birds, 
including more than 1800 specimens of albatrosses and petrels. 

For an exhibition collection, elaborate habitat groups of the 
larger mammals of the Pacific coast are being prepared by Mr. John 
Rowley. 


26 DIRECTORY OF AMERICAN MUSEUMS 


Burtpinc. The academy has built a ten-story class “A” income 
building on the site of the old museum building on Market Street, and 
plans have been drawn for a museum building, which it is proposed to 
erect in Golden Gate Park. Work on the new museum building will 
be delayed until the beginning of next year, pending an amendment 
to the charter of San Francisco. 

LIBRARY. 14,000 volumes on natural history. 

PUBLICATIONS. (1) Memoirs. (2) Proceedings. (3) Occasional 
Papers. The reports of the Galapagos Expedition and a history of 
the academy will be the chief publications issued during the next few 
years. 


CALIFORNIA STATE MINING BUREAU. Museum. 

The museum contains over 20,000 minerals and rocks obtained 
solely by donation and exchange. The collection of ores from Cali- 
fornia mines Is very extensive and is supplemented by characteristic 
ores from the principal mining districts of the world. There are also 
many models, maps, photographs, and diagrams illustrating the 
modern practice of mining, milling and concentrating, and the tech- 
nology of the mineral industries. An educational series of minerals 
for high schools has been recently inaugurated. The museum occupies 
about 7500 square feet of floor space for exhibition and is in charge of 
Percy K. Swan, curator. It is open free to the public on week-days 
from g to 5, except Saturdays, when it closes at 12. The number of 
visitors is Over 120,000 annually. 

MEMORIAL MUSEUM. (Golden Gate Park.) 

This museum was first opened to the public on March 23, 1895. 
The exhibits represent a value of at least $1,000,000 and include 
paintings, tapestries, antique furniture, arms and armor, art metals, 
the Bardwell collection of 700 Japanese wood and ivory carvings, and 
extensive collections in ethnology, mineralogy, forestry and produce, 
agriculture, and natural history. The museum maintains a reference 
library, and has in preparation a museum guide and catalog. The 
collections are in charge of Albert E. Gray, curator. Recent and 
detailed information has not been available since the fire of 1906. 

The museum has an annual attendance of over 500,000 visitors. 

SAN FRANCISCO INSTITUTE OF ART. 

Starr. Director, Robert Howe Fletcher; Assistant secretary, 
John Ross Martin; 2 janitors. 

Art. Sculpture, 8; Prints and engravings, 94; Oil paintings, 50; 
Water colors, 3. These are the only portions of the Mark Hopkins 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES 27 


Institute of Art which escaped the earthquake and fire of t906. The 
valuable Emanuel Walter collection has recently been received by 
bequest. 

HistoricaAL SKETCH. The property situated on California and 
Mason streets, formerly the residence of Mark Hopkins, was deeded 
to the board of regents of the University of California in 1893, by Mr. 
Edward F. Searles, for the purposes of “illustration of and instruction 
in the Fine Arts,” under the title of the Mark Hopkins Institute of 
Art, with the agreement that the San Francisco Art Association be 
affiliated with the university and placed in charge of the premises and 
management of the institute. For thirteen years this organization 
carried on the work of the institute, including frequent exhibitions and 
lectures, the maintenance of a library and reading room, and the pub- 
lication of an illustrated magazine. The San Francisco Art Associa- 
tion had been founded in 1872, for the purpose of fostering a taste for 
art in the community, and had already conducted exhibitions and main- 
tained a school in its own rooms for twenty years. The earthquake 
and fire of 1906 destroyed the institute, with the exception of the 
collections noted above. After the earthquake Mr. Searles trans- 
ferred to the San Francisco Art Association what remained of the 
property of the Mark Hopkins Art Institute, including the insurance 
on the buildings, to be used for the maintenance of a new art insti- 
tute known as the San Francisco Institute of Art. The association 
retains its affiliation with the University of California. 

FINANCIAL Support. The San Francisco Art Association, which 
conducts the Art Institute, derives its income from memberships, 
school tuition fees, and admission fees. Although affiliated with the 
University of California the association receives no financial aid from 
the university or the state, with the exception that it pays no taxes. 

Buritpinc. A temporary building was erected in 1907 at a cost 
of $35,000 derived from the funds of the association. It provides 4500 
square feet of floor space available for exhibition, and 9500 available 
for offices, workrooms, and for the School of Design. 

ADMINISTRATION. By a director, responsible to a board of direc- 
tors. 

Scope. The museum illustrates the fine arts, principally by exam- 
ples of paintings and drawings in all mediums, and by sculpture. 
The paintings and drawings are by artists of repute of all nationalities, 
principally of the last century. 

Lrprary. The former library was totally destroyed. At present 
there are 392 volumes relating to art. The library is intended for the 
use of both staff and public. 


28 DIRECTORY OF AMERICAN MUSEUMS 


PUBLICATION. Art bulletins are issued at irregular intervals. - 

ATTENDANCE. Three days each week are free to the public. On 
other days an admission fee of 25 cents is charged, except to members. 
All records of attendance were destroyed in 1906. 


UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA. Anthropological Museum. 


STAFF. Director, F. W. Putnam; Curator and secretary, A. L. 
Kroeber; Museum assistant, Nels C. Nelson; Assistant secretary, 
Ethel G. Field; Preparators, A. Warburton and A. Poyser. 

ANTHROPOLOGY. Archeology and ethnology, of California, 14,717; 
of North America, 11,244; of South America, 10,715; of Eastern Hemis- 
phere and Pacific, 2182. Ancient and modern civilized peoples, 5360; 
Physical anthropology, 2171; Phonograph records, 1523. These 
figures are catalog entries, many of which represent several specimens. 
There is in addition a large Egyptian collection. 

Art. A number of modern paintings; a series of ancient Greek 
and Roman pieces of statuary; also plaster casts of same; vases, etc. 
All objects having anthropological as well as artistic relations are 
included in the statistics given under anthropology. The ancient 
marbles number 100; Greek vases, 180; modern paintings, 105. 

HisToRIcAL SKETCH. The museum had its origin in archeological 
expeditions on behalf of the University of California, instituted and 
supported by Mrs. Phoebe A. Hearst since 1899. The museum was 
organized in 1got and moved to the present building in 1903. 

BuILpING. Erected for college use in 1898 at a cost of about 
$60,000, defrayed by the State of California. It is temporarily 
occupied by the museum and affords 11,000 square feet of floor space 
for exhibition, and 4000 for offices, workrooms, etc. 

ADMINISTRATION. By the staff of the department of anthropology, 
responsible to the regents of the university. 

Scope. Equal stress is laid on exploration, research, college 
teaching, and publication. A special synoptic anthropological collec- 
tion for purposes of instruction, and a collection of casts illustrative 
of Greek and Roman art and architecture, both forming part of the 
organization of the museum, are displayed in a separate building 
on the university grounds at Berkeley. 

PUBLICATIONS. (1) Egyptian archeology, 2 volumes issued, 5 
in preparation; (2) Graeco-Roman archeology, 2 volumes issued, 1 
in preparation; (3) American archeology and ethnology, 7 volumes 
issued, 3 in preparation. 

ATTENDANCE. Open one afternoon a week to the public in parties 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES 20 


limited to 20 at one time and under supervision; to members of the 
university and to scholars daily except Sundays and holidays. 


SANTA CLARA: 


ZOOLOGICAL PARK. 

The city and county jointly maintain a zodlogical park of 60 
acres, established in 1891, containing 7 reptiles, 242 birds, and 134 
mammals. 


SANTA CLARA COLLEGE. 

The college possesses teaching collections which include a paleon- 
tological museum, housed in the Literary Congress building, and a 
mineralogical cabinet. The paleontological museum consists of the 
Ward collection of casts, representing 529 species, and as many more 
original invertebrate and plant fossils. The collection of minerals 
includes 5 sets of crystal models, and about 4000 specimens of rocks, 
metals, ores, gums and resins, and the haloid minerals. There is alsoa 
complete set of corals, 2 relief maps, and a collection of charts, 
diagrams, etc. 


COLORADO 
BOULDER: 

UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO. Museum. 

STAFF. Curator, Junius Henderson; Student assistants. 

ANTHROPOLOGY. Ethnology, 500+. 

Botany. Cryptogams, 3000+ sheets; Phanerogams, 10,o00+ 
sheets; Wood specimens, 50; Economic products, 50 jars; Fruits, 25; 
Seeds, 75 bottles; Riker mounts, 50; Unmounted specimens for ex- 
change, 3000. 

Geotocy. Minerals, on exhibition, 12,350, in storage, 2 tons; 
Rocks, 15,000; Relief maps, models, etc., too. These collections con- 
tain a set of 600 specimens of characteristic ores of Colorado, particu- 
larly rich in tellurids, the Guggenheim systematic collection of min- 
erals, and the G. H. Stone collection of 140 specimens of typical rocks 
of the Cripple Creek region. 

LANTERN SLIDES, ETC. There is a large collection of biological, 
geological, and scenic slides and negatives, with many prints therefrom 
arranged in swinging cabinets. 

PALEONTOLOGY. Invertebrates, on exhibition, 3000+, in storage, 
30,000+, types and figured specimens, 60; Vertebrates, on exhibition, 
50, figured specimens, 3; Plants, on exhibition, 200, in storage, 2500, 


30 DIRECTORY OF AMERICAN MUSEUMS 


types and figured specimens, 49. Among the plant and invertebrate 
material not yet worked up, there are undoubtedly many new species. 

ZoOLocy. Shells, on exhibition, 407, in storage, 15,000+, types 
and figured specimens, 2; Insects, on exhibition, 50 Riker mounts and 
2 display cases, in storage, 2000+; Other invertebrates, 50; Fishes, 
on exhibition, 250, in storage, 2000+, types and figured specimens, 
1; Batrachians, on exhibition, to, in storage, 50; Reptiles, on exhibi- 
tion, 5, in storage, 50; Birds, on exhibition, 245, in storage, 400+; 
Mammals, on exhibition, 47, in storage, 150; Bird nests, on exhibition, 
53, in storage, 55; Bird eggs, on exhibition, 140, in storage, 667. 

HISTORICAL SKETCH. This museum originated in 1902, with the 
appointment of the present curator and the provision of display cases 
for material belonging to the biological departments, hitherto stored. 
In 1900, the curator was for the first time regularly employed to give 
his whole time to the work, with the rank and pay of a full professor. 

FINANCIAL Support. A yearly appropriation, optional with the 
regents of the university. 

Burtpinc. At present the collections are housed in the Hale 
Scientific Building, but a museum building is soon to be erected. 

ADMINISTRATION. By a curator who is responsible to the board of 
regents of the university. 

Scope. The collections are used chiefly for teaching purposes. 
Much stress is laid on exploration and research by the curator and heads 
of the scientific departments, the most notable work having been done 
upon the tertiary fauna and flora of Florissant, the cretaceous faunas 
of northern Colorado, and the botany of Colorado. 

PuBLIcATIONS. Papers based upon museum material have been 
published in technical magazines, proceedings of learned societies 
and the University of Colorado Studies. 

ATTENDANCE. Open free to the public during the academic 
year from 8 to 5, and on application at the office during vacations. 


COLORADO SPRINGS: 
COLORADO COLLEGE. 


The college maintairs in Palmer Hall the following collections, 
in charge of Edward R. Warren, director, open to the public on week- 
days from 2 to 5. 

ANTHROPOLOGY. Theanthropological department containsa large 
amount of pottery from Missouri, New Mexico, and Peru, the Bixby- 
Lang and Deane collections from the cliff dwellings, and a collection 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES 31 


of Egyptian antiquities received from the Egyptian Exploration 
Society, of which the college is a member. 

MINERALOGY. The collection in mineralogy includes 1450 speci- 
mens of common, commercial, and rare minerals. 

PALEONTOLOGY. The foundation for the collection in vertebrate 
paleontology was laid by the purchase of the collections of Professor 
Cragin, consisting of about 8000 specimens, containing the types of 
many new species and some new genera of fossils. Among the types 
the most important is the large plesiosaurian reptile Trinacromerum, 
described from the cretaceous of Kansas in 1888. The collections 
include also an extensive series of casts of fossil vertebrates, including 
a megatherium and a restoration of the mammoth. Invertebrate 
paleontology is represented by specimens illustrating the geological 
record and by a series of casts of noted specimens. Paleobotany is 
represented by 2 cases of carboniferous, cretaceous and oligocene plant 
remains. 

ZoOLoGy. The collections in invertebrate zodlogy comprise repre- 
sentatives of the different groups, including a large series of the butter- 
flies and moths of Colorado, mounted in Denton tablets, and a repre- 
sentative series of the Myxomycetes of Colorado. The vertebrate 
collections comprise the W.S. Stratton collection, containing 29 species 
of fishes, 23 species of reptiles, 442 species of birds, and 170 mammals; 
the Aiken collection of Colorado and other birds, presented by Gen. 
Wm. J. Palmer; and the Warren collection of 50 Colorado mammals. 


DENVER: 

COLORADO MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY. (City Park.) 

STAFF. Director, J. D. Figgins; Curators, Victor H. Borcherdt 
(mammals), L. J. Hersey (ornithology), E. J. Osler (entomology), 
W. S. Ward, (geology and art); Taxidermist-in-chief, Victor H. 
Borcherdt; Assistants in taxidermy, cabinet makers, watchmen, 
firemen, etc. 

Art. Prints and engravings, 52; Oil paintings, 74; Water colors, 
3; Ceramics, 250. There are also extensive loan collections of Japanese 
and Chinese art. 

Borany. A beginning has been made in botanical collection but 
no material is as yet on exhibition. 

COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY. 1 miniature gold mine; 1 case of 
steel products, 1200 pieces; 1 case of miner’s tools, 13 pieces; 1 case of 
marbles, 125 pieces; 1 case of carborundum products, 4oo pieces; 1 
case of graphite and elaterite; 1 case of petroleum products, crude and 


32 DIRECTORY OF AMERICAN MUSEUMS 


finished, 175 pieces; 3 cases of varieties of coal, 400 pieces; 1 case of 
wicker baskets, 100 pieces; 1 case of Philippine hats and head-gear, 75 
pieces; 1 case of necklaces, pottery, and baskets from South America. 

GroLtocy. Minerals, on exhibition, 6300, in storage, 5000. The 
collection contains unique specimens of gold leaf and wire of consider- 
able intrinsic value. 

ZooLocy. Shells, 400; Insects (lepidoptera), on exhibition, 
5000, in storage, 50,000, including 250 co-types of lepidoptera and 250 
co-types of coleoptera; Birds, mounted single specimens, 145, groups, 
22; Mammals, on exhibition, 64, in storage, 53. 6 large groups of 
mammals are mounted in natural surroundings. 

HISTORICAL SKETCH. Founded in 1902, with the purchase of the 
collection of O. E. Carter, for which the sum of $10,000 was paid. 
At the same time, $15,000 was subscribed by enthusiastic citizens 
for the purpose oi erecting a building to house the collections. 

FINANCIAL Support. An optional appropriation from the city of 
$20,000 per annum, supplemented by private contributions. 

Burtpinc. Erected in 1906, at a cost of $107,000, paid for by 
public funds and private subscription. The building affords about 
23,289 square feet of floor space available for exhibition, and about 
5000 for offices, workrooms, etc. 

ADMINISTRATION. By a board of 25 trustees, of which the mayor 
is a member ex-officio, acting through an executive committee. 

Scope. The purpose of the museum is instruction of the public 
by exhibition primarily of the natural history of Colorado, and second- 
arily of art and industry. 

ATTENDANCE. Open free to the public daily from ro to 5 (except 
Sunday forenoon). The total attendance averages 12,000 per month. 


COLORADO SCIENTIFIC SOCIETY. (1510 Court Place.) 

This society maintains a small museum in its rooms, under the 
care of Rebecca M. Riddle, assistant secretary. The collections in- 
clude about 2000 minerals and tooo rocks, chiefly Colorado material; 
a good collection of meteorites; a unique collection of arsenic ores from 
Arizona; and about 700 fossils. A library of 5000 volumes and 10,000 
pamphlets, dealing chiefly with geology, metallurgy, engineering, etc., 
is also open to the public. 

DENVER ARTISTS CLUB. (Public Library.) 

This society has an exhibit’on hall on the top floor of the public 
library building, where it holds about six exhibitions of loan pictures 
annually, and hopes ultimately to maintain a permanent exhibition. 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES 33 


EAST SIDE HIGH SCHOOL. 

This school maintains an educational museum in charge of G. 
L. Cannon and Ellsworth Bethel, instructors in biology. The collec- 
tions comprise about 10,000 specimens, chiefly Colorado material, 
including rocks, minerals, fossils, plants, birds, marine invertebrates, 
and archeological material. This collection is located on the upper 
floor of the school building and is open to the public during school 
hours. 


STATE BOARD OF HORTICULTURE. 

This board maintains a small museum in its rooms in the base- 
ment of the capitol building, in charge of Mrs. Martha Shute, assis- 
tant secretary. The collections include agricultural and horticultural 
products of Colorado; exhibits of injurious insects; and native flower- 
ing plants. 

STATE BUREAU OF MINES. 

The bureau maintains in the capitol a collection of the minerals 
and ores of the state, arranged by counties;a general series of economic 
minerals and mineral products; the Ellsner collection of minerals from 
all parts of the world. 


STATE HISTORICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY. 

This society maintains extensive collections in ethnology, zoology, 
paleontology, and botany, as well as many objects identified with the 
pioneer period in the history of the state. 

The department of ethnology includes over 4000 articles from the 
cliff dwellings. The collections in ornithology include nearly 500 
mounts and about 2t1ooskins of Colorado birds. In other branches of 
zoology there is a good representation of Colorado mammals, together 
with some 8000 local insects and about 7500 marine and fresh-water 
invertebrates. In paleontology there is a large collection of fossils 
from the Florissant beds. The herbarium comprises the Ellsworth 
Bethel botanical collection of 20,000 specimens, rich in cryptogamic 
material, especially fungi. 

The museum is housed in the rooms of the society in the state 
capitol, and was opened tothe public in 1906. It is supported by funds 
appropriated by the General Assembly, and is administered for the 
benefit of the general public under the charge of Jerome C. Smiley, 
curator, and Horace G. Smith, assistant. 

The society maintains a library of about 30,000 books, pam- 
phlets, files of newspapers, etc., including the Edward B. Morgan collec- 
tion of Colorado material. 


34 DIRECTORY OF AMERICAN MUSEUMS 


WAR RELIC DEPARTMENT. 

This department maintains a museum, in charge of W. W. Fer- 
guson, custodian. The collections include over 3000 articles of histori- 
cal interest, housed at present in the state house, but soon to be 
removed to a new building in course of erection in May, tg10. The nu- 
cleus of the museum is a collection made by Cecil A. Deane, and trans- 
ferred in 1895 to the state. Admission is free, and the attendance has 
been estimated at 50,000 a year. 


ZOOLOGICAL PARK. 
The city maintains a zodlogical park, established in 1897, con- 
taining 200 birds and 155 mammals. 


FORT COLLINS: 

STATE AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. Museum. 

The collections, which are rich in local material, are in charge of 
the heads of the several departments and comprise a small collection 
in ethnology; 7000 botanical specimens, including 1000 species of 
Colorado phanerogamsand 300 species of Colorado fungi; small working 
collections of minerals and rocks, and about 1ooo specimens of ores; 
550 specimens in paleontology; and an extensive zodlogical collection, 
including 2000 shells, 80,000 insects, 500 other invertebrates, 20 fishes, 
50 batrachians, 75 reptiles, 1200 birds, and 125 mammals. 


GOLDEN: 

COLORADO SCHOOL OF MINES. Mineralogical Museum. 

This museum is in charge of H. B. Patton, professor of geology 
and mineralogy and, although used primarily for instruction, is open 
free to the public. 

CotLections. Minerals: a synoptic collection of 370; a working 
collection of 21,000+; a display collection of 1305; a supplementary 
collection of 950; the Patton collection of 970; and a crystal collection 
of 1800. Rocks: a synoptic collection of 1800; a working collection of 
748; a United States geological survey educational series of 156; and 
the Patton collection of 1700. Fossils: a display collection of 342; 
and a miscellaneous collection of 1360. Many of the Colorado min- 
erals are of special interest, more particularly the zeolites of Table 
Mountain, Golden. 

The school also possesses a museum of applied chemistry, including 
mounted specimens of raw materials, main products, by-products, 
and waste products of the various branches of technical chemistry and 
metallurgy, and a metallurgical collection of models illustrating the 
best types of furnaces in this and other countries. 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES 35 


GREELEY: 

STATE NORMAL SCHOOL. 

The school has undertaken the organization of museums for 
teaching purposes in connection with its several departments of 
study. A bulletin describing the collections was issued in May, 
1908. 

CONNECTICUT 
HARTFORD: 

CONNECTICUT HISTORICAL SOCIETY. 

The secretary and librarian reports that the society maintains a 
small museum, of which he is the custodian, but no further information 
regarding the collections has been received. 


THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY. (Broad St.) 

The seminary is the custodian of the large collection of ethno- 
graphical specimens collected by missionaries of the American Board of 
Commissioners for Foreign Missions, Boston, with which are included 
similar articles belonging to the seminary itself. It also possesses the 
Paton Palestinian ethnological collection; and has a full set of lan- 
tern slides illustrating the archeology, geography, and ethnology of 
Palestine. 

TRINITY COLLEGE. Museum. 

The collections include a fair representation of the minerals; the 
- Ward collections of rocks; rocks of the New York series, and of the 
stratigraphical series;a local herbarium;a few cases of Indian and other 
relics; Ward’s collection of fossils and casts of fossils; a fair representa- 
tion of vertebrates, including some good mammalian skeletons; small 
local collections of insects, the fauna of Long Island Sound, Blaschka 
models of Hydrozoa, and a large collection of unidentified shells. 
These collections are in charge of the professor of natural history, 
and though used primarily for college purposes, are open to visitors. 


WADSWORTH ATHENEUM. 

STAFF. Chief curator, Frank Butler Gay; Curators, John H. 
Sage (natural history), Henry D. Miller (mineralogy), Albert Hastings 
Pitkin (ceramics). 

CoLLections. The art collections include paintings, ceramics, 
firearms, statuary, etc. Among the artists represented are Lawrence, 
Gainsborough, Raeburn, Morland, Constable, Ostade, Heernskerk, 
Van der Neer, Weenix, Van der Helst, Corot, Troyon, Jacque Lhermitte, 
Pasini, Isabey, Clays, Mesdag, Dupre, Copley, Trumbull, Stewart, 


26 DIRECTORY OF AMERICAN MUSEUMS 


Cole, Inness, Wyant, and others. There is also a collection of early 
books and prints to illustrate the development of printed pictures, 
made by William C. Prime. Ina portion of the building known as the 
Morgan Memorial is a remarkable collection of tapestries loaned by 
Mr. J. Pierpont Morgan. 

The natural history collections include an especially choice collec- 
tion of Connecticut Valley birds, bird eggs, shells, minerals, etc. 

Data concerning the building and financial support have not been 
received. 


LITCHEIBILD: 

LITCHFIELD HISTORICAL SOCIETY. 

The society maintains a museum of local history, including war 
relics; old china, furniture, tools, coins, articles of clothing, etc.; 
autographs, portraits, and medals; and a library of books of local inter- 
est, files of newspapers, etc. These collections occupy about 2250 
square feet of floor space in a building erected by Mrs. Emily N. 
Vanderpool, in memory of herson. The museum is in charge of Mrs. 
Vanderpool, curator, and is open to the public on week-days in simmer 
and twice a week in winter. 


MERIDEN: 

MERIDEN SCIENTIFIC ASSOCIATION. 

The association possesses a geological and mineralogical collec- 
tion of about 3000 specimens. 


MIDDLETOWN: 

MIDDLESEX COUNTY HISTORICAL SOCIETY. 

This society has a museum of about 2000 articles of historical 
interest, military, naval, civil, religious, and ethnological, pertaining 
mainly to the county, state,and the United States,in charge of A. R. 
Crittenden, curator. It also has a library of 2500 or more volumes 
with many pamphlets, documents, letters, and historical engravings, 
in charge of Frances M. Pelton, librarian. 

WESLEYAN UNIVERSITY. Museum. 

Ser Curaters———— 

ANTHROPOLOGY. 3400+ specimens, rich in material illustrating 
the life of American Indians, largely from localities in New England, 
from burial mounds near Chattanooga, and from California. There is 
also a large collection from China, the South Sea Islands, and Africa. 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES 37 


Botany. Cryptogams, 300+; Phanerogams, 10,000+; Speci- 
mens of wood, alcoholic specimens of fungi, and miscellaneous botani- 
cal specimens, 1500+. 

GroLocy. Minerals, on exhibition, 7000+, in storage, 10,000+; 
Rocks, on exhibition, 1000+, in storage, 1ooot. There is a collec- 
tion of dynamic geology, illustrating systematically the work of atmos- 
pheric, aqueous, organic, and igneous agencies. The minerals are rich 
in material from Middletown, Portland, and Haddam. 

NuMISMATICS. 7ooo+coinsandmedals. Among these are 2000+ 
Chinese coins, many of which are ancient and rare, presented by 
Rey. M. L. Taft; a collection of historical medals and facsimilies of 
Greek and Roman coins (with some originals), numbering rtooo+ 
specimens, presented by Stephen H. Olin. 

PALEONTOLOGY. Invertebrates, on exhibition, t0,ooo+, in 
storage, 4000+; Vertebrates, on exhibition, 2000+; Plants, on exhibi- 
tion, 200c+, in storage, 500+. These collections include a fine repre- 
sentation of fishes from the triassic shales of Durham and Guilford, 
Conn., and considerable material from the Green River beds of Fossil, 
Wyoming; also casts of Megatherium and other large fossil verte- 
brates. 

ZooLocy. Shells, on exhibition, 30,000+, in storage, 60,000+; 
Insects, on exhibition, 2000+, in storage, 3000+; Other inverte- 
brates, on exhibition, 7000+, in storage, 3000+; Fishes, on exhibition, 
1500+, in storage, 500+; Batrachians, on exhibition, 200+; Reptiles, 
on exhibition, 500+, in storage, too+; Birds, on exhibition, rooo+t, 
in storage, 700+; Mammals, on exhibition, 400+. These collections 
include full representations of the vertebrates of North America and 
of the marine invertebrates of the New England coast. The large 
collection of shells was obtained chiefly by the purchase of the collec- 
tion of Dr. Simeon Shurtleff. 

HistoricaAL SketcH. The collection of museum material was 
commenced at the time of the founding of the university in 1831. 
John Johnston, professor of natural science for many years in the early 
history of the college, collected many specimens from the rich minera- 
logical localities in the vicinity of Middletown. The Franckfort 
collection, rich in minerals from European localities, was purchased 
in 1858, and the Shurtleff collection of shells, birds, etc., was purchased 
in 1868. In 1871, George Brown Goode became connected with the 
museum, which owes much to his energy as a collector and to his 
genius as a museum administrator. Since 1893, Mr. Loper, the recent 
curator, has made extensive collections of fossils in the vicinity of 


38 DIRECTORY OF AMERICAN MUSEUMS 


Middletown, Valcour Island, Nova Scotia, Maryland, Colorado, and 
Wyoming. 

FINANCIAL SUPPORT. The museum has no separate endowment, 
salaries being paid from the funds of the university. Money for occa-_ 
sional purchase of specimens has usually been raised by special sub- 
scription. 

Buitpinc. The two upper stories of the natural science building, 
Orange Judd Hall, are used for the museum. 11,000 square feet of 
floor space is available for exhibition, and 2000+ for offices, work- 
rooms, etc. 

ADMINISTRATION. Under the control of the board of trustees of 
the university. 

Scope. The collections are chiefly used for college teaching, but 
some emphasis is laid upon instruction of the general public and of 
pupils of the public schools. 

PUBLICATIONS. From 1876 to 1892 an annual report was pub- 
lished, giving lists of accessions and other information. Since that 
date, the important facts in regard to the museum have been given in 


the semi-annual bulletins of the university. 

ATTENDANCE. Open free to the public on Wednesday and Satur- 
day afternoons, and at other times on special application; to students 
of the university, at all times. 


NEW BRITAIN: 

NEW BRITAIN INSTITUTE. 

This library possesses 8 oil paintings, 3 of which were purchased 
from the Talcott Art fund; and a collection of 157 mounted birds, 
not yet arranged for exhibition. They are to receive, as soon as 
accommodations can be prepared, 1480 named and classified minerals, 
500 shells, and 500 fossils. 


NEW HAVEN: 

NEW HAVEN COLONY HISTORICAL SOCIETY. (144 Grove St.) 

This society possesses an unclassified collection of Indian flints 
and arrowheads, and objects, documents and prints relating to local 
history, in charge of Frederick Bostwick, curator. The society also 
possesses a library of 7000 volumes and 8000 pamphlets relating to 
historical and genealogical subjects. 

YALE UNIVERSITY. School of the Fine Arts. 

The school maintains an art museum in charge of John F. Weir, 
director, and George H. Langzettel, assistant curator. The collections 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES 39 


include the Jarves gallery of Italian art numbering 122 paintings, 
dating from the 11th to the 17th centuries; the Trumbull gallery of 
historical portraits and other works of modern art; a collection of 
original sketches by the old masters; about 150 casts and marbles 
representative of Greek and renaissance art; a valuable collection of old 
Chinese porcelain and bronzes; an extensive series of Belgian wood 
carvings of the r7th century, the confessionals and wainscoting of an 
old chapel in Ghent; and a considerable collection of autotypes. 

There is also an art library containing technical handbooks and 
the principal English, French, and German art periodicals in complete 
sets, besides collections of etchings and engravings. 

The museum is open free to the public from October 1 to July 1 
on week-days from 1 to 5, and on Sundays from November 1 to May 
t from 1.30 to 4.30. During the summer vacation the galleries are 
open from g to 1 and 2 to 5, when a fee of 25 cents is charged. This 
fee is also charged when special loan exhibitions are, organized, in 
order to meet incidental expenses. 


YALE UNIVERSITY. Botanical Garden. 

The garden was established in 1900 on the estate of the late Prof. 
Othniel C. Marsh, who bequeathed the place to the university for 
this purpose. It is connected with the Yale Forest School and is under 
the care of James W. Toumey, director. 


YALE UNIVERSITY. The Eaton Herbarium. 

This collection was given by the family of the late Prof. Daniel 
C. Eaton in 1896, in accordance with his wishes, on condition that a 
suitable fireproof room be provided for it on or before October 1, 1896, 
and that proper provision be made for its care and preservation; also 
that it be kept as a separate collection, or else that the sheets be marked 
with some distinguishing stamp or label, as “The Eaton Herbarium.” 


YALE UNIVERSITY. Peabody Museum of Natural History. 

STAFF. Curators, A. E. Verrill (zodlogy), Edward S. Dana (miner- 
alogy), Charles Schuchert (geology), G. Fs Eaton (osteology), G. G. 
MacCurdy (anthropology); Associate curators, R. S. Lull and G. F. 
Eaton (vertebrate paleontology); Lecturer on paleobotany, G. R. 
Wieland; Chief preparator, Hugh Gibb; 2 preparators, 2 museum assis- 
tants, 1 librarian, and 1 janitor. 

ANTHROPOLOGY. A general collection, comprising stone imple- 
ments, the Moseley collection of Indian baskets, Panama pottery, 1 
Mexican calendar stone, the Prudden collection of material from the 
ancient pueblos and cliff dwellings of the southwest United States, the 


40 DIRECTORY OF AMERICAN MUSEUMS 


Hoppin Eskimo exhibit and other smaller series. Much of the mate- 
rial was presented to the university by Professor Marsh. 

GroLtocy. The mineral collection is one of the best in America; 
it was begun in 1804 by Professor Silliman and later developed by 
Professors James D. Dana and Edward S. Dana. It comprises a 
systematic series and several special collections, including the Gibbs 
collection, purchased in 1825; famous collections of meteorites includ- 
ing the Gibbs iron from Texas, the Weston meteorite, nearly 1000 
specimens from the great shower of 1890 in Winnebago County, 
lowa, and the Hubert A. Newton collection. 

PALEONTOLOGY. These collections consist of 6500 drawers of 
study vertebrate, invertebrate, and plant fossils, besides two rooms of 
exhibition specimens, brought together in the main by Professors O. C. 
Marsh and Charles E. Beecher since 1866, when the former was ap- 
pointed professor of paleontology. Nearly all of this material is from 
America and chiefly from the Rocky Mountain and Great Plains 
regions. Among the more important fossil vertebrates are the triassic, 
jurassic, and cretaceous dinosaurs, the toothed birds from the creta- 
ceous, the largest of pterodactyls (Pteranodon), Archelon, the largest of 
marine turtles, and an extensive series of tertiary mammals, among 
which is the famous Marsh collection of American fossil horses that 
formed the basis of Huxley’s lectures in 1876. Among the inverte- 
brates is the unique series of trilobites, preserving the antennae and 
the ventral limbs, and three large slabs of crinoids from the paleozoic 
and cretaceous. Of fossil cycads from the jurassic of South Dakota 
there are more than 500, preserving not only the microscopic structure 
of the trunk but as well the unemerged flower buds. 

ZooLocy. Nearly all of the extensive collections are the work of 
Professor Verrill. Among the invertebrates, mention may be made of 
the corals (one of the most extensive collections in the country) and 
the nearly complete collection of the marine invertebrates of New 
England. 

HistTorIcAL SKETCH. In 1866, George Peabody, of London, but 
of Massachusetts birth, entrusted to a board of trustees, selected by 
himself, the sum of $150,000 to found and maintain a museum of 
natural history, especially in the departments of zoélogy, geology, and 
mineralogy, in connection with Yale College. Of this sum, $100,000 
was devoted by Mr. Peabody to the erection, on land to be given for 
that purpose by the president and fellows of Yale College, of a fire- 
proof building, planned with special reference toits subsequent enlarge- 
ment, to be, when completed, the property of Yale College. Of the 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES 4I 


remainder of the gift, $20,000 was set apart to accumulate as a building 
fund, and $30,000 to meet byits income from investment the expenses 
attending the care of the museum, the increase of its collections, and 
the general interests of the departments of science before named. 

FINANCIAL Support. An income of $30,000 from the original 
Peabody endowment, supplemented by liberal annual appropriations 
from the university. 

BuILpInc. In 1876, the first wing of the museum—the part now 
standing—was completed and furnished with cases at a cost of $175,000 
the whole outlay being met by the accumulated building fund. The 
central part of the projected structure and the south wing remain to 
be built whenever the means available for the purpose shall be ade- 
quate. 

ADMINISTRATION. By a self-perpetuating board of trustees. 

Scope. The primary purposes of the museum are research, 
university teaching, and public instruction. 

ATTENDANCE. Open free to the public on week-days throughout 
the year from g to 5, and on Sundays from November to May from 
T.30 tO 4.30. 

YALE UNIVERSITY. Steinert Collection. 

Of special interest to all students of music is the M. Steinert 
collection of musical instruments and manuscripts. It contains a 
large number of ancient keyed and stringed instruments in a state of 
excellent preservation, and shows the development of these instruments 
during a period extending over several centuries. This collection, which 
also contains a number of ecclesiastical manuscripts, is of much 
historical importance. It was given to the university by Mr. Morris 
Steinert of New Haven and is kept in Memorial Hall. Open to the 
public on Sunday afternoons in winter; at other times accessible upon 
inquiry at the office of University Dining Hall. 


NEW LONDON: 

NEW LONDON HISTORICAL SOCIETY. 

This society is said to maintain a collection of historical relics 
in the Shaw Mansion purchased for this purpose by public subscrip- 
tion. 


STORRS: 

CONNECTICUT AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. 

The college maintains collections for teaching purposes, including 
about 75 Indianimplements; 700 minerals; goo specimens of historical 


42 DIRECTORY OF AMERICAN MUSEUMS 


and economic geology; 500 fossils; 1500 botanical specimens represent- 
ing the flora of Connecticut; and a zoological collection of about 10,000 
specimens, including a good collection of insects, a good collection of 
birds, particularly warblers, and a general synoptic collection in which 
the gastropods are best represented. The museum is in charge of 
G. H. Lamson, Jr., and occupies about 300 square feet of floor space in 
the main building of the college. 


DELAWARE 
MEWARK: 

DELAWARE COLLEGE. 

The college has teaching collections including 250 fossils; 600 
minerals; 300 specimens of economic and historical geology; 200 
invertebrate animals from the National Museum, and 200 collected 
locally; 200 vertebrates; and 1500 botanical specimens. 


WILMINGTON: 
HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF DELAWARE. (924 Market St.) 
The assistant librarian reports that the society maintains a 


museum, but no further information has been received. 


NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF DELAWARE. 
This society possesses a botanical collection of about 7000 spe- 
cimens, made by the late William M. Canby. 


ZOOLOGICAL PARK. 
The city maintains a zodlogical park of 10 acres, established in 


1905, containing 3 reptiles, 32 birds, and 35 mammals. 


DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA 


WASHINGTON: 

ARMY MEDICAL MUSEUM. 

A collection, consisting mainly of human pathology, witha depart- 
ment devoted to military and general hygiene, is maintained by an 
annual appropriation from Congress. The museum issues catalogs 
and occasional reports, is open free to the public, and is administered 
by a curator, Major F. F. Russell, and an assistant curator, Capt. 
Chas. F. Craig, responsible to the surgeon-general of the United States 
army. Three assistants, who are graduates in medicine, and two labor- 
ers make up the working force of the museum. 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES 43 


CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY OF AMERICA. 

Professor Henry Hyvernat reports that the recent transfer and 
impending reorganization of the university museum make it impossible 
to givea report at present. The university is said by Merrill to possess 
a botanical collection of over 30,000 specimens, especially rich in plants 
of the Rocky Mountains and the Pacific coast, gathered by Professor 


Edward L. Greene, and containing types of several hundred species 
described by him. 


CORCORAN GALLERY OF ART. 

StTaFF. Director, Frederick B. McGuire; Assistant director, C. 
Powell Minnigerode; 1 clerk and stenographer, 1 janitor, 1 engineer, 
t foreman, 7 guards and attendants and 3 char-women. 

Art. Sculpture, about 350 pieces, including original marbles, 
casts of antique, renaissance, and modern sculpture, and 107 original 
Barye bronzes; Prints and engravings, the St. Memim collection of 
820 engraved portraits; Oil paintings, 280+; Water colors, 15; 
Cloisonné, 6 pieces; Porcelains and glass, 15 pieces; Electrotype 
reproductions, 141 pieces. 

HistoricAL SketcH. The art gallery and school were founded 
and endowed by the late William Wilson Corcoran in 1869, and opened 
to the public in 1874 in the building on the corner of Pennsylvania 
Avenueand 17th Street. The gallery was opened in the new building 
in 1897. 

FINANCIAL Support. Annualincome: from endowment, $35,000; 
from the art school, about $5000; from admission fees, about $3000. 

BuiLpinc. Erected in 1893-7, at a cost of $650,000, paid from 
the endowment fund. About 35,000 square feet of floor space is 

‘available for exhibition purposes, and about 4o00c for offices, work- 
rooms, etc. 


ADMINISTRATION. By a director, responsible to a board of 
trustees. 

Scope. In connection with the gallery there is a free art school 
with classes in drawing and painting from the cast, life, etc., also por- 
trait and still-life classes. The students number about 300. Loan 
collections and special exhibitions are placed in the gallery from time to 
time. ‘ 

LIBRARY. i000 volumes on the fine arts, used chiefly as a 
reference library by members of the staff and students of the school. 

PusLications.. (1) Annual reports. (2) Catalogs of the perman- 
ent collection. (3) Catalogs of special exhibitions. 


44 DIRECTORY OF AMERICAN MUSEUMS 


ATTENDANCE. ‘The gallery is closed to the public every summer 
for necessary renovation. It is open during the remainder of the year, 
as follows: From November 1 to July 1, on Sundays from 1.30 to 
4.30, on Mondays from 12 to 4, on other days from 9 to 4. Admission 
is free, except on Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays, when an 
entrance fee of 25 cents is charged. The total attendence for the year 
1908 was 133,973, Including 10,427 pay admissions, and 123,546 free 
admissions. 


GEORGETOWN UNIVERSITY. The Coleman Museum. 

STAFF. Curator, Francis A. Tondorf; Assistants, C. J. Ramage, 
John Langdale, Edward Connelly. 

ANTHROPOLOGY. 1400 specimens, including a complete series of 
Indian remains from the District of Columbia, and fine collections 
from Alaska and the Philippine Islands. 

Art. Oil paintings by ancient and modern masters; valuable 
engravings; prints and photographs; and the Beauchamp Hughes 
collection of laces, pictures, ancient manuscripts, bronzes, china, and 
bric-a-brac. 

Botany. A herbarium of about 300 specimens, representing the 
flora of the District of Columbia. 

GroLtocy. Minerals, on exhibition, 3130, in storage, 400+ ; Rocks, 
on exhibition, 1500, in storage, 300+ ; Relief maps, models, etc., 5. 
The collections include a complete representation of local minerals and 
rocks. 

History. A collection of 120 Maryland colonial relics is con- 
tained in a special room intended for the exhibition of Maryland 
history. 

NumisMAtics. A complete set of pontifical medals, and foreign 
and domestic coins. 

PALEONTOLOGY. About 1200 fossils, including several fine tusks of 
the mammoth from Alaska. 

ZooLocy. Shells, on exhibition, 3164, in storage, 400+, types 
and figured specimens, 100+ ; Birds, on exhibition, 1020, eggs, 1300, 
nests, 88; Mammals too+. 10 small groups are exhibited in natural 
surroundings. 

HisTorIcAL SKETCH. In 184c the collections had become suf- 
ficiently extensive to warrant the setting apart of a special room for 
their exhibition. In 1889 they were transferred to Coleman Hall in 
the main building. 

FINANCIAL Support. Maintained by university funds. 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES 45 


BuitpINGc. The collections occupy the north pavilion of the 
main building, to which has been given the name, Coleman Hall. 
2440 square feet of floor space is available for exhibition. 

ScoprE. Research, college teaching, and instruction of the general 
public. 

ATTENDANCE. Open free to the public daily from 9 to 5. The 
number of visitors is estimated at 5000 annually. 


GEORGE WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY MEDICAL SCHOOL. 

-The Medical School now has, in charge of F. F. Russell, professor 
of pathology and bacteriology, the teaching collection of human 
pathology which formerly belonged to the Columbian University. 


HOWARD UNIVERSITY. 

The department of biology and geology possesses teaching col- 
lections including a phanerogamic herbarium of about 7590 speci- 
mens, chiefly flora of the District of Columbia, with a general collection 
of about 2000 plants from the United States and Mexico, and 23 
fascicles of native plants issued by the United States department of 
agriculture; about 1200 minerals and rocks; about 2000 invertebrates; 
and about 500 vertebrates, including 12 groups mounted in natural 
surroundings, and a good collection of skeletons in comparative anat- 
omy. These collections are maintained from the general appropria- 
tion for the department, are used for teaching purposes, and are in 
charge of R. E. Schuh, professor of biology and geology. 


UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 

STAFF. Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, keeper ex officio 
Charles D. Walcott; Assistant secretary, in charge of the museum, 
Richard Rathbun; Administrativeassistant,W.deC. Ravenel. Depart- 
ment of anthropology: Head curator, William H. Holmes; Curators, 
Walter Hough (ethnology), Ales Hrdlicka (physical anthropology), 
William H. Holmes (prehistoric archeology), J. M. Flint (medicine), A. 
Howard Clark (history); Assistant curators, I. M. Casanowicz (his- 
toric archeology), George C. Maynard (technology), T. T. Belote 
(history); Custodians, Paul Brockett (graphic arts), T. W. Smillie (pho- 
tography); Collaborators, J. W. Fewkes (ethnology), J. D. McGuire 
(prehistoric archeology); Aids, T. F. Lane (physical anthropology), 
E. P. Upham (prehistoric archeology); Associates, Paul Haupt and 
Cyrus Adler (historic archeology). Department of biology: Head cura- 
tor, Frederick W. True; Chief of exhibits, James E. Benedict; Cura- 
tors, Gerrit S. Miller, Jr. (mammals), Robert Ridgway (birds), 


46 DIRECTORY OF AMERICAN MUSEUMS 


Leonhard Stejneger (reptiles and batrachians), B. W. Evermann 
(fishes), William H. Dall (mollusks), L. O. Howard (insects), Richard 
Rathbun (marine invertebrates), Frederick V. Coville (plants—Nat- 
ional Herbarium); Associate curator, J. N. Rose (plants—National 
Herbarium); Assistant curators, N. Hollister (mammals), Charles W. 
Richmond (birds), Barton A. Bean (fishes), Paul Bartsch (mollusks), 
J. C. Crawford (insects), Mary J. Rathbun and Austin H. Clark 
(marine invertebrates), W. R. Maxon and P. C. Standley (plants— 
National Herbarium), O. F. Cook (cryptogamic collections—National 
Herbarium); Custodians, O. F. Cook (myriapoda), D. W. Coquillett 
(diptera), E. A. Schwarz (coleoptera), Harrison G. Dyar (lepidop- 
tera), A. N. Caudell (orthoptera), Nathan Banks (arachnida), 
Otto Heidemann (hemiptera), C. W. Stiles (helminthological col- 
lections), W. T. Swingle (higher algae-—National Herbarium), D. G. 
Fairchilds (lower fungi—National Herbarium); Assistant custodian, 
B. H. Ransom (helminthological collections); Collaborators, Mary 
Breen (mollusks), Harriet Richardson (marine invertebrates) ; Aids, J. 
H. Riley (birds), R. G. Paine (reptiles and batrachians), Alfred C. 
Weed (fishes), William B. Marshall (mollusks), Paul R. Myers (in- 
sects); Associates, Theodore N. Gill, C. Hart Merriam, W. L. Abbott, 
and Edgar A. Mearns (zodlogy), Edward L. Greene and John Don- 
nell Smith (botany). Department of geology: Head curator, George 
P. Merrill; Curators, George P. Merrill (physical and chemical! geol- 
ogy), F. W. Clarke (mineralogy), R. S. Bassler (invertebrate pale- 
ontology); Associate curators, W. H. Dall (invertebrate paleontology 
—cenozoic collection), David White (paleobotany); Assistant cura- 
tors, F. B. Laney (physical and chemical geology), Joseph E. Pogue, 
Jr. (mineralogy), Lancaster D. Burling (invertebrate paleontology) ; 
Custodians, T. W. Stanton (invertebrate paleontology—mesozoic 
collection), T. Wayland Vaughan (madreporarian corals), James 
W. Gidley (mammalian collection), Charles W. Gilmore (reptilian col- 
lection), F. H. Knowlton (mesozoic plants); Aid, A. C. Peale (paleo- 
botany); Associates, L. T. Chamberlain (mineralogy), Charles A. 
White (paleontology), Lester F. Ward (paleobotany). Department of 
mineral technology: Curator, Charles D. Walcott. National Gallery 
of Art: Curator, William H. Holmes. Administrative staff: Chief 
of correspondence and documents, R. I. Geare; Disbursing agent, 
W.1I. Adams; Superintendent of construction and labor, J. S. Gold- 
smith; Editor, Marcus Benjamin; Editorial clerk, E. S. Steele; Assist- 
ant librarian, N. P. Scudder; Photographer, T. W. Smillie; Registrar, 
S. C. Brown; Property clerk, W. A. Knowles. 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES 47 


Cotzections. The readjustment and moving of the collections 
necessitated by the construction of a new building prevents the com- 
pilation of statistics regarding the collections. 

The total number of specimens inall branches of natural history 
amounts to several millions, the annual accretion during several years 
having averaged about a quarter of a million specimens. An enumer- 
ation of the type specimens has not recently been made, but the number 
is exceptionally large. These natural history collections have been 
received in greater part from government surveys and explorations, 
and are richest in material from North America. Many other parts of 
the world are also well represented in one subject or another, especially 
Central America, the Philippines, Malaysia, and some portions of 
Europe, Africa, and South America. The deep-water zodlogical 
collections from both the Atlantic and Pacific oceans are the most 
extensive and important in existence. 

The National Gallery of Art, as the department of fine arts is 
designated, has come into prominence during the past four years 
through the bequest of Harriet Lane Johnston, and the gifts of Charles 
L. Freer and William T. Evans, consisting mainly of paintings and 
oriental pottery, valued at not less than one and one-half million 
dollars. 

The department of arts and industries, the proper development 
of which has been delayed by lack of space, but is now rendered pos- 
sible by the new building, has had on exhibition the most complete 
collections of firearms in this country, boat and railroad models, 
electrical apparatus, time-keeping and measuring devices, ceramics, 
graphic arts, laces, embroideries, etc. Large collections of other sub- 
jects are in storage. 

The historical collection is rich in materials illustrative of periods 
and of important events and personages connected with the history 
of the United States from the colonial period. 

HisvoricALt SKETCH. By congressional act of August 10, 1846, 
founding the Smithsonian Institution, that establishment was made 
the custodian of the national collections in both nature and art. The 
museum branch was definitely organized in 1850, the title “United 
States National Museum” being authoritatively given by congress in 
1875. During the first few years the expenses of the museum were 
wholly met from the Smithsonian fund, and it was not until 1878 that 
the government began to provide entirely for its maintenance, through 
annual congressional appropriations. 


48 DIRECTORY OF AMERICAN MUSEUMS 


Among important early sources of collections may be mentioned 
the United States Exploring Expedition of 1838 to 1842, the Perry 
Expedition to Japan, the North Pacific Exploring Expedition of the 
Navy, the railroad and wagon road surveys by the Army in connection 
with the opening up of the far west,the Canadian and Mexican boundary 
surveys, certain geological explorations, and the work of the Coast 
Survey in Alaskan waters, besides many expeditions organized or 
assisted by the Smithsonian Institution. Of more recent date are the 
investigations of the Bureau of Fisheries, the Geological Survey, the 
Bureau of American Ethnology, and the Bureaus of Plant Industry, 
Entomology, and Biological Survey of the Department of Agriculture. 
Of private donors, some of whom have made gifts of great extent and 
value, the list is very long. 

FINANCIAL Support. By congressional appropriations, that for 
the fiscal year ending June 30, 1909, amounting to $318,080. For the 
fiscal year ending in toto, the appropriation amounts to $565,500, the 
increased amount being called for by the approaching occupancy of 
the new building. : 

BurILpincs. The Smithsonian building, completed in 1857, at an 
expense of over $300,000, and designed in part for the museum, was, 
as early as 1872, turned over entirely to museum purposes, with the 
exception of the east wing, retained for the use of the institution proper. 
A separate building of brick, called for by the increase of the collections 
and having a main floor area of 103,000 square feet, was finished in 
1881, at an initial cost of $250,000. There is now nearly completed, 
and in small part already occupied, a third building of granite, having 
a frontage of 560 feet and a floor area of about to acres, which has cost 
$3,500,000. It is intended for the departments of natural history, and 
will also temporarily house the National Gallery of Art, while the older 
buildings will be used for the collections of arts and industries. These 
buildings are all located on the Mall, between oth and rath streets. 

ADMINISTRATION. The governing body of the Smithsonian Insti- 
tution, and consequently of the National Museum, isa board of regents, 
comprising the vice-president and the chief-justice of the United States 
as ex officio members, three members of the United States Senate, three 
members of the House of Representatives, and six citizens at large. 
The authority of the board is exercised through its executive officer, 
the secretary of the Smithsonian Institution. 

Score. The museum is charged with three principal obligations, 
namely, the care and preservation of the national collections, research 
work in naming and classifying the specimens, and the promotion of 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES 49 


education by the exhibition of such material as is suitable for that 
purpose. The interests of education are also subserved by the distri- 
bution of duplicate specimens to the higher grades of schools and col- 
leges throughout the country. Very little field work is undertaken 
directly by the museum. 

Four general divisions of the museum are recognized: (1) Natural 
history, including ethnology and archeology; (2) the fine arts; (3) the 
arts and industries; (4) history. 

Lisrary. About 36,000 volumes and 56,0co unbound papers, of 
a purely technical character, maintained primarily for the use of the 
staff, but accessible to any properly qualified persons. 

PUBLICATIONS. (1) Annual Reports. (2) Proceedings. (3) 
Bulletins. The first mentioned are of the nature of administrative 
reports to congress. The Proceedings and Bulletins are mainly 
restricted to technical papers and monographs based upon the mus- 
eum’s collection. The difference between these two lies chiefly in the 
fact that the Proceedings consist of the shorter and the Bulletins of 
thelonger papers. Of the Proceedings, 37 volumes have been published ; 
of the Bulletin, 71 numbers, but a few of these extend to two or more 
volumes. 

ATTENDANCE. Open free to the public on week-days from 9 to 
4.30. Sunday opening is contemplated in the near future. The number 
of visitors is about 250,000 annually. 


ZOOLOGICAL PARK. 

The federal government and city jointly maintain a zodlogical 
park of 166 acres, established in 1890, containing 124 reptiles, 713 
birds, and 565 mammals. 


FLORIDA 

DELAND: 

JOHN B. STETSON UNIVERSITY. Monroe Heath Museum. 

This museum consists of collections prepared by the Ward Natural 
Science Establishment of Rochester, New York, and given to the 
university by Mrs. Monroe Heath of Chicago as a memorial to her 
husband. The collections comprise: Minerals, 725+; Rocks, 240+; 
Paleontology, 325+, including casts of fossil vertebrates; Zodlogy, 
300+, mostly invertebrates. In addition to the above there are 80 
Florida birds, the gift of Mr. John B. Stetson. The museum is intended 
for teaching and study purposes, and is in charge of John F. Baerecke, 
professor of biology and physiology. 


50 DIRECTORY OF AMERICAN MUSEUMS 


Sie NU GUSa ING: 


ST. AUGUSTINE INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND HISTORICAL 
SOCIETY. 


This society maintains a museum begun in 1884 and now filling 
seven rooms. The collections include geology, natural history, pre- 
historic implements and weapons, and material relating to the early 
history of Florida. 


GEORGIA 
ATLANTA: 

STATE MUSEUM. 

STAFF. Curator, S. W. McCallie. 

ANTHROPOLOGY. A collection of 203 Indian relics. 

BOTANY. 200 specimens of Georgia woods, consisting of sections 
of trees show'ng finished and unfinished surfaces, together with some 
finished products; and an economic exhibit of fruits and grains in 
glass jars. 

EDUCATIONAL. to cases with exhibits of public school work. 

GroLocy. Minerals, on exhibition, 1250+; Rocks, on exhibition, 
250+; Minerals and rocks, in storage, tooo+; Building stones, 85 
eight-inch cubes, including marble, granite, gneiss, hornblende, sand- 
stone, serpentine, and Caen stone, from various localities in the state, 
uniformly dressed to show susceptibility to various methods of finishing; 
Marbles, 6 slabs from the quarries at Tate; Georgia ores,149 specimens; 
Clays, etc. 

PALEONTOLOGY. 1000+ specimens on exhibition. 

ZoOLoGy. An economic exhibit of injurious insects, contained 
in 6 large cases. 


The above collections occupy the corridors of the third floor of 
the state capitol, and are under the charge of the state geologist. 
They are open free to the public daily, except Sundays, from 8 to 5. 


ZOOLOGICAL PARK. 
The city maintains a zoélogical park of 140 acres, established in 
1892, containing 1o reptiles, 132 birds, and gt mammals. 


MACON: 

MERCER UNIVERSITY. 

No information has been received regarding the collections of 
this university, which is said by Merrill to include 500 Indian utensils 
and weapons, about 600 botanical specimens, 2500 fossils, tooo rocks 
and several thousand minerals, 1000 specimens of economic geology, 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES 51 


and a small collection of meteorites including the Stewart and Putnam 
County stones (both described in the “‘ American Journal of Science’’). 
There are also about 600 zoélogical specimens. 


OXFORD: 

EMORY COLLEGE. 

The museum of Emory College is in charge of H. H. Stone, curator, 
and is made up largely of Japanese, Chinese, and Indian curios, to- 
gether with war relics, 200 fossils, 5000 minerals, and a collection of 
Georgia birds made rather for classroom use than for strictly museum 
purposes. 


HAWAII 


HONOLULU: 

BERNICE PAUAHI BISHOP MUSEUM. 

STAFF. Director, William T. Brigham; Honorary curator of 
mollusca, William H. Dall; Curator of Polynesian ethnology, John 
F. G. Stokes; Curator of Pulmonata, C. Montague Cooke; Honorary 
curator of entomology, Otto H. Swezey; Assistant in botany, Charles 
N. Forbes; Librarian, E. Schupp; Artist and modeler, John W. Thomp- 
son; 2 printers, and 2 ianitors. 

ANTHROPOLOGY. Archeology, foreign, 275;. Ethnology, native, 
4992, foreign, 3417. ‘There are on exhibition 5 ethnological groups 
with casts from life. There are also a Hawaiian native grass house and 
a model of a Hawauan temple. 

Art. Prints and engravings, 50; Oil paintings, 44; Water colors, 

DE: 
Botany. Cryptogams, 3104, including 27 types and figured 
specimens; Phanerogams, 2959, including 105 types and figured speci- 
mens. There are also 5000+ duplicate and additional specimens, and 
420 specimens of economic botany. 

GroLocy. Minerals, on exhibition, 125, in storage, 50; Rocks, 
on exhibition, 522, in storage, 200+. Special mention may be made of 
a model of Kilauea volcano. 

History. Mission history, 25; Modern Hawaiian history, 178. 

PALEONTOLOGY. Invertebrates, 410. 

ZoOLocy. Shells, on exhibition, 55,000+, in storage, 200,000+, 
types and figured specimens, 350+; Insects, on exhibition, 8268, in 
storage, 6135; Other invertebrates, on exhibition, 865, in storage, 
520; Fishes, on exhibition, 292 painted casts, in storage, 3000+, types 
and figured specimens, 105; Reptiles, on exhibition, 43, in storage, 98; 


52 DIRECTORY OF AMERICAN MUSEUMS 


Birds, on exhibition, 464, in storage, 4259, types and figured specimens, 
144; Mammals, on exhibition, 45. There are 4 large and 7 small groups 
of animals exhibited in natural surroundings. Of these, 2 Hawaiian 
bird groups (Phaéthon lepturus and Nycticorax nycticorax ne@vius) are 
especially noteworthy. 

Historical SKETCH. The founding of the Bishop Museum 
resulted from an unwritten agreement between three Hawaiian prin- 
cesses, Mrs. Bernice Pauahi Bishop, Princess Ruth Keelikolani, and 
Queen Emma, widow of Kamehameha IV, to bequeath their respective 
collectionsas material for a museum of Kamehameharelics. The final 
establishment of the museum was made possible by the munificence 
of the Hon. Charles Reed Bishop, who in 1889 provided funds for the 
housing of these three collections. At this time other collections were 
purchased by Mr. Bishop as follows: ethnological collections of J. S. 
Emerson and G. H. Dole from Hawai, of Eric Craig from Polynesia 
and Melanesia, and a choice Papuan collection made in German New 
Guinea; also an extremely valuable collection of Hawaiian birds made 
by Mr. Mills. In 1891 the collections of the Hawaiian government 
museum were loaned to the Bishop Museum. In the same year Mr. 
Bishop transferred the museum to the gentlemen then acting as 
trustees of the Bernice P. Bishop estate, and provided an endowment 
consisting of land valued at $40,000 and $30,000 in 6 per cent govern- 
ment bonds. In 1894 the Hawaiian provisional government deposited 
the royal feather robe, crown, and thrones in the museum. In 1895 
the large and varied Pacific collection of the American board of com- 
missioners for foreign missions was loaned to the museum and later 
purchased by Mr. Bishop. In 1896 control of the museum passed into 
the hands of the Bernice P. Bishop museum trust. At this time Mr. 
Bishop added property to the value of $203,000 to the endowment of 
the museum, and in the following year he made a further endowment 
of $92,000. 

FINANCIAL SupporRT. An income of $35,000 a year from its 
endowment. 

Buitpinc. The first building was erected in 1890 at a cost of 
$66,700, defrayed by Mr. Bishop. In 1894 an additional building was 
erected by Mr. Bishop at a cost of $77,200. In 1903 a new Hawaiian 
hall was erected by Mr. Bishop at a cost of $126,300. A building 
designed to provide laboratories and storerooms is about to be erected. 
There is at present 17,312 square feet of floor space available for 
exhibition, and 52cofor offices, etc. Of the latter, 2800square feet will 
be converted to exhibition space on completion of the new laboratory. 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES 53 


ADMINISTRATION. By a director, responsible to the board of 
trustees. 

ScopE. The primary purposes of the museum are research and 
exploration. 

LIBRARY. 8000 volumes and pamphlets of a scientific character 
intended for the use of the staff. 

PUBLICATIONS. (1) Occasional Papers, containing annual reports 
and research articles. Of this series two complete volumes have been 
issued and two others are in course of publication at the end of 1909. 
(2) Memoirs, devoted to research articles. Two complete volumes of 
this series have been issued. (3) Fauna Hawatiensis, three volumes 
issued. 

ATTENDANCE. The museum is open free to the public on Friday 
and Saturday of each week. The attendance for 1909 was 11,846. 

BOARD OF COMMISSIONERS OF AGRICULTURE AND 

FORESTRY. __ 

This board is the agricultural department of the territory of 
Hawaii, and although it does not maintain a formal museum it has 
working collections of insects and a growing herbarium. The insect 
collection consists of approximately I0,000 specimens representing 
2500 species and including 6 type specimens of Aleyrodidae and 3 of 
Coccidae. There are also about 5000 unmounted specimens. Special 
attention is paid to Coleoptera and Coccidae. 

The herbarium consists of approximately 800 cryptogams and 6100 
phanerogams including 6 types of genera. 

There is also a library of about t0,coo volumes related especially 
to entomology, forestry, and botany, and including a somewhat exten- 
sive collection of tropical and subtropical floras and manuals of botany. 

The collections and library are open free to the public for reference, 
and special assistance is given those desiring to carry on particular 


-nvestigations. 
jnvestgations 


DAMON PRIVATE MUSEUM. 

Mr. S. M. Damon has on his estate of Moanalua a series of about 
500 ethnological specimens, mostly native, and about 35 pictures, 
including oils, water colors, and engravings. These are arranged for 
the purpose of exhibition in two native grass houses which are open 
free to the public on Saturday afternoons. 

ce eee SUGAR PLANTERS’ ASSOCIATION. Experiment 

ation. 


The insect cabinets of the station contain about 5000 specimens of 


54 DIRECTORY OF AMERICAN MUSEUMS 


local insects and about 6000 specimens of foreign insects in addition to 
5000-10,000 unmounted specimens. These collections are chiefly of 
economic importance. The foreign insects are from regions where 
sugar cane is grown, viz: Mexico, Fiji, Australia, Malasia, and China. 
There are 700-80c type specimens which will probably eventually be 
deposited in the United States National Museum. The library of 
the station contains over 1000 volumes on entomology. 


ST. LOUIS COLLEGE. 
The college has a collection of ethnological and natural history 
specimens. 


IDAHO 


MOSCOW: 

UNIVERSITY OF IDAHO. 

The university museum was destroyed by fire in 1906, with the 
exception of the mineral collections. There is now no central museum 
and such collections as exist are distributed among the scientific 
departments. 


ILLINOIS 
BLOOMINGTON: 

ILLINOIS WESLEYAN UNIVERSITY. Powell Museum. 

This museum was established in 1852 with 1700 specimens, col- 
lected in the Rocky Mountains by Major J. W. Powell, to which has 
been added the Lichtenthaler collection of shells and algae. The mus- 
eum now comprises 40,000 labeled specimens on exhibition, and about 
100,000 more accessible for study. In ethnology, there are large col- 
lections of Zuni and Moqui utensils, articles of dress, etc.; and utensils 
of the cliff dwellers and mound builders. In botany, there are tooo 
cryptogams and 6000 phanerogams. Geology and paleontology are 
represented by good general collections. In zodlogy, there are 10,000, 
species of shells, a collection of insects, 600 birds, 200 mammals, ete. 


McLEAN COUNTY HISTORICAL SOCIETY. 

This society maintains a collection of about 250 objects of histor- 
ical interest, a library of about 600 volumes, a large collection of por- 
traits and photographs of pioneers and distinguished men of McLean 
County, and about too unpublished manuscripts. These collec- 
tions have been housed in the society’s room in the McLean County 
court house since 1903 and are under the care of Milo Custer, custodian. 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES 55 


CARLINVILLE: 

BLACKBURN COLLEGE. ‘Taylor Museum. 

The collections, which occupy one floor of Robertson Hall, were 
donated to the college by Dr. Julius S. Taylor in 1882. They contain 
25,000 fossils, representing nearly every epoch throughout the pale- 
ozoic and mesozoic eras, and a large part of the Van Cleve corals 
figured in the Indian report; 8000 minerals; 500 Indian relics; and 
small working collections in botany and zodélogy. 


CHICAGO: 

ART INSTITUTE OF CHICAGO. 

STAFF. Director, Wm. M. R. French; Assistants to the director, 
Bessie Bennett, Lucy Driscoll; Secretary to the director, C. H. Burk- 
holder; Librarian, Mary Van Horne; Assistant librarian, Edna Fair- 
child; Reference librarian, Nancy Adis; Department of stereopticon 
slides, Edith Emerson; 1 stenographer, 1 door-cashier, 10 guards, 
5 gallery-men, 13 janitors, 6 engineers, and 1 office boy. 

Art. Sculpture, 1472+ objects, including very large collections 
of reproductions in marbles and plaster, metal work, bronzes, fragments, 
medals, plaquettes; Prints and engravings, 500; Framed drawings, 
186; Oil paintings, 452; Water colors, 25; Ceramics, 389+; Textiles, 
1623+ pieces; Egyptian, Greek, and Roman antiquities, 54 cases (an 
important department); Ivory carvings, toot (loaned); Musical 
instruments, 111+ (loaned), 28 (owned); Oriental art, jades, crystals, 
lacquer, shrine, enamel, porcelain, numerous small objects, 717. 
Among the more notable exhibits may be mentioned: The Field col- 
lection of 41 pictures, representing chiefly the Barbizon school of 
French painters; 13 works of the highest value by old masters of the 
Dutch school, from the Demidoff collection; the Albert A. Munger 
collection of paintings; and the Mr. and Mrs. Samuel M. Nickerson 
collection of fine Japanese, Chinese, and East Indian objects of art, 
and of modern pictures. 

HistoricAL SKETCH. The Art Institute had its beginning ina 
school of art practice, established in Chicago in 1886, and soon after 
organized into the Chicago Academy of Design. After serious strug- 
gles, a new organization was formed, called at first the Chicago Acad- 
emy of Fine Arts, but subsequently changed to the Art Institute of 
Chicago, and incorporated in 1879. The present building was formally 
opened as a museum on December 8, 1893. 

FINANCIAL Support. The institute has the following sources of 
income: from endowment, $20,000; from the city, $65,000, comprising 


56 DIRECTORY OF AMERICAN MUSEUMS 


the one-fourth mill tax from the South Park district; from the school 
of the institute, $71,000; from memberships, $35,000; from admission 
fees, $6887; from the sale of publications, $2213.80. 

Burtpinc. Erected in 1892-3 at a cost of $1,000,000, paid for 
by voluntary subscription and by a sum of $200,000 from the World’s 
Columbian Exposition. About 62,000 square feet of floor space is 
available for exhibition purposes, 45,189 for school purposes, and 
11,310 for offices, workrooms, etc. During 1897 alectureroom, seating 
500 persons, was built and presented as a memorial to Alexander N. 
Fullerton by his son. In 1900-01 the Ryerson Library was built and 
presented by Martin A. Ryerson. In 1903 Blackstone Hall was com- 
pleted and is now occupied by the great portals of French cathedrals 
and historic sculpture. 

ADMINISTRATION. By an executive committee appointed by the 
trustees, who are elected by a board of governing members. 

Scope. A school of drawing, illustration, painting, sculpture, 
normal instruction, and designing js a vital part of the institution and 
is said to be the most comprehensive and the largest school of fine arts 
in the United States. It occupies the ground floor of the building and 
its pupils number about 2700 each year, including 105 of the Chicago 
School of Architecture, which is an alliance formed between the Art 
Institute and the Armour Institute of Technology. The school main- 
tains day, evening, Saturday, and summer classes, and includes upon 
its staff 8 officers and assistants, 50 teachers, and 30 student teachers. 
The galleries are arranged and intended for the instruction and enter- 
tainment of the general public and their influence is furthered by special 
exhibits and the exhibition of important loan collections. The giving 
of lectures also forms a part of the activity of the institute. 

LIBRARY. 6540 volumes and a large collection of pamphlets, 
photographs, Braun autotypes, and lantern slides, on subjects relating 
to the fine arts, and accessible to students of.the school and to the 
general public. 

PUBLICATIONS. (1) Bulletin,issued quarterly. (2) General cata- 
log of the permanent collection. (3) Catalogs of passing exhibitions. 
(4) The Scammon Lectures, published from time to time. (5) A 
school catalog, published annually. 

ATTENDANCE. Open daily from gto 5. On Wednesdays, Satur- 
days, and Sundays, admission is free; on other days an entrance fee 
of 25 cents is charged, except to members, their families and out-of- 
town guests, children under to years of age, teachers of the public 
schools, and exhibiting artists. 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES 57 


CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


STAFF. Curator-in-charge, Frank C. Baker; Honorary curators, 
T. C. Chamberlin (general geology), Stuart Weller (alcontoloes) 
Oliver C. Farrington (mineralogy), E. J. Hill (botany); Ornithologist 
and taxidermist, Frank M. Woodruff; 1 museum aid, 2 office assistants, 
and 3 janitors, who also act as guards on Sundays, holidays, and other 
special occasions. 

Botany. A general herbarium of about 10,000 specimens, 
mostly local. 

GroLocy. Minerals, on exhibition, 1634, in storage, 9036; Rocks, 
on exhibition, 268, in storage, 297; Dynamic geology, relief maps, 
models, etc., 125; Economic geology, 488. Economic exhibits are a 
feature of this department and special collections of this sort include 
gems and gem minerals, iron and steel, asbestos, aluminum, carbo- 
rundum, radium and radio-activity. 

PALEONTOLOGY. Invertebrates, on exhibition, 2000+, in storage, 
18,700=, types and figured specimens, 200; Vertebrates, on exhibition, 
50, in storage, 25, types and figured specimens, 1; Plants, on exhibition, 
500, in storage, 1000+. These collections include a nearly complete 
collection of Niagara fossils from the Chicago region, containing about 
30 type specimens; a mounted skeleton of Elephas columbi, partly 
restored; the Dr. John H. Britts Missouri coal plants, part of the 
basis for monograph 37, United States Geological Survey; the William 
C. Egan Chicago and Mississippi Valley collection, containing types 
of Weller and Miller. 

ZooLocy.. Shells, on exhibition, 12,691, in storage, 147,000, 
types and figured specimens, 2500+; Insects, on exhibition, 4000+, in 
storage, 30,000+, types and figured specimens, 2; Other invertebrates, 
on exhibition, 1000+, in storage, 2000+, types and figured specimens, 
1; Fishes, 147; Batrachians, on exhibition, 23, in storage, 150; Reptiles, 
on exhibition, 80, in storage, 305; Birds, on exhibition, goo, in storage, 
410c+; Mammals, on exhibition, 147, in.storage, 232; Eggs and nests, 
on exhibition, 100, in storage, 2500+. These exhibits include exten- 
sive local collections of mollusks, birds, fossils, and minerals. The 
exhibit of economic mollusks includes 800 specimens. 50 small and 
7 large groups of animals are exhibited in natural surroundings. 

ScHOOL LOAN CoLtections.. Birds, 18 collections, comprising 
about 100 specimens, and about 30olantern slides; Mammals, 1 collec- 
tion of 6 specimens; Fishes, 1 collection of 4 specimens; Mollusks, 300; 
Insects, 50; Microscopic sections of Illinois shrubs and trees, 300; 
Industries, to collections comprising about 200 specimens. The col- 


538 DIRECTORY OF AMERICAN MUSEUMS 


lections are arranged in sets in wooden transportation boxes of varying 
SIZes. 

HIsToRIcAL SKETCH. Organized in 1857, incorporated in 1850, 
charter secured by the state legislature in 1865. A small museum was 
first started in a room on the corner of Clarke and Lake Streets. In 
1864, more commodious quarters were secured in the Metropolitan 
block. Two years later the exhibits were seriously damaged by fire, 
and in 1868 a fireproof museum building was erected at 265 Wabash 
Avenue. In 1871, the museum building, with its contents, was totally 
consumed in the conflagration which destroyed the greater portion 
of Chicago. It is estimated that not less than 300,000 specimens were 
stored in the building, many of them being priceless in value. The 
following notable collections were destroyed: The Bishoff and Western 
Union Telegraph Expedition Alaskan material; the Smithsonian 
collection of crustacea, 10,0c0 jars containing types of Dana, Stimpson, 
and others; the invertebrates of the United States North Pacific 
Exploring Expedition, containing many undescribed types; the Stimp- 
son collection of marine shells, numbering about 8000 specimens; and 
the United States Coast Survey collection of deep sea crustacea and 
mollusks, dredged in the Gulf Stream by M. Pourtales, and loaned for 
description. In addition, the library, the manuscripts of Dr. Stimpson, 
and almost the entire edition of the early transactions were destroyed. 
A new set of buildings was promptly erected on the burned site, and 
the lenders of the funds were secured by a mortgage on the property. 
The financial depression following the year 1873 reduced the income of 
the academy to such an extent that it was not able to meet its obliga- 
tions, and in 1886 the property was transferred to the holder of the 
mortgage. Until 1892 the collections were provided with exhibition 
and storage rooms at the Inter-state Exposition, but when that building 
was taken down the collections were placed in storage until the present 
building was erected in Lincoln Park and opened to the public on 
October 31, 1894. 

FINANCIAL Support. The museum possessed the following 
sources of income in 1909: from endowment, $6000; city, $5000 (this 
amount is paid annually and is fixed by mutual contract with the park 
board); membership, $400; sale of publications, etc., $60. In addi- 
tion to the annual income, amounts varying from a few dollars to $5000 
have been donated at various times for specific purposes. The park 
commissioners heat, light, and clean the building without expense to 
the academy. 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES 59 


Burtpinc. Erected in 1893 at a cost of $100,000, of which $75,000 
was the gift of Matthew Laflin, and $25,000 the gift of the commis- 
sioners of Lincoln Park, who also provided the site for the building. 
About 12,530 square feet of floor space is available for exhibition pur- 
poses, and 10,540 for offices, workrooms, etc. 

ADMINISTRATION. By a curator-in-charge, who is responsible to 
a board of trustees. 

Scope. The efforts of the academy are especially directed toward 
an exposition of the natural resources of Illinois and the adjoining 
portions of the Mississippi Valley. The material gathered by the natur- 
al history survey of the academy, organized in 1892, is a notable 
feature of the locai collections. As aids to the instruction of the general 
public, there are exhibits illustrating the home life and habits of ani- 
mals, and the economic uses of natural materials; also the employment 
of numerous descriptive labels, pictures, and models; and the giving 
of courses of popular lectures. Public school work is aided by loan 
collections of specimens and slides, by lectures to school children, and 
by instruction of school teachers. Exploration and research are car- 
ried on by the staff, the present subject of investigation being 
fresh-water and post-glacial mollusca, deep-well borings of Chicago, 
flora of the Chicago region, and paleontology of the Niagara limestone. 

LIBRARY. 29,778 books and pamphlets of a general scientific 
character, intended for use of the staff and members of the academy. 
The public may consult the library under certain restrictions. 

PUBLICATIONS. (1) Early Proceedings, 1 volume issued. (2) 
Transactions, 2 volumes issued. (3) Bulletins, 3 volumes issued. (4) 
Bulletins of the Natural History Survey, 7 volumes issued. 

ATTENDANCE. Open free to the public on week-days from g to 
5 and on Sundays from 1 to 5. The attendance for the year 1909 was 
over 300,000. It is noteworthy that the academy Is said to hold third 
place in this respect, its museum attendance being exceeded only by 
the American Museum of Natural History in New York and by the 
United States National Museum in Washington. 


CHICAGO HISTORICAL SOCIETY. (Dearborn Avenue and 
Ontario Street.) 


This society maintains a historical collection including relics of 
the mound builders and Indians; portraits of discoverers and explor- 
ers of the Mississippi Valley and the “Old Northwest”’ territory, 
Indian chiefs, pioneers, state governors, early residents of Chicago, and 
members of the society; historical models; paintings, prints, and photo- 


60 DIRECTORY OF AMERICAN MUSEUMS 


graphic views of historic sites; and miscellaneous relics of local inter- 
est. This museum was founded at the time of the organization of the 
society in 1856, with the object of illustrating as fully as possible the 
subjects of which the library treats. Much discrimination has been 
exercised in the selection of objects for exhibition, and they are exten- 
sively used by archeologists and by study classes from the schools. 

The museum occupies about 1234 square feet of floor space in 
the society’s building, is in charge of the librarian, who is responsible 
to a committee on collections,and shares with the library and lectures 
a maintenance fund of approximately $14,000 annually, obtained from 
endowment and membership fees. A library of 150,000 volumes, pam- 
phlets, and manuscripts on the history of the central west is accessible 
to the public in connection with the collections. The annual report of 
the museum is included in the year book of the society. —The museum 
is open free to the public on every week-day. 


CHICAGO SCHOOL OF CIVICS AND PHILANTHROPY. Social 
Museum. (35 Dearborn Street.) 


This museum was incorporated in November, 1904, as the Muni- 
cipal Museum of Chicago, and opened to the public in February, 
1905, in two large rooms of the Chicago Public Library. The collections 
include exhibits in the form of maps, models, photographs, designs, 
charts, stereoscopic views, etc., illustrating foreign and American cities, 
and a civic reference library of some 600 titles. In the department of 
geography, a series of 200 maps, charts, and diagrams, and 200 photo- 
graphs, illustrate the geography of the Chicago region and the indus- 
tries which grow out of it. A valuable group of industrial material in- 
cludes the Essen exhibit of workingmen’s dwellings and factory hygiene, 
plans of municipal workingmen’s houses presented by the city of 
Liverpool, and maps, plans, photographs, and graphic statist'cs from 
Munich, Dresden, Cologne, London, Manchester, Boston, and Chi- 
cago. 

During the first two years of its existence the museum presented 
tr exhibitions in city-making, entertained 84 conferences for discus- 
sions of public questions, gave more than 500 free illustratea 
addresses, and also acted as a bureau of civic information. The aver- 
age daily attendance was 400-500, and on program days it amounted 
to 1500-2000. 

Changes at the library forced the removal of the museum and it 
is now stored at Hull House and the University of Chicago. In 19009, 
ownership of the museum was transferred to the Chicago School of 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES 61 


Civics and Philanthropy, and present plans for its use include the util- 
ization of the material for recurrent public civic exhibitions and for 
loan exhibitions, controlling the material in storage by means of in- 
dices at the school. 


COUNCIL FOR LIBRARY AND MUSEUM EXTENSION. 

A conference, organized in November, 1909, by the leading libraries 
and museums of Chicago as a basis for systematic and comprehensive 
codperative effort on the part of these institutions to extend their 
facilities to the largest possible number of people in the entire com- 
munity. The council is now engaged in furthering plans for issuing a 
handbook to the educational and recreational resources of Chicago. 
This is to be prepared in newspaper style and it is hoped that a quarter 
of a million copies may be issued for free distribution through various 
agencies in the city. The council meets at the Chicago Public Library 
on the second Friday of each month. 


FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY. 

Sranee Director, ebrcdedck View oki Curators. George, A. 
Dorsey (anthropology), Charles F. Millspaugh (botany), Oliver C. 
Farrington (geology), Charles B. Cory (zodlogy); Assistant curators, 
S. C. Simms, Berthold Laufer, and Albert B. Lewis (ethnology), 
Charles L. Owen (archeology), Jesse M. Greenman (botany), Henry 
W. Nichols (geology), Elmer S. Riggs and Arthur W. Slocum (paleon- 
tology), Seth E. Meek, William J. Gerhard, Edward M. Gueret, and 
Wilfred H. Osgood (zoélogy) ; Modelers, C. A. Gardner (anthropology), 
B.E. Dahlgren (botany); Preparators, O. E. Lansing, Jr., H. H. Smith, 
R. A. Dixon, and W. H. Beardsley (botany), J. B. Abbott and C. T. 
Kline (geology), S. F. Hildebrand, William Buettner, A. B. Walcott, 
and A. W. Henn (zoélogy); Preparator and artist, J. A. Burt (anthropol- 
ogy); Preparator and field assistant, Fay C. Cole (anthropology); 
Taxidermists, Leon L. Pray, Julius Freisser, William Heim, and Philip 
Heim (zoélogy); Recorder, D. C. Davies; Assistant recorder, B. Bridge; 
Librarian, Elsie Lippincott; Assistant librarian, E. M. Wilcoxson. 

ANTHROPOLOGY. Uncivilized peoples: Archeology, native, 65,712, 
foreign, 665; Ethnology, native, 24,778, foreign, 35,720. Civilized 
peoples, ancient, 24,539, modern, 5750; Lite-size ethnologica! groups, 10; 
Miniature ethnological groups, 7; Models, without human figures, rr. 

The more notable collections in ethnology are: The Stanley Mc- 
Cormick Hopi material; Edward E. Ayer collection of North Ameri- 
can Indian material; Robert F. Cummings Philippine material; Mrs. 
T. B. Blackstone collection from China and Thibet; Joseph N. Field 


62 DIRECTORY OF AMERICAN MUSEUMS 


German New Guinea collection; R. Parkinson German New Guinea 
collection; G. F. Emmons collection from Alaska; H. N. Higinbotham 
collection from Korea; Hassler collection of feather work, etc., from 
Indians of Paraguay; Remenyi collection from South Africa; Pogoski 
collection from Siberia; various collections from the northwest coast of 
North America, and from California. 

The more notable collections in archeology are: The Montez, 
Harris, and Dorsey Peruvian collections; United States Colombian 
collection of gold, earthenware, and stone; Allison V. Armour collec- 
tion of Mexican antiquities; Martin A. Ryerson collection of Swiss 
Lake material; Johnson collection of reproductions of Irish antiqui- 
ties; originals and reproductions of ancient Italian bronzes; Cyrus H. 
McCormick collection from Chile; material from Hopewell Group of 
Mounds, Ohio; Charnay casts of Central American sculpture; Wyman 
collection of copper implements; Zavaleta collection of Argentine 
archeology; Riggs collection from the southern states; and various 
collections from Egypt. 

Botany. A herbarium of 300,000 phanerogams and ferns, includ- 
ing 2500+ types and figured specimens; a small herbarium of crypto- 
gams; and economic collections which are said to be the most complete 
and important in the country. Among special collections may be 
mentioned the herbarium of Dr. Arthur Schott, including plants from 
the Isthmus of Darien and the United States boundary survey, and his 
Yucatan and Hungarian series; the M. S. Bebb collection, comprising 
the largest representation of the genus Salix in this country; the Harry 
N. Patterson collection, with its complete representation of the plants 
of Gray’s ‘Manual’ andits full sets of Curtiss, Pringle,Cusick, Chapman, 
Hall and Harbour; the H. J. Wahlstedt collection, comprising his very 
complete series of Chara, Viola, Epilobium, and Scandinavian plants; 
the Dr. J. T. Rothrock collection, rich in the plants of the early surveys 
west of the Mississippi; the Charles F. Millspaugh collection, particu- 
larly valuable for the complete and type-compared representation of 
the genus Exphorbia; and the Arthur A. Heller collection. It also 
contains the Gaumer Yucatan plants and the plants of the two Allison 
V. Armour expeditions. The dendrology collection represents a large 
number of countries in all parts of the world. 

GroLocy. Minerals, on exhibition, 6500, in storage, 9500; Rocks, 
on exhibition, 1000, in storage, 1600: Dynamic geology, relief maps, 
models, etc., on exhibition, 2400, in storage, 500; Meteorites, 500; 
Economic geology, on exhibition, 10,000, in storage, 5000. The eco- 
nomic series is one of the largest in the world, especially notable for the 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES 63 


size of the specimens and the number of foreign localities represented. 
Special mention may be made of the Higinbotham collection of gems 
and gem minerals, one of the most valuable in the world; the Chalmers 
crystal collection; the collection of meteorites, containing specimens of 
300 falls with notable ones from Long Island, Brenham, Canyon Diablo 
and Tonopah; reproductions of limestone and gypsum caves; a model 
of the moon, 19 feet in diameter; and 200 specimens of polished slabs 
illustrating different ornamental stones, chiefly marbles and granites. 

PALEONTOLOGY. Invertebrates, on exhibition, 27,000, in storage, 
31,000, types and figured specimens, 53; Vertebrates, on exhibition, 
650, in storage, 500, types and figured specimens, 11; Plants, on exhibi- 
tion, 470, in storage, 550. These collections are installed as a division 
of geology and classified stratigraphically. They include mounted 
skeletons and restorations of many of the larger reptiles and mammals. 

ZOOLOGY. Shells, on exhibition, 20,o00+, in storage, 15,000+; 
Insects, on exhibition, 3660, in storage, 100,000+, types, 425; Other 
invertebrates, on exhibition, 1200+, in storage, 4000+; Fishes, on 
exhibition, 1021, in storage, 36,950, types, 73; Batrachians, on exhibi- 
tion, 79, in storage, 1946, types, 3; Reptiles, on exhibition, 119, in 
storage, 3475, types, 4; Birds, on exhibition, 2000, in storage, 45,000, 
types, 85; Mammals, on exhibition, 710, in storage, 16,000, types, 
108; Bird eggs, on exhibition, 1183, in storage, 10,000+; Skeletons, on 
exhibition, 206, in storage, 210; Skulls, 214; Casts and glass models, 
275. There are 21 large, and 18 small, groups of birds and small 
mammals and 68 groups of fishes exhibited in natural surroundings. 
Notable among the collections are the C. B. Cory collection of birds 
from North America and the West Indies; the collection from East 
Africa, made by the museum’s East African expedition; and a collec- 
tion of North and Central American bird skins. 

HIsToRICAL SketcH. Established in 1894, at the close of the 
World’s Columbian Exposition, by the gift of $1,000,000 from Marshall 
Field, who bequeathed the institution a further $8,000,000 at his death 
in 1906—$4,000,000 for the erection of a permanent building, and 
$4,000,000 for endowment. The nucleus of theexhibition material was 
gathered by gift and purchase at the exposition. Most of this material, 
however, has since been rearranged, readapted, or discarded. 

FINANCIAL Support. Income from endowment of $4,000,000 
from Marshall Field, and $1,200,000 donated by different individuals; 
and $35,000 from other sources. The citizens of Chicago have con- 
firmed legislative provision for the levy of a tax for the maintenance 
of the museum when a new building shall have been erected, which it 
is estimated will eventually produce about $100,0co per annum. 


64 DIRECTORY OF AMERICAN MUSEUMS 


BuriLpinc. The museum now occupies the temporary building: 
erected for fine arts in Jackson Park, the exposition site. This building 
covers nine acres and there is in connection with it a well-equipped 
printing shop,a large two-story taxidermy section, illustration studios, 
assaying and lapidary rooms, etc. Plans have been drawn for the erec- 
tion of a permanent building to cost $4,000,000, made possible by the 
Marshall Field bequest. 

ADMINISTRATION. By a director, responsible toa board of trustees. 
The entire museum records, accession system, historical files, publica- 
tions, and supplies are in charge of a recorder. 

Scope. The activities of the museum include expeditions to all 
parts of the world for the purpose of obtaining study, exhibition, and 
exchange material; investigations conducted by members of the staff, 
the results being published by the museum; the maintenance of study 
collections; and instruction of the general public, especially by free 
lectures. 

LIBRARY. 50,000 books and pamphlets of a scientific character, 
designed for reference only, and intended primarily for the use of the 
staff. The public is admitted to the general reading room and books 
may be consulted upon application to the librarian. 

PUBLICATIONS. Results of expeditions, investigations, and re- 
searches have been published from time to time. 

ATTENDANCE. Opentothe public daily (except Thanksgiving and 
Christmas) from 9 to 4, except Saturdays and Sundays during June, 
July, and August, when the hour of closing is 5.30. Admission is free 
Saturdays and Sundays. On other days an entrance fee of 25 cents is 
charged, children under 12, to cents. Teachers and scholars are ad- 
mitted free at all times. The attendance for the year ending Septem- 
ber 30, 1908, was 218,682. 


UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO. Educational Museum. 


STAFF. Curator, I. B. Meyers; Assistant curator, Wade McNutt. 

ANTHROPOLOGY. Dress and implements of North American 
Indians, too pieces; Indian pottery, ancient and modern, 25 pieces; 
Pottery, glass, etc., from the Isle of Cyprus, 200 pieces; Models of 
primitive Philippine implements, 15 pieces; Textiles and pottery from 
ancient Egypt, 30 pieces; Costumes (modern) of foreign peoples, 
100 pieces. 

Botany. Models of flowers, 50; Economic botany, including 
commercial cereals, fibers, food plants, etc., 300 specimens. 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES 65 


GroLocy. Minerals, on exhibition, 450, in storage, 800; Rocks, 
on exhibition, 250, in storage, 1000; Dynamic geology, on exhibition, 
150, in storage, 600; Economic geology, 300. 

PALEONTOLOGY. Invertebrates, on exhibition, 300, in storage, 
500; Plants, on exhibition, 250, in storage, 300. 

ZooLocy. Shells, on exhibition, 250, in storage, goo; Insects, on 
exhibition, 500, in storage, 1500; Other invertebrates, chiefly coral, 
200; Fishes, 15; Batrachians, 6; Reptiles, 14; Birds, on exhibition, 200, 
in storage, 350; Mammals, on exhibition, 40, in storage, 20; Bird 
eggs, 225; Skeletons, 25. There are 25 small groups illustrating the 
life-history and homes of animals. 

HIsTorIcaL SKETCH. Established in tg00. A considerable por- 
tion of the material is collected by students in visits to commercial 
and industrial centers, and in field study; the remainder is acquired by 
purchase and gift. 

FINANCIAL Support. General university funds. 

ADMINISTRATION. By a curator, who is responsible to the direc- 
tor of the school of education. 

Score. The primary purpose of this museum is to formulate the 
relation of materials to practical teaching in elementary and secondary 
school work and to instruct students and student teachers in a more 
intelligent use of the larger private, municipal, state, and national 
museums, in their relation to public education. 

Students collect the material, and the working up of a well-selected, 
well-arranged collection is placed on the same basis as any other type 
of school work. Limited instruction is given to student teachers in 
collecting and arranging materials for the building up of local school 
museums. All materials, except when exceedingly fragile or rare, are 
circulated in the classrooms. 

ATTENDANCE. Open free to the public during school days and 
hours. 


UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO. Haskell Oriental Museum. 

StaFr. Director, James Henry Breasted; Assistant director, 
Edgar J. Goodspeed; Curators, James Henry Breasted (Egypt), 
Ira M. Price (Assyro-Babylonia), E. G. Hirsch (Syria-Palestine) ; 
I assistant and stenographer, and 1 janitor. 

ORIENTAL ARCHEOLOGY. About 10,000 specimens in Egyptian, 
Assyrian, Babylonian, and Palestinian archeology. The Egyptian 
collection embraces gooo numbers, including sculpture, painting, 
inscriptions, and miscellaneous products of the arts and crafts in metal, 
wood, ivory, stone, fayence, clay, textiles,etc. Among the documents 


66 DIRECTORY OF AMERICAN MUSEUMS 


are papyri and ostraka. The Assyro-Babylonian collection embraces 
tooo numbers, including clay tablets and various products of the 
craftsman. The Palestinian collection is chiefly educational. A loan 
collection belonging to Dr. Edmund Buckley well covers Japanese 
Buddhism and Shinto. The museum possesses several valuable Pali 
manuscripts, and a series of East Indian paintings. 

Historicat SKETCH. The collections were begun by the present 
director, who spent the winter of 1894-5 in Egypt laying the founda- 
tion of the Egyptian collection. Since then the museum has been in 
almost constant connection with some research enterprise in the field 
of the hither Orient. With the organization of the Oriental Explora- 
tion Fund of the University of Chicago, the Assyro-Babylonian collec- 
tion has also received valuable accessions. 

FINANCIAL Support. The museum shares the general budget of 
the university. The collections are largely due to private subscrip- 
tions from members of the Chicago Society of Egyptian Researchand 
from subscribers to the Egypt Exploration Fund. The finds of the 
Oriental Exploration Fund, which has an income of $10,000 a year, are 
presented to the museum. 

BuILpING. Erected in 1895-6, at a cost of $100,000, the gift of 
Mrs. Caroline E. Haskell. 

ADMINISTRATION. Bya director, responsible to the University of 
Chicago board of museums. 

Scope. The chief purpose of the museum is research and 
exploration, but the collections are used also for teaching purposes in 
the university. 

LIBRARY. Over 18,000 volumes, devoted chiefly to history, 
archeology, philology, paleogeography, and theology, and used by 
members of the staff and students of the university. 

PuBLicaTiIons. The reports of field work (Oriental Exploration 
Fund) appear in the “American Journal of Semitic Languages.” 

ATTENDANCE. Open free to the public. 


UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO. Walker Museum. 


STAFF. Director, T. C. Chamberlin; Curators, R. D. Salisbury 
(geography and geology), S. W. Williston (vertebrate paleontology), 
Stuart Weller (invertebrate paleontology), W. H. Emmons (economic 
geology and mineralogy), Frederick Starr (anthropology); Associate 
curator, W. F. E. Gurley (paleontology); Assistant curator, Paul Miller 
(vertebrate paleontology). 

ANTHROPOLOGY. General collections in archeology and ethnology, 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES 67 


400,000 specimens, including the following loan collections: Ryerson 
collection in Mexican archeology, 3000 pieces; Ryerson collections 
from the cliff dwellings and cave houses of Utah, accompanied by a 
series of photographs; Clement collection from Japan, containing art 
work in lacquer and porcelain, and an interesting series of articles 
used in the curious doll’s festival. The material collected by Frederick 
Starr among the Ainu of Japan and the native tribes of the Congo Free 
State is on display temporarily. 

GroLocy. General collections illustrating structural phenomena 
and the modes of action of dynamic agencies; a systematic series of 
fossils arranged on a stratigraphic basis illustrating the successive 
faunas and floras; a large series of models, maps, and photographs; 
a large series of ores and other mining products, representing the lead- 
ing mining districts of the United States and of many foreign countries; 
a systematic series of minerals arranged for the illustration of lectures; 
igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks in systematic series, 
together with special collections of igneous rocks from a number of 
localities in western America and Europe. The private mineral collec- 
tion of Mr. W. C. E. Seeboeck is also on exhibition. 

PALEONTOLOGY. Invertebrates, arranged for reference purposes 
only, rich in material from the paleozoic horizons, including about 
3500 type specimens. Important collections are the James Hall 
collection, the Gurley collection, the James collection, the Washburn 
collection, the Weller collection, the Sampson collection, the Faber 
collection, the Haines collection, the Basseler collection of Bryozoa 
and Ostracoda, and the Van Horne collection. 

Vertebrate fossils include important series of the American Per- 
mian reptiles, triassic reptiles and amphibians, Niobrara cretaceous 
birds, reptiles, and fishes, with considerable material from the Laramie 
cretaceous and White River oligocene. 

HIstoRICAL SKETCH. The museum was established by Mr. 
Geo. C. Walker of Chicago, in 1893. 

FINANCIAL Support. Maintained by funds supplied by the trus- 
tees of the university. . 

Buitpinc. Erected in 1893,at a cost of $130,000, by the founder. 
There is 15,600 square feet of floor space available for exhibition, and 
5200 for storage. About half of the building is temporarily occupied 
by other departments of the university, but will ultimately be available 
for the museum. 

ADMINISTRATION. By a director, responsible to the University of 
Chicago board of museums. 

Scope. The collections are intended chiefly for the purposes of 
investigation and college teaching. 


68 DIRECTORY OF AMERICAN MUSEUMS 


PusiicATions. Contributions from the Walker Museum, 7 
numbers of the first volume issued. These are reprints of paleontologi- 
cal papers published in the “ Journal of Geology.” 

ATTENDANCE. Open free to the public on week-days. No 
statistics of attendance, which is confined chiefly to students of the 
university. 


ZOOLOGICAL PARK. 
The city maintains a zodlogical park of 20 acres, established in 
1868, containing 15 reptiles, 643 birds, and 436 mammals. 


IDB (CAVIEIUIRE 

JAMES MILLIKEN UNIVERSITY—DECATUR COLLEGE. 

The college has a small art museum used primarily for teaching 
purposes in the School of Applied and Fine Arts. Italso has a biologi- 
cal and geological collection of about 3000 specimens in connection 
with the School of Liberal Arts; and small museums in connection with 
the departments of domestic science and art, engineering, and com- 
* merce and finance. 


ELGIN: 

ELGIN SCIENTIFIC SOCIETY. 

The secretary reports that the society maintains a museum, but 
no reply has been received to repeated requests for further informa- 
tion regarding the collections, which are said by Merrill to consist 
principally of local geological specimens, with a limited amount 
from Colorado, California, and elsewhere, and a collection of shells 
and corals. 


EVANSTON: 

EVANSTON HISTORICAL SOCIETY. 

The society maintains in connection with its library of 2000 books 
and pamphlets dealing with local and northwestern history, a collec- 
tion of historical relics, maps, charts, pictures, photographs, etc., 
which is housed in the society’s rooms in the public library building, 
and is open to the public during library hours, from 9 to 9. 


NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY—COLLEGE OF LIBERAL ARTS. 
The college has a museum which was said by a former curator to 
contain 3000 fossils; 22,000 minerals and rocks; 28,000 specimens in 
zo6logy, including 3000 birds, 700 reptiles and batrachians, goo fishes 
and 18,000 shells; a herbarium of 20,coo specimens; and 8000 specimens, 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES 69 


in ethnology. The present curator, Dr. U. S. Grant, reports that 
most of this material is in storage and that no details are at present 
available. 


NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY—GARRETT BIBLICAL INSTI- 
TUTE. Bennett Museum of Christian Archeology. 


STAFF. The museum isin charge of Alfred Emerson, acting direc- 
tor, with the codperation of the authorities of the institute. 

Cottections. The collections include the following original 
antiquities of the early Christian period; 9 fragments of marble relief 
sculptures; 19 inscriptions on marble, and fragments; 15 terra cotta 
lamps; 1 lead sling shot of the 1st century B. C.; 80 intaglios and coins, 
gold, silver, and bronze. There are oa facsimile and other plaster 
casts, partly pagan and partly Christian, including a large prototype 
reproduction of the St. Hippolytus, and of 2 fine sculptured sarcophagi 
at the Lateran Museum, Rome. There are 4 plastic models of Greek, 
Roman, and Frankish soldiers; 4 colored plaster architectural models 
and 1 of colored wood; 4 wooden and rg terra cotta models of utensils; 
8 models of military weapons and costumes, of metal, cloth, leather, 
etc.; ro electrotype copies of antique jewels, altar plate, and a classical 
frieze; 3 topographical models of Palestine, Acropolis, and Rome; 
1 triumphal quadriga of Emperor Constantine, one-quarter life, ori- 
ginal composition; and 300+ mounted photographs. 

HISTORICAL SKETCH. The museum is the result of an anonymous 
gift of $10,000 made in memory of the late Charles E. Bennett, a 
former professor in the institute, and of his great interest in early 
Christian antiquities and archeology. 

Burtpinc. The museum occupies a well-lighted hall, affording 
about 2000 square feet of floor space, and part of the second-story 
stairway of the fireproof memorial building of the institute, on the 
grounds of Northwestern University. The hall is elaborately decor- 
ated, by graduates of the Art Institute of Chicago, working under Dr. 
Emerson’s direction, with a series of 44 mural and ceiling composi- 
tions, re-enlarged and adapted from Monsignore Wilpert’s colored 
reproductions of the Roman catacomb frescos. The subjects selected 
extend from the 2nd to the 4th century, A. D. 

Scope. The museum confines its work almost exclusively to 
early Christian archeology. It desires to codperate with other museums 
in placing duplicate and multiple orders for difficult plastic reproduc- 
tions abroad. 

LiprAry. A beginning of an archeological library has been made. 


70 DIRECTORY OF AMERICAN MUSEUMS 


ATTENDANCE. Open free to the public, upon application to the 
librarian, on week-days from 8 to 12 and 2 to 6, except Monday morn- 
ing and Saturday afternoon. 

Northwestern University also has a small collection of ceramics 
and art in charge of the University Guild; and museum collections in 
connection with the Medical School, the School of Pharmacy, and the 
Dental School, in Chicago. 

SWEDISH HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA. (Orrington 

Avenue and Lincoln Street.) 

The society has a small historical collection as the nucleus of a 

museum. 


GALESBURG: 

KNOX COLLEGE. Hurd Museum. 

STAFF. Curator, H. V. Neal, who is also professor of biology. 

ANTHROPOLOGY. Archeology, foreign, 200; Ethnology, foreign, 
250. 

Art. Sculpture, 6; Prints and engravings, 1500; Oil paintings, 6. 

Botany. A herbarium containing 5000 phanerogams and 500 
cryptogams. 

Grotocy. Minerals, 7000; Rocks, 3000. 

PALEONTOLOGY. Invertebrates, 4000; Vertebrates, 25; Plants, 
300. 

ZoOLocy. Shells, 6000; Insects, 5000; Other invertebrates, 1000; 
Fishes, 200; Batrachians, 50; Reptiles, 25; Birds, 600; Mammals, roo. 

Historical SKEtcH. The Hurd Museum was begun as a private 
collection by Albert S. Hurd, professor of natura! science in Knox 
College, and was bequeathed to the college at his death. 

FINANCIAL SuPPOR?T. Occasional gifts from friends of the college. 

BuiLtpinc. The museum occupies a room in the main college 
building. 

ADMINISTRATION. By a curator, responsible to the trustees of 
the college. 

Scope. Used chiefly for teaching purposes. 

ATTENDANCE. Open occasionally to the public. 


JOLIET: 

JOLIET TOWNSHIP HIGH SCHOOL. 

The school maintains a natural history museum rich in local 
material, especially fungi, cretaceous and other fossils, land shells, seeds 
and fruits. The collections are in charge of Willard N. Clute, curator 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES 71 


and head of the department of biology, and Louise M. Hird, assistant, 
and occupy about 1500 square feet of floor space for exhibition in the 
school building. For lack of space only about half of the collections are 
on view at any one time, but the exhibits are changed frequently. The 
museum is intended primarily for the use of pupils in the school but 
is open free to the public during school days. 


LAKE FOREST: 

LAKE FOREST COLLEGE. 

The college possesses a very good collection of local birds, and 
small collections in geology, including a good set of the Guelph group 
of Niagara fossils from Port Byron, Illinois, and a collection of the 
Mazon Creek, Illinois, ferns. 


LINCOLN: 
JAMES MILLIKEN UNIVERSITY—LINCOLN COLLEGE. 
The college has a museum not exceeding 500 or 600 specimens. 


NAPERVILLE: 

NORTHWESTERN COLLEGE. 

The college has general collections in charge of L. M. Umbach, 
curator, and including anthropology, geology, paleontology, and 
zoblogy, with especially extensive collections in botany, including a 
herbarium of about 35,000 plants, chiefly American. The museum 
occupies about 2800 square feet of floor space on the upper floor of the 
main college building and is supported from the general funds of the 
college. It is open free to the publee on Fridays but no statistics of 
attendance are available. 


PEORIA: 

ZOOLOGICAL PARK. 

This park, occupying 1 acre, was established in 1g00 and contains 
2 reptiles and 28 mammals. 


ROCK ISLAND: 

AUGUSTANA COLLEGE. Museum. 

The museum comprises several distinct collections as follows, 
About 5000 specimens in zoélogy, collected chiefly by Dr. Josua Lindahl: 
a notable feature being a fairly complete collection of land and fresh- 
water shells from Sweden; a herbarium of over 2000 specimens, the 
nucleus being formed by a collection of plants from Sweden, donated 


72 DIRECTORY OF AMERICAN MUSEUMS 


by Dr. A. R. Cervin; about 10,000 specimens in geology and paleon- 
tology, including the McMaster collection of local geology and mate-- 
rial collected by the present curator. The museum is intended for 
teaching purposes in the college, and is in charge of J. A. Udden, cura- 
tor. 


SPRINGFIELD: 

ILLINOIS STATE HISTORICAL LIBRARY AND SOCIETY. 

A collection of articles of local historical interest is maintained in 
connection with the library, the Lincolniana being the most important 
material. The library and collection occupy a part of the third floor 
of the capitol and are open free to the public on week-days, except legal 
holidays, from 9 to 5. 


STATE MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY. 

STAFF. Curator, A. R. Crook; Assistant curator, Fannie Fisher; 
I janitor. 

ANTHROPOLOGY. Archeology, native, 1850 specimens. 

Botany. A herbarium of about 2000 sheets. 

COMMERCE AND Inpustry. Collections of building stones, clays, 
soils, and other products are in process of preparation. 

GroLocy. Minerals, on exhibition, 500, in storage, tooo; Rocks, 
on exhibition, 2000, in storage, 500; Dynamic geology, relief maps, 
models, etc., 100. These collections comprise chiefly Illinois material. 

PALEONTOLOGY. Invertebrates, on exhibition, 12,000, in storage, 
25,000, types, 600; Vertebrates, on exhibition, 3150; Plants, on exhibi- 
tion, 600, in storage, 2000. More than 4000 species of the inverte- 
brates are described and of these fully 3000 are figured. Many verte- 
brates are described and figured. Much of the material was collected 
during the geological survey of the state. 

ZOOLOGY. Shells, on exhibition, 2818, in storage, 400; Insects, 
4394; Fishes, 40; Batrachians, 10; Reptiles, 46; Birds, 575; Mammals, 
65; Bird eggs, 969, nests, 81. 1 large and 2 small groups of animals are 
exhibited in natural surroundings. 

Historical SkrtcH. Established in 1851 as a part of the state 
geological survey. In 1877, the survey having been discontinued, the 
State Historical Library and Natural History Museum was created 
with A. H. Worthen as curator. In 188g the library and museum 
became separate institutions. 

FINANCIAL Support. By optional appropriations from the state, 
amounting to $6450 per annum for the past ten years. 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES 73 


BUILDING. About 6000 square feet of floor space for exhibition, 
and 2000 for offices and workrooms, is occupied by the museum in the 
state arsenal building. 

ADMINISTRATION. Bya curator, responsible to a board of trustees, 
consisting of the governor, the secretary of state, and the superinten- 
dent of public instruction. 

Scopr. The maintenance of local collections, instruction of the 
general public, and research are the chief purposes of the museum. 
Popular lecture courses are given and arrangements are being made for 
other activities, such as the distribution of specimens to high schools, 
etc. 

LIBRARY. 4000 bound volumes and tooo pamphlets on geology 
and general natural history, intended primarily for use of the staff but 
accessible to the public. 

PUBLICATIONS. (1) First Geological Survey of Illinois, 1857. 
(2) Geological Survey of Illinois, 8 volumes issued from 1866 to 1890. 
(3) Economic Geology of Illinois, 3 volumes issued, 1882. (4) Bulle- 
tins, 12 issued from 1882 to 1897. (5) 1 Circular and 1 Report of His- 
torical Library and Natural History Museum, 1889. (6) Reports, 
3 issued, 1902, 1907, 1908. (7) History of Illinois State Museum of 
Natural History, 1907. 

ATTENDANCE. Open free to the public on week-days, except holi- 
days, from 9 to 5. An annual attendance of about 30,000. 


STERLING: 

WHITESIDE COUNTY HISTORICAL SOCIETY. 

The society possesses collections including minerals, labeled but 
not classified; shells; reptiles; birds; historical relics and portraits; 
prints and engravings of local interest. These are housed in the 
society’s rooms in the city hall and are constantly receiving accessions 
by gift. 


URBANA: 

UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS. 

The university maintains museum collections in connection with 
its various departments as enumerated below. The natural history 
collections have been recently brought together in a new building where 
they occupy a room affording 2820 square feet of floor space with vari- 
ous halls and corridors also available for exhibition. In 1909 a curator 
was appointed for the first time and this department is now in charge of 
Frank Smith, curator, and S. Fred Prince, assistant. The natural 


74 ; DIRECTORY OF AMERICAN MUSEUMS 


history museum is supported by an annual state appropriation of 
$2000, supplemented for rg10 by a university appropriation of $4000 
to cover cost of moving and installation. This museum is open free 
to the public on week-days from 7 to 6. 

AGRICULTURE. ‘The agricultural departments maintain collec- 
tions illustrating their work, prominent among which are those show- 
ing typical specimens of standard varieties of corn; wax models of 
fruits and vegetables; an extensive horticultural herbarium; speci- 
mens of live stock; a collection of farm machinery; and material 
il ustrating the progress of investigations. 

Art. The University Art Gallery is the gift of citizens of Cham- 
paign and Urbana and is devoted primarily to a collection of models 
for art students. It comprises 13 full-size casts of celebrated statues, 
4o statues of reduced size, and a large number of busts and bas-reliefs 
making in all over 400 pieces. There are also hundreds of large auto- 
types, photographs, and fine engravings, representing many of the 
great masterpieces of painting of nearly all the modern schools; and 
a gallery of historical portraits, mostly large French lithographs, 
copied from the national portrait galleries of France. There are also a 
number of casts of ornaments from the Alhambra and other Spanish 
buildings presented by the Spanish government; a set of casts illus- 
trating German renaissance ornament; a series of art works from the 
Columbian Exposition; and miscellaneous casts, models, prints, and 
drawings. 

Botany. A herbarium of about 65,000 mounted plants, including 
a practically complete series of the indigenous flowering plants of 
Illinois, a fair representation of the flora of North America, and a 
considerable collection of foreign species. There are about 32,000 
named specimens of fungi. 

COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY. A general working collection given 
by the Philadelphia Commercial Museums. 

ENGINEERING. Extensive teaching collections, including speci- 
mens of material; samples, casts, and drawings of construction; lan- 
tern slides, books, and pamphlets; etc., are housed in various rooms in 
Engineering Hall. 

GroLocy. A synoptic collection of gooo specimens of rocks; 1000 
thin sections of rocks and minerals; a series of ornamental building 
stones; a stratigraphic collection to illustrate Illinois geology; and 
a collection of ro4 samples of Illinois soils. The mineral collection 
includes over 12,000 minerals, ores, etc.; 575 crystal models; and a 
considerable collection of gems and precious stones. 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES 75 


LIBRARY Economy. An exhibit of library methods and adminis- 
tration prepared by the library school. 

PALEONTOLOGY. 49,000 representative fossils, including the A. H. 
Worthen collection with 742 type specimens; the Tyler, McWhorter, 
and Hertzer collections; the greater part of the collections made by 
the geological survey of the state under Worthen; 200 thin sections of 
corals; the Ward collection of casts; and a number of special collec- 
tions representing the fauna and flora of particular groups. 

PrepaAcocy. Illustrative material from manual training depart- 
ments of various schools; photographs of school buildings; drawings 
and constructive work by public school pupils; and the nucleus of a 
representative collection of apparatus for the school laboratory. This 
collection is in University Hall. 

ZooLocy. Shells, 2000+ species; Insects, the Bolter collection of 
120,000 specimens, representing over 16,000 species; Other inverte- 
brates, many alcoholics, large series of Blaschka models, etc.; Fishes, 
about 300 species in alcohol, and 75 casts; Batrachians and reptiles, 
not enumerated; Birds, practically complete series of Illinois 
species, and about 125 foreign species; Mammals, a series of rumi- 
nants of the United States, with representatives of other orders. 


INDIANA 
BLOOMINGTON: 

INDIANA UNIVERSITY. 

No reply has been received to repeated requests for information 
regarding the teaching collections of the university. The university 
catalog shows that there is no general museum and that the most 
important of the departmental collections are the Eigenmann collec- 
tion of several thousand species of fishes and a collection of unworked 
paleontological material especially rich in young stages of brachio- 
pods and bryozoans. 


CENTERVILLE: 

WAYNE COUNTY HISTORICAL SOCIETY. 

The secretary reports that a museum is maintained in charge of 
Caleb King, curator. No reply has been received to repeated requests 
for further information. 


CRAWFORDSVILLE: 

WABASH COLLEGE. Hovey Museum. 

STAFF. Curator, Mason D. Thomas. 

ANTHROPOLOGY. 6000 specimens, chiefly relics of American 
Indians and the mound builders. 


76 M DIRECTORY OF AMERICAN MUSEUMS 


Botany. A herbarium containing 30,000 phanerogams and 1500 
cryptogams, especially complete in North American species; 1000 
specimens of economic products. 

GroLtocy. Minerals, 2000; Rocks, 1000; Economic series, 400 
specimens, including a valuable series of marbles and granites, and a 
series of iron ores with their furnace products. 

PALEONTOLOGY. 4300 specimens; 300 casts of fossil vertebrates 
(chiefly from Ward); 300 fossils from the coal measures; 500 crinoids, 
200 trilobites, and 3000 corals, brachiopods, gastropods, cephalopods, 
etc., from the Keokuk group at Crawfordsville; fossil fishes from Persia ; 
and a series of mammalian fossils from California. 

The illustrative material is valuable and fairly representative. 
The series of fossils is carefully arranged to portray the development 
of life from early primordial times to the present. Some groups of 
devonian and sub-carboniferous forms are well represented, and have 
furnished types for various species of crinoids, etc., for which the beds 
in the near vicinity are famous. 

ZooLocy. Shells, tooo; Insects, 1000; Other invertebrates, 300; 
Fishes, 50; Batrachians, 50; Reptiles, 25; Birds, 100; Mammals, 4o. 

HisTorIcAL SKETCH. The museum was established by Dr. H. 
Hovey, and maintained by private contributions for many years. 
Later purchases have been made by the college. 

FINANCIAL Support. The museum receives $200 of the appro- 
priation for the department of biology, and occasional gifts from other 
sources. 

ADMINISTRATION. By a curator, responsible to the board of 
trustees of the college. 

Scope. The collections are chiefly used for teaching purposes in 
the college. 

ATTENDANCE. Open free to the public. No statistics of attend- 


ance are available. 


CROWN POINT: 
OLD SETTLERS AND HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION OF LAKE 
COUNTY. 


This organization is said by Thwaites to maintain a small museum 
illustrating pioneer life and natural history. 


FRANKLIN: 

FRANKLIN COLLEGE. Gorby Collection. 

This collection is used primarily for college teaching but is also 
accessible to visitors. It is carefully labeled and cataloged and occupies 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES 7 


a large well-lighted room in the main building of the college. It is in 
charge of J. W. Adams, professor of geology, and includes about 300 
arrowheads, axes, and other relics of American Indians, and 300 speci- 
mens from cliff dwellings; about 35,000 fossils, mostly silurian, 
devonian, or carboniferous; 2000 shells, several hundred echinoderms, 
200 crustacea, about 800 bird eggs, etc. 


GOSHEN: 

ELKHART COUNTY HISTORICAL SOCIETY. 

This society was organized in 1896 and occupies a room in the 
county court house, where it maintains a historical museum, including 
about 400 Indian stone implements; domestic and other implements 
and articles used by early settlers; documents, photographs, and local 
publications of early date relating to the county; a cabinet of curios 
from the Philippine Islands; mastodon tusks and elk antlers from Elk- 
hart County; a collection of military relics and records; etc. There 
are no regular funds for the support of the museum, and the exhibi- 
tion cases have been provided by the county. 

The museum is open free to the public on week-days from 8 to 5. 


HANOVER: 

HANOVER COLLEGE. 

No reply has been received from this institution, which is said by 
Merrill to have a teaching collection of 500 geological specimens, 
chiefly local. 


INDIANAPOLIS: 
ART ASSOCIATION OF INDIANAPOLIS. John Herron Art 
Institute. 


The John Herron Art Institute comprises a fine arts museum and 
a school, each having its own building on grounds at Sixteenth and 
Pennsylvania Streets. It is conducted by the Art Association of 
Indianapolis, to which funds were bequeathed for the purpose by 
John Herron in 1896. These funds have since been increased by other 
endowment. Additional income is derived from annual dues of $10 
each from about 500 members and by an appropriation of about $go00 
annually from the school board of Indianapolis. The institute is 
administered by William Henry Fox, director, William Coughlen, 
secretary of the art association, and Anna E. Turrell, curator of the’ 
museum and school property. 

COLLECTIONS. The museum possesses a permanent collection of 
about 80 paintings; some casts; and a collection of miscellaneous 


78 DIRECTORY OF AMERICAN MUSEUMS 


art objects, including a valuable series of Chinese robes and embroid- 
ery. The active life of the institute dates from November 20, 1906, 
when the museum was opened to the public, and its acquisitions, 
aside from the painting collection, have been made mainly since that 
time. An art library was opened in 1909 containing about 300 books; 
periodicals on art subjects; about 400 prints, etchings, and engravings; 
150 large Braun carbon photographs of masterpieces of art; a collec- 
tion of miscellaneous photographs of art and architectural subjects; 
and a very good collection of catalogs of public and private collections, 
including those of the J. Pierpont Morgan collection of paintings and 
miniatures. The permanent collection of paintings is contemporary in 
character and is mainly of American art. 

Burtpinc. The building, erected in 1906, has a frontage of 125 
feet and a depth of 80 feet. It encloses three sides of a sculpture court 
and is constructed with a view to subsequent enlargement. The first 
floor has the administrative offices, the library, galleries for the dis- 
play of objects in cases, and the sculpture court. On the second floor 
are top-lighted galleries for paintings. There are 11 of these galleries 
in all, of which the largest has a floor space of 2100 square feet. 

ATTENDANCE. The museum is open on week-days from 9 to 5, 
on Sundays from 1 to 6, and Wednesday evenings from 7.30 to to. 
An admission fee of 25 cents is charged on week-days and to cents on 
Sundays. Occasional free days are appointed by the directors. 

INDIANA STATE MUSEUM. 

This museum is housed in the state house, where it occupies a 
floor space of about 4200 square feet. It is devoted to the geology and 
natural history of the state, and the state geologist, W. S. Blatchley, 
acts as curator. The only assistant is a janitor or custodian, and there 
are no special funds for the maintenance of the museum. The collec- 
tions are open free to the public daily, except holidays, from 8 to 5. 
The attendance is large but statistics are not available. 

UNIVERSITY OF INDIANAPOLIS—BUTLER COLLEGE. 

The college maintains teaching collections, including stone imple- 
ments from the United States; fossils and minerals; land, fresh-water, 
and marine shells; invertebrates in alcohol (largely from New Eng- 
land); fresh-water and marine fishes; reptiles and amphibians. The 
collections occupy about 1800 square feet of floor space, and are in 
charge of H. L. Bruner, professor of zodlogy. 


ZOOLOGICAL PARK. 
The city maintains a zodlogical park of 6 acres, established in 
1899, containing 14 birds and 61 mammals. 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES 79 


LAFAYETTE: 

PURDUE UNIVERSITY. 

The university maintains collections for teaching purposes in 
connection with its scientific departments as follows: Anthropology, 
To0o specimens. Botany, 5000 phanerogams, 2000 cryptogams, 500 
specimens of seeds and economic products. Engineering, a railway 
museum containing a number of historic locomotives and other mate- 
rialillustrating railway development in America. Geology and paleon- 
tology, tooo minerals and 4000 fossils. Zodlogy, 13,000 specimens, 
including the Scheuch and other collections comprising about 6000 
mollusks; the Scheuch collection of 6000 coleoptera; 500 fishes; the 
A. W. Butler collection of reptiles and batrachians of Indiana; and an 
almost complete series of birds and mammals of Indiana, numbering 
500 specimens. 


MARION: 

GRANT COUNTY HISTORICAL SOCIETY. 

The secretary reports that the society maintains a museum in 
connection with the library, but no further information has been 
received. 


NEWCASTLE: 

HENRY COUNTY HISTORICAL SOCIETY. 

This society was organized in 1887. In 1oo1 it acquired its pres- 
ent building, in which about tooo square feet of floor space is devoted 
to a museum and a historical library. The scope of the museum 
includes the aboriginal life, geology and mineralogy, natural history, 
history, and industries of Henry County and vicinity. The library at 
present contains 500-800 volumes. 


NOBLESVILLE: 

HAMILTON COUNTY HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. 

This association maintains a small collection of historical relics, 
etc., in a room in the county court house. The expense of maintaining 
the collections up to $50 per annum is borne by the county. 


NOTRE DAME: 

NOTRE DAME UNIVERSITY. 

The university states that museum collections are maintained 
but has not replied to repeated requests for further information. 


80 DIRECTORY OF AMERICAN MUSEUMS 


RICHMOND: 
EARLHAM COLLEGE. The Joseph Moore Museum. 


STAFF. Curator, Allen David Hole; 1 student assistant; several 
student attendants. 

ANTHROPOLOGY. Uncivilized peoples: Archeology, native, 3200+, 
foreign, 200+; Ethnology, native, 1oo+, foreign, 1oo+. Civilized 
peoples, ancient, 50+, modern, roo+. The majority of the archeo- 
logical specimens are arrowheads and stoneimplements from the Ohio- 
Mississippi Valley. 

Botany. A herbarium containing 200+ cryptogams and 1too+ 
phanerogams. 

CoMMERCE AND INpustRy. About 200 specimens, mostly models, 
illustrating the pioneer industries of the Ohio Valley. 

Grotocy. Minerals, on exhibition, 230c+, in storage, 300+; 
Rocks, on exhibition, tooo+, in storage, 300+; 1 relief map; Frag- 
ments of the ‘“‘Homestead’’ (Iowa), and the “Kiowa” (Kansas) 
meteorites. 

PALEONTOLOGY. Invertebrates, on exhibition, 8000+, in storage, 
2000+, type specimen of Lepadocystis (Lepadocrinus) moorei Meek; 
Vertebrates, too+, type specimen, a mounted skeleton of Castoroides 
ohioensis Foster; Plants, 400+. There is a mounted skeleton of a 
mastodon. 

Zo6Locy. Shells, on exhibition, 6000+, in storage, r1ooo+; 
Insects, 3000+; Other invertebrates, 1toco+; Fishes, 200+; Batra- 
chians, toot; Reptiles, root; Birds, rr00+; Mammals, 200+. 

HistToricAL SketcH. The beginning of the museum dates from 
the early days of the Friends’ Boarding School (now Earlham College), 
founded in 1847; it at first consisted of a few fossils and minerals 
collected for the purpose of instruction in geology. The present 
development is largely due to the efforts of Professor Joseph Moore 
from 1853 to 1905. The office of curator of the museum was created in 
1888, and Professor Moore was appointed to the place. A complete 
classified list of all specimens is now in preparation. 

FINANCIAL Support. Chiefly by college funds, with occasional 
subscriptions from other sources. 


BuriLpInc. The museum occupies rooms in a college building, 
having about 5500 square feet of floor space for exhibition, and about 
tooo for offices, workrooms, etc. 

ADMINISTRATION. By a curator, responsible to the board of 
trustees of the college. 


co 
rea) 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES 


Scope. The collections are intended chiefly for use by the col- 
lege classes but some emphasis is placed upon instruction of the general 
public, attendants being present each day to give assistance in the 
examination of specimens, and classes from the public schools, in 
charge of their teachers, are made welcome at the museum. 

Lisprary. The library of the museum is merged with the library 
of the college. 

ATTENDANCE. Open free to the public on week-days from 8 to 
12andfrom1to5. The attendance in 1908 was 3612. 


SOUTH BEND: 

NORTHERN INDIANA HISTORICAL SOCIETY. 

This society was incorporated in 1896 and maintains a museum 
of ethnological, historical, and pioneer objects, and a library of 8222 
volumes, in charge of George A. Baker, secretary, and occupying 
9600 square feet of floor space in a stone building owned by the county. 
The library and museum are open free to the public daily from 9 to 5. 


ZOOLOGICAL PARK. 
The city maintains a zoélogical park of 25 acres, established in 
Igor, containing 26 reptiles, 35 birds, and 33 mammals. 


UPLAND: 

TAYLOR UNIVERSITY. Walker Museum. 

No reply has been received from this museum, which is said by 
Merrill to comprise 500 fossils, 1000 minerals, 00 mounted birds and 
mammals, a collection of local plants and wood specimens, 300 Indian 
relics, and a collection of coins and postage stamps. 


IOWA 
CEDAR FALLS: 

IOWA STATE TEACHERS COLLEGE. 

The college maintains a museum representing the natural history 
of Iowa. The most important collections consist of implements of the 
stone age gathered from mounds in the vicinity. The museum is 
used primarily for instruction of public school teachers. A building 
is now being erected at a cost of $175,000 to house the museum and 
the college library. 


CEDAR RAPIDS: 

IOWA MASONIC LIBRARY AND MUSEUM. 

This is said to be the only library building ever erected by a 
Grand Lodge, and in addition to a very extensive Masonic library 


82 DIRECTORY OF AMERICAN MUSEUMS 


contains a general museum including natural history specimens and 
articles of interest in connection with local and masonic history. 


COLLEGE SPRINGS: 
AMITY COLLEGE. 


The college maintains in connection with the biological laboratory, 
and in charge of the instructor in biology, collections including about 
200 specimens of wood from Page County; 30 kinds of minerals and 
150-200 kinds of rocks; 300 fossils; and about 200 zodélogical specimens. 
This material is largely the result of local collections made by students, 
with gifts from alumni and friends of the college. The museum oc- 
cupies one room but there are no provisions for its care other than that 
given by students. 


DAVENPORT: 
DAVENPORT ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. Museum. 


STAFF. Acting director, E. K. Putnam; Curator and acting 
librarian, J. H. Paarmann; Assistant curator, Sarah G. F. Sheldon; 
Taxidermist, John Paddock; 1 janitor. 

ANTHROPOLOGY. Archeology, native, 23,500+, foreign, 100+; 
Ethnology, native, 1400, foreign, 200+. These collections include 
the following items: 1300 specimens of ancient pottery from the 
lower Mississippi Valley, 15 from the upper Mississippi Valley, and 
16 from cliff dwellings; 14,700 chipped implements, 1200 pecked imple- 
ments, 800 polished implements of stone from the upper Mississippi 
Valley; 350 bone implements and 65 carved pipes from mounds of 
Iowa and Illinois; 2000 shell beads, 50 miscellaneous articles of shell, 
34 Copper axes, 300 copper beads, and 36 other copper articles from 
Towa mounds; 200+ crania from mounds of Mississippi Valley; and 
tooo+ miscellaneous mound relics. 

Botany. A fairly complete herbarium of local flowering plants 
and a collection of log specimens illustrating native trees of Iowa. 

CoMMERCE AND INpustRy. Collections illustrating the origin, 
cultivation, manufacture, uses, etc., of common things. 

GroLtocy. Minerals, on exhibition, 11,000+, in storage, 5000+; 
Rocks, 600+; Dynamic geology, relief maps, models, etc., 300+; 
Economic geology, 300. 

History. 400+ specimens. 

PALEONTOLOGY. Invertebrates, 6000+; Vertebrates, 100+; 
Plants, 6000+. 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES 83 


ZooLoGy. Shells, on exhibition, 500+, in storage, 20,000+; 
Insects, 15,000+; Other invertebrates, 2000+; Fishes, toot; Batra- 
chians, 12; Reptiles, roo+; Birds, 850+; Mammals, 60. There are 
also 42 mammal heads, 147 pairs of horns, 300 sets of bird eggs, and 
too skeletons of mammals. 

HistoricaAL SKEtcH. The Davenport Academy of Natural Sci- 
ences was organized in 1867 and incorporated in 1868; the present 
name was adopted in 1903. The active membership has grown from 
50 in the first year to 300 at present. The museum was begun in 
1868 and has been affiliated with the public schools since 1902. 

FINANCIAL SUPPORT. The academy receives $1644 annually 
from endowment and $873 from memberships. 

BUILDING. Erected in 1878 ata cost of about $15,000 paid by 
subscription, the building affords 12,000 square feet of floor space for 
exhibition, and 1200 for offices, workrooms, etc. 

ADMINISTRATION. Byacurator, responsible toa board of trustees. 

Scope. One of the primary objects of the museum is public 
school work. The curator supervises the nature study of the public 
schools of Davenport, using material from the museum for illustration. 
Special attention is also given to the maintenance of local collections. 
Other objects of the museum are exploration, research, and instruc- 
tion of the general public. An annual course of lectures has been 
maintained since 1902. 

LIBRARY. 53,170 accessions, of which about 6000 are bound 
volumes, are accessible to both staff and public. 

PUBLICATIONS. The academy has issued 12 volumes of Proceed- 
ings, beginning in 1876. 

ATTENDANCE. Open on week-day afternoons and on the first 
Sunday afternoonineachmonth. Admission is free except on Monday, 
Tuesday, and Thursday afternoons when a fee of 10 cents is charged. 


ZOOLOGICAL PARK. 
The city maintains a zodlogical park of to acres, established in 
1904, containing about too birds and 34 mammals. 


DES MOINES: 

HISTORICAL DEPARTMENT OF IOWA. Museum. 

The museum was begun in 1892 by Charles Aldrich, founder of 
the department. It is devoted to popular and research collections 
covering the political and natural history of Iowa and the Middle 
West, which have increased rapidly in the number and diversity of 


84 DIRECTORY OF AMERICAN MUSEUMS 


objects. The museum isin charge of T. Van Hyning, assistant curator, 
under the direction of Edgar R. Harlan, curator of the department and 
successor to the founder after the death of the latter, March 8, 1908. 
The museum is now being organized in a fireproof building recently 
completed by the state for the housing of the department. 


ZOOLOGICAL PARK. 
The city maintains a zodlogical park of 50 acres, established in 
1896, containing 6 birds and 75 mammals. 


DUBUQUE: 

HERRMANN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY. 

StaFF. Archeologist, Arthur Herrmann; Botanist, Henry Herr- 
mann; Librarian, Rosalie Herrmann; Taxidermist, Oscar Herrmann. 

ANTHROPOLOGY. Uncivilized peoples: Archeology, native, 
2000+; Ethnology, native, 200+, foreign, 50. Civilized peoples, 
ancient, 20+. 

Art. Sculpture, 6; Prints and engravings, 50+; Oil paintings, 
9; Water colors, 20; Ceramics, 25. There is also a collection of mats 
and basketry, chiefly from the Pacific coast. 

Botany. 400+ pressed plants of Dubuque County; 200 plants 
from Vancouver, Philippines, southern California, etc.; 50 mosses, 
lichens, etc. 

COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY. 50+ specimens illustrating Illinois 
and Wisconsin mining industries; 200 specimens illustrating the 
pearl button industry, etc. 

GroLocy. Minerals, 800+; Rocks, 500+; Dynamic geology, 
CLC 20: 

PALEONTOLOGY. Invertebrates, 30,000; Vertebrates, 5000; Plants 
1000. 

ZooLocy. Shells, tooo; Insects, 300; Other invertebrates, 200; 
Fishes, 2; Batrachians, 1; Reptiles, 3; Birds, 50; Mammals, ro. 

The museum is the property of the Herrmann family. It was 
founded about 1880 by Richard Herrmann and now occupies about 
Soo square feet of floor space for exhibition in the Herrmann residence. 
It is open free to the public and is much used by teachers and scholars. 


PAVE TE: 

UPPER IOWA UNIVERSITY. Museum. 

STAFF. Curator, Guy West Wilson, who is also professor of 
biology. 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES 85 


ANTHROPOLOGY. Archeology, native, 120; Ethnology, native, 
250, foreign, 120. These collections include a few American prehis- 
toric remains and a collection from the Philippine Islands. 

Borany. A herbarium of about tooo phanerogams, for the most 
part from northeastern Iowa. Collections of the local lower flora are 
in process of formation. 

GroLtocy. Minerals, 490; Rocks, 100; Dynamic geology, etc., 50; 
Economic collections, roo. 

PALEONTOLOGY. Invertebrates, 285; Vertebrates, 15; Plants, 4o. 

ZooLoGy. Shells, 965; Insects, 4 cases for demonstration; 
Other invertebrates, 230; Fishes, 120; Batrachians and reptiles, 20; 
Birds, 62; Mammals, 36; Embryology, 25; Bird eggs, 75. 

HistoricaAL SKETCH. The museum was founded in i857 and has 
always been an adjunct of the chair of natural sciences. 

FINANCIAL Support. From the funds of the departments of 
biology and geology. 

Burtpinc. The museum occupies 1500 square feet of floor space 
in Science Hall. 

Scope. College teaching and maintenance of local collections. 


GRINNELL: 
GRINNELL COLLEGE. Parker Museum of Natural History, 
This museum occupies a part of Blair Hall and comprises botani- 
cal, geological, paleontological, and zoélogical collections, used pri- 
marily for purposes of instruction, but open free to the public on 
Saturday afternoon from 2 to 4. 


INDEPENDENCE: 

FREE PUBLIC LIBRARY. 

The library contains a museum collection in temporary charge of 
S. W. Geiser, including the Walker collection of 2000 mollusks, and 
the Geiser collection of 700 minerals. It is intended to make this 
collection as complete a representation as possible of the local fauna 
and flora. Plans for its financial support are now being considered. 


LOW AL CUD :: 
STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY. 


The society has a small historical collection but does not empha- 
size this feature of its work. 


86 DIRECTORY OF AMERICAN MUSEUMS 


STATE UNIVERSITY OF IOWA. 

The university maintains teaching collections, as follows: 

ANTHROPOLOGY. About 2000 specimens, the greater number from 
the Philippines, also collections representing the mound builders, 
North American Indians, Esquimaux, and Hawaiian Islands. 

Botany. A herbarium of about 175,000 specimens, in charge of 
Thomas H. McBride, professor of botany, and B. Schimick, curator 
of the herbarium and assistant professor of botany. 

GEOLOGY AND PALEONTOLOGY. 30,000 specimens including good 
local collections. 

ZOOLOGY. Shells, on exhibition, 1100 sets, in storage, 46 sets; 
Insects, on exhibition, 500 boxes, in storage, 12,500+, including several 
types and co-types; Other invertebrates, on exhibition, 875,in storage, 
28,0004, including about 300 types and co-types; Fishes, on exhibi- 
tion, 3 skulls, in storage, 7000+; Batrachians, on exhibition, 1, in 
storage, 50; Reptiles, on exhibition, 22, in storage, 500+; Birds, on 
exhibition, 1030, in storage, 10,550; Mammals, on exhibition, 345, in 
storage, 475. There are 4 large and 6 small groups of animals exhibited 
in natural surroundings. The collections in anthropology and zodlogy 
constitute the museum of natural history, with the following staff: 
Curator, C. C. Nutting; Assistant curator, H. F. Wickham; Taxider- 
mist, Homer R. Dill; Assistant, Dayton Stoner; 4 janitors, engineer, 
etc. The museum occupies 28,000 square feet of floor space for exhibi- 
tion and storage, and is open free to the public on week-days from 8 
to 6, and on two evenings in each week until ro. 

FINANCIAL Support. The museum collections are supported by 
the funds of the university through the departments to which they are 
related. The natural history museum receives about $2000 annually 
for taxidermy, etc. 


MADRID: 

MADRID HISTORICAL SOCIETY. 

This society maintains a collection of local historical relics 
occupying 350 square feet of floor space. There is also a historical 
library of about 200 volumes, with many historic papers and autographs. 


WAVERLY: 

WARTBURG TEACHERS SEMINARY. 

