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National Museum DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE AND LABOR Poe ee LIN Peto wer ESERIES \ ARO Sl FR, Se Sa Gs Os fi 1907 GEORGE M. BOWERS, Commissioner WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE Igo 8 CONTENTS: THE PHYSIOLOGY OF THE DIGESTIVE TRACT OF ELASMOBRANCHS. By Michael X. Sullivan. a5 (isIEdNO CLODEr Uo. 1907) eer er ream Bie le apc ays aaa = mea Pee ws means we ale IO 1-27 Fisues or West Virersia. By Edmund Lee Goldsborough and H. Walton Clark. (Issued rhe WLOUS Rtas Ste oe ic oe ees ee te ts 5 5k. Se ee in oe ot ee 29-39 THE PHOTOGRAPHY OF AQUATIC ANIMALS IN THEIR NATURAL ENVIRONMENT. By Jacob Reig- ardes (assed Anos 22.1008) S25. 28sec oc Sas = asc sc tess see os le Sela ane oe Dima 41-68 RELATIONSHIPS OF THE FISH FAUNA OF THE LAKES OF SOUTHEASTERN OREGON. By John Otterbein Snyder» «(Issued September 28, 1908). 2. -. 2. 0 eee 5 et ee ween ene 69-102 THE FISHES OF THE SACRAMENTO-SAN JOAQUIN BASIN, WITH A STUDY OF THEIR DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. By Cloudsley Rutter. (Issued September 28, 1908).‘......--.-.......- 103-152 THE FISHES OF THE COASTAL STREAMS OF OREGON AND NORTHERN CALIFORNIA. By John Onterberm any. dens (lesued October: 21,1908), 2-7 jt sae ee ctw eterna ee ee nein 153-189 NATURAL HISTORY, ORGANIZATION, AND LATE DEVELOPMENT OF THE TEREDINIDA, OR SHIP- worms. By Charles P. Sigerfoos. (Issued December 18, 1908) ..........-..-------.--- 191-231 FISHES FROM ISLANDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ArcHIPELAGO. By David Starr Jordan and Robert banlatichardsone. (issued Decembersl6; 1908) 95. 225-6. - eo tnsens - = eee eee 233-287 ILLUSTRATIONS. > PLATES. PHYSIOLOGY OF THE DIGESTIVE TRACT OF ELASMOBRANCHS: Page. Plate I. (1 and 2) Photomicrographs showing structure of the rectal gland in the smooth dogfish.............-..---- 28 PHOTOGRAPHY OF AQUATIC ANIMALS IN THEIR NATURAL ENVIRONMENT: Plate II. (1 and 2) Photographs of fishes on coral reefs taken with camera submerged.............--.--.------------- 43 III. (1) Photograph of the nest’ of a small-mouth black bass, taken with the aid of a screen, the camera above water. (2) Brook lampreys on the nest, photographed through water glass, in about 8 inches of running water... . Ie» UNE cae ria kc on Memos dene ems tant eee Sacha A Paes XV. (31-33) Continuation of series of transverse sections in Plate XTV. (34) Section of pallet handle and its sheath. (85, 36) Diagrams of the posterior end of body of adult... ... Seen eee tan nae a = 232 XVI. (37) Lamina of gill of Teredo navalis. (88) Transverse section of three laminse of Xylotrya gouldi......... 232 XVII. (39) Tangential section of a gill of Xylotrya gouldi. (40) Transverse section of three gill lamina. (41) Section of the three most anterior gill filaments at side of ‘‘head.’’ (42) Group of cells from branchial groove at edge of gill. (43) Seetion of part of branchial groove that connects the two parts of the gill... 232 XVIII. (45) Section of two tubes of the gland of Deshayes from a gilllamina, (46 and 47) Coarser and finer portions of the dendritic processes from the gilllamina of 7’eredo navalis represented in figure 37. (48-51) Four stages in the development of the structures of the second factor of the gland of Deshayes. . . XIX. (52) Heart of a specimen 2mm. long. (53) Heart of young adult. (54) Longitudinal section of the ven- tricle and vessels of a specimen 4 mm. long. (55) Longitudinal section of the anterior part of the ventricle and vessels of a specimen 10cm. long. (56) Group of cells from main portion of style sheath. (57) Same from tubular portion. (58) Group of cells from the liver...........-..-....2--2-----2---+-- 232 XX. (59) Nervous system of newly attached larva. (60) Nervous system of adult. (61 and 62) Diagrams to show the relations of the ends of the kidneys, genital duct, pericardial cavity, and visceral ganglion... 232 XXI. (63) Transverse section of anterior ganglion and genital duct. (64) Longitudinal section of genital duct. (65) Section of osphradium. (66) Tangential section of the osphradium..........-......-2+-..-....+ 232 TEXT CUTS. FISHES OF WEST VIRGINIA: Rhinichthys bowersi - PHOTOGRAPHY OF AQUATIC ANIMALS: Figure 1. Diagram illustrating the photography of ob- jects beneath the water by a camera above the'SUlIACe heen eee eee eee . Tripod top by means of which the camera may be inclined at any angle............. . Boutan’s first apparatus. --.2:--.3.-----2.2- . Boutan’s second apparatus. aes . Boutan’sithird'apparatus--...- 222. -2-2225-- . Showing Boutan’s method of obtaining in- stantaneous photographs of fish with his thirdtapparatus es seen nace ee eee oe . Showing Boutan’s method of operating his third apparatus from a boat by means of a is) He OO Oo or 8. Boutan’s apparatus for using a magnesium flash light under water-.............-..-- 9. A reflecting camera shown in section FIsH FAUNA OF LAKES OF SOUTHEASTERN OREGON: Figure 1. Diagram showing method of taking propor- tional measurements. ----..-..---.----.-- 2. Catostomus warnerensis Qo RUIbUS OLCZONENS Sse ae eel ne afer 4. Rutilus columbianus FISHES OF SACRAMENTO-SAN JOAQUIN BASIN: Figure 1, Catostomus microps 2. Diagram showing size of lips in Catostomus occidentalis from four localities........... ABE Page. | FISHES OF SACRAMENTO-SAN JOAQUIN BASIN—Con’t. Figure 3. Cottus asperrima 4° Cottus*macrops\--<- -2s2 252-2 sss eens FISHES OF COASTAL STREAMS OF OREGON AND NORTHERN CALIFORNIA: Figure 1. Catostomus humboldtianus- ...-.-...--...- 2. Ptychocheilus grandis, P. oregonensis and P. umpque, showing characteristic dif- ference in size of scales which distinguishes the species... .. 3 3. Leuciscus caurinus.-.--- 2 4. Rhinichthys evermanni_..-.....---.---.-.- Os eLybOpsis! Cramericy.2-- essere ee ee eee FISHES FROM ISLANDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ARCHIPELAGO: Figure 1. Murzenichthys thompsoni...-...--.-....--- . Pisoodonophis macgregori..........---.---- ; Leiuranus lithinus) 22 <2 2ss22-22:ossse=eee Coeculaimindorant-) oe esa en eee Barbodes hemictenus. --.......-.--.---.---- . Atherina panatela.......-. . Doryrhamphus macgregori-. 8. Hippocampus barbouri-.-... 9. Gnathypops dendritica.-..........-.-.-.-.- ) Abudefdufisapphinusts-pee-st---=--=e aeons . Congrogadus hierichthys--....-..:----2.---- . Antennarius lithinostomus.........-.------ bo ot 69 “10 Page. 144 164 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE BIOLOGICAL LABORATORY OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES AT WOODS HOLE, MASS. THE PHYSIOLOGY OF THE DIGESTIVE TRACT OF ELASMOBRANCHS. By MICHAEL X. SULLIVAN, Ph. D. BUREAU OF FISHERIES DOCUMENT NO. 625. CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE BIOLOGICAL LABORATORY OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES AT WOODS HOLE, MASS. THE PHYSIOLOGY OF THE DIGESTIVE TRACT OF ELASMOBRANCHS. By MICHAEL X. SULLIVAN, Pu. D. INTRODUCTION. The digestive tract in fishes has been studied quite extensively both from the histological and from the physiological standpoint. Most of this work has been done on European species, however, and has given rise to contradictory conclusions, especially from the viewpoint of physiology. Hence it seemed advisable to devote some attention to fishes found also in American waters, and I have accordingly undertaken the study of the digestive tract of elasmobranchs.“ This group of fishes was chosen for investigation, first, because of the relatively simple structure of their digestive tract, and second, because they may, from their position in the scale of evolution, form the groundwork for an extensive comparative study of fish in general. Thus we may arrive at a unified view of the changes, structural and physiological, which have taken place in the alimentary canal of fishes from the lowest to the highest. The treatment of the subject is partly histological, but mainly physiological. HISTORICAL DISCUSSION. THE DIGESTIVE TRACT IN FISHES. MORPHOLOGY. As in higher animals, the digestive tract in fishes may be divided into the following portions: Mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestine. In fishes, however, two or more of these divisions may coalesce and become indistin- guishable. Asa rule there is a complicated dentition, but no salivary glands. The buccal cavity opens directly into the esophagus, and this in turn into a large stomach, aThe work embodied in this paper was done at the laboratory of the U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Woods Hole, Mass. during the summers of 1905 and 1906, when the writer was a salaried assistant of the Bureau. I am indebted to Dr. W. L. Chapman for making the photomicrographs of the rectal gland (plate I). + BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. which is usually furnished with a valve at its posterior end. The digestive tract may be straight, U-shaped, or Y-shaped—straight in Branchiostoma and the cyclo- stomes; syphonal or U-shaped in the elasmobranchs and in some teleosts, where the stomach presents the form of a bent tube, of which one half is the cardiac and the other the pyloric portion; cecal or Y-shaped in most teleosts, where the cardiac division is a long, descending blind sac, with the cardiac and pyloric openings of the stomach lying close together. In most cases the pyloric tube is long and slender. In many fishes, especially among ganoids and teleosts, a variable number of blind tubes open inta the intestine immediately posterior to the pylorus. These tubes are termed the pyloric ceca and are often filled with the same material as is the intestine. When present in large numbers, the appendages often coalesce into a common duct. In the eyclostomes and dipnoans no pyloric appendages exist, and in the elasmobranchs pyloric cxeca have been’ found by Turner (1878) only in the Greenland shark, Lemargus borealis, and by Gegenbauer (1892) in certain skates. The duodenum receives the hepatic and the pancreatic secretions, and also the secretion of the pyloric appendages. The intestine varies much in length, and in many fishes the absorbing surface is increased by folds of the mucous membrane, which wind spirally or are arranged in parallel lamelle. These spiral valves are found in cyclostomes, selachians, ganoids, and dipnoans. In short, the digestive tract in fishes varies greatly, from a simple condition to a complex one, with valves, folds, and appendages. The pancreas is the most constant of all digestive glands in vertebrates. In the lower fishes it occurs as a compact mass, while in the teleosts it is, as a rule, diffused and distributed about the pyloric ceca, hepatic duct, and in the liver. The presence of the pancreas in bony fishes in a widely diffused state was demonstrated by Legoius (1873). In the elasmobranchs the pancreas is comparatively large, and pinkish in color. It empties by a single duct into the duodenum. Crcal appendages at the end of the intestinal canal are of exceedingly rare occurrence in fishes. In the elasmobranchs, however, an appendage, the so-called rectal gland, exists near the end of the intestine. This gland varies from half an inch in length in the skate to three or four inches in the big sharks. According to Wiedersheim (1905, p. 422), cloacal appendages exist in the dipnoans and traces of a blind intestine may be found in certain teleosts, while in the Holocephaii the place of the rectal gland is taken by glandular tissue within the walls of the rectum. For a more detailed account of the gross anatomy of fishes the reader is referred to Home (1814), who described the intestines of thirty species, and to Rathke (1824), who described fifty-six species. General works on the intestinal canal of fishes are Siebold and Stannius (1854), Milne-Edwards (1860), Giinther (1880), Oppel (1896, 1897, 1900, 1904), and Wiedersheim (1905). HISTOLOGY. Though Nehemiah Grew (Gamgee, 1893) made mention, in 1676, of a glandular secretion in the stomach of the horse, it was not until 1836 that the gastric glands were actually discovered. In this year Boyd (1836) discovered gastric glands in mammals and noticed their presence in some fishes. Following Boyd, Bischoff (1838), one of the earliest workers on the histology of the alimentary canal in fishes, THE DIGESTIVE TRACT OF ELASMOBRANCHS. 5 studied the mucous lining of the stomach of a great many species. In Cyprinids he was unable to find gastric glands. In other species, however, he found them abun- dant. As we shall see later, the lack of gastric glands is not peculiar to the Cypri- nidee, since many other fishes have no functional stomachs. Rathke (1841) found that the alimentary canal of Amphiorus (Branchiostoma) is composed of ciliated epithelium without glands, and Johannes Miiller (1843), in his work on the myxinoids, arrived at the same results. By these investigators the simplicity and uniformity of the mucous lining of the alimentary canal in the lower fishes was fully established. Vogt (1845) proved the existence of two kinds of cells in the stomach of the common trout, Salmo fario, i. e., cells of cylindrical epithelium, covering the surface, and round cells in the crypts. Vogt, however, did not recognize these crypts as gastric glands. Leydig (1852), on the other hand, clearly recognized the gastric glands in Sguatina angelus and in Torpedo galvani, since he writes of the small round cells, containing highly granular protoplasm, as granular cells. In 1853 Leydig found such glands in the sturgeon, Acipenser nasus, but could not find them in the stomach of the loach, Cobitis fossilis. In a still later paper Leydig (1857) referred to these glands as “‘labdriisen,” thus signifying that they were like the gastric glands of higher vertebrates. Since 1857 much work has been done on the histology of the alimentary canal of fishes, and especially on the histology of the stomach. Perhaps the best reviews of previous work are presented by Edinger (1877), Richet (1878), and Yung (1899). To the works of these authors I am greatly indebted. One of the earliest workers on the glands of the stomach of fishes was Valatour (1861), who noticed the presence of gastric glands in various species and confirmed Bischoff's work in that he could find no functional stomach in Cyprinide. From 1861 to 1870 much advance was made in histological technic, and in 1870 Heiden- hain discovered two kinds of granular cells in the mammalian stomach, and Rollet the same year confirmed his discoyery. These cells are now known as chief and parietal cells. In fishes, on the other hand, Edinger (1877) could not find the two kinds of gastric cells distinguished by Heidenhain and Rollet in the mammalian stomachs. Of Edinger’s work we may speak in detail. Edinger (1877) made a detailed histological study of the entire digestive tract of fishes. According to kis investigations, the stomachic crypts are only partly lined with gastric glands, for in the pylorus the crypts are functional merely as mucous glands. The pyloric appendages are simply evaginations of the intestinal wall and present the same structure as the part from which they arise. Properly speaking, no glands exist in the middle intestine, and the mucous cells are the only secretory part. The other epithelial cells are merely absorptive in function. Finally Edinger paid much attention to the question as to whether or not chief and parietal cells exist in fishes. He concluded that there is only one kind of cell in the gastric glands—a cell which is homologous to neither of these cells. Edinger’s conclusion has been generally accepted, althougn several authors have noted differences in the cells of the gastric crypts. Thus Cajetan (1883) ealled atten- tion in the case of Cobitis burbatula to the fact that the cells of the stomach differ with respect to the dimensions of their granules and their staining reaction to osmic 6 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. acid. Pilliet (1894) also mentioned some differences between the gastric cells of Pleuronectes according as they are situated at the superficial or the deeper portions of the gland. Pilliet studied principally selachians and Pleuronectes. According to him, the glands of the stomach of the selachians are long. In Pleuronectes he noted a differ- ence in the extent of the distribution of the glands, in that they are fewer in young or undeveloped fish. He likewise claimed that the cardiac portion of the stomach of Pleuronectes is essentially peptic, while the pyloric portion is essentially mucous. According to Cattaneo (1866), who studied numerous fishes, the fishes highest in the scale of evolution repeat in their development the structure of the digestive tract as found successively in adult acraniates, cyclostomes, selachians, and ganoids. The least differentiated part of the intestine of the higher forms has a structure like the most differentiated part of the lower forms. Like Edinger, Cattaneo found in all species of fishes that the stomach and middle intestine are the most differentiated parts, while the esophagus and terminal intestine preserve a primitive character. With Edinger, he concluded that only one kind of cell is present in the gastric glands of fishes. In addition to the writers already mentioned, Macallum (1886) described the intestines of some ganoids, Decker (1887) studied fresh-water fish, while W. N. Parker (1889), Hopkins (1890, 1895), Mazza (1891), Mazza and Perugia (1894), Claypole (1894), and Haus (1897) have added to our detailed knowledge of the digestive tract in fishes. More recently Yung (1899) made a detailed study of the digestive tract of Scyllium canicula, while Oppel (1896, 1897, 1900, 1904), in his ‘* Lehrbuch der vergleichenden microskopischen Anatomie der Wirbelthiere,” has made a compre- hensive review of the previous work on the microscopical anatomy of the digestive tract. PHYSIOLOGY, The first experiments on the digestion of fishes were made by Spallanzani (1783), who worked on eels, pikes, carps, and barbels. Previously, Réaumur (1752) and Stevens (1777) had worked respectively on birds and man. Réaumur, indeed, made the first decisive step in the physiology of digestion. He introduced into the stomach of a kite small metallic tubes with the ends covered by a grating of threads or fine wire. He found that the gastric juice is acid and that it would digest meats and bones, but not vegetable grains or flour. Stevens proved the same thing for man, and in addition proved that the gastric juice would digest in vitro. Spallanzani in like manner passed into the stomach of his fish tubes filled with flesh, and, having left them in the stomach forty-two hours, found them covered with mucus, but with little or no flesh within them. From this work Spallanzani concluded that digestion is carried on best in the fundus of the stomach. He believed, however, that the stom- ach is not the only part capable of digesting food, but that the esophagus, in a more feeble way, also has digestive power. He likewise believed that digestion is accom- plished without trituration, for the thin tubes which he used did not show any trace of deformation. Spallanzani also showed that digestion goes on in vitro as in the stomach; con- sequently, hypotheses regarding vital force, coction, and fermentation have no reason to exist. Digestion is, on the contrary, a chemical phenomenon, not a process THE DIGESTIVE TRACT OF ELASMOBRANCHS. Us of putrefaction. Furthermore, this investigator saw that the acid is secreted by the stomach and that it might be seen exuding from the walls. He did not make men- tion, however, of digestion in the intestines or of the action of the bile. In his eyes, indeed, the stomach in all animals was the principal digestive organ. Tiedemann and Gmelin (1827) made observations upon the contents of the intes- tinal tract of the trout ybarbel (Cyprinus barbus), etc., and proved that in a fasting fish the mucus does not redden litmus, but that a stomach full of food contains free acid and coagulates milk. Tiedemann and Gmelin believed that the acidity is due to a mixture of acetic and hydrochloric acids. These workers also paid some attention to the liquid of the pyloric appendages. This liquid, they found, reddens litmus but slightly, and they believed that it mixes with the food dissolved by the stomach and accelerates assimilation. In 1873 Fick and Murisier called attention to the fact that the ferment in the stomach of the trout and the pike differs from that of higher animals in that it digests food at a low temperature as well as at 40° C., while the higher organisms digest better at the higher temperature. In the same year Rabuteau and Papillon (1873) recognized that the gastric juice of the skate is acid, and the former writer secured, by distillation, a colorless liquid which he considered hydrochloric acid. A little later Homburger (1877) concluded from his researches upon Cyprinus tinca, Chrondrostoma nasus, Scardmius erythrophthalmus, and Abramis brama that the bile and extracts of the liver of these animals, as well as extracts of the intestinal mucous membrane, digest fibrin, emulsify fats, and convert starch to sugar. In 1877 Krukenberg carried on investigations upon the intestines, and then upon the glands connected therewith, of widely different species belonging to all classes of fishes except dipnoans. From this work he concluded as follows: No fish possesses salivary glands, although some have a diastase in the mucous membrane of the mouth, as, for example, Cyprinus carpio and Lophius piscatorius. The action of the stomach is variable. With some selachians, ganoids, and teleosts this organ secretes pepsin similar to that of mammals in that it acts only in an acid medium, but different in that it can act at a lower temperature. In some cases, as in certain teleosts (Zeus faber, Scomber scomber), the stomach produces pepsin only in its anterior part, while the fundus secretes a mixture of pepsin and trypsin or a juice capable of digesting fibrin in an acid or in an alkaline medium. With other teleosts (Gobius, Cyprinus) the stomach, or the organ, considered as such does not furnish any enzyme at all. Digestion in these instances is carried on exclusively in the middle intestines. In the selachians and the ganoids pepsin is produced not only in the stomach, but also in the anterior end of the middle intestines, in the selachians to the place where the pancreatic duct empties, and in the ganoids to the pyloric appendages. In the selachians the massive pancreas secretes trypsin, while in the ganoids and teleosts, which have a diffused pancreas mixed with hepatic tissue, a ferment similar to pepsin can be extracted from the liver. This ferment is absent from the liver of the selachians. In the case of the Cyprinidze trypsin is found both in the liver and in the mucous membrane of the middle intestine. The middle intestine, indeed, should be regarded as the principal seat of digestion in these fishes. As regards the function of the pyloric appendages in most fishes, they inclose only mucus and chyle and are absorbing organs, while in other cases they secrete either a trypsin-like ferment, as in the Thymnus vulgaris, a mixture of pepsin and trypsin, or sometimes a mixture of pepsin, trypsin, and diastase. Finally, in many species the liver, or hepato-pancreas, and the middle intestine secrete a diastatic ferment, as does even the buccal mucous membrane. 8 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. The general tendency of Krukenberg’s studies, therefore, is to establish the existence of an evolution of the digestive function from the invertebrates (molluscs, crustacea, etc.) to the higher vertebrates. By the great variation in the distribution of the ferments, fish, according to him, show the principal stages of this evolution. Luchhau (1878), by means of glycerin extracts of the mucous membrane of the stomach of the salmon, pike, and sandre, secured juices that would peptonize fibrin. Contrary to Fick and Murisier (1873), he observed that the peptonizing action is more rapid at 40° C. than at 15° C. Luchhau also examined the digestive activity of the juice of certain Cyprinidee (Cyprinus carpio, C. blicca, C. carassius, C. tinea, C. erythrophthalmus, and Abramis brama), which do not have a functional stomach. In no case did he find an enzyme digesting in an acid medium—that is, pepsin; but he did find that fibrin is digested by the neutral or alkaline extract of the intestinal mucous membrane and that the digestive power is greater at 40° C. than at lower temperatures. Luchhau compared the ferment of the intestines of Cyprinide to the trypsin of mammals, and in addition to the trypsin-like ferment he found the diastatiec ferment also. The trypsin-like ferment, he asserted, is secreted in the middle region, while the diastatic ferment is secreted along the whole length of the intestine. He did not find a fat-splitting ferment, nor, unlike Krukenberg, did he find any ferment which would digest albumen. In researches upon the composition of the gastric juice, Richet (1878) analyzed the gastric juice of different fishes. He proved conclusively the presence of hydro- chloric acid, free or combined with organic substances, such as tyrosin and leucin. He found the acidity to be high, in the case of Seyllium canicula even as high as 1.5 per cent hydrochloric acid. The digestive power of Scyllium canicula he found to be greater than that of Lophius piscatorius. In a later paper Mourrut and Richet (1880) found that the liquid in the stomach lost its digestive power by filtra- tion. An acidity of 2.5 per cent was found by them to prevent peptonization, while moderate heat favored the action of the ferment. Mourrut and Richet did not observe that either Lophius or Scylliwm produced a diastatic ferment in the stomach. In a still later study of digestion in fish, Richet (1882) confirmed the facts previously given by him and declared that the gastric juice of sharks digests the chitin of crustacea. Further, the pancreas of Scyl/ium and of Galeus has no action on proteids but is limited to the transformation of starch to sugar and to the emulsification of oil. Raphael Blanchard (1882) investigated the rectal gland of elasmobranchs and the pyloric appendages of teleosts. He found that the former organ produces both a diastatic and a fat-splitting ferment. The pyloric appendages, according to this investigator (1883), represent, in a certain sense, the pancreas, since they secrete a diastatic enzyme and a trypsin-like enzyme. The presence of the trypsin-like ferment in the pyloric appendages has been proved also by W. Stirling (1884, 1885), who worked on the herring, cod, and hake, and made glycerin extracts of the stomach and pyloric appendages. In the stomach he found a ferment acting in acid and in the pyloric appendages one acting in an alkaline medium, from which observations he concluded that the stomach secretes pepsin, the pyloric appendages trypsin. THE DIGESTIVE TRACT OF ELASMOBRANCHS. 9 Decker (1887) found the stomach of fish to be sometimes neutral, sometimes alkaline, and he likewise found that the esophagus of the hake digested fibrin much more rapidly than the stomach did. He found in these species, moreover, that the esophagus, the intestine along its whole length, the cloaca, and the pyloric appendages all produced a ferment comparable to pepsin. According to the researches of Knauthe (1898) all the intestinal mucous mem- brane of the carp, and especially the anterior portion of the intestine, produces a strong tryptic ferment, as does also the liver, or hepato-pancreas. The intestinal mucous membrane, except that of the mouth and the hepato-pancreas, produces amylolytic and fat-splitting ferments. The bile, he concluded, has of itself no digestive action on proteids or fats mixed with extracts of the intestinal mucous membrane or of the hepato-pancreas; it augments their action. The bile has, how- ever, a diastatic action which is at the maximum at 23° C. Bondouy (1899) investigated the function of the pyloric tubes in teleosts and came to the conclusion that they played an active part in digestion. They secrete trypsin and amylopsin, but no lipase. On the other hand, Bondouy believed the pyloric tubes have but little function as absorptive organs. Yung (1899) in a very comprehensive and detailed work on elasmobranchs, including Scyllium canicula, Acanthias vulgaris, Lamna cornubica, Galeus canis, and Carcharias glaucus found that— (1) The buceal and esophageal membranes have no digestive action. (2) The stomach digests proteids. (3) The acidity of the stomach may be as high as 1 per cent. (4) The stomach may or may not convert the food into anti-peptone. (5) The gastric juice of Scylliwm canicula acts better at 38° C. than at 20° C. (6) The formation of pepsin is limited to the stomachice sae. Very little study has been given to the physiology of the pancreas of fishes. Bernard (1856) proved that the pancreas of the skate converts starch to sugar and acidifies fats. Krukenberg (1877), in his werk on selachians, found that the pancreas of these fishes was secreting trypsin, the proteolytic ferment, but no amylopsin, the starch-splitting ferment, nor lipase, the fat-splitting ferment. Richet (1878), how- ever, was unable to find trypsin in the pancreas of selachians, but did find the starch- splitting and fat-splitting ferments. Yung (1899), working on Squalus acanthias, found amylopsin and lipase, but only occasionally trypsin. Yung attempted to get the juice by a fistula, but had little success. His water glycerin extracts were only occasionally active. He found that extracts of the spleen aided the activation of the pancreas. More recently, Sellier (1902) found that the pancreas of several selachians studied by him does not of itself digest proteid, but must be activated by the juice of the spiral valve. From this synopsis of the literature, it may be seen that there is by no means unanimity of opinion regarding the physiology of the digestive tract of fishes. 10 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. OBSERVATIONS AND EXPERIMENTS. HISTOLOGY OF THE ALIMENTARY CANAL OF THE SMOOTH DOGFISH AND THE SAND SHARK. The intestine of both JMustelus canis and Carcharias littoralis is bent twice upon itself; the first of these bends is between the stomachic sac and the pyloric tube, the second between the pyloric tube and the middle intestine. From an anatomical standpoint these two bends divide the alimentary tube into three portions, of which the first two constitute the anterior intestine, the third the middle and terminal intestine. As arule the middle intestine, or what we might call the duodenum, is short. In J/ustelus canis, indeed, there is almost no duodenum or valve-free portion between the pyloric tube and the spiral valve. On the other hand, in Carcharias littoralis, Carcharhinus obscurus, Dasyatis centrura, Lamna cornubica, and Tetronarce occidentalis, the middle intestine, or duodenum, is well marked off from the spiral valve and pyloric tube. From a histological standpoint the entire intestine may be divided into buccal, esophageal, stomachic, pyloric, duodenal, valvular, rectal, and cloacal mucous membrane. Upon the digestive tract of European selachians, as Yung shows in his paper, “*Recherches sur la digestion des Poissons” (1899), considerable histological work has been done. Yung himself made a thorough study of the alimentary canal of Seyllium canicula. The histology of Mustelus canis and Carcharias littoralis is practically the same and agrees in most respects with that of the European form Scyllium canicula. Histological study of the digestive tract of the American species shows the following facts: 4 BUCCAL MUCOUS MEMBRANE. The mucous membrane of the buccal cavity is smooth, often covered with fine papillze and moistened with mucus. Sections of the mucous membrane of the buccal cavity showed epithelium and connective tissue, but noglands. The epithelium is of the stratified pavement type. The epithelial cells next to the connective tissue are cylindrical, finely granular, and possess oval nuclei. Above this layer of cylindrical cells are several layers of large mucous cells, which are oval and contain a substance that stains with the ordinary mucus stains. The nucleus is very small, elongated, and pressed against the cell wall. Finally, the superficial epithelium consists of one or two layers of flat or oval cells which form a fine membrane. MUCOUS LINING OF THE ESOPHAGUS. Numerous papille and longitudinal folds occur in the inner lining of the esoph- agus. The folds are fine at their beginning, but thicken toward the cardiac end of the stomach. They vary in number and frequently anastomose. Transverse folds form a boundary more or less marked between the esophagus and the stomach. The THE DIGESTIVE TRACT OF ELASMOBRANCHS. 11 stomach, which is always reddish in color, especially noticeable when the stomach is full of food. In the beginning of the esophagus the epithelium is similar to that of the buccal cavity, but it is gradually replaced by an epithelium consisting of ciliated cylindrical cells and goblet cells. MUCOUS MEMBRANE OF THE STOMACHIC SAC, The mucous membrane of the stomach has a reticulated appearance, due to numerous folds. Some of these folds are continuations of the longitudinal folds of the esophagus, while others are transverse and oblique. In the pyloric tube the folds are extremely fine. Histologically, the mucous membrane of the stomachic sac differs from that of the esophagus by the absence of cilia and of goblet cells, and by the presence of true peptic glands. The epithelium of the stomachic sac is of two kinds, superficial and glandular. The first is composed of a single layer of prismatic or pyramidal cells with oval nuclei. In these, two portions may be distinguished—one, finely granular, which incloses the nucleus and occupies four-fifths of the length of the cells; and another, the superficial part or the part nearest the cavity of the stomach, composed of a highly refractive, nonstaining, transparent substance. These two portions, as Yung (1899) has pointed out in his work on Scyl//wm canieula, corresponded to what Oppel (1897) called the protoplasmic portion and the upper portion. The refractive superficial portion of these cells has been called *‘ Pfroph” or ‘* plug” by Bieder- mann (1875), and is considered by Oppel as a substance comparable to mucus. The superficial epithelium, which is rather uniform in character, covers all the folds of the mucous membrane and the superficial portions of the glandular tubes. The glandular tubes begin in the cardiac end of the stomach and extend to the pylorus, being most plentiful in the middle of the stomachic sac. Each gland is a eylindrical tube, with the canal narrow in the upper part but wider toward the bot- tom. The tubes in the middle of the stomach are longer than those of the cardiae end or the pyloric end of the sac. In every case they are separated from each other by a fine layer of connective tissue. The epithelium of the neck of *the peptic erypts consists of cylindrical cells, like those of the superficial epithelium, which become little by little shorter and thicker. They are distinguishable from the superficial layer, however, by the absence of the mucous plug, and by the presence of a large round nucleus. They differ from the neighboring peptic cells by their clearer contour, smaller size, and the smaller amount of granulation. The body of the gland is occupied by cells which are irregularly polygonal in shape, highly granu- lar, and closely packed together. These cells are all of one kind, and can not be differentiated into chief and parietal cells, such as Heidenhain and Rollet have found in the mammalian stomach. PYLORIC TUBE. In the long narrow pyloric tube we find crypts and the same superficial epithe- lium as in the stomachice sac. The crypts, however, are short and the polygonal peptic cells are absent. INTESTINE. The intestine of elasmobranchs may be divided into two porti au small intestine or duodenum, and a large intestine. The former is short, varying from one- B. B. F. 1907—2 12 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. half an inch to 2 inches in length. The latter is longer and very wide; it is divided into two portions—the colon, containing the spiral valve, and the rectum, which is short. From the end of the pyloric tube to the cloaca the histology of the intestine is practically the same and consists essentially of cylindrical and goblet cells. No glands are present, but the villi project into the lumen of the intestine both in the duodenum and in the spiral valve. The epithelium which covers these villi is the same throughout and consists of cylindrical and goblet cells. Since the villiare more prominent in the spiral valve, it would be well to consider this part of the intestine in detail. , SPIRAL VALVE. A spiral valve is present in the colon of cyclostomes, selachians, ganoids, and dipnoans. Its histological structure in Jfustelus canis and Carcharias littoralis is like that of the duodenum. The villi stop abruptly at the point where the rectal gland opens into the intestines. The folds of the spiral valve are formed from the mucosa of the walls of the intestines. Through the middle of each fold passes the muscularis. mucosa. From the center connective tissue extends into the villi. A cross section of a fold shows: (1) Epithelium of upper surface, (2) connective tissue, (8) connective tissue and muscular tissue, (£) connective tissue, (5) epithelium of undersurface. RECTAL GLAND. The rectal gland, glandula or processus digitiformis, is a compound tubular gland varying from one-half inch in the skate to four inches in the mackerel shark. It opens into the rectum by a duct, which, beginning at the central canal of the gland, runs forward along the edge of the mesentery to enter the dorsal wall of the lower end of the spiral valve or the top of the rectum. The gland consists of three layers: (1) an outer fibro-muscular layer, (2) a middle glandular layer, and (3) a central region consisting of ducts and blood vessels arranged round a central lumen. The middle layer is composed of a number of branched tubules radially arranged and separated by capillaries which are usually gorged with blood. The high power shows mono-nucleated cubical cells not clearly defined from each other and of a glandular appearance. The central layer begins ata varying distance from the periphery by the sudden transition of the gland cells into the epithelium of ducts which open into the central lumen. In many cases the more superficial cells have undergone a mucoid change and a band of clear cells is visible lining the duct. The microscopical appearance of the gland is shown in plate 1. PHYSIOLOGY OF THE DIGESTIVE TRACT OF ELASMOBRANCHS. While studying the food of the dogfish, J/ustelus canis, at the laboratory of the Bureau of Fisheries, Woods Hole, Mass., during the summer of 1904, Irving A. Field found that 16 per cent of the dogfish contained lobsters, 34.17 per cent rock crabs, and 20.1 per cent spider crabs. The carapace of these organisms consists of salts and chitin, the latter highly resistant to reagents. As the carapace was found in varying degrees of decomposition, and, further, since the carapace of crabs and THE DIGESTIVE TRACT OF ELASMOBRANCHS. 13 lobsters fed to the fish could not be found in the stomach after four days of digestion, the question arose as to whether the dogtish actually does digest chitin. I therefore began, during this summer, a physiological study of the alimentary canal of J/uste/us canis. During the summers of 1905 and 1906 the investigation was extended to include Carcharias littoralis, Squalus acanthias, Tetronarce occidentalis, Carcharhinus OLSCUTUS, Raja erinaceds Lamna cornubica, and Dasyatis centrura. The work con- sisted of — (a) The preparation, for artificial digestion, of extracts of buceal, esophageal, and gastric mucous membranes. (b) The study of the normal content of the stomach. (c) The study of the acidity of the stomach. (d) Determining whether or not J/ustelus canis digests chitin. (e) The preparation of extracts of the intestinal mucous membrane and of the pancreas. ({) The study of the activation of the pancreas. (g) The study of the rectal gland. BUCCAL CAVITY. The elasmobranchs as a rule swallow their food whole, without mastication. Naturally we should suppose that little digestion goes on in the buccal cavity. This probability is increased by the absence of glands. Since Krukenberg (1877) claimed, however, that the buccal mucus of some fish, especially of Cyprinus carpio and Lophius piscatorius, possesses a diastatic action, it seemed proper to test the action of various kinds of infusions of the buccal mucous membranes of selachians. The buccal cavity of a number of these fish, freshly killed, was scraped. The mucus thus collected was white in color, neutral in reaction, and gave a good test for mucin, but showed no diastatic activity. Scrapings of the buccal cayity of all the elasmobranchs obtainable gave the same results. The buecal cavity of elasmobranchs, then, as Yung has already shown for Seyllium canicula, secretes mucin comparable to that of the saliva of man, but with no diastase. Water extracts of the buccal mucous membrane have no permanent emulsifying action on olive oil. Five-tenths per cent hydrochloric acid extracts of the buccal mucous membrane filtered free of mucin have no peptonizing action on white of egg or pig fibrin. The buecal mucous membrane then contains no pepsin-like enzyme. Conclusions: The buccal mucus of all the elasmobranchs examined contains mucin but no digestive ferment. ; ISOPHAGUS. The reaction of the esophagus of a fasting fish is neutral. Tested when the fish is in full digestion, on the other hand, the reaction of the esophagus is acid, due, undoubtedly, to regurgitation from the stomach. Mucus was scraped from the esophagus of ten fasting smooth dogfish. This mass was divided into two equal portions and one portion was made slightly alkaline with sodium carbonate, while the other was acidified to the extent of five parts of 14 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. hydrochloric acid in one liter. To each portion thymol was added to prevent the action of microbes. Into test tubes containing the alkaline and acid solutions, respectively, fibrin was placed. In no case was the fibrin digested, whether the tubes were kept at 18° C. or at 87° C. Therefore the esophagus produces neither trypsin nor pepsin. If the mucous membrane is scraped from the esophagus of a fish in full digestion, extracts of this mucus may have a slight digestive action on fibrin in acid solution. This digestive action, however, is due to some pepsin which has come from the stomach, for if the esophagus is well washed before scraping the esophageal mucus is found to have no action on fibrin. In like manner neither water extracts nor weakly alkaline extracts of the mucous membrane of the esophagus have any diastatic action on starch paste even after a lapse of ten hours. Yung (1899) in two cases found a diastatic ferment in the mucus of the esophagus. These cases were one Scylliwn canicula in full digestion and one Acanthias vulgaris. We concludes from his experiments, however, that as a rule the epithelial elements do not produce a diastatic ferment. Water extracts of the esophageal mucus have no action on olive oil. Conclusion: The esophagus has of itself no digestive action. MUCOUS MEMBRANE OF THE STOMACHIC SAC, The mucous membrane of the stomachic sac was scraped and triturated in equal parts of glycerin and 0.5 per cent hydrochloric acid. Neutralized extracts did not coagulate milk. Therefore the rennet enzyme and its zymogen are absent from the mucous membrane of elasmobranchs.“ The acid extracts digested uncooked white of egg and fibrin rapidly, but acted very slowly on cooked egg. Asa rule the products of digestion by the acid extracts were peptones. Alkaline extracts of the stomachic sac showed no digestive activity. The only proteolytic ferment in the stomachic sac of elasmobranchs is, accord- ingly, pepsin similar to that of higher vertebrates. There is one great difference, however, between the pepsin of mammals and that of fish: The pepsin of fish acts at a low temperature far better than does that of mammals. Moreover, Fick and Murisier (1873) and Hoppe-Seyler (1877, cited by Yung, 1899) claimed that the fish pepsin acts better at 10° C. or 15° C. than at 37° C. Luchhau (1878) and Yung (1899), on the other hand, observed that the peptonizing action of the stomach of fishes is greater at 40° C. than at 15° C. While I should admit that the pepsin of fish acts rapidly on fibrin at 15° C., I must conclude from my experiments that the pepsin of M/ustelis canis, Carcharias littoralis, and Galeocerdo tigrinus digested fibrin better at 37° C. than at 20°C. In this conclusion I am in exact agreement with Yung, who found in Seyllium canicula that the pseudopepsin of fish acted more rapidly at the higher temperatures. Before leaving the question as to the action of pepsin it must be said that the artificial digestion in no way approximates the natural digestion as carried on in the stomach, «Certain experiments have led me to believe that the rennin zymogen (pexinogen) may exist in the mucous of the stomachie sac of at least some of the elasmobranchs and may be extracted by appropriate methods as the active enzyme rennin (pexin). To this question I hope to return at another time. THE DIGESTIVE TRACT OF ELASMOBRANCHS. 15 because in natural digestion the products are rapidly carried off, the stomach is in constant movement, and the pepsin and hydrochloric acid are constantly being renewed. In no ease, whether the solution was acid, neutral, or alkaline, did I tind that glycerin extracts of the mucous membrane of the stomachic sac of the various elasmobranchs had the power of converting starch to sugar. In concluding that the mucous membrane of the stomachic sac of elasmobranchs does not produce a diastatic enzyme I should be in exact agreement with Richet (1882), who studied Seyl//win and Acanthias, and with Yung (1899), who extended his studies further—to Galeus and Lamna cornubica. Upon ethyl butyrate, likewise, 1 found that the watery extracts had no effect whatever. MUCOUS MEMBRANE OF THE PYLORIC TUBE. Peptic glands are absent from the pyloric tube. To study the physiology of this tube, I took 10 smooth dogfish (Justelus canis) and 10 sand sharks ( Carcharias littoralis). After carefully washing the inner surface of the pyloric tube I scraped off the mucus and macerated it in elycerin and 0.5 per cent hydrochloric acid solution. After twenty-four hours the liquid was filtered. To the filtered liquid small pieces of fibrin were added. In twelve hours the digestion mixture was tested and showed syntonin, but no peptones. Contrary to Krukenberg’s (1877) results from work on selachians, we must conclude with Yung that the formation of pepsin is limited to the cardiac end of the stomach or the stomachie sae. The pyloric tube has likewise no action on starches or fats. Conclusion: The only active ferment secreted by the stomach of elasmobranchs is pepsin. CONTENT OF THE STOMACH. The study of the content of the stomach is really the study of the content of the stomachic sac. The content of the stomach varies greatly. Sometimes it is strongly acid and viscid; sometimes it is liquid and holds in suspension alimentary débris, more or less recognizable, oil, fish in various stages of decomposition, chitin, ete. An analysis was made of the contents of the stomachic sac of Mustelus canis, Carcharhinus obscurus, Carcharias littoralis, Squalus acanthias, Tetronarce occi- dentalis, Raja erinacea, Lamna cornubica, and Galeocerdo tigrinus. The acid content of the stomach was neutralized and an abundant precipitate of syntonin occurred. The filtrate was boiled, and if a precipitate occurred was again filtered. The solu- tion was boiled and again treated with an excess of ammonium sulphate. The precipitate showed albumoses. The filtrate was then tested with the biuret reaction. As a rule syntonin, proteoses, and peptones were found in the stomach content. Occasionally, however, no peptone could be found in the stomach content of J/ustelus canis and Carcharias littoralis. Conclusions: The stomach of J/ustelus canis, Carcharias littoralis, Squalus acan- thias, Tetronarce occidentalis, Carcharhinus obscurus, Raja erinacea, Lamna cornubica, and Galeocerdo tigrinus secretes pepsin and converts proteids partly to antipeptone. 16 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. Acidity of the gastric juice.—Richet (1878) found the acidity of the gastric juice of fish to be much greater than that of mammals. Thus he found the acidity of fish he studied to be as follows: a : meer | Parts in | ESE | 1,000. Skate!(Rajai clavate iia) oss tosotecee nee. eee eee | Op Hivs piscaLOTiuseee ee ee nee eee ee een eee 6:2) | Squalus squatina ............... ee eteeee| 6.9 | Scyllitimi cali See eee eee eee | 6.9 || ‘Seylilitumicaniculas sss.) ose eetee see eee eee eee 14.9 RRS Udcineeempseacssaucde nootr asoAG. baogonserassanocs. 6.0 | The acidity Richet found to be due to an acid not soluble in ether. He believed that the acid was hydrochlorie acid combined with some organic substance, as leucin or tyrosin. Yung (1899) in his study of the gastric juice of Sceylliwm canicula found the mean of four analyses to be 0.84 per cent. The acidity of the stomach of elasmobranchs is greatest when the fish is in full digestion. Indeed, the fasting stomach is practically neutral. In order to study the acid, phenolphthalein, alizarin, and dimethyl-amido-azobenzol were used as indicators as recommended by Webster and Koch (1903) in their Laboratory Manual of Physiological Chemistry (p. 36), and experiments were made to determine: (a) The total acidity of the stomach content in terms of hydrochloric acid; (b) the physiologically active hydrochloric acid; (c) the free hydrochloric acid. The results are given in the following table: Physiologically | Highest Total acidity in active hydro- | percentage Species. percentage hy- ehloric acid, | free hydro- droehloric acid, average per- ehloric centage. acid, {0-04-1.00. : Miustelus (Camist....2.ses228 i$. aciieccts seals S408 Fore Sie SRE Braue |, Average, 0.738. 0.538. 0.2. |50 individuals. 6 individuals. 0.1-1.2. Carchariaswiitoralisiass seme eee aa Bo re oSOnScas= -|; Average. 0.87. 0.614. 0.381. ||25 individuals. 10 individuals. aC = bE cae \fAverage, 0.67. No tests. No tests. Squalus acanthiasy.— 2% ss sk oe fossa sc ter sae es Leen ee = ee ee 160 individuals. f x see a : jAverage, 0.55. 0.493. 0.254. Carcharhinus'ObSCunus ss. essences oe ee ce araaee eee eee ce eee eee \2 individuals, 2 individuals. ; aA (0.275. 0.229. 0.172. STA UC OTE Ce ee \1 individual. 1 individual. xe ae see s 0.93. 0.812. | None. Galeocerdo tigrinus -.-.-.-------------+-020-2222 02220202 ce ee eee eee \1 individual. 1 individual. 0.51 No tests. None. Tetronarce OCcidentalis= ss req sma siesta ete aise eet ia eee eee eet fO.51. {U individual. In the case of Carcharias littoralis and Carcharhinus obscurus the physiologically active hydrochloric acid was determined as follows: (a) By neutralizing 10 ¢.c. of the stomach contents, evaporating, calcining, and finding the total chlorides by titrating with normal silver nitrate; (b) by evaporating, calcining, and finding, by titrating with the silver nitrate solution, the chlorides in a nonneutralized 10 ¢.c. of the stomach content; (c) subtracting (b) from (a). The results were as follows: Total acidity in terms of hydrochloric acid (phenolphthalein indicator): Per cent, @archarids littoralisi<.. =; 222-22 oe ee eee ea: THE DIGESTIVE TRACT OF ELASMOBRANCHS iff Physiologically active hydrochloric acid by AgNO,=C: 0. 660 . 525 Action of the gastric juice on chitin.—Lobsters and crabs form part of the food of several of the elasmobranchs. The shell of these crustaceous consists of chitin and salts. This chitin is very resistant to reagents. According to Hammarsten (1901), chitin, to which he gives the formula C©,,H,,)N,O,,+-n(H,O), is insoluble in boiling water, alcohol, ether, acetic acid, dilute mineral acids, and dilute alkalies. It is dissolved without decomposing in cold concentrated hydrochloric acid. Since chitin is so resistant it is interesting to know whether the chitin-eating fish digest chitin or whether it passes through the body unchanged. An analysis of lobster shells given by Herrick (1895) from the work of Albert W. Smith is as follows: TaBLe SHOwriNG CompositioN OF THE CARAPACE OF THE LopsTER (3 SPECIMENS). Composition, air dried. u De 3. Weightin’grams..-.--..2:..<.<.-- wiitels «nk eles - Sateeows so kame eee me ame ehinn Cos Re ees nee Calculated as calcium carbonate ......-- Se eR OE OOO Saas ee Calcium phosphate .......--..-.. Pade oeeemee sade oonca eee edeoees Galéium/ sulphate. .<-........2.2.....: S BE RRS Me Peseta A hes Se OR NED 5 ta noe Magnesium carbonate ......-..........----...- Sethe ee eee eee eee Sodium carbonate .-- : Alumina ........-. Silica xa Be ae Ri tie ae ak aaa AE pene ee ed ae ae tee eae ek eee Ores Organic matterand w Elta ate ee ene Sin ae a Sa A oe Ce SRA ES oS seine ae mere Richet (1878) believed that the chitin of the shell of crabs, lobsters, ete., is digested by dogfishes and sharks, although he recognized that it is extremely diffi- cult to dissolve chitin by artificial digestion. Yung (1899), on the other hand, claimed that the selachians do not digest chitin, for he found pieces of chitin not only in the stomach but even in the spiral valve and rectum. More recently Zaitschek (1904) has proved quantitatively that the chitin in the wings of insects is absolutely undigested by hens. To determine whether the elasmobranchs, and especially the smooth dogfish, digest chitin, the following experiments were made: 1. Several fishes were fed with crabs and lobsters and in the course of from one to five days were killed. In some cases the shells were found in the stomach ina macerated state. On the other hand, no compact chitin could be found after ninety hours of digestion, but in the spiral valve might be found a gritty dark-brown or reddish mud. 2. The gastric juice was drawn from several large dogfish. Into small quanti- ties of this juice lobster shells were placed. The mixtures were kept at a constant temperature—some at 18° C., some at 38° C. After twelye hours the only change found in the shell was that the edges were softened a trifle. 3. The mucous membrane of the stomach of five dogfish was scraped, triturated in glycerin and 0.5 per cent hydrochloric acid. This juice, although it acted quickly on fibrin, did not digest the chitin in forty hours. 4. Experiment 2 was repeated with the difference that at frequent intervals the gastric juice was renewed and the chitin was subjected to frequent grinding. In this 1s BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. way there was formed a pulverized mass of a dark brown or dark red color, which approximated the granular mass found in the intestines of the chitin-swallowing fish. Pieces of chitin were placed in acid of strengths varying from 0.4 to 35 per cent hydrochloric acid. Carbon dioxide was set free in each case, but in greater quantities with the stronger acids. -The chitin became softened, pliable, but did not dissolve. 6. Crabs were fed to dogfish confined in small aquaria. The excrement of the fish was carefully watched, and in this excrement, known by its shape and color, some pieces of the softened but otherwise unchanged chitin could be found. No evidence was gathered that the fish ever regurgitated any of the chitin, though Yung believes that regurgitation might take place. Conclusion: The conclusion to be drawn from the experiments is that J/ustelus canis and other chitin-swallowing fishes do not digest the chitin. The frequent change of the gastric juice, combined with the movements of the stomach, dissolves out the salts, softens the shell, and breaks it up into a fine mass, such as may be found in the spiral valve. The chitin is not regurgitated, but on the contrary is excreted in a finely divided mass. MIDDLE INTESTINE. Extracts of the middle intestine or duodenum of the various elasmobranchs show no digestive activity. Whether or not the cylindrical cells and goblet cells lining the mucous membrane of the duodenum play any part in activating the pancreatic juice will be discussed under pancreatic digestion. SPIRAL VALVE. Extracts of the mucous membrane of the spiral valve showed no digestive action on starches, fats, or proteids; nor indeed was it possible to demonstrate any invert- ing power, though we may presume that such power may exist in thismucus. The main function of the spiral valve is absorptive. Its further action in pancreatic digestion will be taken up in the discussion of the function of the pancreas. PANCREAS. As may be seen by reference to page 9, there has been but little experimenta- tion on the pancreas of fishes, which fact is warrant for discussing the physiology of the pancreas of elasmobranchs. In order to get at the problem with the greatest clearness, it would perhaps be well for us to outline the growth of knowledge concerning pancreatic digestion, from the first experiments on the pancreas to the later researches leading to our present-day understanding of the action of this organ. The pancreatic ducts, according to Haller (1764), were discovered by Wirsung in 1642. Although Wirsung appears to have observed the pancreatic juice, he did not pursue the subject further, and little was made of his discovery until Regner De Graaf took up the matter. In 1664, De Graaf, according to Foster (1901), made the first successful pancreatic fistula and collected the juice from a dog. But De Graaf did net obtain a definite grasp of the function of the pancreas. Eberle (1834), however, announced that a watery infusion of the pancreas when shaken with oil emulsifies it. In 1836, according to Corvisart (1857), Purkinje and Pappenheim discovered the proteolytic power of the pancreas, and nine years later Bouchardat and Sandras (1845) discovered and established with precision, by means of observation THE DIGESTIVE TRACT OF ELASMOBRANCHS. 19 earried on with the aid of pancreatic infusions as well as of small quantities of pancreatic juice obtained from hens and geese, that this secretion possesses powerful diastatic properties. As pointed out by Gamgee (1893, p. 203), this discovery of the sugar-forming enzyme of the pancreas has been erroneously attributed to Valentin (1844). Valentin recognized that starch was changed, but did not say that the change was a conversion to sugar. His own words are: “Wi ie man sieht erlauben diese Erfahrungen noch keine irgend bestimmenden Schliisse. Héchstens deuten sie darauf hin, dass viel- licht dic Panereastliissigkeit die Fiihigkeit habe die Stiirke léslich zu machen und beweilen eine Umsetzung derselben einzuleiten.” No further study of the pancreas seems to have been made until Bernard took up the work. Bernard (1856), by means of a pancreatic fistula, proved that the secretion is an alkaline fluid with a threefold action on starches, fats, and proteids. He concluded, however, that the pancreatic juice alone has no action upon proteids, but that it is able to dissolve them either when they have been first of all subjected to the action of bile or when it acts in conjunction with bile. To this proteolytic function of the pancreatic juice, indeed, Bernard gave little weight. In 1857 Corvisart called attention to the proteid-digesting power of the pancre- atic juice, and although his observations were more or less discredited by some, they were confirmed by Meissner (1859), Danilewsky (1862), and Kiihne (1867), the latter particularly contributing greatly to our knowledge of tryptic digestioa. The great interest awakened in the proteolytic activity of the pancreas by the researc hes of Kiihne (1867) was intensified by the publication of a remarkable memoir by Heidenhain (1875). In this paper the author described for the first time those changes in the secreting cells of the pancreas which correspond to the different states of activity, and announced that the fresh pancreas does not contain the proteolytic ferment, but an antecedent body which he called zymogen. This zymogen he found could be extracted from the gland, and under suitable treatment would yield the proteolytic ferment. Since Heidenhain’s discovery the antecedent bodies of other enzymes have been discovered. To the antecedent of the proteolytic enzyme of the pancreas, trypsin, the name trypsinogen has been given. Asa result of the study of the pancreas by the various investigators, this organ has long been known to secrete an alkaline juice and three enzymes or their zymogens, namely, trypsin, acting on proteids; amylopsin, acting on starches; and steapsin or lipase, acting on fats. Notwithstanding all the study of the pancreatic juice, however, in many ways the knowledge of its action was somewhat uncertain. Sometimes the pancreatic extracts would show a little digestive power, while the juice collected by a fistula was, as a rule, inactive. To explain these variations, investigations were made on the correlation between the pancreas and other organs and juices. Heidenhain (1875) had observed that when an aqueous solution of dried pig’s bile was added to a glycerin extract of the panentes the proteolytic power of the latter was increased. Chittenden (1885) noticed that bile in a pancreatic extract containing salicylic acid increased tryptic action. Martin and Williams (1890) and Rachford and Southgate (1895) also noticed the stimulating action of bile on tryptic digestion. Chittenden and Albro (1898), however, found that normal bile exerts very little influence on pancreatic proteolysis and may retard as well as aid. Bruno 20 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. (1899), on the contrary, found that the bile even doubled the action of the pancreas, and that this action was not lost by boiling, and Delezenne (1902) verified, in the main, Bruno’s work, but declared that bile does not activate inactive pancreatic juice. What part the bile plays in activating the pancreas is not yet fully decided. The spleen has also been claimed to play a certain part in digestion. Schiff (1862), Gachet and Pachon (1898), Bellamy (1901), and Mendel and Rettger (1902) have shown that the spleen when congested during digestion increases the proteolytic power of the pancreas. On the other hand, Heidenhain (1883), Ewald (1878), and Hammarstein (1901) do not find that the spleen had any action on pancreatic digestion, while Noel Paton (1900) has shown that there is not necessarily any difference in the nitrogenous metabolism of dogs before and after splenectomy. Frouin (1902) has demonstrated that the remoyal of the spleen from dogs with an isolated stomach does not interfere with their nutrition even during a meat diet. Further, Camus and Gley (1902), Bayliss and Starling (1903), and Hekma (1904) have shown that extracts of the spleen have no activating action. The influence of the spleen on pancreatic digestion is still open to debate. An activating principle more easy of demonstration is that discovered by Dr. N. P. Schepowalnikow (1898) in the succus entericus, or the juice of the small intestines. This juice, though possessing no proteolytic action itself, has the power of augmenting the activity of the pancreatic ferment, and especially of the proteo- lytic ferment—trypsin. Indeed, it was found that the succus entericus would convert an otherwise inactive pancreatic juice into an active jutce. To the ferment, since such the activating principle was found to be, Pawlow gave the name of enterokinase. Others haye corroborated Schepowalnikow’s work, and Delezenne (1902) found ente- rokinase not only in the duodenum, jejunum, and slightly in the ileum, but also wherever leucocytes abound. In other words, he claims that the activating principle is generated by the white blood corpuscle. From the size of the pancreas in the elasmobranchs we should expect this organ to play a large part in the work of digesting food. Krukenberg (1877), in his work on selachians, found that the pancreas of these fishes was secreting amylopsin, steapsin, and trypsin. Richet (1878), however, was unable to find trypsin. More recently Yung (1899), working on Squalus acanthias, found amylopsin and lipase, but only occasionally trypsin. Yung attempted to get the juice by a fistula, but had little success. His water glycerin extracts were only occasionally active. He found that extracts of the spleen aided the activation of the pancreas. Sellier (1902) found that the pancreas of several selachians studied by him does not of itself digest proteid, but must be activated by the juice of the spiral valve. To determine just what part the pancreas of selachians plays in digestion and what enzymes it secretes, my work comprised experiments as follows: 1. Pancreatic fistulee were made to obtain pure pancreatic juice. 2. Water glycerin extracts and sodium carbonate extracts were made to extract the zymogens or enzymes. 3. Extracts of the pancreas were combined with bile, and with extracts of the duodenum, spiral valve, spleen, stomach, and rectal gland. 4. The fresh pancreas was used to determine the presence of lipase. 5. The content of the spiral valve was studied. THE DIGESTIVE TRACT OF ELASMOBRANCHS. 21 Pancreatic jistule.—In order to collect the pancreatic juice a slit was made in the abdomen and in the wall of the duodenum of Carcharias littoral/s in such a way as to cut the pancreatic duct. Into the central end of the duct was fastened a small glass cannula. To the outer end of the cannula was fastened a small sterilized rubber balloon. After the sand shark had been sewed up it was set free in a large aquarium. In a few days the balloon was taken off and the juice collected with a pipette. Asarule the quantity of juice thus collected was small and had no diges- tive activity. Owing to the difficulties of keeping the fish alive for a prolonged period and of feeding them, I made but six fistulee and then abandoned this kind of work for the pancreatic extracts. The proteolytic enzyme. Activation of the pancreas.—The pancreas was ground in a mortar with glass, and the comminuted mass was treated with water and glycerin. After twenty-four hours the mixture was filtered through cotton. To test the diges- tive activity of the extracts, at first I used Mett’s tube and fibrin. Finding both of these media unsatisfactory, I employed Fermi’s (1902) gelatin method, using 10 per cent gelatin and 0.6 per cent carbolic acid. The gelatin was placed in small test tubes and the upper layer of the gelatin marked on the tube by means of a blue pencil. The amount digested was measured in twenty-four hours if the experiment was carried on at the room temperature; in three hours if at 37° C. The pancreatic extracts had as a rule very little digestive activity. Accordingly, I added water glycerin extracts or water chloroform extracts of the mucous lining of the stomachic sac, pyloric tube, duodenum, spiral valve, rectal gland, and spleen to determine whether or not any of these extracts would activate the pancreas. Controls were made in each case. The results may be found in the table. TABLE SHOWING THE ACTIVATING ACTION OF THE VARIOUS Extracts upon Tryptic DIGESTION. Sank ees | Pancreas Pancreas Pancreas Pancreas Pancreas SIPS OASSE Pancreas. duodenum. spiral valve. rectal gland, spleen. | bile. = We | ey . = — Carcharias littoralis <...<--....-2.2: 2... 0 or + | 0+ or ++ | t++ 0 or+a 4 }+;— ++6 Carcharhinus obseurus...........-.----- Oor+ | conn bp 0 or+ | Oor+ 0 or + Lamna cornubica ¢ .............---..--- Oor+ | 2 ++ 2 ? | ? WORT COs Fc 1 Re Soe OQor+ |0+ or ++ 5 ie poi = } Oor+ Oor+;++4) —; ++? Squalus acanthias ....................--. Oor+ | 0 or + ++ 0 or+ | Oor+ } Oor+ Raja erinacea ......... .. CR OPe for + + ++ | Oor+ | 0 or + | 0 or + BIASVHTIA COMIXUND o) sso cckebs acveak cee 0 ++ | 0 0 0 | | | | | { | | | Pancreas | Pancreas eee : | , | Spiral Rectal | coc. | and cs ab Species. | Bile. jDuode num.| Valve. gland. Spleen. | stomachic poe loric | sac. Jee | | -— eo — ——. _| | — — Carchariaslittoralis: -.-<2..52.:.<.2s-s0-s 0 0 0 0 0 + + Carcharhinus obscurus -.-...........-.-. 0 0 | 0 0 0 + + DBMNA COMUBICA C0215). Fessce costes 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 AINE) ON CRNIIG YO Sas Sees ee is ne 0 0 | 0 0 0 0 0 Squalus acanthias ge eat vse Soe 8 0 | 0 | 0 0 0 } 0 0 Raja erinacea..... 0 0 0 0 0 | 0 0 Dasyatis centrura. 0 | 0 0 0 0 | 0 0 | +, quantity digested by pancreas. ++, greater quantity. +++, still greater quantity. 0, no digestion. —, less than pancreatic extract alone. a Only a few tests were made to determine the activating action of the rectal gland. > The bile often increased the proteolytic activity of the pancreas, but occasionally diminished this activity. e Only two sets of experiments were made. a The spleen occasionally showed activating action. bo to BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. The conclusions to be drawn from the table are; (1) The pancreatic extracts may or may not show proteolytic activity. (2) The duodenum as a rule causes the inactive pancreatic extract to digest the gelatin and increases the digestive activity of an active pancreatic extract. (8) The greatest activation is produced by the spiral valve. (4) ‘The spleen occasionally activates the pancreatic extract. (5) The bile sometimes activates, sometimes has no effect whatever, and some- times slightly diminishes the digestive activity of the pancreatic extracts. (6) lextracts of the duodenum, spiral valve, and rectal gland haye no digestive webivily. (7) The bile alone has no digestive power. (8) Mxtracts of the rectal gland have no activating influence. (9) Extracts of the mucous membrane of the stomachie sac and pylorie tube have no activating action, Amylopsin and lipase. Krukenberg (1877), Richet (1878), and Yung (1899) found amylopsin and lipase in the pancreas of European elasmobranchs. To deter- mine the presence of these enzymes in the pancreas of the American elasmobranchs experiments were made (1) on the amylolytic activity and (2) on the lipolytic activity. |. Water-glycerin extracts of the pancreas, slightly acidified with acetic acid, were made at different times from different lots of fishes. To 5 ¢. ¢ of a starch paste, free from sugar, was added 5 ¢. ¢. of the extract. After a short period the mixture was examined for sugar by Kehling’s test. If negative, the tests were repeated at hourly intervals for six hours. In every case control tests were made, The results of the experiments are as follows: Dinstatie enzyme (amylopsin), Species, Number | ,, in of tests. | I onl tive 5 as | } “ ; | Carcharthai{toral is iss. ss scbw scisie'vs «inuierss sic vib cne'exclsiesensilgaiesip aa alee we ices’ eerids ene tineeteatstee Pre Tenia 6 4 Crreharhinus obseurus . 2 2 Limna cornublen .... 2 0 Mustelus canis ....... Sele pinepnie cates aoa iT 6 Sqiialus acanthiag...... Shee - ore 2 1 Raja erinacen .......... 10 0 Tetronaree occidentalis. . ale oda ad ae | 1 Dasyatis centrura ........ , eas i 1 The table shows that the pancreas of elasmobranchs may secrete the diastatic enzyme or its zymogen. ven in the case where the tests were negative I should expect on further investigation to find that the pancreatic extracts have the power to convert stareh to sugars. 2. To determine the presence of the lipolytic ferment of the pancreas, the fresh pancreas of Mustelus canis, Carcharias lttoralis, and Raja erinacea, the only elasmobranchs available at the time, was used. The methods employed and the results obtained are as follows: (a) The fresh pancreas of the three fish mentioned was cut finely and mixed sepa- rately with a little water to make a thin paste. To a small quantity an equal volume of olive oil and litmus solution was added, and this mixture was kept at 80° C. fou THE DIGESTIVE TRACT OF KLASMOBRANCHS. 2: twenty-four hours. When a small quantity of a 1 per cent sodium carbonate solu- tion was added to the oil mixture a permanent emulsion was formed in every case. When olive oil alone was treated with water and sodium carbonate the emulsion was not permanent. (b) A neutral ethereal solution of butter was made and litmus added to a distinetly blue tint. This was placed in contact with a teased bit of fresh pancreas, as recom mended by Gumgee (1893, p. 213). In ashort time the liquid bathing the pancreas became faintly pinkish in spots, showing that a slightly acid reaction had developed. (c) Aqueous extracts of the pancreas separated a small amount of butyrie acid from a dilute solution of ethyl butyrate, From these experiments it is to be concluded that lipase is secreted by the pan- creas of Mustelus canis, Carcharias lUittoral/s, and Raja erinacea, though its activity as demonstrated in vitro is not very great. RECTAL GLAND, Blanchard (1882) studied the function of the rectal gland, or digitiform gland, in Acanthias vulgaris, Mustelus canis, Seylliun catulus, Seyllium canicula, Raja pune tatu, and Raja maculata, \n every case he found that extracts of the gland emulsi- fied oil and conyerted starch to sugar, but had no action on white of egg or cane sugar. Extracts made by me of the rectal gland, or processus digitiformis, of Car- charias littoralis, Carcharhinus obscurus, Lanna cornubica, Mustelus canis, and Paja erinaced Wad no digestive action on fibrin or starch, nor did they hydrolyze ethyl! butyrate. In the secretion of the gland I found considerable mucin, To the struc- ture and physiology of the rectal gland I shall return ina later paper, At present, however, I should decide that the rectal gland has no digestive activity. SUMMARY. The results of the histological work in the present investigation may be sum- marized as follows: 1. The mucous membrane of the bucal cavity of Mustelus canis and Carcharias Uittoralis consists of stratified epithelium, with goblet and cylindrical cells, but no glands. 2. The mucous membrane of the esophagus possesses ciliated cylindrical cells and goblet cells, but no glands. 3. Gastric crypts exist in the stomachic sac of the elasmobranchs. There is no differentiation into chief and parietal cells. The epithelium of the crypts consists of cylindrical cells and polygonal cells. 4. The pyloric tube has the same kind of superficial epithelium as the stomachie suc and similar crypts. The polygonal cells, however, are absent. 5. The epithelium of the intestines from pyloric tube to clouca consists of cylindrical cells and goblet cells. 6. The rectal gland is a compound tubular gland. The physiological study and experiments produce the following conclusions: 7. In the elasmobranchs examined, neither the buccal mucous membrane nor the mucous membrane of the esophagus has any digestive activity. 24 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. s. The stomachic sac secretes pepsin and hydrochloric acid. 9. The total acidity of the stomach contents, in terms of hydrochloric acid, may reach as high as 1 per cent. . 10. The physiologically active hydrochloric acid may be as strong as 0.6 per cent. 11. The gastric juice does not digest chitin. 12. The middle intestines and spiral valve have no digestive activity, but activate the pancreas. 13. The spiral valve possesses the greatest activating power. 14. The pancreas secretes trypsinogen as a rule, but may secrete trypsin. 15. The pancreas secretes amylopsin, the starch-splitting ferment, and lipase, the fat-splitting ferment. ; 16. The rectal gland has no digestive activity. BIBLIOGRAPHY. Acassiz and Voor.—1845. Anatomie des salmones. Mémoires de la Société des Sciences Naturelles de Neuchatel, t. 11. 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Comptes rendus de Société de Biologie, t. 54, p. 286. 1902. Sur la presence dans les leucocytes et les ganglions lymphatiques d’une diastase fayorisant la digestion triptique des matiéres albumenoids. Comptes rendus de Société de Biologie, t. 54, p. 283. EsBERLE.—1834. Physiologie der Verdauung. 236 p., Wiirzburg. Cited by Gamgee, vol. 11, p. 210. Epincer.—1877. Ueber die Schleimhaut des Fischdarmes, nebst Bemerkungen zur Phylogenese der Driisen des Darmrohres. Archiy fiir mikroskopische Anatomie, bd. xm, p. 651. 1880. Zur Kenntnis der Driisenzellen des Magens besonders beim Menschen. Archiy fir mikroskopische Anatomie, bd. xvi, p. 193. Fermi und Repretro.—1902. Beitrag zur Verbreitung der proteolytischen Enzyme im Tierreiche. Centralblatt fiir Bakteriologie und Parasitenkunde, bd. xxx1, p. 404. Fick et Murisier.—1873. Ueber das Magenferment kaltbliitiger Thiere. Verhandlungen der physikalisch-medicinischen Gesellschaft in Wiirzburg, bd. tv, p. 120. Quoted by Yung, p. 146. Foster.—1901. Lectures on the history of physiology, p. 154,-213. i Frovurn.—1902. La rate exerce-t-elle une action sur la transformation intra-pancréatique du zymogéne en trypsine? Comptes rendus Société de Biologie, t. 54, p. 798. Gacuet et Pacnon.—1898. Sur la secrétion de la rate. Archives de Physiologie, t. x, p. 365. GAMGEE.—1893. Physiological chemistry, vol. 11, p. 203, 210. GEGENBAUER.—1892. Ueber Coecalanhiinge am Mitteldarm der Selachier. Gegenbauer’s morpholo- gisches Jahrbuch, bd. 18, p. 180. Grew.—1676. The comparative anatomy of stomach and guts. Printed 1681, p. 26. Quoted by Gamgee, vol. 1, p. 66. GinrHEr.—1880. Study of fishes. Edinburgh. Haier.—1764. Elementa physiologiz corporis humani, t. vi, p. 435. Ham™Marsren.—1901. A text-book of physiological chemistry, p. 522. Mandel. Havs.—1897. Beitrige zur Anatomie und Histologie des Darmkanales bei Anarrhichas lupus. Internationale Monatsschrift fiir Anatomie und Physiologie, bd. xiv, p. 42. Heipennar.—1870. Untersuchungen tiber den Bau der Labdriisen. Archiv fiir mikroskopische Ana- tomie, bd. v1, p. 368. 1875. Beitrige zur Kenntnisse der Pancreas. Archiy fiir die gesammte Physiologie, bd. x. p. 597. 1883. In Hermann’s Handbuch der Physiologie, bd. 5, Absonderungsvorgiinge, 4. Abschn, Bauchspeicheldriise, p. 206. Hexma.—1904. Ueber die Umwandlung des Trypsinzymogen in Trypsin. Archiv fiir Anatomie und Physiologie, p. 348. Herrick.—1895. The American lobster. Appendix 1, the composition of the shell and gastroliths of the lobster. Bulletin U. S. Fish Commission, vol. xv, p. 227. Herzen.—1901. Beitriige zur Physiologie der Verdauung. Archiy fiir die gesammte Physiologie, bd. uxxxiv, p. 115. Homeuraer.—1877. Zur Verdauung der Fische. Centralblatt fiir die medicinischen Wissenschatten, 15, jahrg., no. 31, p. 561. Home.—1814. Lectures on comparative anatomy, vol. 1 and 11. Hopxkrns.—1890. Structure of the stomach of Amia calva. Proceedings American Society of Micros- copists, 13th Annual Meeting, p. 165. 1892. On the digestive tract of some North American ganoids. Abstract in Proceedings Ameri- can Association for the Advancement of Science, vol. x1, p. 197. 1895. On the enteron of the American ganoids. Journal of Morphology, vol. x1, p. 411. 26 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. Kyavrie.—1898. Zur Kenntnis des Stoffwechsels der Fische. Archiv fiir die gesammte Physiologie von Pfluger, bd. txxru, p. 490. KRUKENBERG.—1877-1878. Versuche zur vergleichende Physiologie der Verdauung mit Beriicksichti- gung der Verhiiltnisse bei den Fischen. Untersuchungen aus den physiologischen Institut der Universitiit Heidelberg, bd. 1, p. 327. Cited by Oppel, 1896, vol. 1, p. 41, and Yung, p. 149. 1882. Zur Verdauung bei den Fischen. Untersuchungen aus den physiologischen Institut der Universitit Heidelberg, bd. 1. Cited by Oppel, 1896, bd. 1, p. 41. Kiune.—1867. Ueber die Verdauung der Eiweisstoffe durch den Pankreassaft. Virechow’s Archiy, bd. 39, p. 130. Lecorus.—1873. Recherches sur le tube de Weber et sur le pancréas des poissons osseux. Thése Doctorat ¢s Sciences Naturelles. Annales des Sciences naturelles, Zoologie, t. xvi et xvi, p. 4. Lreypig.—1852. Beitrige zur Anatomie und Entwicklungs-Geschichte der Rochen und Haie, p. 127. Leipzig. Cited by Yung, 1899, p. 126. 1853. Anatomisch-histologische Untersuchungen ber Fische und Reptilien. Berlin. Cited by Yung, p. 126. 1853. Einige histologische Beobachtungen tiber den Schlammpeitzger (Cobitis fossilis). Muller’s Archiy fur Anatomie und Physiologie, p. 3. 1857. Lehrbuch der Histologie der Menschen und der Tiere. Frankfurt. Cited by Yung, p. 126. Lucunavu.—1878. Ueber die Magen und Darmverdauung bei einigen Fischen. Inaugural Disserta- tion, Kénigsberg. Cited by Yung, p. 147. Macattum.—1884. Alimentary canal and pancreas of Acipenser, Amia and Lepidosteus. Journal of Anatomy and Physiology, vol. xx, p. 604. Marvin and Wittrams.—1890. Rhett or Tule Lake formerly had an indirect connection with Klamath River through Lost River Slough. The lake served at times as an overflow basin for Klamath River. In a letter on the subject Mr. Elmer I. Applegate, of Klamath Falls, writes: ‘‘ Until a few years ago Lost and Klamath rivers were connected by what was known as Lost River Slough, which carried a stream of considerable size during high water, offering no obstruction during a large portion of the sum- mer to the passage of all fishes inhabiting the waters of either river. No water passes through this channel now, it having been diked in order to confine the water to Klamath River, and thus lower the level of Tule Lake."’ B. B. F, 1907—6 76 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. low, a considerable part of it being inundated most of the time and covered with a rank growth of tules. Toward the south the tule belt rapidly narrows and the valley slopes a litthe more abruptly up to the mountains. On the eastern side the mountains rise about 3,000 feet and are well timbered, large pines in many places extending down almost to the water’s edge, while west of the lake they are much lower and support very few trees. The lake is said to be shallow, its greatest depth not exceeding 25 feet. On approaching the water an old beach of coarse gravel and small boulders may be observed, indicating that the surface has been 6 or 8 feet higher in the recent past. In wading out somewhat over 200 yards, where one’s depth is reached, two other well-marked beaches are crossed. During very dry seasons the first of these is laid bare. An elevation of the surface of the water to the height of the outermost beach would cause the lake to overflow, pour- ing out through the channel leading to the southward. The lake receives numerous streams flowing in from all sides, Drew and Cottonwood creeks, which rise in the Winter Mountains, being the largest. Along the eastern side are many small streams of clear, pure water, the more important of which—Fandango, Lassen, and Davis creeks—are fed late in the summer by banks of snow lying high in the mountains. LOCAL DISTRIBUTION AND RELATIONSHIPS OF THE FISH FAUNA. In a discussion of the fish fauna of the lakes of southeastern Oregon it is neces- sary to keep in mind the relative position of their respective basins, and to simplify this matter an outline map of the region is presented (facing p. 102). It has been observed that the Malheur basin is closely related, both geograph- ically and geologically, with the Columbia. The first haul of the seie-net in Silvies River, which brought out such forms as Acrocheilus alutaceus and Ptychocheilus ore- gonensis, indicated plainly that it also bears a close faunological relation with that system. A careful examination of available material fails to show that the fishes which are isolated in the Malheur basin have visibly differentiated from their con- geners in the Columbia. A still closer affinity exists between the fishes of the Kamath and Goose Lake basins and the river systems with which they are each connected by open or temporary waterways. In an examination of the relationships of the fauna of what has been termed the Oregon lake system, one immediately turns to the species inhabiting the neigh- boring basins. ‘The close proximity of the Sacramento, Klamath, and Columbia systems has been referred to, and it appears that with certain species found in these rivers the Oregon lake fishes are most intimately related. On a survey of the ageregate fish fauna of these river systems it seems that the various species may be divided for certain reasons into three fairly well defined series or groups. In the first series there may be brought together an assemblage of forms that are anadro- mous, or at least able to withstand salt water. They are the lampreys, sturgeons, sticklebacks, cottoids, trout, and salmon. Species of this group are generally dis- tributed throughout the three systems or else are represented in each by closely related forms.“ ‘To a second series may be assigned a number of distinetly fresh- aCertain cottoids, as C, princeps, C. rhotheus, and others, whose relationships have not been carefully studied, might be included in this group as having probably descended from marine forms. FISH FAUNA OF LAKES OF SOUTHEASTERN OREGON, 77 water forms, widely differentiated species, many of which constitute peculiar genera characteristic of the basins in which they occur. They are Orthodon microlepidotus, Lavinia exilicauda, Mylopharodon conocephalus, Pogonichthys macrolepidotus, Leu- ciscus crassicauda, and Rutilus symmetricus, of the Sacramento; Chasmistes brevi- rostris, Chasmistes stomias, Chasmistes copei, and Deltistes luxatus, of the Klamath; Pantosteus jordani, Acrocheilus alutaceus, Rhinichthys dulcis, Couesius greeni, Leucis- cus caurinus, Columbia transmontana, and others, of the Columbia. Each species included in this series is limited in its distribution to a single river basin and it is not represented in another by a closely related form. A third series, consisting, like the second, of fresh-water species, differs notably, however, in that each of its members is represented in at least one other than the native basin by a closely related form. To make this statement more clear a single example may be cited. There is in each of the three basins a large-scaled catostomid— Catostomus occidentalis in the Sacramento, C. snyderi in the Klamath, and C. macrocheilus in the Columbia. These resemble one another so closely as to be diflicult to distinguish, and their characteristics are such as point directly to the probability of a common origin of the three forms. The species which may be assembled in this series, and which appear to bear out the general observation concerning its members, are here tabulated. Sacramento. Klamath. | Columbia, Catostomus occidentalis. .............