The seminary maintains teaching collections including plaster 
casts, microscopic preparations, skeletons, apparatus, etc.; and a 
natural history museum of about 12,000 specimens, including miner- 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES 87 


als, rocks, fossils, ethnological and zoédlogical specimens, and a genera! 
herbarium. 


WINTERSET: 
MADISON COUNTY HISTORICAL SOCIETY. 
The society has a historical collection of about 100 objects. 


KANSAS 
ATCHISON: 

MIDLAND COLLEGE. 

The following collections are in charge of D. W. Crouse, professor 
of physics and chemistry: about 300 casts and original implements of 
mound builders and American Indians; 2000 classified minerals, and 
several hundred unclassified; 800 fossils, including a local invertebrate 
series, miocene invertebrates of Virginia, fossil leaves from the Dakota 
group in Kansas, etc.; a herbarium of about 200 specimens; 200 birds 
and 20 other vertebrates. 


BALDWIN: 

BAKER UNIVERSITY. Museum. 

STAFF. Chief curator, C. S..Parmenter; Curators, E. P. Mona- 
han (ornithology and taxidermy), R. T. Reser (botany); 1 assistant in 
taxidermy. 

CotLections. Anthropology, 3026; Botany, 45,130; Miner- 
alogy, 5133; Paleontology, 21,223; Zodlogy, 57,159. The zodlogical 
collection includes 9400 shells, 45,113 insects, 631 marine invertebrates, 
304 reptiles, 976 birds, 135 mammals, and toco bird eggs and nests. 
There is also a museum library of about 200c volumes. 

FINANCIAE Support. By speciai department fees, amounting to 
about $400 a year. : 

Burtpinc. The museum occupies about 3200 square feet of 
floor space for exhibition. 

ATTENDANCE. Open free to students and the general public on 
week-days. 


EMPORIA: 

COLLEGE OF EMPORIA. 

The college maintains the following collections, in charge of D. C. 
Schaffner: Archeology, native, 2500, foreign, 50; Botany, 400 (local 
flora); Minerals, 1500; Rocks, 300; Fossils, 2500; Mollusca, marine, 


88 DIRECTORY OF AMERICAN MUSEUMS 


1000, fresh-water, 350 (local); Insects, 250; Other invertebrates, 75; 
Fishes, 200; Other vertebrates, 25. 


KANSAS STATE NORMAL SCHOOL. Museum. 

STAFF. The museum is in charge of W. H. Keller, curator, under 
the supervision of L. C. Wooster, head of the department of biology 
and geology. 

ANTHROPOLOGY. About 300 specimens including Indian relics, 
Philippine material, etc. 

Art. The museum has no art collection but the art department 
of the school has a collection of casts and copies of great works of art, 
and a series of lantern slides for classroom instruction. 

Botany. Good collections for teaching purposes. 

GroLocy. Minerals, 5co; Rocks, 500. This collection includes 
a good series of stalactites. 

PALEONTOLOGY. Invertebrates, 1000; Vertebrates, 50; Plants, 50. 

ZooLocy. Shells, 400; Insects, tooo; Other invertebrates, 200; 
Fishes, 25; Batrachians, 10; Reptiles, 50; Birds, 450; Mammals, 100; 
Bird eggs, 800. 

HistoricaAL SketcH. The museum is largely the result of the 
work of D. S. Kelly, who was head of the natural history department 
from 1885 to 1897. 

FINANCIAL Support. An annual appropriation of $200 from the 
school. 

BurtpiInc. ‘The museum occupies 5200 square feet of floor space 
for exhibition, and goo for offices, workrooms, etc. in the science 
building, erected in 1905 at a cost of $50,000. 

SCOPE AND ATTENDANCE. Maintained primarily for teaching 
purposes, but also open to the public on week-days from 7.30 to 6. 


LAWRENCE: 

UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS. Museums. 

STAFF. Director, Frank Strong; Curators, Lewis L. Dyche (verte- 
brate zodlogy), Clarence E. McClung (vertebrate paleontology), 
Samuel J. Hunter (entomology), Erasmus Haworth (geology and min- 
eralogy), William C. Stevens (herbarium), Alexander M. Wilcox 
(classical museum); Assistant curators, Handel T. Martin (paleon- 
tology), Charles D. Bunker (vertebrate zodlogy), Francis X. Williams 
(entomology). 

ANTHROPOLOGY. A few hundred specimens on exhibition. 

Botany. A herbarium of about 10,000 species, representative 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES 89 


of the North American flora. It comprises a good collection of lichens 
and economic fungi, and of sections of our native woods. 

GroLocy. Minerals, 5000, partly in storage; Rocks, 2000; Thin 
sections of rocks, rooot; Dynamic geology, relief maps, models, etc., 
toot; Economic geology, roo0+. ‘The collection of rocks includes, 
in addition to a general series from all parts of the world, a very exten- 
sive collection of granites, porphyrites, and basic dike rocks from the 
Missouri crystallines. The economic collection is especially rich in 
ores, including a very complete series of lead and zinc ores and asso- 
ciated minerals from the Galena-Joplin district. 

PALEONTOLOGY. About 10,000 specimens, including extensive 
collections of American cretaceous and other fossil vertebrates. The 
invertebrates include about 2000 species, representing all the principal 
geological formations, but especially rich in Kansas forms. Special 
mention may be made of the series of fossil birds, which is said to in- 
clude some of the best specimens known; of a collection of pterodactyls 
and plesiosaurs, seldom equalled; of a nearly complete representation 
of cretaceous fishes; and of the series of turtles, including a number of 
type specimens described by Dr. Williston. There are 13 large mounts, 
and a series of casts showing the evolution of the horse. In paleo- 
botany, the Dakota and Comanche cretaceous series are best repre- 
sented and include many undescribed forms. In addition to the collec- 
tion of tertiary plants, there is a very large and valuable series of 
carboniferous plants from Kansas, including many not yet known to 
science. 

ZooLoGcy. The general collection includes: Shells, tooo species 
from all parts of the world; Alcoholic invertebrates, 500; Birds, 1503 
mounted specimens, chiefly from Kansas, and 3453 skins; Mammals, 
250 large mounted specimens, 1125 skins, and 8 heads; North American 
bird eggs, 3572; Skeletons, 1341 mammals, 38 birds, and 7 reptiles. 
This is said to be one of the most complete collections in the world. 
Nearly tooo square feet of floor space is given to a panorama exhibit, 
500 feet long, of the larger North American mammals mounted in 
natural surroundings. 

In addition to the general collection enumerated above, there is an 
entomological series of 275,000 specimens, representing 25,000 species 
of all orders and including 1000 types. There are also extensive bio- 
nomic collections. The collections in this department are said to be 
among the largest connected with any educational institution in the 
United States. Annual collecting expeditions and a regular system of 
exchange are steadily increasing the size of these collections. 


go DIRECTORY OF AMERICAN MUSEUMS 


CrassicaL Museum. This museum is located in Fraser Hall, 
and includes many plaster casts, models, relief maps, restorations, plates 
and engravings, a complete set of Brunn’s plates of Greek and Roman 
sculpture, 55 Braun photographs of the Elgin marbles, photographs 
illustrating Roman topography and life, miscellaneous art collections, 
and 1800 stereopticon slides of Greek and Roman views, portraits, 
buildings, etc. 

OTHER DEPARTMENTS. ‘The collection of about 2000 specimens 
for illustrative use from the department of pharmacy is housed in the 
chemistry building, under the care of Lucius E. Sayre, curator. An 
extensive collection for the illustration of lectures in the department 
of chemistry is in charge of Edgar H. S. Bailey, curator. 

HISTORICAL SKETCH. ‘The museums of the university have been 
built up by the professors in charge of the various departments, during 
a period of thirty-six years. University exploring parties have accumu- 
lated most of the material in the natural history section. 

FINANCIAL Support. By special appropriations from the state, 
and by university funds. 

BuiLpinc. Nearly all the collections are housed in the museum 
of natural history, completed in 1903 at a cost of $75,000, defrayed 
by the state. About 30,428 square feet of floor space is available for 
exhibition, and 6112 for storage, offices, workrooms, etc. 

ADMINISTRATION. By a board of regents, appointed by the 
governor of the state. The regents choose the curators of the depart- 
ments. 

Scope. College teaching, instruction of the general public, and 
exploration and research by the staff. 

ATTENDANCE. Open free to the public on week-days from 8 to 5. 


LINDSBORG: 

BETHANY COLLEGE. 

The president reports that the college maintains a museum in 
charge of E. O. Deere, curator. No reply has been received to repeated 
requests for further information. 

This college is said by Merrill to have 2000 anthropological speci- 
mens, 1500 botanical specimens, 500 fossils, 800 minerals, 1000 
zoological specimens, and a large collection of coins, paper money, 
and postage stamps. 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES gI 


MANHATTAN: 

KANSAS STATE AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. 

The college maintains a museum primarily for teaching purposes in 
charge of T. J. Headlee, curator, and comprising the following col- 
lections: 1380 trays of shells; 535. cases of insects; 150 mollusks in 
alcohol; over 500 other invertebrates; 155 fishes; 206 reptiles and 
batrachians; 339 mounted birds; 675 birdskins; 270 bird eggs and nests; 
585 mammals. There is also a geological collection of 3900 specimens 
in addition to a number of special working collections. There is a 
small collection of ethnological specimens. The museum occupies 
three rooms affording a floor space of about 6000 square feet, andis open 
free to the public on week-days from 8.30 to 12 and from ito5. Itis 
supported by appropriations from the board of regents of the college, 
usually amounting to about $300 annually. 


SALINA: 

KANSAS WESLEYAN UNIVERSITY. 

No information has been received in response to repeated inquiries 
regarding the collections of this university, which are said by Merrill 
to include 300 ethnological specimens, 200 native plants, 1200 minerals, 
500 specimens of economic and historical geology, goo fossils, and 
7ooo zodlogical specimens. 


TOPEKA: 

KANSAS STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY. 

This society maintains a museum comprising about 4000 speci- 
mens of native archeology and 1000 of native ethnology; an art col- 
lection including 7 busts, 3 tablets, 7140 prints and engravings, 36 
oil paintings, and about too textiles; a collection of looms, spinning 
wheels, reels, and old furniture; about 3500 historical specimens; and 
a collection of about 600 medals, coins, etc. 

The Kansas State Historical Society was formed in 1875 and has 
received legislative appropriations since 1877. For the years tg1o- 
11 the appropriation amounts to $10,400 annually, besides printing. 
There is also an income from the fees of members. A building is now 
being erected for the society by the state at a cost of $200,000. No 
funds are available for the purchase of objects for the museum. - In 
addition to the museum the society maintains a historical reference 
library, including 35,336 books, 37,261 newspapers and magazines, 
107,459 pamphlets, 117,593 archives, 44,051 manuscripts, and 6355 
maps, etc. The society also issues the following publications: (1) 


Q2 DIRECTORY OF AMERICAN MUSEUMS 


Kansas Historical Collections, 11 volumes issued since 1875. (2) Bien- 
nial reports, 16 issued since 1879. 

The museum and library are in charge of the secretary of the 
society, George W. Martin, who is assisted by a staff of 7 persons. 


WASHBURN COLLEGE. Museum. 


The college museum formerly contained about 500 fossils, 8000 
minerals, 500 rocks, 2000 specimens in zodlogy, and a herbarium of 
about 4000 specimens. This collection was damaged by fire about a: 
year ago. The minerals were nearly all saved, but the herbarium was 
injured by water and the zoological collection suffered seriously. The 
building has been rebuilt, but the collections are still in storage. The 
museum is in charge of Ira D. Cardiff, professor of botany. 


WICHITA: 

ZOOLOGICAL PARK. 

The city maintains a zodlogical park, established in 1905, contain- 
ing 16 mammals. 


KENTUCKY 
BOWLING GREEN: 
OGDEN COLLEGE. 


The college maintains teaching collections comprising 2000 min- 
erals, 200 specimens of economic geology, and 2000 fossils. These are 
in charge of J. W. Morrison, professor of natural science. 


. FRANKFORT: 

KENTUCKY STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY. 

The society possesses a collection of 54 oil paintings; 12 water 
colors; numerous prints and engravings; historic china; shells; swords, 
rifles, flags, etc.; also books, pamphlets, and newspapers. 


LEXINGTON: 

KENTUCKY GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 

The director of the survey, Charles J. Norwood, reports that its 
collections are primarily economic and are maintained for the purpose 
of exhibiting the mineral resources of the state. The records are not 
in such form as to indicate the number of specimens in the various 
departments, having been recently removed to a new building. 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES 93 


TRANSYLVANIA UNIVERSITY. 

The university maintains a museum in charge of Alfred Fair- 
hurst and Charles Albert Schull, occupying about 2000 square feet of 
floor space in the new science building completed in 1908. The collec- 
tions include roo articles from Japan, consisting of images, household 
‘utensils, etc.; 1000 stone implements from the United States; 50 war 
clubs, bows and arrows, etc., from the islands of the Pacific; 175 Chin- 
ese coins; 200 rocks; 500 minerals; 600 trays of fossils; 200 species of 
recent shells; 50 corals; 250 bottles of alcoholic material; goo mounted 
birds and 200 skins; 75 of the smaller mammals; etc. Many of the 
birds were collected by the United States exploring expedition in the 
Southwest, Mexico, Central and South America. A valuable collec- 
tion of Australian birds was presented by Mr. O. A. Carr. The museum 
is open to students and to the public five days in each week during the 
college year. 


LOUISVILLE: 

LOUISVILLE FREE PUBLIC LIBRARY. 

This library was organized in ro02 and opened to the public in 
1905. Into it was merged the Polytechnic Society of Kentucky, 
organized in 1876, which included an art collection, comprising 26 
fine oil paintings and many others of minor tmportance, valued at 
$15,000, and 4 statues, valued at $25,000; and a natural history col- 
lection, consisting of minerals, shells, ferns, birds, etc. The pictures 
and statuary are exhibited in the library rooms and corridors. The 
natural history material fills a room 38 x 60 feet on the ground floor. 
The museum is open free to the public on week-days from 2 to 5 and 
on Saturday mornings from 9 to 12. On Sundays it is open from 2 to 
6. The attendance since its opening on October 18, 1909, has aver- 
aged g2 per day. 

It is expected that the Jefferson Institute of Arts and Sciences, 
organized in 1909, will ultimately secure a separate building, in which 
case the library will probably turn its museum material over to the 
institute. 


LOUISIANA 
BATON ROUGE: 
LOUISIANA STATE UNIVERSITY. 
The university maintains teaching collections in agriculture, 
botany, geology, history, and zodlogy, in charge of the professors of 
these departments. 


04 DIRECTORY OF AMERICAN MUSEUMS 


NEW ORLEANS: 


LOUISIANA HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. Memorial Hall. 

The association maintains a collection of war relics in Memorial 
Hall, which is supported by a state appropriation of $1400a year. The 
directors of the association are elected annually by the five veteran 
camps of the city. 


LOUISIANA STATE MUSEUM. 

STAFF. Curator, Robert Glenk; Honorary curators, Alcee 
Fortier (history), George Williamson (archeology). 

ANTHROPOLOGY. Uncivilized peoples: Archeology, native, 1000, 
foreign, 50; Ethnology, native, too, foreign, 10. Civilized peoples, 
ancient, 100, modern, 25. There are also photographs of Indian 
mounds and Indian pottery. 

Art. Sculpture, 25; Prints and engravings, 121; Oil paintings, 
86; Water colors, 10; Ceramics, 50. The collection includes Lamie’s 
painting (15x18 feet) of the Battle of New Orleans; and sketch models 
of the proposed statues to J. J. Audubon, Beauregard, and Bienville. 

Botany. Cryptogams, 100; Phanerogams, 250. Thereisinaddi- 
tion a large number of forestry specimens. 

COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY. Very complete exhibits of all vari- 
eties of agricultural and horticultural productions of Louisiana, and 
of local manufactured articles. 

Epucation. A large display of the work of schools, colleges, 
and sectarian and technical institutions of Louisiana. 

GroLocy. Minerals, 1500; Rocks, 100; Dynamic geology, relief 
maps, models, etc., 20. There are special collections of petroleums 
and sulphur minerals. 

History. Portraits, documents, letters, autographs, and other 
material related to the history of Louisiana. The collection includes 
the original Antomarchi death mask of Napoleon. 

PALEONTOLOGY. Invertebrates,600; Vertebrates, 100; Plants, 4o. 

Zo6LoGy. Shells, 2000; Insects, 1500; Other invertebrates, 50; 
Fishes, 300; Batrachians, 40; Reptiles, 100; Birds, 900; Mammals, roo. 
This department includes a very complete exhibit of the Louisiana 
oyster industry. 

HisToricaALt SKEetcH. The nucleus of the museum is the Louis- 
lana exhibit at the St. Louis World’s Fair in 1904. This was main- 
tained for two years at the expense of the Louisiana commission as 
the State Exhibit Museum. In 1906 the Louisiana State Museum was 
established by the legislature and the sum of $10,000 was appropriated 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES 95 


for its maintenance for two years. It has developed rapidly and has 
now outgrown its present quarters. The city council has recently 
given the museum two historic buildings for its future home. 

FINANCIAL Support. By optional appropriation of the state 
legislature, at present amounting to $5000 annually. 

BuiLtpinc. The museum at present occupies a rented building 
affording about 13,000 square feet of floor space for exhibition. Two 
buildings have been set apart for the museum by the state and to 
these the collections will soon be transferred. 

ADMINISTRATION. By a curator, responsible to the president and 
executive committee of a board of curators (trustees). 

Scope. The museum is the designated repository of all historic 
and scientific material belonging to the state. Its primary purposes 
are instruction of the general public and maintenance of local col- 
lections. 

LIBRARY. i000 volumes and 3000 pamphlets relating to history 
and science and intended for the use of both staff and public. The 
library includes many historical maps, charts, etc., and a complete 
set of the elephant folio edition of Audubon’s Birds. 

PUBLICATIONS. (1) Biennial Reports. (2) Guides to places of 
historic interest in New Orleans. 

ATTENDANCE. Open free to the public on week-days from g to 
5. The number of visitors in 1908 was 105,000. 


TULANE UNIVERSITY. Museum. 

The collections possessed by the university, now occupying the 
entire third floor of Gibson Hall, had their origin in the cabinet of 
minerals and rocks of the New Orleans Academy of Sciences, and the 
purchase in 1884 of a part of the Ward Natural Science exhibit at the 
exposition of that year. The museum contains the following col- 
lections: Anthropology, 500 specimens, chiefly relics of the Indians 
and the mound builders. Botany, a herbarium of 30,000 specimens, 
including the famous Hale collections. Mineralogy, 8000 specimens. 
Paleontology, 6000+ specimens. Invertebrate zodlogy, 300 sponges, 
200 corals, 3000 shells, 300 Blaschka glass models of coelenterates, 
holothurians, vermes, etc., 200 crustaceans. Vertebrate zodlogy, a 
nearly complete representation of Louisiana fresh and salt-water 
fishes, in all about 800 specimens; 1100 batrachians, including the 
_ Kohn collection of over 200 mounted turtles of North America; 5000 
birds, comprising a complete representation of Louisiana and North 
American species, and a number of groups; 300 mammals; 200 skel- 
etons. 


96 DIRECTORY OF AMERICAN MUSEUMS 


The museum receives a small yearly appropriation from the Tulane 
Academy fund and a yearly donation from an interested friend. It is 
in charge of George E. Beyer, curator, and will soon be open free to the 
public. 

MAINE 
AUGUSTA: 

KENNEBEC HISTORICAL SOCIETY. 

No reply has been received to repeated requests for information 
regarding the collections of this society, which are said by Merrill to 
include a general collection of minerals, and other natural history 
specimens. 


BRUNSWICK: 

BOWDOIN COLLEGE. Art Collections. (Walker Art Building.) 

STAFF. Curator, Henry Johnson. 

Cottections. The sculpture hall contains 2 Hellenistic and 
Roman marbles and 11 casts of classical figures and groups of stat- 
uary,in addition to mural decorations by John La Farge, Elihu Vedder, 
Abbott Thayer, and Kenyon Cox. The Sophia Walker gallery con- 
tains specimens of ancient glass, Roman sculpture, old Flemish tapes- 
try, oriental ivory carvings, miniatures, etc., with paintings and 
drawings by Corot, Millet, Troyon, Daubigny, R. Bonheur, Mauve, 
La Farge, and other modern artists of high rank, and a bronze 
relief portrait, by French, of Theophilus Wheeler Walker. The Bow- 
doin gallery contains about too paintings, chiefly by early American 
artists, and 150 original drawings by old and modern masters. The 
Boyd gallery contains the Boyd collection of paintings; a collection of 
Japanese and Chinese works of art, loaned by Professor William A. 
Houghton; the Cowles collection of objects of oriental art, formerly 
a part of the Houghton collection; the Virginia Dox collection of 
objects of native American art; and other collections given or loaned 
by friends of the college. An Assyrian room in the basement contains 
5 gypsum slabs from Nineveh, carved in bas-relief and bearing cunei- 
form inscriptions. These were presented in 1857 by Henri Byron 
Haskell, Esq. There are also a few hundred lantern slides and a series 
of heliotype reproductions of works of art. 

HistoricaL SKETCH. The Hon. James Bowdoin bequeathed his 
collection to the college in 1811. The Boyd collection was presented 
in 1810 and was supplemented in 1859 by the bequest of property 
valued at over $10,000. These collections were housed in the college 
chapel previous to the erection of the present building. 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES Q7 


FINANCIAL Support. By the income from endowment. 

Buitpinc. Erected from designs by McKim, Mead, & White, 
in 1892, by the Misses Harriet and Sophia Walker of Waltham, Mass., 
as a memorial of their uncle, the late Theophilus Wheeler Walker. 
Itis 100 feet in length by 73 in depth and is constructed of granite, lime- 
stone, and brick. In addition to the exhibition space it affords, in 
the basement, a lecture room, a room of Assyrian sculpture, curator’s 
and students’ rooms, etc. 

Score. In addition to the exhibition of art collections, a limited 
amount of educational work is carried on by means of explanatory 
demonstrations by the curator. 

ATTENDANCE. Open free to the public about 5 hours each week- 
day. The attendance is about 9500 a year. 

The college also has portraits and other art objects in the chapel, 
the library, and Memorial and Massachusetts halls. The scientific 
departments maintain small teaching collections regarding which 
detailed information is not available. 


ELIOT: 

WILLIAM FOGG LIBRARY. 

In response to an inquiry addressed to the Eliot Historical 
Society it is stated that the William Fogg Library maintains a small 
museum. No further information has been received. | 


HINCKLEY: 

GOOD WILL HOME ASSOCIATION. 

This institution maintains a collection including about 600 
specimens of geology and mineralogy, 75 birds, 4o mammals, ro fishes, 
75 archeological specimens, etc. The original museum was burned 
about five years ago, and the present collection has been gathered at 
a cost of about $2000. 


NORTH BRIDGTON: 

BRIDGTON ACADEMY. 

The academy has a general natural history museum occupying a 
wooden building 30x40 feet and used primarily for class instruction. 


ORONO: 

UNIVERSITY OF MAINE. Museum of Natural History. 

STAFF. Director, Gilman A. Drew; Curators, Gilman A. Drew, 
(zodlogy), Lucius H. Merrill (geology), Mintin A. Chrysler (botany); 
Assistant curator and taxidermist, Cyrus S. Winch (zodélogy). 


98 DIRECTORY OF AMERICAN MUSEUMS 


ANTHROPOLOGY. 150+ local specimens. 

BOTANY. 15,000+ specimens, including the Halsted collection 
of New England lichens; the Cummings and Seymour collection of 
lichens; Cook’s illustrative collection of fungi; the Ellis and Everhard 
collection of fungi; the Underwood collection of liverworts; the Sul- 
livan and Lesquereaux collection of mosses; the Blake herbarium of 
10,000+ cryptogams and phanerogams; the Halsted collection of weeds 
and the Harvey collection of weeds and forage plants of Maine; and 
a special herbarium of cryptogams and phanerogams of Maine. 

GroLtocy. A good teaching collection, including a series of 
Maine minerals and an economic collection of 300+ specimens. 

PALEONTOLOGY. A general teaching collection of about 5co 
specimens. 

ZooLtocy. A general collection of about tooo specimens, includ- 
ing much local material, and several groups of animals exhibited in 
natural surroundings. 


ORRS ISLAND: 
ORRS ISLAND LIBRARY. 


This is an incorporated institution maintained largely by summer 
visitors. As one branch of its educational work it maintains a museum 
devoted to the fauna and flora of the island and surrounding waters. 
The collections include a herbarium of about 300 specimens, a col- 
lection of too shells, 30 invertebrates in fluid, 12 snakes, and occasional 
representatives of other classes. These collections are in charge of 
Ellen M. Mountfort, librarian, and John L. Stilphen, assistant. 


PARIS: 

HAMLIN MEMORIAL HALL. 

While this is primarily a library of about 2000 volumes it also 
contains portraits of the Hamlin family, and an interesting exhibit of 
cut tourmalines and tourmaline crystals from neighboring Mt. Mica. 
The building was formerly the county jail and was deeded to the Paris 
Hill Library Association about 1902, through the efforts of Dr. Augus- 
tus Choate Hamlin of Bangor, Maine, as a memorial to his son. Dr. 
Hamlin at his death endowed the library in the sumof $5000. The 
library and museum are open free to the public, through the summer 
months, on Mondays from 3 to 4.30 and on Wednesday and Saturday 
evenings from 7.30 tog. During the winter it is open only on Wednes- 
days from 2.30 to 4 and from 7.30 to o. 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES 99 


POLAND SPRING: 


POLAND SPRING ART GALLERY. 
The gallery is in charge of Nettie M. Ricker, art director, and has 
no permanent collections, but holds an annual art exhibition. 


PORTLAND: 


MAINE HISTORICAL SOCIETY. 

The society has a good collection of historical relics of Maine. 

PORTLAND SOCIETY OF NATURAL HISTORY. Museum. (22 

Elm Street.) 

STAFF. Cabinet keeper and librarian, Arthur H. Norton; 
Curators, Dana W. Fellows (botany), Mrs. Helen A. Lewis (entomo- 
logy), Arthur H. Norton (ethnology), H. M. Mailing (mineralogy). 

ANTHROPOLOGY. Uncivilized peoples: Archeology, native, 
2000+, foreign, 573+; Ethnology, native, 200+, foreign, 200+. 
Civilized peoples, ancient, 200+, modern, r50+. 

Art. Prints and engravings, 50+; Oil paintings, 300+; Water 
colors, 50+; Ceramics, 50+; Textiles, 100+. 

Botany. Cryptogams, 2068; Phanerogams, 11,610; Woods, 
1000; Fruits and seeds, 2000. 

GroLocy. Minerals, on exhibition, 5000+, in storage, 3000+. 

PALEONTOLOGY. Invertebrates, 2500+; Vertebrates, 500+; 
Plants, tooo, including 4 figured specimens. Of special interest is 
the Perry collection of devonian plants of Maine, and local post- 
pliocene marine fossils. 

ZooOLoGy. Shells, on exhibition, 7135+, in storage, 2000+; 
Insects, on exhibition, 200, in storage, tooo; Other invertebrates, on 
exhibition, 250, in storage, 1000+; types and figured specimens, 2; — 
Fishes, on exhibition, 37, in storage, 100; Batrachians, 50; Reptiles, 
on exhibition, 55, in storage, roo+; Birds, on exhibition, 400, in stor- 
age, 1500+, types, 1; Mammals, on exhibition, 27, in storage, 17; 
Bird nests, gI, eggs, 581. 

HistoricAL SKETCH. ‘The society was organized in 1843 and 
incorporated in 1850. In 1854 its museum and library, including the 
entire collection of shells of Dr. Jesse W. Mighels, with many types, 
were destroyed by fire. In 1866 the museum and library were again 
destroyed by fire, the collections lost at this time including a large 
series of specimens gathered by the second state geological survey— 
minerals and fossils by C. H. Hitchcock, plants by George L. Goodale, 
etc. 


I0o DIRECTORY OF AMERICAN MUSEUMS 


FINANCIAL Support. ‘The society receives approximately the 
following amounts annually: income from endowment, $272, from 
an optional city appropriation, $300, from memberships, $200, from 
other sources, $275. 

Burtpinc. Erected in 1879 at a cost of $20,000, defrayed by 
subscription, the building affords 2608 square feet of floor space for 
exhibition, 1313 for offices, workrooms, etc., and 1301 for lecture 
room. 

ADMINISTRATION. By a cabinet keeper, and committees, re- 
sponsible to a board of twelve trustees, of which he is one. 

Scope. Public school work, instruction of the general public, 
and maintenance of local collections. 

LIBRARY. 4500 bound volumes in addition to pamphlets, maps, 
etc., of ascientific character, intended for the use of bothstaff and public. 

PUBLICATIONS. (1) Journal, discontinued when 1 part had been 
issued. (2) Proceedings, 2 volumes (10 parts) issued. 

ATTENDANCE. Open free to the public on week-days from 2 to 4 


ZOOLOGICAL PARK. 
The city maintains a zodlogical park of half an acre, established 
in 1890, containing about 50 birds and 20 mammals. 


SACO: 
YORK INSTITUTE. 

The secretary reports that the institute maintains a museum, but 
no reply has been received to repeated requests for further information 
regarding the collections, which are said by Thwaites to comprise 
local historical material and a portrait gallery. 


WATERVILLE: 

COLBY COLLEGE. 

ANTHROPOLOGY. A series of masks of Pacific Islanders. 

Art. A collection of portrai*s of distinguished benefactors and 
friends of the college; casts of noted pieces of sculpture; and sets of 
photographs and representations for the illustration of lectures on 
the history of art. 

Botany. A herbarium of about 1500 specimens of native plants; 
200 microscopic sections of plant tissues and organs; and models of 
typical plants. 

GEOLOGY AND PALEONTOLOGY. A general collection of 3500 
minerais; a state geological collection; a series of New York rocks; 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES IOI 


Rosenbusch’s set of 490 massive rocks and 100 European crystalline 
schists; 150 specimens of typical American rocks; 86 hand specimens 
of rocks illustrating precambrian geology; 400 thin sections of typical 
rocks; 175 crystal models; a series of 600 characteristic American 
fossils and casts of some foreign species; a number of relief maps, 
models, etc.; 725 geological photographs; and about 500 lantern 
slides. 

Zo6Locy. A teaching collection comprising a synoptic collection 
of invertebrates; a number of mounted vertebrate skeletons; and 
200 histological preparations. 

The art collections are housed in Memorial Hall and the science 
collections in Coburn Hall. 


MARYLAND 
ANNAPOLIS: 

MARYLAND GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 

The survey maintains in the old hall of delegates at the state 
house a large collection of applied geology, relating chiefly to Mary- 
land. This collection is open free to the public daily and is visited 
by several thousand people annually. 

The working collections of the survey in paleontology, mineralogy, 
and historic and economic geology are in Baltimore, in charge of 
William Bullock Clark, state geologist, as is also a working library 
of over 1000 volumes, consisting largely of geological reports. Serial 
reports and monographs are issued by the survey. 


BALTIMORE: 

JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY. 

The university has no central museum but working collections 
are maintained in connection with the scientific departments, those 
in geology, zodlogy, and botany being especially extensive. 


MARYLAND ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. (105 West Franklin St.) 

STAFF. The museum is in charge of P. R. Uhler, president of 
the academy. 

ANTHROPOLOGY. 100,000+ artifacts of aborigines of Maryland. 

Botany. Alarge collection of Maryland plants, including mosses, 
lichens, fungi, and algae, as well as flowering plants, and a collection 
of woods of the state. 

GEOLOGY. 2000 species of minerals; a typical collection of Mary- 
land rocks; and a few hundred specimens of dynamic geology. The 


102 DIRECTORY OF AMERICAN MUSEUMS 


Chatard collection, while covering the whole field of mineralogy, is 
rich in European specimens, and in those from Pennsylvania, Mary- 
land, and North Carolina localities, particularly the great variety of 
quartz and corundum occurring in North Carolina, and the zeolites 
from the gneiss of Jones’ Falls near Baltimore, where the old localities 
are largely exhausted or built over. The Dalrymple collection con- 
tains principally European specimens. 

PALEONTOLOGY. A series including all fossils described from the 
state of Maryland; and a large general collection. There are two large 
and probably unique exhibits showing a miocene and an upper silurian 
(Helderberg) coral reef, in which all the specimens are obtained from 
Maryland localities. 

ZobLocy. The collections are confined to Maryland and include 
a small collection of typical land and marine shells; 10,000 species of 
insects; 600 species of birds; and the typical fishes, reptiles, and mam- 
mals of the state. Many of the birds and mammals are mounted in 
small groups with natural surroundings. Beside the above, a large 
case contains a reproduction of a characteristic coral reef of the Carib- 
bean region, including 37 or more species of recent corals arranged 
exactly as in nature. 

HistoricAL SKketcu. The collections gathered by the academy 
from 1859 to 1882 were presented to the Johns Hopkins University; 
after this and prior to 1890 the building now occupied by the academy 
became available and a museum was started for the maintenance of 
Maryland collections. 

BuiLtpiInc. A former residence occupying a lot 50 x 150 feet; 
given to the academy by Enoch Pratt, Esq., a member. 

Scope. Maintenance of local collections. 

Liprary. More than tooo volumes intended for the use of the 
academy. 

PuBLICATIONS. The society has issued one volume of over 4oo 
pages, and has a second in course of publication. 


WALTERS GALLERY. 


This gallery contains a private collection, including over 750 paint- 
ings, too water colors and designs, and a host of art treasures, compris- 
ing marbles, bronzes, terra cottas, carved ivories, porcelains, potteries, 
ancient and modern jewelry, enamels, carved woods, tapestries, 
lacquers, miniatures, and rugs. Through the courtesy of the owner, 
Mr. H. Walters, the galleries are open to the public on Wednesdays 
and Saturdays from January 1 to April 30 between the hours of 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES 103 


trand4. The proceeds from the admission fees of 50 cents are received 
by the Poor Association of Baltimore, following the custom of the 
elder Mr. Walters, who adopted it in 1873. 


THE WOMAN’S COLLEGE OF BALTIMORE. Museum. 

Starr. Director, Arthur Barneveld Bibbins. 

ANTHROPOLOGY. Uncivilized peoples: Archeology and ethnol- 
ogy, native, 20,o00+, foreign, 2000+. Civilized peoples, ancient, 
500, modern, 50. 

Art. Sculpture, 12; Prints and engravings, tooo+; Oil paintings, 
10; Water colors, 36; Ceramics, 25; Textiles, 12; Lantern slides, 4oo. 

ASTRONOMY. 50 lantern slides and 1 small telescope. 

Botany. Cryptogams, 2000+; Phanerogams, 8000+. 

CoMMERCE AND INpustTRY. Oil, iron, tin, copper, zinc, and phos- 
phates, 700+. 

GEOGRAPHY. Lantern slides and stereographs, 500+. 

GroLocy. Minerals, 20,000t; Rocks, tooot; Dynamic and 
structural geology, relief maps, models, etc., 500+; Microscopic 
slides, 3500+. 

History. American, 1oo+, foreign, 50. 

PALEONTOLOGY. Invertebrates, on exhibition, tooo+, in storage, 
50+; Vertebrates, on exhibition, 12, types and figured specimens, 2 
(miocene whale skulls); Plants, on exhibition, 250+, in storage, 500+, 
types and figured specimens, 7 (cycads). This department includes 
extensive collections from the Potomac group, comprising more than 
too silicified cycad and palm trunks from Maryland. 

ZooLocy. Shells, 500; Other invertebrates, too; Fishes, 12; 
Reptiles, 2; Birds and eggs, zoo0; Mammals, ro. 

OTHER COLLECTIONS. Coins and medals, 2500+; Babylonian 
tablets, ancient and modern, 24+; ‘Tyndall Iceland Spars” and 
Foucault prisms valued at several thousand dollars. President- 
emeritus Goucher also has, in his adjoining residence, a select collection 
of rare books, prints, ethnologic and mineralogic material, gems, etc., 
which he considers part of the college collections. 

HisTorIcaAL SKETCH. The museum was established about 1893, 
the first accession being a collection of 250 minerals from the late 
John W. Lee of Baltimore. Most of the subsequent accessions have 
come as gifts or by purchase by friends of the college. The number of 
objects exceeds 100,000. 

FINANCIAL Support. The museum receives occasional college 
appropriations. The director serves without salary, in connection 
with his duties as head of the department of geology. 


104 DIRECTORY OF AMERICAN MUSEUMS 


Buitpinc. ‘The museum occupies the center pavilion of Goucher 
Hall, erected in 1886, which affords about 2000 square feet of floor 
space for exhibition, and about tooo for offices, dark-room, workroom, 
storeroom, etc. 

ADMINISTRATION. By a director, responsible to the president of 
the college. 

Scope. College instruction is the primary purpose of the museum; 
field investigation is undertaken as time permits. 


ZOOLOGICAL PARK. 
The city maintains a zodlogical park of 6 acres, established in 


1882, containing 4 reptiles, 72 birds, and 83 mammals. 


BELAIR: 

HARFORD COUNTY HISTORICAL SOCIETY. 

This society occupies a room in the court house, in which it main- 
tains a collection of articles of local historical interest, including 
photographs, private papers, books, files of county newspapers, etc. 
An effort is being made to secure a new building for these collec- 
tions in combination with a library and reading room. 


PUEEIC Omi Clive 
ROCK HILL COLLEGE. 

The college has a museum including about 800 photographs, coins, 
musical instruments, native manuscripts, etc. from Ceylon, and plaster 
casts of American Indian relics; a herbarium of 2500 specimens, 
including a complete set of the ferns of Howard County; and a teaching 
collection of about 2000 minerals. 


MASSACHUSETTS 
AMHERST: 

AMHERST COLLEGE. Museum. 

Starr. The collections are in charge of B. K. Emerson (geology) 
and F. B. Loomis (zoélogy). 

ANTHROPOLOGY. Archeology, native, 30,000+, foreign, 500+; 
Ethnology, native, 50, foreign, 500c+. This collection comprises about 
7000 specimens from the Connecticut Valley, including the Gilbert 
collection of stone relics of American Indians found within 50 miles 
of Amherst College; about 2000 from the Maine shell heaps; 2000 from 
New England in general; about 10,000 from the Champlain Valley; 
and about 10,000 from the United States in general. There are also 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES I05 


500 bas-reliefs, cylinders, coins, and seals from Nineveh and Babylon. 
The entrance hall of the library is also lined with large slabs from Nin- 
eveh. 

ART. 75 casts of Greek sculpture; 1000 carbon photographs of 
Italian art; and about 200 miscellaneous objects from Assyria and 
Babylon. 

Botany. Cryptogams, 4000+; Phanerogams, 3000+. This col- 
lection includes the Tuckerman lichens. 

GroLocy. Minerals, on exhibition, 3000+, in storage, 10,000+; 
Rocks, on exhibition, 1000, in storage, 10,000+; Dynamic geology, relief 
maps, models, etc., 25. The greater part of the minerals in this depart- 
ment are in the Shepard collection, which is particularly rich in rutiles 
from Massachusetts and the southern Appalachian region; tourmalines 
from Paris, Maine; a very complete collection of gems; and a meteorite 
collection of great value, including 118 aerosiderites and 180 aerolites. 
There are 2000 specimens illustrating concretionary forms and meta- 
morphism; many thin sections of rocks;and large collectionsillustrating 
the early geological surveys of the New England states, Vermont by 
Prof. C. B. Adams, Connecticut by Prof. C. U. Shepard, and Mass- 
achusetts by President E. Hitchcock. 

PALEONTOLOGY. Invertebrates, on exhibition, 7000+, in stor- 
age, 25,000+, types and figured specimens, 25; Vertebrates, on exhibi- 
tion, 300, in storage, tooo+, types and figured specimens, 40; Plants, 
on exhibition, 300+, in storage, roo+. Important mounted skeletons 
and restorations include Megacerops tyleri Loomis (type), Stegmodus 
longipes E. and L. (type), Eohippus borealis, Mesohippus bairdt, 
Stenomylus hitchcocki (type). The Hitchcock collection of fossil 
footprints from the Connecticut Valley is especially noteworthy, 
numbering over 20,000 tracks containing most of the types. There 
is also an exceptionally full series of vertebrate fossils from southern 
pleistocene formations; a general collection of foreign material; and 
a unique series of carboniferous fishes from Scotland. 

ZoOLoGy. Shells, on exhibition, 20,000, in storage, 10,000, types 
and figured specimens, 300+; Insects, on exhibition, 100, in storage, 
100; Other invertebrates, on exhibition, 300, in storage, 400; Fishes, 
40; Batrachians, 25; Reptiles, 50; Birds, on exhibition, 400, in storage, 
300; Mammals, on exhibition, roo, in storage, 100. 1 large winter 
group of seed-eating birds is exhibited in natural surroundings, and 
more are contemplated. 

FINANCIAL Support. The museum receives an income of $900 
annually from endowment; additional support from the college; and 


106 DIRECTORY OF AMERICAN MUSEUMS 


irregular amounts from subscriptions, averaging about $800 a year. 
Funds received from subscriptions are chiefly used for buying specific 
collections or for sending out field parties. 

Bur_pinc. The museum occupies 10,000 square feet of floor 
space for exhibition in a building erected by the college in 1909, at a 
cost of $90,000. 

Scope. College teaching, exploration, and research. 

ATTENDANCE. Open free to the public daily. 


MASSACHUSETTS AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. 


The college maintains teaching collections in connection with its 
several departments, as follows: 

AGRONOMY. Samples of grains and seeds of economic impor- 
tance in field culture. 

ANIMAL HusBANpDRY. A set of plaster-of-paris models. of foreign 
and domestic breeds of horses, cattle, sheep, and swine; and a col- 
lection of food stuffs available for the use of the New England farmer. 

Botany. A collection of Massachusetts timber trees, and various 
specimens illustreting scientific methods of treating trees; and a 
herbarium comprising 12,000 sheets of fungi, 1200 sheets of lichens 
and liverworts, 1200 sheets of mosses, and 15,000 species of flowering 
plants and ferns. There is also a conservatory 28 x 70 feet. 

CHEMISTRY. Samples of rocks, minerals, soils, raw and manu- 
factured fertilizers, foods, milk products, fibers, various other vege- 
table and animal products, and artificial preparations of mineral and 
organic compounds. 

Entomo.tocy. A large and growing collection of insects, both 
in the adult and in the early stages. 

FLORICULTURE. A series of palm, fern, orchid, violet, carnation, 
and rose greeenhouses. 

GroLocy. A large series of minerals; the state collection of rocks 
of Massachusetts; a series of Ward’s fossils and casts of fossils; 
models, charts, etc. 

VETERINARY SCIENCE. Skeletons of the horse, cow, sheep, dog, 
and pig; and a growing collection of anatomical and pathological 
specimens. 

ZOOLOGY. A museum of over 11,000 specimens designed to show 
as fully as possible the fauna of Massachusetts, and the principles 
of zodlogy for teaching purposes. This museum is in charge of C. 
E. Gordon, curator, and is open free to the public on Saturdays from 
1 to 5 and on other week-days from 2.15 to 4.15. 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES 107 


ANDOVER: 

ABBOT ACADEMY. John-Esther Gallery. 

A small collection of paintings, engravings, bronzes, and other 
works of art is administered by the trustees and principal of the acad- 
emy for the benefit of the students and the local public. Both the 
collections and the building, which was erected in 1905-7 at a cost of 
$41,000, are the gift by will of Mrs. John Byers of Andover. The 
gallery is in charge of a curator and janitor and is open to the public 
every Saturday afternoon from 2 to 5, with an average attendance of | 
12. Loan collections are exhibited from time to time. 

The academy also possesses teaching collections comprising goo+ 
photographs; 600+ lantern slides; 400+ rocks; 3000+ invertebrates, 
chiefly shells; and 150 birds, chiefly African. : 


PHILLIPS ACADEMY. Department of American Archaeology. 

This department was founded in tgo1 by Mr. and Mrs. R. S. 
Peabody, who provided an endowment of about $187,000 and 40,000 
specimens as the nucleus of a museum. The collections now include 
74,000 specimens of American archeology and are in charge of Charles 
Peabody, director, and Warren K. Moorehead, curator, assisted by 2 
clerks, 1 messenger, and 1 janitor. There is a library of about 4000 
volumes on archeology and history. Public lectures are given during 
the winter and four archeological bulletins have been issued; ‘The 
Stone Age” in two volumes, by W. K. Moorehead, is planned for pub- 
lication in IgIo. 

The building occupied by the department and museum was erected 
in 1903 at a cost of $50,000; it occupies the site of the original Phillips 
Academy. This is said to be the only preparatory school in the world 
which has a department of archeology. 


BEVERLY: 

BEVERLY HISTORICAL SOCIETY. 

The recording secretary reports that the society maintains a 
museum, but no further information has been received. | 


BOSTON: 

BOSTONIAN SOCIETY. Old State House. 

This society is organized to promote the study of the history of 
Boston and the preservation of its antiquities. Jt maintains in the 
Old State House a large collection of portraits and historical relics, 
as well as a library of about 5000 volumes and pamphlets. The 


108 DIRECTORY OF AMERICAN MUSEUMS 


financial support of the society consists of the income from invested 
funds, fees of annual members, and annual grants from the common- 
wealth of Massachusetts and the city of Boston. The collections 
are open free to the public on week-days, except holidays, from 9 
to 4. In summer the hours are 9 to 4.30 (Saturdays, 9 to 1). 


BOSTON SOCIETY OF NATURAL HISTORY. Museum. 


STAFF. Curator, Charles W. Johnson; Assistant curator, Joseph 
A. Cushman; Assistants, L. R. Martin and M. E. Carter. 

Botany. The C. J. Sprague collection of 2550 North American 
lichens; 250 specimens from the Cummings, Williams, Earle, and Sey- 
mour collections of 700 lichens and fungi; a special New England her- 
barium of to,ooc+ specimens; a general herbarium of 50,000+ speci- 
mens; and an exhibition series of common flowering plants, trees, and 
shrubs. 

GroLtocy. Minerals, 5150; Rocks, 4000; Relief maps, models, 
CLC 2. 

PALEONTOLOGY. Invertebrates, American, 2600, foreign, 2900, 
types and figured specimens, 106; Vertebrates, American, 354, foreign, 
535, types and figured specimens, 34; Plants, American, 395, foreign, 
322, types and figured specimens, 41. There are in addition gooo+ 
fossils in storage. ; 

ZoOLocy. Shells, on exhibition, 3500, in storage, 15,500; Insects, 
on exhibition, 5000, in storage, 25,000+, types and figured specimens, 
150+; Other invertebrates, on exhibition, 1550, in storage, 3000+, 
types and figured specimens, 50+; Fishes, on exhibition, 400, in stor- 
age, 3000+, types and figured specimens, 25+; Batrachians, 250; 
Reptiles, 500; Birds, on exhibition, 12,000, typesand figured specimens, 
724; Mammals, 400. The museum collection includes the following 
New England species: Echinoderms, 33; Mollusks, 350; Crustacea, 
150+; Spiders, mites, etc., 250+; Insects, 6500; Fishes, 180; Reptiles 
and amphibians, 41; Birds, 322; Mammals, 68. There are 8 large and 
52 small groups of animals exhibited in natural surroundings. 

HistorRIcAL SKETCH. The society was founded in 1830 as an 
outgrowth of the earlier Linnaean Society of New England. It occu- 
pied the old Atheneum building on Pearl Street for three years; as 
a result of the rapid growth of the museum and library a new hall 
on Tremont Street was then occupied and this too was soon outgrown; 
in 1847 a building on Mason Street was purchased and in 1863 the 
present building was erected. 

FINANCIAL Support. By the general funds of the society, which 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES 10g 


include an annual income of $13,761 from endowment, $1390 from 
memberships, and $105 from admission fees to the museum. 

Buitpinc. Erected in 1863 at a cost of $100,000 defrayed by sub- 
scription; it affords 19,330 square feet of floor space for exhibition, 
3800 for the library, and 2720 for offices, workrooms, etc. 

ADMINISTRATION. By a curator, acting under a museum com- 
mittee, responsible to a board of 24 councilors elected by the society. 

Score. Maintenance of collections of New England fauna and 
flora, and research. 

LIBRARY. 35,000 volumes and 27,000 pamphlets on geology, 
botany, zodlogy, and anthropology. Open to members daily except 
Sundays, and accessible to others under certain restrictions. It in- 
cludes sets of journals and transactions of learned societies in all 
parts of the world, many of which are not available elsewhere in the 
vicinity of Boston. 

PuBLICATIONS. The publications were begun in 1834 and now 
consist of (1) Memoirs, (2) Proceedings, and (3) Occasional Papers. 

ATTENDANCE. Open free to the public on Wednesdays and Satur- 
days from to to 4.30, and on Sunday afternoons from 1 to 4.30. On 
other week-days an admission fee of 25 cents is charged. No statistics 
of attendance are available. 


HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL. Warren Anatomical Museum. 

The museum comprises 10,000 specimens, illustrating normal, 
pathological, and comparative anatomy, designed for use in medical 
instruction and research, and under the care of William F. Whitney, 
curator, and one preparator. The collection occupies the entire upper 
half of the administration building with a floor space of 8640 square 
feet, and is exhibited in alcove cases on the floor and two galleries. 
It is supported by the income from the Warren Museum fund and the 
Henry Jackson endowment. 


MASSACHUSETTS HISTORICAL SOCIETY. 

No reply has been received to repeated requests for information 
concerning this society, which is said by Thwaites to have been 
organized in 1791 and to maintain a museum. 


MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY. 

Although a museum was originally intended to be a part of the 
institute, none has ever been organized. The teaching collections, 
however, include about 10,000 fossils, 10,o00 minerals, 8000 rocks and 
economic specimens, and 2000 specimens in structural geology. 


IIo DIRECTORY OF AMERICAN MUSEUMS 


MUSEUM OF FINE ARTS. 


STAFF. Director, Arthur Fairbanks; Secretary, Benjamin Ives 
Gilman; Advisor, Okakura-Kakuzo (Chinese and Japanese art); 
Head of Egyptian expedition, G. A. Reisner; Honorary curator, 
Frank G. Macomber (Western art except paintings and textiles); 
Curators, Emil H. Richter (prints), Arthur Fairbanks (classical art); 
Associate curators, Francis G. Curtis (Chinese and Japanese amb) 
Assistant curators, Lacey D. Caskey (classical art), Langdon Warner 
(Chinese and Japanese art); Keepers, Edward S. Morse (Japanese 
pottery), Francis S. Kershaw (Chinese and Japanese art), John B. 
Potter (paintings); Docent, L. Earle Rowe; Secretary to director and 
registrar, Sidney N. Deane; Librarian, Morris Carter; Assistants, 
J. Arthur McLean (Chinese and Japanese art), L. Earle Rowe (Egyp- 
tian art), Florence V. Paull (Western art except paintings and textiles), 
Sarah G. Flint (textiles), Francis E. Turner (photographs); Assistant 
librarian, Martha Fenderson; Superintendent of building, W. W. Mc- 
Lean; Assistant superintendent, James F. McCabe; 24 office assistants; 
30 superintendent’s assistants. 

CoLLEcTIONS. Egyptian Art: Sculptures, including royal statues 
from the Mycerinus Pyramid Temple at Gizeh; smaller objects includ- 
ing cut leather garment of 1350 B. c., gold ornaments, and tiles. 
Classical Art: Sculptures, including Three-sided Relief (5th century), 
Head of Aphrodite, female head from Chios (4th century), Head of 
Homer (Hellenistic); terra cottas, including Portrait-Head (Roman); 
vases; bronzes; coins; and gems, including Marlborough Cameo 
(Graeco-Roman). Chinese and Japanese Art: Sculptures of wood, 
bronze, marble, and lacquer from the 5th century to the present time; 
paintings, including the Hokke Mandara (5th century) and the Heiji 
Monogatari Roll (13th century); early Chinese pottery; Chinese bronze 
mirrors, swords, and lesser works in sculptured iron, bronze, silver, 
and gold; lacquers and porcelains. Western Art. Paintings: Spanish, 
Italian, Flemish, Dutch, French, English, and American, including Don 
Baltazar Carlos and His Dwarf, Velasquez; Slave Ship, Turner; Wat- 
son and the Shark, Copley; Athenaeum Heads of George and Martha 
Washington, Stuart. Mohammedan Art: Pottery, including Sears 
Persian Lustre bowl (13th century), Persian illuminations, rugs, and 
velvets. European Art: Textiles, including Flemish tapestries (15th 
and early 16th centuries); sculpture, including Head of Ceres by 
Auguste Rodin; smaller objects, including Paul Revere silver. Other 
Collections: Casts from Greek, Roman, and Italian renaissance sculp- 
ture; and a collection of 60,000 prints. 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES IEACAL 


HistoricaL SKETCH. ‘The museum was incorporated February 
3, 1870, tocollect and exhibit works of fine art and to give instruction 
in the fine arts. The first building on Copley Square was opened in 
1876, enlarged in 1878 and 1888, and closed May 2, 1909. The pres- 
ent building on the Fenway was opened November 15, 1909. 

FINANCIAL Support. The museum received the following 
amounts applicable to current expenses during the year 1909 (from 
May 2 to November 15 the museum was closed): Income from endow- 

aent, $48,391.07; annual subscriptions, $23,990; admission fees, 
$1827.25; sales of catalogs, casts, etc., $1069.91. The expenses were 
$82,322.93. Additions to the endowment of the museum for mainte- 
nance and other purposes amounted to $193,864.02. Contributions 
for special current purposes amounted to $17,246.88. 

Burtp1nc. The present building was erected in 1907-9, on a lot 
of twelve acres fronting the Fenway, at a cost of about $2,900,000, of 
which about $1,200,000 represents the cost of the land and improve- 
ments, $1,600,000 the cost of the building, and $100,000 the cost of 
moving and installation. These expenditures have been defrayed 
from the proceeds of the sale of the old building, about $1,750,000, 
contributions from private individuals, about $600,000, and appropria- 
tions from the museum endowment, about $500,000. The building 
is planned as a part of a larger whole, to occupy the entire property, 
and consisting of the museum proper, a hall of casts, and a school 
building. The present building, about two-fifths of the future museum 
proper, contains eight structurally separate departments, the main 
floor being chiefly devoted to exhibitions historically arranged, and 
the ground floor to reserve collections accessible to all visitors, and to 
study and administration rooms, both floors being abundantly lighted, 
mostly by high windows. The building affords 94,882 square feet of . 
floor space for primary exhibition purposes, and 82,437 for reserve 
collections, offices, workrooms, etc. 

ADMINISTRATION. By a board of trustees, including representa- 
tives of Harvard University and other institutions, the city, and the 
state, acting through an executive committee whose chairman and 
administrative officer is the director of the museum. There are also 
visiting and advisory committees of citizens. 

Scope. The purposes of the museum are (1) to preserve works of 
art in a special building from destruction and oblivion; (2) to impart 
knowledge and skill in the field of fine art. 

The museum seeks to attain the first purpose by securing in its 
building the best conditions of safety; further by providing exhibition 


I12 DIRECTORY OF AMERICAN MUSEUMS 


galleries in which each object is shown to the best possible advantage; 
by stimulating public interest through alternative exhibitions drawn 
from collections held in reserve; and by promoting public understand- 
ing of the objects shown through their oral as well as printed interpre- 
tation. The methods of oral interpretation employed include gallery 
conferences by officers of the museum and other competent persons on 
objects shown at the time; the assignment of these and other speakers 
under the title of Docent to the duty of meeting visitors singly or in 
groups in the galleries to give information about the exhibits. Printed 
aids to understanding the collections include, beside the publications 
of the museum and photographs sold at the door, lists of objects 
relating to historical periods, and loan collections of photographs and 
lantern slides, both offered to teachers, and half-tones and postal 
cards illustrating museum objects offered to school children and the 
public. 

The museum seeks to attain the second purpose by providing 
reserve galleries in which each object can be studied to the best advan- 
tage; by offering special students opportunities for work in the depart- 
ment offices; by publishing catalogs of permanent value; by arranging 
courses of lectures entitling to college credit on subjects germane to 
the collections; by maintaining a public inventory of works of art 
outside the museum interesting and accessible to the Boston public, 
under the title of a Register of Local Art; and by giving the best instruc- 
tion possible in the arts of drawing, painting, modeling, and designing 
in the school of the museum. The school, now occupying a separate 
building on the museum property, succeeds independent classes per- 
mitted in 1876 the use of unoccupied rooms in the first building. 
It offers a number of scholarships and prizes. The pupils number 
about 250 annually. 

LIBRARY. 13,074 volumes, 958 pamphlets, and 30,824 photo- 
graphs; all chosen with special reference to the museum collections 
and intended for the use of both staff and public. 

PUBLICATIONS. (1) Bulletin, published bi-monthly. (2) Annual 
Report, published in March. (3) A handbook and other volumes 
illustrating the collections, including catalogs of Greek and Roman 
casts, Italian renaissance sculpture, Greek coins, early American en- 
graving, American silver, Japanese sword guards, Japanese pottery, 
and Chinese pottery. 

ATTENDANCE. Open daily, except Fourth of July, Thanksgiving, 
and Christmas; on week-days from 9 to 5 (November to March, g to 
4), Sundays from 1 to 5. Admission is free on Saturdays, Sundays 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES IT3 


and public holidays; on other days an entrance fee of 25 cents is 
charged. In 1o08 there were 18,849 paid admissions and 218,025 
free admissions. 


OLD SOUTH ASSOCIATION. Old South Meeting House. 


STAFF. Custodian, Mrs. S. C. Libby. 

CoLiEctTions. The Warren collection of relics relating to Dr. 
Warren and Bunker Hill, tent by Dr. Warren’s family; a considerable 
number of relics of Washington of the highest importance and authen- 
ticity, lent by the Augustus Hemenway trustees; a substantially 
complete set of furniture and articles of domestic use of the colonial 
period; and a large and varied collection of other objects of historical 
interest. 

HIsTorIcAL SKETCH. The Old South Association was incorporated 
in 1876 for the permanent preservation of the historic building from 
which it derives its name. The present collection was formed at 
the time by a committee of ladies from various sources and the 
admission fees were a portion of the resources from which the Old 
South was saved and thereafter kept open. 

FINANCIAL SupPoRT. By admission fees, supplemented by other 
revenues of the corporation. 

Burtpinc. The site of the Old South Meeting House has been 
continuously occupied by a church building for a longer time than 
-any other ground in Boston. The present building was erected in 
1729. After a long and intimate association with local historical 
events 1t was sold in 1876 that the lot might be used for business 
purposes. The Old South Association, organized at this time, rescued 
it from destruction by purchasing the lot and building at a cost of 
$400,000. The building occupies about 10,000 square feet of land. 

Scope. The primary purpose of the association is the preserva- 
tion of the Old South Meeting House; the maintenance of the museum 
is incidental to this. Under the name of “ Directors of the Old South 
Work,” with the assistance of a trust fund from the estate of the 
late Mary Hemenway, the corporation carries on a considerable 
educational work in early American history, including summer lec- 
tures for school children and the publications described below. 

PUBLICATIONS. A series of reprints of important original papers, 
accompanied by useful historical and bibliographical notes, is issued 
under the title Old South Leaflets, with the object of interesting 
young people in American history and politics. Of these leaflets, 
202 have been published up to June, roto, consisting of about 16 


II4 DIRECTORY OF AMERICAN MUSEUMS 


pages each, sold at 5 cents per copy, or $4 per hundred. ‘These are 
extensively used for class work in schools and colleges throughout 
the United States. 

ATTENDANCE. Open to the public on payment of a fee of 25 
cents on week-days from 9 to 5. The attendance during 1909 was 
II,140. 


CAMBRIDGE: 
CAMBRIDGE HISTORICAL SOCIETY. (Public Library.) 
This society was organized in 1905 and has received by gift and 
exchange a number of books and pamphlets of historical interest and 
a few articles as the nucleus of a historical museum. ‘The society has 
published annual Proceedings since 1906. The collections are in 
charge of Clarence Walter Ayer, curator. 


HARVARD UNIVERSITY. ‘ 

The University Museum includes the Peabody Museum of Ameri- 
can Archaeology and Ethnology; the Botanical, Geological, and 
Mineralogical museums; and the Museum of Comparative Zodélogy. 
The museum of the Department of Architecture, the William Hayes 
Fogg Art Museum, the Botanical Garden, the Collection of Classical 
Antiquities, the Germanic Museum, the Gray Herbarium, the Semitic 
Museum, and the Social Museum are separate institutions responsi- 
ble independently to the president and fellows of Harvard University. 
The museum of the Harvard Medical School is listed separately under 
Boston. 


HARVARD UNIVERSITY. Peabody Museum of American Ar- 
chaeology and Ethnology (Anthropological Section of the 
University Museum). 


STAFF. Honorary curator in charge, Frederic W. Putnam; 
Assistant curator, Charles C. Willoughby; Librarian and assistant 
in ethnology, Roland B. Dixon; Assistant and secretary, Frances H. 
Mead; Assistants, Jane Smith, Zelia Nuttall (Mexican archeology), 
William. C. Farabee (somatology), Alfred M. Tozzer (Central Ameri- 
can archeology), Charles Peabody (European archeology), Richard 
F. Carroll (library); Thaw fellow and assistant in ethnology, Alice 
C. Fletcher; 1 fireman and janitor, and 2 caretakers. 

CoLLEcTIONS. The museum is especially rich in rare old ethno- 
logical material pertaining to the North American Indians. By per- 
sistant efforts to bring together in the Peabody Museum the ethno- 
logical material in older institutions in Boston and vicinity, it has 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES II5 


been made the depository of invaluable collections from the Boston 
Marine Society, the Massachusetts Historical Society, the Boston 
Atheneum, the Boston Society of Natural History, the American Anti- 
quarian Society, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and the 
old Boston Museum. In the collections from the old Boston Museum 
are a number of specimens that were once in the famous Peale Museum 
of Philadelphia, including several from the Lewis and Clark Expedition. 
The museum has also a few specimens collected by Catlin. A Massa- 
chusetts Indian bow, the only one in existence, dating from 1865, 
was received from the American Antiquarian Society. The museum 
has been constantly receiving additions from individual patrons. 
In the tribal exhibits are many old Indian baskets that are espe- 
cially fine. 

The order of exhibits is as follows: on the first floor, Mississippi 
Valley archeology and North American ethnology; on the second floor, 
Old World archeology and North American archeology and ethnology; 
on the third floor, South American archeology and ethnology, and 
North American, Mexican, and Central American archeology; on the 
fourth floor, ethnology of South America, Africa, Borneo, and the 
Pacific Islands, and Mexican and Central American archeology; on 
the fifth floor, human skeletons and crania, and the Pueblo collections. 

In the arrangement of exhibits the primary object is to furnish 
the means for comparative study and thus to make the collections 
of importance to students, as well as of educational interest to the 
general public. The geographical and ethnographical system has 
been followed, so that the student has certain naturally limited 
groups to study and to compare both in archeology and ethnology. 
These groups are made as complete as possible in order to present 
as a whole the archeology of a special region, or the customs, arts, 
and costumes of each tribe or people represented. In this way all 
that is possible to glean of the life history of past and present peoples" 
from specimens of their handiwork and from exemplification of their 
achievements is shown in the various exhibits. The story of man’s 
past and of his condition in savagery, in barbarism, and in the begin- 
nings of civilization is illustrated. In the somatological collections 
the opportunity is afforded for a comparative study of the physical 
characteristics of the various races. 

HIsTORICAL SKETCH. In 1866 George Peabody gave $150,000 
for the foundation of a museum of American archeology and ethnology 
and for a professorship for the teaching of these subjects. The exten- 
sive explorations carried on by the museum and other circumstances 


r16 DIRECTORY OF AMERICAN MUSEUMS 


have resulted in its becoming at present a museum of general anthro- 
pology. 

FINANCIAL Support. The original Peabody endowment of 
$150,000 was divided into three funds: a building fund of $60,000, a 
collection fund of $45,000, and a professorship fund of $45,000. The 
following endowments have since been established: the Thaw fellow- 
ship of $30,000, the Hemenway fellowship of $10,000, the Winthrop 
scholarship of $5000, the Huntington Frothingham Wolcott fund of 
$20,000, the Henry C. Warren fund of $10,000, and the Susan C. 
Warren fund of $5000. For the past three years a fellowship in 
Central American archeology has been maintained by a friend of 
the museum. Other gifts for various purposes are received each 
year. 

Buitpinc. In 1877 the first section of the present fireproof 
building on Divinity Avenue was erected. In 1889 the second por- 
tion of the building was erected, forming one-half of the structure 
planned for the southern wing of the university museum. The com- 
pletion is required for the proper exhibition of the collections. 

Scope. Exploration and research, and university teaching. The 
museum is especially noted for its many and thorough explorations, 
especially of the shellheaps and village sites of the Atlantic states, 
and the burial places, village sites, mounds, and earthworks of the 
Ohio Valley; for its long continued researches in the Delaware Valley; 
and for its expeditions to Central and South America. 

LIBRARY. 3847 volumes and 3960 pamphlets covering all branches 
of anthropology and especially rich in complete sets of the anthropo- 
logical series of publications of the world. 

PUBLICATIONS. (1) Annual reports; (2) Papers; (3) Memoirs; 
(4) Special publications. 

ATTENDANCE. Open free to the public on week-days, except holi- 
days, from g to 5. 

HARVARD UNIVERSITY. Botanical Section of the University 

Museum. 

No reply has been received to requests for information regard- 
ing the collections of this department, which include extensive 
cryptogamic herbaria; economic exhibits; the Ware collection of 
Blaschka glass models of plants and flowers; etc. 

HARVARD UNIVERSITY. Geological Section of the University 

Museum. 

This section, for which three rooms are provided, is as yet incom- 

plete. The more noteworthy objects at present include the Curtis 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES 117 


geographical model of Boston and vicinity; a model of the Dents du 
Midi by students of Professor Heim; a collection of relics from St. 
-Pierre, Martinique; etc. 

In addition to the above, the Gardner collection includes over 
5700 photographs and 5400 lantern slides intended for instruction 
and exhibition. This collection is maintained and increased by the 
income of a fund established for this purpose in 1880 by George A. 
Gardner, Esq., of Boston. It is in charge of Edward Wigglesworth, 
curator. 

HARVARD UNIVERSITY. Mineralogical Section of the Univer- 

sity Museum. 

The exhibition collections comprise about 10,000 minerals arranged 
to illustrate systematic mineralogy and the physical properties of 
minerals and crystals and their occurrence, and a large collection of 
meteorites. The study series comprises a large stock of minerals 
and rocks. 

HARVARD UNIVERSITY. Museum of Comparative Zoology 

(Zoological Section of the University Museum). 

STAFF. Curator, Samuel Henshaw; Assistants, Walter Faxon 
(in charge of crustacea and mollusca), Samuel Garman (herpetology 
and ichthyology), William Brewster (in charge of birds), W. McM. 
Woodworth (in charge of worms), Charles R. Eastman (vertebrate 
paleontology), Outram Bangs (in charge of mammals), Hubert L. 
Clark and Henry B. Bigelow (invertebrate zodlogy), Robert W. 
Sayles (in charge of the geological exhibition collections); Librarian 
emerita, Frances M. Slack; Artist, Magnus Westergreen; Preparator, 
George Nelson. 

ZooLocy. ‘The exhibition space is devoted to systematic collec- 
tions of typical animals, to special collections, and to faunal collec- 
tions illustrating geographic distribution throughout the world. 
The study series contains the greater part of the collections. No 
information is available as to the extent of the collections. 

HIstoRIcAL SKETCH. The museum had its origin in the zodlogi- 
cal collections accumulated by Professor Louis Agassiz, which were 
purchased in 1852 for Harvard College at a cost of $12,000, raised 
by private subscriptions. In 1858 the corporation of Harvard Uni- 
versity made a small monthly allowance for the care of the collection. 
In 1859 Professor Agassiz obtained a grant from the legislature of 
Massachusetts of $100,000, and at the same time $71,125 was raised 
by private subscription for the museum. The museum was incor- 
porated in 1859, and received through Mr. William Gray the sum of 


118 DIRECTORY OF AMERICAN MUSEUMS 


$50,000 left to him by Mr. Francis C. Gray for the establishment of 
a museum, to be under the charge of an independent faculty, responsi- 
ble only to the corporation and overseers of Harvard University. 
Harvard granted to the museum the land it now occupies, and the 
construction of the building was begun in 1859. In addition to its 
initial grant of $100,000, which was paid in three years (1861, 1863, 
and 1864) the legislature of Massachusetts has paid to the museum 
the sum of $193,500. 

FINANCIAL SUPPORT. By the income from an endowment of 
about $600,000. 

Bur_pinc. Various portions of the building have been erected 
IO TESS OC), SI /it—/,  i4)7/ 7), INIOAIA, ilckys—oi0), EVAL iojou—ow,. “lave 
building with its collections and libraries represents an outlay of more 
than $1,225,000. 

ADMINISTRATION. By a curator, responsible to a museum faculty. 

Scope. Research and exploration. Facilities for instruction 
in zodlogy and geology are provided for students in Harvard Uni- 
versity, and exhibiton collections for the use of the public. 

Liprary. About 46,000 volumes. 

PUBLICATIONS. (xz) Annual reports; (2) Bulletin, of which 51 
volumes had been issued at the end of 1909; (3) Memoirs, of which 
30 volumes have been published. These publications are issued 
at irregular intervals, one volume of the Bulletin and a half volume 
of the Memoirs usually appearing annually. They are devoted to 
the publication of original work by the staff and of investigations 
carried on by students and others in the laboratories, or by specialists 
on the museum collections. 

ATTENDANCE. The exhibition collections of the museum are 
open free to the public on week-days, except Christmas and Fourth 
of July, from 9 to 5, and on Sundays from 1 to 5. 


HARVARD UNIVERSITY. Department of Architecture. ° 


This department is housed in Nelson Robinson Jr. Hall, which 
contains on the ground floor a Hall of Casts, running through two 
stories. It contains a number of full-size models of details from impor- 
tant architectural monuments; a remarkably fine series of casts from 
Greek architectural detail, made for the department in Athens and 
including several casts from objects never hitherto reproduced; an 
important series of original fragments, chiefly marble, of Greek, 
Roman, and Italian renaissance detail; and valuable loan collections 
of oriental embroideries, textiles, prints, architectural drawings, 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES IIg 


etc. The library comprises over 1000 bound volumes, besides 245 
portfolios containing mounted plates, and more than 12,000 
photographs. The collections are in charge of H. Langford Warren, 
head of the department. 


HARVARD UNIVERSITY. William Hayes Fogg Art Museum. 

STAFF. Director, E. W. Forbes; Custodian of engravings, Laura 
H. Dudley; Custodian of photographs, Eliza P. Huntington; Assistant, 
Alice M. Wood; 1 janitor and 1 page. 

Art. Sculpture, 15 marbles, Greek, Roman, and renaissance, 
and 150+ casts; Engravings, 30,0o00o£; Paintings, 23 primitives, 22 
early American school; Water color drawings of early English school, 
including 12 of J. M. W. Turner; Ceramics, ancient Greek vases, and 
Arretine pottery; Photographs, 42,ooct; Lantern slides, 3855. 
Among special collections may be mentioned electrotypes of the Brit- 
ish Museum collection of Greek and Roman coins, a collection of 
early pencil drawings of J. M. W. Turner, bronze reproductions of 
Italian and French medals of the renaissance, the Loeb collection of 
ancient bronzes, vases, gold ornaments, and engraved gems, anda small 
Japanese loan collection. 

HistoricAL SKETCH. The museum was founded by Mrs. Eliza- 
beth Fogg of New York in memory of her husband. Mrs. Fogg be- 
queathed to the president and fellows of Harvard University the sum 
of $220,000 for this purpose. 

FINANCIAL SUPPORT. The museum receives annually from the 
Fogg endowment, $2400+; from the Gray fund for engravings and 
their care, $800+; from the Prichard fund, $8504; from the Randall 
fund, $1750+; and from the Searle fund for books, $100+. 

Buitpine. A fireproof structure erected in 1895 at a cost of 
$150,000, derived from the principal of the Fogg bequest. It provides 
gtoo square feet of floor space for exhibition, and 500 for offices, work- 
rooms, etc., in addition to a basement room and a lecture room seat- 
ing about 500 persons. 

ADMINISTRATION. By a director, appointed by the corporation 
and the board of overseers of Harvard University. 

Scope. Primarily, college teaching; secondarily, public instruc- 
tion. 

LIBRARY. 1000+ reference volumes for use of the staff and qual- 
ified students. The museum library is largely supplemented by the 
general university library. 

PUBLICATIONS. (1) Annual reports; (2) Catalogs, handbooks and 
guides to special collections. 


I20 DIRECTORY OF AMERICAN MUSEUMS 


ATTENDANCE. Free on week-days from 9 to 5 and on Sundays dur- 
ing term time from 1to5. There are no statistics of general visitors, 
but 1201 persons visited the photograph collection for purposes of 
study in the year 1908-9. 


HARVARD UNIVERSITY. Botanical Garden. 


No reply has been received to requests for information concerning 
this department. 


HARVARD UNIVERSITY. Collection of Classical Antiquities. 


This collection is in charge of Professor George Henry Chase, cur- 
ator, and is intended primarily to serve as illustrative material for 
the courses in archeology and antiquity. It consists of several hun- 
dred objects of minor art, such as bronzes, vases, and coins, as wel! as 
specimens of marble, bricks, and other building materials, fragments 
of mozaic, inscriptions, etc. With these are a few casts of ancient 
sculpture, a considerable collection of photographs (principally of 
places in Greece and Italy), several hundred squeezes and rubbings of 
inscriptions, and a number of models of ancient utensils. The objects 
in the collection are always at the disposal of the students and can be 
taken out, if necessary, for study and comparison with similar col- 
lections in Boston and Cambridge. 


HARVARD UNIVERSITY. Germanic Museum. 

The museum is in charge of Kuno Francke, curator. It was estab- 
lished in tg02, at the instigation of Professor Francke, through col- 
lections undertaken by the visiting board of the Germanic department 
and by the Germanic Museum Association; but its present status is 
largely due toimportant donations received from the German Emperor, 
the King of Saxony, and a committee of leading German scholars, 
artists, and men of affa’rs at Berlin. The Swiss government also, 
as well as the municipal government of the city of Muremburg, has 
given valuable aid. 

The aim of the museum is to give a historical conspectus of the 
development of Germanic culture as represented by the fine arts and 
the crafts. The present collection, apart from a large number of pho- 
tographs of German architectural and sculptural monuments, chiefly 
from the Ko6niglich Preussische Messbildanstalt, contains models 
and reproductions of representative works of German art from the 
5th to the 18th century. The collection of casts of medieval and 
renaissance sculpture contained in this museum is more comprehen- 
sive than that of any other museum devoted to German art. 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES E27 


The museum is temporarily installed in the old gymnasium of 
Harvard University. About $190,000 has been collected for a new 
building. 

The museum is open free to the public on Mondays, Fridays, and 
Saturdays from 9 to 5,and on Thursdays and Sundays from 1 to 5. 


HARVARD UNIVERSITY. Gray Herbarium. 


The Gray Herbarium comprises over 438,000 herbarium sheets of 
flowering plants, and a library of over 20,000 books and pamphlets 
relating to systematic botany. The staff is as follows: Curator and 
professor of systematic botany, B. L. Robinson; Collector, C. G. 
Pringle; Assistant professor, M. L. Fernald; Librarian, Mary A. Day; 
Assistants, Edith M. Vincent and Isabel W. Anderson. ‘The financial 
support consists of the income from invested funds, gifts for present 
use, and royalties on and sale of publications. The institution is 
open to the public during the working hours of the staff, but as there 
are no exhibits it is seldom visited except for scientific purposes. 


HARVARD UNIVERSITY. Semitic Museum. 


STAFF. Curator, David G. Lyon; Curator of Arabic manuscripts, 
John Orne; 1 janitor. 

Art. Plaster casts of bas-reliefs and other carvings of Assyria, 
Babylonia, and other Semitic lands. 

Botany. Specimens of pressed flowers, woods, seeds, and fruits 
of Palestine. 

GroLocy. Geological specimens from Syria and Palestine. 

ZooLocy. Birds of Palestine, 200+; Mammals of Palestine, 4o. 

OTHER DEPARTMENTS. Hebrew, Arabic, Syriac, Ethiop'c, Samari- 
tan, and other manuscripts; Greek papyri; coins from Palestine, or 
re ating to Palestine; cuneiform inscriptions from Assyria and Baby- 
lonia; ancient vases and glass from Syria and Palestine; articles illus- 
trating present customs and usages in Semitic lands; and original ob- 
jects and reproduct.ons from Egypt and Persia illustrating Semitic 
history. 

HIsToRICAL SKETCH. Founded in 1889 by a gift of $10,000 from 
Jacob H. Schiff, who also gave the building. The museum was opened 
to the public in 1891 and occupied a room in the Peabody Museum until 
the erection of the new building in 1902. Mr. Schiff and other friends 
have contributed about $40,coo more toward the purchase of material. 
Mr. Schiff has also given $65,000 for explorations in Palestine under 
the auspices of the museum. 


UDP DIRECTORY OF AMERICAN MUSEUMS 


FINANCIAL Support. Purchases are made from special contribu- 
tions of friends; other expenses are met by the university. There is 
no endowment. 

Buitpinc. Erected in 1902 at a cost of about $80,000 given by 
Mr. Schiff. It provides about Sooo square feet of floor space for 
exhibition, and about 5000 for offices, workrooms, etc. 

ADMINISTRATION. By a curator acting with a committee, respon- 
sible to the president and fellows of Harvard University. 

Scope. Primarily, exploration and college teaching; secondarily, 
public instruction. 

LiBrARyY. About 1500 volumes on Semitic subjects intended for 
the use of instructors and students. 

ATTENDANCE. Open free to the public on week-days from 9g to 5. 


HARVARD UNIVERSITY. Social Museum. 


The Social Museum was begun in 1903 for the purpose of promot- 
ing investigation of modern social conditions, and directing the amelio- 
ration of industrial and social life by means of graphical illustration 
of progress in various countries. The collections comprise photo- 
graphs, models, diagrams, andcharts. Among them may be mentioned 
an exhibit, made at the St. Louis Exposition by the German gov- 
ernment of the workingmen’s insurance system; and by German in- 
dustrial establishments concerned with the welfare of their working 
people; exhibits from France, Belgium, Italy, and Japan, illustrating 
municipal progress, improved dwellings, and philanthropic institu- 
tions; a duplicate of the exhibit of the United States bureau of statis- 
tics of labor concerning wages, strikes, and trade-unions; an exhibit 
representing the English codperative movement; an exhibit illustrating 
social settlements; charts representing life-insurance statistics; illus- 
trations of welfare-work in American inaustries; photographic 
collections illustrating charity, industrial methods, immigration, im- 
proved housing, prison reform, etc. The museum occupies two 
rooms in Emerson Hall and in conjunction with the library of 3000 
volumes affords the student much material for study and research. 


CHARLESTOWN: 

UNITED STATES NAVY YARD. Museum. 

The navy yard maintains a museum and library occupying 3000 
square feet of floor space and comprising extensive collections of models 
and pictures; Chinese and South Sea Island weapons of war; and 
minerals and shells. The library contains about 4000 volumes of 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES 123 


naval and scientific literature and a miscellaneous collection of maga- 
zines. The museum is in charge of a naval officer with title of curator, 
responsible to the commandant. The object of the library and museum 
is to form a collection of works on naval literature and science; to 
supply a place of deposit for paintings, engravings, maps, and charts, 
for cabinets of curiosities of natural history, and for models of naval 
architecture and machinery connected with the naval profession; and 
to afford means of exhibiting and preserving specimens of useful inven- 
tions in the arts and sciences which relate to navigation and nautical 
defense. All books and specimens are donated; there is no financial 
support. The museum and library are open on week-days from 9 to 
12 and 1 to 4, except on Saturday afternoons during July, August, 
and September. The attendance is estimated at about 15,000 a year. 


CLINTON: 

CLINTON HISTORICAL SOCIETY. 

The society possesses a small collection of articles illustrating the 
early history of the town and vicinity, and open to the public in the 
Holder Memorial building on week-days from 1.30 to 4. 


DANVERS: 

DANVERS HISTORICAL SOCIETY. 

This society at present occupies about 1250 square feet of floor 
space on the second floor of the First National Bank building, where it 
maintains a museum, in charge of Henry N. Comey, curator, and 
Sarah W. Mudge, assistant curator. The collections include weapons 
and military accoutrements; a large assortment of rare old china; 
coins and medals; manuscripts; autographs; documents relating to 
the early shoe trade and other trades in New England; pictures, etc. 
The most valuable single collection is a series of guns, pistols, uniforms, 
swords, saddles, commissions, medals, etc., owned by the late Francis 
Dodge, paymaster-general of the United States, and given to the 
society by his widow. There is also a historical library of about 2500 
books. 

The financial support of the society is derived from dues of 
members and from voluntary contributions. The latter have been 
sufficient for the purchase of a lot of land and to form a substantial 
nucleus for a building fund. The society’s rooms are open to the public 
on Saturdays from 2 to 5. During the winter at least one lecture a 
month is given and papers are also read at the quarterly and annual 
meetings. 


124 DIRECTORY OF AMERICAN MUSEUMS 


DEERFIELD: 


POCUMTUCK VALLEY MEMORIAL ASSOCIATION. Memorial 
Hall. 


The collection of historical relics in Memorial Hall comprises 
approximately 35,000 articles, related for the most part to local his- 
tory. One of the most interesting relics is the door of an old house, 
bearing the marks of an assault upon the town by Indians in 1704. 

Memorial Hall was erected in 1798 by the corporation of Deer- 
field Academy, and still contains specimens from the academy museum 
established in 1799. The museum is in charge of George Sheldon, 
curator, and is maintained by the Pocumtuck Valley Memorial Asso- 
ciation chartered in 1870. The association has published 4 volumes of 
original matter, in addition to a catalog of its collections and a two- 
volume history of Deerfield. 

The museum is open to the public on week-days, from April to 
December, from 9 to 12 and 1 to 5. An admission fee of 10 cents is 
charged, and the number of visitors in 1909 was 7010. 


FITCHBURG: 

FITCHBURG HISTORICAL SOCIETY. 

The society has a small collection of historical relics but is unable 
to develop a museum at present because of lack of suitable rooms. 

FITCHBURG PUBLIC LIBRARY. 

The library maintains a museum in charge of George E. Nutting, 
librarian, containing the following collections: a room well filled with 
historical relics; an art gallery, containing oil paintings, statuary, and 
photographic reproductions from the art galleries of Europe; and 800 
mounted birds and mammals. 


GLOUCESTER: 

CAPE ANN SCIENTIFIC AND LITERARY ASSOCIATION. 

This association has a collection of loca] Indian implements; 
historical papers and documents of local interest; about 200 botanical 
specimens; 1oco minerals; something over 200 shells and about 500 
other zodlogical specimens, including fishes and marine invertebrates 
found off Cape Ann. 


GREENFIELD: 
HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF GREENFIELD. 


This society was organized in June, 1908, and now has about 100 
members who pay an entrance fee of $3 and an annual fee of $2. It 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES I25 


has also received from the late Mr. Edward Benton a bequest of $5000, 
together with his library, china, Indian relics, old furniture, etc. It 
is the aim of the society to maintain local historical] colJections and 
it rents three rooms which are now well filled with portraits and other 
pictures, old-fashioned implements and furniture, and severa! hundred 
books and valuable papers. The rooms are open once a month in 
winter, and on every Saturday afternoon in summer from 3 to 6. 


HAVERHILL: 

HAVERHILL HISTORICAL SOCIETY. (240 Water Street. ) 

The society includes about 400 members and owns and occupies 
the Buttonwoods mansion, in which is a large exhibition room of fire- 
proof construction, filled with a constantly increasing collection of 
curios and relics of local historical interest. On the grounds and near 
the main building is the first frame house built in Haverhill, dating 
from about 1640. 


IPSWICH: 

IPSWICH HISTORICAL SOCIETY. 

This society owns a 17th century dwelling, well restored in the 
old manner and containing a museum of old furniture, historical relics, 
etc., and a library of about 2000 volumes. The society derives its 
income froma membership of about 300, but has no endowment. 


LANCASTER: 

THAYER MUSEUM. 

This museum is confined to ornithology and has been gathered by 
Mr. John E. Thayer at a cost of over $100,000. It contains one of the 
most complete collections of mounted birds of North America in the 
world, and over 15,coo skins, with nests and eggs of nearly every 
North American species. The collection includes a great auk, and 7 
eggs of this species; a fine specimen of the male Labrador duck, and 
hundreds of other rare birds. There are 3 large and 26 small groups of 
birds exhibited in natural surroundings. 

The museum is supported by the owner, and is open free to the 
public on Mondays, Wednesdays, and Saturdays from 8 to 5. 


LEOMINSTER: 

LEOMINSTER PUBLIC LIBRARY. 

The library maintains a museum for the encouragement of inter- 
est in literature, art, natural science, and local history, established in 


126 DIRECTORY OF AMERICAN MUSEUMS 


1872 and reorganized in gto in a new library building given by Mr. 
Andrew Carnegie. The collections include prints and engravings of 
local interest, local portraits in oil, old-time articles of domestic use 
and manufacture, a few specimens of early local textiles, a small collec- 
tion of shells, a large collection of birds, a few mammals, a good her- 
barium, and a collection of minerals. The museum is in charge of E. G. 
Davis, curator, and is open free to the public during library hours. 


LEXINGTON: 

LEXINGTON HISTORICAL SOCIETY. Hancock Clark House. 

STAFF. Custodian and caretaker, Mrs. Ellen B. Lane. 

CoLLections. The museum includes many prints and engravings, 
a small number of oil paintings and water colors, pamphlets, manu- 
scripts, household articles and clothing of former generations, and 
other material relating to local history. The collection now numbers 
Over 1000 items, and a fireproof vault is provided for the more valu- 
able articles. : 

HisTorIcAL SkETcH. The society was organized by Rev. E. G. 
Porter at the time of the centennial of the battle of Lexington, 1875, 
and its museum has grown constantly since that time. 

FINANCIAL Support. The society has funds and property to the 
value of about $25,000; also a fund of $10,000, the income of which is 
devoted to historical research relative to the revolutionary period. 
The house and collection are maintained by voluntary contributions 
from visitors. 

Buitpinc. The house was built in 1698 by Rev. John Hancock 
and was used as a parsonage at the time of the revolution. Samuel 
Adams and John Hancock were staying here when Paul Revere gave 
the alarm of the approach of the British, April 19, 1775. The house 
provides a total floor space of about 1500 square feet. 

ADMINISTRATION. By a custodian and committee responsible to 
the society. 

Scope. Preservation of historical records and material, and the 
promotion of the study of local history. 

Liprary. A fairly extensive historical library is maintained for 
the use of both staff and public. 

PUBLICATIONS. The society has published 3 volumes of Proceed- 
ings composed entirely of local history; a volume of epitaphs and 
inscriptions from the old cemeteries of the town, and a handbook of 
Lexington. A new history of Lexington in two volumes is now in 
preparation. 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES I27 


ATTENDANCE. Open free to the public every day in the year, as 
follows: April 1-December 1, from 9.30 to 6; other months from 11 to 
4. It is visited by over 15,000 persons annually. 


LOWELL: 

LOWELL HISTORICAL SOCIETY. 

The society maintains in its rooms in Memorial Hall collections 
of Indian relics, minerals, and articles of historical interest, as well as 
a library of about 7oo volumes and as many pamphlets. It publishes 
occasional volumes of Contributions. This society is the successor 
of The Old Residence Historical Association of Lowell, which was a 
voluntary association organized in 1868. The Lowell Historical 
Society was incorporated in 1902 for the purpose of collecting and pre- 
serving books, manuscripts, records, .and objects of antiquarian and 
historical interest; of encouraging the study of local history; of main- 
taining a library; and of publishing, from time to time, whatever may 
illustrate and perpetuate the history of Lowell and adjacent towns. 


LYNN: 

LYNN HISTORICAL SOCIETY. 

This society was organized about fifteen years ago and has made 
a collection of objects of local historical interest, now several hundred 
in number and including furniture, tools of trade, china and glass, 
paintings and photographs of buildings in Lynn and vicinity, etc. 
These collections occupy a room about 40 x 20 feet, and are in charge 
of a board of custodians, of which William S. Burrill is chairman. 


MARBLEHEAD: 

MARBLEHEAD HISTORICAL SOCIETY. 

The society maintains an extensive collection of local historical 
material; including articles of industry; household utensils and wearing 
apparel; 50 prints and engravings; 75 oil paintings, mostly portraits; 
and 30 water colors. There is also a small and unclassified collection 
of shells. The museum is supported by the membership fees of the 
society and by admission fees; it occupies about 5000 square feet of 
floor space in a building erected in 1768. 


MARLBOROUGH: 

MARLBOROUGH SOCIETY OF NATURAL HISTORY. 

The society maintains a collection of minerals, shells, corals, 
birds, objects of historical interest, and articles of Japanese manufac- 


128 DIRECTORY OF AMERICAN MUSEUMS 


ture, occupying about 1836 square feet of floor space in a building 
valued at $3500. The museum is in charge of Joel W. Giles, curator, 
and is open free to the public on the third Thursday of every month 
from 2.30 to 7.30. The average attendance is 20. 


MEDFORD: 

MEDFORD HISTORICAL SOCIETY. 

This society, organized in 1896, possesses antiquarian collections 
of local interest, including rare books and manuscripts, prints, por- 
traits, articles connected with Medford’s ship-building industry, the 
Brooks collection of Indian relics, the Chandler collection of civil war 
relics and others. These are housed in the home of the society, the old 
Francis Home, built about 1780, and are in charge of the curator, 
Agnes W. Lincoln. The society also has a library of about tooo vol- 
umes, and publishes a quarterly, the ‘“‘Medford Historical Register.”’ — 


METHUEN: 
METHUEN HISTORICAL SOCIETY. 
The society has a small collection of local historical material. 


NANTUCKET: 

NANTUCKET HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. 

This association was organized in 1894 and occupies two buildings, 
one of which is a fireproof concrete structure, affording a floor space 
of about 1500 square feet for the display of a large collection of objects 
of local historical interest. The museum includes a large collection 
of furniture and household effects, some of which are about 200 years 
old; a large collection of portraits; a very fine collection of articles 
relating to the whale fishery, which was an important industry of the 
island from 1690 to 1865; and a large collection of old manuscripts 
and deeds, some of which were executed by the Indians and given to 
the early settlers—the first deed 6n record bearing the date October 
13, 1641. The whaling ships frequently visited the Pacific and Indian 
oceans and the museum contains many relics of these cruises. 

The association has a membership of 320 and owns property, 
aside from its exhibits, to the value of $17,000. Its income is about 
$1200 a year, derived from interest on invested funds, admission fees, 
membership dues, and donations. The museum is in charge of Susan 
E. Brock, curator and librarian, and is open to visitors from June 15 to 
September 15. The attendance is 2000-3000 annually. 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES L290 


NEW BEDFORD: 

OLD DARTMOUTH HISTORICAL SOCIETY. 

The society was established in 1903 and occupies about 4000 
square feet of floor space for exhibition, and 1ooo for offices, etc. in a 
building erected in 1884 but not occupied until 1906, when it was given 
to the society by Mr. Henry H. Rogers. The primary purposes of the 
society are research and the maintenance of local collections, including 
collections devoted to the life and work of the Indians and of the early 
settlers of the vicinity; prints, engravings, paintings, photographs, 
etc., illustrating the whaling industry and local history; and collec- 
tions of ceramics, textiles, etc., illustrating the colonial period. 

The museum is in charge of William A. Wing, secretary, and is 
open on Wednesday and Saturday from ro to 1 and on Tuesday, Thurs- 
day, and Saturday from 2 to 5. Admission is free to members of the 
society, of which there are about 800; to others an admission fee of 
25 cents is charged. The schools come to the museum class by class 
to view the collections and to hear short talks on the early history of 
the vicinity, as a basis for compositions on local historical subjects. 
The society has a small library of local historical material, and issues 
quarterly publications, of which there are 27 to the end of 1909. 


ZOOLOGICAL PARK. 


The city maintains a zodlogical park of 2 acres, established in 1892, 
containing roo birds and 112 mammals. 


NEWBURYPORT: 

HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF OLD NEWBURY. 

This society maintains historical collections, including those 
formerly belonging to the Newburyport Marine Society, in a wooden 
building at the corner of High and Winter Streets. 


NEWTON: 
ZOOLOGICAL PARK. 


This zodlogical park of 12.acres was established in 1897 and con- 
tains 35 birds and tco mammals. 


NORTHAMPTON: 

SMITH COLLEGE. 

The department of geology maintains in Seelye Hall a collection 
including about 1800 minerals on exhibition and 2000 in storage; 
2000 rocks in storage; a series of specimens of dynamic geology, maps, 


130 DIRECTORY OF AMERICAN MUSEUMS 


relief maps, globes, models, etc.; about 1800 invertebrate fossils on 
exhibition, with especially good collections of trilobites, brachiopods, 
and cretaceous cephalopods, and about 500 specimens in storage. 
These collections are open free to the public daily. 

The department of zodlogy maintains for teaching purposes a 
synoptic collection of about 3000 invertebrates, a series of 400 skeletal 
parts and dissections, and newly started biological and anthropo- 
logical collections of about 150 specimens each. 

The department of botany has small teaching collections only. 


SMITH COLLEGE. Hillyer Art Gallery. 

The Hillyer Art Gallery was built by Mr. Winthrop Hillyer of 
Northampton, who left a fund of $50,000, of which the income is 
spent on the collections or in whatever way may increase the help- 
fulness of the gallery or of the art department of the college. A supple- 
mentary sum of $15,000 from Mr. Hillyer’s estate will ultimately be 
received and will be spent on an addition to the exhibition rooms. A 
student of the college has given money to build a large lecture room, 
reading room, and offices in connection with the present building and 
upon the completion of this addition it is expected that the books on 
art subjects, to the number of about 500 volumes now in the general 
library of the college, may be transferred to the reading room. ‘The 
present building affords 8072 square feet of floor space for exhibition. 
The collections comprise 105 paintings almost wholly by American 
artists; a series of casts; 145 framed Arundel prints; about 200 photo- 
graphs 14 x 18 inches, and about 1200 smaller ones; and about 3000 
lantern slides. The gallery is in charge of the staff of the art depart- 
ment of the college, with the assistance of 5 custodians, and is open 
free to students of the college on week-days from 9 to 1 and from 2 to 
4. To the public an admission fee of 25 cents is charged except on 
Wednesday and Saturday afternoons, when admission is free. 


PEABODY: 

PEABODY HISTORICAL SOCIETY. 

This society was organized in 1896, and occupies two rooms in the 
Warren National Bank building in Peabody Square, where it main- 
tains a museum comprising about 3700 articles and books of local 
historical interest. There are special collections of local pottery. 
The society has also copied every gravestone inscription and Bible 
record found in the town. The town of Peabody was known as South 
Danvers from 1855 to 1868, having been separated from the town of 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES I3t 


Danvers, which in turn was separated from the town of Salem in 1752. 
Upon petition of the society the town records from 1752 to 1855 were 
copied. The society has also placed tablets for soldiers killed in the 
battle of Lexington, also at the house where George Peabody was born, 
and near the house of John Procter, the witchcraft martyr. The soci- 
ety has published various reports, pamphlets, postcards, and photo- 
graphs relating to its work or to local historical subjects. 


PLTTSEIELD: 


BERKSHIRE ATHENAZUM AND MUSEUM. Museum of Natural 
History and Art. 


STAFF. Curator, Harlan H. Ballard; Assistant curator, Annie 
Crossman; 1 janitor. 

ANTHROPOLOGY. Uncivilized peoples: Archeology, native, tooo+; 
Ethnology, native, 500+, foreign, 500+. Civilized peoples, ancient, 
an extensive collection. 

Art. Original sculpture in marble, including Rebecca, by Bel- 
zoni; Lost Pleiad, by Rogers; Judith, by Tadolini; Faun and Cupid, by 
an unknown Italian of the 16th century. There arealso casts of Egyp- 
tian, Greek, and Roman antiques; 500+ prints and engravings; too+ 
oil paintings; and a general collection, including a few water colors, 
ceramics, textiles, glass, and Greek and Roman gold ornaments. 
Among the more notable single exhibits are the original life mask of 
Lincoln; a Greek wreath of gold; and one of the sledges which Com- 
mander Peary took to the North Pole. 

Geotocy. Minerals, on exhibition, 2000+, in storage, 1000. 
There are also a few rocks, relief maps, models, etc. 

History. Historical relics of Berkshire County, tooot; Auto- 
graphs and book plates, 5oo+; Coins and medals, 2000+. 

PALEONTOLOGY. Invertebrates, 500+; Plants, 50+. There are 
also a few small vertebrate fossils. 

ZOOLOGY. Shells, tooot, chiefly the Bidwell collection; Insects, 
tooo+; Birds, rooot; Mammals, root. There are 4 large and 15 
small groups of animals exhibited in natural surroundings. 

HISTORICAL SKETCH. The museum, including the building and its 
contents to the value of $150,000, was presented to Pittsfield by the 
Hon. Zenas Crane of Dalton in 1903. At his suggestion it was united 
with the public library under the title of Berkshire Athenaeum and 
Museum. 

FINANCIAL SUPPORT. By private subscription. 

Buripinc. Erected by the donor in rgor; an additional wing was 
added in 1909. 


I32 DIRECTORY OF AMERICAN MUSEUMS 


ADMINISTRATION. By a curator, responsible to a board of trus- 
tees. 

Score. Thepurpose of the museumiseducational. Specialatten- 
tion is given to work with pupils of the public schools. Occasional 
lectures are given. 

ATTENDANCE. Open free to the public daily at hours varying 
with the seasons. 


PLYMOUTH: 

PILGRIM SOCIETY. Pilgrim Hall. 

A collection of historical relics, portraits, old books, documents, 
etc., connected with the early history of the settlement at-Plymouth, 
is maintained in Pilgrim Hall under the charge of H. N. P. Hubbard, 
curator and librarian. 


REHOBOTH: 

REHOBOTH ANTIQUARIAN SOCIETY. 

The treasurer reports that the society maintains a museum but 
repeated inquiries have elicited no further information. 


SALEM: 

ESSEX INSTITUTE. 

STAFF. Curator, George Francis Dow; Librarian, Alice G. 
Waters; Catalogers, Florence L. Stoddard, Marian S. Nichols; 3 
assistants in library, 1 stenographer, and 1 janitor. 

Art. Marbles, 4; Casts, 25; Prints and engravings, 5000+; 
Oil paintings, largely portraits, 175; Water colors, 25; Ceramics, 
English or oriental, used in America, 848; Textiles, 3000+; Glass 
(historical), 200+; Pewter (historical), roo+; Furniture (historical), 
200+. 

COMMERCE AND INpusTRY. Special exhibits illustrating the 
trades viewed from the historical standpoint, viz., the shoemaker, 
cooper, carpenter, weaver, etc. 

History. Reproductions of house interiors, original costumes, 
tools, furniture, historical relics, and articles of display and adorn- 
ment, to show the life of New England from early times to the present. 

HisToricaL SkEtcH. The institute was organized in 1848 by the 
union of the Essex Historical Society, incorporated in 1821 and the 
Essex County Natural History Society, organized in 1833. In 1867, 
by gift of $140,000 from George Peabody of London,the Peabody 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES 133 


Academy of Science was established and the natural history collec- 
tions of the institute were transferred to the younger institution. 

FINANCIAL SUPPORT. The institute has the following sources of 
income: from endowment, $9,540.84; from annual assessments of mem- 
bers, $1695; from other sources, $928 .93. 

Bur_prnc. The museum occupies two buildings erected in 1854 
and 1858,and remodeled in 1906, representing a value of $124,000. They 
afford 11,000+ square feet of floor space for exhibition, and 3000+ for 
offices, workrooms, etc. 

ADMINISTRATION. ‘The curator is the secretary and executive 
officer of the institute and is responsible to the board of trustees. 

Scope. Emphasis is laid on local collections, the aim of the insti- 
tute being to illustrate as completely as possible the history of the 
county of Essex. 

LIBRARY. 97,387 volumes, 342,614 pamphlets, 700 volumes of 
manuscripts and family papers, and a very large collection of news- 
papers, many of them printed in the 18th century. Among the special 
collections of books are 1400 genealogies; 2700 town histories and works 
relating to New England history; the Ward China library, containing 
over 1800 volumes, recognized as the best collection of the kind in the 
country; a collection of over 300 Bibles; a well selected art library; 
20,000 books, pamphlets, etc., by Essex County authors; 11oo log- 
books, sea-journals, etc.; 1300 volumes relating to the commercial 
marine, 5000 directories from all parts of the world; public documents; 
publications of 253 societies, with which the institute conducts ex- 
changes. 

PUBLICATIONS. (1) Historical collections, issued quarterly, 45 
volumes; (2) Bulletins (scientific), 30 volumes; (3) Proceedings (scien- 
tific), 6 volumes; (4) Miscellaneous publications, guides, etc. 

ATTENDANCE. Open free to the public on week-days from 9g to 5. 


PEABODY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. Peabody Museum. 


STAFF. Director, Edward S. Morse; Curators, John H. Sears 
(mineralogy, geology, and botany), Lawrence W. Jenkins (ethno- 
logy), John Robinson (relics of the East India Marine Society); 1 
‘janitor, and r special constable. 

ANTHROPOLOGY. Ethnology, native 786, foreign 10,676. These 
collections include the collections of the East India Marine Society, 
founded in 1799, and to-day constitute one of the most important ethno- 
logical museums of the world. The Korean collection is one of the 
most important in the country, while the Japanese collection of 3516 


134 DIRECTORY OF AMERICAN MUSEUMS 


specimens is by far the largest in the world. Other countries rep- 
resented are China, India, Siam, Thibet, the Islands of the Pacific, the 
Malay archipelago, Mexico, and South America. 2000 ethnological 
photographs accompany this collection. 

Botany. Cryptogams of Essex County, 1610; Phanerogams 
of Essex County, 2209; General collections, 2530. 

GroLocy. Minerals, on exhibition, 5000, in storage, 1000; Rocks, 
on exhibition, 2250, in storage, 800; Relief maps, models, etc., 25; 
Other collections, on exhibition, r250. The rocks and minerals of 
Essex County are fully represented, and a small type collection of 
minerals illustrates the edition of Dana’s “ Mineralogy” used in schools. 

History. A historical collection of portraits of prominent Salem 
merchants, members and officers of the East India Marine Society, 
together with many interesting relics connected with the early his- 
tory of that institution, and models and pictures of Salem merchant 
vessels. 

PALEONTOLOGY. Invertebrates, on exhibition, 1200, in storage, 
700; Vertebrates, on exhibition, 50; Plants, on exhibition, 300. 

ZooOLocy. Shells, 720 (360 from Essex County); Insects, 5061; 
Other invertebrates, 1180; Fishes, 341; Batrachians, 120; Reptiles, 
145; Birds, 1990 (1300 from Essex County); Mammals, 244. These 
collections comprise a complete series of the animals of Essex County 
and a synoptic collection, illustrating the animal kingdom from the 
lowest to the highest forms. 

HIsvoricAL SKETCH. The trustees of the academy organized in 
1808, having received funds by gift in 1867 from George Peabody of 
London, by birth, of Essex County. Under the instrument of trust, 
East India Marine Hall, erected in 1824, was purchased and refitted, 
and the museum of the East India Marine Society (begun in 1799) and 
the natural history collections of the Essex Institute (begun in 1834) 
were received by the trustees as permanent deposits and placed there- 
in. The museum of the East India Marine Society had its origin in 
the extensive private collection of Capt. Jonathan Carnes, and has had 
an uninterrupted existence since that date. 

FINANCIAL SUPPORT. Income from endowment, $8261. 

BurLp1Inc. East India Marine Hall, erected in 1824, purchased 
and refitted in 1868. Additions to the original building have been 
made, the most recent being Weld Hall, the gift of Dr. Charles G. 
Weld, opened in 1907. 19,500 square feet of floor space is available 
for exhibition, and 5000 for offices, workrooms, etc. A lecture hall 
seats 350. 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES 135 


ADMINISTRATION. By a director, responsible to a board of trus- 
KEES: 

Scope. The primary aim of the museum is educational, special 
effort being made to instruct the people of the county and the pupils of 
the public schools of the county. Special attention is paid therefore 
to local collections. The academy conducts classes in botany, 
zoblogy, and mineralogy, and lectures are given on these subjects. 

Liprary. There isa reference library for the use of the staff. 

PUBLICATIONS. These include two volumes of memoirs, and nu- 
merous annual reports. 

ATTENDANCE. Open free to the public, week-days from 9g to 5, 
Sundays from 2 to 5. The attendancein 1909 was nearly 70,000. 


SHARON: 

SHARON HISTORICAL SOCIETY. 

The society has a small collection of antiques in charge of George 
Kempton, custodian. 


SOMERVILLE: 

SOMERVILLE HISTORICAL SOCIETY. 

This society, which is said by Thwaites to have a museum of an- 
tiques, reports that its collections are at present in storage. 


SOUTH NATICK: 

HISTORICAL, NATURAL HISTORY, AND LIBRARY SOCIETY. 

This society is said by Thwaites to maintain a museum of natural 
history specimens and historical relics housed gratis in a room provided 
for by the will of Oliver Bacon. 

SPRINGFIELD: 

CITY LIBRARY ASSOCIATION. Art Museum. 

STAFF. Curator, George Walter Vincent Smith; Assistant cura- 
tor, Eleanor A. Wade; 3 assistants, 1 cabinet maker, 1 charwoman, and 
t watchman. 

Art. The museum includes the Horace Smith hall of sculpture 
and the George Walter Vincent Smith collection. The former occupies 
the first floor of the museum building and consists of 72 plaster casts 
of Greek and renaissance sculpture, 1200 photographs, 12,000 prints of 
modern and antique sculpture, and a small reference library of books 
on the subject. 


136 DIRECTORY OF AMERICAN MUSEUMS 


The George Walter Vincent Smith collection includes: Sculpture, 
5; Drawings, 42; Oil paintings, 80; Water colors, 31; Ceramics, 1000; 
Arms and armor; Bronzes; Pottery and porcelains; Glass; Carved jade, 
ivories, and wood; Tapestries; Embroideries; Laces; Oriental rugs; 
Textiles; Cloisonné enamels; Lacquers; Antique furniture; [lumin- 
ated missals; Book covers, etc. The collection is very rich in oriental 
art, the cloisonné enamels numbering about 200 pieces. 

HisToRIcAL SKETCH. The museum is the result of the offer made 
in 1889 by Mr. and Mrs. G. W. V. Smith to bequeath to the associa- 
tion their valuable collections and to endow them on condition that 
they should be provided with suitable rooms for display and preserva- 
tion. These collections were formally opened to the public in 1895. 
The Horace Smith collection was purchased and installed by funds from 
the estate of Mr. Smith. 

FINANCIAL Support. The art museum and the museum of 
natural history are incorporated with the city library association and 
depend for support upon endowment funds and an annual appropria- 
tion from the city. In 1907, the appropriation amounted to $36,000. 
Of this appropriation, the art museum receives about $6000. 

BurLpinc. Erected in 1894-5 at a cost of about $140,000, met 
by private subscriptions. About 15,000 square feet of space is avail- 
able for exhibition, and about 500 for offices. 

ADMINISTRATION. By the curator, who has entire responsibility. 

Scope. The primary purpose of the museum is the instruction 
of the public. Permission is given to copyists. 

LIBRARY. 1500 volumes on subjects connected with the collec- 
tions are available for use of the staff and visitors. 

ATTENDANCE. The George Walter Vincent Smith collections— 
open free to the public on week-days (except Thanksgiving, Christmas, 
and Fourth of July), March 21-September 21, from 2 to 6; September 
22-March 20, from 1 to 5. 

The Horace Smith hall of sculpture-—open free to the public 
daily (except Thanksgiving, Christmas, and Fourth of July), March 
21-September 21, from 2 to 6; September 22—March 20, from 1 to 5. 


CITY LIBRARY ASSOCIATION. Museum of Natural History. 


StaFF. Curator, William Orr; Assistant curator, Mrs. Grace 
Pettis Johnson. 

ANTHROPOLOGY. Uncivilized peoples: Archeology, native, 1869, 
foreign, 272. Civilized peoples, ancient, 22, modern, 110. The collec- 
tion includes about 200 Indian baskets. 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES 137 


Botany. Cryptogams, 116 species; Phanerogams, 1028 species. 
There are also economic collections including 323 specimens of Indian 
corn (maize) and its products; 405 specimens of fiber plants and fibers; 
659 specimens of woods; 200 kinds of insect galls, of which about 90 
are figured in a bulletin of the museum. 

GroLtocy. Minerals, on exhibition, 1326, in storage, 9000 +; 
Rocks, in storage, 240; Relief maps, models, etc., 7. There are 650 
specimens of dynamic geology and a local! collection of 346 minerals 
and 175 rocks. 

History. A collection of about 900 articles relating to the history 
of the United States and especially to Springfield and vicinity. There 
is alsoa special exhibit of about 400 objects relating to colonial history, 
and a general collection of 5000 coins and medals. 

PALEONTOLOGY. Invertebrates, on exhibition, 150+, in storage, 
450+; Vertebrates, on exhibition, 30, in storage, 20; Plants, on exhi- 
bition, 50, in storage, 150. 

ZOOLOGY. Shells, on exhibition, 300+, in storage, 1500+; Insects, 
on exhibition, 600+, in storage, 300+; Other invertebrates, on exhibi- 
tion, 51, in storage, 100+; Fishes, on exhibition, 7, in storage, 80+; 
Batrachians, on exhibition, 1, in storage, 20+; Reptiles, on exhibition, 
ro, in storage, 60+; Birds, on exhibition, 800+, in storage, 600+; 
Mammals, on exhibition, 92, in storage, 75+. These figures include 
some morphological specimens and a collection of 262 foreign birds 
largely from India; there is in addition a collection of 450+ species of 
bird eggs. There are 5 large and 15 small groups of animals exhibited 
in natural surroundings; the best of these are the bison, elk, and flamin- 
go groups. 

HisToRIcAL SKETCH. The museum was organized in 1859 as a 
branch of the City Library Association and until 1871 occupied a room 
in the city hall. Upon the removal of the library to its new building 
on State Street in 1871, the museum was assigned a room on the lower 
floor, where it remained until 1895, when it was given quarters on the 
lower floor of the newly erected Art Museum. In 1808 the rapidly 
growing collections necessitated the erection of a building exclusively 
for the museum. 

FINANCIAL Support. The City Library Association derives its 
income from invested funds, from city appropriation, and from the 
dog tax; this income is used in no specified proportion for maintenance 
of the Library, Art Museum, and Museum of Natural History. 

BurLpinc. Erected in 1899 at a cost of $30,000 raised by sub- 
scription, the building affords 5720 square feet of floor space for exhi- 
bition, and tooo for offices, workrooms, and storage. 


138 DIRECTORY OF AMERICAN MUSEUMS 


ADMINISTRATION. By a curator, responsible to the directors of 
the association through its committee on the museum. 

Scope. The principal work of the museum in its earlier years was 
the maintenance of local collections; it now devotes special attention 
to codperation in public school work, especially by seasonal exhibits 
of birds. It has recently extended its work to research and publica- 
tion. 

LIBRARY. A reference library of natural history including 533 
titles, serials being given title once. 

PUBLICATIONS. Annual reports from 1808 to date; 2 special pub- 
lications; and a series of Bulletins of which 1 has been issued. 

ATTENDANCE. Open free to the public daily from 2 to 6. The 
attendance is estimated at 30,000 annually. 


CONNECTICUT VALLEY HISTORICAL SOCIETY. 

The society has a small historical collection, and a library of about 
tooo volumes and pamphlets, now in storage awaiting the construc- 
tion of the new city library building, in which the society will have a 
room. The curator is William C. Stone. 


ZOOLOGICAL PARK. 
The city maintains a zodlogical park of to acres, established in 
1885, containing 21 reptiles, 988 birds, and 201 mammals. 


TAUNTON: 

BRISTOL COUNTY ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 

This institution was organized and incorporated in 1g09 to pro- 
mote and encourage public interest in all branches of natural history, 
in the liberal and useful arts, and in the conservation of our natural 
resources. It proposes to maintain a museum, a research and experi- 
mental laboratory, a bureau of information, a library, lectures, and 
publications. Themuseum will devote special attention to local collec- 
tions and educational schoo] work. The secretary of the society is 
A. Cleveland Bent, and the curator of the museum is Frederic H. Car- 


penter. 


TOPSFIELD: 

TOPSFIELD HISTORICAL SOCIETY. 

The society reports that it has no museum, but it is understood 
that plans are being matured for the acquisition of the historic Capen 
house and its maintenance as a museum of local antiquities. 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES 139 


TUFTS COLLEGE: 

TUFTS COLLEGE. Barnum Museum. 

The museum is maintained primarily for teaching purposes and 
includes a general collection of natural history specimens in charge 
of J. S. Kingsley, director. 


WELLESLEY: 

WELLESLEY COLLEGE. Farnsworth Museum of Art. 

STAFF. Professor of art, Alice Van Vechten Brown; Curator of 
art library and collections, Nancy May Pond; Assistant to the curator, 
Eloise M. Holton. 

Art. <A few original antique Greek and Roman marbles and 
examples of early Italian painting; 10,100+ photographs, reproduc- 
tions of drawings, etc.; the James Jackson Jarves collection, including 
go+ examples of old Italian, Flemish, and Spanish lace, a number of 
church vestments and embroideries; the Frost collection of Indian 
baskets; the Stetson collection of modern paintings; and a small 
collection of Egyptian antiquities dating from the rith dynasty and 
obtained from the Egyptian exploration fund. 

Buitpinc. The Farnsworth Art Building was erectedin 1889 
by the late Isaac D. Farnsworth and contains, besides the galleries 
devoted to the museum collections, a library, lecture halls, labora- 
tories, and studios used by students in the department of art in the 
college. 

FINANCIAL Support. By the general funds of Wellesley College, 
with a special endowment for the professorship of art. 

LIBRARY. 2000 volumes on fine arts, intended for the use of the 
students and faculty of the college. 


WELLESLEY COLLEGE. Scientific Collections. 

Botany. The botanical collections comprise charts, maps, etc.; 
preserved material; and herbaria. In the first group there are 292 
charts, 5 maps, 61 Auzoux and Brendel models, and 1620 water color 
plates of flowers. The preserved material includes a total of 23309 
specimens of plants and plant products; 683 jars of material for labora- 
tory use or lecture demonstration; 2200 microscopic slides; 200 speci- 
‘mens in paraffin for sectioning; and 7oo lantern slides. The herbaria 
include (1) a phanerogamic herbarium, comprising a general mounted 
collection of 12,800 specimens; a New England collection of 3750 
specimens; a laboratory series of g60 specimens; and r900 unmounted 
duplicates. (2) A cryptogamic herbarium of about 21,000 specimens, 


I40 DIRECTORY OF AMERICAN MUSEUMS 


including many special sets of which the most important is the Clara 
E. Cummings collection of over 4000 lichens from all parts of North 
America. 

Early in the history of the college the botanical museum, 
exclusive of the herbaria, was endowed by Mrs. S. W. Mann. This 
endowment has been sufficient to cover the cost of new material but 
has yielded nothing towards defraying the expense of caring for the 
collection. The college pays for much of the labor in connection with 
the museum, including the mounting of material for the herbaria. 

GroLocy. The teaching collection in this department is in charge 
of Elizabeth F. Fisher, professor of geology and geography. It com- 
prises about 5000 minerals; about 500 specimens of dynamic and struc- 
tural geology; about 2500 specimens in historical geology; and a sys- 
tematic collection of rocks and the educational series distributed by 
the United States geological survey. This collection is maintained by 
the laboratory appropriation; additions are made by special appro- 
priations. 

ZooLoGcy. The collections of this department are housed in the 
zoblogical laboratories and adjoining corridors of College Hall and are 
in charge of Albert P. Morse, curator. They are maintained primarily 
for teaching purposes and the collection of North and South American 
birds is the most extensive. 


WESTBOROUGH: 

WESTBOROUGH HISTORICAL SOCIETY. 

The president reports that the society maintains a small museum 
in charge of Amelia Harrington, curator. No reply has been received 
to repeated requests for further information regarding the collec- 
tions, which are said by Thwaites to comprise household articles, 
portraits, etc. 


WEST NEWBURY: 

WEST NEWBURY NATURAL HISTORY CLUB. 

This club occupies the lower floor of the Soldiers and Sailors’ 
Memorial Building, where it has a library of 3000 volumes and many 
thousand pamphlets, and small collections in natural history and local. 
history. The botanical collection is the most extensive. The collec- 
tions are in charge of Helen S. Merrill, curator, but are not regularly 
open to the public. 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES I4t 


WILLIAMSTOWN: 

WILLIAMS COLLEGE. Museums. 

Art. The department of art has a large collection of etchings, 
ceramics, photographs, etc., in charge of R. O. Rice, professor of art. 
These collections are awaiting the erection of a suitable building to 
provide space for their display. 

GEOLOGY AND PaLEontotocy. This department maintains the 
following collections in charge of Herdman F. Cleland, professor of 
geology and curator of the museum, with 1 assistant and 1 janitor: 
Minerals, on exhibition, 1800, in storage, 5000; Rocks, on exhibition, 
400, in storage, 1000; Dynamic geology, relief maps, models, etc., on 
exhibition, 50, in storage, 250; Invertebrate fossils, on exhibition, 
1000, in storage, 3000; Vertebrates, on exhibition, 75, in storage, 25; 
Plants, on exhibition, 300, in storage, 250. Geological material of 
special interest includes a local collection; a Panama collection; a 
series of ornamental stones; an especially fine series of silica, agate, 
etc.; and a selected series of specimens to show weathering and erosion, 
folding and faulting, and ore formation. There are also 3000 recent 
shells on exhibition and 2000 in storage. The paleontological collec- 
tion includes the types of many of E. Emmons’ vertebrates and inver- 
tebrates from North Carolina, especially Dromatherium sylvestre; 
and of H. F. Cleland’s invertebrates from the calciferous of New York 
and the devonian of Wisconsin. The museum has a geological library 
of 2500 volumes for the use of staff and students. 

The geological museum occupies a building erected in 1908 by the 
Clark estate and affording 4200 square feet of floor space for exhibi- 
tion, and 5400 for offices, workrooms, etc. 


In the biological laboratory there is a good teaching collection, 
and in the basement of Berkshire Hall are stored the remnants of the 
collections of the old Lyceum of Natural History which is said to be the 
oldest student organization of its kind in the United States, having 
originated at least as early as 1825. 


WOBURN: 
RUMFORD HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. 
No reply has been received to repeated requests for information 


concerning this association, which is said by Thwaites to maintain 
a sma]] museum. 


142 DIRECTORY OF AMERICAN MUSEUMS 


WOODS HOLE: 

UNITED STATES BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 

The bureau maintains here a collection of living fishes and inverte- 
brates, and a collection of alcoholic specimens representing the marine 
fauna of Buzzards Bay and of Vineyard and Nantucket sounds. 


WORCESTER: 

AMERICAN ANTIQUARIAN SOCIETY. 

This society, founded in 1812, is said by Thwaites to maintain a 
collection of valuable portraits, antiques, and manuscripts, as well as 
cabinets of Indian and Mexican relics in its hall, erected in 1878. 


CLARK UNIVERSITY. Clark Memorial Collection. 

In accordance with the wishes of the founder of the university, 
Jonas Gilman Clark, a room 75x 48 feet has been set apart in the 
library building for the exhibition of 74 of his best pictures and the 
books which he prized most highly. The gallery has an endowment of 
$100,000 yielding an income of about $4000 annually. It is in charge 
of Louis N. Wilson, librarian. 

In an addition to the library building in course of erection in 1910 
one floor will be devoted to a pedagogical museum, concerning which 
information is not yet available. 

WORCESTER ART MUSEUM. 

STAFF. Director, Philip J. Gentner; Assistants to the director, 
Benjamin H. Stone, Elizabeth M. Gardiner; Custodian, Arthur H. 
Stebbins; Attendant, Anna D. Hackett; 8 other employees. 

Art. The collections include some 75 oil paintings, of which the 
most noteworthy are, ‘‘An Arrangement in Black and Brown: The 
Fur Jacket’? by James McNeill Whistler; 3 “Portraits” by William 
Hogarth; “Christ disputing with the Doctors” by Herrera; “The 
Venetian Blind” by Edmund C. Tarbell; ‘‘ Portrait of My Daughters” 
by Frank W. Benson; ‘‘ Prelude” by Willard L. Metcalf; landscapes by 
Inness and Twachtman; portraits by Copley and Stuart; stained 
glass window, representing a peacock, by John LaFarge; the Bancroft 
collection of Japanese prints, numbering about 5000; the Russell 
collection of engravings by Sir Robert Strange; a collection of about 
500 engravings by American engravers; collections of casts from anti- 
que and renaissance sculpture; porcelains, bronzes, cloisonné, and bric- 
a-brac, oriental, European, and American; and a few original marbles 
and bronzes. In addition, a collection of photographs was started in 
the fall of t909 to give a comprehensive view of ancient and modern 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES 143 


architecture, sculpture, painting, and the minor arts. It now consists 
of 2500 plates and 300 lantern slides, and is being rapidly added to. 

Historical SKETCH. The Worcester Art Museum was organized 
and incorporated in 1896 at the instigation of the late Hon. Stephen 
Salisbury, who gave a tract of land and the sum of $100,000, of which 
one-half was set aside for building and the remainder for maintenance. 
A further sum of about $35,000 was raised by popular subscription. 
The museum was opened May 1o, 1808, with a loan exhibition formed 
by the codperation of the Worcester Art Museum and the Worcester 
Art Society. On the death of the founder in 1905 the museum became 
his residuary legatee. 

FINANCIAL SUPPORT. From endowment, $142,697; from member- 
ships, $520; from admissions, $92; from other sources, $17; total, 
$143,326. The last report of the museum for 1908-9 shows a total 
property of about $3,400,000 of which $2,790,000 is Income bearing. 
The balance covers the value of the collections, buildings, etc. 

Burtpinc. A fireproof building was erected in 1897-8 at a 
cost of about $106,000. Jt provides approximately 10,000 square feet 
of floor space for exhibitions, in addition to the staircase halls. 

ADMINISTRATION. By a director, responsible to a board of twelve 
trustees, through a committee on the museum. 

Scope. The aim of the museum is the promotion of art and art 
education. It maintains a school of drawing, painting, and design in 
the Salisbury house, with about 90 pay pupils and tro scholarships. 
From tg900 to 1907, it has held summer exhibitions of the work of 
contemporary artists in competition for prizes. In 1908 prize exhibi- 
tions were changed to exhibitions from which one or more paintings 
were bought. A course of lectures is given annually in the museum, 
under the auspices of the Worcester Art Society. This course has 
been supplemented since 1908 by a course of informal talks descrip- 
tive of the exhibits in the museum, some of which are illustrated with 
a stereopticon, held weekly during the winter months. 

LIBRARY. 750 volumes, accumulated by gift and purchase. 

PupricatTions. Annual reports have been published since 1809, 
and a Bulletin, beginning with r1gro. 

ATTENDANCE. Open to the public on week-days, except Monday, 
from to to 12 and 2 to 4.30, and on Sundays from 1.30 to 5. Admission 
is free except Tuesday and Thursday, when an entrance fee of25 cents 
is charged. Since the opening there have been 309,000 visitors, of 
whom 299,000 have come on free days, and 10,000 on pay days. 


144 DIRECTORY OF AMERICAN MUSEUMS 


WORCESTER NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY. (12 State Street.) 

The society occupies an old-time residence in which it maintains a 
museum in charge of Herbert D. Braman, superintendent, and Mrs. 
Ella L. Horr, custodian. The collections are strictly local and include 
a good herbarium of ferns, lycopods, grasses, sedges, mosses, lichens, 
liverworts, and flowering plants of Worcester County; the Eliza D. 
Dodge collection of birds of the county, mounted in natural surround- 
ings and housed at the Mansion House in Green Hill Park for lack of 
room in the State Street building; a small but representative collec- 
tion of local minerals; and a good collection of invertebrate and verte- 
brate animals of the county. A wild flower exhibit properly labeled is 
kept on tables in the museum during the flowering season; a garden 
of local ferns is maintained on the groundsof thesociety; and classes for 
the study of different groups of plants, rocks, minerals, insects, etc. 
in the field and at the museum are maintained every year. Successful 
bird classes are also conducted at the museum and in the field; bird 
skins are mounted in celluloid tubes and loaned to schools. Small 
cases showing the life history of destructive insects are used for public 
school work. A library of about 600 volumes on science and nature 
study is maintained for reference. 

The society has some invested funds but is supported largely by 
private subscription and membership fees. The publications of the 
society include (1) Annual Reports. (2) “Physical Geography of 
Worcester,” by J. H. Perry. (3) ‘“‘The Geology of Worcester,” by J. H. 
Perry. (4) ‘‘Flora of Lake Quinsigamond,” by G. E.Stone. (5) “‘Cata- 
log of the flowering plants and ferns in Worcester County,” by J. H. 
Jackson. 

The museum is open free to the public on week-days, except holi- 
days, from 9 to 12 and 2 to 5. The attendance is 6000-8000 yearly. 


WORCESTER SOCIETY OF ANTIQUITY. 

No information has been received regarding this society, which is 
said by Thwaites to maintain a museum of about 6000 pieces illustrat- 
ing especially the epochs of the various wars. 


MICHIGAN 
ADRIAN: 
ADRIAN COLLEGE. 
The registrar reports that the museum contains a small collec- 
tion of animals, birds, insects, and minerals. There is no list or cata- 
log, no curator, and no regular financial support. 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES T45 


ALMA: 

ALMA COLLEGE. Francis A. Hood Museum. 

Starr. The museum is in charge of H. M. MacCurdy, professor 
of biology. 

GEOLOGY AND PALEONTOLOGY. A general collection of about 2500 
rocks, minerals, etc.,and the Alexander Winchell collection of over 6000 
rocks, minerals, and fossils, many of which were collected in Michigan 
and described by Dr. Winchell; the Shroyer-Wilcox collection of several 
thousand paleozoic fossils, representing about tooo species, those of 
the Cincinnati group being especially well represented. 

ZooLocy. <A general collection estimated to contain 2000 speci- 
mens of vertebrate and invertebrate material; the Stillwell collection 
of about 300 Michigan birds and mammals, collected for the most 
part in the vicinity of the college and representing some species now 
extinct or very rare in that locality; and the W.S. Crawford collection 
of birds from Florida, Arizona, and Michigan. 

FINANCIAL Support. The museum has had no regular income in 
the past, but beginning in 1oro the college will set aside $50 annually 
from incidental funds for museum purposes. 

Historical SKETCH. In 1897 the museum was formally opened in 
aroomof the gymnasium building, the installation being made possible 
by gifts of Mrs. Francis A. Hood of Saginaw and her son,in memory of 
Francis A. Hood. In 1900 the museum was transferred to the building 
which it now occupies. The special collections of the museum have 
been acquired partly by purchase and partly by gift. 

BumLpINc. Erected in tg00 and affording 3500 square feet of 
floor space for exhibition, and 1500 for storage, workrooms, etc. 

ATTENDANCE. Open free to the public on Tuesday and Saturday 
afternoons from 1.30to 3.30. No statistics of attendance are available. 


ANN ARBOR: 

UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. Museum. 

STAFF. Director, Jacob Reighard; Curator, Alexander G. Ruth- 
ven; Preparator, Norman A. Wood; 1 assistant and 1 janitor. 

ANTHROPOLOGY. Uncivilized peoples: Archeology, foreign, 300+; 
Ethnology, native 600+, foreign, 250+. Civilized peoples, modern, 
1500+. This department includes the Beal-Steere collection of arms, 
implements, carpenters’ tools, musical instruments, and idols of the 
Chinese; many articles domestic and warlike used by North American 
Indians and natives of the South Pacific Islands; clothing of the Ameri- 
can Indians, modern Peruvians, Formosans, and natives of the East 


146 DIRECTORY OF AMERICAN MUSEUMS 


Indies and Alaska; casts from Europe and the Ohio mounds; pottery 
from the cliff dwellers of New Mexico and Arizona; the Daniel DePue 
collection chiefly from Washtenaw County, Michigan; a fine collection 
of flint instruments from Denmark; and an extensive collection of Peru- 
vian burial pottery secured by the Beal-Steere expedition. There is 
also the Frederick Stearns collection of 1400 musical instruments 
representing nearly all types of all nations and ages, collected with 
reference to its educational value as illustrating the evolution of modern 
types; and the Chinese exhibit of the New Orleans cotton exposition 
illustrating the culture and manufacture of cotton and its use in gar- 
ments, native-made household furniture, and house and garden pot- 
tery. 

BOTANY. 100,000 specimens representing 5000 species and in- 
cluding large series of Michigan plants collected by the public surveys; 
the Houghton, Sager, Ames, Harrington, Beal-Steere, Adams-Jewett, 
and the Garrigues herbaria; Holden’s and Setchell’s Phycotheca 
Boreali-Americana; Briosi and Cavara’s parasitic fungi; Seymour and 
Earle’s economic fungi; the continuation of Ellis’s North American 
fungi and large additions to the cryptogamic flora of Michigan. 

GroLocy. Minerals, 6000, including the Lederer collection of 
2500 specimens, principally European; rich series of Michigan minerals, 
including all varieties of copper ores and associated minerals from the 
Lake Superior region. Also an economic collection, including a series 
of foreign and domestic building stones from the Smithsonian Institu- 
tion; a series illustrating the metalliferous region of the upper peninsula 
of Michigan; 150 specimens of ores and rocks, 39 of copper ore and 
associated rocks from the Wolverine copper mine, 7 of native copper 
from the Calumet and Hecla mines, 25 of asphaltum and petroleum, 
and samples of brine and salt from Percy’s salt well in Mason County. 
There is a good collection in dynamic geology and a series of relief 
maps, models, and lantern slides. ? 

PALEONTOLOGY. 95,000+ specimens, nearly all invertebrates, 
including a large series from the geological survey of the state, of 
which more than Too are type specimens; the White collection of 1o18 
catalog entries; the Rominger collection of 5000 species, including 
types of all the paleozoic corals described by Dr. Rominger in the third 
volume of the geologic report of Michigan; and many other series. 

ZoOLoGy. Shells, on exhibition, 13,000, in storage, 50,000+; 
Insects, on exhibition, 500, in storage, 50,0o00+, co-types, 9; Other 
invertebrates, on exhibition, 500, in storage, 2000+; Fishes, in storage, 
6864; Batrachians, in storage, 1345; Reptiles, on exhibition, 21, in 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES 147 


storage, 1398; Birds, on exhibition, 1545, in storage, 6589, types, 44; 
Mammals, on exhibition, 226, in storage, 1018; Bird eggs, 2445, nests, 
261, stomachs, 1532. 53 small groups of animals-are exhibited in 
natural surroundings. 

FINANCIAL Support. The museum receives an average of $3371 
a year from the university, which in turn is supported by the state. 

BurLpinc. The museum occupies 8214 square feet of floor space 
for exhibition in a building erected in 1881 at a cost of $50,000. 

Scopr. Exploration and research (principally on state problems), 
school.and college teaching, and maintenance of local collections. 
Systematic collections of Michigan animals are supplied to schools of 
the state. The museum is the depository of the collections and 
records of the state biological survey. 

PUBLICATIONS. (1) Annual reports of the curator to the board of 
regents. (2) Reprints of papers published by the staff and others on 
the museum collections are purchased and sent to persons and institu- 
tions on the museum exchange list. 

ATTENDANCE. The museum is open free to the public daily except 
Sundays from 8 to 5. 


DETROIT: 

DEPARTMENT OF PARKS AND BOULEVARDS. 

This department maintains in Belle Isle Park an aquarium and 
zodlogical garden, in charge of an executive officer appointed by the 
mayor. The aquarium contains a collection of living fishes which is 
said to be the third largest known, and whichis maintained at an annual 
expense of about $11,000. The zodlogical garden contains 60 birds 
and 107 mammals which are maintained at an annual expense of about 
$6000. These collections are open free to the public and the attend- 
ance exceeds 800,000 annually. 


DETROIT MUSEUM OF ART. 

Starr. Director, A. H. Griffith; Assistant director, C. H. Bur- 
roughs; Curators, Garfield Jenney, Charles Williams, Ernest Coving- 
ton, H. Alger; Librarian, Fred LaPointe; 1 engineer and 1 watchman. 

ANTHROPOLOGY. A good collection in archeology and ethnology. 

Art. A fine collection of casts and marbles; about 2000 prints 
and engravings; an important collection of old masters as well as many 
modern paintings; 40 water colors; a very large collection of ceramics 
and oriental material; and a small collection of textiles. 

OTHER CoLiEctions. A small collection of minerals and fossils; 
a large collection of shells; and small collections of insects and birds. 


148 DIRECTORY OF AMERICAN MUSEUMS 


FINANCIAL SuppoRT. The museum receives an annual appro- 
priation of $1800 from the city, and about $2000 a year from private 
subscriptions which are used as a picture fund. 

Buitpinc. The building covers about 20,000 square feet of 
ground and is three stories high; it was erected in 1888 at a cost of 
$160,000, met. partly by subscription and partly by city appropria- 
tion. Anew site anda new building are now under consideration. 

ADMINISTRATION. By a director, responsible to a board of trustees — 
through its executive committee. 

Scope. Instruction of the public through exhibition, lectures, 
etc. A series of Sunday afternoon lectures on art, given during the 
winter months for the last 17 years, draws audiences which crowd an 
auditorium accommodating 1000 persons, and as many more are fre- 
quently turned away. Lectures are given through the week to public 
school classes which come to the museum. 

LIBRARY. 1000 volumes on art, travel, etc., for use of both staff 
and public. 

PuBLIcATIONS. (1) A bulletin issued quarterly. (2) Annual 
reports. (3) Catalogs and handbooks issued at irregular intervals. 

ATTENDANCE. Open free to the public on week-days and Sunday 
afternoons. The attendance is about 170,000 a year. 


EAST LANSING: 

MICHIGAN AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. 

The college maintains a museum in connection with the depart- 
ment of zodlogy and geology, in charge of Walter B. Barrows, head of 
the department. The collections comprise about tooo Indian relics; 
2000 minerals and ores; tooo fossils; the Ward series of casts of fossils; 
approximately 75,000 native and foreign insects, in charge of the pro- 
fessor of entomology; and the following other zodlogical collections, 
50 mounted fishes, tr00 mounted birds, 2000 bird skins, 150 mounted 
mammals, and 30 mounted vertebrate skeletons. Special effort has 
been made to render the local exhibits as complete as possible. The 
museum occupies a main exhibition hall affording about 2475 square 
feet of floor space. It is supported from the general funds of the 
college and is open free to the public daily from 8 to 5 and on Sundays 
from 2 to 5. The average daily attendance is estimated to be about 
35; In several instances there have been over 4000 visitors in a single 


In addition to the collections described above, there is a series of 
botanical specimens and woods in the department of botany. 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES I49 


GRAND RAPIDS: 

KENT SCIENTIFIC MUSEUM. 

Starr. Director, Herbert E. Sargent; Assistant director, Edwin 
R. Kalmbach; Secretary, Lena E. Baker; Assistants, E. 5. Holmes 
and Helen B. Allen; 1 janitor and engineer, and 1 printer (part time). 

ANTHROPOLOGY. Uncivilized peoples, native, 3000+; Civilized 
peoples, ancient, 100 (Egyptian antiquities), modern, 700 specimens. 

ArT. Ceramics, 400 specimens. 

Botany. MHerbaria, 4500+ specimens; Display bottles of seeds 
and grains, 300; Miscellaneous, 500+; Forestry, native woods, 350+, 
foreign woods (mostly West Indian and South American), 200+. 

GroLocy. Minerals, on exhibition, 3610, in storage, large quanti- 
ties; Rocks, on exhibition, 230. There are many fine cabinet specimens 
of Grand Rapids gypsum and calcites, and Joplin, Missouri, sphalerites, 
dolomites, and calcites for exchange. 

NUMISMATICS. 1500 specimens. 

PALEONTOLOGY. Invertebrates, 2170; Vertebrates, 20, including 
type specimens of Botherium sargenti; Plants, 300. The collections 
include the skeleton of a mastodon from Florida, restored and mounted, 
and a mastodon from Michigan in process of restoration. 

ZooLocy. Shells, on exhibition, 2000 species, in storage, 5675; 
Insects, 4030; Other invertebrates, 1525; Fishes, 40; Reptiles, 40; 
Birds, on exhibition, 750, in storage, 3000; Mammals, 30; Bird eggs 
and nests, 600. These collections include a mounted specimen of a 
70 foot whale; the Steere collection of Philippine corals, comprising 
1000 specimens, said to be the most complete collection of Philippine 
corals in the United States; and the E. Crofton Fox collection of 
Bahama sponges. 

HistoricAL SKEtcH. The transfer of the collections of the Kent 
Scientific Institute to the board of education constituted the beginning - 
of the present museum. During the year 1go2 these collections, 
together with several others acquired by purchase, were displayed 
in the audience hall of the Central High School. The present museum 
building was opened to the public on January 7, 1904. 

FINANCIAL SUPPORT. By an appropriation from city council, the 
amount being fixed from year to year, and by gifts from interested 
friends. The last city appropriation was $6774. 

Buitpinc. Erected in 1870, purchased by the city at a cost of 
$40,000, and adapted to museum purposes in 1903. It affords 11,000 
square feet of floor space for exhibition, and 2500 for offices, 
workrooms, etc. 


150 DIRECTORY OF AMERICAN MUSEUMS 


ADMINISTRATION. By a director, who is responsible to a library 
and museum commission elected by popular vote. 

Scope. Instruction of the general public and pupils of the public 
schools, and the maintenance of local collections. Regular circulating 
collections are maintained for use in the schools, lectures are given at 
the museum to teachers with their classes, exhibits are made each 
year at the West Michigan state fair, and special exhibits are held 
annually at the museum. 

LIBRARY. 1000 volumes of a scientific character, used chiefly by 
the staff. 

PuBLicaATIOoNs. Bulletin, issued monthly. 

ATTENDANCE. Open free to the public on week-days from 8.30 
to 5 and on Sundays and legal holidays from 2.30 to 5. The yearly 
attendance approximates 55,000. 


ZOOLOGICAL PARK. 
The city maintains a zoélogical park of 4 acres, established in 1891, 
containing 7 reptiles, 48 birds, and 99 mammals. 


HOUGHTON: 

MICHIGAN COLLEGE OF MINES. Mineralogical Museum. 

The college maintains the following collections in geology and 
paleontology in charge of A. E. Seaman, professor of mineralogy and 
geology: Minerals, on exhibition, 15,300; Rocks, on exhibition, 40co, 
in storage, 5000; Microscopic sections, of minerals, 2132, of rocks, 
4973; Exhibits to show the properties of minerals, 485; Specimens 
illustrating the formations of Michigan, 1975; Natural crystals, 2260; 
Crystal models in glass, 151, in wood and plaster, 2153; Economic 
collections, 3000. In paleontology there are 3000 invertebrate, 200 
vertebrate, and 100 plant fossils. 

In addition to the foregoing there are 250 ethnological specimens; 
200 specimens of woods; tooo shells; and a small synoptic collection 


in zodlogy. 


LANSING: 

MICHIGAN PIONEER AND HISTORICAL SOCIETY. (Capitol.) 

The society maintains a museum on the fourth floor of the capi- 
tol, including the best collection of Indian relics on display in the state; 
3000 pieces of china; a collection of fine pewter, brownware, candle- 
sticks, lamps, etc.; too portraits; some very old furniture; and a 
collection of miscellaneous articles of historical interest. The museum 
has no endowment or special income but is maintained by th? society 
in connection with its general historical investigation. 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES I51 


MINNESOTA 
COLLEGEVILLE: 

ST. JOHN’S UNIVERSITY. 

The university maintains a museum for teaching purposes in 
charge of Severin Gertken, curator, and James Hansen and Fridolin 
Tembreull, assistants. The collections occupy 4576 square feet of 
exhibition space on the second floor of the library building. There are 
6 cases of ethnological specimens, representing the Minnesota Chip- 
pewa Indians, the Dakota Sioux Indians, and the Alaska Indians. 
The herbarium includes 1200 species; and the geological collection, 
2500 specimens. In zodlogy there are 15,000 insects, including 600 
species of beetles, and an equal number of butterflies and moths from 
Minnesota; and 400 mounted specimens of birdsand mammals. There 
are also small collections of shells, coins, and eggs. 


MINNEAPOLIS: 

MINNEAPOLIS SOCIETY OF FINE ARTS. 

The society holds occasional exhibitions but maintains no per- 
manent museum. 

MINNESOTA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. Museum. (Public 

Library Building.) 

STAFF. Curator, John W. Franzen. 

ANTHROPOLOGY. Skulls, body and limb bones of prehistoric 
peoples from burial mounds in Minnesota and adjoining states; 
Indian implements, weapons, clothing, etc., from Minnesota; an exten- 
sive and varied collection from the Philippines. 

Art. The following collections have recently been placed in the 
museum by Mr. T. B. Walker: A series of the finest 8th century 
Persian porcelains; Greek vases and Tanagran sculptured figures of 
the 6th to the 2nd century B. C.; ancient Greek and Assyrian glass- 
ware; Chinese idols and temple gods; o bas-reliefs and 4 marble heads 
from Palmyra; 3 stone tablets with cuneiform inscriptions from the 
palaces of Ashur-nazir-pal, king of Assyria; 40 Chinese bronze vases 
of the 12th to the r8th century; a marble statue of Hercules from 
Palmyra; etc. 

Botany. A herbarium of several thousand flowering plants of 
Minnesota; a collection of Philippine woods. 

GeoLocy. The Walker collection of ornamental stones, said to be 
the best of its kind in the West; a general geological collection repre- 
senting the rocks and minerals of Minnesota and adjacent states, and 
the province of Ontario. 


152 DIRECTORY OF AMERICAN MUSEUMS 


PALEONTOLOGY. Several hundred invertebrate fossils from a num- 
ber of localities in southeastern Minnesota, forming the nucleus of a 
local collection. 

ZooLoGy. An extensive collection from the Philippines, includ- 
ing one of the largest series of corals known from this region, and a 
large number of specimens of Nautilus which formed the basis of 
Professor Lawrence Griffin’s investigations on this form; 2700 lepi- 
doptera, chiefly from the palearctic, nearctic, and Indo-Malay regions; 
an excellent representative collection of Minnesota birds and 4000- 
5000 mounted and unmounted bird skins from the Philippine Islands, 
including a number of type specimens and forming one of the most 
complete collections made in that region. 

Buttp1nc. The museum occupies about 3750 square feet of 
exhibition floor space in the public library building. 

ATTENDANCE. Open free to the public on week-days from 8.30 
to 5.30 and on Sundays from 2 to 5.30. The number of visitors is 
estimated at 20,000-25,000 annually. 


UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA. 


The curator reports that the zoological collections are at present 
in storage owing to lack of space for exhibition. It is hoped that 
suitable quarters will be provided in the near future when special 
attention will be given to the formation of local collections. No in- 
formation has been received regarding other collections of the univer- 
sity, which are said by Merrill to comprise a herbarium of 325,000 
plants, 200 specimens of woods, 2000 jars of botanical material in 
alcohol or formalin; 570c rocks, 2000 minerals, and 1500 thin sections; 
and 9700 entries in paleontology, with additional study collections. 


WALKER PRIVATE GALLERY. (807 Hennepin Ave.) 


In this gallery Mr. T. B. Walker has a carefully selected series of 
about 250 oil paintings, including many by old masters; a collection of 
very fine Chinese bronzes and porcelains; Persian, Babylonian, and 
Egyptian pottery, etc. This gallery is open free to the public on week- 
days during the hours of daylight. 


ZOOLOGICAL PARK. 
The city maintains a zoélogical park of about ro acres containing 
52 birds and 24 mammals. 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES 153 


NORTHFIELD: 

CARLETON COLLEGE. 

The college has a museum containing approximately 12,000 fos- 
sils, 2000 minerals, and tooo zoélogical specimens. The collection is 
now in storage owing to changes in the buildings of the college and 
there is no curator at present. 


Sie AWE: 

HAMLINE UNIVERSITY. 

No reply has been received to repeated requests for information 
concerning the natural history museum of this university, which is 
said by Merrill to comprise 200 anthropological specimens, 3300 
botanical specimens, a general collection of minerals, 1000 specimens 
of historical geology, tooo fossils, and the following zodlogical collec- 
tions: Shells, 500; Insects, 1000; Other invertebrates, 500 alcoholic 
and 300 dried specimens; Birds, 200 mounted specimens and 400 skins; 
Mammals, too skins; Osteology, too articulated and 250 disarticulated 
skeletons; Alcoholic vertebrates, 200; Anatomical preparations, 500; 
Bird nests and eggs, 500. 

MINNESOTA HISTORICAL SOCIETY. 

The society maintains a museum, library, and portrait gallery; 
the two former in the new state capitol building, the latter in the old 
capitcl, where the former governor’s rooms are used as a state portrait 
gallery. The museum contains historical relics, chiefly of local in- 
terest, and a large archeological collection, including about 23,000 
specimens donated by Rey. Edward C. Mitchell, and about 100,000 
specimens, collected and donated by the late Hon. J. V. Brower. From 
the field notes and maps accompanying the latter collection, there is 
in press a quarto volume on “The Archaeology of Minnesota,” with 
about 500 maps of aboriginal mounds in this state, by Prof. N. H. 
Winchell, to be published by the society. 


ST. PAUL INSTITUTE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES. 

In connection with its department of natural and physical sciences 
the St. Pau! Institute has established a museum which was opened to 
the public on February 4, 1910. The museum includes the Mitc‘ell 
collection of 12,000 sponges, corals, shells, other marine invertebrates, 
and fossils; a collection of 400 game birds and fishes; over 2000 fossils; 
600 Indian pottery, implements, and weapons; an ethnological col- 
lection of 600 objects from the Philippines, Egypt, and North American 
Indian tribes; 2000 geological specimens; a Minnesota herbarium; a 


154 DIRECTORY OF AMERICAN MUSEUMS 


general collection of algae; and about 500 imported butterflies. The 
museum is in charge of a committee of the trustees, of which the sec- 
retary of the institute, Dr. Arthur Sweeney, is chairman. Up to 
the present time Prof. F. W. Sardeson of the state university has acted 
as curator. The museum is supported by an appropriation from 
funds of the institute. It occupies a fireproof section of the audi- 
torium affording about 4000 square feet of floor space. Two addi- 
tional sections of the same size are available for expansion. The 
collections are open free to the public on week-days from 2 to 5 and 
on Sundays from 2 to 6. 


ZOOLOGICAL PARK. 
The city maintains a zoological park containing 8 birds and 59 
mammals. 


Seo alel ANI 

GUSTAVUS ADOLPHUS COLLEGE. Museum. 

Starr. | Curator, J. A. Edquist: 

ANTHROPOLOGY. Uncivilized peoples: Archeology, native, 300; 
Ethnology, native, 50, foreign, too. Civilized peoples, modern, 50. 

Botany. Cryptogams, 500; Phanerogams, 2500. 

GroLtocy. Minerals, on exhibition, 500, in storage, 200; Rocks, 
on exhibition, 500, in storage, 100; Dynamic geology, relief maps, 
models, etc., 150. 

PALEONTOLOGY. Invertebrates, on exhibition, 800, in storage, 
100; Vertebrates, 25; Plants, roo. 

ZoOLoGy. Shells, 200; Insects, 500; Other invertebrates, 100; 
Fishes, 300; Batrachians, 25; Reptiles, 25; Birds, 100; Mammals, 50. 

The museum was established in 1875 at the time of the founding 
of the college and now occupies tooo square feet of floor space for 
exhibition; its principal aim is college teaching although it is also 
open to the public. 


WINONA: 

STATE NORMAL SCHOOL. 

The school has a museum comprising about 500 species of minerals 
and rocks; 12 cases of fossils; a large collection of shells; an excellent 
synoptic collection of other invertebrates; a collection of local fishes, 
snakes, and turtles; over 220 species of local birds, including some 
unmounted skins; 15 species of local mammals; a small osteological 
collection for study purposes; 30 or more Minnesota woods; and a 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES 155 


herbarium of 3000 or more specimens of the local flora. There is also 
a skeleton of a mastodon and a small collection of stone implements. 
This museum occupies 2240 square feet of floor space for exhibition, 
and is in charge of John M. Holzinger, curator, with the exception of 
the collection of minerals and fossils, which has recently been trans- 
ferred to the care of the department of geography. 

The nucleus of this museum is a collection purchased prior to 
1882 for $3500 and known as the Woodman collection. This was 
purchased by the Winona Society of Arts, Sciences, and Letters, 
which deposited the collection in the normal school. 


MISSISSIPPI 


AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE: 
MISSISSIPPI! AGRICULTURAL AND MECHANICAL COLLEGE. 
The college maintains an experiment station herbarium of 2000 
phanerogams and 2000 fungi (chiefly parasitic), and a college herbarium 
of 2000 specimens. There are also 500 geological specimens, and a 
zoological collection, including 10,000 insects, a synoptic collection 
of 70 invertebrates, a few fishes, and a fairly good collection of bird 


eggs. 


JACKSON: 

MILLSAPS COLLEGE. 

The college has a museum which has accumulated since 1894 and 
now includes a collection of about too Indian relics from Mississippi; 
roo specimens of Japanese art, religion, warfare, and domestic life; 
500 minerals and 500 rocks, including the educational collection of 
the United States geological survey; 500 invertebrate and 60 verte- 
brate fossils; including vertebrae and teeth of Zeuglodon, Mastodon, 
Carcharodon, etc.; 80 invertebrates and fishes; and a collection of 500 
bird eggs representing 50 varieties. This collection is in charge of J. 
M. Sullivan, professor of geology, and is supported by occasional 
gifts and laboratory fees of college classes. 

STATE DEPARTMENT OF ARCHIVES AND HISTORY. (State 

Capitol.) 

This department contains a collection of native archeology and a 
historical collection including portraits, manuscripts, war relics, etc. 
in charge of Dunbar Rowland, director, and Mrs. Dunbar Rowland, 
assistant. There is also a historical library of 3000 volumes, including 


156 DIRECTORY OF AMERICAN MUSEUMS 


a valuable collection of transcripts of French, English, and Spanish 
archives relating to Mississippi history, thoroughly classified and 
accessible to accredited investigators. The department publishes annual 
reports, of which 8 have been issued; an annual volume on the sources 
of Mississippi history, 1 issued; and an official and statistical register 
published every four years, 2 issued. 


UNIVERSIYY: 

UNIVERSITY OF MISSISSIPPI. 

The university is the depository for the collections of the state 
geological survey, and maintains teaching collections in addition. 
There is a rich collection of Mississippi geology made by Dr. Eugene 
Hilgard; a good collection of Mississippi lignites; and collections show- 
ing the economic geology of the state. There is also a valuable col- 
lection of shells, containing some 10,000 varieties purchased from Dr. 
Francis K. Markoe, and small collections in ethnology and botany. 
These collections are in charge of E. N. Lowe, state geologist, R. W. 
Jones, professor of geology, and W.S. Leathers, professor of zoology. 


MISSOURI 
COLUMBIA: 
STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF MISSOURI. 
This society has a small historical collection and hopes for a new 
building in which to provide for a museum. 


UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI. 

The department of classical archeology maintains a museum com- 
prising a large collection of casts of sculptures, architectural details, 
Greek vases, etc., and an extensive series of photographs of paintings 
illustrating the history of art. This museum is in charge of John 
Pickard, curater and professor of classical archeology, and occupies 
about 6coo square feet of floor space in the main university building. 

Teaching collections are maintained in connection with the depart- 
ments of agriculture, botany, ethnology, geology, and zodélogy. 


DOE RUN: 

GRAVES PRIVATE MUSEUM. 

This museum is supported privately by Mr. F. P. Graves, but is 
open free to the public on week-days from 8 to 6. It includes large 
collections of Indian and mound builders implements, minerals, fossils, 
articles of historical interest, coins, stamps, autographs, etc. The 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES 157 


minerals and ores are the most valuable portion of the museum and 
the collection of English calcite crystals, barites, fluorites, etc., is com- 
parable with those of the larger museums. 


GLASGOW: 

PRITCHETT COLLEGE. 

No reply has been received to repeated requests for information 
concerning the museum of this college, which is said by Merrill to 
comprise 250 ethnological specimens, a herbarium of 500 native plants, 
2000 minerals, 10,000 fossils, and 800 zoélogical specimens, including 
too native birds and 400 marine invertebrates in alcohol. 


KANSAS —CEEY: 

DANIEL B. DYER MUSEUM. (Public Library Building.) 

This museum is named in honor of Daniel B. Dyer of Augusta, 
Georgia, who in 1905 presented to the school district embracing Kan- 
sas City a large collection of relics of the Indians, mound builders, and 
cliff dwellers; Mexican and oriental curios; pottery; relics of the Span- 
- ish-American war; small fossils; coins and medals; and a large collec- 
tion of minerals. The museum is maintained by the school tax in 
connection with the entire library building and is in charge of Mrs. 
Ophelia Jacobs, curator, and Mrs. Kathleen J. Marley, assistant cur- 
ator, who are responsible to the board of education. The museum 
is an important adjunct to the study of archeology, geology, and his- 
tory in the public schools, and is open free to the public on week-days, 
except holidays, from 9 to 5 and on Sundays from 2 to 5. 


WESTERN GALLERY OF ART. (Public Library Building. ) 

The board of education maintains on the upper floor of the public 
library building collections comprising 63 copies in oil and more than 
600 carbon photographs of works of the masters of various schools of 
painting from the 14th to the roth century, also reproductions in 
marble, bronze, terra cotta,and plaster of representative examples of 
antique and renaissance sculpture. 

This museum originated in a collection of 20 paintings, 500 photo- 
graphs, and casts, presented by Mr. W. R. Nelson to the Kansas City 
Art Association for the city in 1896. In January, 1902, entire control 
was vested in the board of education, and the collections are now main- 
tained by the school tax in connection with the entire library building. 
The gallery is in charge of Mrs. Helen R. Parsons, curator, and Lucile 
Gibson, assistant. 


158 DIRECTORY OF AMERICAN MUSEUMS 


The aim of this museum is to set forth an adequate impression of - 
the character and power of the world’s masterpieces, the copies being 
a special selection for this purpose. The reproduction of the Sistine 
Madonna of Raphael is celebrated, for example, as the best copy ever 
made of that painting. 

The museum is open free to the public on week-days, except 
holidays, from’g9 to 5, and on Sundays from 2 to 5. 


ROLLA: 

MISSOURI GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 

The survey maintains a museum in charge of H. A. Buehler, state 
geologist, and comprising tooo invertebrate fossils and about 5000 
minerals and rocks. The collections are confined to the state and are 
maintained chiefly as a working collection. The survey also has a 
geological library of 7000 volumes. 


MISSOURI SCHOOL OF MINES. Museum. 

The museum is supported jointly by the state and the University 
of Missouri, the appropriations varying according to the needs of 
each year. The collections are in charge of G. H. Cox, professor of 
mineralogy and petrography; L. S. Griswold, professor of geology; and 
V. H. McNutt, assistant in mineralogy and petrography. They include 
2000 minerals on exhibition and 4000 in storage; tooo rocks on exhibi- 
tion and tooo in storage; 50 relief maps, models, and specimens of 
dynamic geology; 700 specimens of economic geology on exhibition 
and 500 in storage; tooo invertebrate fossils on exhibition and 500 
in storage; and 200 plant fossils in storage. The most noteworthy col- 
lections are the calcites, and the lead and zine ores of Missouri; 
these include the state display at the St. Louis exposition. The 
Colonel Kingston collection of about 800 specimens, rich in pseudo- 
morphs, has recently been acquired. The museum has developed 
chiefly since 1904 and is extensively used for teaching purposes; it is 
also open on all school days for the inspection of the public. 


SPRINGFIELD: 

DRURY COLLEGE. Edward M. Shepard Museum. 

STAFF. Curators, Charles H. Spurgeon (biology); Edward B. 
Hall (geology). 

ANTHROPOLOGY. Ethnology, native, 500+, foreign, 250+. This 
material includes collections from the South Sea Islands, Egypt, 
Mexico, and the Pueblo Indians. There is also a valuable collection de- 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES I59 


posited by Mr. H. O. LeBlanc, including a very full series of specimens 
illustrating the life and warfare of American Indians. 

Botany. Cryptogams 500+; Phanerogams, 2000+. ‘This col- 
lection is particularly rich in Syrian and Hawaiian ferns, British mosses, 
American and foreign algae, and North American lichens and fungi. 
There is also a nearly complete representation of the flora of Greene 
County, Missouri. 

GroLtocy. Minerals, t500+; Rocks, 500+. About 700 lead and 
zinc ores from southwest Missouri; the Flanner collection of 500 copper 
ores from the Lake Superior region; 150 iron ores from Iron 
Mountain, Missouri, and 200 from Lake Superior; too asphalt and 
bituminous products from Oklahoma; and 300 bricks, tiles, marbles, 
clays, whet stones, oils, etc., from Missouri. This department also 
includes the valuable private mineralogical and geological collection 
of the late Professor Sanborn Tenney of Williams College. 

History. A collection of 200+ specimens including old news- 
papers, money, household articles, and other material of local historical 
interest. 

PALEONTOLOGY. Invertebrates, 1800+; Vertebrates, 300+; 
Plants, 300+. The plants are mainly from local Bennsylvania coal 
measures. 

ZOOLoGY. Shells, tooot; Insects, rooot; Other invertebrates, 
150+; Fishes, 300+; Batrachians, 25+; Reptiles, 50+; Birds, 300+; 
Mammals, 75+. This department includes:a collection of reptiles 
and birds of Greene County; sponges, coelenterates, and echinoderms 
from the West Indies and the Pacific coast. There are 6 small groups 
of animals exhibited in natural surroundings. There is also a good 
series of models and dissections for teaching purposes. 

HistoricaAL SKetcH. The nucleus of the museum is the private 
collection of Dr. E. M. Shepard, brought by him to the college in 1878, 
and donated to it in r904. Most of the additions have also been made 
through his efforts. Valuable collections were obtained from the 
World’s Fair at St. Louis. 

FINANCIAL Support. From the general funds of the college. 

BuiLpinc. The museum occupies 3500 square feet of floor space 
in Pearson’s Hall, erected in rgo1 at a cost of $55,000. 

ADMINISTRATION. By the curators, acting with a committee of 
the faculty and responsible to the board of trustees. 

Scope. College teaching, maintenance of local collections, and 
instruction of the general public. 


Lrprary. A reference library of about 1000 volumes, composed 


160 DIRECTORY OF AMERICAN MUSEUMS 


mainly of United States and state reports, and intended primarily 
for the use of the staff and students. 

PuBLIcATIONS. The museum has no publications, but the science 
departments of Drury College publish the Bulletin of the Bradley 
Geological Field Station. 

ATTENDANCE. Open free to the public on week-days from 8 to 5. 
The number of visitors is estimated at 500-1000 annually. 


Sie OSE RE: 

ZOOLOGICAL PARK. 

The city maintains a zoGlogical park of 1 acre, established in 1890, 
containing 5 reptiles, 52 birds, and 48 mammals. 


iia LOUIS: 

CITY ART MUSEUM. 

Starr. Director, Halsey C. Ives; Secretary, Madeline Borgeraefe; 
Curator of applied arts, Francis E. A. Curley; Docent, Alice More; 
Librarian, Blanche A. Archambault; Gallery attendant, Mrs. Perry 
Bartholow; Artist assistant, 1 sculptor attendant, 1 stenographer, 
3 gallery men, 1 photographer, 2 engineers, 1 fireman, 3 janitors, 1 
night watchman, and 1 office boy. 

CoLLectTions. Acquired by purchase: 12 oil paintings; 1 piece of 
sculpture in bronze; 71 pieces of silver of the 15th and 16th centuries; 
a collection of Persian tiles of the 16th and 17th centuries; 18 pieces 
of textiles; and 2 Persian manuscript bindings. By presentation: 4 
oil paintings; 1 box of amber and mummy beads; 4 modern casts; 5 
cases of Japanese objects; 1 brass and lacquered stand; 1 large Chinese 
bowl; 3 carved-wood frames; and 2 carved-wood baskets. The fol- 
lowing collections are the property of the department of art at Wash- 
ington University and are loaned by it to the City Art Museum: 
The Davis collection of 132 pieces of antique bronze; the Bixby col- 
lection of 182 French and Austrian bronze medals; 6 pieces of American 
bronze; 113 engravings; 151 Unger etchings; too etchings; 30 modern 
casts; 16 sculptural and other exhibits; 15 pieces of French and German 
wood carving of the 16th century; 13 cases of North American Indian 
objects; go pieces of Fictile ivory; 194 reproductions of antique and 
medieval sculpture; to pieces of statuary and marble; 40 cases of 
ceramics; 36 pieces of arms and armor; 5 cases of metal work; 17 pieces 
of Moorish and oriental objects; 5 cases of Chinese and Japanese ob- 
jects; 7 cases of textiles; 171 Arundel prints; 848 plaster reproductions 
of antique medallions; 149 oil paintings; and 5 water color pictures. 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES 1601 


The following collections are loaned to Washington University and 
deposited by it in the City Art Museum: 4 pieces of textiles; 2 bronze 
busts; 21 architectural drawings; 5 pieces of statuary and marble; 125 
modern casts; 4 pieces of bronze; 2 suits of armor; 189 original drawings; 
5 cases of ceramics; 1 case of Indian objects; 80 oil paintings; and 15 
water colors. 

HistortcAL SKETCH. The City Art Museum originated in 1909 
as a reorganization of the St. Louis Museum of Fine Arts, which was 
in turn organized in 1879. The collections purchased by the museum 
represent an expenditure of $33,416. The larger part of the material 
now in the museum is deposited by the art department of Washington 
University as enumerated above. 

FINANCIAL Support. The City Art Museum is a city institu- 
tion and receives by law the returns from a special tax of one-half 
mill on the dollar. The city had a population in 1909 of 761,802 and 
an assessed value for 1g10 of over $500,000,000. This special tax 
amounts to about $120,000 a year and as the maintenance of the 
museum at present costs but about $75,000 a year the museum has 
acceded to a request of the city officials that the tax be passed for the 
year IgIo. 

Buttpinc. The building occupied by the museum was erected 
in 1903-4 by the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company as the 
“Art Palace” of the World’s Fair, at a cost of $943,000. It is now 
owned by the city and occupied by the museum as a tenant-at-will. 
It affords 560,000 square feet of floor space all on one floor. It con- 
tains a total of 34 galleries varying in size from 15x17 to 50xgo feet, 
andin the center a sculptural court 60x 150 feet surrounded by alcoves 
18 x 36 feet. 

ADMINISTRATION. By a director, responsible to a board of con- 
trol appointed by the mayor of the city. 

Scope. In addition to the maintenance of its permanent collec- 
tions the museum has held 25 special exhibitions of paintings and 
sculpture during the year 1go09, the total number of exhibits being 
1773. Special attention is devoted to the acquisition of a collection 
illustrating the development of American art. 

ATTENDANCE. Open free to the public daily from 10 to 5. The 
attendance for the year 1908-9 was 80,389; for the year 1909-10, 
113,030. The largest attendance in one day was 14,911, Sunday, 
October 2, 1909, between the hours of ¢ end s. 


162 DIRECTORY OF AMERICAN MUSEUMS 


EDUCATIONAL MUSEUM OF THE ST. LOUIS PUBLIC SCHOOLS. 


STAFF. Director, C. G. Rathmann; Curator, Amelia Meissner; 
Assistant curator and librarian, Elyse Crecelius; Assistant, Chas. E. 
Magoon; 3 drivers and packers. 

Cottections. The collections are principally in the form of 
circulating exhibits which are sent to all the schools of the city by 
the museum wagons. They include the following: Food products, 
comprising the cereals and other food plants, and their products; 
coffee, tea, sugar, cacao, cocoanut, the various spices, etc. Material 
for clothing, including the various animal and vegetable fibers of the 
world and the fabrics made from them. Other natural products, as 
rubber, gutta-percha, camphor, cork, coal, etc., in all their various 
stages of development. Materials for dyeing and tanning, medicinal 
plants, woods, etc. Industrial products, showing the various processes 
in the manufacture of glass, paper, leather, ink, pens, pencils, needles, 
etc., besides such products as are made from the materials mentioned 
in the former groups. Articles and models illustrating the lifeand occu- 
pation of the different peoples of the world, including implements, 
wearing apparel, models of houses, industrial products, etc. Plants, 
and models and charts of plants. The animal world, represented by 
mounted, dried, and alcoholic specimens. Minerals, rocks, and ores. 
Apparatus for the illustration of physics and physical geography. 
Charts for the illustration of astronomy, physiology, anatomy, etc. 
Charts, maps, colored pictures, and objects illustrating history. Col- 
lections of art objects and models for use by classes in drawing. Photo- 
graphs, stereoscopic pictures, and lantern slides to accompany the 
objects in the preceding groups. 

An exhibit of the collections in circulation is placed in glass 
cases in the large museum hall of the Wyman school, as a study ex- 
hibit to enable the teachers to become thoroughly acquainted with all 
that the museum contains and to give them an opportunity to acquire, 
with the help of the museum library, such information as they need in 
order to use the material intelligently and profitably. 

Educational exhibits, representing the schools of some of the lead- 
ing countries of the world by showing the written work, drawing, man- 
ual training, etc., from the kindergarten to the high and normal 
schools; text books, courses of study, reports and statistics, and school 
appliances; photographs, plans, and models of school buildings, etc. 

Specimens of the work of the punt: of the St. Louis schools in 
the various branches of study are exhibited, and are replaced by new 
work from time to time for the information of visitors. 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES 163 


A teachers’ library of about 7000 volumes is maintained by the 
museum and includes the best publications on philosophy, psychology, 
education, school management, science, and literature; text books used 
in our own and other countries; reference books giving information on 
all the material in the museum; and the best educational journals. 

HistToricaAL SKETCH. The museum was established by the board 
of education in 905 as an outcome of the Louisiana Purchase Exposi- 
tion held in St. Louis in 1904. Large amounts of valuable illustrative 
material and of educational exhibits were secured through donation 
or purchase from exhibitors representing all parts of the world, and 
these formed the nucleus of the museum. To fill in gaps inthese col- 
lections, much valuable material was donated by the Field Museum 
of Natural History, the Smithsonian Institution, the Philadelphia 
Commercial Museums, and the Public Museum of Milwaukee. The 
board of education made a liberal annual appropriation for pur- 
chase of new material and for the general maintenance of the institu- 
tion. The growth of the museum during its brief existence has been 
remarkable; in the first year 5000 collections were sent to the schools, 
in the second 11,500, in the third 22,500, and in the fourth 25,000. 
During the year tg08-g, the schools ordered 3368 books from the 
teachers’ library. 

FINANCIAL Support. An appropriation of $7800 from the board 
of education, for the year 1909-10. 

Buitpinc. The museum is at present housed in several rooms 
of Teachers College and the Wyman school. 

ADMINISTRATION. By a director, who is also assistant super- 
intendent of schools, responsible to the board of education. 

Scope. The purpose of the museum is public school work. The 
material is arranged in accordance with the course of study, and is 
made accessible in the following manner: The schools of the city are 
divided into five sections. Each section has.a delivery day once a 
week. The principal of a school which has its delivery day on Monday 
confers with his teachers on the preceding Friday and ascertains what 
material they desire from the museum to illustrate their work during 
the following week. On a blank issued by the museum the principal 
then inserts the catalog numbers of the collections his teachers desire 
and sends this blank to the custodian of the museum. On Monday 
morning the museum wagon delivers all the material ordered by that 
school and takes back what was used during the preceding week. 
Books from the teachers’ library are delivered in the same manner. 

Puspiications. The museum has published catalogs of the cir- 


164 DIRECTORY OF AMERICAN MUSEUMS 


culating collections, lantern slides, and teachers’ library, with supple- 
ments to some of these. 

ATTENDANCE. ‘The museum and library are open free to teachers 
and pupils and to the general public on week-days from 9 to 5. The 
number of visitors for 1907-8 was 2770. 


MISSOURI HISTORICAL SOCIETY. (1600 Locust Street.) 

In addition to a historical library of about 12,000 volumes, this 
society maintains a museum comprising about 30,000 implements and 
utensils of American Indians—said to be one of the best collections of 
its kind in the United States; and a large collection of manuscripts 
and private and official documents. The museum is in charge of 
Idress Head, librarian, and occupies about 50,000 square feet of floor 
space in a three-story residence which is entirely inadequate for the 
proper display of the collections. It is expected that a new building 
will soon be available and an increased endowment. ‘The society is 
at present supported by membership dues, private contributions, and 
the income from a small endowment. Both library and museum are 


open free to the public on week-days from 9 to 5. - 


WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY. 

In connection with the science departments of the university 
there are teaching collections which comprise about 6000 minerals, 
3000 specimens of historical rocks and ores, 3000 classified fossils and 
many unclassified, and about 25,000 zodlogical specimens of all classes. 

The collections of the St. Louis School and Museum of Fine Arts, 
a department of the university, are loaned to the City Art Museum, 
subject to withdrawal at any time and labeled as property of Washing- 
ton University. 

ZOOLOGICAL PARK. 

The city maintains a zoélogical park, established In 1903, contain- 
ing 145 birds and 205 mammals. 


MONTANA 
BOZEMAN: 


MONTANA AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. 

The department of biology has a herbarium containing 3000 
cryptogams and 8000+ phanerogams, including 400+ types and 
figured specimens; in zodlogy there are 3000+ insects, including 50+ 
types and figured specimens, also 500 other invertebrates, too fishes, 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES 165 


t5 batrachians, 50 reptiles, 300 birds, and 20 mammals. This collection 
isin chargeof R. A. Cooley, head of the department, D. B. Swingle, 
professor of botany, and M. H. Spaulding, professor of zodlogy. 


EBL ENA: 

MONTANA STATE LIBRARY. Museum. 

The library maintains a picture collection comprising 250 portraits, 
35 group pictures, So miscellaneous pictures, and 400 photographs. 
There is also a rare collection of smoky quartz crystals, a series of woods 
and a complete collection of the flora of Montana, excellent mounted 
specimens of native birds and mammals, and a large accumulation 
of objects of historical interest. These collections are exhibited in the 
corridors of the state capitol building, and are in charge of W. Y. 
Pemberton, librarian of the State Library. 


NEBRASKA 
CREDE: 

DOANE COLLEGE. 

Small teaching collections in biology and geology, including too 
local and 50 Indian birds; 40 small mammals; representative fossils 
and minerals; a shell collection; and a herbarium of flowering plants. 
For lack of space the collections are distributed in three separate 
buildings, and only a part are accessible. The museum is in charge of 
Carl O. Carlson, professor of biology, and will be installed in a new 
building in about a year. 


LINCOLN: ° 

NEBRASKA STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY. Museum. 

STAFF. Secretary of the society, C. S. Paine; Archeologist in 
charge of the museum, E. E. Blackman. 

ANTHROPOLOGY. Uncivilized peoples: Archeology, native, 20,000, 
foreign, small collection; Ethnology, native, 5000, foreign, small collec- 
tion. Civilized peoples, modern, 3000. There are also phono- 
graphic records of Indian music. 

Art. A very small collection comprising a few paintings and 
portraits and 2000 photographs. 

History. About tooo objects, not increasing because of lack of 
space. 

HistoricaAL SKetcH. The museum began activity in root, chief 
attention being given to stone age implements of Nebraska and to 
Indian bead work. 


106 DIRECTORY OF AMERICAN MUSEUMS 


FINANCIAL Support. The society is supported by biennial 
appropriations of about $15,000 from the state legislature and an 
income from memberships amounting to about $1100. The society 
expends about $1200 a year for maintenance of the museum. 

BuiLpinc. ‘The museum occupies 625 square feet of floor space 
for exhibition in the library building of the state university. A new 
building for the society is under construction. 

ADMINISTRATION. ‘The archeologist has immediate charge of the 
museum under the direction of the secretary of the society, who in 
turn is responsible to the executive board. 

Scope. The maintenance of local collections by exploration and 
research of the staff is the principal object of the museum. 

PUBLICATIONS. Museum reports are included in the publications 
of the society, of which 13 volumes have been issued. 

ATTENDANCE. Open free to the public on week-days from 8 to 
5. The number of visitors is about 8000 a year. 


NEBRASKA STATE MUSEUM. 


STAFF. Curator, Erwin H. Barbour; Assistant curator, Carrie 
A. Barbour. Carpenters, janitors, engineers, electricians, etc., are sup- 
plied by the University of Nebraska. 

CoLLEctTions. Large forestry, fiber, and grain collections; a 
good working collection of minerals and rocks; large collections of 
invertebrate carboniferous fossils, miocene vertebrates from the Bad 
Lands, and plants from the Dakota group; zoélogical collections chiefly 
from Nebraska but with some material from Bermuda and the Baha- 
mas. 

HiIsToRICAL SKETCH. The museum has been developed by the 
present curator from a very small beginning in 1891. Annual collect- 
ing expeditions have been made possible through the generosity of 
Hon. Charles H. Morrill. The collections were at first housed in two 
rooms in Science Hall but increased to such an extent that the floors 
weakened and the material was put in storage. The one completed 
wing of a new fireproof building is now overcrowded and material to 
fill the next wing is in storage. When completed the museum will 
cover two or three acres on the campus of the University of Nebraska. 

FINANCIAL Support. Maintained by the regents of the state 
university and by private subscriptions. 

BurILpING. The museum at present occupies 11,000 square feet 
of floor space for exhibition, and 3500 for offices, workrooms, etc. in 
a building erected in 1907-8 by the state at a cost of $55,000. 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES 167 


ADMINISTRATION. By a curator, responsible to the board of 
regents of the University of Nebraska. 

Scopr. The maintenance of local collections and the instruction 
of the general public are the purposes of the museum. 

ATTENDANCE. Open free to the public on week-days from 7.30 
to 5.30. The attendance during the first year was 50,000. 


In addition to this museum there are teaching collections in the 
departments of art and botany. 


ZOOLOGICAL PARK. 


The city maintains a zoological park, established in 1905, contain- 
ing 3 birds and 16 mammals. 


OMAHA: 
CREIGHTON UNIVERSITY. 


The university has a teaching collection of about 7oo minerals; 
a small collection of Indian war bonnets, implements, and arms; and 
an astronomical observatory equipped for student work. ‘These col- 
lections are in charge of William F. Rigge. 


OMAHA PUBLIC LIBRARY AND MUSEUM. 


The museum contains the Byron Reed collection of American and 
foreign coins, said to rank third in value and size in the United States 
when it was received in 1893. This collection occupies a room affording 
about 1800 square feet of floor space. There is also a general museum 
containing loan collections of Indian and Egyptian material; a collec- 
tion of birds, shells, baskets, articles from the Philippines, etc.; and a 
collection of pictures purchased from the Trans- Mississippi Exposition. 
The museum is open free to the public on week-days and the average 
attendance is I1oo a day. 


ZOOLOGICAL PARK. 


The city maintains a zoological park of 35 acres, established in 
1897, containing 7 birds and 77 mammals. 


NEW HAMPSHIRE 
CONCORD: 
NEW HAMPSHIRE HISTORICAL SOCIETY. 


The society maintains a small historical collection in charge of 
the librarian. 


168 DIRECTORY OF AMERICAN MUSEUMS 


DURHAM: 


NEW HAMPSHIRE COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AND THE 
MECHANIC ARTS. 


The department of zodlogy and entomology maintains a represent- 
ative display of the birds of New Hampshire, together with collections 
of invertebrate animals, skeletons, models, and geological specimens in 
Thompson Hall. The nucleus of this museum is the collection of the 
state geological survey. The collection of insects is maintained by 
the Agricultural Experiment Station, and comprises about 20,000 
specimens. 

The department of botany maintains a herbarium in Nesmith 
Hall. 


HANOVER: 

DARTMOUTH COLLEGE. Butterfield Museum. 

The museum occupies about 4300 square feet of floor space for 
exhibition in a building which is the gift of the late Dr. Ralph Butter- 
field, and which also contains the science departments of the college. 
The collections are in charge of the members of the respective depart- 
ments: C. H. Hitchcock (geology), William Patten (zodlogy), and G. 
R. Lyman (botany). 

ANTHROPOLOGY. 500 aboriginal implements; go skulls and pieces 
of pottery of the mound builders; 4oo specimens from Zululand, 
Alaska, and the South Sea Islands; many photographs of American 
Indians, and a full-size figure of Chief Joseph from the Smithsonian 
Institution; a few Roman antiquities; a collection of Burmese and Jap- 
anese antiquities; and 8 or g unusually fine sculptures from Nineveh, 
obtained by Dr. Wright about 1860. 

Borany. A general herbarium of 5000 species gathered by Prof. 
C. H. Hitchcock and rich in ferns and marine algae; 1000 speci- 
mens of wood sections, seeds, etc.; many mosses and hepaticae; the 
Trelease herbarium of several thousand phanerogams and ferns; and 
the H. G. Jesup herbarium. 

GroLocy. The Frederick Hall collection of 2000 minerals; 11,700 
rocks, including 350 volcanic rocks from Vesuvius and the Hawaiian 
volcanoes; 200 massive igneous rocks; a special collection of 250 rocks 
from the New Hampshire geological survey; a general collection of 
3500 New Hampshire and Vermont rocks; tooo rocks from the White 
Mountains; 1100 from the Ammomoosuc district; 500 from the vicinity 
of Hanover; 200 from the vicinities of Vernon, New Hampshire, and 
Bernardston, Massachusetts: a set of 3000 rocks, illustrating the geology 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES 169 


of 16 sections crossing New Hampshire and Vermont; and 1500 speci- 
mens illustrating the distribution of drift material in New England. 
There is also an economic collection of 2500 specimens, illustrating the 
occurrence of gold and silver in Montana, marbles, slates, and granites 
of New Hampshire and Vermont, and a series of petroleum specimens 
from too localities. 

PALEONTOLOGY. An extensive collection of fossil footprints (jur- 
assic) made by Professor Hitchcock; devonian and silurian fishes, 
collected by Professor Patten; one of the James Hall collections of 
New York fossils; and several Ward casts of large vertebrate fossils. 


HOPKINTON: 

NEW HAMPSHIRE ANTIQUARIAN SOCIETY. 

This society maintains a collection of Indian relics, idols, old 
china and pewter, coins, geological specimens, manuscripts, old furn- 
iture, antique costumes, portraits, old-fashioned tools and utensils, 
etc. The society occupies a building erected in 1890 by Mrs. Lucia 
Long. The museum is installed in a large hall on the second floor and 
is in charge of Sarah U. Kimball, curator. The rooms are open free 
to the public two afternoons a week in summer, but are seldom open 
in winter for lack of heat and light. 


KEENE: 

KEENE HIGH SCHOOL. 

The principal reports that the school has teaching collections com- 
prising a herbarium of 500 specimens of flowering plants and ferns of 
New Hampshire, 2000 minerals, 150 fossils, and 3000 zoélogical speci- 
mens, including mounted mammals and birds, skulls and skeletons, 
shells and insects, and a small series of corals and reptiles. 


MANCHESTER: 

MANCHESTER HISTORIC ASSOCIATION. (452 Merrimack St.) 

This association has a small historical collection in connection with 
its library. 

MANCHESTER INSTITUTE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES. 

In addition to class work in fine arts, handicraft, etc., the institute 
has a herbarium of 3000 sheets of local phanerogams, in charge of 
Frederick W. Batchelder, and a fairly extensive collection of insects, 
in charge of E. J. Burnham. In 1002 the institute lost by fire a 
more extensive museum of mineralogy, zodlogy, and botany. The 
collections are in charge of William H. Huse, curator. 


179 DIRECTORY OF AMERICAN MUSEUMS 


NEW JERSEY 
FLEMINGTON: 
HUNTERDON COUNTY HISTORICAL SOCIETY. 
The society has a small historical collection now in storage, await- 
ing the erection of a new library building. : 


HACKENSACK: 

BERGEN COUNTY HISTORICAL SOCIETY. 

This society maintains a museum of local historical material, 
including household and similar utensils; letters, diaries, manuscripts, 
deeds, and other legal documents; revolutionary war relics; costumes; 
and a collection of Indian arrowheads and implements. There is 
also a valuable musical collection, including a very old harpsichord. 
The museum is receiving frequent additions. 


NEWARK: 
NEW JERSEY HISTORICAL SOCIETY. (16 West Park Street.) 
The society maintains a small museum comprising for the most 
part objects of local historica] interest. 


» THE NEWARK MUSEUM ASSOCIATION. The Newark Museum. 
The property of the museum at present occupies rooms in the 
public library, and consists of a collection of Japanese art objects, 
numbering about 2000 specimens; lacquers; prints; porcelains, both 
Chinese and Japanese; paintings; textiles; armor; ivories; and metal 
work, bought by the city and held in trust by the Museum Association 
for the people of the city of Newark. 

The Newark Museum Association is a corporation formed in 
April, 1909, to establish a museum for the reception and exhibition 
of articles of art, science, history, and technology, and for the encour- 
agement of the study of the arts and sciences. 

The museum was opened to the public on February 24, 1910. At 
that time the Japanese collection and a loan collection of American 
paintings and sculpture were shown by the museum. 

The control is vested in a board of trustees. There is at present 
no fixed appropriation for maintenance. The income is from a system 
of membership. 

The museum publishes a bulletin, ““The Newark Museum,” vol. 
1 beginning February, roto. 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES IAL 


NEW BRUNSWICK: 
RUTGERS COLLEGE. Museums. 


StaFF. Curators, J. A. Volney Lewis (geology), J. C. Van Dyke 
(art); Assistant Curator, W. S. Valiant (geology). 

ANTHROPOLOGY. The Frazee collection of about 1500 paleolithic 
and neolithic implements and ornaments. 

ArT AND Botany. No information received. 

GroLtocy. Minerals, on exhibition, 14,000, in storage, 4000; 
Rocks, 2500. This department includes the Lewis C. Beck collec- 
tion of 3000 minerals, which has remained intact from the period of 
its collection, 1820-1847, and the Albert H. Chester collection of 5000 
minerals. New Jersey material forms a large part of these collections. 

PALEONTOLOGY. Invertebrates, 5750+; Vertebrates, 250; Plants, 
250. There are in storage, 1ooo+ invertebrate and vertebrate fos- 
sils, and 150 type and figured specimens. Exhibits of special interest 
include the Mannington mastodon, said to be the largest specimen 
known; and a slab of triassic sandstone, 8x 18 feet, from Morris 
County, New Jersey, showing the footprints of 15 species of din- 
osaurs. 

ZooLocy. Shells, 17,c00o+. There are also a Japanese spider 
crab, Marocheirus camperi, said to be the largest known; a mounted 
skeleton of a right whale; and a general teaching collection. 

HistoricaAt SKEtTcH. The nucleus of the museum is the collec- 
tion of the students’ natural history society of Rutgers College, 
founded in 1857 by the late Dr. George H. Cooke. The museum 
was the headquarters of the state geological survey from 1864 to 
1889, while Dr. Cooke was state geologist, and thus acquired full 
collections of the rocks, minerals, and fossils of the state. 

FINANCIAL Support. From the general funds of the college. 

BurLpING. The geological museum occupies a building erected by 
the college in 1871 at a cost of $63,000, and providing 4704 square feet 
of floor space for exhibition, and 768 for offices, etc. The art and 
botanical collections, and the zodlogical teaching collections are 
housed in the rooms devoted to those departments. 

Scope. College teaching, exploration, research, maintenance of 
local collections, and instruction of the general public. 

Liprary. The geological museum has a reference collection of 
about 1000 volumes intended for the use of the staff and students. 

ATTENDANCE. Open free to the public daily except Sundays. 
The attendance is estimated at 2000 a year exclusive of students. 


£72 DIRECTORY OF AMERICAN MUSEUMS 


PRINCETON: 

PRINCETON UNIVERSITY. Museum. 

STAFF. Executive committee, William Libbey (chairman), 
Gilbert Van Ingen (secretary), C. E. W. McClure, W. M. Rankin, 
A. H. Phillips. Department of geology: Curators, William Libbey 
(director of E. M. Museum of Geology and Archaeology), Marcus S. 
Farr (vertebrate paleontology), Gilbert Van Ingen (invertebrate 
paleontology), W. J. Sinclair (geology), A. H. Phillips (mineralogy). 
Department of biology: Curators, W. M. Rankin (botany), C. E. 
Silvester (zodlogy), W. E. D. Scott (ornithology). 3 janitors. 

ANTHROPOLOGY. America is represented by the pottery and 
human remains of the mound builders; by several hundred specimens 
of Mexican and Peruvian pottery; and by a number of recent Indian 
relics. The ethnological collections, chiefly from Alaska and New 
Mexico, presented by Dr. Sheldon Jackson to the Theological Semi- 
nary of Princeton, have been transferred to this museum by the 
trustees of that institution, with the consent of the donor. There is 
also a series of models of the cliff dwellings and pueblos of the South- 
west. Extensive series of anthropological material, comprising house- 
hold utensils, hunting implements, etc., illustrating very fully the 
domestic life of the Esquimau of the West Greenland coast. A collec- 
tion of relics from the Swiss lake dwellings representing fully the vari- 
ous localities in Switzerland, particularly Neuchatel, and containing 
a large number of type specimens from the collection of Dr. Gross, 
who for a long time was associated with the work of recovering these 
relics from the dwelling sites in the Swiss lakes. Localities in Norway 
and Denmark representing the culture of this same epoch are also 
represented. 

An extensive collection, gathered by the Rev. Robert Hamill 
Nassau, of the class of 1854, at Batanga, West Africa, illustrates in 
full the dress, implements of warfare, household utensils and articles of 
adornment of the natives of the German Possessions in the Cameroon. 

Botany. These collections include, beside certain illustrative 
specimens, models, and charts, a herbarium of mounted plants, com- 
prising 4000 sheets of New Jersey flora; some 40,000 sheets of plants 
from the United States, South America, Europe, and Asia; and 10,000 
sheets of mosses, recently acquired from Dr. Per Dusén of Sweden. 

GroLtocy. Minerals, on exhibition, 2000+, in storage, 5000+; 
teaching collections in petrology and economic and structural geology, 
about 10,000 stratigraphic geology, about 10,000; relief maps, models, 
etc., 1to00. The collections contain a unique series of about 10,000 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES 173 


specimens of erratic boulders gathered by the late Dr. Arnold Guyot 
during his studies of the glaciers of Switzerland. Typical rocks and 
fossils represent the stratigraphic series described by the geological 
surveys of New Jersey and New York. A collection of minerals, 
chiefly crystals, bequeathed to the university by the late Archibald 
MacMartin of New York, is noteworthy because of the perfection of 
the specimens and the number of localities represented in each species. 
The collections in economic and structural geology and petrology 
stand in tray racks in the laboratories, are designed chiefly for use 
in laboratory instruction, and to that end are arranged in accordance 
with the systems adopted in the text-books used. The series illustrat- 
ing the courses in structural geology and economic geology from the 
theoretical point of view are especially interesting. 

PALEONTOLOGY. Invertebrates, on exhibition, 7000+, in storage, 
100,000+, types and figured specimens, 400; Vertebrates, on exhibi- 
tion, 1000+, in storage, 3000+, types and figured specimens, 500+; 
Plants, on exhibition, tooo+, in storage, 5000+, types and figured 
specimens, too+. The collections include skeletons of a mastodon, 
an Irish deer, a cave bear, and some of the extinct birds of New Zeal- 
and, as well as the skulls of Uintatherium and a remarkably complete 
and unique skeleton of Cervalces from northern New Jersey. A synop- 
tic collection of vertebrate and invertebrate fossils from North America 
and Europe illustrates the principal organic forms of the geological 
epochs. Included in this series are the tertiary fossils, many of which 
are type specimens, gathered in the West by the various Princeton 
expeditions. An extensive series of fossil insects and plants from the 
oligocene shales of Florissant, Colorado, includes many of the types 
described by Lesquereux. 

Among recent acquisitions there are extensive series of miocene 
fossils from Yorktown, Virginia; collections illustrating the strati- 
graphic paleontology of the Appalachian region; and the collections of 
vertebrate and invertebrate fossils secured by Hatcher and Peterson 
from miocene strata of Patagonia, now being studied and described by 
several authors in the reports of the Princeton University expeditions 
to Patagonia, edited by Professor William B. Scott and published by 
the university. The paleobotanical material is enriched by the Mans- 
field collection of carboniferous plants from Pennsylvania. 

ZooLocy. These collections are especially rich in osteological and 
ornithological material. The former includes a large number of 
mounted and disarticulated skeletons of fishes, reptiles, birds, and mam- 
mals. The collections of mounted and unmounted bird skins include 


174 DIRECTORY OF AMERICAN MUSEUMS 


some 16,000 individuals, representing very completely the avifauna 
of New Jersey, and in part that of North America, Europe, Indo- 
Asia, Australia, and South America. There are also about 4000 sets of 
eggs, most of them in nests. The morphological collections contain 
about 2600 preparations, illustrating the comparative anatomy of 
vertebrates. These are being increased at the rate of about 300 prep- 
arations a year. The histological collections contain some 30,000 
mounted microscopical specimens illustrating the various forms of 
tissues of many different animals; some 5000 specimens are stored in 
paraffin blocks. 

HISTORICAL SKETCH. ‘The museum contains the collections form- 
erly included in the E. M. Museum of Geology and Archaeology, the 
storerooms of the department of geology, the museum of biology, the 
class of 1877 morphological museum, and the mineralogical museum of 
the John C. Green School of Science. The task of consolidating and 
arranging these collections is not yet completed. 

FINANCIAL Support. By endowment and by appropriations from 
the university. 

Burtpinc. The museum occupies the ground floor of Guyot 
Hall, the new natural science building, erected in 1909, at a cost of 
about $425,000. About 19,650 square feet of floor space is available 
for exhibition, and about 5921 will be used for offices, workrooms, etc. 

ADMINISTRATION. The museum is in charge of an executive com- 
mittee of faculty members of the departments of natural science, the 
details of administration being not yet determined. 

Scope. It is the object of the staff to build up exhibits illustrat- 
ing the subjects taught in the departments of natural science and the 
lines of investigation carried on by the members of the instructing staff 
and the graduate students. 

Liprary. The library, located on. the second floor of Guyot Hall, 
has a reading room space of 625 square feet and lateral stacks holding 
the working libraries of the biological and geological sciences, with 
capacity for about 10,000 volumes. 

PusiicaTions. The E. M. Museum of Geology and Archaeology 
has published a series of Bulletins, begun in 1878, and a series of Con- 
tributions. Biological investigations are published in the Contribu- 
tions from the Biological Laboratory of Princeton University. 


PRINCETON UNIVERSITY. Museum of Historic Art. 


The collections include casts of ancient, medieval, and renaissance 
sculpture, presented by the class of 1881; the Turnbull-Prime collec- 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES AS 


tion illustrating the history of pottery and porcelain, especially rich 
in examples of European wares; the Livingston collection of pottery, 
noteworthy for the illustrative material it furnishes for the early his- 
tory of our country; alibrary of books and photographs of classical and 
medieval archeology; collections to illustrate the history and processes 
of the graphic arts; reproductions of Greek and Roman coins and gems; 
specimens of Greek and Roman marble; bronze medals and casts of 
ivories irom the Roman to the Gothic period; a series of casts from the 
Arch of Trajan at Beneventum; a small collection of paintings and 
sculptures; and exhibits of the results of the Princeton expedition to 
Syria. 

The museum is in charge of Allan Marquand, director, and is 
open to visitors from 8 to 6. 


SALEM: 

SALEM COUNTY HISTORICAL SOCIETY. 

The society has a historical collection comprising pewter plates 
brought from England by Samuel Hedge in 1675, when the colony was 
settled; 200+ original deeds from 1675 to 1775; original wills from 1705 
on; an album of photographs of colonial houses in Salem County; 
files of Salem newspapers from 1819; and a small collection of Indian 
relics, minerals, and other articles of local interest. 


TRENTON: 

NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM. 

STAFF. Curator, S. R. Morse. 

ANTHROPOLOGY. 612 specimens, including Indian relics and a 
small Philippine collection. 

Borany. Over 2000 specimens, not at present arranged for exhi- 
bit. The material contains 160 specimens of New Jersey woods, in- 
cluding the leaves, flowers, and fruits of the trees, and a complete 
collection of 136 marine algae, made by the curator from the New Jersey 
coast. 

EpucaTion. School exhibits, including exhibits of school work 
sent to the expositions at Philadelphia, in 1876, at New Orleans, in 
1885, at Chicago, in 1893, at Buffalo, in r901, at Charleston,in 1901-2, 
at St. Louis, in 1903, and at Jamestown, in 1907. 

GroLocy. Minerals, on exhibition, 325, in storage, 1675; Rocks, 
on exhibition, 355, in storage, 4145; Economic geology, on exhibition, 
569, in storage, 775; Relief maps, models, etc.,18. The mineral series 


176 DIRECTORY OF AMERICAN MUSEUMS 


contains chiefly local material. Therocksarearranged stratigraphically 
and are accompanied by descriptions and maps. The economic series 
includes ores, cement, clay, sand and gravel, marl, soil, and building 
stones, and is accompanied by descriptions and maps showing localities 
from which they are obtained. 

History. Maps, charts, photographs, and prints. 

PALEONTOLOGY. Material on exhibition, 3400+, types and 
figured specimens, 905+. The material is arranged stratigraphically 
and is accompanied by descriptions and maps showing outcrops of the 
formations in which the fossils occur. The most notable feature of 
the exhibit is a plaster cast of skeleton of Hadrosaurus from the cre- 
taceous near Haddonfield. 

Zo6Locy. Shells, 284 (from the New Jersey coast); Insects, 550; 
Fishes, 103; Reptiles, 50; Birds, 607; Mammals, 114; Bird eggs, 576; 
Bird nests, 104. There are 25 large groups and 160 small groups of 
animals exhibited in natural surroundings, including a large part of 
the bird material. 

HistoricaL SKETCH. Established in 1895, the nucleus being the 
exhibit of the state at the Columbian Exposition. A curator was 
appointed and the exhibits housed in a corridor and two attic rooms 
in the state house. In 1900, the legislature made an appropriation for 
an addition to the state house, and the third floor was finished for the 
museum in the winter of root. 


FINANCIAL Support. An optional appropriation of $3000 per 
annum from the state legislature. 

Buitpinc. About 5100 square feet of floor space is available for 
exhibition, and 38o for offices, workrooms, etc., in a portion of the 
state house erected in 1goo. 

' ADMINISTRATION. By a curator, who is responsible to a museum 
commission. 

Scope. The chief purpose of the museum is to assemble local 
collections illustrating the scientific resources of the state for the instruc- 
tion of the general public and the pupils of the public schools. The 
work with the public schools is one of its most profitable departments. 

PUBLICATIONS. Reports of the New Jersey State Museum, of 
which 7 have been issued. 

ATTENDANCE. Open free to the public on week-days, except 
Saturday afternoons, from 9g to 5. 


ZOOLOGICAL PARK. 
The city maintains a zodlogical park of to acres, established in 
1888, containing 8 reptiles, 140 birds, and 71 mammals. 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES 17/7 


VINELAND: 

VINELAND HISTORICAL AND ANTIQUARIAN SOCIETY. 

The society has a collection of miscellaneous curiosities and relics, 
some of which are of local historical value. 


WOODBURY: 

HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF GLOUCESTER COUNTY. 

The society has a small museum of local historical relics, books, 
rare coins, etc., and looks forward to the purchase of a fireproof build- 
ing and the extension of its collections. 


NEW MEXICO 
SANTE FE: 

HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF NEW MEXICO. 

The biennial report of this society issued in t909 shows that it 
maintains a historical museum and a mineral exhibit in the “Old Pal- 
ace.”’ No reply has been received from requests for further informa- 
tion. 


NEW YORK 

ALBANY: 

ALBANY INSTITUTE. 

STAFF. Director, Edward K. Parkinson; 1 stenographer, 1 
assistant superintendent of building, 1 helper, and 1 night watchman. 

Art. Sculpture, 60; Prints and engravings, 50+; Oil paintings, 
150; Water colors, 5; Ceramics, 3000; Textiles, 25; Furniture, 75. 

History. This collection includes local coats of arms and book- 
plates; framed portraits of Albany mayors, New York governors, 
United States presidents, etc.; and books by citizens of Albany. 

HisToRIcAL SKETCH. The society dates back to 1791 and has 
existed under a variety ofnames. The present organization was formed 
in 1900 by the consolidation of the Albany Institute and the Albany 
Historical and Art Society. The latter was formed in 1897-8 as an 
outgrowth of the Albany Historical Society, which originated in 1886. 

FINANCIAL Support. Income from endowment, $300, from city 
appropriation, $1500. The city appropriation is optional. Additional 
funds are derived from fees of members who pay $5 per year with 
special rates for more than one person in a family, out-of-town mem- 
bers, clergymen, educators, etc. A further income is obtained from 
admission fees. 


178 DIRECTORY OF AMERICAN MUSEUMS 


BuiLpinc. Erected in 1908 at a cost of $125,000 paid for by sub- 
scription. 

ADMINISTRATION. By a board consisting of a house committee, 
director, and executive committee. 

SCOPE. Special emphasis is laid upon local collections, supple- 
mented by lectures. 

LIBRARY. 2000 volumes, pertaining to history, with special 
emphasis upon publications of local interest. Open to members and the 
public. 

PUBLICATIONS. 12 volumes of Proceedings published between 
1800 and 1893. 

ATTENDANCE. Open week-days from g to 5 and on Sundays 
from 2 to 5. Free on Saturdays and Sunday afternoons. On other 
days an admission of 25 cents is charged. Attendance is estimated at 
50,000 annually. 


NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM. 


STAFF. Director, John M. Clarke (also state geologist and paleon- 
tologist) ; State botanist,Charles H. Peck;State entomologist, KE. Porter 
Felt; Zodlogist, F. H.Ward; Archeologist, A.C. Parker; Mineralogist, 
H. P. Whitlock; Ornithologist, E. H. Eaton; Assistant state geologist, 
D. H. Newland; Assistant geologist, C. H. Hartnagel; Assistant state 
paleontologist, R. Ruedemann; Assistant state entomologist, F. T. 
Hartman; Assistant state botanist, S. H. Burnham; Assistants, Henry 
Leighton and H. C. Wardell (geology); Taxidermist, A. J. Klein; 
12 temporary scientific assistants, and 6 clerks and stenographers. 

ANTHROPOLOGY. Archeology of New York, 6000; Ethnology of 
New York; 500. A series of Iroquois groups is in preparation, compris- 
ing life-size casts representing domestic and civil life of the Iroquois 
nation; this will include not less than 40 figures and constitutes the 
Myron H. Clark museum of Iroquois culture. 

Botany. Cryptogams, 80,000, types and figured specimens, 
2000+ ; Phanerogams, 20,000, types and figured specimens, 3500+; 
Special collections of fungi, 2500; Tree trunk sections, 106. 

COMMERCE AND INpustTRy. Series showing development of 
natural mineral products from the crude to the finished state. 

Grotocy. Minerals, on exhibition, 6400, in storage, 10,000; 
General geological collection, on exhibition, 2500, in storage, 10,000; 
Relief maps, 14. This section is organized as the New York state 
geological survey. 

History. A historical department has recently been inaugu- 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES I79 


rated and will be devoted to the presentation of successive cultures in 
New York State. 

PALEONTOLOGY. Invertebrates, on exhibition, 10,000, in storage, 
500,000, types and figured specimens, go0o; Vertebrates, on exhibi- 
tion, 200, in storage, 200, types and figured specimens, 50; Plants, on 
exhibition, 500, In storage, 500, types and figured specimens, 100. 
This collection includes the Cohoes mastodon (mounted), the Monroe 
mastodon (unmounted), and a nearly complete skeleton of the Irish 
elk. 

ZOOLOGY. Shells, on exhibition, 14,000, in storage, 86,000, types 
and figured specimens, 438; Insects, on exhibition, 5700, in storage, 
134,000, types and figured specimens, 2200; Other invertebrates, on 
exhibition, 190, in storage, 8800; Fishes, on exhibition, 251, in storage, 
1700; Batrachians, on exhibition, 33, in storage, 300; Reptiles, on 
exhibition, 53, in storage, 150; Birds, on exhibition, 1187, in storage, 
t1r3; Mammals, on exhibition, 194, in storage, 116. This department 
contains the R. W. Shufeldt collection of 384 avian skeletons. includ- 
ing the types of his demonstration. There are 7 large and to small 
groups of animals exhibited in natural surroundings. 

HistoricaAL SKETCH. The New York State Museum was organ- 
ized as the New York State Cabinet of Natural History. The nucleus 
of the collections is the material gathered in the natural history survey 
of the state made between 1836 and 1843. In 1870 the legislature 
established the State Museum of Natural History and provided for 
an annual appropriation of $10,000 with an additional sum of $1500 
for the salary of a botanist. In 1883 by action of legislature the state 
geologist and paleontologist, the state botanist, and the state ento- 
mologist were associated with the state museum, and the whole was 
placed under the charge of the regents of the University of the State 
of New York. In 1889 the state museum was made an integral part 
of the university. 

FINANCIAL Support. The museum receives an annual appropria- 
tion from the state legislature amounting to about $40,000. 

BurLpinc. A new building is in course of erection by the state at 
a cost of $3,500,000 which will provide 100,000 square feet of floor 
gpace for museum exhibition and offices. This building will also con- 
tain the state library and the administrative offices of the depart- 
ment of education. 

ADMINISTRATION. Bya director, responsible to the commissioner 
of education. 


180 DIRECTORY OF AMERICAN MUSEUMS 


Scope. The museum is an organization for research and for the 
preservation of research collections. Its field is the state of New York. 

Liprary. A fairly extensive library belonging to the museum is 
combined with the state library. 

PuBLications. The series of annual museum reports contains 
all the publications of the institution. The reports of the director and 
the division heads, as well as special treatises, are published in advance 
as bulletins; 8-roof these areissuedannually. Moreelaborate treatises 
are published as memoirs, and issued as advance parts of the annual 
reports. The total number of annual reports issued is 62; the number 
of bulletins since 1892 is 127; of memoirs, 12; and of other publica- 
tions, Ioo+. 

ATTENDANCE. Open free to the public. 


ALFRED: 


ALFRED UNIVERSITY. Allen Steinheim and Museum of 
Natural History. 


STAFF. Curator, James D. Bennehoff, who is also in charge of the 
department of natural science and gives only a part of his time to the 
work of the museum. 

ANTHROPOLOGY. Archeology, native, 2000+, foreign, 1000+; 
Ethnology, native, 500+, foreign, 200+; Coins, 1436. 

Art. Sculpture, 25 (mostly plaster casts); Prints and engravings, 
too (local); Oil paintings, 25 (local); Ceramics, 500; Textiles, roo. 

Botany. Cryptogams, 150+; Phanerogams, 1ooo+. 

GroLocy. Minerals, 2000; Rocks, 250; Economic collections, etc., 
2000+; Special collections illustrating the Chemung. The building 
is constructed of many different kinds of stone from local glacial depos- 
its, and a variety of woods in natural finish. 

PALEONTOLOGY. Invertebrates, 800+; Vertebrates, 400+; 
Plants, 200+; Unclassified, tooo. The collections are especially rich 


in devonian material. 

ZoOLocy. The shell collection includes tooo marine species, 500 
univalves,and 200 unionidae. Insects are represented by 2000 species, 
poorly preserved. These two collections are strong in local material. 
Other invertebrates, fishes, batrachians, and reptiles are represented 
by small collections. There are also 122 species of birds and a number 
of mammals. 

HisToricAL SKETCH. The museum originated in collections of 
President Jonathan Allen of Alfred University, who died in 1892. He 
intended to leave the museum to the university but made no will, 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES 181 


and the museum was finally purchased from his heirs. Practically no 
records of the earlier years of the museum were left and the lack of a 
curator resulted in still further confusion, which is being remedied as 
rapidly as possible by the present curator. 


AMSTERDAM: 

MONTGOMERY COUNTY HISTORICAL SOCIETY. 

The society maintains a historical museum in charge of W. Max 
Reid, curator and librarian, and Alfred Child, custodian. The collec- 
tion includes the Richmond collection of 20,000 aboriginal implements, 
purchased for the society by Mr. Stephen Sanford at a cost of $5000. 
There are also many pieces of rare colonial furniture, and a library 
of rare books and documents. The museum is maintained for educa- 
tional purposes, and occupies a baronial mansion erected in 1742 and 
known as Fort Johnson since 1755. It affords about 1600 square feet 
of floor space for the museum and was purchased for the society in 
1906 by Major-general J. Watts dePeyster at a cost of $6000. The 
society receives an income of $400 annually from the Stephen Sanford 
endowment and $400 from membership fees. The building is open 
free to the public on Friday, Saturday, and Sunday from 2 to 6. 


AURORA: 

WELLS COLLEGE. 

The college has a collection of geological specimens, fossils and 
shells, which has not been put in order since removal to a new building. 
A small teaching collection is in use in the department of biology. 


BINGHAMTON: 

BROOME COUNTY HISTORICAL SOCIETY. 

The society maintains a collection of papers, maps, deeds, Indian 
pottery and implements, and other material of local historical interest, 
in the Binghamton Public Library and in charge of William F. Seward, 
custodian. 

ZOOLOGICAL PARK. 

The city maintains a zodlogical park of one and a half acres, estab- 
lished in 1878, containing 7 birds and 53 mammals. 


BROOKLYN: 

BROOKLYN INSTITUTE MUSEUM. 

STAFF. Curator-in-chief, Frederic A. Lucas; Honorary curator of 
natural science, Alfred G. Mayer; Curators, William H. Goodyear 


182 DIRECTORY OF AMERICAN MUSEUMS 


(fine arts), Stewart Culin (ethnology), E. L. Morris (natural science), 
Susan A. Hutchinson (books), Jacob Doll (entomology), George K. 
Cherrie (ornithology); Associate curators, Charles Schaeffer (entomol- 
ogv); Assistant curators, A. D. Savage (fine arts); Artist, Herbert B. 
Judy; Chief taxidermist, J. W. Critchley; Superintendent of buildings, 
T. F. Casey; 7 clerks and stenographers, 12 preparators and mechanics, 
7 engineers, firemen, and electricians, and 21 attendants, cleaners, 
and watchmen. 

ANTHROPOLOGY. 7500+ specimens illustrating very fully the 
customs and occupations of the Pueblo Indians of the Southwest and 
of the California Indians; also some from the Haida and related tribes; 
small collections from Japan, China, and Siam. 

Art. Sculpture, 39; Oil paintings, 213; Water colors, 442; Cer- 
amics, European, 569, Chinese, 50, Japanese, 191, Corean, 98, Sara- 
cenic, 7, Moresque, tog, Greek, 64, Italic and Etruscan, 22, casts from 
antique pottery moulds, 57; Textiles, European lace, etc., 22, Egyp- 
tian, 19; Chinese and Japanese lacquers, 131, bronzes and other metals, 
17, lvories, 50, wood carvings, to, miscellaneous art objects, 9; Egyp- 
tian antiquities, 2675; Chaldaeo-Assyrian, 385; Greek and Italian 
bronzes, etc., 19; Replicas of Mycenaean metals, 12; Greek and Roman 
jewelry, 224; Greek terra cottas, 31; Etruscan and Roman terra cottas, 
8; Roman mosaics, 21; Photographic enlargements of European archi- 
tecture, 640; Surveys of European architecture, 60. 


Botany. Cryptogams, 7000; Phanerogams, 23,000. 


Grotocy. Minerals, on exhibition, 4025, in storage, 3050; 


Rocks, on exhibition, 130+, in storage, 950; Relief maps, 50+. 
PALEONTOLOGY. Invertebrates, in storage, 4000+. There is 
also a fairly complete mastodon from Newburgh and a few other verte- 
brate fossils. 
ZooLocy. Shells, on exhibition, 3755+, in storage, 50,c00+; 
Insects, on exhibition, 4000+, in storage, 50,000+, types, 1242, figured 


specimens, 64; Other invertebrates, on exhibition, 1000+, in storage, 
2000+; Fishes, on exhibition, 175, in storage, 600+; Batrachians, on 
exhibition, 25, in storage, toot; Reptiles, on exhibition, 80, in stor- 


age, 375+; Birds, on exhibition, 500+, in storage, 5500+, types, 11; 
Mammals, on exhibition, 250, in storage, tooo+. There are 15 small 
and 15 large groups of animals exhibited in natural surroundings. 

Historical SKEtcH. The nucleus of the museum is to be found in 
a collection of birds, fishes, and shells exhibited by the old Brooklyn 
Institute as early as 1854. The present museum was organized in 1889 
and is maintained as a public institution under the auspices of the 
Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences. 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES 183 


FINANCIAL SuPppPORT. The museum receives an optional city appro- 
priation which amounted in 1909 to $103,905, including $12,000 which 
was allotted to the Children’s Museum. Money appropriated by the 
city cannot be used for the purchase of specimens, but is devoted to 
the expense of maintenance. A fund amounting to about $8000 a year 
is raised for the purchase of specimens, supplemented by special sub- 
scriptions for special purchases. The interest of the John D. Woodward 
memorial fund, about $1125, is used for the purchase of paintings by 
American artists. The Ella C. Woodward fund yields about $1125 
for purchase of other art objects. | The Frederic Loeser fund yields 
about $450 for the purchase of photographs and casts of famous works 
of art. The Caroline H. Polhemus fund yields about $400 for the 
maintenance and increase of the Polhemus collection. The Frank 
Sherman Benson fund yields about $425 for general additions to the 
museum collections. About $300 is received from admission fees. 

Buitpinc. In 18or the city was authorized to expend $300,000 
for the erection of a museum building; work was begun in 1895 and the 
first section opened in 1897; the second or central section was opened 
in June, 1907, and the east wing in December, 1907. The cost of the 
building to date is somewhat over $1,794,000. This represents less 
than one-fourth of the space to be occupied ultimately; at present 
there are 68,386 square feet of floor space available for exhibition, and 
37,000 for offices, workrooms, etc. 

ADMINISTRATION. By a curator-in-chief, responsible to the board 
of trustees of the Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences as represented 
by an executive committee. 

Scope. Research and public instruction are the principal pur- 
poses of the museum, the latter being the more important activity at 
present. 

Liprary. At the beginning of tg09 the library contained 17,2098 
volumes on art and science for the use of both staff and public for 
reference work only. 

PUBLICATIONS. (1) Science Bulletin; each volume contains about 
400 pages, t volume having been issued at the end of t909. (2) Mem- 
oirs of Natural Sciences, 1 part issued. (3) Memoirs of Art and Archae- 
ology, 3 parts issued. (4) Catalogs and guides, 6 issued. (5) Annual 
Reports, beginning with the year 1904. (6) Museum News, published 
monthly from October to May, 4 volumes issued. (7) Miscellaneous, 
3 issued. 

ATTENDANCE. Open to the public daily except Sunday from 9g to 
6; Sunday afternoon from 2 to 6; Thursday evening from 7.30 to 9.45. 


184 DIRECTORY OF AMERICAN MUSEUMS 


On Mondays and Tuesdays an admission of 25 cents for adults and ro 
cents for children under 16 is charged. 


CHILDREN’S MUSEUM. (Bedford Park.) 


StaFF. Curator, Anna B.Gallup; Assistant Curators, Mary Day 
Lee, George P. Englehart; Librarian, Miriam S. Draper; Assistant 
librarian, Alison J. Baigri; Clerk, Marguerite Carmichael; 1 janitor, 
1 attendant, 1 messenger, and 2 cleaners. 

Art. 150+ photographs of famous paintings and buildings. 

Botany. An educational exhibit of plant models, colored plates 
and preserved specimens, illustrating plant structure and germination. 

GrEoGRAPHY. Models showing the relation of primitive man to 
environment in different zones; Dolls dressed in peasant costumes; 
Relief maps, photographs, etc. 

GEOLOGY. 325 minerals and rocks. These include principally 
the minerals and rocks described in the public school courses of study. 
There are also 13 colored charts showing glaciers, earthquakes, geysers, 
deserts, avalanches, water-spouts etc.; a small collection of volcanic 
products; and a collection of 804 gems. 


History. Historical relics and pictures, and a series of models 
illustrating colonial life. The models consist of dolls dressed in appro- 
priate costumes and surrounded with careful reproductions of the 
houses, furniture, etc. of the period represented. 

ZOOLoGy. Shells, rooo+ ; Insects, on exhibition, 640+, in stor- 
age, 5000+ ; Other invertebrates, 400; Fishes, 50; Batrachians, roo; 
Reptiles, 75; Birds, on exhibition, 500, in storage, 200; Mammals, 
150. There are 6 large and 6 small groups of animals exhibited in 
natural environment. 

HistoricaAL SKETCH. The Children’s Museum began its work 
in a residence leased as a temporary storeroom by the Brooklyn Insti- 
tute of Arts and Sciences. Upon the opening of the central museum 
(Brooklyn Institute Museum) this residence was continued as a 
branch museum for children. The first exhibits were opened in Decem- 
ber, 1899; since that time the exhibits and the popularity of the work 
of the museum have increased so that a new building is very much 
needed. 

FrNanciAL Support. The Children’s Museum receives $12,000 
annually from the appropriation made by the city for the maintenance 
of the Brooklyn Institute Museums. The grounds are cared for by 
the department of parks; specimens are purchased from a collection 
fund composed of private donations. 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES 185 


BuiLpinc. The museum occupies 5000 square feet of floor space 
for exhibition, and 700 for offices, workrooms, etc. 

ADMINISTRATION. By a curator, responsible to the curator-in- 
chief of the Brooklyn Institute Museums. — 

Scope. Public school work is the primary purpose of the museum. 
Colored charts, mounted birds, and boxes containing life histories of 
insects are loaned to teachers for classroom use, the teachers calling 
to select the material and arranging for its transportation to and from 
the school. A lecture is given at least once a week for each grade of 
the public schools, with special lectures to any class upon request. 
Physical apparatus is provided for experiments at the museum and a 
wireless telegraph station has been established and maintained by 
young men interested in the subject, five of whom have qualified as 
expert wireless telegraph operators through individual experiment- 
ing at the museum without formal instruction. A description of the 
work of the Children’s Museum was published by the curator in the 
“Proceedings of the American Association of Museums,” Vol. I. 

Liprary. About 6000 volumes on natural science, biography, 
geography, history, and art intended for use as a reference library by 
both staff and public. The library is frequently consulted by students 
and teachers of all ages as well as by children. 

PUBLICATIONS. A section of the ““ Museum News,” issued monthly 
from October to May by the Brooklyn Institute Museums, is devoted 
to the Children’s Museum. The annual reports of the curator are 
printed with the reports of the curator-in-chief. 

ATTENDANCE. Open free to the public on week-days from 9 to 
5.30 and on Sundays from 2 to 5.30. The average annual attendance 
is 102,000, including an attendance of 18,700 on lectures. 

LONG ISLAND HISTORICAL SOCIETY. (Pierrepont and Clin- 

ton Streets.) 

In addition to an extensive library this society maintains amuseum 
under the care of Mary E. Ingalls, assistant curator, the office of 
curator being vacant. The museum includes a large collection of 
Indian implements and relics from Long Island; the C. L. Allen col- 
lection of arrowheads and other Indian implements from Illinois, 
Kentucky, Arkansas, Kansas, Minnesota, and Oregon; the Beebe col- 
lection from graves at Ancon, Peru; the Scarborough collection of 
general and local botany; an extensive collection of minerals and 
rocks from the boulder drift of Long Island; minerals and fossils 
from the New York State Museum; the Pike collection of East Indian 
shells; and a collection of Long Island birds. One of the most valuable 
possessions of the museum is a mounted Labrador duck. 


186 DIRECTORY OF AMERICAN MUSEUMS 


POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE OF BROOKLYN. 

The institute does not maintain a museum but has the John 
Milton Smith collection of minerals, occupying a wall case about 25 
feet in length and 7 shelves high. 


BUFFALO: 


BUFFALO FINE ARTS ACADEMY. Albright Art Gallery. (Dela- 
ware Park.) 


STAFF. Acting director, Cornelia B. Sage; 1 stenographer, 1 
assistant, I superintendent, and 4 guards. 

Art. Oil paintings, 241; Engravings and etchings, 657, including 
the Willis O. Chapin collection of engravings and the James collection 
of etchings; Arundel prints, 62; Cartoons, 15; Drawings, photographs, 
etc., 66; Medals and plaquettes, 6; Miniatures, 10; Sculptures and casts, 
39; Miscellaneous, 38. 

HistoricaL SKetcH. The Buffalo Fine Arts Academy was organ- 
ized in 1862 and an art gallery was opened in American Hall. After 
occupying a number of other buildings the present Albright Art Gallery 
was dedicated in 1905. This building was erected by Mr. J. J. Al- 
bright at a cost of about $400,000 and provides approximately 19,190 
square feet of exhibition floor space in addition to an auditorium. 

FINANCIAL SuppoRT. By the income from a maintenance fund 
of $140,000 and a city appropriation which amounted in t1g909 to 
$12,000. 

ADMINISTRATION. By an acting director, responsible to a board 
of 20 trustees. 

Scope. Instruction of the general publicis the chief aim of the 
art gallery. 22 special exhibitions of paintings and bronzes were 
given in 1909. 

LIBRARY. 45 volumes on art. 

PUBLICATIONS. (1) Catalogs. (2) Academy Notes, issued monthly 
since June, 1905. (3) Bulletin, issued quarterly, since tg1o. (4) 
Blue Book, issued annually. 

ATTENDANCE. The galleries are open to the public daily from 10 
to 5.30 except on Sundays and Mondays, when the hours are 1 to 5.30. 
Admission is free except on Sunday and Monday, when a fee of 25 
cents is charged. The attendance for 1909 was 113,676. 

BUFFALO HISTORICAL SOCIETY. 

This society, of which Frank H. Severance is secretary and 
treasurer, maintains museum collections obtained by gift and inci- 
dental to its primary work of historical research and publication. 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES 187 


The collections include Indian implements; household articles of pio- 
neers; portraitsand views of localinterest; war relics; domestic articles 
from Hawaii, the Philippines, Cuba, Alaska, etc.; casts of Egyptian 
and Assyrian tablets; coins and medals. The library comprises 30,000 
‘volumes of a historical nature and is open free to the public, together 
with the museum, on week-days from 10 to 5 and on Sundays from 2 
to 5. The society occupies a building erected in I900 at a cost of 
$200,000 defrayed jointly by the state, the city, and the society. It 
recelves a maintenance appropriation from the city but this is not 
available for increase of the museum. 14 volumes of publications 
have been issued, but these are not directly related to the museum. 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES. 


STAFF. Superintendent, Henry R. Howland; Lecturer, Carlos 
E. Cummings; Custodian of museum, William L. Bryant; 1 stenogra- 
pher, 1 janitor, and 1 caretaker. 

ANTHROPOLOGY. Archeology, native, 6booo+, foreign, 300+; 
Ethnology, native, 500+, foreign, rooo+. Of special interest are the 
local collections illustrating the characteristics of each important 
village site in Erie County, New York, and a collection of 300 specimens 
of pottery from Chiriqui, Central America. 

Botany. Cryptogamic and phanerogamic herbaria, 25,000+. 

COMMERCE AND INpDusTRY. Several collections illustrating the 
manufacture of marketable goods from natural products, as iron, steel, 
copper, pearl, mineral dyes, etc. 

GroLtocy. Minerals, 3000+ on exhibition and a large number in 
storage; Rocks, 2500+ on exhibition and many in storage. Special 
mention may be made of the Wadsworth collection of minerals, 
mostly from European localities and especially rich in fine groups of 
fluorite, calcite, quartz, etc. One room is devoted to the geology of 
Buffalo and vicinity. 

PALEONTOLOGY. There are on exhibition 10,ooo+ invertebrate, 
vertebrate and plant fossils, with a large number in storage and many 
types and figured specimens. The collection of crustaceans from the 
Waterlime group in the vicinity of Buffalo is especially important and 
includes some 80 varieties and over 250 specimens of Plerygotus, 
Eurypterus, and Ceratiocaris. 

ZoOLocy. Shells, 12,900; Insects, 6000+; Other invertebrates, 
378; Fishes, 242; Reptiles, 123; Birds, r100£+; Mammals, 75; Bird 
eggs, 700+; Osteology, 33. to large groups are exhibited in natural 
surroundings; especially noteworthy are those of the American bison 


188 DIRECTORY OF AMERICAN MUSEUMS 


including 6 individuals, Rocky Mountain goats (4 individuals), 
great blue heron (8 individuals), and whistling swan (5 individuals). 

HistToricaAL SKETCH. The Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences 
was organized in 1861 and incorporated in 1863. During the custodian- 
ship of Charles Linden the Society began in 1867 the educational work 
which has since been one of its controlling purposes. Since 1879 it has 
sent traveling collections of scientific exhibits to the schools of Buffalo 
and has given free lectures to school children and their teachers. Since 
t905 this work has become an integral and compulsory part of the 
public school system of Buffalo, all the grammar school children com- 
ing by schedule to the society’s rooms for their nature study, physiol- 
ogy, etc. 

FINANCIAL Support. The society is in large part dependent for 
financial support on its membership dues, which are $5 per annum. 
It has the income from a very modest permanent endowment and 
receives a regular appropriation of $1ooo0a year from the city of Buffalo 
in partial recognition of its school service. 

BurtpInc. The society occupies two floors of the public library 
building. It owns a desirable building site adjoining Delaware Park 
on which it is hoped to erect a new building. 

ADMINISTRATION. By a superintendent, responsible to a board of 
managers consisting of the officers and twelve managers elected by the 
society. 

Scope. The primary objects of the society are the encourage- 
ment of original research, the maintenance of local collections, public 
schoo! work, and instruction of the general public. On Friday even- 
ings from November to May the society gives free public lectures, 
usually illustrated, on popular scientific subjects. 

LIBRARY. 5300 bound volumes; 2000 unbound. The library is 
restricted to scientific works and is intended for the use of the public. 

PUBLICATIONS. Semi-annual bulletins are published by the 
society, 9 volumes having been issued at the end of 1909. 

ATTENDANCE. The museum is open free to the public daily 
except Sunday from 9 to 5. 

CANISIUS COLLEGE. Museum. 

STAFF. Curator, Henry Wolff. 

ANTHROPOLOGY. 50 Dakota Indian relics and 300 old English 
curiosities. 

Borany. An American herbarium of 800 sheets; a European her- 


barium of roo flowering plants and 500 fungi; and a collection of 200 


seeds. 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES 189 


GEOLOGY. 8o0o minerals, especially calcite and silicates; a Ward 
series of 250 rocks; and 300 local rocks. 

PALEONTOLOGY. 300 New York fossils; 300 cretaceous fossils 
from Maastricht, Holland; 75 fossils from the Bad Lands, South 
Dakota; and 50 specimens of petrified wood. 

ZOOLOGY. 2500 insects, especially coleoptera and hymenoptera; 
r00 reptiles, including some rare specimens from India; 300 birds from 
United States, Austria, and Denmark; and 50 North American and 
European mammals. 

OTHER COLLECTIONS. 3630 Greek, Roman, and medieval coins; 
300 books from 250 to 400 years old, including 50 early bibles. 


STATE NORMAL SCHOOL. 


Small teaching collections in natural science. The specimens of 
most importance are a number of fossil crustaceans, especially Euryp- 
ferus and Endarchus from neighboring localities. 


ZOOLOGICAL PARK. 


ity maintains a zoGdlogical park of 11 acres, establis il 
The cit t logical k of cres, established in 
1894, containing 57 reptiles, 117 birds, and 166 mammals. 


CANANDAIGUA: 
ONTARIO COUNTY HISTORICAL SOCIETY. 


The society has a collection of about 800 articles relating tothe 
history of Ontario County, and a library of 50 volumes, with manu- 
scripts, papers, etc., relating to the early history of western New York. 


CANTON: 
ST. LAWRENCE UNIVERSITY. Museum. 


STAFF. Curator, George H. Chadwick; Assistant, Arthur Head; 
Student assistant, Arthur Laidlaw; 1 janitor. 

Botany. Cryptogams, 50; Phanerogams, 150. A seed dispersal 
series is in process of formation. 

Grotocy. Minerals, on exhibition, 500+, in storage, 700+; 
Rocks, on exhibition, 200+, in storage, too+; Phenomenal geology, 
etc., on exhibition, 75, in storage, 50; Economic collections, on exhibi- 
tion, 300+, in storage, too+; Stratigraphic collections, on exhibition, 
roo+, in storage, 25. The mineral collection is especially rich in 
material from northern New York. 

PALEONTOLOGY. Invertebrates, on exhibition, 650+, in storage, 
150+; Vertebrates, on exhibition, 25, in storage, 10; Plants, on exhi- 


Igo DIRECTORY OF AMERICAN MUSEUMS 


bition, 60, in storage, 25. This material is chiefly from New York 
state. 

ZOOLOGY. 248 specimens on exhibition and 360 in storage. 

HIsToRICAL SKETCH. The museum was organized in 1906, 
though much of the material had been acquired during preceding years. 

FINANCIAL SUPPORT. From the general fund of the university. 

ButLpinc. The museum occupies 1400 square feet of floor space 
for exhibition, and 500 for offices, etc. in the Carnegie Science Hall 
erected in 1906 at a cost of $60,000. 

ADMINISTRATION. By a curator, responsible to the president of 
the university. 

Scope. College teaching and the maintenance of local collections. 

Liprary. A small collection of reference books for the use of 
students. 

ATTENDANCE. Open free to students and visitors during the 
college session, and at all times on application to the janitor. 

In addition to the above there is a small anthropological collec- 
tion in the department of history, and an art collection under a sepa- 
ate department. 


CLINTON: 

HAMILTON COLLEGE. 

The college maintains collections primarily for teaching purposes 
in Knox Hall in charge of W. G. Miller. The museum includes a 
considerable collection of Indian implements and relics, especially 
arrowheads, from the United States; the Dr. H. P. Sartwell herbarium; 
and a geological collection including to,o0o minerals and ores, and 
5000 rocks and fossils. The Oren Root collection of New York state 
minerals is of special interest, being probably the best collection of 
its kind except that of the State Museum. There is also the John 
D. Conley collection of fossils and minerals. In zoélogy there is the 
Henry Loomis collection of about 10,000 shells, the Barlow and Arnold 
collections of insects, and the Barlow and Dorrance collections of 


local birds. 


CORTLAND: 

CORTLAND SCIENCE CLUB. 

The Cortland Science Club was formed by F. W. Higgins in 1899 
and incorporated in 1902 for the purpose of acquiring and maintaining 
a museum and library and promoting the study of natural science. 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES Igl 


Its collection is in charge of F. E. Whitmore, curator, and is housed in 
the Hatch Library building. The collections include 500 birds and 
300 bird eggs, 54 mammals, 70 fishes, 1 case of shells, 80 other inverte- 
brates; a small collection of rocks and minerals; Indian relics; and war 
relics and other articles of historical interest. 


ELMIRA: 

ARNOT ART GALLERY. 

The will of Matthias H. Arnot provides for the organization of a 
corporation with the name Arnot Art Gallery for the purpose of main- 
taining his residence and art collections as a public art gallery and 
reference library. The will provides the sum of $10,000 to be used in 
remodeling the building for its new use, and also an endowment of 
$200,000. Mr. Arnot’s collection of paintings is valued at about 
$300,000 and is the principal part of his gift to the public. As the will 
has but recently been admitted to probate the organization of the insti- 
tution is as yet incomplete. 


ZOOLOGICAL PARK. 
The city maintains a zodlogical park of 16 acres, established in 
1894, containing 22 mammals. 


GENESEO: 

LIVINGSTON COUNTY HISTORICAL SOCIETY. 

This society maintains a small collection of local historical articles, 
including wearing apparel, furniture, agricultural implements, por- 
traits, manuscripts, etc. Thereis also a mastodon skeleton and a collec- 
tion of minerals. 


GENEVA: 

HOBART COLLEGE. 

The college maintains museum collections in connection with the 
department of biology and in charge of E. H. Eaton, professor of 
biology. The museum includes several thousand fossils, mostly from 
local paleozoic strata; several hundred casts of famous and repre- 
sentative fossils from all parts of the world; 1400 mounted or alcoholic 
local vertebrates; skulls, skeletons, and anatomical preparations; 
several hundred microscopic slides; a collection of North American 
bird eggs and nests; a collection of stone implements from Europe and 
North America; a herbarium of 12,000 specimens; and a collection of 
rocks and ores. It is the aim of the museum to gather material for the 


1Q2 DIRECTORY OF AMERICAN MUSEUMS 


exhaustive illustration of the courses of study and to form a complete 
collection of the local fauna. Although intended primarily for instruc- 
tion the museum is open free to the public. 


GLEN IRIS: 
GENESEE VALLEY MUSEUM. (Letchworth Park.) 


This museum is on the Council House Grounds at Glen Iris in 
Letchworth Park, which comprises tooo acres donated in 1907 by 
Wm. Pryor Letchworth to the State of New York. The museum build- 
ing is a fireproof structure 25 x 37 feet, erected by Mr. Letchworth in 
1898 at a cost of $5000, and is maintained at his expense. During the 
life of the donor, charge of the property remains in his hands, but at 
his death passes into the custody and control of the American Scenic 
and Historic Preservation Society. 

The museum collections were made for Mr. Letchworth by Mr. 
Henry R. Howland, of Buffalo, N. Y.,and comprise 7000-8000 exhibits 
including the largest and best collection extant of artifacts from the 
two sites of Totiacton, one of the five great Seneca castles destroyed 
by De Nonville in 1687. This material is especially noteworthy for 
its bearing upon the history and life of the Iroquois, and especially of 
the Seneca Indians. Near the museum is the council house of the 
Senecas at Caneadea, which was removed by Mr. Letchworth in 1871 
from the original site to Letchworth Park in order that it might be 
permanently preserved. The museum and grounds are open free to 
the public daily except Sunday. 


GRANVILLE: 
PEMBER LIBRARY AND MUSEUM. 


The museum contains about 2000 birds, including a pair of most 
North American species, and many foreign specimens. There is also 
a collection of bird eggs said to be one of the largest in the state, 
many mammals and mounted heads, and collections of shells, North 
American ferns, etc. The museum occupies about 3150 square feet 
of floor space on the second floor of the library and museum building, 
erected by Mr. and Mrs. F. T. Pember in 1908 at a cost of $30,000. 
The collection was gathered during the past 45 years by Mr. Pember 
and was given by him to the town, together with the cases. It is 
under the control of the library trustees, of which Mr. Pember is 
president. He also supports the museum and acts as curator. The 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES 193 


library is open every week-day and evening and the museum two days 
a week. Although the population of Granville is but 4000 the attend- 
ance at the museum amounts to from 75-125 daily. 


HAMILTON: 

COLGATE UNIVERSITY. 

The assistant librarian reports that the university maintains a 
museum, but no further information has been received from repeated 
requests. It is learned indirectly that the museum is housed in Lath- 
rop Hall and comprises the Urban collection of about 2000 minerals; a 
collection of western ores and other economic specimens; a good collec- 
tion of fossils, especially rich in material from the type locality of the 
Hamilton group on the college grounds; the Bickmore collection of 
~ East Indian birds; and a general collection of invertebrates. In addi- 
tion to these there is the Douglas herbarium of 1600 plants from north- 
eastern United States, and the Cobb collection of ttoo specimens of 
mosses, lichens, and ferns. 


ITHACA: 
CORNELL UNIVERSITY. Museum of Classical Archaeology. 
(Goldwin Smith Hall.) 

STAFF. Curator, Eugene P. Andrews. 

COLLECTIONS. Over 500 plaster casts, from original moulds, of 
the best and most typical works of Greek and Roman art extant; 
15 examples of Greek pottery; 135 Greek coins, for the most part silver; 
over 300 paper impressions of Greek inscriptions; the British Museum 
set of 7 frames of electrotypes of Greek coins; and the most important 
of the galvan -plastische replicas of Mycenzan antiquities. 

HISTORICAL SKETCH. The castsare for the most part the gift of 
the late Henry W. Sage, in 1894, and represent an expenditure of about 
$20,000. 

FINANCIAL Support. An annual appropriation of about $800 
from the university. 

Buitpinc. The museum occupies about half of the first floor in 
Goldwin Smith Hall, affording approximately go0o square feet of 
exhibition space. 

Scope. It is the aim of the museum to provide material for uni- 
versity lectures and to promote general culture. 

PUBLICATIONS. A catalog of the.collections. 

ATTENDANCE. Open free to the public on week-days from 9 to 
rz2and2to5. The number of visitors is about 10,000 a year. 


IQ4 DIRECTORY OF AMERICAN MUSEUMS 


CORNELL UNIVERSITY. Department of Botany. (Sage College. ) 


In addition to a small teaching coliection this department main- 
tains a greenhouse consisting of six rooms with different temperatures, 
in which an extensive collection of tropical and subtropical plants are 
kept for class use, investigation, and exhibition. This greenhouse is in 
charge of the head of the department, Professor G. F. Atkinson, and 
is open free to the public on week-days, except holidays, from 8 to 5. 


CORNELL UNIVERSITY. College of Civil Engineering. 


This department of the university maintains teaching collections 
in charge of the director of the college, Professor E. E. Haskell, and 
comprising various series of models; details of construction; photo- 
graphs, blueprints, and diagrams; and an extensive collection of instru- 
ments of precision. This museum occupies a floor space of about 4000 © 
square feet. 


CORNELL UNIVERSITY. Geological Museum. (McGraw Hall.) 


Starr. Director, Henry S. Williams; Curators, A. C. Gill (miner- 
alogy and petrography), Heinrich Ries (economic geology), R. S. 
Tarr (physical geography), G. D. Harris and Henry S. Williams 
(paleontology and stratigraphy). 

Economic Grotocy. A collection of ores and rocks, comprising 
approximately 5000 specimens. 

MINERALOGY AND PETROGRAPHY. A good working collection of 
minerals and rocks. including the Silliman collection of minerals and 
numerous additions. 

PALEONTOLOGY AND STRATIGRAPHY. The Jewett collection of 
New York paleozoic fossils, the Hart collection from the tertiary, a 
large collection of devonian material, and many other minor collec- 
tions, with a small collection of vertebrates. For comparison with 
fossil series, the Newcomb collection of 10,000 recent shells is also 
contained in this department. 

PHysicAL GrEoGRAPHY. A large series of models, charts, maps, 
and other illustrative material for purposes of instruction and research. 
There is also a small department library. 

FINANCIAL Support. The museum has no endowment and is 
dependent upon the university funds for maintenance and enlarge- 
ment. . 

BurLpInG. The museum occupies exhibition rooms in the depart- 
ment of geology in McGraw Hall; the study collections, which comprise 
the greater part of the material, being arranged in the laboratories. 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES 19g5 


The total amount of floor space occupied by the department is approxi- 
mately 12,000 square feet. 

Scope. Maintained primarily for university instruction and 
research. 

ATTENDANCE. The exhibition rooms are open free to the public 
on week-days. 


CORNELL UNIVERSITY. Museum of Invertebrate Zoology. 


Starr. This museum is in charge of the staff of the department of 
entomology and general invertebrate zodlogy as follows: Professor, 
John Henry. Comstock; Assistant professors, A. D. MacGillivray 
(entomology and invertebrate zodlogy), W. A. Riley (entomology), 
J. G. Needham (limnology and general biology), G. W. Herrick 
(economic entomology), C. R. Crosby (entomological investigations). 

CoLLEcTIONS. A synoptic series of about 1000 specimens of 
invertebrates, the complete series of glass models of invertebrates 
made by Blaschka, and the papier-maché models of Auzoux. The 
insect collections have been extensively developed as an adjunct to 
the work of instruction, and are especially rich in biological and illus- 
trative material. In addition to many exotic species, they contain 
specimens of a large part of the more common species of the United 
States. These have been determined by specialists, and are accessible 
for comparison. It is estimated that the insect collection comprises 
I15,000 Specimens. 

FINANCIAL Support. The museum has no separate funds and is 
dependent for maintenance and increase upon the general appropria- 
tion for the department. 

Buitpinc. The exhibition collections of the museum occupy 
1250 square feet of floor space in the main building of the College of 
Agriculture; the extensive study collections, however, are contained in 
cabinets in the laboratories. 

Scope. Maintained primarily for university instruction and 
research. The study collections are accessible to students. 

ATTENDANCE. The exhibition collections are open free to the 
public on week-days. 

CORNELL UNIVERSITY. Museum of Vertebrate Zoology. 

(McGraw Hall.) 

Starr. The museum has no special staff; the head of the depart- 
ment of neurology and vertebrate zodlogy, Dr. Burt G. Wilder, acts 
as curator, with the assistance of other members of the staff of in- 
struction, as occasion may require. 


196 DIRECTORY OF AMERICAN MUSEUMS 


CoLLections. The total number of specimens is nearly 17,000, 
of which about one-half are in storerooms or laboratories, not com- 
monly open to the public, but accessible for study. Special care has 
been taken in the selection of a synoptic series of vertebrates. There 
are also faunal series, in which North American vertebrates are repre- 
sented by all the ganoids and cyclostomes, one-seventh of the teleosts, 
two-fifths of the selachians, two-thirds of the frogs and toads, one- 
third of the lizards, one-half of the salamanders, turtles, and serpents, 
two-fifths of the birds, and 70 of the mammals. The local fauna is 
represented by 65 fishes, 17 amphibians, 20 reptiles, 258 birds, and 
39 mammals. As an aid to zodlogical instruction there are extensive 
series of embryos, dissected and injected viscera, and a series of about 
tg0o well-prepared brains of representative forms, distributed as 
follows: human adults and children, 500; human embryos and children 
at birth, 315; apes, monkeys, and lemurs, 235; domestic cats, 265; 
other mammals, 25; sharks and rays, 105; other vertebrates, 230. 
This collection includes many rare selachian and holocephalous 
genera; the human adult brains include 12 from more or less well- 
known educated persons of both sexes. 

FINANCIAL Support. The museum has no special funds but is 
supported from the general appropriation for the department. The 
amount expended upon the museum proper is about $250 annually. 

BurLp1nGc. ‘The portion of the museum which is open to the pub- 
lic occupies about 5575 square feet of floor space in McGraw Hall. 
The storage collections are kept in the laboratories and storerooms 
of the department. 

Scope. Primarily college teaching and research. 

ATTENDANCE. The exhibition collections are open free to the 
public on week-days from 9 to 5. No statistics of attendance are 
available. 


CORNELL UNIVERSITY. Veterinary College. 

The college maintains, for purposes of instruction, a collection of 
about 3000 pathological specimens and several hundred physiological, 
pharmaceutical, and anatomical preparations. A part of these collec- 
tions occupies 2500 square feet of floor space in the middle section of 
the college building, and is open to the public from 9 to 5, although 
the specimens are not labeled for public exhibition. These collections 
are in charge of the several professors and are supported from the 
general funds of the college, derived from appropriations of the state 
legislature. 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES 197 


JAMESTOWN: 


JAMES PRENDERGAST FREE LIBRARY ASSOCIATION. Art 
Gallery. 


By provision of the will of Mary Norton Prendergast, the sum of 
$25,000 was, in 1889, bequeathed to the association to be expended for 
“oil paintings—works of art,” to be placed in the art gallery in the 
library building. In addition to the pictures thus purchased the family 
portraits and other paintings from the Prendergast home have a 
place in the gallery. 


JOHNSTOWN: 
JOHNSTOWN HISTORICAL SOCIETY. 


In addition to a small library of local history, the society main- 
tains a museum in the Sir William Johnson mansion. The collections 
are in charge of a caretaker, and are open free to the public on week- 
days from 1 to 4. 


LAKE GEORGE: 
NEW YORK STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY. 


The society reports that it holds valuable collections, but does 
not maintain a museum. 


NEW BRIGHTON: 


STATEN ISLAND ASSOCIATION OF ARTS AND SCIENCES. 
Public Museum. 


STAFF. Curator-in-chief, Charles Louis Pollard; Honorary cura- 
tors, William T. Davis (zodlogy), Philip Dowell (botany), Arthur 
Hollick (geology and paleontology), John Q. Adams (art); Honorary 
assistants, James Chapin (zodlogy), Alanson B. Skinner (anthro- 
pology); Assistant, Agnes L. Pollard. 

ANTHROPOLOGY. Archeology, native, 15,000+; Ethnology, na- 
tive, 500+. This department includes one of the most complete 
collections in existence of Staten Island Indian relics; also the Skinner 
collection of Iroquois Indian ethnology. 

Art. The art exhibits consist almost entirely of loan collections, 
changed from time to time. 


Botany. A herbarium of 7372 mounted and 2000+ unmounted 
specimens. The department includes a good collection of seeds and 
fruits of Staten Island and photographs of Staten Island trees. 

GrEoGRAPHY. Copies of practically all maps of Staten Island 


198 DIRECTORY OF AMERICAN MUSEUMS 


published since 1825; photographs of the originals of earlier maps; 
many United States geological survey charts. 

Grotocy. Minerals, on exhibition, 150, in storage, 2500+; 
Rocks, on exhibition, 300, in storage, 2000+; Relief maps, models, 
etc., 20. This department includes a very complete series illustrating 
the petrography and stratigraphy of Staten Island; also the Sanderson 
Smith and the F. Hollick collections of minerals. 

History. Many old documents, books, relics, coins, etc., re- 
lating to the early history of Staten Island and vicinity. 

PALEONTOLOGY. Invertebrates, on exhibition, 100, in storage, 
250; Plants, on exhibition, 50, in storage, 400, types and figured speci- 
mens, 14. 

ZOOLOGY. Shells, on exhibition, 260, in storage, 2200+; Insects, 
on exhibition, 750, in storage, 3500+; Other invertebrates, on exhibi- 
tion, 40, in storage, 175; Fishes, 5; Batrachians, on exhibition, 24, 
in storage, 110; Reptiles, on exhibition, 50, in storage, 300; Birds, on 
exhibition, 346, in storage, 50; Mammals, on exhibition, 5, in storage, 
tz. There are also exhibition series illustrating variation, mimicry, 
etc., and insect architecture, marine life, and special characteristics of 
bird eggs. 

HistoricaL SkertcH. The Staten Island Association of Arts and 
Sciences was incorporated in 1905 as the successor of the Natural 
Science Association of Staten Island. The charter authorized the 
city of New York to furnish quarters and to make an annual appro- 
priation for maintenance not exceeding $10,000. In 1907 the large 
library room in Borough Hall was assigned to the association for mus- 
eum purposes and the following year $40co was appropriated for 
equipment. The museum was opened to the public May 23, 1908, the 
association providing the means for carrying on the work during the 
remainder of that year. 

FINANCIAL Support. The museum receives an optional appro- 
priation from New York City which amounted in 1909 to $4000. This 
sum was devoted to the salaries of officials. About $900 is received 
annually from memberships and about $50 from sale of publications. 
Life membership dues of $50 are applied to a permanent fund; active 
membership dues at $3 a year are expended for publication of the 
Proceedings, subscriptions to periodicals, purchase of books, and 
general administrative expenses. 

BuILpING. The city gives free use of a room on the third floor 
of the borough building with light, heat, and janitor service. 

ADMINISTRATION. | By a curator-in-chief, responsible to a board 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES I9Q 


of trustees which is represented by a museum committee in immediate 
charge of the museum. 

Scope. The maintenance of local collections, public school 
work, and instruction of the general public, supplemented by explora- 
tion and research by the staff. Loan exhibits are maintained from 
time to time in the Staten Island branches of the New York Public 
Library. 

Liprary. A scientific library of tooo volumes and 2000 pam- 
phlets is maintained for the use of both staff and public. 

PUBLICATIONS. (1) Proceedings of the Natural Science Associ- 
ation of Staten Island; this series is complete in 9 volumes issued from 
1883 to 1905. (2) Proceedings of the Staten Island Association of 
Arts and Sciences, 2 parts issued annually, 4 parts making a volume; 
volume I was completed in May, 1907. 

ATTENDANCE. Open to members at all times and open free to the 
public from to to 5 on Saturdays, and from 1 to 5 on Tuesdays, Wed- 
nesdays, Thursdays, and Fridays. The total attendance for the first 
six months was 1512; for the succeeding five months, 1876. 


INDWS YORK -CilEY: 

ACADEMY MT. ST. VINCENT. 

This academy has a museum which includes the Arnold collection 
of about tooo minerals, somewhat increased by subsequent additions; 
the Benjamin F. Joslin collection of minerals and shells; the John 
Gilmary Shea collection of about 400 coins; the John Fox collection of 
corals; etc. 


AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY. 

Starr. Director, Hermon C. Bumpus; Curator emeritus, Albert 
S. Bickmore (public education); Honorary curators, George F. Kunz 
(gems), William M. Wheeler (social insects), Alexander Petrunkevitch 
(arachnida), Aaron L. Treadwell (annulata); Curators, E. O. Hovey 
(geology and invertebrate paleontology), L. P. Gratacap (mineralogy 
and mollusca), Henry E. Crampton (invertebrate zodlogy), J. A. Allen 
(mammalogy and ornithology), Frank M. Chapman (ornithology), 
Henry F. Osborn (vertebrate paleontology), Clark Wissler (anthro— 
pology), Ralph W. Tower (physiology; books and publications), 
Charles E. A. Winslow (public health), George H. Sherwood (public 
education); Associate curators, W. D. Matthew (vertebrate paleon- 
tology), Pliny E. Goddard and Harlan I. Smith (anthropology), 
William Beutenmiiller (lepidoptera) ; Assistant curators, Roy W. Miner 


200 DIRECTORY OF AMERICAN MUSEUMS 


and Frank E. Lutz (invertebrate zodlogy), Louis Hussakof (fossil 
fishes), Walter Granger (fossil mammals), Barnum Brown (fossil 
reptiles), R. H. Lowie and H. J. Spinden (anthropology); Assistants, 
Roy C. Andrews (mammalogy), W. deW. Miller (ornithology), 
Charles W. Mead and Alanson Skinner (anthropology), Mary C. 
Dickerson (in charge of woods and forestry), Anthony Woodward (in 
charge of maps and charts); Preparators and technical employees, 37; 
Administrative and clerical employees, 42; Engineers and mechanical 
employees, 28; Custody of building, employees, 72. 

ANTHROPOLOGY. Uncivilized peoples: Archeology, native, 
94,000, foreign, 15,000; Ethnology, native, 31,000, foreign, 108,500. 
There are 12 life-size ethnological groups on exhibition. 

Grotocy. Minerals, on exhibition, 13,000, in storage, 5000; 
Rocks, on exhibition, 1500, in storage, 10,000; Relief maps, 23. Other 
collections include 1450 gems on exhibition and 1550 in storage, 580 
meteorites, and rtos5o building stones. Material of special interest 
includes collections from Mt. Pelé; the Willamette meteorite; and 
‘“ Ahnighito,”’ the Cape York meteorite. The last weighs 36.5 tons 
and is the Jargest and heaviest meteorite known. 

PALEONTOLOGY. Invertebrates, on exhibition, 236,000, in stor- 
age, 8300, types and figured specimens, 8500; Vertebrates, on exhibi- 


tion, 2coo+, in storage, 18,000, types and figured specimens, 1000; 
Plants, on exhibition, 1500, in storage, tooo. Material of special 
interest on exhibition includes 49 complete mounted skeletons of mam- 
mals and 24 of reptiles and amphibians. There are also important 
series illustrating the evolution of the horse, and extensive series of 
dinosaurs. 

ZooLocy. Shells, on exhibition, 65,000+, in storage, 185,000, 
types and figured specimens, 140; Insects, extensive collections with 
numerous types and figured specimens; Fishes, batrachians, and rep- 
tiles, small collections; Birds and mammals, extensive collections. 


There are special economic exhibits of insects; local and seasonal ex- 
hibits of birds; and enlarged models and life-size groups of inverte- 
brates. There are 56 large and 108 small groups of animals exhibited 
in natural surroundings; among these special mention may be made of 
the habitat groups of birds. 

OTHER DEPARTMENTS. The department of public education 
maintains a children’s room, an exhibit for the blind, and loan collec- 
tions of nature study materia]. During the school year 463 cabinets 
have been sent to 384 schools, containing over a million children. 

The departments of physiology and public health are at present 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES 201 


incomplete. The department of woods and forestry has on exhibi- 
tion 505 specimens and in storage, 2587. 

HIstoricaAL SKETCH. ‘This museum was founded in 1869 and was 
first housed in the arsenal in Central Park. The cornerstone of its 
present building in Manhattan Square was laid in 1874. 

FINANCIAL Support. Income from endowment, $108,000; city 
appropriation, $185,000; subscriptions, memberships, etc., $25,000+. 
There are also specialfunds. By agreement, the city erects the build- 
ings and provides for the maintenance of the museum, the collections 
being provided by the museum corporation. 

BUILDING. Erectea by the city in 1874-1908 at a cost of $4,838,- 
ooo. The number of square feet of floor space available for exhibi- 
tion is 262,336: for offices, workrooms, etc., 176,523. 

ADMINISTRATION. Bya board of trustees, and a director, who acts 
as executive officer. 

Scope. Instruction of the general public, exploration, research, 
and public schoo] work are the chief activities of the museum. 

Liprary. About 40,000 books and 20,000 pamphlets, intended 
for the use of both staff and public. 

PuBLicaTIONS. (1) Annual Report. (2) Bulletin, 1 volume 
issued annually. (3) Memoirs, issued irregularly. (4) Anthropo- 
logical papers, a part of the Bulletin devoted exclusively to anthro- 
pology and issued at irregular intervals. (5) Ethnographical Album. 
(6) Museum Journal, a popular record of museum work issued monthly 
from October to May. (7) Guide Leaflets, issued at irregular inter- 
vals. 

ATTENDANCE. Open free to the public on week-days from 9g to 
5 and on Sundays from 1 to 5. The attendance in 1909 was 839,141. 


AMERICAN NUMISMATIC SOCIETY. (156th Street west of 
Broadway.) 


This society was organized in 1858 and is the second oldest society 
of its kind in America. It maintains a large collection of coins and 
medals and a large numismatic library which are open free to the pub- 
lic daily from 10 to 5. The society also publishes the American Jour- 
nal of Numismatics. The museum staff consists of Bauman L. Bel- 
den, director, and Agnes Baldwin, curator. The society owns its 
building. 


COLLEGE OF THE CITY OF NEW YORK. 


The college has more or less extensive collections in various de- 
partments but has no organized museum. In addition to material 


202 DIRECTORY OF AMERICAN MUSEUMS 


purchased by the college there are a number of special gift collections 
containing valuable material. The department of chemistry has a 
museum illustrating the manufacture of substances from raw material. 
The department of history maintains a collection of articles of histori- 
cal interest in connection with the history of New York. The de- 
partment of natural history maintains an extensive museum, of which 
the nucleus was given by Dr. Bashford Dean; there is also a large 
series of mineralogical specimens. 


COLONIAL DAMES OF AMERICA. 


This society, organized in 18g0, is said by Thwaites to maintain 
museum and art collections. 


COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY. 


Botany. The collections of this department are united with 
those of the New York Botanical Garden in Bronx Park, with the 
exception of a small teaching collection in Schermerhorn Hall. 

Cuemistry. The Chandler museum of applied chemistry con- 
tains illustrations of the chemical and physical history of electricity, 
photography, glass, pottery, etc. 

GroLoGy AND PaLEontoLtocy. This collection is housed in 
Schermerhorn Hall, and consists chiefly of the collections gathered by 
the late Professor J. S. Newberry. It is especially rich in fossil fishes 
(now on deposit in the American Museum of Natural History), of 
which it contains many types; there is also an unusually fine specimen 
of the Irish elk. The extensive collections of fossil plants formerly 
in this museum are now deposited with the New York Botanical 
Garden. 

ZooLocy. An excellent teaching collection, covering osteology 
embryology, cytology, invertebrate zodlogy, etc. 


COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY. Egleston Mineralogical Museum. 

This collection is housed in Schermerhorn Hall and is in charge of 
Alfred J. Moses. It was formed in 1864 as a working collection for the 
School of Mines. In 1880 it had grown to 13,000 specimens, in 1890 
to 19,000, and in 1900 to approximately 30,000, all carefully selected 
specimens. In addition to the exhibition series, which are well in- 
stalled and completely cataloged, there are extensive study collections 
for the use of students. There is a working library of about tooo 
volumes on mineralogy and crystallography, intended for the use of 
the staff and students. 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES 203 


COLUMBIA UNIVERSIT Y—TEACHERS COLLEGE. Educational 
Museum. 


STaFF. Curator, David Eugene Smith; Assistant, Sarah Mitchell 
Neilson. 

Cottections. These include an exhibit of school materials and 
work, together with a large loan collection of material illustrating the 
historical development of mathematics. The special material owned 
by the museum relates to the teaching of classics, history, and art. 
There is a loan collection of material used in teaching in the various 
grades of the public schools, and a collection of about 2000 current 
text books for elementary and secondary schools, exhibited in the col- 
lege library. It also possesses for circulation in the college and its 
schools, over 8000 photographs and pictures, and over 10,000 lantern 
slides, together with a number of special collections in household arts, 
history of education, and other branches. There is a collection of 
the work of pupils, preserved in scrap books for future reference. The 
scrap book collection also includes illustrations of the best known 
schools in different parts of the world. 

HistoricAL SKETCH. The museum had its origin in the Child- 
ren’s Industrial Exposition, held in 1886. From 1886 to 1899 a mus- 
eum room was maintained at 9 University Place. In 1899 the first 
curator was appointed and systematic museum work commenced. 

Scope. The museum serves three main functions: (1) As a 
repository of exhibits showing the work of various departments. (2) 
As an agency to collect and circulate illustrative material for the use 
of the college and its schools. (3) Asa place for temporary exhibits of 
an educational nature, about 6 of these being held during the academic 
year. 

FINANCIAL Support. From the general budget of the college. 

ATTENDANCE. Open free to the public daily, except Saturdays, 
from g to 5. Saturdays from 9 to 12 excepting from the close of the 
summer session to the opening of the academic year. 


COOPER UNION. Museum for the Arts of Decoration. 

STAFF. Directors. Mrs. Abram S. Hewitt, Mrs. J. O. Green, 
Sarah Cooper Hewitt, Eleanor G. Hewitt; 4 custodians. 

Art. The collections include only such articles as are decorative 
in their nature, and these are arranged to show the historical develop- 
ment of ornament as applied to the various artistic trades. The 
arrangement is chronological in centuries, with alphabetical sub-divi- 
sions into countries and further alphabetical sub-divisions into artists, 
cities, etc. The objects exhibited include sculpture, prints and 


204 DIRECTORY OF AMERICAN MUSEUMS 


engravings, oil paintings of various periods, water colors, ceramics, 
a very fine collection of textiles of various countries from the 4th 
century to modern times, metal work, bronzes, furniture, casts of 
interior and exterior decorative work, book bindings, enamels, numis- 
matics, jewelry, costumes and accessories, prints of plants, trees, and 
flowers. 

HisTorRIcAL SKETCH. The nucleus of thismuseum was formed by 
a large collection of casts of the best French architectural and interior 
decorative motives, presented by Mr. and Mrs. Abram S. Hewitt and 
their daughters in 1889. The museum was formally opened in May, 
1896. 

FINANCIAL SUPPORT. The Cooper Union provides the room, 
heat, light, and the salaries of the custodians, but the collections are 
increased by the purchases of the museum directors themselves or by 
donations of interested friends. 

Burtpinc. ‘The museum occupies one floor of the Cooper Union. 

ADMINISTRATION. Bya board of directors consisting of four ladies 
who are responsible to the trustees of the Cooper Union. 

SCOPE. The collections are intended primarily for the use of 
the Cooper Union classes but are accessible to everybody. Several 
private schools have sent their classes to work in the museum; furni- 
ture makers have already reproduced many of the pieces at consider- 
able profit, and thus have extended the taste for the best models of 
different countries; and decorators have employed Cooper Union 
students to sketch interiors and furnishings in the museum for exhibi- 
tion to their clients. 

LiprAry. A reference library on art subjects and 800 encyclo- 
peedic scrap books are accessible to the public and the students. 

ATTENDANCE. The museum is open free to the public, day and 
night, on 201 working days during the year, with the provision that 
each visitor inscribe his name, address, and profession in the admis- 
sion book. In the vear t908~9, the total number of visitors, students, 
and workers, was 6627. 

HISPANIC SOCIETY OF AMERICA. (156th Street west of 

Broadway.) 

The museum of the society comprises a small number of paintings; 
wood-carving; silver-work; ironwork; ivory plaques and combs of 
Phenician origin; neolithic and Roman pottery; objects of domestic 
use from the Roman Italica; ejecutorias or patents of nobility; a 
collection of Hispano-Moresque plaques; examples of Buen Retiro 
ware; azulejos, or glazed tiles; Roman mosaics; some 160 Spanish 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES 205 


incunabula, beginning with a large collection of the first printer in 
Spain, Lambert Palmart of Valencia; a few incunabula of printers in 
Italy and Germany, of interest for comparison or on other grounds; 
autograph letters of Charles V and of the Duke of Wellington; a few 
Latin and Hebrew manuscripts; manuscripts of George Borrow and of 
Robert Southey; first editions of the important Spanish authors; a 
general Spanish numismatic collection; drawings by Vierge illustrative 
of Don Quijote; copies of Velazquez; ecclesiastical embroideries; 
ancient maps; portolans; prints and facsimilies. 

These collections are installed in the galleries of the society’s 
building, where they are open free to the public daily, except in the 
month of August and on Christmas and Thanksgiving, from 1 to 5. 
The Hispanic Society was founded in 1904 by Mr. Archer M. Hunting- 
ton, who has also given the building and collections. The society has 
also a very valuable library and issues various publications. 


METROPOLITAN MUSEUM OF ART. 


STAFF. Director, Sir Caspar Purdon Clarke; Assistant director, 
Edward Robinson; Assistant secretary, Henry W. Kent; Curator 
emeritus, George H. Story; Curators, Bryson Burroughs (paintings), 
Edward Robinson (classical art), Wilhelm R. Valentiner (decorative 
arts), Bashford Dean (arms and armor), John H. Buck (metal work); 
Assistant curators, A. B. de St. M. D’Hervilly (paintings), Garrett 
Chatfield Pier and Joseph H. Breck (decorative arts), Charles R. 
Gillett (Egyptian department and Cesnola collection); Assistants, 
Gisela M. A. Richter (classical art), Frances Morris (in charge of 
textiles and musicalinstruments), Ethel A. Pennell (in charge of photo- 
graphs), Clarence L. Hoblitzelle, Jr. and Florence N. Levy (general 
assistants); European adviser on paintings, Roger E. Fry; Museum 
instructor, Marion E. Fenton; Librarian, William Clifford; Assistant 
librarian, Lucie E. Wallace; Superintendent of building, Conrad 
Hewitt; Assistant superintendent, Walter F. Williams. 

Art. Antiquities: Etruscan bronze chariot, 6th century B. C.; 
Roman bronze statue of Emperor Trebonianus Gallus; Wall-paintings 
from Boscoreale; Cesnola collection of antiquities from Cyprus; 
Gold ornaments, inscribed cylinders, gems, etc. Oriental Art: Collec- 
tion of Chinese porcelains lent by Mr. J. Pierpont Morgan; Heber R. 
Bishop collection of jades, etc.; Japanese arms and armor; EK. C. Moore 
collection of oriental art. Western Art: Selected paintings; the Hoent- 
schel collection of French Gothic art lent by Mr. J. Pierpont Morgan; 
the Hoentschel collection of French 18th century art given by Mr. Mor- 


206 DIRECTORY OF AMERICAN MUSEUMS 


gan; Dino and Ellis collections of arms and armor; Mrs. S. P. Avery 
collection of spoons; Moses Lazarus collection of fans; Burgundian 
Gothic tapestries; Crosby-Brown collection of musical instruments; 
Woodwork and furniture. 

HistoricaAL SKETCH. The movement which resulted in the 
establishment of the museum was initiated by the Union League Club 
in 1869. ‘The institution was incorporated in April 1870, and the 
nucleus of the collections was formed by the purchase of three collec- 
tions of old masters in 1871 and of the Cesnola collections of Cypriote 
antiquities, 1872-6. Prior to 1880 the museum occupied rented 
quarters, first on Fifth Avenue and then on Fourteenth Street, and 
the present building was opened to the public in 1880. 

FINANCIAL Support. The museum has the following sources of 
income: endowment; city appropriation, optional within fixed limits, 
in 1909, $200,000; memberships, $45,860; admission fees, $11,622.50; 
sale of publications, $8,759.93. The administration expenses for t909 
exceeded $285,000. 

BuiLpinc. Erected in 1874, and opened to the public in 1880. 
It has since grown to about seven times its original size and still further 
additions are in progress. All additions have been constructed and 
equipped by the city, whose property they are. 

ADMINISTRATION. By a board of trustees. 

LIBRARY. 15,000 volumes on the fine arts and archeology, 
housed in a separate library building, and used by the public as well 
as by the staff. There are large supplementary collections of photo- 
graphs. 

PUBLICATIONS. These include annual reports (1871 to date), 
photographs, circulars of information, catalogs, and a monthly 
Bulletin. 

ATTENDANCE. Open to the public daily, from ro to 6 in summer 
and 5 in winter (on Saturdays from 1o to ro and Sundays 1 to 6). 
Admission is free except on Mondays and Fridays when an entrance 
fee of 25 cents is charged to all except members, copyists, and teachers 


with classes. 


NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN. (Bronx Park.) 

StTaFF. Director-in-chief, N. L. Britton; Assistant director, W. 
A. Murrill; Head curator, John K. Small; Curators, P. A. Rydberg, 
Arthur Hollick, Marshall A. Howe, H. H. Rusby (economic collec- 
tions); Museum custodian, Arthur J. Corbett; Head gardener, George 
V. Nash; Director of the laboratories, Fred J. Seaver; Librarian, 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES 207 


John H. Barnhart; Consulting chemist, W. J. Gies; Superintendent, 
F. A. Schilling; Landscape engineer, John R. Brinley; Clerk and ac- 
countant, W. S. Groesbeck; Administrative assistant, Percy Wilson. 

Botany. Cryptogams, 500,0c00+, including several thousand 
types and figured specimens; Phanerogams, 750,o0o0+, including 
several thousand types and figured specimens. ‘There is a special 
local herbarium of t0,009 specimens; an economic and a systematic 
museum, each containing many thousand specimens; public green- 
houses containing 8000 species and races; a systematic herbaceous 
garden of 2500 species; a fruiticetum of 700 species and races; an 
arboretum of 520 species and races; an economic garden of 150 species; 
a morphologic garden of too species; and numerous special and decora- 
tive plantations. 

Many of the herbarium and garden collections are related to 
commerce and industry; portions of the collections illustrate geograph- 
ical distribution. There are also within the grounds examples of 
glaciated rock surfaces, transplanted boulders, river terraces, a post- 
glacial gorge, exposures of gneissic and schistose rocks, and other 
features of geologic interest. 

PALEONTOLOGY. Fossil plants, on exhibition, 3700, in storage, 
10,300, types and figured specimens, tooo. Nearly all of the specimens 
in storage are accessible for study purposes. 

FINANCIAL Support. Income from endowment, $13,500; city 
appropriations for maintenance, $75,000; memberships, $9500; gifts, 
in 1908, about $9300; sale of publications, $1400. The city is required 
by its charter to maintain the garden but the amount of the appro- 
priation is not fixed. : 

Burtpincs. The buildings have been erected since 1898 by the 
city at a cost of about $700,000. There is 40,000 square feet of floor 
space available for the museum, 25,000 for the laboratories, library, 
offices, workrooms, etc., and 60,000 for the public conservatories. 

ADMINISTRATION. By a board of managers. 

Scope. Exploration, research, maintenance of local collections, 
college and public school teaching, and instruction of the general 
public. 

LIBRARY. 21,230 bound volumes and many thousand pamphlets 
on botany and horticulture, intended primarily for the use of the 
staf. 

PUBLICATIONS. (1) Journal of the New York Botanical Gar- 
den, published monthly, to volumes issued. (2) Mycologia, 
published bi-monthly, first volume begun in ro09. (3) Bulletin of 


208 DIRECTORY OF AMERICAN MUSEUMS 


the New York Botanical Garden, 6 volumes issued to r909. (4) 
North American Flora, planned to be complete in 30 volumes, 
12 parts issued to 1909. (5) Memoirs of the New York Botanical 
Garden, 4 volumes issued. (6) Contributions from the New York 
Botanical Garden, 4 volumes issued. 

ATTENDANCE. Open free to the public daily from to to 5. No 
record of attendance kept. 


THE NEW YORK HISTORICAL SOCIETY (170 Central Park West.) 


This society, founded in 1804, maintains collections comprising 
76 pieces of sculpture, a collection of New York prints, and 944 oil 
paintings. Among special collections may be mentioned the Peter 
Marié collection of miniatures consisting of portraits of American 
women, the Bryan gallery of old masters, the collection of the New 
York Gallery of Fine Arts, the Diirr gallery, the Abbott collection of 
Egyptian antiquities, and the Lenox collection of Nineveh sculptures. 

The society maintains a library of 150,000 volumes on American 
history and publishes a series of Collections containing material on 
American history. 

NEW YORK PUBLIC LIBRARY. Lenox Branch. (Fifth Avenue 

and 70th Street.) 

The library has two galleries: (1) the Lenox gallery, containing 
150 paintings, several marble statues, and other objects of art; (2) 
the Stuart gallery, containing 242 paintings and one piece of Gobelin 
tapestry, 13 X 219 feet in size. These collections are maintained 
but not increased by the New York Public Library. There are catalogs 
of each collection, but no other publications relating to them. 

It is expected that this collection will be moved to a new library 
building at Fifth Avenue and 42nd Street, in tort. 


NEW YORK UNIVERSITY. 

No reply has been received to repeated requests for information 
regarding the museums of the university, which are said by Merrill to 
comprise ethnological collections, 1500 minerals, 8000 specimens of 
economic geology, 16,000 fossils, and zoGdlogical specimens which are 
especially rich in Bermuda material. 


NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. Aquarium. (Battery Park.) 


STAFF. Director, Charles Haskins Townsend; Assistant direc- 
tor, R. C. Osburn; Assistants, L. B. Spencer (fresh-water collec- 
tions), W. I. DeMyse (marine collections); 1 clerk and stenographer, 
t foreman, 3 engineers, 3 fire men, 3 filter men, and 15 attendants. 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES 209 


AquartA. These contain a total of 3000-4000 specimens; 
including: Fishes, 200+ species (fresh-water and marine); Batrachians, 
30+ species; Reptiles, 40+ species; Mammals, 3 to 5 species; a few 
aquatic insects and numerous marine invertebrates. The laboratory 
contains many small self-sustaining aquaria. 

Fish HatcHery. Maintained as a fish-cultural exhibit and 
producing yearly from 3 to 8 million young food and game fishes, which 
are aiterwards deposited in New York State waters. Fish eggs are 
supplied by the United States bureau of fisheries from government 
hatcheries. 

HistoricAL SKETCH. The aquarium was opened to the public 
in 1896, under the control of the park department. On November 1, 
1902, its management was transferred from the department of parks 
to the New York Zoological Society. 

FINANCIAL Support. An annual appropriation of $45,000 from 
the city, extra appropriations sometimes being made for improvements. 

Burtpinc. Erected in 1807 by the United States Government 
as a fort, known as West Battery, and after the war of 1812 as Castle 
Clinton; in 1822, ceded by Congress to the city of New York, and used 
as a place of amusement called Castle Garden. Many events of his- 
torical interest occurred here. From 1855 to 1891, used by the Bureau 
of Immigration as a landing station for immigrants; opened as an 
aquarium in 1896. 

The building is circular in form, with a diameter of 205 feet, and 
contains, besides the large exhibition hall, 6 large offices and workrooms. 
It has 7 large floor pools, the largest being 37 feet in diameter, and 7 
feet deep, 94 large wall tanks, and 30 smaller tanks. It is equipped for 
heating sea water for tropical fishes in winter and has a refrigerating 
plant for cooling fresh water in summer. The salt-water wall tanks are 
supplied from a reservoir holding tco,000 gallons of pure stored sea 
water. This water, brought in by steamer, is used as a “closed cir- 
culation,” the water being pumped through the exhibition tanks and 
falling thence, through sand filters, back to the reservoir. 

ADMINISTRATION. By a director, responsible to the New York 
Zoélogical Society through its executive committee. 

Scope. Entertainment and instruction of the general public 
and of the pupils of the city schools. On Monday forenoons it is 
closed to the public and its facilities placed at the disposal of teachers 
with their classes. Small aquaria have been placed in 300 schools of 
the city and teachers are supplied with the surplus zodlogical material. 
The research laboratory is used by the staff and by university 


210 DIRECTORY OF AMERICAN MUSEUMS 


students and professors engaged in marine biological research. A 
photographic room provides for the making of pictures of aquatic ’ 
animals. 

LiprAry. A working library of about 700 volumes on ichthy- 
ology, marine zodlogy, fisheries, and aquatic life in general. 

PUBLICATIONS. Annual reports and occasional bulletins, issued 
as publications of the New York Zodlogical Society. The first volume 
of a proposed New York Aquarium Nature Series has already appeared 
under the title of “Sea-Shore Life,’”’ Mayer. 

ATTENDANCE. Open free to the public daily, April—October, 
from g to 5; November—March, to to 4; closed on Monday forenoons 
except to classes, and to members of the society. The attendance in 
1909 Was 3,803,501, with a daily average of 10,417. The attendance 
for the past 13 years exceeds 25,500,000. 

NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. Zoological Park. (Bronx 

Park.) 

STaFF. Director and general curator, William T. Hornaday; 
Chief clerk and disbursing officer, H. R. Mitchell; Curator of reptiles 
and assistant curator of mammals, Raymond L. Ditmars; Curator of 
birds, C. William Beebe; Chief forester and constructor, H. W. Merkel; 
Veterinarian, W. Reid Blair; Civil engineer, George M. Beerbower; 
Photographer and assistant editor, Elwin R. Sanborn; Assistant to 
chief clerk, William I. Mitchell. Permanent employees: General ad- 
ministration, 19; Care of animal collections, 29; Maintenance and 
repairs, 31; Care of grounds, 56. 

CoLLectTIONS. Batrachians and reptiles, 1308 specimens, rep- 
resenting 198 species; Birds, 2880 specimens, representing 665 species; 
Mammals, 812 specimens, representing 254 species. 