-.-. Catostomus snyderl............ ....| Catostomus macrocheilus, Catostomus microps. Catostomus rimiculus. . F - Catostomus catostomus, Rutilus thalassinus ee ae era eta ea Wh aS ocig dials d's'a.a:s1e'e woin eww a's Leuciseus bicolor. .. Leuciscus balteatus, Agosia nubila carringtonl........ : Agosia klamathensis. . Agosia nubila carringtont. Rutilus bicolor. ......... . | Rutilus columbianus, PeVVOUOGNGUUA/RTANGIN> + cseecls sorcery s-aceslensevcoten | 8 = |o iS) w Dn <4 mn n mn ne AQ {ea} n Catostomus warnerensis.... x Rutilus oregonensis-........ X x Agosia nubila carringtoni... * | X Salmojclanki Sesss--sasee ee x x< Columbia River system. Malheur Basin. Species. Silvies Silver Ww. River near| Creek near) 7 3" Burns. Riley. prings. Catostomusmacrochetlus sess == sees ae eaten ee eee eee eee >< | Catostomus catostomus - s x Acrocheilus alutaceus. ....- x Ptychocheilus oregonensis - x Leuciscus balteatus. .-- x Rutilus columbianus. - x Ae osiamubila carringtoni- so. - sess oe eee ee ee eee ee a nee eee eres nee ee errr Salmo clarki.~......--- Xx Cottus punctulatus FISH FAUNA OF LAKES OF SOUTHEASTERN OREGON. 79 SYSTEMATIC DISCUSSION. EXPLANATION OF MEASUREMENTS. It is intended that the tables of measurements given in this paper, besides being of use in the identification of the species under consideration, shall express the amount and character of the variation in certain details of structure as well as these can be determined by the study of a small series of specimens. It is pre- sumed that the true relationships of the forms will be more clearly and definitely A Fig. 1.—Diagram showing method of taking proportional measurements. Length of body (a) recorded in millimeters. Length head (b) measured from tip of snout to posterior edge of opercle, the opercular flap, which is likely to shrink, not being considered. Depth head, measured at occiput. Depth body, the great- est depth. Snout to dorsal (c), snout to ventral (d), tip of snout to anterior end of base of fin. Depth caudal peduncle (e) measured at the narrowest place. Length of caudal peduncle ( f), base of posterior anal ray to end of last vertebra; not to base of lowermost caudal ray, as the latter point is often indefinite. Length snout (g), tip of snout to anterior border ofeye. Diameter eye, varies greatly with age. In poorly preserved specimens the tissue surrounding the eye is cften shrunken, leaving the opening abnormally large. Only well-preserved examples nearly equal in size ought to be compared. Interorbital width, measured on skull, the points of the dividers being closed as nearly as possible between the eyes. Snout to occiput (h), tip of snout to the point on occiput where scales of body first appear. Length base of dorsal (i), length base of anal, from base of anterior to base of posterior ray, the extent of the membrane posteriorly not being taken into account. Height dorsal, height anal (k), length pectoral, length ventral (1), the length of longest ray in fin. Length caudal (m), meas- ured from end of last vertebra to tip of uppercaudal lobe. Scales lateral line, counted to end of last vertebra; not on base of caudal, where they frequently become densely crowded and difficult to make out. Scales above lateral line (n), from lateral line upward and forward to a point about midway between occiput and insertion of dorsal; not between lateral line and base of dorsal, as in the latter region the scales are sometimes minute, densely crowded, and indistinet. Scales below lateral line (0), from upper edge of base of ventral upward and forward to the lateral line. The series in the lateral line is not enumerated in this or the previous count. Scales before dorsal, the number of rows or series between occiput and base of dorsal. Dorsal rays, anai rays, when the posterior ray is cleft to the base it is still counted asa single ray. The anterior ray is often simple and preceded by one or two short, spine-like rays closely united toit. The spine-like rays are not enumerated. 80 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 3) 66 set forth than when such expressions as ‘‘closely related,” “its affinities are with,”’ and the like are alone used. Jn many cases the results of comparative measure- ments of certain parts are merely negative. They are valuable, however, and are generally recorded. Characters which for one reason or another may at once be determined valueless, such as the number of caudal rays, occasionally the dopa of the body, ete., are omitted. The measurements have been made by means of a proportional scale, from carefully prepared specimens. They are expressed in hundredths of the length of the body (which is recorded in millimeters), measured from the tip of the snout to the end of the last caudal vertebra. (See diagram, p. 79.) CATALOGUE OF SPECIES. Entosphenus tridentatus (Gairdner). Goose Lake, Pitt River near Alturas, and Burney Creek. Catostomus occidentalis Ayres. Drew Creek, Muddy Creek, and Cottonwood Creek, in Lake County, Oregon; Goose Lake, Pitt River, in California. MEASUREMENTS OF SPECIMENS OF CATOSTOMUS OCCIDENTALIS FROM GoosE LAKE, CALIFORNIA. Pengthiof body. 22. 3- 22-2 see. eee eee mm. .| 255 265 235 248 190 236 255 222 222 Dene th of head eas eee eteseen sone eee eens zeae 235 225 225 ~24 +235 226 -23 -23 - 235, Depthiof bodyzsen--- eee aeons 205 -20 - 205 -215 -195 21 -19 20 «225 Snowtitoidorsaliyse ee cee se ense eee eee 50 - 495 - 485 -505 - 505 51 50 515 51 Snouttonventraleces eee eseneeete see é 59 - 585 555 - 565 - 575 -57 585 ~575 545 Depth of caudal peduncle..-.....-.......-.- -09 - 093 - 08 - 085 -09 - 085 - 085 -09 - O85 Wildthiotlowerliphesesssssser esses aaa 05 - 055 - 045 -05 - 045 -05 045 -05 05 Mengthtorsnoutacweccecastee ee eee cee eee A e12) 115 -115 -115 125 - 105 call -105 -115 Dismeter\otievercn-. ces nce meee oe oe eee -| 035 - 035 04 - 04 04 -04 - 037 04 04 Depth of head... 185 17 17 175 -17 165 17 17 165 Height of dorsal. 155 165 165 18 165 155 175 165 175 Height of anal. -.... Reet : 185 195 245 235 -175 19 185 195 ~215 Dengthiot pectoral. 2-22 - sen ee ees : SO 1205) -22 21 -20 -21 -19 -215 ~215 Wengithrohiventralee ess sas seeseeeee eee : 15 - 155 - 165 -17 145 -15 - 145 -155 16 Ven p cho MCR UC oi Ba eee eee eee -| 23 -23 -23 23 245 -23 -225 «23 23 Dorsalkraystec cece sees. eee ee E 12 12 1 12 13 12 12 ll 11 Scales/otilateralilinesen-=-e=--=2-.-s=see ee -| 73 73 72 63 72 72 63 67 70 Scales above lateral line....-..-......-... Al| 15 16 15 14 15 15 16 17 16 Seales before dorsal ae 35 | 37 36 34 38 39 36 35 37 Length of body. - 181 130 153 156 140 155 133 131 Length of head. - 24 24 -235 25 -2 24 233 +24 $245 Depth of body... 21 22 -23 225 222 22 215 -22 215 Snout to dorsal. . 48 485 51 515 -50 51 49 -50 52 Snout to ventral 555 58 57 585 -575 57 55 59 60 Depth of caudal peduncle -| .085 -09 - 083 - 085 - 08 -09 -08 -09 - 08 Widthtomlowerlip. = 2a. << 2s5e----ne ee “ 05 - 065 04 - 045 05 - 055 - 045 047 - 055 Length of snout... -| 11 115 10 12 ell ell 105 115 115 Diameter of eye... y 04 +05 - 045 04 045 045 - 045 - 047 -05 Depth of head. .-... - -17 -18 - 165 17 -18 - 165 - 155 18 -18 Height of dorsal. . . 4 -175 19 -195 -18 -17 -18 - 165 +19 -18 Height of anal-.... 2 185 -20 ~21 = 22 - 185 20 18 . 185 -20 Length of pectoral. 3 21 22 225 23 22 21 195 20 22 Length of ventral. - 15 17 17 165 -15 17 15 155 16 Length of caudal. 235 | 25 255 265 -25 21 23 24 25 Dorsal rays....-. -| 12 12 11 13 11 12 1 11 11 Scales/ofilateraliliness 2 --2s=02-=5-e=—- a 67 | 65 66 67 65 63 66 70 64 Scales above lateral line...........-.-.- . 16 16 | 15 16 15 15 17 15 15 Scalesibeforeidorsali-jae seen eee eee eee ecee = | 32 | 35 | 36 37 36 33 38 34 32 FISH FAUNA OF LAKES OF SOUTHEASTERN OREGON. 81 TABLE SHow1inGc NuMBER OF Rays IN Dorsat FIN or CATOSTOMUS OCCIDENTALIS FROM DIFFERENT Locauitres IN THE SACRAMENTO BAsIn. e | Cache Cotton- : Creek, Dorsal rays. wood Go wes Yolo | Creek. | ‘ County, | | Cal. Po mes Tae ; ie i rn | Specimens. Specimens.) Specimens.| Specimens. ber csec 68 eed aoe 3 lou We eee en od 2 40 9 13 15 5 2 | 1 5 . Ve | Se ee esas 2 | Catostomus macrocheilus Girard. A few specimens were collected from the deeper parts of the Silvies River, near Burns. agree in all details with examples from the Columbia. Thisspecies and C. occidentalis of the Sacramento appear to be very closely related. They resemble each other perfectly in general appearance except that the Columbia form seems to have a smaller eye and shorter and more rounded pectoral fins. The scales are alike in both cases, and the fin rays are about equal in number. They MEASUREMENTS OF SPECIMENS OF CATOSTOMUS MACROCHEILUS FROM SILyIES River, NEAR Burns, Harney County, OrEG. | | SSE Gh) OL DOC wre. ener ant os - mm..! 160 | 156 150 152 150 140 124 96 95 Length of head. edie sa Jonase 24 | -25 25 25 ~25 26 255 26 25 Depth of body.. 235 235 22 24 -23 245 24 -23 + 235 Snout to dorsal... . 525 etsy” -52 . 525 . 52 . 54 - 525 ~53 - 525 Snout to ventral........... . 575 -o7 - 595 -58 ~ 595 -59 - 595 - 60 - 58 Depth of caudal peduncle... -075 | .08 +075 -075 - 075 -077 -08 - 08 075 Width of lower lip.--...... - 045 -05 05 - 05 . 046 05 05 -05 - 042 Length of snout... . - 125 - 125 - 125 12 -115 13 125 wiz 11 Diameter of eye... 05 - 045 - 05 -05 -05 05 - 055 . 052 06 Depth of head... . -18 175 oles - 185 ~175 - 185 .18 18 .18 Height of dorsal -18 -18 -18 -19 18 - 185 - 205 - 205 20 Height of anal. ..... -18 18 18 .18 18 .18 - 185 +17 .18 Length of pectoral... wae - 195 -19 . 185 .19 .19 -20 -19 - 20 Length of ventral... 16 155 15 145 15 155 -16 15 16 Length of caudal. ~25 - 26 255 26 . 265 - 26 27. -28 26 Dorsal rays.-....-.-- 15 14 14 14 14 13 14 14 13 Scales of latera! line... 7 66 65 64 64 64 66 64 66 Scales above lateral line 4 13 13 14 13 13 13 14 14 14 Scales before dorsal...-...........-----..-. : 33 33 36 31 34 34 37 32 33 Catostomus warnerensis, new species. The catostomid found in the Warner basin appears to be related to both C. tahoensis of the Lahontan system and C. catostomus of wide distribution to the north and east. Although resembling each very closely, it can not as we now recognize those species be identified with either. The Warner form has larger scales, there being fewer in the lateral line (73 to 79 compared with 79 to 104), smaller eyes,and a smaller mouth with narrower lower lips. Its affinities are also with the very similar small-scaled species C. microps@ of the Sacramento andC. rimiculus of the Klamath. It appears, however, to have larger scales than either of these forms. It differs from C. microps also in having a larger eye. Cope? identified C. warnerensis with the species common to the basins of the Lahontan system, but it appears no more closely to resemble that form than it does C. catostomus. As here defined the species is found only in the Warner basin. It inhabits the larger streams tributary to the lake, appearing aRutter, Cloudsley, Bulletin U.S. Bureau of Fisheries, vol. xxv, 1907, p. 120. Cope, E. D., Proceedings Academy Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, 1883, p. 152. The difference in the size of the seales, as shown by examples from the two basins, was noted by this author: ‘‘ Pyramid Lake; scales, 14-89-14."’ “‘ Warner Lake; scales, 16-83-15.’" 82 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. in the latter wherever the water is not too strongly impregnated with mineral salts. It has not been found in Warner Creek above the falls. Description of type no. 55597 U. S. National Museum, from Warner Creek, near Adel, Lake County, Oreg.: Total length, 296 mm. Head, 3.8 in length to base of caudal; depth, 4.5; depth of caudal peduncle, 3.1 in head; snout, 2.1; eye, 8.3; dorsal, 10; anal, 7; scales in lateral line, 79; between occiput and insertion of dorsal, 43; between lateral line and middle of back,19; between lateral line and insertion of anal, 14. Eyemidway between tip of snout and edge of opercle. Inner portion of lip with a scarcely evident horny sheath, much less conspicuous than that of C. catostomus; upper lip with 3 or 4 rows of papillee, the median ones largest; lower lip with 7 or more rows, smaller papillz frequently being wedged in between the larger ones; cleft of mandibular lobe not complete, a space covered by 2 or more rows of papille intervening. Length of base of dorsal equal to height of fin. Anal rather acutely rounded, reaching base of caudal when depressed. Origin of ventrals below base of fourth or fifth dorsal ray; fins when depressed falling considerably short of anal opening. Pectorals rounded, their tips reaching two- Fic. 2.—Catostomus warnerensis, new species. Type. thirds of distance between their bases and the ventrals. Caudal with a shallow notch, the lobes rounded. Peritoneum dusky. Color dark above, light below; the dark and light areas separated on a lateral line passing just below middle of sides. In life the dusky portion is greenish black, having in places a slight brassy sheen; the light ventral parts creamy white. Fins dusky, the lower oneslighter than the others. Tn some examples there are 5 or 6 indefinite rows of papillze on the upper lip and 8 or more on the lower. Small specimens have the boundaries of the light and dark areas less sharply defined. In individuals 60 or 70 mm. long the color of the darker parts is broken up into spots of irregular shape and size. The appended table of measurements will indicate other slight individual variations. Similar measurements of examples of C. tahoensis are also given. Represented by specimens from Warner Creek, sloughs south of Warner Creek, and from Honey Creek, FISH FAUNA OF LAKES OF SOUTHEASTERN OREGON. 83 MEASUREMENTS OF SPECIMENS OF CATOSTOMUS WARNERENSIS FROM WARNER CREEK, LAKE County, OREG. Length of body........ t 152 140 124 71 | | 54 57 56 Length of head.-............ 26 26 25 245 } 26) | | 26] .26 | .97 Snout to dorsal....... 5 -52 .53 OL 52 51] .51 .52 Snout to ventral 58 57 585 565 55 | 56) 56 .58 Depth of caudal pedune a 09 - 09 095 - 09 09} .10 09 Length of snout........ 12 -12 . 105 ll =a 11) .105] .105 Width of lower lip... Sie. 033 - 03 04 . 037 . 03 -03.| .03 - 03 Diameter of eye...... --| 033 - 032 04 . 038 | .045 205} .05 . 065 Height of dorsal..... aefee26") “18% || 18 . 185 -20° | -20} .21 -20 Height of anal......- =-| ~205) 218 | 21 - 20 elven BOs Le tit Length of pectoral. a ~20 | 19 -20 -19 | .18 -20} .20 - 205 | Length of ventral BIB. a .14 15 | .145 161] 365 16 | Length of caudal. 20 22 | Ope peed | | +23 | -24| .24 25 Dorsal rays....... 10 | 10 11 10 | 11 10 10 10 | ANAL rave: S555 2. a 7) 7 7 | 7 | 7| 7 thy Seales of lateral line. . 79 79 | 77 | 76 75 75| 74 76 | Seales above lateral fine...) 19) 19 ae eae tl ar | 6h Seales before dorsal. ......... 43 |} 3] 41 38 | | 37 40/39] 37] | MEASUREMENTS OF SPECIMENS OF CATOSTOMUS TAHOENSIS. From Warm Springs Creek, Summit, Nev. | Deane (ONO RDGU yee Seen tee ee mm.. 166} 152 145| 140 | 136 123 133 116 ieriprt nan cricleee meee npn Se tsa eel Ae ce See) 27) |) 224 «245 | 24 25 24 23 25 Budutomorsalen «sere ens Sore cen. * | ~..53 2816) |) 252 52 siO25 ean 6L - 51 51 Pngntitowentralies seac se eenc rues cose e - 60 . 59 £58) ||ems G7 . 59 59 .58 . 585 Depth caudal peduncle-....-....2...--..----.+.- | .085 - 095 - 095 -09 - 095 . 095 - 085 ~ 095 Length snout......- sully bau il «il | - 105 - 115 .12 -10 - 125 Width lower li . 052 - 053 -06 | .05 +05 -045 .05 -05 Diameter eye. - 045 -05 -043 | .04 ~ 045 -05 - 045 045 IGANG ORC sane ood Saeae copa eesBh eae aee 16 Sey -17 | «.165 - 165 -16 -17 165 elehtnnaleeewen Mere Te 1215 |: 20 19 | 1185] 21 19 -195 -195 Serie PRNeOuONA eee ree eee eee ac oc 195 -18 -18 iPr 18 -195 -19 17 . 20 WON P un VeReraleaa- cee, seo ee ee oa ee caw esar cc cns es eat gle a) «15 -13 14 . 145 13 14 Manet nica Uda wees onee ee esta Rape ea sec oon el eae! 21 .20 .23 EDs ersten eae MOVES MER VBE tres sec cee cate pone nec cee eeeceee Jeo es 11 | ll ll 10 ll ll ll ll STOVES IEE 5 ole Uo ct ee a 7 | 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 Memes aterallings ce. sone semeee csc st scan scnsea=- es 79 | 83 79 7 84 94 OS} ee eee Scales above lateral line................-...-.---.- 7 18 15 18 19 18 16 7 Hewes PerOredOrsal coe eee en eee ten dele sew sce ceene 41 | 41 42 47 44 44 48 44 From Lake Tahoe, Cal. Length of body...........-..- a 215 220 | 208 || Height anal... .....-.-.21.-.2.-:2 a18 -20 21 Waneth herd s= eso it) 2 et ale ae +25 -22 -25 || Length pectoral................ pina: 19 .19 Snout to dorsal... 53 - 515 -54 || Length ventral................. .14 .14 .14 Snout to ventral - 62 - 62 -62).}| Tength caudal... 222-22 sea! .195 215 >) Depth caudal peduncle 09 | 09 .095 | Dorsal rays.. ea 10 1 12 Menbthisnowt..).-=----..0 s. -=- -12 oth -12 Anal TayBecen ass. cceet teens dicate 7 7 7 * Width lower lip. -045) .04 | .04 || Scales lateral line............-.22.2. 88 90 90 Diameter eye. -. 22} 045 -04 | -04 Scales above lateral line............ 20 19 18 HMelpht Qorsal ee ecser cect aew sos 4 |) WW | Scales before dorsal............-... 44 43 47 Catostomus catostomus (Forster). Examples from Silvies River at Burns and from Silver River near Riley are very similar to speci- mens from the Columbia. The Harney specimens appear to have slightly larger scales, however, there being from 83 to 93 rows in the lateral line, while individuals from Little Wood River and Ross Fork, Idaho, have from 88 to 96. Others are recorded as having 90 to 104.4 aGilbert & Evermann, Bulletin U.S. Fish Commission, vol. xtv, 1894, p. 189. 84 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. MEASUREMENTS OF SPECIMENS OF CATOSTOMUS CATOSTOMUS. From Silvies River, Burns, Oreg. || Height anal SpA SH Ra eSeaECaBSaec eons Sodsac | - 185 -20 | Tength ol bodync esse. seoseae ee 178 | 229 Length hexd -ces.5.2 . 2s. 215 ~2154||| Dength pectoral’: masc se see=n som aeeseaces Weeks 19 Snoutito dorsales-se eee 51 251) |) Length ventral’ 2s. Sele. tn sec eee ae ob | mae Snout to ventral..........-- 575 #55) | || auength\ calidal see sens eeeeeema cena) eee eee ene} 24 Depth caudal peduncle 075 +075 || Dorsal rays es es eee cent eceeeeae ll ll Length snout........------- Shit -105 || Anal rays. -... Rea ne ae eee Th 7 Width lower lip.-..------- - 053 205) || Scalesilateraliline=Ss sesame. o: s-eeeeeetane | 93 93 Diameter eye....-..------- - 037 -035 || Scales above lateral line.............--.....- 19 21 Meiphtidorsal esse sse- 22s aeee see -18 +175 |) Scales/before(dorsall- 32ers. <2 ones eeenee 49 46 {} From Silver River, Harney County, Oreg. uengthiof bod yes. a2- sc. cosas canes a eee ae mm... ppala abst) ahh) | abt} 115 52 55 Menge thuben digs eerste nee nectar ee ae ee ee ee eee ee - 22 -24 |. .235 22 +23 +26 «25 Snout to dorsal. - - -| 020. -54 | .52 | .52 - 525 -55 .o4 Snotttitonventralenee- ean sees aee eee -| -585 -59 59 - 56 59 61 59 Depthicaudal pedunclels sso eeree sae = eee eee eee - 085 -085 | .08 .08 -08 | .085 - 085 TUG Yep R oe) go mons a oe aa ecco copes Sse eraeobegacodssesecc- - 105 IGE |) ceili - 10 ~ 115 . 116 Ly WAL GENO WW eIulip See see te tte ise eee enna :055 | .05 055} .05 05 - 06 055 DIAe LOL CY Ons james eee ere ene eet 035 -045 04 | .043 - 04 055 05 Height dorsal. ...--.--..-- 25-52-2222 ne = a a nnn nn = = 16 19 LTT LS . 185 21 20 Rei hit ala ale SS ere enter lel le erate 225 |) asl ON| ie e20 seers) -175 17 mid, eng th pectorallies ss amen eee see ee ee SPU ai) || etait - 20 19 .19 . 20 Mengthaventral ss -ees-s-re eee ware Ss 2|7 2.165 .16 . 165 | 16 .155 16 16 Wength caudalsessnes-2-e-sseeen sees eee Sle Papell geste || m0) 24 . 23 26 7 Morsalaray Shes eee see eae eee eee il i | il 12 11 11 ll ATIONET Oy S* seen oeeenner seater - 7] 7 7 7 7 7 7 Scalesilateraliline== 22 -- ose tee 83 86 91 89 84 88 84 Scales above lateral line. -...-------------- 18 20 18 19 18 19 19 Stalesibefore/dorsall,cc-2. ee een oases cee ake encarta ae meas | 45 45 44 52 46 51 45 Acrocheilus alutaceus (Agassiz & Pickering). Silvies River near Burns; 8 specimens about 100 mm. long. Mylopharodon conocephalus (Baird & Girard). Pitt River near Alturas, and near Canby, Big Valley. The former, 3 in number, measure about 350 mm. in length. The fins were bright salmon red. Scales in lateral line 73 to 77, above lateral line 19 to 20, between occiput and dorsal 49 to 54, dorsal 8, anal 8. ; Ptychocheilus oregonensis (Richardson). Specimens of Ptychocheilus from the Malheur basin are apparently identical with P. oregonensis of the Columbia. A comparison of examples from Silvies River and from the Willamette shows that the former have somewhat longer fins. A few individuals from Hangmans Creek, Washington, and from Boise River, Idaho, are intermediate in this respect between the Silvies and Willamette specimens. MEASUREMENTS OF SPECIMENS or PryCHOCHEILUS OREGONENSIS. From Silvies River near Burns, Oreg. | Length of body.......-- mm..| 218] 203] 222| 191) 219) 183] 153} 158} 145] 148 g g eng. thhes die oe eciacee Seer oe i 285 | .275°| .287 | .28) | .27 | .278 | .29. | .28) | .29) | .27 | .275') .29) | .20) | 28 |) 285 Depth body.....-- -.-| -24 | .22) | 2245 | .235 | .225 | .245 | .245 | .225 | .22 | .22 | .245 | 21 | .22 | .21 | 122 Snout to dorsal... .60 | .575 | .595 |} .585 | .575 | .58 | .58 | .595 | .60 | -58 Snout to ventral. . 9561s ||(O05i|) 0054 | On| o0S) | ao Ae Meo dines bOmnl Ge Sa Length snout... .- 105 | 105 | . 095 | .10 | .10 | .105 ie A a ‘ Length maxillary . Bape) feg ada) rea UL ers Ota a er a eh be pea Gy eros abe yeah ebb Sib cb tial its) Diameter eye. -.---- -..| .043 | .045 | .045 | .046 | .042 | .045 | .05 | .045 | .05 | .05 | .065 | .055| .06 | .06 | .06 Interorbital width ..-| .075 | .08 | .08 | .08 | .075|.08 | .08 | .08 | .08 | .08 | .08 | .08 | .085 | .085 | .08 Height dorsal. . ..- | LT) |) SLT 3) 30759) UTS ae) 75) | SUSE Os | Sheet 83 3 20 eS O51 | 20 a eB i qq ou a on rs al D> oO oa oa or on ay S i I a a S a a = = ar S = ° i So e = Height anal-.... SA75: |) 546) 4) 2155) 2 1556/16) | 2155 ule. Wee Poo a7, -165 |} .155 | .18 | .17 17 Length pectoral. 5 5 . 5 : Z LT S85) || SUT SSS eal | Oh 51800 Pee ec, Length ventral. -| .155 | .155 | .15 15 .14 ~ 145) 215) | 2145) 2185) 215) | 215) 14 -15) | 7315, }) 5145 Length caudal. . Be nelh de <2) +250 | .255 | .25 «20. | 227 Dorsaltrayseaesseee ees 9 9 | 9 9 | 9 9 9 ‘Ania livarys'jaeeaseeeee ance eee i) om 83 8 8 8 8 8 8 Scales lateral line.........-.-- | 69 68 69 69 70 74 74 | iS) i a =) a iS) i m =) to o _ R Scales before dorsal. ...-...-.- 49 46 50 48 50 49 47 | Scales above lateral line....... 19 19 17 19 18 48 18 | 19 18 20 19 17 20 17 18 FISH FAUNA OF LAKES OF SOUTHEASTERN OREGON. 85 MEASUREMENTS OF SPECIMENS OF PryCHOCHEILUS OREGONENSIS—Continued. From Willamette River, near Corvallis, Oreg. . | Length of body-=-32.-...::-. se -.---- mm... TANT NE sR i ee ers Se ne eee LE ets he a ES ae aor BSMOUG EO GOFSAl eee eee cons canis slen tn Bnoumbonventralee —ocreetes sane snee soya nae ania Oia = ca eee secon ee sane acl. Menp inna ear y= = se eee. Senn senate DUBIN BEAL OVerer ss oweeat cerita tan Js ape Interorbital width.......-.........--.:.-- | TS CAPS TU Gs Se ee nls ae IPR anes Saeco nee seen do cs. = Length pectoral: 2. 2221 ----- 2.5.6: Length ventral. .-....-...--..2..... Length caudal Dorsal rays Anal rays.. Seales later: = | Scales before dorsal... ..---.----- At Scales above lateral line. ................-- Ptychocheilus grandis (Ayres). Pitt River, near Alturas, and in Big Valley. Leuciscus balteatus (Richardson). Warm Springs, Silver Creek, and Silvies River. Specimens collected at Warm Springs and at Silver Creek were brilliantly colored, especially the former, a description of which follows: Dorsal surface of body deep green; a narrow, diffuse, brassy stripe extending from eye along lateral line, falling below it posteriorly, forming-a ventral border to the greenish dorsal area; an indistinct dark greenish stripe extending from eye along the side just below the brassy band; breast and abdomen silvery; sides just below greenish band bright red; snout anterior to eye greenish; cheeks below eye and opercle brassy; fins golden. Immedately after death the greenish dorsal area turns to a steel blue. In this connection a color description from life made at Cow Creek, a tributary of the Umpqua River, may be of interest: Dorsal surface dark, dull olive; a narrow, sharply defined yellowish orange band, one scale wide, extending from posterior edge of orbit to middle of caudal peduncle, dividing the olive area posteriorly so that a narrow space of the latter color extends below the yellow stripe; breast and abdomen silvery white; sides below yellow stripe orange, the upper edges of the orange area deeply suffused with red; snout, upper part of head, olive; a bright red patch below eye, separated from the latter by a narrow olive area; opercles brassy; fins yellowish. The following table shows the number of rays in the anal fins of 124 examples. Attention is directed to the fact that Warm Springs and Silver Creek are closely connected, while Silvies River is isolated from both. ale wrGs ] Warm |_ Silver | Silvies Springs. Creek. River. Anal fin rays. Specimens. | Specimens. | Specimens. 2 : = ees J aF¥or a discussion of the variation in the number of anal fin rays of ZL. balteatus see Gilbert and Evermann, Bulletin U.S. Fish Commission, vol. xiv, 1894, p. 196. 86 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. Rutilus thalassinus (Cope). Cottonwood Creek, Oreg.; Muddy Creek and Goose Lake, Lake County, Oreg.; Pitt River near Alturas; Pitt River near Canby and Pitt River in Big Valley, Cal. Cope @ recognized two closely related species of Rutilus (Myloleucus) from Goose Lake, both of which are no doubt referable to the same form which he describes under the name Mylolewcus thalas- sinus. This species is not to be confused with Rutilus symmetricus occurring in the same basin, nor should it be identified with the Myloleucus parovanus of Cope? from Beaver River, Utah. R. thalassinus may be distinguished from each of the species of Rutilus here described by its longer fins. It further differs from R. bicolor in having a larger head, a more posterior location of the dorsal fin, and in usually possessing one more dorsal ray; from R. oreyonensis in having larger scales, there being fewer in the lateral series, in the series before the dorsal fin and in those above the lateral line, and also in having one more dorsal ray; from R. columbianus in having a greater number of scales in the lateral series and a lesser number between occiput and dorsal fin. These differences are set forth in greater detail in the tabulated comparisons of the four forms, page 94 et seq. As at present understood, this species is confined in its distribution to the Sacramento basin, this being the first account of its occurrence beyond the confines of Goose Lake. It is to be searched for in bayous, deep quiet pools, and sluggish streams. MEASUREMENTS OF SPECIMENS OF RUTILUS THALASSINUS FROM Pitt RIVER NEAR CANBY, LASSEN County, Cat. | | Menethiol hodyaces--s=2-—-—— sens mm..} | 100 | 106 116 | 103 93 101 Length head ... eel 26 229) | 2 -28 27 -28 Snout to occiput o2) -225 | 21 22 <21 22 Snout to dorsal... | .56 -59 | -58 58 - 60 -58 Snout to ventral -54 -59 -55 -58 -58 587 Depth body....---- +28 -31 | -28 -30 28 -30 Depth caudal peduncle 4 -2 -125 | -12 13 12 -125 Length snout........- -085 | .09 -08 09 -08 -085 Length maxillary - -08 -09 | -08 | -09 -08 -085 Diameter eye.....-. ae -055 -055 - .06 06 06 -06 Interorbital width -. aoe -09 -10 -10 -09 -10 -10 Height dorsal......- 21 -23 -21 | real 21 23 Height anal --. 185 -19 -18 -18 17 -19 2 200 2k 18 -20 18 -20 Length ventral. . -175 18 -16 18 AT -18 Length caudal. ..- SOR | 00239 -30 -30 28) Parag Seales lateral line. ....-- 50 51 | 49 51 48 51 Scales above lateral line - - ll iL il 1 ll ll Seales below lateral line - - 6 6 6 6 7 5 Seales before dorsal. -.-. 26 25 29 26 27 25 Dorsal rays-- ae 9 9 9 9 9 9 JAPA eV Re osetia aoe one e ccm Sees 8 9 8 8 8 8 | | | | | | Mength of bod ye -- ~-------—- en mm... 99 86 86 82 S40 78 73 106 | 137 ON GN) NCA Caer e te eee -28 +29 -28 | 29 ry || ae -29 -28 | -28 Snout to occiput. . as 25 23 -21 | 23 22 | 24 24 22 | 22 Snout to dorsal... 59 59 -o7 58 -o7 -59 59 58 | 57 Snout to ventral 58 56 -56 56 -57 56 -60 -o7 58 Depth hod yseecs-s sae 30 30 -30 29 -28 -2f | .30 -29 } 31 Depth caudal peduncle. -13 -13 -13 13 115 2124), F8 -13 135 Length snout....-.-...-- | .08 - 095 -08 -085 -08 -08 | .09 -09 -085 Length maxillary - 085 «095 -08 -09 -08 08 -09 -08 -08 Diameter eye... ..- 06 07 -06 -065 .065 075 | 07 -06 -055 Interorbital width 10 10 -10 -10 09 s10m |) 0) -10 -10 Height dorsal... -- -23 24 -23 23 -21 | 122 | 196 =220 21 Height anal..... 19 19 -18 19 -18 | 18 19 -18 18 Length pectoral. 20 22 -20 20 -18 19 18 -19 185 Length ventral.. 18 -19 19 -18 -16 18 | .175 17 -175 Length caudal. - -33 33 ~32 -330) «31 | £32 -33 -3l | -31 Seales lateral line. . 47 49 47 50 50 | 47 46 46) 51 Scales above lateral line 1L 12 12 il 11" il ll il il Seales below lateral line. - = 5 6 6) 6 5 | 5} 6 6 6 Seales before dorsal... .-- | 24 26 26 25 26 | 26 j 23 25 25 Dorsal rays. .-.- = 9 9 9 9 9 9) 9 9 9 Anal! rayScz/2os5o20- Sh Aes ee ee | 9 9 8 8 | 8 8 8 8| 9 aCope, E. D., Proceedings Academy Natural Sciences Philadelphia, 1883, p. 143-144. Cope’s supposition that he had in hand 2 distinct species was probably due to the poor:preservation of his specimens. He says (p. 139): “I fished for a day with hook and line without success, but procured a good collection of fishes by another method. I found numerous specimens both fresh and dry, which had been dropped by fishing birds on or near the shore.’’ bCope, E. D., Proceedings American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia, 1874, p. 136. FISH FAUNA OF LAKES OF SOUTHEASTERN OREGON. 87 Rutilus oregonensis, new species. This name is here applied to a distinct form found in the isolated lake basins of southeastern Oregon. It is very similar to closely related forms found in the Sacramento, Klamath, and Columbia systems, but differs widely from R. olivaceus of the Lahontan system in important dental characters, the latter species having the pharyngeal teeth 5-5. It differs from the more nearly related forms as follows: From R. thalassinus in having shorter fins, a greater number of scales in the lateral line, in the series before dorsal fin, and above lateral line, and also in usually having one less dorsal ray; from R. bicolor in having generally a larger head, smaller scales, there being a greater number in the lateral series, between occiput and dorsal fin and above the lateral line; from R. colwmbianus in having smaller scales and in other minor points. These differences are shown in greater detail in the tabulated comparisons of the four forms, page 94 et seq. Description of type no. 55596, U. S. National Museum, from XL Spring, Abert Lake, Oregon: Total length 202 mm. Head 3.6 in length to base of caudal; depth 3.6; depth caudal peduncle 9; depth head at occiput 5; length snout 3.3 in head; maxillary 3.7; diameter eye 6.1; width space between eyes 3; height dorsal 1.8; anal 2.2; length pectoral 1.6; ventral 2; caudal 1.3; scales lateral line 52; above lateral line 13; between lateral line and origin of ventral 8; between occiput and origin of dorsal 27. Fic. 3.—Rutilus oregonensis, new species. Type. Body deep and heavy, the dorsal contour with an abrupt elevation at occiput. Mouth very oblique; maxillary extending to a perpendicular through nostril, not nearly reaching anterior border of orbit. Gillrakers on first arch 14, very short, not equal to half the diameter of pupil, acutely pointed. Teeth (from cotypes) 4-5, short and strong, a narrow grinding surface present, tips of smaller ones somewhat hooked. Peritoneum almost black. Intestinal canal very short, its length equal to about 1! times total length of fish. Lateral line complete, somewhat decurved immediately behind head. Dorsal placed directly above ventrals, the length of its base equal to height of third ray, the free edge straight. Anal shaped like the dorsal, length of base equal to height of fourth ray. Pectorals and ventrals bluntly rounded, the latter not reaching anal opening; notch of caudal broadly rounded. Color in spirits very dark, even the ventral surface being decidedly dusky; edges of scales being much darker than their centers. In life the color is dark olive, some examples having a greener tint, the fins with somewhat darker edges. Smaller examples do not have a prominent post-occipital hump, the elevation growing more pro- nounced with age. The young generally have the fins slightly longer and the caudal more acutely notched. In other localities the specimens are often lighter in color, the variation apparently coincid- ing with the immediate surroundings. In lighter-colored examples the peritoneum is also less dusky. Sexual differences are not striking, the males generally having slightly longer fins. Females appear to be much more abundant than males. 88 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. Warner Creek and sloughs south of Warner Creek; Honey Creek; Warner Lake north of Honey Creek; Chewaucan River, Paisley; Chewaucan River, near mouth; XL Spring, Abert Lake; spring, Alkali Lake; spring, Summer Lake Post Office; Ana River; springs at source of Ana River; Silver Lake; Silver Creek near mouth; Bridge Creek; Silver Creek near Silvercreek Post-Office; Buck Creek. The rather extensive table of comparative measurements which is here inserted shows that while examples from the different lake basins may possibly show slight differences among themselves, they all agree in being differentiated in.a measureable way from their representatives in the neighboring systems. MEASUREMENTS OF SPECIMENS OF RUTILUS OREGONENSIS FROM ISOLATED BASINS OF THE OREGON LAKE SYSTEM. From XL Spring, Abert Lake. | 120 Tengthvotbody= -sa-- ase eeeee seas mm. .| 106 138 125 103 115 97 91 101 112 Iength head! 2.2.25. base: jae es 28 - 26 - 285 - 285 - 28 -28 29 - 28 -29 .28 Snout to occiput........-.-.-- a 21 aA 22 722, 22) 21 22 2215 SPH SOx Snout to dorsal-----..-..-.... - 56 - 56 - 58 - 58 BLY 56 58 54 55 55 Snout to ventral.............- - 56 - 55 - 58 - 56 54 54 54 250) . 56 .54 Depthybodyls-— ae esas eeeee - 265 -29 -29 29 +27 27 26 -29 -29 APH Depth caudal peduncle... ...-. ll -12 -12 -125 125 12 -12 13 13 13 beng thi snoutseee eee =e ee - 08 - 08 - 085 -09 - 09 - 08 - 08 - 08 .09 08 Length maxillary.........--.- - 08 - 08 - 08 - 085 - 08 - 08 . 08 - 08 09 .08 Diameter eye-.-.........-.--- - 045 - 05 . 055 - 055 - 06 - 055 -065|; .06 - 06 - 055 Interorbital width.....-.....-. -09 -09 . 10 - 10 09 .10 LOM | 09) .10 .09 Heizht dorsal seees sees eee 17 +17) .18 -19 -19 -19 -18 -20 19 -19 Heishtanal eee eee ee -14 -14] .14 -15 -15 185 -15 -16 -16 5155) Length pectoral............-.- -17 -17 -175 -19 -19 Sule -18 - 23 19 -20 Length ventral..............- -15 -14} 15 - 155 -17 -155 155 -18 16 18 Length caudal.....-.....-.--- -25 wohl: 624 -25 +25, 26 - 26 28 220) 26 Scales lateral line. .._. 59 57 55 55 53 57 56 55 57 55 Scales above lateral lin 12 13 13 13 14 13 12 13 13 13 Scales below lateral line 8 7 8 7 7 7 7 8 7 7 Scales before dorsal. ..........-. 31 29 31 30 29 32 31 28 28 31 Dorsalirayss me. jose eeacoee en ae 8 9 8 8 8 7 8 8 8 9 Amal irays sss ccke eect sana cece gose vocece nie | 8 8 8 8 8 7 8 8 8 8 | Length ofibodysas-e set see sees mm. .| 95 104 110 101 107 140 110 106 132 120 Mength heades ass eee eee el oeXL - 28 -27 -29 - 28 - 265 -28 -29 29 APH Snout to occiput...-.-...-...-..-- 21 22 22 -21 - 22 -215 21 -22 = 22 21 Snout to dorsal. - 555 . 54 - 555 - 56 - 56_ - 58 - 58 - 57 -57 - 55 Snout to ventral 555 55 54 -55 . 54 . 57 55 - 57 +57 ~ 545 Depthibod yee ees eee eres ae . 25 - 28 -29 - 29 ri ~ 265 - 28 -30 a2 . 26 Depth caudal peduncle. .........- } ell -12 -12 -115 -12 - 125 -12 -12 -125 -12 Dengthisnoutssnc2. oso eee noee - 08 09 - 08 -09 - 08 - 08 -09 - 09 - 08 - 085 Length maxillary..............- 08 -09 - 08 -09 075 - 08 - 08 - 085 - 08 09 Diameterieyes sess seen - 055 - 06 +055 - 055 - 06 - 055 - 055 - 06 055 055 Interorbital width.............- 09 -10 09 -10 - 095 -09 - 095 -10 - 095 - 085 eight dorse] Nees eee sere -18 .19 aaly/ -18 -15 Salve . 165 .19 17 - 165 Heightiamalessenesse eee cce aes Gulls -16 - 135 +15 1385 - 145 -14 15 2135 13 Length pectoral.............--- -18 -20 -18 -18 -16 galy/ anly/ - 195 -19 -17 Length ventralae 2.522022. 2-: -15 -16 -15 -15 +13 -14 -14 -17 “15 Siloo) Teng thicavdal ses ses. eee- -26 -25 -26 -25 - 23 ~24 24 27 ~24 +24 Scales lateral line........-..-- 55 56 55 54 56 55 54 51 54 59 Scales above lateral line... ... 12 13 13 14 11 12 13 12 14 13 Scales below lateral line... .-...- 9 8 7 7 7 7 8 7 7 7 Seales before dorsal..........-.- 30 30 28 30 30 30 29 30 30 29 Dorsalirays. +. sosee Al eae ae 2 8 8 9 8 8 9 8 8 8 8 Anallrays! eet. oicn been Soatee see eerie 8 8 8 8 8 8 7 8 8 8 FISH FAUNA OF LAKES OF SOUTHEASTERN OREGON. MEASUREMENTS OF SPECIMENS OF RUTILUS OREGONENSIS FROM ISOLATED BASINS Lake System—Continued. From Chewaucan River, Paisley. 89 OF THE OREGON = : = — —————— ——a = — Bengehot Dody-—. -..---.eeee--— ane mm.. 76 84 107 101 | 92 84 92 133 111 RSH NG Aden ere cere te eee ne ee . 28 26 -27 27 ~27 20 | 27 - 28 - 255 Snout to occiput pal 195 e215 -21 20 18 21 20 - 20 Snout to dorsal... .57 | 55 595 .58 . 58 . 55 . 555 - 56 55 Snout to ventral “57 | 153 |. BRYA) stil 54 . 555 56 55 Depth of body.......-- BY Asan iene st) py. 228)| 7528 27 -28 - 265 . 255 Depth caudal peduncle. Brl25 ul elo) ) «hk 13 12 212 13 -12 115 Length of snout...-...- 08 075 08 -08; .08 075 - 085 | 09 07 Length maxillary. . 08 -075 08 -08| .08 ALES . 08 08 07 Diameter eye..... - 06 - 055 05 -05 05 055 | - 055 045 05 Interorbital width ohOF 5 2210. .10 .10 | ,-10 - 095 - 09 - 095 . O85 Height dorsal..... NAAN Rect 1H) 7) Hd aes Ma Niece) - 20 198 |e. ee 19 Height anal. .... mt Fh pase aly) -45 155 16 15 | .14 145 Length pectoral. SIDI Low eros, | <8! os 68 Cian 16 | 165 . 165 Length ventral. . ‘17 1453 S17 16] 16 16 15 | 16 15 Length caudal.... alee pen a20) 26 .24 ~26 25 24 24 +24 Scales lateral line. ..... 55 53 54 | 49 52 53 52 | 57 57 Seales above lateral line 12 | 2 12 1 13 12 12 13 12 Seales below lateral line-. 7 7 7 6 7 7 7 7 7 Scales before dorsal-...-- 27 | 28 29} 30 31 29 30 29 31 Dorsal rays......- os 8} 8 8 8 8 8 Sie seeaee cee 8 TRA Oy Coe Se ene a See Baa 7} 7 7 | 8 | 8 8 8 8 8 | Bength of body: -on.0.--9-o-2 =< mm... 78 91 | 94 96 94 108 96 111 Wienpintheddese eases re sat eck 255 27 «27 . 26 26 26" || 275 | -29 Snout to occiput =20 | 21 .21 .195 19 -20 20 | 22 Snout to dorsal... 54 phos 56 . 56 Sis) -57 | - 58 BOT Snout to ventral 55 | -54 | 55 .54 | .54 -05 | -o7 | 56 Depth of body,.......-- 26 728) ol 28 Br ieal| .28 met | 31 -28 Depth caudal peduncle - -12; | FLO 13 12 13 Sib) 185 ally Length snout. .......... . 075 07 .08 07 . 08 .075 075 | 08 Length maxillary. - 075 065 - 08 07 . 075 07 075 | .08 Diameter eye. . . 055 - 055 05 05 05 - 05 055 05 Interorbital wi 09 09 -10 09 09 09 10 095 Height dorsal... -. -21 21 H - 20 -18 -20 | -19 20 19 Height anal..... -16 16 - 165 414 15 14 15 15 Length pectoral. -20 won) | -19 | . 16 .18 18 uly -175 Length ventral. . -16 ytd 16 15 |} 16 15 15 15 Length caudal... 25 - 26 26 «22 24 +23 225 24 Scales lateral line... .- 55 | 52 54 51 | 59 55 51 55 Seales above lateral line- - 12 12 | 12 12 | 12 12 12 | 12 Scales below lateral line. 7 7 6 7 8 7 7 7 Seales before dorsal. .-.-.-.. 30 | 28 | 31 27 | 32 29 29 28 Dorsal rays. 8 | 8 8 8 | 8] 8 8 8 IAD RICRRY Srece meme ce a seee eno ease 7} 7 7 7} 8 | 8 8 7 | } | From Ana River, Summer Lake. | | Length ot body s--:.-.-----issv-22- mm... 128 72} 89 84 84 96 96 80 73 70 ene invned dese ee eee csoe eee eae aree +28 26 -26°| 228 28 «20 28 -28 -26 Snout to occiput. . -23 22 aval oll - 23 22 -21 22 -23 py! Snout to dorsal. . . -58 EAD | ONO - 56 - 58 58 58 - 56 58 54 Snout to ventral... - 56 555 - 56 - 56 58 Sth al foment Was | este - 58 53 Depth body.........--. -28 ST he ke Dae aed 28 - 265 27 ~27 - 26 Depth caudal peduncle. 12 -125 Sib. PAS eae ay ER eb 125 13 aii Length snout........... 095 - 08 - 085 -08 | .095 - 095 085 09 09 - 085 Length maxillary . - 08 - 08 - 08 07 - 08 - 09 -085 |} .08 - 085 - 075 Diameter eye... -- 055 07 | ..055 06 . 06 055 . 055 . 06 . 06 . 055 Interorbital width... -10 .10 - 09 10 - 105 10 .10 .10 -10 .09 Height dorsal...... 17 19 195 20 - 20 20 sir 20 -18 -19 Height anal....-. 15 15 15 15 16 -18 15 -16 +15 13 Length pectoral. Slr} Shey 20 -20 18 18 17 -18 15 16 Length ventral. - .14 15 .16 16 -14 .16 18 14 14 -13 Length caudal. ... 23 Geie || ees! -25 .20 S200 eet nae - 23 24 Scales lateral line..... 53 | 52 57 56 52 53 55 56 57 57 Seales above lateral line 12 12 12 13 12 12 12 12 13 12 Seales below lateral line. - 6 iz 7 7 8 7 i 7 7 6 Scales before dorsal. . 28 | 31 31 32 30 31 29 | 28 28 31 Dorsal rays. 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 9 8 8 PA ANTS seen clea sae rota acasuveesen sage 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 90 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. MpASUREMENTS OF SPECIMENS OF RUTILUS OREGONENSIS FROM ISOLATED Basins OF THE OREGON Lake System—Continued. From Ana River, Summer Lake—Continued. | | | ength of body... 025 3-s..-------~= mm...) 68 76 | 79 | 77 7 75 | 73 72 73 Tene thi Dead seemeseee meee cee secs eee -28 275 | 26 28 27 ote ed 28 285 Snout to occiput. -23 | .22 | QU 222 22 ~215 22 “21 | +23 Snout to dorsal.... -00 | .98 | 56 205 56 - 57 56 OT | 57 Snout to ventral. - 56 | 57 56 - 56 -5> | .56 55 - 57 57 Depth body...-..-- 27) .28 26 +27 228) | =..26 27 - 28 27 Depth caudal pedunc Al Sei oils) 12| .125 -13 -13 12 13 ~ 125 Length snout.........-- a= -09 | «08 095 . 085 -085 | .08 09 | 08 - 085 Length maxillary - -& 08 - 085 | 7 - 08 -08 | .08 085 | - 08 08 Diameter eye......- . 06 - 065 | 06 06 -06 | .06 065 - 06 06 Interorbital width 2 10 -10 | O85 -10 -09 | .10 095 | - 10 - 10 Height dorsal...... c 21 20 | 20 -19 P2Ns Ne 220! || 19 20 -20 Height anal... | 16 4 13 .13 ass -14 | 15 15 14 Length pectoral... | 20 atl 18 17 21 B= oct! 16 7 Length ventral... - 15 13 NET Wis il epIC/ pay oifee oils LE 15 Length caudal... 27 art 23 25 26 25 24 24 26 Scales lateral line. ....-- 52 56 53 55 56 54 52 54 55 Scales above lateral line 12 13 | | 13 14 13 12 dl 12 1 Seales below lateral line - - = 6 7 7 | 8 7 | 7 7 7 6 Scales before dorsal. ....- Bt 31 32 | 30 33 31 | 31 28 30 29 Dorsal rays 8 8 | 8 8 8 8 | 8 8 8 Anal rays 7 7 Zia) 7 7 7 8 7 7 — rt — — — | — — From Bridge Creek, Silver Lake | | eng thior bod yeen s-.se0— 9 mm...) 66 71 70 | 75 80 72 | 93 89 8&3 Men pth heads sees cessor een | 28 29 -28 26) 628) | .27 PNP nee ete 28 Snout to oceipu 26 22 et | 21 +22 =20) | 205 e221) 22 Snout to dorsal... 57 58 55 54 | .55 | .53 54 57 56 Snout to ventral. - 55 57 -05 535 +06 | 253. | 54 53 55 Depth body.......-.---- 27 28 26 QT eeoT res odon 27 -26 27 Depth caudal peduncle. 12 125 12 115 .13 Tb} (fp S12) 12 12 Length snout....-.-...- 0s 085 08 08 - 085 | 08 08 08 08 Length maxillary. 08 O85 08 07 -08 08 07 08 08 Diameter eye.....-- 07 07 065 06 | <065 | 07 055 06 06 Interorbital width. . 09 095 09 09 09 09 10 09 09 Height dorsal..... 21 20 20 20 22 | 20 19 20 19 Height anal..... : 16 14 16 15 ole U7 14 15 14 Length pectoral. EE 18 185 21 17 -20 19 15 V7 16 Length ventral. - Re 16 15 15 15 17 16 14 15 14 Length caudal. .-.. 28 26 25 26 -28 27 | 25 25 25 Seales lateral line. ...-.- =| 49 49 54 55 52 | 55 51 55 52 Seales above lateral line. . el WL ll 12 12 11 | 1 Ml 12 1 Seales below lateral line. - -| 6 6 6 6 6) 6) 7 6 6 Seales before dorsal. . - - al 27 25 28 29 | 26 25 | 25 25 27 Dorsal rays......-- | 8 8 9 8 | 9 | 8 | 9 8 8 Anal rayS. 2. .....----4----- 5 === 2-5-0552 2 7 7 7 7 7 7 8 7 8 | Length. ofibody..2:..--=---=--- =---=-- mim... 76 78 71 69 68 67 70 65 67 WyeFeiN 6 Cs lee ERGs A ae eee -28 C208 27 28 28 28 -27 28 .27 Snout to occiput. . 222 215 21 215 22 22, +22 22 -20 Snout to dorsal. -- -55 56 | 56 54 56 -56 -55 55 54 Snout to ventral. . -56 57 H 54 56 55 -55 -55 “55 .o4 Depth body........-- 28 sel | 26 28 25 26 -26 26. | 26 Depth caudal peduncle. at ate ail) oe 13 125 13 -12 13 18 Length snout...-...--- ae -08 | .08 -08 | 0s 08 08 - 085 09 075 Length maxillary -085 | .08 | 075 08 075 -08 -085 | 08 08 Diameter eye... .- 06) .06 | 06 06 07 -08 07 075 065 Interorbital width. 09 | .09 09 | 09 09 09 09 09 09 Height dorsal... - 22) | 520 Ne noth) 20 21 -23 22 21 23 Height anal... . 16 | .15 | 15 15 17 15 15 17 W7 Length pectoral. . a) Sik AD | 415 19 o1 20 19 22 20 Length ventral. oe 15 4} 15 14 15 18 17 15 7 13 Length caudal. . .. 34 28 | 28 25 26 28 ~28 26 21 29 Scales lateral line.....--- 2 ; 56 53 | 55 51 54 50 55 53 51 Scales above lateral line. te 12 | 11 | 12 | 12 12 ant ant 12 12 Seales below lateral line. . at 7 | 6 7 6 7 6 6 6 6 Scales before dorsal... -- --| 28 | 24 | | 29 25 27 27 27 25 | 25 Dorsal rays.......- = 8 9 9 9 8 8 9 8 8 TRENTON age co ses a ceeesscscssa 2s sSocsnecs | 7 7 } 8 8 7 7 7 7 7 I | N MEASUREMENTS OF SPECIMENS OF RUTILUS OREGONENSIS FROM ISOLATED BASINS FISH FAUNA OF LAKES OF SOUTHEASTERN OREGON. Lake System—Continued. From Spring, Alkali Lake. 91 OF THE OREGON = : 4 : ] | Denethiof body... -s.--2 222 .<---=- -30 | .28 - 26 - 28 27 Scales lateral line................ 53 54 51 54 51 Scales above lateral line 12 12 12 12 11 Scales below lateral line ol 6) 7 7 | 7 6 Scales before dorsal. ...... ae eee ss 28 26 27 29 27 Worsalirayves-) =o. 2 cee se anaes ae 8 | 8 8 8 8 PASTA chy Wan ee teeters eae wie nee ee 7 8 8 8 7 Tength of body......-.-<.-... mm.-| 123} 125 130 129 117 112 92 110 112] 111 114 116 112; 140 Length head..... -28 | .28 | .27 | .275|.29 | .29 29} 285 | .27 1.28) | .28' |) .27 || 29 -28 Snout to oecipu 2050) 20ers. | oe) ie? ar La Vorb. in OR a) Ee 2) ~215 Snout to dorsal DOI Or eae. | posal he 6 300.9} 200: I DOm Si ofa bO. (5G) |) 857 Snout to ventra 56 | .57 | .58 | .585 | .565 |. -975 | .55 | .565 | .57 | .57 | .57 | .57 Dapth body--..-.-...2.... 26: | .285 |) .275 | 26) | .275 | . -255 | .26 | .27 | .28 | .26 | .28 =2i Depth caudal peduncle... . pele we EO Pa a FS en kJ jas I re C Sear baa be ea spa pS es Ves en Ea a} -13 Length snout.............. 2a ho -08 } .08 | .08 | .085 | .085 | .085 | .09 | .08 | .08 | .08 | .08 | .085| .08 Length maxillary . . ae --| -085 | .085 | .08 | .08 | .085 | .085 | .085 | .08 | .08 | .085/ .08 | .08 | .085| .085 Diameter eye... .-. -055 | .06 | .05 | .05 | .055 | .06 | .06 | .05 | .055 | .06 | .06 | .055|].06 | .05 Interorbital width. . --| -095 | .095 | .09 | .09 | .10 | .095 | .095 | .095 | .095 | .095) .09 | .10 |.10 | .09 Height dorsal....... cis -18 o18) 518; | .59 | 219!) 20" | 22) F205) 2195) (2195 1)..23. | 220 195 | .18 Height anal..... ry LL Wiese Fa 3H Pig EAR be Pog Pe Ea Wie | 3 165 | .16 | .165| .195|.16 |.16 | .16 Length pectoral --| -185 | .18 | .17 | .18 18 }.39 | 20 19 17 18 24 Ze dope teal Length ventral........ ==} 15 | DLO) ie toot loo cl zue Meds 18 15 15 19 | .155) .16 | .155 Length caudal. ........ Pe foray ees} 24 | .25 | .25 | -29 | .28 28 265 | . 26 30. | .255|-28 | .26 Scales lateral line........ 53 52 55 55} (55 54 52 53 51 51 51 52 51 51 Scales above lateral line. 12 12 13 13 12} 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 | 12 Scales below lateral line... Tile tO eS) EAL AZO RTT eT Pratt aglG| WEG)! Mbt7e:| a eo7s eer ae iG Scales before dorsal..... 28| 30) 30} 29/ 30) 30] 31) 31} 28) 30] 29) 27] 30] 33 Dorsalirays-........:.- A 9); 9 8 8 9 8 9 8 9 9 9 9 8) 8 VATUT Uf 8 | 8 8 8 8 8 i 8 8 8 8 8 8 | 7 | | B. B. F. 1907—7 92 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. MEASUREMENTS OF SPECIMENS OF RUTILUS OREGONENSIS FROM ISOLATED BASINS OF THE OREGON Lake System—Continued. From Warner Creek, Warner Lake—Continued. | | | | Length of body. 64 91 75 75 87 75 81) 81 89 80 89 92 Length head..... - 380 -27| .29)'.30 | .275 | .28 | .28 | .29 28 285 | .28 29 Snout to occiput. +23 ~21 | .22 |) .235) .21 | .21 | 222 | .22 225 | .226 | .215 22 Snouwt to dorsall’s.---2" 3-2. ----|| 300 55 | .o7 | .57 | -65 |.58 | .60 | .58 59 57 | «57 575 Snout to ventral. | .55 |] .57 |) .56 | .55 | .575 | .575 | .57 | 58 56 | 157 565 Depthibodya-eeecee er onset 27 |) S27) S30 528) |S 2Telmar on oon mean 29 285 | .255 27 Depth caudal peduncle.-........... 13 +13) .13|.13 | .12 | .135 |) .12 | .13 |. 13 12 | .12 13 Meng thisnout seen ses esneesere aoe -085 | .08] .08|.09 | .075|.08 | .08 | .09 |. | .085 | .09 | .08 085 Length maxillary. . -085 | .08} .08| .08 | .075 | .085 | .08 | .09 | .09 08 | .08 08 Diameter eye. -.-.-.-- | =07) 183065) (07, 107 | (0600/5065 | 0607, 06 07 ~+| .06 06 Interorbital width................. -10 -09 | .10) .09 | .085 | .095 | .08 | .095 095 | .095 | .095 095 Height) dorsals seg eo. cee sees eee 22 ~22)| .22') .20) | .19 |: iy Waly! cals) 4) 6 20 | .20 || .19 . 20 Meighan lepers sess -18 SLA) eerie leno ely | roel 4h elem | eel ele -155 | .15 | £15 15 Length) pectoral’: 22222 222222225 2: -21 -21| .20 | .20 | .16 | 17 | .165 | .16 S1SH |) ol Sie eli 175 Wengthyentrals = 22 ---eeeee eee -175 | .18) .17 | .165} .145 | .16 | .145| .14 | 155 | .155 | .15 165 Meng thicaudal= eis sees eee nee -29 | .29) .28/.25 | .25 | .26 | .255 | .25 27. || 28) |te2o) 26 Scales lateral line.............. 2 50} 52 53 56 54 49) 56 55 AGS eero 2 mento) 52 Scales above lateral line 12 12 11 13 13 12 12 13 12 12} 12 13 Scales below lateral line a 6 6 7 8 | 7 7 ul 7 7 Ce ee 7 Scales before dorsal..........- | 27 30 29 30] 27 30 28 27 27 30 29 29 DorsalliTay 82 ee. ceases eee 5 8 8 8 8 | 9 9 9 9 9 | 8 | 8 8 Mpa ITVS case fe eee eee a Ol ele sl Bl Bl) tal s Bh ei) 8 8 | Rutilus columbianus, new species. Closely related to R. oregonensis, R. thalassinus, and R. bicolor, from each of which it differs as follows: From R. oregonensis in having larger scales; from A. thalassinus in its shorter fins, fewer scales in the lateral series, and a larger number between occiput and dorsal fin; from R. bicolor in having a larger Fic. 4.—Rutilus columbianus, new species. Type. head, higher anal, longer caudal, fewer scales in the lateral line, a larger number between occiput and dorsal fin, and in usually having one more ray in the dorsal fin. The tabulation on page 94 will show some of the distinctive characters of these forms in greater detail. Description of type no. 55595, U. 8. National Museum, from Warm Springs, near Harney Lake, Harney County, Oreg.: Total length, 186mm. Head, 3.7 in length to base of caudal; depth, 3.6; depth caudal peduncle, 8.4; depth head at occiput, 4.7; length snout, 3.5 in head; maxillary, 3.5; diameter eye, 5.6; width space between eyes, 3.1; height dorsal, 1.6; anal, 2.1; length pectoral, 1.7; ventral, 1.9; caudal, 1.2; scales, 12-49-7; between occiput and origin of dorsal, 27. Dorsal contour with an abrupt elevation at occiput, which is less prominent in young individuals; mouth very oblique, maxillary extending to a vertical passing midway between nostril and eye; lower FISH FAUNA OF LAKES OF SOUTHEASTERN OREGON. 93 jaw projecting slightly; gillrakers 16, sometimes 14 or 15, very short and pointed; teeth 4-5, rather stout, the posterior one more slender than others; grinding surface well developed; tips of teeth, especially the middle ones, slightly hooked; peritoneum dusky; intestinal canal short, about 1} times total length of fish; lateral line complete, decurved just behind head; origin of dorsal immediately above that of ventral, free edge of fin behind third ray slightly concave; free edge of anal straight; pectorals and ventrals short and rounded, the latter not reaching anal opening, in some examples extending to base of anal fin; lobes of caudal rather acutely pointed. Color in alcohol silvery, very dark on upper parts. In life, specimens taken at Warm Springs were of a remarkably beautiful deep-green color on the dorsal parts, the sides being tinged with brassy. The cheeks and opercles were steel blue, growing brassy toward the ventral parts. The pectorals, ventrals, and anal were tinged with red. Examples from Silvies River were not so highly colored. The fins of males are sometimes slightly longer than those of females. The appended table will show some individual variations. Specimens were taken in the Malheur basin from Silvies River near Burns, and from Warm Springs. The presence of this species in the Columbia River was discovered by Dr. C. H. Gilbert, who found specimens in the Portland market, and also collected them in the Weiser River at Weiser, Idaho, and in the Payette River at Payette, Idaho. Its relation to the form found in the Bonneville basin is not known. MEASUREMENTS OF SPECIMENS Or RUTILUS COLUMBIANUS. From Warm Springs, Harney County, Oreg. | | Length of body =e coeaces mm.. 126 | 144 119 | 112 109 109 107 105 | 103 101 Length head a) E29. -28 -28 -28 -20 "529 -29 sa0) |) pee 30 Snout to oeciput- Seton) 22 215 | -22 o2e: || 22 225 22 -22 -22 Snout to dorsal. ..............- -| - 585 | 58 -56 | .56 - 60 -58 59 -58 56 57 Snout to ventral. .............- 5 sat |). 687. -55 | .56 58 57 58 -575 56 55 Meni NOGV ane dswscces = «nae EP 27a 1228 -29 -29 -28 «2 30 .30 -28 -29 Depth caudal pedunele. ....--- : BIS ah) 3. oS 13 .12 -125 13 13 13 Rengthianonb.. 0. 25 2..22.--2- -| 09 -09 -08° | .08 . 09 -08 | .09 -085 | .09 . 085 Length maxillary......-.....--- aie) 08. 09 075 075 -09 | =. 08 -09 - 085 - 085 - 085 Diameter eye...-....--...-.--- e -055 | .05 055 - 06 -055 | .06 05 - 055 06 06 Interorbital width...........- -10 10 - 085 08 09 09 10 abl -09 10 aighy.dorsalcs3) 2). 2 S2sc-o0= di -18 -19 ook -20 | .20 -20 -19 -19 -18 -23 Height-analois ie. -:. 2-2. 2222-5. < Si sty -18 -17 -15 -16 15 -15 15 -18 Length pectoral............----- A Se -20 -20 ile s)he cits} 17 -18 16 32Y Reneth ventralis 2252 tht _ -16 . 155 19 -19 -16 -16 -16 -16 -14 -20 Lengeth:caudal .-.5.22-2..255. 4 «28 . 265 «29 -28 -26 27 +28 - 25 +25 30 Scales lateral line.....-........ 49 45 45 46 | 45 | 46 47 45 45 43 Scales above lateral line... -. a 12 | ll 11 ll 12 ll ll 12 11 11 Scales below lateral line........- 6) 6) 6 5 6 5 6 5] 6 6 Scales before dorsal.......-.-. 27 28 | 29 26 26 | 27 27 28 | 25 27 Donsalithvssc on 3. see eae 2 8 | 9 9 9 9) 8 9 9 9 9 PATIGUITAW SS toca see eae Se toroe ce baste 8 8 8 | 9 8 | 8 8 8 8 8 \ | | Bengthiotbodyeaces-----22.5.-8.+ 0: mm..!| 98 90) ett! a Sail) wuss Vaan Rs SS eae Be eee = ae ie eae -29 -29 -28 -29 31 BMOUELOOCCIDNtereec ats ete sees eee vce le - 22 -23 22 Bes) AL PE Bnoubite dorsal ses ss22o.- ce ee ek. ase -58 59 57 00h.) | meLbS ROOM GUO WEN Url sic cpeee ees eee eae 57 57 . 575 - 59 57 | WMapnhibad yi cee. 2a cbs cee ek ace ect -27 27 -29 «29 80 Depth caudal peduncle. -.....-......-..--. 12 213 12 212 et2 Denpiianoutiae owenc re: --2-— ---2-- --4:--5- mm.-! 124 121 119 117 | 114 105 | 107 -103 101 105 Length head... - - 265 - 26 225) Sota) eet pee NW 52s} - 265 -27 27 Snout to occiput - - 20 -20 - 20 - 205 21 =21 { _.20 - 20 21 -20 Snout to dorsal... - 555 -52 | .52 .55 - 57 -56 | .555 - 555 - 56 - 50 Snout to ventral. . 53 754 |) 252 - 54 - 55 -55 - 555 ~ 535 . 5d - 56 Depth body ss. -2---—- = - 28 229 - 28 27 -28 ee 574)) - 28 +27 -28 Depth caudal peduncle 125 ~125)| 2125 ay «12 -12 - 125 -12 12 - 125 Length snout.........- 075 08) ||) e075} 085 .085 085 | .08 | .08 - 08 - 08 Length maxillary - 08 - 08 - 075 -075 | =. 087 -075 -08 | .075 -075 . 08 Diameter eye... --- - 055 -055| .05 - 055 - 055 - 055 - 055 - 06 055 - 06 Interorbital width. - 095 - O85 - 09 - 09 -10 - 09 -09 | .09 - 09 - 09 Height dorsal...... -175 St th oil .18 -20 egiht) i SSS Wy aaledss - 20 +20 Height anal... .14 -14 -13 .14 15 -14 -15 -13 14 -15 Length pectoral - - sity) aa) tly -15 195 -18 -17 aly .16 - 20 Length ventral. -14 .14 ~15 - 155 .14 -16 -15 15 -15 -18 Length caudal. - +25 24 23 ~22 -27 24 -25 - 22 24 720) Seales lateral line. ......- 44 49 48 46 45 47 48 48 45 46 Scales above lateral line- i an 10 10 10 11 i 10 anf 1 Seales below lateral line... 6 7 6 6 7 6 7 6 5 7 ‘ Seales before dorsal... -- 22 27 25 25 25 25 25 25 24 24 Dorsal rays. .--.- 8 9} 9 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 A alir ay Sees eee = 8 8 7 8 7 8 8 8 8 To enpthiofibodyseee-- ne aee 105) 89 97 90 90 | 76 | 78 90 85 81 Length head.... ~25 -275 nod 20 BAG vil Setl -28 -27 - 26 - 285 Snout to occiput - -20 -205| .205 crt 20) |) 20 -21 oat ar Al -21 Snout to dorsal... -545; «50 -55 - 55 . 56 - 56 . 57 - 56 55 - 57 Snout to ventral. ~ 545 -55 | .55 - 54 -56 | .56 . 56 - 56 - 54 50 Depth body. 225... --- 29 31 - 30 = 29 30 | .25 - 28 - 30 . 26 -28 Depth caudal peduncle e124 12 -12 - 125 iL 2 | ares -13 -12 -12 -13 Length snout...-...-.- - 075 - 085 - 08 - 08 - 08 - 08 - 085 - 08 - 08 - 085 Length maxillary .075 - 08 - 075 -08 1075} .075 . 08 - 08 .075 - 075 Diameter eye. -.--- -055 | .06 - 06 - 06 -06 | .06 | .065 - 06 - 06 - 065 Interorbital width. BOS ie 10 - 09 - 09 HOO! 31) e109) -10 095 - 085 - 095 Height dorsal.....- .18 -20 - 19 -19 - 20 -19 -20 -20 - 185 - 20 Height anal... -13 -15 -15 ~15 -16 .14 -15 15 - 135 15 Length pectoral. - -16 ag -16 ~ 20 -18 -16 Siti - 165 -16 .16 Length ventral... -14 -16 15 Bily/ 16) |) aio, -15 -15 -14 -15 Length caudal. -- +24 255 25 7 - 28 B25 ie | Ssaeeone 24 a25) . 26 Scales lateral line. .....-- 51 46 46 45 45 47 44 49 46 46 Scales above lateral line- ll 11 11 10 10 11 12 10 10 10 Scales below lateral line- 6 6 6 6 7 7 6 5 6 7 Scales before dorsal. .---- 26 25 21 23 25 25 25 23 26 25 Dorsal rays..--..---- 9 8 8 9 8 8 9 8 8 9 ATS) ay, Seen see eee ee eee eee 8 7 8 8 iu 8 8 8 8 8 COMPARISON OF CERTAIN R. cOLUMBIANUS, AND R. BICOLOR. DisTINCTIVE CHARACTERS OF RutTILUS THALASSINUS, R. OREGONENSIS, Length head. Species. 0.23. | 0.25. | 0.26. | 0.27. | 0.28. | 0.29. | 0.30. | 0:31. Re thalassinus: 3-2 ses-t eet eae Sean ee ee AN | ae 2 10 15 18 10 3 R. oregonensis. . 1 13 36 66 57 16 5 REXCOlUmMDPIBMUS Se Ee ee tape alee eae eee ee ee | rere | eee eee aes 3 il 22 6 2 RU DICOLO Ns eee Sa ee a eee eee pace | seers 2 2 12 3 UM peHessaslodesenc FISH FAUNA OF LAKES OF SOUTHEASTERN OREGON. 95 ComMPARISON OF CERTAIN DiIsTINCTIVE CHARACTERS OF RuTILUS THALASSINUS, R. OREGONENSIS, R. cOLUMBIANUS, AND R. BicoLor—Continued. Snout to occiput. _ Species. 0.18. | 0.19. 0.20. | 0. 21. | 0. 22. | 0. 23. | 0. 24. | 0. 25. | 0. 27. | 0.29. | | E S Ue EWES Res See noe: SO eSmonte “65 ae e a Ss DeeeEeey Bee Sac | sees | 1 R. oregonensis- - tac R. columbianus. TRY ah (Pe) Gye ee Re SR ee erioes Gonener| peeeree — — - oe Species. 0. 52. | 0. 53. | 0. 54 D 55.) 0. 56. | 0. 57. 0, 58. | 0. 59. | 0. 60. | = LA DEG re, leecaetne Be 82 28 Ie a ee Peer ha hae | eae! (een 11 15 18 11 | 1 R. oregonensis. - - 55 47 42 fi 1 R. columbianus...........- : 8 9 15 6 5 RUA DICOLOU Nase eee ee ee j 9 Bill se Sect dd eee Be | Height dorsal. 1 1 | 7 Saat ta Species. | 0.15. | 0.17. | 0.18. | 0.19. | 0. 20. | 0. 21. | 0. 22. | 0. 23. | 0. 24. | 0. 25. | 0. 26. LeeRMURGS UN Orta cece ee een ae en aoa mises fae ae eine oe 2 1 5 | R. oregonensis. . . 1 Il} 31] 55] 64 Taye) UTENCt EG STE Lae Re = SESS Se eG oe OE ee eee) bee ce el eee 3 6 15 R. bicolor | 5 6 9 Species. 0.13. 0.14. 0. 15. 0. 16. 0.17. 0.18. 0.19. 0. 20. at 1 33 72 1 12 7 9 Species. 0.13. 0. 14. 0. 15. 0. 16. 0.17. 0.18. 0.19. 0. 20. | IS ARTUR Sed bea Beaton oc aia noc se eoSa tose io® Sen] SES SEScees peeeaas ane 3 13 8 21 10 4 R. oregonensis.. 15 53 67 | 31 16 Ly Baa . R. columbianus- 2 3 7 9 6 6 1 POMOC Gy ea leeSe Rane SRS Fs Re Ee eee) Oe noe 5 9 4 1 De he eaecen aa -eee te Length caudal. < Species. 0. 21. | 0. 22. | 0. 23. 0 24. | 0. 25. | 0. 26. be 27. | 0. 28. | 0:29. 0.30. | 0.31. | 0.32. | 0.33. lo. 34. PS ss Se eal a aes 1 a 25 47 40) 21 Leen Lise bea ae Bemee a (ee 3) 12 6 2 z 96 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. COMPARISON OF CERTAIN DISTINCTIVE CHARACTERS OF RuTILUS THALASSINUS, R. OREGONENSIS, R. coLuMBIANUS, AND R. BicoLor—Continued. Scales lateral line. Species. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. i} R. thalassinus: | PitdRiver. i225 fe-- 225 jones Shh oe Se Soe ences sent Ute oe eos ee | aerate ete eters | einer eer! | 6 8 5 6 7 2) 1 1 1 2 5 4 5 9 7 9 7 6 12 18 13 17 19 R. oregonensis: ChewalcantRiverss-cs cme: aoc eae eee eee eee |ocese 1 1 1 1 EXOT O DTN Pers sees eee 1 3 2 Ana River... i 3 Silver Lake. 2 4 8 8 Alkali Spring. 6 il di 12 Warner Lake 5 4 10 10 Totals. -.-goe ncn es at Seeeas nee see se eee Smee |aeeenleecsee|eeeceulencene 2 Bl) 14) e213 36 R. columbianus: | Warm Spring 7 9 7 19 11 5 4 1 1 Silvies River. ......-..-- 1 2 3 3 4 5 5 4 3 HUONG ob ae cao cooddesqcesseddecencasesroosesoceso58 | 80) ey et OF) | 22 soe) 9 5 4 R. bicolor: | Klamath take ert secs em ccsssce eee eer ae ere Bese Baeaae peeree Sossec 3 1 2 2 3 2 Shials ta URiiver see see ee eee ee eee eee eee | eee rine ceeeee 1 6 8| 10 8/ |) 2B 6 Total. o2ovec songs Pease base ea ae eee se eee | ees Petia eer 1 | aero | TL | LO} 8 eG 8 | Species 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. T. thalassinus: TEMP IRN Gee se eaen comocisbetconsconsaseerosncessstoege Goose Lake.. ee Muddy Creek BROY HEN | ee ngecoone Sdes sn sodbossesceenassccsestoas 16 9 4 Pe rend pS Ea Mascon same eossod) | isentc R. oregonensis: Chewaucan River 2 4 2 5 5 2 Ail eseieel ees 1 XL Spring. ---- 5 4 7 1 14 6 5 1 Dees Ana River. 2 6 8 8 9 9 8 4 pH BS See Silver Lake-- 8 7 7 8 9 2 2 3 PI iesans Alkali Spring 18 14 10 11 6 3 PI Bes sec bh eaescs Wnirisr Manes © il 21 10 8 14 4 2 1 ees paces Oba eee ae es ne aaa ae 46 56 44 51 57 26 21 9 6 1 R. columbianus: Warm Spring. ..----2-- =. << - 22205 25 n2 oo en nnn fm enn a fm mane ml mre SilviessRivelsers seeoeee eens esses ee eee WS soe eee eee ee eee eee eee Eee leeeeee Motale ee sree sete an eek eres aes ee eer 5 eee Seereeed aeeiar Ramee meres beens Reeeta sae. joneere R. bicolor: Klamath Lake. ...-..--- RAMAN Sena One Hod Sin DSS ASS TO Bseeeces basseeo bbasas jecouee| Saeco secsoc|ooscor|eseasdicssoo- ShastavRiveticsesssesn ssee secs sees eae ee 6 2 1 Ul peer Soeene|EReoaeloseoltsocc cc [oseee Motal sec sese sacs oe ee ee ea ee eee nee ee 7 2 1 1 eee Beers Sree sesnmr| acc raccnc Scales before dorsal Species. 21 22 | 23 24 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. R. thalassinus....--..- 10 16 13 9 Peete sal lemnons ol Bee sea potisae| =<0= R. oregonensis- - 3 18 9 23 34 36 20 10 4 R. columbianus - 3 8 9 TRADI CO) O Nee see eiaet eee ee eae 2 ll 2) FISH FAUNA OF LAKES OF SOUTHEASTERN OREGON. 97 CoMPARISON OF CERTAIN DIsTINCTIVE CHARACTERS OF RUTILUS THALASSINUS, R. OREGONENSIS, R. coLUMBIANUS, AND R. Brcoror—Continued. Scales above lateral line. — > = — = — Species. | 10. | lL. 12. 13. 14. | Species. 10. 11. 12° | 13. 14. | = = ee R. thalassinus-.... 5 47 6 US eee | R. columbianus...-|--..--.- 17 21 1 eee R. oregonensis. ....|.....-.. 24 109 54 | 6:}| Robicolor== 2222-2 9 10 Uo eee tes] Bexanece Dorsal rays. paid; “ake i - | eae. 5-1 OMe Species. 7. 8. 9. Species. 7. 8. 9. eee — = | a 2 = Us HAIRSSINUSS — cco. ces cess eee | ees eee CON lek Columbians. oe. eee eee eee | en ce | 9 35 Rooregonensiss .- == 2 soc. ene ceeeecs: | uy) 130 (iV | TP o} (clo) (2) pe Fes Ee ee de eh ee 14 6 Anal rays. Species. 7 8. 9 10. i. Species. Te 8. 9. 10. hk R. thalassinus..... 1 46 IDA nee is Soe R. columbianus.. - | saeceoce 43 Ul bevaems oll caos R. oregonensis. -..- | 54 135 3 1 | 1 || R. bicolor......... | 5 Tih Seer Wei (be es ae Rutilus symmetricus (Baird & Girard). Drew Creek, Muddy Creek, and Cottonwood Creek, in Lake County, Oreg. This species is to be distinguished from R. thalassinus by its shorter head, more slender body, and more nearly horizontal lower jaw. The dorsal fin is inserted posterior to the ventral, while in R. thalassinus it is almost immediately above it. Individuals of the species are not known to grow so large as those of R. thalassinus, and while specimens of the two species may occasionally be taken together, the latter generally prefers deeper and more quiet water. An examination of specimens from Drew Creek along with others from Putah Creek, in a distant part of the Sacramento Basin, shows that the former usually have fewer dorsal and anal rays and shorter fins. The peculiar character of the Drew Creek examples is further maintained by a comparison with individuals from Napa River and from the streams tributary to San Francisco Bay. Careful measurements4 of many specimens from the latter basin demonstrate that the fins of the males are generally much longer than those of the females, the difference being especially pronounced in the pectorals. The same sexual difference is also to be found in representatives from Drew Creek and other streams. TABLE SHOWING COMPARATIVE LENGTH OF FINS AND NUMBER OF DorRSAL AND ANAL RAYS IN SPECIMENS OF RUTILUS SYMMETRICUS FROM DIFFERENT LOCALITIES. Drew Putah | Napa Drew | Putah Napa Creek. Creek. River. Creek. | Creek. River. Seen eee ace eee 2 10 oe Be asco ee eenoere acces |-ocasacnae 1 5 Length ventral: CS Oe age ean opted AE e ae i Dorsal rays: 8 a Snyder, J. O., Report Bureau of Fisheries 1904, p. 332. b The 0.20-0.21 line divides females and males. 98 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. MEASUREMENTS OF SPECIMENS OF RUTILUS SYMMETRICUS FROM DREW CREEK, LAKE County, OrEG. 2 a “ oi g od engthvotibody.--.--.----\4---==-~)- mm. . 72 44 | 61 | 65 62 64 62 58 Tene thea dees nee enemy ee ones +255 | 27 | 26 | 245 255 - 26 26 26 Depth caudal pedunele. - 10 -1l 11 i 11 - 105 aikl 12 Length caudal peduncle - z 23 -22 225 24 23 -23 +22 23 Gength snout. s----- === “ 08 -03 6 085 07 085 - 085 - 085 09 Interorbital width... . -| 085 -10| .095 -085 | . 085 - 09 -085 | .09 O85 Snout to dorsal... .-- e 56. | 57 56 56 | 53 . 57 55 . 58 575 Snout to ventral. “| - 525 54 | 535 52 515 .54 525 625 53 Height dorsal... . S| eae lle 18 18 175 | 195 -175 175 | 17 18 Height anal-..-. -14 15 15 14 16 .14 15 14 155 Length pectoral oile/ 18 16 17 185 - 165 16 155 17 Length ventral. -13 12 125 125 15 - 125 13 125 13 Length caudal. . +25 27 265 255 +25 -25 26 24 26 Dorsal rays... 8 | 8 | 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 Anal ray 7 | 7 | 7 7 7 7 7 | 7 7 Scales lat 57 56 57 55 61 57 58 | 54 56 Seales abov 13 13 | 12 14 12 13 13 13 12 Scales*before dorsalis eee seems 38 38 38 34 34 37 34 38 37 Ts | ] go | ) 2 Spee Me Genpthy of bod yj see secs saee= =o eee mm... 61 59 | 55 60 | 55 54 | 52 52 | 52 Menge thihes dirs cee at eee nee eee eee 265 265 3265.) .27 265 - 265 . 26 265 26 Depth caudal peduncle. . | ll il 1 105 ll - 105 -12 11 105 Length caudal peduncle - th 6783 24 225 24 -25 24 24 | 23 24 Length snout........-. 2 -09 | 085 08 095 08 S085) 075 08 0°5 Interorbital width. vl -09 | 09 10 085 | 085} .09 09 | 095 095 Snout to dorsal..-. 58 55 575 575 57 57 55 56 565 Snout to ventral- - 525 52 53 53 54 - 525 525 54 525 Height dorsal. - .19 185 18 | UE) ee4a) .18 20 19 185 Height anal... . 16 145 | 15 16 | 17 - 145 | 165 16 155 Length pectoral - - 18 175 16 16 17 os | HO | 20 165 Length ventral. - . 15 13 13} 125 | 135 135 | 15 | 145 | 135 Length caudal 275 27 27 | .26 265 25 265 | 27. 27 Dorsal rays... A 8 8 8 | 8 ul 8 8 | 8 8 Anal rays. ...- | 7 a 7 | 7 7 ul 7 7 7 Scales lateral line. -...... 59 59 55 | 60 56 | 60 61) 57 58 Seales above lateral line. 2 13 14 13 | 13 14 | 13 | 14, 13 14 Scales before dorsal... =... 22. -.22...--.- 4 35 33 35 | 33 34 33 32 35 31 Agosia nubila carringtoni (Cope). The examples of Agosia taken in the Malheur, Oregon Lake, and Upper Sacramento basins are all provisionally included under the above name. In the recognition of this form, and also of A. klama- thensis, the size of the scales seems to be the only distinctive character that has been observed. The specimens from the Malheur basin have 60 to 79 scales in the lateral line, thus agreeing with examples of A. nubila carringtoni from the upper Snake River. Those from the Oregon Lake system have 66 to 81 scales, resembling the Klamath form, A. klamathensis, and differing from a recently described Lahontan species which has 56 to 77 scales.b> Examples from Goose Lake and its tributaries have 61 to 74 scales in the lateral series and are apparently indistinguishable from those of the upper Snake River and Malheur basins; but the matter is not simplified when specimens from other parts of the Sacramento basin are found to have as few as 50 scales, thus resembling A. nubila nubila of the Colum- bia River. The Agosia from the Klamath basin is said to have the barbel constantly present. In specimens from the Oregon Lake basin it is usually present, although it may be absent in many cases. It will be noted in the following table that specimens from Silver Creek (Malheur basin) have barbels, while those from Warm Springs have none. Specimens were taken in the following localities: Cottonwood Creek, Drew Creek, Muddy Creek, and Goose Lake, Oregon; Joseph Creek, Burney Creek, and Rush Creek, California; Warner Creek, Honey Creek, Chewaucan River near Paisley and at mouth, Silver Creek, in Lake County, Bridge Creek, Buck Creek, Silver Creek, in Harney County, and Warm Springs. aGilbert, C. H., & Evermann, B. W , Bulletin U. 8. Fish Commission, vol. xiv, 1894, p. 191-193. Evermann, B. W., & Meek, S. E., ibid., vol. xvu, 1897, p. 74. Gilbert, C: H., ibid., vol. xv, 1897, p. 9. > Rutter, Cloudsley, Bulletin U. 8. Fish Commission, vol. xx, 1902, p. 148, Agosia robusta. FISH FAUNA OF LAKES OF SOUTHEASTERN OREGON. TABLE SHOWING PRESENCE OF BARBEL IN AGOSIA NUBILA CARRINGTONI. 99 Malheur basin: Silver Creek, Warm Springs Oregon Lake system: oney Creek Warner Creek. . Barbel |p cant! Barbel present |F eel present oe Locality. * on | og ae | Absent. || Locality. Cal |e Bi Absent. both | Bidewal | both aide sides od] sides. g || Oregon Lake system—Continued. Harney County ..-. 50 2] 1 |} Bridge Creekas somereas cases oes 12 5 7 Gale aeitis ocaeee ata | iva eaeca}e ste ees | 21 Silver Creek, (Silver Lake)... .. 22 6 39 Goose Lake basin: < nboneoocencet toe 25 2 4 Cottonwood Creek. ........-.--. 2 1 12 ET Eee eee | 4 Burney Creeks inf ase ase cee see 7 5 40 Chewaucan River. ..........---- 39 4) 5 | Scates In LATERAL LINE or AGOSIA NUBILA CARRINGTONI AS SHOWN BY 417 SPECIMENS. Scales. Silver Creek. Warm lWarner Honey SEnues: Creek. Che- wauean| @iver River. > Cotton- Bridge | ~. Creek. Creek. | ood Creek. Drew | Creek. Creek. Muddy Joseph Creek. mens. = Speci- | Speci- | Speci- MENS. | Speci- mens. mens. RRR moe oe wr Ome Cor tot toh Speci- mens. MEASUREMENTS OF SPECIMENS OF AGOSIA NUBILA CARRINGTONI FROM VARIOUS LOCALITIES. Silver Creek, Harney County, Oreg. Length of body Length head. Depth caudal Length ecauda’ peduncle Length snout Diameter eye Snout to dorsal... Snout to ventral Height dorsal... Height anal Length pectoral. Length ventral Length caudal... Dorsal rays...... Anal Papen ote ry ea ses | 66 62 59 59 60 24 +24 24 .25 25 - 115 sui! 115 ll -12 24 225 265 -24 265 085 -09 -08 - 085 -09 055 05 055 05 05 -58 56 56 -58 56 53 51 | .495 51 -50 185 17 19 -175 185 - 185 2 Ye -18 175 19 20 18 -18 175 «20 16 -14 15 15 16 +23 77 eae -22 -23 8 | 8 8 8 8 Z| 7 if) 7 7 100 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. MEASUREMENTS OF SPECIMENS OF AGOSIA NUBILA CARRINGTONI FROM VARIOUS LOcALITIES—Con. From Chewaucan River, Lake County, Oreg. | | | Rene thiol bod yje eee eee eae Be 74 64 60 59 | 57 53 54 | 55 | 51 | 46 Length head... -25 +200 | 324 -26 26 25 25 -27 rae | -26 IDSA [OWN yam = sn ngacascncsscadsese S210) seb) eo? 24 25 19 LOL || coal £995 1!) ane 20) Depth caudal peduncle. -...-.-.-..-- Laas | ieeen os 115 -125 -12 +12 -12 -12 SIVA .12 Length caudal peduncle. ........-.-- -245 | .25 24 -24 24 -26 26 -24 ~25 27 ene thisn outeeeeeee enorme nace LOM eee 09) 08 -09 09 08 -08 09 10 09 Diameterieye js. 2 526 eee see ees nce -045) .05 | 05 05 05 055 05 | - 055 . 06 06 Snoutitoidorsal Soe e= = ress. soe -57 | .555 55 -57 -58 -56 57 58 56 Di, Snout to ventral. .---..-..-.-.-...- 52 -495.) .53 | .52 02 i ees O. -50 51 -02 51 Height dorsal shee nae a seeees oe ee 17 | .175 17 -17 Sree een) 19 19 18 19 Heightiana)l eae eseee sass rae ne hfe 160, L605) Sererhe) Si) ees oilr/ 18 18 175 Mengthipectorals sass ss seeee nae -18 SHE I ok -17 ea) |) geal 22 20 -19 19 ene thay entrails eee = eee eee 13 13 alPay || als} aL Si | ees 56} 14 14 13 Menge thy caudal’ tenes. esse eee O20 eee, eral 220 200" rz) 24 | 25 e225 24 Dorsal rays. - heii ceesee ee 8 | 8 8 | 8 | 8 8 8 8 | 8 8 Anal rayssnc. te sose see cece eee ee 8 7 7 7 7 7 7 Tat 7 | 7 From Honey Creek, Warner Lake, Oreg. eng thot bod yess eee eee ese eee mm.. 58 55 54 | 54 51 50 | 50 47 | 45 | 43 Wength head): #. 054s. sse~nss sceeeee ete +25 - 255 26 | «26 | +25 -26 -26 -26 | -28 Py Wepth bodys men cces eee eee eee 220) |) 24 24 -22 | -25 -23 .22 24 -24 | .22 Depth caudal peduncle. .---...-.-...-.-.- -125 | .135 -13 -13 -14 -14 -13 -14 -13 | -14 Length caudal peduncle.........-...-..-- -26 | 25 24 | 25 26 -24 | 26 ~25 -25 25 Length snout.... -085 | .09 -09 | -09 | -08 -09 | 085 -09 -09 09 Diameter eye. . 05 05 -06) .05 | 05 045 06 - 055 - 06 06 Snout to dorsal. - = -58 -59 58 | 57 | +57 Bey s | 55 -55 -58 56 NnouLtoyventralee seams eee eee -52 54 54 | -53 | -51 oak | SBR -53 54 52 Height 'dorsallsae-a ascent se see ae elLiZiay | rer, -16 | -18 | -17 cy ails -18 18 19 Heigh tlanalepieen) ee eee ee mene ms 16 15 161 ae) | memes Gi emer ant (ee -16 17 18 beng thpectorallls 222 Sacne sae ee see - 165 - 165 -16 | -18 | -20 17 -17 21 -19 22 eng thi ventral S222: oaeeece so eee mee eee -12 -12 -13 | -13 -13 13) 312 -13 13 15 Weng thi caudal Sere. see eeeseeeeeeee eee -25 -23 -24 +24 | -25 -25 | .25 +25 24 -26 D orsaliraysuentecccus ceases teen eecnneen 8 8 8 8 | 8 8 8 8 8 8 Amiel Taye: 22 setet Macs epee eee ats Uf 7 7 | 7 7 7 7 7 7 i — ! ———— | From Burney Creek, Shasta County, Cal. Guengthionibodyaee seen meee ene mm. .| 63 62 59 58 62 53 51 58 59 55 Meng thvhes d= tae ce ees see ee az: +25 -25 +25 -25 -25 +25 -24 24 25 Depthibody Writing in this connection Mr. B. A. Bean says: ‘‘I have examined the type of Potamocottus bendirei and find that the ventral of the right side has1,3+. The + is represented by a rudimentary ray showing through the skin, especially at the base. The left ventral has 1,3. I find no trace of a rudimentary ray.” 102 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. MEASUREMENTS OF SPECIMENS OF COTTUS PUNCTULATUS FROM SILVER CREEK, Harney County, OrEG. Teng thyb od yaeeeesae= ses eetaa se mm.. 84 73 67 65 57 57 57 56 53 50 (meng thihes dss ae esses eeest ascent 35 34 33 35 34 36 3855 335 35 345 Mepthvhodiyaeees sae sees eet ot ; - 255 - 235 = 23 +23 -25 . 245 -25 .24 . 24 24 Snout bo dorsal eee s eae eee -| .38 38 38 «885 -38 - 885 39 36 AYE . 40 Snomtihorane lessees eee eaas : 575 60 61 -59 59 59 61 -58 . 62 .6L Depth caudal peduncle .-.-...-.--- 085 09 09 - 085 095 09 085 - 09 - 09 - 10 Length caudal peduncle........---- =-| Ld - 165 -15 - 185 15 -16 -14 -14 -15 - 145 Dene TOY SHOU ieee nes ete eis tl + -12 - 095 - 105 ll alli - 105 aalil -12 a ilil Auli! Length maxillary. d 175 17 165 - 165 15 - 145 -15 -15 15 15 Diameter eye... ..- ae - 06 075 - 075 -075 - 08 - 085 - 085 - 08 -10 -08 Interorbital width ay 06 07 05 - 06 06 05 05 - 055 - 05 -05 Depthihead Shee see arene nes 215 215 21 21 22 225 21 ~22 - 215 PAL Height spinous dorsal......------- 08 085 il -09 09 10 10 - 095 paul -10 Height soft dorsal........--. Kobe see eel) nik 15 15 -15 14 -14 -15 15 14 - 155 Help ht) amelie oem: eter ctee eto oe 115 14 13 15 14 - 135 +13 -13 -11 14 Length pectoral..........-...-..--- ae 26 23 = 29 21 28 ~27 «26 - 285 - 26 -28 Length ventral A 16 17 14 -20 19 21 15 17 16 +20 Length caudal -23 -25 245 ~25 ~24 255 225 23 23 - 26 Number dorsal spines --..--.--- 8 8 8 iti 8 7 7 8 8 tf Number dorsal rays. : 16 16 16 | 16 16 17 15 15 15 15 Number.anal rays. .-..-.---------= : 12 12 13 1L 12 12 12 12 12 ll Number pectoral rays.....--.----------- 15 14 15 15 15 15 16 15 15 16 | 10 aw eae ¥o 50 i Siar. Mies THE NORRIS PETERS CO, WASHINGTON, BD. c Durns- ay uw Burrard Gale, vane ‘, Z vy a o — b ra i) 2 x 3 STAT Mies MAP OF THE LAKE REGION OF SOUTHEASTERN OREGON THE NORRIS PETERS CO., WASHINGTON, D.C THE FISHES OF THE SACRAMENTO-SAN JOAQUIN BASIN, WITH A STUDY OF THEIR DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION By CLOUDSLEY RUTTER BUREAU OF FISHERIES DOCUMENT NO. 637 108 THE FISHES OF THE SACRAMENTO-SAN JOAQUIN BASIN, WITH A STUDY OF THEIR DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. By CLOUDSLEY RUTTER.@ The following report embodies the results of studies conducted incidentally to an investigation of the natural history of the young salmon. The primary object was to determine the distribution of the various species of fishes found in the Sacramento- San Joaquin basin, but the identification of the species necessitated a study of their variations, which has proved of equal interest. The determinations are based on large collections made in 1898 and 1899 by the author with Mr. Fred M. Chamber- lain, of the Bureau of Fisheries, Mr. N. B. Scofield, ichthyologist of the California Fish Commission, and Mr. W. S. Atkinson, a student at Stanford University, as associates. The report includes notes on the geography of the basin, with a synopsis of the streams in which collections were made; a review of the various papers in which other collections from this region have been recorded; a key to the species known to inhabit the basin; detailed discussion of the variations and the local distribution of the native species; a list of the anadromous species; and a list of the species that have been introduced. GEOGRAPHY OF THE BASIN. The great central basin of California, drained by the Sacramento and San Joaquin rivers, has for its eastern rim the Sierra Nevada and for its western the coast ranges. Spurs from these two ranges form the southern boundary of the basin, and the ranges themselves meet at the north, culminating in Mount Shasta, and form the northern boundary. The outlet of the basin is through a notch in the middle of the western rim, occupied by San Pablo and San Francisco bays. The shape of the basin is that of a long ellipse, with its major axis curved concentric with the coast line. Its length is about 450 miles and its width about 125 miles. Altogether the Sacramento-San Joaquin basin, including Pitt River drainage but excluding Goose Lake and San Pablo and San Francisco bays and their immediate drainage, has an area of 58,250 square miles, which is greater by 1,600 square miles than the state of Illinois. Its northern aThe manuscript for this report, submitted by Mr. Rutter at the completion of the studies upon which it is based, had not, at the time of his death, in 1903, been arranged in final form for printing. The information it contains, how- ever, is considered of interest and value, and the puper is accordingly presented with such revision as is possible under the circumstances, the modifications that have been made relating chiefly to the form and order in which the material is presented. 105 106 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. extremity lies in nearly the same latitude as Chicago and its southern in about that of Memphis, Tenn. The distance from either of the extreme river sources to the Golden Gate is nearly as great as that from Chicago to Cairo, Ill. The general direc- tion of the San Joaquin, or southern portion of the basin, is southeast to northwest, that of the Sacramento portion nearly north to south. Part of the table-land of northeastern California is drained by Pitt River, which cuts through the Sierra Nevada near the northern end of the range and joins the Sacramento in the foothills at the northern end of the valley. This adds a consider- able area to the central drainage system. The tributaries draining the west side of the basin are small, and are dry in their lower courses for most of the year. The eastern tributaries are numerous and several of them are of considerable size. The larger tributaries of the Sacramento, named in the order of their size, are: (1) Pitt River, (2) Feather River, (3) McCloud River, and (4) Fall River (the latter two being tributaries of Pitt River), (5) Upper Sacramento (above mouth of Pitt River), (6) Battle Creek, and (7) American River. Those of the San Joaquin are (1) Kings, (2) Upper San Joaquin, (3) Merced, (4) Mokelumne, (5) Kern, (6) Tuolumne, and (7) Stanislaus rivers. SYNOPSIS OF STREAMS. Following is alist of the principal streams of the basin, italics indicating those in which collections have not been made. Smaller streams are mentioned if fishes have been reported from them. The tributaries are named in order, beginning with the lowest of the right bank drainage and going upstream and around the basin, coming down on the left bank. Secondary tributaries are named in the same order. The indentions indicate the relation of the various streams. When the particular point from which fishes have been reported is known, it is given after the name of the stream. If fishes have been reported from more than one point, the different stations are listed in order, beginning with the lower. Suisun Bay (Benicia, Martinez, Dutton). Sacramento River (Collinsville, Rio Vista, Ryde, Walnut Grove, mouth of American River, mouth of Feather River, Knights, 20 miles below Grimes, Wilson Farm, 4 miles above Grimes, Colusa, 5 miles below Princeton, Butte City, Jacinto, Chico, mouth of Deer Creek, mouth of Thomas Creek, Tehama, 6 miles below Red Bluff, Red Bluff, mouth of Battle Creek, near Fort Reading, mouth of Clear Creek, Redding). / Fresh-water lagoons (locality not stated). Putah Creek. Aitna Springs. Cache Creek. Clear Lake, Allen Springs. Stoney Creek. Thomas Creek (at mouth). Elder Creek. Red Bank Creek. Cottonwood Creek (Cottonwood). Clear Creek (at mouth). Upper Sacramento River (Sims, Dunsmuir, Sisson, at source). Lake (near source of river). Cliff Lake. FISHES OF SACRAMENTO-SAN JOAQUIN BASIN. 107 Sacramento R.ver, etc.—Continued. Cedar Lake. Gumboot Lake (the source of Sacramento River). North Fork Sacramento River. Sullaway Creek (Sissons). Hazel Creek (near mouth). Pitt River, lower. McCloud River (Baird, lower falls, Big Bend, Bartlets). Squaw Creek. Fall River (Fall River Mills, Dana, Bear Creek, on road from Bartlets to Dana). Pitt River, upper (Pittville, Bieber, Canby). North Fork Pitt River (near Alturus, at mouth of Joseph Creek). Goose Lake (several places: Davis Creek, Davis Creek P. O.). Joseph Creek (at mouth). Packer Creek. South Fork Pitt River (South Fork P. O., Jesse Valley). Ash Creek (Aden). Rush Creek (on road from Aden to Canby). Beaver Creek. Hat Creek (Cassel). Burney Creek (Burneyville). Cow Creek (Fort Reading). Battle Creek (United States hatchery). North Fork. South Fork (Longs, Battle Creek Meadows). Antelope Creek. Mill Creek (Morgan Springs). Deer Creek (at mouth). Chico Creek. Feather River (Marysville, Oroville). North Fork (Big Meadows, near source). Warner Creek (Johnsons). Duck Lake (near Big Meadows). Indian Creek (Crescent Mills, Genesee Valley). Wolf Creek (Greenville). Squaw Queen Creek (at mouth). Clover Creek (Clover Creek Canyon, lower edge of Clover Valley, upper edge of Clover Valley). Spanish Creek (Quincy). Gausner Creek (Quincy). Middle Fork (Nelson Point, Beckwith). Sierra Valley Marshes. Hamlin Creek. Cole or Buflin Creek (near source). Gold Lake. South Fork. Yuba River. North Fork (Bullards Bar). Lower Salmon Lake. Middle Salmon Lake. Upper Salmon Lake. Bassett Creek (Bassett Hotel). Middle Fork. South Fork. B. B. F. 1907—8 108 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. Sacramento River, ete.—Continued. Feather River (Marysville, Oroville)—Continued. Bear River. Wolf Creek (near Grass Valley). Rattlesnake Creek (near Grass Valley). Coon Creek. South Fork of Dry Creek (near Auburn). Dry Creek. Antelope Creek (near Auburn). Secret Ravine (Rocklin). American River (Folsom). Arcade Creek (Arcade). North Fork. Middle Fork. Rubicon River (Gerlé, Rubicon Springs). Miller Creek (Miller Pass). South Fork (Placerville). Silver Creek (near Orelli). South Fork Silver Creek (Jones). San Joaquin River (lower) (Black Diamond, Marsh Landing, Jersey Landing). Mokelumne River. Consumne River. North Fork (Pleasant Valley). South Fork. North Fork Mokelumne River. Middle Fork Mokelumne River (West Point). South Fork Mokelumne River (Railroad Flat). Licking Creek (near mouth?). Stockton Sloughs (locality not given). Calaveras River. San Antonio Creek (near Calaveras Grove). French Camp Creek. Stanislaus River (Parrot Ferry). Tuolumne River (Modesto, Baker Word). North Fork. Middle Fork. Upper Tuolumne River. South Fork (near mouth). Merced River (Livingston, Benton Mill). North Fork (Bower Cave). South Fork. Bear Creek. Mariposa River. Mariposa Creek (Mariposa). Chouchilla River (near Raymond). Fresno River (near Raymond). Upper San Joaquin River (Pollasky, Fort Miller). South Fork San Joaquin River. Kings River. North Channel (near Centerville). China Slough. Middle Channel (near Centerville). South Channel (near Centerville). Middle Fork Kings River. South Fork Kings River. FISHES OF SACRAMENTO-SAN JOAQUIN BASIN. 109 San Joaquin River, etc.—Continued. Kaweah River (Four Creeks). St. Johns Channel (Lemon Coye). Tule River (Porterville). Poso Creek (near foothills). Kern Lake (of Tulare Valley). Kern River (near Bakersfield). Whitney Creek = Volcano Creek. Kern Lake. South Fork Kern River. Caliente Creek. Posa Chino Creek. Los Gatos Creek. Big Panoche Creek. Los Banos Creek. Orestimber Creek. Martinez Creek (hills back of Martinez). DESCRIPTIVE NOTES. The Sacramento River takes its rise in a group of small lakes in an elevated basin about 20 miles west of Sissons, Siskiyou County. The lakes are from 100 to 300 yards across and are separated by spurs of the mountains. On account of the heavy growth of timber and underbrush they are almost inaccessible. One, Cliff Lake, is deep; the others are quite shallow and evidently formed by glacial moraines. The shores of all are thickly strewn with fallen trees. The one known as Gumboot Lake lies farther to the westward and is the true source of the Sacramento River. The river makes a rapid descent from the lakes to Box Canyon near Sissons, but there are no falls over 6 feet high. At the head of Box Canyon it receives Sullaway Creek, which is almost as large as the river itself at that pomt. It is in Sullaway Creek that the fry salmon from Sisson hatchery are planted. The river continues in a narrow canyon almost to Redding, and is a typical mountain stream, a succession of rapids and pools. At Redding it leaves the moun- tains and passes through the foothills, becoming broader with fewer rapids. The last rapid of any moment is a few miles above Red Bluff, where the river cuts through a range of hills by what is known as Iron Canyon. Below Iron Canyon the river becomes broader, though short rapids or riffles occur during the low water of summer. The current is swift throughout its length. Boats ascend as far as Red Bluff. The lower portion flows through a broad valley, and the floods from the winter rains have to be held in by levees. It is affected by the tides nearly 100 miles from its mouth, though the water is entirely fresh, as is also that of the upper portions of Suisun Bay into which the river empties. The San Joaquin has much the same character as the Sacramento. The two rivers enter Suisun Bay side by side. Pitt River is the largest tributary of the Sacramento, being much larger than the upper Sacramento. It is formed by the junction of the North and South Forks at Alturus, Modoc County. North Fork of Pitt River rises immediately south of Goose Lake, and there is no doubt that in recent years it has drained the lake. The only barrier to the lake’s drainage now is a gravel bank less than 8 feet high. This has evidently been formed 110 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. by ice bringing débris to the lower end of the lake, which it does even now, the lake, which is quite shallow, being less than 16 feet deep anywhere within 15 miles of the southern end.* On account of the evident recent connection between Goose Lake and Pitt River, as well as the identity of their faunas, the fishes of the lake are listed with those of the Sacramento—San Joaquin Basin. North Fork of Pitt River, when seen in September, 1898, was a small stream, almost dry. There were a few pools where fishes lived, where even trout were found, but it was a very insignificant stream. A sawmill near its source fills the water with sawdust and doubtless does much damage to the fishes, though it is doubtful whether there are ever many valuable fishes in the stream. South Fork of Pitt River is a larger stream, with pure water, but it is almost drained by irrigation ditches. The upper Pitt River, above the mouth of Fall River, was nearly dry in August, 1898. What water it contained was of a slightly milky color. The rocks on the bottom were covered with a spongy slime. Such fishes as trout or salmon would not live in it at that time of year. This portion of the river traverses a high barren table-land. On the south are hills covered with sagebrush and scattered junipers; on the north are the lava beds known as the Devil’s Garden. = = = = ‘a — = a Loe SGC te (OU Se Se ee ee aa eae ee ee Se | Salmo irideus. 106 | Oncorhynchus quinnat -.. Oneorhynchus tschawytscha. 107 Salvelinus bairdii -- Salvelinus malma. Core, Epwarp D. 1883. On the fishes of the Recent and Pliocene lakes of the western part of the Great Basin and of the Idaho Pliocene lake. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 1883, p. 134-165. In addition to the list of species are given notes on the geography and geology of the region, with a map. Collee- tions by himself. Page. Species as reported. Present identification. SAGA ORVACL BUNUN DATO VAMMBS ios 2S Woe Sh otet oon. too oon anor etn tenes caeewe Jee Rutilus bicolor. 144 | Myloleucus thalassinus . . .| Rutilus bicolor. 150\} Catostomus labiatus..-. 2.2 ..-.....--.----..-- ---| Catostomus occidentalis. EIGENMANN, C. H., and E1GENMANN, R. S. 1889a. Fishes of tna Springs, Napa County, Cal. West American Naturalist, 1889, p. 149. Describes from this region (p. 149) Phoxinus clevelandi, later identified as Leuciscus egregius. Collected by D. Cleveland. 1889b. Fishes of Allen Springs, Lake County, California. West American Naturalist, 1889, p. 149. Collector, D. Cleveland. Page. Species as reported. ; Present identification. & ~ 140) PGR EOD OUUA I OYEPONEUBIG Sass cco Sta ene nc vee db at sc cmlc teem mawlesenel Ptychocheilus grandis. 1) CSUR G1) ae Ree ae ee | Salmo irideus. 149 Uranidea semiscaber centropleura Cottus gulosus, EIGENMANN, C. H., and Utrey, Avserr B. 1892. A review of the Embiotocidee. Bulletin U. S. Fish Commission, vol. xm, 1892, p. 382-400. Gives a complete synonymy for each species of the family. Records (p. 399) Hysterocarpus traskii from this region. Grssons, W. P. 1854a. Descriptions of new species of viviparous fishes from Sacramento River and the Bay of San Francisco. Daily Placer Times and Transcript, May 18, 1854. Among the descriptions here given is the first description of new species based on specimens from Sacramento basin. Only one species, Hystrocarpus traskii, came within our notiee. Collected by a Mr. Morris, and forwarded by Dr. J. B. Trask. Locality not given. 1854b. Description of new species of viviparous fishes from Sacramento River and the Bay of San Francisco. Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 1854, p. 105-106. One fresh-water species described (p. 105), with a form called ‘‘var. B.”’ This is Hystrocarpus traskii, which had been previously described in the Daily Placer Times and Transcript May 18, 1854. 1854c. Description of new species of viviparous marine and fresh-water fishes from the Bay of San Francisco, and from the river and lagoons of the Sacramento. Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 1854, p. 122-126. Describes several new genera and species, among which is the genus Hysterocarpus (p. 124). Hystcrocarpus traskii is redescribed, the variation called ‘‘var. A’’ instead of ‘‘var. B,’’ as on page 105. 114 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. GILL, THEODORE. 1862. Note on some genera of fishes of western North America. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 1862, p. 329-332. A list of names without localities. The only point in which this paper touches the present report is in furnishing (p. 331) an additional synonym for one of the lampreys. This is a name merely, without description or locality— Entosphenus epihexodon, now FEntosphenus tridentatus, GIRARD, CHARLES. 1854. Description of new fishes collected by Dr. A. L. Heermann, naturalist attached to the survey of the Pacific Railroad route, under Lieut. R. 8. Williamson, U.S. A. Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 1854, p. 129-140. Page. Species as reported. | Present identification. 129") (Centrarchus:iniermiptws: cre =o as ees oa te ee ee ee eee eee ee | Archoplites interruptus. 129 | Cottopsis gulosus..........-- .| Cottus gulosus. 133 | Gasterosteus microcephalus . 135 | Gila conocephala..........--- 136 | Pogonichthys inzquilobus - - - 136 | Pogonichthys symmetricus.- . 137 | Lavinia erilicauda......... 137 | Lavinia crassicauda Leuciscus crassicauda. 137 | Lavinia conformis..-.. -.-| Leueiscus conformis. 137) | SeucoSOMUSOCCHUENIGITS Ss. at Noes re eee eee eee eae Ptychocheilus grandis. 1857. In Pacific Railway Survey Reports, vol. x, Zoological report no. 4, 1857. Under Lieut. E. G. Beckwith’s report of the survey of the 38th and 39th parallel, on the fishes collected, are listed (p. 23) Lavinia exilicauda and Pogonichthys inequilobus (now P. macrolepidotus) from the Sacramento River. Collected by Dr, A. L. Heermann. 1857. In Pacific Railway Survey Reports, vol. vi, 1857, pt. iv, Zoological report no. 1. Under Lieut. Henry L. Abbot’s report of explorations for a railway from the Sacramento Valley to the Columbia River, among the fishes recorded are the following from the Sacramento basin. Collected by Dr. J. S. Newberry, with assistance of Dr. J. F. Hammond. Page. Species as reported. Present identification. 9)\|:Ammbloplitesiintexruptus22= a-ce<- 46 - = sec. -eeee oe ee eee een ee ees Archoplites interruptus. 10 | Cottopsis gulosus-----..- .| Cottus gulosus. 26 | Hysterocarpus traskii - . Hysterocarpus traskii. 27 | Mylopharodon robustus- .| Mylopharodon conocephalus. 28 | Catostomus occidentalis. -- .| Catostomus occidentalis. 28 | Orthodon microlepidotus. - Orthodon microlepidotus. 29 | Lavinia exilicauda.......-- .| Lavinia exilicauda. 30 | Tigoma crassa......- Leuciscus crassicauda. 31 | Ptychocheilus grandis - .| Ptychocheilus grandis. 33} Salaxidridea ses ee ee Be ee UES BS ea ae Bowen ie gee oe Salmo irideus. FISHES OF SACRAMENTO-SAN JOAQUIN BASIN. 15s Girarp, CHARLES—Continued. 1858. Pacific Railway Survey Reports, vol. x, pt. iv, Fishes, 1858. Most of the new species had been previously described in various papers. ‘Twenty-one nominal species are recorded from the Sacrament@-San Joaquin basin. The collections were made by Dr. Heermann, Dr. Newberry, Dr. Kennerly, and Dr. Hammond, as indicated specifically in subsequent pages of this paper. Page. Species as reported. Present identification. 10 | PINULODULASOLALEMP GUS secon cee ces ono. ase caus cesesematndcccosceasisecs Archoplites interruptus. 53 | Cottopsis gulosus. ..--- ...| Cottus gulosus. 54 | Cottopsis parvus............ 91 | Gasterosteus microcephalus- 190 | Hysterocarpus traskil....._- 216 | Mylopharodon conocephalus 216 | Mylopharodon robustus. 224 | Catostomus occidentalis. Orthodon microlepidotus Algansea formosa. ...... Lavinia exilicauda......... Pogonichthys inequilobus. - Pogonichthys macrolepidotus. Pogonichthys symmetricus. . ..-| Rutilus symmetricus. Luxilus occidentalis... ...... ...| Lavinia exilicauda. Tigoma conformis Leuciseus conformis. Tigoma crassa... - Leuciscus crassicauda. Siboma crassicauda Leuciscus crassicauda. Ptychocheilus grandis Ptychocheilus grandis. Salar iridea ............. Salmo irideus. Petromyzon tridentatus. ...| Entosphenus tridentatus. PetrOm YON CLAUS See te one ents pee ee tia yn eer erat ence ences aes sKe Entosphenus tridentatus. Cottus asper. Gasterosteus cataphractus. Iysterocarpus traskii. Mylopharodon conocephalus. .| Mylopharodon conocephalus. Catostomus occidentalis. Orthodon microlepidotus. Rutilus symmetricus. Lavinia exilicauda. 1859a. In Pacific Railway Survey Reports, vol. x, pt. vi, Zoological report no. 5, 1859. In Lieutenant Whipple's report of the survey of the 35th parallel is recorded (p. 47) the occurrence of Ambloplites interruptus, now Archoplites interruptus. Collector Dr. C. B. Kennerly. 1859b. In Pacific Railway Survey Reports, vol. x, Zoological report no. 4. In the report of the survey near the 32d parallel the following species are recorded from the Sacramento-San Joaquin basin. Collector Dr. A. L. Heermann. Page. Species as reported. Present identification. San ESA DIO DUAR in tern ID UUs sae = jas Jee ocisoeaeees et ocne ath sceacvpecssscscsss sae Arehoplites interruptus. 84 Cottopsis gulosus......... .| Cottus gulosus. 85 | Gasterosteus microcephalu Gasterosteus cataphractus. 88 Mylopharodon robustus..... .| Mylopharodon conocephalus. 88 Mylopharodon conocephalus Mylopharodon conocephalus. 88 | Algansea formosa..-....... Rutilus symmetricus. 89 | Lavinia exilicauda....-.... Lavinia exilicauda. 89 Pogonichthys inwequilobus. - : Pogonichthys macrolepidotus. 89 | Pogonichthys symmetricus. .| Rutilus symmetricus, 89 | Luxilus occidentalis. ........ .| Lavinia exilicauda. 90 | Tigoma conformis. - - 90 | Tigoma crassa... .-. 90 | Siboma crassicauda--.......-....-..--- Leuciscus conformis. Leuciscus crassicauda. Leuciscus crassicauda. Jorpan, Davrp Starr. 1878. A synopsis of the family Catostomidee. Bulletin 12, U. S. National Museum, 1878, p. 97-237. A comprehensive review, with localities, synonymy, bibliography, and index. Describes a nominal species from this basin, Catostomus areopus (p. 173), and reports Catostomus occidentalis (p. 172). C. areopus is now identified with C. occidentalis. 1892. A description of the golden trout of Kern River, California. Proceedings of the U. 8. National Museum, 1892, p. 481. Reports, on page 481, Salmo mykiss aqua-bonita, now called Salmo irideus aqua-bonita, collected in Whitney Creek by ‘‘Mr. Harvey, of Lone Pine, Cal.” 5 116 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. JorDAN, Davin STarr—Continued. 1894. Descriptions of new varieties of trout. Thirteenth Biennial Report of the California Fish Commission 1894, p. 142-143, with plates of each species described. Collections by C. H. Gilbert, 1893, and by Livingston Stone at various times. Page. | Name as reported. Present identification. 1429 Salm onrideus stoned = areca acc nese iene eee eee nie etcetera niet ete Salmo irideus. 142 | Salmo gairdneri shasta. - Salmo irideus. Tash Salm ole sindmert Gi DEnsi oe ae mete ante cra rates merle rental ieee tte lle te tase eet Salmo irideus. 1896. Notes on fishes little known or new to science. Proceedings of the California Academy of Science, 1896, p. 201-244. Describes Cottus shasta Jordan & Starks, which is now identified as Cottus gulosus. Collected by E. C. Starks in McCloud River, 1894. Jorpan, D. S8., and GizBert, C. H. 1881. Notes on the fishes of the Pacific coast of the United States. Proceedings of the U. S. National Museum, 1881, p. 29-70. Collector, Livingston Stone. Page. Species as reported. | Present identification. 38'\|' Salmovitideusi.3.22 2 sede acc c ses ewes cea sees ane weiew oe Seen soe eee eee Salmo irideus. 38 | Salmo gairdneri.......- .| Salmo gairdneri. 39 | Oncorhynchus chouicha. . Oncorhynchus tschawytscha. 39 | Oncorhynchus gorbuscha. Oncorhynchus gorbuscha. 51 | Hysterocarpus traski...-...-- . Hysterocarpus traskii-. 69) || Gasterosteus;microcephalus. oo en ot ens ee ae wee ene -| Gasterosteus cataphractus. 1881. Description of a new species of Ptychocheilus (Ptychocheilus harfordi) from Sacramento River. Proceedings of the U. 8S. National Museum, 1881, p. 72-73. Describes on page 72 Ptychocheilus harfordi, now identified as P. grandis. 1894. List of the fishes inhabiting Clear Lake, California. Bulletin U. 8. Fish Commission, vol. xiv, 1894, p. 139-140. Collections by the authors. Page. | Species as reported. Present identification. | 139!) sEntosphenusitridentas..-esesee oes =e eee eee ne eeeeee er ree eeEeeeeee Entosphenus tridentatus. 139 | Catostomus occidentalis. - | Catostomus oceidentalis. 139 | Lavinia exilicauda...-....-. Lavinia exilicauda. 139 | Orthodon microlepidotus | Orthodon microlepidotus. 139 | Leuciseus crassicauda...... .-| Leuciscus crassicauda. Ptychocheilus grandis. Ptychocheilus grandis. Pogonichthys macrolepidotus. 139 | Ptychocheilus oregonensis 139 | Ptychocheilus harfordi--.. .._- 139 | Pogonichthys macrolepidctus 139 | Salmo mykiss irideus..-...... Salmo irideus. 140 | Gasterosteus microcephalus. - .-| Gasterosteus cataphractus. 140 | Archoplites interruptus. ..-.. .-. Archoplites interruptus. 140 | Cottus gulosus........ .-| Cottus gulosus. Hysterocarpus traskii-. 140 | Hysterocarpus trask Cyprinus carpio. 140 | Cyprinus carpio. ---- 140 | Ameiurus nebulosus. Ameiurus nebulosus. 140 | Ameiurus catus........ .-, Ameiurus catus. 140: |; Micropterus'dolomiew s/o .2 2s ees eae ahaa ee cone eae oeenecteeteciacinemee Micropterus dolomieu. FISHES OF SACRAMENTO-SAN JOAQUIN BASIN. Ne; JorpaNn, D. S., and Hensnaw, H. W. 1878. Annual Report U. 8. Geological Survey, 1878, app. NN, p. 187-205, Wheeler Survey, Zoology, Report of the fishes collected. H. W. Henshaw, collector. = = ————— —_ =! Page. | Species as reported. | Present identification. IRSA ROAUORLOMIUS ATGODUN wee eee ares rote aa Cantos eectnoasaclstasls sence oe Catostomus occidentalis. 193 | Leucos formosus.....-...... 194 | Salmo irideus..........-.... 196 | Salmo tsuppitech............ 197 | Salmo henshawi...-..-.-.-.. 198 | Salmo pleuriticus........... 199 | Ambloplites interruptus... . 199 | Uranidea gulosa | Rutilus symmetricus. Salmo irideus. Salmo irideus. Salmo irideus. Salmo irideus. Arechoplites interruptus. Cottus gulosus. Jorpan, D. S., and Jouy, Prerre L. 1881. Check list of duplicate fishes from the Pacific coast of North America, distributed by the Smithsonian Institution in behalf of the United States National Museum. Proceedings of the U.S. National Museum, 1881, p. 1-18. Page. | Species as reported. Present identification. 1 Eolas eae! MIGKOCE DUAL men Re otw ip Owe cat en c. wone Panett alae Seles Gasterosteus cataphractus. DHROGOULODRISIPUIORUS- wa sonore oan pon ean Sa cae ac saeco nome peso csece sacs Cottus gulosus. Dy RO OULODSIM AS POU see wer nner amber Soc hor en en Cth ao oe eon tan Sul. Cottus asper. TO} ERY SLELOCARDUS TAS Kls-o--—2 aos cesta: Sep osaes a cececk oches Soececene ceca sene Hysterocarpus traskii. 12 pe ANCGURUD CUS coe ates ee 8 a ea een semen mene e clea poatop es interruptus. EAI Glin Oia GUS ee tea en ees Sere > gan Ce RAE eae ene meee ecu acen atl Salmo irideus. Pas OncorbiyrichusKisuechlennccnesene- sc sannc aan enns otasetenostns reece tees Oncorhynchus kisutch. Pan ROncormymchs) CHOMCRH me san crs oe oe oe oe cea nice ns sack amaes Saeck.c Oncorhynchus tschawytscha. 15 | Orthodon microlepidotus 15 | Squalius gibbosus....-.. 15 | Ptychocheilus oregonensis. . .| Orthodon microlepidotus. Leuciscus crassicauda. Ptychocheilus grandis. ROME ERCOOGHEU ISI NARTORGs cet eorie Seeen aetne reac a nasa neu eine Ss oekak seco Ptychocheilus grandis. 16 GAL ee Nee Simdperolenldouisteeseasessene eae eeneecen et meee anseee Loaeeenped PoRonienete macrolepidotus. UG Met vionpbarcdon CONOCEpRAING =e) cece sen eee etme en seen nate rsceeramecscces Mylopharodon conocephalus. TACOS FODNUS OCCIO BEC rere ieee te eee eee ete onli = Sn slclatn oes eiere a aed as Catostomus occidentalis. Ugp|) ANE EI GAOL Aa Soon oo ha B ee ec adc eee Sone Ebner ORC Sap eR SoS e Ene oad Ameiurus catus. Lockineton, W. N. 1878-9. Report upon the food fishes of San Francisco. Report of the California Fish Commission, 1878-9, p. 17-58. Lists the food fishes observed by the author in the San Francisco markets, excepting the salmon, giving notes and descriptions. At the close of the report is a table giving the relative abundance of the various fishes during each of the 12 months ending September 30, 1879. The following are listed from the Sacramento-San Joaquin basin. Page. Species as reported. | Present identification. Ale PAYCHOPUGGS TI bEXDUp bUS semen ee soe oe aicta'spiacccaals = wa's ceo tecacces eannciaceceen Archoplites interruptus. DO) Gila g@randigns) 1 2.- | oon, | Ptychocheilus grandis. 50 | Pogonichthys inzequilobus. Pogonichthys macrolepidotus. 50 | Orthodon microlepidotus... Orthodon microlepidotus. 50 | Siboma crassicauda....... Leuciscus crassicauda. _50 | Lavinia exilicauda.....-.. Lavinia exilicauda. 50 | Catostomus occidentalis. . Catostomus occidentalis. 118 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. KEY TO THE FISHES OF THE SACRAMENTO BASIN. A. Body eel-shaped, no lower jaw. Lampreys. B. Supra-oral lamina with 3 teeth, the middle one large. Size large. Anadromous lamprey. ENTOSPHENUS TRIDENTATUS BB. Supra-oral lamina with a tooth at each end, none or a very small one in middle. Size small. Spqolol el chiaho) Ren area aca ARe nos ous snob aba cesoco Sade asosageets sacease LAMPETRA CIBARIA AA. Body not eel-shaped; lower jaw present. C. Skin smooth or covered with prickles. D. Dorsal and pectoral fins each with a strong spine. Catfishes............-....-.-/ \MEIURUS Cada tim trum caitie tows sr OUT Cl Cae een AMEIURUS NEBULOSUS EE. Caudal fin forked or deeply emarginate.................-...--.--...-AMEIURUS CATUS DD. Pectoral fin without spines, Fi. Ventral raysit4: 2c.n222 cf eek 2 Selo eae ees oe ee Oar ae oe eee Corrus Ge Ska) emtireliyy tas erate Sea cee ayer tte ee arrte eane te ee ele erer e Corrus ASPER GG. Skin smooth except for a patch of prickles behind pectorals......-. Corrus GULOSUS GGG. Skin entirely smooth. H. Eye large, .3 of head HH. Eye smaller, less than .3 of head Pum. Ventral ray siiees 255. ee base ete eee ee ere ee eee ee CC. Sides crossed by a few vertical bony plates...........-...-.--- GASTEROSTEUS CATAPHRACTUS CCC. Body scaly. I, No teeth in mouth. J. Lips very large and covered with coarse papillee. Suckers. K. Edges of jaws with hard cartilaginous sheaths; a notch at corner of mouth between upper and lower lips. ........--..-.-.---- PANTOSTEUS LAHONTAN Ke Mouthvandalipsmot asia DOvere ees eee eee tae eee CarostoMUS L. Fontanelle almost obliterated in specimens 6 inches long CATOSTOMUS MICROPS LL. Fontanelle large. M. Dorsal with 10 or 11 rays; scales small, 80 to 95 in lateral line CaTOSTOMUS TAHOENSIS MM. Dorsal with 12 to 14 rays, scales larger, 60 to 80 in lateral line CATOSTOMUS OCCIDENTALIS JJ. Lips not large nor papillose. N. Anal fin short (in species here considered), with fewer than 15 rays. Minnows. O. Dorsal with a serrated spine.-...-.....------------- CYPRINUS CARPIO OO. Dorsal without spine. Native minnows. P. Scales very fine, over 100 in lateral line. ORTHODON MICROLEPIDOTUS PP. Fewer than 100 scales in lateral line. Q. Upper lip with a frenum........- MyYLOPHARODON CONOCEPHALUS QQ. Upper lip without frenum. R. Mouth large, maxillary extending to below eye; large pike- like sfishessssces- ceo saetoeaaeeee eee PrycCHOCHEILUS GRANDIS RR. Mouth small, body more or less compressed. S. Pharyngeal teeth in two rows......--.-.----.-.--- Leuciscus T. Tail very deep. U. Anal with 8 or 9 rays, tail much compressed LEUCISCUS CRASSICAUDA UU. Anal with 10 or 11 rays, tail not so much compressed LEUCISCUS CONFORMIS FISHES OF SACRAMENTO-SAN JOAQUIN BASIN. 119 TT. Tail more slender, sides with a red stripe. Size about 4 Inches yess 55 osee esate Sora se LEUCISCUS EGREGIUS SS. Pharyngeal teeth in one row. V. Body much compressed, anal rays 11 or 12 ° LAVINIA EXILICAUDA VV. Body but little compressed. Anal rays about 8. W. Pharyngeal teeth 5-5 or 4-5............... Rutitus X. Body more compressed, tail heavier, its depth about .12 of body length... - RvutiLus BICOLOR XX. Body more nearly round; tail more slender, about .09 of body..-.-- RutiLus SYMMETRICUS WW. Pharyngeal teeth 44. Small fishes, less than 4 miele Whole Seok ae eo as AGOSIA ROBUSTA NN. Anal fin with about 20 rays. Shad...............ALOSA SAPIDISSIMA II. Jaws with teeth. a. Adipose fin present, fins without spines. b. Seales small, over a hundred in lateral line. Salmons and trouts. Gama rinlcninuw Une ALON fray ese fae sine ce since =o oo see oe ONCORHYNCHUS d. Scales very fine, over 200 cross series above lateral line ONCORHYNCHUS GORBUSQHA dd. Scales larger, 138 to 155 cross series, pyloric cceca about 150. e. Anal 13 or 14, black spots obsolete, branchiostegals 13 or 14 ONCORHYNCHUS KETA ee. Anal 16, back and upper fins with smaller black spots, branchiostegals 15 to 19 CORHYNCHUS TSCHAWYTSCHA ddd. Scales large, 125 to 135 cross series, pyloric cceca 50 to 80 ONCORHYNCHUS KISUTCH cc. Anal fin with 9 to 12 rays. iiemocaleselilotouliip een +- ioe. ass soe ac cs) oe SALMO IRIDEUS Vpsupcalessaboutea 0s soe see tices tee desh ease SALVELINUS MALMA bb. Scales large, about 70 in lateral line................ OSMERUS THALEICHTHYS aa. No adipose fin; dorsal and anal with spines. g. Scales cycloid; viviparous ..............- HystTEROCARPUS TRASKII gg. Scales ctenoid; oviparous. h. Side of body without longitudinal stripes ARCHOPLITES INTERRUPTUS hh. Side of body with longitudinal stripes... .... Roccus LINEATUS NATIVE FRESH-WATER SPECIES. 1. Entosphenus tridentatus (Gairdner). Lamprey. Petromyzon tridentatus Gairdner, in Richardson, Fauna Boreali-Americana, p. 293, 1836, Falls of the Willamette. Petromyzon ciliatus Ayres, Proc. Cal. Ac. Sci., 1885, p. 44, San Francisco. Entosphenus ciliatus Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, p. 331, San Francisco. Entosphenus epihexodon Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, p. 331, Fort Reading. Lampetra, sp. incert., Jordan & Henshaw, Wheeler Survey, Report U.S. Geological Survey, 1878, p. 187, Goose Lake. Entosphenus tridentatus, Jordan & Evermann, Fishes of North and Middle America, Bulletin 47, U.S. Nat. Mus., p. 13,1896. This is an anadromous species that has become landlocked in Goose Lake and Clear Lake. A specimen 7 inches long from Goose Lake has the fringe of the buccal disk a little heavier than a speci- men of the same length from Pacific Grove; otherwise the two can not be distinguished. Jordan & Henshaw’s larval Lampetra from Goose Lake was doubtless this species. The adults can be distinguished from Lampetra cibaria by the presence of a tooth in the middle of the supra-oral lamina in addition to one at each end. 120 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. Locan DistripuTion. Locality. Stream or lake. Collector. Name as reported. | Authority. eso ees recs Ayres..................| Petromyzon ciliatus.........| Ayres, 1854-1857. San Francisco Bay.|----- fa oS eno sneeenses ast done apaeeee ee eee Girard, 1858. Sullaway Creek....- Rutter & Chamberlain -| Entosphenus tridentatus. - .. Ghoccsinniee jHenshaw...--..---.-- .---| Lampetra sp... ----)--.-__-. Jorden & Henshaw. _ “>> ~>"7>")\ Rutter & Chamberlain .| Entosphenus tridentatus - - - - 3 South Fork post- | South Fork Pitt |..... (Opes oeeresoesesran-||scn a9 dO esos -5ce see ee ee office. River. Fort Redding....... Cow Creek Petromyzon tridentatus. --.- Girard, 1858. Lace doseees -| Entosphenus epihexodon ...-.) Gill. Clear Lake -| Entosphenus tridentatus..... Jordan & Gilbert, 1894. Parrot Ferry....-.-- Stanislaus..........] Rutter & Atkinson.....|..... (0 Wee eore case tuaos sees 2. Lampetra cibaria (Girard). Western Brook Lamprey. Petromyzon plumbeus Ayres, Proc. Cal. Ac. Nat. Sci. 1854, p. 28, San Francisco. Ammocetes cibarius Girard, Pac. Ry. Survey, p. 383, 1859, larva, Puget Sound. Lampetra cibaria, Jordan & Evermann, Fishes of North and Middle America, pt. 1, p. 13, 1896. Diameter of buccal disk 3.3 in head in front of first gill opening. Supraoral lamina with a tooth at each end, none in middle; middle denticle of lingual tooth enlarged; infraoral lamina crescent shaped with 7 teeth, the 2 outer bicuspid; 3 teeth on each side of mouth, the middle one of each series tricuspid, the others bicuspid; several inicuspid teeth above mouth; diameter of eye 1.5 in dis- tance from eye to first gill opening; head in front of first gill opening 8.5 in body; dorsal fins sepa- rated by one-seventh the length of the anterior fin; a broad notch in second dorsal near posterior end; ‘ greatest depth equal to length of snout. Loca DIstTRIBUTION. | Stream. Basin avicion!| Collector. Name as reported. | Authority. be fo} f) & || es = | Petromyzon plumbeus, Ayres, 1854-1857. San Francisco-......- | San Francisco Bay.) Sacramento -- n plu Lampetra cibaria ..--- At mouth of Feather | Sacramento River..|..... Once fac20 | River. | | | berlain. | | 3. Pantosteus lahontan Rutter. Pantosteus lahontan Rutter, Bul. U. S. Fish Comin. for 1902 (March 31, 1903), p. 146, Suisun River (type no. 50587, U.S.N.M.) Coll. Rutter & Chamberlain. Taken only in the headwaters of North Fork of Feather River—Warner Creek at Johnsons, and North Fork of Feather River at Big Meadows, by Rutter and Chamberlain. Largest specimen 3.7 inches long. 5 4. Catostomus microps Rutter, new species. Head 4.5 in length; depth 4.7; eye 6.5 in head (6-inch specimen), 2.2 to 2.3 in interorbital space, which equals snout; dorsal 11; anal 7; scales 17-81 to 87-14, lateral line complete; body heavy; head small, conical; snout blunt; interorbital space rounded, cross section of head being nearly circular; eye small, in middle of head; mouth small, lips thick, 2 rows of papillee on upper; lower lip deeply incised, 1 row of papillze across symphysis, 5 cross rows on lobes; cartilaginous sheaths well devel- oped in both jaws; fontanelle almost obsolete in specimens 6 inches long; origin of dorsal in middle of body, its height 1.5 in head, its margin slightly rounded anteriorly; anal reaching rudimentary caudal rays; ventrals about 1.5 in head; pectorals 1.2; caudal 1 to 1.2, deeply emarginate or slightly forked; depth of caudal peduncle 2.7 in head; peritoneum dusky. Differs from the related species, occidentalis, found in the same region and from snyderi from the Klamath region in the very small eye, small conical head, and small scales, and in the nearly closed fontanelle. The lips are not notched at the corner, as in Pantosteus. FISHES OF SACRAMENTO-SAN JOAQUIN BASIN. nle75i | Three specimens from Rush Creek, a small tributary of Ash Creek, near Aden, Modoc County, Cal., collected by Rutter and Chamberlain, September 1, 1898. Type no. 58496, U. S. National Museum. Their measurements, in hundredths of the body length, are given in the following table: eo] = — Oe ————————— —— —— = —! me — — ———<—<— — —— — | Length of body. 2 aime A Insertion anal . 0.79| 0.78 0.79 Length head 7a ; | : Length dorsal. a dl Soilid| 15 Weyl ies ee asec epee ten oe Heighiidorsal 22255 3 Sas ee St 16 -16 | - 165 WINMALSL OLD bas eeee cess eee e esas DOVSRILEYS:. acleetoeccae oeMenessae 11 10 } 11 fnterorbital space... 3222. = oss ene 3 Oi GAmalrave epee coe wees %i | 7 7 Penprmianonts se cosa set ceees - 105 -10 -10 | Scales in lateral line ............... 82 | 81 81 Depth caudal peduncle............. -085 | 09 -09 | Scales above lateral line -....-..... 15 | 16 | 16 Length caudal peduncle.........-.. Sil -16 -16 | Scales below lateral line ........... 11 11 11 MTISOIHION COXSAL Se = mene =~ ees -49 ~51 -51 | Scales before dorsal ...... 2 eee cee ee) 40 41 Insertion ventral-......-...-.------ . 56 57 58 | Fig. 1.—Catostomus microps, new species. Type. 5. Catostomus tahoensis Gill & Jordan. Tahoe Sucker. Catostomus tahoensis Gill & Jordan, Bul. U.S. Nat. Mus., xu, p. 173, 1878. Jordan and Evermann, Fishes of North and Mid. Amer., pt. 1, p. 177, 1896. Head 4.4 in length; depth 4.7; eye 5.5 in head, 2.4 in snout, 2.5 in interorbital space, and 1.6 in distance between eye and upper end of gill opening. Interorbital 2.4 in top of head; width of isth- mus 4.8 in head, 1.5 in distance between eye and gill opening, 1.6 in width of operculum, and equal to distance between corners of mouth. (Measurements made on a specimen 6.5 inches long.) Dorsal 10 or 11, scales 16-90-14. Body heavy, profile gradually arched from snout to dorsal; mouth rather small, lips rather large, but somewhat variable in size, covered with coarse tubercles; upper lip with two rows of tubercles and a few scattered ones representing a third outer row; lower lip with one row across symphysis (3 in one specimen with extra large lips), 3 or 4 rounded tubercles and 3 or 4 others coalesced into a contin- uous ridge in a longitudinal row through lobes; lower lip deeply incised, the margin of lobes hardly reaching vertical through edge of anterior nostril. Orbital rim well developed, leaving a slight groove between it and the middle ridge of interorbital, but the thick skin preventing the groove from show- ing, the interorbital space being evenly rounded. Origin of dorsal in middle of body, its length about 1.2 in its height. Insertion of ventrals under fourth or fifth ray of dorsal, their length less than height of dorsal. Caudal 1.2 in head, not deeply forked, the middle rays 1.3 in longest. Anal high, reaching well upon caudal, height equal to length of caudal; pectoral a little shorter than caudal. Caudal peduncle compressed, its thickness above end of anal 0.7 its least depth, which is 2.6 in head. Lateral line straight, complete. Peritoneum silvery, thickly dusted with black. Sides often reddish. 5 122 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. Description based on 4 specimens 5 to 6.5 inches long from Warner Creek, a tributary of North Fork of Feather River. The following table gives the variation in the number of scales in the lateral line in specimens from four localities: | Warner | Duck | Beck- | Miller Scales. | Warner | Dueck Beck- | Miller Creek. | Lake. with. | Creek. = | Creek. Lake. | with. | Creek. Scales. Speci- | Speci- | Speci- | Speci- Speci- Speci- | Speci- mens. mens. | mens. | mens. mens. mens. mens. 1 : 1 Sia] dee el 1 || | 1 |] 2 2 L | Loca Distripution. Locality. | Stream or lake. Basin division. | Collector. Rutter & Cham- berlain. do. do. Rutter & Atkin- | son. Oho eBess- 55254 do. Miller Pass: 55sec saee ences ae eases te MilleriCreekt\3s-.2) ee tees see eee esse | 1 The specimens from Miller Creek were obtained at its source in Miller Pass, at an elevation of 7,100 feet, with several miles of impassable waterfalls either on the Lake Tahoe or Sacramento side. Trout from Lake Tahoe have been planted in the stream, and it may be that suckers were accident- ally introduced at the same time. 6. Catostomus occidentalis Ayres. Western Sucker. Catostomus occidentalis Ayres, Daily Placer Times and Transcript, May 30, 1854, San Francisco markets. Agassiz, Amer. Jour. Sci. Arts 1855, p. 94. Jordan & Evermann, Fishes of North & Mid. Amer., pt. 1, p. 178, 1896. Catostomus labiatus Ayres, Proc. Cal. Ac. Sci. 1855, p. 32, Stockton. Catostomus areopus Jordan, Bul. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1878, p. 173, South Fork Kern River. Head 4.1 in body; depth 5; eye 5.5 in head, 2.7 in snout, 2 in interorbital; snout 2 inhead. (Meas- urements on a specimen 218 mm., or 8.5 inches, long, not including caudal fin.) In general the head is rather slender and somewhat conical. The lips are of moderate size (for the genus), the lobes of the lower extending about to vertical through nostrils; about 7 rows of papille on upper lip, those of the middle rows larger; one row of papillze across symphysis of lower lip and about 9 in a row through lobes. Eye in posterior half of head. Gillrakers few and short. Dorsal outline of body regularly curved, the scales enlarged posteriorly, as is usual with the genus. Dorsal fin inserted about in middle of body, but varying from 0.50 to 0.53 of the body length from tip of snout; rays 12 or 13, sometimes 14; its height greater than base, margin slightly concave. Lateral line straight; pectorals reaching almost to vertical through origin of dorsal; yentrals inserted below middle of body, not quite reaching vent; anal about reaching rudimentary caudal rays, its base about half its height; lobes of caudal about equal, the middle rays about 1.5 in longest; depth of caudal peduncle slightly less than width of interorbital. The type of this species was secured in the San Francisco markets, and probably came from the lower Sacramento or San Joaquin or their lowland tributaries. Cache Creek is the nearest stream to the probable type locality, from which many specimens have been preserved, and we have based our description on specimens from that stream. They were collected by Mr. Snyder in 1899. The extremes of measurements, expressed in hundredths of the body, are as follows: Mead 26) c33 SS Saeko esc 2 ae sn ore be i Length oficaudal peduncle2_-2_------.--------.--5 0. 155-0. 17 Depthis = 2222s cose ee eee- csoe sete aoe aa ee eee é .24 | Origin of\dorsal from) snout. --=----.22----------26 . 49- .54 YO s 25 scenes See ear ee ne eee mee ones S dnsentionlofive wt lel seeps eee ene ee . 56- .58 Interorbital Oniginvofians beeerserate een see eee eee df= 0) Snout Base Ofdorsaliieases 2 ee 4 se es ence oe ae ee eae . 15- .185 Depth of caudal peduncle F 7 Heiphtior dorsalissaseae-pacseenem ance eieeae cece . 155— . 22 FISHES OF SACRAMENTO-SAN JOAQUIN BASIN. 123 There is little correspondence between the variation of the head and the size of the fish, but ire- quently the smaller specimens have the larger head. It will also be noticed from the same table that specimens from certain localities have distinctively large or small heads, as the case may be. Thus specimens from Sacramento River at Redding and Middle Fork of Feather River at Nelson Point have heads smaller than the average, while specimens from Wolf Creek, Indian Valley, South Fork Tuolumne River, and St. John Channel of Kaweah River have heads larger than the average. These places are all widely separated, except the Wolf Creek and Nelson Point stations, which are both in the Feather River basin. , The size of the mouth and lips varies greatly. Specimens from North Fork Yuba River at Bullards Bar have the lips enormously developed. Those from North Fork Consumne River and Big Silver Creek are intermediate between the Yuba specimens and those from Wolf Creek, which are larger than the average. Decreasing in size from the latter are specimens from South Fork Tuolumne River, Sacra- mento River at Redding, Merced River at Benton Mill, and Middle Fork Feather River at Nelson Point. Specimens from Cache Creek and many other stations have lips of about the same size as those from the latter point, which seems to be the typical size for the species. Taking specimens of nearly the same size from the various stations and arranging them in a decreasing series with reference to the size of the lips, we have the following as intermediate between the Nelson Point, or typical specimens, and Olema specimens, which have the smallest lips known to the species: Fresno River; American River at Pla- ceryille; Clover Creek, Genesee Valley; Stanislaus River, Parrot Ferry; Middle Fork Feather River, Beckwith; Pitt River, Canby; South Fork Pitt River; Tule River; Feather River, Oroville; Sacra- mento River, Red Bluff; Sacramento River, Knights Landing; Ash Creek, Aden; and Olema Creek (tributary to Tomales Bay). This series shows that there is no relation between the size of the lips and the portion of the basin, though it may be said that those specimens with the largest lips come from the foothill streams tributary to the lower portion of the Sacramento or San Joaquin River. It is worthy of note that all variations from below the typical to the largest are found in tributaries of Feather River. Olema Creek, where specimens with the smallest lips were found, is not tributary to the Sacramento- San Joaquin basin. The accompanying outline drawings show the variations in size of lips. The drawings are made from specimens of nearly equal size, and for each specimen the outline has been drawn to a scale corre- sponding to a body length of 10 inches. . 2 c d Fig. 2.—Diagram showing size of lips in Catostomus occidentalis from (a) Wolf Creek, Indian Valley, (b) North Fork Yuba River, Bullard’s Bar, (c) Olema Creek, tributary to Tomales Bay, and (d) Middle Fork Feather River, Nelson Point. The rays of the dorsal vary from 11 to 14. We have counted 393 specimens from 36 localities in the basin. Forty-two specimens have 11 rays in the dorsal, 271 have 12, 86 have 13, and 4 have 14. The number of scales in the lateral line varies from 60 to 84, 66 to 71 being the prevailing number. There is no relation between any particular variation and the division of the basin in which the specimens were taken. One or two peculiarities, however, are worth noticing. Beginning with Middle Fork of Feather River at Nelson Point and going south to Big Silver Creek the scales become coarser. The next station, North Fork Consumne River at Pleasant Valley, shows the finest scales in the col- lection, while the next one after that shows the coarsest. B. B. F. 1907—9 124 Taken as a whole, the species is exceedingly variable. BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. Specimens from one -ocality often have a distinct physiognomy and can, as a whole, be readily distinguished. For example, Pleasant Valley specimens are remarkable for big lips and fine scales, while North Yuba specimens have big lips and coarse scales. The Wolf Creek specimens have large heads, while Sacramento River specimens have small heads, and so on. Locat DisTRIBUTION. Locality. San Francisco markets. StocktonS-—e-enene see At mouth of Joseph Creek. Near Alturus..---.-.-.- | South Fork Post-office. . Gan yasene aaa eeee ree Aden. - Baird Knights Landing-.----- Oxovilleseees a ene | Crescent Mills. .-......-- Greenville. . . Genesee - Do... Beckwith. -..22ss2211.0.| iNelsonsPoint=---------- Bullards Bar..-.......-- Gerleseeeceec cece Iblacervilles <2 sss-ss-ce Near Orelli-....-.------- Pleasant Valley. --.--.-- Parrot Kerry ----=------ Baker Ford... Near mouth BentonsMille es saes= == Livingstone. - Mariposa... .- Raymond. - Do... Pollasky.- - - Centerville. -. Lemon Cove....----.-.- Porterville. ----2:--2---- Bakerfield ep omeeece en ne ees do South Fork Pitt | | Stoney Creek. | Putah Creek.-..... Sacramento River.... Stream or lake. | Basin division. | Collector. | Name as reported. Authority. Sacramento and San Joaquin rivers. | Sacramento River... San Joaquin River. Goose Lake | North Fork Pitt River. River. BittiRivers. =e = Ash Creek. .-.-.-- McCloud River... -- | Sacramento River.... Clear Creek. -....- Cottonwood Creek . -. -| Battle Creek........- Red b Tis eee | | _.| Deer Creek.........-.|- Sacramento River-. Thomas Creek... Cache Creek. Clear Lake. - Feather River.....--- Indian Creek.....-.-. Wolf Creek. - Clover Creek. .... Squaw Queen Creek. Middle Fork Feather River River. Rubicon River... ..-- South Fork American River. Silver Creek.......... | Lahontan...- North Fork Consum- ne River. Stanislaus River...-.. | Tuolumne River-.--. 2 South Fork Tuol- umne River. Merced River...-.-.-- Mariposa Creek. - Chouchilla River. Fresno River... San Joaquin Riv Kings River-...-.-..- Kaweah_ River, St. John Channel. MuletRiver’ se se-ceee Kern Lake of the Mountains. Sonth Fork Kern River. Sacramento River.... meee do Ayres, Newberry, | Catostomus occi- Cary, Locking- dentalis. ton. | | PASVILCS = apatite | C. labiatus...-... | “NC Opespaaaceoee aece! jee GOR eee | Rutter & Cham- | C. occidentalis... -- berlain. Stone; Rutter & | Chamberlain. 2-40 - Snyder... Huvier & Scofield - Rutter & Cham- berlain. Sandie Rutter field. | Rutter & Cham- |....- Oe eek peso berlain. | Rutter & Atkin- ..... dos.st sees ee Rutter & Cham- |..... berlain. Rutter & Atkin- |..... dO ween -taoese son. anbes CO Sos senagecs lennon boca ssessaas Henshaw. .-.-.-.-. Catostomus are- opus. Ayres 1854a &1854- 7; Girard 1856; L. Agassiz; Jor- dan & Jouy; Lockington. Ayres 1854-7. Cope. Jordan & Gilbert. MS. Jordan 1878; Jor- dan & Henshaw. FISHES OF SACRAMENTO-SAN JOAQUIN BASIN. 125 7. Orthodon microlepidotus (Ayres). (Greaser Blackfish. Leuciscus microlepidotus Ayres, Daily Placer Times and Transcript, 1854, May 30, San Francisco. Gila microlepidota Ayres, Proc. Cal. Ac. Nat. Sci., vol. 1, 1855, p. 21, Sacramento and San Joaquin rivers. Orthodon microlepidotus, Pace Ry. Surv., vol. x, 1859, p. 237. Jordan & Evermann, Fishes of North & Mid America, pt. 1, p. 207, 1896. Head 3.8 in body, depth 4; eye 6 in head; interorbital 2.4; snout 3; dorsal 11; anal 9; pectoral 16; ventral 10; scales 27-97-11; teeth 6-6. (Measurements based on a specimen 184 mm. long from Sacra- mento River at Butte City.) Body long, slightly compressed; head small, the snout broad, wedge-shaped; mouth small, nearly horizontal, lower jaw included, the maxillary falling far short of eye, 4.5 in head; teeth 6-5 or 6-6; origin of dorsal in middle of body, over insertion of ventrals; ventrals reaching vent. Dusky, nearly black above. A large minnow of little value, distinguished by the small mouth and fine scales. The following is a table of measurements of 4 specimens: We Bo ; : | Es | acra- es oa- Kings acra- | © oa- | Kings mento | pelts quin River, mento SADIE quin River, Loeality River, | River River, Cen- Locality. | River, AGS River,| Cen- Butte | Gojusg.| Black ter- | Butte | Goyie,| Black | ter- City. | Sa.) Dia- ville. | City. usa! Dia- | ville. | mond. | mond. | Length of body.-....... mm... 182 l40 154 123 Depth caudal peduncle ..... | 085 085 085 | 09 Length of head... Soe ZF | -26 -26 | .26 || Length caudal peduncle....| .21 | .22 | -21 | 20 Denthe. =< (oso 05-2 ae ees +25 -25. | .25 || Seales above lateral line... .| 26 | 26 | 25 24 Diameter orbit. --| -052) 055 -055 | .06 || Seales on lateral line. -. -| 103 98 | 99 95 Interorbital - .- 4b | -l1 | .11 || Seales below lateral line. .... | 13 | 13 | 12 13 Length snout-.-.............| .09 | .08 | ‘08 | :os|| | } | Locat DistrrBuTion. Locality. Stream or lake. | Collector. Name as reported. Authority. } | San Francisco markets......| Sacramento and San Joaquin | Ayres...............- Leuciscus micro- | Ayres, 1854a. rivers. lepidotus, Gila microlepidota. Wie oScaas erica ateenens aaa WO ne oaaes~ fesse ages eas Orthodon micro- | Girard, 1856. lepidotus. DO: Jess ssevsnetiws sce Weeac GOR ate es se oe toe do. Lockington. Sacramento Rive Jordan & Jouy. | Clear Lake... .- Jordan & Gilbert. BULL Clty es. cncaesccase oss | Sacramento River. WOlQ8 A sees ae sos oe eaten | et ae COC are. ene eee d POI Ca UO swec aeccee seen | Arcade Creek. .......-.......- Rutter & Atkinson...)..... 1 (1 eee ee oS ee eee Sacramento River...........- Eaten & Chamber- |.._.- ain. TRAV LY eS a [oaeien GIN a eRe be ee eo eal Re (Wena sese2 aecense-| Sane GG E sues sndee Black Diamond............- SiisunEBiy= 55 s2-2 aac ose c seeafece ee do... [Scotts Saas eee Gentarvillase Jc. s sss 52 hina Sloneh sn. car seca ct lee ee doreeees SEC (5 SA ee Dp eeeeee a secso See: ebonpetkitverse.6.2 s-225. 528. <2 | Rutter & Atkinson...|_.... ts (seer wee 8. Lavinia exilicauda Baird & Girard. Lavinia exilicauda Baird & Girard, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci Phila., 1854, p. 137, Sacramento River. Jordan & Evermann, Fishes of North & Mid. Amer., pt. 1, p. 209, 1896, and p. 2799, 1898. : Leucosomus occidentalis Baird & Girard, 1. c., Poso Creek. Lavinia compressa Proc. Cal. Ac. Nat. Sci., 1854, p. 21, San Francisco. Lugilus occidentalis Jordan & Evermann, |. c., p. 247. Head 4 in body, depth 8.5; eye 3.6 in head; snout 3.6; interorbital 3; dorsal 11, anal 13, scales 13-56-6, teeth 5-5, long and hooked. (Measurements based on a specimen 98 mm. long from Sacramento River at Jacinto.) BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. In general the head is pyramidal, slightly broader above than below, snout pointed, premaxillary protractile; maxillary slipping under preorbital, without barbel; lower jaw with or without horny sheath: distance between nostrils equal to their distance from tip of snout; eye anterior, large, placed low, a line from tip of snout to tip of opercle passing through middle of pupil (in specimens about 100 mm. long); snout equal to eye; body deep and compressed, regularly tapering to both extremities; caudal peduncle slender, its depth 2.8 in head; lateral line decurved, almost concentric with ventral outline; scales 54 to 62 in lateral line, 12 to 14 above, and 6 or 7 below. Pectorals not reaching ventrals, of 15 or 16 rays; ventrals of 10 rays, inserted under middle of body, extending to vent; dorsal with 11 or 12 rays, rarely 10 or 13, its origin slightly behind insertion of ventrals; anal with 11 to 14 rays, usually 13, margin slightly concave, its origin under end of dorsal; caudal fin large, nearly a half longer than head, deeply cleft, the middle rays 2.2 in longest, lower lobe longer than upper. Color, plain dusky above, pale below, older specimens darker. (Description based on specimens from Jacinto.) The following tables show the variations in this species: MEASUREMENTS OF HEAD. = Number of specimens with head— | Size. 0.234. | 0.24. | 0.24%. | 0:25. Nee = SUMMARY OF THE VARIATIONS IN Size or Eyr, SHOWING Its RELATION TO SIZE OF FIsH. Number of specimens with eye— Size. ; 7 0.053. | 0.06. | 0.063. 0.07. | 0.073. Millimeters. | 100-109. 110-119. 120-129. 130-139. Neoure wow n hints See mcetcr bose sso cen dsc seesseas The size of the caudal peduncle as given in the table of measurements varies considerably. The variation in its depth is partly due to the method of preservation and partly to the size of the specimens. There may also be a slight locality variation, specimens from southern localities apparently having the caudal peduncle slightly deeper. Only 7 of the 68 specimens measured have the caudal peduncle over 0.17, and 5 of these are from Tule River. The following table shows that there is some relation between the size of the specimen and the depth of the caudal peduncle, the depth being slightly greater in smaller specimens. The length of the caudal peduncle does not vary with the size of the fish. FISHES OF SACRAMENTO-SAN JOAQUIN BASIN. 127 MEASUREMENTS OF CAUDAL PEDUNCLE. Number of specimens with caudal peduncle having— Size. - Depth— Length— 0.07}. | 0.08. (0. 083. | 0.09. |0. 094. 0.10. | 0.14. | 0. 15. | 0.16. | 0.17. | 0.18. | 0.19. | 0.20. 1} 4 3 4 1 Die ees 3 1 2 j 1 7 1 3 IPRA eg 1|....;- Tp The extreme variations in other measurements are: Depth, 0.24—0.30; interorbital, 0.07-0.09; snout, 0.06-0.074; insertion of dorsal, 0.56-0.61. VARIATION IN SCALES OF THE LATERAL LINE. Number of specimens having scales in lateral line— Locality. : aa ; 61. | 62. BATE Graco HAtCHorywers mei aree encarta Pe ee eee 2 Sacramento River: Feather River, Oroville...........-.. American Fever) Wolnom Antelope Cree (laa eeennaptecesien Merced B [ VARIATION IN Fin Rays. Number of specimens having— Locality. Dorsal— Anal— 10. ll. 12. 13. 11. 12. 13. 14, SHUM O LOG RAUL HCODO CY ence a ao imeem een nee aisctoy ae an emteaea | aoe Sacramento River: _ _ 20'miles below Grimes.................-..-.- eather River .Orovillevas-+-cesssesccsee secu ss Ampticnniniver WolsOme. .cnesccesseescebe dense Antelope Creek, Peryn........2........-....----- Sacramento River, Rio Vista........ as San Joaquin River, Black Diamond. Merced River, Livingstone. China Slough, Centerville... Kings River, Centerville. ..........-...--.-..+----- Kaweah River, St. John Channel................-..-- MEN VOM ROL LAL WillOu sesece ten settee ceees eto ceme cates create wasnees 128 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. The teeth are usually 5-5, but sometimes 4-5 in specimens from Kings River at Centerville. The horny sheath of the lower jaw is developed in a few of the specimens from almost every locality. Its presence is a remarkable feature and one that is ordinarily considered of generic value. It is, how- ever, indifferently present or absent in this species and in Rutilus symmetricus. Loca DistRIBuTioNn. Locality. Stream. Jeasin division. Collector. Name as reported. Authority. Sacramento River...) Sacramento ..| Heermann..._........ Lavinia exilicauda) Girard, 1854 and 1858. eee (soe oes Ayres................| L. compressa.....| Ayres, 1854a. San Joaquin River .. Sdone -| Newberry . .-| L. exilicauda Girard, 1857. San Franciso market.|......-.-......----- -do.. Lockingtor padOesees -| Lockington. | Clear Lake. . = SOrdan= sas ene ae Bt eam .| Jordan & Gilbert. United States hatch-| Battle Creek. - =e = E ao | Oe ed Oba eo ee aeee . ery- Red Bluth sesse = ...| Sacramento River - Chico Bridge .--....--|-..-- dot se- 5-2-3: Jacinto. --=--_- Bese! oar Ss ses Wilsons Farm. ..-.-..|...-- GOseaeaen eee 20 miles below Grimes |. --- - dozna So eS Mouth of Feather }....-. GAS me soot eee River. Marysville. .-..-..... Feather River....... Oroville} 22 see Osborn ac J liesaa Gotsee snes Grass Valley-.- -| Antelope Creek -..-- a5 -| Rutter & Atkinson ... Sacramento. --- -| Sacramento River . . Se -| Rutter & Scofield .... Folsom... -..--- American River- ..-- = -| Rutter & Chamberlain’ Rio Vista....-- Sacramento River... ..... = aliewad d Collinsville_.-----~-:-|---.- (GES See Roane od Becme Me sencead HaoSe Black Diamond.-.....! Suisun Bay...-.-.--...-.- Antioch... --.-- - San Joaquin River -. Rutter & Chamberlain Parrot Ferry Stanislaus Rutter & Atkinson ... Livingstone. - Merced River--- d Raymond. . Fresno River... Pollasky- ---- . San Joaquin. Centerville China Slough D Kings River. - Kaweah River. - Rice. souleustsdoc-s-eiee te ee Ee ome i -....-.---.-| Leueosomus occi- | Girard, 1854, 1858, | dentalis. and 1859. Tule Rivery:.--.5-54 eee Rutter & Atkinson ..- Devine exilicau- | a. | Pose: Creeks coos so soefe= ce Heermann...........- Leucosomus occi- |Girard, 1854, 1858, dentalis. and 1859. 9. Mylopharodon conocephalus (Baird & Girard). Bluefish; Hardhead. Gila conocephala Baird & Girard, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1854, p. 135, San Joaquin River. Mylopharodon robustus, Ayres, Proc. Cal. Ac. Nat. Sci. 1855, p. 38, San Francisco. Mylopharodon conocephalus, Jordan & Evermann, Fishes of North & Mid. Amer., pt. 1, p. 219, 1896. Head 4 in body; depth 4.6; eye 4.5 in head, interorbital 3, snout 3; depth of caudal peduncle 2.8 in head, its length 1.2; dorsal 9; anal 9; pectoral 15; ventral 9; scales 18—74-8; teeth 2, 54, 2, the last two of of the first row molar, the others hooked. (Measurements based on a specimen 163 mm. long, from Merced River at Benton Mill.) The body is heavy, slightly compressed, regularly tapering to the short conical head and the slender caudal peduncle, mouth slightly oblique, terminal, the premaxillary not protractile, the lower jaw slightly shorter than the upper, the maxillary extending almost to vertical through anterior margin of eye; the lateral line slightly decurved; origin of dorsal about in middle of body, high anteriorly, its longest ray 1.4 in head; ventrals inserted slightly in advance of dorsal, their tips reaching anal; caudal broad, deeply forked, the middle rays nearly 2 in longest, the lobes equal. A large minnow resembling Ptychocheilus but readily distinguished by the ridge of skin connecting the premaxillary with the top of the head. The head isalso much shorter. This is the most abundant fish in the upper Pitt River and in some of the localities in the foothills. FISHES OF SACRAMENTO-SAN JOAQUIN BASIN. The following table shows the variation in the number of scales in the lateral line: 129 SC! THUD UD CT ae SSeS 2 RE Eo Pe An ee ee nr ae eee MOTRIN CEA oa ee OS a ae ee ee ee eee LSE AED) CD nee ee ae Se en a Re ee ee Se SEN TRIO Se Se ef Sie ts Sa ee eR een ees EST ETE SATA ee eS or Re ee ee ere UG US SUA EE en Se ae SS hetero lea ge a a LO ETI ULAR os Se 25- soe see ened Ee Soe oS SSS ane eee ae ees SUES LS Ree ese Se eS Be ead re SSO ESOS eS ee ae ae ee Locality. Number specimens having scales in lateral line— | 75. | 76. | 77. “al AAS ae 7 ab LY eek ee eles Od fe cl aa Ip eer ee Se ae ear eae ees poset pesar el pages eae entlat The number of scales above the lateral line was 18 or 19 in the 22 specimens counted, and 8 or 9 below. The number of rays in both dorsal and anal fins was invariably 9 in the 22 specimens counted. Locat DistriBuTion. Locality. Basin division. Collector. Name as reported, Authority. San Franeisco Redding At mouth of Clear Creek. reek. United States hatchery ReauB tittle ae a 6 miles below Red Bluff Mahamsy 2.55... o6.- Grimes 20miles below Grimes... Mouth of Feather | River. ‘Orovilieeese-seses=~- == Indian Creek... -, Squaw Queen Creek. - -| Sacramento River... American River... ..-| Placerville: .-...-.5-<.- S. Fk. America: Collinsville. .| Sacramento River... Ward aOrey. Tuolumne Riv Near mout’ Fk. River. Livingstone. .....-.... Merced River. Benton Hill... a ees Gbeeeeesee Raymond. . .| Fresno River. Pollasky.. . .| San Joaquin River.. Centerville... .| China Slough. 0 beac mens .| Kings River... Porterville. .... PittiRiver-...--ses- [poses Ash Creek. 13 ee iver. -| Kaweah River. .| Tule River.... Kern River n River sae & Chamber- wd & Atkinson. Mylopharodon cono- cephalus. M. robustus.......... j M. conocephalus...... . Gila conocephala..... M. robustus..--.....-- Girard, 1856. Girard, 1856, 1857. Jordan &J OuUYe Girard, 1854. Ayres, 1854-57 130 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 10. Pogonichthys macrolepidotus Ayres. Split-tail. Leuciscus macrolepidotus, Ayers, Daily Placer Times and Transcript, 1854, May 30, San Francisco. Pogonichthys inexquilobus, Baird & Girard, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1854, p. 136, San Joaquin River. Pogonichthys macrolepidotus, Jordan & Evermann, Fishes North & Mid. Amer., pt. 1, p. 223, 1896. Head 4 in body; depth 4.2; eye 4 in head; interorbital 3; snout 3.2; dorsal 10, anal 9, pectoral 15, ventral 10; scales 11-59-6; teeth 2, 5-5, 2; upper lobe of caudal 2.4 in body. (Measurements based on a specimen 140 mm. long, from Pollasky.) In general the head is somewhat conical, the eye is rather large and placed anteriorly; the mouth is nearly horizontal, the lower jaw included, the maxillary reaching a vertical between nostril and eye, a small barbel at its tip. The gillrakers are somewhat longer than in other western minnows. Body long, scarcely compressed, but little arched; caudal peduncle deep, half as deep as body; lateral line slightly decurved. Dorsal inserted in middle of body, its anterior rays equal to head and twice as long as posterior rays; anal similar to dorsal, but smaller; ventrals inserted under third ray of dorsal; caudal very large, deeply forked, the upper lobe much longer than the lower and nearly twice as long as the head. Length 12 inches. Readily distinguished by the long upper lobe of caudal fin. The extremes of measurements are: 0.24— 0.27 | Depth of caudal peduncle...-...-.-..-..---22---.- 0.11-0. 12 0.22- 0.25 | Length of caudal peduncle.............-.--..-:..- 0.15-0.18 0.06-- 0.075 | Upper lobe of caudal fin... . 0. 42-0. 45 0.075-0.08 | Lower lobe of caudal fin ./..............-----.-..- 0.33-0.36 0.07— 0.08 | The following summary of head measurements shows the relations between the size of the head and the length of the fish: Number of specimens having head— Length of fish. —— 0.24. | 0.245. | 0.25. | 0.255. | 0.26. | 0. 265. 0. 27. Millimeters. 70-79 he ee eee le | The variation in the size of the eye with reference to the size of the fish is shown in the following: Number of specimens having Length of fish. Sim 0.06. | 0.065. 9. 07. 0. 075. Millimeters. 110-119. | 120-129... 130-142 The difference between the lengths of the caudal lobes varies with the size of the fish, being greater in larger specimens, as shown in the following table: Number of specimens having difference between lobes of Length of fish. caudal fin amounting to— 0.07. | 0.08. | 0.09. 0. 10. Millimeters. 70-79... sialeie ere wits Sse coe eee ees ance ater 80-89......- 110-119. .... 120-129. a NB OM 142 Soc ins «Soe eee cee ee eee eae FISHES OF SACRAMENTO-SAN JOAQUIN BASIN. 131 The number of rays in the dorsal is uniformly 10 in the 21 specimens examined; 20 have the anal with 9 rays, and one with 8; teeth 2, 5-5, 2 in all specimens examined. The following is a statement of the number of scales in the lateral line: . Specimens. Specimens, Pee PG pletion aig 5 een Gone Benen aCe eR eS Oi SOR ECALORS . os oe ot tet e aca rea Beets Oe ewan’ 3 DT) GAGS eens SS ogo. Sekt co socbe see esoses 2 | 60 scales 6 Dab) SALE ree ele ee etter Uninet ania s cw'ele='= RO LNECRICH Sn. aaet a) orien ee Sore inet aie oe alanine a ne 1 There are 11 or 12 scales above the lateral line and 6 or 7 below. One of the most abundant fishes of the lower rivers and in Suisun Bay. At Battle Creek fishery it feeds on the waste eggs from the spawning platform and from the hatchery. It is also very destructive to salmon eggs on the spawning beds. As many as 50 split-tails may be seen following a spawning salmon. There is no doubt that it also destroys great numbers of salmon alevins. This species is one of the few minnows that enter brackish water, being very abundant in Suisun Bay, and occasionally taken in San Pablo Bay in nearly pure sea water. Loca DistriBuTtion. Locality. Stream or lake. Collector. Name as reported. Authority. | | (Pek 0a2': Srthsene Sane se te Leuciscus macrolepi- Ayres 1854a. San Mranciseosw. -/cos-ceee. sas seae aeons ones coccecssss | dotus. | |(\Lockington........... Pogonichthys inw- Loekington. quilobus. oth Se eC SCR COe Re ee Sea (2) P. macrolepidotus.... Jordan & Jouy. (irra (eee See eee eae eee di es & Chamber- |..... oven see. seasons ain. RortReading. <2; ----....250-2|2.2-< Newberry.-----<------ P. ineequilobus....._- Girard 1857. United States hatchery... Rutter & Scofield. .__- P. macrolepidotus. -_- HG Liss bie Se Sa eee d d 6 miles below Red Bluff. Mehama.n-.-..-2-3.2--- Chico Bridge ........ AUST = GR. ene Ses ‘Grimes... <--2- 20 miles below Grimes - Knights Landing............--|-...- : Jordan & Gilbert... Jordan & Gilbert. Mouth of Feather River-...... | Sacramento River....| Rutter & Scofield. .... Oroville o6 Se oo ee | Feather River........ ae & Chamber- jain. Sacramento: ~~. 2-02 ¢sssc---- = Sacramento River....| Rutter & Scofield.....)..... Oma eset ea aeeae ee LOE eee Se ee meme eae American River... .-.. Rutter & Chamber- }..... GE oe asesee ee ain. RVG) ee ceecce sce. Sacramento River-....!.._-- GOnanssee Rio Vista... do... do. Collinsville. pel! eee ae eer doe 12 (ci fe eee eee -| Carquinez Straits....|..... do. Black Diamond. ... .| Suisun Bay-......-...- REtER ee hacer cee JOGO ee SRR RS oe Cs See | San Joaquin River. - .| suber & Chamber- | ain. WivinPstOneseseneoce asst ea Merced River.......-. Rutter & Atkinson...|..... GO;- 552-2 eon Pollasky 4 | = Fort Miller di Girard 1854 & 1856. 11. Ptychocheilus grandis (Ayres). Sacramento Pike. Gila gracilis Ayres, Daily Placer Times and Transcript, 1854, May 30, San Francisco. . Gila grandis Ayres, Proc. Cal. Ac. Nat. Sei. 1854, p. 18, San Francisco. Ptychocheilus major, Agassiz, Am. Jour. Sci. Arts 1855, p. 279, San Francisco. Ptychocheilus harfordi Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1881, p. 72, Sacramento River. Ptychocheilus oregonensis (Richardson), Jordan & Evermann, Fishes of North & Mid. Amer., pt. I, p, 224, 1896. Ptychocheilus grandis (Ayres) Jordan & Evermann, op. cit., pt. 11, p. 2796, 1898. Head 3.7 inlength; depth 5.5; eye 6.3 in head; interorbital 3.8; snout 2.9; depth of caudal peduncle 3.1 in head; dorsal 9, anal 9, pectoral 15, ventral 10; scales 14—73-7; teeth 2.5-4.2. (Measurements on a specimen 184 mm. long from Pollasky.) 132 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. Body long and slender, head long; mouth large, terminal, jaws even, maxillary extending to below anterior margin of eye, no barbel; eye in anterior half of head; scales small, lateral line nearly straight; dorsal inserted behind ventrals, which are behind middle of body; pectorals extending half way to ventrals. The following are the extremes of measurements: Head Si eet eee cones eee anes. |e ONE eee eae (052820:31 .\Snotitectes 2 Seether ee 0.09 -0.11 Depths ce ee eee ee en ee eee eee 0.18-0.22 | Depth of caudal peduncle. -- 0. 085-0. 10 ByOssce2 sssceeee eee c ee s-« 2 ote pack Bee eee 0.05-0.07 | Length of caudal peduncle. - 0.18 -0. 22 Anterorbital aspect eee ee aes ee eee 0. 07-0. 085 | The summary of head measurements indicates the relation between the size of the head and the length of the fish, though there is not enough variation in the size of the specimens to make the table of particular value. In specimens ranging from 80 to 150 mm. the size of the head apparently bears but little relation to the size of the fish. Number of specimens having the head— Length of fish. = = ——— - ————— 0.28. | 0.285. | 0.29. | 0.295. | 0.30. | 0.305. | 0.31. Millimeters. | 100-109. - 110-119-- 120-129. . 130-139. . 3 = 140-149... Sj) PA esebe asc esc’ cl fsasoseod bonosaas Measurements, however, vary inversely with the size of the fish, as is indicated by the following summary table of eye measurements: SS | Number of specimens having the eye— Length of fish. 7 0.065. | 0.07. Millimeters. | | 100-109 110-119 120-129 130-139. . 140-149... 150-159... . The number of scales in the lateral lines of 77 specimens varies from 65 to 78, as follows: Specimens. | Specimens. GHG) CRS es tesadon oe OaCECE ed ue taonn Se spaarnbaseeasig 2 | 72 scales 9 G6iscales\:2 a eeec see ene nee eae 3 | 73 scales 10 Giiscales! sseeeeee ae eee eee See 3 | 74 scales 8 68 seales - 9 | 75 seales 4 G60'scalesti. 22.5 Seek Fae aca s eee ee coc see a= 5 | 76 scales 3 TO}SC BIOS Rete ates ee ety ere eee tees 8 | 77 scales 2 Tliscales?.< oc ce eee ten eee ee eo eee een 10:| ‘78iseales}<2s2...2525s8e25 so: esis See a eee 1 The number of scales in an oblique row backward and downward from the origin of the dorsal to the lateral line is 13 or 14, and from the ventrals to the lateral line 6 or 7. The scales in the type of Ptychocheilus harfordi are 15-87-10. The dorsal fin in one of the 77 specimens has 10 rays, inthe others9. The anal is uniformly of 9 rays. The teeth of 21 specimens are 2, 54, 2; 2 specimens from Pollasky have the teeth 3, 4-4, 2. FISHES OF SACRAMENTO-SAN JOAQUIN BASIN. 133 Loca DistriBuTrIon. Locality. | Pittville Fall River Mills... Redding At mouth of ae United States hatchery. . Red bluff 20 miles below Grimes... . Knights Landin; At mouth of River. eather Greenville Genesee Buuards Bar - Sacramento. - - Plscervilleas coe so. d Walnut Grove Rio Vista IND ile bose eee eee | Antioch... Modesto... ..--. At mouth of -- Parrot Ferry... Livingstone - - - Benton Mill--- Pollasky ... Centerville. Do St. John Channel Porterville... Bakersfield - - -| San - Tule River. . .| Kern River Stream. Collector. Name as reported. Authority. —— —_—— —_ _ — Sacramento and San Joa- | Ayres............--.-- Gila gracilis. ......... Ayres, 1854a and 1854-7. quin rivers. | | Newberry. ...--....-- | Gugrandis=..2-...-=.- Cary Se eerenae | Ptychocheilis grandis. Girard, 1856, 1857, 1858. Lockington........... jek j L. Agassiz. Jordan and Gilbert. ..| Loekington. | BE Btas SASS OO IOR RE REA AASe ote BAER Saas Jordan and Gilbert. Pitt River. Ash Creek. Pitt River. Sacramento Clear Creek. ...-..- Battle Creek Sacramento River < Squaw Queen Creek. . -| N. Fk. Yuba River - .| Sacramento River. American River Carquinez Straits oaquin River. Tuolumne River. -| S. Fk. Tuolumne River. _- .| Stanislaus River .| Merced River Fresno River ~..| San Joaquin River. .| China Slough....... Kings River Kaweah River lain. Sebes NT eek een eee sno4 Seen) ls oSo65 sneeboscce aaa Rutter and Chamber- |.....do........-..-.... lain. ec oregonensis, P. har- Jordan and Jouy. fordi. | P. oregonensis,P. har-| Jordan and Gilbert. fordi. | Eigenmann and Ei- genmann. Rutter and Chamber- 134 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 12. Leuciscus crassicauda (Baird & Girard). Sacramento Chub. Leuciscus gibbosus Ayres, Daily Placer Times and Transcript, May 30, 1854, San Francisco. Lavinia crassicauda Baird & Girard, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1854, p. 137, San Joaquin River. Lavinia gibbosa Ayres, Proc. Cal. Ac. Nat. Sci. 1854, p. 20, San Francisco markets. Tigoma crassa Girard, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, p. 207, Sacramento River. Siboma crassicauda Girard, op. cit., p. 208. Squalius gibbosus, Jordan & Gilbert, Synopsis Fishes of North Amer., p. 239, 1882. Squalius crassus Jordan & Gilbert, op. cit., p. 241. Leuciscus crassicauda, Jordan & Evermann, Fishes N. & Mid. Amer., pt. I, p. 231, 1896. Of this species we have two specimens, 4 and 9 inches long. The measurements of the larger are: Head 3.8 in body, depth 3.7; eye 6 in head, snout 3.1; teeth 2, 54, 2; dorsal 9, anal 9; scales 12-54-6. For the smaller specimen: Head 3.6 in body, depth 3.9; eye 4.6 in head, snout 3.2; teeth 2, 544, 1; dorsal 8, anal 9, scales 10-53-6. Head conical, profile straight, snout acuminate, mouth oblique, jaws even, maxillary extending to vertical through nostrils, slipping under preorbital. Body elongate, somewhat compressed, the dorsal outline strongly arched at occiput in larger specimen (regularly arched from snout to dorsal in smaller specimen); caudal peduncle very deep and compressed, 1.9 in head, not at all expanding at base of caudal; origin of dorsal midway between tip of snout and tip of middle caudal rays, ventrals inserted under or slightly in advance of origin of dorsal, origin of anal entirely behind dorsal; margin of dorsal and anal convex; caudal fin shorter than head, forked, middle rays 1.6 in longest, lobes equal; lateral line nearly straight. Dusky above, changing to silvery below. Young with a black spot at base of caudal. Loca DistriBurtIoN. Locality. | Stream or lake. Collector. Name as reported. Authority. oe. | Sanirancisco.--)--2 ee | Hamm OnGs ae eee = Lavinia crassicauda ..| Girard, 1854. OMe elRAty MeSH ost sc cemeeeceee ED DOsae= teases ae Ayres, 1854, 1854-7. DO nse ere ee ee escase a | pa tecseteeges erate cee -| Lockington..........- Siboma crassicauda...| Lockington. one ok sete wee eee Squalius gibbosus....} Jordan and Jouy. Fort Reading Newberryn ss sce-seeee Tigoma crassa....-..- Girard, 1856, 1857, 1858. Mouth of Feather River..).....do....- _-| Rutter & Scofield. ._.. Leuciscus crassicauda Clear Lake.........-. .-| Jordan & Gilbert.....|....- GOxccececuessecee: Jordan & Gilbert. San Joaquin River......-| Heermann...-...-...- Siboma crassicauda ..| Girard, 1856. Merced River.-.-.-.- sul eeese Oe cher en ceccceers|teose GOL use esas Do. St. John Channel.....--- Kaweah River. ......----- Rutter & Atkinson...| Leuciscus crassicauda There is some doubt as to the validity of the nominal species Leuciscus conformis. Girard’s notes and descriptions are entirely conflicting, and his type is the only specimen ever reported. His com- parative statement of the differences between crassicauda and conformis is just the opposite of the dif- ferences found in his descriptions of the two species. The two nominal species are represented in our collection by four specimens, two of which are crassicauda, as noted above. The other two are different, apparently, and we place them provisionally under the name Leuciscus conformis (Baird & Girard). 13. Leuciscus conformis (Baird & Girard). Lavinia conformis Baird & Girard, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1854, p. 137, Poso Creek, Tulare Valley. Tigoma conformis Girard, Pacific Ry. Survey, vol. x, p. 289, 1858. Leuciscus conformis Jordan & Evermann, Fishes North & Mid. Amer., pt. I, p. 231, 1896. Of this species we also have two specimens, one 7 inches long, the other 3.5. The measurements of the larger specimen are: Head 4 in body; depth 3.5; eye 4.5 in head; snout 3.6; dorsal 10, anal 11, scales 12-57-7. The smaller specimen has the eye 4 in head, dorsal 11; anal 11; scales 12-60-5; teeth 1, 5-5, 1. The head is conical, the profile slightly convex, the snout rather pointed; the mouth is oblique, the lower jaw included; the maxillary extends to vertical through middle of nostril, slipping under preorbital. The body is rather deep, compressed, regularly tapering to both extremities; the caudal peduncle is deep, 2.2 in head, expanded at base of caudal as usual in minnows. The origin of the dorsal is midway between tip of saout and middle of middle caudal rays; ventrals inserted slightly in FISHES OF SACRAMENTO-SAN JOAQUIN BASUN. 11835 advance of dorsal; origin of anal under posterior ray of dorsal; margin of dorsal and anal straight; caudal fin longer than head, forked, the middle ray 1.6 in longest, upper lobe longer than lower. Lateral line decurved anteriorly, scales heavily scored. Young witha black spot at base of caudal. The specimens here described as conformis differ from crassicauda in having the caudal peduncle less deep, the caudal fin longer than head and its upper lobe longer than the lower, longer dorsal and anal fins, finer scales, even jaws, and heavier striation on scales. Some of these distinctions are just the opposite of those given by Girard. The following are his distinctions: ‘‘The general appearance of the fish [ Tigoma conforms] is suggestive of Lavinia crassicauda; the body is deeper and proportionately less elongated, the eye much smaller, and the scales larger.’’ In his descriptions, however, he says, of Tigoma conformis, ‘Eye moderate sized; its diameter entering nearly five times in the length of the side of the head,’’ and of Siboma crassicauda, “Eye rather small, subcircular, its diameter entering nearly six times in the length of the side of the head.’’ His comparison of the eye does not agree with his descriptions, and there may be a similar discrepancy with regard to the other characters. Loca DisrriBpuTtion. Locality. Stream or lake. Collector. | Name as reported. | Authority. 20 miles below Grimes... .... Sacramento River........ Rutter & Scofield... .. Leuciscus conformis. . St. John Channel. ..........-. Kaweah River.......-.-..- Rutter & Atkinson... - ae at (Rea Sas = 5 4 - | {Lavinia conformis.... |Girard 1854, 1856 Tulare Valley. 2-<- ..-+--=-s-- Pose Creeks. 5 -.2-<-3.---- Heermann-..:..---... \Tigoma conformis.... \ 1858. 2 14. Leuciscus egregius (Girard). Tigoma egregia Girard, Pac. Ry. Surv., vol. X, p. 291, 1859, locality unknown. Phorinus clevelandi Eigenmann & Eigenmann, West Am. Scientist, 1889, p. 149, tna Springs, Napa County. Leuciscus egregius Jordan & Evermann, Fishes North & Mid. Amer., pt. 1, p. 237, 1896. 4 A small minnow with red sides, common in Nevada streams, but found on both sides of the Sierras in streams draining Lassen Butte. The following is a tabular statement of fin and scale counts of speci- mens from Warner Creek: No. of | No, of Counts. speci- | Counts. speci- mens. | mens. Dorsal: | || Seales—Continued. HOES SOC SAGE tose HER Ene OOS GOS HOS RCE EEE pies | 8 Along lateral line— IPRS Sionre lots eres re ote ogc teean fe sleet akens 2 54 scales 1 Anal: 55 seales . 5 PGA Bede abbas ea se Ses epee acer ee ese Sie 4 57 scales. . 2 TAY Here nee a ee ee ae 6 58 scales - - 1 Seales: | 61 scales il Above lateral line— Below lateral line— THAGM OSC m aan Seca ceca e a Gee ens eee a nee 1 7 scales 4 13 scales. - 35s) 3 8 scales 4 Sa retilen Ses = ne ee ee ce ey oe eas | 6 9 scales 2 Locat DisrrrBution. Locality. Stream. Basin division. Colleetor. Name as reported. Authority. Johnson Ranch....| Warner Creek....| Lahontan.......- Rutter & Chamberlain J. euciscus egregius.. Etna Springs....| Sacramento-....-. Cleveland...........-- | Phoxinus cleve- | Eigenmann & Ei- | | landi. genmann. 15. Rutilus bicolor (Girard). Klamath Lake Roach. Algansea bicolor Girard, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1856, p. 183, Klamath Lake. Myloleucus parovanus Cope, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1883, p. 143, Goose Lake. Myioleucus thalassinus Cope, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1883, p. 143, Goose Lake. Rutilus bicolor Jordan & Evermann, Fishes North & Mid. Amer., pt. 1, p. 244, 1896. Head 3.6 in body, depth 3.3; eye 5.6 in head, interorbital 3.1, snout 3.5, depth of caudal peduncle 2.2; dorsal 9; anal 8; scales 11-49-6; teeth 5-4. [Specimen 126 mm. long.] 186 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. Head conical, its depth at occiput about 1.6 in its length; mouth oblique, jaws even, or lower included. Top of premaxillary on level with lower edge of pupil; shortest distance across preorbital about .8 of eye. Tip of lower jaw rounded, not truncated or trenchant as in symmetricus. ,Caudal peduncle deep and compressed, but little tapering, its depth equal to snout and eye in larger specimens. Teeth 5-4, sometimes 44. Description based on specimens 55 to 158 mm. long from South Fork Pitt River. The following table indicates the variation in scale and ray counts and number of teeth: Specimens having— Dorsal Anal rays— . rays— | | - — —— = 9. | 10.] 7} 8.19. Locality. Lateral ine— | 44.) 45. Teeth 5-4. . SS. 59. 60. G1. _ Teeth 4-4, Goose Lake...............- Bee Mie South Fork Pitt River Pitt River, Canby... Ash Creek, Aden... Pitt River, Bieber. Fall River. ........ Paes as ron! Hat Creek, Cassel. . Sal ae & Wolf Creek, Greenville. .... Jos-[--- = Totals 5 coeeasese se 1/5/12) 9)7¢)9) 12/97 3) 5) 2)2 1)3 30 The head varies from 0.264 to 0.32, being longest in specimens from Goose Lake, which vary from 0.29 to 0.82. The average size in other localities is about 0.28. The depth varies from 0.254 to 0.31, being least in the specimens from Wolf Creek, a tributary of Indian Creek, near Greenville, Plumas County. Goose Lake specimens have the depth slightly greater. while the deepest specimens come from South Fork Pitt River. The eye and interorbital vary inversely with the size of the fish. The snout varies but little, and the depth of the caudal peduncle only from 0.115 to 0.138. The other measurements show consider- able variation, but the variations are not characteristic of localities. The scales range from 44 to 61, averaging about 49 or 50, being somewhat more numerous in speci- mens from Hat Creek. The number of scales above the lateral line is usually 11 or 12, sometimes 13; the number below is 6 or 7. The dorsal raysare 8, 9, or 10, and the anal 7, 8, or 9, without reference to locality. The teeth are usually 54, but occasionally 44. Half of the specimens examined from Hat Creek have the teeth 4-4. The greatest variation is in the head. Its shape is even more variable than its length, the South Fork Pitt River and Goose Lake specimens exhibiting the two extremes. The former has a short triangular head (when viewed from the side), the profile steep, the mouth oblique, but much less so than in the Goose Lake specimens, the mandibles not forming a distinct angle with the lower outline, and the nape swollen. The Goose Lake specimens have the head long and slender, xppearing quad- rangular when viewed from the side, the profile more nearly horizontal, the mouth very oblique, the lower jaw forming a distinct angle with the lower outline. and the nape not swollen. All possible intergradations are found in other localities, and a full series of intergradations are known from Klamath Lake. Loca Disrrisution. Loeality. Stream or lake. Collector. | Name as reported. | Authority. Orepon con nae ee cere tae Goose Lake. ..............: Conese sss sae {ir encase mexorends (Gone California. © 5-2 a. s- ocnonc nase eee ee OOS. oe Soe enn aes z South Fork Post-office South Fork Pitt River Canby-"- te. . a Pitt River = Aden... Ash Creek. Pittville. Pitt River. Dana. - Fall River. Gagsel 32 5 Hat Creek- Greenville, Indian Valley - Wolf Creek FISHES OF SACRAMENTO-SAN JOAQUIN BASIN. 187 16. Rutilus symmetricus (Baird & Girard). California Roach. Pogonichthys symmetricus Baird & Girard, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1854, p. 136, San Joaquin River, Fort Miller, Algonsea formosa Girard, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sei. Phila., 1856, p. 183, Merced and Mojave rivers. Leucos formosus Jordan & Henshaw, Wheeler Survey, p. 193, 1878. Rutilus symmetricus Jordan & Evermann, Fishes North & Mid. Amer., pt. 1, 245, 1896. Head 4.1 in body; depth 4.4; eye 3.6 in head; interorbital and snout equal, 3 in head; depth of head at occiput 1.5 in its length. Teeth 5-4, long and hooked, the 5 being on the left side; scales 12-51-7, dorsal 10, anal 9. (Measurements on a specimen 86 mm. long from San Joaquin River at Pollasky.) In general the head is small and conical, 0.25 to 0.27 of body; depth of body 0.23 to 0.25 of its length; mouth small, lateral cleft.slightly oblique, anterior cleft horizontal (not arched), lower jaw included, more or Jess trenchant, and its tip often covered with a horny sheath; eye rather large, its diameter 0.06 to 0.07 of body, almost wholly in anterior half of head; snout broad and blunt, nostrils farther from each other than from tip of snout; the lower jaw with a horny or cartilaginous sheath. Ventrals inserted in middle of body, reaching to vent; dorsal of 10 rays, its origin slightly behind ventrals, 0.58 to 0.60 of body length from tip of snout, its longest ray 1.2 in head; anal inserted under last ray of dorsal, of 9 or sometimes 8 rays; caudal very large, its length one-third that of body, widely spread, with 10 rudimentary rays, deeply forked, the middle rays 2.3 in longest, upper lobe slightly longer than lower. Seales 12-48 to 51-7 or 8. Color, dusky above, gradually changing to silvery on belly, cheeks silvery, the fins nearly colorless, but the rudimentary caudal rays quite dusky. A dark stripe along middle of side is sometimes faintly separated from the dusky color of the back. (Description is based on several specimens, the largest 5 inches long, from San Joaquin River at Pollasky, about 2 miles from Fort Miller, the type locality.) The head varies from 0.24 of the body in specimens 67 mm. long from North Fork Consumne River at Pleasant Valley, and another 85 mm. long from Thomas Creek to 0.28 in a specimen 46 mm. long from North Fork of Pitt River. The size of the head in the 96 specimens measured may be stated in tabular form as follows: Size of head: Specimens. Size of head: Specimens. LS ean Se ae RE Ee aE Sa ER SS 2 5 13 0.245. . 1 21 0.25... 24 1 0.255... 3 1 OG egslan oncavincad estas os qaaenedecans wesc codesews sunt 30 The typical form has the head 0.27 or 0.26. Such are found in San Joaquin River at Pollasky (type locality); also in Kings, St. John or Kaweah, Tule, Chouchilla, and North Fork Merced rivers, and in Merced River at Benton Mill and Livingston. Specimens from Battle Creek, Stanislaus River, and Mariposa Creek have the head 0.26 or 0.25, and specimens from Thomas Creek and North Fork Consumne River have the head 0.25 or 0.24; but the size of the head does not correspond with other variations. The Thomas Creek and Consumne River specimens do not at all resemble each other, while the Mariposa specimens and those from North Fork Merced River do look much alike. The eye usually measures 0.07, but is often much smaller. In specimens from Battle Creek it is 0.07 or 0.065; from Thomas Creek 0.065 or 0.06; North Fork Merced River 0.06, rarely 0.065 or 0.055; Mariposa Creek 0.055, rarely 0.06 or 0.05. The greatest variation in one locality is that of Merced River, at Benton Mill, from 0.055 to 0.07. The tip of the lower jaw is scarcely rounded and not arched. It is often more or less trenchant, and is frequently tipped with a sheath that is sometimes cartilaginous and sometimes horny. The bony sheath is deciduous in preserved specimens, which accounts for its appar- ent absence in some instances. It resembles that of Acrocheilus, but the cutting edge is thinner. It is present in all the specimens from North Fork Consumne River and in half those from North Fork Merced and from San Joaquin at Pollasky. Only a few of the specimens from the Stanislaus River, Merced at Livingston, Chouchilla River, and Mariposa Creek have the horny sheath; and it is entirely wanting in specimens from Battle Creek, Thomas Creek, and Merced River at Benton Mill. The teeth are 54, but sometimes4—4. The scales of the lateral line vary from 47 to 56, the greatest variation, 48 to 56, being found in specimens from Mariposa Creek. The number above the lateral line is usually 12 or 13, but varies from 11 to 15; below lateral line 6 or 7, sometimes 8. L388 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. The following table indicates the variation in scale and ray counts, giving the number of specimens in which the various counts were made: Number of specimens having— - Dorsal | Anal Locality. Scales— rays— | rays— az. | 48. | 49. | 50. | 51. | 52. | 53. | 54. | 55.| 56.| 8. | 9. | 10. San Joaquin River, Pollasky...-.....------------------ Baa ell ee Kings River, Centerville.........-.--------- 2 Kaweah River, St. John Channel.........-.-- Tule River, Porterville ss. a. 8 eee a enn Chouchilla River near Raymond... Merced River, Livingstone..--- Merced River, Benton Mill.-_--. Stanislaus River, Parrot Ferry North Fork Merced River Mariposa Creek....-- North Fork Consumn a Boal Bose B North RorkiPittonlvens oe ee ee ene eee Mobales tate eee eee eee ee eee s}10|12/17| 7|13| 6| 9 13) 2)slay aw Rew ois! Br pode Nom DON The insertion of the dorsal varies from 0.57 to 0.61 of the body length from the tip of the snout. The dorsal rays are 10 or 9, one specimen from Mariposa Creek having but 8. Anal8or9. Usually nearly all specimens from one locality have the same number. In these numbers the last double ray is counted as two when both divisions are divided. The caudal peduncle is characteristically slender in symmetricus. Typically its depth is 0.09 or 0.10, which is the size in specimens from San Joaquin at Pollasky, Kings River, and St. John or Kaweah River. It is 0.10 in specimens from Thomas Creek, Stanislaus River, and Merced River at Livingston and Benton Mill; 0.10 or 0.11 from Battle Creek, North Fork Merced, Mariposa Creek, Chouchilla and Tule River; and 0.11 or 0.12 from North Fork Consumne River and North Fork Pitt River. The size of the caudal fin varies much. Usually it is about one-third as long as the body, but in specimens from Mariposa Creek, North Fork Merced River, North Fork Consumne River, and North Fork Pitt River it is only one-fourth as long as the body. From other localities all possible intergrada- tions may be obtained. Those specimens with the longest fin have it the most deeply forked. The variations noted fall into three groups, though hardly of such a nature as to permit of even subspecific distinction. First is the Mariposa form, which differs from the Pollasky or typical form in having a smaller head, smaller eye, smaller fins, especially the caudal, one ray fewer in dorsal and anal. deeper caudal peduncle, and greater variation in the number of scales, 48 to 56. Specimens from North Fork Merced River at Bower Cave are very similar, but have a slightly larger eye, and the head is of typical size. The speci- mens of the 2 localities have independently developed similar variations, as there is no direct connection between the two streams. Mariposa Creek isa mere brook, emptying into the dry bed of Mariposa River. Its water reaches the San Joaquin River only after heavy winter rains. Mariposa Creek is south of Merced River, so that it and North Fork Merced do not even drain opposite slopes of the same water- shed. There is a fall in the latter stream below Bower Cave, which prevents the ascent of fishes from the main river, Rutilus and Salmo being the only fishes in the North Fork above the fall. The second variation is the Pleasant Valley form. So far as measurements go this form runs close to the Mariposa form, but its general appearance is quite different. The head is slender, not conical, the depth at occiput less than in any other form, the snout very blunt. These characters show in a less degree in specimens from Tule River and Battle Creek. The caudal peduncle is deep, the caudal fin intermediate in size between that of Mariposa and Pollasky forms. The horny sheath is well developed in all specimens, the teeth 5-4 in three specimens, 4 in one; the lateral stripe very distinct. Repre- sented by 4 specimens from North Fork Consumne River near Pleasant Valley. The stream is dry in its lower course during the summer. The third or Alturus form has a long slender body, head and eye of typical size, caudal peduncle as deep as in the Pleasant Valley form, lower jaw not so much included as in other forms, and scales FISHES OF SACRAMENTO-SAN JOAQUIN BASIN. 139 more imbricated. We have but a few small specimens of this form, the longest being but 3 inches long. They were taken in North Fork of Pitt River near Alturus and at mouth of Joseph Creek, several hundred miles from where any other specimens of symmetricus have been taken. The form may prove not to be symmetricus, but we can mot identify it otherwise with the material at hand. Locat DistrRrBuTiIon. Loeality. Stream or lake. Collector. Name as reported. | Authority. At mouth of Joseph Creek...) North Fork Pitt River..... Rutter & Cham- |} Rutilus symmetri- berlain. cus. | Near Alturus Redding RG Month ors -2- -ob 552-25. Clear Creek - United States hatchery...... Battle Creek... 