Historicat SkEtcH. The New York Zodlogical Society was in- 
corporated in 1895 for the purpose of maintaining a public zodélogical 
park for the preservation of native animals and for the promotion 
of zodlogy. The final plan for the zoélogical park was approved 
November 22, 1897, and the society assumed control of the grounds 
July 1, 1898. The first building was begun August 11, 1898, and the 
park was formally opened to the public November 9, 1899. 

FINANCIAL Support. A city appropriation for maintenance of 
park and collections, amounting in 1910 to $167,632, supplemented by 
the income of the Zoélogical Society from memberships, amounting 
in 1909 to $26,753. 

BUILDINGS AND GROUNDS. Large animal] buildings (all heated), 
12; Small animal buildings (4 heated), 14; Large groups of outdoor 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES 211 


dens, aviaries, and corrals, 12; Animal storehouses, for winter use, 3; 
Restaurants, 2; Public-comfort buildings, 6; Entrances, 8; Area of 
park land and water, 264 acres; Area of water, 3o acres; Walks and 
roads, 7.78 miles; Fences, 10.55 miles. 

ADMINISTRATION. By a director, responsible to the executive 
committee of the New York Zodlogical Society. 

LIBRARY. The creation of a library of vertebrate zoology for the 
use of both staff and public was seriously begun in roto. 

PUBLICATIONS. The society issues an annual report, a quarterly 
bulletin, and Zodlogica at intervals. 

ATTENDANCE. Open to the pubilc daily from 9 (Nov. 1-May 1, 
from to) to a half hour before surset. On Mondays and Thursdays 
(except when these are holidays) admissions of 25 and 15 cents are 
charged. At all other times admission is free. The attendance in 
T9090 WaS 1,614,953: from January 1, 1900, to January 1, 1910, there 
was a total attendance of 10,913,528. 


THE PENNSYLVANIA SOCIETY. (218 Fulton Street.) 


The society maintains small historical collections which it hopes 
ultimately to develop into a museum. 


NIAGARA: 
NIAGARA UNIVERSITY. 


The university maintains the following museum collections for 
teaching purposes: 60 anthropological specimens, too numismatic 
specimens, a herbarium of 300 native plants, 400 minerals, 2000 fos- 
sils, and 130 zodlogical specimens. 


POUGHKEEPSIE: 
VASSAR COLLEGE. 


STAFF. Curators, A. L. Treadwell (natural history), L. F. 
Pilcher (art). 

ANTHROPOLOGY. 350 specimens of arrowheads, etc. from the 
United States; the Ermine A. Smith collection of 200 ethnologic 
specimens of the Zuni Indians; the Orton collection of 120 specimens 
from South America, including valuable pottery, an ancient Peruvian 
mummy, and a compressed human head from the Amazon; 100 other 
archeologic and ethnologic specimens. 

Art. Oil paintings, water colors, Arundel prints, and an extensive 
collection of casts. 


212 DIRECTORY OF AMERICAN MUSEUMS 


Botany. Cryptogams, 2000; Phanerogams, 4500+. ‘The de- 
partment includes the Merrill collection of tooo ferns; too Hawaiian 
ferns; a general herbarium of 1500 specimens; and tco plants, in many 
cases with open flowers, preserved in alcohol. As an adjunct to the 
museum the Eleanor conservatory contains about 1500 plants repre- 
senting the leading families. 

Grotocy. Minerals and rocks, 2572; Dynamic geology, relief 
maps, models, etc., 5c; Microscopic sections of rocks, roo. 

PALEONTOLOGY. Invertebrate, vertebrate, and plant fossils, on 
exhibition, 1625, in storage, 2100+. This collection includes skeletons 
of a mastodon and a moa; too fine sections of American fossil bryozoa; 
and 50 species of fossil ostracoid entomostraca. 

ZOOLoGy. Shells, on exhibition, 500+, in storage, 6000; Insects, 
500+; Other invertebrates, 300+; Fishes, 40+; Batrachians, 100+; 
Reptiles, 100+; Birds, on exhibition, 2500, in Storage) 122225 
Mammals, r40+. The collection of birds includes the types of Ster- 
corarius pomerinus (Audubon specimen), Icterus graceaurea, and 
Merula hauxwelli. Especially valuable specimens are the great auk 
which served as the original of Audubon’s plate, a male Labrador duck, 
and several ivory-billed woodpeckers and Carolina parakeets. These 
specimens were in the collection of J. J. Giraud, who was a friend of 
Audubon and obtained some of his specimens from him. 

FINANCIAL Support. The college grants annually $650 to each 
of the two divisions of the museum (art and natural history). There 
is also a fund of $2000 left by J. J. Giraud, the income of which is 
used for the extension of the collection of North American birds. 

ADMINISTRATION. By curators, responsible to a board of trustees’ 
through the president of the college. 


Scope. The purpose of the museum is college teaching. 


ROCHESTER: 

ROCHESTER ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. 

The academy has botanical and zoélogical collections deposited 
in the museum of the University of Rochester. 

ROCHESTER HISTORICAL SOCIETY. 


In addition to a library of several thousand volumes on local 
American history, the society maintains a collection of Indian relics 
and other anthropological material; portraits of local celebrities and 
other prints and paintings of a historical nature. The collection is in 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES 213 


charge of W. H. Samson, chairman of library committee, N. S. Olds, 
curator, and R. T. Webster, assistant curator. 


UNIVERSITY OF ROCHESTER. Museums. 


Starr. Curators, H. L. Fairchild (geology and paleontology), 
Charles Wright Dodge (botany and zodlogy). 

AnTHROPOLOGY. A small but well authenticated collection of 
flint and bronze instruments from the drift region of Abbéville and 
St. Acheul in France; stone implements from Copenhagen; North 
American stone implements, including the Lewis H. Morgan collection 
relating to North American Indians, mound builders, and cliff dwellers; 
and specimens of pottery from the tombs of the Incas. 

Botany. A general teaching collection and the following special 
collections: flowering plants and ferns of Monroe County, New York, 
and a general collection of ferns deposited by the Rochester Academy 
of Science; the Huntley collection of New Zealand ferns; several 
hundred species of the smaller fungi. 

GroLocy. Minerals, on exhibition, 5000, in storage, 1000+; 
Rocks, on exhibition, 3000, in storage, tooo+; Economic collections, 
etc., 2000+. Most of the materia! in this department is a part of the 
Ward collections, accumulated during many years of extensive travel 
and forming one of the best geological museums jn the country. 

PALEONTOLOGY. There are 25,o00+ fossils on exhibition and 
rooo+ in storage, including about 8000 European species. The col- 
lection is particularly rich in ammonites and tertiary mollusks. There 
are a large number of Ward casts, and a collection of carboniferous 
plants made by Professor Fairchild in the Wyoming and Lackawanna 
coal basin. 

ZooLocy. This collection was established in 1890, and includes 
the Ward collection of South American birdsand mammals; the Charles 
Andrews memorial collection of Monroe County snails; a large collec- 
tion of mollusks deposited by Charles M. Robinson; a collection of 
land and water shells of Monroe County, deposited by the Rochester 
Academy of Science; the Eaton and Wilbur collection of 500 specimens 
illustrating 175 species of birds of Western New York; a large collec- 
tion of bird eggs and nests; a collection of butterflies and moths de- 
posited by the Rochester Academy of Science and the valuable 
Watson collection illustrating protective resemblance and _ allied 
phenomena among insects; and the Lewis H. Morgan collection, con- 
taining the original specimens used in illustrating his monograph on 
“The American Beaver and his Works.” 


214 DIRECTORY OF AMERICAN MUSEUMS 


HIstTorIcAL SKETCH. The greater part of the material in the 
geological and paleontological collections was accumulated by the 
late Henry A. Ward and was purchased in 1862 for the university 
through the generosity of citizens of Rochester, at a cost of $20,000. 
It includes about 40,000 specimens of the finest quality, mostly foreign, 
handsomely mounted and labeled. 

FINANCIAL SUPPORT. From the general funds of the university. 

Burtpinc. The museum of geology and paleontology is located 
on the second floor of Sibley Hall; the museums of botany and zoélogy 
are on the third floor of the Eastman laboratories. 

Scope. College teaching, supplemented by public school work 
and instruction of the general public. 


WARD’S NATURAL SCIENCE ESTABLISHMENT. 

This is a commercial company incorporated under the laws of 
New York for the purpose of collecting, preparing, and dealing in 
objects of natural history. This has been the chief supply house for 
American museums for more than forty-five years. 

STAFF. President, Frank A. Ward; Treasurer, Edward S. Ward; 
and an average of 20 employees, including mineralogists, paleontolo- 
gists, conchologists, osteologists, taxidermists, etc. 

ANTHROPOLOGY. 5000+ articles of war, utility, ceremony, and 
adornment of ancient and modern races from all parts of the world, 
also a large series of aboriginal skulls and skeletons. 

Botany. Models illustrating the anatomy of plants. 

GEOGRAPHY. A series of relief maps. 

GEOLOGY. 160,000 minerals from all parts of the world; a large 
collection of meteorites; 22,000 specimens illustrating general petrology, 
physical, dynamic, and stratigraphic geology; a special series of 125 
specimens from typical localities of the New York formations; relief 
maps and models of interesting geologic regions of the United States 
and foreign countries; models illustrating dynamic and structural 
geology. 

PALEONTOLOGY. 150,000 specimens of all geologic ages from all 
parts of the world; 1024 casts of celebrated fossils, many of the orig- 
inals of which are in the royal museums of Europe; roo different models 
and charts. 

ZOOLOGY. -137,000 specimens, including mounted specimens and 
skeletons of the various groups; human skeletons, anatomical models, 
charts, and diagrams for classroom work; a general collection of 125,000 
specimens of zodlogy representing over 5000 species and including 
corals, crustacea, other invertebrates, birds, and mammals. 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES 215 


ZOOLOGICAL PARK. 
The city maintains a zodlogical park of about 4 acres, established 
in 1902, containing 4 reptiles, 413 birds, and 108 mammals. 


SCHENE CEA DY: 

SCHENECTADY COUNTY HISTORICAL SOCIETY. 

This society was organized in 1905 and has established a museum 
which contains at present about 150 articles of historical interest, be- 
sides 721 documents, manuscripts, maps, letters, etc. 


UNION COLLEGE. Natural History Museum. 

StaFF. Curator, James H. Stoller; Honorary curator of the 
Wheatley collection of minerals, Daniel S. Martin. 

Art. There are in the library building a number of original 
alabaster slabs from Nineveh, including 2 large winged figures. 

Botany. A herbarium of local ferns and flowering plants, 
including the J. B. Ellis collection of 2300 fungi; also a considerable 
number of foreign plants from Germany, Spain, Asia Minor, Switzer- 
land, France, England, Iceland, and Norway. 

GroLtocy. The Wheatley collection of 3000 minerals on exhibi- 
tion and tooo in storage; a considerable collection of rocks. The Wheat- 
ley collection, presented to the college in 1858, has recently been revised 
and supplemented by specimens presented by Dr. Martin and by Mr. 
Alfred H. Brooks. In addition to an excellent general collection it 
includes fine crystallized charcoal chalcocites from Bristol, Connecti- 
cut, an excellent series from the Perkiomen copper mine, and a col- 
Jection of lead ores, calcites, and crystallized barites from the Wheat- 
ley lead mine at Phoenixville, Pennsylvania, probably unequaied in 
the world. 

ZoOLoGy. The Wheatley collection of 3000 shells, a large collec- 
tion of marine Annelida made by H. S. Webster, 311 mounted birds, 
and small collections in other groups. 


The museum occupies one floor of the library building, and is 
supported by a small annual appropriation from the college. 


SCHOHARIE: 

SCHOHARIE COUNTY HISTORICAL SOCIETY. 

This society maintains a miscellaneous loan collection of 1386 
specimens, and 3 special collections comprising (1) 326 minerals, crys- 
tals, gems, etc.; (2) 1060 implements of the stone age; (3) 57 North 
American bird eggs—owned and loaned by D. A. Hitchman of Scho- 


210 DIRECTORY OF AMERICAN MUSEUMS 


harie. These collections are housed in the old stone fort, built in 1772 
by the Reformed Protestant High Dutch as a house of worship, and 
granted to the free use of the society in the year of its organization, 
1888. The museum is in charge of the curator, Henry Cady. 


SILVER BAYS: 

PAINE PRIVATE MUSEUM. 

This museum comprises a very complete collection of the fauna, 
flora, geology, and history of the Lake George region. All birds and 
mammals are exhibited in natural surroundings with nests or burrows, 
and eggs or young. This department includes over 300 birds, a few 
fishes, and all the mammals which now inhabit the locality. In history 
there are about 2000 specimens of firearms, implements, etc. of the 
old French and Revolutionary wars, and about 1200 portraits of men 
and women who participated in the events of those times. There are 
also 4000-5000 prehistoric implements from local sites, and a library 
of about 600 volumes pertaining to the history of the Lake George 
and Lake Champlain region. This museum is the property of Mr. 
Silas H. Paine and is open free to the public on week-days from 8 to 6. 


SKANEATELES: 

SKANEATELES LIBRARY ASSOCIATION. Barrow Art Gallery. 

A collection of 318 oil paintings, the work of the late John D. 
Barrow, was given to the association, with the building containing the 
collection, in 1905, and is administered by it for the benefit of the people 
of the town. The gallery is open free to the public daily from 9 to g. 

The association possesses also natural history collections, includ- 
ing the ferns of Onondaga County, presented by Mrs. Joseph C. 
Willets, and local geological and paleontological material, collected 
and presented by the late Ezra B. Knapp, representing a value of 
about $2000. 


SOUTHAMPTON, LONG ISLAND: 

SOUTHAMPTON ART MUSEUM. 

This museum, though incorporated, is a private collection, which 
is open free to the public without restriction of any kind. It was 
established by the owner, Samuel L. Parrish, in 1897, with the intent 
of embodying and illustrating the spirit of the Italian renaissance and 
contains about 50 original paintings and 12 copies, together with about 
roo reproductions in marble, terra cotta, and plaster of Greek and 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES 217 


renaissances culpture, and marble and terra cotta reproductions of 
furniture, etc. 

The museum building, erected 1896-7, with an addition by 
James C. Parrish in 1903, is surrounded by several acres of garden in 
which the trees, numbering about 175 varieties, are labeled with their 
botanical and common names. 

A library of about too volumes on art and travel is also accessible 
to the public and in the main hall of the museum building, which 
contains a pipe organ, free lectures on general educational subjects 
and musical entertainments are given from time to time. 

Mr. Parrish has published a historical, biographical, and descrip- 
tive catalog of the museum. 


SYRACUSE: 
ONONDAGA HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. (311 Montgomery 
Street.) 

This association maintains a collection of historical objects and 
antiques illustrative of American history, life, customs, and manners; 
portraits of famous Americans and prominent Onondagans; and 
specimens illustrating the flora of Onondaga County. These collec- 
tions occupy five floors of the society’s building and were first exhibited 
to the public in 1863. About ten years later they were retired from 
public view and again opened to visitors in 1894. The library of the 
association contains 2500 volumes, chiefly Americana, and both library 
and museum are open free to the public. 


SYRACUSE MUSEUM OF FINE ARTS. 


No reply has been received to repeated requests for information 
regarding this museum. 


SYRACUSE UNIVERSITY. 


The university maintains a museum, in charge of Charles W. Har- 
gitt, professor of zodlogy, Thomas C. Hopkins, professor of geology, 
and Wm. L. Bray, professor of botany; which is at present in process 
of transfer into new buildings not yet furnished for museum purposes. 

Botany. Cryptogams, tooo; Phanerogams, 5000. 

GeoLocy. Minerals, on exhibition, 2000, in storage, 3000; Rocks, 
1000; Dynamic geology, relief maps, models, etc., 30; a collection of 
calcites said to be the finest in the United States outside of Albany. 

PALEONTOLOGY. A reference collection of 680 cataloged speci- 
mens chiefly invertebrates; Ward casts of fossil vertebrates. 


218 DIRECTORY OF AMERICAN MUSEUMS 


ZOOLOGY. Shells, 8000; Other invertebrates, 500, including 25 
types and figured specimens, chiefly coelenterates; Fishes, 200; 
Batrachians, 50; Reptiles, 50; Birds, 300; Mammals, 25. 


ROE 

RENSSELAER POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE. 

The institute maintains a suitable teaching collection, including 
approximately 1500 fossils, 5000 minerals, 3000 rocks, 10,000 shells, 
a small number of other animals, a herbarium of 5000 plants, 300 
specimens of woods, a small ethnological collection, and a series of 
relief models and maps. This material is in charge of John M. Clarke, 
professor of geology. 


Wee Ay 

ONEIDA HISTORICAL SOCIETY. 

This society has a collection of articles of local historical interest 
in the Munson Williams Memorial building, the home of the society, 
where it also maintains a historical library. 


WATERLOO: 
WATERLOO LIBRARY AND HISTORICAL SOCIETY. 


In addition to a general library of 8000 volumes this society has a 


collection including troo+ anthropological specimens; a few oil paint- 
ings; coins of the United States and other nations; 200 oldorrare books; 
a collection of rocks; and maps, documents, and other material of 
local historical interest. The society receives an annual income of 
$500 from endowment, $roo from the state, and $100 from member- 
ships and entertainments. 


WATERTOWN: 

JEFFERSON COUNTY HISTORICAL SOCIETY. 

This society is said by Thwaites to maintain a museum of local 
history in a room in the Flower Memorial Library. 


WEST POINT: 

UNITED STATES MILITARY ACADEMY. 

ANTHROPOLOGY. A few implements of the stone age, and a 
small collection of Indian pottery. 

Art. The library contains portraits of Jefferson, Monroe, and 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES 219 


nine army officers by Thomas Sully; a bronze equestrian statue of 
Washington by R. S. Greenough; a bronze portrait bust of General 
Sherman by St. Gaudens; marble busts of Frederick the Great and 
von Moltke (the gifts of the German Emperor) and of Washington, 
Lafayette, and Napoleon; and plaster busts of the most famous 
military commanders of the world. A marble stele by St. Gaudens 
commemorates the artist Whistler and a marble door-way and tablet 
the poet, Edgar Allen Poe. A number of bronze and plaster medals 
are owned also. The library’s collection of 80,000 volumes includes 
many important works on architecture and other arts. 

GroLocy. Minerals, 4500; Rocks, 644. There is also a collec- 
tion of several thousand specimens of minerals and rocks for labor- 
atory use. 

PALEONTOLOGY. Invertebrates, 8500; Vertebrates (chiefly 
fishes), 150; Plants, 200. This collection includes 112 fossils from 
the Solenhofen limestone; 200 plant leaves from the Dakota cret- 
aceous; and a good general collection. 

ORDNANCE. This collection includes implements of present and 
past military service and is probably of more general interest than 
the other collections, which are maintained for teaching purposes. 


NORTH CAROLINA 


CHAPEL HILL: 
UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA. 


The university has teaching collections in lithology and economic 
geology, and has access to the collections of the state geological sur- 
vey. There are also small collections in other departments. 


CONCORD: 
SCOTIA SEMINARY. 


The seminary has a considerable collection of minerals. 


DAVIDSON: 
DAVIDSON COLLEGE. 


In addition to a general teaching collection the college possesses 
the Brumby collection comprising about 1200 minerals, 3500 fossils, 
and 2000 shells. It was acquired by the college about 1870. 


220 DIRECTORY OF AMERICAN MUSEUMS 


DURHAM: 

TRINITY COLLEGE. 

The college maintains small teaching collections, including a 
good collection of bird skins, skeletons for use in the study of compara- 
tive anatomy, and local collections of shells and other invertebrates 
from Beaufort, N. C. and Woods Hole, Mass. The collection is in 
charge of James J. Wolfe, professor of biology, but has no regular 
funds for development. 


TRINITY COLLEGE HISTORICAL SOCIETY. 

No reply has been received to repeated requests for information 
concerning this society, which is said by Thwaites to maintain a 
collection of portraits and articles of local historical interest in the 
library of Trinity College. 


RALEIGH: 
NORTH CAROLINA STATE MUSEUM. 

STAFF. Curator, H. H. Brimley; Assistant curator, T. W. Adickes; 
Director of hall of history, F. A. Olds; Usher, A. H. Lewis; 1 janitor, 
x night watchman, and 1 engineer. 

ANTHROPOLOGY. About tooo objectsrelating to the native races 
of North Carolina. 

ArT. 1 case of chinaware, illustrating the possibilities of North 
Carolina kaolin. 

Botany. 60 jars of native forest seeds; 322 specimens of native 
woods; 500 jars of native medicinal plants; and 500+ forestry speci- 
mens in storage. 

COMMERCE AND InpuSTRY. A small collection of kalmia and 
rhododendron blocks illustrating the “briar”’ pipe industry; collec- 
tions illustrating the turpentine industry and the possibilities of 
ornamental native woods; a large collection of agricultural and horti- 
cultural specimens and photographs; building stones of North Carolina; 
a large series of photographs and transparencies illustrating many of 
the industries of the state. 

Epucation. An oyer-crowded exhibit occupying 300 square feet 
of floor space devoted to the public schools of North Carolina. 

GroLtocy. Minerals, on exhibition, 2400,in storage, many hun- 
dred; Rocks, 600; Relief maps,1; Native ores and economic minerals, 
on exhibition, 3000, in storage, many hundred; Native building and 
ornamental stones, 128; Meteorites, a small collection; Diamond drill 
cores and artesian well borings. Special attention is given to the non- 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES 22 


metallic economic minerals, including talc, corundum, kaolin, mica, 
monazite, semi-precious stones, and native gold. 

History. 7000 objects illustrating the history of North Carolina, 
including paintings, photographs, war relics, books, utensils, vehicles, 
manuscripts, letters, autographs, etc. This is said to be the largest 
state collection in the country. 

PALEONTOLOGY. Small collections of invertebrate and verte- 
brate fossils. 

ZoOLoGy. Insects, on exhibition, 7000; Other invertebrates, on 
exhibition, 300, in storage, 200+; Fishes, on exhibition, 131, in storage, 
200+; Batrachians, on exhibition, 68, in storage, 200+; Reptiles, on 
exhibition, 150, in storage, 200+; Birds, on exhibition, 364, in storage, 
1500+; Mammals, on exhibition, 70, in storage, 300+. There are 
also collections of native furs; bird eggs; and skulls of birds, mammals, 
and reptiles. There are 31 small and 3 large groups of animals exhibi- 
ted in natural surroundings, including the opossum, snowy owl, 
double-crested cormorant, loon, bob-white, ducks, squirrels, anhinga, 
eagles, deer, mink, etc. 

HistoricaL SKETCH. The nucleus of the present museum is the 
collection of minerals and fossils accumulated by the state geologist, 
whose office was established in 1850. Since 1879 the museum has been 
a division of the state department of agriculture. It at first occupied 
one small room over a store; from 1881 to 1894 it occupied two rooms 
covering about 3000 square feet of floor spacein the present building;in 
1895 two more rooms were added, bringing the floor space up to a 
total of less than 7000 square feet. Since 1895 the floor space has 
increased fourfold and the collections more than tenfold under the 
administration of the present curator. The hall of history was estab- 
lished in 1902 by the present director of that department. 

FINANCIAL Support. By the state department of agriculture; 
additions and repairs to the building are charged against the general 
fund of the department; new cases and new material are frequently 
acquired indirectly through participation in various expositions. It is 
therefore impossible to give financial statistics of value for comparison 
with other institutions. 

Burtpinc. The museum occupies 22,626 square feet of floor 
space for exhibition, and 4200 for offices, workrooms, and storage in 
the agricultural building. 

ADMINISTRATION. By a curator, responsible directly to the com- 
missioner of agriculture on all matters except finances, which are 
passed upon by the board of agriculture. 


222 DIRECTORY OF AMERICAN MUSEUMS 


Scope. Instruction of the general public and the maintenance 
of local collections are the chief purposes of the museum. The col- 
lections are.almost exclusively confined to North Carolina material. 
An additional function of the museum is the preparation of exhibits 
representing North Carolina in various expositions. 

LIBRARY. A small reference library is maintained for the use of 
the staff. 

PusLications. The only publications of the museum are semi- 
annual reports to the board of agriculture, and biennial reportsincluded 
in the reports of the commissioner of agriculture to the legislature. 

ATTENDANCE. Open free to the public daily except Sundays and 
Christmas from 9 to 5 in winter and 9 to6insummer. The attendance is 
estimated at 100,000 annually. 


cE ROVOIN: 
GREEN MUSEUM. 


This collection includes a herbarium of 4000 cryptogams and 200 
phanerogams; 1314 minerals; 400 invertebrate and a few vertebrate 
and plant fossils; 550+ shells; and a number of corals, sponges, etc. 
It is now in the private residence of Professor H. A. Green, but has 
recently been given by him to the town of Tryon, in trust for the Tryon 
white schools. 


POLK COUNTY MUSEUM. 


This museum was gathered for the Tryon board of trade by a com- 
mittee of which H. A. Green was chairman. It is at present housed in 
the Laneer Library, which is open free to the public twice each week. 
The collection includes 71 minerals, too+ specimens of native woods 
and leaves, and a collection of local Indian relics; everything in the 
museum is from Polk County. Itis hoped soon to have a more suitable 
housing and to add other collections. 


WAKE FOREST: 

WAKE FOREST COLLEGE. 

A room in the biological laboratory, set apart as a college museum, 
contains teaching collections used in the science departments. There 


are also special collections in the departments of chemistry and med- 
icine. 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES 223 


NORTH DAKOTA 


BISMARCK: 

STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY. 

The State Historical Society was organized in 1895, reorganized ~ 
in 1903, and permanently established in the state capitol in 1906. It 
receives $4600 a year from the state for the maintenance of its museum 
and field work, in addition to the amount received from memberships 
at $2a year. It maintains a museum in charge of H. C. Fish, curator, 
devoting special attention to local history and containing thousands 
of specimens of the Mandan, Hidatsa, and Arikara Indians, with good 
exhibits of the Chippewas and Dakotas. There is also a library of 
2000 volumes, including a special collection of books on the history of 
the Northwest, and complete files of state papers. 

Lectures are given about the state to citizens, and also in the mus- 
eum to school children; the total attendance is nearly 4500 a year. 
The society has published 2 volumes of its Collections. 


FARGO: 

AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. 

The college maintains teaching collections in charge of a committee 
of the faculty, consisting of J. H. Worst, J. H. Shepperd, C. I. Gunness, 
and W. B. Bell. The collections include too anthropological speci- 
mens; a herbarium of 1135 cryptogams and 7118 phanerogams, chiefly 
from the West and Northwest; 600 minerals, 300 rocks, and 11 relief 
maps, models, etc.; too invertebrate fossils; and a fair collection of 
northwestern vertebrates, chiefly Dakota forms. There are also mus- 
eum collections in connection with the agricultural and chemical] de- 
partments. 

It is proposed to unite the now scattered collections in a new science 
hall when completed. 


UNIVERSITY: | 

UNIVERSITY OF NORTH DAKOTA. Museum. 

The museum is reported by M. A. Brannon, professor of biology, 
as a general and promiscuous collection possessed of much valuable 
material but unclassified and without financial support. 

The collection is said by Merrill to include tooo fossils, 2000 min- 
erals, 800 specimens of economic geology, 299 specimens in zodlogy, 
4640 specimens in botany, and 650 ethnological specimens. 


224 DIRECTORY OF AMERICAN MUSEUMS 


OHIO 
AKRON: 
ZOOLOGICAL PARK. 


This zoological park of 3 acres was established in 1903 and con- 
tains 2 reptiles, 28 birds, and 30 mammals. 


BEREA: 

BALDWIN UNIVERSITY. 

The president reports that a small museum is maintained by the 
university, but no further information has been received. The collec- 
tion is said by Merrill to comprise a few botanical specimens, 500 


minerals and rocks, 300 fossils, and 300 zoélogical specimens, mostly 
invertebrates. 


CANTON: 
ZOOLOGICAL PARK. 


The city maintains a zodlogica] park of 3 acres, established in 1892, 
containing 5 reptiles, 120 birds, and 50 mammals. 


CINCINNATI: 
CINCINNATI MUSEUM ASSOCIATION. 

STAFF. Director, J. H. Gest; Curators, L. H. Meakin (paintings), 
C. J. Barnhorn (sculpture), Philip Hinkle (American archeology), 
F. W. Hinkle (arms and armor); Librarian, Elizabeth Kellogg; 1 
cashier and stenographer, r superintendent of buildings and grounds, 
1 cabinet maker and carpenter, 1 painter, 1 printer, 1 binder, and 12 
janitors, watchmen, etc. 

ANTHROPOLOGY. Uncivilized peoples: Archeology, native, 30,000; 
Ethnology, native, goo, foreign, t100. Civilized peoples, Greek and 
Roman antiquities not separately enumerated. Life-size ethnological 
groups are not yet on exhibition but are contemplated. 

Art. Sculpture, 61 originals, 173 large and 964 small casts, and 
ivory carvings, covering the history of art from Egyptian and Greek 
to modern; Prints and engravings, tooo; Oil paintings, 503, and water 
colors, 200, especially rich in modern American work; Ceramics, 
6000, including prehistoric American, Greek, modern European, and 
American (2000 pieces of Rookwood, etc.); Textiles, 1168, including 
special collections of European lace, and textiles from India; Drawings, 
1500, including the C. F. Lessing collection; Metal work, 1908, covering 
the history of the art from Greek and Roman to modern; Arms and 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES 225 


armor, 371, from primitive to medieval and modern; Musical instru- 
ments, 280; Casts from engraved gems, intaglios, cameos, etc., from 
classic to modern, 2100; Miscellaneous, including loans and unclassi- 
fied and uncataloged material. The total number of entries recorded 
on January 1, 1909, Was 74,397. 

HistoricaL SKETCH. The Cincinnati Museum Association was 
incorporated in 1881 for the purpose of maintaining a museum and of 
using its contents for public education by means of classes and other 
activities. The city granted the association a reservation of 19 acres 
in Eden Park, upon which to erect buildings, but has given no financial 
aid. The addition of a department of natural history is contemplated 
as soon as adequatefunds areavailable. Theassociation also maintains 
a school known as the Art Academy of Cincinnati, established in 1869 
and attached to the museum in 1884. It provides instruction to 400 
students in drawing, painting, modeling, designing, and applied art. 

FINANCIAL Support. Income from endowment, $35,061; mem- 
berships, $1500; admission fees, $2626; other sources, $7000. Of these 
funds $21,800 are applied to the museum; the remainder to the 
academy. 

Burtpinc. The buildings were erected in 1886, 1887, and 1907, 
at a total cost of about $570,000, paid by the association, aided by 
private donations. The museum occupies 35,000 square feet of floor 
space for exhibition, and 16,000 for offices, workrooms, etc. The 
building also provides 28,000 square feet of floor space used by the 
academy. 

ADMINISTRATION. By the board of trustees through committees 
of which the director is the executive officer. 

Scope. In addition to the purposes reviewed above special loan 
exhibits of contemporary art are held at frequent intervals, and lec- 
tures and personal conferences are used to aid visitors in the study of 
the collections. 

LrpraRy. 3500 bound volumes, 5600 pamphlets and catalogs, 
and 6000 photographs, chiefly relating to art and archeology and 
intended for the use of both staff and public. 

PuBLIcATIONS. (1) Annualreports. (2) Catalog of the permanent 
collections of paintings. (3) Catalogs and lists of special exhibitions, 
about 20 issued annually. (4) Catalog of the Bookwalter collection. 
(5) Library book lists. (6) Occasional monographs. (7) Catalog of 
the Art Academy. 

ATTENDANCE. Free Saturdays, to cents admission Sundays, 25 
cents other days. Artists, students, and classes with teachers always 
free. Attendance in 1g09, 54,088. 


226 DIRECTORY OF AMERICAN MUSEUMS 


CINCINNATI SOCIETY OF NATURAL HISTORY. Museum. 
(312 Broadway.) 

StaFF. Director, T. B. Collier; Curators, Walter H. Aiken (her- 
barium), A. C. Billups (conchology), William Osburn (entomology), 
H. Wuestner (mineralogy), Charles Andrew (photography) ;. Librarian 
and curator of paleontology, J. M. Nickles. 

ANTHROPOLOGY. A large case of prehistoric relics from Madison- 
ville, including 120 skulls, some pottery, many bones of animals, etc., 
and about 20 boxes of similar material in storage. 

Botany. A classified herbarium of over 4000 species of phanero- 
gams and ferns; the C. G. Lloyd collection of about 10,000 native and 
European plants not yet arranged; a collection of cryptogams, parti- 
cularly fungi, which is now receiving special attention. 

GroLocy. The Paul Mohr collection of 2457 minerals and rocks; 
the Allen collection of 1200 minerals and rocks; and a number of other 
special collections, making a total of about 4000 specimens represent- 
ing 360 species and 210 varieties of minerals, with fair collections of 
rocks, especially marbles, volcanic rocks, and ores. 

PALEONTOLOGY. The Paul Mohr collection of 4390 species; the 
J. Ralston Skinner collection of paleozoic fossils, and a nearly com- 
plete series of the fossils of the Cincinnati region. Much material 
belonging to this department is in storage for lack of exhibition space. 

ZOOLOGY. A shell collection including tooo species of marine 
shells, an extensive collection of land and fresh-water univalve shells, 
and the E. D. Cope collection of 1500 species of fresh-water gastropods 
and bivalves. The collection of Naiades is said to be second only to 
that of the National Museum. A large collection of other inverte- 
brates is for the most part in storage. There is a large vertebrate 
series well representing the various orders; 2000 unmounted skins of 
birds and mammals; a collection of skeletons, mostly disarticulated; 
etc. 

HistoricaAL SKETCH. The society was organized in 1870 and 
occupied quarters in the Cincinnati College building on Walnut Street 
until 1877, when it removed to its present building. In 1871 the Wes- 
tern Academy of Natura! Science transferred to the Society $351 in 
money, 265 books, and its collections. In 1872 Mr. Robert Buchanan 
donated riz volumes from his library and 3 cases of fossils, shells, 
and minerals. In 1875 Mr. Charles Bodmann gave the society by his 
will $50,000. Of thissum $11,500 was spent in the purchase and repair 
of the property now occupied. 

FINANCIAL Support. An annual income of $1700 from the Bod- 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES 227], 


mann endowment and about $600 from memberships. The publica- 
tions are supported by private contributions. 

ADMINISTRATON. By a director, responsible to an executive board 
which is elected annually by the society. 

Scope. Exploration, research, and public instruction through the 
maintenance of a museum and library. A winter course of free lectures 
on popular science is maintained. The museum devotes special atten- 
tion to local collections. 

Lisrary. The library includes nearly 22,000 bound volumes and 
pamphlets and is intended for the use of both staff and public. 

PUBLICATIONS. 21 volumes of the Journal of the Cincinnati 
Society of Natural History have been issued since 1878. 

ATTENDANCE. Open free to the public on week-days from 8 to 5. 
There is a registered attendance of about 2000 annually, including 
classes from the public schools. 


CUVIER CLUB. 


The Cuvier Club was organized in 1871 chiefly for the purpose 
of promoting the enforcement of game and fish laws, and restocking 
the streams with food fishes and the woods and fields with game. As 
an incident to this work it maintains a small collection of mounted 
fishes, birds, and mammals, and a small library of natural history. 
The collection is in charge of Charles Drury, custodian, and is open 
free to schools and the general public. 


HISTORICAL AND PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY OF OHIO. 
(Burnet Woods Park.) 
In addition to a valuable historical library, this society has a 
small collection of Indian relics and a number of historical portraits, 
but does not endeavor to develop a formal museum. 


LLOYD LIBRARY AND MUSEUM. 


This institution is the outgrowth of the private libraries and col- 
lections of Curtis Gates Lloyd and John Uri Lloyd, the former sup- 
porting the botanical department, the latter the pharmaceutical. It 
is now incorporated as a free public institution for the benefit of 
science, and is housed in two four-story fireproof buildings. The first 
of these, erected in 1902, contains the herbarium and mycological 
collection, in charge of W. H. Aiken, curator. The general herbarium 
comprises about 30,000 specimens, while the mycological collection, 
second to none in the world, contains many thousand dried specimens, 


228 DIRECTORY OF AMERICAN MUSEUMS 


particularly of the Gastromycetes, the study of fungi being for many 
years past the specialty of Mr. Curtis Gates Lloyd. 

The second building, erected in 1907-8, is devoted to the Lloyd 
library of botany, pharmacy, and materia medica, comprising approxi- 
mately 25,000 bound volumes and over 20,000 pamphlets, under the 
care of William Holden, librarian, and Edith Wycoff, assistant librarian. 


UNIVERSITY OF CINCINNATI. Museum. (Burnet Woods Park.) 

SLAFE. Curator, ——-—;, Assistants, J. Ernest) (Carmangcame 
Annette Francis Braun; 1 janitor. 

ANTHROPOLOGY. A large collection of Philippine pottery, knives, 
clothing, etc.; a collection of skulls and relics of mound builders. 

Art. Casts of sculpture, 25; Prints and engravings, 25. 

Botany. Cryptogams, 50; Phanerogams, 250. 

Grotocy. Minerals, on exhibition, 400, in storage, 400; Rocks, 
in storage, 800; Relief maps, models. etc., 12. 

PALEONTOLOGY. Invertebrates, on exhibition, 600, in storage, 
600; Plants, in storage, 50. 

ZOOLOGY. Shells, on exhibition, 2000, in storage, 5000; Insects, 
on exhibition, 2500, in storage, 2000; Other invertebrates, on exhibition, 
100, in storage, 1000; Fishes, on exhibition, 50, in storage, 300; Batra- 
chians, on exhibition, 5, in storage, 20; Reptiles, on exhibition, 10, in 
storage, 50; Birds, on exhibition, 750, in storage, 600; Mammals, 
on exhibition, 175, in storage, too. There are 6 small and 7 large 
groups of animals exhibited in natural surroundings. 

HIstorIcaAL SKETCH. The museum was established in Cunning- 
ham Hall in t900 and moved to larger quarters in McMicken Hall in 
1907. At this time a taxidermist was employed as curator to rearrange 
and relabel the collections and to prepare groups in natural surround- 
ings. 

FINANCIAL Support. Irregular appropriations from the uni- 
versity. 

BuILpDING. The museum occupies 3000 square feet of floor space 
for exhibition, and 2500 for offices, workrooms, etc. in McMicken Hall. 

Scope. College teaching and public instruction. 

ATTENDANCE. Open free to the public daily except Sunday from 
8.30 to 5. 


ZOOLOGICAL PARK. 
This zodlogical park of 63 acres was established in 1875 and con- 
tains 125 reptiles, 12co birds, and 520 mammals. 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES 229 


CLEVELAND: 
CASE SCHOOL OF APPLIED SCIENCE. Museum. 


STaFF. Curator, F. M. Comstock. 

Botany. 6000 herbarium sheets, including 2724+ species of the 
flora of Ohio; and 228 specimens of woods. 

GroLtocy. Minerals, on exhibition, 2842, in storage, a large 
collection; Rocks, 1714; Dynamic geology, etc., 2181; Economic 
geology, 1200. 

PALEONTOLOGY. 800+ invertebrate, vertebrate, and plant fossils. 

ZOOLoGyY. Shells, 743; Other invertebrates, 672; Fishes, 228; 
Batrachians and reptiles, 236; Birds, 1509 (mounted specimens, skins, 
nests and eggs); Mammals, 131. 

FINANCIAL SUPPORT. $1roo-$300 annually from the funds of the 
school. 

LIBRARY. 1549 bound volumes and 7196 pamphlets on natural 
science, intended for the use of the staff and students. 


CLEVELAND MUSEUM OF ART. 


A number of bequests amounting to about $2,000,000 have been 
made for the establishment of art galleries in Cleveland. These be- 
quests are under the care of independent trustees and are, for various 
reasons, not yet fully available for the establishment of amuseum. 
It is expected, however, that an effective organization will soon be 
achieved and that a building willbe erected ata cost of about $1,000,000. 
A small collection of paintings and objects of art now stored at the 
Cleveland School of Art is available as a nucleus of the museum. It is 
probable that a school of fine arts will ultimately be maintained in 
connection with the museum. The secretary and treasurer is Hermon 
A. Kelley, 702 Western Reserve Building. 


WESTERN RESERVE HISTORICAL SOCIETY. (Euclid Avenue 
and 107th Street.) 


STAFF. Curator, Albion M. Dyer. 

ANTHROPOLOGY. Relics, implements, and weapons of the abor- 
igines and early settlers of the Western Reserve; civil war relics; 
1 Egyptian mummy; 25 human skulls, many from the vicinity of 
Cleveland; pottery of the mound builders and the prehistoric peoples 
of Colorado and Peru; and a collection of Chinese wearing apparel. 

GEOLOGY AND PALEONTOLOGY. United States geological survey 
relief maps and models, and extensive collections which are not yet 
sorted nor cataloged. 


230 DIRECTORY OF AMERICAN MUSEUMS 


History. An extensive and complete collection of historical 
maps and atlases covering the entire range of history from the 16th 
century to the present day; civil war relics; a statue of Oliver Hazard 
Perry; prints and engravings of Western Reserve, early Cleveland, and 
vicinity; many oil portraits of localinterest; anda collection of garments 
worn in the United States from colonial times through the civil war. 

Numismatics. A good collection, also a collection of Confederate 
and other paper money. ' 

ZoOLoGy. A few shells and butterflies. 

HIsToRICAL SKETCH. The museum is the result of giftsto the 
Western Reserve Historical Society, which originated in 1867. 

FINANCIAL SUPPORT. At present there are no special funds for 
maintenance, but it is expected that an endowment fund will soon be 
provided for the society, after which the museum will be cataloged and 
described. 

Buitpinc. The museum occupies a portion of the building owned 
and used by the society. 

ADMINISTRATION. By a curater, responsible to a board of 
trustees. 

Scope. The museum is not limited in number of departments nor 
in territory represented. A special effort, however, is made to assem- 
ble local collections, and to interest the pupils of the private and public 
schools, who frequently visit the museum with their teachers. 

Liprary. A library of 30,000 volumes and as many pamphlets is 
maintained by the society. Coilections of books, maps, prints, etc., 
are exhibited from time to time in the museum. The collection of 
books on Arctic exploration, of 200 separate titles, is one of the finest 
in the United States. 

PusriicaTions. The Western Reserve Historical Society Tracts 
contain many numbers of anthropological, geographical, and geological 
interest. 

ATTENDANCE. Open free to the public daily, except Sundays and 
holidays, from 9g to 5s. 


WESTERN RESERVE UNIVERSITY. 

The university maintains a small geological and zoélogical collec- 
tion in charge of F. H.Herrick, professor of biology, and H. P. Cushing, 
professor of geology. The collections comprise about 6000 specimens 
in paleontology, including the S. G. Williams collection of 2500 fossils, 
chiefly of the New York paleozoic; about 2500 minerals; 1200 rocks; 
tooo botanical specimens representing the flora of Ohio fairly com- 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES 231 


pletely, with considerable foreign material; and about 10,000 zoélogical 
specimens, including good representations of the fresh-water shells and 
the birds of the state. Much of this material is derived from the pri- 
vate collections of the late Dr. J. P. Kirtland, H. K. Winslow, and the 
collections of the Kirtland Society of Natural History. A skeleton 
of the lobster is the largest in existence with the exception of one or 
two in the American Museum in New York. 


ZOOLOGICAL PARK. 
The city maintains a zoélogical park of 20 acres, established in 
1893, containing 48 reptiles, 112 birds, and 102 mammals. 


COLUMBUS: 


OHIO STATE ARCHZ OLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL SOCIETY. 
Museum. (Page Hall, Ohic State University. ) 


Starr. Curator and librarian, William C. Mills; Museum assis- 
tant, A. Brown; 2 janitors. 

ANTHROPOLOGY. Uncivilized peoples: Archeology of Ohio, 100,- 
ooo; Ethnology of Ohio, 2000. Civilized peoples, modern, 700. The 
museum consists for the most part of explorations in Ohio under the 
supervision of the curator and includes representative collections from 
each county. 

HistoricaL SKETCH. The Ohio State Archeological and His- 
torical Society was incorporated in 1885, as a revival of the Archeo- 
logical Society formed in 1875, and has maintained a museum from its 
beginning. 

FINANCIAL Support. The society receives approximately the 
following amounts each year: life memberships, $395; active member- 
ships, $102; income from endowment, $244; state appropriation for 
current expenses, $2377, for publication, $3200, for field work, $1247. 

Burtpinc. The museum occupies 7760 square feet of floor space 
for exhibition, and 1800 for offices and storage, in Page Hall, erected in 
tgot by Ohio State University at a cost of $90,000. 

ADMINISTRATION. By a curator, responsible to a committee 
of the society. 

Scope. Exploration and research by the staff, college teaching, 
and public school work. 

LrprarRy. 4000 bound volumes and 3500 pamphlets on history 
and archeology, intended for the use of both staff and public. 

PuBLicaTions. (1) Annual publication, 18 volumes issued. (2) 
Miscellaneous publications, 6 volumes issued. 

ATTENDANCE. Open free to the public on week-days, from 8.30 
to 5. 


232 DIRECTORY OF AMERICAN MUSEUMS 


OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY. 

The university maintains teaching collections in connection with 
its several departments, as follows: 

Botany. A general herbarium of 30,000 sheets; a state herbarium 
of 20,000 sheets of spermatophytes and pteridophytes and 10,000 
bryophytes and thalophytes; the Kellerman herbarium of parasitic 
fungi; and about 3000 museum specimens illustrating native trees, 
medicinal plants, economic products, etc. 

GroLocy. A small collection of minerals and rocks, and about 
2000 specimens illustrating the economic geology of Ohio. The mater- 
ial collected by the state geological survey is required by law to be 
deposited with the university. 

PALEONTOLOGY. A general series of gooo fossils in which local 
formations are well represented. 

ZOOLoGyY. Shells, 3500; Insects, 40,000; Other invertebrates, 96; 
Fishes, 289; Batrachians, 45; Reptiles, 100; Birds, 250 mounted speci- 
mens and 2500 skins; Mammals, 25 mounted specimens, 50 alcoholic 
specimens, and 300 skeletons, skulls, and anatomical preparations. 
The Ohio fauna is well represented in the collection. 


DELAWARE: 

OHIO WESLEYAN UNIVERSITY. 

The college maintains museum collections,in charge of Lewis G. 
Westgate, curator, as follows: 

ANTHROPOLOGY. The William Walker cabinet of American 
archeology, recently enlarged and rearranged in eight new cases. 

GroLocy. The Merrick-Trimble collection of minerals; a series 
of rocks; and specimens illustrating structural and dynamic geology. 

PALEONTOLOGY. The William Wood cabinet of casts, containing 
an almost complete series of Ward’s casts; the Mann cabinet of fossils; 
a very full series of Ohio fossils; and a very fine series of devonian 
fishes, largely collected and presented by Rev. William Kepler. 

ZOOLOGY. The Prescott cabinet of shells; a collection of corals 
given bythe class of 1881; a collection of marine specimens of the 
Atlantic coast, collected by Edward T. Nelson, for many years curator 
of the museum; the Webber-Merrill cabinet of Palestinian specimens, 
very rich in birds; a collection of native birds, already including over 
half the species known to Ohio; mounted and unmounted skeletons; 
and series of anatomical and embryological models. 

Buitpincs. The geological collections are in Sturges Hall, while 
the remainder are on the third floor of Merrick Hall. 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES 233 


FREMONT: 


SANDUSKY COUNTY PIONEER AND HISTORICAL ASSOCIA- 
TION. 


This association maintains a collection of articles of historical 
interest, in a room in the Birchard Library. 


GREENVILLE: 
CARNEGIE LIBRARY. Museum Department. 


STAFF. Honorary curator, Charles L. Katzenberger; Curators, 
George A. Katzenberger, Frazer E. Wilson, and A. C. Robeson; 1 guide, 
and 1 janitor. 

ANTHROPOLOGY. One case of selected Indian implements, and 
ethnological collections from the Philippines, Japan, Mexico, North 
American Indians of to-day, etc. 

Art. A small collection of material chiefly related to either the 
anthropological or the historical collections. 

Botany. A small collection of dried woods, ete. 

EpucaATIon. Selected specimens of drawing and basketry from 
the graded schools and handicraft from the kindergarten are exhibited 
annually. 

GeoLocy. Small collections of minerals and rocks. 

History. Old deeds, manuscripts, books, paintings, household 
utensils, relics of Indian wars of 1791-5 and of the civil war, and 
other material illustrating local history. 

Pargronrotocy. An almost complete unmounted skeleton of 
Mastodon giganteus. 

ZooLocy. A small collection. 

HISTORICAL SKETCH. The museum was established in rgor under 
the direction of the public school board. The nucleus of the museum 
is the Anthony and Charles L. Katzenberger collection; other material 
has been added by purchase or loaned indefinitely to the museum. The 
Greenville Historical Society has been instrumental in securing much 
of the historical and anthropological material. 

FINANCIAL Support. Special appropriations from the school 
board. 

Burtpinc. The museum occupies 5000 square feet of floor space 
for exhibition, and 300 for offices, etc. in the basement of the Carnegie 
Library, erected in rgot. 

ADMINISTRATION. By a board of curators, responsible to the pub- 
jic school board. 


234 DIRECTORY OF AMERICAN MUSEUMS 


Scope. Public instruction, local collections, and public school 
work are the aims of the museum. 
ATTENDANCE. Open free to the public on week-days from 9 to 5. 


HIRAM: 

HIRAM COLLEGE. 

The college has a small teaching collection under the care of 
George H. Colton, curator, occupying two rooms in the main college 
building. The collection includes about 3000 Indian relics and other 
archeological specimens, a small herbarium, 200 minerals and 500 
rocks, 150 invertebrate fossils, 200 shells, 30 birds, and 5 mammals. 
The museum has no regular income. 


NORWALK: 

FIRELANDS HISTORICAL SOCIETY. 

The president reports that the society maintains a museum, but 
no further information has been received. 


OBERLIN: 

OBERLIN COLLEGE. 

The college maintains teaching collections in connection with its 
scientific departments and under the care of the following: IF. O. 
Grover (botany); E. B. Branson (geology); F. F. Jewett (mineralogy) ; 
Lynds Jones (zoélogy). 

Botany. Cryptogams (except ferns), 43,548; Phanerogams and 
ferns, 90,930. ‘There is also a general collection of fruits, seeds, and 
woods. 

GroLocy. Minerals, on exhibition, rooo,in storage, but accessible 
for study, 4000; Rocks, on exhibition, 600, in storage, 5000; Relief 
maps, models, etc., 5. 

PALEONTOLOGY. Invertebrates, on exhibition, tooo, in storage, 
10,000, types and figured specimens, 200; Vertebrates, on exhibition, 
100, in storage, 700, types and figured specimens, 23; Plants, on ex- 
hibition, 200, in storage, 1000. A restoration of Dinichthys terrelli is 
on exhibition. 

Zo6Locy. Shells, on exhibition, 2000,in storage, 10,000; Insects, 
on exhibition, 5000, in storage, 500; Other_invertebrates, on exhibi- 
tion, 3000, in storage, 4000; Fishes, on exhibition, 500, in storage, 
tooo; Batrachians, on exhibition, 200, in storage, 100; Reptiles, on 
exhibition, 100, in storage, 100; Birds, on exhibition, 557, in storage, 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES 235 


1600; Mammals, on exhibition, too, in storage, 200. The figures given 
are approximate. 

HistTorIcaAL SKETCH. These collections were maintained as a unit 
until 1891, when a separate department of botany was created. In 
1905 a separate department of geology was formed. 

FINANCIAL Support. The college expends about $575 a year on 
the collections. 


OBERLIN COLLEGE. Olney Art Collection. 


~ This collection includes 250 oil paintings; 8 water colors; valuable 
ivory carvings from Japan, China, and Europe; an excellent collec- 
tion of Satsuma; teakwood cabinets; wood carving; cloisonné; bronze; 
jade; lacquers; and semi-precious stones. 
The collection is administered by a committee of the faculty, C. 
B. Martin, chairman, and is under the immediate care of Mrs. A. A. 
Wright, custodian, with the assistance of a student janitor. 


SCIO: 
SCIO COLLEGE. 


No reply has been received to repeated requests for information 
regarding the college collections, which are said by Merrill to comprise - 
a small anthropological collection, 800 specimens of American plants 
and woods, 2000 minerals, 500 other geological specimens, and 150 
zodlogical specimens. 


SPRINGFIELD: 
CLARK COUNTY HISTORICAL SOCIETY. 


The society maintains a museum occupying about 3200 square feet 
of floor space, and containing archeological exhibits; a collection of 
books and manuscripts pertaining to the early history of Clark County, 
stage roads, stage-houses (taverns), mills and factories; a collection of 
oil paintings, engravings, and other pictures of old landmarks of the 
city and county, including mills, taverns, and covered bridges on the 
old national road; a collection of mill stones and mile stones; bound 
volumes of Springfield newspapers dating from 1829; war relics and 
implements of pioneer days; rare coins and paper money; minerals 
and rocks; a herbarium; and 250 varieties of bird eggs. 

The collection is in charge of W. Mayne Harris, secretary and cur- 
ator, and is open free to the public on week-days from 9g to 4. 


236 DIRECTORY OF AMERICAN MUSEUMS 


TIFFIN: 

HEIDELBERG UNIVERSITY. 

The university maintains a museum in charge of M. E. Kleckner, 
curator and professor of biology. The collections occupy about 2500 
square feet of floor space and include a small series of relics of Ameri- 
can Indians.and mound builders; about 200 minerals, including un- 
usual calcites, a good representation of celestites and sphalerites, and 
a full series of local minerals; a fairly full series of local devonian and 
Niagara fossils; and a zodlogical collection. 


TOLEDO: 

TOLEDO MUSEUM OF ART. 

STaFF. Director, George W. Stevens; Librarian, Grace E. Worts; 
r superintendent of building and 5 minor employees. 

ANTHROPOLOGY. Archeology, native, 500, foreign, 680. 

Art. Sculpture and casts, 56; Oil paintings, 78; Prints and en- 
gravings, 1200; Ceramics, 150. 

HISsToRICAL SKETCH. The Toledo Museum of Art was organized 
in 1903, and is supported by an association of 700 members, including 
annual members paying $10 a year and sustaining members paying 
$50 a year. 

FINANCIAL Support. Income from memberships, $9000 a year. 
Application for a city appropriation will be made upon completion 
of the new building. 

BuriLpinc. As a result of a gift of $150,000 from Mr. E. D. Lib- 


bey, and other amounts secured by subscription, a building is being 


erected to cost about $400,000. It is of white marble with a frontage 
of 250 feet and a depth of 150 feet. 

ScopEe. Inaddition to its permanent exhibitions the museum main- 
tains about g transient exhibits each year, conducts free lectures on 
art, and codperates with the public schools in giving daily lectures to 
the pupils. 

Lrprary. A reference library of 2000 volumes on art, intended 
for use of both staff and public. 

PusLicaTions. (1) Annual reports. (2) Museum News, issued 
quarterly. 

ATTENDANCE. 56,000 in 1909. 

ZOOLOGICAL PARK. 

The city maintains a zoélogical park of 35 acres, established in 
Ig00, containing 30 reptiles, 110 birds, and 160 mammals. 


ye 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES 237 


YELLOW SPRINGS: 

ANTIOCH COLLEGE. 

The president reports that the college maintains a museum, but 
no reply has been received to repeated requests for further information. 
The collections are said by Merrill to comprise 20 anthropological 
specimens, a herbarium of 600 local plants, 500 minerals, 10,000 fos- 
sils, and a zoélogical collection, including 3000 unnamed shells, 500 
insects unarranged, a small synoptic series of invertebrates, a few 
poorly mounted skeletons and 2 mounted mammals. 


OKLAHOMA 
BACONE: 

BACONE COLLEGE. 

The college has a small collection of Indian curiosities and biologi- 
cal and geological specimens, occupying about 225 square feet of floor 
space in a room of the library building, and used primarily for teach- 
ing purposes. 


OKLAHOMA CITY: 

OKLAHOMA HISTORICAL SOCIETY. 

This society was organized in 1893 and was made a state institu- 
tion in 1895. It maintains a museum and library in charge of W. P. 
Campbell, custodian. The museum includes an extensive collection 
of miscellaneous articles of local historical interest, together with 
Indian relics and natural history specimens. The library contains 
books, documents, and photographs relating to Oklahoma and its 
history, and a collection of rare prints and publications. The society 
occupies about 1800 square feet of exhibition space in a fireproof 
building. It receives a state appropriation of $2000 per annum in 
addition to its membership fees. It publishes a series of annual reports 
and a quarterly journal. The collections are open free to the public 
on week-days from g to 6. 


ZOOLOGICAL PARK. 
The city maintains a zodlogical park of to acres, established in 
1905, containing 50 birds and 110 mammals. 


238 DIRECTORY OF AMERICAN MUSEUMS 


OREGON 
CORVALLIS: 
OREGON AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. 


The college maintains a museum, in charge of A. B. Cordley, dean 
and professor of zodlogy, comprising a herbarium of 10,000 phanero- 
gams and vascular cryptogams, 1500 fungi, and about 15,000 unclassi- 
fied specimens; 1000 minerals; 75,000 Oregon insects; and a zoélogical 
collection, including a valuable collection of Oregon birds, a synoptic 
collection of marine invertebrates, and a small number of Oregon mam- 
mals. 


EUGENE: 
UNIVERSITY OF OREGON. 


The geological department maintains a museum in charge of 
F. L. Barker, professor of geology. The most important collection is 
the Condon collection of vertebrate fossils from the John Day beds and 
other deposits of Eastern Oregon. This material is cataloged and pre- 
pared forexhibition. Therearealso about 3009 mineralsand 1ooorocks, 
including a collection of Oregon building and ornamental stones, ores 
of the Pacific coast, ete. 

There is a botanical collection of about 1000 specimens, and a col- 
lection of Oregon woods. In ethnology there is a collection of 325 
specimens from Oregon Indian tribes. 


PORTLAND: 
OREGON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


The academy has been promised extensive collections when suit- 
able fireproof exhibition space is obtained. 

OREGON HISTORICAL SOCIETY. 

This society was organized in 1898, and occupies 7 rooms in the 
city hall, where it maintains a museum comprising 1702 specimens 
pertaining to the Indian life and early settlers of Oregon; and 4300 
photographs and pictures, including portraits of pioneers, scenic 
views, and photographs of Indians. The society also maintains an 
extensive historical library and publishes a quarterly. The museum 
and library are in charge of George H. Himes, assistant secretary 
and curator, and an assistant curator. The financial support of the 
society consists of a state appropriation of $2500 a year, supplemen- 
ted by membership fees. 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES 


bo 
(SS) 
Ne) 


PORTLAND ART ASSOCIATION. Museum of Art. 

STAFF. Curator, Annie Bell Crocker. 

Art. A large collection of casts, and about 15,000 Braun carbon 
photographs, reproducing the paintings and drawings of the more 
important galleries of Europe. 

HistoricaAL SKETcH. The museum originated in the gift of a 
large collection of casts by the late Henry W. Corbett, about the year 
1896. Later, the collection of carbon photographs and the nucleus 
of an art library were given by the William S. Ladd estate. 

FINANCIAL Support. ‘There is a small return yearly from mem- 
bership fees and admissions, but aside from this the support of the 
museum comes through the generosity of a few private citizens. 

Buitpinc. A two-story fireproof building affording about 10,000 
square feet of floor space was.erected in 1905, at a cost of $30,000, 
through the generosity of Mrs. W.S. Ladd. The site was bequeathed 
by the late H. W. Corbett. 

ADMINISTRATION. By the trustees of the Portland Art Association. 

Scope. The association offers the use of museum and library 
to the public, to art classes, and to the schools of the city, and also 
undertakes special exhibits from time to time of loan and traveling 
collections. 

LrBprary. About 265 volumes relating to the fine arts, and avail- 
able for use by the public. 

ATTENDANCE. Open to the public on week-days from 9g to 5. 
Admission is free on Thursday and Saturday afternoons; on other 
days an admissionof 15 cents is charged. The attendance for the year 
ending November 31, 1908, was about 13,000. 


PORTLAND FREE MUSEUM. 

STAFF. Curator, Chas. F. Wiegand. 

ANTHROPOLOGY. About 600 specimens, chiefly from this country. 

Art. Several thousand prints, photographs and engravings, 
framed pictures, and drawings, of which one-half is in storage for lack 
of exhibition space. 

GroLocy. About 5000 minerals and roo rocks on exhibition, and 
about 3 tons of unclassified material in storage. 

PALEONTOLOGY. 500 invertebrates, 100 vertebrates, and I00 
plants, on exhibition, with about the same number, as yet unclassified, 
in storage. 

ZOOLOGY. 10,000 shells, rooo insects, 50 fishes, 15,000 birds, and 
150 mammals, including 4 groups exhibited in natural surroundings. 
There are over 2000 specimens in storage, as yet unclassified. 


240 DIRECTORY OF AMERICAN MUSEUMS 


Historicat SkrtcH. The museum had its origin in the collec- 
tion of shells purchased by the city in 1896 from a collector, Mr. C. 
Ross, and installed in the city hall. Since that time a large amount of 
miscellaneous material has accumulated by donation and loan, but 
much of it is neither classified nor labeled, and a considerable amount 
is still in storage. A movement is now in progress for the proper clas- 
sification and arrangement of the collections. 

FINANCIAL Support. ‘The city council appropriates $1000 a year 
for maintenance of the museum. 

Burtpinc. The collections occupy about 30,000 square feet of 
floor space in the halls and corridors of the city hall. 

ADMINISTRATION. By a curator, appointed by the mayor of the 
city and responsible to city council. 

Liprary. About 10,000 volumes, pamphlets, reports, catalogs, 
etc., pertaining to every branch of natural history, but not yet ar- 
ranged. 

ATTENDANCE. Open free to the public on week-days from 9 to 
5 and on Sundays from 2 to 5. The average daily attendance is about 
25% 


ZOOLOGICAL PARK. 
The city maintains a zoéJogical park of 5 acres, established about 
1885, containing 8 reptiles, 148 birds, and 286 mammals. 


PENNSYLVANIA 
ALLENTOWN: 

LEHIGH COUNTY HISTORICAL SOCIETY. 

The society maintains a museum occupying about 200 square feet 
of exhibition space devoted to the history of Lehigh County and the 
state of Pennsylvania. Special attention is given to the history of 
the Pennsylvania Germans. 


MUHLENBERG COLLEGE. 

The college has teaching collections in connection with the depart- 
ments of chemistry and biology, comprising a herbarium of 3000 speci- 
mens, chiefly from Lehigh County; a synoptic collection of about 1000 
specimens of invertebrates; a systematic collection of insects, number- 
ing about 3000 specimens; a series of local vertebrates, including the 
common species of fish, reptiles, amphibia, birds, and some mammals; 
a general series of 500 minerals; 400 rock specimens illustrating the 
formations of Pennsylvania, etc.; and about 600 fossils. 


a 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES 241 


BRADFORD: 


McKEAN COUNTY HISTORICAL SOCIETY. (Public Library 
Building.) 


This society occupies a part of the public library building, in which 
it has 4 or 5 cases of historical relics, and portraits of persons promi- 
nent in Pennsylvania history. The society has been tendered an im- 
portant museum of relics collected chiefly in foreign countries by Hon. 
Lewis Emery Jr., and is awaiting a conveyance from the city of a 
building suitable for its reception. At present the society has no or- 
ganized staff and the days appointed for the opening of its rooms to 
the public have not been strictly adhered to. It is probable that the 
organization of the museum will soon be placed on a better basis. 


BRYN MAWR: 

BRYN MAWR COLLEGE. 

The college maintains teaching collections in connection with 
the departments of natural science. The most extensive are those in 
geology and paleontology; the former is in charge of Florence Bascom, 
professor of geology, the latter in charge of C. A. Reeds. The geologi- 
cal collection includes 15,000-20,000 minerals, 10,000 rock speci- 
mens, and 50 specimens of dynamic geology, relief maps, models, 
etc. Most of this material is in the Theodore D. Rand collection, 
which is rich in minerals of the neighborhood of Philadelphia. A 
large collection of rock specimens and slides owned by the United 
States geological survey and illustrating the crystalline formation of 
eastern Pennsylvania, also Miss Bascom’s private collection of speci- 
mens and slides illustrating foreign and American geology are access- 
ible to students. The paleontological collections include 15,000 inver- 
tebrates on exhibition and 2500 in storage, 50 vertebrates, and 100 
plants. 


DOYLESTOWN: 

BUCKS COUNTY HISTORICAL SOCIETY. 

The society maintains the following collections under the care of 
Warren S. Ely, librarian and curator: an Indian collection of 5000 
specimens; about 200 prints, engravings, and oil paintings, chiefly 
portraits of historical interest;a herbarium of 3000 mounted specimens 
of local flora; small collections in geology; and about 500 bird eggs. 

The main portion of the museum is devoted to history and is clas- 
sified as follows: A borigines—large collection; Building of the log cabin— 
curious and obsolete builders’ and artisans’ tools; Light and_fire- 


242 DIRECTORY OF AMERICAN MUSEUMS 


making—ancient lamps, lanterns, and primitive cooking and heating 
appliances; Domestic industries—spinning wheels, flax-brakes, hetchets, 
cards, reels, swingles, rope twisters, samples of flax (raw and partially 
prepared for weaving), home-made baskets, beehives, etc.; Man and 
animals—traps, guns of all descriptions, horse gear, curious imple- 
ments of peace and war, apparel, etc.; A griculiture—ancient agricultural 
implements of all kinds; Domestic fabrics—home made linen and wool 
fabrics; Local pottery; War relics, and miscellaneous local historical 
material. These collections are fully cataloged and include 2100 
entries, some of which stand for groups of objects. 

The museum collections began in asmall way soon after the organi- 
zation of the society in 1880, but are principally the result of collec- 
tions made by Henry C. Mercer during the past twenty years. The 
society receives annually $100 from endowment, $200 from the county, 
and about $200 from subscriptions and memberships. The building 
was erected in 1902 at a cost of $25,000 paid for by donations, lega- 
cies, and subscription. A library of 2500 bound volumes and several 
thousand pamphlets, many manuscripts, deeds, etc., and files of local 
newspapers from 1804. The society has published descriptive cata- 
logs of various collections in its museum and 3 volumes of papers read 
at its meetings. 

The museum and library are open free to the public daily from 8 to 
5, and are visited by several thousand persons annually. 


EASTON: 


LAFAYETTE COLLEGE. 

The scientific departments maintain teaching collections, includ- 
ing a large herbarium of the Pennsylvania flora and a general collec- 
tion of plants; a systematic series of 3000 minerals; tooo crystals; 
500 rock specimens with corresponding sections for petrographic 
study; 2000 specimens, chiefly ore samples, illustrating economic 
geology; a synoptic zoGlogical collection; and tooo histological slides. 


ERIE: 

ERIE PUBLIC MUSEUM. 

STAFF. Curator, Thomas L. Austin. 

ANTHROPOLOGY. Uncivilized peoples: Archeology, native, 783, 
foreign, 9; Ethnology, native, 75, foreign, 56. Civilized peoples, 
modern, 800+. 

ArT. Prints and engravings, 17; Oil paintings, 3; Ceramics, 4o. 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES 243 


COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY. 509 models of machinery, vehicles, 
and manufactured products. 

History. One room devoted to the history of Erie County; 
360 battle flags of the revolution, the war of 1812, the civil war, and 
the Spanish-American war; 155 specimens from historic places in 
various foreign countries. 

PaLEoNTOLOGY. Invertebrates, on exhibition, 1149, in storage, 
200+; Vertebrates, on exhibition, 142; Plants, on exhibition, 248, 
in storage, 3500+. 

ZoOLocy. Shells, on exhibition, 3550, in storage, 250+; Insects, 
1274; Other invertebrates, 175; Fishes, 108; Batrachians, 8; Reptiles, 
70; Birds, 388; Mammals, 16. Not included in the above are 122 
corals; 57 bird nests; 257 bird eggs; and 110 skulls, horns.in pairs, 
teeth, tusks, etc. 

OTHER COLLECTIONS. Arms, 312; Coins, 2000; Medals, 614; Paper 
money, 400. 

HistoricAt SketcH. The museum began in 1897 with a miscel- 
laneous collection of geological specimens and has grown to its present 
proportions entirely by gifts or loans, the cases having been furnished 
by the board of education through the library trustees. 

FINANCIAL Support. The sole income of the museum is a vari- 
able appropriation made by the board of education through the library 
trustees. The curator draws salary as an assistant librarian, while 
supplies are paid for from the contingent fund. 

Buitpinc. The museum occupies 4500 square feet of floor space 
for exhibition, and 500 for offices, etc. in the basement of the library 
building, erected in 1897. 

ADMINISTRATION. By a curator, responsible to the librarian and 
trustees of the public library. 

Scope. Instruction of the general public, maintenance of local 
collections, research by the staff, and public school work are the aims 
of the museum. 

LIBRARY. 50 scientific books for the use of the staff, in addition 
to access to the public library. 

PUBLICATIONS. The report of the curator is printed in the bien- 
nial report of the library trustees and officers. 

ATTENDANCE. ‘The museum is open free to the public on week- 
days from to to 12, 1.30 to 5.30, and 7 to 9g; on Sundays and holidays 
from 2 to 5. The total attendance for the year 1908-9 is 41,485. 


244 DIRECTORY OF AMERICAN MUSEUMS 


FRANKFORD: 

HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF FRANKFORD. 

The society has a small historical collection but has not yet organ- 
ized a museum. 


GERMANTOWN: 
SITE AND RELIC SOCIETY OF GERMANTOWN. (Vernon Park.) 
This society maintains a museum devoted exclusively to German- 
town relics; and a reference library of Germantown imprints and au- 
thors, and of all books of local interest. 


GETTYSBURG: 

PENNSYLVANIA COLLEGE. 

The college maintains teaching collections in charge of E. S. 
Breidenbaugh, curator, comprising 6000 minerals and 3000 rocks; 
and 6000 botanical specimens, including a general herbarium of the 
flora of the eastern United States. 


HARRISBURG: 

HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF DAUPHIN COUNTY. 

At the time of going to press the society is in process of removal 
to a new building, making it impossible to secure detailed information 
concerning its collections. The museum is estimated to contain about 
10,000 articles, including old-time utensils and implements, a large 
series of paper money, coins, badges, personal effects, rare and curious 
papers, documents and prints, portraits, pictures, photographs, deeds, 
business papers, accounts, etc., chiefly relating to Dauphin County. 
There is also a large collection of Indian relics. 

PENNSYLVANIA STATE MUSEUM. ; 

Starr. Director, Thomas Lynch Montgomery; Deputy director, 
Norman D. Gray; Curators, Boyd P. Rothrock (zoélogy), Alicia 
M. Zierden (education); Custodians, Luther R. Kelker (history); 
Assistants, W. J. Durborow (zodlogy), Charles Revie (education); 
t stenographer, 1 watchman, and 4 cleaners. 

EpucaTion. Exhibits illustrating elementary, secondary, higher, 
and special education, and school books and magazines; also exhibits 
of social economy, including public charities, penal institutions, civic 
associations, department of health, socialsystems in factory and shops, 
industrial statistics, and state banking. 

GEOLOGY. Rocks, on exhibition, 300, in storage, 4 boxes; Relief 
maps, models, etc., 3. 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES 245 


History. Objects illustrating the life of the early inhabitants of 
the state—manuscripts, books, implements, furniture, utensils, etc. 

ZooLtocy. The collections in this department are confined to 
Pennsylvania, and represent the field work of the curator and one 
assistant. They include 24 cases of Pennsylvania insects, about tooo 
birds, and 200 mammals, mounted or unmounted. Collections of 
fishes, batrachians, and reptiles are now in progress. There are 25 
small groups exhibited in naturalsurroundings and several larger groups 
in preparation. 

FINANCIAL Support. A state appropriation of $10,000 a year. 

Buritpinc. The museum occupies the second floor of the build- 
ing of the State Library. 

ADMINISTRATION. By a director, responsible to the trustees of 
the State Library. 

Scope. Local collections, publicinstruction, and school work. 

ATTENDANCE. Open free to the public from 9 to 4. 


HAVERFORD: 

HAVERFORD COLLEGE. Museum. . 

The museum is in charge of Henry S. Pratt, professor of biology, 
and is now in storage awaiting the erection of a museum building. 
No money is being spent on the museum at present. It includes a 
good collection of American phanerogams, ferns, and mosses, with 
some European species; a collection of minerals and rocks of Pennsyl- 
vania; and 4ooo European beetles, 1075 native and foreign birds, 
422 varieties of bird eggs, and small collections in other branches of 
zoology. The purpose of the museum is college teaching. 


LEBANON: 

LEBANON COUNTY HISTORICAL SOCIETY. 

The society has a small miscellaneous collection of local curios 
and relics, and a historical library. The contents of both library and 
museum are estimated as about 4800. The society has the use of the 
grand jury room in the county court house for its meetings and col- 
lections. The secretary is Dr. S. P. Heilman, Heilman Dale, Pa. 


MEADVILLE: 

ALLEGHENY COLLEGE. Museum. 

STAFF. Curator, Robert S. Breed, who is also professor of biol- 
ogy; Assistant curator, Charles E. Decker, who is also instructor in 


geology. 


246 DIRECTORY OF AMERICAN MUSEUMS 


Art. <A few well chosen casts of Greek sculpture, lantern slides, 
and photographs. 

Botany. Cryptogamic herbaria, 200+; Phanerogamic herbaria, 
500+; Plants in fluid, 500+. 

GEOLOGY. Minerals, on exhibition, 4000, in storage, 2000; Rocks, 
on exhibition, 200, in storage, 100; Relief maps and models, 3. The 
mineral collections are considered-among the most important in the 
museum, and include the Alger, Prescott, and Haldeman collections. 

PALEONTOLOGY. Invertebrates, on exhibition, 500, in storage, 
500, types and figured.specimens, 2; Vertebrates, on exhibition, 50; 
Plants, on exhibition, 50, in storage, 200+. ‘The collection includes 
a set of Ward casts mounted, and a collection of local fossils soon to be 
exhibited. It is expected that this material will be found to include 
some new species. This department is developing both local and sys- 
tematic collections. 

ZOOLOGY. Shells, 6000; Insects, 50; Other invertebrates, 675; 
Fishes, 25; Batrachians, 15; Reptiles, 15; Birds, 200; Mammals, 20. 
Other collections include a set of embryological models and mounts 
to show protective coloration. All of this material is on exhibition 
except about 3000 shells. Both fresh and salt-water aquaria are 
maintained. 

HiIstorIcaAL SKETCH. The museum was established about 1820 
by Rev. Timothy Alden, first president of the college. It was largely 
increased by a gift of about $30,000 from Hon. C. V. Culver in 1865. 
At that time the main collections of minerals, fossils, and shells, were 
purchased and housed in Ruter Hall, one of the college buildings in 
which they still are. Many other specimens have been added since 
this time through gift and purchase. The present curator has been 
developing the departments of paleontology, zodlogy, and botany, 
chiefly through collections made by himself with the assistance of his 
students. 

FINANCIAL Support. The museum is dependent for financial 
support upon gifts and irregular appropriations made by Allegheny 
College, seldom amounting to more than $1oo annually. 

Burtpinc. Erected in 1855 at a cost of $10,000. Number of 
square feet of floor space available for exhibition, 4000; for offices, 
workrooms, etc., 200. 

ADMINISTRATION. By a curator, responsible to the trustees of 
Allegheny College. 

Score. The museum is intended primarily for college teaching, 
and secondarily for the accumulation of local collections and instruc- 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES 247 


tion of the general public. Occasional notices are published in local 
papers. 

Liprary. There is no special museum library, but the Allegheny 
College library contains about 1500 works on geology, botany, and 
zodlogy. 

ATTENDANCE. The museum is open two hours a week and the 
attendance is estimated at 500 a year. 


MYERSTOWN: 

ALBRIGHT COLLEGE. 

The college maintains the following teaching collections in charge 
of Harvey Bassler, professor of biology and geology. 

Botany. Cryptogams, 200; Phanerogams, 800. 

GroLocy. Minerals, 1200; Rocks, 200, including much material 
from the neighboring Cornwall Ore Hills. 

PALEONTOLOGY. Invertebrates, goo; Plants, too. 

ZooLocy. Shells, 300; Insects, too; Other invertebrates, 200; 
Fishes, 20; Batrachians, 15; Reptiles, 20; Birds, 30; Mammals, 20. 

These collections originated about 1880 in Union Seminary of New 
Berlin, Pa., which in 1887 became Central Pennsylvania College and 
which in 1902 was consolidated with Albright College. The collec- 
tions occupy 400 square feet of floor space in the department of biol- 
ogy and geology. 


NEW BRIGHTON: 

MERRICK FREE ART GALLERY, MUSEUM, AND LIBRARY. 

STAFF. Owner and administrator, E. D. Merrick; In charge of 
lepidoptera, Frank A. Merrick. 

Art. Sculpture, 4; Prints and engravings, 5000+; Oil paintings, 
600, of which 300 are the work of E. D. Merrick and 300 the work of 
other artists of Europe and the United States. 

Grotocy. Minerals, 2500; Rocks, too. 

ZooLocy. Shells, too; Insects, 50,o00+; Birds, tooo+; Bird 
eggs, 1500+. ‘The insect collection consists chiefly of moths, butter- 
flies, and beetles. There are also 12 small cases of birds and small 
mammals mounted in natural surroundings. 

HistoricaAL SKEtcH. The institution is the outgrowth of a youth- 
ful enthusiasm. The owner, upon retiring from business about twenty- 
five years ago, indulged the love of painting which had been an ambi- 
tion of his youth, and arranged the art galleries to exhibit his own work, 
together with that of other artists acquired by purchase. The geo- 


248 DIRECTORY OF AMERICAN MUSEUMS 


logical and zoélogical collections and the library are more recent addi- 
tions, and are not yet fully developed. 

FINANCIAL SupPORT. The museum is supported entirely by the 
owner, who has provided for its permanent maintenance a fund yield- 
ing an annual income of $12,000, and has also made it his residuary 
legatee. 

BuiLpinc. Three buildings have been erected, in 1867, 1888, and 
rgor, at a total cost of $27,000: these afford 25,250 square feet of 
floor space for exhibition, and about 1000 for offices, workrooms, etc. 

ADMINISTRATION. By the owner. 

LIBRARY. 3000-4000 volumes on science, art, history, and liter- 
ature. 

ATTENDANCE. Open free to the public on week-days from 9 to 4. 


NORRISTOWN: 
HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF MONTGOMERY COUNTY. 
The society maintains a small museum of local historical relics. 


PEA WIP EUWA: 

ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES. (Logan Square.) 

STAFF. Officers: President, Samuel G. Dixon; Vice-presidents, 
Arthur Erwin Brown, Edwin G. Conklin; Corresponding secretary, J. 
Percy Moore; Recording secretary and librarian, Edward J. Nolan; 
Treasurer, George Vaux, Jr.; Board ofcurators, Samuel G. Dixon, Arthur 
Erwin Brown, Henry A. Pilsbry, Witmer Stone. Salaried Staff: 
Curators, Henry A. Pilsbry, Witmer Stone; Assistants, Henry Skinner, 
Stewardson Brown, Henry W. Fowler, Edw. G. Yanatta, J. Percy 
Moore, James A. G. Rehn; Preparator, David McCadden; Assistant 
librarian, Wm. J. Fox; Aides, Ada Allen (herbarium), E.T. Cresson, Jr. 
(entomology); Harriet N. Wardle (library). The officers and 12 coun- 
cilors constitute the council of the academy and transact its business. 
The board of curators has immediate charge of the museum. 

ANTHROPOLOGY. Uncivilized peoples, 21,500. This collection 
includes the Morton collection of 1100 crania, the Clarence B. Moore 
collection from the Indian mounds of Georgia and Florida, the col- 
lection of the Peary relief expedition from Greenland, and the Halde- 
man remains of North American Indians and native tribes of British 
Guiana. 

Borany. Cryptogamic herbarium, 50,000, including 1too+ types 
and figured specimens; Phanerogamic herbarium, 604,000, including 
a large number of types and figured specimens. Among special col- 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES 240 


lections may be mentioned those of Buchley, LeConte, Nuttall, Read, 
Shortt, and others; a large herbarium of old world plants; the Ellis 
and Everhart collection of fungi; and the George A. Rex collection of 
Myxomycetes. 

GroLtoGy. Minerals and rocks, 29,000, including the William S. 
Vaux collection, maintained and enlarged from a special endowment 
fund. In historical geology an extensive collection is available for 
study but is not arranged for exhibition. 

PALEONTOLOGY. 46,000 specimens, including many types and 
figured specimens. Among special collections are the Lea collection 
of eocene fossils, the Joseph Wilcox collection of pliocene fossils, the 
Conrad and Gabb collections, and many vertebrate types of Cope and 
Leidy. 

ZOOLOGY. 1,500,000 specimens: Shells, 200,000 trays, said to be 
the largest collection in America, and including many type specimens 
described by Tryon, Lea, Say, Pilsbry, and others; Insects, on exhibi- 
tion, 2000, in storage, 370,000, types and figured specimens, 5900+, 
including the Martindale collection of lepidoptera and the George 
H. Horn collection of coleoptera; Other invertebrates, on exhibition, 
500, in storage, 11,000, types and figured specimens, 100+; Fishes, 
40,000, including the Bonaparte collection and many types and figured 
specimens; Batrachians and reptiles, 18,000, including many types 
and figured specimens described by Cope; Birds, on exhibition, gooo, 
in storage, 50,500, types, 600+, including many of Cassin, Gould, and 
Townsend, and forming one of the best collections in America; Mam- 
mals, on exhibition, 500, in storage, 12,000, types and figured speci- 
mens, 50+; Local collections, a special exhibition room is devoted to 
the natural history of eastern Pennsylvania and New Jersey and con- 
tains the collection of the Delaware Valley Ornithological Club. 

HistoricaAL SKETCH. The academy was founded in 1812 and has 
had several locations, the present site being occupied in 1876. The 
building was remodeled and enlarged in 1894 and 1908. It now con- 
tains 100,000 square feet of floor space for exhibition, and 50,000 for 
offices, workrooms, etc., besides the library. 

Scope. Special emphasis is placed upon exploration and research 
by the staff, and upon publication. Instruction of the general public 
is carried on by the maintenance of a free museum and by courses of 
free lectures. 

Lrprary. The library is the most extensive natural history li- 
brary in America, and is noted for its complete files of early foreign 
scientific journals, and its remarkably fine series of systematic works in 


250 DIRECTORY OF AMERICAN MUSEUMS 


all branches of zodlogy and botany. The bound volumes number 
65,000, and many pamphlets and journals are still unbound. ‘The 
library is now housed in a new fireproof building and arranged on steel 
stacks, while adjoining it is a commodious reading room. 

PuBLicaTIONS. ‘The academy haspublisheda Journalofwhich the 
first series of 8 volumes extended from 1817 to 1839; the second series 
began in 1847 and includes 13 volumes up to 1908. ‘The Proceedings 
of the academy have been issued in 60 volumes from 1841 to 1908. 
Additional publications include a manual of conchology, the Transac- 
tions of the American Entomological Society, 1867-1908, and the 
Entomological News, 1890-1908. 

ATTENDANCE. ‘The museum is open free to the public on week- 
days from 9 to 5,and on Sundays from 1to5. The library is not open 
on Sundays. Books are not allowed to be takenfrom the building. 


AMERICAN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 


The collections of this society have accumulated since 1859 by 
gift, purchase, and exchange. In the early days many specimens 
were purchased for the society by the late Dr. T. B. Wilson; in 1860 
Mr. E. P. Cresson presented his entire collection of coleoptera; in 
1863 a large collection of European moths was presented by W. H. 
Edwards; in 1864 Dr. T. B. Wilson presented the original collection 
of Professor Felipe Poey of Havana; in 1885 W.H. Ashmead presented 
types of many of his species of parasitic hymenoptera. The collec- 
tions also include the Charles Wilt collection of coleoptera; the Von 
Osten Sacken collection of dipterous insects and cynipidous galls; 
the George H. Horn collection of over 67,000 coleoptera, including 
many types; the H. F. Bassett collection of cynipidae, including nearly 
all his types; the S. N. Dunning collection of hymenoptera; the B. 
Clemens collection of micro-moths, containing nearly all his types; 
the C. A. Blake collection of lepidoptera; and the Cresson collection of 
hymenoptera, containing 75,000-I100,000 specimens and 2000-3000 
types. 

The society occupies rooms in the Academy of Natural Sciences 
(Logan Square) under the terms of an agreement made in 1895, by 
which the society agreed to continue its library and collections, in 
charge of its librarian and curator, subject to the by-laws of the acad- 
emy, in such space as may be provided by the academy. It is pro- 
vided that no person shall be eligible for membership in the Entomo- 
logical Society who is not alreadya member of the Academy of Natural 
Sciences. The collections are in charge of Henry Skinner, curator. 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES 251 


AMERICAN NEGRO HISTORICAL SOCIETY. 


The society has a small collection of pictures, pamphlets, and curios 
connected with negro slavery in the United States. George W. Mitchell, 
90S Walnut Street, is corresponding secretary. 


DREXEL INSTITUTE MUSEUM. (Chestnut and 32nd St.) 


Starr. Curator, Mary T. MacAlister; Attendant in picture gal- 
lery, Elizabeth C. Niemann; minor employees are detailed from the 
staff of the institute for special duties in the museum. 

Art. A gallery of paintings comprising the Anthony J. Drexel 
and John D. Lankenau bequests; casts from the antique; modern 
sculpture; French and English prints; oriental and European ceramics; 
metal work; furniture and wood carving; and textiles. Among special 
collections may be mentioned the series of Egyptian antiquities col- 
lected by Brugsch in 1895; the George W. Childs collection of carved 
ivories; Sevres white and gold ware of the Louis Philippe and Napoleon 
III periods; hand-printed cottons of India; fragments of European 
silks and velvets of the 15th to the 18th century. 

COMMERCE AND FINANCE. A small collection. 

HistToRIcAL SKETCH. The museum was begun in 1892 as a part 
of the work of the Drexel Institute of Art, Science, and Industry. 

FINANCIAL SUPPORT. By appropriations from the general funds 
of the institute, and by gifts. 

Buitp1nc. The building was erected in 1891, and the museum 
occupies 8700 square feet of floor space for exhibition. 

ADMINISTRATION. By a curator, responsible to the president and 
a committee of the board of trustees of the institute. 

Scope. The primary purpose of the museum is the instruction 
and artistic cultivation of the students of the institute, but the privi- 
leges of the museum are extended to the public. 

LIBRARY. 36,000 volumes intended for the use of the staff, stu- 
dents, and the public. 

ATTENDANCE. Open free to the public daily except Sundays and 
holidays, from October to March, from 9 to 6. No statistics of at- 
tendance are available. 


HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF PENNSYLVANIA. (1300 Locust St.) 


The society maintains a large collection of local historical por- 
traits and relics, in charge of John W. Jordan, librarian. Among the 
artists represented are: Hesselins, West, Copley, Stuart, Peale, 
Polk, Wurtmiiller, Pine, Wright, Sully, Eicholtz, Inman, Read, Pettit, 
and Lambdin. 


252 DIRECTORY OF AMERICAN MUSEUMS 


INDEPENDENCE HALL AND NATIONAL MUSEUM. 

STAFF. Superintendent of buildings, James McCormack; Cur- 
ator in charge, Wilfred Jordan; Assistant, Sarah Wilson; 3 engineers, 
t special officer, 8 guards, 3 night guards, and 5 janitors. 

Art. Sculpture, 25; Prints and engravings, 1000; Oil paintings, 
5oc+; Water colors, 20; Crayons, 50. ‘This collection includes many 
valuable portraits of the colonial and revolutionary period. 

History. Colonial and revolutionary relics, many of which are 
very valuable. 

FINANCIAL SUPPORT. An annual appropriation of $12,860 from the 
city. 

Buritp1nc. Independence Hall comprises three main _build- 
ings. The central building was designed by Andrew Hamilton, and 
erected about 1736 by the province of Pennsylvania; the two others 
were erected after the close of the Revolution for the county of Phil- 
adelphia. 

ADMINISTRATION. By the bureau of city property in association 
with an advisory board of 8 members appointed by the mayor. 

LiprAry. A few reference books intended for the use of the staff. 

ATTENDANCE. Open free to the public daily except Sunday from 
g to 4. No statistics of attendance are available but the number 
of visitors is estimated at 1,000,000 a year. 

NUMISMATIC AND ANTIQUARIAN SOCIETY OF PHILADEL- 

PHIA. 

This society does not maintain a museum of its own but has on 
deposit with the Pennsylvania Museum in Memorial Hall, Fairmount 
Park, about 5000 coins and medals. The society was founded in 
1858 and maintains a library of 1500 books and 4000 pamphlets at 
1300 Locust Street. 


PENNSYLVANIA ACADEMY OF FINE ARTS. Museum. 


STAFF. Secretary and manager, John E. D. Trask. 

Art. General collections representing the various schools and 
periods in art; a collection of American paintings, said to be the best 
in existence; examples of sculpture, and nearly 50,000 engravings and 
etchings. The series of American paintings begins with those of 
Benjamin West, Charles Willson Peale, Gilbert Stuart, and Wash- 
ington Allston, and continues with the works of Trumbull, Krimmel!, 
Gray, Huntington, and May, with representative portraits by Rem- 
brandt, Peale, Sully, Eicholtz, Neagle, and Inman, thus bringing the 
series to the period of contemporary art. 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES 253 


There are the following special collections: The Carey collec- 
tion consists of examples of the earlier British school of painters, with 
a number of works by American artists. ‘The Temple collection has 
been accumulated with the income from a fund established in 1880 by 
Joseph E. Temple for the purchase of works of American artists shown 
in the exhibitions of the academy; it now includes 36 paintings. The 
Gibson collection was received in 1896 by bequest of Henry C. Gibson, 
and consists of 5 pieces of sculpture and 98 paintings, principally 
masterpieces of contemporary French and German art. The Field 
collection of paintings, chiefly works painted before the 19th century, 
was received in 1887 as the gift of John W. Field and his wife. The 
print collection includes the John S. Phillips collection of about 40,000 
engravings and etchings bequeathed by him to the academy. 

Historical SKETCH. Thisis said to be the oldest art institution in 
the United States, having been organized in 1805 in Independence Hall. 
Its first building, supposed to have been designed by Benjamin 
Latrobe, was erected on the north side of Chestnut Street. By 1870 
the requirements of the academy had outgrown this building and in 
1876 the present building was completed and dedicated. 

FINANCIAL SuppoRT. The endowment of the institution was under- 
taken in 1886, when $100,000 was subscribed for this purpose. This 
has since been increased to $202,000. The Temple fund consists of 
$60,coo, the income of which is expended one-half for the acquirement 
of pictures and the award of the Temple medal, and one-half for the 
current expenses of the academy. The Gibson collection is maintained 
by the income of a special fund of $10,coo. The Phillips collection 
has an endowment of $12,000 for its.care and increase. 

Burtpinc. Erected in 1876 at a cost of $543,0co from designs 
prepared by Furness and Hewitt, the building has a frontage of too 
feet and a depth of 265 feet, and contains in addition to the galleries, 
print room, and library, the executive offices, schools, and lecture 
room. 

Scope. In addition to the permanent collections, annual exhibi- 
tions are held which bring together some of the best examples of Ameri- 
can painting and sculpture. The academy also maintains the oldest 
schoo] in America devoted exclusively to the cultivation of the fine 
arts. 

Liprary. An excellent art library. 

ATTENDANCE. Open free to the public on week-days from g to 5 
and on Sundays from 1 to 5. The attendance in 1909 was 182,228. 


254 DIRECTORY OF AMERICAN MUSEUMS 


PENNSYLVANIA MUSEUM. (Memorial Hall, Fairmount Park.) 


STAFF. Director, and curator of American pottery and porcelain, 
Edwin Atlee Barber; Assistant curator, Mrs. Cornelius Stevenson; 
Honorary curators, F. D. Langenheim (numismatics), Mrs. John 
Harrison (textiles, lace, and embroidery), Mrs. Jones Wister (orien- 
tal pottery), Alfred D. Pell (European porcelain), Cornelius Steven- 
son (arms and armor), Mrs. W. D. Frishmuth (musical instruments), 
Alexander S. Calder (sculpture, marbles, and casts), Augustav Ket- 
terer (furniture and woodwork), Charles E. Dana (prints, manuscripts, 
book plates, and historic seals); Librarian and registrar, Frances C. 
Wolfe; 3 general assistants, 1 foreman, ro guards, 3 engineers, 2 night 
watchmen, and 1 catalog seller. 

ART. 40,000 specimens of industrial, decorative, and fine art, as 
follows: Sculpture in marble, stone, and unglazed terra cotta, 434; 
Mosaics, 6; Carvings in ivory, bone, and horn, 565; Woodworking, 
book panels, furniture, picture frames, marquetry, lacquer, and bas- 
ket-work, 854; metalwork, iron, steel, copper, lead, bronze, brass, and 
pewter, 1826; Coins, medals, medallions, and embossed plaques, 5000; 
Arms and armor, 262; Silversmith’s work, including plate, 514; Jewelry 
and goldsmith’s work, gems, crystals, carved shell, amber, coral, lapis 
lazuli, etc., 508; Enamels on metals, 388; Pottery, earthen and stone- 
ware, 5000; Porcelain, 3000; Glass vessels, mirrors, and personal orna- 
ments, such as beads, rings, etc., not jewelry, 810; Painted and stained 
glass, 69; Leather work, including bookbinding, 79; Textiles and em- 
broideries, 1236; Lace, 566; Musical instruments, 317; Oil paintings, 
280; Water colors, drawings, fans, miniatures, engravings, and books 
illuminated and with engravings, 373. The collections of American 
pottery, porcelain, and glass are the largest and most comprehensive 
in existence. 

Historical SKETCH. The Pennsylvania Museum and School of 
Industrial Art was chartered in 1876 for the purpose of establishing 
a museum of art in all its branches and technical application, with a 
special view to the development of the art industries of the state, and 
to maintain practical schools, special libraries, etc., for instruction in 
drawing, painting, modeling, designing, etc. The museum in Memo- 
rial Hall was opened in 1877, and the collections have been open free 
to the public since 1881. 

FINANCIAL SuppoRT. The annual income of the museum is as 
follows: from general endowment, $1652; from Temple trust fund, 
for purchase of art objects, $13,000; from subscriptions and member- 
ships, $1350; from the Fairmount Park commissioners for mainte- 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES 255 


nance of building, $11,000; total, $27,002 (1908). The income given 
for the museum is independent of the income for the maintenance of 
the school. 

BuriLpinc. Completed in 1876 for the Centennial Exhibition 
but designed as a permanent art museum. The cost was $1,500,000, 
of which the state paid two-thirds and the city one-third. The Penn- 
sylvania Museum occupies 70,000 square feet of floor space in this 
building, which also accommodates the Wilstach Art Gallery. 

ADMINISTRATION. By a director and a museum committee, re- 
sponsible to a board of trustees. 

Score. The purposes of the museum are the development of the 
industries of the state, furnishing material for instruction in the school, 
research by the staff,and the maintenance of a bureau of identification. 

LisrAry. About 2600 titles on art subjects intended for use of 
both staff and public. 

PUBLICATIONS. (1) Annual reports, 33 issued to r910. (2) Mu- 
seum Bulletin, issued quarterly since January 1903. (3) Monographs 
and catalogs, about 30. (4) Art handbooks, 2. (5) Art primers, 4. 
(6) A general handbook of the museum. 

ATTENDANCE. Open free to the public every day in the year; 
Sundays, 1 to 6, Mondays, 12 to 5, other days,g to 5. The average 
yearly attendance is about 400,coo. 


THE PHILADELPHIA MUSEUMS. 


STAFF. Director, W. P. Wilson; Secretary, Wilfred H. Schoff; 
Curator, Charles R. Toothaker; Curator’s assistants, George T. Hast- 
ings, Geo. P. Goll, B. Meade Wagenseller; Photographer, Fred D. 
Maisch; Librarian, John J. MacFarlane; Chief of foreign trade bureau, 
Dudley Bartlett; Editor of bureau publications, Horace S. Morrison; 
Chief assistant in the bureau, George C. Gibson; Superintendent of 
buildings and grounds, C. D. Williason; 2 stenographers; 1 cashier; 
6 minor curatorial assistants; 2 assistants in photography; 3 assistants 
in the library; 23 clerks, stenographers, translators, and printers in 
the foreign trade bureau; 8 watchmen and guards; 5 cleaners; 1 engi- 
neer and an assistant; 2 firemen; a variable number of carpenters and 
painters. 

CotLections. The exhibits are both geographic and mono- 
graphic. In the geographic exhibits the object is to show in one place 
all that pertains to the people, industries, and products of one coun- 
try. The monographic exhibits show the different varieties of one 
substance or of one group of articles in all parts of the world. 


256 DIRECTORY OF AMERICAN MUSEUMS 


The geographic exhibits shown at the present timearefrom Japan, 
China, Indo-China, Siam, India, Ceylon, Siberia, the Philippines, 
South Sea Islands, Hawaii, Egypt, Tunis, Algeria, Morocco, Soudan, 
Senegal, Guinea, Liberia, Dahomey, Congo, Somaliland, German East 
Africa, British Central Africa, Cape Colony, Madagascar, all the repub- 
lics of South America, Central America, Mexico, and the West Indies. 

The monographic exhibits are classified as cereals, legumes and 
food stuffs, beverages, spices, fibers, oil seeds, woods, gums and resins, 
ores, economic minerals, skins, hides and leathers, silk, etc. The Phil- 
ippine exhibit alone covers 14,000 square feet of floor space and is 
typical of the geographic exhibits. It contains large series of Manila 
hemp, rice, gutta percha, and other raw products, showing all the com- 
mercial grades and varieties. Pina, maguey, cotton, and other fibers 
are shown in great variety, with sampies of the various textiles made 
by the Filipinos. There is a large collection of Philippine woods, 
ores, and economic minerals. More than half the exhibit might be 
classified as ethnology for it contains everything that is necessary to 
show the life and industries of the people. In includes house models, 
life-size groups showing the people engaged in their customary occu- 
pations, series of basketry, matting, household utensils, weapons, tools, 
agricultural implements, etc. 

The geographic exhibits are especially rich in material from West 
and Central Africa, China, Japan, and the Philippines. There are 
now on exhibition 16 life-size figures. 

The number of specimens is hard to estimate, as it has not yet 
been possible to catalog the collections. There are probably 50,000 
ethnological specimens. Much of the material might be classed as 
ethnology, economic botany, geology, zodlogy, industrial art, and com- 
merce. Under art there is a series of paintings in oil by Japanese art- 
ists of the modern school who have studied in Europe. Contrasting 
with these is a series of paintings by foremost Japanese artists in the 
old style. An exhibit showing the history of commerce covers 6000 
square feet of floor space and includes a series of models accurately 
made to one scale showing merchant vessels of the world in the types 
used since earliest times. A series of maps indicates the changes of 
national boundaries in their relation to the development of important 
commerical highways and trade routes from the dawn of history. 
Samples of the most important articles of commerce in each period 
are shown with the maps. The exhibit is supplemented with a large 
series of pictures showing typical means of transportation from the 
most primitive to the most modern methods. 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES 257 


FoREIGN TrapE BurEAv. This bureau is devoted chiefly to the 
development of international trade. It has a very complete equipment 
and an extensive chain of correspondents throughout the world which 
enable it to furnish information regarding foreign markets and business 
methods. It maintains a translation department by the aid of which 
exporting houses can carry on correspondence with their clients in all 
parts of the world in any language. It also receives thousands of 
inquiries annually from foreign merchants desiring to purchase Amer- 
ican-made goods. ‘These inquiries are promptly turned over to man- 
ufacturers in a position to supply the lines asked for. 

HistoricaAt SKEtcH. The Philadelphia Museums were organized 
in 1894. The first department developed was the Commercial Mu- 
seum, with exhibits of commercial products of all kinds, designed 
chiefly to aid merchants and manufacturers in securing foreign trade. 
Educational work has since become an important activity in the mu- 
seum. 

FINANCIAL SUPPORT. ‘The museum receives a variable income 
from the city. The amounts appropriated for 1909 were as follows: 
maintenance, $40,000; repairs, $2000; grounds, $1000; power house, 
$3000; supplies, $12,000. Special appropriations are received from 
the state legislature for special purposes. In 1909 appropriations 
to run two years were made as follows: For preparation and in- 
stallation of exhibits, $20,000; for permanent improvement of 
buildings, $25,000; for educational work in the state, $25,000. 

The Foreign Trade Bureau is supported by subscriptions from bus- 
iness firms which use its services. $36,000 was received from this 
source In 1909. 

Burtpincs. There are three permanent exhibition buildings 
originally constructed by the United States government for the Na- 
tional Export Exposition in 1899. Improvements on these buildings 
have been made by appropriations from the state and city. There are 
178,000 square feet of floor space available for exhibition, and 34,000 
for offices, workrooms, etc. The buildings are so constructed that the 
floor space may be nearly doubled when necessary. ‘There is in addi- 
tion a power house built of granite and steel at a cost of about $100,000, 
and a storage building with a floor area of 120,000 square feet, a green- 
house, stable, tool house, etc. The total cost of the buildings to date 
has been about $850,000. 

ADMINISTRATION. By a director, responsible to a board of trus- 
tees composed of prominent citizens who hold office by appointment 
of the mayor, and eight ex-officio members, including the governor 
of Pennsylvania, the mayor of Philadelphia, and other officials. 


258 DIRECTORY OF AMERICAN MUSEUMS 


Scope. The aims of the institution are (1) to give information to 
American manufacturers and foreign and domestic merchants, in 
order to aid the business interests of the United States. (2) To assist 
in the education of children of Pennsylvania, especially along geo- 
graphical and commercial lines. (3) By means of attractive exhibits 
and lectures to interest and instruct the general public. Lectures are 
given daily to classes from the city schools and there are frequent 
lectures to the genera! public. Collections of commercial products are 
extensively and systematically distributed free to public high schools 
and all the lower grades in Pennsylvania. These are supplemented 
by many sets of lantern slides, accompanied by descriptive lectures, 
stereopticons, and screens, loaned without charge. 

LIBRARY. 26,000 books and 46,000 pamphlets. These books 
cover every subject bearing on the trade, industries, and resources of 
this and foreign lands. 623 trade papers are received regularly, of 
which 350 are from foreign countries; also the official gazettes from 60 
different governments, as well as statistical, geographical, and other 
periodicals. The publications containing the statistics of imports 
and exports of 70 different governments are regularly received. There 
are 410 directories in the library, of which 280 are foreign, including 
nearly all the large cities throughout the world and all the cities of the 
United States with 100,000 population. ‘The library is unique in its 
collections of statistical publications, directories, trade papers, and 
consular reports of our own and other nations. It contains also a large 
number of scientific publications and works pertaining to the various 
industries. Books of travel as necessary adjuncts to commercial 
information are kept up to date. There is also a valuable collection 
of books on the history of commerce. 

PuspLicaTrions. Annual reports; miscellaneous bulletins descrip- 
tive of the exhibits and educational work; and frequent reports of a 
statistical nature bearing on foreign commerce. The Foreign Trade 
Bureau publishes Commercial America, circulated abroad for the pur- 
pose of informing foreign buyers concerning export goods made in this 
country, and the Weekly Bulletin, circulated among manufacturers 
in this country for the purpose of informing them of foreign trade con- 
ditions. A series of reprints of writings illustrating the history of 
commerce is also under preparation. 

ATTENDANCE. Open free to the public on week-days from g to 
5 and on Sundays from 1 to 5. 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES 259 


PRESBYTERIAN HISTORICAL SOCIETY. Museum and Gallery. 
(Witherspoon Building. ( 


This society maintains a museum with collections relating to the 
history of Presbyterian churches in the United States, as follows: 
church seals, arms, etc.; 10,ooot prints and drawings; communion 
tokens; pewter and silver plate; church furniture; miscellaneous relics; 
and an extensive collection of books and manuscripts. These col- 
lections are in charge of Alfred Percival Smith, curator, and are open 
free to the public on week-days from 10 to 5, except on Saturday, when 
the hours are ro to 12. 


UNITED STATES MINT. Numismatic Collection. 

This collection was established in 1838 and has been increased 
slowly by a small allowance from the incidental and contingent appro- 
priation of the mint. It now includes about 20,000 coins and medals 
representing nearly all countries and arranged geographically and 
chronologically. It occupies 2025 square feet of floor space for exhi- 
bition and is open free to the public daily except Sundays and holidays 
from 9 to 3.30. The attendance in 1909 was about 100,000. The 
collection is in charge of T. L. Comparette, curator. 


UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 

Teaching collections are maintained in connection with the several 
science departments of the university as follows: 

Borany. A herbarium of 23,009 sheets; 1200 alcoholic museum 
specimens iJlustrating comparative morphology; anextensive collection 
of alcoholic specimens for class use; a set of De Royle botanical models; 
and a botanic garden including 3200 species of living plants. 

GeoLocy. An exhibition series of 20,000 minerals, representing 
nearly all known species and including the Genth, Cope, Howell, Clay, 
Bement, and Cardeza collections; 200ospecimens of rocks illustrating 
the typical formations of America and Europe; 2000 specimens of 
economic geology, including ores from all the principal western mining 
localities; and a series illustrating historical geology. 

PALEONTOLOGY. 15,000 specimens, including a series of fossils 
from the paleozoic formations of New York, some of which are the 
type specimens described in the Paleontology of New York; a dupli- 
cate set of a part of the invertebrate fossils collected by the geological 
survey of Pennsylvania; cretaceous fossils from the western states; 
cenozoic and mesozoic fossils from the Gulf and Atlantic coasts. There 
are also monographic collections of certain groups, ¢.g., Bryozoa by 
Ulric, and Ostracoda by Bassler. 


260 DIRECTORY OF AMERICAN MUSEUMS 


ZOOLOGY. The osteological collection of Prof. E. D. Cope, includ- 
ing his series of mammalian skeletons, and the Hyrtl collection of 
nearly tooo beautifully prepared fish skeletons; 10,000 invertebrates, 
including the Leidy collection of parasites; the Wheatley collection 
of fresh-water mollusks of the world; and material obtained from the 
Bahamas and Jamaica by the university expedition of 1887 and 18g90- 
gt. There are also models and preparations illustrating embryology 
and anatomy; and a vivarium containing living marine, fresh-water, 
and land animals. 


UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA. The University Museum. 

STAFF. Director, G. B. Gordon. Anthropological section: Cur- 
ator, G. B. Gordon; Assistant curator, George H. Pepper (American 
archeology and ethnology); Assistants, Frank G. Speck and Edward 
Sapir (general ethnology). Babylonian and general Semitic section: 
Curator, Hermann V. Hilprecht; Assistant curator, Albert T. Clay. 
Egyptian section: Curator, David Randall-Maclver; Assistant cur- 
ator, C. Leonard Woolley. Mediterranean section: Curator, Wil- 
liam N. Bates. 

Cottections. The anthropological section contains large col- 
lections of American ethnology and archeology, notably the George 
G. Haye collection; collections from Borneo and other parts of the 
Malay Archipelago; and a general ethnological collection. There is 
also a collection of European prehistoric archeology. 

The Babylonian and general Semitic section contains a large num- 
ber of cuneiform tablets and other valuable antiquities discovered by 
the Babylonian expedition of the University of Pennsylvania during 
several years exploration at Nippur. 

The Egyptian section has been a subscriber for many years to the 
Egypt exploration fund and the Egyptian research account, and the 
museum has also sent several expeditions to excavate in Egypt and 
Nubia. The collections which have been gathered from these various 
sources are among the largest and most important in the country. 
They are especially rich in pre-dynastic material, and represent ad- 
mirably the various dynasties down to the Roman period. A notable 
feature is the unique collection of Nubian antiquities discovered by the 
Coxe expedition. 

The Mediterranean section contains valuable collections of marbles, 
pottery, and bronze objects from Greece and Italy, and includes a not- 
able collection of Etruscan antiquities, and a valuable Cretan collec- 
tion made by excavations carried on at Gournia under the auspices 
of the museum. 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES 201 


FINANCIAL Support. Entirely from private sources. 

Burtpinc. The building is of brick, and was planned in 1898 to 
be built in sections, of which about one-fifth has already been erected. 

Scope. The scope of the museum is archeological and ethnolog- 
ical, the archeology coming down as late as the Roman period. It 
is intended to afford the university material for instruction and inves- 
tigation and to offer free educational facilities to the public. 

Liprary. A reference library is maintained in the museum pri- 
marily for the staff and students. 

PUBLICATIONS. The museum has published a Babylonian series, 
an Egyptian series, and an anthropological series dealing with inves- 
tigations carried -on in several sections. It also publishes Transac- 
tions at irregular intervals. 

ATTENDANCE. Open free to the public on week-days from 10 to 
5 and on Sundays from 2 to 6. The average yearly attendance is 
50,000. 

UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA. Wistar Institute of Anat- 

omy and Biology. 

The Wistar Institute, M. J. Greenman, director, maintains as one 
of its activities a research museum, including extensive series of 
preparations and material relating to human and comparative anatomy. 
Extensive experiments have been made in museum installation, in- 
cluding metal cases, exhibition jars, storage cases, etc. The institute 
has an income of $50,000 a year from an endowment given by J. J. 
Wistar. It maintains an anatomical library of 6860 volumes and 5388 
pamphlets, and subscribes to 64 anatomical or zoélogical journals. 
The greater part of the resources is expended in the maintenance of a 
research staff. The institute publishes the following journals: Jour- 
nal of Morphology, The Journal of Comparatize Neurology and Psychology, 
The American Journal of Anatomy, The Anatomical Record, and The 
Journal of Experimental Zodlogy. 

WAGNER FREE INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE. (17th St. and Mont- 

gomery Ave.) ( 

STAFF. Superintendent, John G. Rothermel; 1 general assistant 
and 1 janitor. 

ANTHROPOLOGY. Archeology, native, 3000+, foreign, 24. 

Grotocy. Minerals, on exhibition, 5000+, in storage, 1400+; 
Rocks, 326+; Relief maps, models, etc., 5. 

PALEONTOLOGY. Invertebrates, on exhibition, 20,000+, in storage, 
3000+, types and figured specimens, 123+; Vertebrates, on exhibition, 
278, in storage, 32; Plants, on exhibition, 200, in storage, 150+. 


262 DIRECTORY OF AMERICAN MUSEUMS 


ZOOLOGY. Shells, on exhibition, 16,ooot, in storage, 14,000+; 
Insects, on exhibition, 10,o00+, in storage, 1200+; Fishes, 200+; 
Batrachians, 58+; Reptiles, toot; Birds, 3264; Mammals, 200+. 
Jn addition to these there is a synoptic collection from protozoa to 
vertebrates of 418 specimens. 44 small groups of animals are mounted 
in natural surroundings. 

HistoricaAL SketcH. The institute was founded by Professor 
William Wagner as the result of a course of free lectures on scientific 
subjects given at his house in 1847. The building of the institute was 
completed in 1864 and courses of free lectures have been continuously 
maintained up to the present time. The institute was incorporated 
in 1855. After the death of Professor Wagner in 1885 the trustees 
prepared to open the museum and library to the public; the latter was 
opened in 1889 and the former in 1801. 

FINANCIAL Support. An income of about $20,000 from endow- 
ment by the founder. 

Buitpinc. Erected in 1864 by the founder, the building pro- 
vides 18,596 square feet of floor space for exhibition, and 11,885 for 
lecture hall, libraries, offices, laboratories, workrooms, etc. 

ADMINISTRATION. Bya superintendent, responsible to a board of 
trustees. 

Scope. The museum is intended to maintain synoptic, systematic, 
and local collections for public instruction in connection with the free 
libraries and free lecture courses of the institute. The museum has 
been the basis of much research work published by the institute. 

Liprary. A scientific reference library of 25,000+ bound volumes 
and 50,o00+ unbound volumes and pamphlets, intended for the use 
of both staff and public. 

PUBLICATIONS. 6 volumes of Transactions have been published. 

ATTENDANCE. Open free to the public on Wednesday and Sat- 
urday afternoons from 2 to 5. No statistics of attendance are avail- 


able. 
W. P. WILSTACH COLLECTION. (Memorial Hall, Fairmount 
Park.) 

The gallery contains 500 oil paintings and 25 water colors. It was 
founded in 1892 by the bequest of Mrs. Anna H. Wilstach who de- 
vised the sum of $700,00c, 166 oil paintings, 15 water colors, and 200 
books on art to the city of Philadelphia, in charge of the commissioners 
of Fairmount Park. The collection is under the care of E. A. Shunk, 
custodian, assisted by a librarian, 2 guards, and 5 minor employees. 
The custodian is responsible to a committee in charge of the gallery, 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES 263 


appointed by the commissioners of Fairmount Park. The collection 
occupies 10,000 square feet of floor space for exhibition, and 2000 
for offices, etc., in Memorial Hall. The library consists of 300 vol- 
umes on art intended for the use of both staff and public. The gal- 
lery is open free to the public daily from 9.30 to 5, and the average 
attendance is 350,000 a year. 

ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF PHILADELPHIA. Zoological Gar- 

dens. (Fairmount Park.) 

STAFF. Secretary and general manager, Arthur Erwin Brown; 
Superintendent, Robert D. Carson; Pathologist, Herbert Fox. 

CoLLEctTions. Amphibians, 75; Reptiles, ro12; Birds, 952; Mam- 
mals, 487. 

FINANCIAL SuPPORT. City appropriation through the commission- 
ers of Fairmount Park, $25,000; Membership dues, $885; Admission 
receipts, $25,500; Rents, $250; Interest, $1680; Sale of animals, $210; 
Sale of guides, $465; Goat and donkey rides, $1190; Sundry receipts, 
$161¢. 

BUILDINGS AND GRouNDS. These cover an area of 35 acres. 

ADMINISTRATION. By a general manager, responsible to the board 
of directors of the society. 

Score. Exhibition of living animals. Autopsies are made on all 
animals which die in the collections. 

PUBLICATIONS. An annual report. 

ATTENDANCE. Open daily from 9 until sunset. Admission, 25 
cents, children to cents, except on Saturdays and holidays when the 
fee is ro cents for adults and 5 cents for children. The attendance for 
1903-9 WaS 174,830. 


PITTSBURGH: 
CARNEGIE INSTITUTE. Department of Fine Arts. 


STAFF. Director, John W. Beatty; Secretary to the director, 
Carolyn S. Lapsley; Acting assistant to the director, J. Arthur Garber; 
Curators, Will J. Hyett (paintings, prints, etc.), A. Zeller (architec- 
ture, sculpture, and bronzes). 

Art. Sculpture, 69; Oil paintings, 84; Architecture, 110; Original 
drawings, 139; Japanese prints, 37; Bronzes, 356. The art department 
is rich in the works of modern painters, especially in landscapes. 

HIsfoORICAL SKETCH. Founded by Andrew Carnegie in 1806. 

FINANCIAL Support. An annual income of $60,000 provided by 
Mr. Carnegie. 


204 DIRECTORY OF AMERICAN MUSEUMS 


BuiLpinc. The department occupies 64,825 square feet of floor 
space for exhibition galleries, 4218 for offices, and 14,252 for work- 
rooms and storerooms in a building erected by Mr. Carnegie in 1907 
at a cost of over $6,0c0,000, and occupied jointly by the institute, the 
library, and the music hall. 

Scope. Primarily public instruction. The art department holds 
an annual international exhibition open to artists of all countries, at 
which gold, silver, and bronze medals are awarded, with prizes of $1500, 
$1000, and $500 respectively. 

Lisrary. A working collection of about 500 books. 

PusiicatTions. An annual report and catalogs of exhtbitions. 

ATTENDANCE. Open free to the public on week-days from ro to 
to and on Sundays from 2 to 6. 


CARNEGIE INSTITUTE. Department of the Museum. 


Stare. Director, and curator of paleontology and entomology, 
W. J. Holland; Honorary curators, A. A. Lambing (history), George 
H. Clapp (conchology); Curators, A. E. Ortmann (invertebrate zo6l- 
ogy), C. H. Eigenmann (ichthyology); Assistant curators, O. E. Jen- 
nings (botany), W. E. C. Todd (birds and mammals), P. E. Raymond 
(invertebrate paleontology); Custodians, D. A. Atkinson (reptiles), 
Hugo Kahl (entomology); Assistant to director, custodian of miner- 
alogy, and accession officer, Douglas Stewart; Assistants, Victor 
Sterki (conchology), Earl Douglass and O. A. Peterson (paleontology), 
H. G. Klages (entomology), L. H. Townsend, A. M. Dierdorf, and G. 
A. Link (taxidermic laboratory), Mrs. O. E. Jennings (botany), D. C. 
Hughes (archeology and ethnology); Collectors, J. D. Haseman (ich- 
thyology), M. A. Carriker, Jr., and José Steinbach (zodlogy); Prepara- 
tors, A. S. Coggeshall (paleontology), R. H. and J. A. Santens (zodl- 
ogy); Assistant preparators, L. S. Coggeshall and Serafino Agostini 
(paleontology); Modeler and sculptor, T. A. Mills; Modeler and fore- 
man of shops, William Banks; Modeler in paleontology, Emil Poli; 
Librarian, M. J. Gittings; Artist, Sidney A. Prentice; 2 stenographers, 
3 cabinet makers, and 1 laborer. 20 guards, janitors, engineers, etc. 
are employed by the Carnegie Institute. 

ANTHROPOLOGY. Uncivilized peoples: Archeology, native, 1o,- 
000+, foreign, 13,000+; Ethnology, native, gooo+, foreign, 2000+. 
Civilized peoples, ancient, 7200+, modern, 200+. There are 14 
life-size ethnological groups on exhibition. This department includes 
the largest collection of Costa Rican antiquities in the United States, of 
which Professor C. V. Hartman has described and figured 530 speci- 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES 265 


mens and many others are now being figured for publication; large 
collections of Etruscan and ancient Egyptian antiquities; and a very 
complete set of reproductions of ancient bronzes from Pompeii and 
Herculaneum. 

ArT. Ceramics, 4000+; Textiles, 600+; Bronzes, 1200+; Ivory 
and wood carvings, 400+, including collection of H. J. Heinz; Gems 
and gem stones, 600c+, including the Lewis collection of about 5000 
specimens; Numismatics, 12,000; Armor and weapons, 2500+, includ- 
ing the Irwin-Laughlin collection of Japanese spears; H. J. Heinz col- 
lection of ro3 watches; Graphic arts, 150+; Reproductions of 252 
silver reliefs by Peter Fl6tner, donated by Mr. Herbert Dupuy. 

Astronomy. Small collections of meteorites; photographs: and 
a collection illustrating the manufacture of astronomical! instruments. 

Botany. Cryptogams, 21,500, including 8 types and figured 
specimens; Phanerogams, 128,200, including 12 types and figured 
specimens; Economic collection, 840. 

COMMERCE AND INpustrRY. Large collections illustrating the evo- 
lution of methods of transportation, and various manufacturing 
processes. 

GEOGRAPHY. Relief maps of Pittsburgh, Western Pennsylvania, 
and foreign countries. 

Grotocy. Minerals, on exhibition, 4ooc, in storage, 35,000+; 
Rocks, on exhibition, 450, in storage, 200+. The Jefferis collection 
of minerals, made by the late Dr. Jefferis of West Chester, and pur- 
chased for the museum by Mr. Carnegie, contains many rare speci- 
mens, some of them figured in Dana’s mineralogy. The collection of 
the late Professor Gustave Guttenberg is also incorporated in the col- 
lections. 

History. A large collection of objects relating mainly to the 
history of Western Pennsylvania, many of which have been figured 
and described. 

PALEONTOLOGY. Invertebrates, on exhibition, 3500+, in storage, 
100,000+, types and figured specimens, $32; Vertebrates, on exhibi- 
tion, 1800+, in storage, 18,0c0, types and figured specimens, 315; 
Plants, on exhibition, 200+, in storage, 2500+, numerous types and 
figured specimens. The collection of mounted skeletons includes that 
of Diplodocus carnegiei and many others of great interest; it is one of 
the largest collections in the United States and includes the celebrated 
collection of Baron Ernst Bayet of Brussels, representing Europe, and 
the large collections made in the Western United States through the 
generosity of Mr. Carnegie. 


266 DIRECTORY OF AMERICAN MUSEUMS 


ZooLoGy. Shells, on exhibition, 4500, in storage, 120,000, types, 
co-types, and figured specimens, 256; Insects, on exhibition, 3800, in 
storage, 1,125,000+, types, co-types, and figured specimens, 6250+; 
Other invertebrates, on exhibition, 725, in storage, 19,5004, types, 
co-types, and figured specimens, 40; Fishes, on exhibition, 215, in 
storage, 30,660+, types, co-types, and figured specimens, 482; 
Batrachians, on exhibition, 150, in storage, 2400, types, co-types, and 
figured specimens, 2; Reptiles, on exhibition, 300, in storage, 4200+, 
types, co-types, and figured specimens, 6; Birds, on exhibition, 1641, 
in storage, 29,923, types, co-types, and figured specimens, 25; Mam- 
mals, on exhibition, 173, in storage, 1661, types, co-types, and figured 
specimens, 5. The shells of the Holland and Hartman collection, owned 
by the museum, contain many types and co-types of Adams, Bland, 
Lea, Anthony, and Hartman. The Sterki collection also contains 
many types. The Holland collection of lepidoptera contains the types 
of W. H. Edwards, Theo. L. Mead, many of Walsingham, Butler, 
and others, and all the types of species described and figured by 
Holland in various books and papers. The Ulke collection contains 
many species described by Leconte and Horn and referred to as in 
this collection. ‘The museum also contains Dr. Hamilton’s types of 
coleoptera, many of Ashmead’s types of South American chalcids, 
many of Calvert’s types of South American odonata, and of Bruner’s 
types of South American orthoptera. The entomological collection 
is one of the largest in North America. There is a large and increas- 


ing collection of bird nests and eggs. g large and 23 small groups of 
animals are exhibited in natural surroundings. 

HistoricaAL SketcH. The Carnegie Museum is one of the three 
departments of the Carnegie Institute of Pittsburgh, to which Mr. 
Carnegie has given for buildings and endowment approximately $20,- 
000,coo. It began its work in 1897 and has been almost continuously 
under the care of the present director, W. J. Holland. The work of 
research and the formation of the collections was begun in a small 
way, but has grown rapidly, and there have been no less than 40 explor- 
ing and collecting parties in the field at different times. 5 parties have 
been sent to South America, 2 to Costa Rica, 1 to Labrador, t to Hud- 
son Bay, 24 to the fossil-fields of the West, 3 to Africa, 1 to Texas, 
2 to Canada, 1 to Florida, and 1 to the Bahamas. The museum is 
maintaining a continuous biological survey of the upper valley of the 
Ohio and its tributaries. It has employed a score of collectors in dif- 
ferent parts of the world. 

FINANCIAL Support. By an income of $85,000 annually from 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES 267 


endowment, supplemented by special gifts from the founder, who has 
alone borne the expense of the paleontological researches and has given 
many important collections to the museum. 

BuiILpING. Erected in 1897-1907 at a cost of $7,000,000. The 
museum occupies about one-third of the building, having 52,500 square 
feet of floor space for exhibition, and 36,000 for offices, work rooms, 
etc. The building also houses the Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh 
and the Department of Fine Arts of the Carnegie Institute. 

ADMINISTRATION. By a director, responsible to a board of trustees 
represented by a committee of seven. 

Scope. Exploration, research, school work, and instruction of 
the general public. Collections are loaned to schools, lectures are given 
for their benefit, and prize essay contests are held at the museum. 

LIBRARY. 15,000 bound volumes and 12,000 pamphlets on natural 
science intended for the use of both staff and public. The library is 
rich in works on paleontology, entomology, and ornithology, and has 
large series of publications of learned societies of Europe and America. 

PuBLicaATIons. (1) Annals, 1 volume issued annually, 7 volumes 
published. (2) Memoirs, issued at irregular intervals, 4 volumes 
published and 3 in course of publication. 

ATTENDANCE. The museum is open free to the public on week 
days from to to ro, and on Sundays from 2 to 6. The number of visi- 
tors In I909 Was 450,000+. 


UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH. 

The university maintains the following collections in connection 
with related departments in the college, the school of engineering, and 
the school of mines: The Smith cabinet of mineralogical and zoélogical 
specimens; an extensive study series of minerals; many Ward casts of 
fossils; models of mines; physiological and anatomical models; etc. 

ZOOLOGICAL PARK. 

The city maintains zoological collections covering 15 acres, estab- 
lished in 1894 and 1896, and comprising 59 reptiles, 685 birds, and 285 
mammals. 


POLTSVILLE: 

SCHUYLKILL COUNTY HISTORICAL SOCIETY. 

This society was organized in 1903, and occupies a room in the 
building of the Young Men’s Christian Association. Its object is to 
collect and preserve historical records and relics pertaining to the county 
with special reference to the history of anthracite coal mining. The 


268 DIRECTORY OF AMERICAN MUSEUMS 


collections are in charge of H. J. Herbein, librarian and curator, and 
Claude Unger, assistant. The collections of local historical relics and 
material relating to the coal industry are still small but are being ac- 
tively developed. The library contains about 250 bound volumes in 
addition to maps, pamphlets, and manuscripts. These collections may 
be seen upon application to the librarian. The society has issued 2 
volumes of its publications, including several papers on the history 
of coal mining, and 1 on the fossil flora of the southern anthracite 
coal fields. The work of the society is supported by dues from members, 
supplemented by a small annual contribution from the county. 


READING: 
HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF BERKS COUNTY. 


The society maintains a small collection of local historical relics. 


SCRANTON: 
EVERHART MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY, SCIENCE, AND 
ART. 

The Everhart Museum was founded and endowed by Dr. Isaiah 
F. Everhart in 1907. The present building is devoted to Dr. Ever- 
hart’s private collection of natural history, and to the Hollister col- 
lections of Indian stone implements. ‘The museum receives $5000 
annually from the endowment and $3000 as a regular city appropria- 
tion. The building was erected in 1907 at a cost of $100,000. It is 
of fireproof construction and provides 12,800 Square feet of floor space 
for exhibition, and 3200 for offices, workrooms, etc. The site covers 
four acres and was donated by the city of Scranton. The museum 
staff is not yet selected, the founder acting as curator. 

The collections include at present the Hollister collections of 12,c0o 
specimens of Indian stone implements; a collection of woods and seeds 
of Pennsylvania; anthracite coal fossils; a collection of North American 
butterflies; North and South American reptiles; mammalsof Pennsyl- 
vania; 12,000 native and foreign birds; and a series of heads of North 
American mammals. 

The museum is open free to the public on week-days from 7 to 5 
and on Sundays from 2 to 5. 


ZOOLOGICAL PARK. 
The city maintains a zodlogical park of 1 acre, established in 1898, 
containing 12 birds and 62 mammals. 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES 269 


SOUTH BETHLEHEM: 
LEHIGH UNIVERSITY. 


The university maintains teaching collections in connection with 
its scientific departments as follows: Anthropology, tooo weapons 
and -implements of North American Indians; Botany, a collection of 
TOoo specimens in addition to a series of commercial woods; Geology, 
15,000 minerals and 5500 rocks and ores; Paleontology, a synoptic 
collection of 3000 specimens; Zodlogy, a synoptic collection of 1500 
specimens, the Werner collection of 600 North and South American 
birds, nests, and eggs; and the Packer collection of tooo shells. 


SLATE COLLEGE: 
PENNSYLVANIA STATE COLLEGE. 


The college maintains museum collections in connection with a 
number of its departments as follows: 

Botany. Phanerogams, 4000; Seeds, 1500 species; Woods of 
Pennsylvania from the state forestry exhibit at the World’s Columbian 
Exposition. 

CHEMISTRY. 3500 specimens of chemical products. 

Grotocy. Minerals, 10,000; Rocks, series of European rocks, 
rocks of Pennsylvania, United States geological survey collection of 
200 rock types; Historical geology, a general stratigraphic series col- 
lected by the first and second geological surveys of Pennsylvania; 
Economic geology, 5000 specimens including the Pennsylvania exhibit 
of ores, minerals, and economic products at the World’s Columbian 
Exposition, a polylith of 281 building stones of Pennsylvania and else- 
where, Colorado ores, Lake Superior iron ores, and German economic 
minerals and rocks. 

History. Material, chiefly manuscripts and photographs, show- 
ing the beginning of the college and the growth of So years. 

PALEONTOLOGY. 2000 specimens. 

ZoOLocy. Shells, on exhibition, too, in storage, 500; Insects, 
on exhibition, 1500, in storage, 3000; Other invertebrates, on exhibi- 
tion, 100, in storage, 500; Fishes, on exhibition, 300, in storage, 300; 
Batrachians, cn exhibition, 50, in storage, 50; Reptiles, on exhibition, 
50, in storage, 50; Birds, on exhibition, 200, in storage, 300; Mammals, 
on exhibition, 75, in storage, 50. The preceding figures are approxi- 
mate. The series of Pennsylvania vertebrates is nearly complete. 


279 DIRECTORY OF AMERICAN MUSEUMS 


SWARTHMORE: 

SWARTHMORE COLLEGE. Museum. 

Starr. The museum is in charge of Spencer Trotter, professor 
of biology. 

ANTHROPOLOGY. The Frederick Kohl ethnological collection of 
Indian weapons, clothing, etc., mostly from Alaska. 

Botany. The Annie Shoemaker collection and the Eckfeldt 
herbarium of 2000 Pennsylvania phanerogams. 

GrEoLocy. The Joseph Leidy collection of minerals, the Robert 
K. Corson collection of stalactites and stalagmites from Luray cavern, 
the Joel Scarlett collection of 3000 minerals and crystallographic 
specimens, and the educational series of rock specimens from the 
United States geological survey. 

PALEONTOLOGY. A few fossil invertebrates, fishes, and plants. 

ZooLocy. The C. E. Parker collection of shells; small collections 
of butterflies and moths, corals, sponges, echinoderms, and mollusks; 
a small number of vertebrate skeletons for class work; the Wilcox and 
Farnum collection of Pennsylvania birds; and a teaching collection 
in comparative osteology. : 

FINANCIAL SUPPORT. The museum is supported by the college. 

BuiLpinc. The collections occupy 3000 square feet of floor space 
in one of the college buildings. 

Scope. The museum is maintained primarily for college teaching 
and local collections. 


UNIONTOWN: 

FAYETTE COUNTY HISTORICAL SOCIETY. 

The society maintains a small collection of local historical relics, 
in charge of James Hannen, secretary and custodian. 


VALLEY FORGE: 

VALLEY FORGE MUSEUM OF AMERICAN HISTORY. 

This museum includes the following collections: The Rev. Jesse 
Y. Burk collection, and the William S. Green and William L. Fox 
collection of Indian relics; the Mary Regina Brice collection of his- 
torical documents; the Lilla S. Pechin collection of United States 
postage stamps; a good collection of Washingtoniana; and an interest- 
ing civil war collection. Among the more notable single specimens 
are the marquee used by Washington throughout the Revolution, 
and the check for $120,000 paid to Lafayette for his services in the 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES Aja 


Revolution. The museum is in charge of Rev. W. Herbert Burk, 
whose address is All Saints Rectory, Norristown, Pa. 

It is intended to illustrate the periods of American history, and 
is used by the public schools of the vicinity. It occupies one room of 
Patriots’ Hall, the erection of which was begun in 1908, and is sup- 
ported by voluntary contributions amounting to $523 in the first year, 
by an income of $18.75 from endowment, and by entrance fees which 
have amounted to $139.50 between September 1, 1909, and May 1, 
tgto. Itis open to the public on week-days from 8 to 5, the admission 
fee being ro cents. 


WASHINGTON: 

WASHINGTON AND JEFFERSON COLLEGE. 

The president reports that the college maintains a museum com- 
prising Soo ethnological specimens, 500 species of plants, 2500 
minerals, several hundred fossils, and 2coo zodlogical specimens. 
These collections occupy about 2300 square feet of floor space, and are 
in charge of the professor of biology. 

WASHINGTON COUNTY HISTORICAL SOCIETY. 

This society maintains a library and museum for the preservation 
of material illustrating the history of southwestern Pennsylvania. 


WEST CHESTER: 

CHESTER COUNTY HISTORICAL SOCIETY. 

This society receives $200 a year from the county, and maintains 
a collection of articles of local historical interest which is open free to 
the public from 9 to 6. The museum 1s in charge of Justin E. Harlan 
and Alice Cochran, curators. 

WEST CHESTER STATE NORMAL SCHOOL. 

This school maintains a small collection of shells, minerals, and 
paintings; an Indian collection; and a large collection of animal horns. 


WILKES-BARRE: 
WYOMING HISTORICAL AND GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 


Museum. 
STAFF. ‘The museum is in charge of the librarian, Horace Edwin 
Hayden. 


ANTHROPOLOGY. An unusually fine collection of 25,000 Indian 
relics of the highest quality, chiefly from the watersheds of the Susque- 
hanna River; the A. F. Berlin collection of 2700 pieces, containing 


272 DIRECTORY OF AMERICAN MUSEUMS 


many exceedingly fine and rare specimens from all parts of North 
America; a series of 15 Indian pots, said to be the finest collection of 
Algonquin pottery in the United States; valuable collections of colo- 
nial domestic utensils; Revolutionary and Wyoming massacre relics; 
war relics; and Hawaiian, Egyptian, Chinese, Japanese, Philippine, 
and African collections. There is a numismatic collection of 5000 
pieces. 

ART. 103 portraits, chiefly of members and benefactors of the 
society. 

GEOLOGY. 30co minerals. 

PALEONTOLOGY. The Ralph D. Lacoe collection of 5000 paleo- 
zoic fossils; the Christian H. Sharar collection of nearly 1000 paleo- 
zoic fossils from the carboniferous limestone at Mill Creek, Luzerne 
County, Pa., and 3000 specimens of the anthracite coal flora, including 
200 types described by the late curator, R. D. Lacoe, and Professor 
Leo Lesquereux. 

HISTORICAL SKETCH. The society was organized in 1858 to com- 
memorate the successful burning of Wyoming anthracite coal in a 
domestic grate, February 11, 1808, by Hon. Jesse Fell. 

FINANCIAL Support. ‘The museum is supported from a portion 
of the general funds of the society, amounting in 1910 to $52,000 in- 
cluding life memberships and gifts for special purposes. 

Burtpinc. The museum occupies a portion of the society building. 

Scope. The society holds four regular meetings annually. Its 
aims are the investigation of local history and geology. The meetings, 
the library, the museum, and the publications are its chief activities. 

LIBRARY. 20,000 books and pamphlets on American history, 
genealogy, and geology; 1200 bound volumes of local newspapers; 
also depository for Pennsylvania and national publications: ‘This 
library is the only one of its kind in northeastern Pennsylvania, no 
other covering the same field. 

PUBLICATIONS. (1) Proceedings and Collections, to volumes 
issued. (2) 25 pamphlet titles, relating to American history, geology, 
ethnology, numismatics, etc. 

ATTENDANCE. Open free to the public on week-days from to to 
5. Annual attendance 6000—700¢c. 


WILLIAMSPORT: 

THE JAMES VY. BROWN LIBRARY. 