5. --.-2.--- | meee Atmoauthiots.wesso a. -cc- ache Thomas Creek Pleasant Valley.-..........-. gee Fork Consumne iver. Baker Mords. cn -asons Tuolumne River...........- awe Near mouth of. .......-...... South Fork Tuolumne |....- iver. Parrot Memycecs.>-o-5 sd Stanislaus River.......... Bower Cave. .| North Fork Merced River. Benton Mill. Merced River. Livingston Algonsea formosa a Girard, 1856. Mariposii-~ ~~ ------=-=+------ Rutilus symmetri-_ cus. | soe GC eee 2 eee Loca dot eae ~ Pogonichthys sym- | Girard, 1854. metricus. IGantervyiles <2... --s—ens-n-=-~ REM SUIWOL = == Sees es Rutter & Atkin- | Rutilus symmetri- son. cus. St. John Channel. ........... KaweabRiver. -.-....222.).-0-. (ooo eres mean bast COM sada eee POPtARVillOs ese 2s ee ant = ee MulaiRivers 52-525. 22<2-—- hawt DOr ose ae oan eee does anes re Warn akon. oO) oe ne Henshaw......--- Leucos formosus ...| Jordan & Henshaw. 17. Agosia robusta Rutter. Agosia robusta Rutter, Bul. U. S. Fish Comm., vol. xx11, collection 1902, p. 148, fig., Prosser Creek, Cal. Body heavy, highest at shoulder, ventral outline curved almost as much as dorsal; head large, 3.75 to 4 in length; snout blunt, but little overlapping, and never projecting beyond the premaxillary; mouth oblique, barbels usually absent, present on 10 to 50 per cent of the specimens from any one locality; pectoral about equal to head behind nostril, variable; caudal moderately forked, length of middle rays two-thirds of outer; lateral line nearly always incomplete; scales 49 to 77, usually varying about 12 in one locality; usually 2 lateral stripes, the upper extending from snout to caudal, the lower branching off from the upper behind the head and ending along base of anal; cheeks abruptly silvery below lateral stripe. This species differs from nubila in the heavy body, blunt rounded snout, incomplete lateral line, and in the absence of scattered brown scales. It differs from carringtoni also in the heavy body and incomplete lateral line, and in the shorter pectorals, the anterior rays of anal scarcely or not at all extend- ing beyond posterior when fin is depressed, a greater development of rudimentary caudal rays which usually form short keels along caudal peduncle, and in the silvery stripe across cheeks. In the main Sacramento River and the lower portion of its tributaries there appears to be a more slender form, but our material is too meager for accurate determinations. The only adults are from Sacramento Riverat Sims. They have asmall head, 4.33 in body, the lateral line is complete, the scales 69 to 77; the mouth is inferior, the snout projecting, and the maxillaries with barbels; the eye is 4.5 in the head. Specimen 3.4 inches long. Young specimens similar to the young taken at Sims were secured in Battle Creek at the government fishery station, and in American River at Placerville. The Kings River specimens are more like the type of robusta. B. B. F. 1907—10 140 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. The following table gives the variation in scales of lateral line and in rays of the dorsal and anal fin Locality. Number of SID ene) having— Scales— 55. 56. | 57. 58. | 59. 60. GOOsessalkeme seem ete = et eee eee ao Joseph Creek... ..-------- South Fork Pitt River. Rishi Greeks sea aes 2 a) 2 |p al Fall River. rai Burney Creek. 2 North Fork Feather, Coppervale 4 Ducksakeseer ese e-seeeer DING Clover Valley 2A ree Spanish Creek, Quincy... ---- 1 Middle Fork Feather, Beckwith. Wk Kings River, Centerville. ..-..----.-----.----- 10h 2 AUS M ee ges cone sasebocse eee neRocet 2) 1).21.5 98) 5) 3) 10) 7) dn) do) ae | Number of specimens having— Locality. Scales— Dorsal— Anal— 67. | 68. | 69. | 70. | 71. | 72. | 73. | 74. | 75. | 76. | 77. | 7 8 9> a63 7. 8 Goosewlakece.) -eassssen tessa ere enee Joseph Creek South Fork Pitt River......--.-.-- Rush Creekee ene eee ae Fall River. Burney Crock te one ene eee North Fork Feather, Coppervale. - Duckdbakere 222s een eee eae = CloveriValleyie- eae eee ee ee Spanish Creek, Quincy Middle Fork Feather, Beckwith. Kings River, Centerville.....-.-- The species is quite variable. be almost as long as the head, or only equal head behind pupil. the shortest pectorals as well as the coarsest scales, the pectorals being equal to head behind some point in pupil. The head varies from 3.6 to 4.3 in the body. The pectoral may The Burney Creek specimens have The margin of the anal fin may be straight, convex, or S-shaped with the convex portion anterior; the anterior rays usually do not overlap the posterior when the fin is depressed, though the reverse is sometimes true. Locat DistrRrBurrioNn. Locality. Stream or lake. Collector. Davis Creek Post-office AVGUEUS eee sete = Dane eeceeeees United States hatchery - Oroville Big’ Meadows. <<. .-<- 5. -.-2----------- Quincy = Crescent Mills. . Greenville. ....-. Clover Valley. . Beckwith Placerville. .-- Centerville! (tee on eeeeee ae eee .| Ash Creek. GooseWbaken 2 .co- ee sncae cas stot os eae ee eae : ss Davis Creek. . - Joseph Creek North Fork Pitt River--......-- South Fork Pitt River. Pitt River. Fall River. Burney Creek... .- Sacramento River Battle Creek...... Feather River. Warner Creek. Soaniee Greekes 25523. ses ieee Jace Indian Creek. . Nols Creek. . Rutter & Chamberlain. Rutter & Chamberlain. | Rutter & Atkinson. FISHES OF SACRAMENTO-SAN JOAQUIN BASIN. 141 18. Salmo irideus Gibbons. Rainbow Trout. Salmo iridea Gibbons, Proc. Cal. Ac. Nat. Sci. 1856, p. 36, San Leandro Creek, San Francisco Bay. Jordan & Evermann, Fishes North & Mid. Amer., pt. 1, p. 500, 1896. Salmo rivularius Ayres, Proc. Gal. Ac. Nat. Sci. 1856, p. 43, Martinez Creek. Salar iridea Girard, Pac. Ry. Surv., vol. v1, p. 33, 1857, Chico Creek. Salmo tsuppitch Jordan & Henshaw, Wheeler Survey, p. 196, 1878, Kern River and tributary of Pitt River. Salmo henshawi Jordan, Wheeler Survey, p. 197, 1878, MeCloud River. Salmo pleuriticus Jordan & Henshaw, op. cit., p. 198, South Fork Kern River. Salmo mykiss irideus Jordan & Gilbert, Bul. U.S. Fish Comm., vol. xrv, 1894, p. 139, Clear Lake. Salmo irideus stonei Jordan, Thirteenth Biennial Report Cal. Fish Comm. 1894, p. 142, McCloud River. Jordan & Evermann, op. cit., p. 503. Salmo gairdneri shasta Jordan, op. cit., p. 142, same place. Jordan & Evermann, op. cit., p. 502. Salmo gairdneri gilberti Jordan, op. cit., p. 143, Kern River. Jordan & Evermann, op. cit., p. 502. The most widely distributed species found in the basin. Exceedingly variable. Found in many isolated localities, in some of which it has developed into forms more or less peculiar. The following variations are worthy of note: The common form, found throughout the basin, has the back dusky olive, lower sides and belly silvery; back and sides to below lateral line, and dorsal and caudal fins, thickly covered with small black spots; a broad, ill-defined, purplish stripe from side of head to base of caudal fin; tips of dorsal, anal, and ventrals often white. The trout from upper McCloud River are dusky above, pale below, a reddish-brown stripe along sides, opercles washed with same; back and sides, dorsal and caudal fins thickly covered with oval or round black spots about half size of pupil; belly and lower fins yellowish; tips of dorsal, anal, and ventrals white. Very abundant. About six inches long; scales small, 146 to 165. The form found in South Fork Battle Creek above the falls closely resembles that found in the upper McCloud River. Both forms have finer scales than the average, and those from Battle Creek have the finest scales recorded from any locality. The following is a detailed description of the Battle Creek specimens: Head 3.7 to 4 in length, depth 4 to 4.7; eye 3.5 to 4 in head, snout 4.5 to 5; maxillary 2 to 2.2 in head, extending to below posterior margin of eye (specimens 4.5 to 5.8 inches long). Dorsal 11 or 12; anal 10 or 11; branchiostegals 10 to 12; gillrakers 5 to 7+10 to 12. Origin of dorsal in middle of body, ventrals inserted under fifth ray of dorsal. Height of dorsal 1.7 in head, anal 2.7. Scales small, not overlapping, pores in lateral line 114 to 123, cross series of scales 151 to 176, scales before dorsal 66 to 84, above lateral line 28 to 32, below lateral line 25 to 31. Margin of anal S-shaped, the anterior portion convex and longer, the longest rays overlapping shortest by 0.7 the length of the latter. Color brownish olive, very faint purplish on sides; very few spots, more numerous on dorsal and adipose fin, few or none on caudal; lower fins colorless, parr marks present even in largest specimens. Description based on 11 specimens 4.5 to 5.8 inches long. The trout of North Fork Feather River near source, locally known as West Fork, are of two forms with regard to color. One has very fine black specks thickly scattered over back, dorsal, and caudal fins; the other has much larger spots, about the size of pupil. Some specimens have a reddish tinge on dentaries, but this is irrespective of other coloration. These variations have been noticed in other places, but never so strongly marked as in this locality. The Goose Lake trout has the body entirely silvery, with black spots very small and widely sepa- rated, not occurring as low as the lateral line. In the few specimens secured the maxillary is longer than it is in specimens from other localities; the base of the dorsal fin is shorter, 2.2 in head (1.7 in specimens from other localities); dorsal rays 10. The trout in a series of small lakes, known as Salmon Lakes, forming one of the sources of North Fork of Yuba River, have the sides bright red instead of purplish. The lower fins are of the same color as the sides, but edged with white. Some of the trout of Gold Lake, about a mile away from Salmon Lakes, but tributary to Middle Fork of Feather River, are red like those from Salmon Lakes; others have the ordinary color of typical irideus. The Gold Lake trout are badly infested with gill parasites. The single specimen from Cliff Lake has but 116 cross rows of scales, which is also the number in the lateral line. The average number of scales for the 129 specimens counted is 147. The greatest variation in any one locality is 36, found in specimens from Sullaway Creek. Several stations have 2g a“ 14 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. a variety of 23 to 28. Excepting the one specimen from Cliff Lake with 116, the smallest number of scales recorded is 128, and the largest 176. The specimens from upper Sacramento and Pitt River regions average 147 scales, those from the various branches of Feather River average 143. From South Fork of Battle Creek, 163. Locan Disrripution. Locality. Stream or lake. Collector. Name as reported. | Authority. West'ofSierras:.5- 22-04) seeps cee hoe: ee cee Jordan & Gilbert. Sacramento River.....-.- as -| Jordan & Jouy. Gumpoot Lake and other |) Rutter & Chamber- | | lakes of vieioity. lain. SISSODS- seen ee eee Sacramento River....-..-.|.---- Ovseeteecees steel ae tee GOs ta sogee nse Sse Do Sullaway Creek. Sims. ... Sacramento River.-....-..|----- do 2-00) Bartlets-.. MecGlowdtiiversaeacseemes pees do =dol= BigiBend S225. 322 2s ee |e (0 (0 eee ee eerarene Paaac do .-do. WOwerWallsee menses | cemee COS Se osacoacgestecsesel tease Ck) Se eacmecaeracse pecad does Stone S. henshawi. Jordan & Henshaw. ie S. iridea...- Bean. Baird /s.22 32. -.n222eep2- =| ose GO ep essen ee eee Ries Census Seen ee nomen sleeaee Jordan & Gilbert. Stone. Salmo irideus stonei-.| Jordan, 1894. Vee Dee oS eee S. gairdneri shasta - _- do. 10086) Lake. =. 2. .-222.-2 Rutter & Chamber- | S. iridea.......-.-.-.. Davis Creek Post-Oflice - Near source of Near Alturus lain. South Fork Post-Office..| South Fork Pitt River---|.....do.........---.-.-|-..-- dosseee Tributary of Pitt River. - S. tsuppitch - Jordan & Henshaw. INearAden ss. 2+ ea-ess eee Rush) Creeks. 253... 22- 2 eee Srirideat eet ees Cassels cjocmeseeasseane Danser eet ae Fall River Mills Near Bartlets- - =o Burneyville........--..-- Battle Creek Meadows... Longs Ranch United States hatchery. - Morgan Springs.......-- Rutter & Chamber- ain. Newberry: 2. see. oe Girard, 1857. WRCLUCO none sweetie aeeiaar Rutter & Chamber- | lain. | (Princeton ene sees es eae GONE Rrastiee eee ae ais see sete (SRA RE ares droel Bees dos. ssceyeecce Clear Lake... .| Jordan & Gilbert.....| Salmo mykiss irideus-.| Jordan & Gilbert. Lake County..........-- Allen Springs... Cleveland 2322522 So22-5 Salmo iridea-..-...--- Eigenmann «& Eigen- mann. Martinez. > cane ee IBTOOK Sse teen tere Winslow2----sses-ee S. rivularius--.-.-.--- Ayres, 1854-7. Near source of........-.- North Fork Feather} Rutter & Chamber- | S. iridea...........-.- ViOUNSOUS Sse eee WiarneriCreek == ------ Big Meadows. Duck Lakes: ite. 9 Se | DOr eee esa aseeeeaeee North Fork Feather) River. Quincey; ie see ans eee Spanish Creek..........-- Greenville -__. Wolf Creek... Genesee Valley - ‘Clover Valley - Nelson Point Sierraviles oases ees Near Sierra City. Bassett Hotel... .. Near Grass Valley. River. Clover Creek. - Three Salmon Lakes... .. - Bassett Creek. .... Rattlesnake Creek - Rubicon River. . - Orellizeecees Big Silver Creek. Jones Ranch... ..| Little Silver Creek.-....- Pleasant Valley........- North Fork Consumne River. West Point<--2------- 2 pase Fork Mokelumne |..-.- CO we eere essen een | Geert GOs aj yaccaces eee iver. Railroad Plats... >... = = Ticking Creeks se. =. see | as Ce Sarescescuecned beass dO. esse Ons ts eee South Fork Mokelumne |..-.-- dot. ae erase ote see donuts River. Calaveras Grove........- San®Antonio! Creeks == se: ese Oneness | oem Oey oe ees Att)mouth of-< 222522222 South” Fork Tuolumne)|=<5--doo- 2522222 oe a| ooo Cosas noha River. Bower Cave...........-- | North Fork Merced River.|.....do.......-.-.2.---]..--- dois. be ee Near source of. ......-..-- | KermiRivers:-: s-e--2sen= Henshaw... Salmo iridea, Salmo | Jordan & Henshaw. | tsuppitch. DO eles Gilbert... - S. gairdneri gilberti..| Jordan, 1894. Near Mount Olanche..-. Henshaw. . S. pleuriticus.-....-.. Jordan & Henshaw. FISHES OF SACRAMENTO-SAN JOAQUIN BASIN. 18a. Salmo aqua-bonita (Jordan). 143 Golden Trout of South Fork of Kern. Salmo mykiss aqua-bonita Jordan, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1892, p. 481, Voleano Creek. Salmo irideus aqua-bonito Jordan & Evermann, Fishes N. & Mid. We have seen but few specimens of this species. 19. Salvelinus malma (Walbaum). Salmo malma Walbaum, Artedi Piscium, p. 66, 1792, Kamchatka. Salvelinus bairdii Bean, Proc. U. Salvelinus malma Jordan & Evermann, Fishes North & Mid. Reported by Bean, known from the basin. S. Nat. Mus., 1880, p. 707, McCloud River. Amer., pt. I, p. 507, 1896. 1880, and by various sportsmen from the McCloud River; Amer., pt. I, p. 503, 1896. Dolly Varden Trout. not otherwise Gasterosteus cataphractus Pallas, Mem. Ac. Petersb., Stickleback. Kamchatka. 20. Gasterosteus cataphractus (Pallas). vol. III, 1811, p. 325, Gasterosteus microcephalus Girard, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1854, p. 133, Four Creeks, Tulare Valley. The sticklebacks of California have been reported under various names, but only the name micro- cephalus has been applied to specimens from the Sacramento-San Joaquin Basin. have been given to specimens from San Francisco Bay and its smaller tributaries. Loca DisrriBuTion. Several other names Locality. Stream or lake. Collector. Name as reported. San Francisco United States hatchery.| | Battle Creek. Rivers of California . - Rutter | Jordan & Gilbert... Clear Lake. . Centerville.........-.-.- Kings River. | Rutter & Atkinson,| Gasterosteus TA eRaotuee rr | Four Creeks. Heermann.......... Gasterosteus microcephalus. . Tulare Wakes ss --2 3/2225 OGRE eestor Serer OMe see ae eee eee 4 (Tordaa & Gilbert, 1881. Authority. Jordan & Jouy. Jordan & Gilbert, 1894. Girard, 1854, 1857, 1859. Girard, 1854. 21. Archoplites interruptus (Girard). Sacramento Perch. Centrarchus interruptus Girard, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1852, p. 129, San Joaquin and Sacramento rivers. Centrarchus maculosus Ayres, Proc. Cal. Ac. Nat. Sci., vol. 1, 1854, p. 8, Sacramento River. Ambloplites interruptus Girard, Pace. Ry. Survy., vol. x, p. 10. Archoplites interruptus Jordan & Evermann, Fishes N. & Mid. Amer., pt. I, p. 991, 1896. Mouth large, oblique, the lower jaw projecting, the maxillary extending to below posterior portion of eye; eye large, 3.7 to 4.7 in head; dorsal with xir or xii spines and 10 or 11 soft rays; anal vr, 10; scales strongly ctenoid. Color very variable; sometimes very dark with small pale blotches; or nearly plain silvery with two or three alternating rows of dusky blotches. Rare, sometimes taken in marketable quantities near Rio Vista. An excellent food fish, formerly abundant, its disappearance charged to the introduction of carp and catfish, but probably due also to the reclamation of swamp lands. Locat DisrrrBution. Loeality. | Collector, Name as reported. Authority. Heermann.- 2-2 =..--.- | Centrarchus interruptus. -... Girard, 1854. San Francisco markets. -|: | Kennerly -. Ambloplitesinterruptus...... Girard, 1858. (Ha Sagoo | Ayres...-. Centrarchus maculosus....... Ayres, 1854-7. Do.. Newberry... Ambloplitesinterruptus...... Girard, 1857. Lockington Archoplites interruptus .....| Loekington. i (2?) .| Jordan & Jouy. United States hatchery. S)ARUUDEOM ere noe ase eis, 5 : | Clear Lake......... Jordan & Gilbert... .| Jordan & Gilbert. Sacramento...........- Sacramento River..! ee & Chamber- | ain WW RETCE eee eee Arcade Creek. ...... | Rutter & Atkinson. . BtiQnVigneethes sco seen ce Sacramento River..| Rutter........... 2 | San Heine River. Ayres...... Jentrarchus maculosus. . Ayres, 1854-7. See tla ans Sa a Heermann Ambloplites interruptus. Girard, 1854. em Laie, Tulare | Henshaw-..........- O isecl GSE Lee ee = See Jordan & Henshaw. alley 144 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 22. Hysterocarpus traskii Gibbons. J/"resh-water Viviparous Perch. Hysterocarpus traskii, Gibbons, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1854, p. 105, lagoons of lower Sacramento River. Jordan & Evermann, Fishes N. & Mid. Amer., pt.1, p. 1496, 1898. Sargosomus fluviatilis Agassiz, MS., Alexander Agassiz, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. vi, 1861, p. 1301, Sacramento River. Docentrus lucens, Jordan, Bul. U. S. Geol. Surv. vol. Iv, 1878, p. 667, Sacramento River, erroneously ascribed to Rio Grande. Body deep and compressed, back strongly arched; mouth small, terminal, jaws even, maxillary not extending to eye; dorsal with about xvm spines and 11 soft rays; anal with 3 spines and 23 soft rays. Scales cycloid. Not very abundant, found in sluggish water. Readily distinguished from the Sacramento perch or sunfish by the small mouth and cycloid scales. Loca DisrRiBurion. Stream or lake. Collector. | Name as reported. Loeality. | | | Authority. —— —— = zf San Francisco markets | Sacramento River...--..--.- RSME A Beye et dA 9m | lysterocarpus traskii | Jordan & Jouy. | | | | Eigenmanh & Ulrey. beeee Oe 222.2 Ss hace be 2s Hlee oe cee eee eee | Sargosomus fluvia- | A. Agassiz. | tilis. Fresh-water lagoons. - | sere 002 3 aec= Sse teeee Trask & Morris. ...--- sires kisses eee Gibbons, 1854a, 1854b. Pittville-2s 25-42. Pitti Rivers sees eee oe Rutter & Chamber- |.-.-- (6 Re ee | lain. | Redding! .e0 eee Sacramento River-......--:]...-- (clo e eee ee orem eer Fort Redding ..| Cow Creek. _.- Newberry ella: eae Dose Beige Spel nee dots: Iienshaw - } Girard, 1857-58. cofield_ United States hatchery, Battle Creek. Red Bluff. i Sacramento River. fing: See ee as do-.. Rutter & 5 do... Clear Lake--- _..| Jordan & Gilbert. __- & Marysvilles sos -sem- 2-5 Weather River-)- 2... 22-2... | Rutter & Chamber- |....- lain. Pollaskyre cer ece-eeeeee San Joaquin River....-.---. | Rutter & Atkinson. - | bee doz are. Centerville. - China Slough. -- do. Doles ee ncenee: Bi Kin gsuRivers oonse ese aces scleeeete Jordan & Gilbert. Fig. 3.—-Cottus asperrima, new species. Type. 23. Cottus asperrima Rutter, new species. Head 3.2 to 3.33 in length; depth 5.5; eye 3.5 to 4 in head; snout a little longer than eye; dorsal vr ay (or vy), 18; anal 14; pectoral 14; ventral 1, 3; caudal (branched rays) 7. Body slender, but not par- ticularly compressed, width of caudal peduncle 1.25 to 1.33 in eye, its depth slightly greater than eye; maxillary 2.5 in head, extending to vertical through anterior edge of pupil; profile flat or concave back of eye; anterior nostrils with conspicuous tubes; upper preopercular spine slender, sharp, almost straight, directed slightly upward, partly covered by the skin; second much shorter, triangular, directed toward lower base of pectoral, sometimes rudimentary; third spine wanting; interorbital space 0.5 of eye; spinous dorsal low, its outline not so strongly arched as in tenwis, spines very weak, longest about equal to eye, only five in one specimen; longest soft ray of dorsal about 2 in head; origin of soft dorsal in or FISHES OF SAORAMENTO-SAN JOAQUIN BASIN. 145 behind middle of body; caudal convex, 1.33 to 1.43 in head; ventrals 1.6 in head, the rays graduated, the outer 0.66 length of inner; distance from snout to vent 0.54 to 0.56 of body. Fine prickles behind pectoral in all specimens, extending all over sides in two, and about half over in two others; lateral line ending under second to fifth ray from end of soft dorsal; finely mottled with dusky and gray, the dusky collecting into four or five blotches in some specimens; ventrals colorless, other fins barred. Description based on five specimens 1.5 to 2.5 inches long from Fall River at Dana, Cal., collected by Rutter and Chamberlain. Another specimen 2.1 inches long was taken in Fall River at Fall River Mills. The latter specimen has stronger opercular spines, and the vent is but 0.52 of the body length from tip of snout. Type no. 58500, U. S. National Museum. The following is a statement of the differences between this species and Cottus tenuis, as determined from the original description and drawing of the latter: C. asperrima. | C. tenuis. z 2s 2 | RNC Hive Lon OO Ai HeC MNClG tn GO BYE toe rian Oe lute poh ae tower nea. ccna pkwinwcn twee cs eceee 2.5 Te betore Gri ehteg) (V1) = 1 1 Cae een he ae ee een es See eee ees 3.8 Depth into length... ... 1 OCS INR BODE e CREE CACO ANE OSES aO EES 7 Wispance OL VEnttLOUN SNOUCs= <2 05 0 oen oe Coes caesas boncacneensccees -onacdsseos wei 51 Distance of soft dorsal from snout... ...-....--.----------- 22+ e eee eee ee eee =I . 5 .49 ITA em IsOL GOlu CLONER Nea ee ws noe oo Sot te dota w ence seco mlon ee ..-| Segmented. Unsegmented. DEPT Ss reas an eee ee a aks scene ewdenercsetecus soe 44 14 aii SAUNORUTE VAY CHYANCDEM) eae sete ok So cae. So ee cone mebcgeuccacceGeSesiesee- oe 7 9 LOCAL Laie he {1 ele ee amen (or ata nn le ec fe ea ee aea| Convex. Concaye. Outer ventral ray. .| _.66 of inner. -9 of inner. TAN NEXCUIAI RPINGss5 oot isn -ac oe boa ose ee aoe es eens ae ne ate a ...| Less hooked. | 24. Cottus asper Richardson. Sculpin. Cottus asper Richardson, Fauna Bor. Amer., 295, 1836, Columbia River, Fort Vancouver. Cottopsis parvus Girard, Proce. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1854, p. 144, Presidio. Uranidea semirscaber centropleura Eigenmann & EKigenmann, West American Naturalist, 1889, p. 149, Allen Springs, Lake County. Cottus gulosus (in part) Jordan & Evermann, Fishes N. & Mid. Amer., pt. m1, p. 1945, 1898. Body entirely asperate in all specimens of our collection. The following table indicates the varia- tion in fin rays: Number of specimens having— Locality. Dorsal— Anal— IX. | | Sacramento River, Redding.............-....--.- |. =e Mouth of Battle Creek. ............ : : Sacramento River, Red Bluff Sacramento River, Jacinto--...... Feather River, Marysville... : 4 RxTGate Cresk vACCANG sao eee se ee ena eens ceeee we Locau DistrrBurtion. Locality. Stream. Collector. | Name as reported. Authority. ESHOP en ace oe | Sacramento River.........- Rutter & Chamber- | Cottus asper.-.-...... ain. Fort Reading....-....|...-- CG (en Ss oS eae Se oem Hammond........-... Cottopsis parvus-...- Girard, 1858. Red Bluff... Rutter & Scofield. .... Cottus asper SUT ee ee eG CE as Re one em Gomer ae React () Chico Bridge- Fit Sie ae SOP nee Oecd EEme do... Jacinto. ...... OM ames eee e esse or cee |naeaa doe aan een Lake County.....-...- Allen Springs.............-- Cleveland...........--. Uranidea semiscaber.| Eigenmann & Eigen- mann. Feather River............-- Rater & Chamber- | Cottus asper.....-...- ain. EPA TCROG GICs saacone naan =< Rutter & Atkinson........ COs paca pass aae Mare Island. - .| San Pablo Bay A ea Cera tee | sane (Same =m ane Jordan & Jouy. | 146 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 25. Cottus gulosus (Girard). Sculpin; Bull-head. Cottopsis gulosus Girard, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1854, p. 129, San Mateo Creek. Uranidea gulosa Jordan & Henshaw, Wheeler Survey, 1878, p.199. Cottus shasta Jordan & Starks, Proce. Cal. Ac. Sci. 1896, 224, MeCloud River. Cottus gulosus (in part) Jordan & Evermann, Fishes N. & Mid. Amer., pt. 11, p. 1944, 1898. A widely distributed and somewhat variable species. Found throughout the basin. Specimens from Stanislaus River, Parrot Ferry, American River near Placerville, Feather River at Oroville, War- ner Creek, Battle Creek at the government hatchery, McCloud River at Baird, and Sacramento River at Sims, have teeth on the palatines which are wanting in specimens from other places, and in some of the specimens from the places just mentioned. The patch of prickles behind pectoral fins is universally present. The opercular spines are variously developed; one is always present at lower end of sub- opercle; and one is always present at upper corner of preopercle. The two lower preopercular spines may or may not be developed; usually they are mere rounded projections and covered by the skin. When present the second preopercular spine projects downward; this is especially noticeable in the specimens from Warner Creek. The dorsal fins are continuous or very slightly joined. The size of the eye is somewhat variable. Loca Distripution. Locality. Stream. Collector. Name as reported. Authority. REA TON En) Cho om onoco|bososcossesuSe: sesmocchssuace ab asretascacoddcossotoces Cottopsis gulosus....| Jordan & Jouy. Upper Pitt River. oo|) Nein omer asopass| ace do Girard, 1857. At mouth..... qanbasce Joseph Creek. .-./.....---.- Rutter & Chamber- | Cottus gulosus lain. Jess Walleyjnsne snes South Fork Pitt River..... Henshaw e-see s-----= Uranidea gulosa. -...- Jordan & Henshaw. South Fork Post-office.|...-. (Ch See Anche HeaAedoedassc Rutter & Chamber- | Cottus gulosus.....-- PitteRiver-- 2-2-2 -see ee 5 Rush Creek....-.. oe Fall River Mills -.....- | Fall River... Dean arn ene eee seen | eee do... Cassel... . Hat Creek. Burney vill a Burney Creek ... Sisson eee teceecr sees Sullaway Creek.... TD) Ome aoe e eee Sacramento River. (Baird eee eee eee ere McCloud River. . ne J ie aRA| ID ee seehaaor saadecel bases Go0tas-s-seoee a .--, Jordan & Jouy. DOS ese cmcece manele Osseo ee ..-| Jordan, 1896. UnitedStates hatchery | Battle Creek. . Rutter & Scofield ---- a|| Oroville eeeeeceece- Feather River.........-....| Rutter & Chamber- | lain. WLONMSONS tea seein eee Warner Creekeeaeceeeene ae |=aeoe dOsseckeeveseceese Clear Lake --| Jordan & Gilbert.-... -| Jordan & Gilbert. Placerville. ......--...- American River Rutter & Chamber- lain. San Joaquin River.......-. Heermanneeeses eases Cottopsis gulosus ....| Girard, 1854. Parrot)Ferry.-.------- Stanislaus River.........-- Rutter & Atkinson...) Cottus gulosus....-. = 26. Cottus macrops Rutter, new species. Head 3.1; depth 4.33; eye large, 3.3 to 3.6 in head; dorsal vir or vm, 19; anal 13 or 14; ventral 1, 4. Body heavy, head large, the snout broader than in klamathensis; maxillary not quite reaching vertical at front of pupil, its length 2.5 in head; teeth in jaws and on vomer, none on palatines; those on sides of jaws weak, extending on upper jaw only about half way to corner of mouth; anterior nos- trils in short tubes; the posterior nostrils without tubes, smaller than the mucous pores; mucous pores arranged as in klamathensis, two pairs above front of eyes, a single median pore posteriorly between orbits and a circle of pores behind each eye; other pores posteriorly on head; interorbital narrow, about one-half of orbit, the bony septum about one-third; top of head behind eye very slightly con- cave; opercular spines small, sharp; lower spines of preopercle wanting; lower spine of subopercle sharp, smaller than upper spine of preopercle, which is curved upward; tip of opercle flat, rounded; spinous dorsal low, its spines about 6. Height of soft rays, which are equal to snout and half of eye, about the same as in klamathensis, the two fins broadly joined for from one-third to two-thirds the height of the spinous portion. Depth and length of caudal peduncle about equal; caudal fin 1.4 to 1.6 in head, truncate or slightly rounded except when widely spread, divided rays 8, sometimes 9; length of -pec- FISHES OF SACRAMENTO-SAN JOAQUIN BASIN. 147 toral 0.26 to 0.29 of body, about reaching front of anal, the upper rays but little graduated, the eighth to twelfth from bottom nearly even, the upper ray 1.75 to 1.8 in longest (2 to 2.5 in klamathensis and 2 to 2.5 in gulosus). The variation in fin rays is shown in the following table: Number of specimens having— Locality. | Spinous dorsal. Soft dorsal. Anal. | vit. | vini. | EO paGh LAN Aa eee aes 15. —_ = = = = | = = | | ID Tks eens Meat See Soda Da eeeoter ao re ap ere eae Se 15 4 3 13 3 | 5 12 2 ORT DEMRU Ke MNG Notas eee eae Soren. Sees tos actey kane | 1 1 Se | V4 ae aoe 25) Wee Skin without prickles. Lateral line not extending beyond middle of soft dorsal. Color brownish olive with 5 or 6 dusky blotches on sides, one being at base of caudal; all fins dusky, except some- times the ventrals; a black blotch on posterior part of spinous dorsal, a more or less brownish or dusky blotch in front of base of pectorals; all soft fins vertically barred; one or two dusky bars downward and backward from eye. This species is most closely related to klamathensis, but is a heavier fish, the eye is larger, the head not so pointed, and the dorsal is inserted slightly more posteriorly. In five specimens of each species, of equal sizes, the distance from the snout to dorsal was in macrops 0.37, 0.38, 0.38, 0.38, and 0.39 of Fig. 4—Cottus macrops, new species. Type. the body length, while in klamathensis the same measurements were 0.36, 0.36, 0.36, 0.365, and 0.365. It differs from gulosus, with which it is found, in the above characters, besides having a more broadly rounded pectoral, incomplete lateral line, and a skin entirely free from prickles. Known only from Fall River, where it is associated with Cottus gulosus and Cottus asperrima, but more common than either. Here described from 19 specimens from Fall River at Dana, col- lected by Rutter and Chamberlain, the largest specimen being 2.8 inches long. Named with refer- ence to the large eyes. Type no. 58499, U. S. National Museum. 27. Cottus beldingii Higenmann & Eigenmann. Cottus beldingii Eigenmann & Eigenmann, Amer. Nat., vol. Xxv, 1891, p.1132, Lake Tahoe and Dormer Lake. Jordan & Evermann, Fishes N. & Mid. Amer., pt. 11, p. 1958, 1898. A Truckee Basin species with entirely smooth skin, no palatine teeth and short fins. Found in only one locality in the Sacramento Basin, Cole Creek near Sierraville, where it was collected by Rutter and Chamberlain. Fin rays as follows: Dorsal: Specimens. | Dorsal: Specimens. Rays— 2 OY oe. sere ann aw ee eu walnins Aeceninn eves sinninientaas 4 17 | Anal: 2 1D ees ees nana ae nines ae seein els nine ene ate aie gn or 8 NS epee oo ace tagtee paar = Sanne ener ante = foie ene ee 12 5 14 oon scene seme w tte ne waen ne sanans ans daetinwnenes ascete 1 148 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. SUMMARY ON DISTRIBUTION. Of the 27 species listed above, 14 are limited to California; 6 (Hntosphenus tridentatus, Lampetra cibaria, Salmo irideus, Salvelinus malma, Gasterosteus cata- phractus, and Cottus asper) have more or less ability to withstand sea water and are not of interest when studying the distribution of fresh-water fishes. Of the 22 strictly fresh-water species, 12 (Catostomus occidentalis, Orthodon microlepidotus, Lavinia exilicauda, Mylopharodon conocephalus, Pogonichthys macro- lepidotus, Ptychocheilus grandis, Leuciscus crassicauda, Leuciseus conformis, Rutilus symmetricus, Archoplites interruptus, Hysterocarpus traskvi, and Cottus gulosus) are typical of and have a wide distribution in the basin; 3 (Catostomus muacrops, Cottus asperrima, and Cottus macrops) are limited in distribution and known only from their type localities; Rutilus bicolor is common to Pitt River drainage and to the lakes and streams of southern Oregon; and 5 (Pantosteus lahontan, Catostomus tahoensis, Leuciseus egregius, Agosia robusta, and Cottus beldingii) are Nevada species that have crossed the Sierras into the Sacramento-San Joaquin Basin. The last 6 mentioned need particular notice. Besides being widely distributed in the Pitt River region, Rutilus bicolor is exceedingly abundant in Wolf Creek ( | hodeeeeee x ee soe se Se PALM CUE CLO ML ibe Seniesa te Seoen cle ee anette e fered se ae sce acmed micas soot eden ese eee meemiccs|pacnaeccws x< 8. Pantosteus lahontan....-.....-...............--. So iaio Se alanine oceit awlctan aie aia ale iere eieela ees . Catostomus microps. . 1 v4 3 4 5. Catostomus tahoensis 6 “f 8. SCHEONTOUI US OCCLOOD DUS Gat co Mee ees atans. cect ercs ars Umansacss decenee ees 2 X x Xx MOTHNOUOM DUCTOLOMIGOUIS emcee cone tinea oe cas cbs ch cnc cccoucnacs-comcciecccctcntfarewanencaleescecaet x x Pea tey ORC M UIC Het aa ei scemecian nae einea sate se Ch cm rcteties sci eee ocean ae oe nea a eden ecb ance x Rep HAO OGHICONGCONN AIMS eae meses ee Cas cmitse sacha sanerowece aceael) Nl [eigen act x x POP Ounat Mus runCrOlDIOOLUNee wets amen cen ee SoC Sonos baa ecaccceaecass esl ek rawacepteebomeums x Oe Wo Ter At one e UTE ad ete RS oe os 5 Acne Bris ene = phe ee i ee SE PRR aise) Ulm Ga Bag) (acaba! EP | x x ISLC SORE CL ALMA ICSE Ciao ee eee matd ectercita aincs ooo ee aia Gat oa ne aac ou wee eatieen eae Quen oe cee eb ae Soceecwes™ x > LODGING Lit CONIGIINS Ss otf tas ee sole moat soos ee Seok anccnuccen conscbeieeecncess eee eee x Se PARP ALCISGHA CEROR IIS amie ama tea tome nate some oni on cmmabale vc cereale Soe Raat 5 x 4 [Eee cnact Ome SE ICOLON aware ot eattee costa t nw acetamec rose denchwneccsccacsececclncenenses x esee toc | x Waris cic ons UTh LRU) ena) oe Se hs SAP Gone oe ase SRO eer ee SBC eH Ses EE sae apa Tae i) i raeiereste weer x | x fem ORO DURUS len enna ch peita een see cee ae Salcin ac asesn ie ce slesce cs clones ac x Xx ye ow lenancagesd ptr ELST RTU CL OLS pee eee arenes tea te ae oe eee Set NEG, i Ca ecnina ce cisesccmsve woes e x x x [eee sees SAMO RTAIT ES PERU TMs onset tie Se a Wales 5 Neen cea wcireeecicerawpcemer es seus (oodecueens|+-cemeraes x |sdeeeseecs PERGURLSEONCELIG (COLA PUTA Chus ce sacccs cone nanie came sias ce o2scacaeere, ~acicwecuest eck t]oscecatconlescscacecct@! 3 So) bre ce dese DIPATAUO TUBA LONE DUNG wesc Sacre an eam ane ate ccaekln gid tap acc talnc caw eeecelesmacencee < x SOPEELORLOROCAN POS MESS ty ie aes mi anaes Gomes seuesesreen asec ses Peon eae ee OC oem eers Xx x Po MOOUULIS ED ELEINB A ere i aS ene cian oaclon Sects codise cee sees due cence eetbecesesees x eee 3 Oey ea eee m4 20 LOTTIE We nian cee Shi Sa gsine 0 566 ec ASS Ce pace OCR DOSE PED OOS Season > bensoe aac ese = ccc: Hee |oae aes aren OUUU: MOSES arene ett ee eam ocean See wane ans sete ea enae esa secesascecne x | x > SN Po mree Sao Bed red RAEI TRAD Nese ore eee Pee alee neta setae can aawakic oF anoint acest temas eke Bei WranS nA Ee goanosent x eC TS GLO Ge een me a terse hacen aera to cararn eee Scinidu am os a soe erie Seats cree Petr aecentc | pi aaee [ieee tered Pee ee Ae TE Se searee ice ontnoe dance Bac See EES ea Gene EEE Mee eee ener 13 8 21 14 SUMMARY OF VARIATIONS. The following species deserve special notice on account of their remarkable variations: Catostomus occidentalis varies in scales of lateral line from 60 to 84, and in rays of dorsal from 11 to 14. The size of the lips varies enormously, being almost twice as great in some localities as in others. Lavinia exilicauda. The only important variation in this species is in the presence or absence of the horny sheath of the lower jaw. Ptychocheilus grandis. The scales of the lateral line vary from 65 to 78, or, if Ptychocheilus harfordi be included, from 65 to 88. Rutilus bicolor has the number of scales of the lateral line ranging from 44 to 61; but its greatest variation is in the shape of the head, which varies from triangular (side view) to quadrangular. Rutilus symmetricus is the most variable species of the basin. The number of scales varies from 47 to 56; the lower jaw may or may not have a horny sheath, which is developed irrespective of age,sex, season, or locality; the shape of the head, depth of caudal peduncle, size of eye, length of fins, and general appearance all vary 150 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. ereatly. In certain localities more or less isolated some of these variations are so correlated that the forms would readily be taken for distinct species or even genera were not intermediate forms found in other equally isolated localities. Agosia robusta varies greatly in scales of lateral line (49 to 77), length of fins, development of barbel and lateral line, and general shape of body and head. Salmo irideus varies greatly in number of scales, 116 to 176 cross rows. There are almost as many variations in color as there are streams. ANADROMOUS SPECIES. Oncorhynchus gorbuscha (Walbaum). Humpback Salmon. Reported from the Sacramento River by Jordan & Gilbert. Not otherwise known from the basin. Oncorhynchus keta (Walbaum). Dog Salmon. Very rare. One or two seen each year at the canneries and hatcheries. Oncorhynchus tschawytscha (Walbaum).@ Sacramento Salmon. By far the most important fish of the basin. Ascends the river in two distinct runs, one in May and June, the other in September, though a few fish may be found in the river at any time of the year. The principal spawning streams, named in the order of their importance, are: The main river between Chico and Redding, Battle Creek, McCloud River, upper Sacramento River (above mouth of Pitt River), Hat Creek, and Fall River. The importance of Pitt River below the falls as a spawning stream is unknown. A few salmon pass up Feather River and most of the other tributaries. The spring run spawns in August, the fall run in November. The young of this species begin their seaward migration as soon as they are able to swim and reach the ocean when 4 or 5 months old, though a few remain in the headwaters until they are 6 to 12 months old. Oncorhynchus kisutch (Walbaum). Silver Salmon. Reported by Jordan & Jouy, 1881, from the Sacramento River, but not otherwise known from the basin. Salmo gairdneri (Richardson). Steelhead. Reported from the Sacramento River by Jordan & Gilbert, 1881. If it is found in the basin we have been unable to distinguish it from the rainbow trout. A specimen weighing 74 pounds, taken at Battle Creek hatchery in November, 1897, was identified by us as Salmo irideus. Scales in lateral line (not cross rows) 129. Osmerus thaleichthys Ayres. Taken in fresh water at Walnut Grove and Collinsville. The adults go up the river to spawn during February, the young come down during April. aFor a more complete account of this fish see Rutter, Natural history of the quinnat salmon, Bulletin U. S. Fish Comm., vol. XXII, 1902, p. 65-141. FISHES OF SACRAMENTO-SAN JOAQUIN BASIN. abs | INTRODUCED SPECIES. A review of the history and results of the attempts to acclimatize fish and other water animals in the Pacific States is given by Dr. H. M. Smith in the Bulletin of the U.S. Fish Commission, vol. xv, 1895, p. 379-472. Thirty species are mentioned in this report. The following is a list of those planted in our territory: Page. Species. Common name. Page. Species. Common name. = | \— I = = 382 | Ameiurus catus......... Common catfish, 438 | Lucius lucius...........- Pike. | Ameiurus nebulosus....} Bullhead. Anguilla chrysops......) Eel. Ietalurus punctatus ....) Channel catfish 441 | Ambloplites rupestris -.. Sunfish. 393 | Cyprinus carpio... -| Carp. Cheenobryttus gulosus..| Sunfish. 403 | Chanos cyprinella....... Lepomis cyanellus....-. | Sunfish. 404 | Clupea sapidissima -.... Shad. Lepomis pallidus. ...... | Sunfish. 428 | Coregonus clupeiformis.| Whitefish. 442 | Micropterusdolomieu...| Small-mouthed black bass. 430 | Salmo salar..........-.- | Atlantic salmon. Micropterus sulmoides... Large-mouthed black bass. 431 | Salmo salar sebago Landlocked salmon. 447 | Perea flavescens........ Perch, 8 Salmo fario 448 | Stizostedion vitreum_...| Pickerel. Salmo trutta lev Loch Leven trout. || 449 | Roceus lineatus.. Striped t Salvelinus fontinalis....) Eastern brook trout. Roceus chrysops........ Rock ba dé Fortunately only a few of the 24 species mentioned above have obtained a foot- hold in California waters. The following, and possibly others, are now a portion of the fish fauna of the state. Ameiurus catus (Linneus). Common Catfish. Introduced from eastern waters and now exceedingly abundant in the lower rivers and in brackish water. Distinguished from A. nebulosus by the deeply emarginate caudal fin. Observed in the Sacra- mento River at Red Bluff, Jacinto, Knights Landing, mouth of Feather River, Sacramento, Walnut Grove, Ryde, Rio Vista, and Benicia, also in the San Joaquin at Antioch, and in Carquinez Straits. Reported by Jordan & Gilbert from Clear Lake. Ameiurus nebulosus (Le Sueur). Bullhead Catfish. Introduced into the streams of the state along with A. catus. Distinguished by the truncate or rounded caudal fin. Taken in Sacramento River at Knights Landing, Arcade Creek at Arcade, South Fork Dry Creek near Grass Valley, Carquinez Straits at Benicia, and in China Slough and Kings River near Centerville. Reported by Jordan & Gilbert from Clear Lake. In the lower Sacramento much less common than Ameiurus catus. Cyprinus carpio (Linnzeus). Carp. A Chinese fish introduced into California from Germany, Japan, and the eastern states. For a his- tory of the carp in California see ‘‘A review of the history and results of the attempts to acclimatize fish and other water animals in the Pacific States,’ by Hugh M. Smith, Bulletin U. 8. Fish Commission, vol. xv, 1895, p. 379-472. The carp is now abundant in the quiet waters throughout the lower portion of the basin, even enier- ing brackish water. It is a sluggish fish, little esteemed as food, and an important source of food for cor- morants and striped bass. Said to be less common in the Sacramento River between Red Bluff and Redding than it was a few years ago. 152 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. Observed at the following places: In Sacramento River at mouth of Pitt River, Redding, mouth or Clear Creek, Battie Creek hatchery, Red Bluff, Vina, Jacinto, Knights Landing, mouth of Feather River, Sacramento, Ryde, Rio Vista, Collinsville; in Wolf Creek near Greenville, Arcade Creek at Arcade, China Slough at Centerville, San Joaquin Riverat Antioch, and in Carquinez Straits at Benicia. It is one of the few of its family that can withstand strongly brackish water. Alosa sapidissima (Wilson). Shad. Introduced in 1871 and now abundant. The young were taken at the following localities in the Sacramento River in May, 1898: Chico Bridge, Butte City, Princeton, Colusa, Grimes, Wilson’s Farm, 20 miles below Grimes, Sacramento, and Collinsville. Micropterus dolomieu (Lacépéde). Small-mouthed Black Bass. Introduced into various lakes in the state. Repo.ced from Clear Lake by Jordan & Gilbert, 1894. Reported by sportsmen from Sacramento River near Sacramento. Roccus lineatus (Bloch). Striped Bass. Introduced into the waters of California in 1879 and now abundant. The young taken as far up the river as Knights Landing. THE FISHES OF THE COASTAL STREAMS OF OREGON AND NORTHERN CALIFORNIA By JOHN OTTERBEIN SNYDER Assistant Protessor of Zoology, Leland Stanford Junior University BUREAU OF FISHERIES DOCUMENT NO, 633 153 THE FISHES OF THE COASTAL STREAMS OF OREGON AND NORTHERN CALIFORNIA. By JOHN OTTERBEIN SNYDER, Assistant Professor of Zoology, Leland Stanford Junior University. INTRODUCTION. The present paper contains an account of the fish fauna of the smaller coastal streams of Oregon and northern California which have their origin west of the Sierra-Cascade Mountain system and drain a section of the coast extending from the Columbia River to the Sacramento. All of the streams reaching the ocean between the Columbia and Sacramento are therefore included except the Klamath, which rises in the high table-lands east of the Cascade Mountains. The material was collected during a series of field investigations conducted under the auspices of the Bureau of Fisheries for the general purpose of studying the fish fauna of this region. The study of a collection made by Messrs. Frank Cramer and Keinosuke Otaki in the basins of the Rogue, Willamette, and Umpqua rivers is also embodied in this report. Many specimens from the lake region of Oregon, and from the Columbia, Klamath, and Sacramento basins have been kindly furnished for examination by Dr. B. W. Evermann. LOCAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE FISH FAUNA. The coast region of Oregon and northern California is one of great rainfall, the quantity of rain increasing to the northward, where streams draining even the smallest basins have an unusually large and constant volume. Apparently. every condition favorable to the support of a rich fauna prevails, and the streams in many places fairly swarm with fishes. The number of species is remarkably small, however, and those present consist mostly of anadromous forms such as the stur- geon, salmon, and trout, together with others able to withstand salt water, as the cottoids and sticklebacks. Only 11 species of strictly fluvial fishes have been found in the smaller coastal streams, 7 of which occur in the rivers north of the Klamath. a The work was under the general supervision of Dr. C. H. Gilbert, of Stanford University. During June and July, 1897, a party consisting of Dr. Gilbert, A. G. Maddren, G. B. Culver, and J. O. Snyder explored the region south of the Rogue River. From July until late in September, 1899, a second party, including W. F. Allen, J.S. Burcham, E.C. Robinson and J. O. Snyder, students of Stanford University, extended the survey northward to the Columbia. Side excursions from the main line of work were frequently made to examine tributaries of the Columbia, Klamath, and Sacramento rivers. The writer has been very materially aided both in field explorations and laboratory studies by Dr. C. H. Gilbert, to whom he wishes to express his deep obligation for direction, advice, and friendly criticism. Great credit is also due to the several field assistants whose hearty cooperation has made this investigation possible. B. B. F. 1907—11 155 156 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. Not only are the species few in number, but their distribution is very irregular, there being as many as 4 or 6 forms in some streams, while in others equally large there are but 1 or 2 or even none at all. Following the coastal streams southward in serial order from the Columbia, and enumerating those which have a fluvial fish fauna, they are found to contain species as follows: Nehalem, Catostomus macrocheilus; Nestucca, Agosia nubila; Yaquina, A. nubila; Siuslaw, C. macrocheilus, Ptychocheilus umpque, Leuciscus balteatus, A. nubila; Tsiltcoos, C. macrocheilus, P. umpque, L. balteatus; Takenitch, P. umpqux, L. balteatus; Umpqua, C. macrocheilus, P. wumpque, L. balteatus, Rhein- ichthys evermanni, Hybopsis crameri, A. nubila; Coos, C. macrocheilus, A. nubila; Coquille, C. macrocheilus, A. nubila; Flores, C. macrocheilus; Sixes, C. macrocheilus; Rogue, Catostomus rimiculus; Mad, Catostomus humboldtianus; Eel, C. humboldt- ianus; Bear, C. humboldtianus; Navarro, Rutilus symmetricus; Gualala, R. sym- metricus; Russian River, Catostomus occidentalis, Mylopharodon conocephalus, Ptychocheilus grandis, R. symmetricus. No great difficulty has been met in determining the relationships of these species. They are representatives of forms found either in the Columbia, Klamath, or Sacramento rivers.* Some are identical in every respect with the species of the larger basins, while others show a varying degree of differentiation, as described in the following pages. In no case, however, does the relationship appear doubtful. One stream only, the Rogue, contains a Klamath form. North of the Rogue the fluvial species are representatives of the Columbia fauna, while south of the Klamath they belong with the Sacramento. This interesting condition of distribution is graphically shown on the appended map, where rivers having representatives of the Columbia fauna are outlined in red, the Klamath in green, and the Sacramento in orange. Rivers in which fluvial fishes are not known to occur are traced in black. The following species are described as new: Catostomus humboldtianus; Pty- chocheilus umpque; Rhinichthys evermanni; Hybopsis cramert. A table has been prepared to show where specimens of each form have been collected, thus avoiding the long catalogue of localities which would otherwise appear after each species. The trout and salmon are not included in the table. a Rhinichthys evermanni is a possible exception. It does not appear to be closely related to R. dulcis of the Columbia, The genus does not occur in the Klamath or Sacramento. Reference may also be made to the well-known fact that the Columbia, Klamath, and Sacramento basins have each a distinctive fluvial fish fauna, consisting in many cases of character- istic species and genera. FISHES OF OREGON AND NORTHERN CALIFORNIA. 157 TABLE SHOWING THE DisrRiBUTION OF SPECIES. ‘ ley S sig le lo ly Cin] ed een Pan = a |o EI? is iB als |e | a Fe om) £ ae] ais | N aia ts 5 | cS a a i, Be 5) Bs} Sis a S \3 . iS |}S18 | ble rat tee m1 Re = P| — o 2 a {3 E/S \3 ley \e 13 i pe = mn |] |S > |e n oi) 2 3 a 2/26 (2/8 (S13 12 12 ssi isla 8 | Size eiels lee lelelee feces le |elz CI 2 Ale we |e iS less Salo la 2% Skowl |e a .|R | le i g-| 3 |S! 8 (83/813 88igc] stad) § jaai8e| 2 | is _- Locality. Sel 6 |Ss] a a5|3 | 5 SESE RE) @ |29 32/5 /4\e¢ esl lees 83/5) 8 Skis] _s/S2) i543) 3|8)/ 6 igs SFls les] 8 BS) 2) 8 SsisFleciss| o |nelae B/S fe” n Oo Oo |}44)\ a Celt Obl al| s [4a152| = o |)s rs 8 | am |n ao]|o Pale (cafe a I eI Si 2 | 3 5/3 5/513 B Osis ‘a te |o o | 2 3 w =) A ald IS jo |kmale a ls 3 D a lo is |o le | 8 EI ie Sra [ois 2 isles 5 2 5 6/9 s\eig is S ole |6 S/o 19 2/8 |eil2 lealeis lq (& fs |ala la |2/2 12 2 a, |° o|° ololo le le \s o/s I'S S/o} i] am’ |4 6 if Se} le Wes ales mlm lm =) irs =| ola ae is a 3 |° 3 PrP r @ /@ a ila6 toe (sich A ee lke & Sais = = ——_ é = Columbia River fauna. | | Columbia system: Willamette River, Oregon City..............- > ll Bese bee Hane Fase Sood Clear Creek near Oregon City......... E Willamette River, Albany............ Santiam Canal, Albany...-........... Callapooya Creek near Albany... The Lakes near Albany....-....- Willamette River near Corvallis. . ES Willamette River near Junction City... Long Tom Creek near Monroe....-....-.. McKenzie River near Eugene... oe Spe sey ee Willamette River near Eugene........... os g eS Coast Fork, Cottage Grove..........-.-.- =e Row River, Cottage Grove............... INBHRlEmAni veneers concen «casa a cleo ace wonlne< PRIME MGOKMRINGES a= an wana ae setae ne cece ee Trask River.....-- Se Nestucca River- Siletz, River--7----.--.--- Little Elk and Yaquina R MiseaRiverss .2. css 25022: =, : dee zeal Mouth work, AlseasRiver:—..o.0 5222225. seek. ee pore Lee Bee cra ee eee North Fork, Alsea River...........-.------------ Hee elke arate =5 see Siuslaw River and Lake Creek...........-.-..--.- coe Dike Creek, Deadwood..-.........----.0--..-.--- pelt he Bene Lake Creek near Loon Lake ...........-.--.-..--- we = al Hs — BPSULUCOOSMMIVEL, co ee eee cto meena aes dade tecescemecs hea Selbic sce SPR EMtoM CLOG Kee esas eee ecee te ceccce emcee Sea bape) LAS Me Ey Fs Unrpana system: | outh Umpqua River, Roseburg.......--..-. North Umpqua River, Winchester 5 listen km rain eee oobek oan nen ener wc cle ESSE Callapooia Creek, Oakland . 06 South Umpqua, Canyonville - CowiCredk. <2 0 o.oo seo. 5. Deer Creek near Roseburg- South Fork Coos River... ...-- North Fork Coquille River... Coquille River, Myrtle Point. - Coquille River at South Fork.. Coquille River at Middle Fork. Flores Creek... .--..-.....---- Rixeauivars sen ncsss se oecen =. Koes eines s Bele eaea leas Elk Creek, Curry. County .....-..-..2-...........- scx Pera Rac! Pond BsScl Reeel le See beac) aoe fen cel Klamath River fauna. | KKK 1 XXX! XXXXXx! Reis OR SSOch SCG 11 xxx! XX KKK XXX! XXXXXXXXXX Rogue River system: Rogue River near mouth............--------- South Fork Illinois River, Josephine Deer Creek, Josephine County, Oreg.- Rogue River, Grants Pass.............------- Butte Creek, Central Point Butte Creek, Eagle Point.... Bear Creek near Central Point. Bear Creek near Ashland... . RIRLO EI Venee ie oon snc seems ee Bes PSUR DEMME Ee ee el slo win nin wc iniaims sraSin a Seine [antmd Sete Klamath River system: | Klamath River near mouth.........--------- Hunters Creek, Klamath.............-------- Bee eee Shasta River, Montague. .. = Shasta River Yreka......-.....2..--.-2---.- fds. 158 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. TapLE SHOWING THE DISTRIBUTION OF Sprcres—Continued. 2) Plee| ERE eER lee ela) Rey > 28 sis | a oe \3 & a - ie x Fitess |e (Ses a ie |A 9 | s [o} a |S a Se eselbest ER it eeh ca Bee Fn eee | 2 |2 | = Sh (a |a ist As = |B |S 8 |g] alm js Ah |ala ie aicve 8 \< |2ig |Slais 8 ee ll le Ik |e ler =| a lalg |Sl8 [S/S lane Ssloul Slats |ale bat A ol) ost tales, | pseiieh thy Sal2wl go |e8alea.|A | 5 12 g./8 (Se 8 (Os/ 8] 8 8 slag) oleae 8 Sales Vea Locality S| 2 eel a a2! 9) F | skios RH] & |oolss 3 nu |8Q ocality. hehe Se Vrehise 3 ER Wz 8 iso\55| glee EN HOD o|a|6 od #2\ 8 |828| 8 S818) § (BSletlacrad| 2 \Seloe1 5's la# Shan] 6 |eo) 4/8 sax jovial g atloh 5 | Sia Ss glo a |o a | a late sH),A| e%\3 @ |-m jo a Nese lesh [ann sals A joala lala fa joel? B lela |ale (alae i leale lela ie | Si sie | |S iB |BIB |B eia la I8c/8 (ele le la 2 | Ba /2\8 (Sis |slels SB jai |Si8 is |=Siele 8/2\/8 |8/8 13/88 (2 le le | sie te 18/818 = et [9 P |P = ee t= ips ae mlm Te S) 3 \3 a oS | Bia ajalo |3 B |e le |S a |o|5 a |lzld |Ol6 lolol4 A ee ae BJA lA Sacramento River fauna. Redwood Creek, Orick.-....-...------------------- Mad River...-----.- Maple Creek... Little River... Elk River..-.- Van Duzen Creek South Fork Eel River near Garberville- South Fork Eel River, Garberville Spawl Creek........-----------=-: Bear River, Capetown... - Mattole River near mouth. Mattole River, White Thorn. Usal Greek-- .=--.---------- Ten-Mile Rive Noyo River. - Big River. .--------- South Fork Big River. . Albion River----.---.---- Navarro River near mout Navarro River near Philo... Navarro River near Boonville. Alder Creek... -------------- Garcia River near mouth. ...-.. Garcia River 5 miles from mouth. Garcia River 10 miles from mouth. Gualala River at North Fork.----- = Gualala River at Wheatfield Fork. Wer AlGes: seem Wheatfield Fork, Gualala......------------------- Bo boca Saasl Gaee| Race esos Russian River system: Roberts Creek. ......-.----------------------- Pac bel Be Russian River, Ukiah. Warm Springs Creek. -.--- Dry Creek, Skaggs Springs. Dry Creek, Healdsburg. - . Russian River, Healdsbur; Knights Valley Creek. ..-- Napa River, Rutherford. - Napa River, Calistoga. - . é Peer eee Conn Greek em ae te eee eeeee eee eae See Kaccl bres xXKKKX XK XX xx! XXX! XXX FISHES OF OREGON AND NORTHERN CALIFORNIA. 159 TasBLe SHOWING THE DisrrRipuTIoN or Specres—Continued. ~ Agosia klamathensis Evermann Eigenmann & cataphractus | Figenmann. Locality. Girard). cies. severmanni, new spe- | & Meek. (Pallas). | Gasterosteus | Rhinichthy ibia transmontana EKigen- | mann & BKigenmann. Rutilus symmetricus (Baird & || Rhinichthys dulcis (Girard). Coregonus williamsoni Girard. Rutilus bicolor (Girard). | Ilysterocarpus traski Gibbons. | Agosia nubila (Girard). Hybopsis erameri, new species. | Cottus asper Richardson. | Cottus gulosus (Girard). | Cottus klamathensis Gilbert. | Agosia falcata | Colum | | Columbia River fauna. | | | Columbia system: Willamette River, Oregon City.............. Bite bere eal bares eee eet lee Clear Creek near Oregon City........ Willamette River, Albany.....-...-.- Santiam Canal, Albany....-.......-- Callapooya Creek near Albany....... The Lakes near Albany..........-.-- Willamette River near Corvallis. .... Willamette River near Junction City Long Tom Creek near Monroe... .... McKenzie River near Eugene.... Ae Ee | - Willamette River near Eugene. Seal sae caked beers Ose > Passe pee seme era Coast Fork, Cottage Grove... . peck vos hee a Heenan! ac Row River, Cottage Grove. =o Gee Fi 3 oe Nehalem River . 2 = Tillamook River. . Trask River...... INasinieca River=5 222-.5s4 lessees a co (SMS IpAlsuih een A se Ee ae ee Little Elk and Yaquina River. ...--. PAIRGH ARCA L ela en at ace eas oo South Fork, Alsea River... North Fork. Alsea River....-.....-- Siuslaw River and Lake Creek...... Lake Creek Deadwood.......- WEES eats es ! XxxXxXKKKKXXKKKX! | Usopdne system: outh Umpqua River, Roseburg....-...---.. Bee Wc Meee] Vel a ord Ln eed ee North Umpqua River, Winchester 6 a eee | sere [ae we? leiCreak sDraines: 2-2. .ce nas = Callapooia Creek, Oakland..... South Umpqua, Canyonville... CowiGreckee ie = oeeee ss = Deer Creek near Roseburg... -- South Fork Coos River. ....-...--- North Fork Coquille River. . 5 Coquille River, Myrtle Point. . Coquille River at South Fork.. Coquille River at Middle Fork. Flores Creek... Sixes River Elk Creek, Curry County. . Klamath River fauna. Rogue River system: Rogue River near mouth................-...- Ree Baeel hay Wane Se ee cIAR HE ocd aned bane South Fork Illinois River, Josephine = Deer Creek, Josephine County, Oreg. . Rogue River, Grants Pass....... Butte Creek, Central Point. . Butte Creek, Eagle Point....-.. Bear Creek near Central Point. Bear Creek near Ashland.... (IBistoliRivern.inc.: --+---0-2--- = Seal Ee Ee ee ea ee eee ELD MWA Rate pote wots missle aia hisialcwiceistn «le weiss padi ere easel NiccapMcoa [eees Klamath River system: Klamath River near mouth. ........---.----- ees Hunters Creek, Klamath... Shasta River, Montague... see 2 ce Sate x bodes S| sev albaes RDAStRMRIVEIy NIKOKE, (toa c a woe cee cca c ae le ae porelesmoi hace Re a} ssa baeS head besa b ood bess ee 1Xx! xD xx! f ‘xx xx! 16 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. TABLE SHOWING THE DISTRIBUTION OF SpEcrEsS—Continued. & Agosia klamathensis Evermann || Rutilus symmetricus (Baird & cataphractus (Pallas). Hysterocarpus traski Gibbons. Locality. Girard.) cies & Meek. Agosia falcata Eigenmann Rutiius bicolor (Girard). Eigenmann. mann & EKigenmann. Gasterosteus Columbia transmontana Bigen- Coregonus williamsoni Girard. Cottus klamathensis Gilbert. Cottus rhotheus Rosa Smith. | Rhinichthys evermanni, new spe- | THybopsis crameri, new species. | Rhinichthys dulcis (Girard). Agosia nubila (Girard). | Cottus asper Richardson, Cottus gulosus (Girard). Cottus aleuticus Gilbert. Sacramento River fauna. | | Redwood Creek, Orick - MadsRiver: 2 ----e=-— = Meaple(Creakes. 222.522 2 Ses eso eee cee ittleVRivers apes asses ene tae r ee a ite Mlk River -2------ ye E al eases | Van Duzen Creek alee A bade Geel beeches ‘South Fork Eel River near Garberville- - - =| ee a Pee ese South Fork Eel River, Garberville...-..- =| (45 A Beeel pee SP AW Creeks te. eee eee ea eee BP eral eee ees) Ne Bear River, Capetown... - BSA SSSA bAesl becs| Kea-| Hae Mattole River near mouth a Rese Peso Seer eee peice boc Mattole River, White Thorn.-..---.-...- oH sel oc Bea ee Usa Creeks ese ee eee eee e|beaa| eae ates |ee mien MilesRivenie soo sence enna Noy OsRiivenssssees ene esse eee iapPyBhcrn oe fecosceRaaacsabacecmacses South Fork Big River-....-.---------- TA DionMR versa eae eee Navarro River near mouth. .-..-.....- Navarro River near Philo.......----- Navarro River near Boonville... .---- Allder/Creek soe ee sees see eee Garcia River near mouth.-.....----- Garcia River 5 miles from mouth. Garcia River 10 miles from mouth Gualala River at North Fork.---- Gualala River at Wheatfield Fork - - ee WiheatheldHork; (Gualalacsse: a2 2 eee eee Russian River system: Roberts Oreekepee: sepsis bse eee Russian River, Ukiah......-- Warm Springs Creek Dry Creek, Skaggs Springs. - - Dry Creek, Healdsburg. ------ Russian River, Healdsburg - Knights Valley Creek. ---.--- Napa River, Rutherford. --- Napa River, Calistoga. --- Conn) Creek: set a eae eee eee ‘xxx! Xxx ' xXx xX ipo oo ‘xx! Xxx! x! XXX! KKK! KK KKKKKK KKK KKK KKK KK X | xx! x! x! SYSTEMATIC DISCUSSION OF SPECIES, The proportional measurements“ recorded in the following pages are expressed in hundredths of the length from the tip of the snout to the base of the caudal fin. The tables are intended to record something of the degree of differentiation . which has arisen between closely allied forms. They will also serve to indicate the individual variation of certain characters as well as it may be shown by the exami- nation of a small series of specimens. 1. Entosphenus tridentatus (Gairdner). Young examples of this species were occasionally found in quiet pools, buried several inches in the soft sand and mud. Specimens were taken in the Willamette, Nestucca, Umpqua, Coquille, Rogue, Klamath, Eel, Garcia, Big, Russian, and Napa rivers. a The method of measuring here adopted is explained in Snyder, Bulletin U. S. Bureau Fisheries, vol. xxvu1, 1907, page 79. lor) = FISHES OF OREGON AND NORTHERN CALIFORNIA. i 2. Acipenser medirostris Ayres. A large specimen from the Klamath River, near its mouth, was examined. The plates were located as follows: Mid-ventral wow, 3 in front of anal, 2 behind; ventro-lateral row, 9; lateral row, 27; dorsal row, 11 in front of dorsal fin, 3 behind. 3. Catostomus rimiculus Gilbert & Snyder. Practically no difference has been discovered between examples of this species taken in the Kla- math and Rogue rivers. Examples from the Rogue appear to have the dorsal and ventral fins inserted somewhat more posteriorly than those of the Klamath. The difference is slight, not constant, and may be due in part to unequal shrinkage of specimens in preservation. The largest specimen seen measured 410 mm, in length. Klamath and Rogue rivers. MEASUREMENTS OF CATOSTOMUS RIMICULUS. Klamath River basin. | Klamath River near mouth. Shasta River near Yreka. | | DENS TOOL OGY. .2.ce es sco. ose wanaeak sass mm. | 242 | 252] 275) 301] 334) 262) 250) 225 228) 223 212 Length head... 2 -24 | .235 | .23 | .235 | .225 | .235 |'.23 | .225 | .24 | .22 +23 - 185°} 220. | -19 | «105 | .20) | 19. | 22) | ..24 | 2225) 215 | 20 -095 | .097 | .095 | .095 | .085 | .092 | .095 | .095 | .092 | .095 | .095 SABO eke Vekes edOn [eGo tenLiZpn le 1Ons leita tose lets - 185 -115 |} .105 | .105 | 11 | .105 | .12 | 115) .11 |.12 | .105] .11 | .035 | .035 | .03 | .03 | .03 | .03 | .035 | .035 | .032 | .035 | .035 -095 | .095 | .085 | .095 | .095 | .10 | .10 | .095 | .105 | .10 - 092 | -155 | .155 | .15 | .15 | .16 | .162].16 | .15 | .175 | .15 -15 - 495 | .495 | .465 | .485 | .48 | .50 | .49 | .485 | .50 | .48 - 48 -59 | .565 | .555 | .57 | .55 | 555 | .565 | .56 | .56 | .575 |) .56 - 145 | .135 | .145 | 185 ].14 | .15 | .14 | .14 | .135) .18 -15 } -075 | .08 | .085 | .09 | .072 | .075 | .075 | .075 | .072 | .08 - 075 -155 | .145 | .15 | .14 | .142| .14 | .145].15 | .15 | .15 15 ee Sh Win COS Fe MR EE 8 ae a a) Ne Pa | Wa Pe Length caudal peduncle. - Length snout.........-. Diameter eye....... Interorbital width. . Depth head......... Snout to dorsal. Snout to ventral.... Length base of dorsal. Length base of anal... Height dorsal... .- Height anal..... Length pectoral. -195 | .205 | .20 | .20 | .195 | .185} .17 |.185|.20 |.175] .19 Length ventral. . -145 | .14 | .145 |] .14 | .14 | .14 | .145 |] .14 | .135|.145 |) .145 Length caudal. | .23 | .22 |.205).21 | .20 | .205|.20 | .205 | .21 | .19 -21 Dorsal rays. - 11 il ll ll ll 12 1 ll ll 10 12 Anal rays.... | Sia Parl Pe eA FN aren SI SeAll ces 7 | 86| 88] 85) 89] 85| 93! 89 (RONEN sata aia) ait iG)y\h a5) Gall Gaile it | 47] 44] 40| 44| 38]/ 42] 39] 39] 40] 39| 44 South Fork Illinois River. Bear Creek, Ashland, Oreg. Teneo body ta. Xin coz mm.| 247| 266| 281| 285| 996| 77| 961 01 xo1| 135 Length head. Sea\) 26) |) ob 1) am | rosb ile 24s eb eal eme4b ||| oa | oa) 295 Depth body..........-. 122 - 205 21 -205 | .20 Sak |) vee - 20 -21 215 Depth caudal peduncle. . . . 095 - 095 | . 09 - 095 -097 | .09 - 09 - 09 - 09 - 095 Length caudal pedunele. - Bee eelG 15 -165| .16 Go Heelan pee ty -165 | .16 pilr! Length snout........... SAO TE 5s GIG )| Gre |) Gib | were | Raul |) rb ib 12 10 Diameter eye....... ---| 035.035 .033 | .033 .03 - 05 -045 | .045 | .04 . 04 Interorbital width. . ace) 0858), 2100} 3088! 208) 095") 1098 - 09 - 09 - 095 - 09 Depth head......... Be ce -175 - 16 alee | rent 16 16 16 16 16 Snout to dorsal... }) OLE 02071) 005) | b0 51 52 -52 51 50 50 Snout to ventral...-- . 585 . 61 -575 | .57 ~ 56 -58 ~59 . 58 - 58 - 56 Length base of dorsal 14 BSG) at 3 -135 | .13 14 -14 -14 -16 -14 Length base of anal. . S38) maghFe 07 - 08 08 - 08 -075 | .07 -07 -07 -07 Height dorsal...... a3 sf Sat 15 .14 BASS eek tah ee de . 16 17 -15 Height anal... eu! 3 - 195 -185 | .185 | .18 Bale? - 16 -165 | .18 2 lf Length pectoral. .19 185 | .175| .185 | :21 21 DiS s2t 19 Length ventral. -14 135 14 135 | .15 16 16 16 14 Length caudal. . 225 205 21 205 | .24 23 22 22 22 Dorsal rays. ll 10) 11 | 11 ll 1 i 12 11 Anal rays.......-. r¢ 7 | 7 7 Ve 7 6 7 7 Seales lateral line... .... 87 90 89 89 81 81 87 84 81 Seales above lateral line ee 16 17 15 17 15 15 16 16 16 Beales hakore: dorsalis ooo eke cs- toe tk eee ee ccs 42 41 42 45 38 38 | 40 39 | 41 162 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. ScaLE Counts IN CATOSTOMUS RIMICULUS. Klamath Shasta pay Rogue | River near | River near ae mien eae Total. | mouth, Yreka. - mouth. | Tn lateral line: |(Specenicrs: Specimens.| Specimens.| Specimens. Specimens. Si scales is sce cine 2 cn oee Se eee Oe oe eee | | ma 83 scales 1 1 87 scales. 3 88 scales. ea 3 | 89 scales. J3iesebeeeeea le 90 scales. | it 91 scale | 2 O2;scales: 2.241526 Be ee eae ee satis copie eee se eee eee ee ee eee 93 scales... - 1 Above lateral line: | NIT CORO RB E's aac on sonaa Sabet oumaeorsomnnbos abc accsccercc Mebemormeentd bodassatase 16 scales. 17 seales- 1 18 seales- 19 scales. 1 20 scales... a DINSCAIGS OAM cer emer ee cree ete sictete atet ge ashe eet aaa eee eee 1 Before dorsal: \ OU SCAIES =a. cece see ee 38 scales. 39 scales. 40 scales 41 scales. 42 scales - 43 scales. 44 scales... 45 scales... 46 scales. 51 seales 52 scales. RPE WNWWERWMONF FPWOUNNmRE NBN TONNE 4. Catostomus occidentalis Ayres. Specimens from the Russian River appear to differ in no way from those of Napa River or of the Sacramento basin. Russian and Napa river basins. MEASUREMENTS OF CATOSTOMUS OCCIDENTALIS. Sacramento River basin. Yuba River. Goose Lake. | ] Meng thi ot bodyeee. + =.= sae a mm... 273 262 237 | 267 | 258 255 238 222 232 | 223 255 Menethihead Sine ses ee senses seme -24 - 238, 523s 228 1220 ~230 | «225 - 232 - 228 - 225 -23 Depth body.......-.-.- 5 -19 -18 -19 - 20 - 195 20) j}) 206") 21 22 - 235 21 Depth caudal peduncle. - = - 085 - O88 - 082} .09 -085 | -085 |) .08 - 09 - 085 | . 085 - 085 Length caudal peduncle - Al een: - 165 m1 559 |e O5h| ames. S16) |) e725) 8 sales Ante - 165 Length snout..........-. 3 13 -12 -115 - 105 -10 Sully) sala - 105 all -il -10 Width lower lip. E ~ 065 - 06 - 062 -065 | .05 -05) | 2.042 - 05 - 05 - 05 - 05 Diameter eye.....- 04 04 -042 | .085 | .04 -038 .088 | .04 04 05 - 035 Interorbital width. 2 - 098 -10 ~ 095 -10 - 10 -ll -10 - 105 -10 - 095 itil Depth head.-......-. Z 15 -15 -16 oles - 165 aalye |) valle Sy -175 - 165 oalfe Snout to occiput. a: - 212 - 205 195 | 2195) .19 -195 | .185 |) .20 -185 | .20 - 20 Snout to dorsal. . -52 | .495 49 -47 = «| =~. 485 -49 - 48 ~51 - 50 49 -48 Snout to ventral......- 59 -58 - 58 - 565 - 58 - 585 -55 - 58 . 58 . 54 .54 Length base of dorsal. - .16 aL) -155 | .165 -18 S BR an & & BS B a So = i Length base of anal---- 4 : 2 é - 08 075 | .08 085 08 Height dorsal-......- 5, . 162 ~ 165 -18 16 -15 -162,| .16 158 - 165 Luh 17 Height anal. .... a 20 18 175 19 185 180) 123) 185 19 205 23 Length pectoral 20 | 19 19 20 18 +195 APAL 21 205 22 205 Length ventral. 162 | 152 - 165 15 142 LO we etloo, 15 155 16 16 Length caudal 223 212 +23 21 21 225 | 222 222 225 222 225 Dorsal rays... = 1183 12 12 12 12 12'| 11 ll 11 11 12 Scales lateral line.......- an 69 62 64 72 63 67) 71 65 71 69 64 Seales above lateral line. a 15 16 15 17 | 16 15 | 15 7 16 16 15 Scales before dorsal...--..5......--.--..- 34 37 32 37 34 31 35 37 38 38 32 | FISHES OF OREGON AND NORTHERN CALIFORNIA. 1638 MEASUREMENTS OF CATOSTOMUS OCCIDENTALIS—Continued. Sacramento River basin—Continued. Cache Creek, Yolo County, Cal. SUEY OF DOUY..c..2sc.2e- soem mm... 212 enppn head) 52223 223. case ok een anes | .23 Depth body ..-........-. aa Depth canes pec ancle Length caudal! peduncle. 532 Length snout......-.... : cit! Width lower lip. Diameter eye.....- a4 . 045 Interorbital width ao 095, Depth head-....-.- ae mike Snout to occiput. < 195 Snout to dorsal... 49 Snout to ventral....-.- : 575 Length base of dorsal. : Length base of anal... al Height dorsal....- - 175 Height anal....-. 175 Length pectoral. 195 Length we é 15 Length caudal. 255 Dorsal rays..-... 12 Seales lateral line. . 71 Seales above lateral line. : 7} Seales before dorsal.......--... = 34 Russian River basin. Dry Creek near Healdsburg. Length of body..-.----.........-..- mm.. 79) | 95 | 100 119 151 155 Length head....- — 227 COG) 2250 ee. 28 -24 -25 Depth body--.-....-.-- =215)) = 20. 123 235 - 23 - 235 Depth caudal peduncle. . 085 08 «08 | .08 - 085 08 Length caudal peduncle. -14 - 135 15 - 135 -14 16 Length snout... 12 | 12 115 -12 -115 125 Width lower lip. - -| .05 - 055 | 042 | .05 045 045 Diameter eye... -.- as . 055 SObsei ee aOain) © s-0D5, 05 05 Interorbital width. asa) eM) nalyede site Pe ei tt) - 095 09 Depth head......-- Soe iy Ai lehed | gas STD ye Sale | oily) 17 Snout to dorsal.. Self act: 525 | .525| .53 51 52 Snout to ventral. ..... 58 575 - 58 - 60 575 59 Length base of dorsal. 19 18 | .18 18 185 175 Length base of anal. . mee et ack tit 08 075 075 09 | 083 | Height dorsal......-. a5 -21 “19 19 -20 -19 185 | Height anal....- eed oat -185 75h} 9, att 175 | Length pectoral. 215 aval 205 215 20 20 Length ventral -17 -17 16 -16 16 16 Length eaudal. -28 +25 25 - 26 25 24 | Dorsal rays. ...-- 13 12 12 13 13 12 Scales lateral line. . 70 67 69 65 68 70 Seales above lateral line- ce 15 13 15 14 15 15 Scales before dorsal.....-...-.-.-:.-..-.. 33 32 32 |? 32 31 35 5. Catostomus humboldtianus, new species. The affinities of this species are with C. occidentalis of the Sacramento and adjacent streams. It differs from C. occidentalis in having larger scales between the occiput and insertion of dorsal (28 to 33 rows against 30 to 36) and larger scales above the lateral line (11 to 14 rows between lateral line and middle of back near origin of dorsal, against 13 to 17). The mouth is larger than that of C. occidentalis, the papillose lips are broader, usually extend farther backward, and have larger papilla. The eye is smaller and the pectorals are rounded instead of pointed. The differences exhibited by the mouth and eye will usually serve to distinguish the species at a glance. From C. snyderi of the Klamath basin it differs in having fewer scales in the lateral series (62 to 69 in the lateral line against 70 to 77) and in having a much larger mouth with markedly broader lips. Distribution, Mad, Eel, and Bear rivers, Humboldt County, Cal. Head 4 in length; depth 4.25; depth of caudal peduncle 2.75 in head: eye 8; snout 2.14; interor- bital space 2.5; number of dorsal rays 12; anal rays7; scales in lateral line 67; above lateral line 12; between lateral line and ventral fin 9; between occiput and dorsal 30. 164 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. Width of mouth contained about 4 times in length of head; upper lip with 6 or 7 rows of papillee ante- rior to mouth, lower lip split nearly to border of mouth; one or two rows of papillee between cleft and border of lip; distance between anterior border of upper lip and posterior border of lobe of lower lip 2.9 in head; inner border of lips smooth and hard; 3 rows of minute papillae between inner border of upper lip and the valve. Interorbital area convex. Length of fontanelle about equal to diameter of orbit. Origin of dorsal fin midway between t*~ »f snout and base of caudal fin; height of longest dorsal ray somewhat greater than length of bas: ‘he latter contained 6.6 times in the length. Height of anal 2.3 times length of its base, 5 in ti tip of fin when depressed just reaching base of lower caudal rays. Pectoral rays 18, the longe. -ained 5.1 in the length. Origin of ventral below ninth dorsal ray, the fin when depressed not reaching anal opening, 6.75 in the length. Caudal 4.8 in the length. The scales grow gradually larger porteriorly, those on caudal peduncle being about twice the width of the anterior ones. Color dusky above, the scales with dark borders; dorsal, caudal, and upper side of pectorals dusky; ventrals and anal whitish. Occasional spec’mens are somewhat brassy, having whitish tubercles on lower part of caudal peduncle, on anal and lower half of caudal fin. Fig. 1.—Catostomus humboldtianus, new species. Type. Type, in U. S. National Museum, a specimen from the south fork of Eel River, near Garberville, Humboldt County, Cal. Cotype no. 9861, Stanford University. No differences have been detected between specimens from Bear, Eel, and Mad rivers. (©. hum- boldtianus appears to be a slightly differentiated form of C. occidentalis, resembling that species much more closely than C. snyderi of the Klamath. It is well to note in this connection that but little is known of C. snyderi, and a detailed and thorough examination of (. occidentalis is yet to be made. Bear, Eel, and Mad rivers. MEASUREMENTS OF CATOSTOMUS HUMBOLDTIANUS. Eel River. Mad River. Length of body.......... 2 as 234 239 221 227 203 185 198 185 175 190 Length head. . =|) 120 -245 | .24 245 | .24 ~25 - 26 -265 | .25 - 26 Depth body......... 24 .235 | .22 ~24 -23 +23 - 22 215 | .24 - 23 Depth caudal peduncle. - 095 | .095 |) .09 O9Dsl ie a A : 3 Length caudal peduncle el) ealedin| oalze -165 | .16 -16 -16 -16 -15 +168 | .155 Length snout..-......... al 1259} -D15s}) Ss] 03 +12 -13 13 o80))| Lou een Width lower lip 3 -065 | .055 | .062 | .062| .07 - 067 -065 | .055 | .065 Diameter eye... =.-. -035 | .033 | .035 | .038 | .04 . 04 - 04 -035 | .04 Interorbital width. Sl ai a0 -098 } .098} .105) .10 - 098 -105} .10 - 105 Depth head.......- Sat) Sal Si |) oalletey || aly) clr éai|} Sak} -18 -175 | .18 -18 Snout to occiput - Eh ole | Se! - 21 +215] .205| .225) .23 +225\| .20 24 Snout to dorsal. . -515 | .51 - 51 - 50 -505 | . 52 - 53 +525'| . 505 | .52 Snout to ventral. -...- .575 | .575 | .60 - 59 - 58 - 60 - 59 . 62 -625 | .59 Length base of dorsal. 15 14 -145 | .153 | .145] .15 ~15 -145 | .155]) .165 Length base of anal. - - -| .085 | .07 -063 | .08 -065 | .08 ~072 | .075 | .07 - 08 Height dorsal... ---- -| 18 -165 | .16 -17 18 =165) | .155))| .155) | 216 -16 Height anal. ---- Allie e740) -17 slitz 920) oats) SUPA Ie make} -175 | .18 sity) Length pectoral. -205 | .19 -18 ~20 195 | .205) .185} .18 195 | .18 Length ventral -. AN) Penlisee feats | esi aia ll Tay, Wa ga Smet oil Il) Sv ID aveAn ay GAN oa seas bebo sbooomeconeeesceuesagcecses .235 | .21 21 -215 | .24 = 22 APA .22 -23 m220) S ro or S os S oS — i=) = i=) S o a S eo a FISHES OF OREGON AND NORTHERN CALIFORNIA. 165 ScaLE AND FIN CHARACTERS OF CATOSTOMUS HUMBOLDTIANUS FROM Map, Ext, AND Bear Rivers. | Mad River. Eel River. Bear River. _——-— = = Scales | Scales | Scales -« | Scales | Scales | Scales rq | Scales Seales Scales | 7 in lat- | above | before | ays in lat- | above | before Ray ri in lat- above | before | ae 8 eral | lateral | corsa sal fin.| @Tal |lateral dorsal | Ant fn. | eral |lateral | dorsal | (2 °or line. line. | fin | line. line. fin. | é line. line: fin, | S#! fin. == — md } — 4 | | 65 13 33 12 67 13 32 | 12 64 12° | 29 ll 65 12 | 28 12 65 12 31 | 12 63 | 12 28° | 12 65 13 31 12 62 13 31 12 64 13 | 28 12 62 14 | 29 12 67 13 30 |} 12 64 13 30 ll 65 13 28 12 64 13 |} 31 12 63 12 28 | 12 63 13 | 28 | 1 68 13 31 | 12 66 13 31 | 12 69 13 | 31 | 12 68 13 30 12 62 13 28 | 12 65 13 | 33 12 66 13 30 | 12 64 4 31 12 65 14 31 | 12 67 13 30 | 13 70 | 13 30 12 65 | 12 | 31 | 12 69 | 14 33 | 12 63 14 30 12 65 13 32 | 12 67 14 33 | 12 64 13 30 | 12 65 13 30. | 11 68 12 33 12 63 | 13 29 | 12 66 14 | 32 | 12 67 1 30 | 11 63 13 28 | 12 68 13 31 12 66 13 29 | 12 62 12' | 29 | 12 69 1638 | 31 | 2 66 12 28 12 63 12 | 29 | 12 67 ut) 29 il 67 13 | 28 ll 67 13 30 12 67 13 | 32 | 12 66 12 29° | 12 | 62 | 12 29 ll 64 12 | 2 12 62 128) 2950 12 63 | 13 29 12 65 | 12 | 29 | 11 64 12 | 27 12 64 13 29 12 | 65 | 12 | 23 | 12 65 13 31 12} 60 12 29 12 | | | | CoMPARATIVE SCALE AND FIN CHARACTERS OF CATOSTOMUS OCCIDENTALIS AND CATOSTOMUS HUMBOLDTIANUS. C. occiden- AG hum- | | C.oceiden-| C. hum- | talis. | boldtianus. talis. _— boldtianus. Having in series above lateral line— | | Specimens. Specimens. || Having in series between occiput | | | TIRECHIBH eos serene ne eee thet. oe cee ol 2 | and dorsal fin— iContinuea); Specimens. Specimens. 12 scales. 32\seales.-...-- ee sel| 23 6 13 scales. 33 scales. . 14 scales - - -| 34 scales . . 15 scales. - 35 scales - 16 scales. . 36 scales - 17 scales Having in series bet ween occiput and | Showing in dorsal fin— | dorsal fin— ML TAYSs Jeo ho ec eotesea eas Seeasalseaseete anes | 12 RRC HIGH Pie mee claves esate nee eia ln ietninm eles an 1 12 rays... 52 | 55 BAP RT aod kes OR A ee Sa Bicome ener 12 13 rays... 42 | 2 29 scales. - 3 14 14 ray 5 |-----5-2-02- 30 seales - ll 13 15 rays... Bi eet oseae 31 scales. . - 12 16 | | 6. Catostomus snyderi Gilbert. The coarse-scaled sucker of the Klamath appears to be a rare form, but few examples having been seen. One large individual was taken in the Klamath near its mouth. The species seems to differ from C. occidentalis and C. macrocheilus in having a shorter and some- what deeper head, a narrower mouth with smaller lips, a much deeper caudal peduncle, somewhat smaller scales and fewer dorsal rays. Klamath River. 7. Catostomus macrocheilus Girard. The coarse-scaled sucker of the Columbia River is so nearly like that of the Sacramento that its specific distinctness may be regarded with some doubt. It appears to differ from the Sacramento form in having slightly shorter fins, the pectorals being at the same time more rounded, and in usually haying asmaller eye. ‘ibe scales are alike in both forms, and the fin rays are equal in number. C. macrocheilus occurs in the larger coastwise streams of Oregon north of the Rogue River. No characters have been detected which will serve to distinguish specimens taken in any of these rivers from those of the Columbia basin. The results of a comparison of a few specimens from each of several isolated basins are given in the appended tables. 166 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. In the larger streams individuals of this species often attain a length of 2 feet. They may some- times be seen frequenting the deeper pools in great numbers. Large schools often follow the tide down the lower courses of the rivers, frequently venturing some distance into the brackish water. In Coos River 8] specimens, measuring from 250 to 420 millimeters long. were cut off from such a school without perceptibly reducing its size. Drs. Evermann and Meek record the species from Tsiltcoos Lake and the Siuslaw River as Catos- tomus tsiltcoosensis.¢ A much larger series of specimens from both the coastal streams of Oregon and from the Willamette and lower Columbia than was accessible to these authors makes it appear that no differences exist between examples from the Siuslaw and Tsiltcoos rivers and the lower Columbia. Willamette, Nehalem, Siuslaw, Umpqua, Coos, Coquille, Flores, and Sixes river basins. MEASUREMENTS OF CATOSTOMUS MACROCHEILUS. Columbia River basin. Willamette River, Junction City. Willamette River near Corvallis. ] j j Length of body.........- mm..} 380} 318 | 328 | 298 | 308 | 300) 312 322 313 305 287 330 Length head . BI 2A5 | zoe 245 | 23) | 245 | 235) “25 255) | 2000 24 - 248 Depth body......- 19 | 520°) 24 | 220 | ©2151 222 | 223 || 20 E23 aleeal 22 222, - 2 Depth caudal pedunele. - -073 | 08 “OSs ce 075} .078 | 082 | ..075 | .08 -078 | .08 .08 075 Length caudal peduncle. . - 216 | .145 | .17 -165 | .152 | .16 | .16 -15 -175 | .16 -16 - 165 Length snout.-....------ Sy fe Se 1) 2 alba) | gall LS: | 512 Width lower lip- -065 | .063 | .048 | -055 | .05 | .05 | .055 | .04 04 045.045 | .047 - 05 Diameter eye... --- -033 | .035 | .035 | .033 | .035 | .033 | .033 | .033 | .038 | .035 | .035| .03 - 036 035 Interorbital width. -| 098 | 095.) .11 | -10 | .10 | .105 | .105 | .10 eiley | Galolss |) Saal -10 -1l Depth head.......- -| -165 | .175 | .172 | . 717 | .165 | .18 | .165) .16 en meayty sonlyday |) Baty / - 168 “172 Snout to occiput. =20) | 223) |. 21 «21- | .185)| .20 ||.195\) -192)}) ..205)) 221 20 21 -195 Snout to dorsal. . “| 250 | .525 | .51 .495 | .51 | .52 | .495! .49 -485 | .49 -475 | 505 - 50 Snout to ventral.-....- - 565 | . 58 55 | 575 | .585 | .58 | .55 | .56 - 54 57 -545 | . 565 - 565 Length base of dorsal. -165)) 17. | 2172 -16 | 165 ~175 | .175'|] .175) .19 -18 - 20 =o) -18 Length base of anal. -08 | .075 | .08 -075 | .085 | .085 | .08 -085 | .08 -085 | .085 - 08 Height dorsal. 135 | 145 | .14 -145 | .155 | .135 | .16 -145 | .165) .15 - 145 145 Height anal... .- 2185+} 222) 2172) |< 19 | .18 | .175 | .185 | -17 -225 | .19 »215 | .20 - 185 Length pectoral 173 | .195 | .175 | | -20 eee 172} .19 | .175| .182] -193] .185] .195 | .177 | | Length ventral. 1} 2133 | 114 | 145 14 | .145 | -13° | .142| .182] .14 -142) .145 | .148 . 138 Length caudal. - «205; ) 23% 1-120 23 | .205) .20 | 21 | 21 -207 | .235) .225) .24 7225 Dorsal rays..... 14) 14 3l 14) 14 14 15} 13 14 14 15 15 15 Scales lateral line. ....... 67 68 65 7. 72 72 75 76 73 72 | 68 66 77 Seales above lateral line. > 13} 14 13 | 16 13 14 14; 13 14 14 14 14 16 Seales before dorsal.....-..-.-- 36 | 35 35 36 | 36 36 35 36 38 36 35 33 34 38 | lia cae Teen - | sco un bier Nehalem River basin. Long Tom Creek. Nehalem River, near mouth. Length of body........- mum. - 148 | 175) 215 425 303 183} 156 156 146 142 185 178 188 Ihenpthihea. deeper -25 | .25 -245 | .26 -235 | .232| .24 a2a7 | 224 -25 -235 | .245 | .255 Depth caudal peduncle S| olty/ -075 | .08 -085 | .08 -082 | .075} .08 08 - 08 - 08 - 08 08 Width lower lip. ...-- --| -045 |} .055 | .05 -058 | .055 |) .088 | .043}) .045 .045 |; .048 | .045 | .048) .05 Diameter eye... --. -045 | .04 | .04 | .035 | .035] .038 |) .043 | .042 .04 -043 | .04 - 04 - 04 Snout to occiput. e212 | -21 Lo) 7192) )' 2192) 21 | <2 2215) 22159), 2215) 9522 21 Snout to dorsal -- 51 | - 52 -51 | 49 -48 -49 49 -49° | 51 51 - 51 515 Snout to ventral. -59 | .58 | .535 57 ~572 | . 56 - 565 57 SS. - 56 -595 | . 57 Height dorsal. -.- -17 17 17 25 135 | .16 -16 165 16) 5) 751) 16) -16 - 162 Height anal. ..... 18 -18 - 20 | .20 75) |) 15 16 175 | .165 7 165 V7 Length pectoral.. Length ventral... Length caudal... a a = oo on — > oO — i _ _ on is a = o a > = > = w or i we Dorsal rays....-- 14 14 14 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 14 13 13 Seales lateral line. . 70 68 74 68 | 67 70 65 65 U8) 71 70 66 68 Seales above lateral line. Se 15 15 15 15 | 15 15 15 15 14 | 14 16 13 14 Scales before dorsal....-....-- 35 32 35 35 | 34 32 32 33 | 31 | 30 34 34 30 if | a Catostomus tsiltcoosensis Evermann & Meek, Bulletin U. S. Fish Commission, vol. Xvir, 1898, p. 68. FISHES OF OREGON AND NORTHERN CALIFORNIA. 167 MEASUREMENTS OF CATOSTOMUS MACROCHEILUS—Continued. U u iver basin. Bluslaw River mpqua River basin basin. | Callapooia Creek. | Length of body......... mm.. 400 305| 289 | 293 251 240 229 220 166 Lenpthihead’: © .:--2<--.csn--<- oat 24° | 2235 252 24 ‘ 5: 99 Depth caudal peduncle....... |} .095 085 08 + 092 09 Width lower lip 25 065 - 065 . 053 058 | .05 DIgMever/ Oye: cc 2occ~28s2e=5 0 | 035 038 | 038 | 049} .04 | Snout to occiput.............. - 225 2 -21 vali Prceur || Snout to dorsal............... | 53 - 512 -52 | .50 - 5k Snout to ventral.............. | . 58 555 54 - 58 oF Height dorsal..............-.. | -14 - 145 - 142 -14 -16 Cie he nonlee tne soo eek enn | .18 2T85) | RASa ede 18 Length pectoral. = eee 172 alr - 182 18 | .19 Length ventral.....-.....--... | - 132 -13 14 -185 |) 15 Length caudal. ..............- | 205 225} 215] 21 21 WOTSRIETE YS ees poste tee anes 13 14 13 13 12 Scales lateral line......... S| 65 65 68 | 69 66 Seales above lateral line. .....) 14 | 14 16 15 | 14 17 16 Scales before dorsal..........- | 36 | 35 | 3) 33) 33] 36 39 Umpqua River basin—Continued. Elk Creek, near Drain. South Fork Coos River. Length of body.......-..- mm. . 170 134 123 126 121 | 124 | 116 | 118] 325 | 370| 353} 282 | Veneth head 2 o.oo Siesta. =25 129.) «25 -235 | .245 | .245 | .245 | .25 | .222 | .292 | .93 | . 242 Depth caudal peduncle BA hls) +09 | .085 | .08 -08 | .085 } +08 | .085 | .09 | .092 | .092 | .09 Width lower lip..... -| .055} .05} .05 | .045} .05 | .048 | .055 | .045 | .05 | .053 | .05 | .045 Diameter eye..-... -| 042) .05) .05 | .05 | .05 |.05 |.05 | .05 | .032 | .03 |..032 | .035 Snout to occiput EIT eos 8224) 23 21 +22 | .22 | .22 | .215 | .195 | .195 |] .19 | .20 Snout to dorsal... . -515 OL | .52 -49 | .50 | .51 | .51 | .52 | .468) .48 | .49 | .495 Snout to ventral. . sae) Sa -59 | .60 -59 -60' | .59 | .595.)°59 | .552!)) .562\| .59 | .57 Height dorsal..... ses) «162 -18| .175] «18 -182 | .17_ | .18 | -19) | 185 | .125 | .185.} .142 | Height anal....... ---| -18 | .19] .175) .17 | .18 | .185 | .17 | .175 | .175 | .175| .18 | .192 Length pectoral. s--| .20 | .20] .195} 2185] .20 | .195|.19' | .195| :162) .165 | .18 | .162 Length ventral. . 15 -15| .15 LSD) Sie LS) eel beiedoen etkoen|ielon || 24. tetas Length caudal. .. 25 26 | .265| .26 | 27 | .26 | 1265 | -265 | .198] .18 | .195 | .21 Dorsal rays....-. 13 13) 14 13 | 13 13 12 13 12 12 12 12 Seales lateral line... . 67 | 67 66 70 70) 65 72 | 65 67 69 68 70 Scales above lateral line. : 14 15 | 15 14 | 14, 14 15 16 14 14] 13) 14 Scales before dorsal.....-.-.... 36 38 39 39 37 | 38] 39 | 88 | 36) 33) 36| 34 | | | pecs even pace Coquille River basin. Ea eee Coquille River near Myrtle Point. Length of body......... mm..| 300 | 243) 268) 220] 252| 194] 200| 218| 197| 199| 200} 183) 186] 230] 260 Weenpthihead S2eeec ssc. ces eee +23 | .282 | .24 | .22 | .25 | .245 | .25 | 245) .26 | .25 | .245 | .255 | .95 | .935| .265 Depth caudal peduncle. ....... +092 | .092 | .09 | .09 | .09 | .085 | .083 | .085 | .085 | .09 | .085 | .085 | .085 | .092 | .09 Wittiilowerllpo.22so--o.o-2-2 -052 | .044 | .052 | .04 | .05 | .05 | .05 | .055 | .052 | .058 | .05 )-05 | .05 | .048 | .055 Diameter eye... .. 032 | .038 | .035 | .037 | .037 | .088 | .04 | .04 042 | .042 | .038 | .042 | .042 | .0388 | .035 Snout to occiput. . -195 | .195 } .195 | .195 | .225 | .21 | .225 | .205 | .23 218 | .22 | .22 22 | .20 232 Snout to dorsal.............-- +43 | .50 | .512 | .495] .51 | .495} .52 | .51 | .52 | .50 | .52 | .495| .51 | 51 52 Snout to ventral.............. -58 | .562] .59 | .59 | .565 | .568 | .58 | .57 | .59 |.58 |.58 |.58 | .595|.58 | .59 Height dorsal................. -16 | .14 | .14 | 14 |.15 |.16 | .16 | .155) .16 | .165).17 | .16 | .15 | .165 | .175 eH AMAL owar-resine sone =e -18 | .165 | .172 | .169 | .20 | .175 | .185 |) .17 | .185 | .185 | .185 | .18 | .175| .185| .18 Length pectoral..............- 18 | .165 | .178 | .169 | .19 | .21 | .185 | .185|.20 |.20 | .185|.20 | .18 | 2178 | .175 Length ventral..............- 14 | 135 | .138 | .135 |} .15 | .14 | .145 | .135 | .145 | .158 | .15 | .15 | .14 | .155 | .145 Length caudal.............-.- -192 | .20 | .215 | .195 | .22 | .22 | .225| .215 | .22 | .22 | 295) .24 | .22' | .19 | . 295 WOrssliTray see ewe sete eons 12 13 12 12 12; 13 13 12 12 12 13; 13 12 1 11 Scales lateral line............- 72 69 73 75 72 69 74 72 72 70 70} 75. 75 69 68 Scales above lateral line. .....- 14 15 13 15 13 13 14 15 14 14 14 15 14 14 13 Seales before dorsal..........- 37 33 35 | 35 33 33 34 37 35 33 34) 31 31 37 31 168 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. M&ASUREMENTS OF CATOSTOMUS MACROCHEILUS—Continued. Flores River basin. Sixes River Flores River near mouth. basin. Length of body.......--- mm..] 259] 295 | 292] 326) 273] 255 | 296] 305) 320 292 260 270 330 365. Length head.......... | -282 | .24 | .23) | .225:| .23 | .225 | .25 | .233)) .25 = 24 -235 | .24 245 25 Depth caudal peduncle - -| .09 | .09 088 | .085 | .09 ODF e109 ea r309 09 085 095 095 10 - 095. Width lower lip.....- 05 | .045 | .042 | .043 | .048 | .04 | .058 | .05 055 05 05 048 | .047 05 Diameter eye.....-- 035 | .035 | .036 | .03 038 | .035 | .032 | .035 | .035 035 | .038 038 032 + 032 Snout to occiput. -185 | .19 20 205 19 195 | .21 9) 222 205 21 20 215 22 Snout to dorsal... -. -48 | 51 50 475 | .49 485 | .525 | .485 | . 495 51 50 49 53 53 Snout to ventral... .-| -565 | .585 | .54 54 655 | .56 | .575 | .575 | .56 58 57 56 572 257 Height dorsal.....- .-| -16 | .155 | .155 | .142 15 155 | .16 158 | .145 145 155 15 16 145, Height anal....-- --| -205 | .168 | .22 162 | .22 21 | .175} .18 18 165 215 22 195 18 Length pectoral. - 19 | .19 19 172 | .18 195 | .19 185 | .185 18 195 195 185 18 Length ventral. 132 | .135 | .145 128 142 | .182 | .135 135 135 132 14 142 15 15 Length caudal. . 22 223 | .235 | .20 212 | .23 | .23 232 | .21 205 225 24 225 195 Dorsal rays... -- il 12 13 12 13 13 1 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 Scales lateral line... 72 68 69 70 69 68 67 73 69 73 7 69 71 71 Seales above lateral line. ....-. 14 14 13 13 14 14 14 13 14 13 13 14 13 14 Seales before dorsal......-.---- 31 33 33 32 34 33 38 33 33 35 35 38 35 33 ScALES AND Dorsat Rays or CATOSTOMUS MACROCHEILUS AND CATOSTOMUS OCCIDENTALIS. Catostomus macrocheilus. Mee Nehalem) Siuslaw |Umpqua} Coos Coquille | Flores Sixes Total River River. River. River. River. River. Creek. River. Oe Speci- | Speci- Speci- Speci- Speci- | Speci- | Speci- | Speci- | Speci- In lateral line: MeENs. mens. mens. mens. mens. mens. Mens. mens. mens. 6b iscales®ees ee en ease eee 14 (COTM SRS oe Sap eokcosasene 5 G7iSCRIES Eee eee eee 14 GUIECEIECE spope saocese. = secs 19 69 scales 14 70 scales 13 71 seales....-.- 10 (PIRES Seccocsesooceeeese 14 (SRG SSR a oso boccsansascsos 6 A scalas= = sae eeceece costae 2 75 scales. . 6 (Oiscalesseeee emcee sesso 1 Above lateral line: W2iscaleseereemee eee ese eee 2 13 scales. . 35 14 scales. . 55 15 scales. . 18 16 scales. . 6 7 SCaIOS He tee ae eee ee 1 Before dorsal: S0iscalesS=- sec. cee see ae 8 31 scales. - 8 32 scales. - 13 33 scales. - 23 $4:scales: 2as522 5225-2 12 SbIscales es = cise a= 22 BO SCHlGS essere aan ne 14 37 scales 7 38 scales. . 9 OUISCRICS werterees= aie = 1 Dorsal rays: fscslestaeremeceeractis ase 4 12 scales 32. 13 seales 47 14 scales 29 15 scales 6 FISHES OF OREGON AND NORTHERN CALIFORNTA. 169 Scars AND Dorsat Rays or CaTostoMUS MACROCHEILUS AND CATOSTOMUS OCCIDENTALIS—Continued. Catostomus occidentalis. _ Stony Cache Putah Russian Total Creek, Cal. Creek, Cal. | Creek, Cal.| River, Cal. meee In lateral line: Specimens. Specimens:| Specimens. Specimens. Specimens. MED OMEN To ect ot ences: obot’ igodas (+ Olga woe Sareea tapeaes sc] be Seac sot] Bee ache bea een cee 1 1 63 scales. ..... 1 4 64 seales.....- 5 8 65 seales....-- 2 6 66 scales... ..- 4 10 67 scales. ...-.. 7 13 68 scales. - 6 12 69 scales. 6 9 RUIRUIBR Ce ee ese aie tae o ca oe c ence ct Sew cestsf |) ye |, “ae cardia apie Qe ne Ke es 8 (A) SAGER 525d de encc Shek Shsancis toss pode 2 Soden RES GeeOD ead Pomesmane cre Piet SN tI 8 6 ENN ee ace OAc 2 72 scales. 4) 8 73 scales . [aes ta alae 1 74 scales. ae 1 2 75 scales. ..-.... Seog ageucssooas poh S2hneies Jsse Sage esocoe YU yesoetd oo 4, Asc 5 Bethan 5 1 Above lateral line: (GCI onthe ee Sb ine Asoc Sparco =o Sees sone r es Ss SOUS ES ae Be 4 y 14 scales. 9 22 15 seales. 10 25 16 scales. 12 24 17 scales...... | 1 4 Before dorsal: | PAE S Lo 5 Saice eae ee es Be poper ade tocts “sada Se obcnee| PoSEapnsenad poslceesenmc hoe onrao sec 3 3 30 seales 2 u 4 10 31 scales | il eee 4 i) 32 scales | 4 | 5 8 18 33 scales 4 1 4 10 34 seales 2 1 4 10 35 scales 4 1 4 10 36 scales | | 3 3 5 13 Dorsal rays: | AIRGAS meters ape Sonn Syste Ome eciia ses ase elven So nee seas 7 15 6 17 45 =e 7} 5 | 6 16 34 Be el eta oe SL eee ee |qnnee ee anee 3 3 2 fned Sadste: td sthes tos 7osagcese: seer Se een eae cog, Cee canaseced SSenr cececse| Mosoncnosecs 1 1 8. Acrocheilus alutaceus Agassiz & Pickering. Not found in the streams south of the Columbia. Willamette and tributaries. 9. Lavinia exilicauda Baird & Girard. Occurs in Napa River, but has not been taken in the Russian River or in any streams to the north- ward. 10. Mylopharodon conocephalus (Baird & Girard). This species is found in the Russian River, where it reaches its northern limit of distribution. It was not taken in Napa River. The dorsal fin has 8 rays; the anal 8, rarely 9. There are from 71 to 81 scales in the lateral line. Russian River and tributaries. 170 BULLETIN OW THY KURA OW PISH DRIES, MiAsuruM nts ov MYLOPMARODON GCONOORPHALUA PROM MH Russian River, Longth of body min Loneth head Doapth body Hnout to dorsal Aout to venti Depth caudal pedinete Loneth caudal pediinote Length snout, - ; | Length mix tlhany F - Divinetar ave, Titerarbital with | Dapth head Longth base af doraal Hlaleht doavaal.. = Length base of anal. Haight anal ‘ Lengthy) peotaral.. Length ventral Length oandat, .. Dorsal maya Anal vaya Sovles lateral line owles above Jateral tine, ... (4 aT tua | Way Ti re’) +215) , at A may oh ia On O00 WV lt O85) OD O88 | OD +08 | .08 100} a0 W5) mae) 12 ois ih ll att) Wh ny 108 Is at) ni a8 oth i) S 8 8 (tn ek) Ww Ww Lis ya ei) Bei) ALY | ae 122 228 AG At iy od Ah] . ob 00 00 00 ~W oI8 1 Oy O88 | ON oO 0) 00 O48 | OMB | OMS 10 Sat) 10 oa ta) Ww iW 12 U8) Us Ww Wh) 10 Pati) Ww ow Vv ITS | UTS aba) 16 mat) eh) vehi} 27 i) s 8 8 s Ss 11, Mylocheilua lateralis Agassie & Pickoring, SSS 150 (72 a7 eli} ne yaa oT ain oot 8 O00 00 18 Ww 00 00 OD 00 08 06 10 O08 155 | 18 mats) 15 Pt) Is 10 10 ati) 1 VW W ABs} Ae i +28 8 8 8 8 7 7 Is Is hia in the Mylochelles caumnus of reoont authors and is not to be confused with Leuelseus caurtnus Richardaon, The species doa not Inhabit the coashyise streams south of the Colunbia River, Willamette basin, 12, Ptyehocheilus grandis (.\yros), No difference has been observed between specimens of this species from the Russian River and from the Sacramento, Ruasian and Napa rivers, Seaues ann Dorsay Rays Spoo= imens | Dorsal ONAMe | Pays, | ined, Putah Creek (Saoramento) ,........ a] s ) s 4 s Cache Oreek (Sacramento)... .....- a Ss 4 s Cottonwood Creek (Sacramento)... 4 s \ s Warm Springs Creek (Russian ed River) .... a : a a Ss \ | s Soales above OP Prverocn emus GRANDIS, lateral | line, 19 —<——-———_ | | Spoor | | Soales | imens | Dorsal above exam rays, | lateral ined, | Nine, Dry Creek near Healdsbung (Rus- | : SIAM AVON) ean sauna cues eas ast a 22 Ri) Saree | 2 CH Ree en | OW Reece Ww TY Raat MM | Ah Ww } | | 18, Ptyehocheilus oregonenaia (Richanison), Willamette and tributaries, 14, Ptychocheilus umpque, new species, Piyohookellus ongonens’s is represented in the Stuslaw and Umpqua rivers by a well marked form here deseribed as new, posterior to the oceiput, where they are minute and densely crowded, Head exclusive of opercular flap, 3.8 in length to base of caudal; depth 5.2; snout 3 in head; eye 6} interorbital space 4; maxillary 2.78; dorsal 9: anal S$: scales in lateral line 75; in series above lateral line 21; between occiput and dorsal 63, Ir differs bom P. oregonensis ty having smaller scales, especially in the region The form of the body is like that common to 2, oregenensis and P. grandis, long and rather slender, the depth about one-fourth greater than the width; depth of caudal peduncle equal to length of FISHES OF OREGON AND NORTHERN CALIFORNIA. ily maxillary. Head conical, the snout rounded in outline when viewed from above, pointed when seen from the side. Jaws about equal, the lower included by the upper; maxillary projecting to a vertical through anterior edge of pupil; interorbital space low, slightly concave; nostrils located anterior to eye a distance equal to diameter of pupil; membranous flap of opercle equal in width to pupil. Gill- rakers on first arch minute, only 5 or 6 developed near angle of arch. Teeth 2, 5-4, 2, without grinding surface, the upper teeth (those nearest angle of arch) close set, the space between them not greater than half the diameter of first tooth, the two lower ones usually more widely spaced; the second tooth from below largest and longest; upper teeth hooked, the hooks growing gradually less pronounced on the second and third, scarcely discernible on the lowest. Alimentary canal with 2 folds, its length about equal to distance between snout and base of caudal. Posterior portion of air bladder 1.5 times as long as the anterior part. Peritoneum silvery, stippled with black. Vertebree 45. a ogee Cog ONY retgtnaesee’ SSS Fig. 2.—(a) Ptychocheilus grandis, (b) P. oregonensis, and (c) P. umpqum, showing characteristic difference in size of scales which distinguishes the species. Scales very small on median portion of back anterior to the dorsal, and on breast and throat; minute and densely crowded anteriorly. Base of dorsal lying entirely between verticals through anterior edge of ventral and anal; posterior edge of fin straight, the rays graduated in length so that when depressed the first and last extend an equal distance posteriorly, reaching a vertical through middle of base of anal. Anal slightly rounded posteriorly, the anterior rays reaching a little beyond the posterior ones when depressed. Ventrals rounded, reaching midway between anus and base of anal fin. Pectorals rounded, their tips reaching two-thirds the distance between axil and base of ventral. : Color silvery, often more or less brassy; the upper parts dusky. Type no. 61577, U. S. National Museum, Callapooia Creek, Oakland, Oreg., length, 238 mm. Cotype no. 9862, Stanford University. B. B. IF’. 1907—12 a -~I bo This species is found in the Umpqua and its tributaries. the small lakes near the coast between the latter river and the Umpqua. BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. which will separate the Umpqua basin specimens from those of the Siuslaw. The following table shows in some detail the chief differences between P. oregonensis and P. wmpqux as demonstrated by an examination of 98 specimens. Tt also occurs in the Siuslaw River and in No characters are evident DirpERENCES IN Size oF SCALES OF PryCHOCHEILUS OREGONENSIS AND PryCHOCHEILUS UMPQUA. Ptychocheilus oregonensis. Columbia Willa- Skookum- Silvies mette River, chuek eee River, Total. River. Astoria. River. 2 Oreg. In lateral line: Specimens.| Specimens. Spectre Bueciners Specimens. Specimens. 17 SC 71 scales 72 scales 73 scales 7A scales... 75 scales Before dorsy 46 scales 47 scales. . 48 scales . 49 scales . . 50 scales . 51 scales. . 52 scales . . 53 seales . . 54 scales. . 55 scales. . 4 OGiSQRIOS Scene cee eeenitenee tae nee ante siaaeeatnee Above lateral line: LG iSCalOS soe e sess ene wiaces cat ecco ee 17 seales 1S scales . 19 seales . PNETCAC Rein Gespracbocabetean tone socooesenbaawos| Pacoadsecee 1 1 Gf |pasccesae se 5 1 1 WIT NERO WANA RRWWRAISS Ptychocheilus umpqux. Tsilteoos S. Umpqua) Callapooia | Siuslaw River. Creek. River. River. In lateral line: Specimens.) Specimens. Specimens.| Specimens. 2S SOROS wetawrciste's cian cacao wie oe eteie a Rena nine as 74 scales .. 75 scales .. 76 scales .. 77 scales .. 78 scales 79 scales .. 80 scales S81 scales .. 82 scales 83 seales S4 scales 85 seales Before dorsal: DO SGA IOS eos emia w ccc Cweee amie sas atone see eeeneeac eee seme 56 scales 5S seales . 59 seales . 60 seales 61 scales 64 scales 65 scales 66 scales 67 scales 6S scales. monte + Total. Specimens. pe RRR NNR ROR OR AOR Wh RR ORNS he FISHES OF OREGON AND NORTHERN CALIFORNIA. 173 MEASUREMENTS OF PrycHOCHEILUS UMPQU.® FROM CALLAPOOIA CREEK, OAKLAND, OREG. ; “ 192 | 176) (176 175 203 192 188 en ed Se Res: ee he ee 27 265 | .28 265 | .275 275 | .275 Depth body..... Bes a0 2) |) 22 20) |) = 215 21 | .21 Snout to dorsal. . 59 .575 | .59 ; 575 57 | «58 Snout to ventral -5D .565 | .57 .565 | .55 565 | .55 Length of snout. 095 095 | .10 10 | .09 | 10 - 10 Length maxillary. Aaah eullit ll 115 115.105 < ibe | sap ht Diameter eye... ..- Z 05 05 05 05 -045 | .045 045 05 Interorbital width. 075 07 - 08 -075 | .07 -07 0 75 07 Height dorsal. . 16 | 16 17 pills) “oalith)) Geatit| BAR Se 16 17 Height anal. ..... 15 15 15 145 15 . 145 145 145 16 Length pectoral. -20 19 165 16 175 | .18 19 16 195 Length ventral. . 15 14 135 13 -135 | .15 15 13 15 Length caudal. 24 | 24 23 2¢ 24 = 23 23 23 24 Dorsal rays. - 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 Anal rays.....- 8 8 al 8 8 8 38 8 8 Seales lateral line. . . : 75 80 75 75 77 78 | 76 75 77 Seales before dorsal. .....- e 65 63 62 64 62 | 67 60 66 Scales above lateral line......................---.--- 21 23} 21 23} 22) 22 21 21 22 15. Leuciscus caurinus Richardson. The Mylocheilus caurinus of recent authors is the species described by Agassiz and Pickering as Mylocheilus lateralis, and should not be confused with Leuciseus caurinus> of Richardson. A specimen of Leuciseus caurinus taken in the Willamette River near Corvallis is here described. Fic. 3.—Leuciscus caurinus Richardson. Head 4 in length to base of caudal; depth 4.6; depth caudal peduncle 3 in head; length snout 2.9; maxillary 3.1; diameter eye 5.6; width interorbital space 2.9; dorsal rays 10; anal 9; scales in lateral line 86. Body elongate, the width contained about 1.5 times in the depth; head long, the snout prominent; mouth large, end of maxillary reaching a vertical passing midway between anterior edge of orbit and pupil; upper lip without foramen; lower jaw included, its edge being posterior to tip of snout, a distance equal to three-fourths the diameter of pupil; maxillary without barbel. Distance between nostril and eye equal to half the diameter of eye; eye located nearer tip of snout than edge of opercle, a distance equal to itsdiameter. Gillrakers on first arch 9 or 10, short, pointed. Pharyngeal teeth in two series, 2+-4 on the right arch, 1+-5 on the left; the lesser teeth slender and round, their tips curved away from the others; greater teeth considerably flattened, hooked at their tips, with a narrow though distinct. grinding surface which is more pronounced on the middle teeth than on the outer ones. Peritoneum dusky. Exposed edges of scales semicircular; scales of breast and throat minute, those on back ante- rior to dorsal fin small, becoming minute and closely crowded on the nape; scales in series above lateral line 21, between dorsal and occiput about 50; lateral line complete, decurved in the region above pectoral fin; origin of dorsal fin midway between anterior edge of pupil and base of caudal, second fully developed ray longest, the last ray reaching slightly beyond it when the fin is depressed; free edge of fin slightly concave; origin of anal close behind base of last dorsal ray; first and last rays reaching a Agassiz, L., American Journal Science & Arts, vol. XIX. 1855, p. 231. » Richardson, John, Fauna Boreali-Americana, vol. 1, 1836, p. 304. 174 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERTES. an equal distance posteriorly when fin is depressed; posterior edge of fin slightly concave; caudal deeply notched; origin of ventrals about a pupil’s diameter in advance of dorsal; tips of fins just reach- ing anal opening; pectorals obtusely pointed, Color plain; dusky above, light below. Length about 290 mm. Willamette River. 16. Leuciscus bicolor (Girard). One specimen was taken in the Klamath River near the mouth. 17. Leuciscus balteatus (Richardson). Among the coastwise streams of Oregon this species has been taken in the Umpqua, Siuslaw, Takenitch, and Tsiltcoos rivers. It probably does not occur south of the Umpqua, nor in any of the streams between the Siuslaw and the Columbia. Specimens of this form from the Siuslaw River were lately described by Dr. Evermann and Dr. Meek@ under the name Leuciscus siuslawi. They were said to differ from ZL. balteatus in having smaller anal and dorsal fins, a more slender body, smaller and more slender head, longer and more pointed snout, and fewer anal rays. Ina large series of examples from the Siuslaw, Tsiltcoos, Umpqua, Willa- mette, and Columbia rivers, these distinctions disappear entirely, and the Leuciscus from the isolated coastal streams of Oregon does not appear to differ in any way from that of the Columbia. It is to be noted, however, that no western Oregon specimens, whether from the Columbia or neighboring basins have been seen in which the anal fin rays numbered more than 16. It will be of interest in this connection to compare the following table of counts of fin rays with a similar one published by Dr. Gilbert and Dr. Evermann.? Willamette, Siuslaw, Tsiltcoos, Takenitch, and Umpqua basins. MerasureMENts Or Leuciscus BALTEATUS FROM Four River Basins. Umpqua River, Callapooia Creek, Oakland: Takenitch Creek, near mouth. Mang th DOW y sce cen cee ee enemies mm. . 97 | 92 94 93 96 96 Depthibod yy: Gilbert, C. 11., & Evermann, B. W., Bulletin U. S. Fish Commission, vol. Xrv, 1894, p. 196, ~I or FISHES OF OREGON AND NORTHERN CALIFORNIA. 1 Anat Fin Rays or Leuciscus BALTEATUS FROM STREAMS OF WESTERN OREGON. 1 12 13 14 Nee |) ak Locality. rays. | rays. | rays. | rays. | rays. | rays. . = be ee Seas at ys Umpqua basin: DOUTNAUTN DE a RAVEN COSGDULE . « «ccc cewccesenccqccancnnescuascedeaaps Nysoe peal Pe il Peeled 24 16 2 South Umpqua River, Canyonville | | y 25 28 Tall eaee ee North Umpqua River, Winchester. ee ayes as S| betta 2 | | speoes Here stad To} SLC SST DS Eon = See ee ee ee Cow Creek, Douglas County..............-..... Callapooia Creek, Oakland... Deer Creek, near Roseburg. Takenitch Creek...........-. Tsiltcoos River............-- Junction Lake and Deadwood Creek Willamette basin (Columbia): Willamette River, Corvallis. Willamette River, Eugene. . Long Tom Creek........ The Lakes, Albany-....-. Coast Fork, Cottage Grove..... Row River, near Cottage Grove 18. Rutilus symmetricus (Baird & Girard). A minnow of this type occurs in the Navarro, Gualala, Russian, and Napa rivers, Specimens from the Russian and Napa rivers are alike in all respects, and they in turn agree closely with representatives from the streams tributary to San Francisco Bay. In a majority of cases the dorsal fin has 9 rays and the anal 8. The snout is rather pointed, the caudal peduncle slender and the fins long, the whole body being trim and well proportioned. Examples from the Navarro and Gualala rivers are distinguished from these by having generally 8 rays in the dorsal fin, a more robust body with a deeper caudal peduncle, and a more rounded and shortened snout. The fins are also shorter and somewhat less acute. While examples from the Navarro and Gualala rivers thus agree in differing from specimens taken in the neighboring basins, individuals from each of these streams bear a distinctive local stamp by which they may be recognized without difficulty, the Navarro examples haying mostly one more ray in the anal fin and larger scales in the series above the lateral line. It has been shown that individuals from the partly isolated rivers tributary to San Francisco Bay@ are alike in all points and that these are scarcely to be distinguished in any particular from individuals from the Napa and Russian rivers. Hence it appears that there are 3 well-differentiated forms of Rutilus in this somewhat restricted region, each of which occupies a distinct hydrographic basin or series of contiguous basins. When, however, the field is broadened and specimens from distant parts of the Sacramento and San Joaquin basins are brought together, similar variations of a local nature are found to occur, but whether any geographical significance may be attached to these can not be known until more extensive observations have been made. One of these local forms (Rutilus symmetricus) from Drew Creek, a tributary of Goose Lake, appears almost exactly to parallel the Gualala form, while another from Mariposa Creek, a branch of the San Joaquin, seems to be somewhat intermediate between the Russian River and Gualala varieties. The males of R. symmetricus when in nuptial dress have the upper part of the head and body covered with tubercles. There is a patch of bright orange red at angle of mouth, on edge of preopercle, upper edge of opercle, and on bases of the paired fins. The sides of head and lower parts of body have a translucent brassy color. The species does not occur to the northward of the Navarro River. Navarro, Gualala, Russian, and Napa rivers. a Rutilus symmetricus, Snyder, Appendix to Report Commissioner of Fisheries for 1904, p. 332. 176 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. Dorsat AND ANAL Rays or RutTmUs SYMMETRICUS FROM VARIOUS BASINS. , 8 dorsal | 9 dorsal | 6 anal 7 anal 8 anal 9 anal Locality. rays. rays rays. rays. rays. Tays. Speci- Speci- Speci- Speci- mens. mens. mens. MENS INSIVATTOURIVED2 acc sean e scenes ees aoe Oa eee elena ete 72 3 68 1 Gualala River - 80 70 9), EE Sees Russian Rivers. - =e ee 22 5 (66) oes INE pa Riven sess ett once omen 2 te ma ae ee ete = raat reer | erate ero oe |ene | e 95 2 Pita’ Cree Ke os 2 esate ces ale oiereimi= oh msm tm me ee eet | CD eee 11 3 IBEQTy OSSa, Cree kia Ae tone tos eee a al ee Oe ee eee Gi AP PoeoeRoee|becsbasoso 18)|\Ssoeee ees Ieee soa sso soe deonceaoe Ses test oocscr es oese osce eases 19 1 23)\| ce eee Kelsey Creole. cn) Sent ss aCe ees inci ae oe ees eem eee sae 12 3 19)!| Sao eer IME start OS BN Cree aaa re we ee 18 Dl eeeeeees eases Mule (River: = 222 eee aan cn oes oes eee ee eee 2 1 15)| See NresnOURivers see eeece es een eee a eee ees 6 3 A eee eee Merced WRU ye Tem arene ss ee ee oe 16 il 65) Seen Atrroy Ouklond OIC ree Kes = a= me ae see ae ne ee es | eer if 251) eee eeeee Coy oitas Cree eee ete ees he Wy) BS} Ease ssaccs| besos se DAS See ee ania San Prancisquito Creeks se oo. eee eee =e 56 -58 57 -57 -08 | .58 | .58 56 57 .57 Snoutito ventral es en eee ae 51 52 .53 -52 525 -52 | 51 75 52 52 Depth caudal peduncle... ----..-- -10 Sail - 095 ll -10 SLO eeLOn, (95 -10 - 105 Length caudal peduncle......-...- - 205 -19 -195 -20 20 suk gal aly 19 -18 Length snout. . eases - 08 - 08 - 08 209/09 -08 | .09 - 08 - 08 - 075 Length maxilla - 08 - 08 - 08 -08} .09 | .08 | .08 - 08 08 08 Diameter eye. .........- - 06 - 06 - 06 06) .06 | .06 - 06 - 06 - 06 - 055 Interorbital width. .......----..-- - 09 09 - 09 09 alk). jf a) -10 09 09 . 09 Depthshes dst ere eee 19 19 175 +19) .19 -18 19 18 al 18 Length base of dorsal... .-.-.-.--- 15 14 - 135 -13| 145 -16 -14 -135 - 135 14 Hele ht dorsal’ 2 Seasons eae -20 -19 -20 -21 | 20 -19 - 185 -19 20 9) Length base of anal.....--.---- Sul ail - 095 -10 pall pall -ll ~All ayllit oilil, Height anal ses ee oe, eeeeree 19 mal -18 20 18 . 165 -18 -16 -16 oli Length pectoral.......-.----- 20 opis} -20 +25 out) -18 18 19 19 -20 Tene thi vontrallenemslssases 15 ial ets Gig feared Aare a 115 Peng phicanidalaeasenseseeeee 27 20 -28 27 | 28 -27 | 7 -25 -27 . 26 Dorsalirays ose sen een Oe aes 10 9 9 9 | 9 9 | 9 9 9 | 9 Analirays: cess sce c= 8 8 8 8 | 8 8 | 8 8) 8 8 Scales in lateral line....-....-- aap 59 59 53 55 58 51 51 54 55 57 Scales above lateral line...-....-.-.----.-- 12 i 12 12 13 12 13 12 13 12 | Napa River, Calistoga, Cal. Mengthiof body2s-------ces-s2-e- -4 mm... 60 61 73 7 76 77 7 78 86 94 Length head 222 o 22. ys2ee ee = o2Tf) 5297 | 26 ~26 . 26 -26| .26 - 255 -28 25 Depthibodys- Sone ssscms ss se-sees 328:)>) 2267 ||) 7326 27 -28 -28 -29 -26 -28 26 Snout to dorsal........----.--.--- S68) ei575) ero t - 585 - 56 56 58 57 58 57 Snout to ventral_.--....-.------.- . 52 aeBy | auil ~52 - 50 -52 - 52 +02 53 52 Depth caudal peduncle... -..-..-.-- pal! .10 -10 -10 retlal -10 -10 -10 - 095 . 095 Length caudal pedunele- ---..-. -19 -175 -18 ale oils 17 -175 . 175 sili; .175 eng thisnouts eae e-s--e oe -08 | .08 | .09 -08 - 08 - 08 -08 - 085 -09 08 Length maxillary........-..--.. -08 | .08 08 -08 08 - 08 08 075 08 07 Diameter eye.......-.--.------- SOM |e 07 - 065 - 06 - 06 - 06 - 065 - 06 - 06 055 Interorbital width. ............. 209} 09 08 , 08 09 09 09 - 085 -09 - 08 Depthiheadeeses sees ee eeee 19 -19 oil 18 19 18 -18 18 -20 -18 Length base of dorsal... ----- 15 - 145 - 135 .14 15 .14 -14 -14 -14 .14 Heightidorsaless eee sae ene 320) eet 19 -20 -19 -19 20 20 -20 -18 Length base of anal....-...--..- 1) 11 a0 ll 12 ml) -ll 115 -10 ll Height analeas ae ee yee sea 19 19 16 18 17 wLe -18 -16 oily -16 Length pectoral. 19 21 20 19 aily 19 19 17 17 -18 Length ventral 14 715 14 .14 .14 .14 -15 -13 -15 .14 Length caudal. - 28 -28 25 27 27 .24 29 - 26 -28 -25 Dorsaliray see ee sees eee eee 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 Anal rays...... 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 Scales in lateral 56 57 56 56 56 59 53 55 55 56 Scales above lateral line 13 13 14 14 13 14 13 13 13 13 FISHES OF OREGON AND NORTHERN CALIFORNIA. MEASUREMENTS OF RutTILUS SYMMETRICUS—Continued. Wheatfield Fork, Gualala River, Cal. Ca . 7 = TT ae 7 Genpth of body... s-------..s-+----.- mm. | 44 61 64 65 70 71 73 74 76 81 Lye fepilaseizG\el ep Be 6 2 See eee ees +29 26 527, 275 «2t ite wry ¥ei oat 27 27 Depth hod ya- aes ncn se ee eee nee sane 25 235 -24 23 24 -25 23 +25 220 | 125 BOUL tO COLsalecss ss emeee ances anes ore 57 56 57 57 57 - 56 - 56 .o7 -58 | - 55 MUOUGONVONULan. sce eneneaea neers sae -52 -o0 | .52 - 53 51 52 -52 -52 «52 - 52 Depth caudal peduncle. ..-....--..-...--- 115 5 105 12 -2 12 1S 105 arbi | lu Length caudal peduncle....-............. 120)))| 19) -19 -20 «20 19 219 17 18 -20 Tube erly 55 See ech eee seas 09 - 085 09 09 - 085 08 09 -09 | .09 085 ONE GH Mea RRs cee teen amt ac eaa 09 - 08 -08 08 - 08 -075 -08 -085} .08 -075 LOE GY Cie ep gee igs e nmr -ceaseceneee 06 | = .055 - 06 06 06 - 055 055 - 055 - 055 05 Inverorbital width... .-..-...+.-.-------=. 08 | .09 -09 09 - 085 - 09 09 “09 | 2.095 - 095 ID [spoyedimt\2Na bos 2 Se ene eee 19 18 -18. | 19 =185)|) 175 -18 18 -18 .18 Length base of dorsal.........--..------- -125 -12 -115) .115 -12 -115 | 12 125] .12 | -12 PIGIC HINA OL Ad entertain. - 20 19 -19 -19 19 cule |) mek) §) Rane bau / -17 Hength base of anal: ..........--.-..-...-.. -09 | .09 - 08 -09 - 085 - 085 - 08 -10 -09 | - O85 Height anal. ... = ald 17 alee 17 - 165 -16 15 -15 15 | 155 Length pectora 19 215 22 22 22 -20 | .22 -175 | .18 | -18 Length ventral. . 14 14 15 14 15 14 | 14 -14 14 .13 Menp tier ual ce» ei 5'e Kia as. 5. 325 4 | 124 OA A) OSU Roda esa Tilt | 2d oe letertog Denzel eta pee Suse eke oo 3 a oaaae ee Seer onan 8 8 8 8 8 8 | 8 8 8 8 ACTIN liriy ate eee ae Sone eS 7] 8 7 7 7 7 | 7 7| 7| 8 Scales in lateral line............-..------. 54 59 55 55 57 55) 57 59 | 56 59 Seales above lateral line. .......-.-.-...-. | 14 | 14 15 14 14 14 15 15 | 16, 15 | | / Navarro River near Philo, Cal. Length of body... eee sm: | 59 65 67 72 73 73 76 77 80. 80 Length head (eeeo80leeoR 27 27 Dil 26 -28 27, 27 27 Depth body....-.. 26 -26 sor 28 = 27 ~25 «20 -26 -25 - 26 [Svaro)enranres(a lay y 1:8 gate, Spee eae ae me Se | 58 -59 57 57 - 56 57 56 58 - 56 -58 Mnbntjto) Wentrelsen. see cee eeie see Sane ao 2 53 53 55 -52 ~ol 51 - 51 ~52 | ~52 Depth caudal peduncle................--- -1l -12 sabe -1l -12 -ll opt ~12 712; | Sil Length caudal peduncle.................. +20 -19 -19 20 -20 - 20 21 19 ae a a) eM P Eh AMO les cee sa ne aren 08 -09 -09 -09 - 085 - 08 -09 - 085 -09 09 Length maxillary..-..-........-....:...-. 08 09 085 -08 -08 - 08 -08 - 08 - 08 - 08 MinmMetar 6VOo. nese ew ee ccs ey reac eee ee 06 - 06 - 06 - 06 - 06 - 055 - 06 . 06 - 055 - 055 Interorpitel width... 22 .5..-<. s-2s225c5- 09 - O85 -09 - 09 .09 -09 - 09 - 09 -09 | - 08 LO Sy OUTER GEG LR ee oe ee ne ee 19 -19 -19 -20 - 185 18 -19 18 19 -18 Length base of dorsal.....-....-.....----- silt = 12, -12 115 13 12 115 12 -13 -12 Pele hy COrsal. oe en eee eo ee. 18 «185 18 | .18 -19 -18 17 -19 -18 ao} Length base of anal...........-.-.-.-.-.. 08 095 ail - 095 - 09 - 095 -09 - 095 -10 -10 aishianal sp Fos. 8. esse eens ose. 16 -16 “15 -16 +16 -16 15 +18 | 17) - 145 MienP th pectorals sc. s-ceus seuss seese ene 17 19 oie W «22 -19 18 21 +20 | -17 Meneth ventral. o.2 hones asso odecl 12 135 -13 13 -14 -13 .125 -16 15 -13 TW) iatep nigel) vale) FERRE So eee on eeae wad 23 23 +25 24 .24 -23 26 +24 =23 Worsaliray sess an! ee see tT cess. 8} s 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 SADIE sae see een oo cece cals | 8 8 8 8 7 8 8 8 8 8 Scales in lateral line. ........-.......-.--- 56 52 51 56 56 57 53 58 52 | 59 Scales above lateral line.................. il 12 13 13 13 13 14 13 12 | 12 Mariposa Creek, Mariposa, Cal. WEN STRONMOGY 2 asec s- sso eee ses cs cet a. comes ce cedcaecsscatewesesessa mm 83 79 83 76 70 AGTH HENNE ee tee toe eee aC ace Ne Scale cite noe ta tae oe eae Bye || . 26 -27 26 26 PETER LED OU wrse meme ee tae ee tee e ae en cnet acnw on necc cee some aaa S 25 oP ~24 nD oDA RIOUIAUCOL OGTR) Spe Settee we See ean e oh bow snoop swactt cncewsee sate sebend 58 .58 .57 .565 55 MOGI CORMON ERGs nese ee cet rene ony cswauisacs aWoceens ccnnecaacaunane . 50 . 53 ~54 515} 51 Depth ea vaal peduncles ts sees se. oss sans cu ec ece nsec naescemeceencrscuuee -12 ll ate aati erhl enp iin CanialinenmuOla. foot Mendes = Yar cen ssw cctancorencnncssseteedeees 22 -25 26 722 -23 TASTE SiG hos 5 Sone Sonaans Sab SRS co seg SEO Dee aoe y Spb ce ene aeaea ana ed 09 09 095 - 085 -08 ToS Gir ag WEA a San Se ce op ones ae dn Se so see ec Be aoe .09 - 08 ~ 095 . 085 - 08 TORIETE) GING eee aoe ne te ea SR ee ee . 055 06 055 .055 | 06 MiteroOrpiLelrwmiiuker m0 oe ccen sees ane casnsemseewscs 09 09 095 09 09 Depth head......-.- -20 19 19 .19 -18 Length base of dorsal. 13 12 125 12 | 125 Height dorsal........- 17 16 17 | agi 18 Pee EMIS He ON IL Does eae. Cotes weiss ee hae cane oe eee mince Seance -10 a2 .09 095 .10 PIBIP NG aU ae oh aan ee elect Seri woe ebeeaescemideesct lucas ceelucccacseea ae 17 215 16 .16 ay LGM aby) LeU gh See Se eS SOC SSS AC OCR EE SEO pee =e BOSS nee Sees -20 -21 -20 19 722 TORT EUNT SUPE ace ee SIP aa = os RE Oi Pe are eye Re ae aed 16 .16 15 14 tly? Lore iae aC OS oe Se Oa ge eee Ae or a enn = 225 .28 25 25 26 Dorsal rays... Be eae cee eae e nek wo cee ceeeae yeeeda sedate 8 8 8 8 8 JAIL DN Ges on chk ae Ro BU ene Gee enor e SennteS noe SoS boca aorechaee pe 7 i 7 7 7 NGAIOS IIR ATOL RUNING nee eens aera coca chen ceescsececcineaucavccascsseesuaus 54 58 59 56 | 52 REHIOMHOM CHIR OTAGO. sno mea son aoe, octet some aan samc sanee net asa ouwees 12 14 12 13 14 — -I BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERTES. 19. Rutilus bicolor (Girard). Several specimens from the Klamath River, near its mouth, were ‘lighter in color but differed in no other way from examples taken in the Shasta River, near Yreka and Montague, Klamath River, 20. Rhinichthys dulcis (Girard). “ Apparently rare, One specimen was taken in the Willamette at Eugene and another near Corvallis, 21. Rhinichthys evermanni, new species. This species is characterised by a narrow head, long snout, slender caudal peduncle, elongate fins, tho anal being somewhat faleate, and by having 9 rays in the dorsal. From Rhinichthys dulets (Girard) it may be distinguished by its slender caudal peduncle, elongate fins, more prominent snout, larger sealos, and more numerous dorsal rays. Hoad 8.8 in length to base of caudal ting depth 4.25; eye 5,7 in head; snout 2.1; interorbital space 4; depth of caudal pedunele $8.25; dorsal rays 9; anal 7; scales in lateral line 61; above lateral line 12; between occiput and origin of dorsal $4. Deopest part of body at origin of ventrals, the width about 1.5 the depth. Head long, the snout obtusely pointed; eye located slightly posterior to middle of head; interorbital space convex. Mouth inferior, the snout projecting a distance equal to diameter of eye; lips very thick, the upper with a broad Fre, 4.—Rhinicehthys evermanni, new species. Type. phrenum; maxillary with a barbel attached to its posterior edge, equal in length to diameter of pupil, the barbel inconspicuouson account of the broad, rather pendulous lip; width of mouth equal to width of space between the eyes. Gillakers minute, 4 or 5 on first arch, Teeth 2-4, 4-2, long and slender, without grinding surface; the two posterior or upper teeth hooked, the others rather blunt, Peritoneum silvery; intestinal canal short, its length about equal to distance between snout and base of caudal, Lateral line slightly decurved near its origin, nearly straight throughout the remainder of its length, Origin of dorsal midway between pupil and base of caudal; free edge of fin slightly concave; when depressed the tips of first dorsal rays fall a little short of the last. Origin of anal below last ray of dorsal; when depressed the first rays fall considerably beyond tips of the last ones; in some individuals the first rays are more elongate, the free edge of the fin being deeply concave, Ventrals reaching base of third anal ray. Dorsal and ventrals located a little farther posteriorly than is usual in R. dulcis, Peetorals and ventrals sharply rounded, Caudal deeply notched, the lobes pointed. Color in alcohol brownish, very finely stippled with black especially on edges of scales; an indefi- nite dark band extending from near tip of snout to eye; a similar indistinct band along side of body. Young examples have a conspicuous dark band about as wide as pupil extending forward from eye, and a somewhat broader, less prominent band running backward from operele, broadening on posterior end of caudal peduncle, contracting on base of caudal, where it ends in a small, distinct spot, Type no, 61572, U.S. National Museum, from South Umpqua River, Roseburg, Oreg. Length 107 mm. Collected by Frank Cramer and K. Otaki. Cotype no. 9864, Stanford University. Specimens were taken only in the type locality. In his field notes Mr, Cramer mentions that the species was taken in shallow, rapid water, the river being high and muddy at the time. Other collectors have not succeeded in finding it. FISHES OF OREGON AND NORTHERN CALIFORNIA, 179 Of 107 specimens of RK. dulcis from 13 localities in the Columbia basin, all have 8 rays in the dorsal, except two which have 9. The number of scales in the lateral line yaries from about 65 to 75, Meas- urements of R. evermanni and also of RK, dulcis are appended, Named for Dr. Barton Warren Eyermann, No form closely related to this species is known. MBASUREMENTS OF RimNicirnys EVERMANNI rrom Sourn Umrqua River, Rosmpura, Onna. ANIPELE OL DOU Wie sasspemanticssvcsageusy xs ak tam (4 65 78 86 Length head.. aie ; 27 27 26 20 Depth body.......... 23 23 23 22 Depth caudal 00 0S . 08 0 Length eauda 20 20 -20 | 20 Length snout.. 12 12 12 115 Length maxillar | O85 08 08 O8 EOL OU. « kakan news dkank ances woes Ou 05 05 05 Interorbital width 06 055 06 06 Depth head....... deanens 15 ti) 15 | 16 NINO MOULEA anwar e ave tabed be de yceves vce D8 57 205 58 Snout to ventral....... i 62 HL 61 | «62 ENO TOIGHSOLOLUOLED a ay anncsisecincacacssmpach«capaues 1b 16 16 14 TSN PUDMONSE ON ODA ce devuviecesbh ss daeseranscovsinectces 11 12 Al 005 Height dorsal...... 21 2 22 1 Height anal....... ; 20 21 20 21 Length pectoral... Rae Eee 22 22 ai 21 Length ventral... 5 18 18 hy 17 Length caudal. . 20 20 27 26 Dorsal rays... i) 0 9 9 Anal rays..... 7 7 7 7 Scales lateral line........ re 58 58 oo i) Scales above lateral line........... 1 18 13 | M4 | | Me&ASUREMENTS or RuiNiciurnys puLcis rroM Ross Fork, Pocare no, Ipano. PRURCOMUMOU amtenwkeeas bap eaih k= neds} ise sh nace ctratprenbanpaee'y a? mm... 85 so 90 63 60 Length head. Sake p ‘ 26 226 25 25 25 BOUUILOIOOTBccewecvecemcteetscpantccnsss : 58 54 +54 a) 08 Snout to ventral... 48 48 50 mri) | 48 Depth caudal pedur +12 10 12 12 12 Length snout.... rc “Pe pl At abl 10 10 IGT GU Blac oie cdvwwecs cctedehrececebsscunaenenshroseacantiaadannn Raa hen 165 AT AS AG AT RNR MUOL Alot ntuatevevvsvet sede cbevecisucasbscdadpsnvyadinins sbnseawasees 10 20 20 WwW 21 22. Agosia nubila (Girard). Examples of this species from the Yaquina, Siuslaw, and Coquille rivers appear to agree in having the barbels very small or frequently absent from one or both sides, while those from the Umpqua and Willamette have them always present and well developed. In large males the pectoral fins are often very long, while small tubercles are present on the head and upper parts of body. The species was not found in the streams south of the Coquille. Willamette, Nestucea, Yaquina, Alsea, Siuslaw, Umpqua, Coos, and Coquille rivers. 180 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. ScaLE Counts IN AGOSIA NUBILA. Willa- Clear Coast Coe Deer PR eR eee mette Creek, Fork, ‘reek, Creek, | Nestucca| Little Lake Coquille Scales in lateral series.) ivory, Oregon | Cottage | Douglas | Rose- River. Elk. Creek. Rive Corvallis. City. Grove. | County. burg. Speci- | Speci- Speci- Speci- Speci- | Speci- Spect- Speci- Speci- mens. mens mens. mens mens. mens. mens. Mens CS eseeamatee sponoue bsorcss soar 50. 51.- §2 53. Pee mens. | 23. Agosia klamathensis The above name is here retained for the Agosia Evermann & Meek. scarcely to be distinguished from the Agosia nubila carringtoni # of the upper Columbia. Klamath River. ScaLE Counts IN AGOSIA KLAMATHENSIS. Scales in lateral line. Klamath River near mouth. Shasta River near Montague. Shasta River near Yreka. Pickayune Luke, Trinity River. Lost | River near Klamath Falls. Specimens. PeCemens, Specimens. 9 Specimens. 24. Agosia faleata Eigenmann & Eigenmann. - Specimens of this species were collected in the Willamette basin. wise streams of Oregon. Specimens. Rp mot Or OO Cor oR CO CO OUR Wr rwwry of the Klamath basin. although this form is None was found in the coast- aGilbert & Evermann, Investigations Columbia River Basin, Bulletin U. S. Fish Commission, vol. xiv, 1894, p. 191-193. Evermann & Meek, Salmon Investigations Columbia River Basin in 1896, ibid., vol. Xv, 1897, p. 74. Gilbert, Fishes of the Klamath Basin, ibid., vol. xv, 1897, p.9. Snyder, Relationships of Fish Fauna of Lakes of Southeastern Oregon, Bulletin Bureau of Fisheries, vol. XxviI, 1907, p. 98. FISHES OF OREGON AND NORTHERN CALIFORNIA. 181 25. Hybopsis crameri, new species. This species, which is apparently very different from any other in the genus, is distinguished by having the teeth in 2 rows, the grinding surface being at the same time well developed, and in possessing amarkedly deep and compressed body with a relatively slender caudal peduncle. It is the only species@ known to occur west of the Rocky Mountains. It has been found in the Willamette and Umpqua rivers. Head 4 in length, depth 3.4, depth of caudal peduncle 2.5 in head, dorsal 8, anal 7, scales in lateral line 37, above lateral line 7, between occiput and dorsal 16. Body notably deep and compressed, the caudal peduncle slender; width of body contained 2.5 times in the depth. Dorsal contour evenly curved and gradually rising from occiput to origin of dorsal, from which point it rapidly falls along base of fin, then curves more evenly and gently to base of caudal; profile concave oyer eye, the snout blunt; ventral outline evenly rounded from throat to end of anal base. Eye round, located in anterior half of head; interorbital space convex, its width contained 2.5 times in head; mouth oblique; jaws equal; premaxillary protractile, its length equal to diameter of orbit, reaching posteriorly to or slightly beyond edge of orbit; a minute barbel on the lower posterior edge. Pseudobranchiz present; gillrakers very short and blunt, some of them mere knobs, 5 on FiG. 5.—Hybopsis crameri, new species. Type. first arch. Teeth rather slender, in 2 rows; 4 in the major row, slightly hooked and with a narrow grinding surface; 1 in the minor row. Alimentary canal short, coiled like the letter S. Peritoneum silvery, sparsely stippled with black in the dorsal region. Scales large and regular. Lateral line complete, decurved on 3 scales near its origin, then running nearly straight alongside of body to base of caudal. Origin of dorsal fin midway between anterior edge of orbit and base of caudal; longest ray con- tained about 4.25 in the length. Origin of anal below base of last dorsal ray; height of fin contained aGiinther described a species of Hybopsis ( Ceratichthys cwmingii Giinther, Catalogue fishes of British Museum, vol. VU, p. 177), the types of which are said to be from California. Besides minor differences it is unlike H. crameri in having 10 dorsal and 9 anal rays, finer scales,and deeper body. The following description of Dr. Giinther’s types was made by Mr. Edwin Chapin Starks while studying in the British Museum: 2 specimens, 2.75 and 2.5 in. long. Head 4-4.1 in length; depth 4.75; depth of caudal peduncle 2.5 in head; dorsal rays 10; anal 10; seales in lateral line 44 (tubes 42); above lateral line 6.5; between occiput and dorsal 20-22. Body rather elongate, the caudal peduncle comparatively deep. Posterior edge of eye in middle of head; width of inter- orbital space contained 3 times in head; mouth oblique; jaws equal; premaxillary protractile, its length a little greater than diameter of orbit, reaching posteriorly to or slightly beyond edge of orbit. Scales small; Jateral line complete, decurved on 4 or 5 scales near its origin, then wavy or irregular along side of body to base of caudal. Origin of dorsal fin midway between anterior edge of orbit and base of caudal; the longest ray contained about 5.33 times in the length. Origin of anal a little behind base of last dorsal ray; height of fin 6 in the length. Pectorals a little longer than ventrals, 5in the length. Caudal deeply forked, 4.25 in the length. ~ A fairly conspicuous dark band extending along the side posteriorly to base of caudal; upper parts of body uniform light dusky; a narrow, median dusky band extending from occiput to dorsal fin. 182 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 5.3 in the length. Ventrals inserted directly below or slightly anterior to origin of dorsal, their tips when depressed extending to base of second anal ray. Pectorals a little longer than ventrals. 4.5 in the length. Caudal deeply forked, 4 in the length. According to Mr. Cramer’s notes the color in life is pale olive overlaid with silver; a fairly con- spicuous silver band extending along the side to base of caudal; upper parts of body speckled with black, the specks grouped here and there in clusters; scales on dorsal half of body narrowly edged with dusky; top of head dark, a narrow, median dusky band extending from occiput to dorsal fin. In spirits the color changes to light brown, the silver partly disappears, and an inconspicuous dusky band is seen along the side, most evident posteriorly. This description, except the life color, is of the type, no. 61574, U. S. National Museum, a specimen 65 mm. long from the Willamette River at Oregon City, Oreg., Messrs. Frank Cramer and K. Otakt, collectors. Cotype no. 9863, Stanford University. Named for its discoverer, Mr. Frank Cramer. The barbel is sometimes absent from one or both sides. Among 35 specimens from ‘‘The Lakes,”’ near Albany, Oreg., 3 are without barbels. There is also some individual variation in the color, the small spots on the sides sometimes forming in longitudinal lines. Besides the specks which are massed together to form rather distinct spots there are isolated ones of large size occurring most frequently below the lateral line. The appended table shows some variations of a local character, the anal fin being lower and the caudal shorter in the specimens from the Willamette basin. Short fin rays are not characteristic of individuals from the Willamette, however, as in 10 specimens from ‘“‘The Lakes”’ the anal averages 0.2 and the caudal 0.3 of the length. Willamette and Umpqua basins. MEASUREMENTS OF HyYBOPSIS CRAMERT. Willamette River, Oregon City. | i hengthiofibodyes- 2 22 -eee see ee eee mm.. 38 39 41 44 52 52 53 55 55 56 Wengthvhead 25.32 - iss aes eae ee eee eee 24 | .24 ~24 | .24 - 26 +26 - 26 .20 | 220 - 20 Depth body 2 ese ea eee pesal|, ae) oes -28 | .30 31 ~29 29) -31 | .28 - 32 Depth caudal peduncle. ..........---- ins -09 | .09 . 09 | - 10 ~09 -09 | .09 -09 | .09 . 09 Length caudal peduncle 22 Sac5|)) VEZ a ||. ov43 -23| .25 24 722 5) 2.23 +23.) .24 22 eng POISNOU tees ee Ae Fase] 1078 |) 0655)" 50671) 5-107, -075 | .065 | .065 AOA et 065 Diameter eye... --- ze ae -08 | .075 -07 |} .075| .07 -07 | .065 -07 | .065 | .07 Interorbital width 22E2|) 09N e095 -09 | .09 -095 | .08 -09 -09 | .09 - 09 ‘Snoutitoldorsallnn sae se eee area asec ee -50 | .54 54) .54 - 50 - 57 - 55 -54] .55 . 56 Snout toiventralt. 9-72 co2 oe ee eee eee 48 . 48 -48) 249 mol sel «02 48 ok . 52 (beng th) baselot dorsalis ecer ae eer cere ee a aeeer -15} .15 14 15 -16 .14 14 Re cillls) -16 Mengthi base! of anal eee eee eee ee aera eee SHLOMO) = LON 5. 10 -10 -10 - 10 -10} .10 -10 Heightidorsal taster -ssear es ssene eee eee eee oP) |) GPP spall ope) -23 | .19 | .20 322, || 3/20 «21 Jatt inh Oe eA er op esneSdonsscecheones 20 | eer || weenie, ol SUT ie 7 ota) aur silts ene bas peCtOrelee = s= eee pene eee een eee -19]) .15 | .16)| .18 LST Heal Zh a eslty atthe tle -18 Menge thiven traleesesete = ae eeeteer Seee serene SLSa kG -15) .16 LG PAs LOW peo: 18 16 . 16 Pere mie tH C8 11a eee ee BPH) ||, BPX! ~24| .25 -23_ | .23 +25 +25 24 -22 pores TAYS.---.----- 22+. 2222222 ee eee eee eee : 5 8 | 5 5 | S 8 2 : : PASTA SUL STE Y So ayaa rte 7 | 7 Scales lateral v8 = 36 35 36 | 36 38 | 38 37 38 36 36 Seales above lateral line......-.-.--.---------------- 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 Elk Creek near drain Meng thiotibod \eresetee ceil eee eee mm... 44 43 | 46 46 | 42 44 46 42 43 46 Mengit hu eald eye ayers a taete teres ela ee oe rate et -26 | .25 «20 -25 | 25 25 +26] «25 26 26 Ep LN POY eee meee ase eee ee eee oot | 20 = 28 227 27 28 woe eel 27 28 Depth caudalipeduncles= eae. seen eee caesar ‘09 | 085 | ‘085 ]} :08 | ‘09 09 -08 | .09 - 09 -09 Length caudal peduncle. - ...2_. ---2 22-2 -.-- 2 ------- -24| .26 -23 ~23 | .23 25 -23 |) .24 ~24 21 (Dene thisnoutn sent remee seca sees eae eee -08| .075| .075| .07 | .07 - 08 -08 | .08 -075 | .075 Diameter eye spa see ee see eee eee -08 | .08 -075 | .075| .07 - 08 -08 | .075 | .07 - 075 Interorbitali width= —s-ee- eee eee eee ae -09 | .085} .09 -085} .08 - 08 -09 | .09 . 08 .09 Snoutitoid rsa Stee eee ses ae eee eee -56 | .55 -57 -56 | .56 - 56 -56 | .56 - 56 56 Snoutiton ventral Geeta as eee ee ea -5L | .50 - 52 .54 | . 52 - 52 04] .52 - 52 54 Length base'of dorsal - = ----.---------------.---- oly) orks -16 17 15 -16 16] .16 165 16 Wength) base ro anal scr ms eo at ea 712) .11 12 i ll ll LO} 00) 12 12 Height dorsal.......----- = BOI | eee 23 23 es 23 Wee: 23 23 22 23 22 Height anal....-...---- HE 20} .20 21 18 +21) .19 18 | .21 21 22 Length pectoral. ...---- -20| .20 20 19 = 18) - 20 19M 2 20 21 Length ventral. ....---- = -15 |] .18 -18 Life eeeeeLO LSA) eee tLi7u leon kos ely 19 Length caudal_-.--:----.- 30} 529) - 30 SEW) |) Baul 129 -29} .3l 30 - 30 Dortalra yer awe Ae ee eee er |e Anal rays... 25 | Scales lateral line-...--. 36 36 36 36 | 38 37 36 38 37 35 Scales above lateral line. ............--..--.--------- 6 6 6 6) 6 7 6) 6 6 6 | FISHES OF OREGON AND NORTHERN CALIFORNIA, 183 26. Coregonus williamsoni Girard. Willamette River. eo 27. Oncorhynchus keta (Walbaum). Occurs in all except the smallest streams between the Sacramento and Columbia rivers. The young of this salmon were apparently more abundant than those of any other. 28. Oncorhynchus tschawytscha (Walbaum). To be found in the larger streams. Commonly reported to be growing less abundant. Eel, Mad, Klamath, Rogue, Coquille, and Nehalem rivers. 29. Oncorhynchus kisutch (Walbaum). Said to be commonly found in the larger streams. Specimens were taken in Takenitch Creek, Butte Creek at Eagle Point, Oregon, and in Redwood Creek, near Orick, Cal. 30. Salmo clarkii Richardson. The trout observed by the writer in the coastal streams of Oregon and northern California are here referred to 2 species. From the Nehalem River southward to Redwood Creek in California a fine-scaled form was frequently taken, while from the Russian River northward, at least to the Tillamook, a large- scaled form was found to be abundant. The former, generally characterized by having from 140 to 170 scales in the lateral series, usually a red blotch on the inner side of the lower jaw, and teeth on the hyoid, are identified as S. clarkii. The latter, with from 110 to 145 scales, the lower jaw white and the hyoid without teeth, are called S. irideus. It is but fair to state that specimens which could hardly be referred to either species were sometimes taken in the streams north of Redwood Creek. For instance, in Hunters Creek, a tributary of the Klamath, specimens were collected in which the hyoid teeth were often absent and the throat red or not, without in any way coinciding with the number of scales, which varied from 120 to 150. The same conditions were found among specimens from the Coquille and other streams. In Nehalem River examples of typical S. clarkii were found. The throat was red, the scales numbered from 145 to 178, and the hyoid teeth were generally present. No specimens of the form known as the steelhead, S. rivularis, were examined. Trout are abundant in all the coastal streams, fairly swarming in those that have not been fished to excess. Their quality is unsurpassed, living as they do in clear, cool water, well supplied with food. 31. Salmo irideus Gibbons. The trout found in the coastwise streams as far north as Redwood Creek are identified with this form. North of Redwood Creek examples brighter in color though apparently belonging to this form were frequently seen, together with others which could not be distinguished from the preceding species. Trout were seen in every coastwise stream examined. 32. Columbia transmontana Eigenmann & Eigenmann. Not found in the coastwise streams south of the Columbia. Willamette River. 33. Gasterosteus cataphractus (Pallas). A close scrutiny of about 2,000 specimens of this species @ from the streams between the Sacramento and Columbia rivers appears to emphasize the seeming impossibility of recognizing within the group subspecies which may be defined by characters coordinate with geographical areas. The fully plated forms are apt to occur most often in or near salt water, while the less protected ones are usually found farther up the streams. fi a For a discussion of the variations of the species see Jordan & Gilbert, Fishes of Bering Sea, in Report Fur-Seal Inves- tigations 1896-1897, part 3, p. 443; also Rutter, Notes on freshwater fishes Pacific slope North America, Proceedings California Academy of Science, 2d ser., vol. v1, p. 245. BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES, VARIATIONS IN GASTEROSTEUS CATAPHRACTUS. Specimens with— a to 12 is 8 17 fm plates, plates, ull 4 then an | then an platens | pated: Small Locality. 4to6 | 7or8 |9or10 RB LOS unpro- | posterior posterior e eae ected | tected | plates P' plates. | plates. | plates. space space One plates mens A followed | followed |_ small; eat 4t06 | by a low | by a low | keel low. Kee! high.) plates. keel. keel. | | | ConniCreek= sess seee= 200 |. Napa River, Rutherford.. Gt) Remar as cased Mebane Sent cao se meee HES Napa River, Calistoga... aN sti Pimp egetes ec fiese: ~ mae ae ame a I Ra Done ges ame ee At Dry Creek, Healdsburg.........- SW ee scape aot |B Bibs | Noe A a | oe eee toaare Be ora areata Russian River, near Healdsburg 80 |. Russian River, Ukiah..........- 70 |. Roberts Creek, Ukiah........... Sale Wheatfield) Work iGualala River. Ses5- 0 See Ey 200 See Su ease Gee eS ee eh eee aaeeeties Junction Wheatfield Fork and Gualala River...|...- Junetion North Fork and Gualala River- Sale Garcia River, near mouth....... Garcia River, 5 miles from mouth. . Garcia River, 10 miles from mouth-~ Alder!Creekes! oo. edt eee ce caceee Navarro River, 4 miles above mouth. Navarro River, near Philo.........-- Navarro River, near Boonville Albion River, near Comptche.... Big River, 7 miles above mouth. South Fork of Big River...-.-- Noyo River......- Ten Mile River. Maple Creek... Usal Creek Mattole River, White Mattole River, Petrolia...... Bear River, Capetown. Van Duzen Creek.........-.- South Fork Eel River, Myers HIKARI G toe aee eee seyeee eel Mad River, near mouth..... Redwood Creek, near mouth Klamath River, near mouth. Smith River, near mouth.... Coquille River, near mouth. -. Deer Creek, Roseburg... ---- North Umpqua, Winchester... - Takenitch Creek, near mouth... Nehalem River, near mouth... McKenzie River, near Eugene. The Wakes WA banyiso-% sceo- sein ec eces soee ee sce 34. Hysterocarpus traski Gibbons. Not known from the streams north of the Russian River. Russian and Napa rivers. 35. Cottus asper Richardson. The extent of the prickly investment of the body is subject to considerable variation in this species. This variation often appears between specimens from different streams, but it is also common among individuals from the same stream. Usually the entire body, except the breast, abdomen, and caudal peduncle, is closely covered with rather coarse prickles. Often this armed area is reduced to a spot no larger than the pectoral fin, while occasionally it is much smaller. No entirely smooth examples In rare instances a loss of the palatine teeth accompanies a great reduction of the A third very small one sometimes appears have been seen. prickly area. Two preopercular spines are always present. below them. The species is commonly found in the lower courses of the streams, often being abundant in brackish or even salt water. It frequents deep, quiet pools, apparently being partial to a muddy bottom. Specimens were collected in nearly every river basin between the Columbia and Sacramento. FISHES OF OREGON AND NORTHERN CALIFORNIA. 185 Fin CHARACTERS AND ExTeNT OF Prickiy INVESTMENT OF 139 SPECIMENS OF CoTTUS ASPER. Number of specimens with— a ] [ee at a le CISI/HIBIBIEI EI ElGlalala|] 2) 2] 8] & | Extent of prickly invest- Locality. a/e Beemer perso ee | aes Soll WEP bo seb] I ment of skin. 7) = = — =" — = s S eile esueenipeive: |e | Ss ole) a iouecaltenlc 2IZ15/8/s\s/5\/S/8|/8)a!a/8/3/3/8 Cl/Slislsisgijal/sala}/aj a] al] a] al] a] aw] & PIVliaoltmalalel[aul|aleolnlJaoljalwil|ol|nio Dlala lA lA IAIN AlAlAlAlAlAlAlAaAlaA | Lake Washington, ]} 2) 15}. 2) 8) 7%]. 4)12) 1 2) 5} Entire upper parts except Wash. | caudal peduncle. Columbia River,Astoria.| 1) 5] 1 tty op RT 4) 3|. 5 | 2 Do. The Lakes, Oregon City-| 1) 9 |. mel Pate at 5) 6 35 peel Do. Nestucca River........-- Reseed te UP Se| soc] jh 4 Bel er: Wiis Pai elie (aol SS 9 |.........| Entire upper parts except | | | | caudal peduncle; area of- | | | | ten reduced to size of pec- ee be) ea toral fin. Takenitch River ......-. eee) wiki Bem Bo )) SI ali) | eas eat) ee ee) ae ell) Gee Do. Coquille River. | bates rely Goh |e) PSimetes Vay dal Fa Lah cay Wer HF CA Do. Flores Creek... 12 DO Gy libs 6| 5] 1|....! 6] 3] 3] Area size of pectoral or | somewhat larger. Rogue River, near |...) 8 |-.--|----j.-.. Pe ta a Tg ea 6 | Uy cee! ae Oe Soya b Entire upper parts, except mouth. | | caudal peduncle, often re- | | | duced to area no larger | than pectoral, Smith River............ oT are | 3]----| 2) 2]. Do. Mad River. .-... eal ee US| erat hy wtlaliec a4 Do. Redwood Creek 1} 3}. VA Bee See tae |e Area size of pectoral. Eel River. ...-- 2) Sea lee a al eee | ae Do. Garcia River.....-.....- Ja2=-| Gf. Pd Real | eile Entire upper parts except | caudal peduncle. Navarro River. .-....-.-- 28 aits 2 6] 5 Do. GualalaRiver........... Peak ets 3 | 4) 5 Do. PaperMillCreek,Marine | 1] 8 9} 1 Entire upper parts, except ounty, Cal. | | caudal peduncle, often re- | | duced to area half the size | of pectoral. | t 36. Cottus gulosus (Girard). Cottus gulosus has been confused by recent authors with Cottus asper Richardson, the name gulosus having been applied to examples of C. asper from the Sacramento and neighboring streams which were erroneously supposed to differ from representatives of the same form from the Columbia. Cottus gulosus or Cottopsis gulosus described by Girard @ is a species differing from C. asper, notably in having a much shorter anal fin. It now appears that the species C. gulosus extends northward at least to the Columbia and includes the form known as Cottus perplerus, specimens of which do not differ from examples of C. gulosus from the Sacramento. In the Klamath basin C. gulosus is represented by Cottus klama- thensis, which seems to be a slightly distinct form, or at least should be so considered until certain char- acters which now appear to be distinctive are shown to be unreliable. C. gulosus is also closely related to Cottus punctulatus and Cottus beldingi. A careful examination of the relationships of these forms will no doubt be fruitful. C. gulosus occurs in most of the coastwise streams between the Sacramento and Columbia rivers, with possibly the single exception of the Klamath. It is usually to be found in the upper courses of the rivers, although it is not uncommonly associated with C. asper and C. aleuticus farther downstream. In @. gulosus the preopercle is always armed with one strong spine which is curved or pointed upward, the size of the spine, its curvature, and the angle of inclination varying somewhat in different individuals. It is often nearly cylindrical in shape, while again it may be rather broad and flat, possibly inclining toward the cylindrical form in southern examples, and being more often flat in the northern ones. There is also present a second comparatively weak spine which varies considerably in size, being sometimes reduced to a mere prominence or in rare instances disappearing entirely. Occasionally a third spine appears below the others. The palatine bones are usually without teeth, although in some cases a small patch of minute teeth may be seen. The presence or absence of teeth a Cottopsis gulosus Girard, Proceedings Academy Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, vol. vu, 1854, p. 129. 186 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. appears to bear no relation to the armature of the preopercle:or to the condition and extent of the prickly investment of the skin. The skin is commonly smooth. A restricted axillary area of fine prickles is often present, being in some examples prolonged posteriorly to the origin of the anal. The lateral line is incomplete, ending at some point below the base of the soft dorsal. Rare exceptions have the lateral line complete or nearly so. The dorsal fins are generally joined by a membrane which extends about halfway up the first articulated ray. The width of the connecting membrane varies greatly and specimens are frequently met with in which it scarcely rises above the base of the first ray. The upper pectoral rays are occasionally branched. The color varies considerably, although some modification of the same general pattern is always preserved. Other slightly variable features, as the shape of body, the length of fins, number of rays, etc., are indicated in the appended tables. The variations here described are not greater than are commonly found among individuals of a widely distributed species, and while extremes of variation in certain characters may be seen among specimens of one locality, they are perhaps more often exhibited by examples from different basins. FIn CHARACTERS OF CoTrus GULOSUS. Bipsobence Number of rays Number of rays Number of rays orsal— in dorsal— in anal— in pectoral— Locality. 6. | 7. | 8 | 9. | 16.} 17. | 18. | 19. | 20. | 12. | 13. | 14. | 15. | 16. | 18. | 14. | 15. | 16. | 17. | — Holmans Creek, Oregon...-.----.-------|---- TO lh Pad ese) bees| | abstlse Bate s2|/ 6 Mere) eee Klaskanine River, Oregon----.--- Sea eat Gh 2 I 4 19") 241 2 Soe) 22:1) 8} McKenzie River, Oregon......-.-.- See) | By) eee Neca), ah) eb) Shs bce! 4°) (au ates Nehalem River, Oregon.....-.-.--- eerste oreo | UL | eon | Eger |e | veer Sb ed 1 3/10} 2 1 Tillamook River, Oregon....---- Sao) Hy bees at) My) ORY 3 14:)..6)|5-2 bee Siletz River, Oregon.-........... 2) 34S oe |F seo eal alee ole 3 4) 2). Deer Creek, Roseburg, Oreg....- el ak Bic oer reescl neces pee 56 |Eaasle Elk Creek, Drain, Oreg a |e i eed ees | eel | elie oS 4 || Soe Cow Creek, Oregon... ..- EEO seca) ase || abel este eal le 3 Bilbasels Coquille River, Oregon a Css 2) le 2a 7 5| 51}. Rogue River, Grants Pass, Ore ZAR 4) Mase) Gl) 28115 35)|) od | noaie Butte Creek, Oregon. .......- Saeed yb ees val ae: 2) 19 8) 1}. Bear Creek, Ashland, Oreg. 105] eo) | ee eel Ab On| [as lee Noyo River, California...........- 7 | 24 | De} 13) |) 23) 2|241| 7 21) S42 South Fork Big River, California. - PAE Rese Asoo ol aulackal See AG Saas Wilsosclls Warm Springs Creek, California. - - aac |gGs| gees 3| 3 5| 1 Sh this Knights Valley Creek, California. - Boe aes || 202 asa ses pee | Fala G5 5| 9 Napa River, California.......--. Saal) Clip Ay oat S|) Ed |p ate) 9 | 12 4/17 McCloud River, Baird, Cal... Be ees Pee 5 ero | 4| 2 UN 5315 Berryessa Creek, California. -.... aoe Sane eaod lee Late Zi le. 63) al Zileri Etna Springs Creek, California.......... ...- UM eck | HE leas 2)! Shi we | MEASUREMENTS OF CoTTUS GULOSUS. Columbia River basin. Skookumehuek A ; F Holman Creek, Klaskanine River, Creek, Chehalis, Ilwaco, Wash. Olney, Oreg. Wash. 60 50 57 69 74) 71 69 66 71 74 72 60 51 Length of body -300 | .64 | .38 | .33 84) 234 | 32 | .33 | .33 | .32 | .32 | 34 33 Length head... Map thy bodyenie aessecemcn echoes Depth caudal pedunele....-.--.-- Length caudal peduncle. ...-.-.-.-- ee) he : : : : o : : A é 5 Dengthysnouts -2 ee ee a le090i) LO) FoL0) jel0 200 |) 220) je OL (| tO. 0) S10) 5) LON | elOb RO Length maxillary el beg | 6 5 Diameter'eye nei ensae. =e sere Interorbital width....-......-..- Salt 3 ° . . : C 6 5 ° 5 Depthiherd: ee See elho74t FOO | -=205 PQ" i) SQV D0 Das TG OR ROS rei Ons | eer Snout to dorsal | Snouttojanal ee ee eee Length base of spinous dorsal. -- -165 | .16 Length base of soft dorsal. ....-- 43 | .46 | .43 | .43 41 | .39 43 | .40 | .41 42 | .44 40 39 Length base of anal-.......--..-- | 34 | 235. || «33 34 34} .32 31. | 233 34 33 | .34 335 33 Height spinous dorsal.....-...---- Bene -115 | .12 11 10 | .10 09), |i ))) 2109 10 095 | .09 IL Height soft dorsal... -+-.--.----.-.- -| Si alee |) Gales | oaks 16 | .14 LBS enon | elo Tbs 155 16 Heightiangl eee se: 2a ae BE Saeee |Peale et Giles heal! 15 | .14 14 14 | .14 14 | .125] .14 13 Length pectoral 27 | 226 || .26 | -28 28 | .30 29 27 «| .28 27 28 27 = 28 Length ventral. 21 21 - 20 | 20 oak 20 19 TE) allt) 19 20 21 21 | | | | Mength\ caudal=.22-22eeese esse sees ‘ 26 | 127 | :24 FISHES OF OREGON AND NORTHERN CALIFORNIA. 187 M®ASUREMENTS OF Corrus GULOsus—Continued. Nehalem River basin. Rogue River basin. 4 Nehalem River. Bear Creek, Ashland, Oreg. | | ene tDiOL DOV. -=---ss02-5-— = -—- mm.. 67 65 67 58 60 57 60 63 63 56 LESS a Yel ee Ss ee Rn Oe 31 -32 -32 33 .34 315 -325 -31 31 -31 LOE TAR ear es Ee ee Soe eee fe cea ee! 22 22 -21 22 -23 -23 23 -23 Depth caudal peduncle. ..-....-..-...---- -09 -10 -09 -10 -09 - 085 - 085 09 09 -09 Length caudal peduncle. ..-............-- - 135 -135 | 13 «13 | -12 -125 -13 14 -14 -14 lbirersanehisnte) th (eee eos Sne a eee ene - 105 -10 | -10 - 105 -10 -10 ll -10 -10 -10 Length maxillary 13 eis" | ale 13 fuk} -14 15 125 14 -12 Diameter eye. -....- 075 -07_ | -08 -08 | -08 -08 -075 07 -08 -08 Interorbital width. 04 045 -04 | 045 | 04 04 04 04 045 — -04 Depth head. -.-... -20 «20° | 2204). 7-20 aad) -18 20 -20 +20) | 19 MMOUUPOOOLSaN saeee ere sooner nen === = 37 37 37 38 -36| 36 -375 36 37 36 Snout to anal... } .96 -55 756.1]. 56 -56) .57 | .56 -53 -56 | 55 Length base of spinous dorsal Ale tots eure! pair -16 Bilis 18 | .20 18 atl -18 Length base of soft dorsal..............-- 1 280) | cAS il) Aas eas -42| .43 41 .39 40 | Al Length base of anal......-.-...---.-..--- 35 34 | +35} .33) -36 eg se} -33 82 35 Height spinous dorsal. .......--....--.--- -10 -10 -10 ll -10 -105 |- 11 09 -10 -10 Metehe soitidorspl. 00-22 -c nen =e =~ -14 17 |} 15 -185 +15 135 -14 13 -15) | -15 LE PGR SB ae 15 -135 |]. 15 «13 | -12 135 -13 -12 14 | mk} Meneto pectoral ss ccs. casa mn - =~ =~ - = -28 o27 29 | .28 | -26 -29 | .31 -29 -28 -30 IUCN GUUS RR ORE Rene SA eee S20 Wy rely -20 -19 -20 -20 21 -19 ~19) | -20 VED AVS ER IS Se CS ie -24 -23 -23 «24 +24 -235 -22 21 x22, +24 | | Noyo River basin. —— — Noyo River, Cal. | | Length of body...--.....---.-----.- mm.-| 46] 48] 49 50 50 51 53] «4 55 62 eit Ae | ee ee ae Aone ae 33 34 35 34 34 -35 36 36 35 36 BORIC Ve ape see ame a eee ce +22 ~23 -24 +25 «24 22 25 +23 24 25 Depth caudal peduncle. .....-......-..--- -08 | .08 - 085 -09 -09 -09 09} .09 | .08 | 08 Length caudal peduncle. ............-...- 14 mls: 14 wa2t| = 213 -13 -13 -13 Bete 12 Length snout......-.. 10 - 095 | it ceil Satta) «ll ote seat -10 -10 Length maxillary. 13 13 12 13 .14 13 AB] .15 .145 - 145 Diameter eye... .-.- 0s -09 09 -08 - 085 09 -09 09 - 095 09 Interorbital width. 035 -04 04 04 -04 | .035 | -04 045 -04 o4 Depth head. ....-- 20 20 21 20) .20 -20 FOO mot -20 20 Snout to dorsal. 37 39 41 POOH} SGN Os -41; .40 -40 40 Snout to anal 56} .56 } .56 56) .55 57 60 60 -58 60 Length base of spinous dorsal........--.-- 17 SUN Ih Scaled 19 -20 18 17 721 19 19 Length base of soft dorsal. ......-...-.-.- 44 43 | 241 -41 |) .40 44 44| .42 344 | 45 Length base of anal. .....-.--...--..----- | 32 «29 28 31 -31 32 31 LDA, 328 32 Height spinous dorsal. ...............---- 10 | -10 09 -10 -10 -09 10 10 10 10 (Molent soft dorsal: <<22.2--22s--2 2. 15 “15. | 15 -15 15 -14 18 15 =a5 15 Height anal... 125 -15 14 | -16 Gl Las ee | 16} .15 -14 15 Length pectoral 29 «31 33 -29 30 -29 29 -30 29 | 32 Length ventral... -| .22 +23 | «21 21) 221 21 21 -23 +23 22 Length catidale.-.<..-.-.-----..22--25---- 26 -26 | .25 -23 24 24 4 “95 “95 “34 Sacramento River basin. Napa River, Calistoga, Cal. Wenpth of body. s-~..5.-.--.--..---= mm... 59 61 61 61 64 67 67 68 74 75 TL ayia ea oe econ sesee eee 39 35 35 36 35 ~O0! || od 335 .36 35 LO pyii eee Goo Aas acer ne Gener ees eee | 27 -29 -28 -28 ri -28 -27 RO, 30 97 Depth caudal peduncle. .........---....-- -09 10 085 500" tiie =k0 09 09 -09 10 10 Length caudal peduncle. .......-.--.-...- le eke 12 312 13 14 AZ | <1 -12 105 115 MNP TMBHO UUs acco abs cece secre cece ssl he 20 Saal -10 10 09 09 10 10 10 -10 Renptinmaxillarys= occ ooo. sec ek wewes cone 13 -14 a1 135 -145 135 135 ail} 15 | =} TUIBINOLAN OVE sas necetaee oe eae ee eee 07 -07 065 07 07 065 -07 07 07 065 Mnterorbitel width 22. S205 562. eeus-- 7. oe) -04 045 Bren | Pycltsy 055 05 05 055 06 TD]jot Ue Ye eae ee oe a vere Pra eres PAK) ey 21 21 21 225 22 Mnpembo dorsslecs: <. ce cess ceera cians oe x «38 38 38 37 387 37 37 -39 | -38 POV OM lee een. enn Saas aoe 56 -57 -57 aby 55 56 58 .35 .56 57 Length base of spinous dorsal. ........--- 22 21 POON Molo he melo ey} 20 21 21 “19 Length base of soft dorsal ............... 43 47 44 | .42 42 42 45 44 -43 42 Length base of anal......-.-...-....----- } 85 -32] 31 -32 30 31 29 -32 -03' | -31 Height spinous dorsal Sah! -09} .12 115 -10 10 07 -10 -105 -10 Height soft dorsal Sf sae: 15 AS BAT) Als} 16 16 15 15 -16 Height anal... a) 4 14] .15 15 15 14 15 14 135 14 Length pectoral. . Ayes 26 30 26 -30 -30 3 +29 a7 27 LUSTY eq SEV 0d 2 IS ie ene ee 19 20 20) || 720 19 19 20 19 19 19 een Pun COUCH nese sueebea cae ete cenmas ose | 24 25 | .24 25 +25 23 25 +225 24 24 B. B. F. 1907—13 188 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 37. Cottus klamathensis Gilbert. Specimens of this species from many widely separated localities in the Klamath system have been examined, and with scarcely an exception they have but one preopercular spine, below which the edge of the preopercle is entirely smooth. In rare instances there appears below the preopercular spine a small elevation not unlike that found in the uncommon, single-spined individuals of C. gulosus. A com- parison also of the dorsal fins of this species with those of C. gulosus shows that in C. klamathensis the dorsal more often has 7 spines and 19 rays, while in C. gulosus there are most frequently 8 spines and 17 or 18 rays. ; Fin CHARACTERS OF 46 SPECIMENS OF COTTUS KLAMATHENSIS. 6 letras 19 | a | Pia ; : E | 13 | re Pe a6 eat or- or- or- or- or- | dor- or- | pecto- pecto- pecto- Locality. sal | sal | sal | sal | sal | sal | sal eral ena anal ral bea Cal spines. spines.|spines.| rays. | rays. | rays. | rays.| ~"~* eAssb Peseae "| Tays. | rays. | rays. | | | | | i} | | 7 zi - | Shasta River, near Montague.) 1 | 23 | 2 1 | 7 16 | 2 5 19 73 | 3 23) | sees Shasta River, near Yreka....|.....-- 16 | Ce as cabe, 6 130 See 5 14 1 | 4 15 1 | | | | MEASUREMENTS OF CoTTUS KLAMATHENSIS. Shasta River near Yreka, Cal. | Shasta River near Montague, Cal. | 75 68 | 57 61 57 73 65 55 65 71 50 --| -325 | .32 | .34 -335 | .32 31 «31 32 -32 -32 -31 orl -24 -25 -26 -21 -24 24 -26 -25 -30 -25 -10 -10 -105 | .10 -10 09 -10 alk) -10 -ll -10 Length of body. - Length head - Depthsbodyass-e--mee= Depth caudal peduncle. - . Length caudal peduncle.....................- 15 14 13 -145 | .14 4 -13 12 14 13 oils) engthsnouthstesae.- eee eee eee ll -10 -12 ll -10 +095} .11 mill -10 -105 | .10 Tene thmaxillary.. = eee eee eee -145| .14 -15 -14 -13 -14 -145| .14 13 .14 13 Didmo terieyet en mesos eee ee eee - 08 -07 08 -085 | .085 |) .085 | .08 -085 | .08 -08 085 Tnterorbitals wid theese ss2--—easeeneeeae oe | .04 -04 -045 | .04 -05 +045] .05 -04 04 05 05 Mepphihes dee eon ae yee aeeeeecer )} .21 +22 24 -215 | .20 +20 -21 21 20 21 20 Snout to dorsal. nap enteperecesesSnEC ses! 37 - 38 -39 39 - 36 - 36 - 36 .37 -36 38 37 Snoutto;anals wee 2 eee aes eae ene | .54 -60 | .60 nay! tive .54 .58 Bash al) Astyé 56 .59 Length base of spinous dorsal... ......------ -16 -16 17 -16 -16 -17 -15 a Ay oles -18 16 Length base of soft dorsal..............--.-- -39 43 43 41 -43 -46 -41 | 645 | 2425] .43 41 Teng thibase\of anal s-- se=-= = ee sense -.| 33 -325 | .33 -335 | .33 31 33 35 33 =ol 32 Height spinous dorsal...............-...-.-- | -08 -085 | .11 -08 -09 ll 09 -10 10 olll «ll Height soft dorsal......-.. -| .1385} .14 -13 -14 +15 15 14 6) dete -14 15 Hleigth tana eee ees eee neee -125| .12 -13 -13 -14 -12 139) 213: | -13 -13 .12 Weng thipectorall teens seen cece ae eeee ee sasees 27 -28 +28 -28 27 -28 -28 -32 -28 27 +27 Weenie thisyen tree pereereere ee eee eee | -18 -18 -20 -19 SHY | ail) -19 -20 |} -185)} <9 -18 Menge thvcania all Bet eersen ee aaen a eeee ee emits | 2 -22 +22 -23 +22 | .23 =22i 9) eo! i) a2 -22 22 88. Cottus aleuticus Gilbert. This species has been hitherto recorded from the Aleutian Islands and Vancouver. Specimens were recently taken by Mr. A. W. Greeley in the Carmel River just south of Monterey Bay, the range of the species being thus materially extended. These and other examples secured at various points along the Oregon and California coast have been compared with the types of C. alewticus and appear not to differ in any respect. Usually the body is perfectly smooth, the palatines without teeth, and the preopercle with but 1 spine. Spec mens from Maple Creek, California, were found to have a small axillary patch of very fine prickles and a second, minute, blunt spine on the preopercle. The species is not commonly found. It appears to be confined to the lower courses of the rivers near the sea, where it is often associated with C. asper. From C. asper and from C. gulosus it may be easily distinguished by its tubular nostrils. Specimens were collected in the following rivers: Tillamook, Trask, Nestucca, Yaquina, Coquille, Elk, Sixes, Pistol, Smith, Redwood, Mattole, Navarro, Alder, Garcia, and Gualala. FISHES OF OREGON AND NORTHERN CALIFORNIA. Fix CHArRAcTERS OF CoTrus ALEUTICUS. 189 Specimens having— 7 | an aoa 7 ; 8 9 | 10 1} || EW || 0 - 13 144 | 15 Locality. dor- | dor- | dor- | dor- | dor- | dor- 12°) 18 18 pecto-| pecto-, pecto- sal | sa sal sal | sal sal ae anal anal ral | ral | ral spines. spines. spines.| rays. | rays. | rays. Ey y rays. rays. Tillamook River 1 Ph eee SRTHR ES AVOna soso seceee ee ae =e = |seacee eel eee Nestucea River | 1 4 1 Miknivery Gury: County, Ores. s.-)| 12} Lijec Ue obsce: 2 | Bacco LEI HG RS eas ear ee Ran ta ne) (ae Vea Od Rn Oe era (ES Wl EEaese = Rogue River. 1 2 fe eS EN Gite GIST Veo ks = ae ae COR A I J esse | ok” 3 (ieee en Hi Eee Da seen Maple Creek. - . 1 5 5 Albion River. - J--s-+2- Ul eae Smith River. . 1 it acco eee Garcia River. - : | 1 10 1 Grialala River oo. - seen ans eee cnn : eoeeoe ‘Si oeoe ene 39. Cottus rhotheus Rosa Smith. Specimens of this species were collected in the Willamette basin. > SX; waa, a ae) 10 4 43900 W4oy 4a0N \ ? NS eae iy Konya ei 3 3" ey, ey i ay a 5 ret ’ d Mo\SMNS poate a i es ON Ak Og YINNO4INVO NYSHLYON ONY NODSYHO JO SWV3YLS visvoo 3H Ni SSHSI4 AVIANI4 JO NOLLNSINLSIG DNIMOHS dVW 3-0 ‘NOLONIHSYM “SW2HAYHOOHIN "OO MFHYED © MGHONY —— SSTIW 05 er BUNRL] JOAIY CIUSLEID VG — une JaAry YEWELY =o eune Janry PIQUIN|OD AOC Ow aero NATURAL HISTORY, ORGANIZATION, AND LATE DEVELOPMENT OF THE TEREDINDAI, OR SHIP-WORMS By CHARLES P, SIGERFOOS Professor of Zoology, University of Minnesota BUREAU OF FISHERIES DOCUMENT NO. 639 191 NATURAL HISTORY, ORGANIZATION, AND LATE DEVELOPMENT OF THE TEREDINIDZ, OR SHIP-WORMS. By CHARLES P. SIGERFOOS,4 Professor of Zoology, University of Minnesota. INTRODUCTION. The ship-worms were favorite objects for study during the eighteenth century on account of the great damage they worked to the dikes of Holland in 1733 and in subsequent years. The first modern observations were those of Valisnieri (1715) and Deslandes (1720). After 1733 came Mossuet, J. %ousset, and especially God- frey Sellius. These observers seem to have been uns ware of the ancient observa- tions mentioned by Theophrastus, Pliny, and Ovid, and it was supposed that the ship-worms were natives of India, whence they had been brought by shipping in modern times. It was Godfrey Sellius who first recognized their molluscan charac- ters, but these were not recognized by Linnus, who grouped the ship-worms, and Dentalium, along with Serpula. Cuvier and Lamarck adopted the view of Sellius, and since their time these animals have been put in their proper place. The first reliable observations on the anatomy of the ship-worms were made by Deshayes, who gave a number of beautifully executed plates to Teredo in his “Mollusques d’Algerie”, 1848. Like most of the plates of this great work, how- ever, these are difficult to study and interpret. Supplementing the work of Deshayes is that of Quatrefages (1849), who began and completed his observations before he had access to the published results of Deshayes. This ‘‘Memoire sur le Genre Taret (7’eredo Linn.)” is the one usually cited at the present time, although the paragraph with which Quatrefages prefaces his paper is almost as applicable now (with slight changes in the wording) as when it was written. ‘ Naturalists up to the present time,’ he says, ‘“‘have strangely neglected Teredo. This is not the place to review the anatomical researches of the last century, which are filled with errors excusable by the state of science of that period. But it is sur- prising that a mollusk with such remarkable external characters has not been the object of any special research from the foundation of comparative anatomy up to aMy work on the ship-worms was first suggested by Prof. W. K. Brooks. His constant interest throughout my stay at Johns Hopkins University was of great help to me and it gives me great pleasure to acknowledge my indebtedness to him. My material was collected at Beaufort, N. C., during the summers of 1895 and 1896, and my study was continued in the laboratory in Baltimore. To the authorities of Johns Hopkins University I am under deep obligations, both for the privileges of the marine laboratories at the seaside and for the facilities for work in the laboratory in Baltimore. 193 194 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. the present time. It is necessary to come to the year 1846 to find a naturalist who has taken for the subject of his observations thismollusk so unfortunately celebrated.” Since the appearance of this memoir of Quatrefages no detailed account of the whole organization of Teredo has appeared. Only in comparative treatises has it been taken up. The principal of these are the papers by Grobben (1888), on the pericardial glands in lamellibranchs; by Menegaux (1889), on the circulatory system in lamellibranchs, and by Pelseneer (1891), in his extensive comparative studies in the group. Grobben first observed the anterior adductor muscle in Teredo and proved the Teredinide to be dimyarians. Aside from this point, the figure of Teredo that he gives is wholly unreliable. Menegaux attempted to establish the homol- ogies of the aorte, and Pelseneer described the visceral ganglion and related strue- tures. I shall have occasion to refer to these papers in special parts later, and it will be seen that the comparative method of study is not always satisfactory if the examination of the different forms be not made with sufficient thoroughness. My results differ from all of these. Unfortunately, the first two authors do not state the species on which their observations were made, and so I can not state that where my observations differ from theirs they were in error. There is, however, such great uniformity of organization in the various species that we may expect only differences in detail. My observations have been based chiefly on Xylotrya gouldi Bartsch, and in the present paper except where otherwise stated this is the form described and figured. I have had specimens in all stages of development from the newly attached larva to the adult. I have also studied Teredo dilatata Stimpson and T. navalis Linneus, and these have been used where they are essentially different or more favorable for description. The object of my study of the ship-worms has been twofold. In the first place, T have endeavored, by the use of modern methods, to make a detailed study of the organization of this highly specialized lamellibranch and to correct some errors that have heretofore existed in the descriptions of it. In the second place, by the study of young stages, I have been able to trace the transformation of the typical lamellibranch larva into the very highly specialized ship-worm. I have also traced the early embryology with the artificially fertilized eggs of X. gouldi and T. dilatata, in both of which the eggs are laid free into the water. Stages later than the typical early lamellibranch veliger, raised in aquaria, I have not been able to observe. The intermediate stages, between these and the newly attached larva, 1 hope to observe on the larvee of some viviparous species at a future time, so as to complete my study of the development from the egg to the adult. Methods of preserving material—My preserved material was collected and prepared for study as follows: By hanging boxes and other structures of wood in the water at Beaufort, I was able to obtain all stages, from the newly attached larve to ship-worms 4 inches long, with adult organization. The youngest stages were collected from the surface of the wood. Later stages were dissected out of the wood into which they had bored. Early stages were narcotized with cocaine and afterwards fixed with mercuric chloride. Specimens 1 cm. or more mm length were treated as follows: They were exposed quickly in their burrows and NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SHIP-WORMS, 195 immediately a quantity of Hermann’s solution was dashed upon them. This reagent kills them instantly, before they have had time to contract appreciably. They were then immediately immersed in mercuric chloride or Perenyi’s solution for fixation. After washing in weaker alcohols, specimens were preserved in 90 per cent alcohol. The early stages were stained in Kleinenberg’s hematoxylin. For later stages, the best results were obtained by staining in bulk with borax-carmine, followed by staining sections with Lyons blue. For the examination of the younger stages as whole objects, the best results were obtained by staining in a weak solution of borax-carmine in acid (4 per cent HCl) 70 per cent alcohol, which decalcifies as well as stains. With the exception of a few diagrams, which are indicated as such, the figures of sections have been drawn with the aid of a Zeiss camera lucida. In some eases, as in the series of transverse sections of the adult (fig. 28-35), they have been “touched up” afterwards. In no case, however, have they been essentially modi- fied, and they are in no wise diagrams. The figures to illustrate the adult structure have been made from specimens about 10 cm. long, which I had raised, and which were killed almost perfectly extended. The siphons, however, have been filled in from life and from preserved specimens that had been narcotized before killing. Tn large specimens the body as a whole and the various organs are somewhat more elongated comparatively, but the relations remain the same as in younger specimens. NATURAL HISTORY. Any wooden structures that one may examine at Beaufort which have been in the water for some time and unprotected are found infested with ship-worms. These are of three species, which Dr. Paul Bartsch has kindly identified for me as Xylotrya gouldi Jeffreys, Teredo navalis Linneus, and 7. dilatata Spengler. X. gouldi and T. dilatata are very abundant, while 7. navalis was found but rarely. X. gouldi is the most abundant of all, and is found everywhere. It may attain a length of 2 feet or more, though where it grows in large numbers it is so erowded that old specimens are often less than a foot in length. 7. dilatata | have found mostly in the heavier piles of wharves, where specimens may attain the great size of 4 feet in length and an inch in diameter at the anterior end. T. navalis I have found very sparingly, not over a dozen specimens among the thousands of individuals [have examined. These in all cases were small specimens, from which it seems that the habitat at Beaufort is not favorable for them and is more favorable for the other two species, which fully occupy all of the available places for ship-worm life. The water contains a high percentage of salt, and the warm season is long. These factors may account wholly or in part for the comparative absence of 7. navalis. Of the thousands of young ship-worms (under 4 inches in length) I have taken from boxes, all except four specimens of JT. navalis were X. gouldi. These were observed in, June, July, and the first half of August. Whether the absence of younger specimens of 7. dilatata during these three months was due to unfavorable locations, or the season for attachment is different from that of the other two species, I was not able to determine. I am inclined to think that the spawning season of J. dilatata is different from that of Xylotrya. 