This library maintains an art gallery consisting at present of 30 
oul paintings and water colors, 2 pieces of sculpture, and a large set 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES 273 


of Copley reproductions of Abbey’s Holy Grail. The library building 
was erected at a cost of $145,000 from the bequest of James V. Brown, 
who also provided an endowment yielding $10,000 annually. The 
library and art gallery are open free to the public daily, except Sun- 
days and holidays, from 9 to 9. The library gives lectures to adults 
and to school children, and holds loan exhibitions of pictures in addi- 
tion to its permanent collections. The collection is in charge of O. R. 
Howard Thomson, librarian. 


YORK: 

YORK COUNTY HISTORICAL SOCIETY. 

The society maintains a museum, in its rooms on the third floor 
of the county court house, in charge of George R. Prowell, curator 
and librarian. The museum was founded in r9o02 and built up largely 
by voluntary contributions from members of the society and citizens 
of York. It includes collections of Indian archeology of Pennsylvania 
not excelled by any other museum outside of Philadelphia or Pitts- 
burgh. There are also collections illustrating the history of southern 
Pennsylvania from the time of the first settlement, including many 
historical portraits of great value. There is a complete collection of 
copper, nickel, and silver coins made at the United States Mint; 
a complete collection of the eleven issues of continental money made 
during the revolution. There are biological collections, including 
a herbarium of rooo specimens; 2000 local butterflies and other insects; 
2000 local birds, small mammals, bird eggs and nests. The depart- 
ments of history and ornithology are most active at present. 


RHODE ISLAND 
BARRINGTON: 

BARRINGTON HISTORIC-ANTIQUARIAN SOCIETY. 

This society was founded in 1885 and maintains a miscellaneous 
collection of material illustrating the early life of the town and neigh- 
borhood. The collection occupies a room in the library and is in charge 
of Emma S. Bradford, librarian. It is open free to the public. 


KINGSTON: 

RHODE ISLAND STATE COLLEGE. 

The college maintains a small museum collection in charge of 
John Barlow, professor of zodlogy. In includes over 2000 named 
species of insects, with a large amount of undetermined material; 


274 DIRECTORY OF AMERICAN MUSEUMS 


a synoptical series of invertebrates; a collection including most of the 
reptiles and batrachians of Rhode Island; a complete series of Rhode 
Island birds; and a synoptical collection of mammalia in which all 
the orders are represented by mounted skins and skeletons. 


PAWTUCKET: 
ZOOLOGICAL PARK. 


The city maintains a zodlogical park, established in 1900, contain- 
ing 12 mammals. 


PROVIDENCE: 

ANNMARY BROWN MEMORIAL. 

Completed by Gen. Rush C. Hawkins in 1907 as a memorial to 
his wife. The collections include family portraits, other personal and 
family relics, 50 early masters and 45 modern oil paintings, 15 water 
colors, and about 540 books, illustrating the first half century of 
printing with movable metal type—nearly all before 1501—and inci- 
dentally, the early use of woodcuts for book illustration. 

The collection is open free to the public Tuesdays, Wednesdays, 
and Thursdays, and in summer, Fridays, from ro to 4. 

BROWN UNIVERSITY. 

The university maintains collections, primarily for teaching pur- 
poses, in connection with the departments listed below. 

Art. In the faculty room are temporarily hung 14 paintings by 
Frank O. Small illustrating scenes in American colonial history. In 
Sayles Hall is a collection of Rhode Island portraits said to be the most 
extensive in the state. In Manning Hall are about 20 oil paintings, 
specimens of early Christian and Indian sculpture, and many pieces 
of statuary, casts, etc. 

BOTANY. 75,000 specimens from all parts of the world but mainly 
from America. Thegenus Carex isparticularly wellrepresented. There 
are also several cases of unmounted specimens and duplicates. This 
herbarium is in charge of J. F. Collins, curator, and is housed in Maxcy 
Hall. 

GEOLOGY AND PALEONTOLOGY. The collection of minerals was in- 
augurated by the late Professors Jenks and Packard and now contains 
a carefully selected and labeled series of 10,000 specimens representing 
various types and characteristics. In addition there are about 500 
types of rocks for the use of students in petrography, and 15 sets of 
100 typical rock specimens each. There are also too large specimens 
illustrating structural geology; a general synoptic collection of 3000 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES 275 


fossils; 50 fossil fishes, and several thousand specimens of carbon- 
iferous plants in storage. 

Zo6Ltocy. Jenks Museum. The Jenks collection was founded by 
the late Professor Jenks and developed by Professors Packard, Bumpus, 
and Mead. It includes the following collections: Shells, in storage, 
10,200; Insects, in storage, 4000; Other invertebrates, on exhibition, 
500, in storage, 500; Fishes, on exhibition, 25, in storage, 1000; Ba- 
trachians, on exhibition, 50, in storage, 85; Reptiles, on exhibition, 
.45, in storage, 18; Birds, on exhibition, rroo, in storage, 3500; Mam- 
mals, on exhibition, 60, in storage, 24. There are also many embryo- 
logical reconstructions and medical preparations on exhibition and in 
storage. This department is housed in Rhode Island Hall, and is in 
charge of Prof. A. D. Mead. 


The anthropological collections formerly exhibited in Rhode Island 
Hall are now in storage. 


MOSES BROWN SCHOOL. 

The school has an art collection comprising 2 marble busts by 
Theed, a series of oil portraits, chiefly of persons connected with the 
history of the school and including a portrait of Whittier by Parker, 
and a considerable number of prints. There is also a geological col- 
lection comprising about 2500 minerals, including the John Griscom 
collection purchased in 1839; a cabinet of shells; and general teaching 
collections in botany and zodlogy. 


PARK MUSEUM. (Roger Williams Park.) 

STAFF. Curator, Harold L. Madison; 2 janitors. 

ANTHROPOLOGY. Ethnology, native, 5000, foreign, 100. This 
department includes the Charles Gorton collection of Rhode Island 
Indian relics and the James Angus collection of North American Indian 
relics. 

Art. Sculpture, 3 pieces of marble and 1 plaster cast; Prints and 
engravings, 47; Oil paintings, 6; Water colors, 1; Ceramics, 4 small 
exhibits; Textiles, 2 small exhibits. 

Botany. Cryptogams, 250; Phanerogams, 1300+. There are 
also too colored photographs of wild flowers. 

COMMERCE AND INpustRY. Exhibits of the following local indus- 
tries: Cut-glass, copper, rubber, cotton cloth, woolens, and leather. 

EDUCATIONAL COLLECTIONS. The museum has the following 
collections which it loans to the city schools: Birds, 5 different sets; 
Woods, 6 sets alike; Minerals, 6 sets alike; Bird charts, 8; Lantern 
slides, 230. 


276 DIRECTORY OF AMERICAN MUSEUMS 


GrEoLocy. Minerals, on exhibition, 550+, in storage, 3000+, 
Rocks, on exhibition, 175+, in storage, 300+; Decorative marble; 
103. The James Angus collection of Brazilian agates is said to be 
one of the finest in the world. 

PALEONTOLOGY. Invertebrates, on exhibition, 8, in storage, 
tooo+; Vertebrates, on exhibition, 30, in storage, 250+; Plants, on 
exhibition, 40, in storage, 2000+, including many duplicates. 

Zo6Locy. Shells, on exhibition, 2300+, in storage, 5000+, types 
and figured specimens, 5; Insects, on exhibition, 300+, in storage, 
1200+; Other invertebrates, on exhibition, 250+, in storage, roo+; 


mites =f} 
Fishes, on exhibition, ro in jars,and go colored plates, in storage, 50+; 
Batrachians, on exhibition, 20, in storage, 50; Reptiles, on exhibition, 
too+, in storage, 50+; Birds, on exhibition, 830, in storage, 700+ 
skins; Mammals, on exhibition, 60, in storage, toot skins. There 
is one group showing the northern deer in natural surrounding. The 
shell collections include the Southwick, Blake, and Caroline Richmond 
collections. There are also collections of commercial sponges and shells. 

HistoricaAL SKETCH. The museum was originally intended as 
an art museum, but has always been used as a natural history museum. 
The value of the collections is chiefly due to the earnest efforts of the 
first two curators, Messrs. Southwick and Davis. 

FINANCIAL Support. By city funds appropriated by the board 
of park commissioners. The average amount of the appropriation 
isabout $3500a year. After fixed expenses have been met the amount 


available for exhibits, publications, lectures, etc., is from $400 to $500 
a year. 

Buitpinc. The building was erected by the city in 1894-5 at a 
cost of $40,000 and affords 3800 square feet of floor space for exhibition, 
and roso for offices, workrooms, etc. 

ADMINISTRATION. By a curator, responsible to the board of park 
commissioners. . 

Scope. Maintenance of local collections, public school work, 
and instruction of the general public. 

PuBLicaTiIons. (1) A bi-monthly Bulletin begun in March, 1909. 
(2) Annual reports, previous to 1909 the reports were published as a 
part of the report of the board of park commissioners. Since that time 
the reports have been issued separately. (3) A series of “ Museum 
Bulletins” published previous to t909 were the personal property 
of the curator. 

Lrprary. 800 bound volumes and 1200 pamphlets, intended for 
the use of both staff and public. 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES 277 


ATTENDANCE. Open free to the public on week-days from ro to 
5, and on Sundays from 1.30 to 5. No statistics of attendance avail- 
able. 


PROVIDENCE ATHENAUM. 

In addition to its library the Athenaeum has a number of paintings 
and marble busts, among which may be noted Malbone’s miniature 
picture *‘ The Hours,” a miniature of Nicholas Power by the same artist, 
and his sketch of himself; paintings by Van Dyke, and Sir James Rey- 
nolds; and a portrait of Sarah Helen Whitman by Thompson. 

RHODE ISLAND HISTORICAL SOCIETY. 

This society, established in 1822, maintains a library and museum 
devoted especially to Rhode Island and New England history. The 
collections include Rhode Island Indian relics, relics of the early set- 
tlers, prints, engravings, and oil paintings of persons and localities 
of local interest, early household pottery, and homespun fabrics of 
Rhode Island. The library consists of 40,000 bound volumes and 
60,0co pamphlets. Among its rare books are Capt. John Smith’s De- 
scription of New England, Eliot’s Indian Bible, and nearly all of the 
original editions of the writings of Roger Williams, Samuel Gorton, and 
other early Rhode Island authors. The society is supported by the 
income from endowment funds; an annual state appropriation; and 
subscriptions and annual memberships. The aims of the society are 
research, the maintenance of local collections, and instruction of the 
general public and schools. The society has published 10 volumes of 
its Collections, 8 volumes of its Publications (new series), and 38 
volumes of the Proceedings of its business meetings, etc. —The museum 
is on the third floor of the building and is open to the public, with 
special privileges to members, on week-days from 9 to 4; during August 
from to to f. 

RHODE ISLAND SCHOOL OF DESIGN. 

The school maintains a public museum administered by a museum 
committee, of which E.G. Radeke issecretary. The collections include 
the following: Sculpture, 350, including casts; Prints, engravings, 
and autotypes, 900; Oil paintings and water colors, 200; Ceramics, 
1600; Textiles, 1500; Furniture, 200; Metals, 500. 

The museum occupies 8 galleries in the main building, 3 of which 
are devoted to oil paintings, water colors, and engravings, 2 to casts 
of classic and renaissance sculpture, 1 to autotypes illustrating the 
history of painting, 1 to Japanese pottery, metal work, lacquer, and 
textiles, and 1 to a representative collection of peasant pottery from 


278 DIRECTORY OF AMERICAN MUSEUMS 


many countries. Connected with the other galleries is the Pendleton 
House, containing a remarkable collection of antique mahogany fur- 
niture, rugs, mirrors, porcelain, china, and silver, gathered by the late 
Charles Leonard Pendleton and presented by him to the school. 
The house was given by Stephen O. Metcalf in accordance with the 
stipulation of the connoisseur that a typical colonial house be erected 
to hold his treasures. The place is unique in that house and furniture 
are in perfect harmony, giving the impression not of a museum and 
collection, but of the private mansion of a gentleman of taste and wealth 
who lived in the 18th century and furnished his house with the best 
examples of the cabinet makers of that period. 160 copies of a catalog 
of the Pendleton collection have been published at a cost of $150 a 
copy. 

Both the Pendleton House and the general collections are open to 
the public daily, at hours varying with the seasons, an admission fee 
of 25 cents being charged on Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays. 
The number of visitors in 1908 was 64,031. 


ZOOLOGICAL PARK. 

The city maintains, in Roger Williams Park, zodlogical collections 
established in 1891 and comprising 2 reptiles, 186 birds, and 192 mam- 
mals. : 


SOUTH CAROLINA 
CHARLESTON: 


Canaan ART ASSOCIATION. (Gibbes Memorial Art Build- 
ing. 

This association was incorporated in 1858. In 1906 the associa- 
tion and the mayor of Charleston were made trustees of the Gibbes 
Memorial Art Building, which was erected in 1904 at a cost of about 
$85,000, on land worth $15,000, the cost of both land and building 
being covered by a bequest of the late James S. Gibbes. An endow- 
ment of about $8800 is available for the maintenance of the building, 
while the association has an income of about $500 from memberships. 
An arts and crafts school and annual exhibitions are maintained, and 
a beginning of a permanent collection of art objects has been made. 
A catalog of the annual exhibition is published, and the building is 
open to the public at certain seasons at an admission fee of 25 cents. 


CHARLESTON MUSEUM. 

STAFF. Director, Paul M. Rea; Honorary curators, William G. 
Mazyck (conchology), Daniel S. Martin (geology), Arthur T. Wayne 
(ornithology), Nathaniel W. Stephenson (art); Librarian, Laura 
M. Bragg; 1 janitor. 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES 279 


ANTHROPOLOGY. A general collection of about 300 cataloged 
specimens; a small amount of uncataloged local Indian material; and 
a miscellaneous series of Arctic relics obtained by one of the Peary 
expeditions. This department includes the oldest specimens in the 
museum, a number of which were obtained as early as 1798. The col- 
lection of South Carolina Indian relics is small but includes some good 
specimens. 

Art. A small number of casts of Greek, Egyptian, and Assyrian 
sculpture, and a number of portraits of former curators. _ 

Botany. The Stephen Elliott herbarium, containing the plants 
upon which his botany of South Carolina and Georgia is based, with 
many types; the Henry W. Ravenel herbarium, comprising 57 algae, 
459 fungi, 134 lichens, 22 hepatics, 131 mosses, and 15 ferns, all 
chiefly local material; a series of 300 Alpine plants obtained early in 
the last century; and a working herbarium of 250 species of the local 
flora recently begun. 

COMMERCE AND INpustrRY. A traveling exhibit of the iron and 
steel industry for use in public school work; and material for the illus- 
tration of a number of local industries in preparation for exhibition. 

GroLocy. A carefully selected series of about 3000 minerals, 
about 300 rocks, and-about 50 specimens of dynamic geology. Among 
special collections may be noted a series of minerals of the Ural Moun- 
tains; the Shepard collection of phosphates of lime from all parts of 
the world, prepared for comparison with local phosphate material 
and probably unique of its kind; a collection of minerals of the Pied- 
mont and southern Appalachian regions, now in process of formation; 
and material relating to the phosphate and other industries of South 
Carolina. 

History. A few war relics and other objects of historical interest 
not strictly included in the scope of the museum. 

PALEONTOLOGY. Asynoptic series of about 2000 carefully selected 
invertebrate, vertebrate, and plant fossils, and a fair collection of fos- 
sils from the phosphate beds of South Carolina, only partially worked 
up. The vertebrate fossils are almost exclusively fragments. 

ZooLocy. Shells several thousand specimens: Insects, a small 
working collection only; Other invertebrates, 224; Fishes, 75; Batra- 
chians, 23; Reptiles, 69; Birds, 1118 (756 mounted); Mammals, 181; 
Skeletons, 200+; Bird nests and eggs, 400+. The bird collection 
includes nearly all species recorded for the state, and a general col- 
lection from all parts of the world; the mammals include a good 
representation of the larger species; the skeletons were all mounted 


280 DIRECTORY OF AMERICAN MUSEUMS 


by Dr. Gabriel Manigault, a former curator, and represent nearly all 
orders of vertebrates. 

HIsToRICAL SKETCH. ‘This is the oldest museum in the country, 
as far as is known, having originated sometime previous to 1777 under 
the auspices of the Charleston Library Society. It was transferred 
to the Literary and Philosophical Society of South Carolina in 1815, 
to the Medical College in 1828, end to the College of Charleston in 
1850. In 1907 a building was provided by the city and the museum 
became a public institution. 

FINANCIAL Support. A fixed annual appropriation of $2500 from 
the city, supplemented by subscriptions, memberships, etc., amount- 
ing in t909 to about $1700. 

BuiLpinc. Erected in 1899 at a cost of $30,000, the building was 
devoted to the purpose of the museum in 1907. It affords about 36,000 
square feet of floor space available for exhibition, and about 1800 for 
offices, workrooms, lecture rooms, etc. The city has expended $12,414 
in remodeling the building for the use of the museum. 

ADMINISTRATION. By a director, responsible to a committee of 
the trustees of the College of Charleston, under whose auspices the 
museum is administered. 

Score. Public instruction, maintenance of local collections, and 
research. The work of public instruction is carried on largely through 
the medium of a natural history society organized under the auspices 
of the museum. Special importance is attached at present to a bio- 
logical survey of South Carolina, beginning with the coast region. 

Liprary. About 300c volumes and many pamphlets on natural 
science, geography, and commerce and industry, intended for the use 
of both stalf and public. 

PUBLICATIONS. (1) Bulletin, issued monthly from October to 
May since April t905. (2) Contributions, issued at irregular inter- 
vals, beginning in Igio. 

ATTENDANCE. The museum isin process of installation in the new 
building. The attendance in the old building, which was unfavorably 
situated, was estimated at 10,000 annually. 

DAUGHTERS OF THE CONFEDERACY —CHARLESTON CHAP- 

TER. 

This chapter was organized in 1894 and maintains a collection of 
articles of historical interest, chiefly relics of the war between the states, 
occupying a floor space of about tooo square feet in Market Hall. 
The museum is open to the public during the tourist season upon 
payment of 2 fee of 25 cents. The number of visitors is between 
300 and 4oo for the season. 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES 281 


CLEMSON COLLEGE: 

CLEMSON COLLEGE. Natural History Museum. 

Botany. Cryptogams, 800; Phanerogams, 4600; Special col- 
lections, too+ preserved specimens of local fungi and a collection 
of parasitic fungi of economic importance, together with the host 
plants. | 

GroLocy. Minerals, on exhibition, 1500, in storage, 2000; Rocks, 
on exhibition, 1000, in storage, 1000; Dynamic geology, relief maps, 
models, etc., 10.’ There is also a collection of the rocks and minerals 
of the state. 

PALEONTOLOGY. Invertebrates, on exhibition, 500, in storage, 
250; Vertebrates, 50; Plants, 50. 

ZOOLOGY. Shells, 40; Insects, on exhibition, 5000, in storage, 
5000; Other invertebrates, 100; Fishes, 20; Batrachians, 20; Reptiles, 
too; Birds, 200; Mammals, 20. Special collections include injurious 
insects in all stages of their life history, with methods of combating 
them. 


The museum was established in 1904 as an aid to classroom work, 
the first cases being installed in 1906. It is supported by appropria- 
tions from the college, varying from $200 to $500 a year, and is in 
charge of a committee of the faculty, with F. H. H. Calhoun, professor 
of geology and mineralogy, as chairman and curator. 


COLUMBIA: 

UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 

The college maintains museum collections, primarily for purposes 
of instruction, as follows: The Babcock collection of about 30,000 
Indian relics from South Carolina and neighboring states; 2200+ 
minerals and 700 rocks; several rare pieces of old furniture; a miscel- 
laneous collection of fossils; and a zoological collection including the 
Taylor and Heyward collection of bird eggs, a small series of mounted 
birds, and the Gibbes collection of shells and crustaceans. The Bab- 
cock collection is the largest of its kind extant. The nucleus of the 
collection of minerals and fossils consists of material gathered by Cooper 
in Europe and in this country, enlarged and arranged by Brumby 
and added to from various sources. There is a somewhat extensive 
collection of fossils of the coastal plain of the state which were probably 
ga‘hered by Professor Tuomey. The Babcock collection is housed in 
the library and is open to public inspection; the other collections are 
in charge of the professors of the related departments and are used 
mainly for teaching purposes. 


282 DIRECTORY OF AMERICAN MUSEUMS 


GREENVILLE: 

FURMAN UNIVERSITY. 

Small collections in anthropology, geology, paleontology, and zo- 
dlogy form the nucleus of a museum but are not at present on exhibi- 
tion. It is proposed to set apart a room for this purpose in the new 
science building. ; 


NEWBERRY: . 

NEWBERRY COLLEGE. Sifley Museum. 

The museum is housed in Keller Hall and comprises collections in 
anthropology and natural history, intended primarily for teaching 
purposes. 


SPARTANBURG: 

WOFFORD COLLEGE. 

The college maintains a geological museum in charge of D. A. 
DuPre, professor of physics and geology, comprising 3000-4000 min- 
erals and rocks, and 500-700 fossils. There are no special funds for 
the development of the museum but it is attractively installed in a 
room in Science Hall affording about 2000 square feet of floor space. 


SOUTH DAKOTA 
PIERRE: 

STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY. 

No reply has been received to repeated requests for information 
regarding this society, which is said by Thwaites to have a museum 
of antiquities of the state, including relics of Arikara and Sioux In- 
dians, photographs, etc. 


RAPID CHiN: 

SOUTH DAKOTA SCHOOL OF MINES. 

The geological collections include approximately 2000 minerals 
on exhibition and tooo in storage; 600 rocks on exhibition and 200 in 
storage; 50 wall maps, 300 crystal models, and roo specimens illustrat- 
ing dynamic geology; and 400 economic specimens on exhibition and 
200 in storage. There are 2 excellent relief maps of the Black Hills. 
Special attention is given to local collections. The museum is sup- 
ported by appropriations from the funds of the State School of Mines, 
and is in charge of the professor of mineralogy and geology, Cleophas 
C. O’Harra. There is a library of 500 volumes intended for the use of 
instructors and students. The museum occupies 2000 square feet of 
floor space for exhibition, and 500 for offices, etc. 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES 283 


VERMILION: 

UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH DAKOTA. 

No reply has been received to repeated requests for information 
regarding the museum of this college, which is said by Merrill to include 
1200 botanical specimens, 700 minerals, 400 ores, 300 rock specimens, 
1125 fossils representing 500 species, and goo zodlogical specimens. 


TENNESSEE 
CHATTANOOGA: 
ZOOLOGICAL PARK. 
The city maintains a zoGlogical park of 3 acres, established in 1896, 
containing 17 reptiles, 86 birds, and 60 mammals. 


CLARKSVILLE: 

SOUTHWESTERN PRESBYTERIAN UNIVERSITY. 

A teaching collection, including about 6000 minerals, a large col- 
lection of rocks and fossils, 16,000 shells, and 500 herbarium speci- 
mens. 


KNOXVILLE: 

UNIVERSITY OF TENNESSEE. 

The university has teaching collections in connection with the 
scientific departments and under the charge of the heads of the depart- 
ments. The most important collection is the herbarium, which includes 
30,000 specimens, among these being many types of Chapman, Gat- 
tinger, Scribner, and others. The geological department has collec- 
tions of minerals, rocks, fossils, ores, and building stones, with a col- 
lection of the minerals, ores, and building materials of Tennessee in pre- 
paration. In zodlogy there are several thousand insects and a small 
synoptic collection of other groups. In anthropology there is a small 
collection of Indian stone implements and relics. Prof. C. H. Gordon 
is in charge of geology, and Prof. Samuel M. Bain in charge of botany. 


LEBANON: 

CUMBERLAND UNIVERSITY. 

The university maintains the following teaching collections in 
charge of Kate A. Hinds, professor of natural science: About 600 
minerals and a collection of rocks from the United States geological 
survey; 1500 fossils and several] casts of fossils; and small collections 
of dried and alcoholic zodlogical specimens, with 500 species of Japan- 
ese shells. 


284 DIRECTORY OF AMERICAN MUSEUMS 


MARYVILLE: 

MARYVILLE COLLEGE. 

The college reports that it maintains a museum, but no further 
information has been received in response to repeated requests. The 
museum is said by Merrill to comprise over 400 ethnological speci- 
mens, 478 botanical specimens, tooo minerals, 750 fossils, and 300 
zoological specimens. 


MEMPHIS: 

COSSITT LIBRARY MUSEUM ASSOCIATION. 

This association was organized in 1897 for the preservation and 
development of material from Shelby County exhibited at the Tennes- 
see Centennial in 1896. The association was given the use of an upper 
room in the Cossitt Library building and the museum consisted for a 
rumber of years almost entirely of loan material. In 1903 the heirs of 
Mr. Elliston Mason presented to the association a collection of mound- 
builders relics and one of fossils; the former comprises about 600 spe- 
cimens collected about the Wappanooka Mounds, and is of especial 
value as representing the life and habits of one people. 

The museum is in charge of Miss Lida Speed, who devotes a part 
of her time to library work in addition to her duties as custodian. 
The association has published a catalog of the museum. 


ZOOLOGICAL PARK. 
The city maintains a zodlogical park of 10 acres, established in 
1903, containing rt reptile, 43 birds, and 36 mammals. 


NASHVILLE: 

TENNESSEE HISTORICAL SOCIETY. 

The librarian reports that the society maintains a museum, but 
no further information has been received in reply to repeated 


requests. 


VANDERBILT UNIVERSITY. 

The university maintains teaching collections in charge of the 
heads of the related departments of the university, as follows: L. C 
Glenn (anthropology, geology, and paleontology), W. L. Dudley 
(chemistry), G. W. Martin (botany and zoélogy), H. Z. Kip (art), 
and E. A. Ruddiman (pharmacognosy). 

ANTHROPOLOGY. 5000+ specimens of native archeology. 

ART. Ioo+ prints and engravings. 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES 285 


Botany. Cryptogams, 1000; Phanerogams, 2000. There are fair 
collections of seeds, woods, etc. For teaching purposes there is a full 
set of German charts and specially prepared lantern slides. 

CHEMISTRY. 200 museum preparations. 

GroLocy. Minerals, 6000+; Rocks, 2500+; Dynamic geology, 
relief maps, models, etc., 500+; Economic collections, too+. 

PALEONTOLOGY. Invertebrates, 15,000+; Vertebrates, 250+; 
Plants, 750+. 

PHARMACOGNOSY. 800 specimens of drugs. 

ZOOLOGY. Shells, 200; Insects, tooo; Other invertebrates, 200; 
Fishes, 500; Batrachians, 100; Reptiles, 250; Birds, 200; Mammals, 
50. There is a good collection of skulls of the lower vertebrates and 
man. There are also charts, lantern slides, etc. 

FINANCIAL Support. The various collections are supported from 
the funds allotted to each department by the university. 

Buitpinc. The exhibits are in different buildings, each with the 
corresponding department of the university. 

Scope. College teaching. 


WALDEN UNIVERSITY. 

The bursar reports that the university does not maintain a muse- 
um, but its collections are said by Merrill to comprise 150 ethnological 
specimens from Africa, a collection of coins and currency, a herbarium 
of 300 specimens representing 150 species, 400 minerals, 100 fossils, 
and a zoélogical collection, including a general series of 116 mounted 
birds, a study series of 400 birds of Colorado and Tennessee, 50 sets 
of bird eggs, 8000 insects, etc. 


ZOOLOGICAL PARK. 
This park, occupying 5 acres, was established in r9c2 and contains 
3 reptiles, 31 birds, and 295 mammals. 


TEXAS 
AUSTIN: 

UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS. Museum of Economic Geology. 

This museum is a part of the bureau of economic geology of the 
University of Texas, and is in charge of William B. Phillips, director 
of the bureau. The foundation of the museum is the collections made 
by the geological survey of Texas from 1888 to 1892 when the survey 
was discontinued. In 1901 a mineral survey was established by the 
legislature in connection with the university and continued till 1905, 
when it was also suspended. The valuable material gathered by these 


286 DIRECTORY OF AMER *CAN MUSEUMS 


two surveys was supplemented by the material secured by the Texas 
World’s Fair Commission for the St. Louis Exposition. The museum 
is confined to Texas material illustrating the economic resources of 
the state, of which it has the largest and best collection extant. There 
are 2500 minerals on exhibition and 1500 in storage. There are also 
300 rocks, and economic material including oil, clays, building stones, 
salt, cement, ores, and rare minerals. 

The museum is housed in the engineering building of the university 
which was erected .n 1904. It has no publications as yet but is arrang- 
ing for two bulletins each year dealing with the mineral resources 
of the state. It is open free to the public daily except Sunday from 
8.30 to 1 and from 2 to 5.30. There are no statistics of attendance. 

In addition to the collections described above there are extensive 
teaching collections connected with the science department of the 
university. There is also the Swenson collection of 3476 coins and 
1846 medals, many of which are rare. This collection is in charge of 
the professor of history, Dr. George P. Garrison. 


HOUSTON: 
HOUSTON MUSEUM AND SCIENTIFIC SOCIETY. - 
This society was incorporated in December, 1909, and proposes 
to establish a museum to be located in the new Auditorium, now being 
erected by the city at a cost of $250,000. The museum is to be in 
charge of C. L. Brock, director, and is to include both science and his- 
tory. 


SAN ANTONIO: 

SCIENTIFIC SOCIETY OF SAN ANTONIO. (Stevens Building.) 

The society was organized in 1904, and has a collection including 
approximately go specimens of native archeology, 500 minerals, 30 
rocks, 150 invertebrate and 20 vertebrate fossils, and a zodlogical 
collection comprising 300 shells, 150 insects, 125 fishes, and 12 birds. 
There are 144 photographs, including micro-photographs, of Texas 
insects, other invertebrates, reptiles, birds, and mammals. The col- 
lection is administered by the executive committee of the society, 
and is open to members and visitors on Friday evenings. There is a 
library of 700 scientific works. The society publishes an annual report. 

ZOOLOGICAL PARK. 

Two zodlogical parks are maintained, one established privately 
in 1887 and the other established by the city in 1902. The area of these 
parks is r6 acres and they contain 5 reptiles, 293 birds, and 117 mam- 
mals. 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES 287 


WACO: 
BAYLOR UNIVERSITY. Museum. 


STAFF. Curator, John Kern Strecker Jr.; Honorary assistants, 
John L. Kesler (general biology), Lula Pace (botany), W. T. Gooch 
(entomology); 1 student assistant, and 1 janitor. 

ANTHROPOLOGY. Archeology, native, 5000, foreign, 406; Ethnol- 
ogy, native, 322, foreign, 242. 

Botany. The collection is uncataloged at present, but consists 
largely of local plants, supplemented by a series collected by Miss 
Pace in several states. The Texas material includes duplicate types 
of many of Lindheimer’s species. 

GroLtocy. Minerals, on exhibition, 1272, in storage, 3401; 
Rocks, on exhibition, 200, in storage, 650; the Mart (Texas) meteorite, 
polished and sectioned, with a model of the original mass; and stone 
meteorites from Fayette County, Texas. 

PALEONTOLOGY. Invertebrates, on exhibition, 716, in storage, 
1842; Vertebrates, on exhibition, 73, in storage, 346; Plants, on exhibi- 
tion, 226, in storage, 507. The vertebrate fossils include fish skeletons, 
a few skulls, teeth, and odd bones, but no large complete skeletons or 
restorations. 

ZooLtocy. Shells, on exhibition, 575, in storage, 10,613; Insects, 
in storage, 8500; Other invertebrates, on exhibition, 683, in storage, 
3115; Fishes, on exhibition, 46, in storage, 306; Batrachians and rep- 
tiles,on exhibition, 52, in storage, 2786; Birds, on exhibition, 416, in 
storage, 2123; Mammals, on exhibition, 473, in storage, 2101; Bird 
nests, 83; Bird eggs, on exhibition, 3916 (908 species); Skulls, fin- 
backed whale (18 feet 9 inches in length), seals, large cats, wolves, 
etc. The series of complete skeletons is small. 

HIsTorRIcAL SKETCH. Previous to rgor the collections consisted 
of a small amount of material for teaching purposes. In that year Mr. 
George W. Carroll purchaseda number of collections and also provided 
40 exhibition cases. The materialacquired since 1903 has been through 
donation and exchange. 

FINANCIAL SUPPORT. By the university. 

Burpinc. The museum occupies 5 rooms in the basement and 
one on the second floor of the Carroll Science Hall, erected in 1901 ata 
cost of $75,000 by G. W. Carroll. The museum occupies 3200 square 
feet of floor space for exhibition, and 256 for offices, workrooms, etc. 

ADMINISTRATION. By a curator, responsible to the board of 
trustees of Baylor University. 


288 DIRECTORY OF AMERICAN MUSEUMS 


Scope. Maintenance of local collections, college teaching, and 
research. 

LIBRARY. 2000bound volumesand 420c pamph ets relating chiefly 
to zoology and intended for the use of the staff. 

PuBLICATIONS. Occasional contributions from the museum are 
published in the Baylor University Bulletin. 

ATTENDANCE. Open free to the public daily except Sunday from 
8 to 5. No statistics of attendance are available. 


UTAH 

SALT LAKE CITY: | 

DESERET MUSEUM. 

STAFF. President and curator, James E. Talmage. 

ANTHROPOLOGY. Archeology, native, 500+, foreign, 50+; Eth- 
nology, native, tooo+, foreign, 500+. This department includes a 
large collection of desiccated human remains and artifacts from the 
cliff dwellings in Utah. 

Botany. A set of about 150 large papier-maché models of plants. 

GrEoLocy. Minerals, 600+; Rocks, 100+; Dynamic geology, relief 
maps, models, etc., 50+. This department has about 25 tons of the 
large geodes of Wayne County, with selenite crystals. 

PALEONTOLOGY. Invertebrates, 3500+; Vertebrates, 350+; Plants, 


25 Oz. 
ZooLocy. Shells, 2500+; Insects, 1ooo+; Other invertebratcs, 


500+; Fishes, 50+; Batrachians, 20+; Reptiles, 50+; Birds, 400+; 
Mammals, too+. 

HIsToRICAL SKETCH. ‘The museum was established about 1870 
under the name of the Salt Lake Museum. In 1885 it became the pro- 
perty of the Salt Lake Literary and Scientific Association under its 
present name. Later it passed into the possession of the Church of 
Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, under which it has since been admin- 
istered. Since tg03 the museum has been closed to the public owing to 
the lack of a suitable building. A new fireproof building is now in 
course of construction and it is expected that the greater part of the 
museum collections will be installed in the summer of 1910. 

FINANCIAL Support. Hitherto by appropriations from church 
funds. 

Buitpinc. The building in course of erection in tgto will pro- 
vide 8200 square feet of floor space for exhibition, and 4000 for offices, 
workrooms, etc. 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES 289 


ADMINISTRATION. By a curator, responsible to a committee of 
the church. : 

Scope. Exploration, maintenance of local collections, and instruc- 
tion of the general public. 

Lrprary. A working collection for use of the staff only. 


UNIVERSITY OF UTAH. 

The curator, Orson Howard, reports that the university main- 
tains a museum, but no reply has been received to repeated requests 
for further information regarding the collections, which are said by 
Merrill to comprise a herbarium of 1700 plants, 2000 minerals, 200 
fossils, and 2000 zoélogical specimens. 


VERMONT 
BURLINGTON: 

UNIVERSITY OF VERMONT. Museums. 

STAFF. Curator, G. H. Perkins, who is also professor of geology; 
Curator of the botanical museum, C. G. Pringle. 

ANTHROPOLOGY. Archeology, native, 15,o00o+, foreigii, 500; 
Ethnology, native, tooo, foreign, 2000. This department includes 
several thousand specimens of stone, bone, copper, shell, and earthen- 
ware objects from the Champlain Valley, with smaller collections from 
the Ohio and Mississippi valleys and the Pacific coast. The pottery 
of the mound builders and of Pueblo tribes is represented by jars, 
dishes, vases, stone and bone implements, basket work, bits of cloth, 
skulls, etc., from cliff houses in Mancos Canyon, Colorado. There 
are also collections of weapons, implements, and ornaments of the na- 
tives of Australia, Polynesia, Africa, and oriental countries. The Reed 
collection of objects obtained among the Sioux Indians is of special 
interest, and there are also similar specimens from the southern tribes. 
There is also the valuable Lewis collection of Chinese objects. The 
collection of oriental objects obtained in India by the late Henry 
LeGrand Cannon is displayed in a room added to the museum by 
special provision of the donor. It includes fabrics and draperies; 
bronze and porcelain lamps; chairs, stand, and screen of teak-wood 
elaborately carved; numerous articles of silver, chiefly ornamental; 
musical instruments; household articles of brass and iron; Indian, 
Persian, and Japanese armor; articles of Tibetan origin; and fine speci- 
mens of European arms of the 15th and 16th centuries. 

Art. Sculpture, 3 marbles and 28 casts; Prints and engravings, 
33; Oil paintings, 18; Water colors, 3. This collection was begun in 


290 DIRECTORY OF AMERICAN MUSEUMS 


1873 by the liberality of Trenor W. Park of Bennington, and is known 
as the Park Gallery of Art. The original plans for its development 
have not been followed, and for some years nothing has been done 
toward keeping up the collection. It is housed in the same building 
with the university museum, but is not under the charge of the curator. 

Botany. Cryptogams, 40,000; Phanerogams, 110,000; Economic 
collections, 2000. The herbarium was begun by Professor Joseph 
Torrey before the middle of the rgth century. To this have been added 
collections of tropical ferns by Henry LeGrand Cannon and Mrs. 
Norman Williams, and western American plants by Professor Perkins 
andothers. During recent yearsa special effort has been made to secure 
a complete representation of the Vermont flora. Dr. A. J. Grout has 
contributed especially to this. Two recent and important additions are 
the herbarium and botanical library of Charles C. Frost and the 
herbarium of Cyrus G. Pringle, the latter is probably unsurpassed in 
quality by any existing collection and ranks in size as one of the large 
collections of America. It includes most of the known species of 
flowering plants and ferns of North America and Europe, and a con- 
siderable representation from other lands. It is especially rich in 
Mexican species and contains many types from this region. 

GroLocy. Minerals, 5000; Rocks, 2000. 

PALEONTOLOGY. 5000+ specimens of invertebrate, vertebrate, 
and plant fossils, including 225 types and co-types. 

ZOOLOGY. Shells, 5000; Insects, 3000; Corals and sponges, 300; 
Fishes, 100; Batrachians, 50; Reptiles, 50; Birds, to00; Mammals, 
too. This collection includes a nearly complete series of the native 
mammals, birds, and fishes of Vermont. Three groups in natural 
surroundings have been prepared by Mr. W. E. Balch, the most note- 
worthy being a group of nine beavers from 6 weeks to 3 years of age, 
w th a full-size section of a lodge, part of a feeding-ground, thirteen 
feet of a dam, and a representation of a part of a pond. There are a 
number of the now very rare Blaschka glass models. 

FINANCIAL Support. The botanical museum has an income of 
$rooo annualiy from endowment, while the other departments have 
an income of $400. 

Burtpinc. Erected by the university in 1870 at a cost of $10,000. 
The botanical collections are in the Williams Science Building. 

ADMINISTRATION. By the curators of the several departments, 
responsible to the president of the university. 

ATTENDANCE. Open free to the public on week-days from 9g to 5. 
There are no statistics of attendance available. 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES 2901 


MIDDLEBURY: 

MIDDLEBURY COLLEGE. Museum of Natural History. 

STAFF. Curator, Edward A. Burt, who is also professor of natural 
history. 

ANTHROPOLOGY. On the first floor of the chapel building are rooms 
containing a collect’on of Assyrian tablets, slabs, and casts, and other 
objects of interest in Semitic history; the Chapman collection of cos- 
tumes and implements from the Yukon Valley; stone implements; 
and relics of local and general historical interest. 

Botany. A complete series of the flowering plants and ferns of 
the Champlain Valley, collected by President Ezra Brainerd; a set of 
Vermont mosses prepared by Dr. Grout; and a collection of the higher 
fungi of Vermont now being accumulated by Professor Burt. — 

GroLocy. A fairly complete working set of minerals; a set of the 
rocks of Vermont, collected by Professor Adams while conducting the 
geological survey of the state; and a collection of rocks of Minnesota. 

PALEONTOLOGY. ‘The Adams collection of fossils and the Seeley 
collection of fossils from the Champlain Valley, especially strong in 
forms from the Chazy limestone. 

ZobLocy. A general synoptic collection of shells; a full series of 
the land and water shells of Vermont collected and arranged by 
Professor Adams; a mounted collection of the birds of Vermont; and 
a collection of marine invertebrates. 

Burtpinc. The anthropological collections occupy rooms on the 
first floor of the chapel building, while the science collections are on 
the second floor of the Warner Science Hall. 


MONTPELIER: 

VERMONT HISTORICAL SOCIETY. 

The librarian reports that the society maintains a museum on a 
small scale, but no further information has been received. 


VERMONT STATE MUSEUM. 

STAFF. Curator,George H. Perkins, who is also state geologist. 

ANTHROPOLOGY. Archeology, native, 280. 

Botany. Cryptogams, 100; Phanerogams, 1200; a set of native 
plants collected and mounted by Mr. C. G. Pringle. 

GroLocy. Minerals, 1300; Rocks, 700. The material in this 
department is chiefly from Vermont and includes a complete series 
of the rocks collected by the survey of 1856-60; also a nearly complete 
set of the marbles, slates, and granites of the state. 


292 DIRECTORY OF AMERICAN MUSEUMS 


PALEONTOLOGY. 2000 invertebrate, vertebrate, and plant fos- 
sils, including a mounted and nearly complete skeleton of Delphinap- 
terus vermontanus. 

ZOOLOGY. Shells, 1000; Insects, 1000, mostly in Denton mounts; 
Fishes, batrachians, and reptiles, 100; Birds, 380; Mammals, 60; 
Bird eggs, 720. Nearly all the species of birds and mammals of Ver- 
mont are represented in the collection. 

FINANCIAL Support. An annual state appropriation of $500. 

BuitpInc. The museum occupies rooms in the state house. 

ADMINISTRATION. Byacurator. The accounts go to the auditor. 

Scope. Primarily the exhibition of Vermont collections for the 
instruction of the general public and the schools. 


Si JOHNS BU RYE 

THE FAIRBANKS MUSEUM OF NATURAL SCIENCE. 

StaFF. Director, Delia I. Griffin; Curator, Mabel A. Shields; 
Assistant, Jessie M. Stevenson; Taxidermist, W. A. Balch; 1 janitor. 

ANTHROPOLOGY. Uncivilized peoples: Archeology, native, 1113, 
foreign, 210; Ethnology, native, 184, foreign, 468. Civilized peoples, 
ancient, 338, modern, 416. There are two life-size ethnological groups. 

Botany. Cryptogams, 770; Phanerogams, 6285; Local herbaria, 
598. 

COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY. Coffee, 14; Spices, 15; Buttons, 27; 
Cotton, 16; Cocoa, 6; Silk, 56; Roots, 21; Woods, 249; Gums, 39; Seeds, 
396; Enemies of Atlantic coast shells, 88. 

GroLtocy. Minerals, 1657; Rocks, 232; Dynamic geology, relief 
maps, models, etc., 114; Special collections, lava and pumice, 107; 
Vermont minerals (just begun), 60. . 

History. Colonial exhibit, 78; Old books and documents of the 
United States, 128; War relics, 4o. 

PALEONTOLOGY. Invertebrates, 107; Vertebrates, 18; Plants, 
40; Special collections—fossils of Vermont and New York, 236, 
Brandon fossil fruits, 137. 

ZooLocy. Shells, on exhibition, 2611, in storage, 1607; Insects, 
5482; Other invertebrates, 317; Fishes, 21; Batrachians, 12; Reptiles, 
40; Birds, on exhibition, 1825, in storage, 287; Mammals, 129; Bird 
eggs, 777; Horns, 37 pairs; Heads, 4; Skeletons, 12; Parts of skeletons, 
60. There are 7 large and 7 small groups of animals exhibited in natu- 
ral surroundings: among these are muskrats in summer and winter 
homes: moose in summer; buffalo; woodchucks; groups of opossums, 
flamingoes, and birds of paradise. 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES 293 


OTHER DEPARTMENTS. Coins, 2000; Stamps, 2794; War enve- 
lopes, 696. 

HistoricaL SketcH. The Fairbanks Museum originated in 
natural history collections gathered during many years by Col. Frank- 
lin Fairbanks, who erected the building in 1890-91 and endowed the 
museum with a sum sufficient for its maintenance. 

FINANCIAL Support. The sole support of the museum is the in- 
come from endowment. 

Burttpinc. The building is of red sandstone with granite trim- 
mings, and provides 9604 square feet of floor space for exhibition, and 
1744 for offices, workrooms, etc. 

ADMINISTRATION. By a board of five trustees. 

Score. Public school work, local collections, and instruction of 
the general public. About 200 lectures a year are given to classes from 
the public schools. Spring bird walks are conducted for classes of 
children, exhibits are loaned to the schools, and an annual prize bird 
contest is held. From April to October a flower table is maintained in 
the museum on which are exhibited specimens of all wild flowers from 
the vicinity. Occasional free public lectures are given by the members 
of the staff or by outside lecturers. Weekly articles on the work of the 
museum are published in the local newspapers. Special attention is 
given to local collections of plants, woods, minerals, insects, historical 
articles, and old china. 

LiBrARY. 835 volumes on science for the use of both staff and 
public. Books are loaned for circulation outside the library. 

PUBLICATIONS. (1) Outline course in nature study for the schools 
of Vermont, 1908. (2) Outline for the study of bird life, r905. (3) 
Bird migration lists, 1907. 

ATTENDANCE. Open free to the public on week-days from 9 to 
12 and 1 to 5 and on Sundays from 2.30 to 5. Estimated attendance, 
35,00c per year. 


ST. JOHNSBURY ATHENAUM. 


This institution includes a public library, art gallery, lecture hall, 
and reading room, and is maintained by the income from endowment 
provided by the founder and his wife. The athenaeum was founded 
in 1870 by Horace Fairbanks, and the building was erected, equipped, 
and presented to the town by him in 1871. The art collection includes 
about 60 works of art—painting, marble,and bronze—and is open free 
to the public from g to 9, Wednesday evenings excepted. The princi- 
pal painting is Bierstadt’s masterpiece, ‘““The Domes of the Yosemite.” 


204 DIRECTORY OF AMERICAN MUSEUMS 


WESTFIELD: 

HITCHCOCK MEMORIAL MUSEUM. 

This museum is in charge of E. S. Miller, curator, and is housed in 
the public library building. It contains a general natural history 
collection, including several large groups of Vermont animals mounted 
in natural surroundings. 


VIRGINIA 
BLACKSBURG: 

VIRGINIA POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE. 

The collections of the department of biology have been built up 
by Dr. Ellison A. Smyth Jr., head of the department. They were 
begun in 1891 with his private collection of shells and alcoholic in- 
vertebrates, bird eggs and skins, lepidoptera, alcoholic snakes, and 
dried invertebrates. About 70 birds were mounted, and Dr. Smyth’s 
private herbarium of about 1000 species was added. Later, for con- 
venience and study, the butterflies to the number of about 30,000, 
and the bird skins to the number of about 1500, were removed to his 
house, thus escaping a fire which destroyed the Science Hall and the 
entire museum collection with the exception of a few mounted birds 
and alcoholic invertebrates. Since that time the department has 
been installed in the new building, and Dr. Smyth has by personal 
collecting in the tropics and elsewhere and by purchase more than re- 
placed the earlier collection of corals and shells. These with some 
alcoholic invertebrates, a few skeletons, the college collection of in- 
sects, and a case of mounted birds are now in the department lecture 
room, as is also the herbarium. A large room in the same building 
has been set apart for a museum, in which it is proposed that the de- 
partments of agronomy, veterinary and animal husbandry, horti- 
culture, and plant pathology will unite with the department of biology 
in establishing a museum. No special funds are available however 
for this purpose and whatever work is done upon the museum will be 
due to the personal interest of the teaching staff in these departments. 


CHARLOTTESVILLE: 

UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA. Lewis Brooks Museum. 

This is a large brick building erected in 1879 through the munifi- 
cence of Lewis Brooks of Rochester, N. Y., and contains large collec- 
tions of minerals, rocks, and fossils for instruction in geology and min- 
eralogy, and extensive botanical and zodlogical collections for instruc- 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES 205 


tion in biology. The number of specimens in the various depart- 
ments is not known. The lecture rooms, laboratories, and library are 
also contained in the museum building. 


EMORY: 
EMORY AND HENRY COLLEGE. 


The college has made a small beginning in the establishment of 
a museum of natural science. 


LEXINGTON: 
WASHINGTON AND LEE UNIVERSITY. Museums. 


Art. Bradford Art Gallery. Bequeathed to the university by 
the late Vincent L. Bradford of Philadelphia, and endowed by him 
with an annuity sufficient for its maintenance and for annual addi- 
tions to the collection. It 1s situated on the second floor of the library 
building, around the central opening beneath the dome. Beside 
several pieces of marble statuary the gallery contains between 60 and 
7o oil paintings. With this art gallery is deposited the Lee collection 
of American portraits in oil, loaned by the president emeritus, General 
G. W. Custis Lee. Most of these paintings hung at Mount Vernon, 
the home of George Washington, from whom General Robert E. Lee 
inherited them. In adaition, there is in the Lee Memorial Chapel 
a series of oil paintings, for the most part of benefactors of the uni- 
versity. 

SciIENCE. In connection with the laboratories of biology and geol- 
ogy there are study collections of minerals, rocks, and fessils, includ- 
ing the United States geological survey educational series of rocks, 
and the Batchen, Ruffner, and Brooks collections... The last includes 
four collections: (1) An extensive assortment of minerals, native and 
foreign, and specimens of many varieties of rock used for building and 
ornamental purposes. (2) A synoptic collection of fossil animals and 
plants. (3) A synoptic zoélogical collection of stuffed or dried ani- 
mals and mounted skeletons. (4) A herbarium of 5000 mounted 
specimens; a collection of 700 sections of wood; a portfolio of American 
trees; numerous models of flowers; and a series of botanical charts. 

The collections are in charge of the professors of related depart- 
ments; the science collections being in charge of H. D. Campbell, 
professor of geology and biology. 


206 DIRECTORY OF AMERICAN MUSEUMS 


NORFOLK: 

ZOOLOGICAL PARK. 

The city maintains a zo6logical park of 3 acres, established in rgor, 
containing 6 reptiles, 133 birds, and 48 mammals. 


RICHMOND: 


DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE AND IMMIGRATION. 
Museum. 


This department maintains a museum in the capitol, comprising 
handsomely installed exhibits of the fruits, grains, etc., and the birds 
and animals of Virginia. The exhibit is open free to the public when- 
ever the capitol is open and the attendance is 35,000-50,000 a year. 


CONFEDERATE MEMORIAL LITERARY SOCIETY. 

This society maintains a museum of Confederate war relics in the 
“White House of the Confederacy.’”? A room in this building is main- 
tained by each of the Confederate states in which are exhibited its 
war relics, in charge of a resident vice-regent. The formal opening 
of the building took place in 1896; the funds for restoration, fireproof- 
ing, and steam-heating having been raised by a memorial bazaar. The 
museum is open to the public on week-days from 9 to 5; admission is 
free on Saturdays but on other days a fee of 25 cents is charged. 


R. E. LEE CAMP NO. 1 CONFEDERATE VETERANS. 

The camp has a gallery containing about 87 oil portraits of prom- 
inent soldiers of the Confederacy, including nearly every officer of the 
army of northern Virginia and many officers of the army of Ten- 
nessee. The collection is in charge of the camp, W. S. Archer, com- 
mander, and J. Taylor Stratton, adjutant. 


RICHMOND COLLEGE. 

A series of casts of celebrated statuary, paintings, objects of eth- 
nographical interest, etc., is installed in a hall affording about 4000 
square feet of floor space. The collection is in charge of C. H. Ryland, 
curator, and is maintained from the general funds of the college. It 
is open to visitors as well as to the college. 


THE VALENTINE MUSEUM. (llth and Clay Sts.) 

ANTHROPOLOGY. The collections were made and presented by 
Granville G. Valentine, Benjamin B. Valentine, and Edward P. Val- 
entine, and consist chiefly of surface finds (pipes, ceremonial stones, 
discoidal stones, arrow and spear heads, etc.), and objects from the 
mounds of Virginia and North Carolina. There is also a collection of 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES 207 


Irish implements of the stone age and one of modern Cherokee and 
other pottery. 

Art. A collection of 1734 casts of Assyrian, Egyptian, Greek, Ro- 
man, renaissance and modern sculpture, was presented by Granville 
G. Valentine. There are also engravings, manuscripts, drawings, 
etc.,and alarge Brussels tapestry, The Sacrifice in the Temple, made 
by F. van den Hecke, early in the 17th century. This tapestry meas- 
ures 15 x 20 feet andis said to be the largest ever brought to this coun- 
try. There is also a similar smaller tapestry, Fortune distributing 
her Gifts. 

Historica SKETCH. Established for the purpose of preserving 
and accumulating objects of archeology, anthropology, and other arts, 
and for publishing literary, historical, and scientific papers, according 
to the provisions made by will of the late Mann S. Valentine, of Rich- 
mond. The museum was incorporated in 1894 and opened to the 
public in 180 8. 

FINANCIAL Support. The donor provided an endowment fund 
of $50,000 for the maintenance of the museum. A small income is 
derived from life memberships, door receipts, and the sale of catalogs. 

Buitpinc. The collections are housed in the former residence of 
the donor of the museum, built in 1812 and having the original doors, 
silver knobs, locks, and hinges. 

ADMINISTRATION. By a self-perpetuating board of trustees of 10 
members. 

Lisprary. In 1808, at the opening of the museum, the collection 
of books contained 3300 volumes. 

ATTENDANCE. Open to the public on week-days from ro to 5. 
An admission fee of 25 cents is charged, except on Saturdays. In 
the past two years and a half there have been 12,000 visitors. 


VIRGINIA HISTORICAL SOCIETY. 

The society maintains a large gallery of portraits of Virginians and 
others; a small collection of historical relics; and a library containing 
also a valuable collection of manuscripts. W. G. Stanard, corres- 
ponding secretary. 


VIRGINIA STATE LIBRARY. (State Capitol.) 
The library has 8 pieces of sculpture; 50 prints and engravings; and 
105 oil paintings, chiefly historical portraits. 


208 DIRECTORY OF AMERICAN MUSEUMS 


WASHINGTON 
PULLMAN: 


STATE COLLEGE OF WASHINGTON. 


The college maintains a museum on the third floor of the science 
hall, in charge of W. T. Shaw,curator. The general collection occu- 
pies a large central room, while the departmental collections are in 
three smaller rooms. ‘The museum comprises an excellent collection 
of minerals from the United States, New South Wales, Germany, 
and Mexico; an almost complete collection of the ores of the state of 
Washington; plaster casts of prehistoricimplements; a herbarium com- 
prising 80,o0o+ phanerogams and pteridophytes, 5000+ bryophytes, 
10,000+ fungi, and 200+ algae; the Misses Mary P. Olney collec- 
tion of shells; a nearly complete collection of Puget Sound mollusks; 
a large series of fossil shells from Canada; 200 ooo+ insects; an excellent 
set of echinoderms and other invertebrates; and a large number of 
mounted fishes, birds, and mammals. The collection of Alaskan 
birds is especially notable, consisting of about 110 species obtained by 
the curator during two trips through southern Alaska, the Yukon 
country, and the Bering Sea region, and including a specimen of the 
Fisher petre] (4strelata fisheri) which is the second known to science. 

The college appropriates $750-1000 a year for the general 
ma ntenance of the museum. The collections are open free to the 


public on week-days from g to 4. 


SEATTLE: 
UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON. State Museum. 


STAFF. Curator, F.S. Hall; 1 assistant and 1 janitor. 

ANTHROPOLOGY. Ethnology, native, 26,000+, foreign, 600+. 
This department includes the Stewart collection of many thousand 
Indian implements, weapons, baskets, etc., collected along the lower 
Columbia River and purchased for the museum at the close of the Lewis 
and Clark Exposition; an extensive Philippine collection; and the 
Emmons collection of about 1800 articles illustrating the life and 
habits of the Tlingit people of southeastern Alaska. 

Botany. Cryptogams, 1500 (1c types); Phanerogams, 10,000. 
There are also 400 jars of preserved fruits, nuts, vegetables, etc. of 
the state; 200+ economic grasses, seeds, etc., from Washington and 
Alaska; an exhibition series of 450+ mounted botanical specimens 
from Washington and Alaska; and an extensive forestry exhibit from 
Washington, Alaska, Hawaii, and the Philippines. 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES 209 


CoMMERCE AND INpUSTRY. Commercial material illustrating 
the lumber industry and timber products, fishing, clay products of 
the state, etc. 

EpucaTIon. Examples of primary school work, tooo-+ ; of gram- 
mar school work, 4900+ ; of high school work, 800+ ; of college work, 
35°- 

GeEoGRAPHY. A large Alaska panorama, which is a composite 
of Alaskan scenery and is said to be the finest of the kind in the United 
States; 2 smaller cycloramas of scenes in the Yellowstone National 
Park; a small cyclorama of a hydraulic mining scene in Alaska; and 
about 20 paintings of Alaskan scenery. 

GrEoLocy. Minerals, on exhibition, 3800, in storage, 40 tons; 
Rocks, on exhibition, 500+, in storage, 4 tons; Relief maps, models, 
etc., 20+ ; Clay products, building stones, etc., 500. This department 
includes the valuable Baker collection of tooo minerals, and very com- 
plete sets of the rocks and minerals of Washington. 

History. <A small collection of material pertaining to American 
history, especially of the Northwest and Alaska. 

PALEONTOLOGY. Invertebrates, on exhibition, 5000, in storage, 
10,coo, types, 35; Vertebrates, on exhibition, 30; Plants, on exhibition, 
200, in storage, 2000. This department includes the Henshaw col- 
lection of silurian fossils from the Ohio region, and a synoptic series of 
invertebrates from Ward. Among material not worked up is a 
series of marine invertebrates of western Washington, a complete 
collection of brackish-water invertebrates, and a collection of tertiary 
plants of western Washington. 

ZoOLocy. Shells, on exhibition, 2000, in storage, 12,000; Insects, 
on exhibition, tooo, in storage, 30,000, types, 100; Other inverte- 
brates, on exhibition, 500, in storage, 10,000, types, 25; Fishes, on 
exhibition, 200, in storage, 1000; Batrachians, on exhibition, 12, in stor- 
age, 50+; Reptiles, on exhibition, 15+, in storage, 4000; Birds, on 
exhibition, 200, in storage, 8cc; Mammals, on exhibition, 25, in storage, 
30T- 

HistoricaAL SketcH. ‘The nucleus of the museum is a small eth- 
nological collection collected previous to 1880. ‘To this was added in 
1880 a series of fishes collected by Dr. Jordan. In 1883 this material 
was turned over to the Young Naturalist’s Society which erected a 
building on the university campus and increased the museum. When 
the university moved to its present location other collections were 
secured and a curator appointed. In 1899 the state legislature created 
the State Museum and provided that it should be located at the uni- 


300 DIRECTORY OF AMERICAN MUSEUMS 


versity, and that it should be the repository for all articles and speci- 
mens of a scientific or historical character. A general reorganization 
of the museum is now in progress. 

FINANCIAL SUPPORT. Optional appropriations from the general 
funds of the university. 

Buitpincs. The State Museum was erected in 1909 at a cost of 
$39,000 for the use of the Alaska-Yukon-Pacific Exposition. After 
the exposition it was given to the university and will house the anthro- 
pological and geological departments of the museum. It affords 
32,000 square feet of floor space for exhibition, and 4500 for offices, 
etc. The Forestry Museum was erected by the state in 1909 at a cost 
of $80,000, and affords 26,000 square feet of floor space for exhibition, 
and 1500 for offices, etc., for the forestry exhibit of the museum. This 
building also houses the school of forestry of the university. 

ADMINISTRATION. By a curator, responsible to the president and 
regents of the University of Washington. ‘The curator is assisted by 
an advisory museum committee. 

Scope. Principally local and Alaskan collections. Increasing 
stress is laid upon university teaching, and plans for public instruction 
are under consideration. 

Liprary. Alibrary has beenrecently begun, and comprises about 
150 volumes and over too pamphlets intended for the use of the mu- 
seum staff. 

WASHINGTON STATE ART ASSOCIATION. Museum of Arts 

and Sciences. 

The Washington State Art Association was incorporated in 1906 
for the founding and maintenance of schools of art and design, the 
formation and exhibition of collections of objects of art, and the exten- 
sion of the arts and design by any appropriate means. The galleries of 
the association are temporarily in the Carnegie Library building. The 
executive officer of the board of trustees is George L. Berg, secretary- 
director; J. Louis Charbneau is museum curator. 

Several hundred members have been enrolled, subscriptions to the 
building fund are progressing favorably, and plans for permanent or- 
ganization and installation are being developed. 

The collections now on hand are as follows: The Tozier collec- 
tion of Indian relics, valued at more than $40,000; the Standley col- 
lection of ivories and curios, valued at $10,000; the Moses collection 
of fossil ivories, old silver, miniatures, and jewelry; a pair of perfectly 
matched mastodon tusks from Alaska, valued at $1000; plaster casts 
from the Boston Sculpture Company, valued at $1000; a valuable 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL. SCIENCES 301 


collection of old Roman pottery; fossil invertebrates from the Smith- 
sonian Institution; the Oliver mineral collection; the Cantwell col- 
lection of American birds; a collection of Hopi pottery; and consider- 
able other material now in storage. 

ZOOLOGICAL PARK. 

The city maintains a zological park of 3 acres, established in 1901, 
containing 66 birds and 120 mammals. 


SPOKANE 

ZOOLOGICAL PARK. 

The city maintains a zodlogical park of ro acres, established in 
1906, containing 57 birds and 39 mammals. 


TACOMA: 

FERRY MUSEUM. 

No reply has been received to repeated requests for information 
concerning this museum, which is said by Merrill to comprise 200 eth- 
nological specimens, 250 minerals, 150 fossils, and 50 zodlogical speci- 
mens in addition to small art and miscellaneous collections. 

TACOMA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. 

No reply has been received to repeated requests for information 
regarding the museum of this academy, which is said by Merrill to 
comprise tooo ethnological] and 5co geological specimens. 

ZOOLOGICAL PARK. ~ 

The city maintains a zoGlogical park of 10 acres, established in 1897, 
containing 3 reptiles, 75 birds, and 63 mammals. 


WEST VIRGINIA 
MORGANTOWN: 

WEST VIRGINIA UNIVERSITY. 

The secretary reports that the university does not maintain a mu- 
seum. Itissaid by Merrill to have collections comprising 500 anthro- 
pological specimens, 3000 botanical specimens, 1309 minerals, 2000 
fossils, and a working collection in zoélogy. 


WISCONSIN 
APPLETON: 
LAWRENCE COLLEGE. David Walch Museum. 
Starr. There is no salaried staff, the professor of biology, W. 
J. Brinckley, acting as curator. 


302 DIRECTORY OF AMERICAN MUSEUMS 


ANTHROPOLOGY. Uncivilized peoples: Archeology, native, 200, 
foreign, 50. Civilized peoples, ancient, 200, modern, 150. 

ART. Sculpture, Thorwaldsen’s “Eve” and an Egyptian piece. 

Botany. Cryptogams, 1200; Phanerogams, 1800; Economic 
collections, 50. 

Grotocy. Minerals, on exhibition, 960, in storage, 1000; Rocks, 
200. The collection of lead, zinc, iron, and copper specimens is par- 
ticularly good. The collection includes a duplicate set of the material 
gatherea by the state geological survey of 1879 and some succeeding 
years. 

PALEONTOLOGY. Invertebrates, 600; Plants, 150. 

ZooLtocy. Shells, on exhibition, 9560, in storage, 3000+; In- 
sects, 390; Other invertebrates, 3co; Fishes, 20; Batrachians, 3; Rep- 
tiles, 30; Birds, 250; Mammals, 3c. 

FINANCIAL SUPPORT. Variable appropriations by the board of 
trustees of Lawrence College. 

UILDING. The museum occupies 3720 square feet of floor space 
for exhibition, and 800 for offices and workrooms, on the fourth floor 
of the Stephenson Science Hall. 

Scope. College teaching and public instruction. 

LiprAry. 500 volumes intended for the use of both staff and 
public. 

PuBLicaTions. A catalog is in preparation. 

ATTENDANCE. Free to the public on Thursdays during the school 
year. 


ASHLAND: 

ASHLAND PUBLIC SCHOOLS. 

The school board maintains a museum of natural history and art- 
icles of local historical interest, occupying about 768 square feet of 
floor space in the high school building. The museum is used for 
school work and for instruction of the general public. It is open free 
to the public on week-days from 8 to 6. 


BARABOO: 

SAUK COUNTY HISTORICAL SOCIETY. 

The society was incorporated in 1905 for the purpose of studying 
and collecting material relating to the history of Sauk County. Spe- 
cial attention has been given to the archeology of the county, and the 
collection now comprises 1009+ specimens. The historical collec- 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES 303 


tions include 500+ specimens in addition to a small collection of 
G. A. R. relics. There are also specimens of local stalactites and trilo- 
bites and 110 polished Unios. There is a library of 1c volumes relat- 
ing to local history. 

The society receives an annual appropriation of $200 from the 
county, in addition to th> fees of members, which are 50 cents annually. 
The museum is administered by an executive committee and is free 
tothe public. No statistics of attendance are kept. 

The society has published a sketch of Abe Wood, first permanent 
settler of Baraboo, by H. E. Cole. 


BELOIT: 
BELOIT COLLEGE. Museums. 


ANTHROPOLOGY. Logan Museum of Archeology. This museum 
is in charge of Mr. George L. Collie and 3 student assistants. It 
derives its name from Mr. F. G. Logan who presented the Rust col- 
lection of material from Southern California and Arizona, the Perkins, 
Ellsworth, and Elkey collections of material chiefly from Wisconsin, 
and who also provided an endowment yielding an annual income of 
$700. The collection includes 6725 specimens of native archeology 
and 490 of foreign archeology. It is especially rich in copper and stone 
artifacts from Wisconsin. The Rust collection includes pueblo pot- 
tery, mortars, pestles, steatite bowls, etc. There are 180 ethnological 
specimens from the Dakota and Winnebago tribes. There is a good 
collection of Pomo baskets, and a representative series of artifacts 
from Scandinavia, France, and Japan. The Logan Museum is housed 
in Memorial Hall, erected in 1869 by the college at a cost of $22,000 
and providing 4500 square feet of floor space for exhibition, and 600 
for storage.- The museum is administered by a curator, responsible 
to the board of trustees of Beloit College. Itis open free to the pub- 
lic daily from 3 to 5 and 7 tog. 

Art. The art museum includes 400 casts of antique and modern 
sculpture; 16,000 prints, engravings, and photographs; 75 oil paintings; 
25 water colors and pastels; and quite a large collection of ceramics. 
The collection of Greek casts from the anthropological building 
at the Columbian Exposition is especially noteworthy. ‘There is an 
art library of 2000 volumes, including valuable files of art journals. 
The museum is installed in Art Hall, erected by the college at a cost 
of $5000 and providing 4500 square feet of exhibition space. It is in 
charge of Mrs. Helen B. Emerson, curator, and one assistant. The 


304 DIRECTORY OF AMERICAN MUSEUMS 


collection is maintained by the income from the Eldridge fund 
of $10,000. 

Botany. The Ellis and Everhard collection of Peronosporaceae 
of the United States; 500 species of flowering plants of Wisconsin. 

GroLocy. Minerals, 650 specimens, particularly rich in quartz 
and calcite, mainly from Wisconsin; Rocks, 1200, including the Krantz 
series illustrating Rosenbusch’s Manual; that by Sturtz illustrating 
typical massive rocks; one by Kuntze illustrating typical American 
localities; and 500 specimens illustrating the principle ores of Canada 
and the United States; dynamic geology, relief maps, topographic 
maps, folios, models, etc., 450. 

PALEONTOLOGY. 1200 invertebrate, 50 vertebrate, and 15 plant 
fossils. This collection is especially rich in fossils of the Trenton group 
obtained from a fine exposure at Beloit. The collection contains 
many type specimens from this locality. 

ZooLocy. The Willard collection of tooo specimens representing 
the birds, and to a less extent, the mammals of Wisconsin; 200 species 
of bird eggs; and a large collection of shells now well labeled. 

OTHER COLLECTIONS. There is also a large collection of postage 
stamps. 


The collections in botany, geology, paleontology and zodlogy are 
housed in the corresponding departments in Science Hall, which was 
erected by the college at a cost of $82,000. 


DARLINGTON: 
LAFAYETTE COUNTY HISTORICAL SOCIETY. 


This society has a collection including over 500 Indian implements, 
etc., war relics, antique furniture, portraits of old settlers, and other 
articles of historical interest. There is also a library of nearly 400 
volumes on historical subjects. The society was organized in January, 
1909, when it received an appropriation of $500 from thecounty. The 
collection is exhibited in the court house, and is maintained by member- 
ship fees. It is open free to the public on week-days from 8 to 6. 


GREEN BAY: 
KELLOGG PUBLIC LIBRARY. 


The library maintains a small museum collection which is intended 
to be installed in a basement room set apart for the purpose, as soon 
as the necessary funds are available for cases, etc. The collection in- 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES 305 


cludes a small but choice series of Indian relics, chiefly local, and an art 
collection comprising 24 prints and engravings, 22 oil paintings, and 
26 oriental rugs; also a very handsome Dutch marquetry cabinet of 
the 17th century. In geology there is a collection of agates. The 
exhibit is in charge of Deborah B. Martin, librarian. 


MADISON: 
STATE HISTORICAL MUSEUM OF WISCONSIN. 


STAFF. Chief, Charles E. Brown. 

ANTHROPOLOGY. Uncivilized peoples: Archeology, native, 10,- 
ooo+, foreign, 800+; Ethnology, native, 2500+, foreign, 1500+. Civ- 
ilized peoples, ancient, 500+, modern, 3000+. ‘There are models of 
a pueblo and of a cliff dwelling, and the exhibition of ethnological 
groups is contemplated. 

Art. Reproductions of Greek art; a valuable collection of prints 
and engravings; a large collection of oil paintings; a small collection 
of water colors; the Mrs. Charles Kendall Adams collection of cera- 
mics; and a collection of Brussels, Italian, and other laces. Special 
collections include etched engravings of architectural ruins in Rome 
and Tivoli by Giovanni Battista Piranesi; Arundel society reproduc- 
tions in color of European frescos; Medici reproductions; Japanese 
color prints; antique chairs, tables, chests, stands, bronzes, etc.; and 
old-fashioned musical instruments. 

History. Reproduction of a New England colonial kitchen; a 
collection illustrating the period of the French, British, and American 
fur trade; a collection illustrating steamboating days on the upper 
Mississippi; a collection illustrating the military history of the state 
and nation, and including the war flags of the Wisconsin Civil and Span- 
ish war regiments; relics of Wisconsin territorial days; and a collec- 
tion of American and foreign coins, bank notes, medals, and medallions. 
Other collections are being developed. 

HistoricaL SKEtcH. ‘The first organization of the society (1849- 
53) maintained a small library, housed in a glass case on a table in the 
governor’s office, but no museum. After a reorganization in 1854, 
portraits, specimens, and relics began slowly to come in and were 
designated as the cabinet and gallery in distinction from the library. 
In 1884 the society occupied quarters in the capitol and after 1886 the 
. term museum was applied to the collection. In August, 1900, the 
society removed to the present state historical library building, the 
entire upper floor of which is devoted to museum purposes. The 


300 DIRECTORY OF AMERICAN MUSEUMS 


museum has been fully organized as a department of the society with 
its own chief, only since 1908. 

FINANCIAL SuPPORT. The society is now asking from the state 
an annual appropriation of $3500 for the maintenance of the museum 
and the prosecution of historical and anthropological research. 

BUILDING. Since 1900 the museum has occupied the entire upper 
floor of the state historical library building, including two large and six 

smaller halls, with adjoining office, storerooms, photographer’s dark- 
room, carpenter shop, etc. Additional exhibition halls and a labor- 
atory are needed. 

ADMINISTRATION. By a chief, responsible to the State Historical 
Society of Wisconsin. 

Scope. The chief aim of the museum is popular education in 
anthropology, history, and art, with exploration and research in these 
subjects, especially in Wisconsin. Lectures are given in the museum 
to schools, University of Wisconsin classes, women’s clubs, and the 
general public, by the chief, university professors, and others. Special 
exhibits illustrating anthropological and historical subjects are made 
from time to time. The Madison Art Association holds a number 
of special exhibits and lectures in the museum halls each year. The 
Wisconsin Archeological Society, the Wisconsin branch of the National 
Association of Audubon Societies, and the Wisconsin Academy of 
Sciences, Arts, and Letters each occupy an office in the museum. 
The Museum Club holds meetings in the museum. 

PuBLicAaTIONS. Reports are made in the annual Proceedings of 
the State Historical Society and handbooks, catalogs, and circulars 
are issued by the museum. 

ATTENDANCE. ‘The museum is open free to the public on week- 
days from 9g to 5, and occasionally on Sunday afternoons. The num- 
ber of visitors is from 60,000 to 80,000 a year. 


UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN. 


The university maintains no formal museum but has extensive 
teaching collections in connection with its science departments. The 
more important features of these collections are as follows: The type 
fossils described in the volumes of the first geological survey of Wis- 
consin, deposited by the Wisconsin Academy; over 34,000 minerals; 
27,000 rocks; a herbarium of 10,000 sheets of phanerogams and vas- 
cular cryptogams from outside the state, 4c00 sheets from within the 
state, and 7000 labeled specimens of Musci. 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES 307 


MILTON: 

MILTON COLLEGE. 

The college maintains teaching collections under the charge of 
A. R. Crandall, professor of biology, with special stress upen local col- 
lections. 


MILWAUKEE: 
LAYTON ART GALLERY. 


The Layton Art Gallery was built by Mr. Frederick Layton at a 
cost of $115,000, and given an endowment of $100,000 the gallery 
being incorporated in 1888 for the purpose of maintaining a public 
art gallery. The collections include so pieces of sculpture and 183 
paintings. There is a limited reference library for the use of both 
staff and public. Plain and illustrated catalogs have been published. 
The gallery is open free to the public three and one-half days a week; - 
on two days an admission fee of 25 cents is charged. The number of 
visitors averages 30,000 a year. The museum is in charge of George 
Raab, curator, and Elizabeth Hillman, assistant. 


PUBLIC MUSEUM OF THE CITY OF MILWAUKEE. 


STAFF. Director, Henry L. Ward; Curators, Samuel A. Barrett 
(anthropology), Sigmund Graenicher (invertebrate zodlogy), Carl 
Tha] (books); Lecturer, Alfred C. Burrell; Guide-lecturer, Anton C. 
Katze-Miller; Chief taxidermist, George Shrosbree; Modeler, Herbert 
Clowes; Assistants, Hall C. Rhode (taxidermy), Richard Muttkowski 
(invertebrate zodlogy); Clerk, William B. Brickner; 1 janitor, 3 guards, 
I messenger, 3 cleaning women, 2 engineers, and 4 firemen. 

ANTHROPOLOGY. Uncivilized peoples: Archeology, native, 
19,200+, foreign, 2890+; Ethnology, native, 3300+, foreign, 2600+. 
Civilized peoples, ancient, 64c+, modern, 8975+. A collection of 962 
Indian copper implements, mostly from Wisconsin, is considered one 
of the most important of its kind in the country. The collections of 
firearms, and of boots and shoes of all nations also rank high. One 
life-size ethnological group is on exhibition, one in storage, and others 
in preparation. This department includes much historical material 
and is now reorganizing for greatly increased activities, made possible 
by the recent passage of a law in the state legislature which levies 
a special tax of $ of a mill and thus gives this department an income 
independent of that which supports the other departments of the mu- 
seum. ‘This income is now being used for the erection of an addition 
to the building to provide space for this department. 


308 DIRECTORY OF AMERICAN MUSEUMS 


Botany. Cryptogams, 2330; Phanerogams, 26,083. There is a 
fairly complete collection of mushrooms of the Milwaukee region. 
The phanerogamic herbaria consist of a Wisconsin collection and a gen- 
eral systematic collection. There is a small collection of plant fibers. 

EDUCATIONAL COLLECTIONS. The museum has for loan to the 
schools, to collections of mounted lepidoptera, each containing 20 
specimens; 61 mounted mammals; 696 mounted birds; 47 collections 
of minerals and rocks, each containing 40 specimens; 7 archeological 
collections, each containing 22 specimens. There are 1885 lantern 
slides for lectures delivered at the museum to school children. 

GroLocy. Minerals, on exhibition, 5324+, in storage, 2674+; 
Rocks, on exhibition, 450+, in storage, 50+; Dynamic geology, 
relief maps, models, etc., 181. The collections are strong in coppers 
and associated minerals, and there is a fair representative collection 
of the iron ores of the Michigan-Wisconsin region and a fair synoptic 
collection of meteorites. There is on deposit a very fine collection 
of coppers and associated minerals from the Lake Superior region. 

PALEONTOLOGY. Invertebrates, on exhibition, 12,6394, in stor- 
age, 1710+, types and figured specimens, 28; Vertebrates, on exhibi- 
tion, 811, in storage, 35+, types and figured specimens, 1; Plants, 
on exhibition, 244, in storage, 25+, types and figured specimens, 2. 
The collection includes a skeleton of Mastodon, skulls of Titanotherium, 
etc., casts of skeletons and restorations of Megatherium, Glyptodon, 
Plesiosaurus, Ichthyosaurus, etc. 

ZooLocy. Shells, on exhibition, 20,o0o0+, in storage, 81,539+; 
Insects, on exhibition, 777, in storage, 73,428, types and figured speci- 
mens, 181; Other invertebrates, on exhibition, rt1oo+, in storage, 


1155+; Fishes, on exhibition, 300, in storage, 509; Batrachians, on 
exhibition, 46, in storage, 170+; Reptiles, on exhibition, 185, in stor- 
age, 962+; Birds, on exhibition, 3292, in storage, 6311; Mammals, 
on exhibition, 523, in storage, 1449. Other collections include prep- 
arations and series illustrating developmental stages, evolution by 
environment, artificial selection, protective coloration and form, 


mimicry, and individual variation; enlarged models of insects; examples 
of insect architecture; and a collection of Wisconsin pearls. Special 
attention has been given to insects, birds, and mammals. There 
are 8 large and 30 small groups of mammals, and 7 large and 55 small 
groups of birds exhibited in natural surroundings. 

HIsToRICAL SKETCH. The museum had its beginning in 1882 
in the acceptance by the city as a gift “‘in trust to be kept, supported 
and maintained by said city, as a free museum for the benefit and 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES 309 


use of all citizens of said city” of the collections of the Wisconsin 
Natural History Society. The formation of these collections was 
begun in or about 1857 by the Naturhistorischer Verein von Wis- 
consin, which was the earlier name of the natural history society. 
At the time of the transfer of these collections to the city they con- 
sisted of approximately 19,120 specimens and 270 books, maps, 
and charts. In 1883 purchase was made by subscription of a col- 
lection of about equal importance from Ward’s Natural Science 
Establishment. These two collections were united and in May, 
1884, the museum was thrown open to the public in rented quarters 
in the exposition building. In 1890 the site of the present building 
was purchased by the city and in 1896 the erection of the building 
for the accommodation of the museum and the public library was 
begun. The museum was moved to this building in July, 1808. 
In September, 1906, the Common Council resolved on the establish- 
ment of a historical museum as a department of the public museum. 
To accommodate this an addition, covering approximately 19,000 
square feet of ground and consisting of 4 stories and basement, was 
built in 1g09. 

FINANCIAL SUPPORT. The museum receives a special tax of + of a 
mill on each dollar of the assessed valuation of all taxable property 
in Milwaukee. The historical department receives a separate tax 
of + of a mill. Milwaukee has a population of 370,000, and an as- 
sessed value of $232,227,790. The income from this source for 1909 
amounted to $79,620.95. The city school board contributes $2500 a 
year for lectures to the school children. The only other source of 
income is occasional gifts for specific purposes. 

BurLpiInc. Erected in 1898 by the city at a cost of $150,000 
for the site and $628,301 for building and furnishings. It accommo- 
dates both the public museum and the public library; the museum 
occupying 55 per cent of the building, with 39,600 square feet of floor 
space for exhibition, and 7600 for offices, workrooms, etc. The 
addition of 1909 cost $300,000 and affords 51,120 square feet of 
exhibition room, 19,231 for offices, workrooms and storage, and 
11,322 for lecture hall and smaller meeting rooms. 

ADMINISTRATION. By a board of trustees of which the director 
is the executive officer and ex-officio secretary. The board consists 
of nine members, viz: four citizens and three aldermen, appointed 
by the mayor, and the president of the board of school directors 
and the superintendent of schools ex-officio. All appointments to 
the staff are made by the board of trustees on recommendation of 
the director. 


310 DIRECTORY OF AMERICAN MUSEUMS 


Scope. ‘The primary purpose of the museum is the instruction 
of the general public. In this connection much is being done by a 
system of illustrated school lectures, of which there are three each 
day given by a special lecturer to classes from the public schools of 
the city. Each such lecture is followed with instruction by a special 
guide-lecturer in the exhibition halls. In this manner 27,364 scholars 
and teachers heard lectures and were shown exhibits pertaining to 
the subjects of the lectures during 1909. The school loan collec- 
tions are extensively used also, there being during 1909, 1066 loans 
to schools. The scientific staff carries on explorations and research, 
special attention being given to Wisconsin. Its activities in the field 
not only give opportunity for systematic research but enable the 
museum to greatly increase its collections in the most systematic 
and connected manner. The most extended investigations thus far 
carried on have been those in entomology. ‘The staff is also called 
upon frequently to identify specimens for the public and for other 
museums. 

LiprAry. The library consists of 15,204 books, pamphlets, 
and maps, relating to natural history and anthropology, intended 
for use of the staff primarily, but also open to the public. 

PUBLICATIONS. (1) Annual Reports; 27 issued. (2) Bulletin 
of the Public Museum: this series is published at irregular intervals 
beginning in 1910. (3) Bulletin of the Wisconsin Natural History 
Society: the museum purchases a part of the issue of this publica- 
tion for distribution to its exchanges; 7 volumes of the new series 
have been issued. 

ATTENDANCE. Open free to the public from 9 to 5.30, except 
Sundays, Thanksgiving, Christmas, and New Years, when the hours 
are 1.30 to 5. Attendance for 1909, 514,860. 


ZOOLOGICAL PARK. 


The city maintains a zodlogical park of to acres, established in 
1903, containing 2 reptiles, 103 birds, and 113 mammals. 


RACINE: 

RACINE PUBLIC LIBRARY. 

The library contains two collections of natural history specimens 
as follows: the Blake collection of minerals, butterflies, birds, and 


mammals; and the Dr. Hoy collection of about 600 birds and 100 
bird nests found within a radius of to miles of Racine. These col- 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES 311 


lections are the property of the city but are in the care of the public 
library, where they occupy a room on the second floor and are open 
to the public on Wednesdays and Saturdays. Visitors from out- 
of-town are admitted at any time. The museum is used by teachers 
and school children for educational purposes. 


RIPON: | 
RIPON COLLEGE. 


The college maintains teaching collections in connection with 
its departments of classics, biology, and geology. 

The archeological collection includes 250 Roman coins of the 
most important reigns of the empire; 50 terra cotta lamps illustrat- 
ing all the types; Etruscan, Greek, and Roman vases dating from 
750 to about 300 B. C.; bronze fibulae, keys, letter stamps, bone stil, 
spoons, dice, etc.; several fine specimens of glass from Greece and 
Italy; inscribed amphora handles and numerous other articles con- 
nected with the daily life of the ancient Romans; and several thous- 
and carefully selected photographs and _ slides, illustrating Greek 
and Roman history, geography, and art. 

The mineral collection comprises about 2000 specimens, includ- 
ing the Barber collection; the New Orleans collection, from the New 
Orleans Exposition; the Armstrong collection; and the educational 
series of rocks distributed by the United States geological survey. 

The biological collections include a synoptic series of invertebrate 
and vertebrate animals, and the Congdon collection of bird eggs, 
obtained chiefly in Wisconsin and Canada. 

These collections are open free to the public whenever the college 
is in session. ; 


ST. FRANCIS: 
ST. FRANCIS SEMINARY. Salzmann Museum. 


The Salzmann Museum is the property of St. Francis Seminary, 
and is in charge of the professor of natural sciences, Rev. William 
Metzdorf. The primary purpose of the museum is college teaching, 
and the collections include 5000 Indian relics; 75 skulls; 800 coins, 
including 200 old Roman coins; 1500 specimens in botany; 2000 
minerals, including especially fine agates and gold ores; 200 fossils; 
and a zoological collection comprising 500 shells, 15,000 insects, 50 
other invertebrates, 5 fishes, 2 batrachians, 12 reptiles, 250 birds 


312 DIRECTORY OF AMERICAN MUSEUMS 


with 250 eggs and 25 nests, and 35 mammals. ‘The museum is visited 
by about tooo persons annually, exclusive of students. 


WYOMING 


LARAMIE: 
UNIVERSITY OF WYOMING. Museum. 


STAFF. Curator, W. H. Reed, who is also instructor in geology; 
Curator of the herbarium, Aven Nelson; seen: assistants, S. How- 
land Knight, Eugene Willson. 

Botany. Cryptogams, 5000; Phanerogams, 60,000, including 
about 400 types and figured specimens. 

GroLtocy. Minerals, on exhibition, 3000, in storage, 5000; 
Rocks, in storage, 800; Relief maps, models, etc., 2; Economic col- 
lections, a special exhibit of oils, mostly native to the state. 

PALEONTOLOGY. Invertebrates, on exhibition, 3000, in storage, 
tooo; Vertebrates, on exhibition, 12,000, in storage, 1000, types and 
figured specimens, 17; Plants, on exhibition, 300, types and figured 
specimens, 23. Important exhibits include an eocene camel, several 
skulls of Titanotherium and many limbs and parts of dinosaurs. Of 
the latter, a seventy foot specimen, described by Marsh as Moro- 
saurus grandis, is now being mounted. Since 1895 special attention 
has been paid to the collection of mesozoic reptiles, field work having 
been carried on during every succeeding summer, and the dinosaur 
collection is now one of the largest in America. Among mesozoic 
reptiles represented in the collection ere Morosaurus, Brontosaurus, 
Diplodocus, Ceratosaurus, Aleosaurus, Laosaurus, Camptosaurus, 
Claosaurus, and types of Ceratodus americanus and robustus, Megal- 
neusaurus rex (type genus and species), Cimoliosaurus laramiensis, 
and Plesiosaurus shirleyensis. Among other type material is Cyca- 
della, a new genus of fossil cycad with 21 species. 

ZOOLOGY. Shells, 4000; Insects, 5700; Fishes, 650; Batrachians, 
16; Reptiles, too; Birds, 780 skins representing the avian fauna of 
Wyoming; Mammals, 42. 

HistoricAL SKETCH. The museum originated in 1888 and has 
specialized in mesozoic reptiles since 1895. 

FINANCIAL SuppoRT. By an optional appropriation from the 
state legislature through the university. 

BuILDING. Erected in 1900 at a cost of $40,000, appropriated 
by the state. Floor space aveilable for exhibition, 3200 square feet; 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES 313 


for offices, workrooms, etc., 768. The building is four stories in 
height, the two lower floors only being used for the museum. 

ADMINISTRATION. By a curator, responsible to the president of 
the university. 

Scope. Exploration, research by the staff, and university teach- 
ing. 

LIBRARY. 150 volumes of reference works intended for use of 
the staff. 

ATTENDANCE. About 1000 per year. 


CANADA 


ALBERTA 
BANFF: 

ROCKY MOUNTAINS PARK MUSEUM. 

CoLLectTions. Local herbaria comprising 82 cryptogams and 719 
phanerogams; local geological, geographical, and topographical maps; 
182 minerals and 125 rocks; about 75 fossils; 40co insects, 418 birds, 
37 mammals, and a few other zodJogical specimens; and ethnological 
material from local Indian tribes. 


This museum was begun in 1895 with a small coJlection of miner- 
als, plants, birds, and mammals, in a small wooden building of bunga- 
low style. In a few years the collections were removed to a combined 
museum and government office building where they have increased 
rapidly in extent. The space occupied for exhibition is 3128 square 
feet, and for offices and workrooms, 491. The museum is in charge 
of N.B.Sanson, curator, and is supported by grants from the domin- 
ion government which vary in amount. The collections are confined 
almost exclusively to Jocal material. There is a sma]l working library. 
The report of the curator is included in that of the commissioner of 
parks. The museum is open free to the public and the attendance for 
1908 was Over gooco. 


BRITISH COLUMBIA 
VANCOUVER: 

ART, HISTORICAL, AND SCIENTIFIC ASSOCIATION. 

This association was organized in 1894 and undertook the forma- 
tion of a museum and library devoted to the natural history of Canada 
and especially of British Columbia. There are also small collections 
in fine arts and in loca] history. The museum is supported by a grant 
of $1cco annually from the city council, supplemented by membership 
fees of the association, and is in charge of H. J. de Forest, secretary 
and curator. 


VICTORIA: 

PROVINCIAL MUSEUM. 

STAFF. Curator, Francis Kermode; Assistant curator, Ernest M. 
Anderson; Assistant, Walter Behnsen; 1 janitor and attendant. 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES 315 


ANTHROPOLOGY. About 2500 objects illustrating the life and cus- 
toms of the pative tribes of British Columbia. 

Botany. About rooo marine algae and 2100 other botanical 
specimens. 

PALEONTOLOGY. A series of about 3500 fossils. 

ZooLoGy. Shells, 5000; Insects, 3000; Other invertebrates, 245; 
Fishes, 300; Reptiles, 50; Birds, 2500; Mammals, 400; Bird eggs, 120¢; 
Osteological preparations, 150. 

HisToricAL SKETCH. The museum was organized in 1886, pri- 
marily for the preservation of local ethnological material, and has grad- 
ually developed into a general museum. 

FINANCIAL Support. An annual grant of about $5500 is made by 
the Jegislature of British Columbia for salaries and miscellaneous ex- 
penses. 

Burtpinc. The building is of stone and affords about 18,coo square 
feet of floor space for exhibition, in addition to workshops, storerooms, 
etc., in the basement. 

Liprary. About 450 bound books and over 2000 pamphlets re- 
lated to the work of the museum. 

PuBLicATIons. Catalogs of local fauna and of museum collec- 
tions, six having been published since 1801. 

ATTENDANCE. Open free to the public on week-days from 9 to 5 
and on Sundays, from May to September inclusive, from 1 to 5. In 
1909 the number of visitors who signed the register was 34,640; this 
is estimated to represent about one-third of the attendance. 


NEW BRUNSWICK 
CHATHAM: 

MIRAMICHI NATURAL HISTORY ASSOCIATION. Museum. 

STAFF. Curators, J. D. B. F. Mackenzie, A. Adams, W. M. Rob- 
ertson, P. Cox. 

ANTHROPOLOGY. A collection of native spears and arrowheads; 
textiles of Indian manufacture; musical instruments from West Africa; 
kyack from Lapland; native carvings from Mexico, Java, and South 
America; boomerangs, fish spears, and war spears from Australia; 
bows, arrows, and spears from the New Hebrides; etc. 

ASTRONOMY. A three-inch telescope used in occasional lectures 
and classes. 

Botany. Cryptogams, 2co; Phanerogams, 300. 

COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY. Cottons in various stages of manufac- 
ture. 


316 DIRECTORY OF AMERICAN MUSEUMS 


GEOLOGY. 200 minerals, and a few rocks, geological maps, ete. 
History. Relics of the early French occupation. 
PALEONTOLOGY. A few invertebrate, vertebrate, and plant fossils. 
ZooLocy. Shells, 200; Insects, 1000; Other invertebrates, 100; 
Fishes, 200; Batrachians, 5c; Reptiles, 50; Birds, 100; Mammals, 50. 
The insect collections include life-history groups of destructive insects. 

HistoricAL SKETCH. The association was organized in 1897 for 
the purpose of collecting natura] history material in the four northern 
counties of New Brunswick, and providing lectures and instruction 
for the general public and for school children and teachers. 

FINANCIAL SupPpoRT. Fixed annual appropriations of $200 from 
the province and $50 from the county, supplemented by membership 
dues. 

Buitpinc. The collections occupy 400 square feet of floor space 
for exhibition, and 200 for offices and workrooms, in a building erected 
by subscription in 1908 at a cost of $2300. 

LiBrRARY. About 300 volumes on natural science intended for the 
use of both staff and public. 

PuBLICATIONS. ‘The association issues Proceedings of which 5 
have been issued to rgto. 

ATTENDANCE. Open free to the public on Tuesday evenings from 
January r to June 1. 


FREDERICTON: 

BOARDMAN COLLECTION. (Parliament Building.) 

This collection was made by the late George A. Boardman and 
was the basis of “‘ A catalog of the birds found in the vicinity of Calais, 
Maine, and about the islands of the Bay of Fundy” published by the 
Boston Society of Natural History in 1862. The collection also includes 
skins and mounted specimens of foreign birds, a series of Maine and 
New Brunswick bird eggs, a few casts of local fishes, etc. 

CROWN LANDS DEPARTMENT. (Parliament Building.) 

This department maintains a collection of the birds and larger 
mammals of New Brunswick. 

UNIVERSITY OF NEW BRUNSWICK. 

The university maintains collections, primarily for teaching pur- 
poses, in charge of Philip Cox, curator. 

ARCHEOLOGY. Prehistoric implements of New Brunswick Indians. 

Botany. A number of herbaria of North American and local 
phanerogams and cryptogams. 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES 317 


GroLocy. A general collection of rocks and minerals, with a spec- 
ial series of economic minerals from New Brunswick. 

PALEONTOLOGY. In addition to a general series of fossils, there are 
special collections representing all the celebrated localities in New 
Brunswick and Nova Scotia. 

ZOOLOGY. Collections of marine invertebrates from the United 
States Fish Commission, the Museum of Comparative Zodlogy, and 
the United States National Museum; a conchological collection; about 
200 cataloged fishes from the Unitea States Fish Commission; a series 
of reptiles from the Boston Society of Natural History; a collection of 
birds and bird eggs; and a small number of mounted mammals. 


Si JOHN: 

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF NEW BRUNSWICK. Museum. 

STAFF. Curator, William McIntosh; Assistant, F. A. Hoyt. 

ANTHROPOLOGY. Uncivilized peoples: Archeology, native, 1734, 
foreign, 240; Ethnology, native, 196, foreign, 225. Civilized peoples, 
ancient, 175, modern, 149. A series of dwelling group models, one 
twenty-iourth natural size, to illustrate Indian, French, and Colonial 
periods of New Brunswick history, is in preparation. One of these 
representing a summer dwelling of Malecite Indians, has been com- 
pleted. 

Botany. Cryptogamic and phanerogamic herbaria, 896c. There 
is also a collection of New Brunswick woods, including cross and lon- 
gitudinal sections, photograph of the tree, map of distribution, and 
descriptive labels. 

GroLocy. Minerals, on exhibition, 635, in storage, 5420; Rocks, 
on exhibition, 254, in storage, 780. Special coJlections include ores of 
the more common metals, economic minerals, Jocal collections, and 
the collection of the first Canadian government survey made by Dr. 
Abraham Gesner. 

PALEONTOLOGY. Invertebrate, vertebrate, and plant fossils, on 
exhibition, 532, study collection, 3441, in storage, 4252, types and fig- 
ured specimens, 100+ (chiefly insects and trilobites). 

ZOOLOGY. Shells, on exhibition, 1435, 1n storage, 5000+; Insects, 
on exhibition, 1248, in storage, 15,000o+; Other invertebrates, on ex- 
hibition, 300+, in storage, too+; Fishes, 78; Batrachians, 38; Rep- 
tiles, 61; Birds, on exhibition, 327, in storage, 154; Mammals, 52. 

HIstoricaAL SKETCH. The Natural History Society of New Bruns- 
wick was organized in 1862 and received as the nucleus of 1ts museum 
the collections of the Stienhammer Geological Club. After developing 


318 DIRECTORY OF AMERICAN MUSEUMS 


general collections the society underwent a period of depression from 
which it emerged in 1881 to renewed activity. The Gesner collection 
was purchased in 1889. This was the oldest museum in New Bruns- 
wick and was opened to the public April 5, 1842. Its purchase by the 
Natural History Society wes an important addition to the museum, 
which has since shown steady growth. In 1906 the society purchased 
its present building. 

FINANCIAL SUPPORT. From the general funds of the Natural His- 
tory Society, supplemented by appropriations of $400 annually from 
the province, and $200 annually from the city. In 1oro the society 
received a small bequest, the amount of which is not yet known. 

Burtpinc. Erected in 1878 at a cost of $45,000, but purchased in 
1906 by the Natural History Society for $7000. The number of square 
feet of floor space available for exhibition is 8375, for offices, work- 
rooms, etc., 4450. 

ADMINISTRATION. By a curator, responsible to the council of the 
Natural History Society. 

Scope. Primarily the maintenance of local collections and instruc- 
tion of the general public, supplemented by research and public school 
work. 

LIBRARY. 11,445 volumes on natural science, intended for the use 
of staff and members. 

PusLications. Bulletin of the Natural History Society of New 
Brunswick, 6 volumes issued from 1882-1909. 

ATTENDANCE. Open free to the public on week-days, except holi- 
days, from 2 to 5.30, and on Thursday evenings in winter. 


NEWFOUNDLAND 
Si. JOEIN’S: 

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 

The survey maintains museum collections concerning which no 
information has been received, but which are said by Merrill to com- 
prise material illustrating the archeology and ethnology of the Indians 
of Newfoundland; historical and industrial exhibits; 365 herbarium 
specimens of plants; 500 minerals; a collection of rocks; and a zoélog- 
ical collection comprising 250 native and 500 foreign shells, a few native 
and many foreign insects, 50 native and 502 foreign fishes, 150 native 
and 165 foreign birds, and 30 native and 12 Australian mammals. 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES 319 


NOVA SCOTIA 
HALIFAX: 

DALHOUSIE COLLEGE. Museum. © 

STAFF. Curator, D. S. McIntosh. 

ANTHROPOLOGY. 250 specimens illustrating the stone age in North 
America, and 38 specimens of foreign archeology. 

Botany. Cryptogams, 300+; Phanerogams, 128. 

GEoLoGy. Minerals, on exhibition, 150+, in storage, 300+. 
There is also a series of Nova Scotia rocks and iron ores. 

PALEONTOLOGY. Invertebrates, 1600+; Vertebrates, 10; Plants, 
too. These collections are at present in storage. 

ZoOLoGyY. Shells, 20; Insects, 7; Other invertebrates, 20; Fishes, 
to; Batrachians, to; Reptiles, 5; Birds, 193; Mammals, 18. These 
collections are at present in storage. The most notable specimens are 
a pair of Labrador ducks. 

This museum consists chiefly of the McCulloch, Patterson, and 
Honeyman collections, and is used for college teaching. It is housed 
in the college building and is supported by a small endowment, sup- 
plemented by special grants from the college. The curator is respon- 
sible to the senate of the college. 


PROVINCIAL MUSEUM. 


STAFF. Curator, Harry Piers; 1 messenger. 

ANTHROPOLOGY. Uncivilized peoples: Archeology, native, 886; 
Ethnology, native, 30, foreign, ro00+. Civilized peoples, ancient, 70. 

Art. Sculpture, 10; Prints and engravings, 6; Oil paintings, 7; 
Water colors and chalk, g; Ceramics, 118. 

Botany. Plants, Nova Scotia, 2931, foreign, 1272. The :ocal col- 
lections also include 99 water-color paintings of wild flowers, 54 fruits, 
62 specimens of wood and 55 of grain, with a reference collection of 100 
economic seeds of Canada. 

COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY. 150 specimens illustrating local manu- 
facturing processes. 

GroLocy. Minerals, Nova Scotia, 3453, foreign, 1936; Rocks, 
Nova Scotia, 1850, foreign, 477. Material of special interest includes 
the type specimen of Louisite; a good collection of zeolites, etc., from 
the trap of the Bay of Fundy; and economic minerals of Nova Scotia. 

History. Miscellaneous historical relics, Nova Scotia, 125, for- 
eign, 144. 

PALEONTOLOGY. Invertebrates, Nova Scotia, 237, foreign, 493, 
types and figured specimens, 9g; Vertebrates, Nova. Scotia, 37, foreign, 


320 DIRECTORY OF AMERICAN MUSEUMS 


60, types and figured specimens, 4; Plants, Nova Scotia, 507, 
foreign, 6. : 

ZoOLoGy. Shells, Nova Scotia, 200, foreign, 925; Insects, Nova 
Scotia, 1626, foreign, 9c; Other invertebrates, Nova Scotia, 300, for- 
eign, 250, types, 1 (Sthenoteuthis megaptera); Fishes, Nova Scotia, 260, 
foreign, 50, figured, 2; Batrachians, Nova Scotia, 50, foreign, 15; Rep- 
tiles, Nova Scotia, 25, foreign, 50; Birds, Nova Scotia, 403, foreign; 50, 
figured, 5; Mammals, Nova Scotia, 180, foreign, 24. Material of spec- 
ial interest includes a specimen of Ceratias holbélli Kroyer, a very rare 
deep-sea fish of which only four specimens are known. 

OTHER DEPARTMENTS. Navalarchitecture, 8; Numismatics, Nova 
Scotia, 1o1, foreign, 1305. 

HIsToRICAL SKETCH. The founding of the museum was first pro- 
posed in 1862 but was not actually accomplished until 1868, when a 
room was set apart for this purpose in the government building. The 
collections of the defunct Mechanics Institute formed the nucleus of 
the museum, to which was added material purchased from Nova Sco- 
tia exhibitors at the Paris exhibition. In 1899 the museum was re- 
moved to a new building and the Provincial Science Library was or- 
ganized and placec in charge of the curator of the museum. In 1909 
the museum and library were removed to the new building of the Nova 
Scotia Technical College, where they’ occupy the entire western 
wing. 

FINANCIAL Support. A fixed yearly grant of $2600 from the Nova 
Scotia government. 

BurILpInGc. The museum occupies 2856 square feet of floor space 
for exhibition, 158 for office and workroom, 1920 for library stack- 
room, and 176 for reading room, in the government’s technical college, 
which was erected in 1908—9 at a total cost of $150,000. 

ADMINISTRATION. By a curator, responsible to the department of 
public works and mines of Nova Scotia. 

Score. Exploration, research, college teaching, instruction of the 
general public, maintenance of local collections, preparation of min- 
eral exhibits for Jocal and foreign exhibitions, and the furnishing of 
information on the resources of Nova Scotia. 

LIBRARY. 36,784 books and pamphlets on pure and applied science, 
intended for the use of both staff and public. 

PUBLICATIONS. Three administrative reports and a number of 
descriptive catalogs have been published by the museum. Papers relat- 
ing to the museum have also been published in other journals. 

ATTENDANCE. Open free to the public. 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES 321 


NEW GLASGOW: 
HIGH SCHLOOL. 
The principal reports that the schoo] maintains a small museum. 


TRURO: 

COUNTY ACADEMY. 

The principal reports that the academy maintains a museum of 
natural history, but has not replied to repeated requests for further 
information. 

NORMAL COLLEGE. 

The school has developed a series of museum collections, largely 
through the activity of students during the Jast four years. The col- 
lections include textiles, economic plants, articles of commerce and 
industry, samples of school work, economic minerals, historical relics, 
and other material from the province. 


WINDSOR: 

KING’S COLLEGE. Museum. 

STAFF. Curator, Canon Vroom. 

Botany. The Cogswell herbarium of cryptogams and phanero- 
gams of Great Britain; the Gossip herbarium of Scottish plants; the 
Willis herbarium of Nova Scotia algae and terrestrial plants; the 
Strange herbarium of East Indian plants, presented in 1805; the Ball 
herbarium of 250 species of Nova Scotia plants. There are also a few 
specimens of wood, bark, leaves, and fruits. 

GEOLOGY AND PALEONTOLOGY. The Almon collection of minerals, 
rocks, etc., chiefly from Scotland; the Governor’s collection of coal 
fossils, obtained in 1860 at the Sydney Mines; the Alumni collection of 
Nova Scotia fossils; an Australian collection of fossils; a collection of 
British fossils; a colJection of European crystalline and sedimentary 
rocks; and miscellaneous collections. 

Numismatics. A series of coins representing ancient Rome and 
most countries of the modern world. 

ZooLocy. The Willis collection of Nova Scotia mollusca; a col- 
lection of foreign shells; and a small number of other zodlogical speci- 
mens. 


WOLFVILLE: 

ACADIA UNIVERSITY. 

The university maintains a museum, in charge of Ernest Haycock, 
curator, comprising 5co Canadian minerals; 30c rocks from Vancouver 


322 DIRECTORY OF AMERICAN MUSEUMS 


Island; 500 minerals and rocks from Nova Scotia, chiefly from Kings 
County; 500 typical fossils, largely from European localities; and a 
miscellaneous collection of material of some ethnological and histori- 
cal value. 


ONTARIO 
COLLINGWOOD: ; 

HURON INSTITUTE. 

The institute maintains a museum, established in 1904, in charge 
of James Morris, curator. The collections comprise 4000 Indian relics, 
local pictures, maps and historical documents, minerals, and botanical 
specimens. The museum is housed in the public library building and 
receives a grant of $100 annually from the provincial government. 
One volume of Papers and Records was published in t909. The mu- 
seum is open free to the public but there are no stated hours. 


GUELPH: 

ONTARIO AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. 

No information has been received regarding the college collections, 
which are said by Merrill to comprise a series of rock-forming minerals, 
and a collection of the characteristic fossils found in the geologic sys- 
tems represented in Canada. 


HAMILTON: 

HAMILTON SCIENTIFIC ASSOCIATION. 

No reply has been received to requests for information regarding 
this association, which is said by Merrill to have some interesting local 
fossils. 


KINGSTON: 

KINGSTON SCHOOL OF MINING. 

No information has been received regarding the museum main- 
tained by this school, which is said by Merrill to include 10,000 min- 
erals; about 4000 specimens of historical geology and lithology; and a 
collection of Canadian fossils. 

QUEEN’S UNIVERSITY. Museum. 

STAFF. Curators, A. P. Knight, who is also professor of animal 
biology, and W. T. MacClement, who is also professor of botany. 

ANTHROPOLOGY. The large Thomson collection of the weapons, 
utensils, dress, and ornaments of the aborigines of Queensland, New 
Guinea, Fiji, and the New Hebrides; and a small collection represent- 
ing the art and manufacture of Formosa and Central India. 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES 323 


Botany. The Fowler herbarium, comprising about 30,000 
mounted specimens of the plants of North America, Europe, Asia, 
South Africa, and Australia. 

ZobLocy. Shells, 3000+; Insects, a small collection; Fishes, 60; 
Reptiles, a small collection; Birds, 200; Mammals, 36. The birds and 
mammals are exclusively from Canada. 

FINANCIAL Support. By direct grant from the trustees of the uni- 
versity. 

BuILpDING. The museum occupies about 2500 square feet of floor 
space in the administration building. 

_ Scope. University instruction. 

ATTENDANCE. Open free to the public every forenoon except 

Sunday. 


LONDON: 
LONDON AND MIDDLESEX HISTORICAL SOCIETY. 


This society has a small historical collection kept at present in a 
room in the public library building. 


OTTAWA: 

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA. Museum. 

Botany. Cryptogamic and phanerogamic herbaria, including 
over 500 types and co-types; and a collection of Canadian woods. 

GroLocy. Minerals, on exhibition, 4100+, in storage, 3000+ ; 
Rocks, on exhibition, 1300. All specimens on exhibition are Canadian, 
special attention being given to material of economic importance. 

PALEONTOLOGY. Vertebrates, on exhibition, 200 species, types, 
64+, types in plaster, 24, figured specimens, 140+. There are also 
bromide enlargements of photographs of mounted skeletons of 18 spe- 
cies of vertebrates, and of restorations of 14 species. 

ZooLocy. In addition torepresentative specimens of the birds and 
mammals of Canada there is on exhibition a series of 85 species of 
recent marine sponges, including 44+ types and 46+ specimens. 
These sponges are from the Atlantic, Pacific, and Arctic coasts of 
Canada, and from the coasts of Greenland and Alaska. 

HISTORICAL SKETCH. The museum dates from the founding of the 
geological survey of Canada in 1843. In 1880 the survey and the 
museum were removed to the present quarters in Ottawa. 

FINANCIAL Support. From funds voted by parliament for the 
maintenance of the geological survey. 


324 DIRECTORY OF AMERICAN MUSEUMS 


Buitpinc. The present building has been occupied by the museum 
since 1880 and has long been inadequate to its needs. The new Vic- 
toria Memorial Museum is now almost completed and will house the 
collections in the near future. 

ADMINISTRATION. The museum is maintained as an adjunct of the 
geological survey, under the department of mines. 

LIBRARY. 17,000 volumes on natural science, intended primarily 
for use of the staff. 

PUBLICATIONS. The museum issues no publications, but its col- 
lections have been described in the publications of the survey and in 
other journals. 

ATTENDANCE. Open free to the public on week-days, except Christ- 
mas, from 10 to 4. 


PE RAGE 

PERTH COLLEGIATE INSTITUTE. 

No information has been received regarding the collections of the 
institute, which are said by Merrill to comprise a herbarium of 300 
flowering plants of eastern Ontario; 400 minerals and 80c rocks; and a 
few fossils. 


ST. THOMAS: 
ELGIN HISTORICAL AND SCIENTIFIC INSTITUTE. 
The institute has a small historical and archeological museum. 


TORONTO 

PROVINCIAL MUSEUM. 

STAFF. Superintendent, David Boyle; 2 clerks and 1 guardian. 

ANTHROPOLOGY. About tooo specimens from the Indian tribes of 
Canada and elsewhere, life masks of British Columbian and Washington 
Indians, miscellaneous archeological and ethnological specimens, etc. 

Art. No detailed information received. 

Borany. A herbarium of 500 plants of Ontario. 

ZOOLOGY. 400 vertebrates, mollusks, and insects of Ontario. 

FINANCIAL SUPPORT. An annual grant from the provincial gov- 
ernment. 

BurtpinG. The collections occupy about 30,000 square feet of 
floor space for exhibition. 

PuBLICATIONS. (1) An archeological report. (2) A manual of the 
vertebrates of Ontario. (3) A catalog of the collections. 

ATTENDANCE. Open free to the public on week-days from g to 5. 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES 325 


UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO. Museum. 

STAFF. General curator, Henry Montgomery; Curators, R. Ram- 
say Wright (zodlogy), A. P. Coleman (geology), T. L. Walker (miner- 
alogy), W. A. Parks (paleontology), Henry Montgomery (American 
archeology), C. T. Currelly (oriental archeology); Assistant curators, 
B. A. Bensley (zoélogy), J. H. Faull (botany). 

ANTHROPOLOGY. Good collections, now for the most part In 
storage. ' 

Botany. Cryptogams, 15,000+; Phanerogams, 15,oco+. 

GroLocy. Minerals, 17,000+; Rocks, 4300+. These collections 
are for the most part systematic; some are synoptic; and some repre- 
sent the minerals and rocks of Ontario. There is also a series illustrat- 
ing the economic geology, especially of Canada. 

PALEONTOLOGY. Invertebrates, on exhibition, 11,c00, 1n storage, 
gooo+, types and figured specimens, 348; Vertebrates and plants, 
small collections. This department includes a teaching collection, 
comprising 500 species of invertebrates and 178 maps and charts. 

ZoOLocy. Shells, 4800; Insects, 850c; Other invertebrates, 2000; 
Fishes, on exhibition, 170, in storage, 200; Batrachians, toc, in storage, 
500; Reptiles, on exhibition, 189, in storage, 2000; Birds, 35co; Mam- 
mals, 300. There is also an insect collection of 170 specimens illus- 
trating mimicry, and a collection of 5c9 bird eggs and nests. 

Historicat SKETCH. The older collections of the university were 
housed in the main building and suffered seriously by fire in 1890. 
Since then collections have been gathered in several buildings and it is 
proposed to unite these upon completion of the new museum building. 
The museum of Victoria College is now in storage awaiting removal to 
the new general museum, of which it will form a part. 

FINANCIAL Support. From the general funds of the university 
and province. 

Buitpinc. A building intended to house all the museums of the 
university, except certain teaching collections, is in course of erection 
in IgIo. 

ADMINISTRATION. By a general curator, responsible to the presi- 
dent of the university. 


QUEBEC 
LAUZON: 
COLLEGE ST. JOSEPH DE LEVIS. 
The college maintains a collection of several hundred birds and 
mammals, a series of shells, minerals, insects, and other scientific ob- 
jects, in charge of J. R. Coulombe. 


326 DIRECTORY OF AMERICAN MUSEUMS 


LONGUEUIL: 

LONGUEUIL COLLEGE. 

The college maintains a general museum in charge of Brother Vic- 
torin. The collections comprise a herbarium of 2000 phanerogams and 
300 cryptogams; 300 minerals; and a zodlogical collection including 
200 shells, 800 insects, 20 fishes, 30 reptiles, 200 birds, 50 mammals, 
and 200 bird eggs. 


MONTREAL: 

McGILL UNIVERSITY. Anatomical Museum. 

The museum of anatomy was completely destroyed by fire in 1907 
and is now being re-formed as a teaching collection. It is in charge of 
F. J. Shepherd, director. 

McGILL UNIVERSITY. Museum of Hygiene. 

This museum has been established from the income of an endow- 
ment provided in 1893, and is in charge of T. A. Starkey, director. It 
includes exhibits relating to disinfection, lighting and heating, water, 
buildings, soil, air, drainage and refuse disposal, food stuffs and cloth- 
ing, vital statistics, and bacteriology and pathology in relation to pub- 
lichealth. There is also a collection of over tooo lantern slides. A com- 
plete descriptive catalog has been published. 

McGILL UNIVERSITY. Pathological Museum. 

Since the organization of the medical faculty, this museum has 
been an object of special attention, and for the past fifty years material 
has been systematically gathered from the Montreal General Hospital 
and other sources. Serious damage was done by the fire of 1907, and 
this is being repaired as rapidly as possible. The museum staff con- 
sists of J. G. Adami, director; Maude E. Abbott, curator; and E. L. 
Judah, preparator and osteologist. e 

McGILL UNIVERSITY. Peter Redpath Museum. 

STAFF. Curator, D. P. Penhallow, and an assistant curator. 

ANTHROPOLOGY. Archeological and ethnological collections from 
the Queen Charlotte Islands, from Egypt, and from South Equatorial 
West Africa. 

Botany. A herbarium comprising 50,000 Canadian and exotic 
plants, and collections illustrating structural and economic botany. 

GroLocy. General and economic collections of minerals and rocks, 
supplemented by casts and models. 

PALEONTOLOGY. Synoptic series of fossils arranged both in the 
order of the geological system and in systematic order. 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES 327 


ZodLocy. Synoptic series of invertebrate and vertebrate animals. 
Among special collections, the Phillip Carpenter collection of shells is 
especially noteworthy. 


NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF MONTREAL. 


No information has been received concerning the collections of this 
society, which are said by Merrill to include a general collection of fos- 
sils and the C. U. Shepard collection of 4000 minerals. 


NUMISMATIC AND ANTIQUARIAN SOCIETY. Museum. 
(Chateau de Ramezay.) 


STAFF. Honorary curator, R. W. M’Lachlan. 

CoLiLecTIoNS. Indian antiquities, 167+; Historical portraits, 
views, maps, etc., 350+; Historical relics, 217+; Coats of arms, 218; 
Medals 300+; Documents, 41; Ceramics, 51; Furniture, 75+. Special 
exhibits include a room restored in the style of Louis XIV, and a Hab- 
itant room with appropriate furnishings. 

HistoricaL SKEtTcH. The society was founded in 1862 as the 
Numismatic Society of Montreal; in 1866 the name was changed to 
the Numismatic and Antiquarian Society of Montreal; in 1870 the 
society was incorporated. The museum was organized by the society 
as a part of the celebration of the 250th anniversary of the founding 
of Montreal. 

FINANCIAL Support. An annual grant of $400 from the Quebec 
legislature, supplemented by members’ subscriptions, sale of catalogs, 
and donations. 

Buizpinc. The Chateau de Ramezay was erected in 1705 by 
Claude de Ramezay, eleventh governor of Montreal; was sold by his 
family to the Compagnie des Indes in 1745; bought in 1763 by William 
Grant and sold to the English government for two thousand guineas; 
used as the residence of the governors till 1849; after which it served 
various purposes till 1894 when it was purchased by the city of Mon- 
treal; in 1895 it was obtained by the Numismatic and Antiquarian 
Society for the purpose of founding a historical portrait gallery and 
museum. The building proper is 150 feet in length and the portrait 
gallery is 50 x 20 feet. 

ATTENDANCE. Open free to the public on week-days from tro to 6. 
The number of visitors is about 100,000 annually. 


328 DIRECTORY OF AMERICAN MUSEUMS 


QUEBEC: 

LAVAL UNIVERSITY. 

STAFF. The collections are in charge of the professors of the cor- 
responding departments of the university. Professor J. C. K. La- 
flamme is in charge of geology, botany, mineralogy, and zodlogy. 

ANTHROPOLOGY. ‘Two large collections of Indian relics; a few 
specimens from the United States and the Pacific Islands; small col- 
lections of Egyptian, Chinese, and Japanese objects. 

Art. A very rich collection of old engravings and perhaps the best 
private collection of old paintings in America. 

Botany. A complete collection of Canadian plants, especially 
phanerogams; collections of Canadian woods of commercial value; a . 
remarkable collection of commercial woods offered for sale in the mar- 
kets of England; woods of New Zealand and France; and a collection of 
artificial fruits and vegetables. The university herbarium contains 
more than 10,000 specimens. 

GroLocy. An almost complete collection of Canadian minerals 
and rocks, with additional collections from all parts of the world. 

PALEONTOLOGY. Extensive collections of Canadianinvertebrates, 
including many casts, especially of fossils found at Pikermi. 

ZOOLOGY. Shells, 950 species; Insects, 14,000 species; Other inver- 
tebrates, many corals, sponges, etc.; Fishes, several hundred; Bat- 
rachians, roo+; Reptiles, r50+; Birds, 600 species, 1200 specimens; 
Mammals, 300. 

HistoricAL SKETCH. The museum has had a gradual growth for 
about 75 years. It has received its collections from private gifts and 
purchases by the Seminary of Quebec, which was founded by Laval 
University. 

FINANCIAL Support. By Quebec Seminary, a department of 
Laval University. A small additional sum is received from admission 
fees. 

BurLp1nc. The building was erected in 1852 by the Quebec Sem- 
inary at a cost of 1,000,000 francs, and affords 50,000 square feet of 
floor space available for exhibition, and 5000 for offices, workrooms, 
etc. 

ADMINISTRATION. By the authorities of Laval University. 

Scope. Primarily, college teaching; secondarily, public school 
work and instruction of the genera] public. 

PUBLICATIONS. The museum has no regular publications, but a 
detailed description of the collections is published in the annual cata- 
log of Laval University. 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES 329 


MUSEUM OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION. 


STAFF. Curator, Victor A. Huard; Assistant curator, Arthur 
Thiboutot. 

BOTANY. 3000+ species from Canada, United States, Murope, 
and Australia; root specimens of wood from Canada. 

EpucaTIoNn. 95 Deyrolle’s tableaux on natural history and indus- 
try. 

Grotocy. Minerals, 500+. 

Numismatics. A collection of 2727 coins and medals from all 
countries, including 773 from Canada and 520 from the United States. 

PALEONTOLOGY. 200+ fossils. 

ZOOLOGY. Shells, 3000 species; Insects, large collections; Other 
invertebrates, fishes, batrachians, and reptiles, small collections; Birds, 
250+ species; Mammals, 50 species, 105 specimens, including nearly 
every species of mammal from the province of Quebec; Bird eggs. 30 
species. The insect collection includes two collections of Canadian 
insects made by Abbé Provancher, with more than 200 types of new 
species; also 580 species, 2300 specimens, of Canadian lepidoptera 
collected and named by Rev. T. W. F'yles. 

HistoricAt SKEtcH. The Museum of Public Instruction origin- 
ated in 1880 in collections accumulated by D. N. Saint Cyr. It was 
first located in the old legislative palace and in 1886 the founder was 
appointed curator, the museum having been up to that time largely 
his private collection. In 1889 the museum was moved to the new 
government palace where it now is. Dr. Léonidas Larne served’as the 
second curator from 1889 to 1904. The present curator was first called 
to the museum in 1902 for special work and was appointed curator in 
1904. 

FINANCIAL SuPPORT. The museum receives a regular appropria- 
tion of $600 from the legislative assembly and council of the province 
of Quebec. 

Buitpinc. The museum occupies about 5000 square feet of floor 
space for exhibition, and tooo for offices in the Provincial Government 
building. 

ADMINISTRATION. By a curator, responsible to the superintendent 
of public instruction. 

Scopr. The primary object of the museum is the accumulation of 
local collections representing the province of Quebec and their utili- 
zation for the instruction of the general public. 

LIBRARY. 250 volumes and too pamphlets relating to natural his- 
tory and numismatics, intended for the use of the staff. 


330 DIRECTORY OF AMERICAN MUSEUMS 


PuBLicaTIONsS. The first curator made three reports to the gov- 
ernment from 1886 to 1890, which were published as official papers and 
contained reports of travels in Labrador and other parts of the prov- 
ince; studies on Cetacea and Pinnipedia of the lower St. Lawrence 
River; and catalogs of plants, minerals, mammals, birds, and eggs of 
the museum. The present curator made a report in t91o on the 
progress of the museum from 1893 to June 30, 1909. 

ATTENDANCE. Open free to the public on week-days, except 
Saturday afternoon and holidays, from ro to 4. 


SAINT-LAURENT: 
COLLEGE SAINT-LAURENT. Musee Carrier. 


STAFF. Curator, Philéas Vanier; Assistant curator, F. J. Donat. 

ANTHROPOLOGY. Uncivilized peoples: Archeology, native, 344, 
foreign, 987; Ethnology, native, 143. Civilized peoples, ancient, 933, 
modern, 583. 

Art. Objects, in marble, 118, in bronze and copper, 258, in plas- 
ter, 455, in terra cotta and majolica, 37; Prints and engravings, 980; 
Oil paintings and water colors, 15; Religious paintings, 780. 

Botany. Cryptogamic and phanerogamic herbaria, 5161 species: 
Fruits, 480; Gums and resins, 32; Medicinal plants, 122; Canadian 
woods, 89; Thin sections of United States woods, 45; Leaves, 458. 

GroLocy. Minerals and rocks, on exhibition, 3425; Minerals, in 
storage, 2622; Rocks, in storage, 1278. 

PALEONTOLOGY. Fossils, Canadian, 394 species, foreign, 495 
species. 

ZoOLocy. Shells, 8792 specimens, representing 2920 species; 
Insects, 12,769 specimens, representing 5111 species; Other inverte- 
brates, 305 specimens, representing 113 species; Fishes, 46; Batrachi- 
ans, 5; Reptiles, 56; Birds, 715; Mammals, 513; Bird eggs, 806. 

OTHER CoLLEcTIONS. Coins and tokens, 9739; Medals and medal- 
lions, 5117; Postage and revenue stamps, 8917; Incunabula, 4o. 

HistTorIcAL SKetcH. The museum was founded by Rev. Joseph 
C. Carrier, who also served as curator until] his death in 1904. 

FINANCIAL SUPPORT. From the general funds of the college. 

BuILpiInc. Erectedin 1896 at a cost of $15,000, defrayed by friends 
of the college. 

ADMINISTRATION. By a curator, responsible to the superior of the 
college. 

Score. Primarily school and college teaching. 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES 331 


PUBLICATIONS. 26 Bulletins of the Library and Museum have 
been issued, either separately or as a part of the college catalog. 


CONVENT DES SOEURS: DE SAINT-CROIX. 


Teaching collections are maintained in charge of Sister Marie de 
Sainte-Amélie. They comprise a herbarium of 600 cryptogams and 
4400 phanerogams, with a collection of roo fruits; 1400 minerals and 
rocks; 350 fossils; 2400 coins and 1300 medals; and a zodlogical collec- 
tion including 1325 shells, 850 insects, 72 other invertebrates, 15 fishes, 
to batrachians, 25 reptiles, 306 birds, and 40 mammals. These col- 
lections occupy 1575 square feet of floor space in a building erected in 
1889. 


SHERBROOKE: 
ST. CHARLES SEMINARY. Museum. 


STAFF. Caretaker, Leon Marcotte. 

MINERALOGY. A few hundred specimens of minerals and rocks. 

NuMISMATICS. Over 2000 coins, medals, etc. 

ZOOLOGY. Shells, a few hundred; Insects, 3000 species, principally 
coleoptera and lepidoptera; Birds, 150; Mammals, 4o. 

FINANCIAL Support. By smal] annual grants from the seminary, 
supplemented by private contributions. 

BuiLtpinc. The museum occupies over 4000 square feet of floor 
space in the fireproof building in the seminary. 

Scope. Special attention is devoted to the natural history of the 
eastern townships of Quebec and to instruction of students in the 
seminary. 

ATTENDANCE. Open free to the public. The attendance in 1909 
was Over 700. 


VILLE ST. LOUIS: 


MUSEE DE L’INSTITUTION DES SOURDS-MUETS. (1941 Rue 
St. Dominique.) 

This institution maintains a museum of objects useful in teaching 
language to deaf-mutes. The museum was formally organized in 1885 
and is in charge of J. A. Jean, conservateur, assisted by other members 
of the faculty, none of whom receive remuneration for museum work. 
The collections comprise a herbarium of 175 cryptogams and 508 
phanerogams from the province of Quebec; a numismatic collection 
of 3737 pieces, especially rich in Canadian coins; a general collection of 


332 DIRECTORY OF AMERICAN MUSEUMS 


about 5000 postage stamps; and a zodlogical collection comprising 975 
shells, 14,000+ insects on exhibition and 5000 in storage, 23 fishes, 528 
birds, and 52 mammals. With the exception of the mollusca, the 
zoological collection is composed almost exclusively of local specimens. 
The museum occupies 1800 square feet of floor space for exhibition, 
and 600 for offices, workrooms, etc., in a building erected in 1895 at a 
cost of $10,000. 


BERMUDA 
HAMILTON: 
BERMUDA NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY. Museum and 
Aquarium. 

The society maintains a museum of local natural history in Queen 
Street, Hamilton, in charge of Louis L. Mowbray, curator, and 1 assist- 
ant. The society also leases from the British government the whole 
of Agar’s Island, with its buildings, and has converted the powder 
magazine into a publicaquarium, in charge of Louis L. Mowbray, super- 
intendent, and 1 assistant. An admission fee of 1 shilling is charged. 
The income of the society for the support of these institutions is de- 
rived from membership fees, admission fees to the aquarium, and 
private subscriptions. 

The Bermuda Natural History Society also furnishes to the Ber- 
muda Biological Station for Research, free of expense, the use of the 
barracks, which have been converted into a laboratory provided with 
running sea water and the usual equipment for such purposes. 


MEXICO 


CAMPECHE 
CAMPECHE: 
INSTITUTO CAMPECHANO. 
The institute has a quantity of archeological material founded by 
a former director, Patricio Trueba, without classification or arrange- 
ment. 


FEDERAL DISTRICT 
TACUBAYA: 


COMISION EXPLORADORA DE LA FAUNA Y FLORA NACION- 
ALES. 


This commission maintains a museum in charge of Fernando Fer- 
rari Pérez, engineer and chief of the commission, who is responsible 
to the Department of Improvement. 


MEXICO 
MEXICO: 


MUSEO NACIONAL DE ARQUEOLOGIA Y HISTORIA. 

STAFF. Director en misién, Francisco del Paso y Troncoso; 
Director efectivo, Genaro Garcia; Secretary, Nemesio Garcia Naranjo; 
Professors, Genaro Garcia (history), Ramén Mena (archeology), 
Andrés Molina Enriquez (ethnology), Mariano J. Rojas (Mexican 
language); Assistants, Manuel Gamio (history), Isabel Ramirez Cas- 
taeda (archeology); Temporary assistant, Agustin Agueros (eth- 
nology); In charge of industria] art, Antonio Cortés; In charge of 
publications, Ignacio B. del Castillo; Librarian, José Gener Ortiz; 3 
clerks, 2 artists, 1 photographer, 1 modeler, 3 assistants in the depart- 
ment of publication, 1 manager of the press department with 2 helpers, 
and r chief of the photogravure department with 2 helpers. 

No information has been received regarding the collections of this 
museum which was founded in 1831. 


MUSEO NACIONAL DE ARTILLERIA. 


The object of this museum is the acquisition and preservation of 
historical relics relating to the military service, including weapons of 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES Ba5 


all kinds and nationalities, ordnance and supplies, projectiles, cartridges 
and fuses, and especially such objects as are connected with the mili- 
tary history of the republic. These collections are in charge of brevet- 
captain of artillery, Luis G. Nufiez, who is responsible directly to the 
director of the national armory. The authentication of specimens is 
in the hands of a commission appointed for this purpose, and divided 
into sub-commissions on flags, ordnance and supplies, portable arms, 
and sundry objects.. The museum is open to the public on week-days, 
except holidays, from 8 to 12 and 3 to 6. 


MUSEO NACIONAL DE HISTORIA NATURAL. 


Starr. Director, Jests Sanchez; Professors, Gabriel Alcocer 
(natural history), Manuel Urbina (botany), George Engerrand and 
Jests Sanchez (zodlogy), Manuel M. Villada (mineralogy, geology, 
and paleontology), 1 collector and preparator in zoélogy and 1 janitor. 

No information has been received regarding the collections of this 
museum. 


MUSEO TECNOLOGICO INDUSTRIAL. 


This museum is in charge of Albino R. Nuncio, chief of the second 
section of the Department of Fomento (Public Promotion), Coloni- 
zation, and Industry. The rules provide for a curator and a servant 
in addition. The purpose of the museum is to make collections of 
mineral, vegetable, and animal raw materials produced in the country, 
together with full information regarding the articles manufactured 
from these materials; local and foreign markets; transportation lines 
and rates;anda technological library. A bureau of information is also 
maintained. 


SECRETARIA DE HACIENDA Y CREDITO PUBLICO. 


This department maintains a museum of a technical character in the 
custom house in charge of Manuel Mufioz, chief of the department. 


MICHOACAN 
MORELIA: 


COLEGIO DE SAN NICOLAS DE HIDALGO. 

STAFF. Director, Manuel Martinez Solorzano; Taxidermist and 
janitor, Fermin Gutierrez. 

CotLections. Archeology, 1880; Ethnology, 138; History, 904; 
Natura] history, 8324. 

Liprary. 860 volumes. 


330 DIRECTORY OF AMERICAN MUSEUMS 


MORELOS 
CUERNAVACA: 

SEMINARIO DE CUERNAVACA. 

The seminary maintains teaching collections in Mexican archeology 
and numismatics, Christian art, and natural history. It is in charge 
of Bishop Francisco Plancarte y Navarrete, who provides the funds 
for its maintenance. 


TEPOZTLAN: 

MUSEO MUNICIPAL. 

This museum is in charge of Alfonso Rojas, curator, who is respon- 
sible to the city council by which the museum is maintained. Its 
object is the collection of antiquities. 


NUEVO LEON 
MONTEREY: 
COLEGIO CIVIL. 
The college maintains museum collections in charge of a preparator. 


OAXACA 
OAXACA: 
INSTITUTO DE CIENCIAS. 
The institute maintains a museum in charge of Francisco Leon 
Calderon. 


PUEBLA 
PUEBLA: 
ACADEMY OF FINE ARTS. 
The academy maintains a museum of archeology. 


COLEGIO DEL ESTADO. 

The college maintains teaching colJections in natural history which 
may be visited by the public by permission of the director of the 
college. 


QUERETARO 
QUERETARO: 


Two museums, one of natural history, the other an industrial 
museum are maintained in the governor’s palace. 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES 337 


VERA CRUZ 
ORIZABA: 
COLEGIO PREPARATORIO. 
This school maintains teaching collections inbotany and zodlogy. 
ESCUELA NORMAL PRIMARIA. 
This school has a museum in charge of Horacio N. Seaver. 


TLAUTALPAN: 
ESCUELA ESPECIAL DE COMERCIO. 
This school maintains a small teaching collection. 


VERA CRUZ: 
COLEGIO PREPARATORIO. 
This school maintains a small museum of natural history. 


XALAPA: 
COLEGIO PREPARATORIO. 


This school maintains a natural history collection incharge of a 
preparator. 


YUCATAN 
MERIDA: 
There is in this place a museum devoted expecially to archeology 
and in charge of Alfredo Zavala Castillo, director. 


CENTRAL AMERICA 


COSTA RICA 
SAN JOSE: 
MUSEO NACIONAL. 


STAFF. Director and zodélogist, Anastasio Alfaro; Botanist, 
Adolfo Tonduz; Taxidermist, Adan Lizano; 2 preparatorsin archeology, 
1 guard, 1 keeper, and 1 doorman. 

ANTHROPOLOGY. Local collections in archeology and ethnology, 
including specimens of native gold work, ceramics, textiles, etc. 

ASTRONOMY. An observatory connected with the museum and in 
charge of an astronomer. There is also a meteorological station of the 
first order with two meteorologists. 

Botany. A herbarium of 20,000 specimens, representing 4000 
species of Costa Rican plants. 

COMMERCE AND InpustRy. A collection of native vegetable 
products, including coffee, cocoa, etc. 

GroLtocy. A small collection of minerals, rocks, and fossils of 
Costa Rica, and a relief map of the country. 

History. Ancient and modern weapons, including stone axes 
and hatchets, and bows and arrows of native Indian tribes; weapons 
and other relics of the campaign of Walker in 1856-57; and a small 
collection of oriental weapons. 

ZooLocy. This department includes the national collections, 
representing all the zodlogical groups but not cataloged. 

OTHER CoLLEcTIONS. A collection of medals and coins. 

Historicat SketcH. The museum was founded in 1887 under 
the administration of President Bernardo Soto, with a collection of 
native antiquities, bequeathed to the nation by Sr. Troyo and soon 
increased by purchase of other collections. The zodlogical collections 
owe their importance to the work of Anastasio Alfaro and George K. 
Cherrie on the vertebrate groups; José C. Zeledon on birds; Cecilio 
Underwood on entomology, birds, and mammals; Pablo Biolley, J. 
F. Tristan, and Enrique Pittier on invertebrate groups. The botan- 
ical collections have been developed by Alfaro, Biolley, Pittier, Adolfo 
Tonduz, and Carlos Wercklé. 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES 339 


FINANCIAL Support. The museum is supported by an annual 
government appropriation of 6000 colones (colon = 46.5 cents). 

BurLpINc. The museum is temporarily installed in a college 
erected in 1877, pending the erection of a new building. 

ADMINISTRATION. By a director, responsible to the minister of 
Fomento. 

Score. Local collections and public instruction are the primary 
purposes of the museum. 

LiprARY. A miscellaneous collection consisting in Jarge part of 
periodicals. Each section of the museum has its own working library. 

PUBLICATIONS. The museum has no special publications, the work 
of the staff being published in local and foreign journals. 