196 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. BREEDING HABITS. As is well known, some species of ship-worms retain their eggs in the gills during their embryonic development. This is true of 7. navalis, and even the small (an inch or two in length) specimens of this species I have taken have usually carried embryos in various stages of development. On the other hand, I have found that the eggs of the other two species are laid free into and fertilized in the water. If species of 7. dilatata be taken from their tubes, they soon begin to extrude their sexual products, if these be mature. The eggs and spermatozoa are extruded from the anal or exhalent siphon in a slow, steady stream, which continues as long as the reproductive organs contain ripe sexual products. Xylotrya gouldi I have observed but rarely extruding its sexual products in this manner, but why there is a difference in this habit I have not determined. In association with their character of free development in the water, the eggs of the ship-worm are very small and very numerous. While they varysomewhat in size, they have an average diameter of somewhat less than 3!; mm. (;}5 inch). Very large ship-worms may lay great numbers of eggs at one time. In one case I estimated the number laid by a large female of 7. dilatata to be one hundred millions. The spermatozoa are very minute, and much more numerous than the eggs. The eggs of both species that lay their eggs into the water may be fertilized artificially, and develop with great uniformity and rapidity in aquaria. The eggs when first laid are of irregular shapes, but they soon become spherical and, if fertilized, the polar bodies are soon extruded and segmentation begins. Development is very rapid and on warm days the embryos become free-swimming within three hours after the eggs are laid. Within a day the shell has been formed and the typical lamellibranch veliger stage is reached. Beyond this stage I could not rear them in aquaria, though they may live for days afterwards. Hatschek has observed (1880) that the vivipa- rous larvee of a species studied by him (? 7. navalis) are almost always present in only a few stages, and that transitional stages are but seldom found. It seems probable that the free-living larvee of Xylotrya and T. dilatata attain one of these stages within a short time, and that the unusual conditions in aquaria prevent their advance beyond it. The mode of life of the larvee and the rate of development beyond the early stage attained so rapidly in aquaria have not been determined. What becomes of the larve after hatching from the eggs, how and where they live, it is difficult to surmise, Though the developed larve are settling on wooden structures constantly, I have not taken them and the intermediate stages in the tow-net, and where they develop I do not know. The rate of growth of larve of the marine lamellibranchs, however, is slow, and I think the larvee of ship-worms when they attach themselves must be at least a month old. They may be more, for at this time their development is quite advanced and their organization complex. (See the description of the organ- ization of the larva, p. 201.) The breeding period of X. gouldi and T. dilatata seems to extend throughout the warm season. I have found ripe sexual products of both species from early in May till the middle of August. At the latter time there seemed no abatement in NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SHIP-WORMS. 197 their development. As will be described later, individuals become sexually mature in a month after they have attached, and those which attach in August must bear ripe sexual products latef in the season, so that the breeding period would seem to extend throughout the warmer months. ATTACHMENT OF THE LARVA. During its free mode of life, the ship-worm larva has gradually developed into the larva typical of marine lamellibranchs. There is a bivalve shell into which the whole creature can be withdrawn for protection; a large swimming organ, the velum, by means of which the larva swims freely in the water; a long, powerful foot, by means of which it crawls actively over surfaces; and the internal organization peculiar to advanced lamellibranch larve. At the end of this larval development, in fact, the ship-worm larva is a typical small bivalve, except that it possesses the swimming organ. Throughout the summer (or at least from May till the middle of August) at Beaufort, if one examines fairly clean, unprotected wooden structures submerged in the water, very small bivalves will be found crawling actively over the surfaces. These are very minute and are easily recognized as ship-worm larve that have just settled upon the wood. The larva moves rapidly in search of a favorable place for attachment, and this is usually in some minute depression or crevice in the wood, though it may become attached to perfectly smooth surfaces. It seems to possess no organ of special sense for the purpose, and yet it is able to deter- mine what places are favorable for its future life and to avoid those which are not. Once it has chosen a point for attachment it throws out a single long byssus thread, thus securing itself to the surface of the wood, and very soon loses its velum, so that it can no longer lead a free-swimming life. Once attached, the larva begins to clear away a place for its burrow by scraping away the surface of the wood with the ventral edges of its shell valves. Such small particles of wood and other sub- stances as are thus collected are cemented together over the larva so as to form a sort of conical covering for protection. This formed, the further transformation of the larva into the small ship-worm begins and progresses rapidly. The foot becomes a pestle-shaped organ which assists the shell in burrowing. The shell valves lose their power of opening at the ventral side and, by the development. of knobs on the ventral and dorsal portions of both valves, are able to swing upon each other at right angles to the former direction. Meanwhile, because of the rapid growth of the valves on their ventral edges, the shell gapes at both anterior and posterior ends, for the protrusion of the foot in front and the siphons (and later the body) behind; and on the external surface of the valves at the anterior edges has been formed the first row of the small teeth which at this and later stages are the mechanical agents by which the animal bores into the wood. This trans- formation has taken place within two days from the time the larva has settled, and afterwards the animal rapidly becomes an elongate ship-worm, enlarging its burrow in the wood as it increases in size. 198 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. RATE OF GROWTH WITHIN THE WOOD. The ship-worm in-its larval stages develops slowly, but once in the wood it grows with remarkable rapidity. During its free life most of its energies are devoted to active locomotion and development; after attachment it leads a protected sedentary life and its growth is correspondingly rapid. The newly attached larva is somewhat less than 0.25 mm. long. In 12 days it has attained a length of about 3 mm.; 16 days, 6 mm.; 20 days, 11 mm.; 30 days, 63 mm., and 36 days, 100 mm. It is thus seen that within two weeks from the time it has settled, the ship-worm has increased hundreds of times in volume, and in five weeks thousands of times. Within two weeks it has developed its characteristic form. Even in a month specimens may contain ripe sexual elements, though normally these seem to be retained till larger quantities of spermatozoa and eggs are stored for extrusion at one time. I shall describe later what appears to be a change of sex from males to females, the male sex being developed in young specimens. I have found males four weeks old gorged with ripe spermatozoa, and in every way sexually mature. The ages of larger specimens I have been able only to estimate from the time the piles and other wooden structures from which they were taken had been in the water. In one case I took specimens of Teredo dilatata, 4 feet long and an inch in diameter at the anterior end, from piles that had been in the water less than two years. This was in July, and in this case it seems the worms had entered the wood not earlier than the spring of the preceding year, and hence were little, if any, over a year old. The rate of growth seems to depend but little, if at all, on the hardness or kind of wood. As is well known, ship-worms penetrate all kinds, whether it be soft white pine or hard oak. In India there are types that bore into stiff clay. None of our species adopt such a habitat, so far as I know, but I have found small, abnor- mal specimens of Xylotrya in very rotten wood, and I take it that their abnormal character was due to the unusual conditions. In this case they were associated with Yylophaga dorsalis and Pholas dactylus. I have observed, however, that in well- preserved wood they grow quite as rapidly if it is hard yellow pine as if it is soft white pine; so that the rate of growth seems conditioned by food supply and not by the ability of the animal, as regards the hardness of the wood, to form its burrow. PROTECTIVE ADAPTATIONS. The life of the ship-worm in the wood has led to profound changes in the char- acter of its external parts and its means of protection. As it enters, the posterior part of the body projects more and more beyond the shell, which loses its protective character in large measure to take upon itself the purpose of burrowing. In speci- mens 2 mm. long the shell is still a quarter of the total length; in specimens 4 feet long, the shell is an inch or less in length. With the loss of protection of the soft body by the shell other means are acquired. In a general way the wooden wall of the burrow offers the protection afforded by the shell in other mollusks. But the very delicate tissues of the mantle would be injured by the slightest roughness in the surface of the wood. So, as the body elongates, the mantle secretes around NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SHIP-WORMS. 199 itself a constantly thickening calcareous tube which lines the whole burrow except the extreme anterior end, where the mantle is somewhat less delicate and where the tube fades out and the burrow is being constantly enlarged. When the young “worm” enters the wood, it penetrates vertically to the sur- face, cutting across the grain. It soon bends its course, however, so that within 2 inches, usually, it takes a straight course in the direction of the grain. Individuals that enter the wood on end cut with the grain across the fibers from the start, so that their burrows are straight, unless they are turned from their course by obstruc- tions of some sort. In such a case the course is changed so that the burrows may become exceedingly tortuous. When the ship-worm is in danger of burrowing into the tubes of its fellows or into other spaces, if its course can be no longer changed, it contracts the anterior part of the body slightly, secretes a closed calcareous lining in front of it, and ceases to burrow further or to grow. Otherwise, appar- ently, it may grow indefinitely, and it is difficult to say how large specimens might become were there not adverse conditions to stop their growth. I believe that the calcareous lining of the burrow has been acquired primarily for the protection of the very delicate body from the rough surfaces of the wood, but it serves other purposes also. It prevents the diffusion of injurious substances into the burrow, and also prevents the intrusion of other creatures that live in the wood. Then, too, when the surrounding wood decays, or is eaten away by other animals inhabiting the wood, so as to endanger the life of the ship-worm, the tube may be so strengthened as to serve as the sole means of external protection. In this way the walls of the calcareous tubes, which, protected, are usually not over a quarter to a half millimeter thick, may become 2 mm. or more thick. This response to changed conditions on the outside is a very mysterious one and it is difficult to see by what means the animal recognizes its dangers. The peculiar mode of life of ship-worms has led to the development of the pair of pallets (fig. 20). These are protective structures peculiar to the ship-worms. They differ somewhat in the various species, but are essentially calcareous paddle- shaped structures, attached one on either side of the posterior end of the body at the point of origin of the siphons. In Xylotrya the expanded part of the paddle consists of a series of funnel-shaped calcareous structures set one within the other upon a cylindrical handle, while in Teredo it is composed of a single piece. The handle of the paddle is embedded in a forward evagination of the mantle and the expanded part projects freely behind, where, by means of a set of muscles, they may be protracted forcibly so as completely to close the outer end of the burrow against the intrusion of any enemy from the outside. Also, when the burrow extends upward and its opening is more or less exposed at low tide, as sometimes happens, the pallets may so hermetically close the external opening as to retain the water in the burrow and to prevent the collapse of the body of the ship-worm. The action of the pallets is illustrated in figures 35 and 36. When the animal is undisturbed and feeding, the pallets are drawn forward and the siphons are extended freely into the water, as shown in figure 35. When it is disturbed in any way the siphons are contracted very quickly and the pallets forced into the end of the tube, as shown in figure 36. 200 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. MODE OF BURROWING. The manner of mechanical formation of the burrow has been one of the most debated questions in the natural history of the ship-worms and their allies. In the former this work has been assigned by various observers to various structures. In some cases it was thought some chemical solvent assisted the mechanical action by softening the wood. Hancock thought there were siliceous particles in the mantle to do the work. Quatrefages thought it to be the “cephalic hood” (a thickened modification of the mantle at the anterior end on the dorsal side), aided by some chemical solvent. This structure he described as muscular, though it is but little muscular and could do no such important work as he assigned to it. Jeffreys ascribes this function to the foot, which by other observers was described as wholly absent. Osler, in 1826, had suspected the real mode of formation, though he did not actually observe it. The shell is the agent, assisted by the foot, as I have actually observed in young specimens under the microscope; and the whole structure of the shell and the arrangement of its adductor muscles confirm this observation. The teeth on the anterior edges of the valves point outward and backward. On both dorsal and ventral portions of each shell valve (fig. 18 and 19) there are stout calcareous knobs which form a double pivot by which the valves are swung upon each other by the contraction of the adductor muscles. The mode of burrowing is as follows: While the foot performs a cupping action, thus drawing the shell close against the surface of the wood, the powerful posterior adductor muscle contracts, so that the teeth on the shell rasp away the wood. The valves are brought to the original position by the small anterior adductor. The comparatively very large posterior adductor is therefore the active agent that does the work, aided by the foot; the shell with its teeth is the tool with which the work is done. INGESTION OF WOOD AND FOOD. As in other lamellibranchs, a constant stream of water is passing through the siphons when they are extended from the outer end of the burrow into the water, and this serves for respiration and also contains the small organisms which serve for food. These consist mainly of diatoms and simple floating alge, with other minute organisms. Small crustacea and other animal forms seem to be almost never eaten. The particles of wood that are rasped away in forming the burrow are ingested, as the only means of getting rid of them. It has often been debated whether they undergo any digestion in the alimentary canal, and I am inclined to think that they contribute something to the nutrition of shipworms. Boring I believe to be a periodical function, perhaps alternating with more active ingestion of food. This is indicated by two facts. In the first place, it seems that while the new-formed teeth are being cemented to the anterior edges of the valves the shell could not be used. Also, the ccum of the stomach contains almost wholly particles of wood, which indicates that while the animal is burrowing, the orifice into the czxcum is open. The very large fold of the internal mucous membrane of the cecum (fig. 29-31) seems so eminently constructed for absorption that I think there must be some digestive action on the particles of wood within it. NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SHIP-WORMS. 201 ORGANIZATION AND LATE DEVELOPMENT. In their form and general organization the adult ship-worms are the most peculiar and striking of all the lamellibranchs. Their newly attached larva has the form and essentially the organization of the larva typical of most of the marine lamelli- branchs which are free-swimming during their larval development. The transfor- mation of the typical larva into the highly specialized ship-worm is so striking and takes place with such great rapidity as properly to be called a metamorphosis. THE LARVA. ORGANIZATION. The general shape of the newly attached larva (fig. 1) is that of a small clam, with equal shell valves. These latter are broader dorso-ventrally than long, so that this lamellibranch, which is more elongated as an adult, as a larva is more foreshortened, perhaps, than any other form. The youngest specimens I found were creeping over the surface of the wood by means of the very active tongue-shaped foot. The velum was in all cases retracted into the large velar cavity (vc), a large space in the anterior dorsal part of the shell cavity. This is best shown in figure 24, which represents a sagittal section of a newly attached larva. The foot (fig. 1, 7, 22 at this stage is very long, ciliated over most of its extent, and angular at its posterior end. This angular portion is occupied by a well-developed though simple byssus apparatus which throws out a single simple byssus thread several times as long as the diameter of the larva. This serves to anchor the larva in the early stages of attachment, so that after the velum has been lost it may still return to its mooring if from any cause it lose its footing. The siphons are already well developed in the larva, the ventral inhalent or respiratory (is fig. 1, 7, 22) with ciliated sensory papille; the dorsal exhalent (es), a simple nonciliated tube. The gills have advanced but little beyond the stage figured by Hatschek (1880) for the viviparous larva studied by him. On each side of the body there are two large gill-slits, and in the gill membrane the rudi- ment of a third. The shipworm larva is a typical dimyarian. Both adductor muscles are present in their usual positions, the posterior (fig. 22, ap) already con- siderably larger than the anterior (aa). The posterior retractor muscles of the foot at this stage are attached in the umbonal region of the shell, just in front of the posterior adductor muscle. The alimentary canal is already highly specialized (fig. 7, 22, 23, 24). A com- paratively long esophagus (0e) leads into the stomach, from which a single compara- tively large liver vesicle projects as a diverticulum on each side. The sheath of the crystalline style (ss) projects from the posterior ventral portion of the stomach on the midline. The intestine leaves the stomach from the right side, anteriorly. The ecxcum of the stomach, peculiar to the Pholadacea, is present as a small hemi- spherical rudiment on the right side, just posterior to the opening of the intestine. The nervous system of the larva (fig. 7 and 59) is already highly specialized. At the sides of the wsophagus are the two cerebral ganglia, separated from each other 202 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. by only a snort connective. The pleural ganglia (pl) are still separate from the cere- bral (ec) and lie lateral to them. The pedal ganglia (p) are high up in the foot and are closely fused together, as in the adult. The two visceral ganglia (v) are still wide apart and lie against the anterior face of the posterior adductor muscle. In front of each is a separate respiratory ganglion (7g). From each pleural ganglion a pleuro-visceral connective (pv) extends to the corresponding visceral ganglion, and from the cerebral ganglion a very short cerebro-pedal connective (cp) to the pedal. I think there is still a distinct pleuro-pedal connective, but this I can not state positively. The ganglia contain the ganglion cells and the connectives con- tain only nerve fibers. The kidneys (k, fig. 7) consist of large vacuolated cells, and open externally in front of the posterior adductor. The internal pericardial openings I have not been able to find. iying around the cerebral ganglion is a gland which, so far as known, is peculiar to ship-worms and which, in later stages, becomes so greatly developed in connection with the gills. The glandular portion (g D, fig. 24) contains spherical cells, and from it a duct opens to the exterior (d D) under the cerebral ganglion. METAMORPHOSIS. The duration of the free-swimming life of the larva is not known, but it is perhaps a month, more or less. Ina very much shorter period after attachment, the peculiar ship-worm has been developed, with the adult organization essentially completed. The first change is the sudden entire loss of the velum. Within a few hours after the larva has settled, the velum begins to disintegrate and its constituent cells are cast off and eaten by the larva. The lower lip is projected forward under the cavity of the velum, and as the cells are cast off they can not pass to the exterior, and so are eaten. The basement membrane of the velar epithelium contracts rapidly and the cavity of the velum is very quickly obliterated (within a few hours). Accompanying the loss of the velum, the long byssus thread has been secreted. As soon as the larva is secured by means of the byssus it seeks a place to burrow, and, in preparation for its future life, its whole organization begins to change. The fusion of the two sides of. the mantle ventrally progresses rapidly, and within two or three days (fig. 2) only the opening for the foot is left. The siphons elongate rapidly, and very early (within three days) the mantle grows out posteriorly so as to project beyond the shell. The shell grows and changes rapidly after attachment. Within two days the first row of teeth has been formed on the anterior edge of each valve; the greater growth on the ventral edges causes the two valves to gape, to permit the protrusion of the foot in front and the growth of body behind; the knobs have been formed on dorsal and ventral portions; the apophyses have been formed and the retractor muscles of the foot have become attached to them instead of to the umbonal region of the shell. The foot, meanwhile, has become pestle-shaped. The alimentary canal takes an important part inthe general change. Thecscum of the stomach, present in the larva as a rudiment, enlarges very rapidly and, even before woody material has been ingested in quantity, projects as a large vesicle into the foot. In the early stage shown in figure 8 (four days attached, a half milli- meter long) it already forms a large part of the visceral mass. As the ingestion NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SHIP-WORMS. 203 of woody materials progresses, the cecum projects more and more posteriorly, and in specimens 2 mm. long (fig. 9) extends much beyond the posterior adductor muscle. The gills soon grow around the foot posteriorly, and in specimens 2 mm. long, 10 to 12 days old, project much beyond the visceral mass (fig. 9). This same stage also shows the pericardial space, with its contained and associated structures, in the position which it occupies in the adult, distinctly posterior to the larger adductor. And in this, as in subsequent stages, the visceral ganglion lies at the posterior end of the pericardial cavity. There are a number of features in the organization and metamorphosis of the larva that seem to have a wider significance. One of these is the sudden and com- plete loss of the velum. Lovén thought that, in forms of lamellibranchs studied by him, it entered into the formation of the labial palps. These structures are present in the adult Y. gouldi only as the small ridges on the sides of a slight groove around the mouth; so that this form, in which they may be said to be absent, does not give evidence necessarily against the derivation of the palps of the adult from the velum of the larva in forms in which the palps are well developed. The velum in various lamellibranch larvee, however, is very much larger than the palps in early stages, so that most of it must be cast off or absorbed. In the newly attached oyster I have observed that the cells of the velum are absorbed more slowly, though the palps are developed somewhat later merely as ridges at the sides of the mouth. The evidence from X. gouldi and Ostrea virginiana, it seems to me, shows conclusively that the palps are not derived from the velum. The loss of the velum is an event not confined to the lamellibranchs. Wilson (1890) has observed that the trochal cells of Polygordius are suddenly cast off and eaten, as in XY. gouldi, and Pruvot has described the loss of the test in Dondersia. These all seem to be phases of one and the same phenomenon and indicate that the loss of a part of the ectodermal covering during metamorphosis in these and many other forms is a very primitive and general occurrence. The addition of the ship-worms to the forms which have heretofore been known to possess a byssus apparatus indicates that this structure is perhaps universal in lamellibranch larve, though in the adult it may become degenerate. I may add that in Ostrea virginiana a byssus apparatus is present in the newly attached larve, though here a secretion is thrown out for the attachment of the left valve and does not form a byssus thread. In forms like Yeredo and Ostrea the byssus serves for the attachment of the young bivalves, and apparently it has the same purpose in other forms in which it is present in the young (e. g., Pecten) but is lost in the adult. In Spheriwm and allied forms it serves to attach the viviparous larva to the wall of the brood chamber in the gill of the mother. All the known facts go to show that the byssus apparatus was developed to assist in the transformation of the free- swimming pelagic larva into the lamellibranch with an attached or other settled mode of life. Then, this transformation having taken place, the byssus may be lost, or it may be retained in forms which are permanently attached but lack other means than the byssus for attachment. The sheath of the crystalline style is well developed in the newly attached larva. Everything, however, indicates its derivation by transformation of the posterior end of the stomach. If we imagine the intestine leaving the blind end of the B. B. F. 1907—14 204 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. sheath, we get an arrangement very like that in Nucula and Yoldia, in which the posterior half of the stomach has the same structure and function as the sheath in other forms, though no style is formed. Having left, in the development of more specialized forms, its poit of origin in the median position at the extreme posterior end of the stomach, the intestime has remained attached to various parts of the sheath of the style, as in Cardiwm, and has reached its greatest dis- placement in forms like Teredo and Pholas, in which it leaves the stomach from one side and in which the sheath of the style forms a large blind pouch. If this view of the relations of the stomach, intestine, and sheath be the correct one, then the sheath is not a structure which has been acquired in the more highly specialized forms. It is homologous with the posterior part of the stomach of primitive forms like Nucula and Yoldia. The intestine has left its original median attach- ment to the posterior end of the stomach and has become attached to one side of it. THE ADULT. After the preceding description of the larva and its metamorphosis, the general plan of organization of the adult ship-worm will be easily understood. This is illus- trated for Yylotrya in figures 5, 6, 10. Figure 5 represents a left view of a young specimen 4 inches long, as it is taken from its tube. At the anterior end (on the left) the ‘‘head”’ is covered by the small shell, over whose dorsal and posterior por- tions duplicatures (the ‘‘cephalic hood’’) of the mantle project. Behind the shell extends the long, naked body, tapering so that the whole ‘‘worm”’ forms a very long truncated cone. At the posterior end are shown the points of attachment to the caleareous tube, and from it project the palettes and siphons. From the anterior end, between the gaping shell valves, projects the pestle-shaped foot. The outer wall of the naked, projecting part of the body is the mantle. If it is removed, as represented in figure 6, the long gills are exposed posteriorly and the large visceral mass anteriorly. The latter is continuous with the foot and extends about two-fifths of the length of the body. It contains the viscera (alimentary | canal, genital organs, etc.). Dorsal to it (fig. 10) lies the large pericardial cavity with its contained and associated structures (heart, kidneys, visceral ganglion). Dorsal to the pericardial cavity is the long, narrow anal canal, into which the rectum opens above the posterior adductor muscle, and which is continued into the epibran- chial cavity posterior to the visceral ganglion. The shell cavity 1s occupied mostly by the foot, the cecum and anterior part of the stomach, and the two adductor muscles which are common to most lamellibranchs. SHELL. The newly attached ship-worm larva possesses a typical bivalve shell. The valves are equal in size and united dorsally by a well-developed hinge apparatus. The shell in side view is wider than long; the transverse diameter is about equal to the longitudinal. The right valve (fig. 11) bears three equal hinge teeth; the left, two. Dorsal to the teeth is an external hinge ligament. In each valve the apophysis of later stages is present as a rudiment. Up to this time growth has taken place along concentric lines. From this time on rapid, very unequal growth in different parts NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SHIP-WORMS. 205 of the valves causes a sudden transformation of the shell, which becomes very different from that of the typical bivalve. The initial stages in this change are shown in figure 14, which is an anterior view of the shell of a ship-worm which has been in the wood a day, more or less. After growing a small amount, the anterior border has cemented to it a row of teeth which have been secreted separately in small pockets in the epithelium of the anterior edge of the mantle. The first row of teeth, as well as those formed through life, are cemented to the shell so as to point almost straight outward and very slightly backward. The apophysis, present as a small rudiment in the larval shell, has grown out into the shell cavity, pushing the mantle before it; and, in this very rapidly attained stage, is almost as large com- paratively as in the adult. Meanwhile the ventral edge of the valve has grown rapidly, and there have been formed on the dorsal and ventral portions the two knobs upon which, in this and subsequent stages, the two valves swing during the mechan- ical process of boring. During these changes the hinge teeth present in the larval shell have disappeared, probably by absorption. The valves which, during larval life, have swung at the hinge so as to open and close the shell cavity on the ventral side, come to swing upon the knobs along a median transverse axis vertical to the main axis of the animal. The greater growth of the valves on their ventral edges causes them to gape before and behind for the protrusion of the foot in front, and the siphons, later the body, behind. Growth of the valves continues with great rapidity. The left valve of a speci- men 1 mm. Jong is shown in oblique view in figure 15. The chief features that have been introduced are as follows: The point of greatest growth is on the ventral edge. The lines of growth, and hence the rows of teeth, are wider apart on the dorsal half of the anterior border than on the ventral. In this way an angle is formed in the anterior edge, which soon (fig. 16) becomes a right angle. Meanwhile, the posterior border has grown rapidly and flares outward so as to give better purchase for the posterior adductor muscle during its contraction. Likewise, a much smaller portion of the dorsal anterior edge flares outward for the attach- ment of the anterior adductor (fig. 18). ; There is little modification in form, structure, and relations of the shell after the stage shown in figure 16, which is a side view of the left valve from a specimen 5 mm. long. As growth on the ventral edge takes place, the knob is constantly being added to toward the midline and absorbed on the side toward the con- cavity of the valve. And as growth at the posterior border takes place, the posterior adductor muscle is constantly moving backward. Jn the larval and subsequent stages, the whole shell, including the teeth, is covered externally by delicate epidermis. PALLETS. These structures are peculiar to the ship-worms and have been acquired for closing the outer ends of the burrow against intruders and for other purposes. The structure of one of these-is shown in figure 20, which represents the left pallet of a specimen 5 mm. long. It consists of a series of seven funnel-shaped structures which have been formed and cemented, in succession, to the handle. The forma- tion of the pallet is as follows: In specimens still less than 1 mm. long, the mantle 206 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. of the posterior region has formed a duplicature (fig. 8, 9), which projects like a collar over the base of the siphons. At the anterior portions of the sides of the space thus formed the epithelium of either side evaginates forward. In the pocket thus formed the handle of the pallet is secreted and projects backward into the “collar” space. The lining walls of the sides of the ‘‘collar” space secrete the funnel-shaped pieces which are cemented to the handle. New larger pieces are added in succession at the anterior end, and those first formed may be broken off. In species of Teredo the paddle part of the pallet is a solid piece and not divided into a series of pieces, as has just been described for Xylotrya. Strictly speaking, the segments of a pallet are semicircular when seen on end. When the two pallets are brought together in closing the outer opening of the cylindrical tube they thus form a truncated cone. MANTLE AND SIPHONS. In the adult ship-worm (fig. 5) the mantle forms a very long and very delicate tube, which stretches from the anterior edge of the shell to the base of the siphons. These latter are modifications of the mantle, as in other forms of lamellibranchs. The tube is open only at the anterior end, the pedal opening for the protrusion of the foot; and at the ends of the siphons, the inhalent and exhalent openings. It was formerly a much debated question how much of this tube should be considered body proper and how much siphons. In the light of present knowledge it is easy to see that the muscular collar marks off the end of the body and the beginning of the siphons. The mantle in ship-worms has undergone more differentiation, perhaps, than in any other lamellibranch. The anterior edge is thickened, as in other forms, and secretes the teeth, the edges of the valves, and the epidermis. The very delicate part underlying the shell, and stretching beyond it to the siphons, secretes the inner layers of the shell and the calcareous tube lining the burrow. Within the shell cavity induplicatures secrete the apophyses, and at the same time absorb part of them as they change shape and position. Also, other parts secrete the two pairs of knobs on the valves. The posterior edge of the shell is not marked by the thickened mantle edge as in other types, but the mantle forms a duplicature around the whole posterior edge of the shell, which stretches forward. On the dorsal side the whole umbonal region of the valves is covered by this duplicature, and to this special part Quatrefages gave the name of ‘‘cephalic hood” (c h, figs. 9, 26). To it he assigned the function of forming the burrow. It is somewhat, but not very muscular, and no such important work could be done by it. It probably serves as an elastic washer around the ‘‘head,’’ which prevents the fine particles of wood grated off by the shell from passing posteriorly to lodge between the mantle and calcareous tube. In the collar region it has been seen that the mantle forms the duplicature or collar, which projects posteriorly over the base of the siphons, and within the cavity of which the handles and paddles of the palettes are formed separately (fig. 9, 10). The siphons, specializations of the mantle, form two long tubes (fig. 5, 6, 9) whose walls are slightly fused together through half or more of their extent. The anal NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SHIP-WORMS. 207 or exhalent siphon is without papillae or tentacles and is shorter and less muscular than the respiratory or inhalent siphon, which bears a number of tentacles (fig. 5, 6, 9). These are sensory structures, but they also serve mechanically to close very quickly the entrance of the respiratory siphon against the entrance of enemies and injurious objects from the outside. Between the duplicature at the posterior edge of the shell and the collar the mantle is very uniform. Its structure is as follows: Externally, the surface epithe- lium is composed of flattened, nonciliated cells, which secrete the calcareous lining of the burrow. Internal to the outer epithelium are the weak muscles of the mantle, consisting of the longitudinal layer; a layer in which the fibers cross obliquely to the longitudinal fibers; and internal to these the circular layer. The internal surface of the mantle is lined by cells which in general are columnar and ciliated. Opposite the ends of the gills, the mantle is strongly ciliated and contains numerous mucous gland cells which empty into the internal surface of the mantle cavity. This region is indicated diagrammatically in figures 27-32, where on either side ventral to and outside the ciliated, glandular area the mantle wall is thickened so as to form a groove opposite the groove of the gill. In life these two grooves are in apposition and together form a canal along which the food is swept forward to the mouth by the ciliated cells lining the canal. Between the two epithelial layers of the mantle there is a reticular network formed of connective tissue, with a small amount of muscle and nerve fibers, ete. The spaces so formed are filled by a peculiar substance whose nature I have not been able to determine. In living specimens the mantle is of a light grayish, translucent appearance. But specimens in alcohol become of almost a chalky whiteness, due to the masses of this peculiar material. Each lacunar space is filled by a more or less spherical nodule, which is just visible to the naked eye. Examined by transmitted light, these nodules are very opaque and seem composed of granular particles; by reflected light they are white. They are insoluble in acids, but soluble in water and quickly disappear in aqueous solutions. Deshayes described them as nonnucleated mucous cells. They are apparently the ‘‘siliceous particles’ which Hancock observed, and with which he supposed the burrow to be formed. They are not cells, but deposits of some sort. They are probably to be regarded as constituting a reserve of calcium, containing material of some sort for rapid use, as occasion may require, in the formation and thickening of the calcareous tube which lines the burrow. Special gland of the mantle.—Lying between the two epidermal layers of the mantle, in the middorsal region near the extreme posterior end of the body, there is a small special gland which seems to be peculiar to the ship-worms. The extent and the details of structure of this organ are shown in figure 21, which repre- sents a transverse section of the whole gland in a specimen about a half a centimeter long. The gland consists of numerous more or less spherical, vesicular acini whose average diameter is about a fortieth millimeter. They are lined by flattened, nonciliated, slightly granular cells. From the gland a median duct passes pos- teriorly to open on the dorsal outer surface. This gland appears in the young ship-worm soon after attachment as a single median small vesicle of apparently ectodermal derivation. As the animal grows, 208 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. new vesicles are formed as outgrowths from those already present. What the func- tion of the gland is has not been determined, but its position indicates that it may be the secretion of some material noxious to enemies that may get into the end of the ship-worm burrow. MUSCULAR SYSTEM. Early in this century it was a much debated question whether the muscle then known in the shipworms was homologous with the anterior or the posterior adductor of other lamellibranchs, or with both combined. It was Grobben who established the homology of the muscles when he discovered (i888) the small anterior adductor, which had been overlooked previously. In the general transformation of the larva into the ship-worm the ligament, which in the larva opposes the two adductor muscles and opens the shell, comes to serve only to keep the two valves from separating from each other. And the two muscles which together, in the larva, oppose the action of the ligament and close the shell come to cause the two valves to swing upon each other on the dorsal and ventral knobs of the shell valves during the process of bormg. So the two adductors become antagonistic to each other. In the newly attached larva both adductor muscles are present, the posterior (ap, fig. 7, 22,) already considerably larger than the anterior (aa). Both are attached to the valves within the concavity of the shell and well toward the dorsal side. In the general transformation these muscles, as the active mechanical agents in excavating the burrow, undergo considerable change. The posterior adductor, as the one that really does the work, becomes very large (fig. 6, 9, 10) and passes posteriorly to be attached to the outwardly turned edges of the shell (fig. 15-17), so as to*give it better purchase during its contraction. The anterior adductor muscle, whose only work is to bring the shell valves back to their original position, after contraction of the posterior adductor, is comparatively very small (fig. 6, 9, 10, aa), and moves forward from its original position in the larva to be attached to the out- wardly turned antericr edges of the shell valves. In minute structure all of the muscle fibers of both adductors are apparently striated, due to a more or less regular deposit of granular material on their surface. This structure seems to support the view as to the function of the two parts of the adductor in forms like Pecten, where one part is tendinous and is supposed to prevent the shell valves from separating too far. The other part, composed of striated fibers which contract quickly, is for active adduction of the valves. In ship-worms, where it is not necessary to oppose the action of a hinge ligament, all parts of both muscles are of the same character as that part in Pecten which is sup- posed to serve for active adduction. The pedal muscles in the larva are those typical of lamellibranchs with a foot. A pair of anterior retractors and a pair of protractors of the foot are attached in the anterior umbonal region of the shell valves; and a pair of posterior retractors, in the posterior umbonal region, anterior to the attachment of the posterior adductor muscle. With the remarkable growth of the apophyses of the shell, the posterior retractor muscles suddenly lose their old attachment in the umbonal region, to become attached to the apophyses through almost the whole length of the latter. NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SHIP-WORMS. 209 After this shifting, which takes place as the young ship-worm begins to bore, these muscles no longer are sharply defined, but form wide bands which run from the apophyses to be distributed around the sides of the foot In ship-worms the posterior end of the body, which has usually been described as the “ muscular collar,’ contains a number of highly specialized muscles, some of which are peculiar to the ship-worms. Their general arrangement and their relations to the pallets, to the calcareous tube, and to the siphons are shown in figures 35 and 36. They are divided into two sets, those which manipulate the pallets and those which are distributed to the siphons. The first set consists of a pair of protractors of the pallets (pp), two pairs of retractors of the pallets (rp), and a single adductor of the pallets (ap). On each side the protractor of the pallet is inserted along the handle of the pallet, whence it radiates to be attached to the side of the cal- careous tube along a broad line, its origin. On each side there are two retractors of the pallet. One is inserted on the end of the handle and passes forward to be dis- tributed in the mantle along the sides of the body. The other is inserted near the outer end of the handle, whence it runs forward to be attached to the wall of the calcareous tube along with the siphonal muscles. The adductor of the pallets is a stout, cylindrical muscle stretching between the anterior ends of the two pallet handles, and lying in the septum which divides the mantle cavity into epi and hypo branchial cavities posteriorly. The muscles of the siphons are attached on each side to a triangular area of the calcareous tube, slightly anterior and ventral to the attachment of the pallet muscles. From this origin the siphonal muscles are distributed to the siphons, mostly to the respiratory. The action of the muscles of the pallets and siphons is as follows: When the ship-worm is undisturbed, the siphons are widely extended into the water and the pallets are drawn forward, as represented in figure 35. If the animal is disturbed the siphons are retracted with great rapidity by the contraction of their muscles. At the same time, by the action of the protractors of the pallets, the pallets are pushed forcibly into the end of the tube so as completely to close the latter. The outer ends of the paddles are brought together by pushing against the sides of the tube. The pallets are dislodged by the more powerful ventral retractors, and retraction seems to be completed by the long muscles attached to the ends of the handles. At the same time, by the action of the adductor of the pallets, their paddles are separated so as to permit the extension of the siphons by an inflow of blood. From this description it is seen that the end of the tube of Teredo is homologous with the pallial sinus of typical lamellibranchs. The same siphonal muscles are present as in other forms, but the muscles of the pallets are peculiar to the ship-worms. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM. \ The gills of Teredo are perhaps more highly specialized than those of any other type of lamellibranch, for they possess a membranous, nonperforate portion which reminds one of the gill structure in the Septibranchia, and they are otherwise sharply marked off from those of forms most nearly related to the ship-worms and of other lamellibranchs. 210 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. Development and general structure of the gills—The embryonic development of the gills of Teredo has been observed by Hatschek (1880) in the viviparous larva of the unidentified species he studied. Here the rudimentary gill of each side is a fold in which perforations appear in succession, new ones being added posterior to those already formed. In the newly attached larva of X. gouldi, the gills have advanced but little beyond the stage described by Hatschek. On each side there are two slits and the rudiment of a third. The slits, however, have so increased in size as to occupy most of the space on the upper sides of the foot and the gill-fold has fused to the sides of the foot by its ventral edge. In this way, the gill-slits come to separate bars or filaments attached at both ends (fig. 24); and as the fold, when it appears, is attached dorsally along the line of attachment of the mantle on the sides of the body and the ventral edge fuses with the upper part of the foot, the gill-bars or filaments lie almost horizontally in the mantle chamber. This mode of differentiation of the gill by the formation of gill-slits in a fold whose ventral edge fuses continuously, at first with the sides of the body and visceral mass (fig. 2) and later with its fellow of the opposite side (fig. 3), is kept up during life. Beginning, however, with a stage still less than 1 mm. long, the pro- cess is modified as follows: In specimens less than 1 mm. long (fig. 2) the gill of either side consists of a membrane with a single series of gill-slits which decrease in size from before backwards. When, however, there are about fifteen slits in the series, a perforation in the gill-fold or membrane appears opposite and internal to the tenth (rarely ninth or eleventh) slit of the first series. New ones are added in succession posterior to it, so that a second series of slits comes to be formed internal to the first (fig. 3). At the posterior end the slits of the inner series always lag slightly behind those of the external in their development. As shown in figure 3, there are no slits in the inner series internal to the ten first formed in the outer series, and none ever appear, a fact of significance, as will be shown in describing the gill of the adult, where the first formed part of the gill, with its outer series of ten gill-slits, becomes widely separated from the rest of the gill. The gill-fold and gill in the young Teredo represent the internal half of the molluskan ctenidium. From the resemblance of the mode of development to that in Cyclas (Ziegler) and Mytilus (Lacaze-Duthiers), it is seen that the slits of the first formed series separate the descending limbs of the lamellibranch gill filaments, and that the second series separate the ascending limbs. The anterior ten filaments, then, never develop the ascending limbs. Likewise, the other (the outer) half of the ctenidium is never developed in Teredo—contrary to the belief of Deshayes and Quatrefages, who believed the whole ctenidium, or ‘‘pair’’ of gills, to be present on either side of the body. The term ‘‘gill-fold”” I have used to designate the posterior end or growing point of the gill, and ‘‘gill-filaments”’ the elements that are formed from it. In later stages, however, soon after that shown in figure 2, the growing point forms a more or less cylindrical hollow tube, filled by a blood space, which fuses continu- ously on the midline with its fellow of the opposite side, and dorsally over a wide area (between the two points indicated in fig. 37) with the mantle. In this way the epibranchial cavity is separated from the rest of the mantle cavity. Meanwhile, ‘NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SHIP-WORMS. 211 the free portion of the growing point has become angular, and at the sides of the angle the two series of perforations are formed progressively (fig. 3), the outer always slightly in advance Of the inner. The corresponding slits of the two series push in (in the direction of the lower arrows in fig. 37) till they meet each other and till they push through to the epibranchial cavity. These in-pushings divide the original blood space of the growing point into flat spaces separated from each other except at two points, the openings into the afferent and efferent branchial veins. The median portion of the original blood space remains undivided as the afferent vein, and by the disappearance of the median part of the walls of the two growing points as they fuse together, the afferent veins of the two sides unite, posterior to the visceral mass, to form the single large, median, afferent branchial vein. The undivided outer dorsal portion persists as the efferent branchial vein on each side. The walls of adjacent slits are connected by numerous connective-tissue cells (fig. 38) so as to form the gill laminz, the name given to them by Quatrefages and more appropriate for the gill elements in ship-worms which (except the anterior eleven) do not form filaments. From the mode of formation it is seen that there is a large flat blood space in each lamina and that there is a free flow of blood through the lamina (in the direction of the arrows, fig. 37) between the afferent and efferent branchial veins. Ina young ship-worm a half centimeter in length (somewhat later than the stage represented in fig. 3) there is on each side a continuous series of seventy-five or more gill filaments (filaments and lamine), stretching from the mouth region around the sides of the body and posterior to the visceral mass. Soon afterwards the ‘‘fila- ment” between the tenth and eleventh (usually) gill-slits broadens from before back- ward. This growth increases till, in large specimens of the adult, the anterior eleven filaments (it may rarely be ten or twelve) are separated from the rest of the gill by a space of 10 cm. or more. They retain the structure, however, and doubtless the function, of gill elements, though in the adult they form a series of simple bars attached at both ends on the sides of the ‘‘head”’ (fig. 6). In reality the first and eleventh filaments are but half filaments. In ship-worms the epibranchial cavity forms a single long canal posteriorly (fig. 10, 31, 32), but is divided anteriorly where the gills of the two sides diverge from each other. As the anterior eleven filaments become separated from the rest of the gill, the epibranchial cavity between these two parts of the gill becomes a long, very narrow canal (ep ca, fig. 26-29), which lies in the mantle on each side, external to the afferent branchial vein and adjacent to the groove described below. The two limbs of a gill lamina (fig. 37) form almost a right angle with each other. At the angle there is a ciliated groove (fig. 30-32, 37) which extends the full length of the gill in young specimens (fig. 3), and in adults, in addition, connects the anterior eleven filaments with the rest of the gill (fig. 6, 26-29). In the adult the connecting part of the groove, then, is really a part of the gill and is homologous with the groove of one filament in other parts of the gill. The minute structure of the groove is as follows: The lining cells are in the main strongly ciliated and col- umnar (fig. 44), but there are distributed among them numerous mucous gland cells. As already noted, the internal surface of the mantle opposite the edge of the gill 212 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. also forms a groove lined by strongly ciliated cells with many mucous gland cells among them, and this, with the groove of the gill, forms a very long tube which conveys food to the mouth. Minute structure of the gills.—I\t has been seen that, by their mode of formation, the ‘intrafilamentar union” between the two limbs of a lamina is so complete that blood may flow freely through the wide, flat blood space of the lamina from the afferent to the efferent branchial vein. The ‘‘interfilamentar’” or, better, inter- laminar connection between adjacent laminie, is also very extensive, but serves only for support and does not permit the full interchange of blood. The general plan of the interlaminar connections is shown in figure 39, which is a tangential section of a gill almost in the line of the letters 7/7 in figure 38. It is seen that the points of union in adjacent laming are arranged in regular rows. At each point the support- ing rod (s r, fig. 40) projects through a perforation, so as to bind together adjacent laminw, Attached to adjacent rods are fiber-like cells, which are apparently muscular and contractile. The minute structure of the edge of a lamina is similar to that of the filaments in forms like Mytilus, though the various types of cells are more sharply marked off from each other. At each side there are two rows of large ‘‘lateral cells” (Lc, fig. 40), bearing long, dense cilia, External to these are small nonciliated gland cells, and at the angles the small, flattened “latero-frontal” cells (Ufc, fig. 40), each with a single row of stiff cilia. The outer edge of the laminz is occupied by numerous small ‘frontal cells” (fe) which bear numerous weaker cilia. The two broad sides of the lamina are composed of very flat cells without cell outlines or regular arrange- ment, and are connected together by numerous connective-tissue cells which pene- trate the blood space of the lamina (bs, fig. 38, 40). In their minute structure (fig. 41) the anterior eleven filaments which are separated from the rest of the gill are essentially like the rest of the gill, except that the ‘frontal cells” are more numerous, and the middle ones seem to bear no cilia. The first and eleventh fila- ments are only half filaments, indicating that the filaments are formed by perfora- tions in a gill membrane which is primitive, and not that the membrane is formed by the precocious fusion of gill filaments. The long epibranchial canal is sparsely ciliated, and it seems that the special function of the anterior eleven filaments is to get rid of superfluous water in the anterior end of the burrow. Glands of Deshayes.—Closely associated with the gills of the adult is a pair of very complicated structures which, so far as known, are peculiar to ship-worms, and which constitute one of the most important features which distinguish the ship- worms from other types of lamellibranchs. In honor of the observer who first called attention to them, I have called them the ‘‘glands of Deshayes.” Though he pointed them out they have never been fully described as to character, structure, and relations. Deshayes observed a peculiar structure in the umbonal region on each side of the shell cavity. He described it as of glandular nature and supposed its function to be the secretion of a fluid to soften wood in the formation of the burrow. In the gill laminwe he described peculiar modifications of the tissues, which he sup- posed to be mucous glands and to serve for the nutrition of the viviparous embryos of ship-worms. He also described a third structure es invading a part of the walls of NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SHIP-WORMS. 213 the afferent branchial vein, and of unknown function. These three glands described by Deshayes are parts of one and the same structure, which is present, in different degrees of development, in all of the three species I have studied. In all three the part in the gill is well developed. In 7. dilatata the umbonal portion of the gland is so large as to occupy a considerable part of the umbonal region of the shell cavity; in XY. gouldi it is small, and in 7. navalis apparently rudimentary. In his studies of the pericardial glands in lamellibranchs, Grobben sought in Teredo for the gland described by Deshayes in the umbonal region, thinking it might represent a part of the pericardial gland of other forms which possess this organ. He failed to find it and supposed it to be absent. However, though he apparently had none of the forms with which I have worked, J think it was doubtless present in his species. In the larva this peculiar structure is present on each side in front of the cerebral ganglion, though still comparatively simple (g D, fig. 7). It is vesicular and filled with spherical cells of apparently mucous nature. A duct leads to the exterior, opening at the side of the mouth on the ventral side of the velum. The structure of subsequent stages of the gland will be best understood by first describing that part in the gill. An examination of figure 38 will show that this modified portion contains elements of two very different types of structure. Their distribution and relations are best shown in figure 37, which represents a lamina from the gill of 7. navalis, in which species they are most strikingly developed. This figure also shows the distribution of the gland in the branchial vein, and that this portion is of the same nature as that lying in the lamina adjacent to it. Still farther from the vein is the second type of structure. Ramifying in all directions from the latter are dentritic processes which penetrate the epithelial walls of the lamina. These ramified portions are the primary structures, apparently, and the other two are derived from them. The structure of the dentritic portion is shown in figures 46 and 47, which were drawn under a magnification of 1,900 diameters. The processes seem devoid of any membrane. The contents consist of very minute filamentous structures arranged lengthwise in the direction of the process. Lying in the mass thus formed are nuclei which vary in number and position. The mid- dle one in figure 48 indicates that they may change position, and that the whole structure forms a syncytium. The enlarged portions of the processes, shown in figure 37, become surrounded by «a specialized epithelial covering, apparently derived from the Jining cells of the gill lamina. This stage is represented in figures 46 and 47. The minute filamentous structures have taken on a more irregular arrangement, and lying within the mass are spherical cells of varying appearance. While some (fig. 45) are coarsely granular, others are almost homogeneous. The nuclei Jie on one side of the cells. The other type of structure (fig. 49-51) I am confident, though not perfectly sure, is also derived from the dentritic processes along with a modification of the surrounding epithelium. The developed structure is of remarkable appearance (fig. 51). The base is composed of modified epithelium cells of the wall of the lamina. The nuclei stain lightly and lie in a granular protoplasm, from which deeply staining rods project toward the blood space of the gill Jamina, but from which they are separated by a membrane formed of very flat cells. The develop- ment of this structure seems to be as follows: When the dentritic processes penetrate 214 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. among the epithelial cells (fig. 48), the filaments are arranged lengthwise; soon they take on a vertical position (fig. 49), enlarge, and become covered by the caplike membrane (fig. 49-51). If this derivation be the correct one, then the rods in figure 51 have been formed by the enlargement of the filaments of the dentritic structures. In the lamina the rods project toward the blood space; in the afferent branchial vein, away from the blood space. Why the difference I do not know. The development of the gland of the adult, so far as I can determine, is as follows: When the small ship-worm has been in the wood for a day or so, the gland of the larva sends out processes which invade the surrounding ectodermal tissues (the mantle, sides of the body). As the side of the body becomes enlarged, it fuses with the dorsal sides of the gill filaments (fig. 25). From the first there is close association between the gland and the gill. As the latter grows, the filaments become invaded by the gland; and, as the anterior ten filaments become separated from the rest of the gill, the two parts of the gland thus differentiated remain connected by a long, narrow duct which accompanies the epibranchial canal and lies in the afferent branchial vein (fig. 26-30). With the separation of the two parts of the gill, the intervening part of the gland disappears in Y. gouldi and T. navalis, but persists in T. dilatata. As the gland enters each gill lamina, it remains connected by a small duct with the main duct, and may send the granular cells into the latter. The main duct may become gorged with granular cells (fig. 37). In most cases, however, there are few cells in it, and I am inclined to regard the main duct (at least in Y. gouldi) as degenerate and perhaps essentially functionless. Likewise, T am inclined to regard the formation of the spherical cells in the one part as not the chief function of this part of the gland. The origin and fate of the cells I have not been able to determine. Their contents suggest that they may be modified mucous gland cells. What the special function of this remarkable structure is I am not able even to guess. The rudimentary character of the anterior part in the “head” of 7. navalis indicates that it can not be the formation of a secretion to soften wood. Its development in the gill, in small as well as large individuals, in male and female, and in forms that do not retain the eggs in the gills, proves that this part can nbt be for the nutrition of viviparous embryos. The close connection with the gill indicates, it seems to me, that its function may be the elaboration of some internal secretion or other material for whose formation the presence of both blood and water is necessary. CIRCULATORY SYSTEM. The circulatory system of the shipworms is highly modified in relation to the peculiar form of the body. The growth of the visceral mass ventrally at first, and afterwards its great elongation posteriorly, along with the elongation of the rest of the body, accounts for the changes that have taken place. Doubtless the ancestors of ship-worms were lamellibranchs with typical circulation, in which on either side in the pericardial cavity lay an auricle lateral to, and emptying into, the median ventricle which surrounded the intestine; and from the ventricle the anterior aorta passed forward above the intestine and the posterior aorta backward below the intestine. In ship-worms the pericardial cavity, with its contained parts, has come NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SHIP-WORMS. 215 to lie on the morphological ventral side of the intestine, though apparently on its dorsal side, and the relations of the various parts of the circulatory system to each other and of the system as a whole to associated parts have been radically changed. The youngest stage of the circulatory system I have observed in detail is in specimens 2 mm. long, in which the heart consists of two almost completely sepa- rated halves (fig. 52). On each side a more or less spherical auricle (aw) lies lateral and slightly ventral to, and leads into, a more or less spherical half of the ventricle (ve). Each half of the ventricle sends a very narrow, vessel-like portion toward the midline, where the two sides unite. In this middle portion there are two semi- lunar valves (fig. 55) on the dorsal and ventral sides, and from this point two vessels emerge. One runs anteriorly, and, bending around the posterior adductor muscle, is continued posteriorly in the mantle. At this stage the visceral mass has projected but little posteriorly (fig. 3), and the second vessel from the heart, somewhat smaller than the other, runs ventrally into the visceral mass. These structures are shown in section in figure 54, which is of a longitudinal section through the median part of the ventricles and aorte in a specimen 4 mm. long. In the stage in which the heart is developing the stomach and cecum already occupy most of the visceral mass and the gills are very wide apart. This may account for the wide separation of the two halves of the heart. In development posteriorly the gills advance ahead of the other structures and, accompanying them, the two sides of the heart are drawn out backward so as to lie side by side. In the adult (fig. 53) the two halves of the ventricle (ve) have fused on the midline, except at the posterior end, where the two sides still project as somewhat hemi- spherical masses. Internally, however, the lumen remains divided (fig. 29) through half of the extent of the ventricles. At the anterior end the ventricle has the shape of an elongated cone. The two auricles accompany the gills in the posterior development of the latter and come to lie side by side like two large vessels in the posterior half of the pericardial cavity. Each projects into the ventricle on its own side and valves separate the cavities of the auricles from that of the ventricle (fig. 53). The pericardial cavity of the ship-worms (fig. 10, 29, 30) lies on the apparent dorsal, but really on the morphological ventral, side of the visceral mass. It is very large, extending from the posterior adductor to the visceral ganglion through a quarter of the length of the animal. In NXylotrya gouldi it narrows in front to form a canal which projects beyond the wider part to the posterior adductor muscle. About two-thirds of the distance from the visceral ganglion to the pos- terior adductor (fig. 10) the anterior end of the ventricle dips down through the pericardium into the visceral mass. This point is the end of the ventricle and the beginning of the aortz, the end of the ventricle being marked off by two semilunar valves which project forward on its dorsal and ventral sides (val, fig. 55). From the end of the ventricle two vessels are given off. The larger (avp, fig. 10, 56) runs forward (fig. 26-28) in the visceral mass and passes ventral to and in front of the posterior adductor, to bend over the latter and enter the mantle as the large dorsal or posterior pallial artery. This runs posteriorly as a single vessel in XY ylotrya, at the right side of the anal canal and epibranchial cavity (fig. 26-32, da) to the posterior end of the body, where it divides into the two paired arteries of the siphons. 216 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. This aorta I have just described is the morphological posterior aorta, though its course at first is anterior. The second aorta leaving the ventricle runs posteriorly in the visceral mass, which it supplies, and is the morphological anterior aorta. The venous system consists of three important parts. Blood from the viscere and anterior part of the body is gathered into a system of afferent branchial veins consisting anteriorly of a pair of large vessels (ba, fig. 27-29) which in the region of the visceral ganglion unite to form the single very large afferent branchial vein that runs between the fused gills (fig. 10, 30-82). Passing from this vein through the gill lamella, the aerated blood enters the large paired efferent branchial veins, from which it passes to the auricles. Blood from the posterior part of the body is gathered into an afferent renal vein (arv, fig. 31, 32), which runs forward and enters the perinephridial spaces at the posterior end of the kidneys. The description I have just given applies specially to X. gouldi and T. navalis. In T. dilatata, while the relations are somewhat different, the homol- ogies remain the same. In this species the principal part of the visceral mass has remained more anterior and the posterior part of the body is longer in proportion. In following the gills the heart has become much more elongated, and this elonga- tion has taken place principally in the aorta-like part of the ventricle which runs forward from the more thickened portion of the ventricle. In this species the pericardial cavity extends much farther forward than in X. gouldi, passing under and anterior to the posterior adductor muscle as a long canal to end under the esophagus. In this canal the ventricle runs to the anterior side of the posterior adductor and then dips into the visceral mass. Valves mark the anterior end of the very long ventricle, from which two vessels pass forward. The larger, after giving off branches in its course, bends around the adductor and divides into paired pallial arteries which supply the posterior part of the body. This is the posterior aorta. The other, the anterior aorta, also runs forward a short distance, but soon breaks up into arteries which supply the visceral mass. I have gone into details in describing the aortz, because the posterior aorta has been described as fused with the anterior in Teredo. This observation was first made by Grobben (1888) who described as aorta a part of the ventricle which is distinctly muscular and contractile. The parts which should have been described as aorte he has not figured at all. Menegaux has also maintained that the two aorte are fused (1889). Unfortunately neither of these authors names the species with which he worked, but their descriptions of other parts are faulty and indicate that there is little doubt that they have been in error in this regard also. ALIMENTARY CANAL. In adaptation to their burrowing mode of life, the alimentary canal of all the Pholadacea has become more highly specialized, perhaps, than in any other type of lamellibranch. This specialization is most accentuated in the ship-worms, apparently in association with the ingestion of the particles of the wood grated off in burrowing. Most of the parts of the alimentary canal of the adult are already present in the newly attached larva, though their relations to each other and their relative NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SHIP-WORMS. 217 development are very different from the adult condition. The general plan is shown in figure 7, which represents a newly attached larva from the right side, with the shell, mantle, and gills removed. A long, ciliated cesophagus (fig. 7, 22 oe) leads into a rather small stomach, from which projects on each side a large, simple, almost spherical liver lobule. The wall of the liver is composed of large, coarsely granular, pigmented, nonciliated cells (fig. 7, 23). The intestine leaves the right side of the stomach (fig. 7, 24) and after forming a single loop passes over the posterior adductor muscle as the rectum. Just posterior to the point of origin of the intestine is a small hemispherical diverticulum of the stomach, the cecum (ce, fig. 7, 23, 24), composed of densely granular, nonciliated cells. The posterior ventral part of the stomach is occupied by the opening of a large conical diverticulum, which is median in position, the sheath of the crystalline style (s s, fig. 7, 22). Its walls are composed of large, coarsely granular, densely ciliated cells characteristic of this structure, except at the blind end, where the cells are smaller, more finely granular, and nonciliated (fig. 22). The alimentary canal of the larva is interesting because of the advanced development of some parts and the retarded development of others. The liver has advanced but little in form beyond a stage reached two or three days after hatch- ing. On the other hand, the cecum of the stomach, which is peculiar to the members of the Pholadacea, is already present as a rudiment, although it is not to become functional till after the adoption of the burrowing mode of life in the wood. As the larva develops into the ship-worm, the size and relations of the parts of the alimentary canal change greatly. The csophagus becomes, in the adult, very short in comparison with other parts (fig. 10). The stomach elongates pos- teriorly more and more (fig, 8, 9, s) till, in the adult, it projects far beyond the posterior adductor muscle and forms a long, irregular, more or less cylindrical tube (fig. 10). As is well known, the wood grated away in boring is ingested and stored in the cecum of the stomach. Even before the ingestion of the wood begins, the cxcum projects into the foot as a large hollow vesicle lined by clear, ciliated cells; but as soon as wood is ingested it enlarges rapidly and soon forms the larg- est part of the digestive system (fig. 8, 9, 10, ce). With its increase in size, it comes to leave the posterior end of the stomach and crowds the sheath of the crystalline style to the left side (fig. 8, 9, 10). In young specimens the cecum occupies almost the whole mass of the foot, and its blind end points forward (fig. 8, 9). As the visceral mass elongates, the cecum is gradually drawn backward, till in the adult it forms a very long cylindrical tube, stretching to the posterior end of the visceral mass (fig. 10, ce). In ship-worms that are boring and growing the cecum is always completely filled with ingested particles of wood. The scarcity of diatoms and other food materials seems to indicate that in the ship-worm boring an inges- tion of wood alternates with ingestion of food, and that in feeding the food is guided into the intestines, and in boring the particles of wood into the cecum. The cecum of the adult is, then, a long blind tube, opening only at its anterior end into the stomach. Internally it is lined with a ciliated mucous membrane, which is infolded on the ventral side like a complex typhlosole (fig. 30, 31). This fold 218 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. seems of independent origin, and not at all homologous with the fold in the intestine. The long retention of woody particles in the cxcum, along with the greatly increased absorbent surface of the latter, indicates that the wood is at least in part digested and serves as food. In elongating posteriorly, the caecum pushes the intestine ahead of it, so that the latter always forms a very long loop around the posterior end of it. In the adult the intestine, because of the great development of the cxcum and the greater development of the liver on the right side, leaves the stomach slightly to the left of the midline, near the posterior end (fig. 10). Bending forward it forms a single short loop and then passes backward to form the loop around the cecum. Then passing forward dorsal to the stomach it bends over the posterior adductor as the rectum (r), which projects slightly into the anal canal. Throughout its whole extent the intestine possesses a typhlosole, but slightly developed except in that part next to the stomach. Here it is so greatly developed as to form sey- eral coils (fig. 27), which are analogous to the spiral valve of the intestine of elas- mobranchs. Because of this the diameter of the intestine in this region is greatly enlarged (fig. 10). The intestine of Y. gould: is very much shorter than in other shipworms. This shortening is doubtless connected with the greatly increased absorbent surface because of the coiled typhlosole. In most shipworms the intes- tine forms several coils before it passes around the cxecum, and in such forms there is no greatly developed typhlosole. In ship-worms, as in Pholas, there is a second small, quill-shaped cecum of the stomach on the dorsal side to the left, under the posterior adductor muscle (ce’, fig. 9, 10, 26). It is lined by columnar, ciliated cells and generally contains par- ticles of sand. It is small and seems rudimentary, but it may have some function unknown at the present time. Pelseneer has observed an apparently homologous structure in Nucula, where it is said to secrete a small style. The sheath of the crystalline style, present on the midline of the larva, comes to arise from the left side of the stomach near the anterior end of the latter (ss, fig. 9, 10), and hangs toward the right side. Its blind end forms a vermiform tube, which is very different from the rest of the sheath. The latter has its walls composed of large, coarsely granular cells, which bear long, very heavy, dense cilia (fig. 56). The tubular portion, on the other hand, has its walls composed of elongated, densely granular and deeply staining, nonciliated cells. In adults the walls of the tube may become very thin (fig. 57), in parts. What the func- tion of this tubular portion is I am not able to state, though it is perhaps the secre- tion of some constituent of the style. Barrois (1889) has figured a pair of diverticula at the ends of the sheath of Pholas dactylus, lined by cells similar to those of the rest of the sheath. On examining sections of specimens of Pholas of apparently the same species as those studied by Barrois I find a single tube, as in ship-worms, lined by cells of the same character as in the latter. I am inclined to believe that Barrois’s description and figures are faulty. The liver, composed of a single spherical lobule on either side of the stomach in the larva, soon divides into several lobules on either side (J, fig. 8, 9). As growth takes place, the duct of the right half of the liver divides (in specimens 4—5 mm. long) and as the shipworm elongates, the posterior part of the right half of the NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SHIP-WORMS. 219 liver passes backward, so that in the adult its duet opens into the posterior end of the stomach. These anterior and posterior portions of the liver are completely separated from each other, forming separate liver masses (fig. 10). The anterior remains in the foot and sends its duct to open into the lateral anterior portion of the stomach. There seems little doubt that it was this part which Frey and Leuckart observed and described as the salivary glands peculiar to ship-worms. The posterior part of the liver is the larger of the two and opens by a very large duct into the ventral part of the stomach. It is differentiated into two portions, which in structure and apparently in function are quite distinct from each other, though they open into the stomach by the same duct. The more elongated, slightly larger portion (fig. 28) lies on the right side, and in structure is like the anterior liver mass of ship-worms and the whole liver in other forms of lamellibranchs. The second portion (fig. 28), lying more on the left side, is different in appearance. Its lobules are larger, with larger lumens and thinner walls, which are composed of flattened cells glandular in appearance. The presence of large quantities of woody materials in these larger, thin-walled lobules suggests that this portion of the liver may be specialized for the digestion of cellulose, and this view is strengthened by the long retention of woody materials in the cecum. ‘This portion of the liver is adjacent to the opening of the cecum, and it may be that it secretes a ferment for cellulose digestion which is continued in the cecum. As has been pointed out already, the latter by its structure seems adapted to absorption on a large scale. NERVOUS SYSTEM. The nervous system of ship-worms I have studied in the larval and subsequent stages to the adult of Xylotrya gouldi, and in the adult of T. navalis and T. dila- tata. While my description applies especially to the first of these, the others are in such close agreement that we seem justified in believing that there is great uni- formity in this regard in all of the species of the Teredinide, and that the descrip- tions heretofore given have been somewhat erroneous. Nervous system of the larva.—In the newly attached larva the principal ele- ments of the adult nervous system are present. In their relations to each other, however, the embryonic development of these is not complete; and in their relation to other structures great changes take place along with the change in the general organization. The general plan is shown in figures 7 and 59, the latter representing a dorsal view of the nervous system of a larva just attached. In front of and on the sides of the mouth are the two cerebral ganglia (c), separated from each other by a very short commissure, and each sending a connective to the pedal ganglion (p) of the same side. Lateral to the cerebral ganglion of each side is the pleural ganglion, still distinctly separate from it and sending a connective posteriorly to the visceral ganglion. I think there is also a pleuro-pedal connective at this stage, but this I am not able to state positively. The two pedal ganglia are as completely fused together as in the adult, and lie just posterior to the beginning of the csopha- gus (fig. 22). Lying immediately in front of the posterior adductor muscle (fig. 7, 22, 24), the two visceral ganglia together form a long cylinder enlarged at both ends. The commissure connecting the two ganglia contains ganglion cells. The two sides rapidly become more closely fused and, in the early stage represented B. B. F. 1907—15 220 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. in figure 8, the concentration is almost as great as in the adult. Each visceral ganglion of the larva gives off a respiratory nerve which bears a respiratory gan- glion still far apart from the visceral. While the visceral ganglia are becoming more closely fused, the commissures between the cerebral and pleural ganglia are becom- ing obliterated. The pleural ganglia persist as separate masses in the young ship- worm of three or four days (fig. 8), but soon afterwards fuse completely with the cerebral, though sections of later stages still indicate by their structure the double origin of the so-called cerebral ganglia. While these concentrations of the visceral ganglia with each other and of the pleural with the cerebral have been taking place, the cerebral commissure is con- stantly elongating, along with the growth of the cesophagus, so that in the adult the cerebral ganglia are separated from each other by a comparatively long com- missure. Nervous system of the adult——Along with the great change in the general rela- tions of the various systems that has taken place during the transformation from the larva to the adult ship-worm, the nervous system has changed principally in the altered position of the visceral ganglia, which lose their place in front of the posterior adductor muscle, and come to lie much posterior to it. The same three pairs of ganglia are present in the ship-worms, however, as in other types of lamellibranchs. The general arrangement is shown in figure 60. Lying almost at the sides of the mouth are the two cerebral ganglia (c, fig. 10, 60), well developed and separated from each other by a long commissure (c¢ ¢), which is composed only of nerve fibers. From near the outer end of each a single large pallial nerve passes, to be distributed to the parts of the mantle which underlie the shell and form the cephalic hood. From near the inner ends of the ganglia large connectives pass around the sides of the mouth to the pedal ganglia (p); and from the posterior outer ends the cerebro-visceral connectives pass posteriorly to the visceral ganglia. The pedal ganglia give off several pairs of large nerves to the foot. Visceral ganglia——The two visceral ganglia of the larva fuse into the single mass which lies very far posteriorly in the adult (v, fig. 10, 60). After leaving the cerebro-pleural ganglia, the cerebro-visceral connectives pass along the sides of the ‘‘head”’ under the anterior gill filaments; but posterior to the large adductor muscle they take up a more median position, among the tissues of the liver and reproductive organs. In front of the visceral ganglia they come to lie close to- gether, internal to the large, ductlike portions of the reproductive organs. But before entering the visceral ganglia, they pass dorsal to a small ‘‘anterior ganglion”’ which hes just in front of the latter. In passing through they give to it a small number of nerve fibers (fig. 63), which are lost in it. Then the connectives enter the visceral ganglion but little diminished in size. This anterior ganglion was first described by Pelseneer (1888) for the ship-worms, and seems peculiar to them and their allies. It is a small ganglionic mass lying distinctly in front of the visceral ganglion in well-preserved specimens. From the. fact that fibers cross between the sides, it seems composed of two halves, quite completely fused together. As has been stated, the cerebro-visceral connectives in passing send fibers ventrally into it, to be completely lost there. From this ganglion several pairs of nerves are NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SHIP-WORMS, 221 given off which innervate the kidneys and other viscera, the genital papillae and the osphradium, at least in part (fig. 60). From the anterior end a pair passes forward to supply the genital organs and perhaps other viscera. From the middle of the ganglion a pair passes laterally to innervate the genital papille and the kidneys (fig. 63). Leaving the posterior lateral angles of the ganglion, the largest pair of nerves pass backward under the visceral, and divide each into two parts. The one, somewhat larger than the other, passes dorsally to enter and be lost in the mass of the visceral ganglion. The other passes laterally to innervate the osphra- dium. The visceral ganglion proper of the adult (fig. 10, 60), because of the great devel- opment of the posterior part of the body innervated by it, has attained greater com- parative size than the cerebral and pedal. It forms a somewhat three-lobed mass, in which the larger central part consists of the completely fused pair of visceral ganglia of the larva, while the lobe on either side consists of the respiratory ganglia of young stages which have come to lie adjacent to the visceral proper. From the visceral ganglion several pairs of nerves are given off, whose connec- tion with the visceral is through the lateral masses (fig. 60). Passing forward on either side are two small nerves (fig. 60, 1 and 2) which accompany the kidneys and anal canal and innervate the posterior adductor muscle and the mantle anteriorly. Given off slightly posterior to them, a large nerve (3) goes directly to the middle part of the mantle. Posteriorly, a pair of large pallial nerves (pn, fig. 31-33, 60) passes backward to innervate the posterior part of the mantle, including the siphons and the muscles of the palettes. The branchial nerves (fig. 60, bn) pass laterally, closely associated with the osphradium, and then innervate the gills. This description of the nervous system differs essentially from that of Quatre- fages (1849) which has heretofore been accepted. He thought the two cerebral ganglia closely fused, and the pedal rudimentary and separate. I have no doubt that he mistook the pedal ganglia for the cerebral; his figures seem to show this. But what he observed and figured as the two very small pedal ganglia I do not know. It has been seen that while the pedal ganglia are not so large as in forms with a large foot, they are not at all rudimentary. Otolithic vesicles.