ATTENDANCE. Open free to the public daily, except Sundays and 
holidays, from 7 to 10 and 12 to 4. 


SOUTH AMERICA 


ARGENTINA 
BUENOS AIRES: 


MUSEO HISTORICO NACIONAL. 

This museum contains historical relics and other objects of 
interest. 

MUSEO MITRE. 


This museum consists of the private house and library of the late 
Gen. Bartolomé Mitre, purchased by the government and transformed 
into a museum. 


MUSEO NACIONAL DE BELLAS ARTES. 


This museum contains pictures and other objects of art. 


MUSEO NACIONAL DE HISTORIA NATURAL. 


STAFF. Director, Florentino Ameghino; Naturalists, Carlos 
Ameghino and E. de Carles; Curator of zodlogy, Roberto Dabbene; 
In charge of entomology, Juan Bréthes; Secretary and librarian, Agus- 
tin J. Pendola. 

CotLections. Chiefly natural history material, with some speci- 
mens in American archeology and ethnology. 

LisrAry. Chiefly zodlogical. 

ATTENDANCE. Open to the public daily fn £2 £04" 


UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL. Museo Ethno¢grAfico. 


This museum is devoted to the archeology and ethnology of Amer- 
ica, especially Argentina, and is maintained by the department of 
philosophy in the university. 

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL. Museo Farmacolégico. 


This museum contains pharmacological and botanical collections, 
and is maintained by the medical department of the university. 


CORDOVA: 
MUSEO’ DE LA ACADEMIA NACIONAL DE CIENCIAS. 


This museum consists of natural history collections. 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES 341 


MUSEO POLITECNICO. 

This museum consists of material illustrating local history, with 
some natural history specimens. 

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL. 


The university is said by Minerva to maintain a museum of min- 
eralogy in charge of W. Bodenbender, director; a botanical museum in 
charge of F. Kurtz, director; and a zodlogical museum in charge of A. 
Doering, director. 


LA PLATA: 
MUSEO DE LA PLATA. 


This museum was organized in 1877 and includes extensive col- 
lections in geology, paleontology, and zodlogy, as well as American 
anthropology and ethnology. The several departments are in charge 
of the professors of these subjects in the national university at La 
Plata. 


PARANA: 
MUSEO PROVINCIAL. 


This museum contains small natural history collections. 


BOLIVIA 
CHUQUISACA: 


MUSEO NACIONAL. 


No information has been received regarding this museum. 


BRAZIL 


RIO DE JANEIRO: 
INSTITUTO HISTORICO E GEOGRAPHICO BRAZILEIRO. 
No information has been received regarding this institution. 
MUSEU NACIONAL. 


No information has been received regarding this museum, which 
is said by Minerva to have been organized in 1818, and to contain 
departments of anthropology, botany, geology, paleontology, and 
zoology, and also a library and a botanical garden. 


342 DIRECTORY OF AMERICAN MUSEUMS 


CHILE 

CONCEPCION: 

MUSEO DE CONCEPCION. 

STAFF. Director, Edwyn C. Reed (address: Box 435); 1 taxi- 
dermist and 1 porter. 

BOTANY. 2000 specimens in storage as the nucleus ofa herbarium. 

ZooLocy. Arthropods, native, 431, exotic, 2065, in storage, 
20,000; Reptiles, native, 18, exotic, 9; Birds, native, 465, exotic, 233; 
Mammals, 53, exotic, 48; Craniums, 35; Specimens in alcohol, 103. 
There is also a regional collection of 2653 specimens and a special 
section for students with 1696 specimens. 

HIsToRIcAL SkETcH. This museum was founded in 1902 by the 
present director. 

FINANCIAL SuPppoRT. An annual grant of $3500. 

BuiLpinc. At present the collections occupy a house in the city 
and a department of the Lyceum. 

Liprary. More than 1500 bound volumes and pamphlets. 


PUNTA ARENAS: 

MUSEO DEL COLEGIO SALESIANO. 

This museum contains local collections in natural history and 
ethnology. 


SANTIAGO: 

MUSEO DE HISTORIA NATURAL DE VALPARAISO. 

STAFF. General director and chief of the zodlogical section, Carlos 
E. Porter (address, Box 2352); Chief of mineralogical section, Aurelio 
Zilleruelo; Chief of botanical section, John D. Yugers; Librarian, 
Salvador Castaneda; Taxidermist, Eleuterio Ramirez; 1 porter. 

Cottections. The museum having been entirely destroyed by 
the earthquake of 1906, the collections are allin process ofre-formation. 
There are now on hand some anthropological objects; more than 3000 
specimens of useful trees and seeds; important collections of copper 
and silver from Aconcagua; some fossil mollusks, and more than 15,000 
zoélogical specimens. 

HIsToRIcAL SKETCH. The museum of Valparaiso was first estab- 
lished in 1878 as an annex to the Lyceum of Valparaiso. The museum 
was reorganized in 1897 and made independent of the Lyceum. Since 
that time it has been in charge of Prof. C. E. Porter. The museum 
was entirely destroyed in the earthquake of August 16, 1906, and is 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES 343 


now in course of re-formation at Santiago, with a view to ultimate 
transfer to Valparaiso when the reconstruction of that city shall be 
sufficiently advanced. . 

FINANCIAL Support. An annual grant of $3800 for acquisition 
of specimens, cases, and administration. 

BurILpinc. The museum is at present installed in a large hall of 
one of the State Lyceums at Santiago. 

ADMINISTRATION. By a director, responsible to the minister of 
instruction. 

LIBRARY. About 20co works of natural history at the end of 
1908. 

PuBLicaTiIons. The Revista Chilena de Historia Natural was 
founded privately by Professor Porter but has served as the organ of 
the museum since he became its director. 


MUSEO NACIONAL DE CHILE. 


STAFF. Director, Federico Philippi; Zodlogist, Bernardino 
Quijada; Entomologist, Philibert Germain; Botanist, C. Reiche; 
Mineralogist, Miguel R. Machado; Preparator, Zacarias Vergara; 
Assistant, Bernardo Gotschlich; 1 dissector, 1 major domo, 1 secre- 
tary, and 2 servants. 

ANTHROPOLOGY. Archeology, native, 1305, foreign, 2386; Eth- 
nology, native, 1086; Special collections from Peru and Easter Island. 

Botany. Native pJants, 117 books. Exotic plants, 138 books. 
There are also collections of Chilian and foreign drugs, fruits, and 
seeds; Chilian timbers; drawings and engravings of characteristic 
Chilian plants; rare Chilian plants in formol; specimens showing plant 
diseases; drawings showing vertical and geographical distribution of 
important families of Chilian plants; and an especially important col- 
lection of characteristic plants of the high Cordillera. 

GroLtocy. Minerals, 5500+; Rocks, 3000+. There are also a 
few meteorites and some rare ores. 


PALEONTOLOGY. 100,000+ specimens, including some figures and 
plaster casts of Megatherium, etc. Especially noteworthy are two 
cetacean skeletons from Chile. 

ZOOLoGy. Shells, catalog incomplete; Insects, 65,000+, mostly 
determined; Other invertebrates, 59¢ species, including a very large 
andfine Kémpferia kimpferifrom Japan; Fishes, 277 species, including 
fine specimens of Ceratodus forstert, Orthagoriscus, Xiphias, and Istio- 
phorus; Batrachians, 59 species; Reptiles, 102 species; Birds, native, 
285 species, foreign, 1235 species; Mammals, 412 species. Exhibits to 


344 DIRECTORY OF AMERICAN MUSEUMS 


show adaptation, metamorphosis, and mimicry have been begun. A 
small number of bird groups is exhibited in natural surroundings. 

HISTORICAL SKETCH. The museum originated in a contract made 
by the government in 1830 with Claudio Gay to collect objects of nat- 
ural history in Chile and to form a museum. Gay returned to France in 
1842 for the publication of his researches in Chile. The museum which 
he left in Santiago was nearly abandoned and many specimens were 
lost or destroyed by neglect, so that only a very poor collection existed 
in 1853 when Dr. R.A. Philippi became director. Since that time 
the museum has developed rapidly by collections made by the direc- 
tor and the staff and by exchange. Dr. R. A. Philippi retired in 1897 
at the age of 89, being succeeded by his son, Federico Philippi. 

FINANCIAL Support. The museum is dependent solely upon 
government appropriations for its support. The following is a typical 
annual budget: for salaries, $25,900; for minor employees, general 
expenses, explorations, and accessions, $6000; for printing, $1500; 
for cases and stands, $1ooo; for library, $1000; total, $35,400 Chilian 
currency. 

Burtpinc. Erected by the government in 1875 for an interna- 
tional exposition, afterwards devoted to the museum and the agri- 
cultural institute. It provides a floor space of 3960 square meters 
for exhibition, and 1400 for offices, workrooms, etc. This includes a 
roofed yard of 1233 square meters. 

ADMINISTRATION. By a director, responsible to the minister of 
public instruction. 

Scope. Exploration and research, supplemented by exhibition 
and public and school instruction. 

Lirprary. A reference library of 1839 works on natural science. 

Pusrications. Anales del Museo Nacional, published at irreg- 
ular intervals, 17 numbers having already been issued. Boletin del 
Museo Nacional, 1 volume has been issued and, beginning with rg1o, 
t volume will be published annually. 

ATTENDANCE. Open free to the public on Sundays and Thursdays 
from 12 to 5 except in January and February. Open to schools on 
any afternoon upon application to the director. There are no sta- 
tistics of attendance, but on Sundays and on holidays which fall on 
Thursday, the number of visitors frequently exceeds 3000. 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES 345 


COLOMBIA 
BOGOTA: 
MUSEO NACIONAL. 


STAFF. Director, Rafael Espinosa Escallon; 1 assistant and 1 
janitor. 

ANTHROPOLOGY. Collections illustrating the life and customs of 
the indigenous races. 

Art. Oil paintings and portraits, textiles, ceramics, etc. 

Botany. The Triana herbarium of 3950 species of native plants 
acquired in 1856; the Gamba collection of 195 species formed in 1878; 
a collection of 277 species of ferns; the Samper collection of 30 species 
of Swiss flowering plants; the Thomson collection of 50 herbarium 
sheets of the orchids of Colombia. There are also collections of 
economic plants and plant products. 

GroLtocy. The Moore collection of about 200 minerals received 
in 1886; an economic collection of 100 minerals from France; a collec- 
tion of 100 minerals and rocks chiefly from France; the Samper col- 
lection of local minerals and the Gledhill collection of minerals received 
in 1886; a collection of minerals and rocks of the Panama Canal ob- 
tained in 1885; the Gamba collection of 196 minerals and 1o fossils 
received in 1878; and a collection of chlorides of sodium from the prin- 
cipal salt localities of Colombia. 

History. Extensive collections illustrating local history. 

Numismatics. Large collections of general and local coins, medals, 
etc. 

PALEONTOLOGY. Common genera of fossil shells, etc., of Colom- 
bia and a collection of mastodon fragments from local sites. 

ZOOLOGY. Synoptic collections of vertebrates and invertebrates. 

HisTorRicaAL SKETCH. The national museum of Bogota had its 
beginning in the early part of the rgth century under the direction of 
Dr. José Celestino Mutis who had associated with him a body of 
young men of high standing in science and art. His death in 1808 
and the vicissitudes of the war of independence resulted in the cessa- 
tion of activity in the museum and the manuscripts, herbaria, pictures, 
and other objects were sent to Madrid where many of them are still 
preserved. With the establishment of the republic in 1823 thenew 
national museum was founded as a center of instruction in the 
arts and sciences. In 1824 the museum of natural history which had 
been previously organized was merged in the new museum. Later 
an archive of historical documents was added. Since that time the 


346 DIRECTORY OF AMERICAN MUSEUMS 


museum has suffered severely from the wars and political disorders. 
During the past few years, under the present director, Rafael Espinosa 
Escallon, a partial reorganization has been accomplished. 

ScopE. The museum comprises three departments: (1) National 
history, archeology, and curiosities; (2) Natural history, mainly the 
natural products of the country and their economic application; and 
(3) Pictures of objects of national art. 

Liprary <A working collection of books and pamphlets related 
to subjects treated in the museum. 

Pustications. A guide descriptive of the collections. 


ECUADOR 
OUMO: 
MUSEO NACIONAL. 
No information has been received regarding this museum. 


PARAGUAY 
ASUNCION: 


MUSEO Y ARCHIVO DE LA NACION. 

This department maintains a museum and archives of fine arts 
history, and Americana, in charge of Juansilvano Godoi, director- 
general. 


PERU 
LIMA: 
MUSEO NACIONAL. 
No information has been received regarding this museum. 


URUGUAY 
MONTEVIDEO: 

MUSEO NACIONAL. 

STAFF. Director, José Arechavaleta; In charge of fine arts, Juan 
Masa; In charge of history, Antonio M. Gorri; Preparator, Juan H. 
Figueira; Assistant in zodlogy, Juan Tremoleras; 3 aids and e por- 
ters. 

CoLLtEectTIons. The museum comprises two sections—natural 
history and fine arts. The former includes anthropology, botany, 
mineralogy, paleontology, and zoélogy; the latter includes painting 
and sculpture, and objects related to the history of the republic. 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES 347 

The museum was established in 1837. It publishes a series of 

Anales, of which volume 7 was in course of publication in 1909. _ It 

has also published catalogs of the collections. ‘The museum is open 

to the public on Thursdays and Sundays, except holidays, but transient 
visitors are admitted on application to the director. 


VENEZUELA 
CARACAS: 
MUSEO NACIONAL. 
The museum is in charge of C. Witzke, director-general, and pub- 
lishes a bulletin entitled, El Museo Nacional, the first issue of which 


is dated July, t909. No information has been received regarding the 
collections. 


INDEX 


Abbot Academy, 107 

Academy Mt. St. Vincent, 199 

Academy of Fine Arts, 336 

Academy of Natural Sciences, 248-250 

Acadia University, 321-322 

ApRIAN (MICcH.), 144 

Adrian College, 144 

AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE (MIss.), 155 

Agricultural College (Fargo), 223 

AKRON (OHIO), 224 

Alabama Department of Archives and 
History, 9 

Alabama Polytechnic Institute, 9 

Alaska District Historical Library and 
Museum, 12 

Arpany (N. Y.), 177-180 

Albany Institute, 177-178 

Albright Art Gallery, see Buffalo Fine 
Arts Academy 

Albright College, 247 

ALFRED (N.Y.), 180-181 

Alfred University, 180-181 

Allegheny College, 245-247 

Allen Steinheim and Museum of Natural | 
History, see Alfred University 

ALLENTOWN (PA.), 240 

Atma (MICH.), 145 

Alma College, 145 

American Antiquarian Society, 142 

American Entomological Society, 250 

American Museum of Natural History, 
Igg-201 

American Negro Historical Society, 251 

American Numismatic Society, 201 

AMHERST (MASS.), 104-106 

Amherst College, 104-106 

Amity College, 82 

AMSTERDAM (N. Y.), 181 

ANDOVER (MASS.), 107 

ANN ARBOR (MiIcH.), 145-147 

ANNAPOLIS, (MD.), ror 

Annmary Brown Memorial, 274 

Antioch College, 237 

APPLETON (WIS.), 301-302 

Army Medical Museum, 42 

Arnot Art Gallery, ror 

Art Association of Indianapolis, 77—78 

Art, Historical, and Scientific Associ- 
ation, 314 

Art Institute of Chicago, 55-56 

ASHLAND (WIS.), 302 

Ashland Public Schools, 302 

ASUNCION (PARAGUAY), 346 


| ATCHISON (KAN.), 87 


ATLANTA (GA.), 50 
AUBURN (AIA.), 9 
Aucusta (ME.), 96 
Augustana College, 71-72 
Aurora (N. Y.), 181 
AUSTIN (TEX.), 285-286 
AVALON (CAL.), 13-14 


BACONE (OKIA.), 237 
Bacone College, 237 

Baker University, 87 
BALpwIn (Kan.), 87 
Baldwin University, 224 
BattmmoreE (Mp.), to1—1o4 


| BANFF (ALBERTA), 315 


BARABOO (WIS.), 302-303 

Barnum Museum, see Tufts College 
BARRINGTON (R.I.), 273 

Barrington Historic-Antiquarian Society, 


273 

Barrow Art Gallery, see Skaneateles 
Library Association 

BATON RowuGE (LA.), 93 


| Baylor University, 287-288 
| Brerarr (Mp.), 104 


BELcIT (WIs.), 303-304 
Beloit College, 303-304 


| Bennett Museum of Christian Arche- 


ology, see Northwestern University 
BEREA (OHIO), 224 


_ Bergen County Historical Society, 170 


BERKELEY (CAL.), 14-16 

Berkshire Athenaeum and Museum, 
131-132 

Bermuda Natural History Society, 333 

Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum, 51-53 

Bethany College, go 

BEVERLY (Mass.), 107 

Beverly Historical Society, 107 

BINGHAMTON (N.Y.), 181 

BisMARCK (N.D.), 223 

Blackburn College, 55 

BLACKSBURG (VA.), 204 

BLOOMINGTON (ILL.), 54 

BLooMINGTON (IND.), 75 

Board of Commissioners of Agriculture 
and Forestry (Honolulu), 53 

Board of Education (Los Angeles). 
16-17 

Boardman Collection, 316 

Bocord (CoLompta), 345-346 

Boston (Mass.), 107-114 


g5° 


Boston Society of Natural History, 
108-109 

Bostonian Society, 107-108 

BOULDER (COL.), 29-30 

Bowdoin College, 96-97 

BOWLING GREEN (Ky.), 92 

BozEeMAN (Monv.), 164-165 

BRADFORD (Pa.), 241 

Bradford Art Gallery, see Washington 
and Lee University 

Bridgton Academy, 97 

Bristol County Academy of Sciences, 
138 

BROOKLYN (N. Y.), 181-186 

Brooklyn Institute Museum, 181-184 

Broome County Historical Society, 181 

Brown University, 274-275 

BRUNSWICK (ME.), 96-97 

Bryn Mawr (PA.), 241 

Bryn Mawr College, 241 


Bucks County Historical Society, 241- | 


242 

Buenos AIRES (ARGENTINA), 340 

Burrato (N. Y.), 186-189 

Buffalo Fine Arts Academy, 186 

Buffalo Historical Society, 186-187 

Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences, 
187-188 

BURLINGTON (Vt.), 289-290 

Butler College, see University of Indian- 
apolis 

Butterfield Museum, see Dartmouth 
College 


California Academy of Sciences, 25-26 

California Museum Association, 24-25 

California State Mining Bureau, 26 

CAMBRIDGE (MASS.), 114-122 

Cambridge Historical Society, 114 

CaMPECHE (MEXICO), 334 

CANANDAIGUA (N. Y.), 189 

Canisius College, 188-189 

Canton (N. Y.), 189-190 

CANTON (OHIO), 22 

Cape Ann Scientific and Literary Associ- 
ation, 124 

CaARACAS (VENEZUELA), 347 

Carleton College, 153 

CARLINVILLE (ILL.), 55 

Carnegie Institute, 263-267 

Carnegie Library (Greenville), 233-234 

Carolina Art Association, 278 

Case School of Applied Science, 22 

Catholic University of America, 43 

CEDAR Faris (IowA), 81 

CEDAR Rapips (Iowa), 81-82 

CENTERVILLE (IND.), 75 

Chamber of Commerce (Los Angeles), 17 

CHAPEL Hirt (N. C.), 219 

CHARLESTON (S. C.), 278-280 

Charleston Museum, 278-280 


INDEX 


CHARLESTOWN (MASS.), 122-123 
CHARLOTTESVILLE (VA.), 2904-2095 
Chateau de Ramezay, see Numismatic 

and Antiquarian Society (Montreal) 
CuHatuam (N. B.), 315-316 


. CHATTANOOGA (TENN.), 283 


Chester County Historical Society, 271 

Cuicaco (ILL.), 55-68 

Chicago Academy of Sciences, 57-59 

Chicago Historical Society, 59-60 

Chicago School of Civics and Philan- 
thropy, 60-61 

Children’s Museum, 184-185 

CHUQUISACA (BOLIVIA), 341 

CINCINNATI (OHIO), 224-228 

Cincinnati Museum Association, 224- 
225 

Cincinnati Society of Natural History, 
226-227 

City Art Museum, 160-161 

City Library Association, 135-138 

CLAREMONT (CAL.), 16 

Clark County Historical Society, 235 

Clark Memorial Collection, see Clark 
University 

Clark University, 142 

CLARKSVILLE (TENN.), 283 

CLEMSON COLLEGE (S. C.), 281 

Clemson College, 281 

CLEVELAND (OHIO), 229-231 

Cleveland Museum of Art, 229 

CLINTON (Mass.), 123 

CrInton (N. Y.), 190 

Clinton Historical Society, 123 

Colby College, too—ror 

Colegio Civil, 336 

Colegio de San Nicolas de Hidalgo, 335 

Colegio del Estado, 336 

Colegio Preparatorio (Orizaba), 337 

Colegio Preparatorio (Vera Cruz), 337 


Colegio Preparatorio (Xalapa), 337 


Coleman Museum, 
University 

Colgate University, 193 

College of Emporia, 87-88 

College of the City of New York, 201- 
202 

Collége St. Joseph de Lévis, 325 

Collége Saint-Laurent, 330-331 

COLLEGE SPRINGS (IowA), 82 

COLLEGEVILLE (MINN.), 151 

CoLLINGWoop (ONT.), 322 

Colonial Dames of America, 202 

Colorado College, 30-31 

Colorado Museum of Natural History, 
31-32 

Colorado School of Mines, 34 

Colorado Scientific Society, 32 

COLORADO SPRINGS (COL.),°30-31 

Cotumpra (Mo.), 156 

Corumpta (S.C.), 281 


see Georgetown 


INDEX 


Columbia University, 202-203 

CoLuMBUS (OHIO), 231-232 

~ Comisién Exploradora de la Fauna y 
Flora Nacionales, 334 

CONCEPCION (CHILE), 342 

Concorp (N. H.), 167 

Concorp (N. C.), 219 

Confederate Memorial Literary Society, 
296 

Connecticut Agricultural College, 41-42 

Connecticut Historical Society, 35 

Connecticut Valley Historical Society, 
138 

Convent des Soeurs de Saint-Croix, 331 

Conway (ARE.), 13 

Cooper Union, 203-204 

Corcoran Gallery of Art, 43-44 

Cé6RDOVA (ARGENTINA), 340-341 

Cornell University, 193-196 

CorTLAND (N. Y.), 190-191 

Cortland Science Club, 190-191 

CorRVALLIS (ORE.), 238 

Cossitt Library Museum Association, 
284 


351 


Denver Artists Club, 32 
| Department of Agriculture and Immi- 
gration (Richmond), 2 


| Department of Parks and Boulevards 


| 
| 


Council for Library and Museum Exten- — 


sion, 61 
County Academy (Truro), 321 
CRAWFORDSVILLE (IND.), 75-7 
Creighton University, 167 
CRETE (NEB.), 165 
Crocker Art Gallery, 

Museum Association 
Crown Lands Department, 316 
Crown Pornt (Inp.), 76 
CUERNAVACA (MEXICO), 336 
Cumberland University, 283 
Cuvier Club, 227 


see California 


Dalhousie College, 319 

Damon Private Museum, 53 

Daniel B. Dyer Museum, 157 

DANVERS (MASs.), 123 

Danvers Historical Society, 123 

DARLINGTON (WIS.), 304 

Dartmouth College, 168-169 

Daughters of the Confederacy—Charles- 
ton Chapter, 280 

DAVENPORT (Iowa), 82-83 

Davenport Academy of Sciences, 82-83 

David Walch Museum, see Lawrence 
College 

Davipson (N. C.), 2 

Davidson College, si 

DECATUR (Int.) ), 68 

Decatur College, see James Millikin 
University—Decatur College 

DEERFIELD (Mass.), 124 

DELAND (FLA.), 49 

DELAWARE (Ou10), 2 2 

Delaware College, 42 

DENVER (COL.), 31-34 


(Detroit), 147 
Des Mornes (Iowa), 83-84 
Deseret Museum, 288-289 
Detrorir (Micu.), 147-148 
Detroit Museum of Art, 147-148 
Doane College, 165 
Dor Run (Mo.), 156-157 
DOYLESTOWN (PA.), 241-242 


_ Drexel Institute Museum, 251 


Drury College, 158-160 


| DuBuQuE (lowa), 84 
DurHam (N. H.), 168 


DurHAm (N. C.), 220 


Earlham College, 80-81 

East LANSING (Mricu.), 148 

East Side High School (Denver), 33 

EASTON (PA.), 242 

Eaton Herbarium, see Yale University 

Educational Museum of the St. Louis 
Public Schools, 162-164 

Edward M. Shepard Museum, 

Drury College 

Egleston Mineralogical Museum, see 
Columbia University 

ELGIN (Irt.), 68 

Elgin Historical and Scientific Institute, 


See 


324 

Elgin Scientific Society, 68 

Exrot (ME.), 97 

Eliot Historical Society, see William 
Fogg Library 

Elkhart County Historical Society, 77 

Exzicotr City (Mp.), 104 

Ermira (N. Y.), ror 

Emory (VA.), 295 

Emory and Henry College, 295 

Emory College, 51 

Emporia (KAN.), 87-88 

ERIE (PA.), 242-243 

Erie Public Museum, 242-243 

Escuela Especial de Comercio, 337 

Escuela Normal Primaria, 337 

Essex Institute, 132-133 

EUGENE (ORE. y 238 

EVANSTON (ILL.), 68-70 

Evanston Historical Society, 68 

Everhart Museum of Natural History, 
Science, and Art, 268 


Fairbanks Museum of Natural Science, 
292-293 

Farco (N. D.), 223 

Farnsworth Museum of Art, see Welles- 
ley College 

FAYETTE (low), 84-85 

Fayette County Historical Society, 270 


52 


FAYETTEVILLE (ARK.), 13 
Ferry Museum, 301 


Field Museum of Natural History, 61- | 


64 

Firelands Historical Society, 234 

FircHBurG (Mass.), 124 

Fitchburg Historical Society, 124 

Fitchburg Public Library, 124, 

FLEMINGTON (N. J.), 170 

Flower Memorial Library, see Jefferson 
County Historical Society 

Fort CoLtins (Cot.), 34 

Francis A. Hood Museum, see Alma 
College 

FRANKFORD (PA.), 244 

FRANKFORT (Ky.), 92 

FRANKLIN (IND.), 76-77 

Franklin College, 76-77 

FREDERICTON (N. B.), 316-317 

Free Public Library (Independence), 
85 

FREMONT (OHIO), 233 

Furman University, 282 


GALESBURG (ILL.), 70 

Garrett Biblical Institute, see North- 
western University 

Genessee Valley Museum, 192 

GENESEO (N. Y.), 101 

GENEVA (N. Y.), 191-192 

Geological Survey (St. John’s), 318 

Geological Survey of Alabama, 9-12 

Geological Survey of Canada, 323-324 

George Washington University Medical 
School, 45 

Georgetown University, 44-45 

GERMANTOWN (Pa<.), 244 

GETTYSBURG (PA.), 244 

Giascow (Mo.), 157 

GLEN Iris (N. Y.,) 192 

GLOUCESTER (MASS.), 124 

GOLDEN (COL.), 34 

Good Will Home Association, 97 

Gorby Collection, see Franklin College 

GOSHEN (IND.), 77 

GRAND Rapimps (Mricu.), 149-150 

Grant County Historical Society, 79 

GRANVILLE (N. Y.), 192-103 

Graves Private Museum, 156-157 

Gray Herbarium, see Harvard Univer- 
sity 

GREELY (COL.), 35 

GREEN Bay (WIS.), 304-305 

Green Museum, 222 

GREENFIELD (Mass.), 

GREENVILLE (OHTO), 

GREENVILLE (S.C.), 

GRINNELL (Iowa), 85 

Grinnell College, 85 

GUELPH (ONT.), 322 


Gustavus Adolphus College, 


INDEX 


HacKENSACK (N. J.), 170° 

Hatrrax (N. S.), 319-320 

HAMILTON (BERMUDA), 333 

Hamitton (N. Y.), 193 

HAMILTON (ONT.), 322 

Hamilton College, 190 

Hamilton County Historical Associa- 
tion, 79 

Hamilton Scientific Association, 322 

Hamlin Memorial Hall, 98 

Hamline University, 153 

Hancock Clark House, see Lexington 
Historical Society 

HANOVER (IND.), 77 


| Hanover (N. H.), 168-169 


Hanover College, 77 

Harford County Historical Society, 104 
HARRISBURG (PA.), 244-245 
HARTFORD (CONN.), 35-36 


| Harvard Medical School, tog 
| Harvard University, 114-122 


Haskell Oriental Museum, see Univer- 
sity of Chicago 


| HavERFORD (PA.), 245 


Haverford College, 245 

HAVERHILL (MAss.), 125 

Haverhill Historical Society, 125 

Hawaiian Sugar Planters’ Association, 
53-54 

Heidelberg University, 236 

HELENA (Mont.), 165 

Hendrix College, 13 

Henry County Historical Society, 79 

Herrmann Museum of Natural History, 


84 

High School (New Glasgow), 321 

Hillyer Art Gallery, see Smith College 

HINCKLEY (ME.), 97 

Hiram (OHIO), 234 

Hiram College, 234 

Hispanic Society of America, 204-205 

Historical and Philosophical Society 
of Ohio, 227 

Historical Department of Lowa, 83-84 

Historical, Natural History, and Library 
Society, 135 

Historical Society of Berks County, 268 

Historical Society of Dauphin County, 
244 

Historical Society of Delaware, 42 

Historical Society of Frankford, 244 

Historical Society of Gloucester County, 
fe 

Historical Society of Greenfield, 124- 
125 

Historical Society 
County, 248 

Historical Society of New Mexico, 177 

Historical Society of Old Newbury, 
129 

Historical Society of Pennsylvania, 251 


of Montgomery 


INDEX 


Hitchcock Memorial Museum, 294 

Hobart College, 191-192 

Hono.utu (Hawatlt), 51-54 

Hopxinton (N. H.), 169 

Houcuron (Micu.), 150 

Houston (TEX.), 286 

Houston Museum and Scientific Society, 
286 

Hovey Museum, see Wabash College 

Howard University, 45 

Hunterdon County Historical Society, 
170 

Huron Institute, 322 


Illinois State Historical Library and 
Society, 72 

Illinois Wesleyan University, 54 

INDEPENDENCE (Iowa), 85 

Independence Hall and National Mu- 
seum, 252 

Indiana State Museum, 78 

Indiana University, 75 

INDIANAPOLIS (IND.), 77-7 

Instituto Campechano, 334 

Instituto de Ciencias, 336 

Instituto Historico e Geographico 
Brazileiro, 341 

Towa Ciry (Iowa), 85-86 

Iowa Masonic Library and Museum. 
81-82 

Iowa State Teachers College, 81 

Tpswicu (Mass.), 125 

Ipswich Historical Society, 125 

IrHaca (N. Y.), 193-196 


JACKSON (Miss.) 155-156 

James Milliken University—Decatur 
College, 68 

James Milliken University—Lincoln 
College, 71 

James Prendergast Free Library Associ- 
ation, 197 

James V. Brown Library, 272-273 

JAMESTOWN (N. Y.), 107 

Jefferson County Historical Society, 
218 

Jefferson Institute of Arts and Sciences, 
see Louisville Free Public Library 

Jenks Museum, see Brown University 

John B. Stetson University, 49 

John-Esther Gallery, see Abbott Acad- 
emy 

John Herron Art Institute, see Art 
Association of Indianapolis 

Johns Hopkins University, 101 

Jounstown (N. Y.), 197 

Johnstown Historical Society, 197 

Joutet (ILL.), 70-71 

Joliet Township High School, 70-71 

Joseph Moore Museum, see Earlham 
College 


Sas) 


Kansas City (Mo.), 157-158 

Kansas State Agricultural College, gt 
Kansas State Historical Society, 91-92 
Kansas State Normal School, 88 ° 
Kansas Wesleyan University, 91 
KEENE (N. H.), 169 

Keene High School, 169 

Kellogg Public Library, 304-305 
Kennebec Historical Society, 96 

Kent Scientific Museum, 149-150 
Kentucky Geological Survey, 92 
Kentucky State Historical Society, 92 
King’s College, 321 

Kincston (ONnT.), 322-323 

Kincston (R.I.), 273-274 

Kingston School of Mining, 322 

Knox College, 70 

KNOXVILLE (TENN.), 283 


La PLATA (ARGENTINA), 341 

LAFAYETTE (IND.), 79 

Lafayette College, 242 

Lafayette County Historical Society, 
304 

Lake Forest (ILL.), 71 

Lake Forest College, 71 

Lake Grorce (N. Y.), 197 

LANCASTER (MASsS.), 125 

LANSING (MICH.), 150 

LARAMIE (WY.), 312-313 

LAvuzon (P. Q.), 325 

Laval University, 328 

LAWRENCE (KaAn.), 88-90 

Lawrence College, 301-302 

Layton Art Gallery, 307 

LEBANON (PA.), 245 

LEBANON (TENN.), 283 

Lebanon County Historical Society, 245 

Lehigh County Historical Society, 240 

Lehigh University, 269 

Leland Stanford Junior Museum, 21-23 

Leland Stanford Junior University, 
23-24 

LEOMINISTER (Mass.), 125-126 

Leominister Public Library, 125-126 

Lewis Brooks Museum, see University 
of Virginia 

LrexIncton (Ky.), 92-93 

Lextncton (Mass.), 126-127 

LEXINGTON (VA.), 295 

Lexington Historical Society, 126-127 

Lima (PERU), 346 

LIncormn (ILt.), 71 

Lrncorn (NEB.), 165-167 

Lincoln College, see James Milliken 
University—Lincoln College 

Linpsporec (KAN.), 90 

LITCHFIELD (CONN.), 36 

Litchfield Historical Society, 36 

Livingston County Historical Society, 


191 


394 


Lloyd Library and Museum, 227-228 

Logan Museum of Archeology, see Beloit 
College 

Lonpon (ONT.), 323 

London and Middlesex 
Society, 323 

Long Island Historical Society, 185 

LoncueEutt (P. Q.), 326 

Longueuil College, 326 

Los ANGELES (CAL.), 16-18 

Louisiana Historical Association, 94 

Louisiana State Museum, 94-95 

Louisiana State University, 93 

LouIsvIL_E (Ky.), 93 

Louisville Free Public Library, 93 

Lowe tt (Mass.), 127 

Lowell Historical Society, 127 

Lynn (Mass.), 127 

Lynn Historical Society, 127 


Historical 


McGill University, 326-327 

McKean County Historical Society, 

2A 

McLean County Historical Society, 54 

Macon (Ga.), 50-51 

Mapison (WIs.), 305-306 

Madison County Historical Society, 87 

Maprri (Iowa), 86 

Madrid Historical Society, 86 

Maine Historical Society, 99 

MANCHESTER (N. H.), 169 

Manchester Historic Association, 169 

Manchester Institute of Arts and 
Sciences, 169 

MANHATTAN (KAN.), 91 

MARBLEHEAD (Mass.), 127 

Marblehead Historical Society, 127 

Marion (IND.), 79 

Marrporoucu (Mass.), 127-128 

Marlborough Society of Natural His- 
tory, 127-128 . 

Maryland Academy of Sciences, 1o1- 
102 

Maryland Geological Survey, tor 

MaryYVILLE (TENN.), 284 

Maryville College, 284 

Massachusetts Agricultural College, 106 

Massachusetts Historical Society, 109 

Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 
TOO 

MEADVILLE (PA.), 245-247 

Meprorp (Mass.), 128 

Medford Historical 

Memorial Museum, 

Mempuis (TENN.), 

Mercer University, 

Merima (Mexico), 

MERIDEN (CONN.), 3 

Meriden Scientific Association, 36 

Merrick Free Art Gallery, Museum, 

and Library, 247-248 


) 
Doo 


INDEX 


METHUEN (Mass.), 128 

Methuen Historical Society, 128 

Metropolitan Museum of Art, 205-206 

Mexico (MEXIco), 334-335 

Michigan Agricultural College, 148 

Michigan College of Mines, 150 

Michigan Pioneerand Historical Society, 

150 

MippLesury (VT.), 291 

Middlebury College, 2091 

Middlesex County Historical Society, 

36 

MIDDLETOWN (CoNN.), 36 

Midland College, 87 

Millsaps College, 155 

MILTON (WIs.), 307 

Milton College, 307 

MILWAUKEE (WIS.), 307-310 

MINNEAPOLIS (MINN.), 151-152 

Minneapolis Society of Fine Arts, 151 

Minnesota Academy of Sciences,151-152 

Minnesota Historical Society, 153 

Miramichi Natural History Associa- 

tion, 315-316 

Mississippi Agricultural and Mechani- 
cal College, 155 

Missouri Geological Survey, 158 

Missouri Historical Society, 164 

Missouri School of Mines, 158 

Monroe Heath Museum, see John B. 

| Stetson University 

Montana Agricultural College, 164-165 

Montana State Library, 165 

MontTeEREY (MExIco), 336 

MonrEvIDEO (URUGUAY), 346-347 

MontcomEry (ALA.), 9 

Montgomery County Historical Society, 
181 

MONTPELIER (VT.), 291-292 

MontrEAt (P. Q. ), 326-327 

More tA (MEXICO), 335 

Morcantown (W. VA.), 301 

Moscow (IDAHO), 54 

Moses Brown School, 275 

Muhlenberg College, 240 


Musée Carrier, see Collége Saint 
Laurent 
Musée de l’Institution des Sourds- 


Muets, 331-332 

Museo de Concepcion, 342 

Museo de Historia NaturaldeValpa- 
raiso, 342-343 

Museo de la Academia Nacional de 
Ciencias, 340 

Museo de la Plata, 341 

Museo del Colegio Salesiano, 342 

Museo Histérico Nacional, 340 

Museo Mitre, 340 

Museo Municipal, 336 

Museo Nacional (Bogota), 345-346 

Museo Nacional (Caracas), 347 


INDEX 


Museo Nacional (Chuquisaca), 341 
Museo Nacional (Lima), 346 


Museo Nacional (Montevideo), 346- | 


347 
Museo Nacional (Quito), 346 
Museo Nacional (San José), 338-339 
Museo Nacional de Arqueologia y His- 
toria, 334 
Museo Nacional de Artilleria, 334-335 
Museo Nacional de Bellas Artes, 340 
Museo Nacional de Chile, 343-344 
Museo Nacional de Historia Natural 
(Buenos Aires), 340 


Museo Nacional de Historia Natural | 


(Mexico), 335 
Museo Politécnico, 341 
Museo Provincial, 341 
Museo Tecnolégico Industrial, 335 
Museo y Archivo de la Nacién, 346 
Museu Nacional (Rio de Janeiro), 341 
Museum for the Arts of Decoration, 
see Cooper Union 
Museum of Comparative Zodlogy, see 
Harvard University 
Museum of Fine Arts, 110-113 
Museum of Public Instruction, 329-330 
MYERSTOWN (PA.), 247 


NANTUCKET (Mass.), 128 

Nantucket Historical Association, 128 

NAPERVILLE (ILL.), 71 

NASHVILLE (TENN.), 284-285 

Natural History Society of Delaware, 

2 

Natural History Society of Montreal, 
327 

Natural History Society of New Bruns- 
wick, 317-318 

Nebraska State 
165-166 

Nebraska State Museum, 166-167 

New BeprorpD (MASss.), 129 

New BricuTon (N. Y.), 197-1909 

New BriGHTON (PA.), 247-248 

New Britatn (Conn.), 38 

New Britain Institute, 38 

New Brunswick (N. J.), 171 

New Grascow (N.S.), 321 


Historical 


) 
| 


TL, Tah, Fy ey Py Pe, VO, VL, Oy 


Society, | 


New Hampshire Antiquarian Society, | 


169 
New Hampshire College of Agricul- 
ture and the Mechanic Arts, 168 
New Hampshire Historical Society, 167 
New HAvEN (Conn.), 38-41 
New Haven Colony Historical Society, 
38 
New Jersey Historical Society, 170 
New Jersey State Museum, 175-176 
New Lonpon (Conn.), 41 
New London Historical Society, 41 
NEw ORLEANS (LA.), 94-96 


SOD) 


New York Botanical Garden, 206-208 
New York City (N. Y.), 199-211 
New York Historical Society, 208 

New York Public Library (Lenox 
Branch), 208 

New York State Historical Society, 197 
New York State Museum, 178-180 

New York University, 208 

New York Zoédlogical Society, 208-211 
NEWARK (DEL.), 42 

Newark (N. J.), 170 

ewark Museum Association, 170 
EWBERRY (S. C.), 282 

Newberry College, 282 

NEWBURYPORT (MASS.), 129 
NEWCASTLE (IND.), 79 

NEWTON (MAss.), 129 


| NIAGARA (N. Y.), 211 


Niagara University, 211 
NOBLESVILLE (IND.), 79 
NorFoik (VA.), 296 
Normal College (Truro), 321 
NorRISTOWN (Pa.), 248 
Nortu BrmctTon (ME.), 97 


| North Carolina State Museum, 220-222 


NortTHAMPTON (MASS.), 129-130 
Northern Indiana Historical Society, 81 
NorTHFIELD (MINN.), 153 
Northwestern College, 71 
Northwestern University, 68-70 
Norwatk (OHnTO), 234 

Notre Dame (IND.), 79 

Notre Dame University, 79 


| Numismatic and Antiquarian Society 


(Montreal), 327 


| Numismatic and Antiquarian Society 


of Philadelphia, 252 


OAKLAND (CaAt.), 18-20 

Oakland Public Museum, 18-20 

Oaxaca (MEXICO), 336 

OBERLIN (OHIO), 234-235 

Oberlin College, 234-235 

Ogden College, 92 

Ohio State Archaeological and Histori- 
cal Society, 231 

Ohio State University, 232 

Ohio Wesleyan University, 232 

OKLAHOMA City (OKLA.), 237 

Oklahoma Historical Society, 237 

Old Dartmouth Historical Society, 129 

Old Settlers and Historical Association 
of Lake County, 76 

Old South Association, 113-114 

Old South Meeting House, see Old 
South Association 

Old State House, see Bostonian Society 

Olney Art Collection, see Oberlin College 

OmauHa (NEB.), 167 

Omaha Public Library and Museum, 
1607 


356 


Oneida Historical Society, 218 
Onondago Historical Association, 217 
Ontario Agricultural College, 322 
Ontario County Historical Society, 189 
Oregon Academy of Sciences, 238 
Oregon Agricultural College, 238 
Oregon Historical Society, 238 
OrIzABA (MEXICO), 337 

Orono (ME.), 97-08 

Orrs IsLtanp (ME.), 98 

Orrs Island Library, 98 

OtTrawa (ONT.), 323-324 

Oxrorb (GA.), 51 


Pactric GROVE (CAL.), 20-21 

Pacific Grove Museum Association, 20— 
21 

Paine Private Museum, 216 

Pato Arto (CaL.), 21-24 

PARANA (ARGENTINA), 341 

Paris (ME.), 98 

Park Gallery of Art, see University of 
Vermont 

Park Museum, 275-277 

Parker Museum of Natural History, see 
Grinnell College 

PASADENA (CAL.), 24 

PAWTUCKET (R.I.), 274 

PrapBopy (MaAss.), 130-131 

Peabody Academy of Science, 133-135 

Peabody Historical Society, 130-131 

Peabody Museum (Salem), see Peabody 
Academy of Science 

Peabody Museum of American Archae- 
ology and Ethnology, see Harvard 
University 

Peabody Museum of Natural History, 
see Yale University 

Pember Library and Museum, 192-193 

Penasylvania Academy of Fine Arts, 

"252-252 

Pennsylvania College, 244 

Pennsylvania Museum, 254-255 

Pennsylvania Society, 211 

Pennsylvania State College, 269 

Pennsylvania State Museum, 244-245 

PEORIA (ILL.), 71 

PERTH (ONT.), 324 

Perth Collegiate Institute, 324 

Peter Redpath Museum, see 
University 

PHILADELPHIA (PA.), 248-263 

Philadelphia Museums, 255—258 

Phillips Academy, 107 

Piedmont Art Gallery, 20 

PrerrReE (S. D.), 282 

Pilgrim Society, 132 

PITTSBURGH (PA.), 263-267 

PITTSFIELD (Mass.), 131-132 

PLyMoutTH (Mass.), 132 


McGill 


INDEX 


Pocumtuck Valley Memorial Associa- 
tion, 124 

POLAND SPRING (ME.), 99 

Poland Spring Art Gallery, 99 

Polk County Museum, 222 

Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn, 186 

Pomona College, 16 

PorTLAND (ME.), 99-100 

PORTLAND (ORE.), 238-240 

Portland Art Association, 239 

Portland Free Museum, 239-240 

Portland Society of Natural History, 99- 
100 

PorrTsvVILLeE (Pa.), 267-268 

POUGHKEEPSIE (N. Y.), 211-212 

Powell Museum, see Illinois Wesleyan 
University 

Presbyterian Historical Society, 259 

PRINCETON (N. J.), 172-175 

Princeton University, 172-175 

Pritchett College, 157 

PROVENCE (R. I.), 274-278 

Providence Athenaeum, 277 

Provincial Museum (Halifax), 319-320 

Provincial Museum (Toronto), 324 

Provincial Museum (Victoria), 314-315 

Public Museum of the City of Mil- 
waukee, 307-310 

PUEBLA (MEXICO), 336 

PULLMAN (WASH.), 208 

PuntTA ARENAS (CHILE), 342 

Purdue University, 79 


QUEBEC (P. Q.), 328-330 
Queen’s University, 322-323 
QUERETARO (MEXICO), 336 
Quito (Ecuapor), 346 


R.E. Lee Camp No.1, Confederate Vet- 
erans, 206 

RAcInE (WIS.), 310-311 

Racine Public Library, 310-311 

RateicH (N. C.), 220-222 

Rapip City (S.D.), 282 

READING (P4.), 268 

REHOBOTH (Mass.), 132 

Rehoboth Antiquarian Society, 132 

Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 218 

Rhode Island Historical Society, 277 

Rhode Island School of Design, 277-278 

Rhode Island State College, 273-274 

RICHMOND (IND.), 80-81 

RICHMOND (VA.), 296-297 

Richmond College, 296 

Rio DE JANEIRO (BRAZIL), 341 

Ripon (WIS.), 311 

Ripon College, 311 

ROCHESTER (N. Y.), 212-215 

Rochester Academy of Science, 212 

Rochester Historical Society, 212-213 

Rock Hill College, 104 


INDEX 


Roex Istanp (ILL.), 71-72 

Rocky Mountains Park Museum, 314 
Rota (Mo.), 158 

Rumford Historical Association, 141 
Rutgers College, 171 


St. AUGUSTINE (FIA.), 50 

St. Augustine Institute of Science and 
Historical Society, 50 

St. Charles Seminary, 331 

St. FRANCIS (WIS.), 311-312 

St. Francis Seminary, 311-312 

St. JoHn (N. B.), 3127-318 

Sr. JOHN’s (N. F.), 318 

St. John’s University, 151 

St. JOHNSBURY (VT. ), 292-203 

St. Johnsbury Athenaeum, 293 

St. JosEPH (Mo.), 160 

SAINT-LAURENT (P. Q.), 330-331 

St. Lawrence University, 189-190 

Str. Louts (Mo.), 160-164 

St. Louis College, 54 

St. Pau (MrInn.), 153-154 

St. Paul Institute of Arts and Sciences, 
153-154 

St. PETER (MINN.), 154 

St. THomas (ONT.), 324 

Saco (ME.), 100 

SACRAMENTO (CAL.), 24-25 

SALEM (MASS.), 132-135 

SALEM (N. J.), 175 

Salem County Historical Society, 175 

SALINA (KAN.), 91 

SALt LAKE City (UTAH), 288-289 

Salzmann Museum, see St. Francis 
Seminary 

SAN ANTONIO (TEX.), 286 

SAN FRANCISCO (CAL.), 25-20 

San Francisco Institute of Art, 26-28 

San José (Costa Rica), 338-339 

Sandusky County Pioneer and His- 
torical Association, 233 

SANTA CATALINA (CAL.), see AVALON 

SANTA CLARA (CAt.), 2 

Santa Clara College, 29 

SANTE FE (N. M.), 177 

SANTIAGO (CHILE), 342-344 

Sauk County Historical Society, 302- 

ees 3 

SCHENECTADY (N. Y.), 215 

Schenectady County Historical Society, 
215 

SCHOHARIE (N. Y.), 215-216 

Schoharie County Historical Society, 
215-216 

Schuylkill County Historical Society, 
267-268 

Science and Art Museum, see Board of 
Education (Los Angeles) 

Scientific Society of San Antonio, 286 

Sc1o (Ont0), 235 | 


357 


Scio College, 235 

Scotia Seminary, 219 

SCRANTON (PA.), 268 

SEATTLE (WASH.), 298-300 

Secretaria de Hacienda y Credito Pub- 
lico, 335 

Seminario de Cuernavaca, 336 

SHARON (Mass.), 135 

Sharon Historical Society, 135 

SHERBROOKE (P. Q.), 331 

Sifley Museum, see Newberry College 

SILVER Bay (N. Y.), 216 

Site and Relic Society of Germantown, 
244 

SrrKa (ALASKA), 12 

SKANEATELES (N. Y.), 216 

Skaneateles Library Association, 216 

Smith College, 129-130 

SOMERVILLE (Mass.), 135 

Somerville Historical Society, 135 

SoutH BEnp (IND.), 81 

SoutH BETHLEHEM (Pa.), 260 

South Dakota School of Mines, 282 

SoutH Natick (Mass.), 135 

SouTHAMPTON (N. Y.), 216-217 

Southampton Art Museum, 216-217 

Southern California Academyof Sciences, 
17 

Southwest Museum, 17-18 

Southwestern Presbyterian University, 
283 

SPARTANBURG (S. C.), 282 

SPOKANE (WASH.), 301 

SPRINGFIELD (ILL.), 72-73 

SPRINGFIELD (MASS.), 135-138 

SPRINGFIELD (Mo.), 158-160 

SPRINGFIELD (OHIO), 235 

State Agricultural College (Denver), 34 

State Board of Horticulture (Denver), 


33 ; 
State Bureau of Mines (Denver), 3 3. 
STATE COLLEGE (PA.), 269 
State College of Washington, 298 
State Department of Archives and His- 

tory (Jackson), 155-156 
State Historical and Natural History 

Society (Denver), 33 
State Historical Museum of Wisconsin, 

305-300 
State Historical Society (Bismarck), 
State Historical Society (lowa City), 85 
State Historical Society (Pierre), 282 
State Historical Society of Missouri, 156 
State Museum (Atlanta), 50 
State Museum of Natural History 

(Springfield, Ill.), 72-73 
State Normal School (Buffalo), 189 
State Normal School (Greeley), 35 
State Normal School (Winona), 154- 


155 


358 


State University of Iowa, 86 

Staten Island Association of Arts and 
Sciences, 197-199 

Steinert Ccllection, see Yale University 

STERLING (ILL.), 73 

STORRS (CONN.), 41 

SWARTHMORE (PA.), 270 

Swarthmore College, 270 

Swedish Historical Society of America, 


70 

SyRAcuSE (N. Y.), 217-218 
Syracuse Museum of Fine Arts, 217 
Syracuse University, 217-218 


Tacoma (WASH.), 301 

Tacoma Academy of Science, 301 

TacuBAYA (MEXICO), 334 

TALLADEGA (ALA.), 9 

Talladega College, 9 

TAUNTON (Mass.), 138 

Taylor Museum, see Blackburn College 

Taylor University, 81 

Teachers College, see Columbia Uni- 
versity 

Tennessee Historical Society, 284 

TEPOZTLAN (MEXICO), 336 

Thayer Museum, 125 

Theological Seminary, 35 

Throop Polytechnic Institute, 2 

TIFFIN (OHIO), 236 

TLAUTALPAN (MEXICO), 337 

ToLEeDo (OnTI0), 236 

Toledo Museum of Art, 236 

TOPEKA (Kan.), 91-92 

TorsFIELD (MAss.), 138 

Topsfield Historical Society, 138 

ToRONTO (ONT.), 324-325 

Transylvania University, 93 

TRENTON (N. J.), 175-176 

Trinity College (Durham), 220 

Trinity College (Hartford), 35 

Trinity College Historical Society, 220 

Troy (N. Y.), 218 

Trumbull Art Gallery, see Yale Univer- 
sity (School of Fine Arts) 

Truro (N.S.); 322 

Tryon (N. C.), 222 

TUCSON (ArRIz.), 12 

Turts CoLLecE (Mass.), 139 

Tufts College, 139 

Tulane University, 95-96 

Tuna Club, 13 

TUSCALOOSA (ALA.), 9-12 


Union College, 215 

UNIONTOWN (Pa.), 270 

United States Bureau of Fisheries, 142 

United States Military Academy, 218- 
210 

United States Mint, 250 

United States National Museum, 45-49 


INDEX 


United States Navy Yard (Charles- 
town), 122-123 

Universidad Nacional (Buenos Aires), 
340 

Universidad Nacional (Cérdova), 341 

University (Miss.), 156 

University (N. D.), 223 

University of Arizona, 12 

University of Arkansas, 13 

University of California (Berkeley), 

14-16 5 

niversity of California (San Francisco), 

28-29 

niversity of Chicago, 64-68 

niversity of Cincinnati, 228 

niversity of Colorado, 29-30 

University of Idaho, 54 

University of Illinois, 73-75 

University of Indianapolis, 78 

University of Kansas, 88-90 

University of Maine, 97-08 

University of Michigan, 145-147 

University of Minnesota, 152 

University of Mississippi, 156 

University of Missouri, 156 

University of New Brunswick, 316-317 

University of North Carolina, 219 

University of North Dakota, 223 

University of Oregon, 238 


U 
U 
U 
U 


University of Pennsylvania, 259-261 
University of Pittsburgh, 267 
University of Rochester, 213-214 
University of South Carolina, 281 
University of South Dakota, 283 
University of Southern California, 18 
University of Tennessee, 283 
University of Texas, 285-286 
University of Toronto, 325 
University of Utah, 286 

University of Vermont, 289-290 
University of Virginia, 294-295 
University of Washington, 298-300 
University of Wisconsin, 306 
University of Wyoming, 312-313 
UpLaAnp (IND.), 81 

Upper Iowa University, 84-85 
URBANA (ILL.), 73-75 

Utica (N. Y.), 218 


Valentine Museum, 296-297 
VALLEY FORGE (PA.), 270-271 
Valley Forge Museum of American 
History, 270-271 
VANCOUVER (B. C.), 314 
Vanderbilt University, 284-285 
Vassar College, 211-212 
VERA Cruz (MEXICO), 337 
VERMILION (S. D.), 283 
Vermont Historical Society, 291 
Vermont State Museum, 291-292 
NVicToriay(BaCs)sen7— ami. 


INDEX 


VILLE St. Lours (P. Q:), 331-332 

VINELAND (N. J.), 177 

Vineland Historical and Antiquarian 
Society, 177 

Virginia Historical Society, 297 

Virginia Polytechnic Institute, 294 

Virginia State Library, 297 


W. P. Wilstach Collection, 262-263 

Wabash College, 75-76 © 

Waco (TExX.), 287=288 

Wadsworth Atheneum, 35-36 

Wagener Free Institute of Science, 261— 
262 

Wake Forest (N. C.), 222 

Wake Forest College, 222 

Walden University, 285 

Walker Art Gallery, see Bowdoin College 

Walker Private Gallery, 152 

Walker Museum (Chicago), see Uni- 
versity of Chicago 

Walker Museum (Upland), see Taylor 
University 

Walters Gallery, 102-103 

War Relic Department (Denver), 34 

Ward’s Natural Science Establishment, 
24 

Warren Anatomical Museum, see Har- 
vard Medical School 

Wartburg Teachers Seminary, 86-87 

Washburn College, 92 

WASHINGTON, (D. C.), 42-49 

WASHINGTON (PA.), 271 

Washington and Jefferson College, 271 

Washington and Lee University, 295 

Washington County Historical Society, 
271 

Washington State Art Association, 300— 
301 

Washington University, 164 

WATERLOO (N. Y.), 218 

Waterloo Library and Historical Soci- 
ety, 218 

WATERTOWN (N. Y.), 218 

WATERVILLE (ME.), 100-101 

WAVERLY (IowA), 86-87 

Wayne County Historical Society, 75 

WELLESLEY (MASss.), 139-140 

Wellesley College, 139-140 

Wells College, 181 

Wesleyan University, 36-38 

WEST CHESTER (PA.), 271 

West Chester State Normal School, 271 

West Newsury (MaAss.), 140 

West Newbury Natural History Club, 
140 

West Point (N. Y.), 218-219 

West Virginia University, 301 

WESTBOROUGH (MAss.), 140 

Westborough Historical Society, 140 

Western Gallery of Art, 157-158 


359 


| Western Reserve Historical Society, 


229-230 

Western Reserve University, 230-231 

WESTFIELD (VT.), 204 

Whiteside County Historical Society, 73 

WICHITA (KAN.), 92 

WILKES-BARRE (Pa.), 271-272 

William Fogg Library, 97 

William Hayes Fogg Art Museum, see 
Harvard University 

Williams College, 141 

WILLIAMSPORT (PA.), 272-273 

WILLIAMSTOWN (MAss.), 141 

WILMINGTON (DEL.), 42 

Wrnpsor (N. S.), 321 

Winona (MINN.), 154-155 

WINTERSET (Lowa), 87 

Wistar Institute of Anatomy and Biol- 
ogy, see University of Pennsylvania 

Wosurn (Mass.), 141 

Wofford College, 282 

WOLFVILLE (N. S.), 321-322 

Woman’s College of Baltimore, 103-104 


| Woopsury (N. J.), 177 


Woops Hote (Mass.), 142 
WorCESTER (MAss.), 142-144 
Worcester Art Museum, 142-143 
Worcester Natural History Society, 144 
Worcester Society of Antiquity, 144 


| Wyoming Historical and Geological 


Society, 271-272 


| XALAPA (MEXICO), 337 


Yale University, 38-41 

YELLOW SPRINGS (OHIO), 237 
York (PA.), 273 

York County Historical Society, 273 
York Institute, too 


Zoological Park (Akron), 224 
Zoélogical Park (Atlanta), 50 
Zoélogical Park (Baltimore), 104 
Zodlogical Park (Binghamton), 181 
Zodlogical Park (Buffalo), 189 
Zoélogical Park (Canton, O.), 22 
Zoblogical Park (Chattanooga), 283 
Zoological Park (Chicago), 68 
Zoological Park (Cincinnati), 228 
Zoological Park (Cleveland), 231 
Zoblogical Park (Davenport), 83 
Zoological Park (Denver), 34 
Zodlogical Park (Des Moines), 84 
Zodlogical Park (Detroit), see Depart- 
ment of Parks and Boulevards (De- 
troit) 
Zcé\ozical Park (Elmira), 191 
Zoé\ozical Park (Grand Rapids), 150 
Zoological Park (Indianapolis), 78 
Zodlogical Park (Lincoln), 167 
Zoélogical Park (Los Angeles), 18 


360 


Zoodlogical Park (Memphis), 284 
Zoélogical Park (Milwaukee), 310 
Zoélogical Park (Minneapolis), 152 
Zoélogical Park (Nashville), 285 
Zodlogical Park (New Bedford), 129 


York Zodlogical Society 
Zoélogical Park (Newton), 129 
Zodlogical Park (Norfolk), 296 
Zobdlogical Park (Oklahoma City), 237 
Zodlogical Park (Omaha), 167 
Zoodlogical Park (Pawtucket), 274 
Zoological Park (Peoria), 71 
Zoélogical Park (Pittsburgh), 267 
Zoélogical Park (Portland, Me.), 100 
Zoological Park (Portland, Ore.), 240 
Zoblogical Park (Providence), 278 
Zodlogical Park (Rochester), 215 
Zodlogical Park (St. Joseph), 160 


INDEX 


| Zobdlogical Park (St. Louis), 164 


Zooblogical Park (St. Paul), 154 
Zoological Park (San Antonio), 286 


| Zodlogical Park (San Francisco), 29 
_ Zodlogical Park (Scranton), 268 
Zoological Park (New York), see New | 


Zodlogical Park (Seattle), 301 
Zoological Park (South Bend), 81 
Zoélogical Park (Spokane), 301 
Zodlogical Park (Springfield, Mass.), 
138 
Zoblogical Park (Tacoma), 301 
Zoological Park (Toledo), 236 
Zoological Park (Trenton), 176 
Zoélogical Park (Washington, D. C.), 


49 
Zoélogical Park (Wichita), 92 
Zoological Park (Wilmington), 42 
Zoological Society of Philadelphia, 263 
Zoodlogical Station (Avalon), 14 


VOLUME X , No. 2 
BULLETIN 


of the 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES 


BUFFALO, NEW YORK 
Press of Reinecke & Zesch, 352 Ellicott Street 
1912 


vyuV¥NM 


aiee) 
a 


VOLUME X No. 2 


Bb Usb bt iN : 


of the 


Butfalo Society of Natural Sciences 


BUFFALO, NEW YORK 


1912 


CONE NAES 


Tab SENECA NATION PROM 1655) to) 1687, 


by FREDERICK HOUGHTON, M. S. 


WOOL ANGI, SOBES) Ol S02, (CIBINITSIHS, VAI, 
Oy Nal, (Ce ROME CaO, 


REPORT ON AN OSSUARY (NUMBER ONE) AT 
ORANGE POR INENG NRA COUNGYAuNE we 


by WiLttAM 1,. BRYANT. 


REPORT ON AN OSSUARY (NUMBER TWO) AT 
ORANGEPORT, NIAGARA COUNTY, N. Y. 


6y FREDERICK HOUGHTON, M. 5. 


HEMEPTEROLOGICAL GLEANINGS, 


by EDWARD P. VANDUZEE 


PERSONAL OBSERVATIONS AND NOTES ON 


BREEDING, MIGRANT OR VISITING BIRDS 
ON THE NIAGARA FRONTIER, 


éy OTTOMAR REINECKE. 


ul Gay 


SS] 


8 


{e 


SF GST 


ml 


gpa SeIAc ES 


\ <I pigeetas aa 
i 


i see ae 
Vee eon ee 
Rabies See MOY A a Sets 


CCAS SS 


Seneca Villages of the 17th Century. 


BULLETIN 
of the 


Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences 


VOLUME X. No. 2 


The Seneca Nation from 
1655 to 1687. 


By FREDERICK HoucutTon, M. S. 


INTRODUCTION. 


The Seneca Nation of Indians belongs to the Iroquoian lin- 
guistic stock and during the 17th century it was the western can- 
ton of the Iroquois Confederacy, called by the English of that 
time the Five Nations of New York. Its kindred nations of the 
Iroquoian family and of the Confederacy are as follows: 


{ Hurons 
| Tionontati (Tobacco Nation) 


: Attiwandaronks (Neutral Nation) 


oe eee a 
( SENECA 
I Cayuga 
roquois 
Confederacy ‘ \ ) Onondaga 
| Oneida 


| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
lroquoian Family. { | Mohawk 
| Tuscaroras (with Iroquois after 1726.) 
| 
| Andastes (Andastogues, Conestogas, Susquehannocks) 
| 
| Eries (Cat Nation) 
| 


Nottoway 


364 THE SENECA NATION 


When the Seneca Nation was first definitely located it occu- 
pied the region lying between the Genesee River and Seneca Lake, 
and there it seems to have been seated for a relatively long time 
before the opening of its historic period. Whence the nation 
came and when it first appeared in New York are unknown. 


The name ‘‘Seneca’’ is ‘the Anglicized form of the Dutch 
pronunciation of the Mohegan rendering of the Iroquoian ethnic 
appellative Onezda or strictly, Oneniute’aka and with a different 
ethnic suffix Oneniute’ ron non meaning ‘people of the standing 
or projecting rock or stone.’ (*1) ‘The name ‘“‘Sennecaas’’ was 
applied by the early Dutch cartographers and colonists to four 
nations, probably to the four ‘upper Iroquois’’ including the Sen- 
ecas, the Cayugas, the Onondagas and the Oneidas, to the last of 
which only it really belonged. As these nations and their names 
became better known, the name narrowed down by the elimination 
of one nation after another until it designated only the farthest 
nation which has since kept the name. ‘The French colonists 
called them Sonontouans which was their spelling of the Iroquois 
name for the nation, Dyizonon do wanen aka meaning “People 
of the Great Mountain.’’ ‘This meaning was kept in the name 
given them by their Algonkin neighbors, the Delawares, who 
called them J/aschachtinni, or ‘Great Mountain.’’ 


The Seneca Nation was sedentary and domiciled in long bark 
houses in permanent villages, and for more than acentury it dom- 
inated all eastern North America, partly by shrewd and farsighted 
diplomacy, partly through its affiliation with its kindred nations 
in the confederacy, partly by sheer brute force expressed in its 
ferocity and cruelty. The legend “‘Nation Destroyed’’ which 
appears on all maps of the 17th century appended to names of 
Indian tribes attests the policy of the Senecas toward their 
neighbors. More than any other agency the Seneca nation 
thwarted the imperial plans of the French in America. A war 
not of their making caused its downfall and its scattered rem- 
nants now occupy lands in New York State and Canada. 


The Seneca Occupation of New York. 


The time during which the Seneca Nation inhabited New 
York may be divided (for historical purposes) into five periods. 


*] Handbook Am, Ind., Vol. 2, 502. 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES 365 


The first period may be termed the Stone Age of the Senecas. 
It is of unknown duration, but it embraces their prehistoric occu- 
pancy and terminates with the first coming of the white traders. 


The second period extends from the coming of the Europeans 
until the first ministrations of the Jesuit missionaries in 1657. 


The third period extends from the coming of the Jesuits until 
the devastation of the country by the French army under Denon- 
ville in 1687. 

The fourth period begins with the reconstruction of the 
Seneca towns in 1687 and ends with their destruction in 1779 by 
the colonial army under Gen. Sullivan. 

The fifth period extends from 1779 until today. 


This monograph has to do with the country of the Senecas 
during the third period only, that is, from the coming of the 
Jesuit missionaries until 1687. 

Our knowledge of the Senecas during this period is derived 
from three sources, viz. from accounts by the French of Canada; 
from accounts by the English at Albany, and from archzologic 
research. 

Owing to the fact that for many years the Seneca Nation 
was the greatest obstacle to the French in their imperial plans for 
Canada, French writers and cartographers were busy during the 
entire period describing the Senecas and their country. Priests, 
diplomats, explorers, soldiers and traders wrote about them, and, 
with good reason, their descriptions were never flattering. 


The Dutch of New Netherlands had no trouble with the 
Senecas. Dutch traders had evidently reached them very soon 
after the Hudson River settlements were made, but as they were 
interested only in the needs of the Senecas from the point of view 
of trade, they left no descriptions of the country they visited. 


The English who succeeded the Dutch at New York and 
Albany succeeded them also in the Seneca trade, and, like their 
Dutch predecessors, they never had trouble of any kind with 
them, nor at first any reason for being at all interested in them 
other than as customers. It was not until the administration of 
Governor Dongan began in 1683 that these Indians became of 
interest politically, or to others than Indian traders. It is not 
until 1677 that we have any first hand information about the 
Senecas from an English source. Practically all the information 


366 THE SENECA NATION 


about them from English sources during the period is second 
hand, mostly given in official documents based upon oral reports 
by Indians or whites. 

Knowledge derived from archzeologic sources is equally scant. 
Their villages of that period were destroyed in 1687 and the sites 
of the villages seem to have been abandoned by the Senecas at 
that time. By the time their country was opened up to white 
occupancy after Sullivan’s expedition in 1779, all knowledge of 
these villages was lost and when the first settlers chanced upon 
their sites, marked as they were by kettles, axes and beads in 
immense numbers, they were puzzled to account for them. It 
was not until Mr. O. H. Marshall made a study of certain French 
manuscripts that the sites of the great villages were positively 
identified and located. One of the sites was described as an 
earthwork by EK. G. Squier who followed Marshall in identifying 
it as Gandagora. 


Because the village sites have been under cultivation for 
nearly a century, and have been described and studied for a half 
century, they have naturally attracted the attention of the collec- 
tors and archzeologists of three generations. Every Seneca site 
of this period has been walked over and dug into for the best part 
of acentury. Literally tons of archzologic material have been 
taken from them, yet there exists today to my knowledge not one 
single description of the customs and manner of living of the 
Senecas of that period as shown by archeology. ‘The thousands 
of articles found have been accumulated by private collectors. 
Some have been sold or donated to the State Museum, with few 
or no data for guidance. Some are in the possession of the origi- 
nal collectors mainly without data. The field work on the sites, 
done by the Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences, has been the 
only archzologic work carried on with the deliberate intention of 
learning something of the people who once lived there, and its 
field work has been successful in that it has resulted in the dis- 
covery of material which goes far to reconstruct for us the life of 
the Seneca Nation of that time. 

This third period of Seneca occupancy began when Father 
Joseph Chaumonot appeared in the Seneca towns in 1657, and 
was ended by the devastation of the country in 1687 by a French 
punitive expedition under the Marquis de Denonville, the Goy- 
ernor of New France. It was characterized by the attempted 
domination of the Senecas by the French through diplomacy, 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES 367 


missionary effort and warfare, by the steady growth of English 
influence, a recognition on the part of the English of the great 
value of the Senecas as a friendly buffer nation, and by incessant 
warring of the Senecas with other Indians and with the French. 
As ‘‘pride cometh before a fall’’ so was the highest note of Seneca 
arrogance struck in the years just preceding the ruin wrought at 
the hands of the French, which terminated this eventful period. 


The Testimony of Recorded History. 
THE SENECA COUNTRY. 


At this time the country of the Senecas was called by the 
French “‘Sonnontouan’’ or ““T'sonnontouan’’ and the people 
‘“Sonnontouans’’, or ‘“‘Senecas’’. ‘The word ‘‘Sonnontouan’’ is 
sometimes applied, wrongly I think, to different villages of the 
Senecas. Mr. A. C. Parker, (*1) following Gen. John S. Clarke, 
calls Totiatko “‘Sonnontouan’’. ‘There can be little doubt, how- 
ever, that Sonnontouan was the general name for the Seneca 
country, not the name of a Seneca town. Galinee, in his map, 
expressly shows four villages with the notation ‘“4 villages of 
the Sonnontouans’’. Yet on later maps, notably that of Lewis 
Evans, of 1755 and Governor Pownal, of 1776, a Seneca town is 
Named Chenandoanes. 


Sonnontouan, or the country of the Senecas, at this period 
was understood by the French and English to mean an indefinite 
territory south of Lake Ontario, west of the Cayugas. Of its 
delimitations they knew nothing. We know now in a general 
way that the Seneca country lay south of Lake Ontario in the 
Genesee valley, probably, for a part of the period at least, entirely 
east of that river, and running eastward until it met the Cayuga 
country, approximately at Seneca Lake. Westward at that time 
there could have been no boundary, at least in New York. The 
overthrow of the Neuters in 1651 by the combined arms of the 
Five Nations left the country between the Genesee River and the 
Detroit River for many years an unoccupied wilderness and in 
this wilderness the Senecas certainly established a few villages, 
probably bases for hunting parties. Southward, also, we know of 
no boundary. At the very beginning of this period the Senecas 
overthrew their Iroquoian kin, the Eries, whose seat was south 


*r A. C. Parker, Iroquois Uses of Maize, p. 35. 


368 THE SENECA NATION 


of Lake Erie, stretching probably from Eighteen Mile Creek in 
Erie County, N. Y., westward through Pennsylvania into Ohio. 
After their overthrow, it is extremely probable that the Senecas 
established a few villages along Lake Erie. ‘The early Seneca 
sites on Cattaraugus Creek may mark this occupancy. South- 
ward, also, lay the Andastes or Gandastogues, another Iroquoian 
nation, whose seat was in the Susquehanna valley. ‘Their 
northern boundary, which would probably have been the southern 
boundary of the Senecas, is unknown, but the marches between 
them constituted a battleground upon which flickered a continual 
war of reprisals. 

All that is possible for us to say is that the main body of 
Senecas, when at home, lived in the country between the Genesee 
River and Seneca ake. This restricted area is now included in 
the counties of Ontario, Monroe and Livingston. 


THE SENECA TOWNS. 


Before the coming of the Jesuit missionaries to the Senecas 
the number and location of the Seneca towns were unknown. ‘To 
be sure, traders from Albany, and perhaps from Montreal also, 
had visited their villages as early as 1635, or even earlier, but no 
written record of their visits, or report based upon these visits is 
now available. It was quite generally known, both by the French 
and Dutch, and later by the English, that the Seneca Nation lived 
in castles’’ or fortified villages, somewhere west of the Onon- 
dagas. But no accurate information prior to 1658 has come 
down to us. 

The first systematic effort to secure first hand information 
regarding the Seneca villages was made in 1655. In that year 
two priests, Joseph Chaumonot and Claude d’Ablon, were sent by 
the Jesuit Superior from Quebec to Tsonnontouan on a reconnoli- 
tering expedition. (“1) They reported to the Superior, and their 
report is mentioned in the Jesuit Relation of the next year as 
having been made, but the Relation of 1655 does not take them 
farther than Onondaga. 

In the relation of 1656-58, (*2) the writer states that the coun- 
try of the Sonnontouans “‘contains two large villages and a num- 
ber of small ones, besides the Huron village called St. Michel.’’ 


*r Jes. Rel., Burrows ed., Vol. 43, p. 99. 
*2 Jes. Rel., Burrows ed., Vol. 44, p. 21. 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES 369 


In 1657 Father Chaumonot left the Cayugas and visited the 
Senecas. He ‘‘assembled all the Elders of Gandagan, the princi- 
pal village of Sonnontouan.’’ “Mr. R.G. Thwaite thinks (*1) that 
‘““Gandagan’’ is a misprint for “‘Gandagare’’ and in his index 
Mr. Thwaite calls this ‘““Gandougarae.’ 


Kipistroous [~~ 
MeNazlotciloue - 


BAstaluankae = N Oo U 


A yoricns 
a srabooancaw . 


i Chaotunat - 
oveilieta » 


Cire Pr. a 


sue, 


oe Npullr inpens- 
faero 5 EO 
ya a Elta: Exc tirisuachas 


ay 


2.0 
ra 


“hk 


From Map by N. Sanson d’ Abbeville Paris 1656. 
Marshall Library, Buffalo Historical Society. 


In the Relation of 1664-65 the writer in describing the Iro- 
quois states (*2) that ‘“‘toward the termination of the Great Lake, 
called Ontario, is located the most numerous of the Five Iroquois 
nations, named the Senecas, which contains full twelve hundred 
men in two or three villages, of which it is composed.”’ 

A more detailed report of the location of the Seneca villages 
was made by Father Jacques Fremin, in 1668. He was at that 
time Superior of Iroquois missions. In November of that year 
he reached Tsonnontouan. He reported (*3) that his mission of 
St. Michel consisted of four villages, three of which he names, 
‘“‘Gandachiragon, Gandougare and Gandagaro.’’ (*4) ‘‘Gan- 


*r Jes. Rel, Burrows ed., Vol. XLIV p 321, note 2. 
2 Woes ElishyNe Ye, Vol ie pao 

*3 Jesuit Relations, Burrows ed., LIII p 95. 

*4 Jesuit Relations, Burrows ed., LIV, p. 79. 


370 THE SENECA NATION 


dougare’’ (Gandougarae) was made up of captives of three nations 
whom the Senecas had overthrown, namely the Neuters, the 
Hurons and the Onnontiogas, and this village eventually became 
the mission of St. Michel. 


In 1669 the Seneca villages were described by de Brehant 
de Galinee, one of the company of La Salle. (“1) He entered the 
Seneca country from Irondequoit and went to the great village of 
the Senecas. It was on the brow of a small hill in a large clear- 
ing of about two leagues in circumference, and was made up of a 
‘lot of cabins surrounded with palisades of poles 12 or 13 feet 


From Map ia Jesuit Relation of 1662-1663. 


high, fastened together at the top and planted in the ground, 
with great piles of wood the height of a man behind these pali- 
sades, the curtains (cabins) being not otherwise flanked, merely 
a simple enclosure, perfectly square.’’ Evidently it was some 
distance from a stream for he notes that Indian villages are usually 
so situated. 


In describing the Seneca country he says that it was ‘“com- 
posed of 4 villages, 2 of which contain 150 cabins each and the 


Ris oT Narrative of de Brehant de Galinee, trans. of J. H. Coyne. Ont. 
Hist Soc. Pub., Vol. IV. 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES SH il 


other 2, about 30 cabins’’ in all perhaps 1000 or 1200 warriors. 
The largest two were 6 or 7 leagues apart and the same distance 
from the lake. He visited the easternmost village. The country 
was beautiful, being made up of broad meadows covered with 
tall grass. The woods were open oak woods. A treeless con- 
dition extended for many leagues in all directions. He men- 
tioned a ‘little village half a league from the large one’’ in which 
LaSalle left a few of his men while he went for safety to Lake 
Ontario. On his map he located four ‘‘villages des Sonnon- 
touans’’, and between Irondequoit and the Genesee River, both 
of which appear on his map, he put the ‘‘village des R. P. 
Fremin.’’ 


\ A oH 
day ft wt ak ot ote Oy 
A i \h “ie ye al ¢ 
v v i rd FR ty 
ae wy jor vt 4 
} ¥ y a ~ [e me 
f\ n Y Q¢ ¢ 
x v > (7 HG ae. i v 
eet 0 ¢ ; 2 PPOs eT ra 
‘\ey e Nal ye 
we ? vt o Na il 
ny Ae! a) nO Excellent: lorie ae 
AN % Sey e ee Bf titlaes 8, LP u 
ap We v a Ti oie Wien Pad 
L Q \ Of ae Prec /ee OG Fis y yj 
$ ; « ate prec y 
5 2) is MERE, fie toad party 
ww i « 2, / 
ef Me, 
te, 


Lac Oiiaito- Ep TCE dud queye/ 


donne’, aeeg laa) a 


Map by de Brehant de Galinee, 1669-1670. 


In July, 1672, Father Julian Garnier spoke (*1) of Gandachi- 
oragon and reported that Father Raffeix had arrived at La Con- 
ception. This is the last mention made of Gandachioragon. 


In the Relation of 1673-74 (*2) only three villages are named, 
St. Michel, which was Father Garnier’s mission station; la 
Conception, where Father Raffeix was stationed, and St. Jacques. 


*1 Jesuit Relations, Burrows ed., LVI, 59. 
*2 Jesuit Relations, Burrows ed., LVIII, 233. 


372 : THE SENECA NATION 


In 1675 (*1) it is stated that Fathers Pierron, Raffeix and Garnier 
labor there in three villages. 


In 1677 Wentworth Greenhalgh, an Englishman, left Albany 
and visited all the cantons of the Iroquois. Of the Senecas he 
said: \*2) ‘The Senecques have four towns, viz. Canagora, Tiote- 
hatton, Canoenada and Keint-he. Canagora and Tiotohatton lye 
within 30 miles of ye Lake ffrontenacque, and ye other two ly 
about four or five miles apiece to ye Southward of those. They 
have abundance of Corne. None of their townes are stockadoed. 


‘“Canagorah lyes on the top of a great hill, and in that, as well 
as in the bignesse, much like Onondago, contayning 150 houses, 
northwestward of Caiouge 72 miles. ........... ‘Tiotohatton lyes 
on the brincke or edge of a hill, has not much cleared ground; it 
is near the river Tiotehatton, wch signifies bending. It lyes to 
westward of Canagorah about 30 miles, containing about 120 
houses, being the largest of all the houses wee saw, ye ordinary 
being about 50 @ 60 foot long with 12 @ 13 fires in one house. 
They have good store of corne, growing about a mile to the North- 
ward of the towne. 


ce . 
Canoenada lyes about four miles to ye Southward of Cana- 
gorah; conteynes about 30 houses, well furnished with corne. 


‘Keint-he lyes aboutt four or five miles to ye southward of 
Tietehatton; contaynes about 24 houses well furnished with 


) 


(COMFINNES 6 SS aanadc000 


The writer of the Relation for 1679 differed radically from 
Greenhalgh in his enumeration of the villages. He said that (*3) 
‘'25 leagues farther on’’ (from Cayuga) are situated the three 
villages of the Sonnontouans.’’ 

In December, 1678, Louis Hennepin, a Récollet priest, and 
La Motte, two of the party accompanying La Salle in his expedi- 
tion to explore the Mississippi River, were ordered by him to 
visit the Senecas and to obtain leave, if possible, to build a boat 
above Niagara Falls. They went overland from the Niagara and 
reached the Senecas from the west, arriving in five days at ‘“Tag- 
arondies,’’ (*4) where Father Hennepin preached in the presence 
of Fathers Garnier and Raffeix. 


oT Font Relations, Burrows ed., LIX, 251. 

“2 Documentary History of New York, WOE IVE, JO, wit 

*2 Jesuit Relations, Burrows ed., LXI, 159. 

*4 Hennepin, A New Discovery ‘of a Large Country in America, Chap. | 
XV, Thwaite. 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES 373 


A month later La Salle himself visited the Senecas, approach- 
ing them from Irondequoit as Galinee had done. He spent his 
time in the village of ‘“T'agarondies’’ (*1.) 


Preliminary to the punitive expedition directed by M. De la 
Barre, Governor of New France against the Iroquois in 1682, the 
Sieur D’Orvilliers reconnoitered the Seneca country and the gov- 
ernor stated (*2) that he had madea faithful and exact plan’’ of 
their two principal villages. Of this no copy is available. 
~ Ce 

lenis 
Cand are, 

ft 


ote 


go fo ae = 
JO} opera. 


& 


~ 


eae, ee Sa ee 
Bee Del Oe te 20°98 | 


From Map in Hennepin’s Louisianne, Nuremburg, 1687. 
Marshall Library, Buffalo Historical Society. 


An official enumeration of the villages was made in great 
detail by the Marquis de Denonville, who had succeeded De la 
Barre in 1685 as Governor of Canada, and who, in 1687 invaded the 
territory of the Senecas at the head of the most formidable puni- 
tive expedition ever sent by the French against the Iroquois. In 
his report he named the villages which had been destroyed by his 
force. Heentered the country from Irondequoit and first reached 
‘“‘Gannagora,’’ whence he sent an expedition to surround and 
capture a small fort nearby. "Thence he marched to ‘‘Gannon- 
garae, Totiakto and Gannondata,’’ all of which he destroyed. In 
his report he identifies-the Jesuit mission stations when he ex- 


*1 Margry, Vol. 1, 127, quoted by Marshall. 
*2 Doc. Hist. New York, p. IIT. 


374 THE SENECA NATION 


pressly states that he destroyed the grain ‘of the small village of 
St. Michel or Gannogarae distant a short league from the large 
village’? and that he encamped before ‘“Totiakto, surnamed the 
Great Village of the Conception’’. At Gannounata, two leagues 
from Totiakto he found on the gates of the town the arms of 
England which Governor Dongan of New York had caused to be 
put there. 

Mohawk names for these villages were given to Governor 
Dongan by Adandidaghko, a Mohawk, who was examined at 
Albany for the purpose of getting at the most authentic news of 
the French invasion. In it (“1) he spoke of the capture of the 


LAC ONTAR 


ot 
% WIAGARA 


From Map by Father Raffeix, 1688. 


great Seneca town, which he called ‘‘Kohoseraghe’’, and of the 
last town, “Theodehacto’’. 

Abbe Belmont, in his History of New France, (*2) calls the 
first village seen by Denonville, “‘Gaensara’’, and states that it 
was situated on a high hill, and that it was ‘‘a city or village of 
bark situate on the top of a mountain of earth, to which one rises 
by three terraces.’’ (hills). The other villages he calls ‘’Tohaiton, 
Onnontague and Onnenaba’’. 

La Hontan described the expedition under Governor Denon- 
ville and mentioned two villages. “‘From thence (the great vil- 
lage) we march’d to the two little villages of the Thegaronhies 
and the Danoncaritaoui which lay about two or three leagues off’’. 


Ry Doc. Relatiug to the Colonial History of N. Y., III, 433. 
*2 Quoted by Squier, Aboriginal Monuments of New York, note, p. go. 


11h 
Ul 


tae 


Hija 


en te 


From Map by le P. Coronelli, Paris, 1689. 
Marshall Library, Buffalo Historical Society. 


$ 
need 


Sr ntecetl: 
Been, 


- “Org 
Lr O72 te re £ 


FED ¢, 


Z Cah tho 
0 


From Map by le P. Coronelli, Paris, 1689. 
Marshall Library, Buffalo Historical Society. 


376 THE SENECA NATION 


A SUMMARY OF ACCOUNTS ENUMERATING AND LOCATING THE SENECA VIL- 
LAGES OF THE PERIOD BEGINNING 1657 AND ENDING 1687. 


Chaumonot, two large villages and a number of small villages. 
1657, Gandagan, St. Michel. 
1664, Jesuit Relations, two or three villages. 


1668, Fremin, four villages: Gandachioragou, Gandougarae, 
Gandagora named. 


St. Michel=Gandougarae. 


1669, Galinee, four villages and Father Fremin’s village. 
Eastern village was the ‘great village of the Senecas’’. 


Seems to mean Gandagora by ‘‘the great village’’. 


1670, Garnier, three named: Gandachioragon, Gandagora, La 


Conception. 


1673, Jesuit Relation, three villages: St. Michel, La Conception, 


St. Jacques. 


1677, Greenhalgh, four villages: Canagora, Tiotohatton, Cano- 


enada, Keint-he. 
1678, Hennepin, Tagarondies, 
1679, La Salle, Tagarondies. 


1687, Denonville, four villages: Gannagora, Gannongarae, Toti- 
akto, Gannounata. 
Gannongarae=St. Michel. 


Totiakto=La Conception=Great Village. 


1687, Adandidaghko, Kohoseraghe=Gandagora. 
Theodehacto=Totiakto. 


1687, Belmont, Gaensera=Gandagora. 
Tohaiton—Totiakto. 
Onnontague. 


Onnenaba. 


La Hontan, The Thegaronhies. 


The Danoncaritoui 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES BT 


EQUIVALENTS AND IDENTIFICATIONS. 


JESUITS GREENHALGH DENONVILLE VARIOUS MOHAWK 
St. Michel Gannogarae 
or 


Gandougarae Keint-he (?) 


LaConception Tiotohatton ‘Totiakto Tagarondies Theodehacto 
The Thegaronhies 


St. Jacques Canagora Gannagaro Gaensara Kohoseraghe 


or Ganesara 
Gandagora ‘Tagarondies 
Gandachiragon R. P. Fremin’s 
or (The Danoncaritaoui) 
GandachioragouCanoenada Gannondata 
or 
Gannounata 


The village names and their variants as given above are 
as they are called by the Mohawks. ‘Their Seneca names as ob- 
tained by O. H. Marshall from “‘Blacksmith’’ are: 


Gandougarae—Chi-nos-hah-gek 
Totiakto=De-yu-di-haak-doh 


Gandagora=Ga-o- a-eh-ga-aah 

Greenhalgh places “‘Canoenada’’ south of “‘Canagora’’, yet 
there can be no doubt that this is identical with Denonville’s 
Gannounata, though placed south of Totiakto. Keint-he would 
then be Gandougarae. 


Tagarondies, the ‘‘great village’’ might be either Totiakto, 
Denonville’s ‘‘Great Village’, or ‘“‘Gannagaro’’, Galinee’s eastern- 
most ‘great village’’. Probably it was Totiakto, for when Hen- 
nepin approached from the west he would first come to Totiakto. 
The reference to a “‘small village nearby’’ might refer to the Fort 
Hill site and Tagarondies would then be Gandagora or St. Jacques. 

Gandachiragon cannot be identified. It may refer to ‘‘Father 
Fremin’s village’ of Galinee, the site of which has not yet been 
found, or if found, has not been connected with this name, though 


[2] 


378 THE SENECA NATION 


it is so definitely placed on Galinee’s map, away from the group 
of four villages, and near the Genesee that a village should be 
looked for near West Rush or thereabouts. Gandachiragon may 
be Gannounata, and probably was. It certainly was not Ganda- 
gora, Gandougarae or Totiakto, for these are all named in connec- 
tion with it. 

The Danoncaritaoui mentioned by La Hontan evidently 
means the village of the chief Onnonkenritaoui who was men- 
tioned by Father Garnier in 1672, as being the most influential 
chief of the Senecas. He lived at Gandachioragou, so that this 
village is the same as La Hontan’s “‘Danoncaritaoui’’. 


Belmont says that in Onnenaba dwelt ‘‘Ganonketahoui, the 
principal chief’’. Onnenaba and Gandachioragou are therefore 
identical. 


Danoncaritaoui was evidently the chief named in the ‘Song 
called the Roll-call of all the Chiefs’’ as it appears in the Mo- 
hawk version in Beauchamp’s ‘Councils and Ceremonies of adop- 
tion of New York Indians’’ (page 377) as Ka-non-ke-rih-da-wih. 

“Hail, hail. They who were his cousins. 

Hail, hail. These two guarded the doorway. 

Hail, hail. ‘Thou, Ka-non-ke-rih-da-wih. 

Hail, hail. With his cousin 

Hail, hail. Thou, De-yoh-nin-ho-ka-ra-wenh.’ 


) 


In Hale’s Iroquois Book of Rites these appear as Kanonh- 
kehihtawih and Tyuhninhohkawenh. 


Marshall calls the two chiefs, De-ga-o-yes and Ga-noh-ga- 
ih-da-wih. 

It is possible that ‘the Thegaronhies’’ is identical with ‘‘De- 
yoh-nin-ho-ka-ra-wenh,’’ in which case the two villages of 
‘‘Onnenaba’’ and ~’Tagarondies’ were the villages of the two 
““door-keepers’. Onnenaba is probably an Algonkin word or it 
may be Belmont’s spelling of the unfamiliar Iroquois name of 
Gannounata. In that case Gandachioragou would be Gannounata 
and Tagarondies would be Totiakto. 


As late as 1776 these names occur on Governor Pownal’s 
map, Penn. Archives, Vol. II. On it are three Seneca villages, 
viz.: Chenandoanes and Tegaronhies on the west bank of the 
Genesee River and Danoncaritow on the east bank. 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL, SCIENCES 379 


Mr. Marshall is probably correct in locating these sites. Gan- 
‘dagora was on Boughton Hill, south of the village of Victor, in 
Victor township, Ontario County. Gandougarae was on the 
Marsh farm, in East Bloomfield, two miles northeast of Holcomb. 


Gah ry vss H , 


oun delian P<ythe 
Pads. Pddiaepel 


ao 


Map of that part of the Genesee Country invaded by the Marquis de 
Denonville, in 1687, from Historical Writings by O. H. Marshall. 


An earlier or later Gandougarae may have been on the Appleton 
farm, a mile west of the preceding site. Totiakto was undoubt- 
edly on the Kirkpatrick farm at Rochester Junction, in the town- 


380 THE SENECA NATION 


ship of Mendon, Livingston County. ‘The site on the Dann farm, 
Honeoye Falls, claimed to be the Totiakto of 1687, was either a 
later site, occupied by the homeless community of Totiakto, after 
1687, or Gannounata. 


Besides the sites thus identified as being those of the historic 
Seneca towns of this period, there are in the Genesee valley 
several other sites which cannot be identified. One on the Shat- 
tuck farm at Factory Hollow, on Honeoye Creek, near West 
Bloomfield, and another on the same creek near West Bloomfield 
station are the sites of large communities. At Factory Hollow I 
found deep refuse heaps, containing Stone Age articles, and judg- 
ing only from the plates in Mr. Beauchamp’s publications of 
articles found there, I beli€ve that it was inhabited earlier than 
either the Rochester Junction or the Victor site. Probably the 
same community occupied it which later lived on the site at West 
Bloomfield station. These two locations are probably those of 
villages inhabited successively by the people who finally built on 
what is now the Kirkpatrick farm, the large bark village described 
by Greenhalgh as Tiotohatton, and burned by Denonville. Yet 
either one may have been Gannounata, Gandachioragou, or Father 
Fremin’s village. 


‘The country of the Senecas was described in 1657 by the Jesuit 
missionaries as being the most fertile and populous of all the 
Iroquois provinces, and as containing two large villages and a 
number of small ones, besides the Huron town of St. Michel. 
Father Chaumont (*1) visited the country and preached there in 
1657, but after a very brief stay he returned to the lower Iroquois. 
At that time the Senecas were in touch with Dutch traders from 
Fort Orange or New Amsterdam, and had been for at least twenty 
years, probably longer. ‘They were acquainted with the French, 
too, for the Directors of the Dutch West India Company wrote in 
December, 1656, to Director General Peter Stuyvesant at New 
Amsterdam that a Jesuit and some Frenchmen were in the ‘Sen- 
nequens ’ country. (*2) 


In September, 1664, New Netherlands was surrendered to 
England and its administration was given into the hands of Sir 
Richard Nicolls, an adherent of the Duke of York. Immediately 
after his assumption of office he sent Colonel George Cartwright 


*I Jesuit Rel. XLIV, 21. 
*2 Doc: Rel. Col. Hist. N. Y., Vol. Il, 68: 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL, SCIENCES 381 


to negotiate with the Iroquois. On September 24, 1664 Colonel 
Cartwright made a treaty with various “‘Sachamackas’’ of the 
Mohawks and Senecas, in which it was agreed that the Indians 
were to have all wares and commodities from the English as they 
had previously from the Dutch; and that offences by English 
against Indians or vice versa be punished. ‘The treaty was signed 
for the Senecas by Anaweed, Conkeeherat, Tewasserany, Ash- 
anoondah. (*1) 


GEORGE CaRTWRIGHT 


In the presence of Cawyugo 
= BR ® e 
T. Willett S a 
John Manning & act Ne 
Tho. Breedon Aa 
Dan. Broadhead = = 
Ss ot 
S— (Smith John ee ees a 
Ox s his marke te af 
§ Stephen an Indian ~ 
xX ¢ his marke ; 


Signers of the Treaty. 


Mr. Beauchamp claims two of the four are Cayugas and 
Onondagas. 

A month later, October 13, 1664, Sir Robert Carr wrote Gov- 
ernor Nicolls from the ‘‘Delawarr Fort” asking him ‘‘to assist uss 
in ye reconciliacon of ye Indians called Synekees at ye Fort Fer- 
rania and ye Huskchanoes here, they comeing and doeing much 
vyolence both to heathen and christian”. This refers very evi- 
dently to the war with the Andastes or Susquehannocks which 
was then in operation. 

In December, 1665, a treaty of peace was made between 
Alexander de Prouville, Chevalier Seigneur de Tracy, who was 
newly appointed governor of New France, and six Onondaga 
chiefs, who signed it on behalf of the three upper cantons of Iro- 
quois, viz.: the Senecas, Cayugas and Onondagas. ‘This treaty 
was arranged by Garakontie, a noted Onondaga, and was the re- 
sult of the alarm felt by the Iroquois at the preparations made by 
de Tracy to invade their country. ‘The Iroquois humbly begged 
forgiveness and asked for two Jesuits and some French families 
and promised to make peace with the Algonkin and Huron allies 
of the French. (*2) 


=~ Doe, Rel'-Col? Hist, N.-Y., Vol, 11, 68: 
*2 Doc, Kel,, Col; Hist, Nevo, Volk Il, 11: 


382 THE SENECA NATION 


The next spring, May 22, 1666, the Senecas sent ambassa- 
dors to Quebec, who ratified the treaty of December, and asked 
for Frenchmen to live amongst them and for help against the 
Andastes. 


The treaty was signed by the following: Garonheaguerha, 
Saga8echistonk, Osend8t, Gachioguentaxa, Hotiguerion, Ondeg- 
8aronton,So8enda8en, Tehaoug8echa8enion, Honag8est8i, Tehon- 
neritague, Tsohaien. ‘Their orator was Garonheaguerha. (*1) 


Marks of the Tribes affixed to the Treaty of 1666. 


In 1668, the Senecas asked the 

‘Jaco Cu Fremen “A-7. French at Quebec for missionaries, and 
in answer to their appeal, Father 

Jacques Fremin, Superior of all the missions to the Iroquois, left 
Agniez, the Mohawk canton, to carry the Gospel to Tsonnon- 
touan. In November, 1668, he reached Sonnontouan where he 
was well received ‘‘with all the honors usually given to Envoys’. 
The sachems had a chapel built for him and the people seemed 
desirous of becoming Christians. "The Huron captives,—evi- 
dently those of St. Michel—had especially “‘great affection for 
the Faith”. Father Fremin baptized in four months sixty dying 
persons of whom (according to the Father) thirty-three went to 
Heaven. ‘The ‘jugglers’ still had a great hold over the people, 
who prayed to God, however, to favor them in their war against 
the Outaouacs, which was then raging. ‘The Loups or Delawares 
and the Andastes were also active enemies of the Senecas and war 
parties were out against these nations. Father Fremin endeav- 


*7 Doc. Rel., Col. Hist. N. Y., Vol. EX. 45. 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES 383 


ored to negotiate a peace, and he seems to have been more or less 
successful, for a Frenchman who had been amongst the Senecas 
brought news to Quebec that the priest was then actually on his 
way with ambassadors to ratify the peace. His work as a mis- 
sionary was greatly increased, though in many ways simplified, 
by an epidemic which raged that year inthe towns. 

The year 1669, brought a visitor of note and an increased 
activity in missionary effort. Owing (*1) to the increase of work 
due to the epidemic, Father Fremin found it impossible properly 
to care for his flock and called for aid on Father Julian Garnier, 

then stationed at Onondaga. 
jf toned : Upon his arrival he was sent 
Te ees to Gandachiragon where he 
built achapel. Father Fremin 
continued his work amongst the Hurons of St. Michel. 


The village of St. Michel or Gandougarae, was at that time 
composed of the remnants of three nations which had been over- 
thrown by the Senecas, namely the Neuters, the Hurons and the 
Onontiogas. The Hurons were the remnants of the village of Scan- 
nonenrat which, during the Huron war, twenty years before, had 
surrendered to the Iroquois, and whose people had been scattered 
amongst the cantons. ‘These Hurons had been ministered to by 
the Jesuit missionaries stationed in Huronia, and Father Fremin 
was gratified beyond expression in finding that after twenty years 
of exile amongst the pagan Senecas, forty still held to the Faith. 

The war with the Andastes continued during the year, and 
two captives were burned in Gandougarae, after their baptism by 
the priest. 

In August, 1669, during the absence from Sonnontouan of 
both the priests, who had gone to attend a missionary confer- 
ence of all the Jesuits ministering to the Iroquois, called by 
Father Fremin as Superior to meet at Onondaga, the villages 
were visited by two noted men, one a Sulpician priest, Rene de 
Brehant de Galinee, and the head of the expedition of which 
Galinee was a member, no less a personage than Robert Cava- 
lier, Sieur de La Salle. 

The Sieur de La Salle was anxious to explore to the south- 
ward, where, so he had heard, was a great river flowing to the 
South Sea. He hoped to obtain from the Senecas a guide from 


ZT es ively: WIN 79: 


384 THE SENECA NATION 


amongst their many captives, taken by their war parties in the 
South, and to obtain this guide he had planned to visit them in 
their homes. (*1) His party landed at Irondequoit, August 12, 
1669. Here they met Indians who proved to be friendly, and 
gave them berries and other wild fruit, in return for which the 
visitors gave presents of knives, awls, needles and beads. The 
same day La Salle, with Galinee and others of his party, escorted 
by a large number of Senecas, set out for the great village of 
the Senecas. 


The village was in the midst of a large clearing about two 
leagues in circumference. It was situated on the brow of a 
small hill. Outside the village were seated a large number of 
old men, one of whom gave an animated speech of welcome. 
The introducer of ambassadors then led them to the largest cabin 
of the village which had previously been prepared for the use of 
their distinguished guests. Here they were given over to the 
care of the women of the cabin who were instructed to give them 
every attention. 


The village was ‘‘a lot of cabins surrounded with palisades 
of poles, 12 or 13 feet high, fastened together at the top and 
planted in the ground, with great piles of wood the height of a 
man behind these palisades, the curtains (cabins) being not other- 
wise flanked, merely asimple enclosure, perfectly square”, Evi- 
dently it was some distance from a stream foras before mentioned 
Galinee noted that Indian villages were usually so situated. 


The principal persons ‘‘of the other villages” arrived the 
same day to attend council. This met in La Salle’s cabin and 
was composed of fifty or sixty of the principal persons of the 
nation, who sat regardless of rank in any vacant place, and 
smoked throughout the meeting. As interpreter they called 
upon Father Fremin’s man. 


The council being opened in due form La Salle made a 
speech in Indian fashion, giving to emphasize his points three 
presents. The first was a double barrelled pistol. The second, 
of kettles, axes, knives and glass beads, was followed by the third 
of two capotes, and more axes, knives and beads. The object 
of the meeting was then introduced in his request for a Tou- 
guanha (Shawnee) slave to guide him and his. party to the Ohio 
River. 


1 Narrative of de Brehant de Galinee, translation of J. H. Coyne. 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES 385 


As usual the answer was deferred until the next day, when 
the council met again. First the leading sachem welcomed the 
French party to their country and in witness gave a wampum 
belt. A second belt assured peace with the French, and promised 
a slave as soon as one had returned from Albany, whither some 
had gone with a trading party. 

For a week La Salle’s party awaited the return of the ex- 
pected guide and during that time they had ample opportunity 
to become acquainted with the customs of their Seneca hosts. 
They were fed upon dog, singed over the fire to remove the 
hair, and roasted, together with corn meal served with bear’s 
grease and sunflower oil, from platters which were extremely 
filthy. Drunkenness they noticed and noted with anxiety that 
a drunken man was not accounted responsible for any of his acts, 
even murder being committed safely by anyone really or sup- 
posedly intoxicated. 

They had an excellent opportunity also to observe the tor- 
ture of a captive, and incidentally to learn the value of a Seneca 
promise. A young captive, eighteen or twenty years old, of a 
southern tribe, had been given to an old woman in place of her 
son who had been killed. She had refused to adopt him,and as usual 
in such cases, he was to be tortured. To obtain him asa guide 
Galinee offered presents to the woman in an effort to buy him, 
and failing, tried to persuade the sachems to keep their promise 
and give him as a guide but nothing could change them. 


The day was one of anxiety for the French party. Disap- 
pointed and chagrined by their failure to obtain a guide, they 
were now exposed to the actual danger of attack during the ex- 
citement of the occasion by infuriated Senecas, all more or less 
under the influence of rum. For safety, La Salle sent his men to 
a small village half a league from the large one, and went in com- 
pany of Galinee to the shore of the lake, presumably Ironde- 
quoit. Some of his men were curious to see a prisoner tortured 
and stayed in the village. 

The young captive was first tied to a scaffold, where the tor- 
ture was begun by applying red hot gunbarrels to his feet and 
body, continuing until the skin of his entire body had been 
burned. He was then removed from the scaffold and forced to 
run the gauntlet between two rows of Indians armed with burn- 
ing brands. When he fell, buckets of hot coals were thrown 
upon him. Finally he was killed with a stone, and his flesh dis- 


386 THE SENECA NATION 


tribnted and eaten. In the evening every one assembled ‘‘in 
the square’’ each with a stick with which they beat the bark 
cabins with a great clatter to drive away the dead man’s spirit 
which might have been lurking about with evil intent. 


Soon after, La Salle, hopeless of obtaining help from the 
Senecas embarked his party at Irondequoit and sailed away to 
the western end of the lake. His meeting there with Joliet, just 
returned from his journey with Marquette to the Mississippi, the 
division of the party, how Galinee with a part of the expedition 
kept on towards the west, and how La Salle returned, have 
nothing to do with the Senecas. There seems little basis for the 
statement of Parkman that later, possibly in the same year, he 
actually did obtain a guide, presumably from the Senecas, and 
discovered and explored the Ohio River. 


La Salle’s party had barely gone when Father Fremin and 
Father Garnier returned from their Onondaga conference. On 
the way to Gandachiragon they stopped at ‘‘Gandogare”’ where 
a drunken Seneca seized Father Garnier and attempted to stab 
him. A woman interposed and saved his life. He wasassigned 
to Gandachioragou, there to stay until he learned the language, 
and Father Fremin took charge of the three other villages. 


The priests found that in their absence many of the Senecas 
had left their villages. Some had gone to the south to fight the 
Touaganhas. Others had taken their families to the desolate 
wilderness north of Lake Ontario, there to hunt beaver. Many 
of these expected to be absent for nine months and had prepared 
themselves for their prolonged absence by drinking to madness. 


Father Fremin while in Gandougarae lodged in the cabin of 
one of the most influential men of the pagan party. His chapel 
was opened on the first of November, and was crowded with 
worshippers. He stayed here but a few more months, for some 
time during 1670 he left the Seneca mission, and his place was 
taken by Father Garnier. (*1) 


At some time during 1670 the village of Gandougarae was 
entirely destroyed by fire, nothing being saved. The inhabi- 
tants promised that as soon as they had rebuilt their cabins and 
palisades they would build a chapel, but Father Garnier was 
bound to admit that they were very adverse to espousing the 
Faith. 


*t Jesuit Relations, Burrows ed., LV, 75. 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES 387 


The wars with the Ottawas and the Andastes were still be- 
ing pushed vigorously, but this year (or the next) the Senecas 
met with a reverse at the hands of the Andastes, and that ina 
most humiliating fashion. A war party of forty Cayugas and 
twenty Senecas had gone out against them and were returning 
in canoes in two divisions, Sixty Andaste boys overtook the 
rear division and routed it and immediately followed up their 
victory by pursuing and overtaking the advance division which 
they attacked so vigorously that it fled. Eight Cayugas and a 
Seneca were killed and many were wounded. 


In 1672 Father Pierre Raffeix, who 

2 ° f had taken the place of Father Carheil at 
A affec Xx * Cayuga, was assigned as helper to Father 
Garnier at Sonnontouan, and when he ar- 

rived there, was given the mission of La Conception at Totiakto. 


Meanwhile the Christian party was not increasing. Father 
Garnier reported (*1) that the sachems of Gandachioragou had 
declared in council that they wished to adopt the custom of 
praying but that rumors of war with the French had embittered 
them and their hostility had been increased through stories told 
by a Cayuga. He had stated that of the families who had be- 
come Christians not one}was left alive, and that the black-gowns 
were really spies of Onontio, the French governor at Quebec 
who had sent them there to kill off the Senecas by sorcery. 
These stories had the desired effect. Garnier’s life was threat- 
ened and he was warned that if the French invaded Sonnontouan 
he would be brained. His host, Onnonkenritaoui, the most in- 
fluential man in the nation’wished only to kill him because of the 
frequent sickness of his favorite niece, brought on, he thought, 
by the evil designs of Garnier. Christianity fell into disfavor, 
yet Garnier reported that he knew of nearly two hundred pagan 
families who lived upright moral lives. That Garnier was an 
agent of the French government is made plainly evident ina let- 
ter to the Governor in which he stated he had made known to 
the Senecas the orders which La Salle had brought. (*2) 


The mission of St. Jacques at Gandagora was still in 1672 
without a chapel or a resident priest. (*3) Many of its people 
*t Jesuit Relations, Burrows ed., LVI, 57. 


*2 Jesuit Relations, Burrows ed., LVIII, 27. 
*3 Jesuit Relations, Burrows ed., LVII, tor. 


388 THE SENECA NATION 


came for worship to the new chapel of St. Michel at Gandouga- 
rae, now rebuilt after the fire. To fill the evident need of a 
spiritual guide in so large a community, Father John Pierron 
was sent to the Seneca country ‘‘to take charge of a large vil- 
lage’, where in 1676 he baptized ninety persons, nearly all dying 
Chuilcine nists) 


Notwithstanding frequent baptisms by the priests, the 
Christian Faith was falling more and more into disfavor. The 
Senecas had defeated their troublesoma enemies, the Andastes, 

‘in 1674 or 1675, and as a consequence, were more than usually 
insolent and overbearing, threatening even to make war upon 
Canada. A hired assassin was to have killed Father Garnier, 
but his plans miscarried. The next year the priests were in 
constant danger. Drunken Senecas pursued them with hatchets, 
overturned and destroyed their chapel, and in all ways perse- 
cuted them almost beyond endurance. An epidemic of influenza, 
with a great mortality increased the misery. But, as usual in 
the epidemics, the harvest for the Faith was correspondingly 
large. Father Garnier baptized forty children and fourteen 
adults, all of whom died immediately afterward. Sixty children 
died in one month in La Conception, (Totiakto). (*2) 


Insolent as the Senecas were toward the French, they 
seemed to have little animosity towards their English neighbors 
at Albany. In 1677, their country was visited in a friendly 
manner by Wentworth Greenhalgh, the first and for many years 
the only Englishman to leave a written record of first hand ob- 
servation of Seneca life and customs. (*3) 


Mr. Greenhalgh left Albany May 20th, 1677, to visit the 
cantons of the Iroquois. He passed westward through the vil- 
lages of the Mohawks, Oneidas, Onondagas and Cayugas, finally 
reaching the villages of the ‘‘Senecques’”. He reached Albany 
on his return on July 14th of the same year. While there is no 
record of the purpose of his journey, it was evidently an official 
one, probably to ascertain the fighting strength of the Iroquois, 
for his report is of the scantiest nature, giving a few details only 
of the location of the towns or ‘‘castles” of the different nations, 
with an estimate of the number of their warriors. In ‘‘Cana- 


*3 Doc. History of New York. 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES 389 


gora” and ‘‘Tiotohatton” he witnessed the torture of captives, 
part of fifty prisoners taken in the South and just arriving at the 
Seneca towns. Either he did not meet the missionaries or neg- 
lected to report their presence, and it is curious to note that his 
visit was not mentioned in their reports. It is possible that they 
mutually ignored-each other. Greenhalgh’s statements do not 
always agree with those of others. For instance, he states ex- 
plicitly that the Seneca towns were not stockaded, yet Galinee, 
a trained and unusually accurate observer described only seven 
years before, the palisades of the town in which he stayed and 
the priests spoke definitely of the palisades about the new town 
of Gandougarae or St. Michel. Gandagora was so defended, as 
witness the earth-works still existing as late as Squier’s time. 
Greenhalgh mentioned one of the towns as ‘‘Canoenada’”’. Sub- 
stituting the French G for the English C we have the French 
name Ganoenada, or as Denonville wrote it ‘‘Gannounata’”’. But 
Greenhalgh placed his town south of ‘‘Canagora”’ and Denon- 
ville placed Gannounata south of Totiakto. 


The war with the Andastes came to an official end in 1677. 
In 1673, the Senecas had begged Count Frontenac for help to 
fight the ‘‘Andastoguez the sole enemies remaining”. In 
August, 1677, Colonel Coursey was instructed that ‘four cas- 
tles of the Senecas were still on the war-path against the Sus- 
quehannas”’. (Andastes) (*1) Many of the Andastes had sur- 
rendered themselves to the Senecas and others of the Iroquois 
and had gone, some voluntarily, some by force, to Sonnontouan 
and the other cantons. A party of Andastes had fled to the 
Senecas after killing some Virginia and Maryland settlers. 


It seems entirely probable that both the Andastes and the 
Delawares had formally submitted to the Senecas at a confer- 
ence which was held at Shackamaxon, March 14-18, 1677. (*2.) 


In September, 1678, the Governor of Maryland wrote Goy- 
ernor Andros of New York that the Senecas were molesting 
both Indians and Christians in that province. In reply Gov- 
ernor Andros doubted that the Senecas would do such a thing 
‘‘having always been very good and faithful to this Govern- 
ment”. But four years later, August 3, 1682, the Senecas were 


* Proceedings Maryland Council, II, 243. 
*2 Minutes of Court of Upland (Chester), Pa., Mar. 13, 1677. 


390 THE SENECA NATION 


called to Albany to meet two Maryland Commissioners, Henry 
Coursey and Philemon Lloyd who signed a treaty of peace with 
them on behalf of Maryland and the Indians dependent on it. 
The Seneca signers were: Adondareicha, Degonhondie, Kaneen- 
dodo, Sockkadowanne, Anooskaheiko, Soniadoway, Panotohaio. 


The year, 1678, was made noteworthy by the fact that then 
for the first time, the shadow of the Seneca Nation fell athwart 
the French plans for an imperial domain in America. In May 
of that year, Louis XIV of France, influenced by the enthusiasm 
of La Salle’s friends, gave him gracious leave to ‘‘labor at the 
discovery of the western partsof New France” and furthermore 
to ‘‘build forts at such places” as he thought necessary. For 
La Salle this was the first step toward the realization of his great 
plans, a beginning toward which was to build a fort at Niagara. 
As this was in territory belonging to the Senecas, he must first 
of all obtain their permission. 


In December, 1678, La Motte de Lussiere, and Louis Hen- 
nepin, the latter a priest of the Recollets, both attached to La 
Salle’s party, left their temporary base at Niagara and visited 
the country of the Senecas, under orders from La Salle to obtain 
the desired permission. They came overland and therefore 
entered Sonnontouan from the west. They were entertained at 
one of the great towns, called by Hennepin, ‘‘Tagarondies’’‘ 
where he preached in the presence of Fathers Garnier and Raf- 
feix, the resident missionaries. La Motte convoked a council of 
forty-two sachems. The two Jesuits came to this council, but 
La Motte was suspicious of their designs and requested the 
sachems that they be excluded. Hennepin withdrew with them, 
‘to bear part of the affront’ as he said, or perhaps to be sure 
that they did not eaves-drop. 


The council was conducted in Indian fashion by La Motte, 
through Anthony Brossard, interpreter. First, he was come to 
smoke in amity with the Senecas. Second, the French wished 
to build a great canoe above the Falls of Niagara. Third, the 
French were willing to provide a gun-smith and a blacksmith at 
Niagara for the convenience of the Senecas. At the end of his 
first period, in token of the friendship of the French, he gave a 
present of axes and knives, a great belt of white and purple 
wampum, and some gowns. His offer of asmith he emphasized 
by a gift of more gowns and some fine cloth. 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES 391 


The sachems answered the next day, using as guides small. 
pieces of wood and the French presents. Their answer was 
probably unsatisfactory, for Hennepin, who described the pro- 
ceedings, failed to give the text of their reply. 


The permission of the Senecas thus withheld was absolutely 
necessary to La Salle. As soon as their refusal was reported to 
him, he set out for the Senecacountry. He entered their coun- 
try from the lake shore, where he found at the mouth of the 
Genesee River some Franciscan priests, trading guns, knives and 
brandy, for furs and supplies. (*£) He seems to have reached 
the main Seneca village in January or February, 1679, and to 
have called a council at which the chiefs gave him the necessary 
permission to build a fort at Niagara and a vessel above the 
Falls. Both these enterprises were rushed forward at once and ~ 
were watched with suspicion and anger by the Seneca hunting 
parties scattered along the river. Once a Seneca, pretending 
drunkenness, tried to killa French blacksmith at work on the ves- 
sel, but he was attacked vigorously with an iron bar and driven 
away. A Seneca woman alarmed the boat-builders by telling 
them of an intended attempt to burn the boat, but their plan, if 
there were one, failed. Many Senecas witnessed the launch of 
the Griffon, and their excitement and wonder at its size and its 
sails have been recorded by Father Hennepin. The French 
post at Niagara erected for the convenience of the Senecas was 
destroyed by fire a few months afterward, and so far as we know, 
the smiths who were promised failed to appear. 


The feeling amongst the Senecas of opposition to the French, 
recorded by Father Hennepin, seems to have increased during 
the year 1679. Whether because of the adverse influence of La 
Motte and Father Hennepin, who disliked and distrusted the 
Jesuits, or because of the continued successes against their 
enemies, the Senecas treated the missionaries with constantly 
growing insolence. Ina council it was recommended that they 
be killed and their executioners were appointed. Though this 
sentence was deferred the priests were constantly assaulted and 
their chapels were repeatedly demolished. Drunkenness was on 
the increase amongst all the people. The men were constantly 
drunk, and while intoxicated committed with impunity the wild- 
est crimes. The women, also, who previously had not been 


*1 Buff, Hist. Scc. Pub., Vol. I, p. 273. 


392 THE SENECA NATION 


addicted to drink, now frequently drank to excess. Even 
children of ten or twelve years of age were often seen intoxicated. 
During the commotion caused by the frequent drunken bouts 
the priests hid in their chapels, though even there they were not 
always safe. 


The Maryland Council learned in August, 1681, from an 
Onondaga and a Cayuga that ‘‘another nation called the Black 
Mingoes are joined with the Sinnodowannes who are the right 
Senecas”. (*1) Who these ‘“‘Black Mingoes” were is un- 
known. ‘The Senecas were called by the Maryland settlers 
‘‘Mingoes”’. 

in 1683 it seemed as 
AKC ees though the insolence of the 
Senecas was to be punished 
and their arrogance curbed, when M.de La Barre Governor of 
Canada made plans toinvade theircountry. In1682, Frontenac had 
been superseded as governor of New France by Le Febvre de la 
Barre, an old naval officer. He proved to be unscrupulous and 
grasping in illicit trade with the Indians, but timid, vacillating 
and weak in his treatment of them. In 1683, news came that 
the Senecas intended to attack the Illinois, Ottawas and Hurons 
then grouped about Michilimackinac asa base. As this would 
have cut off much of the Governor’s private trade he was natur- 
ally much alarmed and begged the King for troops to attack the 
Senecas in their country. A council with the Iroquois sachems 
at Onondaga resulted only in a truce, which was of so little ac- 
count to the Senecas that they did not scruple to board a vessel 
of La Barre’s at anchor at Fort Frontenac and help themselves 
to a quantity of goods and brandy. In the council the Iroquois 
had been told specifically that they might plunder any French 
traders who were ‘‘without permission” from the Governor. 
This was intended to give them the opportunity to plunder La 
Salle, but a Seneca war party operating in the I]linois country in 
the spring of 1683, met one of La Barre’s own parties, and failed 
to distinguish between La Salle’s party ‘‘without permission”’ 
and De la Barre’s traders with permission and so seized their 
goods and made the party prisoners. La Barre was furious, and 
began at once to plan to invade the Seneca country at the head 
of a force large enough to compel respect. 


*y Maryland Archives, XVII, 5. 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES 393 


During the three or four years preceding these events and 
while the attention of the Senecas was turned to the tribes west 
of Lake Michigan, the Lower Iroquois had been warring with 
the nations to the southward and in the numerous frays had 
killed and plundered settlers of Virginia. In 1684 Lord How- 
ard of Effingham, then Governor of Virginia, held a council with 
the Iroquois at Albany, After the business of the meeting had 
been conducted, Governor Dongan of New York laid before them 
a message which he had received from De la Barre in which he 
informed the English Governor that a Seneca war party had 
plundered French canoes and that he intended to attack them in 
their castles. Dongan was the shrewdest diplomat that New 
York had had up to that time, and in reply he naturally made 
use of this opening to assert the sovereignty of the English over 
all the cantons of the Five Nations and to warn De la Barre not to 
invade English territory. He then laid the whole message be- 
fore the council, thus warning the Senecas of the intended at- 
tack. The whole council was disturbed and nota little alarmed, 
and the astute governor made use of this alarm to induce the 
Iroquois not only to acknowledge the King of England as their 
sovereign, and put themselves under the protection of the Duke 
of York, but to allow the governor, for their greater safety, to 
place in their villages the arms of the Duke of York. That this 
acknowledgment really amounted to nothing Dongan seems to 
have understood clearly, and to induce the Iroquois to make 
their subjection a fact, rather than a name, he promptly sent as 
envoy to the Onondagas, a Dutch interpreter, one Arnold Viele. 


The Onondagas were at this time more inclined to be friendly 
with the French than the Upper Iroquois. This friendliness 
was due, partly at any rate, to the presence in their towns of 
two French envoys, both of whom were known to the Onondagas 
and trusted by them, namely Charles le Moyne and Jean de 
Lamberville. These so played upon the feelings of the Onon- 
dagas that they consented to act as peacemakers between the 
Senecas and the French. 

The Senecas on the other hand were hot for war and ready 
for the expected attack. Lamberville reported that they had 
concealed all their valuables and their corn and had hidden their 
non-combatants, and that as a defense they had planned to keep 
three hundred warriors in their double palisaded forts while 
twelve hundred others were detailed to harass the French. At 


[3] 


394 THE SENECA NATION 


the solicitation of the Onondagas they consented however to 
allow a peace to be made, and to accomplish this a council was 
called to meet with De la Barre at La Famine, at the mouth of 
Salmon River. 

Meanwhile De la Barre was bustling about in an aimless 
way, trying to impress the Canadians at home and the King in 
France with his earnestness and resolve, unsuccessfully however, 
for it was pretty generally understood that it was all a sham. 
However ‘‘in conformity to the resolutions adopted by the In- 
tendant, the Bishop, the heads of the country and myself”, he 
assembled about a thousand soldiers, mostly Canadians, with 
some few regulars and some Christian Indians at Fort Frontenac, 
whence, with the greater part of his little army sick, he crossed 
the lake to the rendezvous at La Famine, where he was joined 
presently by a delegation of Iroquois sachems led by an Onon- 
daga, Big Mouth. 

The conference that followed was disastrous to De la Barre’s 
plans. Before opening the council he endeavored to deceive 
the sachems with a story that he had left his army at Fort Fron- 
tenac and was there with an escort only, but the astute sachems 
had already learned that the most of his soldiers were so sick 
that they had been sent back to Fort Frontenac. In opening 
the council he spoke mildly of the offences of the Senecas as 
being provocative of war and that ‘‘should it happen again” he 
had orders from the King to declare waragainstthem. ‘The re- 
ply of Big Mouth has long been quoted from Colden’s account 
of it, as a master-piece of Indian sarcasm. ‘‘We may go where 
we please, and carry with us whom we please, and buy and sell 
what we please”. Ina later session peace was made, ‘‘the tree of 
peace was planted anew” and Dela Barre promised not to attack 
the Senecas. The Iroquois promised to make reparation for the 
damage done in capturing French goods but flatly refused to 
abstain from war upon the IIlinois and other French allies in the 


west. The council broke up and De la Barre returned to 
Canada. 


The threatened invasion of the Senecas had not happened. 
The prestige of the French was utterly gone in the towns of the 
Iroquois and the Senecas resumed their interrupted life in their 
villages about the deserted mission houses of the Jesuits. 


The plans of De la Barre proved fatal to the missions in 
Sonnoutouan. Father Garnier seems to have had early and secret 


: Lh rN is psa 
Boats of. 
Boats j 


Seat J 
P1774) 


f 


sd 


Ld 


> > De 


BARRES 


c AMP 


eh 
ian 
Bs 
a 
a 
fhe 
a : 


is 


= We hie i 
G of the —— 


"Lae - = 
hd” —— 


The Council at the Camp of Governor De la Barre. 


396 THE SENECA NATION 


news of the intended attack. Realiziny its probable conse- 
quences to himself and his colleagues he fled in 1684 to Lake 
Ontario presumably in company of Father Pierron and found 
refuge upon a bark owned by Dela Barre. Father Raffeix had 
departed in 1680. 


The threat of Big Mouth that they would war upon the 
western Indian allies of the French proved to be no idle boast. 
In 1686 Father Lamberville wrote from Onondaga (*1) to 
Father Bruyas that a war party of two hundred Seneca warri- 
ors had just returned from the country of the Miamis and that 
they claimed to bring with them five hundred captives. Their 
downfall however was near. 


De la Barre’s disastrous attempt to lower the pride of the 
Senecas was followed at once by his recall as Governor of New 
France. He was superseded by the Marquis de Denon- 

ville, a) “‘pious= colonel vor 
dragoons”. (*2) His coming 
to assume his office boded ill 
for the Senecas. 
“ There is no doubt that at 
this time the Senecas were at 
the zenith of their power. Numerically they had always been 
the strongest of the League. They had always been the most 
independent and arrogant also and because of their almost 
continuous success in their incessant wars they considered their 
nation invincible and their country invulnerable. Their recent 
diplomatic victory over the French added largely to this feel- 
ing and they took immediate advantage of the prestige thus 
gained to attempt an alliance of the French allies amongst the 
western Indians, with the deliberate plan to alienate them from 
the French. So, though warfare was being carried on against 
the Illinois, there was intriguing with the Hurons and Ottawas 
of the Upper Lake region. 


That the new governor, Denonville, thoroughly appreciat- 
ed the dangers to Canada from and through the Senecas is 
shown by his letters to the Minister at homein France. ‘‘If 
we have war nothing can save the country but a miracle of God”. 
South of him was the colony of New York, then administered 


*r Colonial Documents, Vol. III, p. 489. 
*2 Parkman, Frontenac, p. 115. 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL, SCIENCES 397 


by the ablest Englishman in America, Thomas Dongan, 


who had so shrewdly taken 
advantage of the alarm caused 
oF / by De la Barre’s expedition to 
gain the acquiescence of the 


unwilling Iroquois to his claim that they were subjects and 
allies of the King of England. This claim he adhered to and 
Denonville saw that the danger from the Iroquois alone was as 
nothing compared to that which would result from the 
alliance of the Iroquois with the English. The Senecas he 
could doubtless humble, if alone. Even the entire Iroquois 
league might be taught a lesson through the defeat of any one 
of its members, but even this could be accomplished only by 
considering the Iroquois an independent nation. The invasion 
of English territory and an attack upon English subjects who 
were sure to be supported by a vigorous defender of English 
rights in America, however, were matters entirely different 
from a mere punitive raid against hostile Indians. The King’s 
instructions were specific in the matter. The Governor must 
strive for a firm and lasting peace which evidently could only 
be attained by lowering the pride of the Iroquois. To do this 
he must protect and conciliate the Illinois and other allies of 
the French even if this were at the cost of a war with the 
Senecas. Yet he was distinctly warned of the claim of the 
English that the territory of the Iroquois was under the juris- 
diction of England and that the Iroquois themselves were 
English subjects. Therefore he must strive to maintain a good 
understanding with his English neighbors in New York, so as 
not to involve France in a war with England. Oa the other 
hand should the English aid the Senecas, he was to consider 
them as enemies and treat them as such, equally with the Sen- 
ecas, without ‘‘attempting anything in the countries under 
the King of England's obedience”. Truly a discouraging letter 
of instructions! (*1) He was sure, however, of the backing of 
his King, Louis XIV, then the greatest power of Europe, while 
he could confidently depend on the well-known timidity of 
James of England. 

The whole of the year 1686 was spent by the three inter- 
ested parties, the French, the English and the Senecas, in di- 


*1 From the King’s Instructions to the Marquis de Denonville, March 
1oth, 1685. Doc. Relating to Col. His. N. Y., Vol. V, p. 323. 


398 THE SENECA NATION 


plomacy. A very interesting correspondence was carried on 
between Denonville and Dongan, in which Dongan doggedly 
adhered to the fact that the Iroquois were subject to England, 
and Denonville used every means to upset or evade this 
claim, so that he could make war upon the Senecas without 
bringing on a general war, The Senecas at the same time 
were continuing their efforts to alienate the western Indians 
from the French, while they improved their opportunities by 
getting everything possible from the English of New York. 
Like De la Batre a few years before, they ‘‘found the fishing 
good in troubled waters”. 


Denonville made one recommendation which, if carried 
out, would have effectually settled the controversy over the 
English claims and at the same time have delivered the Sene- 
cas over into his hands. Ina memoir ‘‘concerning the present 
state of Canada”, 12th of November, 1685, he urged that the 
colony of New York be bought from the King of England. 


It was not until the early part of 1687 that he saw his way 
to carry out the plans to punish the Senecas. Ina memoir to 
Denonville and Champigny, dated March 30, 1687 (*1) the 
King approved Denonville’s plan to attack them and Denonville 
accordingly hastened his preparations. So quietly did he work, 
however, that Governor Dongan at least seems to have re- 
ceived no news of it, though Denonville, June 8th. stated (*2) 
that Dongan had sent runners to warn a warparty of six hund- 
red Senecas who hai gone to attack the Miamis, and that other 
War parties against Virginia had returned. _ Yet on June 11th 
Dongan wrote him a very courteous letter enclosing a copy of 
the ‘‘Treaty of Neutrality”, and at that time he seemed una- 
ware of any intended warparty. 

In the spring of 1687 news came to the Senecas from an 
Onondaga who lived at Cataraqui that the French intended to 
attack them and had already brought to Cataraqui a large 
amount of ammunition and ‘‘iron doublets”; and further that a 
Frenchman at that place had said that the Governor of Canada 
designed to attack the Iroquois. Only ten days after receiving 
this news word came that the French Governor and an army 
had encamped halfway between Onondaga and Cataraqui. A 


SelM OCAEUSe. ING VOL el. prig22s 
*2 Doc. Relating to Col, Hist. N. Y., Vol. IX, p. 325. 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAI, SCIENCES 399 


hundred Senecas were thereupon despatched as spies, who, 
coming to the Lake at Irondequoit saw a French vessel lying 
to there. 
Four of the Seneca spies paddled out in a canoe and hailed 
those on board, receiving an answer, ©the Devil take you.’’ 
The spies returned to their village and reported and twenty others 
were sent out. These found that the first vessel had been joined 
-by a second, and even while the spies looked they were almost 
surrounded by Twichtwich (Miami) Indians, who had come 
upon them by land. ‘The twenty Senecas broke through the 
line of enemies with difficulty and speedily returned with their 
alarming story. Meanwhile the sachems had sent out still 
other three who on reaching the lake shore found the French 
army disembarked. A Sencca called out and asked what they 
intended todo. They were answered by a Mohawk who said, 
“You blockhead, I’ll tell you what I am come to ‘doe, to war 
upon you, and tomorrow I will march up with my army to your 
castles’’ The scouts were then fired upon, but they escaped 
without hurt and reached the sachems at twilight. 


The alarming tidings of the approach of the French army 
created panic in the Seneca villages. The people seem to 
have been entirely unprepared. ‘The sachems hurriedly decided 
to send the women, children and old men to places of conceal- 
ment among the Cayugas, and on the 12th were busily occupied 
in removing them, some to the Cayugas, others to a lake to the 
southward of their villages. As soon as the last of the women 
and children had gone, the sachems decided to burn the villages, 
and this was done at once, only one small fort being preserved 
as a base. 

To the sachems a defense seemed hopeless. A force of two 
hundred Senecas remained in the fort, who, learning of the nearer 
advance of the French, sent runners after the fleeing women, 
begging the warriors escorting them to return at once to give 
battle to their enemies. Of the escort three hundred young men 
turned back and joined the force at the fort. ‘They were young 
and without experience as warriors and consequently their offi- 
cers had difficulty in controlling them or in disposing them in 
any order of battle. The sachems finally decided to try an 
ambuscade. 

The spot chosen was entirely appropriate for the purpose. 
The trail from the lake approached the village of Gandagora 


400 THE SENECA NATION 


along the bottom of a narrow valley. At one point about a half 
league from the village the valley floor was occupied almost 
entirely by a marsh and a thicket which were impassable, and 
between this marsh and the steep sided valley wall the space was 
so constricted, that any approaching force must of necessity 
march in disorder. Besides, the trail at this point was broken 
by several gullies eroded in the steep hillsides, and these seem to 
have been densely filled with trees and bushes. The sachems 
divided their forces into two parts. One was to le in wait in 
the marsh, the other in a narrow ravine. ‘The first was to allow 
the French to pass it without attacking. The force in the ravine 
was to strike the line as it passed and endeavor to throw it into 
disorder, whereupon the party in the marsh was to attack it in 
the rear. It was a well laid ambuscade, which under the usual 
conditions of Seneca warfare would doubtless have been success- 
ful. What were absolutely needed, however, were skilled leader- 
ship, co-operation between the two detachments, and a large 
force, and none of these the Senecas had. ‘Their leaders were 
the old men who because of their age had remained behind when 
the war-parties had gone to the South. Wise as these may have 
been, the party under them were under no control, being young, 
eager but without experience. And, as they were to find, the 
French outnumbered them three to one. 


Governor Denonville had certainly made the most of his time 
and was determined to lose no advantage which might be given 
him through the panic of the Senecas. His force was originally 
composed of 140 Christian Mohawks, and 2000 French.(*1) This 
was joined at Irondequoit by about a thousand western Indians 
under the leadership of Such men as Tonty, Du Lhut and others. 
Immediately upon landing, Denonville selected a site for a fort, 
to secure the safety of his boats, and by the morning of the 12th 
two thousand palisades had been cut and planted. Here he left 
440 men under D’Orvilliers, and without a pause began his 
march towards the great village of Gandagora. 


The army broke camp on the morning of the 13th and con- 
tinued its march toward “‘Gannagaro’’. During the day they 
passed without danger two narrow defiles in both of which an 
ambuscade was expected. At noon the Indian allies wished to 
boil their kettles, but the Governor forbade it and the army 


*r Doc. Relating to Col. Hist. of N. Y., Vol. III, p. 431. 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES 401 


pushed on. The weather was sultry and the men were beginning 
to show signs of fatigue after their long march, when at four 
o'clock, three Dowaganha Indians, sent out as scouts, reported 
that Senecas lay in the way. The Governor sent a hundred 
Indians to discover their position, and these had gone but a short 
distance into a defile when they uncovered the Seneca ambuscade 
in the ravine. 

The Seneca attack was vigorous and pushed home. They 
fired on the Indian scouts, who returned the fire and under cover. 
of the smoke the Senecas rushed in with their tomahawks. The 
western Indians broke and fled, but the Mohawk contingent held 
back the attack long enough to enable the main body of the 
French to come up to their aid. These attacked vigorously. The 
Senecas, finding themselves outnumbered, fled, leaving behind 
their guns and blankets, but taking their wounded. ‘The French 
bivouaced nearby for the night. 


The loss on each side was small. ‘The French reported that 
of their men five or six were killed and about twenty were 
wounded, but that the Senecas had 45 men killed and 60 
wounded. ‘The Senecas claimed that they had had but sixteen 
men killed, while the French had lost seven white men and five 
Indians. 

Next morning, it being the 14th of July, the army marched 
to the village of ‘‘Gannagaro’’ which they found burned. Here 
the Governor detailed soldiers to cut down the standing corn and 
to burn all stored corn of the preceding year. Another force 
surrounded the small fort nearby, which the Senecas had used as 
a base before the ambuscade, and which the Governor believed 
was still occupied by a strong force of Senecas. When the 
attacking force reached it, however, they found that the defenders 
had fled. 

For ten days, until the 24th of July, the French army 
remained in the Seneca country. During this time they seem to 
have visited all the villages and to have burned those which they 
found still standing. They broke down or cut down all standing 
corn in the fields about the villages and burned the old corn in 
the caches and bark store-houses, an immense quantity, if 
Denonville is to be believed, for he estimated that his men had 
destroyed 400,000 minots, or about 1,200,000 bushels. They 
found and killed a great many pigs also, with which they seem 
to have found the villages well supplicd. 


‘SeL1 ‘py ‘sadekoA MAN S.UR}DOH eT Wor — ‘Aurie s,a][TAuoueq pur sedauas aq} TaaMjyeq 91}}eq OL 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES 403 


Details of the devastation of the villages are given in the 
journal of the Chevalier de Baugy, aide-de-camp to the Marquis 
de Denonville, of which an excerpt follows. (1) 

‘On the fourteenth of August the troops were in battle 
array. We had prepared ourselves for marching, but the rain 
somewhat retarded us. We expected, according to what that 
wounded man told us, to have a skirmish this morning with the 
Gojogoins, however nothing happened. The rain having stopped, 
we followed our route to a village, where we found no one, as 
the inhabitants had put out their fires and fled. In the deserted 
places there were found seven dead bodies, which they had left 
behind. The village, which is called Ganaguiara, was quite 
large. We stopped to roast and eat the corn which we found 
there. We made our savages fasten green branches to them- 
selves, so that in case of attack we might distinguish them from 
our enemies. 

A quarter of a league from there was a fort built by the sava- 
ges, where they had stored much corn. They had not dared to get 
any, however, although it was very advantageously located, 
being steep on all sides and well defended by the savages, for 
they had made a projection so that they could easily approach 
a spring at the foot. 

On the fifteenth Monsieur de Tonty was sent to set it on 
fire. He found some pigs there which did more harm than good, 
making many sick with dysentery. 

At the same time half of our troops, conducted by M. de 
Calliere, commenced to carry off the corn, while our savages, 
weary of the pillage, were searching the woods, where they found 
some booty and one little stupid old man, out of whom nothing 
could be got. After dinner he was killed. ‘The other half was 
conducted by M. Vaudreuille. Our savages running ahead found 
another old man, who told strange things. He told us that 220 
of the Sonontouans were (or had been?) coming against us in 
front and 550 were on our right, in case we should withdraw, so 
that they might attack us; which however they did not do, con- 
tenting themselves with firing at us while running away, having 
seen the manner in which we received the attack of the first. 


*t Journal d’une Expédition contre Les Iroquois en 1687 rédigé par 
Le Chevalier de Baugy, aide-de-camp de M. le Marquis de Denonville. 
Excerpt translated by Mr. Adolf Duschak, from copy in the library of Dr. 
Frank H. Severance. 


404 THE SENECA NATION 


He also said, that the Sonontouans had fled together with 
the Gojogoins to the Onondagas. It was a very bad and inac- 
cessible country, so that, on account of the rain, instead of 
pursuing them, we were content to ruin their corn, causing them 
great damage without our running any risk of losing the half of 
our small army. He assured us that the Onondagas had declared 
themselves against us, having learned that we had put one of 
their chiefs in prison, which however was not true, so that there 
was no ground for the resolution which they had taken. The 
truth is that the Sonontouan, who appeared very fierce, and who 
had not believed that we could get him, was very much surprised 
and astonished. ‘There were also two women slaves taken, whose 
lives were spared, as they were of our allies, having been captured 
some years ago. ‘They came running to us with four men, two 
other women and two children to save themselves, having learned 
of our coming. ‘The old man, after having been baptized and 
having told us that for nine days we had been watched from 
ambush, had his head cut off. M. de Marquis tried to urge our 
savages to run after the enemy who were fleeing, but they asking 
to have some French soldiers with them, he did not judge it 
prudent to concede, for if they should be attacked, the French 
would be abandoned and soon cut to pieces. 


Wishing to care for the wounded, and the more so as Sieur 
Enjalrant was very necessary in the country on account of his 
ability, he resolved to send 100 men to Marais, where our fort 
was, but as our savages would not supply any, which annoyed 
him very much, he was obliged to change his plan. It is always 
a troublesome thing to have to do with such people. 


In the evening our savages asked for one slave, whom they 
recognized as a Chaovanon, of whom we had 50 as our allies. 
He was given to them, after having been well treated by us, 
because they believed him to be an Iroquois. ‘This was not 
without protest, as some took him for a spy. ‘There was also a 
woman who assured us that there were (or had been?) 800 
Sonontouans in the attack. [here was some more corn left, 
which was cut down by the half of our army, and after dinner 
we started to go to Goinguerra, where there was much corn. In 
the evening we were disturbed by some savages who ran away. 
It was thought that they had been captured, for the others said 
they had heard a great noise in the village to which they had 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAI, SCIENCES 405 


gone. 1n a little while they were seen to come back carrying 
booty, which they had found in the village. 

On the seventeenth we cut the corn which was around the 
village, the rain delaying us much. 

On the eighteenth we encamped about half a league from our 
former camp, towards the fort of which I have spoken, where 
there was a reserve force. ‘The circumference was about 800 
well measured paces; if they had wished to hold it we would have 
had our trouble all for nothing, as it was not commanded from 
any part. ‘Their communication with those outside would have 
given ns little chance to annoy them much. What corn was not 
consumed by M. de Tonty we succeeded in burning up. It 
appeared strange that such old corn tasted as new as we had ever 
tasted. Abont ten o’clock in the evening we had an alarm, 
caused by one Illinois woman (“‘Chinoise’’), who ran away, 
not having answerd our guard, and was wounded in the leg by 
a gunshot wound. On being questioned she told us that the 
consternation among our enemies was very great, that we had 
killed more than forty by our attack and wounded more, and I 
think that it is so. It is quite certain that we found 27 dead 
Iroquois; six more were found in the woods or in a deserted 
place. She assured us that the Sonontouans made the attack, 
and that the other nations did not wish to join them. 

On the nineteenth we arrived at the village of Totiacton, four 
leagues distant from the other, where we found still more corn 
than at the other. We had another alarm caused by our savages, 
which kept us for nearly the whole night in arms, fatiguing our 
troops very much, there being no rest either by day or by night. 

On the twentieth we broke camp to get on higher ground, 
being near the villages on our right, where the enemy could 
attack us. Wealso cut the corn. Another woman gave us the 
the same report as the Illinois woman, and she added that four 
of our Iroquois who had carried the news of our march had their 
heads split open, that they were fleeing with the Sonontouans 
when a party of Miamis killed them, and that she heard their 
cries when she ran away to save herself. This agrees with the 
report of the savage that our Iroquois are going to inform their 
people. 

On the twenty-first we came to the village of Ganonata, 
about two leagues from Totiacton, the last Sonontouan village 
where we had bnrned the corn. 


406 THE SENECA NATION 


Today a Huron joined us, having quitted us the day before 
our attack for the purpose of trying to get some scalps. He got 
two — of an old man and woman. He reported that the conster- 
nation was so great among them that they were going aimlessly 
about; they seemed to have taken the road to the Andastogues, 
a tribe which they had destroyed some years ago. . We found in 
the village English arms which were placed there three years ago 
when M. de la Barre expected to go to war. ‘They antedated it 
by one year. (?) 


On the twenty-second in the afternoon, having burned the 
old corn and ravaged the new, we came back to our camp at 
‘Totiacton in order to destroy that which was left. A rainstorm 
hindered our plan; four Iroquois, animated by the example of 
the Huron, went off also to get scalps. 


On the twenty-third, the weather having cleared up, we 
began the harvest. It is an astonishing thing what a quantity 
they had in reserve. They had at least 15,000 or 16,000 ears. 
Putting the old and the new corn together, it could be estimated 
at 400,000 minots. We found in the village a plank inscribed 
according to their custom, from which we learned of the agree- 
ment which the savage Iroquois had with the English at a council 
where they were urged to join the war against us. 


The first two villages did not decide. Only in the last village 
the chief Onongueritoust, a great friend of the French, said what 
ought to be done. ‘The Onondaga is depicted on that plank as a 
bird who sees in the distance all that he wishes to do without 
mixing himself up in the affair. We read this by means of an 
interpreter, Aria, a woman who had come on horseback with the 
Sonontouans. Her horse had a hatchet in its mouth, meaning 
to say that she came to talk of war. We could not very well get 
it explained without showing her what was depicted. ‘There were 
also some of our savages, who gave the same explanation. 
Without them I do not think we could have guessed what it 
really meant.’’ 

Denonville at once gave formal notice that he considered the 
devastation of the country a sufficient basis for a French claim to 
it as conquered territory. On July 19th, then being in the village 
of Totiakto or La Conception, he formally took possession of 
‘’Totiakton, as he has done of the other three villages, called 
Gannagoro, Gannondata and Gannongarae, and of a Fort half a 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES 407 


league distant from the said village of Gannagaro, together with 
all lands in their vicinity’’, “conquered in his Majesty’s name’’ 
after planting in ‘‘all the said Villages and Forts his said 
Majesty’s Arms’’, and having caused to be ‘proclaimed in a loud 
voice, Vive le Roi.’’ (*1) This formal act of possession was 
signed in Totiakton by the King’s Attorney, by the Rev. Father 
Vaillant, S. J., and the officers of the army. 


‘The fatigue of forest warfare combined with the ill effects of 
an unlimited diet of green corn and roast pig, brought the expe- 
dition to an abrupt end. On the 24th of July the army returned 
to the stockade at Irondequoit and presently embarked for Nia- 
gara, which the Governor had planned to fortify, leaving the 
panic-stricken, homeless and infuriated Senecas to return to 
their country. 


That they did return is certain. That they never rebuilt the 
four great villages is equally certain. "There can be little doubt 
that parties revisited the ruins of their homes and remained about 
the graves of their dead. The great communities seem to have 
split, that of Totiakto, for a time possibly settling on what is now 
the Dann Farm at Honeoye Falls, and later drifting southward 
up the Genesee River, occupying site after site in Indian fashion 
until it was once more ousted from its village at Geneseo by Sul- 
livan’s army in 1779. The other great community, that of 
Gandagora with Gandougarae, evidently moved eastward, and 
occupied site after site until their main villages were destroyed 
by Sullivan in 1779 at Geneva and Canandaigua. 


Prohealony of the Senecas of the Period 
frome e655. to Hoole 


The Seneca towns described by the Jesuits and Greenhalgh, 
and destroyed by Governor Denonville were situated in the val- 
leys of Honeoye Creek and Mud Creek, in what are now Ontario 
County, Monroe County and Livingston County, New York. (*2) 
In these valleys is a group of village sites, remarkable for their large 
size, the immense number of articles found on them, and for the 
fact that they seem to mark a continuous movement of a large 
group of people just at their emergence from the Stone Age. 


ie 7 1DYores INS aiwa (GO, ISGCE INa N45, WOE ID:G fo, Bayle 
*2 Map of sites facing title page. 


408 THE SENECA NATION 


The group in the Honeoye Valley is the more pronounced. 
Lying well up in the hills, two miles north of Hemlock Lake at 
Richmond Mills, is the great Stone Age Seneca village site on 
the farm of Mr. George Reed, and nearby is the similar site on 
the farm of Mr. Belcher. In their refuse heaps occurs a great 
variety of articles of stone, bone and antler, characteristically 
Iroquois. A little to the north is the village on the farm of 
Jacob Tram, in which the Stone Age articles predominate, but in 
which a very few European articles have been found. Farther 
to the north, on the banks of Honeoye Creek, in West Bloom- 
field, are the two great sites on the farms of Mr. Olmstead at 
Factory Hollow, and of Mr. Warren at West Bloomfield station. 
These are of the transition period and show the beginning of 
traders’ influence upon a Stone Age community. Articles typical 
of the Stone Age are found in the refuse heaps aud European 
articles are found in the graves. Still farther to the northward 
is the great site on the farm of Mr. J. T. Kirkpatrick, at Rochester 
Junction. Here Stone Age articles are few and European articles 
abundant. On the farm of Mr. John Dann, a few miles to the 
southwest, is a site from which has been taken an immense 
number of European articles, while at Lima, nearby, are two 
more sites seemingly of the same age as that on the Kirkpatrick 
farm. 

This group of sites undoubtedly marks the movement north- 
ward down the Honeoye Creek of a very considerable community 
of Senecas. We may suppose that starting at the Richmond 
Mills site the community, then unacquainted with the European 
traders, moved downward, following the creek, and first tarrying 
at the Tram site, established themselves at the village at Factory 
Hollow, where traders, probably from New Amsterdam, first 
visited them. Thence they moved to the Warren site. Leaving 
this they seem to have followed the creek north and occupied the 
advantageous spot on the Kirkpatrick farm. Here they seem to 
have been found by the Jesuits and by Greenhalgh, and this was 
the village burned by Denonville, called by him Totiakto. The 
extensive group of sites along the Genesee River, reaching from 
Avon to Geneseo probably marks the later movement of this 
group which terminated in 1779 with the destruction of their 
towns by General Sullivan. 

The great site at Victor, undoubtedly the Gannagaro of 
Denonville and the Canagorah of Greenhalgh may mark the ter- 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES 409 


mination of a group movement northward along the valley of 
Mud Creek, similar to that along Honeoye Creek. Such a move- 
ment seems to have originated at or near the head of Canandaigua 
Lake. Seneca tradition indicates this in making their nation 
spring from a great hill at the head of Canandaigua Lake. No 
Stone Age Seneca site of any size has been found there, however. 
The Stone Age articles found on the flats at Naples by Mr. D. 
Dana Luther, and described by him as coming from ‘‘Nun-da- 
wa-o, the oldest Seneca village’’, are mainly Algonkin in type, 
though some undoubted Iroquoian points occur. ‘There are two 
villages and a large camp at Bristol in the Mud Creek valley, 
west of Canandaigua Lake, from which come Stone Age articles 
of the Iroquois type, but not enough is known of these sites to 
warrant any theories regarding their oc@upancy. 


Lower down in the valley of Mud Creek are three sites, all 
later than the Stone Age. One is on the farm of Mr. Appleton, 
near Holcomb. Another is on the farm of Jesse Marsh in the 
northeast corner of the township of East Bloomfield. A third is 
on the farm of Henry Fox at Wheeler Station. It seems entirely 
possible that this last is an early site of Gandougarae which was 
burned in 1670 and rebuilt, probably on the Marsh farm. ‘The 
Appleton site is perhaps an early site of Gandagora, from which 
the inhabitants moved, first to the Beal site, and later to the site 
at Victor, on Boughton Hill. 


This Boughton Hill site has been positively identified as the 
Mission of St. Jacques in the village of Gandagora, and here as 
at Totiakto, the community movement was checked by the dis- 
aster incident to the French invasion and turned eastward. ‘The 
two villages of Gandagora and Gandougarae seem to have joined 
in this eastward movement and to have settled first at Canan- 
daigua and later in the region east of Canandaigua Lake, where 
they were found in 1779 by General Sullivan in scattered towns 
at Geneva, Canandaigua and along Seneca Lake. 


At East Avon on the farm of Mr. Cleary is an early site. 
This community seems to have moved eastward a few miles to 
Lima and thence to the site on the Dann farm, three miles north 
of Lima, where under the name of Ganounata it was burned 
in 1687. 


The whole movement of the Seneca Nation from their Stone 
Age village at Richmond Mills, northward toward Lake Ontario, 


[+] 


410 THE SENECA NATION 


seems coincident with the growth in power of the nation. Until 
1635 or thereabouts, the Senecas had barely held their own 
against their strong Iroquoian and Algonkin neighbors. On the 
south and west they were harassed by their Iroquoian kin, the 
Eries and Neuters, of which the Wenroes, who were the out- 
posts of the Neuters, were driven back by the Senecas in 1639. 


The purchase of guns from European traders seems to have 
changed the Senecas from a relatively weak people to a strong 
offensive nation, and this is coincident with their movement 
from the well hidden and well protected villages in the hill 
country about the head of Hemlock and Canandaigua Lakes to 
more open and more easily accessible situations nearer Jake 
Ontario. 


Not all the sites mentioned were occupied by the Senecas 
during the period from 1655 to 1687. It is probable that the 
Victor site, the Kirkpatrick site, the three East Bloomfield sites 
and the two Lima sites belong to this period, possibly also the 
two West Bloomfield sites. Although these have been known 
and recognized as Indian village sites for many years, little 
systematic archeologic work has ever been done upon them, 
and though collectors have taken from them an immense amount 
of archeologic material, a relatively small amount has been pre- 
served and made available for study. The State Museum at 
Albany secured a large collection from the two West Bloomfield 
sites, through purchase from a collector. In the Genesee Valley 
Museum at Letchworth Park is a large collection from the same 
sites, from the Dann farm and from the Kirkpatrick site, with a 
few artifacts from Lima. The Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences 
systematically explored much of the village of Gandagora at 
Victor and its cemetery, the cemetery of the village of Gandou- 
garae, and that on the Beal farm, and a large collection from 
these sites is on exhibition in its museum. Several smaller col- 
lections are in the possession of local collectors. 


The following study of the archeology of the Senecas of this 
period is based upon: ; 


(a) Field work on the sites at Victor (Gandagora), East 
Bloomfield (Gandougarae) and Rochester Junction (Totiakto). 


(b) Visits to the site at Lima, the Dann farm and the sites 
at West Bloomfield, at Naples and at Richmond Mills. 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL, SCIENCES 411 


(c) A close study of the collections at the Genesee Valley 
Museum at Letchworth Park, the Museum of the Buffalo Society 
of Natural Sciences, the private collections of Mr. Ray Dann of 
Fairport, Mr. Ernest Smith of Honeoye Falls, Mr. Fred Hamlin 
of East Bloomfield, Mr. D. Dana Luther of Naples, Mr. Alva 
Reed of Richmond Mills, and a number of other local collectors. 


GP theawritincs of Oe Marshall E.G. Squier, iy. ae 
Morgan, George H. Harris, and several local historians. 


The Kirkpatrick Site at Rochester Junction. 
(Totiakto or La Conception.) 


Plan of Totiakton, by G. H. Harris. 


The village situated here was identified by Mr. O. H. Mar- 
shall as the Totiakto of Denonville, the Tiotehatton of Green- 
halgh and the mission station of La Conception of the Jesuit 
Father Raffeix. 


It is situated in the bend of Honeoye Creek, one fourth of 
a mile south of the station at Rochester Junction on the Lehigh 
Valley railway, on the east side of the main road running north 
and south from Rochester Junction to Honeoye Falls. It occu- 


412 THE SENECA NATION 


pies the terrace above the creek on its south side, and is on the 
farm of Mr. W. J. Kirkpatrick. It was settled originally in 1803 
by a Mr. Sheldon who moved to it from Deerfield, Mass. 


Honeoye Creek is the outlet of Honeoye Lake, whose waters 
it conducts to the Genesee River, which it joins at the town of 
Rush. At Rochester Junction it bends from its hitherto northward 
course and flows westward. ‘The village was in the bend, so that 
the creek flowed on the eastern and northern sides of it. The 
valley walls are here eighty feet high and rather steep. Between 
the valley walls and the stream are extensive flats from twenty 
to thirty rods wide. A strong spring breaks out on the flat on 
the northern (opposite) side of the creek, about one hundred 
yards from the site. Another spring is said to exist on the 
western edge of the site. The soil is gravelly loam, with frequent 
sand pockets. Many stones litter the surface. Excepting the 
valley walls, which are covered with underbrush and some large 
trees, the entire site is under cultivation as it has been for nearly 
a century. 


When the land was bought by Mr. Sheldon a square stockade 
of logs stood at the southern end of the site, near the edge of the 
terrace. At that time Indian relics were abundant on the surface, 
and even now the soil yields many articles. Asa whole, how- 
ever, the surface gives few evidences of a long occupancy by a 
large community. Refuse heaps are few and seemingly shallow, 
yet they still yield scrap brass and animal bones. 


Graves have been opened on the site, perhaps not more than 
fifty in all. Some have been found in cultivating from time to 
time on the western edge of the site. Most have come from a 
cemetery on the northeastern edge, where the steep valley wall 
is broken down by a slight depression. 


The cemetery is situated on the slope of the valley wall and 
is densely covered by underbrush and trees. The soil is hard 
clay and gravel loam with sand pockets interspersed. The graves 
are in these sand pockets. ‘The whole surface of the cemetery is 
pitted with holes dug by collectors. 


In the summer of 1910 I was sent by the Buffalo Society of 
Natural Sciences to locate any graves which might still remain. 
Testing was done with a rod and by running trenches across the 
cemetery. Five graves were located, and are here described: 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES 413 


Grave Number 1. Depth 36 inches: Young adult. Skeleton 
flexed, face east, head south, arms partly extended, hands 
between knees. No articles were buried with the body. 


Grave Number 2. Depth 30 inches. ‘This had been opened 
and probably rifled. 

Grave Number 3. Depth 30 inches. ‘This also had been 
opened. 

Grave Number 4. Depth 36 inches. ‘This could not be 
entirely uncovered as it extended under a tree, whose roots com- 
pletely filled the grave. The leg bones only projected from 
beneath it. No articles could be found. 


Grave No.5. Depth 40 inches. This grave had been opened, 
evidently not by collectors, but by Indians, probably for reburial 
in some bone pit. All the larger bones had been removed. No 
articles could be found. 


Articles found in graves and on the surface by local collec- 
tors are preserved as follows: | 

Mr. W. J. Kirkpatrick has many good articles, some from 
graves, others found on the surface. ‘These comprise notched 
and triangular flint points, gunlocks, one made of brass and 
ornamented with scroll work, iron axes, a very long gun barrel, 
iron knives, a pair of scissors and a broken bone pipe. 


The collection of Mr. Ernest Smith of Honeoye Falls con- 
sists mainly of articles of European origin and comprises arrow- 
points of brass and copper, axes, knives, glass and shell beads, 
clay pipes, and bone combs. 

Mr. Joseph Mattern of West Rush collected some articles 
of bone and shell from this site, amongst them shell ‘‘pins’’ and 
bone awls. 

Among the articles gathered by local collectors and scattered 
are said to be finely carved bone combs, clay jars, clay pipes, a 
silver vessel, which was evidently a part of an altar service, and 
a gold ring with the letters ‘I. H.S.’’. A bone comb, illustrated 
in Beauchamp’s “Horn and Bone Implements of the New York 
Indians’’, fig. 183, may be from this village. 


The Dann Site. 


This site, formerly known as the Ball Farm site, is 
situated on the farm of Mr. J. EK. Dann, and lies one and one- 
half miles west of Honeoye Falls, and about three miles south of 


414 THE SENECA NATION 


the preceding village. It occupies the highest terrace above a 
small stream, called Spring Brook, on its eastern edge. ‘The 
valley walls are from twenty to forty feet high and rather abrupt. 
The brook at this point falls over a limestone escarpment, prob- 
ably Onondaga, containing chert. 


The entire site is under cultivation. ‘The soil is gravelly 
clay loam, some of it is rather stubborn and compact. According 
to Mr. Dann, refuse pits and refuse heaps are abundant. He 
asserts that much charcoal occurs scattered over the surface. 


A very large cemetery was discovered in a series of knolls 
on the western edge of the site on the bank of the creek. From 
this Mr. Dann claims that perhaps four hundred burials were 
exhumed. ‘The skeletons were in various postures. Many were 
flexed. A few were thrown in promiscuously, evidently ‘‘bundle 
burials’’. Some few were at length. A few small pits containing 
three or four skeletons each were exhumed. 


An immense number of articles came from these graves, and 
most of these are now in the possession of Mr. Ray Dann, of 
Fairport. N. Y., whose collection is perhaps the most interesting 
private collection in western New York. A brief description of 
it will give an idea of the artifacts from this site: 


ARTICLES OF STONE. 

Whetstones. A few flint scrapers. Four of chalcedony came fiom one 
grave. 

A few triangu'ar arrow points. 

Three pipes, one of catlinite, one of Huron slate, one of argillaceous 
limestone. The catlinite pipe shows an old break in the stem which had 
been mended with lead. 

Pendants made of catlinite came from one grave. 


Gun flints of local flint are numerous. 


ARTICLES OF BONE. 
A human figure cut from bone is figured by Beauchamp in ‘‘Horn and 
Bone Implements of the New York Indians’’, fig. 169, plate 16. 


Fifteen or more beautiful bone combs, three of which were illustrated 
by Beauchamp in figures 181, 189 and 337. A European comb was found. 

Two very large bone spoons as large as a table spoon with long cylinds 
rical handles. 

One broken antler harpoon point. 

Several perforated tortoise shell rattles. 


Perforated and unperforated bears’ teeth. 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES 415 


ARTICLES OF CLAY. 


In the collections are perhaps twelve clay jars of various sizes, most of 
them very small. A few are large, the largest holding perhaps four quarts. 
One has a flaring rim and serrate pattern, similar to those shown in figures 
115 and 132 in Beauchamp’s ‘‘Earthenware of the New York Aborigines’’. 
The smaller jars hold about a teacupful. One is beautifully made and 
decorated, but some are very rudely made. 


The collection contains a large number of most excellent pipes, alto- 
ether perhaps forty. Many of the pipes are ornamented, and most of them 
are made to represent the human form and various animal and bird forms. 
The ‘‘Washington pipe’’ from Saratoga County, figured by Peauchamp, fig. 
211, is almost duplicated in this collection. Two effigies of animals, pos- 
sibly bears, with brass eyes, and two of human heads, are almost duplicates 
of two found in a grave at Canagora. Some of these pipes seem to have been 
broken at the time they were thrown into the graves. 


ARTICLES OF SHELL. 


Shell articles are exceptionally numerous and fine. In the collection 
are perhaps eight quarts of clam shell wampum, Excepting this wampum 
most of the shell articles are made of massive shell; perhaps fulgur. A large 
portion of a shell, with its columella removed, may have been a ladle, or 
may have been raw material, brought to the village for working up. A 
columella about six inches long and five-eights of an inch thick may have 
been raw material for making discoidal and cylindrical beads, of which 
many are contained in the collection. 


Several roughly cylindrical beads, about an inch and a half long and 
three-fourths of an inch thick, came from one grave. 


There are numerous claw shaped, tooth shaped and nondescript pen- 
dants. 


Perforated olivella shells are found on the surface. 

Many of the shell articles are illustrated in Beauchamp’s ‘‘Wampum and 
Shell Articles used by the New York Indians’’, figures 84, 124, 130, 136, 142, 
143, 144a, 166, 168. 

Three gorgets from this collection are shown by Beauchamp, figures 
162, 164, 164a. 

Crescent shaped pendants, made from fresh water mussel shells, are 
numerous. 


Some beautiful shell ‘‘pins’’ are figured by Beauchamp, figures 78a, 79. 
ARTICLES OF WOOD. 


Wooden ladles come from the graves. Most are fragmentary. One has 
a carved handle. 


TRADE ARTICLES OF IRON. 


Axes, hoes, gun locks, knives, scissors and awls are numerous. One 
gun lock was oiled and put into condition to use. A flint-lock pistol is 
shown. Many knives have bone handles similar to those from the graves at 
Gandagora. One iron wire bracelet is shown. 


416 THE SENECA NATION 


TRADE ARTICLES OF BRASS AND COPPER. 


Brass kettles of all sizes were found. The smallest holds about a tea- 
cupful. <A few triangular arrow points were found. 


A belt is preserved by its brass ornaments, and is shown in Beauchamp’s 
“Metallic Ornaments of New York Indians’’, fig. 297. 


“Jesuit’’ brass rings are abundant. 


A small copper kettle and a copper ladle were found, 


TRADE ARTICLES OF LEAD. 
Bar lead and about fifteen pounds of bullets and slugs are shown. 
Some leaden tobacco pipes. 
A leaden owl with glass eyes. 


An “‘apostle spoon’’ came from a grave in which was a European earthen- 
ware pitcher. 

TRADE ARTICLES OF GLASS. 

Beads are of the usual variety, including polychrome, spherical and 
cylindrical types. 

In the collection from the Dann Farm preserved in the Genesee Valley 
Museum at Letchworth Park are musket locks, flints, bullets and bar lead, 
shell beads and pendants, an iron hoe, an iron fish spear, a hawk bell, a 
button similar to one taken from the great bone heap at Gandagora, 
lead figures, pigs’ teeth and fragments of European pottery and a stone 


gouge. 

The identity of this village is doubtful, and it is equally 
doubtful whether it belongs to the period from 1655 to 1687. 
Mr. Nelson Olds, of Rochester, who has given the villages of 
the Genesee valley much study is certain that it is the Totiakto 
of Denonville. Mr. Ray Dann and Mr. Ernest Smith, both of 
whom are familiar with the villages, say that it is later than 
Denonville’s time. There is little to support either theory. 


The ‘‘Tiotehatton” of Greenhalgh is undoubtedly the Kirk- 
patrick site. He saw and described this in 1677. Totiakto was 
burned in 1687, ten years later. A community as large as that 
described as occupying ‘‘Tiotehatton’’, if it lived on the same 
place for ten years, would leave, it seems to me, much more 
evidence of its occupancy than is shown on the Kirkpatrick site. 
That is, the evidence of Indian occupancy is not commensurate 
with the number of inhabitants and the length of time. Yet 
there is no doubt that the artifacts found on the Dann site are 
later than those found on the site of Gandagora, and as this was 
certainly contemporaneous with Totiakto and in constant inter- 
course with it, there should be practically no difference. I am 
inclined to think either that the Dann farm was occupied by the 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES 417 


refugees from Totiakto upon their return to their desolated 
country after Denonville had left it, or that it is the village of 
Ganounata, marking the end of the movement of the village 
starting at East Avon, on the Cleary farm, stopping at Lima 
and terminating at the Dann farm in 1687. There seems much 
to support the theory that this community when at Lima and at 
the Dann farm was the village in which lived Onnencaritoul, 
one of the ‘‘keepers of the western door” of the Iroquois 
League. 


The Lima Sites. 


An extensive village occupied the land where now stands 
the Presbyterian church in the village of Lima. Many graves 
have been opened there by workmen and others and relics from 
some of these still remain in the collections of local archeol- 
ogists. The site is about three miles southwest of the Dann 
farm, on the western side of the same stream, Spring Brook. 


A cemetery exists about a mile north of Lima on the elec- 
tric railway. This has been opened by workmen and others. 


Articles from the Lima sites are scattered amongst several 
collections. The Genesee Valley Museum has some pipes from 
the cemetery in Lima village. They are of clay and are 
remarkable for their large size. Mr. Ray Dann has a clay jar 
found in a grave in the cemetery north of Lima, 


The Factory Hollow Site. 
(Shattuck Site.) 


This occupies the high terrace overlooking the eastern bank 
of Honeoye Creek, at the point known locally as ‘‘Factory Hol- 
low’, a half mile south of the ‘‘Old Genesee Road’’. It lies on 
land formerly owned by Mason Shattuck, now owned by Mr. 
Olmstead and by Mr. Hopkins. _ 


The valley wall of Honeoye Creek is here about one 
hundred feet high and very steep. The village lay between 
the edge of this escarpment and a narrow and deep gully which 
at this point debouches into the Honeoye from the southeast at 
a sharp angle. The triangular site was thus defended naturally 
upon two sides. At its southern edge is a knoll known locally 
as Fort Hill. 


418 THE SENECA NATION 


The entire village site is now used as a sheep pasture, the 
grass of which conceals any vestiges of occupancy. On the steep 
hillside bounding the village on the west are numerous deep 
refuse heaps, which contain great quantities of animal bones, 
potsherds and some few stone and bone implements. Half way 
down the slope is a curious ridge resembling a covered way or 
sunken road ascending the bluff at an easy angle. This may be 
natural, but it has every appearance of being artificial. No one 
living in the vicinity seems to know anything about a roadway 
there. 


The village cemetery lies at the extreme northern edge of 
the village. It has been excavated, partly at least, by local 
collectors and by Marvin Peck of West Bloomfield, who even- 
tually sold his collection to the State. A local resident claimed 
that about one hundred and fifty graves had been opened. 


The soil is gravelly and very hard to dig. The graves are 
said to be deep. A large number of very fine articles were 
exhumed with the bodies. Many of these are Stone Age articles, 
amongst them numerous clay jars and pipes. Along with these 
are numerous European articles. In a grave opened by Mr. 
Hinman, a local collector, the skeleton was said to have been 
covered with the remains of a fur robe containing a bear’s skull, 
over which was a layer of red cedar sticks. Beneath the robe 
was a very large brass kettle, inverted over three clay vessels. 
With the body was also a pipe bearing the effigy of a bear, 
whose head was hollow and contained a small pebble, which 
rattled when the pipe was shaken. With one skeleton were 
found two small human effigies carved of bone. 


It is said that at the southern edge, in a knoll known as 
‘‘Fort Hill” a deep pit was found. 


Many of the articles found in the cemetery here were illus- 
trated by Mr. Beauchamp in ‘‘Horn and Bone Implements of 
the New York Indians”, fig. 172 and 173, and in his ‘*Earthen- 
ware of the New York Aborigines”, fig. 80, 91, 97, 113 to 116, 
128 to 137, 144, 162, 213 to 216. 


The Warren Site. 


This is about two miles north of the preceding site on the 
farm of Augustus Warren, whose house is directly opposite the 
West Bloomfield station of the New York Central railway. 


9 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES 419 


It occupies the terrace on the eastern side of Honeoye 
Creek. The bank at this point is about fifty feet high, and is 
separated from the creek by extensive flats, which are in some 
places one hundred yards wide. The soil is gravel, loam and 
sand. The entire surface is under cultivation. 

At the time of my visit the crops of clover and timothy 
effectually concealed all traces of any possible occupancy. 


A cemetery was said to have been exhumed in a series of 
knolls on the extreme western edge of the village. Many graves 
were opened here, and some of the articles, some say most of 
them, were bought by Mr. Marvin Peck and later sold by him 
to the State. A clay jar is said to be owned by Mr. William 
Brooks of Honeoye Falls. Colonel Moulthrop, principal of 
School No. 26, in Rochester, is said to have some of the articles. 
Mr. Wm. H. Adams, in a manuscript owned by the Buffalo 
Society of Natural Sciences, says that he obtained from graves 
here great quantities of pottery and pipes which came from 
graves in the higher part of the cemetery, and brass kettles and 
glass beads from the lower part. He further says that the 
graves were in regular rows and at a regular distance apart, 
and that the bodies lay flat at full length. He found three clay 
dishes in one grave, and in anothera ‘‘rattle’ made of two 
circular pieces of skull, cut from the front and back of the skull, 
and each perforated with four holes. 


It is entirely probable that some of the jars figured in 
Beauchamp’s ‘‘Earthenware of the New York Aborigines’, 
previously noted as having probably come from the Factory 
Hollow site, were really from this site. 


The Appleton Site. 


This is on the farm of Mr. Appleton, on the eastern bank 
of a small stream called Fish Creek, at the forks of a road, one 
and one-fourth miles northeast of Holcomb station. 

It occupies portions of three fields, one being an apple 
orchard. The soil is heavy red clay loam, and a few refuse 
heaps were visible at the time of my visits. From these I took 
some scrap brass, some glass beads and animal bones. 

No cemetery has been found near this village. I tested 
several knolls nearby without success, though skeletons have 
been found in a gravel pit across the creek. 


420 THE SENECA NATION 


Mr. Fred Hamlin of East Bloomfield has a fine collection, 
many articles of which have been taken from this site. They 
are mainly of European origin, and include the usual glass and 
shell beads, iron axes and knives, and shell ornaments. 


The Marsh Site. 
(Gandougarae.) 


This is in East Bloomfield township on the farms of George 
and Jesse Marsh, Ira DeLong and David Thompson, a quarter 
of a mile north of the junction of the road from Holcomb to 
Canandaigua with the road from Victor. It lies a quarter of a 
mile east of Mud Creek, on the eastern bank of a small stream, 
a tributary of Mud Creek. 


Site of Gandougarae from the west.— Photograph by F. Houghton. 


The soil is heavy red clay loam. At the time of my visits 
most of the surface was under cultivation, and much of it was 
in wheat and hay which concealed all evidence of occupancy 
over most of the site. Large refuse heaps cumber the soil and 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL, SCIENCES 421 


from them are gleaned annually many glass beads and other 
articles. 


There seems to be no doubt that this village was Gandou- 
ragae, the Mission station of St. Michel. It was occupied by 
captives from the Neuter country, the country of the Onnon- 
tiogas, and from the Huron village of Scannonenrat, all of 
whom were colonized here by their Seneca conquerors. 


Two cemeteries of this village have been found. One on 
the farm of Ira DeLong was explored in 1911 for the Buffalo 
Society of Natural Sciences by the writer. The second was 
found in 1911 by George Marsh on his farm, and was excavated 
by Heman Coates of Clifton Springs, Fred Hamlin of East 
Bloomfield and William L. Bryant and the writer for this 
Society. 

The De Long burial place is on a lobate knoll west of the 
village, from which it is separated by adeep dry gully. The 
soil is heavy, tenacious red clay. Graves were known to be 
here fifty years ago when the field was first plowed, and were 
then marked by depressions. Some graves have been opened 
by Mr. Hamlin and Mr. Coates, and are noted on the list below. 


Bones representing eleven bodies were taken in 1911 from 
the knoll on Ira DeLong’s farm. ‘They were located by means 
of the posthole digger, with which test holes were sunk over the 
whole area at a distance of a yard apart. The clay was so hard 
that the rod was valueless and the digger was broken three 
times. 

Nearly every grave was limited by the original grave 
walls, which still showed clearly cut in the tenacious clay. 
Nearly every one still showed a bark lining. Strips of bark had 
been laid on the bottom and turned up to cover at least one 
wall of the grave. 


Almost every skeleton was laid out in a flexed position, 
which however differed from the usual flexed position in that 
the body lay on the back instead of the side, with the legs 
drawn up sidewise. 


Two skeletons were scattered, showing burial of bones 
only. Two graves contained the bodies of two persons each. 
The burials differed radically from those at the Boughton Hill 
site, the Bunce cemetery and the Beal site, although distant but 
three miles. 


422 


No. 


ile 


ie) 


3-4 


THE SENECA NATION 


All bones and many of the articles were badly preserved. 
The bones were so badly decayed that in many cases it was 
impossible to identify even the massive long bones, and the 
more fragile bones were entirely decayed. All hollow bones 
and articles, as skulls and kettles, were crushed flat, and the 
clay was so tenacious that articles would break before the 
enclosing clay. 


The Graves. 


Depth and Posture. 
Bones scattered and badly decayed. 


A dismembered body. Pelvis and 
legbones on N. edge of grave, but 
not in position. Skull on S. edge 
with heap of all bones of upper por- 
tion of body, all on bark floor of 
grave. Articles at pelvis and beside 
skull. 


Double grave. Both flexed. Sides 
of grave well defined, forming a 
rectangle, 42“ by 36”, Bark on east 
and south sides and bottom  Skele- 
ton No. 3, young woman on side, 
fllexed, head west, face north, leg 


bones mingled with No. 4. 

No. 4, old man, flexed, on back, 
legs drawn up sideways and mingled 
with No. 3. 


Articles. 


Scraps of brass 
throughout grave. 


At pelvis two brass 
kettles, bone awl, 
worked phalanx, iron 
knife, paint. 

At skull, brass oval 
box wrapped in fine 
fur, gun flints and 
awl. 


At pelvis’ Of sNiomser 
wampum, around 
neck long red glass 
beads in two strings, 
around wrists a wide 
brass bracelet and an 
iron wire bracelet. 


At feet of No 4a 
deposit of flint and 
points with two ant- 
ler flaking tools and 
bear’s tooth, all on 
bark and covered 
with a sheet of brass. 


Behind head a clay 
pipe and iron awl. 


Between skulls of No. 
3 and 4, aclay kettle 
and a deer’s’ bone. 
Small bones in kettle. 


Burned corn in soil 
over grave. 


5). 


bas | 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL 


Bones entirely decayed, being repre- 
sented by teeth only. 

Adult, flexed, head west, face north. 
Upper part of body in a somewhat 
upright position, lower part on side. 
Young adult, flexed, head west, face 
north. 


8. Young adult. Bones entirely decom- 


9-10. 


le 


posed. Grave bark-lined, bottom 
and two sides. Very shallow, 15”. 


Double grave Two adults, 
flexed, skulls touching, legs inter- 
mingled, on back, legs sidewise. 
Bark on one side and bottom. Deep 
hole at feet of No. 10. 

No. 9, head west, face north. 

No. 10, head west, face south. 


A partly opened grave, It had been 
rifled of all articles, but most of the 
bones had been unmolested. ‘The 
skeleton was scattered, but still lay 
on the bark bottom of the grave, 
which was heavily covered with red 
paint. One side of the grave was 
lined with bark. 


SCIENCES 423 


Glass beads and brass 
wire ring. 


Wampum under 
skull. 


Burned corn in clay 
Over grave. 


2 brass kettles, half a 
clay kettle, a wooden 
bowl and ladle, many 
smaller articles, corn 
and squash. 


Two deposits of ar- 
ticles, one under right 
shoulder of No.9, one 
on vertebrae of No. 
0), 


Deposit of No. 9 con- 
sisted of brass kettles 
on bark, and covered 
with bark, ladle, pipe, 
gourd rattle. 


In a letter to the writer Mr. Heman I. Coates of Clifton Springs 


describes graves excavated by him on the DeLong farm as follows: 


Grave. 


No. 


I, 


2. Bones scattered. 


Posture. 


Sitting. 
paint. 


No articles. 


3. Parts of 3 skele- No articles. 
tons. 
4. Sitting. 


Articles. 


Copper kettle, knife, part of bone comb, red 


Brass kettle, 260 glass beads, part of bone come, 


424 


THE SENECA NATION 


Two skeletons. 


Brass kettles, portion of clay kettle, clay pipe 


with female figure on bowl facing smoker, pipe 
stem. 


head. 


already spoken of. 


Grave. 
alt 


All graves were bark-lined and all kettles were bottom up near the 


The second burial place is on the farm of George Marsh on 
the western edge of the village site, as it dips down to the gully 


The soil is heavy red clay. 


The Graves. 


Posture. 
(Hamlin.) ? 


2-3. (Hamlin.) 


“N 


oo 


Double grave, one 
skeleton above the 
other. 


(Hamlin.) Flexed. 


(Hamlin.) Bark- 
lined. Skeleton re- 
presented by a few 
bones only. 


(Hamlin. ) 
shallow, 
inches. 


Wee yy, 
about 15 
Flexed. 


(Hamlin. ) 
bottom. 


Bark on 
Flexed. 


(Houghton.) Bark 
on bottom and -one 
Flexed. 
(Bryant.) At length 
on back, head west. 
Above the skull was 
another skull with 
lower jaw in posi- 
tion. 


side. 


Articles. 
Brass kettle and seeds. 


Upper had no articles. 

Lower was flexed. Kettle in bark and 
blanket. In it a wooden ladle carved, 
with man on handle. A long carved 
bone spoon lay under the pelvis. 


A wampum belt at pelvis from which 
came about 500 beads. An unfinished 
bone comb lay under the head. 


Two brass kettles, bone handled knife, 
glass heads. 


No articles. 


A 12-row wampum belt lay across 
the pelvis, and from it about 1,000 
beads were taken. At neck a string 
of long red glass beads. 


Brass kettle wrapped in bark. 


Remains of brass kettle, wrapped in 
skin, and covered with bark; paint, 
brass tube, few beads. 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL, SCIENCES 425 


10. (Bryant.) Flexed, Brass kettle, berry seeds, wooden 

head west. ladle. Kettle wrapped in cloth and 
covered with bark. 

11. (Bryant.) Child, Few beads and some brass. 
bones badly decom- 
posed. 

12. (Bryant.) Fragment Brass kettle bottom wrapped in bark. 
of skull and a few 
bones. 

13. (Bryant.) Young Brass kettle bottom wrapped in bark. 
adult, bones almost 
decayed. 


Mr. Heman J. Coates in a letter to the writer gives the following infor- 
mation regarding graves opened by him at this point: 


Grave. Posture. Articles. 

Tt. Reclining. Kettle, two rings, lead image of man playing 
a pipe. 

2. Sitting. Rim of brass kettle, 205 glass beads, 18 shell 


crescents, 3 massive shell beads, 22 corn shaped 
glass beads. 


3. Sitting. Kettle rim and wooden ladle, 938 beads, part of 
copper bracelet. 
4. Reclining. Kettle rim, 6 bullets, bell. 


5. 2 skeletonsin grave, 2 kettles, gun barrel, knife handle. 

bones scattered. 

6. 2 skeletonsin grave, 2 kettles, clay pipe with grooved stem and 

bones scattered. human face. 

7. Sitting. Small iron celt, square piece of iron, kettle rim 
covered with bark, perforated bear’s tooth. 

8. Sitting. Broken sword blade, 1100 small glass beads, 370 
large glass beads, 40 wampum beads, 50 wheat 
shaped glass beads, 15 long shell beads from 
2% inches to 534 inches long, 1 shell gorget, 1 
shell mask, 1 shell totem of bird’s head, 10 
finger rings, 3 bells, 1 clay pipe, iron spoon, 
kettle full of seeds. 


g. Calcined human bones in a bed of charcoal and ashes at depth of 5 feet. 
On edge of the pit a pistol barrel. Below ashes 200 beads, 5 gaming 
flints (‘‘gun flints?’’). 


The Fox Farm Site. 


This is a large village on the farm of Henry Fox at Wheeler 
Station on the New York Central, in East Bloomfield. It is one 


[5] 


Plan of Gandogora and Environs from Historical writings by O. H. Marhall. 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURATL, SCIENCES 427 


mile south of the village on the Marsh farm, and like it, is situ- 
ated on the eastern bank of Mud Creek. The soil is the same 
heavy red clay, and is now in farm crops. 


The surface shows large accumulations of refuse in which 
are to be found large numbers of beads and other articles. 


Seven graves were found by Mr. Fox a few years ago in 
digging the cellar for his barn. ‘These are on the extreme 
eastern edge of the village. One was found in digging a post 
hole on the extreme western edge. With this body was a fine 
bone comb. 


The Victor Site. 


(Gandagora, Gannagaro, St. Jacques.) 


This is situated on the farms of M. E. McMahon, W. B. 
Moore and W. J. Greene, one and one-fourth miles south of the 
village of Victor, on the west side of the road leading from 
Victor to Holcomb. It occupies the top of a steep hill (Bough- 
ton Hill), the middle of the village being on the 800 foot 
contour, 250 feet above the village of Victor. The hill is lobate, 
pointing northward, and is bounded on the eastern, western 
and northern sides by steep slopes which descend to the valleys 
of two small brooks, both tributaries to Mud Creek. A strong 
spring issues from the western base of the hill, and a swale on 
the northwest edge probably marks another. Across the valley 
to the westward is a steep-sided flat-topped hill, known locally 
as ‘‘Fort Hill’. In the valley to the northwestward, distant 
from the village by air-line one and one-half miles, is what is 
known locally as the ‘‘battle field”. To the south are two ceme- 
teries, one each on the farms of Mr. George Ketchum and Mr. 
John Bunce. 

The soil of the village site is sandy and gravelly loam, in a 
high state of cultivation. The portion owned by Mr. McMahon 
is partially in an apple orchard, and there are some apple trees 
on the portion owned by Mr. Moore. 

The entire area is covered rather thinly with refuse earth, 
in patches which extend from Mr. McMahon’s farm partly 
through the northern half of Mr. Greene’s and from the road 
on the east to the heads of the gullies on the west. Because of 
the cultivation which the area has undergone during the past 
century, or for other reasons, these heaps do not show so 


‘roy snoy ‘yy Aq ydeasojoyg 


“2008}SIpP 


Sa] PPI UL TTT 40,7 


‘ySoM Bulyoo] ‘e1osepuesy jo opis oy, 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES 429 


clearly upon the surface as do those on village sites near Buf- 
falo. The heaps are very thin also. No refuse heaps could be 
found on the steep hillsides bounding the site as is the case at 
so many other locations. A strong line of refuse heaps extends 
from north to south parallel to the road and seems to mark the 
stockade which, according to the plan made by E. J. Squier, 
ran at about this point. Some of these heaps are deep, and in 
one of them I found the remains of two bodies in such close 
relation to deer bones and other refuse, that I could not 
doubt that the human bones were refuse also. Graves 1, 2 and 
3 were on the edge of this band of refuse earth. 


Plan of Gandagora, by E. G. Squier, in Smithsonian Contributions 
to Knowledge, Vol. II, part XIV, incorrectly oriented. 


From the refuse heaps come an astonishingly large number 
of articles, even after they have been under the plow for a cen- 
tury. Most of these are animal bones, scrap brass and glass 
and shell beads. Occasionally an iron axe is still plowed up. 
Glass beads are very abundant. Mr. Bement, a local collector, 
sold 2800 for twenty dollars and he still has a great many. Mr. 
Hopkins, another collector, has 3200 and two others have about 
2000. All these have been found by walking over the ground 


430 THE SENECA NATION 


after rains. The beads are nearly all of two kinds, shell wam- 
pum and glass beads of all sorts. Occasionally shell pendants 
of different kinds are found, also copper and brass beads, and 
beads and pendants made of a fine red sandstone, perhaps 
catlinite. 

Implements of stone and antler are rare in the refuse. 
Loca! collectors have a few flint points of both the triangular 
and the notched patterns. No antler articles have been reported 
as found here except one broken antler cylinder now in the pos- 
session of a local collector. No clay potsherds have been repor- 
ted from the refuse, though broken clay pipes are abundant. 
No implements of bone have been found. A tiny double edged 
stone chisel was found at the brook side at the western side of 
the village. 

In August, 1910, I tested carefully over all the area avail- 
able in an effort to locate the village cemetery. Much of the 
surface was tested with rod, posthole auger and spade. A line 
of holes was dug a yard apart on Mr. Greene’s farm, following 
the fence line which there crosses the entire site. Though no 
graves were found there, an area of disturbed earth was found 
and tested to the depth of nearly six feet. No evidence was 
found of the possible use of this pit. It may have been origi- 
nally a cache for corn storage. 

A line of test holes was dug following the approximate 
location of the stockade as shown on Mr. Squier’s plan. Besides 
the refuse heaps already mentioned, five bodies were exhumed 
here, two of them, as before stated, having been buried in a 
refuse heap. These five burials are numbered from 1 to 5 on 
the list following. There is no doubt that at this point more 
graves occur, as well as very interesting refuse heaps, but the 
owner’s refusal to allow more digging prohibits further search. 

A considerable area on Mr. Moore’s farm along the west- 
ern edge of the site was tested. This coincides with the area 
just inside the approximate location of the western stockade as 
plotted by Mr. Squier. Six graves were found here, numbered 
from 6 to 11 on the list following. There seems to be a large 
and very interesting cemetery here, bnt the owner refused per- 
mission to complete the excavation. 

A large cemetery on the farm of M1. J. H. Bunce, one and 
one-half miles south of the village, was carefully excavated. 
The cemetery occupied a sandy knoll in the northeastern angle 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES 431 


formed by the Holcomb road crossing Cherry street. Across 
this knoll furrows 16 inches deep were drawn from east to west 
with a plow, and these furrows were then tested every few feet 
with rod, spade and auger. In this way the entire surface was 
turned over. 

The soil of the knoll was sand and clay, the clay app ania 
on its northern side and containing sand pockets. 


In this cemetery were found bones representing fifty-one 
skeletons, which are numbered on the list from 12 to 63. Of 
these the bones of three individuals came from a small bone pit, 
four from another, and twenty-eight from another. 

The excavations on the village site and the cemetery 
showed a large variety of burial customs to have been in vogue 
amongst the Senecas of that period. The graves were of dif- 
ferent depths, some being so close to the surface that some of 
the bones had been disturbed by the plow. Others were more 
than three feet in depth. This difference in depth can hardly 
be accounted for by the difference in soil and the greater diffi- 
culty in digging at some points. For instance, of two graves but 
a yard apart, one was within twelve inches of the surface, the 
other thirty inches deep. There was no regularity in burial, no 
order or special orienation being noted. 

Five different methods of burial were shown to have been 
in more or less common use, namely, (a) individual burial at 
full length, (b) individual burial in a flexed position, (c) indi- 
vidual burials in ‘‘bundles’, (d) burials of the bones of a skele- 
ton, in whole or part, without order, (e€) communal burial in a 
‘“‘bone pit’. No evidence was seen of the burial of bodies in 
the upright sitting position so often noted by various collectors 
as characteristic of this region. Numerous interesting burial 
customs were shown by the articles found buried with the skele- 
tons. Fire beds were noted over many of the graves. 


Of the sixty-three individuals represented in the graves, 
but two were found extended at full length, and both of these 
were peculiar in many other ways. Both were men and evi- 
dently of local note. One was a Christian. It can hardly be 
said, therefore, that burial at full length was a common method 
of burial amongst the Senecas of that time, but more probably 
it was in an emergency, as in the case of a warrior or hunter 
found dead away from the village and brought to the cemetery 
for burial, or it may show the influence of the Christian priests, 


432 THE SENECA NATION 


which is doubtful. A full length burial in the Neuter cemetery 
at Grand Island is similarly peculiar in that the skull was lying 
beside the bones of the body. 


The first of these two full length burials was found on the 
western side of the village, and is that numbered 11 on the list. 
The body lay on its back, but the skull was erect, the cervical 
vertebrae being bent sharply upward at a right angle. The 
knees were drawn up so that the heel bones were almost in con- 
tact with the pelvis. The hands were on the breast and clasped 
an ebony crucifix, the chaplet of which lay along the right arm. 
On the fingers were four brass seal rings with the symbols of the 
crucifix. At the feet were various iron tools and hunting imple- 
ments, including gun flints, a bullet, a fish hook, a bear’s tooth 
and a knife. 


The second full length burial was found in the Bunce cem- 
etery and is that numbered 22. Only half of the skeleton was 
found, the portion above the pelvis being absent. It had prob- 
ably been removed to the large bone-pit nearby. With the 
skeleton were two heaps of articles comprising gun and gun 
gear, pipes, paint and flint arrow points. 


Of the sixty-three burials seven were flexed and lying on 
the side. Usually in this type, the knees were drawn up tightly 
to the chest and the arms doubled at the elbow, bringing the 
hands up before the face. 


In only one individual grave were the bones buried in the 
position commonly called the ‘‘bundle burial’. In this method 
of burial, which is very common along the Niagara Frontier, the 
bones of. a skeleton are tied up into a bundle, the long bones 
parallel, the skull and pelvis at each end, and so buried. 


In nine graves the bones were scattered and in no order. 
It is possible that some of these graves may have been dis- 
turbed by cultivation or by the burrows of animals. There can 
be no doubt, however, that some at least were as originally 
made. The two burials marked 4 and 5 are typical of these. 
In these the bones of two adults were found at the bottom of a 
deep refuse heap. Lying on the original soil of the site were 
two extremely thin skulls. Above them were most of the bones 
of two skeletons in a heap. The bones of one leg and the pelvis 
were in position, but they lay across the bones of another leg, 
which were reversed in position. One lower jaw was missiug. 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES 433 


Deer bones lay amongst the human bones, one lying in actual 
contact with one of the skulls. 


Grave number 10 is also typical of this disorder of the con- 
tained bones. It was shallow, being but twelve inches deep. 
The skull was missing, but this may have been struck and 
turned out by the plow. The pelvis and lower jaw were found 
together. The other bones were found scattered through the 
grave. The pelvis lay immediately above and in contact with 
the skull of the full length burial already described. A clay 
pipe, broken into three pieces, was found in three different parts 
of the grave. 


In grave number 13 in the Bunce cemetery the bones were 
in disorder, but this disorder may have been caused by the bur- 
rowing of animals. It was thirty inches deep, in hard loamy 
clay. The skull was missing. The lower jaw lay upon the arm 
bones, but the leg bones were in position. 


Of the sixty-three individuals represented, thirty-six were 
buried in three heaps, all of which were found in the Bunce 
cemetery. The first of these heaps, marked on the list 24 to 27, 
contained the bones of three adults and a child. The bones 
were mingled and seemingly in no order. The heap was but 
eight inches below the surface and the top layers of bones had 
been turned up repeatedly in plowing. Scattered through the 
mass of bones were wampum and glass beads and on two finger 
bones still remained two brass rings. 


The second pit was also very shallow. It contained the 
bones of three young adults and possibly of a child. The bones 
were mingled and in no order. Under each skull were a few 
glass and wampum beads. Scatttered amongst the bones were 
other beads, an iron axe and a fine bone spoon. 


The third heap was ina large deep pit. It was situated in 
the northeastern edge of the cemetery. It was nine feet long 
from east to west and seven and a half feet from north to south, 
being an irregular ellipse. The bottom at the deepest part was 
forty-six inches from the surface, and consisted of the original 
hard blue clay and red clay. The top of the bone mass reached 
the surface, as was made evident by the fragments of bone 
found scattered about the surface. The plow struck bones at 
seven inches. 


434 THE SENECA NATION 


The eastern edge of the pit was divided horizontally by a 
hard-packed stratum of clay mixed with ashes and charcoal, 
which separated this end of the bone mass into two distinct 
parts. The lower portion was thickest at the eastern side and 
feathered out towards the western edge of the upper heap. The 
bones in the lower portion under this stratum were very badly 
decomposed. 


The entire mass of bones was covered by a bed of ashes 
and charcoal about four inches thick, which in cross section of 
the pit showed as an arch over the whole mass. 


The bones which made up the mass were in no order. Most 
of the skulls were piled in a heap, sometimes three deep, at the 
southwestern edge of the mass. A few more were scattered 
throughout the heap. There seemed to be some arrangement 
of some of the long bones into bnndles, though these bundles 
were not always apparent, and were in no order relative to one 
another. A few small heaps of the smaller bones were 
included in the mass. Ina few cases typical bundles of bones, 
consisting of the long bones with the skull and pelvis at each 
end were noted. 


Twenty-eight lower jaws were counted. This hardly 
represents the entire number of individuals buried here, as some 
jaws were badly broken and others were so much decomposed 
as to be if not unrecognizable, at least uncountable. 


Many articles were found scattered throughout the bone 
mass. Nearly every skull was accompanied by a few wampum 
or glass beads, which usually lay under it. Some of these beads 
were scattered singly. Some were originally upon a belt which 
had been laid upon the bottom of the pit under the heap of 
skulls. A small brass kettle, scraps of a large one, a bone comb, 
shears, knives, a few iron bracelets, whetstones, and a button 
were found scattered amongst the bones. A clay kettle, broken 
into four parts, was taken from four different places in the heap 
of skulls. 


In every detail this bone pit is precisely similar to one 
which I had discovered and exhumed a month previously at 
Orangeport, Niagara County, N. Y., save that in the Orange- 
port ossuary no articles of any kind accompanied the bones. 


iS) 


4-5, 


“I 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES 


435 


The List of Graves and their Contents. 


East sIpE of VILLAGE SITE. 


Posture, position, remarks. 


Head W., face N., flexed, 18 inches 
deep. 

eadaWey face S: a lexednali2 unehies 
deepen 


Head S., face E., flexed, 16 inches 
deep. 


Double grave in refuse heap. No 
order. The bones of one leg aud 
pelvis in position, but lying in re- 
versed order upon bones of other 
leg. One lower jaw not found. All 
other bones in a heap on skulls. 
Deer bones mixed with the bones, 
one being in contact with one of the 
skulls. 


Articles found. 


Brass kettle, glass 
beads, awl. 

Brass kettle, iron 
bracelet. 


Nothing. 


Nothing. 


WEST SIDE OF THE VILLAGE SITE. 


Badly decomposed bones of child, 
probably flexed, 12 inches deep, 
fire bed over grave. 


Flexed body of adult, 24 inches 
deep, with fire bed over grave. 
Pelvis not fonnd. 


In no order. The sacrum and pel- 
vis with some vertebrae lay over the 
skull and arms of No.7. An atlas 
lay under the skull. 


Decomposed bones of a child, 16 
inches deep. 


2 small brass kettles, 
glass, shell and stone 
beads, long shell 
beads, iron knife, in 
kettle a wooden ladle 
with a tiny bear 
carved on handle. 
Iron axe, knife and 
awl, a small steel, a 
bear’s tooth. 


Iron knife and brass 
beads. 


Iron knife and 2 red 
beads. Cervical ver- 
tebrae stained with 
copper salts. 


436 THE SENECA NATION 


10. Bones scattered through grave, Clay pipe, broken in 
mingled with refuse earth. No three parts, in differ- 
skull ent parts of grave. 


11. Body full length on back, east and Five brass rings on 
west. Head erect, face to east, fingers. Crucifix and 
cervical vertebrae bent up at right rosary in hands. 
angles, knees drawn up sharply and Beads across verte- 
fallen over to left. Hands on chest. brae, possibly a belt. 
Directly under No. 10, the pelvis of At right ankle 3 iron 
No. 10 in contact with skull. Tibia chisel blades, gun 
and fibula have spur-like projec- flints, bullet, iron fish 
tions. hook, bears’ teeth, 

iron spoon, knife, awl, 
whetstone. ‘ 


Cemetery on the farm of John Bunce, Victor, N.Y. Photograph by F. Houghton. 


CEMETERY ON BUNCE FARM. 


No. Posture, position, remarks. Articles found. 


12. Badly decomposed bones, 12 inches Gun lock, knife, awl, 
deep. red paint, iron pyrites. 


ile 


18. 


OF 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES 


No order. Bones in 20 inches of 
clay. Leg bones in place. Lower 
jaw with the arm bones. No skull. 


Bones decomposed and in no order, 
18 inches deep. 


Decomposed bones with fire bed over 
grave. 
An empty grave. 


Decomposed bones, flexed. 


Flexed, head west, face south, 12 
inches deep. 


Scattered bones. No skull found. 
24 inches deep in clay. 


An empty grave, possibly bones were 
decomposed. 


Bones scattered. 


Skeleton at full length, lying north- 
east and southwest, 21 inches deep. 
Upper part of body above pelvis not 
found. Articles in two deposits, one 
along right side, other between the 
knees. 


437 


Pipe Of wood and 
brass, carved to re- 
~uesemts aay lez alte de 
shears, chisel, knife, 
small wrapped pack- 
age, 


Nothing. 
Nothing. 


Clay pipe. 


Flint and pyrites, stem 
of pipe, bears’ teeth. 


Brass kettle and knife. 


Brass kettle and few 
beads, bullet, vermil- 
lion paint, flint, two 
knives, mica.- 


Brass kettle. 


Nothing. 


Gun at right side. At 
right knee 3 pipes, 
flint and steel, 2 large 
beads, evidently orna- 
ments on a bag which 
held above. Above 
right ankle, a Tittle 
red and yellow paint, 
remains of an iron pot 
full of lampblack, 20. 
triangular flint arrow 
points, gun flints, bul- 
let mould, flint and 
steel, shears, iron 
spear point, iron spit, 
2 knives, 3 whetstones, 
bear’s teeth and claw. 


438 THE SENECA NATION 


23. Empty grave, represented by a foot, Iron knife, shell bead. 
an arm and a hand of an adult. 


24 to 27. Heap of bones ina pit 3 feet Wampum, glass and 
long and 3 feet wide. Mass was 12 shell beads and pen- 
inches thick and the top was 8 inches dants, 2 brass rings on 
from the surface. Bones of three finger bones. A long 
adults and a child in no order, all thin coiled brass wire 
the bones being mingled. spring. 

‘These were scattered 
throughout the mass 
of bones. 

28 to 30. Heap of bones in a pit repre- Wampum beads under 
senting the bodies of three young the skulls. A small 
adults or older children and possibly bone spoon, an iron 


one young child. axe, hawk bell, shell 


beads and pendants. 


31 and 32. Bones of an adult and a Nothing. 
child, mingled. 
33. A heap representing one body in a_ Kettle bail and a bird 
typical ‘“bundle burial’’. bone. 
34 to 62. Heap containing bones repre- 
senting at least twenty-eight bodies. 
See description of this ossuary on 
a previous page. 


63. An empty grave, 7 inehes deep. Whetstone, decayed 
bone comb and an 
iron spit. 


The Fort Hill Site, Victor. 


This is on the flat top of a steep sided sand hill, one and 
one-half miles west of Gandagora, on the opposite side of the 
valley. No vestiges of occupancy can now be seen. Old settlers 
claim that fifty years ago a breastwork of earth could plainly be 
seeu around the site. This earthwork was mentioned and 
plotted by Mr. O. H. Marshall. (*) A strong spring issues from 
the base of the hill on the eastern side. 

This corresponds accurately to the ‘“‘little fort’? which 
Denonville burned after it had served as a base for the Senecas 


ee (*) Oo. 4H, Marshall, Historical Writings, p. 137. 


BUFFALO SOCIETY. OF NATURAL SCIENCES 439 


who fought him near the village. A hollow tree fell many years 
ago on this area and it was found to contain a large number of 
old gunbarrels. 


The Beal Site. 


This site is on the farm of A. N. Beal, on the south side of 
Cherry street, half a mile west of the main road from Victor to 
Holcomb. It is in East Bloomfield, Ontario County, the road 
which passes it being the line of division between Victor and 
East Bloomfield. It is one and a half miles south of the site of 
Gandagora on Boughton Hill and a mile west of the cemetery on 
the farm of John Bunce, which I excavated in 1910. It occupies 
an irregular knoll, is surrounded on three sides by brooks, which, 
however are dry in summer, and covers perhaps fifteen acres. 
The soil is clay loam underlain by heavy red clay, in which 
are sand pockets. 


On the surface are numerous rather thick refuse heaps, 
which contain abundant articles. Glass beads, clay pipe frag- 
ments of Indian and European make, some clay potsherds, shell 
pendants, gun flints, points, and numerous bullets and gun frag- 
ments are turned up every spring. I secured a number of articles 
from these refuse heaps from a boy who lives there. 


Skeletons had been found on the edge of the site at the crest 
of one of the knolls into which it 1s divided. This is now under 
cultivation and I was unable to test at the exact spot where they 
were found, but I tested unsuccessfully as near to it as I could 
come. 


Burials were finally found on a lobate knoll on the western 
edge of the site where no signs of graves or occupancy had ever 
been found up to that time. They were unusually deep in clay 
or in the sand pockets. The clay was so hard that my rod was 
practically useless and accordingly test holes were put in with 
the post hole digger a yard apart at first, but later still closer, 
until the entire knoll had been explored. ‘Testing was made 
simple by the fact that every burial was marked by charcoal at 
the depth of a foot or more. ‘Thirty-four bodies were found. 


The burials of this site are mainly of bones rather than of 
entire skeletons. Many were in pits of which 5 were found, 
some containing as many as six bodies. But two skeletons were 


‘doyysnoyY ‘yy Aq ydeisojoyg “A ‘N ‘pleyuoolg ysey ‘[eog ‘N ‘Y JO Wie} oY} UO OPIS OSETIA 


found in the usual flexed position. 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES 


441 


Two were found lying 


extended on the back, but only the lower portions of these 
were found. 


Cemetery of village on the A. N. Beal farm. Photograph by F. Houghton. 


Body. 
No. 


.7. Single grave. 


. 8. 42” deep, clay. 


A detailed list of burials follows: 
Depth, posture, etc. 


1to6,in pit. 36” in clay and sand. 
Bones decayed. One bundle stand- 
ing upright, all other bones scat- 
tered: 


Pelvis and leg 
bones in position for a body flexed, 
but skull faced pelvis and all other 
bones of upper portion of body ina 
heap beside head. Pelvis removed 
a foot away from femur. One arm 
in position. 

Young male, 
flexed. Badly decayed. Head E., 
face S., flattened. 


Articles. 


2 rings on a finger 
bone. Glass beads. 


Iron ax below pile of 
bones, knife and awl 
at feet. 
Inetay SSeS aie scialohe 
thigh. 


Vermilion strewn in 
grave. Wampum in 
lower jaw. Bag of 


[6] 


449 


No. 


No. 


No. 


THE SENECA NATION 


9. Lower than No. 8 in same pit. 
Pelvis and leg bones in position, 
extended on back, feet south. Pelvis 
at ribs of No. 8. 


.10. On east side of pit below No. 8. 


Extended on back, feet to south. 
Upper part of body from middle 
dorsal absent, left arm in position. 


Me) Skullat ds My northia femur 
on a piece of brass kettle, 18” north 
tibias and humerus. Behind skull a 


humerus. 


12. Represented by a thin black 
layer, 3 feet deep. In the layer 
were a few very much decayed bones 
and some articles. Above the layer 
in the clay scattered bones. Portions 


of skull appeared at various points. 


: 13.) Pit with bones of four bodies. 


14.( 42" in clay. All bones badly 
15.| decayed. One skull, a pelvis 
16.) and bundle of two sets of long 


gunpowder behind 
pelvis, with lead, 
powder horns, bullets. 
Gunlock and extras 
above head. Knives 
and bullets in grave, 
half way down. 
Pelvis covered with 
wampum which ad- 
hered to the clay show- 
ing a belt of 8 rows. 
Brass points on bark 
beside pelvis. 

Flint points 8” from 
the brass points be- 
tween No. 9 and No. 
OE 


Brass kettle on knees, 
lying on bark, blanket 
and robe, covered 
with bark. Two combs 
in folds of blanket. 
At feet 3 clay kettles 
on sides and iron 
kettle. 

Berry seeds at face. 
Behind skull a heap of 
articles. 

Pipes, pistol barrel, 


avons Gye O@reG AX. 
knives. 
Flints and _ scraper, 


shears, bell, 3 rings, 
wooden pipe. 
Bear pipe. 


Red paint throughout 
the pit. 

Bundle of eight rings. 
Tin box, steel, etc. 


No. 


No. 


No. 


No. 


No. 


No. 


No. 


neal WY 


= dhe) 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES 


bones on east edge. One skull with 
arm bones and ribs at north edge. 
One skull at S. EK. edge. One at 
west edge under large stone. 

A large boulder lies between this and 
No. 8, 9 and 10. 


Single grave. Young adult, 

flexed, but only skull and leg bones 

remained. Head E., face S. 

Single grave, adult. Skull and 

Other bones 
Pelvis on 


lower jaw in position. 
decayed and scattered. 
west edge of grave. 


19. Single grave of child. 18” deep. 
Bones entirely decayed. 


20. Single grave ofadult. Large and 
thick charcoal deposit above grave. 
Bones entirely decayed, body repre- 
sented by a black streak. 


21. Single grave. Child, very shal- 
low. Bones decayed, body repre- 
sented by black streak. 

22.) Pit. Two feet deep. T'wo skulls 
Ze | lying together at western edge 
24.7 of pit, 2 skulls on southeast 
5.! edge, child’s skeleton at north- 


.J ern edge, legbones on east edge. 


27. Single grave. 12” deep. Skull 
on east edge, leg bones on south 
edge. Rest scattered. 

2g.) Pit. Three skulls at north edge 
29.| with pelvis and femur. All 
30. other bones on southern edge 
31.] and eastern edge in an area of 
six feet. 

Skull shallow and decayed. Rest 
All 
No 


Bid, 
of skeleton nine inches deeper. 
bones in position except skull. 


443 


In iron of skill a 
small brass kettle con- 
taining wooden ladle 
and food. 

Iron knife in front of 
skull. 

ox 8 NGS MOR OF 
skull. 


A few copper beads. 
Knife. 

Glass beads, 
stem. 


pipe 


String of glass beads, 
loose beads, 2 knives, 
lead seal. 


Glass beads. 


Nothing. 


Glass 
skulls. 
Two knives. 


beads near 


Iron knives and whet- 
stone. 


444 THE SENECA NATION 


lower jaw. Bones well preserved. 


Flexed. 

No. 33. Leg bones only. Knife. 

No. 34. Empty grave. No bones re- Paint throughout. 
maining. Glass beads. 


Cache of articles, 16 feet east of grave No. 7. Four feet deep, 
bottom on red clay. The hole was very narrow. No bones 
near. Awls, knives, a brass spigot, a round box of ver- 
milion paint, a European comb. 


Life of the Senecas from 1655 to 1687. 


Archeology and history show that the whole period from 
1655 until 1687 was one of European domination. The Senecas 
seem to have come in contact with traders from both New Am- 
sterdam and Quebec very early and by 1655 they had come to 
depend upon the traders for nearly every article in their whole 
economy. For them the Age of Stone had come to an abrupt 
end, possibly a whole generation before Father Chaumonot had 
entered their country, at a time when their chief towns, the pre- 
decessors of Totiakto and Gandagora, were far up in the hill 
country at the headwaters of Honeoye Creek. ‘The hotheaded 
young warriors who made the desperate attempt to stop Denon- 
ville’s army were far removed from the age in which their grand- 
fathers chipped their rude weapons from the chert which they 
picked up in the nearby creek bottoms, and they were as depen- 
dent upon the armories of England as were the soldiers of the 
French governor upon those of France. 


The village sites of the period were selected with care, two 
conditions being essential, namely, ease of defense and fertile 
soil. Several of the villages were situated upon high hills, others 
were partly surrounded by gullies. Gandagora was on a hill 
which rises two hundred and fifty feet above the surrounding 
valleys. Totiakto was in the bend of Honeoye Creek, which 
defended it on two sides. The earlier ‘sites were similarly 
placed. The creek bottoms and upland plains which surrounded 
Totiakto and Gandagora were fertile and entirely suited to the 
raising of corn. Nearness to water though essential was not a 
primary consideration. The water supply of the large villages 
was from springs. A few depended upon streams. ‘The strong 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES 445 


springs which supplied Gandagora, Totiakto, and the early site 
at Richmond Mills, still gush freely. 


Of the great towns, some at least were palisaded. Father 
Garnier, after the burning of Gandougarae in 1670, was promised 
a chapel as soon as the new cabins and palisades were complete. 
Galinee described the palisades of the eastern village in which he 
stayed with LaSalle, and his desciption has already been quoted. 


GA-NO- SOTE 


or 


BARK HOUSE. 


A Seneca House, 


r TIPS ST Sore. Dhar ioe 


Interior View of 


BARK HOUSE. 


Denonville found the arms of the King of England on the gates 
of the town of Gannounata in 1687. Gates imply a wall or pal- 
isade. ‘The small fort near Gandagora, which the Senecas used 
as a base in Denonville’s time, was probably a palisade, though 
earthworks and a trench were visible there as late as 1858. 
Greenhalgh, however, definitely states that none of the towns of 
1677 were defended. 


446 THE SENECA NATION 


No remains of a Seneca house of the period have been pre- 
served for us. ‘Their sites are undoubtedly marked by the deep 
ash beds and refuse heaps of the great sites. Greenhalgh described 
the houses at Totiakto as being the largest in all the Iroquois 
cantons. Hus description has already been quoted. 


In the center of one of the two large towns was a square, in 
which, according to Galinee, prisoners were tortured. Inside the 
palisades of Gandagora were large bark receptacles used for 
storing corn. 


Of such corncribs Lafitau wrote: ‘At Tsonnontouan they 
make bark granaries round and place them on elevations, piercing 
the bark from all sides so that the air will get in and prevent the 
moisture from spoiling the grain.’’ (*) 


Various visitors to the Senecas described them as being fierce, 
untiring warriors, professional trappers and hunters, and very 
successful farmers. Archeology supports and corroborates these 
accounts. 


Gun-lock, flints, bullet mould and bullets, bar of lead and steel 
for striking fire. 


The equipment of the Seneca warrior and hunter of 1687 
differed materially from that of his grandfather of 1600. ‘The 


* Lafitau, Moeurs des Sauvages, Vol. II, p. 8o. 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES 447 


warrior of the Stone Age armed himself with home-made bow 
and stone tipped arrows. By 1650 these had been relegated to 
the rubbish heap, and in their place the warrior carried a ‘‘mis- 
erable gun’’ with its accoutrements, a good European knife, and 
perhaps an iron ax. One such outfit was found with the body 
of a man in the Bunce cemetery at Victor. ‘The gun was a 
flint lock mnsket, six feet long, the European flint being still in 
position. A bag contained five extra flints, some swan shot and 
a bullet, a bullet mould, flint and steel. Beside the body lay a 
good knife with a carved bone handle, the remains of a sheathed 
dagger or short sword, an iron harpoon point, a large steel and a 
piece of flint for striking fire, red, yellow and black paint, scis- 
sors, possibly to trim his hair, three flat sandstone pebbles, and 
a heap of beautifully made triangular arrowpoints. 


All the people had not yet adopted European arms. A few, 
old-fashioned or ultra-conservative, still clung totheir Stone Age 
articles. Some, though armed in modern fashion with gun and 
ax, still carried their flint points and chipping tools. 


An old man and a young woman, perhaps his daughter, 
were buried together at Gandougarae in a double grave. ‘The 
girl’s body was bedecked with her necklace of glass beads and 
bracelets of brass and iron, and a wide wampum belt encircled 
her waist. Yet at the old man’s feet the mourners placed his 
entire flint chipping outfit, his chipping tools of antler, some 
blocks of chert, some unfinished work and a point. 


Two per- 
sons, both 
of promin- 
ence in the 
village on 
the Beal 
farm, took 
with them 
TON esteate lt 

Saeanvletsye 
© Jol 190, {D 11 sal 
outfits and 
flint, though in both cases the flint was not of local origin. One 
had points of flint evidently chipped from European gun-flints. 


The complete outfit of a flint chipper. 


448 THE SENECA NATION 


Many European articles were not brought to the Senecas in 
the regular course of trade, but as presents at councils. At the 
council in the eastern village at which LaSalle asked for a guide 
to the Ohio, he gave as three presents a double barreled pistol, 
ten kettles, twelve hatchets, four dozen knives and at least six 
pounds of glass beads. 

Few records remain of the exportation of peltries. In 1632 
the Dutch ship ‘‘Eendracht’’ was seized by the English and was 
found to contain five thousand beaver skins. In 1645 a Dutch 
ship arrived at Amsterdam with 2137 beaver skins. Governor 


European articles. Ax, knives, shears, spoon, awl and fish hooks. 


Dougan complained in 1687 that the fur trade of New York had 
fallen off from 40,000 beaver skins besides other peltry, to 9,000 
beaver and a few hundred other skins. 

French goods were much higher in price than English goods 
of the same quality. 

In 1724 Cadwallader Colden and others prepared a report on 
trade in which it was stated that the staple cloth called ‘‘strouds’’ 
was sold ‘‘at Albany for 10£a Piece. They were sold at Montreal 
before this Act took Place, at 13£, 2s, 6d., and now they were 
sold there for 25£ and upwards.’’ Colden also states in “‘A 
Memorial Concerning the Furr-Trade of the Province of New 
York’’ that “generally all the Goods used in the Indian Trade, 
except Gun-Powder, and a few Trinkets, are sold at Montreal 
for twice their Value at Albany.’’ 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES 449 


A good list of trade articles appears in the list of articles given by Wil- 
liam Penn in exchange for land, July 15, 1682. These seem to have been 
staple articles of trade with the Indians: 


Three Hundred and ffifty ffathams of Wampum, Twenty white Blank- 
ets, Twenty flathams of Strawdwaters, Sixty ffathams of Duffields, Twenty 
Kettles, flower whereof large, Twenty Gunns, Twenty Coates, fforty Shirts, 
fforty payre of Stockings, fforty Howes, fforty Axes, Two Barrells of Powder, 
Two Hundred Barres of Lead, Two Hundred Knives, Two Hundred small 
Glasses, Twelve payre of Shooes, fforty Copper Boxes, fforty Tobacco Toungs, 
Two small Barrels of Pipes, fforty payre of Sissers, fforty Combes, Twenty 
ffower pounds of Red Lead, One Hundred Aules, Two handfulls of ffish- 
hooks, Two handfulls of needles, fforty pounds of Shott, Tenne Bundles of 
Beads, Tenne small Saws, Twelve drawing Knives, ffower anchers of To- 
bacco, Two anchers of Rumme, Two anchers of Syder, Two anchers of 
Beere, and Three Hundred Gilders. 

Penna. Archives, Vol. I, Series 1, p. 47. 


The chief source of revenue of the Senecas at that time con- 
sisted of the furs brought in by their hunters. ‘The local sources 
of supply seem to have been depleted or completely exhausted 
by 1670, for mention is made of the party which left one of the 
villages to go to the northern shore of Lake Ontario after beaver, 
and which was to be absent nearly a year. Father Fremin, in 
the Relation of 1669, said: ‘‘The greater part of the people who 
belong to the Villages where we are settled are at war or out 
hunting during nine months of the year.’’ ‘The absence of a 
large proportion of the hunters of a village would mean a lack of 
animal food during much of the year and this is noted by Galinee, 
who says: ‘The great dish in this village, where they seldom 
have fresh meat, is a dog.’’ As a consequence, animal bones are 
much less abundant in the refuse heaps than in those of older 
Stone Age villages. The teeth of bears are occasionally found in 
graves, and seem to have served some purpose. Possibly they 
were trophies or the contents of charm bags. The skulls of small 
animals which were found in some graves, preserved by brass 
with which they lay, seem to have been the heads of animals the 
skins of which formed a fur robe, the heads serving as orna- 
ments. 


Farming was carried on on a large scale. ‘There is no doubt 
that the fertile lands about the villages were tilled by the Senecas, 
rudely perhaps, but remarkably successfully. In the absence of 
animal food, the food of the people must necessarily have 
been largely vegetable, and though some of this was gathered 
from the fields aud forests, the most of it must have come from 


450 THE SENECA NATION 


the cultivated fields of corn, squash and beans which surrounded 
the towns. 


Corn in a charred state is still to be seen in the refuse heaps 
of the villages. An ear was taken from a grave at Gandagora. 
Stores of it were kept in bark receptacles and possibly in under- 
ground caches. Denonville burned an immense amount of old 
stored corn in July, 1687, and chopped down all the corn fields 
which could be found near the towns. He estimated the quan- 
tity at 400,000 minots, or about one million two hundred thous- 
and bushels. 


In a brass kettle in a grave at Gandagora were found the 
seeds of amelon or cucumber. ‘This corroborates French accounts 
of the melons which they found amongst the Senecas. Father 
Beschefer sent to France in a box of curiosities ‘seeds of Cana- 
dian watermelons which grow without requiring any care like 
squashes in France.’’ 


Pigs were kept by the Senecas of this period and were men- 
tioned by de Denonville. 


Practically no tools for cultivating the soil have been found. 
Iron hoes have been found on the Dann farm. In all probability 
hoes made of wood were commonly used and these would not 
be preserved. 


The Senecas eagerly bought from both French and Dutch 
and later from the English, large quantities of liquor. From the 
French traders they obtained brandy, from the English traders 
rum. ‘The missionaries noted an increasing demand for liquor 
and a consequent increase in drunkenness. In the later years of 
the missions, it was reported that not only were the men fre- 
quently drunk, but that the women, who hitherto had not been 
addicted to drunkenness, were frequently to be seen intoxicated, 
and that even children were allowed to drink to excess. The 
occasion of the return of a party from Albany was always the 
scene of a drunken orgy, and crimes committed by drink-crazed 
Senecas were condoned because the criminal was intoxicated. 
The preparations for the departure of a hunting party to the 
wilderness was similarly a time for a wild debauch. 


There can be no doubt that the Senecas practised canni- 
balism. The accounts of Galinee and Greenhalgh expressly 
state that the flesh of tortured prisoners was eaten. Hennepin 
states that children were given the blood of captives to drink. 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL, SCIENCES 451 


There can be hardly a doubt that the two skulls (Numbers 4 
and 5) found in a refuse heap at Gandagora in immediate contact 
with the bones of deer were those of captives who had been dis- 
membered and probably eaten. 


Greenhalgh during his stay at Gandagora witnessed the tor- 
ture of captives. He says of it: ““Thatt day at Gandagora there 
were most cruelly burnt four men, four women and one boy. 
The cruelty lasted seven hours. When they were almost dead 
setting them loose to the mercy of ye boys and taking the hearts 
of such as were dead to feast on.’’ When LaSalle and Galinee 
visited the Senecas, a captive was put to death, but these two, 
fearing violence, left the village. Some of the Frenchmen of the 
party stayed, however, out of curiosity, and their description of 
it has been preserved by Galinee, who says: ‘At last after two 
hours of this barbarous amusement they killed him with a stone 
and afterwards everyone throwing himself upon him, tore him to 
pieces. One carried off his head, another an arm, a third some 
other limb, and everyone hurried away to put it in the kettle to 
feaSte one ite. 

The preparation and serving of food was probably much the 
same as they were in earlier days of the Stone Age. European 
steels were in fairly common use for striking fire. Three came 
from graves at Gandagora. The older and more primitive 
method of making fire by striking iron pyrites against flint was 
still in use. Several sets of pyrites and flint were taken from 
graves at Gandagora. 


European brass kettles had nearly supplanted the aboriginal 
clay kettles, and even their high cost did not prevent the Seneca 
women from taking advantage of their lightness, convenience and 
wearing qualities. Consequently a great many are found on all 
the sites of the period. 

They are the commonest articles found in graves. There is 
a story amongst the collectors in Victor that a collector found 
on the main village site of Gandagora a nest of nine kettles of 
graded sizes, evidently just as some trader had cached them. 
Those in the graves range in size from one as small as a teacup, 
which was found in a child’s grave at Gandagora, to one ‘nearly 
as big as a bushel basket’’, said to have been found in a grave 
at the Factory Hollow site. The commonest kettle seems to have 
been one holding about six or eight quarts. Many kettles show 
the evidences of hard usage. Some have been patched to repair 


452 THE SENECA NATION 


a leak, the patches being usually riveted on. Brass kettle ears 
and scrap brass are fairly abundant in the refuse heaps of all 
the sites. 


The abundance of clay kettles in graves of the Seneca sites 
is worthy of notice. They have been found buried with the dead 


on the Dann farm where they are numerous, on the Factory © 


Hollow site, and the Warren farm, where they are numerous, at 
Gandagora, where but one has been found, at Lima and at the 
small cemetery north of Lima, and in the cemeteries at the Beal 
farm and at Gandougarae. ‘This seems to show that clay kettles 


A clay kettle from the Beal site. 


were in common use when these villages were inhabited, yet the 
refuse heaps, to which fragments of broken kettles eventually 
found their way, do not always corroborate the evidence of the 
graves. No potsherds are reported as ever having been found in 
the refuse of Gandagora, Totiakto, Gandougarae or the Dann 
farm. The deep refuse heaps which spill over the edge of the 
escarpment bounding the Factory Hollow site are full of pot- 
sherds. The people of the later villages seem to have discarded 
them in household use, but to have continued putting them into 
graves. The one found in the bone pit of Gandagora seems to 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES 453 


have been originally buried in some individual’s grave, and to 
have been taken with his bones when these were removed from 
their first resting place for re-burial in the pit. It was found in 
three pieces in three different parts of the pit. On the Beal and 
DeLong sites clay kettles were found in original burials. 


For serving and eating, wooden spoons and ladles were in 
common use as they still are among the Senecas. The fragments 
of a wooden ladle, the handle of which is carved to represent a 
tiny bear, came from a brass kettle in the grave of a child on the 
site of Gandagora. It was of the usual Seneca type, resembling 
a butter ladle in shape. ‘The fragments of another came from a 
brass kettle in which were berry seeds. 


Modern wooden bowl and ladles. 


Fragments of wooden ladles are numerous at the Dann farm, 
and in the cemeteries on the Beal farm, the DeLong farm and the 
Marsh farm. 


Some spoons were made of more substantial material. One 
made of bone came from the Bunce cemetery. A very large one, 
the zig-zag handle of which represented a snake, was taken by 
Mr. Hamlin from a grave on the Marsh farm. Mr. Dann has 
two with long handles. 


454 THE SENECA NATION 


European spoons seem not to have been in extensive use at 
this time. One iron spoon was found in a man’s grave at Gan- 
dagora. Metal spoons were found on the Dann farm, one an 
‘“Apostle’’ spoon, with the figure of one of the apostles on the 
handle. A copper ladle was one of the articles found there. 


Food was served in bowls and on plates. The bowls seem to 
have been mostly of bark, of the pattern still to be seen on the 
Cattaraugus Reservation, though some wooden ones came from 
the Dann farm, and from Gandougarae. 


Modern bark bowl and ladle. 


Father Beschefer’s box of curiosities contained besides seeds, 
‘04 bark dishes of various sizes’’, and © 2 wooden spoons.’’ (*) 


Bowls, platters and spoons were not always as clean as they 
might have been. Galinee stayed in the eastern village for some 
time and left a good description of his food and how it was 
served. He says: ‘The great dish in this village, where they 
seldom have meat, is a dog, the hair of which they singe over 
the coals. After scraping it well they cut it in pieces and put it 
into the kettle. When it is cooked they serve you a piece of 
three or four pounds’ weight in a wooden platter that has never 
been rubbed with any other dish-cloth than the fingers of the 
lady of the house which appear all smeared with the grease that 


* Jes. Rel., Vol. L-XIII, p. 289. 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES 455 


is always in their plattcr to the thickness of a silver crown. 
Another of their greatest dishes 1s Indian meal cooked in water 
and then served in a wooden bowl with two fingers of bears’ 
grease or oil of sunflowers or of butternuts upon it.’’ 


European knives were in common use. Many, found in the 
graves of various sites, have carved bone handles and seem to 
have been the usual knives of the period in households in England 
and Flanders, and to have been staple articles of trade with 
the Indians. 


Several short pieces of iron rod an eighth of an inch thick 
seem to have been spits for roasting. In one village, while tor- 
turing a native, an old woman heated one of these iron spits 
red-hot and thrust it into him. 


To cut wood the Seneca women used iron axes bought from 
the traders. Many of these are to be found in graves. An 
immense number has been taken from the surface of some of the 
sites, if reports are to be credited. A few are still found in the 
refuse heaps. ‘These axes are much smaller than those usually 
seen on sites along the Niagara Frontier. ‘They have no marks 
by which we may be enabled to tell whence they came. Dented 
and flattened heads give evidence that they have been used 
as hammers. 


We have no description of the clothing of the Senecas of the 
period. For occasions of state, fur robes seem to have been used. 
European cloth was in use, possibly in quite common use, for 
the stock of traders included a great deal of cloth. French 
presents to the Senecas usually included coats or cloaks. In a 
few graves at Gandagora, and in others at the Dann farm, pieces 
of blanket have been found, preserved by reason of articles of 
brass lying in contact with them. Denonville’s men, after the 
battle near Gandagora, found many blankets where the Senecas 
had abandoned them in their flight. Belmont in his description 
of the ambuscade of Denonville’s force says: “‘We found two or 
three hundred wretched blankets, several miserable guns..... a 
In the great bone pit at Gandagora was found a black button, 
similar to those worn by priests on their cassocks. At the Dann 
farm another was found. 

Before the coming of the traders the Senecas used bone awls 
for sewing, and sinew for thread, for at the Stone Age sites at 
Richmond Mills and at the Cleary farm at East Avon bone awls 


456 THE SENECA NATION 


are numerous. ‘They seem to have adopted eagerly the iron awl 
and discarded the bone awl, for on all the later sites iron awls 
are abundent while those of bone have been taken from two 
graves only at Gandagora and at the DeLong farm. European 
needles have been found on but one site namely at the DeLong 
farm. 


Tobacco was in common use. Pipes have been found on the 
earliest Seneca sites and they become more and more abundant 
on the later sites. Ceremonial smoking seems not to have been 
practiced in early times, at least not in public functions as was 
the custom in later times. No ceremonial pipe has been found to 
my knowledge on any site ante-dating 1687, which corresponds 
in any way to the elaborate ‘‘calumets’’ of the Senecas of Sir 
William Johnson’s time. Yet on all Seneca sites pipes are 
numerous and in some cases elaborate. 


Four materials were utilized in making pipes, namely wood, 
bone, stone and clay. Of these clay was most and bone least 
used. Mr. Kirkpatrick has a small acorn-shaped bone pipe 
which he found on the site of Totiakto. ‘IT'wo wooden pipes, the 
fragments of which are preserved by their brass lining, were 
buried with their owners, one on the Beal farm, the other on the 
Bunce farm. One has as a decoration a well carved lizard which 
peers above the bowl and whose body lies along the bowl 
and stem. 


Stone pipes are comparatively rare. A few came from 
graves on the Dann farm. One was found in a grave on the 
Beal farm. 


Clay pipes are numerous, and are well made in a great 
variety of forms. Many are simple and unornamented save by 
simple designs in line and dot patterns. Others are elaborately 
molded in the shape of various figures. The most abundant 
motifs are animals, the bear being perhaps most numerous. 
Human effigies are fairly abundant. Bird forms are occasionally 
found. ‘The snake was used infrequently. 


Many of these pipes seem to have been made by the same 
persons and this leads to the doubt as to their being of Seneca 
origin. ‘There is no doubt that all these pipes were formed by 
hand and not in a mold. There may exist a great similarity 
between two pipes, yet there are always differences in their form 
or design to mark them as individual rather than from the same 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL, SCIENCES 457 


mold. Yet these similarities are such as to warrant the belief 
that either the same person made them, or that they are different 
persons’ expression of an identical idea. 


For instance, from a grave on Grand Island came a very 
rude clay pipe, around which is coiled a snake. This is merely 
a spiral ridge, terminated by an oval containing two tiny depres- 
sions for eyes. A similar one is from Totiakto, owned by Mr. 
Smith of Honeoye Falls. This also, is rude, and about it coils 
the same conventional serpent. A third was found at Cattar- 
augus Creek by State Archeologist Parker. In these three, not 
only were they found miles apart, but apparently years apart, for 


Seneca clay pipes. 


the grave at Grand Island can hardly be anything but Neuter, 
ante-dating 1650, and that from Totiakto must be at least twenty 
years later. 


Immense numbers of European pipes were used at this time 
by the Senecas. ‘These are the cheap, white clay pipes still in 
use. Entire pipes of this type are rare, but one was found in 
grave number 11 on the Beal farm with three Indian pipes. On 
later sites pipes made of lead are found. 


In adorning their clothing and their persons the Senecas 
were almost entirely dependent upon the traders. In their Stone 
Age they had been restricted to the use of rude ornaments cut 
from the bones of birds and animals and the shells of the fresh- 


[7] 


458 THE SENECA NATION 


water mussels from the nearby creeks. Occasionally shell from 
the ocean, and catlinite or Huron slate, reached them in trade 
with the Indians farther south or west. ‘The really beautiful 
glass beads of the traders appealed to them, and from the very 
beginning the Senecas imported them in great numbers and 
variety. [The most commonly used were small spherical beads, 
red or blue in color. An elliptical black bead seems to have been 
in vogue a great deal, possibly because it resembled purple 
wampum. ‘The polychrome beads of Venice, large as gooseber- 
ries, of a variety of colors, and showing a star in cross section, 
were rare at the time, though more abundant later. Long thin 
cylindrical beads, similar to those which many years ago received 
amongst us the name of bugle beads, were in commen use. 


Pipes.—(A) European clay pipe, (B) Seneca stone pipe. 
The others are clay pipes of Indian manufacture. 


Next to glass their commonest material for adornment was 
shell. This was brought in already made up into ornaments and 
also as raw material and made up in the villages. The Senecas 
seem to have prized it even more than glass, and worked it up 
into a large variety of ornaments. 


More than any other ornament, they used the small cylind- 
rical bead made of ocean clam shell, Venus mercenaria, which has 
come to be called wampum. At what time wampum was first 
used by the Senecas is unknown. It is probably a comparatively 
late introduction from coastal tribes. Stone Age Iroquoian vil- 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL, SCIENCES 459 


lages of the Niagara Frontier seem not to have been acquainted 
with it atall. It was certainly rare in the Stone Age Seneca vil- 
lage at Richmond Mills. Whether it was known at all to the 
early Senecas of the Stone Age is doubtful, but if it were not 
introduced by European traders who bought it from the Algon- 
kins along the Atlantic coast, at least it became abundant only 
after the traders had reached the Seneca towns. 


The Senecas probably bought their wampum from the 
Indians living in the vicinity of Long Island, either by direct 
trade with them, or through the traders from New Amsterdam. 
They probably bought it ready made, though some of it they 
undoubtedly made in their villages from imported shell. ‘This is 
shown by a few partly finished beads split in the making, which 
have been found in the refuse heaps. They used the wampum as 
ornaments, though at a comparatively early date belts of wam- 
pum were used in the ceremonies and as records. When LaSalle 
called the council of Senecas to ask for a guide to the Ohio, he 
was answered by ‘‘the head chief’? who “‘presented a wampum 
belt to assure us we are welcome amongst our brothers. ‘The 
second present was a second wampum belt to tell us they were 
firmly resolved to keep the peace with the French.’’ 


As part of the ceremonies at the ossuary at Gandagora, the 
Senecas laid on the ground either a wampum belt or several 
wampum strings, and upon these they made a heap of skulls. 
During the ceremonies as the bones were being thrown into 
the pit, loose wampum and short wampum strings were thrown 
in upon them. 

Besides wampum, and 
clamshell to be made into 
wampum, the Senecas 1m- 
ported for ornaments the 
massive shell of the fulgur 
and busycon from the At- 
lantic coast and possibly the 
strombus from the Gulf 
coast. lithis snot knowl 


Shell ornaments. In collection of Mr. 
Tae, Toe TIGR IGLEL, ISL. We whether these were brought 


in wunworked, or partly 
worked up, or made up into ornaments. Very few pieces of mas- 
sive shell have been found on the sites, yet numerous ornaments 
made from it are found both in the graves and the refuse heaps. 


460 THE SENECA NATION 


In making these ornaments they used both the whorl and the 
columella. From the columella they made long cylindrical beads, 
of varying lengths and thicknesses. These they perforated 
lengthwise and if long they suspended them vertically from a 
necklace, but shorter ones they strung as beads. One short but 
very thick and heavy one was used as a pendant on the draw 
string of a man’s bag which contained his pipes and extra gun- 
flints, and which was buried with him. 

They cut up the whorls into a large variety of pendants. 
Some of these pendants seemed to conform to a certain fashion 
then prevalent in the villages. Of these, several types are com- 
mon to all the villages, and to villages of a later period. Amongst 
these are the so-called ‘‘claws’’, ‘‘turtles’’ and ‘‘crescents’’. The 
‘“claws’’ are shaped much like the claws of a bear or wild-cat. 
The “‘turtles’’ or “‘geese’’ are flattened irregular ovoids, with 
one end extended and dilated so that the whole form resembles 
that of a turtle or of a flying goose. Some of these are further 
ornamented with black dots. The crescents are spindle shaped 
or lenticular pieces cut from the curved portion of a shell, and 
are usually perforated with four holes. 


These persistent types may be symbolical of some idea, as 
for instance the owner’s totem, or they may represent only a 
long prevailing fashion. ‘Then again they may be shapes impor- 
ted along with the shell from the Algonkins, or they may be 
pendants bought ready made by the Senecas from the coast 
tribes. 

A great variety of pendants was evidently made to suit the 
maker’s own taste, and some of these are really beautiful. One 
little girl wore a string of glass beads on which were strung 
some ellipsoidal shell beads, two small circular gorgets, which 
were an inch and a half across, and a few beads cut into the 
shape of a star with four rays. From the necklace were sus- 
pended four long shell cylinders. 

A few entire shells were sometimes used as ornaments. 
These were usually the shells of Olivella or Goniabasis, the outer 
whorls of which were perforated for suspension. 

Large circular gorgets are exceedingly rare. One was buried 
with a body on the Dann farm. Local collectors have secured 
a few small ones. A few shell “‘pins’’ were found at Totiakto 
by Mr. Mattern, and Mr. Dann has a few of these from his farm. 
How these were used is not known. 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAI, SCIENCES 461. 


From an aesthetic point of view, Seneca ornament reached 
its climax in the carved bone combs which have been found on 
all the later sites. In all these the craftmanship is excellent, 
and in most the design, whether elaborate or simple, is well 
chosen and well composed. So good is the design that it has 
been doubted whether these combs are of Indian make, yet all 
evidence seems to bear out the fact that they were made by 
Indians, and in some cases by the identical persons that wore 
them. There is no doubt that they were adapted from common 
European hair combs, which are frequently found associated 
with them. I know of no bone comb having been found on a 
Stone Age Seneca site. But that the combs were made by the 
Senecas in their own towns Is certain. Mr. Hamlin took from a 
grave on the Marsh farm an unfinished comb, which had cer- 
tainly been buried with its maker. 


Although it is possible that the Senecas were led to apply 
design to these combs through seeing ornamental: Kuropean 
combs, there can be no doubt that the designs themselves are 
thoroughly Indian. Though rude in detail their composition is 
well-planned but simple and their motifs are essentially aborig- 
inal. The design is usually perforated through the thin bone 
plate utilized, and is almost always confined to animal and 
human derivatives. Some of the animals may be symbolic. 


Aboriginal bone combs have been found on the Dann farm, 
from which come some remarkable specimens, now in the collec- 
tion of Mr. Dann; from Victor (Gandogora); from the Beal farm; 
from the Bunce cemetery; from the Marsh and DeLong farms 
(Gandougarae); and from the Fox farm. Probably some come 
from the Factory Hollow and the Warren sites. 

_ Very similar ones are found on the Niagara Frontier. ‘Three 
fine ones came from Grand Island and another from Port Col- 
borne. ‘These are in the museum of the Buffalo Society of 
Natural Sciences. 

The Senecas used stone very little for ornament. They 
occasionally secured small specimens of catlinite which they 
worked up into small pendants and beads. One catlinite pen- 
dant in the possession of Mr. Frank Hopkins of Victor is carved 
to represent a human face. Mica was rare, but a few pieces 
have been found in a grave. 

They utilized both brass and iron as ornaments. They bought 
from the traders strings of tiny brass beads, and several of these 


462 THE SENECA NATION 


strings were buried with the children. ‘They used long spiral 
springs of thin brass wire for necklaces, and a flat spiral of heavy 
wire they made into a brooch. Small brass cones held plumes 
on the hair or clothing. Iron wire and brass wire they made 


up into bracelets. 


. eo 
> 
8 
+ 


Bone combs, crucifix and chaplet, brass rings and bone spoon. 


The Jesuits gave their pupils brass rings as rewards for dill- 
gence or as incentives to more of it. "These were seal rings, on 
the seal being symbols of the crucifix, the monogram of Christ, 
or the letter L, probably the monogram of Louis of France. 
They gave their proselytes crosses and medals, also, with the 


same symbols. 
These seem in some cases to have been treasured up rather 


than worn. In a grave on the Beal farm were eight still tied 
together with a piece of rag just as their owner had hoarded 
them. 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES 463. 


Considering the long time during which the Jesuits worked 
amongst the Senecas, few evidences of their activities are found. 
A silver dish, part of an altar service, tells of the mission of La 
Conception which was established there. A hunter of Ganda- 
gora, a prominent man evidently, was a Christian, for his hands 
still clasped a crucifix, the chaplet of which was made of 
ivory beads. 

The Senecas used paint for their persons. Part of this was 
imported, part was home made. Black paint was made of lamp- 
black and was probably made in the towns by the person who 
used it. Yellow ochre gave them the yellow paint, red ochre 
a dark red. Whence these came is unknown. For a better 
shade of red they used vermilion which was brought in by white 
traders. They may have used for paint, graphite, a small piece 
of which was found in a grave at Bunce’s, and a large piece at 
DeLong’s. 


The paint when in any quantity was ground and kept in 
jars. Mr. Dann has a jar of red paint which came from a grave 
on his farm. A little iron pot in a grave at Gandagora was 
filled with lamp-black. A part of the burial ceremonies was 
the sprinkling of paint into the grave as it was being filled. 


Very little is known of the religion of the Senecas of that 
time. When the missionaries came their charges had a religion 
which the priests were inclined to consider a contrivance of the 
Evil One to circumvent and annoy them. Just what this religion 
was no one of the priests has told us, nor do they seem to 
have made any serious effort to find out. They complained that 
there was a belief in dreams, which they seemed to think 
amounted to a religion. The Senecas considered a dream a 
prophecy which he was constrained to fulfill, no matter what 
must be done nor the hardships undergone. ‘The missionaries 
mentioned a man who dreamed that he was to go to Quebec to 
get a dog. He promptly departed for Quebec. Many other 
equally absurd dreams were noted with their consequences. 


The priests noted also that the Senecas were under the dom- 
ination of ‘‘jugglers’’, and that these “‘jugglers’’ used their 
power against the priests. 


Belmont mentioned seeing in the ruins of Gandagora “‘a 
great mask with eyes and teeth of brass and a bearskin with 
which they juggle in their cabins’’. ‘This mask was also men- 


464 THE SENECA NATION 


tioned by Father Beschefer in his letter to Villermont. “‘I was 
mistaken when I told you that the Iroquois wore no masks. 
They make some very hideous ones with pieces of wood which 
they carve according to their fancy. When our people burned 
the villages of the Tsonnontouans, a young man made every 
effort to get one that an outaouae had found in a cabin, but the 
latter would not part with it. It was a foot and a half long and 
wide in proportion; 2 pieces of kettle, very neatly fitted to it and 
pierced with a small hole in the center represented the eyes.’’ * 

This mask is just such as is still used by the Senecas in 
ceremonials. 


Greenhalgh noted that the Senecas after killing a captive 
made a great clatter upon the bark sides of their houses to drive 
away the dead man’s spirit which might otherwise lurk about to 
do them an injury. 


Correlating these few facts, somewhat of the religion of the 
Senecas of the time may be learned. It seems to have been’ 
somewhat similar to that of the pagan party of the Senecas 
today, in that immortality of the soul was believed in, and that 
spirits were somewhat under the control of certain persons 
(called the “‘jugglers’’ by the priests) who evidently corres- 
ponded to the members of the secret societies of the modern 
Seneca pagans. These religious secret societies were already in 
existence as is made evident by the mask, and by a small gourd 
rattle found in a grave at DelLong’s similar to rattles still used 
by the Senecas. 

Regarding the work of the Jesuit priests who labored a 
quarter of a century amongst the Senecas, John Gilmary Shea 
says: But it is a remarkable fact that the Jesuit missionaries 
while they did not succeed in making the Five Nations Christian, 
overthrew the worship of Agreskoue or Tharonhiawagon, their 
old divinity, so completely that his name disappeared, and even 
those Iroquois who to this day refuse to accept Christianity 
nevertheless worship Niio or Hawen-niio, God or the Lord, who 
is no other than the God preached by the Jesuits in their almost 
hopeless struggle in the seventeenth century.’’ 


IGS: IRGE IER OUT, Asie): 


i / 
a 
Z 


M, 
etn 
Mobror co 

GSTON 


Ss Gos 
R / 


Al 


ij 
v= LEVTNGS1 


ue ~ 


// 
YAW NY and Pa 


eyN- °. 
: p, S. 
EAT RAN i 
fu 

7: 


a) 
= ag 


st = 
Sle 
i 


| ' 
i ‘ Zs 

oe “ p 

> y a) [—~ 


SEN Vy we 
SNS Es 


\ 


5 


ee MIXER 


Village Sites of the Genesee Valley. 


eh 


esti walsy 
4 ons 


Village Sites of the Genesee Valley. 


IB Jel (, IB@e, Ovo, ING Me 


The numbers correspond with those on the map. 


1. Located at Millville on Wadsworth farm, tenant A. Mil- 
ler. Several skeletons were removed about twenty years ago. 
Digging at the present time prohibited by the owner. 


Sufficient iron implements removed from site to iron a large 
grist mill erected in the vicinity in an early age. Surface find- 
ings have been numerous, consisting of iron, flint, bone, copper, 
and large quantities of Jesuit beads. 


One of the old residents of Avon, Dr. Nisfet, in examina- 
tion of the skeletons removed from the site, stated positively that 
they were not Indian. 


2. Located on Cleary farm one mile south of Lima road. 
Unable to find any record of burial plot being worked. It must 
be a large one as the evidence of several years’ habitation is 
conclusive. The ash pits are from two to eighteen inches in 
depth. Surface findings consist of stone, copper, flint, iron and 
Jesuit beads. ‘This is one of the villages named in the history of 
Livingston County as having been destroyed by the Marquis 
Denonville, in the year 1687. 


3. Crouse farm near Gilbert’s Mills. Burial lots have been 
excavated on a small scale. Site not large. Surface findings 
consist of stone, flint, and large quantities of white clay pipe 
stems. 


4. Crouse farm. Small site, but little surface findings, and 
evidently a temporary village. 


5. Stull farm near West Rush. Small site, several excava- 
tions have been made but little discovered. Cemetery not located. 


6. Wadsworth farm. Cemetery No. 7, east bank of Gen- 
esee River. 


8. East of Genesee Valley Junction near railroad. Surface 
findings are small. Many skeletons have been removed from 
this site. ‘They were buried in pits. 


466 THE SENECA NATION 


9-10-11. Farrill farm on Wadsworth property at Honeoye 
Junction. Large site, cemetery on No. 9 in a gravel and sand 
bank. Destroyed by Pennsylvania Railroad Company in exca- 
vating for gravel. Pit in operation at the present time. Surface 
findings very numerous. 


12. Markham farm between Avon and West Rush. Small 
burial site. Some skeletons removed when the Erie Railroad 
made a cut through the knoll. No attemps have been made to 
excavate to my knowledge. 


13. Small site in connection with No, 12. 


14 Whoard) tarme south of) Nose 2)and! 16. omiallgicives 
Excavations were made several years ago. 


15. Burgett farm, between Avon and West Rush. Small 
village site. A skeleton recently removed from the sand knoll 
in the vicinity was found in a sitting position. 


16. Post & Post farm at Canawagus, comprising four cir- 
cuits. House now stands on what was supposed to have been 
the cemetery, as skeletons were removed when its cellar was 
excavated. Surface findings in quantities, principally flint and 
stone. 


The number of skeletons removed from the cemetery at 
Canawagus, west of Avon, is very few compared with other 
places of its size. 

17. House farm. Surface findings numerous. 

18. Cemetery. This cemetery has been destroyed by exca- 
vation for gravel. 

19-20. House farm. 


21-23. Small sites, supposed to be temporary. Findings on 
property of stone and flint. 


24. Small. Surface finds are rare. 

25. Pierpont farm near South Avon. Small site. Flint and 
stone on surface. 

26. House farm. Small site. Flint and stone on surface. 

27. Casey farm, Fowlerville. Small site. Findings of flint 
and stone. 

28. Witcher farm, west of Fowlerville. Flint implements 
in large quantities. Evidence of fair sized village. No cemetery 
has been located to my knowledge. 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES 467 


29. Spring Creek, west of Caledonia. A famous historic 
spring. Some skeletons have been removed in excavating for 
buildings in that vicinity. 


30. Wadsworth farm, west side of river, opposite Genesee 
Road. ‘This is noted in history. ‘The burial place is protected 
by the owners. 


There is a village site near Piffard on the west side of the 
Genesee River at the cemetery, that has never been excavated. 
I am unable to give the exact location, but it is approximately 
one mile north of No. 30. 


31. Comprises territory of Little Beard’s town. Many 
skeletons were removed in excavating gravel for the Pennsyl- 
vania Railroad. 


32. Wadsworth farm at Fall Brook. Burials protected by 
the owners. 


33. Fitzhugh farm, south of Fall Brook. Protected by the 
owners. 


- 34. At the Hermitage, Wadsworth farm. Large site. Sur- 
face findings are numerous and are composed of flint, stone, and 
small quantities of copper. Recorded in history as the village 
destroyed by Gen. Sullivan in his campaign through the Genesee 
valley, No 33 being destroyed at the same time. 


35. Located at Craig Colony. Findings numerous. It is 
protected by the Superintendent of the colony. 


36. Squakie Hill, south of Mt. Morris. Findings consist 
of flint, copper and stone. Some excavations have been made in 
this vicinity. 

37. Wadsworth farm, south side of Genesee River, opposite 
Squakie Hill. 

38. Gardeau Flats, home of Mary Jamison. No surface 
findings on account of flood land. 


I might say in connection with various sites, that from 
Rochester to Caneadea on both sides of the Genesee River, there 
are but few fields that do not bear evidence of having been 
inhabited by Indians. 


Report on an Ossuary (Number one) 
AT ORANGEPORT, NIAGARA CounTy, N. Y. 
By WILLIAM L. BRYANT. 


_ In the spring of 1909, a farmer named Sweeney, while 
engaged in removing dead peach trees from a worn out orchard 
on his farm at Orangeport, Niagara County, discovered a mass 
of human bones, apparently buried in disorder, a few feet below 
the surface. 


I visited this place on May 19, 1909, a day or two after its 
discovery by Mr. Sweeney, who kindly allowed me to investigate 
and assisted in the labor of excavating. 


‘The site of this ossuary is a sandy field on the crest of the 
‘Mountain Ridge’’, one of the highest points of the county. 
Mr. Sweeney had already dug a hole some four feet square, from 
which were taken a great many skulls. Some of these he had 
reinterred; others had been taken away by curious neighbors. 


We began at his excavation and carried it to the limits of 
the original pit which seemed to have been oblong, being about 
twelve feet long and eight feet wide. Bones were encountered 
at a distance of eighteen inches beneath the surface and were 
packed solidly three and one-half to four feet in depth. 


From this pit we took seventy-eight skulls, not counting 
those which Mr. Sweeney had removed. ‘The bones of all skele- 
tons were in all cases disarticulated and had apparently been 
tightly packed in at the time of burial. Both children and adults 
were represented. ‘There seemed to be centers at which skulls 
were more closely packed than at any other points in the pit, 
and it is probable that the skeleton bundles were arranged in 
some more or less radiating manner. A photograph which I 
took shows one of these centers, but I regret that a rainy day 
prevented me from obtaining good pictures which could be 
reproduced. 


No artifacts of any sort were found. Many of the skulls 
(I found nine such) were badly distorted, evidently by earth 
pressure and the long continued solvent effect of some acid of 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES 469 


the soil; the sutures, however, had not separated. Altogether 
the burial seemed to me one of considerable antiquity. 


In the absence of cultural clues to the identity of the people 
who performed this burial, we should compare it with the ossu- 
aries of the adjacent regions. Some years ago I opened one 
similar in all respects to the present ossuary, at Sherkston, On- 
tario, a few hundred yards from the north shore of Lake Erie. 
The pit was of about the same size and apparent antiquity and 
contained a confused mass of tightly packed bones of individuals 
of all ages. No Separate graves were found on the outskirts and 
no human artifacts of any kind. 


On the other hand, the cemeteries at Point Abino, Ont., at 
Port Colborne, Ont., and one near Cayuga, Ont., all of which I 
have personally investigated, agree in the following particulars: 
all contained bone pits as nuclei, all had separate graves in the 
vicinity and all contained burial presents, largely of European 
manufacture. ‘The cemeteries at Stamford, Ont., and at Grand 
Island, N. Y., contained one or more small pits with a few 
bundle burials packed in them, surruonded by a large number of 
separate graves. I infer from these circumstances, that soon after 
the Jesuits visited these people, they persuaded them to give up 
the ‘Feast of the Dead’’, which was gradually abandoned, and 
baptized converts were given individual burials. 


The tribes inhabiting this region when first visited by the 
whites were of Huron-Iroquois stock, either Neuters or one of 
their offshoots, the Wenros. 


There are traces of an earlier Algonquin people along the 
Canadian shore of Lake Erie and of the Niagara River, but a 
cemetery recently found at Fort Erie, Ont., seems to show that 
the burials were in separate shallow graves, accompanied by bone 
and flint weapons and with implements of a northern Algonquin 
culture. 


There remain the Missisaugas, an Algonquin nomadic tribe, 
who made their first appearance in this vicinity in historical 
times about 1686, but who occupied no part of it permanently 
until 1700 when they were invited by the Senecas to reside near 
them. Owing to a traditional hatred between them and the 
eastern Iroquois, however, they made no very permanent settle- 
ments in this region. An Onondaga Indian told me that many 
years ago (1870) he attended a council on the Grand River at 


470 THE SENECA NATION 


which were representatives of all the Six Nations as well as of 
the Chippewas and Missisaugas of New Credit and that he fre- 
quently heard these Missisaugas in conversations with each other 
refer to the Mohawks as ‘‘snakes’’, with bitter emphasis. I think 
that they or any Algonquin people may be safely eliminated and 
that this ossuary was dug by Neuters or Wenros at some time 
before white influence had reached them. 


Report on an Ossuary (Number two) 
AT ORANGEPORT, NIAGARA County, N. Y. 


By FREDERICK HouGuHTon, M.S. 


In 1909 an ossuary was discovered by accident on the farm 
of Sweeney Brothers at Orangeport. ‘This was visited by Mr. 
Bryant who has reported upon it. 

On July 14th, 1910 I visited the site of this ossuary to satisfy 
myself that no individual graves had been overlooked. In testing 


The ossuary. Photograph by F. Houghton. 


nearby I discovered a mass of bones which upon investigation 
I found to be a great bone pit similar to that which had already 
been found. 


The site of these ossuaries is on the top of a sandy knoll 
which here is superimposed upon the limestone which caps the 


472 THE SENECA NATION 


escarpment known as the ‘‘Mountain Ridge’’. The hill is one 
of the highest points in Niagara County, being 640 feet above 
the sea, and it commands an extensive view of the lower lying 
fruit-tree-covered Ontario plain and, beyond, the blue waters of 
Lake Ontario. Eastward the escarpment is broken by a gully 
in which is a considerable creek, the east branch of Highteen 
Mile Creek. A rather strong spring bubles out of the limestone 
at the base of the hill. 


Upper surface of the ossuary. Photograph by F. Houghton. 


Fifty years ago or more a house stood on the crest of the 
hill which at that time was covered by an apple orchard. ‘This 
house and the orchard have disappeared. 


There is no story regarding any burial place here, nor is 
there any among the neighboring people, many of whom can 
remember the site for half a century or more, and the finding of 
the first ossuary was a surprise to everyone. 


No Indian village site has been found nearby. The nearest 
is probably that at Shelby, near Medina. On the edge of the 
gully before mentioned, however, I found a few small black 
spots which undoubtedly mark the sites of Indian cabins or 
tents, and in these I found a few potsherds and flint flakes. A 


Cross-section of the ossuary. A bundle of bones projects at the right edge. 


Photograph by F. Houghton. 


[8] 


474 THE SENECA NATION 


grave is also said to have been found there. Flint points are 
found on the low lands at the base of the hill near Gasport, half 
a mile away. 

The surface of the hill yields practically no Indian artifacts. 
I found one pitted stone hammer and a few flakes which evi- 
dently marked the spot where some Indian had made a point at 
some distance. from the ossuaries. 


The second ossuary is twelve feet south of the (probable) 
southern edge of the first ossuary. It proved to be an irregular 
rectangle, the bounding lines of which seemed to be parallel to 
those of the first pit. 

In exploring it I stripped the earth from an area over the 
ossuary of nine feet by ten feet and thus uncovered a large 
superficial area of bones, and then followed the eastern, northern 
and southern edges of the pit. The uncovering was not con- 
tinued to complete the western edge because of lack of time and 
this has not since been uncovered, though the testing rod showed 
that the bones extend westward for about four feet from the 
edge of our excavation. 


The entire pit was filled with one great mass of human 
bones. In the portion uncovered we counted 135 skulls. The 
bones were in no order but were intermingled in the greatest 
confusion. Ina few instances the bones of a limb were found 
together as though the limb had been intact when it was thrown 
into the pit, or at least that the bones were still held together by 
the tendons. In at least two instances the bones of a skeleton 
were so arranged as to suggest the ‘‘bundle burial’’ type of 
interment which occurred so often in the Grand Island cemetery, 
the long bones being laid together and parallel, with the skull at 
one end and the pelvis at the other. 


Only one entire skeleton was found. ‘This lay in a flexed 
posture, head to the west and face south, on the original soil of 
the bottom of the pit and at its extreme edge. It was covered 
with the bones of the other skeletons of the pit, which lay in 
immediate contact with it. The only articles found in the pit, 
namely two small shell beads, lay on the pelvis of this skeleton. 


The bones in the pit were those of persons of all ages from 
infancy to extreme old age. "There were numerous evidences of 
disease and wounds. Several tibias and clavicles were enlarged 
and spongy. One skull was marked at the base by a deep cut 


Houghton. 


F 


to the ossuary. Photograph by 


in 


. 


ard 


ing downw 


Look 


476 THE SENECA NATION 


and one showed a healed wound. Perforated htumeri were 
numerous. 


There was nothing to show the identity of the persons 
buried in the pit, the only articles found being the two shell 
beads mentioned. ‘The territory was at one time occupied by the 
Neuter Nation and the Wenroes, people of Iroquoian family, and 
by the Missisaugas, of Algonquin stock. Both these people 
had the custom of burying their dead in communal pits, with 
ceremonials. Other pits on the Niagara Frontier, probably 
Neuter, contained many articles, which had been thrown into 
the pit with the bodies. ‘The absence of articles here would seem 
to indicate an origin other than Neuter. ‘The village at Shelby 
may have been a Wenro village, but it has its own cemeteries 
which seem to have been large enough to account for its dead. 
It is entirely probable that the Missisaugas who wandered over 
the country thereabouts considered the high hill a suitable place 
to bury their dead and there held a “‘Feast of the Dead’’. 


Hemipterological Gleanings. 


By EDWARD P. VAN DUZEE. 


The following descriptions and synonymical notes have 
accumulated in the course of my studies on our North American 
Hemiptera during the past year or so: 


CAPSIDAE. 


Phytocoris rufus n. sp. 


Closely allied to mewzdus but smaller, more reddish in color 
and wanting the vestiture of whitish hairs so conspicuous in that 
species. Length 4 to 4% mm. 

General characters substantially as in mundus. Surface almost nude, 
with a few short scattering hairs only, not distinctly long-pubescent as in 
the allied form. Notch on the sinistral aspect of the male genital segment 
rounded, not right angled as in mundus, the margin behind this feebly sub- 
angularly produced. 

Color dull rufous becoming dark sanguineous on the head, basal joint 
of the antenne and legs; pronotum, outer margin of the elytra and most 
of the lower surface paler; basal joint of the antenne and the femora 
obscurely irrorate with paler, the latter pale at base. Second joint of the 
antenne paler with a dusky band before the middle and another at apex. 
Third and fourth joints blackish, the narrow base of the third pale. Tip 
of the rostrum black. Hind submargin of the pronotum with a dusky 
vitta, the extreme edge paler, thus giving the impression that there is a 
linear depression along this margin. Corium shaded with obscure san- 
guineous forming an oblique vitta on the disk posteriorly and another 
parallel along the claval suture. Cuneus entirely sanguineous or sometimes 
a little paler exteriorly, marked with two dusky points on the inner margin. 
Membrane deeply infuscated with a pale spot at the apex of the cuneus, 
the nervures fusco-sanguimeous. Tarsi black, the posterior pale at base. 


Described from ten examples representing both sexes, taken 
at Sevenoaks, Florida, on May 1st, 1908, and listed as Phytocoris 
sp. in my report on Florida Hemiptera. (P. 180, No. 139.) 


This species is very close to mundus but its smaller size, 
deeper color, the pale posterior margin to the pronotum bordered 
by dusky, the obscurely banded second antennal joint, colored 
cuneus, darker membrane, and especially the want of the 
conspicuous pale pubescence on the upper surface will dis- 
tinguish it. 


478 HEMIPTEROLOGICAL GLEANINGS 


Phytocoris vau n. sp. 


Aspect of //éza/is but larger and more elongated: pale green- 
ish-yellow; antenne, legs, clavus and membrane rufous or rufo- 
piceous. Length 6 mm. 

Head small, nearly vertical before. Antenne slender; basal joint 
stout, as long as the pronotum, armed with short stiff black hairs; second 
joint very long, two and one-half times the length of the first; third and 
fourth together not longer than the second. Pronotum polished, much nar- 
rowed anteriorly, the sides feebly arcuated. Elytra long, parallel, minutely 
sericeus, the corium polished. 


Color pale greenish-yellow. Clypeus, cheeks and lore rufous. Basal 
joint of the antenne dark rufous, immaculate; second paler, becoming 
piceous at apex, marked with a pale ring at base and a broader one beyond 
the middle; apical joints fuscous, the third narrowly pale at base. Rostrum 
rufous at base, black beyond the middle. Pronotum and scutellum entirely 
pale. Clavus rufo-piceous, the pale pubescence conspicuous on this dark 
surface. Corium pale with a rufous vitta at the inner angle connecting the 
dark color on the clavus with that on the membrane. Cuneus rufous at 
apex. Membrane fuscous tinged with rufous and minutely irrorate and 
clouded with whitish on its disk. Beneath pale. Legs almost sanguineous; 
the tibie paler becoming infuscated at apex; tarsi blackish. 


Described from one male example taken at Pasadena, Cali- 
fornia, June 17th, 1909, by Mr. Fordyce Grinnell Jr. This 
slender species is very distinct by its pale greenish color with 
rufous antenne, legs. clavus and inner angle to the corium. 


Argyrocoris n. gen. 


Closely allied to Phyvfocoris. Uead nearly horizontal; the 
vertex oblong, continued in the plane of the pronotum; moder- 
ately convex. without a median sulcus. Eyes oval, nearly 
vertical, contiguous to the angles of the pronotum; clypeus 
strongly produced, narrow, compressed. First joint of the 
antenne short, scarcely thickened, little longer than the inner 
margin of the eye; second linear, longer than the head and pro- 
notum together; third more slender and shorter; fourth still 
more slender and shorter than the first. Pronotum transverse, 
base and apex truncate, the latter reaching nearly to the outer 
angles of the eyes; collum entirely wanting; sides nearly 
straight, scarcely carinate. Scutellum small. Elytra and wings 
as in Phytocoris. Rostrum passing the posterior coxee. Anterior 
coxee elongated. Posterior femora strap-like as in Phytocoris. 
Basal joint of the tarsi not longer thanthe second. Arolia linear, 
long and free as in this sub-family. 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES AAG) 


This genus has the form and aspect of Phy/ocoris, but the 
entire absence of a pronotal collum, the short basal joint of the 
antennze and the strongly compressed and arched clypeus seem 
to warrant its separation. It has much the aspect of the JZvine 
but the non-sulcate vertex, elongated anterior coxeze and short 
basal joint of the tarsi exclude it from that division. 


Argyrocoris scurrilis n. sp. 


Testaceous white; pronotum with five lines of appressed 
silvery scales the three median of which are continued over the 
head. Length 5 mm. 


Vertex viewed from above oblong, a little longer than broad between 
the eyes; clypeus abrupt, narrow, viewed from the side forming a semi- 
circular plate distinctly wider than the narrow cheeks and lore. Eyes 
castaneous. Basal joint of the antennae surpassing the clypeus by about 
one-third of its length, attenuated on its immediate base, a little thicker 
than the second; third about two-thirds the length of the second; fourth 
short and feeble, not half the length of the third and much thinner, hardly 
so long as the first. Callousities of the pronotum obsolete. Elytra long, 
parallel, surpassing the tip of the abdomen by practically the whole length 
of the membrane. Hind femora much compressed, lgulate, regularly nar- 
rowing from near the base. 


Color whitish testaceous, clothed with scattering soft white hairs. 
Pronotum with five slender longitudinal lines of brilliant silvery-white 
appressed scale-like hairs, the three median of which are continued on the 
head and are connected behind by a similar line across the base of the 
scutellum; the pronotal lines more or less distinctly margined with fuscous. 
Scutellum somewhat infuscated at base, the broad median line and slender 
margins silvery pubescent, Elytra nearly uniclorous. Membrane white, 
sparingly marmorate with fuscous beyond the areoles. Legs concolorous, 
the hind femora with three longitudinal black lines below, which are more 
or less visible above. Tarsi slightly infuscated, the claws black. 


Described from three examples taken at light in the Hua- 
chuca Mts., Arizona, in July, by Prof. H. G. Barber. 


Eustictus venatorius n. sp. 


_ Closely allied to g7ossus but of a yellowish-testaceous color 
mottled and dotted with fuscous or black. Length 7—8 mm. 


Head as in grossus; exerted base polished black with a fulvous spot 
behind the inner angle of’ each eye; surface pale clouded with fuscous 
between the antenne and more indistinctly on the vertex; cheeks polished 
black; throat blackish. Antenne pale closely dotted with black; tip of 
the second joint and apical one-half of the third whitish; fourth joint 
black, the extreme tip paler. Pronotum coarsely punctured, variegated, 
anteriorly mostly black, posteriorly largely pale. Scutellum black; a large 


480 HEMIPTEROLOGICAL GLEANINGS 


fulvous spot either side of the middle of the convex anterior lobe, and a 
small one on either side of the base of the tumidly bilobate posterior lobe. 
Elytra pale blotched with black especially on the clavus and apical 
disk of the corium; costa pale ending in an elongated black spot. Cuneus 
pale yellow, black on the inner angle and fuscous at apex. Membrane 
smoky, its nervures black. Beneath mostly pale, clouded with fuscous along 
the sides. Femora dotted with fuscous, the tibiz four times alternated 
with black. Tarsi and rostrum dusky, the latter attaining the hind edge of 
the metasternum. 

Described from one male and two female specimens taken by 
me at Hamburg and Gowanda, N. Y., and Crescent City, Fla. 
Those taken in New York were beaten from hickory trees over 


which they were prowling, apparently in search of prey. 


Genus Largidea Uhler, MS. 


Allied to Hladronema. Head short, nearly vertical, scarcely 
produced below the line of the gula; cheeks narrow, but little 
prominent; loree minute, obscure; vertex ecarinate. Antenne 
robust; first joint scarcely attaining the apex of the head; 
second about as long as the pronotum, much thickened regu- 
lariy toward its apex; third and fourth short, subequal, and 
about as long as the first, fusiform, much thinner than the 
others. Pronotum coarsely puncture, trapeziform, about as 
long as wide across its base, sides straight, strongly carinate, 
base broadly rounded over the base of the scutellum; apex 
about one-half as broad as the base, flat, collar wanting; callou- 
sities obscure, bounded behind by an impressed hooked line. 
Scutellum small, rugose. Elytra finely punctured; the costal 
margin moderately expanded and curved. Membrane bi-areo- 
late. Wings without a hamus. Legs rather short; tibiz armed 
with closeset hairs but without stiff bristles; first joint of the 
tarsi nearly as long as the apical two united; second short and 
scarcely distinguished from the third. Arolia wanting. Rost- 
rum just passing the intermediate coxz. Surface short- 
pubescent. 

This genus seems to be very near to Distant’s genus Puscus 
(Biol. Heter. I, p. 299), but he does not mention the carinate 
margin of the pronotum which he would almost certainly have 
done had it been present in his genus. Dr. Reuter mentions 
this genus under his subfamily Heterotominz on page 110 of 
his Neue Beitrage zur Phylogenie und Systematik der Miriden, 


1910; probably from specimens I had sent to him so determined 
for me by Dr. Uhler. 


Type: Largidea marginata n. sp. 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES 481 


Largidea marginata Uhler, MS. 


Dark castaneous. Head piceous-black with a rufous spot against the 
inner margin of the eyes. Second joint of the antenne sometimes tinged 
with castaneous. Pronotum rufous; callousities black, the impressed line 
behind them polished; generally the whole disk behind the callousities is 
dark castaneous leaving a broad rufous or red margin. Scutellum rufous 
with a blackish spot on its base. Elytra dark castaneous; the cuneus and 
sometimes the broad inner margin of the corium rufous. Membrane black- 
ish fuscous; the nervures black. Beneath mostly rufous becoming black 
on the sternum. Legs nearly black, the femora sometimes rufous beneath. 


Described from thirteen examples taken by me on scrub 
oak at Salida, Colorado, July 24th, 1900. At that time I sent 
specimens to Dr. Uhler which he determined as Largidea mar- 
gimata Uhler, but the description seems never to have been 
published. 


Genus Ganocapsus jy. gen. 


Body glabrous, oblong, subelongate; head nearly vertical, 
more elongated than in Garganus, clypeus strongly convex, pas- 
sing the cheeks by one-half its length, vertex distinctly impressed 
between the inner angles of the eyes. Antenne long and 
slender, attenuated toward the apex; first joint thickest, nearly 
as long as the pronotum; second joint filiform, not at all thick- 
ened. Pronotum longer than in Garganus, strongly narrowed 
anteriorly, and the sides distinctly but not deeply sinuated; 
surface transversely wrinkled, impunctate, collum distinct. 
Elytra polished, impunctate, strongly shagreened. Rostrum 
attaining the hind edge of the metasternum. Posterior femora 
long, terete, scarcely flattened and but little narrowed to the 
apex; first tarsal joint not longer than the second; arolia large 
and divaricate as in the allied genera. 


This genus is closely allied to Gar ganus but differs in having 
the second antennal joint filiform, the head more produced with 
a longer and more convex clypeus, the vertex more distinctly 
impressed at base, and the pronotum longer with the sides 
obviously sinuated. 


Type Ganocapsus filiformis n. sp. 
Ganocapsus filiformis y. sp. 


Form of Garganus fusiformis. Color pale sanguineous, 
elytra black, commissural and costal margins and legs pale 
yellowish. Length, male 5, female 6 mm. 


482 HEMIPTEROLOGICAL GLEANINGS 


Head nearly vertical, longer than in Garganus fusiformis; front convex, 
polished; clypeus prominent, considerably produced before the lore. An- 
tenne slender; first joint cylindrical, as long as the pronotum behind the 
callousities; second about twice the length of the first, not thickened in 
either sex; third two-thirds the length of the second and more slender; 
fourth one-half the length of the third and still thinner. Sides of the 
pronotum sinuated behind the middle, the callousities distinct. Scutellum 
proportionately a little longer and more convex than in fusiformis. Elytra 
very minutely and sparingly tomentose, 


Color pale sanguineous becoming a little greenish on the abdomen; 
eyes, basal joint of the antenne, elytra, tip of the rostrum and oviduct of 
the female black; apical half of the second antennal joint, third except on 
its immediate base and the fourth entirely, apex of the tibie and the 
apical joint of the tarsi fuscous; sides of the venter with an obscure 
fuscous vitta. In the female there is an oblique obscure fuscous cloud 
next the humeral angles. Legs whitish-testaceous. Commissural and costal 
margins of the elytra whitish, the later covering most of the cuneus; mem- 
brane fuscous-black, the nervures black. 


Described from one pair taken at Tuscon, Arizona, August 
28th, 1911. by Mr. F. Payne. ‘This species has somewhat the 
aspect of a Szenotus but the short basal joint of the tarsi excludes 
it from that genus. In Reuter’s 1909 key to the genera of the 
Capsaria it goes directly to genus Garganus from which it differs, 
however, by the charaeters given above. 


Dichrooscytus irroratus n. sp. 


Size and aspect of suspectus Reut. Head more vertical than in sus- 
pectus, the basal carina of the vertex but feeble, the surface behind it 
depressed and continued in a broad indefinite sulcus in the male; surface 
anteriorly distinctly convex and arcuately striate; clypeus and cheeks 
prominent and deeply sutured. Antenne about as in suspectus, first joint 
thicker, shghtly longer than the basal width of the vertex, second in both 
sexes longer than the basal width of the pronotum. Pronotum more nar- 
rowed anteriorly and with the sides more oblique than in the allied form. 
Upper surface sparingly clothed with short pale hairs. 


Color yellowish green, sometimes becoming deeper green on the anterior 
disk of the pronotum and on the abdomen. Scutellum pale sanguineous 
omitting the basal margin and an oval spot either side at apex; elytra 
more or less closely irrorate with sanguineous excepting the costal margin, 
the narrow calloused base and about the apical one-half of the cuneus; 
extreme tip of the latter sanguineous-brown. Membrane slightly enfumed 
becoming a deeper brown toward the apex, on the tip of the larger cell and 
next the apex of the cuneus; the nervures sanguineous or mostly so. Legs 
pallid becoming a little suffused toward the apex of the tibie; the tip of 
the tarsi and apex of the rostrum blackish. Length to tip of membrane 
5 mm. 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES 483 


Described from two males and two females taken by me at 
Rifle, Colo., July 25th, 1900. About a week earlier I took four 
examples from the cedars about Manitou, Colo, which differ 
from the typical form above described in being smaller (4mm. ), 
in having the base only of the scutellum sanguineous, the 
nervures of the lager areole of the membrane pale, the base of 
the cuneus more deeply sanguineous and the antennae a little 
infuscated at apex. In some individuals the pronotum is 
washed with reddish. They have the same swollen striate face 
and probably are not distinct. 


Dichrooscytus maculatus n. sp. 


Allied to elegans but smaller and more strongly marked. Vertex but 
feebly carinated at base; clypeus and cheeks smaller and less convex than 
in elegans, the eyes when viewed from the side larger and more oblong, 
reaching almost to the line of the gula. Antenne longer, the second joint 
much elongated, one and one-half times the length of the third and fourth 
united; scutellum narrower and more convex; upper surface with a few 
pale appressed hairs more conspicuous on the elytra. 