—The larva leads an active, free-swimming life, and some means of orientation is very essential. This is the function of a pair of otolithie vesicles in the usual position in the foot. But the adult ship-worm may assume any position and the otolithic vesicles become useless and degenerate. After attachment they soon cease to grow and, in specimens 2 or 3 mm. long, their function seems lost. They persist as small masses of cells in the adult, though without a lumen and with- out the otolithic concretions. Sense organ of the genital papilla—One of the pairs of nerves of the anterior ganglion has been described as going to the kidneys and genital papille. Situated just at the junction of the ectodermal genital duct with the sexual organ there is an organ which, by its structure, seems to be for special sensation. The nerve to it (fig. 63, 64), after a very short course, is distributed to sensory cells which lie adjacent to the epithelial lining of the genital duct. The sensory cells are long spindle-shaped, and send their peripheral ends to terminate among the epithelial cells lining the 222 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. genital duct. Their central ends I have not traced distinctly into the nerve to the anterior ganglion, but it seems justifiable to suppose that this is their connection. What the function of this organ is I can not state. While the figures apparently show it some distance from the exterior, it should be remembered that, in ship-worms 30 mm. long, the sexual duct is less than a half millimeter long, and that the sense organ is really very near to and, for purposes of sensation, practically at the surface. Osphradia.—In the ship-worm these molluskan organs of special sense form large masses of complex tissues at either side of the visceral ganglion (fig. 60). Their general shape is elliptical and they are in close association with the branchial nerves. Each organ (fig. 65) is composed of two parts. At the ventral (outer) surface there is a part of the body epithelium, which in this region is specially differentiated from the surrounding cells. While the epithelium of the epibranchial cavity is ciliated, the osphradial epithelium is quite devoid of cilia. Besides, the cells composing the osphradial epithelium seem to have quite lost their cell walls, so that the spherical nuclei lie in acommon mass of protoplasm. The outer surface of the epithelial layer is covered by a very delicate membrane, and at its internal surface there is a stouter basal membrane. Underlying the surface epithelium is a mass of nervous elements, composed of both cells and nerve fibers. The cells, however, are sensory and stain somewhat differently from the ordinary ganglion cells. They are of two kinds, both spindle-shaped, and sending their peripheral ends through the basement membrane of the overlying epithelium, to break up into brushlike terminations just inside the delicate outer membrane of the epithelium. These structures are shown in figures 65 and 66. In figure 65 both types of cells are shown, the larger one to the left rep- resenting the type much less numerous than the other, staining differently from them, and penetrating the osphradial mass to terminate centrally differently from the smaller, more numerous cells. The internal or central connections I have not been able to determine, but this much it seems justifiable to state: The osphradial nerve from the anterior ganglion becomes so closely associated with the respiratory nerve that it can not be stated that the anterior ganglion alone supplies the osphra- dium. Also, the large sensory cells penetrate through the osphradial mass, and especially it can not be stated that their connection is with the osphradial nerve. These structures I have described in some detail for two reasons. In the first place, the epithelium of the osphradium is usually described as consisting of colum- nar cells, which form the sensory part of the structure. This I have found to consist of a layer in which cell outlines are not distinguishable, and in which the spherical nuclei lie as in syneytium. The real sensory cells are the spindle-shaped cells lying in the deeper part of the osphradium. In the second place, Pelseneer (1891) has described the osphradium in ship-worms and Pholas as innervated by a nerve from the anterior ganglion, and the latter as connected with the cerebral ganglia through the connectives. From this he concludes that the osphradia, as well as the other organs of special sense, are innervated from the cerebral ganglia. The organization of the nervous system in ship-worms, it seems to me, lends no evidence whatever to this view. The nerve fibers received from the connectives by the anterior ganglion are quite lost in the latter, and can not be traced into any of the nerves which leave it. Moreover, the anterior ganglion may, with much more reason, be said to be connected with the visceral ganglion, for NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SHIP-WORMS, 223 the branch of the so-called osphradial nerve from the visceral ganglion to the anterior ganglion is much larger than the nervous elements received by the anterior ganglion from the cerebro-visteral connectives. Pelseneer seems not to have seen the other nerves that leave the anterior ganglion. With as much reason it might be said that the structures they supply also are innervated from the cerebral ganglia. Nerve fibers, it may be, pass from these structures through the anterior ganglion to the cerebral, but that the latter are the only centers in which reflexes may be established seems not in accordance with the structure of the nervous system in Teredo. It seems more plausible to regard the anterior ganglion as a part of the visceral which has been separated from the latter. It receives a part of the cerebro-visceral connective, and gives off some of the nerves that formerly were given off by the visceral. From a theoretical standpoint, too, one would expect elongated forms like Teredo and Pholas to have a more direct connection between the osphradia and the reflex centers. If the osphradia test the character of the water flowing over the gills, then it is difficult to believe that in a large ship-worm the nervous impulse should travel from them to the cerebral ganglia and back again through the visceral ganglion to the pallial nerves before the siphons can be contracted and the inhalent current stopped. This would necessitate a course of almost two meters in very large speci- mens. The more direct connection through the visceral ganglion is the one it seems reasonable to expect. KIDNEYS. The kidneys (organs of Bojanus, nephridia) of Teredo were observed, apparently, by Deshayes, but mistaken for veins. Quatrefages also observed them, but gave no adequate description. Pelseneer (1891) has noted the position and relations of the openings of the two ducts. In the adult ship-worm the paired kidneys lie on the dorsal side of the large pericardial cavity and ventral to the anal canal, extending through the long distance between the posterior adductor muscle and the visceral ganglion. Each kidney consists of what may be termed the body, which lies around the posterior face of the posterior adductor muscle (/, fig. 10), and two very long ducts, one of which puts the body of the kidney in communication with the pericardial cavity, while the other leads to the exterior. The body is a massive, much pouched structure, in which the lining secretory epithelium is vacuolated and in part ciliated. From the body the very long, narrow, cylindrical afferent duct passes posteriorly (ka, fig. 27-29) near the midline. Just in front of the visceral ganglion it enlarges, becomes convoluted internally, diverges from its fellow of the opposite side (k a, fig. 62), and dips under the end of the efferent duct (fig. 61) to open into the posterior angles of the pericardial cavity (fig. 30) by a large funnel-shaped opening. The lining cells of the afferent duct are not vacuolated and apparently not excretory; and not ciliated except in the enlarged, funnel-shaped portion, in which they bear strikingly long, dense cilia (fig. 64). The efferent duct, leading from the body of the kidney to the exterior, is also a cylindrical tube, of much larger diameter than the afferent duct. It runs with the latter near the midline (ke, fig. 10, 27-29), and in front of the visceral ganglia, after diverging slightly from its fellow of the opposite side (fig. 62), it crosses dorsal 224 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. to the end of the afferent duct. Then it passes ventrally and posteriorly (fig. 61, 62, 66) to open near the midline into the epibranchial cavity, under the visceral ganglion. The efferent duct is lined with columnar, vacuolated and apparently secretory cells, which are not ciliated except at the anterior end and near the external opening. Venous blood from the posterior end of the body returns by the afferent renal vein (fig. 31, 32, ar v) which runs in the mantle, and on a level with the posterior ends of the duct, enters the peri-renal blood spaces (fig. 27-29, 31). After bathing the kidneys, it enters the general venous circulation. Pelseneer, who, it seems, observed only the posterior ends of the kidney duct, described them as much pouched. In properly prepared specimens of X. gouldi‘ I find that, while the body of the kidney is much pouched, the ducts form straight cylindrical tubes. Preserved ship-worms are almost always very greatly contracted and shrunken, and I am inclined to believe that this fact accounts for Pelseneer’s results. Also, contrary to the statements in text-books (Lang), I find that the two kidneys of Y. gouldi do not communicate with each other, as they do in Pholas and other forms. In the larva the kidneys lie anterior to the posterior adductor muscle and lateral to the visceral ganglion (fig. 7, 24, 26). As the visceral ganglion passes under and posterior to the muscle, the kidneys accompany it (fig. 9). In the early stages each kidney consists of a simple loop (fig. 9), of which the branch opening to the exterior seems to be excretory. As the ship-worm elongates, the chief secretory portion of the kidney remains with the muscle, while the two ducts become very long and their openings accompany the visceral ganglion. REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS. The first stage in which I have observed the reproductive organs is in speci- mens 2 mm. long, in which there is a mass of undifferentiated primordial germ cells under the visceral ganglion, As growth takes place processes grow out from the original organ till, in the adult, the sexual organs occupy a large part of the posterior portion of the visceral mass (fig. 10, 29-31). As the sexual products develop, they are stored in the cavities of the organ, and especially of that part first formed (fig. 63, 64, ov), which serves as a duct for the rest of the organ. The real sexual duct is remarkably short. It is formed as an ectodermal invagination which is already present in specimens 2 mm. long, but which does not break through into the sexual organ till sexual maturity. In the adult ship-worm the sexes are separate. Young specimens (14 cm. long) of X. gouldi, however, are very frequently hermaphrodite. As in all such cases the sperms are developed first, it appears that the species may be protandrous. In the adults I have observed no external differences between the sexes. In the male there is, however, a remarkable development of mucous gland cells on the dorsal side of the epibranchial cavity, while in the female they are not usually developed in this region, NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SHIP-WORMS, 225 SUMMARY. The results of my work on ship-worms may be summarized as follows: (1) The larva is a typical free-swimming marine lamellibranch larva. (2) The whole velum is suddenly cast off and eaten, soon after the attachment of the larva. After the loss of the velum the young ship-worm is, in its general organi- zation, essentially a typical small bivalve. (3) The loss of the velum in ship-worms and in Ostrea (which I have also observed) indicates that the formation of the palps in lamellibranchs has no con- nection with the velum. (4) A byssus apparatus is present in the newly attached larva, but is functional for only a few hours. (5) The position and relations of the sheath of the crystalline style in thelarva indicate that this structure, in the more highly specialized lamellibranchs, is homol- ogous with the posterior half of the stomach of forms like Yoldia and Nucula. (6) The pleural ganglion of the larva is separate from the cerebral. (7) The transformation of the larva into the small ship-worm is so rapid as to amount to a metamorphosis. Almost the whole organization is involved —shell, mantle, foot, alimentary canal. (8) The posterior adductor muscle is the effective agent in forming the burrow, and the shell is the tool with which it works. (9) Inthe ship-worms there is a peculiar gland of unknown function in the mantle of the posterior part of the body. (10) A system of highly specialized muscles manipulate the pallets and are peculiar to ship-worms. (11) There is on either side but a half ctenidium. The anterior eleven gill fila- ments form small ‘‘plications”’ on the side of the ‘‘head,’’ separated by a wide space from the rest of the gill. (12) In close association with the gills is a prominent glandular structure of unknown function, which I have called the ‘‘gland of Deshayes.”’ It consists of two types of elements of remarkable character. (13) Through the elongation of the visceral mass, the positions of the two aorte have been reversed; i. e., the apparent posterior aorta is the real anterior and the apparent anterior the real posterior. (14) The cecum of the stomach is very large and apparently an important absorbent organ. The blind end of the style sheath is tubular and of very different character from the outer part. In XYylotrya the typhlosole of the anterior part of the intestine is remarkably developed into a complicated in-rolled duplicature. (15) The nervous system of the adult contains the three pairs of ganglia, well developed, as in typical lamellibranchs. The pedal ganglia are fused together; the cerebral are separated from each other by a long commissure. The ‘‘anterior ganglion” is a small ganglion separated from the visceral ganglion, and nerves from it innervate the kidneys, the genital organs, and the osphradium in part. (16) On the genital duct isan organ of special sense of unknown function. The sensory cells of the osphradium lie beneath the surface epithelium, Their peripheral 226 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. ends penetrate the epithelial layer, and break up into brush-like terminations on its surface. (17) The kidneys lie dorsal to the pericardial cavity. The main secretory part of each kidney is much pouched and lies on the posterior adductor muscle. It is con- nected with the posterior ends of the pericardial cavity by a very long, narrow duct, and with the exterior by a very long, larger duct which opens under the visceral ganglion. (18) In the adult ship-worm the sexes are separate. Young individuals (1-4em. long) of X. gouldi, however, are very frequently hermaphrodite. In all such cases the male cells are developed first, indicating that the species may be protandrous. The sexual duct is very short and is formed as an ectodermal invagination. LITERATURE. Barrois, TH. Le stylet crystallin des Lamellibranches. Revue biologique du Nord de la France, t. 1, 1889, p. 209-229, 299-311, and 351-356, pl. m1-v. Brux, Sranistaus. Zur Kenntniss des Baues der Niere und der Morphologie yon Teredo L. Arbeiten aus dem zoologischen Institut der Universitat Wien, bd. x1, 1895-99, p. 260-288, 3 pl. (Deals especially with the structure of the nephridia and briefly with the general organization. ) Desnayes, G. B. Histoire naturelle des Mollusques. Exploration de l’Algérie. 1848. Eacer, Ernst. Jouannetia cumingi Sow. Eine morphologische Untersuchung. Arbeiten aus dem zoologisch-zootomischen Institut Wiirzburg, bd. vir, 1887, p. 129-199, pl. vii—xr. Ertancer, R. von. Zur Entwickelung von Paludina vivipara. Morphologisches Jahrbuch, bd. xvu, 1891, p. 337-379 and 636-680, 6 taf: GrRoBBeN, Cart. Die Pericardialdriise der Lamellibranchiaten. Ein Beitrag zur Kenntniss der Anatomie dieser Molluskenklassen. Arbeiten aus dem zoologischen Institut der Universitit Wien, bd. vit, 1888, p. 355-444, taf. 1-vr. Harscuek, B. Ueber Entwickelunsgeschichte von Teredo. Arbeiten aus dem zoologischen Institut der Universitit Wien, bd. m1, 1880, p. 1-44. KorscHett uNpD Herprer. Lehrbuch der yvergleichenden Entwickelungsgeschichte der wirbellosen Thiere. Jena, 1890. Lacaze-Durniers, H. pe. Morphologie des Acéphales. I. Anatomie de 1’Arrosoir [Aspergillum dichotomum]. Archives de Zoologie expérimentale et générale, sér. 2, t. 1, 1883, p. 665-732, pl. Xxv-xx1x. Lane, Arnotp. Lehrbuch der vergleichenden Anatomie. English translation, 1896. Lanxester, E. Ray. Article Mollusca, Encyclopedia Britannica, 9th ed. Menecaux, A. Sur les homologies de différents organes du Taret. Comptes-rendus Académie des Sciences, Paris, t. 108, 1889, p. 537-638. Peck, R. Horman. The minute structure of the gills of lamellibranchiate Mollusca. Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science, ser. 2, vol. xvu, 1877, p. 48-66, pl. 1v—vit. PELSENEER, Pau. Report of the anatomy of the deep-sea Mollusca collected by H. M. S. Challen- ger in 1873-76. Challenger Reports, vol. xxvu, 1888, pt. Lxxrv, 42 p., 4 pl. Contribution 4 étude des Lamellibranches. Archives de Biologie, t. x1, 1891, p. 147-312, 18 pl. QUATREFAGES, A. DE. Mémoire sur le genre Taret. Annales des Sciences naturelles, Zoologie, sér. 3, t. x1, 1849, p. 19-73, pl. 1-2, and p. 202-228, pl. 9. Rice, Epw. L. Die systematische Verwerthbarkeit der Kiemen bei den Lamellibranchiaten. Jenaische Zeitschrift fiir Naturwissenschaft, bd. xxx1, 1897, p. 29-89, pl. mr. Snow, C. H. Marine Wood-Borers. Transactions American Society of Civil Engineers, vol. 40, p. 178-209, 9 pl. (Treats, from the engineers’ standpoint, of the natural history and depredations of the ship-worms along with other marine forms which are injurious to wooden structures. ) Witson, E. B. The origin of the mesoblast-bands inannelids. Journal of Morphology, vol. rv, 1890, p. 205-219. ZircLer, H. E. Die Entwickelung von Cyclas cornea Lam. (Sphzrium corneum L.). Zeitschrift fiir wissenschaftliche Zoologie, bd. xur, 1885, p. 525-569, pl. xxvm and xxvu. NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SHIP-WORMS. 227 EXPLANATION OF PLATES. KEY TO LETTERING. Anus. Anterior adductor muscle. Anal canal. Anterior ganglion. Anterior aorta. Posterior aorta. Posterior adductor muscle. Adductor muscle of palette. Afferent renal vein. Auricle. Afferent branchial vein Efferent branchial vein. Branchial nerve. Blood space of gill lamina. Byssus. Branchial groove. Cerebral ganglion. Cerebral commissure. Crystalline style. Czecum of stomach. Secondary czecum of stomach. Cephalic hood of mantle. Collar Cerebro-pedal connective. Cerebro-visceral connective. Duct of the gland of Deshayes. Dorsal artery. Dorsal pivotal knob of the shell. Epibranchial cavity. Epibranchial canal. Exhalent or anal siphon. Foot. Frontal cells of gill. Ctenidium or gill. Anterior gill filaments. Ascending limb of gill filament. Descending limb of gill filament. Genital duct. Gland of Deshayes. Gland cells of epidermis. Genital organ. Intestine. ifj ils is k ka ke l Uc ld if c lig Inter-filamentar junction of gill. Inter-laminar spaces of gill. Inhalent or respiratory siphon. Kidney. Afferent tube of kidney. Efferent tube of kidney. Liver. Lateral cells of gill. Liver duct. Latero-frontal cells of gill. Shell ligament. Mantle. Mantle cavity. Mantle groove. Muscle fibers. Mouth. (Esophagus. Osphradial nerve. Osphradium. Otolithic vesicle. Ovary. Pedal ganglion. Pallet. Pericardial cavity. Gland cells of foot. Pleural ganglion. Pallial nerve. Protractor muscle of pallet. Rectum. Retractor muscle of pallet. Respiratory ganglion. Retractor muscle of pallet. Stomach. Shell. Supporting rod of gill filament. Sheath of crystalline style. Visceral ganglion. Valve of anterior end of ventricle. Velar cavity. ‘Ventricle. Ventral pivotal knob of the shell valve. Visceral mass. 228 Fia. Fic. Fie. Fie. Fic. Fia. Fia. Fic. Fic. Fic. Fic. Fic. Fie. Fia. oe) 10. 16. BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES, DESCRIPTION OF FIGURES, PLATE VII. Newly attached larya of XY. gouldi. Sketched from life. The foot is shown fully extended. < 110. . Young shipworm of about 3 days’ attachment, from the ventral side. The shell is represented as transparent, with its outline shown faintly, to show the underlying gills at the sides of the visceral mass. 125. Specimen of about 1 week in the wood, slightly contracted, ventral view. To show especially the arrangement of the gills and the extent of the visceral mass. 95. Same stage as figure 3, from the left side. The worm-like form is being rapidly assumed. X 95. PLATE VIII. Young adult, from left side. The extension ofthe mantle over the shell, as the ‘‘ cephalic hood,” shown on the dorsal side of the latter. The mantle also extends forward over the posterior margin of the shell for a short distance. The siphons are represented as fully extended, but the pallets are not quite fully retracted. The mantle extends over the bases of the pallets as a collar. The attachments to the calcareous lining of the burrow of the muscles of the pallets (pp) and of the siphons (rs) are shown. The drawing was made from a slightly con- tracted specimen 10 em. long. Same as 5, the mantle removed to its line of attachment dorsally, at the two ends, removed to the midline. Lines with figures indicate the position of the sections from which figures 28-35, inclusive, were drawn. PLATE IX. Larva a few hours after attachment, from the right side. The velar membrane has shrunken and the cells of the velum have been ingested. The shell, mantle, gill and liver lobe of the right side removed. The cells of the disintegrating velum are not represented. The foot not fully extended. 213. About the same stage as figure 2, from the left side. The left shell, mantle, and gill represented asremoved. The double origin of the cerebral ganglion is still shown. The visceral ganglion and kidney still lie in front of the posterior adductor. The czecum largely fills the foot, and has crowded the crystalline style and intestine to the left side. > 167. PLATE X. Same as figure 4, the left shell, mantle, and gill removed. The pericardial space, with the included and associated parts, has taken up a position posterior to the adductor muscle. The secondary czecum of the stomach has been formed. The gills project posterior to the visceral mass. 99. Adult, anterior half of the body, with the left shell valve, mantle, and gill removed, and the pericardial cavity laid open. Half of the posterior adductor removed. PLATE XI. Right shell valve of newly attached larva, internal view. The rudimentary apophyses are shown below the teeth. > 110. . Same, left shell valve. Shell of newly attached larva, end view. 110. . Shell of shipworm that has been in the wood about 1 day, front view. The first row of teeth upon the shell, the apophyses and the pivotal knobs have been formed. The shell gapes at both ends. 110. Left shell valve of specimen about 1mm.long. Oblique view. The larval shell still shown. x 110. Left shell valve of specimen 5 mm. long. X 23. NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SHIP-WORMS. 229 Fie. 17. Left shell valve of large adult. The lines of growth are shown natural size and relations, but the teeth are omitted. ™ 10. Fia. 18. Front view of shell of adult.» 7. Fic. 19. Internal view of right valve, apo, apophysis; aa and ap, attachment of anterior and posterior adductor muscles. 7. Fie. 20. Left pallet of specimen 5 mm. long. 70. PLATE XII. Fic. 21. Dorsal gland of the posterior part of the mantle. Section of whole gland of specimen 5 mm, long. The letters are placed in the epibranchial cavity; fol are secretory follicles; du, duct. x 700. Fig. 22. Sagittal section of a newly attached larva. The very large glands of the foot occupy a large part of the mass of the latter. A large quantity of material derived from these glands lies adjacent to the byssus gland. The disintegrating cells of velum, some of which have been eaten, are not represented. > 540. PLATE XIII. Fie. 23. Transverse section of larva. From a specimen in which the foot was more protracted than shown in figure 22. The ventral mantle edge is filled with cells gorged with material, evi- dently for the rapid growth of the shell during its transformation. 440. Fig. 24. Horizontal section of newly attached larva in which the cavity of the velum was partially obliterated. On the left side the contents of the gland of Deshayes are shown; on the right side, the duct. 440. PLATE XIV. Fic. 25. Transverse section of a specimen 1 mm. long, to show especially the extent and relations of the gland of Deshayes. 125. [Norr.—Figs. 26-33 are a series of transverse sections of a specimen 10 cm. long, along the lines indicated in figure 6. The drawings were made with the aid of a camera and afterwards touched up, though not essentially changed. The details of structure are semidiagrammatic. The right side in the sections is on the left side of the observer. All X 15.] Fic. 26. Section through the posterior adductor muscle and cephalic hood. Tubular part of style sheath to the right side. Posterior aorta asymmetrical, on the right side. Fic. 27. Section through the wound typhosole, the canal-like anterior end of the pericardial cavity and the posterior end of the body of the kidney. Fic. 28. Section through the large posterior liver mass. Shows the distribution and character of the two different parts of the liver. Fig. 29. Section through the large ventricle and the ovary. Fre. 30. Section through the opening of the kidney into the pericardial cavity, the anterior ganglion, and the posterior ends of the auricles. The two arrows from the right indicate the course of the water currents between the gill laminee, the one pointed dorsally, that of blood through the gill lamina. The number and distribution of the interlaminar connections indicated by dots. PLATE XV. Fic. 31. Section near the posterior end of the visceral mass. Fria. 32. Section to illustrate the structure in the long region between the visceral mass and the mus- cular collar. In this figure, but not in the other transverse sections, the corpuscles of the blood are represented in the blood vessels. Fic. 33. Section through the ‘‘collar,’’ pallet handles, and base of siphons. Fra. 34. Section of a pallet handle and its sheath. The attachment of the ventral retractor muscle is shown. X 272. Fries. 35, 36. Diagrams of the posterior end of body of adult, left side, to show the arrangement of the siphons and pallets and their muscles. In figure 35 the siphons are represented as extended, the pallets as retracted; in figure 36 the siphons are represented as contracted, the pallets as protracted. Ca, calcareous lining of burrow. 230 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. PLATE XVI. Fie. 37. Lamina of gill of young 7. navalis, to show especially the distribution of the gland of Deshayes, in which the elements are represented semidiagrammatically. The arrows indicate the course of the water over and blood currents through the gill lamina. The epibranchial cavity and the blood vessels are indicated by the letters which are placed in these spaces. 208. Fie. 38. Transverse section of three laminz of Yylotrya gouldi almost in the line of the lower arrow in figure 30. Two interlaminar junctions are shown. The two elements of the gland of Deshayes are shown, both as to character and distribution. > 208. PLATE XVII. Fic. 39. Tangential section of a gill of Xylotrya gouldi to show the distribution of the interlaminar junctions. 156. Fic. 40. Transverse section of three gill laminze, along the line shown in figure 37, near the tip of the lamina, so as to show the interlaminar junctions on one side. > 180. Fria. 41. Section of the three most anterior gill filaments at the side of the ‘“‘head.’’ The one to the left is the first one and only a half filament. The letters are placed in the epibranchial canal. > 430. Fic. 42. Group of cells from the branchial groove at the edge of the gill, showing the character of the ciliated cells and the mucous cells among them. 950. Fre. 43. Section of that part of the branchial groove which connects the two parts of the gill. 430. Fie. 44. Section of the duct of the gland of Deshayes between the two parts of the gill (1. e., between the main part of the gill and the anterior separated filaments of the head). The epibranchial canal is shown to the left and the afferent branchial vein to the right. The great variety in the cells in the duct is represented. 695. PLATE XVIII. Fie. 45. Section of two tubes of the gland of Deshayes from a gill lamina. In the walls of the gill lam- ina are shown sections of the dendritic processes which penetrate among all portions of the glandular structures. > 925. Fries. 46 and 47. Coarser and finer portions of the dendritic processes from the gill lamina of 7. navalis represented in figure 37. The distribution and contents of these structures are represented in detail. > 1267. Fries. 48-51. Four stages in the development of the structures of the second factor of the gland of Deshayes. X 1267. PLATE XIX. Vic. 52. Heart of specimen 2 mm. long, dorsal view. Openings from auricles show through the walls of the ventricle. 180. D Fic. 53. Heart of young adult. The anterior aorta is represented as turned to one side and the auriculo- ventricular valves as showing through the wall of the ventricle. About x 10. Fre. 54. Longitudinal section of the ventricle and vessels of a specimen 4 mm. long. The arrows indi- cate the course of the blood. The posterior adductor muscle and the wall of the stomach represented in part. The anterior end is to the right of the figure. The letters are in pericardial cavity and stomach. 272. Fic. 55. Longitudinal section of the anterior part of the ventricle and vessels of a specimen 10 cm. long. X 272. Fie. 56. Group of celis from the main portion of the style sheath. > 575. Fic. 57. Same from tubular portion. 575. Fie. 58 A. Group of cells from the liver, which show the usual liver structure, and 58 B, from its modi- fied portion. 575. : PLATE XX. Fre. 59. Nervous system of newly attached larva, showing the pleural ganglion still separate from the cerebral, and the visceral ganglia still wide apart. The details of the nerves are not shown. X 430. NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SHIP-WORMS. 231 Fre. 60. Nervous system of adult, dorsal view, except that the pedal ganglion is shown more from behind. Fries. 61 and 62. Diagrams to show the relations of the ends of the kidneys, genital duct, pericardial cavity, and visceral ganglion. Figure 61 lateral and figure 62 dorsal view. PLATE XXI. Fre. 63. Transverse section of the anterior ganglion and genital duct, to show the connection between the cerebro-visceral connective and anterior ganglion and the origin of the sensory nerve and its distribution to the genital duct. Only a part of the sense organ was included in the section, which is from 7. navalis, though it might represent XY. gouldi equally well. x 272. Fic. 64. Longitudinal section of the genital duct to show its extent and character and the sense organ of the genital duct. The end of the ovary is shown, as also the folded kidney near its pericardial opening. 272. Fic. 65. Section of the osphradium, vertical to the surface, to show the structure of the osphradium and the two types of sensory cells, with their brushlike terminations. 1210. Fic. 66. Tangential section of the osphradium, to show the distribution of the processes of the sensory cells among the nuclei of the epithelial layer. > 950. PLATE VII BUL. U. S. B. F. 1907 A KOEN MOD BACTIMORE PLATE VIII 1907 BUL. U, S. B. F. gbrT &e / ( ! 5 . 8¢ diy bY) DD BUL. U, S. B. F. 1907 PLATE Ix rar ap lig. PLATE x BUL. U. S. B. F. 1907 Or bry Se are sers _ DON) dow BALTIMORE + BUL. U. S. B. F. 1907 kigds Fig 13 lig 16 PLATE XII. Bul. U. S. B. F. 1907. Fig.2 2 Hf ; ; ec €--- Se ea ee - He rah | Bul. U. S. B. F. 1907. PLATE XIII. Fig. 24. rn Y \ PLATE XIV Bul. U. S. B. F. 1907. roo Le eas pals “ate FIAT et U o LF "sh a Bi ane CY EN NERS LEANER CO CREE sia dv 3) Bul. U.S. B. F. 1907. ° PLATE XV et ee +h A Bul. U. S. B. F. 1907. PLATE XVI. yf Ly@y un) (cab WW) zB") WAGs PLATE XVII. Bul. U, S. B. F. 1907. ‘ / Fig.39 7 / oy, } PSE ‘iy lo Fig.40 Fig. $2 Bul. U. S. B. F. 1907. PLATE XVIII. Bul. U. S. B. F. 1907. PLATE XIX. PLATE XX, Bul. U. S. B. F. 1907. Fig.59 y ce ' i / Ce CuCacwwut Urea Oran eS , Fig.60 Fig. 61 PLATE XX\I. Bul. U. S. B. F. 1907. Fig. 63 FISHES FROM ISLANDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ARCHIPELAGO By Davip STARR JORDAN and RoBERT EARL RICHARDSON BUREAU OF FISHERIES DOCUMENT NO. «0 FISHES FROM ISLANDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ARCHIPELAGO. By DAVID STARR JORDAN anp ROBERT EARL RICHARDSON, In 1906 Mr. Richard Crittenden McGregor, a naturalist employed by the govern- ment of the Philippine Islands, brought to Stanford University a large collection of fishes made by him in outlying islands of the Philippine group. He was unable to work up this collection himself, as he had intended to do, and it was presented by him to the Museum of Stanford University. In the present paper is given an account of the species thus obtained. A series of these specimens has been presented through the Bureau of Fisheries to the United States National Museum. The locali- ties represented in the collection are the islands of Calayan, Ticao, Lubang, Mindoro, Sibuyan, Romblon, and Cuyo; Aparri, Cagayancillo, and Manila, on the island of Luzon, and Iloilo, on the island of Mindanao. The following species are thought to be new to science. The numbers in parentheses apply to the type specimens in Stanford University Museum. Pisoodonophis macgregori (20210). | Doryrhamphus macgregori (20202). Leiuranus lithinus (20211). Hippocampus barbouri (20205). Coecula mindora (20209). Gnathypops dendritica (20313). Murzenichthys thompsoni (20201). Abudefduf sapphirus (20207). Barbodes hemictenus (20213). Aparrius (new genus) (acutipinnis). Atherina panatela (20203). Antennarius lithinostomus (20204). The notes on life colors and the vernacular names are given on the authority of Mr. McGregor. Family CARCHARIIDA. SCOLIODON Miller & Henle. 1. Scoliodon walbeehmii (Bleeker). Three specimens from Manila, 8 inches long. Family DASYATIDA. HIMANTURA Dum@ril. 2. Himantura uarnak (Forskal). Pagi. One specimen from Manila, 10 inches long to base of tail; length of tail, 25 inches; spots blackish, on olive ground. Family ELOPIDA. ELOPS Linnezus. 8. Elops saurus Linneeus. Bitbit. One specimen from Manila, 7.50 inches. B. B, F. 1907—16 235 236 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. Family CHIROCENTRIDA. CHIROCENTRUS Cuvier. 4. Chirocentrus dorab (Forskal). One specimen from Manila, 14.50 inches; depth, 6.75 inches. Family CHANIDA. CHANOS Lacépéde. 5. Chanos chanos (Forskal). Bangos. One specimen from Manila, 8.75 inches. Family CLUPEID&. DUSSUMIERIA Cuvier & Valenciennes. 6. Dussumieria elopsoides (Bleeker). One specimen, 2.60 inches long, from Iloilo. Depth 5.20; head 3.50; eye 3.20; maxillary equal to eye. 7. Dussumieria hasseltii Bleeker. Depth 5.20 to 5.90; head 3.50; eye 3.75; maxillary 1.25 to 1.40 times diameter of eye. This species differs distinctly from Dussumieria elopsoides in its longer maxillary and its smaller scales. Eleven specimens from Manila, 2.75 inches long. HARENGULA Cuvier & Valenciennes. 8. Harengula sundaica (Bleeker). Sardina. Depth 3.16 to 3.33. Color silvery; upper third dark blue; dorsal and caudal dusky; other fins clear. In alcoholic specimens there are traces of a row of black spots along upper part of side, though much fainter than in Harengula gibbosa. Specimens as follows: Manila, six, 3.50 to 4.50 inches; Iloilo, one, 2.60 inches; Aparri, one, 4.25 inches. 9. Harengula gibbosa (Bleeker). Sardina. Depth 3.83. Life colors as in Harengula sundaica. This is a slightly slimmer fish than Harengula sundaica, and shows much more plainly the row of dark spots on the upper portion of the side. Two specimens from Manila, 3.30 and 4.50 inches long. 10. Harengula moluccensis (Bleeker). Depth 4.25; head 4.20. Spots on upper portion of sides faint. Two specimens from Manila, 3.50 inches. ILISHA Gray. 11. Ilisha hevenii (Bleeker). Sardina. One specimen from Manila, 3.20 inches. Family DOROSOMATID. ANODONTOSTOMA Bleeker. 12. Anodontostoma chacunda (Hamilton-Buchanan). Cabase. One specimen from Manila, 5.25 inches, and one from oilo, 3.85 inches long. Family ENGRAULIDE. ANCHOVIA Jordan & Evermann. (Stolephorus Bleeker, not of Lacépéde.) 13. Anchovia hamiltonii (Gray). Dumpilas. Depth 3.50; head 4.50; dorsal 12; anal 38; backward process of maxillary extending beyond oper- cular opening and nearly to base of pectoral fin. One specimen, 6 inches long, from Manila, and one, 3.60 inches long, from Iloilo. 14. Anchovia belama (Forskal). Depth 4.33; head 3.75; dorsal 13; anal 30; scales 3144. Life color metallic silvery, specked with brown above: a small blood-colored spot behind upper margin of opercle; caudal washed with pale yellow and red; occiput with a touchof red; muzzle red, with many small black dots. The maxillary process is short, not extending beyond gill-opening. FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINES. 230 Seven specimens from Cagayancillo and one from Iloilo, 2.50 to 3.50 inches long. This species occurs near the shore in schools. Great numbers are taken at Cagayancillo with circular casting nets. (McGregor.) . 15. Anchovia setirostris (Broussonet). Depth 4.30; head 4.30; eye 3.60; dorsal m, 12; anal 1, 31; scales 35. Maxillary with an extremely long backwardly directed process, reaching almost to the vent. One specimen from Aparri, 3.50 inches long. Family SYNODONTIDA. SYNODUS Bloch & Schneider, 16. Synodus japonicus (Houttuyn). (Synodus varius (Lacépede).) General color gray, mottled and finely speckled with dark brown; white below. One specimen 3.75 inches long and one 6 inches, from Cuyo. SAURIDA Cuvier. 17. Saurida argyrophanes Richardson. Depth 7; head 4.50; eye 5.30; dorsal 1, 11; anal 1, 10; scales 57; pectoral 1.6 in head. Color in life brown above with a silvery spot on each scale; sides silvery; belly dead white with but little sheen; ventral and anal white; other fins dusky. Four specimens from Manila, 3 to 9 inches long. 18. Saurida gracilis (Quoy & Gaimard). One specimen, 3 inches long, from Cuyo. Family ANGUILLIDA. ANGUILLA Thunberg. 19. Anguilla mauritiana Bennett. Aiwit. Color in life olive green, mottled with dark brown; belly white. One specimen from a brackish estuary at Calayan, 16 inches long, and one from Mindoro Island, 15 inches long. Mr. McGregor records a specimen 31 inches long, whose stomach contained a snake nearly as long as the fish. Family MURA NESOCID. MURZENESOX McClelland. 20. Murenesox cinereus (Forskil). Pindanga. Two specimens from Manila, 10 inches long. Family MYRID&. MURZNICHTHYS Bleeker. 21. Mureenichthys thompsoni Jordan & Richardson, new species. Head 6.60; depth equal to distance from tip of snout to back of orbit; length of head and trunk equal to .80 of tail; snout 1.33 times eye; cleft of mouth 2.75 in head, the maxillary extending a distance Fic. 1.—Murenichthys thompsoni, new species. Type. behind orbit equal to length of snout; eye 18 in head; dorsal origin almost exactly midway between vent and gill-opening, the fin very low anteriorly; tail tapered to a sharp point, tipped with a short 238 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. caudal fin continuous with dorsal and anal; no pectorals; gill-openings a distance behind eye equal to 2.25 times length of maxillary; vomerine teeth in two rows; teeth in jaws uniserial. Color in spirits light brownish, everywhere specked finely with darker, except on belly, which is pale. This species is known to us from a single specimen, 3.75 inches long, collected in Manila Bay by Dr. J. C. Thompson, of the United States Navy, for whom the species is named. The type is no. 20201, Stanford University. In its large mouth and in many other features this eel resembles Murxnichthys macrostomus Bleeker, but the insertion of the dorsal fin 1s different. Family OPHICHTHYIDA. PISOODONOPHIS Kaup. 22. Pisoodonophis cancrivorus Richardson. got. Depth 32; head 8.5; cleft of mouth 2.8 in head; eye 1.75 in snout; pectoral 3.75; head in distance from gill-opening to vent 2.5; trunk equal to head and body equaling .78 of tail, in which it is contained 1.37 times; dorsal inserted over middle of pectoral. Color in life light brown above; white below; chin and throat pale yellow; pectoral yellowish; dorsal edged with black; anal edged with black on posterior border. One specimen from Cuyo, 20 inches lon ¢, and one from Manila, 28 inches. Fic. 2.—Pisoodonophis macgregori, new species. Type. 23. Pisoodonophis macgregori Jordan & Richardson, new species. Depth 33; head 7.90 in total length; head in distance from gill-opening to vent 2; combined length of head and trunk equal to .66 of tail; cleft of mouth 2.75 in head; eye 1.50 in snout; pectoral 3.50; dorsal inserted over first fifth of pectoral; teeth molar in irregular double bands on jaws and vomer. Color brown above and on sides, finely punctulated; under parts paler; dorsal and anal rather broadly margined with blackish. This species has the body shorter and the dorsal inserted farther forward than in Pisoodonophis cancrivorus. One specimen, 10 inches long, from Manila; no. 20210, Stanford University. OPHICHTHUS Ahl. 24. Ophichthus tapeinopterus (Bleeker). One specimen from Manila, 10.75 inches long. 25. Ophichthus grandoculis (Cantor). Depth 28; head 9.8 in total length; head in distance from gill-opening to vent 2.9; combined length of head and trunk equal to .66 of tail; cleft of mouth 3.75 in head; pectoral 3.20; dorsal inserted over middle of reflexed pectoral; teeth in jaws uniserial; teeth on vomer in a double row anteriorly. Body very finely and uniformly punctulated with brownish above and below and on sides, except for lateral part of abdomen, which is whitish; dorsal and anal edged with black. One specimen, 10 inches long, from Manila. LEIURANUS Bleeker. 26. Leiuranus lithinus Jordan & Richardson, new species. Depth 32; head 10.5 in total length; tail equal to trunk and head; length of head 5 in distance from gill-opening to vent; head and trunk equal to tail; cleft of mouth 3.50 in head; pectoral 4.15; dorsal FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINES. 239 inserted over middle of reflexed pectoral; nose rather rounded, scarcely twice eye; teeth in jaws uniserial, those in the upper jaw not so sharp as those in the lower; no teeth on vomer behind front of maxillaries. Fia. 3.—Leiuranus lithinus, new species. Type. Color brownish, mottled with darker above and on sides, the dark color in places tending to form vague crossbands, which do not extend on belly. (Ai9zvo0s,, marbled, like stone.) Here described from a single specimen, 12 inches long, from Cuyo; no. 20211, Stanford University. CCECULA Vahl. 27. Cecula mindora (=Dalophis Rafimesque) Jordan & Richardson, new species. Head 2.60 in distance from gill-opening to vent; depth 25 in total length; eye 25 in head; snout 7; cleft of mouth very wide, extending far behind eye, 2.50 in head; teeth in jaws fine, uniserial; a length- wise row of about 6 large sharp teeth in a single row on the vomer, behind the junction of the maxillaries; tip of upper jaw with 3 large teeth in a transverse series, behind them a wide shallow cross notch into whick the tip of the mandible closes; dorsal inserted one-quarter of the head’s length behind the gill- openings; pectorals wholly wanting. Fig. 4.—Ccecula mindora, new species. Typo. Color above lateral line a uniform finely punctulated dark brown; scattered punctulations extend- ing a short distance below lateral line on trunk, a nearly sharp line separating upper from lower color on the tail; lateral line with a series of small more or less stellate whitish spots, about size of eye; belly pale; top and tip of snout blue-black; under jaw specked and splashed with bluish black. One specimen, 15 inches long, from Mindoro Island; no. 20209, Stanford University. Family MURANIDA. GYMNOTHORAX Bloch. 28. Gymnothorax pictus (Ahl). : Life colors dark olive green, with mottlings of whitish olive in fine pattern; larger light areas on sides: no black at angle of mouth and none at gill-opening. One specimen, 8 inches long, trom Cagayancillo, and one, 4.50 inches long, from Ticao Island. 29. Gymnothorax litus (Richardson). In life finely mottled with gray and brown; almost pure gray below. This species has no black at corners of mouth or on gill-openings. One specimen from Cuyo, 9.75 inches long, and one from Cagayancillo, 10 inches. 240 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 30. Gymnothorax flavomarginatus (Riippell). A young specimen, 8 inches long, from Calayan. In this specimen, as in young individuals of the same size from Apia, Samoa, the ground color is very dark, the small spots being scarcely distinguishable in the nearly uniform blackish of the ground. There isa dark streak at the angle of the mouth and the gill-opening is in the middle of a black spot; tip of caudal white. 31. Gymnothorax richardsonii (Bleeker). Gymnothorax richardsoni, Bleeker, Atlas, Murn., 100, pl. XLU, fig. 2, 1864. Gymnothorax scoliodon, Bleeker, op. cit., 101, pl. XL, fig. 2. Gymnothoraz ceramensis, Bleeker, Ned. Tijds. Dierk., 1, 1863, 261; Atlas, Murzen., 101, pl. xx x11, fig. 3, 1864. ? Murznophis lineatus Lesson, Voy. Coquille, 127, pl. 01, fig. 1, 1830; Oualan (figure very poor). Murena richardsonii Bleeker, Nat. Tijds., 1, 1852, 296; Wahai, Ceram, Padang, Sumatra. Body slender, compressed, the depth at vent and at middle of tail about same, 18 in total length; tail a little longer than body; dorsal beginning a little in advance of gill-opening, not conspicuously higher on tail than on trunk, its greatest height considerably less than half the depth of the tail directly beneath; tail long, slender, and tapering, the dorsal and anal bordering it symmetrically and meeting in the middle line behind in an acute tip. Body and fins crossed by many narrow vertical broken streaks or bands of dark color, more or less broken into vermiculations, especially forward; corner of mouth with a dark streak, above and below (in front) which is a larger light spot; chin pale. One specimen, 8 inches long, from Sibuyan. This species seems to be different from Lesson’s flaveolus,2 and perhaps also from his lineatus,> both of which species are said by Lesson to have an especially elevated dorsal fin. Specimens from” Apia, Samoa, referred by Jordan & Seale to Gymnothorax lineatus, have the height of the dorsal more than half the depth of the tail underneath, and the body is less slender and the tail stouter and much less tapered than in Gymnothorax richardsonii, as shown in Bleeker’s figure of both this and ceramensis. In the Apia specimens the caudal border, also, is broadly and asymmetrically rounded, not pointed, being most developed ventrally. Lesson’s figures, though evidently very poor in details, show two eels of quite different relative length. It seems that the Apia specimens are more likely to be flaveolus than lineatus, the latter being represented as the slenderer fish in the figure. It seems quite possible that lineatus may not be different from Bleeker’s richardsonii. Gymnothorax detactus Bryan & Herre appears likewise to be scarcely, if at all, different from the present species. 32. Gymnothorax petelli (Bleeker). Murzna petelli Bleeker, Nat. Tijds., x1, 1855, 84; Java. Giinther, Cat., vit, 1870, 105; Java, Mauritius. Gymnothoraz petelli Bleeker, Atlas, Muraen., 99, tab. xxxm, fig. 1, 1864. Jordan «& Seale, Bul. U.S. Fish Comm., xxv, 1905, Samoa. (?) Murena interrupta Kaup, Apodes, 67, fig. 51, 1854; Red Sea. Gymnothoraz leucacme Jenkins, Bul. U. S. Fish Comm., xxi, 1902, 427, fig. 7; Honolulu. Gymnothoraz waialue Snyder, Bul. U. 8. Fish Comm., xx1t, 1902, 520, pl. 6; Waialua (near Honolulu). A very young specimen of this species, 3 inches long, from Calayan, agrees perfectly with the figure and description of Gymmothorax waialux Snyder. The black crossbands are 17 or 18 in number, are complete below, and mostly wider than the adjacent pale interspaces. There isa black half band across the occiput, which reaches forward in a broad point between the eyes. The side of each upper jaw is black as far back as the eye. The tip of the nose is white, and from it a white band extends backward over the muzzle to the forehead, where it sends a branch outward and downward to each eye, forming a Y on forehead and muzzle. Adults of Gymnothorax petelli from Apia, Samoa, show the essentials of this color pattern, including the white Y on nose. The black crossbands on the body seem to become relatively wider (than the interspaces) with age. “ Lesson & Garnot, op. cit., 127, pl. 11, fig. 1. FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINES. 241 ECHIDNA Forster. 33. Echidna polyzona (Richardson). Murzna polyzona Richardson, Voy. Sulphur, Ichth., 1, 1845, 112, pl. 55, fig. 11-14; no locality. Echidna zonophxa Jordan & Eyermann, Bul. U.S. Fish Comm., Xxm, 1902, 167. Ibid., Xx111, pt. 1, 1903, 109, pl. 21; Honolulu Echidna vincta Jenkins, ibid., XX, 1902, 429; Hawaii. Echidna obscura Jenkins, ibid., xx, 1902, 430, fig. 11; Honolulu. Echidna psalion Jenkins, ibid., XXII, 1902, 431, fig. 12; Honolulu. (?) Echidna leihala Jenkins, ibid., Xx11, 1902, 428, fig. 9 (body not barred except at tip of tail). (?) Paecilophis tritor Vaillant & Sauvage, Rec. et Mag. Zool. (3), 11, 287, 1875; Hawaii. Not barred. Adults (2. zonophxa) have the interspaces between the 24 or 25 broad rich brown bands more or less broken up by mottlings, the plain (white?) interspaces appearing only on the tail. Young specimens have both the bands and the interspaces plain. The cross bands are obsolete on the belly. Life colors of young, white and dark brown; of adults, brown of different shades, and golden yellow. Crabs were found in the stomach of a large specimen. Three specimens from Calayan, one 21 inches long and two under 5 inches. The numerous syn- onyms of this species seem to represent color variations, chiefly in young specimens. All of the nominal species have the white band on the snout as originally figured by Sir John Richardson. 34. Echidna nebulosa (Ahl). Ground color cream in life, regularly marked with large stellate blotches of dark brown, with smaller spots of light yellow; nasal tubes orange. One specimen from Calayan, 14 inches long. Family MORINGUIDA. MORINGUA Gray. 35. Moringua abbreviata (Bleeker). One specimen from Ticao Island, 8 inches long. Family CYPRINIDA. BARBODES Bleeker. 86. Barbodes hemictenus Jordan & Richardson, new species. Body moderately elongate, compressed, the back elevated, its highest point being at front of dorsal fin; head 3.60; depth 3; width of body 1.6 in head; depth of caudal peduncle 2 in head; dorsal m1, 8; anal m1, 6; scales 44 or 54-24-23; scales before dorsal 9; snout 3.3 in head; eye 3.9; maxillary 3.6, reaching scarcely to front of orbit; interorbital distance 2.5 in head; mouth subterminal, very little oblique, the lips thin, the lower jaw overhung by the upper lip; upper jaw protractile; 2 barbelsat each angle of upper jaw, the longest reaching to posterior margin of preopercle; nostrils separated by a small flap; head without tubercles or conspicuous pores; interorbital space gently convex; gill-membranes united to the isthmus at a point directly under the angle of the preopercle, the breadth of the isthmus about equal to diameter of eye; teeth, 2, 3, 4, or 54 or 5, 3, 2, slightly hooked, with narrow grinding surface; tongue adnate; origin of dorsal over third ray of ventrals, slightly nearer base of caudal than end of snout; dorsal base 1.8 in head; third dorsal spine enlarged, moderately strong, 1.2 in head, rather weakly serrated along the posterior edge of its outer half; anal equidistant between base of ventrals and base of caudal; anal base 2.8 in head; pectoral 1.25, weakly falcate, reaching within about one pupil’s length of base of ventrals; ventrals 1.5, within one eye-length or less of vent; caudal forked, its middle rays but little less than half the length of its outer; scales large, cycloid; a single elevated range of scales along each side of base of dorsal and anal; accessory scale of ventral pointed, as long as eye; lateral line complete, decurved at middle, where its distance from base of ventral fin is nearly exactly twice its distance from the mid-dorsal line. Color in spirits olivaceous, darker above; a dark lateral stripe, wider than pupil, reaching from upper corner of gill-opening to just above middle of base of caudal fin; a conspicuous roundish black spot, as large as eye, at middle of tip of caudal peduncle, immediately in front of base of caudal fin; «The accuracy of Bloch’s figure of Gymnothorar reticularis was affirmed by Doctor Giinther more than thirty years ago (Cat., 11, 106) and tHe relationships of the three species reticularis, petelli, and ruppellii outlined essentially as above. 2492 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. an indistinct dark blotch on each side of front of dorsal fin, extending a very little on the base of the fin; all of the fins faintly marked with dusky in the rays; none of the fins dark edged. Of this species we have five specimens, 3 to 4 inches long, from Mindoro Island. The type is no. 20213, Stanford University; cotypes are no. 61685, U. S. National Museum. One of the specimens was taken at Camp Balete, Rio Baco, Mindoro. The exact locality for the others is not recorded, the label reading merely “‘ Mindoro Island.’ Wy Ne , We SSX NS Fig. 5.—Barbodes hemictenus, new species. Type. This species is near Barbodes maculatus Cuvier & Valenciennes (?=B. binotatus C. & V.), but seems to differ in its slenderer third dorsal spine, with weaker and fewer serratures, and*in coloration. Speci- mens from Sumatra identified as Barbodes maculatus by Mr. Fowler agree with Bleeker’s figure of the species in having the third dorsal spine strongly serrate to its base, in having the dorsal and caudal blotch indistinct, and in lacking a lateral body stripe. Mr. Fowler’s specimens have the dorsal and anal dis- tinctly tipped with dusky, which is lacking in our specimens and in Bleeker’s figure of Barbodes maculatus. (jr, half; Kreis, Krevos, a comb.) Family SILURIDA. NETUMA Bleeker. 37. Netuma thalassina (Riippell). One specimen, 3.50 inches long, with Mr. McGregor’s Philippine collection, but without exact locality label. Family PLOTOSIDA. PLOTOSUS Lacépede. 38. Plotosus anguillaris (Bloch). Two examples from Cuyo, 5 inches long. Family BELONIDA. TYLOSURUS Cocco. 39. Tylosurus caudimaculatus (Cuvier). One specimen from Iloilo, 9 inches long. 40. Tylosurus giganteus (Schlegel). Batalay. Depth 3.20 in snout; head 3.15; snout 4.75; eye 2.50 in postorbital part of head; dorsal 20; anal 1, 21; dorsal inserted over third ray of anal; aslight caudal keel; noteeth on vomer; breadth of body .80 of depth. One specimen from Manila, 15 inches long, and one from Iloilo, 7 inches. FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINES. 243 41. Tylosurus leiurus Bleeker. Depth 12 in body without head and snout; eye in postorbital part of head 2.70; dorsal 18; anal 24; dorsal inserted over seventh ray of anal; breadth of body .66 its depth; no caudal keel. One specimen from Aparri, about 15 inches long. HEMIRAMPHUS Cuvier. 42. Hemiramphus marginatus (Forskil). Buging. One example from Manila, 9 inches long. 43. Hemiramphus limbatus Cuvier & Valenciennes. A specimen, 4 inches long, from Cuyo. Scales 53; head 2.70; lower jaw, beyond tip of upper, 5.50; ventrals inserted considerably nearer base of caudal than eye. In life silvery; a light green median line on side; top of head bright blue and green; beak with a small red tip. 44. Hemiramphus neglectus Bleeker. A specimen, 4.50 inches long, from Aparri, agrees with Bleeker’s description and figure of this species. It has scales 51; head 2.70; lower jaw, beyond tip of upper, 5.75; ventrals equidistant between base of caudal and front of pupil; teeth tricuspid; each side with a narrow silvery band, about as wide as a scale. Doctor Giinther considers this species to be identical with H. wnifasciatus from the tropical Atlantic. Family EXOC(ETIDA. PAREXOCCTUS Bleeker. 45. Parexocetus mento (Cuvier & Valenciennes). Depth 4.60; head 3.75; eye 2.60 in head; dorsal 10; anal 11; pectoral half of total length without caudal. Color in life: Lower half silvery white; deep blue black above, changing to deep blue on upper part of sides, the color of which is sharply separated from the lower silvery color; pectoral white, finely speckled with dusky; dorsal dusky at tip. Five specimens from Manila, 4 inches long. CYPSELURUS Swainson. 46. Cypselurus spilonopterus (Bleeker). Depth 5; head 4.40; eye 3; dorsal 12; anal 9; pectoral reaching beyond middle of anal. A single specimen, 6 inches long, taken at sea off the west coast of Negros. Family ATHERINIDA. ATHERINA Linnezus. 47. Atherina (?) lacunosa Forster. A specimen, 2.75 inches long, from oilo has the head 3.75; depth 4.3; eye 2.25; snout 4; inter- orbital 2.75; maxillary 2.30; dorsal v-1, 9; anal 13; scales 38-6; origin of spinous dorsal slightly nearer anal than base of ventrals; vent a pupil’s length in front of tips of ventrals; in spirits straw-colored, with a silvery side stripe as wide as pupil; no trace of dusky color on pectorals. This specimen seems to have the depth slightly greater and the scales fewer than the specimens recently recorded under this name by Evermann & Seale. We do not think it likely that the two are different. Weare by no means certain of the identity of Forster’s A.lacunosa. It is probable that the name lacunosa should replace pinguis, applied by Lacépéde to specimens with a black-tipped pectoral. In such a case a new name would need to be supplied for the specimens from the Philippines. We have a specimen of an Atherina (labeled lacunosa) from Sydney, Australia, collected by Dr. D. H. Campbell, which corresponds well with the description of Atherina pinguis. It has the depth 4.6, seales 42, and a distinctly black-tipped pectoral. It is evidently distinct from our specimens from the Philippines and is with little doubt the A. pinguis of Lacépéde. 48. Atherina panatela Jordan & Richardson, new species. Head 4.25; depth 6.8; greatest width nearly equal to greatest depth, the body being subcylindrical, but the back broader and flatter than the belly; head as wide as deep; eye 3.1; snout 3.75; interorbital space equal to eye, flat; maxillary equal to nose, its tip under anterior margin of orbit; gillrakers 23 244 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. on lower limb of first gill-arch; teeth in upper jaw minute, in an imperfect band, with an irregular outer row, larger than the rest; teeth in lower jaw scarcely appreciable; vomer and palatines with patches of minute teeth; dorsal yt, 9; anal 1, 11; scales$8-6; origin of spinous dorsal over nineteenth scale of lateral line; base of soft dorsal 2.60 in head; base of anal 2; longest rays of soft dorsal and anal equal to eye; pectoral 1.66 in head; axillary scale three-fifths of length of pectoral; ventral 2.2; caudal forked, its middle rays half the length of the outer; 19 rows of scales in front of spinous dorsal; margins of scales entire; vent nearer base of ventrals than anal. A << Fig. 6.+Atherina panatela, new species. Type. Color in spirits dark straw; scales of back and sides with dark punctulations, forming a more or less distinct dark edge, or a submarginal dark line; each scale in third row from mid-dorsal row with a roundish black spot behind its center and just in front of an abrupt convexity in the submarginal dark line; middle of side traversed by a blackish (silvery?) band of a width equal to that of a scale; belly paler straw; top of nose, interorbital edges, and opercles blackish. Known from a single specimen, the type, 4 inches long, no. 20203, Stanford University, from Calayan Island. This species is close to Atherina wisila Jordan & Seale, from Samoa, but the position of the vent is different and the scales are smaller. In A. wisila the vent is nearer the base of the anal than the insertion of the ventrals, while in the present species it is nearer the ventral base.@ (Panatela, Spanish, the name of a long and slender cigar. ) Family MUGILIDE. MUGIL Linnzus. 49. Mugil cephalus Linneus. One example, 6 inches long, from Calayan. LIZA Jordan & Swain. 50. Liza troscheli (Bleeker). A specimen each, 3.50 inches long, from Lubang and Aparri, and two specimens from Iloilo, 3 inches. 51. Liza oligolepis (Bleeker). One specimen, 4 inches long, from Iloilo. Scales 26; anal m1, 9; tip of maxillary hidden when mouth is closed. JESCHRICHTHYS Macleay. 52. Mschrichthys goldiei Macleay. Banac. Zschrichthys goldiei Macleay, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. 8S. Wales, 1883, 5, fig. 1 and 2; Goldie River, New Guinea. One fine specimen 7 inches long and two between 4 and 5 inches from Mindoro Island. The genus Zschrichthys is easily recognized by the transverse groove at the back of the mandibles and the a While the extremes of a series of species of the genus Atherina differ widely in the position of the vent, we find such com- plete intergradation that it is impossible to make use of this feature as a generic distinction. In five species before us, all of which have the vent situated behind the tips of the ventrals, the position varies as follows: (1) Exactly halfway between base of anal and base of ventrals, tsurugz; (2) slightly nearer anal than ventral base, wisila; (3) slightly nearer ventral than anal base, panatcla; (4) much nearer anal than ventral base, being almost equidistant between tips of ventrals and base of anal, hepsetus and mochon. In five species which have the vent in front of tips of ventrals its different positions are as follows: (1) Barely in front of tips of ventrals, insularwm; (2) one pupil-length in front of ventral tips, bleekeri, pinguis, and (?) lacwnosa; (3) one eye-length in front of tips of ventrals, woodwardi. FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINES. 245 smooth, toothless lower jaws. Our specimens doubtless came from fresh water, though this is not stated on the locality label. Family SPHYRANIDA. SPHYRAENA Linneus. 53. Sphyreena jello Cuvier & Valenciennes. One specimen, 4 inches long, badly broken, from Iloilo. 54. (?) Sphyreena commersonii Cuvier & Valenciennes. A specimen, 6 inches long, from Aparri, agreeing with S. snodgrassi, from Honolulu, Hawaii, in every respect except that there is a slight tentacle at tip of chin. Scales 80; head 2.80; depth 7.50; nose 2.20; eye 2.70 in snout; maxillary 2.25, not reaching front of eye; opercle with a single flexible point; sides with about 12 indistinct cross bands. From S. commersonii as understood by Giinther and Day, this specimen differs in its shorter maxillary. We are not certain that it is possible to determine satisfactorily what species was meant by Cuvier & Valenciennes in their original description of S. commersonii. Lacépéde’s figure of ‘‘le Sphyréne chinoise,’’ on which the original description of Cuvier & Valenciennes was in part based, is poor to the point of wretchedness. / Family POLYNEMID&. POLYDACTYLUS Rafinesque. 55. Polydactylus zophomus Jordan & McGregor. Polydactylus zophomus Jordan & McGregor, in Jordan & Seale, Bul. U.S. Fish Comm., xxv1, 1906, p. 11, fig. 4; Cavite, P.I. Two examples, 5 inches long, from Manila, and one from Iloilo, 3 inches. In life white, with metallic golden and green reflections; dorsal and caudal dusky pale greenish; pectoral, ventral, and anal dusky, with wash of yellow; a dusky blotch behind upper margin of opercle. 56. Polydactylus tetradactylus (Shaw). Mamalay. Two specimens, 4.50 inches long, from Manila. ’ Family FISTULARIIDA. FISTULARIA Linneus, 57. Fistularia petimba Lacépéde. Torotot. A specimen, 10 inches long, from Cuyo, and one from Lubang, 9 inches. In life dark greenish; under side of head and a line along belly to vent white. 58. Fistularia serrata Cuvier. Two specimens, 6 to 7 inches, from Manila. In life light brown above and white below. Family CENTRISCID, ZZOLISCUS Jordan & Starks. 59. Holiscus strigatus (Giinther). Seventeen specimens from Cagayancillo, 4 to 5 inches long. Family SYNGNATHID. CORYTHROICHTHYS Kaup. 60. Corythroichthys spicifer (Kaup). Five specimens, 4 to 5.50 inches long, from Aparri. 246 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. CGLONOTUS Peters, 61. Celonotus leiaspis (Bleeker). One example from Mindoro Island, 6 inches long, and one from Sibuyan, 4.50 inches. These have the dorsal rays 55, situated on 15 rings, 4 of which belong to the body; body rings 17; tail rings 31; body smooth and rounded except for the dorsal ridges, on which character, combined with the long dorsal fin, Kaup’s genus Celonotus was founded. Doctor Giinther’s specimen of C. leiaspis had the dorsal fin standing on twelve rings. DORYRHAMPHUS Kaup. 62. Doryrhamphus macgregori Jordan & Richardson, new species. Head 5.2 in length without caudal, greatest depth of body equal to length of postorbital portion of head; length of tail less than body, equal to length of last 17 body rings; rings of trunk 19, of tail 22; dorsal rays 27; the base of the fin .80 of head; spines at edges of body rings evident, but not prominent; lateral line continuous, passing into the lower caudal edge; snout 1.25 times postorbital part of head, the eye twice in same distance; interorbital space concave; behind the eyes, on occiput and nape, an Fic. 7.—Doryrhamphus macgregori, new species. Type. elevated median longitudinal ridge; lower sides of snout with two longitudinal raised edges, connected by numerous low and slight transverse keels; operculum with a slightly oblique median raised keel, from which radiate obliquely downward about 8 lesser raised lines; pectoral fin short, about equal to eye; color in spirits uniform dark brown; caudal with a whitish posterior edge. Here described from a single specimen, 1.50 inches long, the type, no. 20202 U.S. National Museum, from Calayan. The specimen is probably a female. Except for the much larger number of tail rings, this species seems closely to resemble Doryrhamphus pleurotenia (Giinther). GASTEROTOKEUS Heckel. 63. Gasterotokeus biaculeatus (Bloch). Dwmdam. Three examples from Cuyo, 6 and 7 inches long. General color in life grass green, finely speckled with pale blue; along side of head and tube some mottling of pink; eggs pale brown. HIPPOCAMPUS Linnezus. 64. Hippocampus kuda Bleeker. One example, 5 inches long, from Mindoro Island, agreeing with the specimen recorded by Jordan & Seale from Cavite. The specimens we have called H. kuda differ from H. aterrimus Jordan & Snyder in color, in their smoother body, with less prominent tubercles and without tentacles. in their longer snout and relatively longer body; and in the form of the coronet and lesser prominence of the head tubercles, which bear no tentacles. The length of the snout is nearly exactly equal to the distance from the front of the orbit to the anterior rim of the nuchal pore. In HH. aterrimus the snout is shorter, though apparently variable in length, being never greater in our specimens than the distance from the posterior (not anterior) rim of the orbit to the nuchal pore. In H. aterrimus the depression on the top of the coronet is distinctly 5-sided, being bounded in front by two prominent points, while in H. kuda the rim of the depression is triangular, the two anterior points not being developed. The head and snout of H. aterrimus is striped with gray, in H. kuda speckled with black. The difference in relative length of the body, while difficult to measure, is evident to the eye on comparison of specimens of the same size. The specimens from southern Negros called H. kuda by Jordan & Seale are not that species, FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINES. 247 but H. aterrimus. Hippocampus kelloggi Jordan & Snyder resembles //. kuda, but seems to be well distinguished by its smoother body, the spines of which are not enlarged at intervals. The coronet of H. kelloggi resembles that of H. aterrimus, rather than that of /7. kuda, but the posterior point is double. 65. Hippocampus barbouri Jordan & Richardson, new species. Head 1.25 in trunk; trunk in tail 2.50; depth 1.50 in head; body rings 11; tail rings 35; dorsal rays 19 or 20, the fin situated on 14 body and 1} tail rings; snout equal to distance from anterior margin of orbit to upper posterior corner of operculum; eye 2.50 in snout; supraorbital spines prominent, simple, acute; nasal spine sharp, directed obliquely forward; coronet moderately low, its depression bounded by five points, two anterior, one posterior, and two postero- lateral; lower breast spines and cheek spines double on each side; spines of body prominent, larger at intervals, mostly acute, the larger ones sometimes rather rounded, but slfarp-edged; spines of both head and body without tentacles. Color light brown, the body more or less marbled and everywhere specked or reticulated with darker; snout and top of head crossed by numerous wavy lines of blackish; eye with similar wavy lines of dusky arranged radially; dorsal crossed submarginally by a prominent longitudinal dusky bar and at middle by a fainter one. Three specimens, two males and one female, 4 inches long, from Cuyo. The type is no. 61683 U.S. National Museum; the cotypes no. 20205, Stanford University. On the life colors of the specimens from Cuyo, Mr. McGregor writes as follows: ‘General color dark dull green, lighter and more yellowish on ventral surface; interorbital, sides of face, chin, throat, and upper part of neck clear light yellow, speckled with rows of fine black dots; on the tube the dots are in transverse rows, on the body the rows are broken up or wanting.” ~ : This species appears to be near Hippocampus angustus, described by Doctor Giinther from Frey- cinet Harbor, Northwest Australia, but the body is deeper and the coloration is somewhat different. This species is named for Thomas Barbour, of Harvard University, in recognition of his work on the fishes of the Indies. F 1G. 8.—Hippocampus barbouri, new species. Type. Family HOLOCENTRID&. MYRIPRISTIS Cuvier. 66. Myripristis murdjan (Forskil). Mangoc. One example, 4.50 inches long, from Cagayancillo. Color in life crimson; under parts strongly washed with rosy; a dark spot behind opercular spine and another in axil of pectoral; dorsal membranes light colored and without opaque white spots. 67. Holocentrus lacteoguttatus Cuvier & Valenciennes. Holocentrum lacteoguttatum Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., mt, 1829, 214; Indian Ocean, Voy. Peron. Holocentrum punctatissimum Cuvier & Valenciennes, op. cit., p. 215; Caroline Islands (et al. acct.). Holocentrum stercus-muscarum Cuvier & Valenciennes, op. cit., vm, 1831, 503; Guam. 248 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. Holocentrum diploriphus Giinther, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1871, 660, pl. 60; Samoa Islands. Giinther, Fische der Siidsee, 97, 1873-75; Samoa, Marshall Islands, Tahiti, Paumotu, Aneiteum. Holocentrus gracilispinis Fowler, Proc. Ac, Nat. Sci., Phila., 1904, 228; Honolulu. Holocentrus gladispinis Fowler, ibid., p. 225; Tahiti. Holocentrum argenteum Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vi, 502, 1831; New Guinea. Quoy & Gaimard, Voy. Astro- labe, Zool., 677, pl. x1v, fig. 2, 1834; New Guinea. Klunzinger, Fische des Rothen Meeres, 1, 721, 1871; Red Sea. A single specimen, 4 inches long, from Calayan. 'The back and sides are sparsely punctulated with minute specks. The spinous dorsal has a single row of opaque wedge-shaped white blotches. A reexamination of the cotypes of Holocentrus gracilispinis, 18 in number, and ranging in size from 2 to 5.50 inches, seems to bear out Doctor Giinther’s view of the relations of part of the nominal species in thissynonomy. The smaller specimens which are least faded are profusely covered with coffee-grain- like specks, like the specimens obtained by Jordan & Kellogg in Samoa, and the spinous dorsal has a series of conspicuous dusky blotches, above each of which is a diffused spot of opaque white. In more faded young specimens the coarser coffee-grainlike specks and the dark markings on the spinous dorsal have nearly disappeared. In specimens over 4 inches long, all of which are more or less faded, the side flecks and punctulations have almost completely disappeared in the largest, in which also the dark spots on the spinous dorsal are wanting. In one of these, 5 inches long, the opaque white blotches of the spinous dorsal, which take the place of the black and white spots of the young, form two series on the anterior part of the fin, as stated by Cuvier in the original description of H. lacteoguttatum. The Holo- centrum argenteum of Cuvier & Valenciennes and of Quoy & Gaimard, described as without spots on the spinous dorsal, is doubtless not distinct from the present species, and has been so regarded by Doctor Klun- zinger, who examined the types. The specimens recorded by Doctor Klunzinger from the Red Sea under the name H. argentewm had a row of opaque white spots on the spinous dorsal. The figure of H. argenteum by Quoy & Gaimard, in slight disagreement with their description, shows an opaquish blotch behind each dorsal spine. 68. Holocentrus ruber Forskal. Swgac. One specimen, 5 inches long, from Cagayancillo, two from Cuyo, 2 inches, and one from Calayan, 1.50 inches. Side stripes black; outer soft ray of ventral blackish from base to tip. In life reddish with darker stripes; belly speckled; pectoral rays dark yellow; a dark blotch in upper portion of each spinous dorsal membrane. These specimens belong to the highly colored (coral reef) type called Holo- centrus praslin. A single specimen from Cuyo, 3 inches long, has the color much paler than in H. praslin. The ventrals are broadly tipped with blackish, not with the outer ray dusky and the rest pale, as in the form called praslin. This specimen evidently belongs to the form called Holocentrus ruber by authors. 69. Holocentrus microstomus Giinther. Sugac. One example, 4.50 inches long, from Cagayancillo. General color in life crimson; several longitu- dinal lines of pure white on sides; belly and chin white; flags of first dorsal crimson in membranes; a deeper colored blotch on first and second membrane; pectoral, ventral, caudal, and anal crimson. 70. Holocentrus sammara (Forskal). Sugac. One specimen from Cagayancillo, 5 inches long. In lite chiefly metallic silvery; scales with dusky spots forming nine longitudinal lines; head dark on top; opercle rosy; preopercle silvery; pectoral rosy; ventral white; first dorsal with deep red-brown spots in the membranes, and with an opaque (white ?) spot above and below; first three membranes of spinous dorsal each with a spot of dark crimson; second dorsal with first three rays and membranes dark red, the others yellow; caudal dark reddish brown above and below; middle yellow; third spine and first ray of anal red, the rest yellow. Family SCOMBRIDA. SCOMBER Linneus. 71. Scomber microlepidotus Riippell. Six specimens from Manila, 4 to 6 inches long. FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINES. 249 Family CARANGID. : SCOMBEROIDES Lacépéde. This genus is distinguished from the American genus Oligoplites by having teeth on the ptery- goids, the maxillary broad behind (probably with well-developed supplemental bone), and more numerous dorsal spines. The jaws are without anterior canines as in Oligoplites. It is clear from the statement of Cuvier & Valenciennes that all of their species, except the elon- gate Chorinemus tol, and the deep-bodied Chorinemus farkhari, possess the small-ovate evident scales usual in this genus. Ch. tol has slender, needle-like® or vermiculate scales as in the species of the American genus Oligoplites. The difference between the pointed ovoidal scales of S. sancti-petri and the needle-like scales of S. tol is, however, apparently much more a matter of degree than that between the scales of sancti-petri and the nearly orbicular ones of the two known species of the genus Eleria. 72. Scomberoides tol (Cuvier & Valenciennes). Pipicao. Chorinemus tol Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vit, 385, 1831; Pondicherry. Gunther, Cat. Fishes, 1, 473, 1860. Chorinemus moadetta, Day, Fishes India, 230, pl. Lin. fig. 1, 1876 (not of Cuvier & Valenciennes, which=Scomberoides sancti- petri, a species with pointed ovoidal scales, and with two rows of spots on each side). Scomberoides toloo-parah, Jordan & Seale, Bul. U. S. Fish Comm., xxv1, 1906, 13; Cavite, P. I. (not of Riippell). Two specimens from Manila, 6 and 8 inches. This species is well distinguished from others of its genus by its slender form and narrow needle-like scales. The specimens from Giran, Formosa, iden- tified by Jordan & Evermann as Scomberoides orientalis, belong to Scomberoides tol. 73. Scomberoides toloo-parah Riippell. . Two specimens, 10 inches long, from Cavite, taken by Dr. G. A. Lung, and recorded by Jordan & Seale as Scomberoides tala, evidently belong to this species of Riippell. They are marked by the long vertical fingermark-like blotches on each side, the anterior three of which cross the lateral line. The scales are ovate, pointed behind as in Scomberoides sancti-petri. The teeth are in two rows in the lower jaw, those of the inner row somewhat enlarged in the back half of the jaw; there are no anterior canines. The toloo parah of Russell, with spots above lateral line, and the Chorinemus toloo of Cuvier & Valen- ciennes, though both poorly characterized, are probably identical and distinct from Riippell’s species. The name toloo is here consequently retained for the species with anterior canines in lower jaw and with narrow maxillaries, first adequately described by Day under that name, and in the present paper recorded as Eleria tala. The specimens from Hawaii described by Jordan & Evermann as Scomberoides toloo-parah are referable rather to Scomberoides sancti-petri. The specimens taken in Samoa are properly identified as Scomberoides sancti-petri, of which Chorinemus moadetta Cuvier & Valenciennes is clearly a synonym. Klunzinger’s Chorinemus moadetta is plainly Scomberoides tol. ELERIA Jordan & Seale. This genus, originally based on Eleria philippina Jordan & Seale (=Chorinemus tala of Day, but probably not Chorinemus tala of Cuvier & Valenciennes), is distinguished from Scomberoides by its narrow maxillaries (much as in the American genus Oligoplites), its nearly orbicular scales, and by the presence of outwardly directed canine teeth in the front of the lower jaw. Teeth are present on the pterygoids as in Scomberoides. Only the original types of Eleria philippina are known to us. 74. Eleria tala Cuvier & Valenciennes. (?) Scomber aculeatus Bloch, Ichthyologia, p!. 336, 1797; no locality. Chorinemus tala and C. toloo Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vm, p. 37,, 1831; Malabar. A single specimen, 6.50 inches long, from Manila, and one, 4.50 inches, from Iloilo, This species differs from Eleria philippina in having the teeth weaker and the four anterior canines of the lower jaw directed outward at each edge of the symphysis. In Bleria philippina there are also two pairs of anterior canines, the posterior pair being situated inside the jaw at the symphysis and directed upward. We here follow Day in identifying the present species with the Chorinemus toloo of Cuvier & Valen- a On parts of the body these become quite short and are scarcely distinguishable in form from the scales of S. sancti- petri. 250 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. ciennes. Chorinemus tala, also described as having the teeth stronger in proportion than in Ch. lysan, is doubtless the same. Although the dentition was not adequately described by those authors, the agreement of the specimens with the remaining details of their description is satisfactory. Two small specimens from Cavite, collected by Doctor Lung and recorded by Jordan & Seale under the name of Scomberoides tala, belong to the present species. Scomber aculeatus, scantily described by Bloch, is nearer Scomberoides tala than any other form. TRACHUROPS Gill. 75. Trachurops crumenophthalma (Bloch). Matambaca (=‘‘Cow-eye”’). One specimen from Manila, 5 inches long, and one from Lubang, 3.50 inches. MEGALASPIS Bleeker. 76. Megalaspis cordyla (Linnus). Ureles. One example from Manila, 7 inches. CARANX Lacépéde. 77. Caranx forsteri Cuvier & Valenciennes. Four small specimens, 2.50 to 3.50 inches, one each from Lubang, Manila, Iloilo, and Cagayancillo. 78. Caranx ignobilis Forskal. One example from Iloilo and one from Lubang, 3 inches long. This species is very close to Caranz forstert, differing from it in having the breast naked except for a small central patch of scales. 79. Caranx ire Cuvier & Valenciennes. Salay salay. One example from Manila, 6 inches long, and one from Iloilo, 2.50 inches. 80. Caranx affinis Riippell. A fine specimen, 6 inches long, from Cavite, taken by Doctor Lung, and recorded by Jordan & Seale as Caranx hasseltii, belongs to this species of Riippell, which is distinguished from Caranx leptolepis, djeddaba, and calla by its more slender form. Depth 4.20 in total length, including caudal; lateral line becoming straight under seventh soft dorsal ray. 81. Caranx leptolepis Cuvier & Valenciennes. A small specimen, 3 inches in length, taken at Cavite by Doctor Lung. The lateral line becomes straight under the twelfth dorsal ray. Depth 3.60 in total length, including caudal. 82. Caranx calla Cuvier & Valenciennes. Four specimens, 3 inches long, from Manila and a single small specimen from Iloilo. This species is close to Caranx djeddaba, but the lower profile is more convex than the upper, and the lateral line becomes straight under the fourth or fifth soft dorsal ray. Depth 3.25 in total length. Four small specimens from Cavite, taken by Doctor Lung and recorded by Jordan & Seale as Caranx nigripinnis, belong to this species. 83. Caranx djeddaba (Forskal). One example, 6 inches long, from Manila. The upper and lower profile are equally curved and the lateral line becomes straight under the second soft dorsal ray. Depth 3.60 in total length. Color in life, silvery white, washed with pale yellow along lateral line; caudal strongly lemon yellow, the upper fork edged with dusky; upper parts deep blue; snout brown; a black blotch on upper posterior edge of opercle; pectoral, anal, and ventrals pure white; dorsals edged with dusky. 84. Caranx deani Jordan & Seale. A specimen 4 inches long, from Cavite, taken by Doctor Lung and recorded by Jordan & Seale as Caranx nigripinnis apparently belongs to this species. 