Color light greenish yellow more or less tinged with pink, leaving the 
head, antenne and rostrum paler; punctures on the pronotum strong, con- 
colorous; eyes black. Elytra marked with an oval fuscous spot at the inner 
angle of the clavus and a narrow transverse fuscous vitta on the apex of 
the corium, a little widened toward the costa. Membrane slightly enfumed, 
with a fuscous cloud across the apex and over the apical one-half of the 
areoles, the nervures pale, those at the extreme basal angle blackish. In 
the reddish examples the abdomen and legs are more or less strongly suf- 


> 


fused with the same color. Length 3 mm, 


Described from two female and four male examples taken 
by me at Sevenoaks, near Clearwater, Florida, on May Ist, 
1908. This pretty little species is near to e/egans but it has a 
different aspect on account of its larger eyes and narrower form, 
and is well distinguished by the more convex scutellum, longer 
antennz, shorter clypeus and cheeks and the maculated elytra. 


Horcias dislocatus Say. 


So far as I can make out all of our eastern forms of Horczas 
belong to one species for which I adopt the name first used by 
Say. The following fairly well distinguished varieties are 
represented in my collection: 


Var. dislocatus Say. Pale rufo-sanguineous; first two 
antennal joints, eyes, narrow base of the vertex and apex of the 
head; two approximate spots on the base of the pronotum, the 


484 ; HEMIPTEROLOGICAL GLEANINGS 


scutellum except the median line; clavus, at least within; a 
wedge-shaped spot on the apex of the corium; membrane, sides 
of the pectus and abdomen and tips of the tibiz and tarsi, 
black. 


Var. scutellatus n. var. Like dislocatus except that the 
pronotum and elytra are nearly or quite immaculate and the 
scutellum is entirely black. Portland, Me., and Jbrantford, Ct. 


Var. goniphorus Say. Differs from dzslocatus in having 
the thoracic spots merged, the scutellum entirely black, the 
elytra broadly black within and the femora and sometimes the 
base of the tibiz more or less, black. 


Var. affints Reut. Differs from adzslocatus in being more 
fulvo-testaceous in color, in having the pronotal spots larger 
and the elytra black with two lines along the claval suture, the 
narrow costa, a line near it and the cuneus except at apex, pale. 


Var. marginalis Reut. Black; two divergent vittee on the 
vertex against the eyes, narrow costal edge of the elytra and 
sometimes a line on the base of the cubital nervure and one on 
the inner angle of the cuneus, the tibize except at base and apex 
and the base of the tarsi, white or whitish. 


Var. nigrita Reut. Differs from marginalis in having the 
elytra entirely black except for a pale line on the base of the 
cubital nervure. 


Var. pallipes n. var. Differs from xzgrzta only in having 
the legs entirely pale or fulvo-testaceous. Hamburg, N. Y. 
Five examples. 

Var. thoracius n. var. Differs from nigrita in having the 
pronotum rufo-sanguineous with the collum and a vague cloud 
along the hind border black. MHessville, Ind., collected by 
A. B. Wolcott. 


Lygus tenellus Uhler MS. 


Allied to znvttus and belfragez but more uniformly colored. 
Length 5 mm. 


Body more narrowed anteriorly than in invitus; covered with a closely 
appressed pale pubescence. Antenne longer and more slender than in the 
allied species and the pronotum longer with a narrower apex and more 
rounded anterior angles. 

Color ferrugino-testaceous becoming whitish on the legs, rostrum and 
along the middle of the ventral aspect of the whole body. Eyes, tips of 
the tarsi and rostrum black; apical joints of the antenne usually slightly 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES 485 


infuscated. Elytra frequently, and sometimes the scutellum, more or less 
infuscated, at times almost black in the males. In the dark specimens the 
euneus is mostly pale. Membrane a little infuscated; usually the apex 
or a marginal spot about half way beyond the apex of the cuneus is darker. 
tn typieal examples there is a fuscous cloud along each side of the body 
beneath which reaches the margin on the abdomen and shades lighter 
towards the middle of venter. Stigmata pale. In dark males the abdomen 
may be entirely blackish-fuscous becoming a little paler along the middle 
of the venter. 


Described from numerous examples of both sexes taken in 
New York, Massachusetts and Maine. It isa common species 
throughout the eastern United States and Canada. Many years 
ago Dr. Uhler determined this species for me as Lygus tenellus 
and Prof. Osborn and Mr. Heidemann have it under the name 
Lygus hirticulus Uhler, MS., but a description of it has never 
been published under either of these names. 


This belongs to a perplexing group of species including 
invitus Say, belfragez Reut. and fasczatus Reuter. The females 
are sometimes difficult to distinguish, but their males can 
readily be separated by the form of the genital pieces. In 
iuvitus the ventral base of the genital segment is long, sinuated 
on the side and strongly produced to a subacute point at the 
middle; in ¢enellus it is shorter and rounded at apex and 
deeply notched at the side; in de/fragez it is still shorter and 
more rounded with the lateral notch more rounded while in 
fasciatus this segment is almost truncated with a broadly 
rounded median lobe. In ¢ene//us the style lying in.the sinistral 
notch of this segment is produced in two parallel subacute 
equal teeth separated by a narrow deep notch similar in form 
to one of the teeth; in zzvztus it is produced in one moderately 
long obtusely conical tooth, from the inner base of which pro- 
jects an acute incurved tooth forming nearly a right angle with 
the primary tooth; in delfragez this primary or outer tooth is 
longer and more slender, linear, obtuse at apex and forms an 
angle of about 135 degrees with the acute incurved inner tooth; 
in fasciatus this primary tooth is still longer and curved some- 
what outward so it is parallel with the outer margin of the seg- 
ment, and the long incurved inner tooth is extended in almost 
a straight line from the primary tooth, forming an angle of 
at least 165 degrees. 


The antennz usually present recognizable characters 
between these species put in immature specimens they are not 


486 HEMIPTEROLOGICAL GLEANINGS 


to be trusted. In typical zmvztus they are fuscous with the 
extreme base and apex of the first joint pale; in the pale 
variety of zzvztus joints three and four and the broad apex of 
two only are fuscous; in Jelfraget the apex of the second joint 
is black and the base at least and sometimes nearly the whole of 
this third joint is pale; in fasczatus and tenellus the antennze 
are pale with the apical two joints more or less infuscated; more 
in fasczatus than in ¢enellus. In the markings of the pronotum 
and elytra these four species seem to run together; zuvitus 
when mature nearly always has a broad blackish ray on either 
side of the pronotum which is sometimes seen in de/fragez but 
never in fasciatus or tenellus so far as my observations go; 
belfraget and fasciatus are usually more or less greenish while 
ivitus aud tenellus are, I think, never so when mature. In de/- 
fraget and fasciatus and in the paler forms of zmvztus there is a 
fuscous fascia across the broadest part of the corium which may 
extend over the clavus to a greater or less extent. In ¢enellus 
the elytra are practically unicolorous. 


Tropidosteptes canadensis n. sp. 


Nearest to amenus var. palmert but darker with the 
antenne stouter and black at base. Length 5 mm. 


Structurally this species is very near amoenus, It differs principally in 
having the antennz obviously stouter with the first joint shorter; the prono- 
tum, seutellum and elytra more closely punctured and the rostrum shorter 
reaching only to the extremity of the intermediate cox, whereas in palmeri 


they attain the hind edge of the metasternum. 

Color an obscure yellowish testaceous, polished. Clypeus shining black, 
the tumid cheeks and lore of a lighter yellowish. Eyes nearly black; 
basal joint of the antenne black, the apical dusky. Disk of the pronotum 
on either side, clavus, narrow costal and broad apical margin of the corium 
and a discal spot on the base of the scutellum obscure brownish, the latter 
bisected by a narrow median pale line. Callousities infuscated. Membrane 
slightly infuseated, its disk, a spot at the apex of the cuneus and another 
a little beyond it, paler; nervures nearly concolorous, the basal angle with 
a fusecous mark. Hind femora with two narrow fuscous subapical rings 
which are nearly obsolete in one specimen. Tip of the rostrum and tarsal 
claws black. 

Described from two female examples taken on white ash 
by Mr. W. Metcalfe at Ottawa, Ont., August 1st 1904. It is 
not unlikely that this species may vary in color somewhat as 
does amenus but the structural characters mentioned above 
make it certain that it is not a variety of that species. The 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES 487 


black clypeus and basal joint of the antennz are probably con- 
stant characters. 


Tropidosteptes tricolor n. sp. 


Allied to amenus var. scutellatus but larger and still 
broader; black, head and abdomen rufous, antenne, legs and 
cuneus whitish. Length 6 mm. 

In its structural characters this species differs from amoenus in hay- 
ing the vertex and front broader, the pronotum longer and more narrowed 
anteriorly with a deeper and more uniform puncturation, the elytra more 
closely and finely punctured and the whole surface, while polished, closely 
and quite long pale pubescent. Aside from this it has all the characters of 
Tropidosteptes to which genus it must be referred. 

Color piceous-black. Antenne whitish with the apex of the second joint 
broadly infuscated. Head rufous with the eyes dark castaneous and the 
clypeus black. Collum of the pronotum concolorous touched with rufous 
at the middle; cuneus whitish pellucid; membrane deep fuscous. Rostrum, 
legs coxe and trochanters almost white; tarsal claws black; metapleura 
white between the intermediate and hind coxe, Abdomen rufous, obscured 
on the genital segment. 


Described from one female specimen taken at Riverton, N. 
J., June 7th, 1909, by Mr. C. W. Johnson. The black color 
with pale cuneus gives this species somewhat the aspect of 
geminus but its red head and abdomen, pubescent surface and 
other structural characters will at once distinguish it. 


Tropidosteptes geminus Say. 


This species, which was described as a Capsus and well 
characterized by Say, was taken by me at Colden, near Buffalo, 
N. Y., on June 7th. 1908. I cannot find that it has been recog- 
nized by any of our later entomologists. It can readily be 
distinguished by its polished piceous-black color with whitish 
legs, basal antennal joint, and base of cuneus. The base and 
sides of the vertex are yellowish in my specimens. 


Tropidosteptes imperialis n. sp. 


Form and size of cardinalis; elytra mostly deep blue-black; 
head, pronotum, scutellum and cuneus pale or sanguineous. 
Length 6 mm. 


Head formed as in cardinalis; polished, impunctate, the clypeus a little 
less incurved at apex; base of the vertex slenderly but distinctly carinate. 
Pronotum more finely punctured than in cardinalis, the anterior margin be- 
fore the callousities impunctate, polished. Scutellum scarcely punctured, 
minutely transversely wrinkled. LElytra minutely and obscurely punctured. 


488 HEMIPTEROLOGICAL GLEANINGS 


Antenne about as in cardinalis, the second joint scarcely longer than the 
pronotum and a little thickened at apex; the third proportionately shorter 
than in the allied species. Rostrum attaining the intermediate cox; first 
joint much exceeding the gula, broad. Apical tarsal joimt subequal to the 
basal two, the second shortest. 

Color: Head and beneath ferrugino-testaceous, more or less tinged 
with sanguineous especially on the clypeus and propleure. Pronotum and 
scutellum sanguineous, the former touched with black on the hind margins 
near the humeri and marked with a polished black band on the anterior 
margin expanded so as to cover the anterior half of the callousities; collar 
white; posterior margin very slenderly paler. Clavus and corium polished 
blue-black, the latter with a whitish line on the base of the ulnar nervure 
and a vague whitish patch on the base of the discal areole. Cuneus 
sanguineous, edged with pale and tipped with black. Membrane smoky black, 
Antenne black, the second joint testaceous from near its base for two-thirds 
its length. Legs pale marked with piceous black on the femora and basal 
half of the tibie, the apical tarsal joint black, [fore legs wanting]. Ros- 
trum black, the basal joint and incisures mostly pale. Venter and sternal 
pieces largely black. 

Described from one female taken in Lee County, Texas, on 
April 1st, 1909, by Rev. G. Birkmann and kindly given me by 
Mr. W. E. Snyder of Beaver Dam, Wisc. A showy species 
closely allied to cardinalis but with finer and more obscure 


puncturation and different arrangement of colors. 


Poeciloscytus rosaceus n. sp. 
Rosy-red, more or less varied with pale, callousities black- 
ish. Length 5% mm. 


Head proportionately shorter than in basalis; front convex, but ob- 
scurely striate; cheeks narrow, attaining the apex of the prominent clypeus; 
lore broad, rounded at apex. Pronotum impunctate, rather more truncated 
behind than in basalis; osteolar orifices conspicuously pale. Rostrum just 
passing the posterior cox; first joimt of the hind tarsi about one-half the 
length of the second. 

Color bright rosy-red or light sanguineous; borders and middle line 
of the vertex and front, a few obscure arcs and the lore pale; apex of 
the cheeks and the clypeus black. Antenne dull testaceous becoming ob- 
scure toward the apex; base of the first and second joints and sometimes 
the broad apex of the second black. Pronotum obscurely mottled with 
paler, sometimes forming obscure rays, the anterior margin pale and the 
callousities infuscated or black. Median line of the scutellum pale. Elytra 
sometimes with about three obscure pale longitudinal areas, the thickened 
margins of the cuneus and a line on the inner angle of the corium cream 
white. Membrane enfumed, the nervures, an are parallel to and beyond 
them and a spot at the apex of the cuneus, pale. Lower surface more or 
less irrorate or varied with pale, the mesosternum either side of the middle 
line fuscous. Legs varied with pale and dotted with darker; the knees, 
tips of the tibiz and tarsi blackish, 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL, SCIENCES 489 


Described from two male and three female examples taken 
by me at Manitou and Fort Collins, Colorado, in July 1900. 
This pretty species stands in the collection of the Agricultural 
College at Fort Collins as Polymerus rubtdus Uhler, but I can- 
not find that the species was ever published. 


Diaphnidia pellucida Uhler. 


Of this species, which seems to be common throughout the 
Eastern United States and Canada, I have material from New 
York, Ohio, Massachusetts, District of Columbia, Colorado and 
California. With me it most frequently occurs on hickory trees 
and has a most annoying habit of biting sharply should it land 
where the skin is wet with perspiration. It seems to do this 
for sustenance and not for protection. 


I have not yet been able to locate Diaphnidia debtlis which 
would seem to be a little larger and paler than the present 
species. 


Diaphnidia provancheri Burque. 


This species, which was described as a Malacocoris on page 
144 of Provancher’s Petite Faune Ent. du Canada, Hemipteres, 
is very close to pellucida, but may readily be distinguished by 
its having the second antennal joint longer and blackish. I have 
taken it at Hamburg. Boston and Gowanda in Erie Co., N. Y,; 
Mr. W. J. Palmer obtained it at Quinze Lake, Quebec, and 
Prof. A. P. Morse has taken it at Alstead, N. H., all in August 
and September. 


Diaphnidia hamata n. sp. 


Closely allied to pellucida but more slender and marked 
with a cloud on the disk of the corium and another in the 
middle of the membrane; the membranal veins forming a double 
fuscous hook. Length scant 4 mm. to the tip of the membrane. 


Head nearly as in pellucida, the vertex a little more convex and the 
longitudinal suleus and basal depression nearly obsolete in the male, quite 
so in the female. Pronotum proportionately longer and narrower anteriorly, 
the callousities prominent; scutellum and elytra narrower than in the allied 
species as is the whole insect. Rostrum reaching to just beyond the pos- 
terior coxe. First joint of the antenne as long as the head, second as 
long as the apical two together. 

Color in dried specimens pale yellowish green, the head, antenne and 
pectus more fulvo-testaceous, the apical antennal joint slightly infuscated. 
Elytra pale greenish-pellucid, more deeply colored along the claval and 


[9] 


490 - HEMIPTEROLOGICAL GLEANINGS 


apical margins of the corium; margins of the cuneus, especially the outer, 
and the costal and subcostal nervures of the corium toward their apex 
thickened and colored; commissural nervure of the clavus with a blackish 
line at apex and sometimes at base. Nervures of the membrane from near 
their base to the apex of the smaller areole thick and fuscous, thus form- 
ing a double brown hook. On the disk of the corium at its widest part is 
a wide suberescentic dusky cloud and a round one occupies the middle of 
the membrane beyond the areoles. In all my specimens there is a bluish- 
green mark in the larger areole next the thickened nervure and another on 
the base of the cuneus which may extend on to its inner margin, Wings 
pellucid white; tarsi brownish at apex; tip of the rostrum black. 


Described from one female and three male examples in 
only one of which is the pale pubescence, characteristic of the 
genus, retained. These specimens were all taken at Leona 
Heights, Almeda Co., California, in August, by Mr. J. C. Brad- 
ley. This species has a little the aspect of a Cyrtopeltis but the 
different shape of the head and want of a pronotal collar will at 
once separate it from that genus. 

Diaphnidia capitata n. sp. 

Smaller than pel/uczda and distinguished by its black head 
and fuscous basal joint of the antenne. Length 3 mm. 

Head polished, convex, the median suleus nearly obsolete. Pronotum 
proportionately broader than in pellucida, the callousities prominent but 
small. Elytra -parallel, scarcely widened apically, surface finely pale- 
pubescent; rostrum passing the hind coxe. 

Color whitish, tinged with testaceous or greenish in immature speci- 
mens. Head piceous-black, the eyes dark castaneous; antenne a little 
infuscated at apex; basal joint and apex of the second infuscated in one 
immature specimen. Rostrum whitish, its apex scarcely darker in my 
specimens. Elytra diaphanous, the nervures scarcely thickened or pigment- 
ed. Membrane iridescent and very slightly enfumed beyond the areoles. 
Claws concolorous. 

Described from three female examples; one taken by me 
in August 1907 at Lawton’s Station, near Buffalo, N. Y., and 
two from ‘‘Psocid Glen” at Johnstown, Fulton Co., N. Y., taken 
by Mr. C. P. Alexander on August 30th 1910. The small size 
and black head will at once distinguish this species. 


Calocoris uhleri n. n. 


In 1895 Dr. Uhler described a Ca/ocoris tinctus in Gillette 
and Baker’s Hemiptera of Colorado, p. 34. "This name however 
was used by Distant in 1884 for another species in the same genus 
so I now change that of Dr. Uhler as above. In the Canadian 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES 491. 


Entomologist Vol. xii, page 390, 1909, Kirkaldy substitutes the 
name pinicola for pinus of Uhler in this genus, but I have been 
unable to discover that Uhler ever described such a species. It 
is possible that Kirdaldy had in mind this preoccupied name 
tinctus but we have no right to assume this to be the case. For 
the present we must therefore consider fzz7zco/a a nomen nudum. 


Homoptera. 


Genus Cicada. 


Distant in 1904 (Annals & Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7, vol. 14, 
page 426) devides the old genus Czcada Linn. as recognized by 
Latreille, Stal, etc., into two distinct genera, the larger of 
which he names Xzkana. He follows Latreille and others in 
placing Czcada plebeya Scopoli as the type of the smaller, for 
which he retains the name Czcada Linn., but plebeza was not 
described until five years after the publication of the tenth 
edition of the Systema Naturze and therefore it cannot be taken 
as the type of this genus. In fact genus Czcada as restricted 
by Distant in his catalogne of the Cicadidz does not contain a 
single species included in the Linnean genus Czcada of 1758, 
every species of that genus having been transferred to some 
other and in most cases having been made the type of such 
genus. In view of this it becomes necessary to make a new 
selection and I now propose to name Czcada ftibicen Linn. as 
the type of the Linnean genus, thus making it strictly synony- 
mus with Azhana Dist. and leaving it practically as recog- 
nized by Stal. 


Catonia maculifrons n. sp. 


Near zmpunctata Fitch but with the elytral nervures white 
and more distinct and the front with four narrow broken trans- 
verse black bands. Length 5 mm. 


Vertex and base of the front narrower than in impunctata. Front 
much widened below, the sides strongly arcuated, broadest just below the 
antenne. Valve of the male a little broader than long, abruptly rounded at 
tip; plates surpassing the valve by more than its length, obtusely triangular 
at apex, considerably exceeded by the narrow tip of the pygofers. 

Color yellowish-white; depressed areas of the vertex and the sides of. the 
pronotum behind the eyes black. Front whitish with four narrow trans- 
verse black bands, all broken by the white carine, the basal three more | 
approximate and represented by mere spots; tip of the elypéus with two’ 
minute brown spots representing two larger black marks-on the sides below ° 


492 HEMIPTEROLOGICAL GLEANINGS 


the lateral carine. Cheeks with a black band above and below the base 
of the antenne. Antenne; basal joint large and fulvous yellow, the sete 
black. Propleura black below; tegule entirely pale. Mesonotum tinged 
with fulvous and obscurely marked with fuscous on the sides and next the 
white carine; tip white. Elytra brownish hyaline with a few smoky clouds 
toward the base; the apical one-third mostly infuscated and the costa deeper 
brown; nervures strong and white, impunctate. Wings smoky hyaline with 
fuscous nervures. Legs and pectus whitish; abdomen fuscous with the 
margins narrowly yellowish; the genital pieces white. 


Described from one male taken in the Huachuca Mts., 
Arizona, on July 23d, by Mr. H. G. Barber, to whose kindness 
I am indebted for the specimen. This species is quite distinct 
from any other known to me by the six black spots on the base 
of the front. It seems to have somewhat the aspect of FPlecto- 
deres lineaticollis Fowler, a species which I inadvertently quoted 
as Jaticollis in my paper on this genus (Can. Ent. xlii., p. 264, 
Aug. 1910). 


Catonia majusculus n. sp. 


Allied to cara but longer and narrower. Color pale yel- 
lowish tinged with ferruginous, the elytra clouded with brown. 
Length 7 mm. 

Head narrow; vertex scarcely produced before the eyes, nearly square, 
the carine almost obsolete. Front but little wider toward the apex, the 
carine obtuse and strong. Clypeus elongate. Pronotum nearly as long as 
the vertex, ecarinate. Mesonotum short, the carine obvious but not strong, 
Elytra long, parallel. Last ventral segment of the male deeply quadrangu- 
larly excavated, the margin at the middle slightly angularly produced; 
plates oblong, obtuse at apex, exceeding the obtusely produced angles of 
the last segment by one-half their length. Pygofers longer than the plates. 
Valve wanting. 

Color pale yellowish ferruginous; the pronotum, tegule and legs almost 
white. Mesonotum: ferruginous shading to fuscous anteriorly; sides and 
apex whitish. Meso- and meta-pleure shghtly infuscated. Elytra obscure 
whitish subhyaline, slightly clouded toward the apex; clouded with brown 
on the basal and commissural margins and at the base of the appendix, 
the commissural margin twice interrupted with white; corium with indi- 
cations of two oblique brown vitte across the middle, the costa darker 
apically, interrupted on the base of the stigma and at the tips of the apical 
nervures; short transverse nervures mostly white. Wings somewhat infus- 
cated, with dark nervures. 


Described from one male and two female examples taken 
in the Huachuca Mts., Arizona, on July 28th and 29th, by Mr. 
H. G. Barber. This obscurely marked species belongs to the 
section of the genus having the apex of the head smooth and 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL, SCIENCES 493 


rounded to the base of the vertex. It agrees with cara in col- 
oring but may be distinguished by its elongated form and 
different marking. The ferruginous mesonotum shading to 
brown anteriorly and the broad smooth whitish pronotum seem 
to be constant characters. 


Oliarus placitus n. sp. 


Allied to vicarzus and 5-lineatus. A large elongated spe- 
cies; the females generally marked with a longitudinal fuscous 
vitta on the elytra. Length, male 9% mm.; female 11 mm. — 


Female: Vertex as broad as in 5-lineatus and as long as in vicarius. 
Front and clypeus together proportionately longer than in 5-lineatus and 
less angled at the sides; distinctly broader than in vicarius; base of the 
clypeus distinctly broader and less deeply inserted in the front than in 
either of the allied species. Pronotal carine straighter-and more parallel 
than in vicarius. Elytra long and parallel sided; radial and ulnar nervures 
forked on the same line but farther from the base than thé point of union 
of the claval nervures. In vicarius the point of union of the claval nervures 
is beyond the others while in 5-lineatus the three are about on a line; 
stigma still longer than in vicarivs. Elytral sete less conspicuous than in 
the allied species. Hind femora with three equidistant teeth, the basal 
very minute and placed close to the base. . 


Color ferruginous-brown or almost castaneous; the sides of the meso- 
notum darker; meso- and meta-pleure and legs paler, the femora darker; 
anterior and intermediate tibie twice banded with brown. Abdomen fus- 
cous, the segments edged with white. Carine of the vertex with a median 
pale spot; those of the face paler, the marginal forming a pale hook either 
side of the base of the clypeus. Elytra whitish-hyaline, the nervures pale 
dotted with black; stigma and a longitudinal discal vitta which begins at 
the base of the anteapical areoles, fuscous; the transverse, and the tips of 
all the apical nervures blackish and bordered with fuscous. Commissure 
usually with a fuscous vitta to near the apex of the clavus. Generally 
there are two fuscous marks on the costa near the middle, a mark on 
the inner branch of the radial vein next the fork, another on the fork of 
the inner ulnar vein and a similar one opposite to it on the outer fork, and 
a round spot on the fork of the claval vein. The fuscous vitta on thé 
apex and that on the commissure may be reduced or wanting but the spots 
on the nervures seem to be constant. 


The male is smaller and wants most of the elytral markings but has 
the four dots on the nervures; and the stigma, the transverse veins, and 
the tips of the apical are fuscous. The male genital characters in this 
species are very distinct. The median tooth of this segment is long and 
broad, roundedly expanded and feebly bilobate at apex where its slender 
margin is reflexed. Side pieces of the genital segment obtusely triangular, 
but little surpassing the median tooth. Plates narrow and curved at base, 
abruptly expanded and almost square beyond the apex of the median lobe. 


494 -  HEMIPTEROLOGICAL GLEANINGS 


their inner margins contiguous and their outer angles produced. Pygofers 
forming a hood over the apex of the plates, armed with a slender tooth 
dorsally. 

Described from one male and ten female examples taken at 
Spring Creek, Ga., in June 1911, by Mr. J. G. Bradley, and 
one male taken by me at Ft. Myers, Fla., in May 1908. 


Oliarus slossoni n. n. 


In 1908 I described in the Proceedings of the Academy of 
Natural Sciences of Philadelphia (vol. 59, p. 487) an Olarus 
taken by Mrs. Slosson at Biscayne Bay, Fla., as O. hyalinus 
n. sp.; overlooking the fact that this name was predccupied for 
O. hyalinus Fieber of Europe. I therefore now rename the 
species after its discoverer. The unique male type is I think the 
only specimen I have seen or that has yet been reported. More 
recently Mrs. Slosson has sent me for study two smaller but 
closely allied specimens taken by her in Florida, which I at first 
thought might be females of this species, but more careful 
study with related material shows that they are undoubtedly 
new. For this form I now suggest the name: 


Oliarus difficilis n. sp. 


Smaller than s/ossonz with the vertex broader, the clypeus 
proportionately shorter, the mesonotum paler between the 
lateral carinze and the elytral nervures distinctly punctate. 
Length 6 mm. 

Vertex much narrower than in slossoni but still at least one and one- 
half times longer than broad. Front broad, but proportionately longer with 
a narrower base than in either slossoni or aridus, the median carina 
distinctly but narrowly forked at base while in both of the allied species 
this fork is as broad as long and is obscure in aridus and almost 
obsolete in slossoni. Clypeus scarcely longer than the front, about twice 
as long in both the allied species; very minutely transversely striate, and 
viewed from the side or below exhibiting heavy oblique striz. Pronotum 
very short. Mesonotum tricarinate. Elytra proportionately a little broader 
than in slossoni, the nervures heavy, evidently but not strongly punctate, 
the anastomoses heavily infuscated; stigma large as in aridus. 

Color piceous brown, almost black in places; carne of the head and 
pronotum, margins of the abdominal segments, tegule and apex of the 
mesonotum testaceous; disk of the mesonotum pale castaneous between 
the lateral carine; apex of the front with an indefinite paler spot on either 
side of the base of the clypeus; clypeus almost fulvous in one example. 
Mesosternum and pleurze whitish as in the allied species. Legs brown, be- 
coming paler toward their apex, the incisures pallid. Elytra obviously 
whitish-hyaline, nervures pale, fusco-punctate, infuscated only on the forks, 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES 495 


transverse veins and at apex; commissural nervure twice alternated with 
white. Nervures of the wings slender, fuscous. In one example the base of 
the elytra bears a fuscous cloud as in slossoni and humeralis, 

Described from two females taken at Belleair, Fla., by Mrs: 
Annie Trumbull Slosson. 


Oecleus borealis n. sp. 


Closely allied to obtusus Ball; black with the caring con- 
spicuously fulvous. Length 6 mm. 


Head broader than in some of our species, almost semicircular in out- 
line. Vertex rather wide at apex, narrowed to a point at base; viewed from 
above produced hardly one-half its width before the eyes. Front strongly 
narrowed at base where the median carina is nearly obsolete. Pronotum 
deeply subangularly emarginate. Mesonotum distinctly 5-carinate, 

Color black; all the carine, with the narrow margins of the pronotum, 
mesonotum and pelural pieces, fulvo-testaceous. Metapleura and base of 
the abdomen covered by a testaceous band; the base of the genital seg- 
ments of the same color in the female. Legs pale, lneate or clouded with 
fuscous. Antenne black on a narrow pale base. Usually there is a broad 
fulvous vitta near the lateral angles of the mesonotum. Elytra nearly 
hyaline, becoming distinctly smoky at apex; nervures strong, the punctures 
distinct at base and as far as the apical areoles; stigma unusually short 
and broad, sometimes more elongated. In dark examples the apical nervures 
are more or less clouded with fuscous and the pale commissure is twice 
interrupted with fuscous. 

Described from numerous examples taken in New York, 
New Jersey, Florida and Washington. D. C. (Types from N. J. 
and Fla.) This is the species I have heretofore determined as 
decens Stal, but it is much smaller and darker and certainly 
must be distinct. O. obtusus Ball sometimes has black vitte 
between the mesonotal carinz and is very close to this species, 
but it has the stigma narrower, the elytral nervures not so 
heavy and the colors paler. 


Oecleus capitualatus n. sp. 


Size of pellucens Fowler but a little broader with a smaller 
head and shorter vertex; black, lineate with fulvous on the 
mesonotum. Length 7 mm. 

Head small, little longer than broad, scarcely wider than the greatest 
distance between the mesonotal carine. Vertex nearly linear, surpassing 
the eyes by less than its own width if viewed vertically from above. Front 
about as in pellucens, the median carina obsolete toward its base. Prono- 
tum deeply subangularly emarginate, rather broadly rounded either side, 
Mesonotum 5-carinate. 


496 HEMIPTEROLOGICAL GLEANINGS 


Color black; all the carine of the head, pronotum and mesonotum and 
the edges of the pleural pieces and abdominal segments fulvous; hind edge 
of the pronotum and tegule pallid. Legs fulvo-testaceous; femora lineate 
and the tibize obscurely banded at base and apex with fuscous. Elytra 
almost pellucid; nervures yellowish, fusco-punctate to their apex; stigma 
narrow and fuscous, paler posteriorly, preceded by a white node. Nervures 
of the wings fuscous. Antenne brown or rufous, the second joint infus- 
cated in the male, 


Described from two male and two female examples taken 
in the Huachuca Mts., Arizona, July 15th, by Mr. H. G. Barber, 
This is a large dark species with a conspicuously small head. 


Oecleus quadrilineatus n. sp. 


Allied to capztulatus but with a broader vertex, tricarinate 
mesonotum and narrower elytra with their nervures impunctate 
beyond the middle. Length, male 5 mm., female 6mm ~ 

Head rather large; vertex distinctly widened anteriorly, especially in 
the female. Front broader than in capitulatus, widening almost from its 
base, its apex deeply impressed, the median carina obsolete at base. Prono- 
tum deeply but not acutely emarginate, the lateral carine conspicuous. 
Mesonotum with three parallel carine. Elytra narrow, the costal areole 
of equal width from near its base, the costa not broadly arecuated as in 
capitulatus. 

Color black, opaque; antenne and carine of the vertex, front, clypeus 
and pronotum fulvous-yellow; the sides of the pronotum whitish. Mesono- 
tum marked with four equidistant longitudinal fulvous vitte placed between 
the concolorous carine. Base of the rostrum, lateral carinate edge of the 
mesopleura and legs yellowish, the latter lineate with fuscous on the femora 
and touched with the same color on the extreme base and apex of the 
tibie, Metapleura and an irregular area on the base and another on the 
apex of the venter whitish. Elytra whitish-hyaline; nervures punctate to 
the anteapical areoles, then fuscous to the apex; stigma a little expanded 
anteriorly; commissure alternated with fuscous at the middle and apex. 


Described from one pair taken in the Huachuca Mts,, Ari- 
zona, in July 1905, by Mr. H. G. Barber, This species may be 
recognized by the deep black tricarinate mesonotum marked 
with four conspicnous fulvous vitte. 


Oecleus venosus pn, sp. 


A stout black species with tricarinate mesonotum, with 
heavy fusco-punctate elytral nervures and large black stigma. 
Length 6 mm. 

Vertex deeply excavated, almost parallel, a very little wider anteriorly, 
surpassing the eyes by less than its own width. Front broad opposite the 
antenne, regularly narrowed to near the base and to the apex, median 
carina almost obsolete above the antenne; clypeus narrow with a strong 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES 497 


median carina. Pronotum deeply angularly emarginate, becoming broad 
either side, the lateral carine placed near the margin of the eyes. Mesono- 
tum with three strong parallel carine, the fourth and fifth barely indi- 
cated by pale lines. Elytra moderately broad, parallel, the costa straight 
from near its base. 

Color: opake black; carine of the head and mesonotum fulvous, the 
median carina of the front indicated only by a pale dash between the 
antenne. Pronotal margins and ecarine pale; narrow center of the prono- 
tum marked with four whitish points: two approximate behind the vertex 
and a larger calloused one either side. These pale dots are distinguishable 
in many of our species, but are more distinct in this, Basal margins and 
apex of the mesonotum pale. Antenne black, touched with pale at apex. 
Base of the rostrum pale. Legs mostly black, the joints and middle of 
the tibiz pale. Metapleura and sides of the abdomen whitish, Elytra nearly 
hyaline; neryures strong, heavily fusco-punctate; at apex and on the base 
of the apical areoles with a small fuscous cloud. Stigma large, black, cov- 
ering most of the cell, marked with white before; costal nervure anterior 
to the stigma slender, pale brown; commissure whitish with two heavy 
fuscous marks beyond the middle of the clavus. 


Described from one female taken at Pasadena, California, 
June 11th 1910, by Mr. Fordyce Grinnell, Jr. This species is 
so strongly marked and distinct I do not hesitate to describe it 
from a single example. 


Oecleus pellucens Fowler. 


A large fulvous species with small head and linear vertex 
which is strongly produced before the eyes. Length to tip of 
closed elytra 7 mm. 


Female: Head narrow, subconical, truncate behind. Vertex linear, 
projecting for two-fifths of its length before the eyes. Front narrow, less 
widened apically than in our other species; basal one-third almost linear 
and about twice as wide as the vertex which it meets at somewhat less than 
a right angle. Pronotum short, at the middle scarcely wider than the 
vertex; but little expanded laterally. Mesonotum 5-carinate. 


Color fulvo-testaceous becoming almost reddish on the mesonotum, cly- 
peus and edges of the pleural pieces. Front and vertex deep black with 
strong pale carine. Clypeus scarcely touched with fuscous either side of 
the median carina. Antenne pale. Pronotum testaceous, faintly clouded 
in the depressions either side. Mesonotum fulvous, marked with black 
between the carine and on the anterior margin, Elytra uniformly whitish- 
hyaline and faintly smoky; nervures distinct, whitish and regularly punctate 
to their apex. Stigma long and rarrow, brown. Wings with fuscous ner- 
vures. Disk of the pleural pieces and abdominal segments mostly black. 
Legs lineate with black. 


I have examined three females of this species taken at 
Phoenix, Arizona, on May 17th and Sept. 13th, 1902, by Mr. H. 


498 HEMIPTEROLOGICAL GLEANINGS 


G. Barber. It is distinct by its fulvous color, clear markings, 
regularly and distinctly punctate nervures, narrow produced 
vertex, narrow black front and fulvous clypeus. 


Ormenis barberi n. sp. 


Allied to septentrionalis but larger and of a more opaque 
and yellowish green. Length to tip of closed elytra 12 mm. 

Front transverse; apical margin nearly as long as the basal, distinctly 
roundedly emarginate across the base of the clypeus; lateral elevated mar- 
gins regularly arcuated; median keel very obtuse but distinct toward the 
base; surface of the front regularly rounded over to the pronotal margin 
with no transverse ridge indicating the vertex or barely a trace laterally, 
deflected almost parallel with the margins. Pronotum as in septentrionalis, 
the carine obsolete. Mesonotum flattish with the carine nearly obsolete as in 
the allied species. Elytra shaped as in septentrionalis except that they are 
a little wider basally, the costal area being distinctly less narrowed at 
base; nervures thicker and more reticulated with the basal areas broader 
than in septentrionalis; apical margin truncated with both angles rounded 
as in that species; both subapical lines united with the subcostal nervure, 
the inner sometimes much broken on its basal half, placed a little nearer to 
the outer than that is from the apical margin, 


Color a rather dull yellowish green, the whole upper surface more or 
less whitish-pruinose; clypeus, lower surface of the body, legs and costal 
margin pale yellowish tinged more or less with fulvous or even with san- 
guineous, especially on the tibiw. Front and sometimes the mesonotum 
paler or tinged with fulvous. Second antennal joint orange, the seta black. 
Spines of the posterior tibiz tipped with black. 

Described from five examples, representing both sexes, 
taken in the Huachuca Mts., Arizona, in July 1905, by Mr. H. G. 
Barber of New York. 

This is a larger and more yellowish species than septentrto- 
nalts; the front wants the obtuse transverse subbasal carina and 
has the apex more emarginate and subequal to the base, not 
straight and distinctly shorter as in septentrionalis; the form 
and venation of the elytra also shows a constant difference as 
noted. Ormenis pallescens Stal is a larger and paler species 
with longer front and acute inner elytral angles. I take 
pleasure in naming this species after the enthusiastic Hemip- 
terist whose diligent collecting in the Huachuca Mountains has 
added a number of interesting species to our fauna. 


Ormenis saucia n. sp. 


Allied to perpusilla Walker. Pale greenish-white with the 
clypeus and mesonotum fulvous. Length 7—10 mm. 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES 499 


Vertex linear but quite sharply defined. Front at least one-third 
broader than long at the middle; sides areuated and below following the 
line of the clypeus; apex deeply excavated for the rounded base of the 
clypeus; disk with a broad ill-defined median carina. Carine and impressed 
points on the pronotum obsolete or the points sometimes barely distin- 
guished. Mesonotum moderately convex, the carine obsolete, the disk 
flattened posteriorly. Elytra twice as long as broad; costal and sutural 
margins nearly parallel, the former moderately bowed at base; apex 
truneated, the angles about equally rounded; the two subapical lines parallel 
but approaching to join the costal nervure, the space between them equal to 
that between the exterior and the apical margin. 

Color pale green or almost white, the paler specimens perhaps not 
fully developed. Eyes brownish; clypeus and mesonotum brownish- or rufo- 
fulvous and there is a touch of the same color on the pleure and tarsi; 
sides of the clypeus with paler striz and its middle line is usually brownish. 
Elytra very feebly infuscated at apex. 


Described from four examples: one taken at St. George, 
Utah, by Prof. H. F. Wickham, in July; another taken at Los 
Vegas, Nevada, in September, by Mr. J. C. Bradley, and two 
taken at Yerington, Nevada, in July at an altitude of 5000 feet, 
by J. P. Baumberger, and kindly sent me for study by Mr. C. 
E. Olsen of Maspeth, L. I. This species may be distinguished 
by its pale green color, its fulvous or rufescent clypeus and 
mesonotum, and the broad front. 


Aphelonema obscura n. sp. 


Allied to simplex but smaller and darker in color. Vertex transverse 
very short, but little broader than the bounding carine. Front ovate 
oblong, distinctly narrower than in simplex; median carine feeble; clypeus 
but moderately incurved, feebly carinate. Pronotum regularly rounded 
before without the slight angle observabie in simplex, evenly but obscure- 
ly pustulate, median carina obtuse; hind margin but feebly acuated; 
mesonotum with the smooth median area narrower than in the allied 
species, the three carine distinct but not sharp. Elytra in the brachypter- 
ous form truncated, reaching to about the middle of the tergum, the ner- 
vures reticulated but not conspicuous. Length 24% mm. 

Color luteous brown becoming darker fuscous-brown beneath and on 
the pustulated portion of the face, pro- and mesonotum, and black on the 
clypeus, sides of the face and venter; elytra, middle compartment of the 
mesonotum and front distinctly paler, with a dusky cloud on either side 
of the latter; apical one-half of the last ventral segment and slender mar- 
gins of the basal segments paler. Tergum with a double row of incomplete 
blackish ocellated marks on either side. Legs pale, the femora obscurely 
lineated with fuscous, the tarsal claws black, 


Described from two female examples taken at Tipton, Ga., 
Sept. 8th, 1910, by Mr. J.C. Bradley. The macropterous form 


500 HEMIPTEROLOGICAL GLEANINGS 


and male are unknown to me. This inconspicuous little species 
might be considered as a small dark variety of szmplex were it 
not for the narrower and distinctly oval front. 


In my description of decoratus (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. 
Phila., tix., p. 492,) I inadvertently neglected to give the 
length which should have been 3 mm. 


Genus Lamenia Stal. 


There has been some controversy as to the proper system- 
atic position of genus Lamenza, Stal placing it in the Derdine. 
Ashmead in the Flatzne and Kirkaldy in the Czrzzne, the 
latter claiming that the termination of the claval vein on the 
commissure excludes it from the Derdime entirely. A careful 
study of this and the related genera convinces me that Stal was 
correct in placing it in the Derbzne. The elytral venation in 
this subfamily presents a wide variation not oniy among the 
genera but in a less degree among the species. In the more 
typical forms of Lamenza, those allied to vulgaris, the claval 
vein certainly attains the commissure before the apex of the 
clavus but in whlerz it can be distinctly traced to the apex and 
in Myszdia and some allied genera both the claval vein and the 
suture make an abrupt curve to the commissure. I think a more 
rational classification would distinguish this subfamily and the 
Delphacine by their elongated and more or less flattened anten- 
ne, and would connect them with the other Fulgoride through 
Flatotdes and the allied genera of the Flatzne in which the 
antennz have two joints somewhat elongated but scarcely 
flattened. The Delphacine with two extended joints and the 
Derbine with one I believe are strictly parallel groups follow- 
ing the A/atine, but unfortunately we cannot so place them in 
a linear arrangement. 


I would, therefore, consider Lamenza our most primative 
form of the Derdzne@ as it has the antennz but slightly enlarged 
and flattened, the front proportionately broad and the elytral 
venation simple. It is but a step to Cenchrea in which the ven- 
ation is more characteristic, the antennz more flattened and 
the front narrower and more deeply sulcate. /atara, Anotia 
and Amalopota show still more specialization while in Ofzocerus 
we reach the extreme in which the antennz are split into two 
or more filaments and the front has disappeared entirely in a 
foliaceous and deeply sulcate carina. In the South American 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES 501 


and oriental genera the specialization has been more along the 
line of a complicated venation. 


Key to the nearctic species of Lamenta. 
Elytra fuscous or black, IL, 
Elytra white clouded with fuscous in the areoles, 
6, maculata. 
1. Elytra blackish fuscous; male plates with ai apical/tooth, 
~. Elytra pale brownish fuscous; male plates without an 


N 


apical tooth, 5, edentula. 
2. Head piceous black or mostly so, Do 
—. Head fulvous or testaceous, 4. 
3. Larger (5 mm.); inner margin of the male plates 

sinuated, 1, vulgaris. 


—. Smaller (¢ mm.); inner margin of the male plates recti- 
linear or with a reentrant angle more or less pro- 
nounced, 2, obscura. 

4. Smaller (4% mm.); head and pronotum flavo-testa- 
ceous, mesonotum piceous; inner margin of the 
male plates excavated for nearly their whole 
length, 3, californica. 

—. Larger (5 mm.); head, pronotum and mesonotum fulvo- 
testaceous; inner margin of the male plates pro- 
duced, contiguous at their middle only, 4, precox. 


1, Lamenia vulgaris Fitch. 


Catal Homop; ins New Yenstate (Cabs ip eal Sole 
(Pactloptera?). 
Van Duzee, Can. Ent., xi, p. 381, 1909, (Lamenta). 
This large northern species has the lateral carinz of the 
front marked with pale toward the base and the legs and post- 
pectus are also pale. Sometimes the abdominal segments are 
touched with orange as mentioned by Dr. Fitch. The pronotum 
is conically, almost angularly, emarginate behind and there is 
a distinct carina across the base of the front. 


The male plates have their inner margins divergent on 
their immediate base, then somewhat sinuated to their apex 
which has an unusually large pale tooth. Last ventral segment 
of the female triangular with its margins nearly rectilinear. 
My material in this species represents New York and Kansas 
only, but I have seen specimens from most of the northeastern 
states and Canada, 


502 HEMIPTEROLOGICAL GLEANINGS 


2, Lamenia obscura Ball. 
Can nte x x<ive ps 202, 1902: 


A widely distributed species differing from vulgaris in 
being smaller, in having the vertex shorter with the frontal 
carine less prominent over the apex of the head, and the hind 
margin of the pronotum more deeply subangularly emarginate. 
Usually the carinze of the head and pronotum are all more or 
_less distinctly pale. The base of the front has a transverse 
carina in this species but it is less conspicuous than in vulgarts. 
In some males of this species there is a distinct reentrant angle 
on the inner margin of the plates but I cannot otherwise dis- 
tinguish them. In the more typical examples these margins 
are almost straight and approximate except for a short space 
at base. The last ventral segment of the female is shorter and 
more rounded at apex with the sides feebly sinuated near the 
basal angles. 

My material for this species is from Me., Mass., N. Y., 
NGS AND Cy Dla andiiansass 


3, Lamenia californica Van Duzee. 
Can. Ent. xxi pp. 169 51891: 


This species is about the size of obscura but is distinct in 
having the head, pronotum, pectus and legs pale yellowish tes- 
taceous. The inner margins of the male plates are excavated 
so they meet only at base and tip. The types were from Cali- 
fornia but Mr. H. G. Barber has recently sent me a specimen 
taken at Phoenix, Ariz., July 25th, 1902. It probably occurs 
throughout the hot arid regions west of the Rocky Mts. 


4, Lamenia precox n. sp. 


Near vu/garzs but a little smaller with the head, pronotum, 
mesonotum and pectus fulvo-testaceous. Length 4% mm. 

Vertex broader than in vulgaris with the frontal carinze more prom- 
inent over the apex. Front very little contracted at base, median carina 
nearly obsolete, lateral laminate above. Pronotum a little longer than in 
the allied species, the anterior and posterior margins parallel, regularly 
arcuated. Plates of the male meeting only at the middle, strongly retreat- 
ing to their base and apex, their apical hooks slender and a little curved 
upward. Color smoky black, pruinose; head, pronotum,.mesonotum, entire 
pectus and edges of the abdominal segments fulvo-testaceous or inclined 
to ferruginous. Legs pallid becoming greyish or brownish on the tibie 
and anterior femora; apex of the rostrum and tips of the tarsal joints 
blackish. Transverse veinlets at the base of the apical elytral-areoles white.- 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL, SCIENCES 503 


Described from two male and two female specimens taken 
in the Huachuca Mts., Ariz., by Mr. H. G. Barber. 


5, Lamenia edentula n. sp. 


Allied to obscura but smaller and paler. Testaceous brown tinged 
with ferruginous on the head and scutellum; wings and elytra at apex 
somewhat enfumed; eyes and abdomen fuscous brown, the segments of the 
latter pale margined. When immature these brown parts are more or less 
rutescent. Legs pallid with the tarsi fuscous at apex; rostrum pale, black 
at apex. Nervures of the elytra strong, concolorous; the row of short 
transverse nervures at the base of the apical areoles and the stigmatal, 
touched with white. In many individuals the basal areoles of the elytra 
are slightly infuscated bringing the pale nervures into stronger contrast. 
Nervyures of the wings strong and fuscous. Plates of the male subeylindri- 
eal, without a trace of the apical tooth found in vulgaris and obscura; their 
suture slightly parted at base and presenting a narrower linear apical notch. 
Length 4mm. 


Described from seven specimens, of both sexes, taken at 
Austell, Ga., August 27th 1910, by Mr. J. C. Bradley. I also 
took one female at Riverton, N. J., August 17th 1902, which 
seems to agree in every respect with the Georgia material. So 
far as the color alone is concerned this might well be considered 
but an immature form of obscura but the specimens I have seen 
are uniformly smaller, the apex of the tarsi are blackish and 
the form of the male plates is distinctive. 


6, Lamenia maculata n. sp. 


Most closely allied to edentu/a but more slender with longer 
elytra. Greyish white, mottled and spotted with fuscous. 
Length to tip of the elytra 5 mm. 


Vertex apparently wanting, the base of the front rounding over to the 
hind margin of the head, viewed from above not surpassing the eyes; front 
slightly expanded at apex. Pronotum short, deeply but roundedly emar- 
ginate behind. Inner margin of the male plates with a linear excavation 
almost to their apex, leaving only a blunt tooth before the oblique apical 
margin, the upper angle of this apical margin produced in a short triangular 
tooth in place of the long spur-like process found in most of our species. 

Color greyish-white; front with a fuscous median vitta which extends 
over the clypeus and is expanded about an oval white spot on the apex 
of the front; dorsally this fuscous vitta extends across the pro- and meso- 
notum; cheeks infuscated and marked with a triangular black spot at their 
lower angle; antenne testaceous, infuscated below. Pronotum marked with 
a black patch behind the eyes; lateral angles:of the mesonotum infuscated. 
Pleural pieces with a fuscous spot’ superiorly. Legs white, the femora 
slightly infuscated; tibie banded with fuscous at base and ‘apex; tarsi 


504 HEMIPTEROLOGICAL GLEANINGS 


brown, the posterior mostly white. Adomen blackish edged with white. 
Elytra infuscated in each of the areoles; nervures strong, white at base, 
infuscated at apex; wings white with slender fuscous nervures. 
Described from one male taken at Trenton, Ont., August 
17th 1911, by Mr. J. D. Evans, to whom I am indebted for 
many interesting Hemiptera from Ontario. The white color of 
this species with fuscous mottlings will at once distinguish it 
from any other described form. 


On the genera Delphax and Liburnia. 


A consideration of the facts given below convinces me that 
we must use the name Zzéurnia Stal for the large group of spe- 
cies of which fe//ucida may be taken as the type; that Delphax 
must take crassicornis Fabr. as its type and that clavicorvnis is the 
type of Asivaca Latr. Of these three genera the earliest, Asz- 
vaca, was described by Latreille in 1796 under the name Cercopis 
(Precis, page 91) which he changed to Aszvaca in the page of 
addenda at the end of the same volume. Like all the genera in 
this rare work it was described without mention of species. “Two 
years later Fabricius (Ent. Syst., Suppl., page 511, 1798) rede- 
scribes the genus as Ve/phax and on page 522 of the same volume 
describes two species: 1, crassicornis and 2, clavicornis. In 1801 
Latreille (Hist. Nat. des Crust. et Ins. m1, page 259) again 
describes it as Aszvaca with species clavicoinis, crassicornis and 
longicornits, which latter, however, he never describes. In 
another two years Fabricius again characterizes it as Delphax 
(Syst. Rhng. page 83-84, 1803) and adds eight new species 
while the very next year Latreille (Hist. Nat. des Crust. et Ins., 
XII, page 316) for a third time describes it as Aszraca with nine 
species and complains that Fabricius in redescribing his genus 
has unwarrantably changed its name to Lelphax. However in 
1807 (Gen. Crust. et Ins., m1, page 167-168) he tries to 
straighten out the matter by adopting Delphax for pellucida and 
its allies and retaining Aszvaca for clavicornis and its allies. This 
procedure he still further clinches in 1810 (Consid. Genl., page 
434) by naming clavicornis as the type of Asiraca and striata (*) 
as the type of Delphax. ‘This would settle the standing of these 
two genera were it not that by the rules of the International Code 
Asiraca has no standing until 1801, because no species was 


* I fail to find this species in the Oshanin Catalogue. Germar in 1818 
seems to be the last to record it although it is listed as a Liburnia by 
Stal in 1869. 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL, SCIENCES 505 


named when the genus was established, and neither sfrza/a nor 
bellucida can be taken as the type of Delphax as they were not 
among the original species of that genus. The types of both 
of these genera, if both are retained, must be taken from the 
two species originally included in each genus — crassicornis and 
clavicornis —and: as Latreille has named c/avicornis as the type of 
Asiraca we get by elimination crassicornis as .the type of Del- 
phax, thus making it synonymus with dr@opus Spinola. 


We now come to the name /zdurnia. This was first used 
by Stal in 1866 (Hemip. Afr., 1v, page 179) where he places as 
its first synonym ‘‘Delphax Auctor” and asa second ‘‘Embolo- 
phora Stal”. This genus Embolaphora, which was first described 
by Stal in 1853 as Embolophpora, is here placed as section ‘‘a’’ 
of his new genus Zzdurnza and on this account Kirkaldy uses it 
to supplant Lzburnia, and even the conservative Distant 
employes its type, onoceros, as the type of Lzburnia thus 
making Stal rename his own genus which I consider unwar- 
ranted. The fact is Stal recognized the fact that the Delphaxr 
of Latreille and later authors was not and could not be the 
Delphax of Fabricius and he was merely giving a new name to 
that large congeries of species of which pellucida may be taken 
as the type, as is conclusively shown by his naming ‘‘Delphax 
Auctor” as its flrst synonym. His inclusion of EHmbolophora 
monoceros as the first section and species of Lzburnia was an 
unfortunate mistake in the light of the ‘‘first species” cult now 
prevalent, as it is certainly distinct generically from pellucida 
and should be eliminated at once from Lzburnza. This would 
leave that genus a large but fairly homogeneous assemblage of 
species of world-wide distribution. 


If we retain Del/phazr, as Il think we must, the synonomy 
will stand: 


Delphax Fabr., 1798; type crassicornis Fabr. i 
Synon. Ar@opus Spinola, 1839. 


Asitraca Latr., 1801; type clavicornis Fabr. (Asiraca has 
no standing in 1796. ) 


Embolophpora Stal, 1853; type monoceros Stal. 


Liburnia Stal, 1866; type strzata Fabr. or pellucida Fabr. 
With the subfamily name Delphacine, 
[10] 


506 HEMIPTEROLOGICAL GLEANINGS 


Liburnia tuckeri, n. sp. 


Closely allied to detecta but smaller and with a narrower 
front, Length 24% mm. 

Macropterous form; Vertex snort, transverse, not exceeding the eyes, 
basal fova about twice broader than long; apical small, triangular, little 
longer than broad at base. Front linear, a little narrowed between the eyes, 
its apex but feebly emarginate. Clypeus short. Pronotum broad, scarcely 
longer than the vertex. All the carine prominent. Elytra short with the 
nervures indistinct toward the base. Genital segment of the male long 
cylindrical, the aperature but little oblique; plates ligulate, regularly 
arcuated, nearly in conformity with the aperature of the pygofers. Pygofers 
of the female short, scarcely exceeding the connexivum, a little narrowed 
apically. 

Color dull whitish testaceous, or a little tinged with yellow on the 
scutellum and beneath; slender margins of the carine on the front and 
clypeus and sometimes the apical foya of the vertex, eyes, tip of the 
rostrum, claws, a spot on the metapleura, a point on the apical segment of 
the connexivum, a cloud on the base of the tergum in the female, blackish. 
In the male the disk of all the pleural pieces is fuscous and the abdomen 
is black with the edge of the connexivum and a band near the base of the 
tergum fulvo-testaceous. The elytra are whitish hyaline in the female with 
the nervures darker toward the apex and punctate. In the male they are 
distinctly clouded within and toward the apex, with the nervures punctate 
and darker in the clouded portions. 

Described from one male taken by me at St. Petersburg, 
Fla., in April, 1908, and a female taken by Mr. E. S. Tucker 
at Plano, Texas, and kindly sent me for study by Prof. Herbert 
Osborn. Through an unfortunate mixing of my material I 
redescribed Lzburnta detecta as circumcincta in my report on 


Florida Hemiptera. 


Genus Cercopis Fabr. 


After a careful study of this genus I am forced to the con- 
clusion that 77rzecphora sanguinolenta (Linn.) must be taken as 
its type. The genus was founded by Fabricius in 1775 (Syst. 
Ent., page 688) with nine species of which the first, fenestrata, 
isa Ricania,; of the others sanguinolenta is the second, carmz- 
fex the fourth and sfumarza the fifth. In his later works 
Fabricius did not change the genus except by omitting fenes- 
trata and adding new forms. Latreille, the next writer to treat 
of the genus, in 1801 (Hist. Nat. des Crust. et des Ins., m1, 
page 260), gives a description of it and names spumaria as an 
“example”. This Kirkaldy considers as naming the genotype 
and therefore makes Cercofis replace Aphrophora Germ. on 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL, SCIENCES 507 


the assumption that spumarza Linn. is the same as a/nz Fallen 
(= spumaria of Germar, the first species and allowably the 
type of Aphrophora). No further change is made in the genus 
until 1810 when Latreille (Consid. General, page 434) in giving 
a list of the genera ‘‘avec l’'indication de l’espece qui leur sert 
de type” names sanguznolenta Linn. as such type of Cercopzs. 
If I rightly understand the International Code the direct 
naming of the type in 1810 must take precedence over the mere 
naming of an ‘‘example’ in 1801. Practically this same view 
is taken by S. A. Rohwer in his recent paper on the genotypes 
of the Zenthredinoidea (U. S. Dept. of Agric., Bureau of Ent., 
Technical Series No. 20, part 2, 1911.) 


I am unable to discover any justification for Stal’s naming 
carnifex as the type of this genus in 1869 (Hemip Fabr., 11, 
page 11) As sanguinolenta is the type of Trzecphora that 
genus must fall as a synonym of Cercopzis. 


Genus Monecphora, A. & S. 


I can see nothing to be gained by uniting the four genera 
of Amyot et Serville, Zomaspis, Triecphora (—Cercopis Fabr.), 
Monecphora and Sphenorhina as was done by Stal in 1866, 
(Hemip. Africana, vol. 1v, page 56). While closely related their 
general facies and distribution are sufficiently distinct and they 
have as good right to the distinguished as many of the generally 
accepted genera. It seems to me that a series of species in any 
of the larger generic groups which separates out from the 
others in a synoptical key by some clearly defined character is 
entitled to generic standing if a student wishes to so designate 
it. In many cases other students would doubtless call such a 
series a subgenus but in larger plastic groups where Nature 
absolutely refuses to draw a distinct line of demarcation 
between the genera we must use such divisions as will most 
facilitate the determination of our species. 


Cercopis (Monecphora) schack Fabr. does not seem to have 
been recognized by later entomologists. It was described from 
‘‘America septentrionalis” and may refer to some variety of 
Menecphora bicincta Say. 

I cannot follow Ballin uniting MWonecphora inferans Walk. 
and Sphenorhina stmulans Walk. with bzcincta, they seem to me 
to represent a distinct species. 


508 HEMIPTEROLOGICAL GLEANINGS 


Philznus spumarius Auct. 


According to Kirkaldy Dr. Horvath has shown that the 
name spumarius must replace Aphrophora alni Fallen and the 
species commonly known as spumarius must be called leucoph- 
thalma Linn. but as I have not seen Horvath’s paper and this 
change does not seem to have been accepted by any of the 
recent European entomoligists it seems best to retain the old 
nomenclature, for the present at least. 

I have been unable to find a mention of Crcada wnothere 
Scopoli (Ent. Carniola, page 114, 1763), but it appears to be 
near Philenus spumarius variety /ineatus Fabr. The wnothere 
of Germar (Mag. d’Ent. 1v, page 53, 1821) is a synonym of 
variety pallidus Zett. of this species. 


Genus Clastoptera Germar. 

Dr. Ball’s paper on this genus (Proc. Iowa Acad. Science, 
Ill, pages 182 to 194, 1895) is very useful and complete but I 
cannot accept his synonomy in all cases. Under obtusa Say he 
includes the true achatima Germ. as a variety of his subspecies 
obtusa, It may be distinguished by being fulvous anteriorly 
and fuscous posteriorly with a whitish band across the clypeus. 
The variety he calls achatimna, as I know from a specimen 
determined by him, is mostly fuscous with the vertex and 
anterior margin of the pronotum narrowly fulvous, the former 
with a dark line. I propose the name variety ¢rzstzs for 
this form. 

He also includes f¢estacea and pznz Fitch as varieties of his 
subspecies osbornz Gill. & Baker. I have seen nothing that 
agrees with Fitch’s description of his festacea but his prnz is 
certainly the black variety of proteus named nigra by Ball. 
Fitch describes fzzz as shining black and but 0.14 inch in length 
neither of which will apply to any variety of obtusa. I prefer 
to call all these ‘‘subspecies”’ simple varieties. 


Clastoptera lineaticollis Stal. 


This is certainly a distinct species and not a variety of 
obtusa Say as stated by Dr. Ball. 


Clastoptera xanthocephala var. glauca n. var. 


There are two distinct and fairly constant varieties of this 
species found throughout the southern states. Dr. Ball lists 
them as varieties ‘‘a” and -‘b’. The former is typical rantho- 
cephala Germ. while the latter is a pale glaucus or greyish form 
for which I now propose the above varietal name. 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES 509 


Clastoptera proteus Fitch. 

Dr. Fitch divides this species into four ‘‘subspecies”, //avz- 
collis, cincticollis, maculicollis and nigricollis, but, as pointed 
out by Dr. Ball, he has selected for characters mere color vari- 
ations which occur in each of the three varieties of proteus and 
I do not see how we can retain the names for anything, and 
propose to follow Dr. Ball in dropping them in spite of the law 
of priority. Ball’s division of this species into three subspecies 
or varieties as I call them (flava, vittata and nigra), seems to 
be founded on constant and natural characters but I cannot 
accept his names. The name /f/ava seems to be a straight 
synonym of saznt-cyrz Prov., vitfata is good, while mzgra isa 
synonym of pzuz Fitch. The latter name is also predccupied 
by zzgra Germ. from Brazil (not afra as stated by Fitch. 


Telamona subfalcata n. sp. 

Size and aspect of compacta Ball but distinguishable by the 
acute. almost falcate, posterior angle of the crest and the dotted 
elytral nervures. Length 9 mm. 

Head short, its base strongly sinuated; apical margin of the cheeks 
deeply sinuated; base of the clypeus deeply inserted in the face, its sutures 
distinct, regularly rounded; apex arcuated, little produced, the lateral lobes 
scarcely distinguished. Humeral angles more produced than in compacta, 
subacute. Crest oblong, about twice as long as high; anterior margin 
sloping regularly from the metopidium, without a sinus at base; superior 
edge straight and horizontal; posterior vertical or almost overhanging; 
anterior angle rounded, posterior acute, subfalcate; posterior process acute, 
attaining the tip of the elytra in the female, nearly so in the male; the sides 
with about three irregular elevated nervures, the upper subobsolete. 

Color testaceous-cinerous, obscurely mottled with brown which color 
forms a broad band across the hind margin of the crest; dorsal carina 
irregularly dotted or blotched with black and there is a cluster of similar 
points on the humeral angles anteriorly. Lower surface of the anterior and 
intermediate femora and outer face of the tibie banded with fuscous or 
black; apex of the hind femora with a black spot. Hlytra coriaceous and 
punctured at base, the main nervures pale varied with black; apical cloud 
clearly defined, almost black, covering about two-thirds of the apical cell. 

The color of the male is more whitish with the brown band more dis- 
tinct and on the metopidium is a suggestion of a large brownish annulus 
which becomes trilobate on the base of the crest. The usual three black 
points over the eyes seem to be wanting in this species and the round im- 
pression at the base of the crest posteriorly is deep and blackish. 


Described from three examples: one male taken at Bel- 
leair, Fla., by Mrs. Slosson, and two females taken by Mr. J.C. 
Bradley at St. Simon Isd., Georgia, about May Ist, 1911. 


510 HEMIPTEROLOGICAL GLEANINGS 


Tettigonia vs. Tettigoniella. 


Genus 7e¢tigonia (Hemiptera) was founded -by Geffroy in 
1762 in his Hist. Abreg. des Insects, vol. 1, page 429, where he 
spells it Ze¢zgonia. Spelled with two t’s it is preoccupied by 
the Orthopterous genus 7e¢¢/zgonia of Linneus but Kirkaldy 
claims that the omission of one of the t’s makes it valid by the 
rules of the International Code. Distant, however, has pointed 
out (Fauna of British India, Rhyngota vol. 4, pags 201, 1908,) 
that this spelling was merely a typographical error as Geoffroy 
refers to Reaumur (Memoirs, vol. 5, page 150, 1740,) where it 
is spelled with two t’s and made to include practically the 
same insects as does Geffroy’s genus, and in this I believe 
Distant is right. This genus was recognized by Latreille who 
includes Czcada viridis Linn. which should probably be taken 
as its type. Jacobi was first to recognize the necessity of 
renaming the genus and in 1903 (Zool. Jahresb. xrx, p. 778,) 
proposes the name 7eftigoniella, mentioning viridis of Linneus — 
which Distant names as the type. Fabricius with his predilec- 
tion for mixing up the Linnean genera calls this genus Czcada 
and the Cicadidze of the present day he calls 7et¢tzgonza. 

The following synonomy may make this more Clear: 

Tettigoniella Jacoby, 1903; Distant, 1908; Van Du- 
rAe, WO); 

Tettigonia Reaumur, 1740, (not of Linneus); Geffroy, 
1762 (misspelled Tetigonia); Latreille, 1802; Stal 
1869; Oshanin, 1906. 

Cicada Fabricius, 1775 etc; Zetterstedt, 1828. 

Tetigonia Kirkaldy, 1900. 

Xestocephalus Agassizi n. sp. 

Closely allied to tessellatus but larger and more strongly marked. Pale 
testaceous irrorated and varied with brown. Vertex and apex of the head 
dark brown; median line, an oblong apical spot, a line about each lateral 
compartment of the vertex which forms a large square produced toward the 
apex and enclosing an ocellus-like spot, an oblique line on each side below 
the apex, and a spot on each ocellus, whitish. Face brown; a few points on 
the base of the front and the ares obscurely paler; margins of the clypeus 
and the antennal pits piceous. Pronotum transversely wrinkled, evenly 
mottled on the disk; anterior and lateral margins. shading darker and 
marked with about five larger whitish spots; lateral edges pale. Scutellum 
whitish at apex; piceous-brown on the basal field where there is a broad 
pale ray either side of the middle which approach anteriorly. Elytra pale 
testaceous varied with brown which becomes piceous in places; neryures 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES 511 


largely ivory white alternated with brown, the costal broken by a dark line 
before the middle, a longer one before the stigma and a shorter one behind 
it; apex with about five brownish spots, the inner quadrangular, the three 
middle sometimes coalesing; clavus more finely mottled with the hase and 
apex of the nervures white. Pectoral pieces dark brown or blackish, margined 
with pale. Legs and venter pale testaceous brown; the posterior tibie 
faintly dotted with brown; tarsi annulated with brown. Last ventral seg- 
ment of the female broadly obtusely emarginate, Length about 5 mm. 

Described from one pair taken on April 20th 1909, at Bala- 
clava, Jamaica, by Mr. A. E. Wright. I have named this 
species in honor of the late Prof. Alexander Agassiz, Director 
and Patron of the Museum of Comparative Zoology from which 
collection these specimens were kindly sent to me for study by 
the Curator, Mr. Samuel Henshaw. This species resembles 
pulicarius in the markings of the head and fesse//atus in the 
variegated elytra. From the latter it differs by its still larger 
size the less arcuated hind margin of the pronotum, the brown 
borders of the clypeus, the more approximate pale vittee on the 
scutellum and more broken maculation on the elytra. 


Eupterix collina Flor. 


This pretty tessellated species, marked with three con- 
spicuous black spots on the vertex, is common in Europe but 
has not heretofore been recorded from this country. I have 
recently received an example taken by Mr. Jf. C. Bradley at 
Palo Alto, California, in September, and a good series taken at 
Bredonia Nea November th lial by, Mis (Cask Crosbie kt 
makes en interesting addition to our North American fauna. 


ADDITIONAL CAPSIDAE. 


Criocoris canadensis n. sp. 


Most closely related to ¢zbzalis Fieb. Black: antennze of 
the female fulvous with the first joint and base of the second 
black. Length 3 mm. 

Head produced, conical; as long as its basal width when viewed verti- 
cally to its upper surface. Basal joint of the antenne attaining the tip of 
the clypeus, much narrowed at base especially in the male. Second joint in 
the female much thinner; scarcely thickened toward the apex; as long as the 
pronotum; in the male strongly incrassated, wider than the basal and very 
slightly narrowed toward its apex; third two-thirds the length of the second; 
fourth shorter than the third. Whole surface covered with deciduous scale- 
like appressed white hairs which are easily lost; the upper surface with a 
few short black hairs. 


SZ HEMIPTEROLOGICAL GLEANINGS 


Color black, somewhat polished, becoming fuscous on the elytra and 
almost testaceous on the apex of the head, base of the abdomen, and toward 
the apex of the tibize, Antenne in the female; first joint black, second 
fulvous, black at base; third testaceous becoming dusky towards its apex; 
in the male black with the third and fourth fuscous, the third pale at base. 
Anterior and intermediate tibie pale for a short space near their apex; the 
tarsi soiled white, brownish at tip. Elytra black becoming obscure fuscous 
on the corium. Membrane faintly smoky with a pale are exterior to the 
nervures, more pronounced at the apex of the smaller areole; the cells darker 
fuscous. Wings almost hyaline, iridescent, the nervures feebly distinguished. 


Described from three males aud three females taken by 
Mr. Geo. A. Moore of Montreal at North Hatley and Como, 
Quebec, and Lachine, Ont., in July and August. The male of 
this species agrees almost exactly with Reuter’s description of 
his Stronglotes saliens, male, and I would not be surprised if 
his Pennsylvania specimen belonged here; but the female is 
very distinct in its slender and strongly colored antennez, and 
places the species in genus C7vzocorzs without a question. 


The generic name Strongylotes of Reuter is predccupied as 
is also the name Laodamia substituted for it by Kirkaldy I 
therefore propose the name Criocoridea for this genus which 
seems to differ from Crzocorzs principally in the form and color 
of the female antenne. 


Lygus chagnoni Stev. 


Mr. Geo. A. Moore of Montreal has very kindly secured 
for me the type of this species which on careful examination I 
find to be typical Lygus pabulinus Linn. Mr. Stevenson (Can. 
Ent., vol. 35, p. 214, 1903) compares his new species with 
pabulinus but evidently his pabulinus is belfraget of Reuter. 
His name chagnont must therefore fall as a synonym of 
pabulinus Linn. 


Phytocoris vanduzei Reuter. 


Dr. Reuter thinks, and in this I believe he is right, that 
my Dichrooscytus marmoratus should be transferred to genus 
Phytocoris where it will find itself predccupied by an European 
species of the same name. He therefore (Hemipterologische 
Miscellen, p. 30) renames it P. vanduzez. This species is not 
typical of genus PAyZzocorzs but it is probably better placed there 
than in any other genus. 


PERSONAL OBSERVATIONS 
AND NOTES ON 


BREEDING, MIGRANT OR 
VISITING BIRDS 
ON THE 
NIAGARA FRONTIER 
MADE BY 


OTTOMAR REINECKE 


EST: 


OSU: No. 
No. in List. 
2. COLYMBUS HOLBOELLII. 1 
AMERICAN RED-NECKED GREBE. 
One caught on street during winter of 1885. Dr. Cum- 
mings and J. Savage shot one at West Seneca 1906 
3 COUYVMBWSE AW RI OS: 2 
HORNED, GREBE. 
Common, Migrant, Niagara River. Dr. Cummings 
saw 5 on Strawverry Island 1909. 
6. PODILYMBUS PODICEPS. 3 


PIED-BILLED GREBE; DABCHICK, HELLDIVER, 
WATER-WITCH. 

Quite common near Niagara River. Breeds. Have 
been taken at Point Abino, Strawberry Island and 
Tonawanda Swamp, and are numerous above and 
below Niagara Falls. 


ie AUFRSUNFACE OR: MIB ES Re 
LOON. 
Quite Common on Niagara River in the fall. On hazy 
nights some are carried over the Horseshoe Fall 
and get kiiled. They do not breed here. 


1 SO RINATO RW CM NUE: 
RED-THROATED DIVER. LOON. 


Rare. Winter visitor, Lake Erie and Niagara River. 


I have a specimen that was picked up on a street 
near the water-front. 
Ry ee W D) 0) Jay BY Dy Dp 
DOVEKIE. 

Dr. Wheeler of Delaware Ave. brought in a bird, badly 
mutulated by poor skinning a short time ago, which 
we could not identify as any bird but a Dovekie. 
Dr. Carlos Cummings. 


35. MEGALESTRIS SKUA. 
SKUA. 
One was shot by Chas. Linden during Spring of 1886 
and is in the Collection of the Buffalo Society of 
Natural Sciences. 


Or 


6 


O16 BIRDS ON THE NIAGARA FRONTIER 


IXo O5 Wi No. 
No. : in List. 
39. GAVIA ALBA. 8 


IVORM. CUlIgs: 
Mar. 12, 1910. Was shot on Niagara River, is mounted 
and can be seen in my collection. Exceedingly rare. 


TO RNISSAY aT REDA CE VIVA. 2) 
KITTIWAKE. 
Quite common, Migrant; Lake Erie and Niagara River. 
2 ROS Gl NUCUS, 0 
. 13, CUM, 
Rare. Winter visitor, Niagara River. 
13 ARS iB CO PIE RUS: 151 


ICELAND GULL. 
Occasional, Mar. 7th, 1912 at foot of Ferry street. 
James Savage. 


qe JEPSON) IRON GINS INI 12 
KUMLIENS GULL. 
Occasional. Seen by James Savage from the Steel Arch 
Bridge at Niagara Falls, Mar. 231 and 25th, 1912. 


sla, LARUS ARGENDIATUS, SMITHSONIAN U S13 
AMERICAN HERRING GULL. 


Common, Migrant and Winter visitor. 


54 LARUS DELAWARENSIS. 14 
RING-BILLED GULL. 
Migrant. Abundant. 


58. LARUS ATRICILLA. 5 
LAUGHING GULL. 
Accidental. 
60. LARUS PHILADELPHIA. 16 
BONAPART’S GULL. 
Quite common. Migrant. 


(0s) Soe ERIN AGTH RUAN ©! 7 
COMMON TERN. 
Common. Breeds on small islands in Lake Erie. 


1. STERNA PARADISAEA. 18 
AR CRICERE RINE 
Accidental. Charles Linden. 


bf 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES Sil 7/ 


No O WE No. 
No. jn List. 
74. STERNA ANTILLARUM. 19 


LEAST TERN. 
Rare. Migrant, Niagara River. 


77. HYDROCHELIDON NIGRO SURINAMENSIS. 20 
BLACK TERN. 
My son Edward Reinecke shot one floating down Nia- 
gara River, above the Falls, Aug. 2d, 1903. Is in 
my collection. Itisalsomounted and in the collec- 
tion of the B. Soc. of Nat. Sciences. Migrant. 


119. PHALACROCORAX CARBO. ~ 21 
CORMORANT; SHAG. 
Rare. Migrant. Niagara River. Quite a number were 
taken by LeBlond below the Horseshoe Falls 1910. 


125. PELECANUS ERYTHRORHYNCHUS. 22 
AMERICAN WHITE PELICAN. 
Accidental. Jacob Koch, former resident of Buffalo, 
shot a fine specimen years ago on Niagara River. 


129. MERGANSER AMERICANUS. 
AMERICAN MERGANSER. 

Are quite common on Niagara River above the Falls, 
and I have a small young specimen in my collec- 
tion which was taken from the nest in a hole of a 
horizontal limb of an elm tree near Sherkston, On- 
tario, 10 miles from Buffalo. Have been very 
abundant for years in the lake, near the Lacka- 
wanna Steel Works. James Savage took photo- 
graphs of them. 


130. MERGANSER SERRATOR. 24 
RED-BREASTED MERGANSER. 
Quite common on Niagara River. On hazy nights they 
go over the Horseshoe Falls and are easily pro- 
cured. Migrant. Have been in large numbers 
with the American Merganser, 


ii LOL EMO SseUC UE w AMOS: 
HOODED MERGANSER. 
Rare. Migrant. In the winter of 1909 Mr. Ethan 
Howard shot 5 on Niagara River. 


~ 


ho 
o>) 


ie) 
on 


WBS. 


IBSy, 


139: 
140. 


142. 


144. 


146. 


147. 


BIRDS ON THE NIAGARA FRONTIER 


ANAS BOSCHAS. 
MALLARD DUCK. 
Ouite common. Breeds in Tonawanda Swamp. Have 


taken sets. 
ANAS OBSCURA. 


BLACK DUCK. 
Common. Breeds. Have taken sets in Tonawanda 


Swamp. 
ANAS STREPERA. 
GADWALL, GREY DUCK. 
Common. Migrant. 
ANAS AMERICANA. 
BALDPATE, AMERICAN WIDGEON. 
Occasional. Migrant. 


ANAS CAROLINENSIS. 
GREENWINGED TEAL. 


Common. Migrant. 
ANAS DISCORS. 
} BLUEWINGED THAL. 
Common. Migrant. 
Sve. (CINE 
SHOVELLER. 
Occasional. Migrant. 
DAH HVASACUMATAS 
PINTAIL DUCK. 
Migratory. Quite common on Cattaraugus Creek and 
Niagara River. 
AIX SPONSA. 
WOOD DUCK. 
Is exceedingly rare. Has been known to breed here 
in times gone by. 
AYTHYA AMERICANA. 
REDHEAD. 
Quite common on Niagara River above the Falls. 
Migrant. 
AYTHYA VALLISNERIA. 
CANVAS-BACK. 
Occasional. Migrant. 


No. 
in List. 


26 


28 


34 


o>) 
Or 


149. 


150. 


160. 


162 


163 


165 


166. 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES 519 


Wie No. 
in List. 


IRN BI Yes WUAIR IDEA, 37 
AMERICAN SCAUP DUCK. 
Occasional. Migrant 
ANAM SW Jee JONES), 38 
LESSER SCAUP DUCK. 
Onite common on Niagara River. Migrant. 
AWAIVCA=C OWI ARS: 39 
RINGNECKED DUCK. 
Occasional. Migrant. 


GLAUCIONETTA CLANGULA AMERICANA. 40 
AMERICAN GOLDEN-EYE. 
Common on Niagara River. Migrant. 
GLAUCIONETTA ISLANDICA. 41 
BARROW’S GOLDEN-EYE. 
I have one specimen in my collection with crescent 
shaped spot. Migrant. 
CHARITONETTA ALBEOLA. 42 
BUFFLE-HEAD. 
Common. Migrant. 
GLANGULA HYAMALIS. 43 
OLD SQUAW. LONGTAILED DUCK. 
Quite common. Migrant. 
HISTRIONICUS HISTRIONICUS. 44 
HARLEQUIN DUCK. 
Accidental. 
SOMATERIA DRESSERI. 45 
AMERICAN EIDER. 
Rare. Wiuter visitor. 
SOMATERIA SPECTABILIS. 46 
KING EIDER. 
Accidental. 
OIDEMIA AMERICANA. 47 
AMERICAN SCOTER. 
Common. Migrant. 
OIDEMIA DECLANDI. 48 
WHITE-WINGED SCOTER. 
Common. Migrant. 
OIDEMIA PERSPICILLATA. 49 
SURF DUCK, BLUE BILL. 
Accidental. Migrant. 


BIRDS ON THE NIAGARA FRONTIER 


No 
in List. 
ERISMATURA RUBIDA. 50 
RUDDY DUCK. 
Common. Migrant. 
CHEN HYPERBOREA NIVALIS. Sl 
GREATER SNOW GOOSE. 
Occasional. Winter visitor: 
BRANTA CANADENSIS. 52 


CANADA GOOSE. 


Occasional. Winter visitor. Ottomar Schwartz, my 


grandson, wounded a Canada Goose on _ the 

_ westside of Navy Island, October 22d, 1911, and 
fearing that he might loose it, quickly undressed 
and swam out and brought it in alive. It is in 
my collection. 


OLOR COLUMBIANUS. 
WHISTLING SWAN. 


Migrant. Every spring on their migration to the 


breeding places in the far north, they drop in the 
large expanse of water above the Niagara Falls, 
for rest and food. On hazy nights they go over 
the Horseshoe Falls, are maimed and injured to 
such an extent, that they cannot recover, and are 
brought in by daring boatmen. A very fine group 
in appropriate surroundings is mounted in the 
Rooms of the Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences, 
A few years ago 132 Swan were picked up below 
the Falls. In March 1912 at least 240 were taken 
below the Falls. Two large flocks were seen at 
Sherkston, Ont., and one was shot near Ridge- 
way, Ont., and is mounted and in possession of 
“Mr. Kilman, the Canadian Naturalist. 


oS 


181. OLOR: BUCCINATOR. 
TRUMPETER SWAN. 
Accidental. Charles Linden. 


187. PLEGADIS GUARAUNA 
WHITEFACED GLOSSY IBIS, 


54, 


DS 


Some years ago one was shot at the head of Grand 
Island and 2 years ago another, which is in posses- 


sion of the Buff, Soc. of Nat. Sciences. 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES 


A. O. U. 


“No. 
190 BOTAURUS LENTIGINOSUS. 


AMERICAN BITTERN. 
Quite common. Breeds. 


UME OM PAUOB ROIS), OP NGIUS: 
LEAST BITTERN. 
Common. Breeds. 


194. ARDEA HERODIAS 
GREAT BLUE HERON. 


521 


No. 
in List. 


56 


58 


Breeds. A colony in Tonawanda Swamp, 50 miles 
northeast of Buffalo. The Buffalo Soc. of Nat. 


Sciences has the finest group from nest, eggs, 
young in different stages and four adults, in exis- 
tence at the present time, and is trying to have 
the State take possession of about 600 acres of 
swampland for a Reserve for the Heronry. This 
is the only remaining one of four within a radius 
of 50 miles of Buffalo. 


201. BUTORIDES VIRESCENS. 59 
GREEN HERON. 

Common. Breeds. Is found near all the Creeks in 
the vicinity of Buffalo. A small colony in Tona- 
wanda Swamp. 

202 NYCTICORAX NY CHICORAX NAEVAUS: 60 
BLACK-CROWNED NIGHT HERON. 

Rare. Migrant. I have a female mounted in my col- 
lection, which was taken at Cheektowaga in the 
spring of 1911, and have seen a male on May 23d 
1912 and a male and female June 2d near Lein’s 
Park, Cazenovia Creek. 

203; NVC TICORAX VIOLACKEA 61 
YELLOW-CROWNED NIGHT HERON. 

Rare. Migrant. Charles Linden and James Savage. 

208. RALLUS ELEGANS. 62 


KING RAIL. 


Rare. Breeds. My son Albert found a nest with 10 
eggs in the swamp of Point Abino, Ont., 8 miles 


from Buffalo; May 30th 1904. 


[11] 


522 BIRDS ON THE NIAGARA FRONTIER 


A. O. U. No 
No. in List. 
2125 RALLUS VIRGINIANUS: 63 


VIRGINIA RAIL. 
Common. Breeds. 


214. Porzana CAROLINA. 64 
SORA, CAROLINA RAIL, 


Common. Breeds. 


215. PORZANA NOVEBORACENSIS. 65 
YELLOW RAIL. 


Occasional. Migrant. Chas. Linden. 


216. PRORZANA JAMAICENSIS: 66 
B ACK RAIL, 


Occasional. Migrant. 


219. GALLINULA GALEATA. 67 
FLORIDA GALLINULE. 


Common. Breeds. 


221. FULICA AMERICANA. 68 
AMERICAN COOT. 


Common. Breeds. 


223) PLN MRO US OBALUS: 69 
NORTHBRN PHALAROPE. 


Rare. Migrant. 


225. RECURVIROSTRA AMERICANA. 70 
AMERICAN AVOCET. 


Accidental. George E. Harris. 


228.. PHILOHELA MINOR. 71 
AMERICAN WOODCOCK. 


Common. Breeds. 


The woodcock occurs in the vicinity of Buffalo. as a fairly 
common summer resident. Itarrives from the South in a normal 
season about March 20th, and usually within the same week 
begins nesting. 


The nesting site 1s most frequently chosen among bushes 
and second growth in pastures or along the edge of the woods. 
The nest is often placed at the root of a bush or beside a log. 
It is a mere depression in the ground lined with a few dry leaves 
and grasses. The number of eggs in a nest is nearly always 
four; on one occasion only did we see five, and the complement 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES 325 


is to be found the second week in April. ‘The eggs show con- 
siderable variation in size and color. ‘They measure from 1.47 
by 1.12 to 1.65 by 1.22 inches, and are “brownish clay color, 
more buffy or more grayish, with numberless chocolate brown 
surface markings and stone gray shell spots’’. I found my first 
nest of the woodcock on high ground in what has since become 
Forest Lawn Cemetery, Buffalo, on April 16th, 1864, on the edge 
of asnowbank. The parent bird must have been killed by an 
owl, as its feathers were lying near the nest. The eggs are still 
to be seen in my collection and have well preserved their delicate 
color. 


While snipe shooting on April 9th, 1901, my son Edward 
found a woodcock nest with the female bird on her eggs. Hav- 
ing heard of their very close setting, he crept up cautiously and 
with a short slender twig, moved the bird’s bill up and down 
until finally she flew from her nest. This contained three beau- 
tiful eggs. ‘The thought occurred to him that this was a chance 
to secure a picture. Three days later he again visited the place 
accompanied by William Wild, the artist, whose painting of 
ruffed grouse, exhibited at the Albright Art Gallery had attracted 


524 BIRDS ON THE NIAGARA FRONTIER 


much attention. They found the female on the nest. Mr. Wild 
approached her as closely as possible and resting one knee on 
the ground, made a sketch of the bird. While working at this, 
some involuntary movement, caused by his strained position, 
frightened the bird from her nest. In the nest to their surprise, 
five eggs were displayed. I had never heard of so large a clutch 
of woodcock eggs in one setting and these now adorn my collec- 
tion. ‘They are finely marked and are the envy of every collec- 
tor who has seen them. 

During the breeding season the soaring flight of these birds 
is an interesting sight, and one that comparatively few observers 
have- been privileged to witness. Loitering in their favored 
haunts at dusk one’s attention is first attracted by a rather harsh 
call note, a sort of a squawk, uttered by the bird while on the 
ground. By going cautiously in the direction of the call, mak- 
ing advances only when the bird is in the air, it is possible to 
approach within a few feet of the spot from which it starts and 
to which it will return after each flight. After sweeping along 
the ground for about 40 yards it ascends spirally into the air 
until almost out of sight in the increasing darkness. It continues 
to soar for a short time and then suddenly drops down in a zig- 
zag course to the spot from which it started. It then struts 
about and calls for a few minutes and is off again on another 
flight. 

It requires an experienced eye to detect the breeding bird, 
as its plumage blends so naturally with the surroundings. How 
deceptively the colors of the bird harmonize with those of the 
ground about the nest is a never-ending wonder. See cut with 
bird on nest, on the following page. 

Sometimes the weather is very unfavorable for them, as in 
the spring of 1904, when we found the woodcock in hard luck. 
In our neighborhood, April 13th is usually the time to look for 
full sets of woodcock’s eggs. That year was no exception to 
the rule, although at the time referred to we had been visited by 
a heavy snowfall, which covered the ground to the depth of eight 
inches. ‘The snow had been partially melted by the sun, but 
was frozen hard during the ensuing night. Two days later 
another snowstorm occurred. ‘The next morning found us on 
the ground, which is an ideal locality for the nesting of this bird. 
The ground was then completely covered with about five inches 
of crusted snow. In company with several friends, we immed- 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL, SCIENCES 525 


iately began our search for the woodcock. We soon found the 
tracks of a pair where they had been feeding, or trying to find 
food, around partly frozen water holes. We flushed the birds 
and began looking the snow-covered ground over carefully for 
the nest. We found none in that vicinity, but following the 
back tracks of a single bird, which evidently were made the 
previous day, we came to the spot, at least a quarter of a mile 
distant, where the bird had started on its walk tothe water holes. 
On examining the place, nothing but a slight depression was 
found, appearing somewhat dirtier than the otherwise clean snow. 


We were beginning to think that the bird had taken this 
place, in asmall clump of bushes, as a refuge from the snow- 
storms, when it was suggested that perhaps after all, the nest 
might be under the hard frozen snow. ‘This was no sooner sug- 
gested than we were down on our knees, taking turns at melting 
the snow with our breath. After a few minutes we were reward- 
ed by the sight of one egg, and, continuing our efforts, we found 
a fine set of four eggs, the first lying directly in the middle and 
on top of the three other eggs, and being separated from them 
by a layer of at least an inch of snow. From this I take it that 


526 BIRDS ON THE NIAGARA FRONTIER 


when the first snowstorm came the bird had laid only three eggs 
and had found difficulty in keeping on them for any great length 
of time. The woodcock lives on worms from the soft marshy 
ground, and, consequently could not remain a long time on the 
eggs; or possibly the large amount of falling snow made the bird 
continually shift her position, until by this constant moving, the 
eggs were covered with snow. ‘Then the next day the other egg 
was deposited as before mentioned. After this the second snow- 
fall occurred, which the bird could not withstand, and so finally 
she deserted nest and eggs. We found several more nests in the 
same way on that day, and in each case the eggs were found as 
described. 


In the spring of 1908 we were fortunate in securing good 
photographs of the woodcock, for in its breeding time this bird 
loses its shyness. 


Having located a bird on the nest we first took a picture. 
No disturbance had been made in the surroundings. Then my | 
son crept up toward the nest and cut away some twigs, dry grass 
and herbage. After this he crept nearer and with a slender twig 
moved the bill up and down, and, finally getting closer to the 
bird, took hold of its bill with his fingers. Then the woodcock 
flushed from the nest, exposing a fine set of four eggs. 


After a while we went on, and to our astonishment found a , 
pair of woodcock strutting around us, and not more than five or 
ten feetaway. They reminded us of a turkey cock as they went 
along with heads erect, tails spread vertically, wings drooping 
and bills pointing downward close to their breasts. We used 
every effort to find their nest without success. What a differ- 
ence in the fall of the year, when the sportsman is after them. 


The woodcock was formerly found in large numbers in the 
vicinity of Buffalo, but of late years it has been getting scarcer 
each season, and with the woodduck is regarded by some orni- 
thologists as being doomed to early extermination. It is said 
that the European woodcock, or woodsnipe, as it is there called, 
is now rarely taken by gunners of the Old World. Reasons for 
the diminishing number of woodcock are found in the cutting off 
of the woods and the draining of their feeding grounds. But the 
woodcock is the game bird par excellence, and the chief cause 
of its growing scarcity is the persistence with which it is pursued 
by the sportsmen. 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES S27 


When the birds were plentiful and the gunners few the sea- 
son opened on July 4th and continued until the birds migrated 
southward. Then it was possible for a good shot with a muzzle- 
loader to bag twenty to thirty woodcock in a day. Summer 
shooting was very destructible, as the birds are then congregated 
in the relatively few wet woodlands congenial to their habits of 
feeding. 


Now that the sale of the birds is prohibited, the shooting 
season restricted to the months of October and November and a 
bag limit fixed at six birds per gun a day; conditions hereabouts 
are likely to improve somewhat. But something should be done 
to afford protection to the birds when wintering in the Southern 
States, and it is to be hoped that success will soon crown the 
efforts now being made to secure better protection and some uni- 
formity in the provisions of the game laws of the several states. 


I, Os (0/5 No. 
No. : in List. 
230. GALLINAGO DELICATA. 72 


WILSON’S SNIPE. 
Common. Migrant. Not positive that they breed in 
this locality, although I have one egg from the 
Tonawanda Swamp. 


231. MACRORHAMPHUS GRISEUS. 73 
DOWITCHER. 
Rare. Migrant. 
234. TRINGA CANUTUS. 74 
KNOT. 


Rare. Migrant. James Savage obtained several speci- 
mens, one is in my collection, a pair in that of the 
Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences. He has also 
photos of same. 
239. TRINGA MACULATA. 75 
PECTORAL SANDPIPER. 
Quite common. Migrant. 
242. TRINGA MINUTILLA. 76 
LEAST SANDPIPER. 
Quite common. Migrant. 
242a. TRINGA ALPINA PACIFICA. 77 
RED-BACKED SANDPIPER. 
Rare. Migrant. Chas. Linden. 


528 


A. O 


No. _ 
246. 


Zs 


2ISs 


261 


265. 


BIRDS ON THE NIAGARA FRONTIER 


EREUNETES PUSILLUS. 
SEMI-PALMATED SANDPIPER. 


CALIDRIS ARENARIA. 
SANDERLING. 


One was shot at Fort Erie, 


TOTANUS MELANOLEUCUS. 
GREATER YELLOW-SHANKS. 


TOTANUS FLAVIPES. 
YELLOW-LEGS. 


Are shot here occasionally. 


TOTANUS SOLITARIUS. 
SOLITARY SANDPIPER. 


Is with us throughout the whole season. Specimens are 
Seems to breed here. 
a young one in my collection shot here in 1911. 


SYMPHEMIA SEMIPALMATA. 


in our collections. 


Have been shot in this vicinity. 


BARTRAMIA LONGICAUDA. 
UPLAND or FIELD PLOVER. 


Eggs and young have 
been found in this vicinity. 

SUBRUFICOLLIS. 

BUFF-BREASTED SANDPIPER. 

James Savage. 


ACTITIS MACULARIA. 
SPOTTED SANDPIPER. 


TRYNGITES 


NUMENIUS LONGIROSTRIS. 
LONG-BILLED CURLEW. 


NUMENIUS HUDSONICUS. 
HUDSONIAN CURLEW. 


No. 
in List. 


78 


79 


80 


81 


82 


83 


84 


85 


86 


87 


88 


A. O 
No. 


266. 


lleie 


280. 


239) 


289. 


300. 


Sia 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL, SCIENCES 


TURNSTONE. 


Rare. Migrant. Common in spring and fall. The 


Turnstone arrives here from the South, migrating 
to the far North the latter part of May, and are 
then in gorgeous colors, and return on the way 
south about the first of November, in dark grey 
colors, having undergone an entire change of their 
plumage. Both kinds are in my collection. 


COLINUS VIRGINIANUS. 


AMERICAN QUAIL. BOB-WHITE. 


Almost extinct. Breeds. 


BONASA UMBELLUS. 


PARTRIDGE. RUFFED GROUSE. 


Common. Resident. Breeds. 
PHASIANUS COLCHICUS. 


ENGLISH PHEASANT. 


Introduced. Was protected for 10 years. Quite com- 


mon now. Breeds. 
[12] 


529 


No. 
in List. 
NUMENIUS BOREALIS. 89 
ESKIMO CURLEW. 
Rare. Migrant. Chas. Linden. 
CHARADRIUS SQUATAROLA. 90 
BLACK-BELLIED PLOVER. 
Rare. Migrant. 
CHARADRIUS DOMINICUS. 91 
AMERICAN PLOVER. 
Common. Migrant. 
AEGIALITIS VOCIFERA. 92 
KILLDEER. 
Abundant. Breeds. 
AEGIALITIS SEMIPALMATA. 93 
SEMIPALMATED PLOVER. 
Quite Common. Migrant. 
AEGIALITIS WILSONIA. 94 
WILSON’S PLOVER. 
Rare. Migrant. Charles Linden. 
ARENARIA INTERPRES. 95 


96 


Na 


98 


530 BIRDS ON THE NIAGARA FRONTIER 


As ©; Us No 
No. in List. 
315. ECTOPISTES MIGRATORIUS. 99 


PASSENGER PIGEON. 

Used to be here in uncountable numbers. I have a male 
and female in my collection, shot a great many 
years ago. — Are exterminated. 

316. ZENAIDURA MACROURA. 100 
MOURNING DOVE. 
Common. Breeds. 


326. CATHARISTA ATRATA. 101 
BLACK VULTURE. : 
One seen at West Seneca, N. Y., June 1884, by Charles 
Linden; another by Elmer Gillett in Tonawanda 
Swamp, and one on the Cattaraugus Reservation 
in LOL, 


331. CIRCUS HUDSONICUS. 102 
MARSH HAWK. 


Common. Breeds. 


6325 (XC CIPITIBRe Wiel Oe 103 
SHARP-SHINNED HAWK 


Occasional. Breeds. Never succeeded to get a compli- 
ment of eggs. 


3335 A CCIPITBRICOORM RIE 104 
COOPER’S HAWK. 


Common. Breeds. 


334. ACCIPITER ATRICAPILLUS. 105 
AMERICAN GOSHAWK. 


Rare. Winter visitor. 


337. BUTEO BOREALIS. 106 
RED-TAILED HAWK. 

Common. Breeds. Has been very common in this 
vicinity in past years but at present is extremely 
rare. 

339. BUTEO LINEATUS. 107 
RED-SHOULDERED HAWK. 

Common. Resident. Breeds. In this vicinity it is 
very common. It is the second largest Hawk and 
prefers low land near creeks and swamps rather 
than the high land, which is more frequented by 


343. 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL, SCIENCES 


IOI 


No. 
in List. 


the Red-tailed Hawk. It arrives here from the 
southern parts of the United States in the middle of 
March, and if possible, occupies its nesting place of 
former years. Our farmers go gunning for these 


Hawks on account of their occasionally capturing 


a young chicken. If they only knew that this 
Hawk destroys principally mice, moles, squirrel 
and young rabbits! I have seen one with quite a 
large snake in its talons fly past me. They lay 
from two to four eggs. But I havea fine set of five. 


BUTEO LATISSIMUS. 


BROAD-WINGED HAWK. 


_Rare. Breeds. 


347a. 


ARCHIBUTEO LAGOPUS SANCTI-JOHANNIS. 


AMERICAN ROUGH-LEGGED HAWKE. 


Rare. Migrant. 


a2. 


HALIAETUS LEUCOCEPHALUS. 


BALD EAGLE. 


Occasional. Used to breed here. 


356. 


FAIL.CO PEREGRINUS ANATUM. 


DUCK HAWK. 


Rare. One shot on Grand Island 1885, and one at 


Sie 


Point Abino, Canada, now in the collection of Mr. 
Kilman, Ridgeway, Ont. 


FALCO COLUMBARIUS. 


PIGEON HAWK. 


Rare. Migrant. 


360. 


FALCO SPARVERIUS. 


AMERICAN SPARROW HAWK. 


Common. Breeds. 


364. 


PANDION HALIAETUS CAROLINENSIS. 


FISH HAWK. 


Occasional. Migrant. Are seen near Buffalo every year. 


365. 


STRIX PRATINCOLA. 


AMERICAN BARN OWL, 


Rare. Migrant. 


366. 


ASIO WILSONIANUS. 


AMERICAN LONG-EARED OWL. 


Common. Breeds. 


108 


109 


110 


HAI 


113 


114 


TES 


116 


532 BIRDS ON THE NIAGARA FRONTIER 


A. O. U. No. 
No. in List. 
367. ASIO ACCIPITRINUS. 117 


SHORT-EARED OWL. 
Quite Common in Tonawanda Swamp. Breeds. 
368. SYRNIUM VARIUM. 118 
BARRED OWL. 
Rare. Resident. Breeds. 
372. CRYPTOGLAUX ACADICA. 119 
SAW-WHET OWL. ARCADIAN OWL, 
Occasional. Breeds. 
373. MEGASCOPS ASIO. 120 
SCREECH OWL. 
Common. Resident. Breeds. 
375. BUBO VIRGINIANUS. 121 
GREAT HORNED OWL. 
Resident. Breeds. 
B7/Ge,  INPUCINAA, INPWMCIVI AV 122 
SNOWY OWL. 
Migrant. Winter visitor. 
387. COCCYZUS AMERICANUS. 123 
YELLOW-BILLED CUCKOO. 
Common. Breeds. 
Been COCA US TE RYCREER© Ere r Ae Mills: 124 
BLACK-BILLED CUCKOO. 
Quite common. Breeds. 
290 CERRY EE, AWCYON: 125 
BELTED KINGFISHER. 
Common. Breeds. 


393. DRYOBATES VILOSUS. 126 
HAIRY WOODPECKER. 
Common. Resident. Breeds. 
394. DRYOBATES PUBESCENS. 127 
DOWNY WOODPECKERER. 
Common. Resident. Breeds. 
400. PICOIDES ARCTICUS. 128 
ARCTIC THREE-TOED WOODPECKER. 
Accidental. One specimen in my collection shot by 
Jerry Pierce on Cattaraugus Reservation. 


A. O. 
No. 


402. 


405. 


406. 


409. 


420. 


444, 


452. 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES 533 
U. _ No. 
in List. 
SPHYRAPICUS VARIUS. 129 
YELLOW-BELLIED WOODPECKER. 
Common. Migrant. Breeds. 


CEOPHLOEUS PILEATUS. 130 
PILEATED WOODPECKER. 

One shot at Springville, N. Y., 1883—O. Besser. Glen- 
wood 1885—Geo. E. Harris. We secured a stump 
near Hamburg, N. Y., where the Pileated Wood- 
peckers had made excavations for Larvae; it is 
now in the Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences. — 
Almost extinct. 


MELANERPES ERYTHROCEPHALUS. 131 
RED-HEADED WOODPECKER. 
Common. Resident. Breeds. 


MELANERPES CAROLINUS. 132 
RED-BELLIED WOODPECKER, 
Rare. Migrant. Breeds. 


COLAPTES AURATUS. 133 
FLICKER; HIGH HOLDER. 
Abundant. Breeds. 


ANTROSTOMUS VOCIFERUS. 134 
WHIP-POOR-WILL. 
Occasional. Breeds. 


CHORDEILES VIRGINIANUS. 135 
NIGHT HAWK. 
Abundant. Breeds. Eggs are found on the gravel 
roofs of our city. 


CHAETURA PELAGICA. 136 
CHIMNEY SWIFT. 
Common. Breeds. 
TROCHILUS COLUBRIS. Bl 
RUBY-THROATED HUMMER. 
Tolerably common. Breeds. 
TYRANNUS TYRANNUS. 138 
KINGBIRD. 
Common. Breeds. : 
MIARCHUS CRINITUS. 139 
GREAT CRESTED FLYCATCHER. 
Tolerably common. Breeds. 


534 BIRDS ON THE NIAGARA FRONTIER 


A. 0. U. 
No. 


456. SAYORNIS PHCEBE. 
PHBE. 
Common. Breeds. 
459. CONTOPUS BOREALIS. 


OLIVE-SIDED FL\ CATCHER. 
One taken at Orchard Park, N. Y., 1885 


461. CONTOPUS VIRENS. 
WOOD PEWEE. 
Common. Breeds. 


463. EMPIDONAX FLAVIVENTRIS. 
YELLOW-BELLIED FLYCATCHER. 
Rare. Breeds. 


465. EMPIDONAX VIVESCENS. 
GREEN-CRESTED FLYCATCHER. 
Rare. Breeds. 


466a. EMPIDONAX TRAILLII. 
TRAILLS FLYCATCHER. 
Rare. Breeds. 


467. EMPIDONAX MINIMUS. 


LEAST FLYCATCHER. 
Common. Breeds. 


No. 
in List. 


474b. OTOCORIS ALPESTRIS PRATICOLA. 


PRAIRIE HORNED LARK. 


Common. Resident. Breeds. Geo. E. Harris wrote 
an exhaustive article on this bird, published in 
Capt. Bendires splendid Book on Amer. Birds. 


sien OC NOAUN © Gilad Ac © Riot wAGIAT 
BLUE JAY. 
Common. Resident. Breeds. 


488. CORVUS AMERICANUS. 
COMMON CROW. 
Abundant. Resident. Breeds. 


494. DOLICHONYX ORYZIVORUS. 
BOBOLINK. 


Common. Breeds. Of all our natural songsters the 


Bobolink is the most noted and popular. 


Descrip- 


tions of his songs so frequently appear in litera- 


140 
141 
142 
143 
144 
145 
146 


147 


148 
149 


150 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL, SCIENCES 


ture that even those who have not heard it must 
‘form a good idea of its enchanting music: 
“That rollicking, jubilant whistle, 
That rolls like a brooklet along — 
That sweet flageolet of the meadows, 
The bubbling, bobolink song.’’ 
In the South he is known as the Rice-hird. The 
nest of the Bobolink is difficult to find; it is 
built in a natural cavity of the ground, amongst 


the tall grass of meadows; which is clearly shown 
in the photo. In leaving the nest the female will 
run off through the grass quite a distance before 
rising, and she will repeat this upon her return, 
but by getting in a position so that you can over- 
look a meadow, it is not difficult to locate their 
site. — They lay from 5 to 7 eggs, and almost 
every set is different in color and markings.— In 
this neighborhood they are very abundant. They 
arrive here after a long journey from the central 


535 


536 


A. O. 
No. 


to: 


498. 


497. 


501. 


506. 


509. 


BIRDS ON THE NIAGARA FRONTIER 


U. 


part of South America in the middle part of May, 
and in early fall depart for the south.—In our 
southern rice-fields they are very destructive to 
the crop, and are killed and trapped in every con- 
ceivable way. In Washington, D. C., in pretty 
near all the hotels they are served to the guests as 
rice-birds. — The protection that they receive in 
the northern states prevents their extermination. 


MOLOTHRUS ATER. 
COWBIRD. 

Breeds. Lays its eggs in the nests of other virds. My 
son Edward found an egg of a Cowbird in the nest 
of a white-bellied Nuthatch, which was in a hori- 
zontal dry branch of a Linden about 40 feet above 
the ground. 


AGELAIUS PHCENICUS. 
RED-WINGED BLACKBIRD. 
Abundant. Breeds. 


XANTOCEPHALUS XANTOCEPHALUS. 
YELLOW-HEADED BLACKBIRD. 
Rare. Migrant. 


STURNELLA MAGNA. 
MEADOW LARK. 
Common. Breeds. To my knowledge this bird has 
increased materially in the surroundings of Buf- 
falo. 


ICTERUS SPURIUS. 
ORCHARD ORIOLE. 
Quite common. Breeds. 


WCAC BIRUOKS (GUN EI ROI AN 
BALTIMORE ORIOLE. 
Common. Breeds. 


EUPHAGUS CAROLINUS. 
RUSTY BLACKBIRD. 
Common. Migrant. 


QUISCALUS QUISCULA. 
CROW BLACKBIRD. 
Common. Breeds. 


No. 
in List. 


ISA 


53 


154 


= | 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAI, SCIENCES S18) 

A. 0. U. No. 

No. in List. 

514. HESPERIPHONA VESPERTINA. 159 
EVENING GROSBEAK. 

B. W. Fenton secured a specimen at Brant, N. Y., in 
1866 Myson Ed. Reinecke in 1891 shot several 
near Delaware Park. I advised friends across 
Niagara River in Sherkston, Canada, to keep a 
sharp lookout, and through them got in possession 
of about 20 specimens which are mounted in my 
collection. I presented several to the Buffalo 
Society of Natural Sciences, and two to the Nat. 
Museum in Stockholm, Sweden. They arrived 
from the north-west shortly after Christmas. A 
few specimens were seen several years afterwards. 
Accidental. In 1911 quite a number were seen in 
this part of the state. 


515. PINICOLA ENUCLEATOR LEUCURA. 160 
PINE GROSBEAK, 
Rare. Winter visitor. 


Wie eek ELODACUS PURPUREUS: 161 
PURPLE FINCH. 
Used to be common. Quite rare now. Breeds. 


521. LOXIA CURVIROSTRA MINOR. 162 
AMERICAN CROSSBILL,. 
Tolerably common. Migrant. 


528. ACANTHIS LINARIA. 163 
REDPOLL. 
Rare. 
529. SPINUS TRISTIS. 164 


AMERICAN GOLDFINCH. 
Abundant. Resident. Breeds. 


533. SPINUS PINUS. 165 
PINE SISKIN. PINE FINCH. 
Occasional. Winter visitor. 


534. PASSERINA NIVALIS. 166 
SNOW BUNTING. 
Common. Winter visitor. 
ap  CALCARIUS LAPPONICUS: 167 
LAPLAND LONGSPUR. 
Rare. Winter visitor. Chas. Linden, G. E. Harris. 
[13] 


538 BIRDS ON THE NIAGARA FRONTIER 


A. O. U. No. 
No. in List. 
540. POOCAETES GRAMINEUS. 168 


VESPER SPARROW. 
Common. Breeds. 


542a. PASSERCULUS SANDWICHENSIS 
SAVANNA. 169 
SAVANNA SPARROW. 
Occasional. Breeds. 


546. COTURNICULUS SAVANNARUM 
PASSERINUS. 170 
GRASHOPPER SPARROW. 
One specimen secured by James Savage. 


Sota ZONODRICHIA LEUCOPREHIR Ys: all 
WHITE CROWNED SPARROW. 
Common. Migrant. 


558. ZONOTRICHIA ALBICOLLIS, 172 
WHITE-THROATED SPARROW. 
Common. Migrant. 


559. SPIZELLA MONTICOLA. WIZ 
TREE SPARROW. 
Common. Winter visitor. 


Shoe SLIiZeWwiuAy SOCIAIIS: 174 
CHIPPING SPARROW. 
Abundant. Breeds. 


563 SPIZELLA PUSIVUA: WS 
FIELD SPARROW. 
Common. Breeds. 


Sofa CINCOPELVENEATTS: 176 
SLATE-COLORED JUNCO. 
Common. Resident. Breeds. 


581. MELOSPIZA CINEREA MELODIA. iA 
SONG SPARROW. 
Abundant. Breeds. 


583. MELOSPIZA LINCOLNI. 178 
LINCOLN’S SPARROW. 
Rare. Migrant. Chas. Linden. 


584. MELOSPIZA GEORGIANA. 189 
SWAMP SPARROW. 
Occasional. Breeds. 


A. O. 


No. 


585. 


SiC 


608. 


611. 


613. 


614 


616. 


617 


618. 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL, SCIENCES 


U. 


PASSERELLA ILIACA. 
FOX SPARROW. 
Tolerably common. Migrant. 
PIPILO ERYTHROPTHALMUS. 
CHEWINK. 
Quite common. Breeds. 
CARDINALIS CARDINALIS. 
CARDINAL GROSBEAK. 
Accidental. 
ZAMELODIA LUDOVICIANA. 
ROSE-BREASTED GROSBEAK. 
Abundant. Breeds. 
CYANOSPIZA CYANEA. 
INDIGO BIRD. 
Common. Breeds. 
PIRANGA ERYTHROMELAS. 
SCARLET TANAGER. 
Common. Breeds. 
PROGNE SUBIS. 
PURPLE MARTIN. 
Common. Breeds. 
PETROCHELIDON LUNIFRONS. 
CLIFF SWALLOW. EAVE SWALLOW. 
Common. Breeds. 
HIRUNDO ERYTHROGASTES. 
BARN SWALLOW. 
Common. Breeds. 
[REDOPROCNE, BICOLOR: 
TREE SWALLOW. 
Common. Breeds. 
RIPARiIA RIPARIA. 
BANK SWALLOW. 
Common. Breeds. 
STELGIDOPTERYX SERRIPENNIS. 
ROUGH-WINGED SWALLOW. 


One taken at Glenwood, N. Y., 1888 by Miss T. 


Schlegel, and als» later by James Savage. 
AMPELIS GARRULUS. 
BOHEMIAN WAXWING. 
Rare. Winter visitor. 


539 
No. 
in List. 


180 


181 


183 


184 


185 


186 


188 


189 


190 


191 


192 


540 
A, O. 

No. 
619. 


621. 


6222. 


624. 


636. 


637. 


641. 


642. 


645. 


BIRDS ON THE NIAGARA FRONTIER 
U. 


AMPELIS CEDRORUM. 
{CEDAR WAXWING. CEDAR BIRD. 
Abundant. Resident. Breeds. 


LANIUS BOREALIS. 


NORTHERN SHRIKE. BUTCHER BIRD. 


Occasional. Winter visitor. 


WHITE-RUMPED SHRIKE. 
Occasional. Breeds. 


VIREO OLIVACEUS. 
RED-EYED VIREO. 
Common. Breeds. 


VIREO GILVUS. 
WARBLING VIREO. 

Common. Breeds. 

VIREO FLAVIFRONS. 

YELLOW-THROATED VIREO. 

Occasional. Breeds. 

VIREO SOLITARIUS. 

SOLITARY VIREO. 

Rare. Migrant. 

VIREO NOVEBORACENSIS. 

WHITE-EYED VIREO. 

Rare. Breeds. 


MNIOTILTA VARIA. 
BLACK and WHITE WARBLER. 
Common. Migrant. Breeds. 
PROTONOTARIA CITREA. 
PROTHONOTARY WARBLER. 
Rare. Migrant. 
HELMINTHOPHILA PINUS. 
BLUE-WINGED WARBLER. 
Rare. Migrant. 


HELMINTHOPHILA CHRYSOPTERA. 


GOLDEN-WINGED WARBLER. 
Rare. Migrant. 


HELMINTHOPHILA RUBRICAPILLA. 


NASHVILLE WARBLBR. 
Common. Breeds. 


LANIUS LUDOVICIANUS EXCUBITORIDES 


No. 
in List. 


WS 


We 


tS 


196 


198 


99 


201 


203 


BUFFALO: SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES 


ASO Us 
No. 


648. 


650. 


654. 


655. 


658. 


659. 


660. 


661 


662. 


666. 


COMPSOTHLYPIS AMERICANA. 
PARULA WARBLER. 
Occasional. Migrant. 
DENDROICA TIGRINA. 
CAPE MAY WARBLER. 
Rare. Migrant. 
DENDROICA AESTIVA. 
SUMMER YELLOW BIRD. 


Sel 


No. 
in List. 


206 


207 


Common. Breeds. Two and sometimes three nests, 
one on top of the other to prevent the raising of 


a young Cowbird, are often found. 
DENDROICA CAERULESCENS. 
BLACK-THROATED BLUE WARBLER. 
Common. Migrant. Breeds. 
DENDROICA CORONATA. 
MYRTLE WARBLER. 
Abundant. Migrant. 
DENDROICA. MACULOSA. 
MAGNOLIA WARBLER. 
Common. Migrant. breeds. 


DENDROICA COERULEA. 
CERULEAN WARBLER. 


211 


1) 
aA 
NO 


Ouitesrare== Breeds= )-Dhey built thei nests; on “am 
horizontal branch at least 40 feet from the ground. 


Very difficult to get the nest with the eggs. 
DENDROICA PENNSYLVANICA, 
CHESTNUT-SIDED WARBLER. 
Common. Migrant. Breeds. 
DENDROICA CASTANEA. 
BAY-BREASTED WARBLER. 
Occasional. Migrant. 
DENDROICA STRIATA. 
BLACK-POLL WARBLER. 
Common. Migrant. 
DENDROICA BLACKBURNIAE. 
BLACKBURNIAN WARBLER. 
Quite common. Migrant. 
DENDROICA CHRYSOPARIA. 
GOLDEN-CHEEKED WARBLER. 
Rare. Migrant. 


214 


216 


1S) 
eat 
“I 


542 BIRDS ON THE NIAGARA FRONTIER 


A. O. U. No. 
_No. in List. 
667. DENDROICA VIRENS. 218 


BLACK-THROATED GREEN WARBLER. 
Common. Migrant. Breeds near Cascade Park. The 
nest is found in the evergreens, 2 to 4 feet from 
the ground. 


671. DENDROICA VIGORSILI. 219 
PINE WARBLER. 
Occasional. Migrant. 


672a. DENDROICA PALMARUM HYPOCHRYSEA. 220 
YELLOW PALM WARBLER. 
Rare. Migrant. Chas. Linden. 


673) -DENDROICA DISCOLOR: 217, 
PRAIRIE WARBLER. 
Rare. Migrant. 


674. SEIURUS AUROCAPILLUS. 218 
OVEN BIRD. GOLDEN-CROWNED THRUSH. 
Common in Tonawanda Swamp. Breeds. 


675. SEIURUS NOVEBORACENSIS. 219 
WATER THRUSH. . 
Occasional. Breeds. 


6/9. GEOTHLYPIS. PHILADELPHIA. 220 
MOURNING WARBLER. 


A. O. 
No. 


681. 


684. 


686. 


687. 


704. 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL, SCIENCES 543 


U. No. 
in List. 
Rare. Migrant. An exceedingly shy bird. Breeds. 
We have taken some in West Seneca, now occu- 
pied by the Lackawanna Steel plant. Can now 
be found in Tonawanda Swamp. The first week 
in June when the Mosquitos are thick, is the time 
they breed. The nests are near the ground in 
clusters of ferns. See Photo, p. 542. Very difficult 
to find, unless you know their notes, which during 
nesting time are few. The eggs are white with 
a sprinkling of reddish dots near the larger ends. 
GE OME MPS wy RIC ERAS: 221 
MARYLAND YELLOW-THROAT. 
Occasional. Breeds. : 
ICTERIA VIRENS. 222 
YELLOW-BREASTED CHAT. 
Occurs here. Ought to breed here. 
WILSONIA MITRATA. 223 
HOODED WARBLER. 
Occasional. Breeds. 
WILSONIA CANADENSIS. 224 
CANADIAN WARBLER. 
Common. Migrant. Breeds. 
SETOPHAGA RUTICILLA 225 
AMERICAN REDSTART. 
Common. Breeds. 
GALEOSCOPTES CAROLINENSIS. 226 


CATBIRD. 


Common. Breeds. 


TOXOSTOMA RUFUS. 226 
BROWN THRASHER. BROWN THRUSH. 
Quite Common. Breeds. 


THRYOTHORUS LUDOVICIANUS. 220, 


Breeds. 


CAROLINA WREN. 


TROGLODYTES AEDON. 228 


Breeds. 


COMMON HOUSE WREN. 
Used to be very common but the English 


Sparrow drove them away. 


544 BIRDS ON THE NIAGARA FRONTIER 


A. O U. 
No. 


722. OLBIORCHILUS HIEMALIS. 


WINTER WREN. 
Occasional. Migrant. Breeds. 


724. CISTOTHORUS STELLARIS. 


SHORT-BILLED MARSH WREN. 
Breeds. 


725. TEMATODYTES PALUSTRIS, 
LONG-BILLED MARSH WREN. 
Abundant in swamps. Breeds. 


720 CERTHIA FAMILIARIS AMERICANA. 
BROWN CREEPER. 


No. 
in List. 


229 


Abundant. Breeds. The Brown Creeper 
is with us during the whole year, doing an 


A\= (Oh Wis 
No. 


BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES 


545 


No. 


in List. 


immense amount of good by living entirely on the 
eggs of various destructive beetles. As the photo 
shows, their nest is built behind loose bark of tree 
trunks. I only found them near the Heronry in 
Tonawanda Swamp. Within the loose scale of 
bark a mass of twigs and other rubbish is 
crammed, upon which a layer of finer bark with 
an intermixture of a little moss and a number of 
spiders cocoons are placed. The eggs number 
from five to eight and can be found from May 
31st, and are creamy-white, speckled or spotted 
with hazel or reddish brown, often in form of 
wreaths. 


SITTA CAROLINENSIS. 


WHITE-BREASTED NUTHATCH. 


Abundant. Resident. Breeds. 


SITTA CANADENSIS. 


RED-BREASTED NUTHATCH. 


Occasional. Migrant. Breeds. 


BAXOLOPHUS BICOLOR. 


TUFTED TITMOUSE. 


Rare. Straggler. Chas. Linden. 


PARUS ATRICAPILLUS. 


CHICADEE. 


Abundant. Resident. Breeds. 


748. 


REGULUS SATRAPA. 


GOLDEN-CROWNED KINGLET. 


Abundant. Migrant. 


749. 


REGULUS CALENDULA. 


RUBY-CROWNED KINGLET. 


Common. Migrant. 


HYLOCICHLA MUSTELINUS. 


WOOD THRUSH. 


Common. Breeds. 


756. 


HYLOCICHLA FUSCESCENS. 


WILSON’S THRUSH. 


Common. Breeds. 


[14] 


239 


546 . BIRDS ON THE NIAGARA FRONTIER 
A. O. U. No. 

No. in List. 
(2845 LYevOCiCHnbiA USEUOLATA] SWAENSONIEE 241 


OLIV é-BACKED THRUSH. 
Occasional. Migrant. 


19 Dn SE YOO CG LE AaG Uo TAG AG AIS ile 242 
HERMIT THRUSH. 
Tolerably common. Breeds. 
761. MERULA MIGRATORIA. 243 
AMERICAN ROBIN. 
Common. Breeds. 
166.) STA TA= SEALS: 244 
BLUEBIRD. 
Abundant. Breeds. The English Sparrow has driven 


them from the city where in former years they 
were very abundant. 


Addenda. 


The writer must here acknowledge an indebtedness to 


Mr. James Savage, his sons, Edward, Ottomar and Eugene 
Reinecke, and Elmer Gillett. 


ey 


maar ere RE eR hy a 


Wp MA eb MN pepe Rel tw le Senet Ce ee Hote 
HOW EW UA Hebel Aik sD WRAL Wale ike DORE heb etiebs he Bhege pepe} efeet 

HH Melveniy ' PeIpeeghsh emt & ewoe hebey 

‘ pealebaa ih ee igen Dedede Webbed mobebedy el + he tee 


Hideto ts " 
Weill Hb ebay ey ab thoner 


oN Mbe wh eBid gi Ht Mt ak oh 
eras etek Hyedleti valet 


Meh 
SAM Me tha DS We esbeh-AeLioW dey 
‘ae AON MeWedtienieni ogy seston we idea 4th hy PAY chhc4h wh (WDA) SU EA LAMY OMI BIS abe NVATCHC Ay Mt lie Wepavol bale bet dbenet 


walieyeh f=) aWiihi \ bene 
Heth Wed ern ypa nal pp adh el MONE NMR ett Heuiiek eh MANE pi ebet oy EAR ane allie Hopi l) h aieil hy eH eH HCW ALi ete inte iy Hew i i ) Pua urbtiniated eA SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTIO Wer ‘ 


eiPrurve rains tei wry be seth Siefio ws MAE heb yapiem AuAletei eli ell (ie Mell eltehingy Mt ae atl Pepe Obata 


on 
SWE Wanye ORb yeth easy einnt) MERE N hep E yy patency AN Mis alah sth HENS Rb ied hat Sibel ey hey Wyhovat ee 
evn AHaneapeAveMem ed ANN! WemeieNts lity cel Gua i Nuyda Bellehensey UTEP ASI AYIA HEPA R MIDS regen 

: , ihe ‘ wt AEN ott i nih 

" Hew * ‘ HVede neg eyninis ag mie AVA eae ¢ f yeti a i 
beth Eh ‘ \ \ ewe heh = f Pararer erate 
« * Meteted si ein A ty ¥ 

iaahah ae : Marie Mae 
5 5 \ oN thee A HeHewey den ey i U] vie 

i + Solities ws Oe i \ i} 5 ned 1 , 


a 
viel i Minh 4 i b Hah 2h i Hebets tebal 
y Seti ge ihoae Geb MheM etl tye eth SAN oti bhiell ha ths sits ah i ; i } ; 
WH eWeWEL oA eyjeeMeSloieiad pth afk let Al MbeAl eNeb eihetletiot elle tiatle geht et Hetiowhethe i IE Wed Renisiion Aik an A eet 
yy i i ) ¥ ey a 7 0 4 


He theADeNiweWh lle th Oph che) eth § Abe MalesbeW yA otirabe ite Mr Meh) Sah eal eae iy 
EPM Wei HEH OMEN Mee Metered fecteweietieltettbedl: PcAeA sie Weel AL lef epelieveyi ea eget a 1 iY 
Mine ebedetiagenehenen We desien ether ronan eines ANAM Def edeHLAN fh Alelbok A MN ea m {yaveaccny et) ylbeby) Wiiy ake petend i. Yeon r bit 
Nhe me rsbemetbeiagiett Hoth Hot thal Ae Wetedh et} fetal Ay Aye peal y Asset AVAL A om HeWebcfin dep eayesh {\ be {l Heaths HALAL eee Shed wh beth owl esi ok Hh Wed she Wd hs 4 + 
HehedbeADEN ether suehed eset et! Wiese ni Wetloyettone opiate Mefebion diribeba ffl eh eaes\un ee PN AA I SHHDCHCH MNRAS NERS cL eAMah shah tees wit sien Mt e heathen tieck Y Hayes : 
i iyi nh eth WANN 2A) ey Aieiell AAD SND HD mish Newel qiehieh, Ava y AWWA ERIM a aie aa Niche ¥ f 
Ls p TM 7 PaeNels s\AL Ihe tab tind Pete WA Mee We hy gle M eH ay Meteteal gs . ey + Ratan fee aoe 


eh 


We MUN eb heey ead fh HH ER ‘ei Way het nM Heyy of hee eh oe tas % 4 ¥ ‘ hy ohaw 
Av oy Aree Gave MVE MAL HO eAh eM hepa A i SHEA tHe elobie web eeth Meh iN bell eal Vedi Medi Thelilebh eds wtb ste thed ESTs eect eh Na Vb te TRO Oh is cE a m) 
Heslop " Aiea th 


Meh itedvebemedey, nigh Mat shhi ny halt a \ ‘ DAeh Moly Havel Abed i A 
Won sdesehetethy p> : bans wh ant yeas if Meine AeBotiene vines did} it TORR cts SLA BNA AD Net hej ‘ Reb ee) 
Keer AV oAvedy othe enh MD bh 4 My f Bia Wiebe Me e - fink W Habeebe cnn ented) to Bop) 
Dar\tie dell hrablehelly ll Ae Ns eh HSH AseQel MRL EN eM Mamet 
eee hell chia ‘i y eleven Geetha ht AN thet) ayl sie é Aeon hi {i hit Veni 
ih ely 24 a Dapp bishyivi 


a (efi ebetyed wn 2 wh Ape Heweahe Nene y 
hehehe hediohed abe efietias i ts auth We WA edad: Maui eset Nei 
We Ai At ahs be a ASM o se MEN elie cil 
bean wah eave He ih AV Meh Pedi dened) i 
Ae As We We ety Hogi av ie ) foil Ache onn Awe 

Lehodlae moe hen Wels tihiel eye hy wien i yeh Ae y Isha He ichyoeti- eae 
SoM hates eWePibeltediiepiof adh HAND nelle hy rane aye Wafpeh Metieh et te i 
eens Pein Ratatat Y bi Yel a nel nen asa) Phofiede tke yeh need ty 

SNe 


hr Ha Y " aca eel Ney Dele sehed Hin ¥ ef Hewes peleped yer 
VN fenit \ i Av iy 4 “yap 4 i ii \ Heiaeyibete ne st 
Het Wesheteyyhh wehete yy 1 im pas Woven 
HNN eh tee Al 8 edie i 
bh i \ Senha Ac ED hs Ani 
arin Ais r tied) iti 4 ni hs ie ett 

shah Aen een uy he) ene penne 
ref nih eMhen wie Al pei 


+h 

i ni ith I \ fie de 
ol Als eth i eH K j be ny i it : eihabedey , Cibeheh eh Peyehy 
seh) I 4 * Dy 7 yk Ayits leh Ain heed, 


Hyerbeb eats vithies bk eh, 
“Hebb Madinebie defer) TP yi 4 ny WNetels 


nt ful MN, - 
fe sh UVR iii Gc diabey sWonideil sue brat aie hey 
PopeM i y SH eA SHE bea eh en phe ibbed shah ee 
i hs it ei Hf the ip i ie y te ia A i te etal eae et Uist hehes ak 6 Ne 
Nd bye ete H ah al Aas ab neat i a he i" iy Wed fh Ate BSA Teast Mei 
shelionei ea hich eS coal Hey ef ohne Te) i ist ne aah Ua gest meh ai nn 
toeh eh ty wt heath nh y sald Aah eft h 
Hj i) ‘5 BH eae Aye 
i lal rin Ae i it Hy pulleys on Hh ls we hs i HN He deh Meh SUM RLM SARL 
a Se i shai 4 eat i ANE IE Hage x a veils baie Heda ie Miva eaenes ay 
Hebbel): y Y 
t rahe q i i 


paviadlae tee Le mneltethen vNentieicea terepiy wae 
ea 4 * Sie 
Veh it Atos ts stieftaH ie Natgatyents Aneacntaitns Abeye ‘ 
‘\ Wendl AW obi eHub heh ots Mi : 4 » ‘ robe d et i hen ee el 
(4 Butta h fa # hehe beh ehahepapairi aes t 
dah vogue Heaney) fe Mate its 9 Han hanes : Sian) B Lr Ah is #4 *i Aine hirhe erie Me ahi 
Dl anh be tian i\n4 hil wt eee eat Syed be! Ay 
‘ : 4) ie asae heh ef Ay ie iy Mi Deep d bm 
tie ions veh Muh 
fen ) a 
it i 


fi Ne 
ve oy rn i was 


: aya 
Peart Ty tn i rea Hite a birdl 4h +5) fe hi ot 1 5 h nu i fi 
iinet noah oe i ae enon i \ ie nen Raa Hat atoh ars aaa 


i SU teiaek ie PARDO nahn tN MMA a eda LIT eA stich! UAC Lo UN iS 
‘ne a sh BUS Rew nKoat raced hints ; eh hein Red: i ( 

a nee aay Naina eh sth + ts Heh et a at 4 bie D Baby \ ‘ A pe 
ihe van wining Pt Latha y } if bh heyy hap eti +, 
Wh deinen i Bi eo he ¢ 4 4 hve heel oe 
: Ra ay i ti ning ith H thats an i i yaaa ‘ it sin deny ncn 
4 it left tls eyh hat 4 * ‘ bd ey Bl i 2 fon Alek 

Hi * 
mie ‘a i millet) Ns ae at) +s Hee uct iyi in 


susan i Heh A 
meen taba Hens pot : Y 
ih ti ahaha a aha 
bi} Ry ie aie Hrord aNd : ' y LAN ai shasta ttt ch ak 
Ss atta in ath hit ek i set vi tt \" ane ae iat it siaititiet iene de ha eats sah tut SA hensieni 
2 i PAL oO wt bs wt 4s tad ay ula aN rete . iy ‘ ie vn “4h he Ah ay 6 Sarecuate keh wt, ate ee aie 
yh ety bebalbe 


iva ig a) bach } i Deerii 
ih ee a aaa ‘inte pte 
ths 


eK eieieds I hy AUD epee alee WH ea 
He at Wain Heb tite h init a ray csi nas aires ua 
i. t a 
att at a teat nD Athy ee oe et heave rat Nhuee: hehe 
ina Neate i \ 
i i Bea beh obs’ Daca BA tee 
HAAR EUAN CNH OER Nala i) aN 
hae van ROMER tM th a We wh 
i Wheel deka et 
rat na ry 
ann pe 
irre a wat ‘ys % : i 
a nh Wi "0 anes Word tans * “ 4 bab dyriabe be chat eb 
ie 4 cone it pe vi te 3 a Wri) Ch Cea? i sdk PN ts 
ih munch Great A HESS aE TEES ‘ abeey ; Tynan taektnsn cia 
Hehe ae nD 4 see ich ea SP Tae es att 4) hse heh i tebe 
eat manned bie HN m HAUG ian " Ha Le be We Ay 4) a ohset iS RET i sf ; 
hee A ed mh NM tae ef els bee fine sh TI DS a 
- ais tuenaecbcucaalesth techies ee) behets ita when yeehe 
Ceo SPEAR PTET Mew hate ot Qe me ote Wel ib pint abet hai iany 
fb bie nie stata te 0 Saw ninheeL Moar mun ehihd, ‘iy Nee ih : a Wi 
sitar teta an nh wrath WAR MeO Dra ta aoe A A yy Lib beheh ave 
aphasia Sih Hie han meyer Ohm beh oh wy 
al tey WRHE chara mn Tykyty 1h nh ninth tt rere 
shboe ioe mi Als oC in tela 


‘ate 
am) ht 
ea oil Natre Ye ina | shee APH bab Sanh We hy eva Wik ay} 
veiyrided a ihe i “etl ye rea Tate h eke) tpg aro i” eat it hr pany Pi he i oe any ne *4 4 % 
Hee Me laa Ue he eA aah ak fii PERSO A Vie a 
eS eee ee 4 Dike heh bh ibe om gts Filey ee heen 
PPh bea betished we Fyn Z. heii hehehe ‘" Bnei febabs ork we Fi de bp Relele ot i 
Bbw eb Aaya selenide shel We al te suk ibe a ae Shcaehehsae cick poked Wed Seeh Web nbshibol Rew thTeek Wek ckek 
Cy oe a) beh +i eee Uy ek a Ae ee At i Arentcde nl: bok dn 
‘ : Paatied } 


Wernick a Sie 


Hi ewe ee A 4 A 4 ’ 
HN aint at Ly ea Se Pie oe t i - é hs i i Reeretante | 

sani sie wns i ari eich a RRA Mrrbbeeksbickshbibe : a) } Chi re 
si et Bak tata n AP 

Ani ey eiene yt od 
#26) DEFINE ba) re eH eons ao 
rit GEA: TT varaelted 
Hi RBHV el ed HOU Whe iat 


eu Hehe e heed cumbine Th i 

3 —S a AERA “2 

Hah eb bd eine: ake widen ‘ iT ho Cee ie betes Y bea +B se Gee ie 
any tence ie Sprscenics oie Nh a tulelgayynes 21a oh es Pi thet et Eee beb a meh <# hert tt fet * AE if 


a ol de ies ma es oh ale ST aoe UA Lie se hae ahre 
\ ay wait 
rus thee th taceke Se Th Soe ¥ mth ¥ MS Cait hbe 


Aree ant ek eee 
yerwe hs a Wee heb} ae ig paebed Rebs hth q he beech hte ter bole ners” bed Pee er 
ete A GRRE hab eb 4, ie ert Beh od ret A UENO Ak a ee as ES ee te we 


Hs eh aep ted ra plea * ew ht ee 


Le tee ot ee ee 
STE 8 ON Aoi legen ee + bee ae vi ¥ as ' 
- rh ee es 


het thts ah Sr 
apiiey Parner Shi atie 
Fi He BEN Fh ey 


th bbe 
Bethy, hah ek 
ee be bbitbon ear yh 


adie dei eine 
ie dee Loe t 


Ce ten ead 
PAP DSB SAEG hob gy 
Sa nh 4 


Sa ee ire 
mutha) Tu yararly barre 
eepedeite he peer Cb teke Oe ee 
err kere ae et ee thie eerie ny 


bor 


ri Pee ee ea ee eae ee no tn ae es ee " , Pb dab bem bo a two 
Syl Nese tdnrah tie a ee i aticsae- aia Ai Tob Niet hla oe el e ai Paerthe oh ta Aa aL Sk a oe AO ee ‘ * 

noah RRB E Han hae hdaruh ta era 7 i Ae at 

wns . 
op hitthee . ee tot 

crs hana sts 
pee ett p 
ne hres 
“A em M ete ees e 
ARE bane tes. 
Sle ey abn Q ene My 


Soh Flynt areas 


Scone 
ee ee ee 


COMERS P ER Rte 
ome iege 
PORE RED St ee 


a ee fr er Sok tr er aes 
isthe nt ee eee eet ee 


be . » 
eh sere we he eene .