85. Caranx armatus Forskal. One specimen, 4 inches long, and one 2 inches, from Manila. 86. Caranx altissimus Jordan & Seale. Three specimens, 3 to 4 inches long, from Manila. Color in life, silvery white; a wash of pale blue on upper half; pectoral and caudal faintly washed with yellow; caudal edged with dusky; a small spot on posterior part of opercle, and another in axil of pectoral. FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINES. 251 ALECTIS Rafinesque. 87. Alectis major Cuvier & Valenciennes. Zeus gallus Bloch, Ichthyologia, taf. 192, fig. 1, 1786; East Indies. (Not of Linnaeus, which =Selene vomer.) ?Zeas virescens Lacépede, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 1v, 583, 1803; Atlantic, Mediterranean, East Indies. (Description insufficient.) Gallichthys major Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 1x, 168, pl. 254, 1833; East Indies. Scyris indica Riippell, Atlas, 128, taf. 33, fig. 1, 1826; Red Sea. Alectis ciliaris, Jordan & Seale, Bul. U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, xxv1, 1906 (1907), 14. Cavite, P. I. Jordan & Evermann, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xxv, 1902, 338; Formosa. (Not Zeus ciliaris of Bloch.) Seven specimens from Manila, 3.50 to 4.50 inches long. Color in life, silvery white, with blue and bronze reflections, especially on lower half; upper half, dorsal, and anal washed with yellow; a dusky line from interorbital to dorsal, and along base of dorsal on each side; dorsal fin streamers and ventrals dusky brown; pectoral clear; caudal slightly washed with yellow. Comparison of adult specimens of Alectis major recently received from Formosa with specimens of Alectis ciliaris of the same size obtained by Doctor Gilbert at Panama leaves no doubt that the two are distinct species. They are well distinguished in Riippell’s figures (Atlas, pl. 33, fig. 1 and 2) of Blep- haris fasciatus (= A. ciliaris) and Scyris indica(= A. major). Bloch’s figure of Zeus ciliaris shows the ventrals too long, but there is no serious reason for doubting that it is the same as Blepharis fasciatus, distinguished as it is from Bloch’s Zeus gallus (= Gallichthys major C. & V.) by its convex profile, shorter nose, longer fin streamers, and basal blotch on dorsal fin. Family MENIDA. MENE Lacépede. 88. Mene maculata (Bloch). Zapatero. One specimen from Manila, 5.50 inches long. Family RACHYCENTRIDA. RACHYCENTRON Kaup. 89. Rachycentron canadum (Linnus). (Elacate pondicerriana Cuvier & Valenciennes.) One young specimen from Manila. It appears that this species undergoes considerable changes in form and coloration with age. The example before us, which is 10 inches long, has the caudal scarcely emarginate, tipped both above and below with white. The median lateral band is nearly twice as wide as the eye, and prominent. The specimen agrees in all respects with Russell's figure, no. 153, called by him Peddamottah, and taken from a specimen 1 foot 5 inches long. An apparently excellent figure of the Atlantic form was pub- lished by Doctor Holbrook in his Ichthyology of South Carolina (pl. 14, fig. 2), evidently from an adult specimen, as the tail is deeply notched and without white edges. Doctor Holbrook had seen specimens as long as 4 feet. We do not know the length of the specimen figured by Jordan & Evermann (Fishes of North & Middle America, pl. 148, fig. 401). Professor Riippell’s figure of an adult specimen from the Red Sea (Neue Wirbelthiere, pl. 12, fig. 3) does not appear to differ essentially from the figures of Holbrook and Jordan & Evermann of the Atlantic form, except that the dusky lat- eral stripes are wanting, doubtless due to age. Riippell’s specimens were 2 to 24 feet in length. Bloch’s figure of Scomber niger was based on an old manuscript drawing by Prince Maurice of Nassau, and is extremely poor, although doubtless representing the present species. Family TRICHIURIDA. TRICHIURUS Linnzus. 90. Trichiurus haumela (Forskal). One specimen, 15 inches long, and three under 9 inches, from Manila. Color in life silvery white; dorsal pale yellow, edged with dusky; a dusky line along base of dorsal on each side; pectoral pale yellow, speckled with dusky. B. B. F. 1907—17 252, BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. This species differs from Trichiwrus savala Cuvier in its much larger eye, which is contained 2.50 in the snout. Trichiurus savala is stated by Doctor Giinther, who had specimens, to have the eye 3.50 in snout and is so figured by Cuyier & Valenciennes. Specimens recorded by Jordan & Seale from Cavite as 7. savala are not that species, but are Trichiurus hawmela. Family STROMATEID. APOLECTUS Cuvier & Valenciennes. 91. Apolectus niger (Bloch). Three specimens from Manila, 2.50 inches long. Family EQUULIDA. EQUULA Cuvier, 92. Equula insidiator (Bloch). Four specimens from Manila, 3 inches long. LEIOGNATHUS Lacépede. 93. Leiognathus ensiferus (Cuvier & Valenciennes). Equula ensifera Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., x, 66, 1835; Pondicherry. (2?) Scomber edentulus Bloch, Ichth., pl. 428, 1785; Tranquebar. Equula dussumieri Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., X, 77, pl. 283, 1835; Coromandel. Giinther, Cat. Fishes, 0, 500, 1860; Borneo. (Not Leiognathus dussumieri of Jordan & Seale, except in part, or of Evermann « Seale.) ? Equula edentula, Giinther, Cat. Fishes, 11, 498, 1860; in part. Depth 1.80 (2.33 in total length); head 3.2 (4.16 in total length); nose short, rather deep, hardly equaling eye; eye 28 in head; nuchal spine straight, its length from the base of its median ridge 1} times eye, the tip of the spine reaching much more than halfway from its base to the first dorsal spine; supraocular ridges distinctly convergent posteriorly; mandible very little concave; lower margin of preopercle with a few indistinct and discontinuous fine serratures; teeth evident; second dorsal spine broken off; ventral spine short, not more than } length of second anal spine; pectoral 1.25 in head; scales larger than in allied species of Leiognathus, about 22 series before origin of spinous dorsal; color silvery, bluish above; anterior rays and membranes of spinous dorsal with dusky tinge; axil of pectoral blackish; sides of muzzle rather heavily punctulated with blackish. Color in life silvery; lateral line and edge of dorsal and anal bright lemon yellow; base of pectoral dusky, basal half of fin yellow; caudal washed with yellow, edged with dusky; sides of snout dusky. This species is most readily distinguished from those we have called Leiognathus caballus and coma by its less concave mandible and its larger scales. We do not believe that the Equula ensifera and B. dussumieri of Cuvier & Valenciennes are distinct, those authors stating that E. dusswmieri is merely a little more oblong and has the second dorsal srine a littleshorter. Cuvier’s characterization of Hquula ensifera by its second dorsal spine, which is said to be ‘‘compressed, broad, and curved like the blade of a saber,’’ applies more or less equally to any of the three allied species with which we are here con- cerned. If there is any difference in this respect, the specimens we have called L. caballus have the second dorsal spine broadest and most saber-like of the three species. But FE. caballa is explicitly contrasted by Cuvier & Valenciennes with E. ensifera and (by implication) with EZ. dusswmieri, as a species differing from both in its longer head and its strongly concave mandibular outline. We are not at all certain of the identity of Bloch’s Scomber edentulus, which is evidently both poorly described and poorly figured. It seems to us most likely that it is the fish we have here called Leiognathus coma, although we doubt if it is possible satisfactorily to determine it without examination of the type. Valenciennes’s verification of the synonomy of S. edentulus with Cuvier’s EL. ensifera we can not admit to hold, this having apparently gone little, if any, further than an examination of the teeth, in order to controvert Lacépéde’s position in establishing his genus Leiognathus. The Leiognathus argenteus of Lacépéde was founded on Bloch’s description in the entire absence of specimens. The present species seems not to have been known to Russell. Two specimens, 2.75 and 4 inches long, from Manila, and one from Hoilo, 1.75 inches. Three young specimens, 2.50 inches long, from Cavite, taken by Doctor Lung and recorded by Jordan & Seale FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINES. 253 as Leiognathus dusswmieri are also of this species. The Leiognathus dusswmieri of Evermann & Seale, which has the “spine-shaped crest on nuchal region not reaching halfway to base of first dorsal spine,” is evidently not this species, but probably Leiognathus coma. 94. Leiognathus caballa (Cuvier & Valenciennes). Equula caballa Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., x, 73, 1835; Indian Ocean and Red Sea. Giinther, Cat. Fishes, TI, 499, 1860. (?)Scomber equula Forskal, Descr. Animal., 58, 1775; Red Sea. Totah-Karah, Russell, Fishes Coromandel, pl. 62, 1803. Leiognathus dussumieri, Jordan & Seale, Bul. U. S. Fish Comm., xxv1, 1906, Cavite, P. I. (in part only, some of the specimens being L. ensifera; not Equula dussumieri of Cuvier & Valenciennes, or of Giinther, or of Evermann & Seale). Leiognathus edentulus, Evermann & Seale, Bul. U. S. Fish Comm., xxv1, 1906, 69; San Fabian, P. I. (not at all certainly the Scomber edentulus of Bloch). Depth 1.66 (2.16 to 2.25 in total length); head 3 (3.66 to 3.75 in total length); nose longer and less deep than in L. ensifera, about 1.2 times eye; eye 3.1 in head; nuchal spine strongly curved, and the profile prominently concave in front of its base; length of the median nuchal ridge fully 1.5 times eye, the tip of the spine reaching considerably more than halfway to base of first dorsal spine; supraocular ridges nearly straight, or slightly divergent posteriorly; lower outline of mandible very strongly concave, lower margin of preopercle scarcely serrated; teeth minute; second dorsal spine broad and sharp-edged anteriorly, its length about 1.4 in head; ventral spine .75 of length of second anal spine; pectoral 1.25 in head; scales smaller than in L. ensifera, about 32 series in front of spinous dorsal; color in spirits silvery, bluish above; dorsal and caudal faintly edged with dusky; axil of pectoral blackish; sides of muzzle weakly punctulated with blackish. In life the anal fin is washed with chrome yellow. This species may be known by its long head, very deep body, highly arched back and deeply concave profile, and its strongly concave mandibular outline. It is well described by Cuvier & Valenciennes. Our specimens, ranging in size up to 5.50 inches, give the head measurement as stated by the authors of the Histoire Naturelle de Poissons and quoted with interrogation by Doctor Giinther. Specimens of L. ensiferus and L. coma invariably have the head distinctly shorter. It is likely that Forskal’s Scomber equula, “5 poll. long, 3 poll. latwm; labium—inferius curvwm, retusum,”? is this species, and that the name equula should replace caballa. We have two examples, 4.50 inches long, from Manila; one from Iloilo, 2.50 inches, and one from Aparri, 2.50 inches. Three specimens from Cavite, 1.50 to 5.50 inches long, recorded by Jordan & Seale as Leiognathus dussumieri, belong to this species; as also one from Keerun, Formosa, 2.50 inches long, from among specimens recorded by Jordan & Evermann as Leiognathus splendens; and one of the same size from southern Negros, recorded by Jordan & Seale under the latter name. 95. Leiognathus coma (Cuvier & Valenciennes). Komah-Karah, Russell, Fishes Coromandel, pl. 63. Equula coma Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss , X, 76, 1835 (after Russell). Leiognathus dussumieri, Evermann & Seale, Bul. U. S. Fish Comm., Xxv1, 1906, 67; San Fabian, P. 1. (not Equula dussu- mieri of Cuvier & Valenciennes or of Giinther). (2)Scomber edentulus Bloch, Ichth., pl. 428, 1785; Tranquebar. Depth 1.9 (2.45 in total length); head 3.2 (4 in total length); nose 1.2 times eye, noticeably less deep than in L. caballa; eye 3.3; nuchal spine short and somewhat curved, its length not greater than eye, the tip of the spine reaching less than halfway from the base of its median ridge to the base of the first dorsal spine; supraocular ridges convergent posteriorly; mandibular outline slightly less con- eave than in L. caballa; lower margin of preopercle strongly serrate; teeth distinct; second dorsal spine longer than head; second anal spine 1.4 in head; ventral spine .6 of second anal spine; pectoral pointed, 1.3 in head; scales very small, about 35 series in front of origin of spinous dorsal; color as in L. caballa, but with the sides and front of muzzle with more black, and with 6 or 8 indistinct trans- verse bands of dusky between lateral line and dorsal outline. We have little doubt that our specimens, one from Hoilo and two from Manila, 3 inches long, are the Komah-Karah of Russell. They differ from those that we have called L. caballa in their distinctly more slender body, slightly smaller scales, slightly less concave profile and mandibular outline, and much shorter nuchal ridge. The shortness of the nuchal ridge alone will separate them at once from Leiognathus ensiferus, caballa, splendens, and fasciatus, the two last species being, however, well enough distinguished by other characters. In form Leiognathus coma very much resembles L. nuchalis, which approaches L. coma in the shortness of its nuchal spine. But L. nuchalis is easily separated 254 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. by its nuchal blotch and much shorter second dorsal and second anal spine. We have no doubt that the Leiognathus dussumieri of Evermann & Seale, said to have the nuchal spine reaching less than halfway to base of first dorsal spine, is this species. It is not impossible that this may be the Scomber edentutus of Bloch. Both our L. coma and Bloch’s species have transverse bands, which are lacking in our specimens of L. ensiferus and L. caballa. Of the three species L. coma also agrees with Bloch’s figure most nearly in its slenderness of form. Cuvier’s figure of Equula dussumieri (=ensiferus), however, also shows indistinct cross bands, and it is barely possible that Scomber edentulus is the same as L. ensiferus. But the evident poorness of Bloch’s figure and utter lack of specific characterization in his description stand badly in the way of any satisfactory conclusion. 96. Leiognathus splendens (Cuvier). One specimen from Aparri, 2.50 inches long, and one from Manila, 2.25 inches. GAZZA Riippell. 97. Gazza minuta (Bloch). Two examples, 3 inches long, from Manila; one from Lubang, 2.50 inches; and one from Iloilo, 2.50 inches. Family PEMPHERIDA. PEMPHERIS Cuvier 98. Pempheris oualensis Cuvier & Valenciennes. Two examples, 5.50 inches long, from Calayan. Family KUHLIDA. KUHLIA Gill. 99. Kuhlia rupestris (Lacépéde). A single example, 7 inches in length, from Mindoro Island. 100. Kuhlia marginata (Cuvier & Valenciennes). Damagan. Three specimens from Mindoro Island, 4 to 7 inches long, and one 4 inches long from Aparri. One of the smaller Mindoro specimens was taken from the Rio Baco, above tide, at Camp Balete. Family APOGONICHTHYID. AMIA Gronow. 101. Amia lateralis (Valenciennes). Dorsal vir, 9; anal 11, 8; a narrow black line on each side from opercle to base of caudal, just before which is a small round black spot. Bleeker’s Apogon ceramensis, from Ceram, and Day’s specimens from Nicobars, called by him Apogon ceramensis, appear to be in no way distinguishable from the present species. The types of Valenciennes were from Vanicolo. Of this species we have one specimen, 3 inches long, from Cuyo. 102. Amia novee-guinez (Valenciennes). A single specimen, 2 inches long, from Iloilo. 108. Amia novemfasciata (Cuvier & Valenciennes). Of this well-marked species we have four specimens from Calayan, 3 to 3.50 inches long, and a single specimen each from Cuyo and Ticao Island. 104. Amia quadrifasciata (Cuvier & Valenciennes). Three specimens from Manila, 2.25 to3 inches. Color in life silvery, with blue and green reflections; pectoral clear; other fins reddish; caudal with a dusky longitudinal line through middle. 105. Amia*hyalosoma (Bleeker). Two specimens from Mindoro Island, 4.50 inches long, and one from Calayan (from brackish water near stream mouth), 5 inches. These specimens agree perfectly with the description and figure of this FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINES. 255 species published by Day. Bleeker fails to describe and omits from his figure the black blotch between the second and third dorsal spines. There is, however, scant reason for supposing that his and Day’s specimens are different. Amia jenkinsi Evermann & Seale differs from the present species in its shorter maxillary. Life colors of Calayan specimen silvery, dusky above; a large circular dusky spot on caudal peduncle; a small dusky mark on each side above posterior base of anal. 106. Amia kalloptera (Bleeker). A single specimen 3 inches long, from Fuga Island, evidently belongs to this species. There is an indistinct dusky lateral band, above and below which is a faint light border. At the base of the caudal fin, above the lateral line, is a black blotch as large as the pupil. There are oblique black blotches on the first four membranes of the spinous dorsal. Both soft dorsal and anal are barred across the base, and the soft dorsal is also margined with dusky. The caudal is black-edged above and below, and the membrane between the first and second rays of the ventral is blackish. MIONORUS Krefft. 107. Mionorus glaga (Bleeker). Four specimens, 2 to 3 inches, from Manila. Color in life silvery, with green reflections; dorsal and caudal edged with dusky; ventral and anal washed with yellow; pectoral faintly washed with red. APOGONICHTHYS Bleeker. 108. Apogonichthys fo (Jordan & Seale). A single example, 2 inches long, from Iloilo. The original type of Apogonichthys Bleeker is A. perdix Bleeker (Floris). This specieshas an incom- plete lateral line, an entire preopercle and teeth on the palatines. The genus Apogonichthys is therefore the same as Foa, and Fowleria (aurita) is generically distinct. Family AMBASSID. AMBASSIS Cuvier. 109. Ambassis urotznia Bleeker (not Ambassis wrotenia of Day). Four specimens, 3 to 4 inches long, from Calayan, in a brackish estuary, and one example from Iloilo, 4inches. Lateral line not interrupted. 110. Ambassis kopsi (Bleeker). A single specimen, 2.50 inches long, from Iloilo. PRIOPIS Kuhl & Van Hasselt. 111. Priopis interrupta (Bleeker). Two specimens from Mindoro Island, 2.50 and 3 inches long, and one from Cuyo, 2 inches. 112. Priopis buruensis (Bleeker). Two specimens from Aparri, 2.75 and 3.50 inches long, we refer with some hesitation to this species. They are of slightly slenderer form than the specimens we have called Priopis interrupta, and the second dorsal spine is not so long, the specimens in these respects agreeing with those from Cavite, called buru- ensis by Jordan & Seale. In both the present specimens and in those here recorded as Priopis interrupta the interopercle has from 3 to 5 small denticulations in front of its posterior angle. Doctor Bleeker states (Key, Revision Apogonini) that the interopercle is smooth or has only a single denticulation in Ambassis buruensis. The two forms, as they are represented in our own specimens, are evidently very closely related, and may not be really different. Family SERRANIDA. NIPHON Cuvier & Valenciennes. 113. Niphon spinosus Cuvier & Valenciennes. A single specimen, 3.50 inches long, from Cuyo. Color in life pale silvery blue; fins light salmon; caudal light yellow at base. 256 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. CENTROGENYS Richardson. (Myriodon Brisout de Barneville; Gennadius Jordan & Seale.) 114. Centrogenys vaigiensis (Quoy & Gaimard). Scorpena vaigienis Quoy & Gaimard, Voy. Uranie, Zool., 324, pl. Lv11I, fig. 1, 1824; Waigiou. Centrogenys waigiensis, Bleeker, Atlas, V11, 68, pl. ccxcvit, fig. 1, 1876; East Indies. Sebastes stoliczkx Day, Fish. Ind., 148, pl. xxxv1, fig. 1, 1877; Nicobars (name corrected in addenda to Myriodon waigiensis). Gennadius stolicze, Jordan & Seale, Bul. U. 8. Bureau of Fisheries, xxv1, 1906 (1907), 37; Panay, P. I. Centrogenys vaigiensis, Boulenger, Cat., 147, 1895; Singapore to Philippines ahd Australia. One specimen from Cuyo, 3.25 inches long. The original figure of this species by Quoy & Gaimard shows the lower pectoral rays unbranched. VARIOLA Swainson. 115. Variola louti (Forskal). l A specimen, 9.50 inches long, from Calayan. Color in life dark red, spotted with darker red; terminal half of pectoral ight yellow. CEPHALOPHOLIS Bloch & Schneider. 116. Cephalopholis miniatus (Forskal). One finely preserved specimen from Calayan, 7.50 inches long. In life bright scarlet, thickly spotted with dark blue. 117. Cephalopholis argus (Bloch). Turnutulin. One example, 5.50 inches long, from Cagayancillo. Color in life dark brown, everywhere spotted with deep blue, each spot surrounded with black; spots most numerous on dorsal, caudal, and anal fins. 118. Cephalopholis leopardus (Lacépéde). A specimen, 6 inches long, from Calayan Island. Dorsal rx, 15; anal m1, 9; scales 7-75-30; color apparently much faded; two dusky blotches on top of caudal peduncle; fins pale; caudal with two oblique converging dark bars behind. In life bright scarlet, with dusky along sides of dorsal. EPINEPHELUS Bloch. 119. Epinephelus diacanthus (Cuvier & Valenciennes). A specimen, 4 inches long, from Cuyo, and one 3 inches long from Cagayancillo, apparently belong to this species. Oblique body bands distinct. Teeth in two rows in anterior part of lower jaw. 120. Epinephelus megachir (Richardson). Four specimens from Calayan, 3 to 3.50 inches long, conform more nearly to the description of this species than any other. The pectorals are noticeably longer than in other East Indian species of Epinephelus, though somewhat shorter than the head. The teeth are in two rows anteriorly in the lower jaw and in a single row behind the anterior third of the jaw. Body, head, and fins are every- where closely spotted, the spots on the body being for the most part roundish and larger in size than the pupil. There are no cross bands. 121. Epinephelus nebulosus (Cuvier & Valenciennes). Depth 3.20; head 2.60; dorsal x1, 16; anal m1, 8; scales 17-98-42; snout 4.60, equaling eye; eye 4.60; interorbital space 1.6 in eye; lower jaw slightly projecting; maxillary 2.30 in head, scarcely extending to the vertical from posterior border of orbit; teeth in two series in lower jaw; canines moderate; preoper- cular angle with 5 or 6 teeth larger than the rest; middle opercular spine nearer lower than upper, the lower spine scarcely as far back as upper; opercular flap pointed; head covered with cycloid scales; maxillary not scaly; gill-rakers 15 on the lower part of the anterior arch; dorsal origin over base of pectoral; longest dorsal spine shorter than soft rays; pectoral 1.6 in head; ventral 1.9, not quite to vent; third anal spine scarcely as long as second; caudal rounded; scales of middle portion of sides ctenoid, those of belly and breast and above lateral line on anterior half of body cycloid. Color in spirits dark brownish, each side with numerous large circular pale spots, nearly as large as eye, and each encircled by a more or less continuous black border; two similar black-bordered spots on the opercle; three dark stripes radiating from the eye backward across the cheek; two zigzag black lines, bordering a pale interstripe, passing downward and backward from back of maxillary; a similar FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINES. 257 pale cross band, bordered with blackish, on each side of chin midway of length of mandible; dorsal dusky, slightly mottled with lighter, especially anteriorly on soft dorsal; caudal blackish, with a narrow white edge and with afew small whitish spots posteriorly; anal blackish, with pale edge; ventrals dusky; outer two-thirds of pectorals blackish, with pale outer edge and with three pale crossbars, the two anterior ones incomplete, being represented in the middle of the fin by two or three separated round pale spots. A single young specimen, 3.50 inches long, from Aparri, agrees with the figure of Bleeker except in the coloration of the pectorals. Owing to its small size, we can not be certain that the specimen is not the young of Bloch’s Epinephelus brunneus. Bloch’s figure, however, shows a considerably different coloration. From Doctor Boulenger’s redescription of 2. brunneus from a hali-grown individual from the Chinese Sea, our specimen differs in the following particulars: (1) In that the scales are largely ctenoid; (2) that the lower opercular spine is not as far back as the upper; (3) that the maxillary is not scaly; (4) that the third anal spine is shorter, rather than longer, than the second. It is difficult to compare the coloration, owing to the different age of the specimens and the lack of detail in Doctor Boulenger’s description. Serranus kawamebari of Richardson (not Temminck & Schlegel), which is thought by Doctor Boulenger to be a synonym of Epinephelus brunneus was said by Sir John Richardson to have the pectorals colorless (size of specimen, 6 inches). Bloch’s fish had the pectorals barred. PLESIOPS Cuvier. . (Pharopteryx Riippell.) 122. Plesiops nigricans (Riippell). Three examples, 5 inches long, from Calayan. Dorsal spines 12. 123. Plesiops melas (Bleeker). * Four specimens, 2 to 2.75 inches, from Calayan. Dorsal spmes 11; body without blue spots or lines. Family PRIACANTHID. PRIACANTHUS Cuvier. 124. Priacanthus hamrur (Forskal). One specimen, 9.50 inches long, from Calayan. Uniform light scarlet in life. Family LUTIANIDA. LUTIANUS (Bloch). 125. Lutianus argentimaculatus (Forskal). A specimen, 7.50 inches long, from Calayan, in a brackish estuary; one 5 inches long from Camp Balete, Rio Baco, Mindoro, above tide; and one, 4 inches, from Iloilo. Life colors of Calayan specimen dark olive green above lateral line, below dark red, more or less spotted and blotched with silvery; a wavy line of dark blue green below eye; ventral and anal red, edged with white; pectoral red. 126. Lutianus kasmira (Forskal). A single example, 5 inches long, from Fuga Island. 127. Lutianus lineatus (Quoy & Gaimard). A specimen, 4 inches long, from Lubang, and one from Aparri, 3 inches. 128. Lutianus russelli (Bleeker). Daragdarag. A specimen 3.50 inches long from Cuyo, and one of the same size from Iloilo. In life, dark greenish above lateral line; side and belly silvery; each side crossed by five light orange lines, the upper one short, the second extending from the eye to the large brown spot on lateral line beneath first dorsal ray; third and fourth extending from gill-opening to caudal; fifth from pectoral to caudal; pectoral white, the other fins washed with light orange; no dark spot at base of pectoral. The identification of these specimens with this species of Bleeker is rendered possible only by the full description of the life colors by Mr. McGregor, all traces of the orange stripes having disappeared in the preserved specimens. We are not certain that L. russelli is distinct from L. fulviflamina (Forskal). The young specimens recorded from Cavite by Jordan & Seale as Lutianus russelli are not this species, but are more probably L. quinquelineatus. 258 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 129. Lutianus quinquelineatus (Bloch). A specimen 3.50 inches long from Manila, and one yet smaller from Aparri, we refer with some hesitation to the present species. Scales 58; dorsal x, 14; anal m1, 9; tongue with teeth; back of pre- opercle with an evident, but not deep, notch; each side with three dusky bands, the upper band extend- ing from top of eye to end of spinous dorsal; second band proceeding from middle of eye backward, passing through a black fingermark-like blotch, bordered with pale, which lies half above and half below the lateral line, under the front part of the soft dorsal; a distinct black blotch on upper part of base of pectoral. The life colors of the Manila specimen are thus described by Mr. McGregor: Dusky green above; white below; three obscure dusky brown longitudinal bands on side, the middle one ending in a large black oblong spot under first dorsal rays; pectoral white; anal and ventral clear light yellow; dorsal and caudal dusky. The presence of only 3 dusky stripes, instead of 5, which Doctor Day found in specimens as small as 6 inches, we think may be due to the still more youthful condition of our specimens. The occurrence of the dark spot at the base of the pectoral appears to be a distinctive character. The specimens recorded by Jordan & Seale from Cavite as Lutianus russelli belong to the present species. 130. Nemipterus japonicus (Bloch). A single specimen, 3.50 inches long, from Manila. In life silvery, with a rosy wash; about eight obsolescent longitudinal lines of pale yellow; a broad stripe of sulphur yellow along under surface from isthmus to caudal; dorsal and caudal tipped with deep rose; caudal with a line of chrome yellow along upper margin; pectoral pale rose; ventral white; anal white with two faint rosy lines. Family THERAPONIDA. THERAPON Cuvier.@ 131. Therapon cancellatus (Cuvier & Valenciennes). Two specimens from Mindoro Island, 5 and 6 inches in length. 132. Therapon quadrilineatus (Bloch). Four specimens, 3 to 5 inches long, from Cuyo, Lubang, Iloilo, and Aparri. General color in life silvery white; a steely gloss on upper parts; four longitudinal lines of brown on each side, with an incomplete fifth stripe between the two upper ones, stopping under the second or third dorsal spine; dorsal clear, with a dark brown blotch between third and sixth spines; on each side a dusky predorsal blotch. 133. Therapon puta (Cuvier & Valenciennes). One specimen from Hoilo and one from Manila, 3 and 4 inches long. Life colors of Manila specimen silvery, with a light bluish wash above; two dusky green bands extending full length of side, the first originating behind middle of eye and the second just above it; a large dusky blotch on spinous dorsal; anterior margin of soft dorsal greenish; four oblique dark green bands on caudal, two on each side of a median horizontal band; pectoral and ventral clear; anal with a large diffuse blotch of dark greenish. 134. Therapon jarbua (Forskal). A specimen each, 4 inches long, from Manila and Calayan, and two young examples, under 1 inch, from Ticao Island. Color in life of the Manila specimen silvery, washed with bluish steel; each side with three curved longitudinal bands, the first beginning at front of spinous dorsal and ending under soft dorsal, second beginning midway between occiput and first dorsal spine, curving downward to below lateral line, and then upward to its termination behind soft dorsal; third beginning on occiput, whence it passes downward along posterior margin of opercle, then backward along side, under the lateral line anteriorly, to the base of the caudal fin; three dusky bands on caudal; anal and ventral clear white, the former reddish yellow externally, the latter reddish yellow mesially; a large dusky blotch on first dorsal; two smaller dusky blotches on margin of second dorsal; an obsolete line of golden yellow above ventral and anal. HELOTES Cuvier. 135. Helotes sexlineatus (Quoy & Gaimard). One example, 4 inches long, from Manila. 2 Originally misprinted Terapon, ‘‘an error of transcription.” FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINES. 259 SCOLOPSIS Cuvier. 136. Scolopsis cancellata Cuvier & Valenciennes. One specimen, 3.50 inches long, from Cuyo. In life the upper half brown, with three pale yellow stripes; lower half silvery white; vertical fins washed with pink; paired fins white with a black spot in each axil. POMADASIS Lacépéde. 137. Pomadasis argyreus (Cuvier and Valenciennes). Eight specimens, 2.50 to 4 inches long, from Manila. Color in life of largest examples silvery white, washed ventrally with elusive yellow; fins more strongly yellow; a dusky spot on posterior part of opercle; eye large, 3.2 in head; second anal spine long and slender. These specimens are certainly not different from those described and figured by Bleeker as Pristi- poma argyreum, and figured by Day as P. guoraca. The P. guoraca and argyreum of Bleeker appear to be different species, the first having a much smaller eye and shorter and heavier second anal spine, and being probably identical with the Guworaka of Russell. 138. Pomadasis argenteus (Lacépede). Two specimens from Manila, 3 to 4 inches. Color in life silvery, with dusky spots on each scale of upper parts; pectoral pale yellow; other fins a little dusky; spines of dorsal silvery. 139. Pomadasis maculatus (Bloch). A single example, 3 inches long, from Manila. General color in life dusky silvery; five dusky ver- tical blotches on side, three below dorsal crossing lateral line, and two on caudal peduncle, the first just behind soft dorsal; dorsal and caudal fins dusky; pectoral clear; ventral light yellow; anal dusky yellow. PENTAPUS Cuvier & Valenciennes. 140. Pentapus caninus (Cuvier & Valenciennes). (Pentapus bifasciatus Bleeker.) Two specimens, 2.50 inches long, from Cuyo. Color in life brown, the side stripes and belly white. PLECTORHYNCHUS Lacépéde. 141. Plectorhynchus orientalis (Bloch). One specimen from Calayan, 4incheslong. In life white, with large irregular dark seal brown bands and blotches; one irregular wide band from eye to end of caudal on each side, connecting across occiput; a transverse interorbital band; another paler narrow band from base of pectoral to and on anal; dusky spot on snout and another on each side below eye, bordered with yellow; caudal crossed diagonally above and below by seal brown bands; spinous dorsal crossed by two brown bands; soft dorsal with one band; both dorsals white and yellowish on margins; ventral white; red spots in lis of ventral and pectoral. 142. Plectorhynchus lineatus (Linnzeus). Three specimens from Aparri, 2.50 inches long, agreeing in all respects with the original figure and description of Diagramma albovittatum of Riippell. Riippell’s types were 5 inches long. Family SPARIDA. LETHRINUS Cuvier. 143. Lethrinus meensii Bleeker. One specimen, 7.50 inches long, from Calayan. Depth 3.2; head 2.75; snout 2 in head; teeth all conical and pointed; each side with 6 indistinct dusky cross bands; a dark spot at base of each dorsal spine andray. In life brownish; dorsal and caudal marked with red; a red spot on opercle. This species appears to be close to Lethrinus variegatus Ehrenberg (L. latifrons Riippell), from which it is distinguished apparently by its more slender form and by certain differences in coloration. 144. Lethrinus mahsenoides Ehrenberg. A specimen 4 inches long from Cuyo agrees with others called Lethrinus mahsenoides by Jordan & Seale. Depth 2.50 to base of caudal; posterior teeth molar; coloration in spirits uniform pale olive, each scale of sides and back with a faint dark spot at base; base of dorsal spines dusky. The third, fourth, and fifth dorsal spines are the longest. The specimen is evidently close to Lethrinus hematopterus of Tem- minck & Schlegel, and may be that species. We have no notes on the life colors. 260 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. Famliy KYPHOSIDA. KYPHOSUS Lacépede. 145. Kyphosus cinerascens (Forskal). (Pimelepterus tahmel of Giinther.) One example, 6 inches long, from Calayan. This species is known by its high soft dorsal, with 12 rays, and the numerous brown longitudinal stripes on the body. As pointed out by Doctor Day, it seems that the name cinerascens should replace that of tahmel, used by Doctor Ginther. Forskal’s Scixna cinerascens, tahmel, seems to be a parallel of his Sciexna ? armata, galem fish. In both these cases the second word is evidently the intended specific name and should so stand. Family GERRIDA. XYSTAMA Jordan & Evermann, 146. Xystzema punctatum (Cuvier & Valenciennes): One example, 3.50 inches long, from Calayan; one from Aparri, 3 inches; and one from Iloilo, 2.25 inches. 147. Xystzema kapas (Bleeker). One specimen, 3 inches long, from Cuyo. Depth 2.8; head 3; second anal spine stronger but shorter than third; scales 40; color plain silvery, spinous dorsal tipped with dusky. This specimen does not appear to differ, except in the smaller number of scales, from the specimens from Apia, Samoa, recorded as Yystama argyreum by Jordan & Seale. Family MULLID. UPENEUS Bleeker. 148. Upeneus chryseredros (Lacépéde). Timbungan; Ubacan. Two specimens, 4 and 6.50 inches long, from Cagayancillo. In life (large specimen) white below; a bluish wash above; a rosy wash on opercle, preopercle, and tail; a yellow saddle behind second dorsal; several lines of dark yellow and lavender from snout through eye, and a number of lines radiating from upper side of eye; rays of first dorsal lavender, membranes yellow; second dorsal irregularly striped with lemon yellow and lavender; anal like second dorsal; pectorals and ventrals clear. The smaller speci- men was lemon all over in life, darker above and a little paler below, brighter on fins. Under the rules of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, the type of Upeneus is Upeneus bifasciatus, not U. vittatus. (See Jordan & Evermann, Fishes North and Middle America, I, p. 857.) 149. Upeneus barberinus (Lacépéde). Amacan. One specimen 5 inches long and one 2.50 inches, from Cuyo. General color in life silvery; dark brown next to dorsal, below which is a wide golden stripe from eye, fading out below posterior end of dorsal; below the golden stripe a short black stripe which is just below lateral line; lower half of head silvery, washed with crimson; alarge black spot on caudal peduncle; lower part of sides and all fins faintly washed with crimson. UPENEOIDES Bleeker. 150. Upeneoides sulphureus (Cuvier & Valenciennes). Three specimens from Manila, 3 to 4:50 inches long. Color in life dusky blue above, a rosy wash on head; sides silvery, with two lines of chrome yellow, one from head, the other from pectoral to caudal; a band of pale sulphur yellow from base of ventral to end of anal and including these fins; several longitu- dinal lines of white and dark brown on dorsal; caudal dusky, edged with brown. 151. Upeneoides vittatus (Forskal). Two specimens, 3.50 and 4.50 inches long, from Lubang, and one from Iloilo, 3 inches. 152. Upeneoides tragula (Richardson). Three examples, 4.50, 2.50, and 3.75 inches long, from Cuyo. 153. Upeneoides luzonius (Jordan & Seale). A specimen 4.50 inches long from Manila agrees with the cotypes of this species. We are not certain that it is different from Upeneoides tragula, from which it appears to differ in coloration though apparently in no other characters. Our specimen has no dark marking on either dorsal fin. lor) = FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINES. 2 Family SCLAENIDA. . PSEUDOSCIZANA Bleeker. 154. Pseudoscizena anea (Bloch). One example, 3.75 inches long, from Manila. Color in life silvery; first dorsal black; frontal region dusky; a dusky spot on opercle and another above it; pectoral, ventral, and anal pale yellowish. UMBRINA Cuvier. 155. Umbrina dussumieri Cuvier & Valenciennes. One specimen from Manila, 4 inches long. In life silvery, dusky above; first dorsal dusky, second lighter; a few specks of dusky in axil of pectoral; ventral and anal white; caudal pale yellowish, with dusky tip. Family SILLAGINIDA. SILLAGO Cuvier. 156. Sillago sihama (Forskal). Asohos. Two examples, 5 inches long, from Manila, and two from Aparri, 3 and 4 inches. Family PSEUDOCHROMIDA. CICHLOPS Miller & Troschel. 157. Cichlops spiloptera Bleeker. A specimen, 6 inches long, from Fuga Island, and one from Calayan, 4 inches. Color in life of the example from Calayan: Deep claret, a little lighter below lateral line; each scale with a small deep blue spot; head dark green, top very dark, lighter at jaws; several blue and red lines crossing face under eye; opercle heavily spotted with blue; pectoral and ventral pale claret; dorsal light claret, curiously marked with short dusky lines and spots, and with a subterminal margin of bright scarlet followed by a very narrow blue line; caudal the color of body, each membrane with along, thin scarlet line; anal strongly banded with deep scarlet and blue. In the blue spot on each scale our specimens resemble Cichlops cyclophthalma Miiller & Troschel, but the depth is less and the length of the head less than is stated for that species, and the specimens have not the dorsal marked posteriorly as figured and described by Bleeker from his example of C. cyclophthalmus. Our specimens agree in proportions, fins, scales, and in all details of coloration except presence of spots on scales of sides, with Bleeker’s figure and description of Cichlops spiloptera. The condition of one of our specimens indicates that the blue side spots fade easily, which probably accounts for their absence from Bleeker’s figure. 158. Cichlops melanotznia Bleeker. One example, 3 inches long, from Cuyo. In life dull reddish, each side with ten narrow black longitudinal lines; rows of dark red spots about eye; dorsal and ventral bright red; dorsal spotted; pectoral yellowish. Family OPISTHOGNATHIDA. GNATHYPOPS Gill. 159. Gnathypops dendritica Jordan & Richardson, new species. Tabangea. Head 2.66 in length without caudal; depth 3.40; eye 3.20 in head; interorbital space 3.70 in eye; nose 2 in eye; maxillary 1.33 in head, extending for half its length behind eye; teeth in bands in both jaws, those in the outer row somewhat enlarged and slightly recurved; dorsal x1, 13; anal 11, 13; pectorals 2 in head; ventrals 1.75; dorsal inserted over base of pectorals; anal inserted under eleventh ray of dorsal; scales 105; lateral line high, running along back half an eye length from base of dorsal, and terminating over middle of anal; anterior pores of lateral line branched; top and sides of head and predorsal region with numerous, variously connected, branching mucous channels, those immediately in front of the dorsal fin disposed in a tree-like pattern, 262 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. Color in spirits light grayish brown with darker brown spots and blotches, these connected in a coarse reticulated pattern on posterior part of trunk and caudal peduncle; scapular region, opercles, and cheeks sparsely sprinkled with coarse black specks; each upper jaw crossed by a broad band of dusky near tip, under which is a dark spot; spinous dorsal with a large squarish black blotch between third and fifth spines, and similar but smaller and fainter spots on the other membranes, near base of fin; outer edging of spinous dorsal white, above a submarginal zigzag streak of black; soft dorsal barred lengthwise with dusky just below middle, its outer margin dusky, the middle of the fin and its basal portion pale; anal marked like soft dorsal; caudal broadly tipped with blackish and barred crosswise with blackish near base, the middle of the fin pale; ventrals faintly dusky posteriorly; pectorals pale, with a faint diffused dusky spot at base. Fic. 9.—Gnathypops dendritica, new species. Type. One specimen, 5.25 inches long, the type, from Cuyo, no. 20313, Stanford University. On this specimen, Mr. McGregor has the following note concerning life colors: ‘‘General color brown, mottled with light yellow and dotted with black; head light yellow, sparsely spotted with black, but more thickly spotted on interorbital and postocular areas; pectorals rich yellow with an irregular dark spot at base; ventrals lighter yellow with black tip; dorsal mottled with brown, spines tipped with white, below which is a narrow black line; a quadrangular black spot between third and fifth spines; each membrane with a small black spot near its middle followed by a white spot; anal light yellowish, tipped broadly with black and with a dark brown bar across middle; caudal yellowish, irregularly barred near base and broadly tipped with black; a dark brown spot at base of caudal.’ Family ANABANTIDA. ANABAS Cuvier. 160. Anabas testudineus (Bloch, 1792). (=Perca scandens Daldorff, 1797.) A single specimen from Sibuyan, 2.75 inches long. Family POMACENTRID&. POMACENTRUS Lacépéde. 161. Pomacentrus nigricans Lacépéde. (Pomacentrus scolopseus Quoy & Gaimard.) Three specimens from Calayan, 0.75 to 2.75 inches long, and one from Cagayancillo, 3 inches. Gen- eral color in life of the specimens from Cagayancillo very dark, almost black; most of the scales on body marked with a dark violet spot; a band of violet from mouth under eye; fins black. The present species has twelve dorsal spines and a black blotch on base of pectoral and on last rays of soft dorsal. The specimens we have called Pomacentrus albofasciatus, following Jordan & Seale, differ only in the presence of the pale crossbands on the posterior part of the body. 162. Pomacentrus albofasciatus Schlegel. Two specimens from Calayan, 2.50 inches long, taken from coral-rock tide pools. Dorsal spines 12. Color in life dusky brown; an ill-defined black blotch on anterior part of dorsal; a dusky spot on posterior base of dorsal; a broad white band across body behind tip of pectoral; a dusky spot in axil of pectoral. FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINES. 268 163. Pomacentrus pristiger Cuvier & Valenciennes. alata. A single specimen, 3 inches long, from Cuyo. Dorsal spines 13; a black spot at tip of opercle. We follow Sauvage in identifying the present specimen with Pomacentrus pristiger (=littoralis of Bleeker, and Giinther, part). This species is near Pomacentrus tripunctatus Cuvier & Valenciennes (=trilineatus of Sauvage), but is distinguished by having all the suborbital denticulations equal, and by the absence of a black spot on the top of the caudal peduncle. The specimen from Cuyo had the following colors in life: Body dull dark green; fins dark brown; a line under eye and a spot in front of eye; some spots on top of head of a rich violet color; opercles faintly washed with violet. 164. Pomacentrus littoralis Kuhl & Van Hasselt. Four specimens, 2 to 3 inches long, from Cavite, collected by Dr. G. A. Lung and recorded by Jordan & Seale under the name Pomacentrus tripunctatus Cuvier & Valenciennes, evidently belong to this species as redefined by Sauvage, from the types. The anterior suborbital denticulation is enlarged and followed by a notch, and there is a round black spot on the tip of the opercle, as in Pomacentrus tripunctatus, but the top of the caudal peduncle is without blotch; dorsal spines 13. 165. Pomacentrus emarginatus Cuvier & Valenciennes. Two young specimens from Ticao and a well-colored adult, 2.50 inches long, from Cuyo, should probably be referred to this species; dorsal spines 13. We can find no differences between the species called emarginatus and chrysurus by Cuvier & Valen- ciennes. Sauvage states that Pomacentrus chrysurus has only two rows of scales on the preopercle. The scalesare in three rowsin our largest specimen, which has the caudal deep yellow, in strong contrast with the contiguous color on the caudal peduncle. All the other fins are without spots or ocelli. The two young specimens both have an ocellus at the back of the soft dorsal, like Pomacentrus delurus Jordan & Seale, but lack the fully developed third row of scales on the preopercle present in the type of Pomacentrus delurus as figured by Jordan & Seale. A cotype of P. delurus, however, agrees with the present specimens in having only two developed rows. It is probable that Pomacentrus delurus is the young of the forms called Pomacentrus emarginatus and chrysurus by Cuvier & Valenciennes, and it is not impossible that these in turn, when a full series is examined, will prove to be not different from Pomacentrus littoralis. 166. Pomacentrus fasciatus Cuvier & Valenciennes. Two specimens from Ticao Island, 0.75 and 1.25 inches long. Color in spirits brown, with 4 light cross bands, narrower than the dark interspaces; one ot these crossing opercle, one crossing the body in front of the fourth dorsal spine, one originating at junction of spinous and soft dorsal, and the last one crossing the root of the caudal peduncle; the two middle bands are continued upward on the dorsal fin; on the top of the opercle there is a small black spot, and behind this several dark specks, forming two indistinct series, ceasing over tip of pectoral; the suborbital is smooth and the preopercle only weakly denticulated, or crenulate. ABUDEFDUF Forskal. 167. Abudefduf saxatilis (Linneus). One specimen 2 inches long from Manila, and one from Calayan, 1.50 inches, in tide pools. Color in life of Calayan specimen: Pale bluish white; body and dorsal crossed by four vertical bands of dark- blue (washed out on belly), between which are three golden yellow areas; head black; belly white. 168. Abudefduf dicki (Liénard). A single example from Cagayancillo, 3 inches long. Color in life brown; a black band at beginning of soft dorsal, the color behind the band light fawn; pectoral rich yellow. 169. Abudefduf zonatus (Cuvier & Valenciennes). (Glyphidodon brownriggii Giimther, not of Bennett.) One specimen from Cagayancillo, 2 inches long. 170. Abudefduf unimaculatus (Cuvier & Valenciennes). (Glyphidodon dispar Giinther.) Eight specimens from Calayan, 1.50 to 2.50 inches long, and one from Cagayancillo, 2.50 inches. These specimens have the dorsal xi, 12 or 13, and the anal m, 11 or 12, and each scale of the body with a more or less distinct vertical light streak, these forming longitudinal rows on the sides. Four of the Calayan specimens, probably males, have all the fins except pectorals dusky, the dorsal with a distinct black spot at the base of the last four rays. The others, probably females, have the body and fins paler, 264 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. and the dorsal without distinct dark blotch. The life colors of one of the specimens from Calayan (probably female) are described by McGregor as “stone gray; belly white; a narrow red line across base of pectoral.” 171. Abudefduf amabilis (De Vis). (Glyphidodon brownriggii var. xanthozona, Giinther, Siidsee; not G. xanthozona of Bleeker.) Three specimens, 0.75 to 2.50 inches long, from Calayan. 172. Abudefduf glaucus (Cuvier & Valenciennes). (Glyphidodon modestus Schlegel.) Three specimens, 2 and 2.50 and 2 inches, from Cagayancillo and Ticao. Life color of Cagayancillo specimen bluish gray above; white below. 173. Abudefduf antjerius (Kuhl & Van Hasselt). (Not Glyphidontops antjerius Bleeker = Chetodon brownriggti Bennett. ) Two specimens, 0.50 inches long, from Ticao Island, and two, 1 inch, from Calayan. These speci- mens have a black blotch partly on back and partly on base of latter part of spinous dorsal, and a small black spot on posterior base of soft dorsal. A narrow sky-blue band, not wider than pupil, passes back- ward from in front of and above eye on each side to a point on top of the back directly under the fifth or sixth dorsal spine. Comparison with Samoan specimens indicates that the sky-blue stripe fades or becomes narrower with age. In no case does it appear to occupy the whole space between the base of the dorsal and the lateral line, nor does it extend backward beyond the fifth or sixth ray of the spinous dorsal. 174. Abudefduf brownriggi (Bennett). (Not Glyphidodon brownriggii of Giinther, which is A. zonatus.) A single example, 0.66 inch long, from Ticao Island, may be referred to this species. The speci- men has a black blotch at the back of both dorsals, and the space between the lateral line and the basal edge of the dorsal fin is a bright sky blue, in a band about equal in width to orbit, and extending as far back as the base of the caudal peduncle; body below lateral line pale brownish olive in spirits. This species, or form, does not differ from Abudefduf leucopomus except in the absence of the black blotch on the top of the base of the caudal fin. From Abudefduf antjerius it seems to differ mainly in the greater width and length of the sky-blue band, and in the sharp demarcation of the upper color from that below the lateral line. 175. Abudefduf sapphirus Jordan & Richardson, new species. Head 3.37 in length to base of caudal; depth 2.50; dorsal xt, 1; anal 1, 11 or 12; scales 27; eye 3 in head; nose 4.50; interorbital space 3.80; maxillary 3 in head, equal to eye, its tip under anterior Fig. 10.—A budefduf sapphirus, new species. Type. border of orbit; teeth compressed, in a single row in each jaw, not notched; preopercle not denticulate; pectoral 1.27 in head; ventral 1.16; caudal 1.20; subtruncate, the upper rays a little the longest; depth of caudal peduncle 3 in head. FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINES. 265 Color in spirits of head, body, and fins, except pectorals, bright sky blue; each scale of sides with one or two very small round black specks; a black band as wide as pupil from the top of the gill-opening, through eye, to end of snout; two narrower, wavy or broken black lines on cheek below eye, and three of these crossing opercle; top of head between eyes with several small black specks; spinous dorsal plain sky blue; soft dorsal, caudal, and anal sky blue, specked with dusky outwardly, and tipped with black; rays of ventrals sky blue, dusky toward tips; pectorals sky blue at base, otherwise colorless (transparent). ' Known from 6 specimens from Ticao Island, 1.25 to 1.75 inches long. The sky-blue color of body and fins, and the black-edged soit dorsal, caudal, and anal appear to distinguish this species. The type is no. 20207, Stanford University; cotypes are no. 61682, U. S. National Museum. 176. Dascyllus melanurus Bleeker. Calitbobo. A single specimen, 2.33 inches long, from Cagayancillo. General color in life pale green, belly white; body decorated with four wide black bars which extend on fins above and below; one across frontal region, eye, and chin; one from anterior third of dorsal through base of pectoral and on ventrals, which fins are black; one from posterior third of dorsal to and including anal; and the last on posterior two-thirds of caudal. Family LABRIDA. CHOIRODON Riippell. 177. Choirodon anchorago (Bloch). Banquilan. A single specimen from Cuyo, 4 inches long. Life color, above gray; lower half and belly white; head greenish; opercle and preopercle spotted with brick red; line above eye and two irregular lines from eye to mouth brick red; spots of the same color from head backward to end of dorsal, above lateral line; pectoral rich yellow, the base blue crossed by a line of dark brick red; ventral white, membrane between first and second rays pale red; dorsal dull greenish, barred with two lines of brick red, one subterminal and one near the base, the latter ending on first ray; anal light lemon yellow and white, tipped with a marginal line of bright orange; caudal-dirty reddish brown, base pale blue; iris bronze, surrounded by blue. 178. Choirodon oligacanthus (Bleeker). One specimen from Iloilo, 3.50 inches long. AMPHECES Jordan & Snyder. 179. Ampheces pterophthalmus (Bleecker). One specimen from Cuyo, 6 inches long. General color in life, dark purple; a large ocellate black spot on posterior part of dorsal and anal fins, surrounded with yellow; a bluish interocular stripe; pectoral yellow. STETHOJULIS Giinther. 180. Stethojulis strigiventer (Bennett). Four specimens from Cuyo, 2.50 to 4 inches long. Life colors of Cuyo specimen: A line of light blue from above nose through top of eye along middle of body to and on to base of caudal; side above this line brown, below it white, washed with yellow; another blue line from snout backward below eye, ending just below base of pectoral; a third blue line from gill-opening passing below pectoral and ending below middle of dorsal; space between the last two lines salmon pink in front of pectoral; opercle washed with pink; a light blue line on each side of dorsal, uniting posteriorly; a bit of blue on side of chin; fins all clear and colorless. 181. Stethojulis phekadopleura [leeker. Four specimens, 1.50 to 2.75 inches long, from Cuyo and Calayan. Color in life of Cuyo specimen (2.75 inches in length): Above black, finely speckled on body with pale blue; lower parts bluish; two@ parallel rows of large spots extending from pectoral to below end of dorsal; dorsal and caudal slightly red; dorsal finely speckled with pale blue. aA third and fainter row shows in preserved specimens. 266 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 182. Stethojulis bandanensis (Bleeker). One example 4 inches long from Cuyo, and one, 3 inches, from Cagayancillo. Life color of Cuyo specimen: Above dark greenish, finely and regularly speckled with pale blue; a salmon-colored spot over pectoral and a small blue crescent in axil; a short yellow band from angle of mouth to below eye; a fine blue line under eye; a small ocellated spot on lateral line at end of caudal peduncle; dorsal finely spotted with blue; lower parts very pale blue. 183. Stethojulis zatima Jordan & Seale. Lugday. One example, 2.50 inches long, from Cuyo, and 3 from Calayan, less than 1 inch in length, all obtained in tide pools. Mr. McGregor has the following note on the lize colors of the Cuyo specimen: ‘‘Dark grass green, tending to pale blue on belly; sides below lateral line crossed by about five light lines; a narrow silvery line from mouth across head, becoming brilliant blue on opercle; a narrow dark bar at base of tail and a small black dot on tail above lateral line; caudal and ventral pale blue, washed basally with golden; preopercle silvery.” PLATYGLOSSUS (Klein) Bleeker. 184. Platyglossus notopsis (Kuhl & Van Hasselt). Four specimens, 1.50 to 1.75 inches long, from Calayan. Color in life, black, with six or eight pale yellow lines from snout and lower jaw to tail, radiating over side of body; in some specimens these lines are obsolete; caudal white. HALICHGRES Rippell. 185. Halicheres centiquadrus (Bleeker). Payuc. One specimen from Cagayancillo, 5 inches in length. Life colors: Body white, each scale with a black mark, these larger on upper than on lower part of sides; belly pure white; a large black spot below and on anterior portion of dorsal; in front of dorsal the black spots are salmon instead of black; head green; lips light yellow; several curious dark salmon marks on head, one from maxillary through eye, two on opercle, and one from chin to margin of preopercle; a spot of salmon on part of lower preopercle; several pink spots on scales below pectoral; three bright lemon- yellow spots next to dorsal, one of them in front of the black spot, another some distance behind it, and the third one behind dorsal; dorsal reddish with numerous large chrome-yellow spots; caudal brilliant chrome yellow; pectoral and ventral clear; a bright vermilion spot on base of pectoral behind; a dark spot on base above; anal with stripes of pale pink and yellow. 186. Halicheres gymnocephalus (Bloch & Schneider). Two specimens, 3 and 4 inches long, from Cuyo. General color in life, including dorsal, caudal, and anal, light green; a large black blotch on side behind pectoral; belly white; a pink band from snout to eye; a dark green spot on preopercle, bordered with blue; base of pectoral yellow with a dark band; a light green band under base of pectoral; iris light green. 187. Halicheres trimaculatus (Quoy & Gaimard). One example, 3 inches long, from Cagayancillo. General color in life, pale yellowish above and white below; each scale marked with a vertical bar of pinkish, on some scales mixed with brown; on lower part of body the bars are faint or wanting; head beautifully marked with bands of pink and pea green, two of each color from eye to snout; behind eye and on upper opercle several pink spots; preopercle light yellow; top of head from interorbital to dorsal dotted with pink; a pink band beneath pectoral; dorsal transparent, with three longitudinal bands of pink and one of green; anal transparent; a band of pink near base; pectoral transparent, a small dark spot in its axil, bordered with blue; ventral pale pea green; caudal transparent, tipped with a reddish wash. 188. Halichcres miniatus (Kuhl & Van Hasselt). One specimen from Calayan, 2.50 inches long. FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINES. 267 189. Halicheres pecilus (Lay & Bennett). Two examples from Calayan, 3 and 3.50 inches long, from a tide pool. Color in life: A pea-green band on cheek; a large brown spot bordered with blue on opercle; dorsal and anal greatly variegated, mottled with green and light claret; a large black spot between second and third dorsal rays; ventral pale green, edged with claret. 190. Halichcres nebulosus (Cuvier & Valenciennes). Three specimens from Cuyo, 2.75 to 3.25 inches long. In life brightly colored and variegated; on head various irregular markings of light brick red and bright green, bordered narrowly with bright blue; body purplish, marked with green spots and blotches; dorsal reddish, marked with ocellated green spots; anal similar to dorsal, with a median green band bordered with bright blue; caudal pale yellowish, with spots of dark red; pectoral colorless; ventral pale green, the long rays pale reddish. 191. Halicheres opercularis (Giinther). Seven specimens from Calayan, 2 to 3 inches long, and one without locality label. One of the Calayan specimens has asmall black spot on the back part of the soft dorsal, in addition to the normal median and anterior spot. It does not otherwise appear to differ from the other examples. CHEILIO Lacépéde. 192. Cheilio inermis (Forskal). Three specimens from Cuyo, 6 to 7.50 inches long. General color in life, dark green above and light brown below median line; each scale below with a pale blue spot; a median line of black spots; dorsal and caudal pale green; pectoral, ventral, and anal clear; a few dark reddish marks on chin. THALASSOMA Swainson. 198. Thalassoma dorsale (Quoy «& Gaimard). One specimen from Cagayancillo, 3 inches long. 194. Thalassoma guntheri (Bleecker). One specimen from Calayan Island, 3 inches long. Color in life: Head and body with broad longitudinal lines of rank emerald green and purple; dorsal with lines of same green and more delicate shades; pectoral and ventral washed with pale green; belly light blue; caudal washed with pale red, green, and yellow, tending to form bars; two outer rays of caudal deep purple. 195. Thalassoma umbrostigma (Riippell). A single specimen, 2 inches long, from Calayan. CHEILINUS Lacépeéde. 196. Cheilinus digrammus (Lacépéde). One specimen from Romblon, 5 inches long. 197. Cheilinus oxycephalus Bleeker. Depth 2.50 in length to base of caudal; head 2.80; nose 3.66; interorbital space 1} times eye; eye 4.4 in head; maxillary 3.33; canines small; dorsal x, 9; anal m1, 8; pectoral 2 in head; ventral 1.70; scales 20; lateral line interrupted; head fully scaled. One example from Cuyo, 3.50 inches long. Color in spirits brownish, vaguely mottled and clouded with darker both on body and on vertical fins; four dusky spots, each about size of pupil, forming a row along middle of each side, the first spot above the tip of the reflexed pectoral, the next one above the middle of the anal, the third above the back of the anal, and the last at base of caudal fin; soft dorsal with an indistinct dusky blotch at the base of its last rays. General color in life, green, sparsely spotted with brick red, most thickly on head; edges of dorsal, caudal, and anal marked with red. NOVACULICHTHYS Bleeker. 198. Novaculichthys teniurus (Lacépéde). Calili. A single example, 5.50 inches long, from Cagayancillo. The specimen in spirits shows two short dark lines radiating backward from posterior margin of orbit, and two longer ones extending downward and backward across cheek and opercle. B. B. F. 1907—18 268 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. In life dusky brown in general color; a whitish spot on each scale; dorsal, anal, and caudal similar to body, but barred instead of spotted; pectorals light yellow, dusky at base; ventrals dark reddish brown with white tips; a broad white bar at base of caudal; head dirty green; lips yellowish. Family SCARICHTHYID. SCARICHTHYS Bleeker. 199. Scarichthys auritus (Kuhl & Van Hasselt). Busalog; Layag layag. One example from Cagayancillo, 3.50 inches long. Life colors: Body dirty green, with irregular spots of brown and light blue; head dirty green, with numerous spots of purplish blue; fins light reddish brown with dark mottling of the same color. CALOTOMUS Gilbert. 200. Calotomus moluccensis (Bleeker). One specimen from Cuyo, 5 inches long. General color in life, dark green, sparsely spotted with brick red. This species may be recognized by the presence of a distinct black blotch between the second and third dorsal spines. We may here note that the description and figure of Calotomus carolinus, from Rarotonga, were by some accident included in the recent paper on'‘the Fishes of Samoa, by Jordan & Seale, under the name of Scarichthys ceruleopunctatus (Riippell). CALLYODON Gronow. 201. Callyodon capistratoides (Bleeker). General color in life, dull brown with a purplish wash; a blue band over mouth to below posterior margin of eye; another below mouth, below that a pink line, then a blue line, then pink again, and below that two greenish spots; belly with a median blue line from isthmus to vent, continued on edge of anal fin; gill covers dull purple; a blue wash on pectoral; ventral blue, three rays pink; base and edge of anal blue, middle pink; dorsal similar to anal; caudal with upper and lower edges broadly blue, tip pink, a subterminal blue band, base purple. A single example, the type, from Cagayancillo, 6 inches in length. Family TOXOTIDA. TOXOTES Cuvier. 202. Toxotes jaculatrix (Pallas). Three specimens, 3.50 to 5 inches long, from Mindoro Island. Family EPHIPPIDA. EPHIPPUS Cuvier. 2038. Ephippus argus (Gmelin). Citang. One example, 6 inches long, from Manila, and one from Iloilo, 2 inches. Family DREPANIDA. DREPANE Cuvier & Valenciennes. 204. Drepane punctata (Gmelin). Two specimens from Manila and one from Lubang, 3 to 4 inches. Color in life silvery; five vertical rows of long dusky spots from dorsal to near ventral margin; one spot on caudal peduncle; fins pale dusky greenish, all of them except pectoral broadly margined with dusky. Family PLATACID. PLATAX Cuvier. 205. Platax orbicularis (Forskal). Three specimens from Ticao Island and one from Cagayancillo, 1.50 inches long. FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINES, 269 Family SCORPIDA. MONODACTYLUS Lacépede. 206. Monodactylus argenteus (Linnzus). One specimen from Aparri, one from Iloilo, and two from Calayan, 2 to 3 inches. Family CHATODONTIDA. GONOCHATODON Bleeker. 207. Gonochzetodon triangulum Cuvier & Valenciennes. Culbangbang. One example from Cagayancillo, 3.50 inches long. CHAETODON (Artedi) Linnzus. 208. Chetodon ephippium Cuvier & Valenciennes. One specimen from Cagayancillo, 5 inches long. 209. Chetodon setifer Forskal. Culbangbang. Two specimens, 4 and 5 inches, from Cagayancillo. 210. Cheetodon trifasciatus Park. Two specimens from Cagayancillo, 3.50 inches. Color in life chrome yellow, most intense about base of pectoral; each side crossed by 13 deep violet longitudinal stripes, which are strongest above and fade out below pectoral; about six narrow longitudinal lines of the same color on dorsal; head mostly dark brown; a vertical dark brown band through eye, bordered on each side with light lemon yellow; above the eye the yellow lines are narrow, below eye they are nearly as wide as the brown band, a narrow brown line across head behind eye; belly, including ventral, rich lemon yellow; anal marked with the following colors, beginning on the base: (1) blue gray; (2) lemon yellow, extending forward to belly; (3) black; (4) darker lemon, which joins the upper yellow line around posterior end of black line; (5) broad band of rich red brown; (6) narrow lines of black and lemon yellow; (7) in front of black band and extending a little in front of anus, a dark salmon area; dorsal spines white; pectoral clear; a dusky spot on isthmus; caudal white, marked at its middle by a wide vertical black band, broadly margined with lemon yellow; dorsal on its posterior part marked with oblique lines and: bands of black, brown, and lemon yellow. 211. Chetodon kleini Bloch. One specimen, 3 inches long, from Cagayancillo. 212. Chetodon citrinellus (Broussonet). One specimen, 2.75 inches long, from Cagayancillo. Color in life white with greenish wash, each scale with a violet spot; below line of pectoral the body white and scale spots pale yellow on caudal peduncle, base of caudal, and posterior margins of dorsal and anal; a black spot on snout; a dark brown band from predorsal region through eye to lower margin of gill cover, the band above the eye bordered on each side with pale green; membranes of spinous dorsal light blue at base, light yellow above; anal with terminal black band and subterminal light yellow band, these divided by a narrow pale blue line; caudal light golden yellow; ventral pale pea green, except the two shortest rays; pectorals clear. HOLACANTHUS Lacépéde. 213. Holacanthus bicolor Bloch. Calit bobo. One example from Cagayancillo, 4 inches. Life colors: Anterior part of body, including first five dorsal spines and pectoral and ventral, rich orange chrome, bordered posteriorly with lemon yellow; caudal and tips of long dorsal rays rich chrome; caudal at base lemon yellow; posterior part of body, including most of dorsal and all of anal, solid black; a wide black band over frontal from eye to eye; head washed with dusky green; an orange submalar stripe; a spot of orange back of eye and a line of orange on margin of opercle; two indistinct orange lines at base of pectoral. Family ZANCLIDA. ZANCLUS (Commerson) Lacépéde. Culibagio. 214. Zanclus cornutus (Linnzeus). One specimen from Cagayancillo and one from Fuga Island, 2.50 and 3 inches. 270 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. While the original descriptions of both Chetodon cornutus and C. canescens are unsatisfactory, the two species are figured both by Klein and by Bonnaterre in such a manner as to leave little doubt of their specific distinctness. Doctor Bleeker had specimens of the short-nosed form called by himself and by Bonnaterre canescens, and differing further from the common ‘‘ Moorish Idol’’ in the absence of the triangular black marking on the side of the nose. The short-nosed form recently described from Hawaii by Bryan, and named by him Zanclus ruthix, is almost certainly not different from the Zanclus canescens of Bleeker and the Chetodon canescens of Bonnaterre and Linnzus, Family HEPATID.” HEPATUS Gronow. 215. Hepatus olivaceus (Bloch & Schneider). Indangan. Of this species we have one well-preserved example from Cagayancillo, 3.50 inches long, plainly showing the pale bar aboye the pectoral, the length of the bar being about two-thirds that of the fin. The caudal lobes are very little prolonged, the specimen agreeing in that respect with examples (3 to 6 inches long) from Samoa. The figure of Teuthis olivaceus published by Jordan & Evermann was taken from a Formosan specimen 13 inches long, and has the caudal lobes greatly prolonged and the humeral bar reaching tip of pectoral. It is probably not, however, different. We note, in this connection, the occurrence in specimens of Hepatus nigricans from Pago Pago, Samoa, taken at the same time and place, about the same amount of difference in the prolongation of the caudal lobes between young and older specimens. Life colors of the specimen from Cagayancillo: General color dark brown; humeral bar a narrow basal portion of dorsal mottled with gray; short rays of caudal tipped with white, the pale portion forming a conspicuous white crescent. Two smaller specimens from Cagayancillo, 2.75 inches long, appear to be this species, but do not show the humeral bar. Their life color is described by Mr. McGregor as “bright yellow, speckled with brown; top of head and edges of dorsal, anal, and ventral darker.”” This description of the life colors corresponds well with that of Samoan specimens, except for the absence of mention of the humeral bar. Tt is not impossible that this may be indistinct in young individuals, or that these two examples were faded at the time of writing. 216. Hepatus elongatus (Cuvier & Valenciennes). Two examples, 2.50 and 2.75 inches long, from Cagayancillo. 217. Hepatus lineatus (Gmelin). Saguing saguing. A young specimen from Cagayancillo, 2.50 inches long. In life striped from mouth backward over whole body with colors in this order: Blue, black, yellow, black, blue; caudal peduncle vertically marked by two blue, one yellow, and four black lines; caudal with a blue crescent; dorsal yellow, with two blue lines, posteriorly dusky; pectoral clear; ventral orange black outwardly, edged with blue; anal yellow, with a greenish black line at base and with a blue edge; belly pale dirty blue. 218. Hepatus matoides (Cuvier & Valenciennes). A specimen, 3.75 inches long, from Calayan, and two smaller ones, 1.50 to 2.25 inches long, from Aparri. 219. Hepatus triostegus (Linnus). Culaban. A specimen, 4 inches long, from Cagayancillo, and one of the same size from Fuga Island. A small example, 2.75 inches long, from Calayan Island. ZEBRASOMA Swainson. 220. Zebrasoma rhombeum (Kittlitz). Catol catol. One example, 3 inches long, from Cagayancillo. Life colors: Dark seal brown, darker posteriorly; dorsal, caudal, and anal black; sides of face and body finely dotted with blue, the dots joined in short lines on side of body. aUnder the rules of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature the name Monoceros, Bloch & Schneider, must be used for Chztodon wnicornis in place of Acanthurus or Naso. Teuthis was, however, first restricted by Cuvier as a syn- onym of Acanthurus=Hepatus Gronow. FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINES. 271 Family SIGANDLA. - SIGANUS Forskal. 221. Siganus marmoratus (Quoy & Gaimard). A single specimen, 6.50 inches long, from Calayan, agrees with specimens taken by Jordan & Kellogg in Samoa, except that the soft dorsal, anal, and caudal are not barred. The depth is 2.60 in the length to base of caudal, as in Samoan examples. In the absence of dorsal, caudal, and anal bars, the specimen agrees with Giinther’s figure of Teuwthis striolata, which, however, is represented as a slen- derer fish, having the depth nearly 3. We do not think it likely that the two forms are different. Life colors of the specimen from Calayan: Upper half dusky green; lower half whitish; base of pectoral with a bright chrome-yellow bar above and below; sides with many yellow and dusky spots, each surrounded by pale blue; tail mottled with orange and dusky; anal red at base, followed by an orange band; dorsals dusky with a light yellow band near margin. 222. Siganus lineatus (Cuvier & Valenciennes). Barangen. A specimen, 4 inches long, from Cuyo, and one from Aparri, 3 inches. Color of Cuyo specimen in life: Body white, slightly bluish above lateral line, covered with large spots of dull-brownish yellow; at back of dorsal a large golden yellow spot; top of head dark greenish; a light blue line behind eye which passes downward and forward under eye and then curves forward again, inclosing a golden yellow space; space outside blue line is also golden; a golden spot at beginning of anal. 228. Siganus javus (Linnzus). One example, 4 inches long, from Manila, and one 3 inches from Hoilo. Life colors of the specimen from Manila: Dusky green, with numerous large spots of pale blue and of white; lower hali of sides with indistinct lines of dusky and pale blue; pure white below pectorals and in front of ventrals; pectorals clear, other fins dusky; a wash of lemon yellow on face and in front of and along base of anal. 224. Siganus virgatus (Cuvier & Valenciennes). Mandalada. One young specimen, 3 inches long, from Cuyo. In life this specimen had a wide band of dark reddish brown extending diagonally forward from in front of dorsal through eye to angle of mouth; a similar band of pale yellow behind this, followed by another reddish brown band, beginning between the fifth and seventh dorsal spines and tapering out over the base of pectoral; the last two bands are bordered with light blue; upper posterior half of body light yellow with a very large light reddish blotch in middle of side; dorsal brown, soft dorsal yellow; caudal yellow, pectoral, ventral, and anal pale; lower third of body silvery; three or four longitudinal blue lines between this and the large reddish blotch; several irregular diagonal blue lines on side of body in addition to those bordering the reddish brown bands; a line from eye to angle of mouth and another on preopercle; a number of blue spots along sides above lateral line; frontal region barred by about ten blue lines; interorbital and nasal region light yellow; chin dark. 225. Siganus corallinus (Cuvier & Valenciennes). A specimen 5 inches long from Cagayancillo. Color in life bright yellow, closely covered with spots of light blue; top of head, pectorals, dorsal, and caudal without spots; spots enlarged at hase of anal. Although the caudal is without spots, there is little doubt that our specimen is the present species. Siganus corallinus is very close to Amphacanthus guttatus Bloch & Schneider, and may not be different. 226. Siganus rostratus (Cuvier & Valenciennes). One example, 5.50 inches long, from Fuga Island. 227. Siganus oramin (Bloch & Schneider). One small specimen, 2 inches long, from Aparri. Depth 2.4 (3 in total, including caudal); caudal moderately emarginate; a dark spot on shoulder; chin crossed by two obscure dusky bands; body with scattered dusky blotches. We also have specimens of the same species from Cavite and southern Negros, previously recorded, grading in size up to 5 inches. In examples under 3.50 inches, the white spots seem to be absent, in their place the sides bearing a few scattered dusky spots. In all the tail is very little emarginate, the depth of the notch being little more than the width of the pupil. All have an evident dusky blotch on the shoulder, have the two chin bands, and have the depth 2.40 in length to base of caudal. One speci- 272 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. men 5 inches long from southern Negros has the body a little more slender (depth 2.60) and the caudal notch deeper, its depth being greater than eye. Otherwise this specimen is not different from the rest. In using the name Siganus oramin for specimens the most of which have a slightly emarginate tail and a dark blotch on the shoulder, while the figure of Bloch & Schneider shows a fish with a deeply forked caudal and without humeral blotch, we are of opinion that the poorly characterized Ampha- canthus guttatus, var. oramin, of Bloch & Schneider is not really different from the Amphacanthus dorsalis of Cuvier & Valenciennes. Doctor Giinther states that Teuthis dorsalis is without the dusky humeral spot, but later says that in the closely related Teuthis albopunctatus the shoulder spot becomes indistinct in older specimens. Were it not for the fact that Doctor Giinther found the depth of specimens of Teuthis albopunctatus to be 3.50 in the total, we should have no hesitation in regarding it as identical with the present species, from which it is unlikely that it is different. Some of Doctor Giinther’s specimens of Tewthis albopunctatus were from the Philippines. Family TRIACANTHID. TRIACANTHUS Cuvier. 228. Triacanthus blochi Bleeker. Three specimens from Iloilo and four from Manila, 3 to 4 inches long. In life silvery white; face yellow; several large spots of yellow on side, one under each dorsal; dorsal spine black at tip; caudal peduncle dusky above, fins yellowish. Family MONACANTHID. CANTHERINES Swainson. 229. Cantherines sandwichiensis (Quoy & Gaimard). Three specimens from Romblon, 3.50 to 4.50 inches long. 230. Monacanthus tomentosus (Linneus). Pagnesan. Tour specimens from Cuyo, 2.50 to 3 inches long, and one from Lubang, 2 mches. Color in life pale dirty green, slightly mottled; two incomplete dark bars across tail. Two specimens from Panay, recorded by Jordan & Seale as Monacanthus nemurus, belong to this species. It is well distinguished from M. nemuris by the oblique pale bar above the pectoral and by the stouter and more strongly serrate dorsal spine. Family BALISTIDA. BALISTES (Artedi) Linnzus. . 231. Balistes flavimarginatus Riippell. One example from Cuyo, 3.50 inches long. Color in life pale dirty yellow, lightly spotted with black on each scale; above, from mouth to eye and from eye to pectoral and about dorsals, mottled black; pectoral yellowish; two bands of dull green over snout to corner of mouth. : 232. Balistes chrysopterus Bloch & Schneider. One specimen, 4.75 inches long, from East Cove, Fuga Island. In life dusky brown; on chin dark purple; tail lighter brown, bordered on three sides with milk white; a white ring around mouth and another below this on chin; a large yellowish brown area below dorsal. BALISTAPUS Tilesius. 233. Balistapus aculeatus (Linnzeus). A fine example from Cuyo, 6.50 inches. Colors in life: A yellow band over snout extending back- ward to below pectoral, its posterior portion salmon; on the snout the band includes a sky blue band which extends to the corner of the mouth; interorbital with four blue and three dark green bands, three of these extending below eye and uniting at base of pectoral; a black mark at base of pectoral and over gill-opening; a brown saddle in front of dorsal, extending forward and downward and merging into a dark area behind the gill-opening; spinous portion of caudal peduncle black; four parallel diagonal white bands from anal upward and forward to middle of body; fins colorless; lower parts white. FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINES. 273 234. Balistapus rectangulus (Bloch & Schneider). One specimen, 6 inches long, from Calayan Island. Life colors: A bluish saddle over mouth; interorbital space crossed by three black bars; a broad black band from eye downward to pectoral, where it widens greatly and extends backward across body to base of anal; parallel to this two pale blue lines from eye to pectoral; a bright red bar on base of pectoral; upper portion of body dark golden brown, lower anterior portion white; two V-shaped markings of green extend backward from median line, the arms of the larger meeting dorsal and anal; arms of smaller meeting fellow on opposite side of body just behind dorsal and anal; caudal peduncle black; a vertical green line at base of caudal; caudal dark golden brown. 235. Balistapus undulatus (Bloch & Schneider). Two examples, 5 and 5.50 inches long, from Cagayancillo. 236. Balistapus verrucosus (Linnieus). One specimen, 3.50 inches long, from Cagayancillo. In life with the body dusky green above and white below; a large dark brown patch on side behind pectoral; four blue lines connecting eyes on interorbital; three blue lines from eye to pectoral, inclosing a dark green area; a light yellow line in front of first blue line; snout light blue just back of upper lip and on each side back of angle of mouth; a narrow scarlet line from lower edge of pectoral forward and over snout to other side, separating the blue of the snout from the dusky green color above; a bar of blue and scarlet on base of pectoral; soft dorsal and anal barred with light yellow; middle of caudal yellow, its edges light orange. Family TETRAODONTIDA. SPHEROIDES (Lacépéde) Dumeéril. 237. Spheroides lunaris (Bloch). q Three specimens, 2.50 to 3.75 inches long, from Manila, and one from Iloilo, 3.50 inches. In life silvery along sides, the color of which is sharply marked off from the dusky upper parts; belly dead white; a wash of pale yellow from mouth to and including pectoral; dorsal dusky with white base; anal white; caudal dusky, darker on edge; lower third milk white. The smaller examples are without yellow on the sides. TETRAODON Linnzus. 238. Tetraodon hispidus Linnzus. One example 3.75 inches long and one 3 inches, from Cuyo. 239. Tetraodon reticularis Bloch & Schneider. A single specimen, 2.50 inches long, from Lubong. 240. Tetraodon immaculatus Bloch & Schneider. One specimen, 3 inches long, from Lubang; three from Iloilo, 1 to 2.50 inches; one from Cuyo, 2.75 inches; and one from Ticao Island, 1.25 inches. The five smaller specimens all have the back striped and bristles short. The specimen from Lubang is without stripes and has the entire body cov- ered with bristles @ of fully twice the length of the longest in the other specimens. a An examination of a number of specimens of Tetraodon nigropunctatus from Apia, Samoa, five of which are from 5 to 6.50 inches in length, some with long bristles and some apparently almost bristleless, favors the supposition that these fishes have the power of extruding and withdrawing into the skin at will these defensive bristles. It is noteworthy that the bristles in this species are found long (i. e., fully extended) only in specimens which are dilated, the grade of extrusion seeming to be related to the amount of dilation. Specimens in which the belly is not dilated ordinarily have the skin nearly smooth, except for small areas on the back and lower portion of each side, where the knobbed tips of the bristles show. On dissection of these it is found, however, that the apparently naked skin contains multitudes of long bristles (fully as long as those of the so-called ‘bristly”’ form), each withdrawn into an intracutaneous sheath. Ifa thin sagittal strip of skin is cut from the belly of a preserved specimen of one of these ‘‘naked-skinned” forms, by taking hold of it at either end with the fingers and stretching it quickly and smartly, the retracted bristles may be made to protrude for a considerable distance, up to about half their length. This fact seems to go some way toward verifying our supposition, deduced from observation of the condition of several dilated and undilated preserved specimens, that the bristles are thrown out upon dilation and probably not normally at any other time. One of the speeimens from Apia, 5 inches long, is especially interesting as showing in the same individual part of the bristles fully extruded and the rest retracted. The fully extruded bristles are on the left side of the forward portion of the belly. It is probable that at the time of capture the bristles of the whole body were erected and that in dying there was a partial retraction, leaving the specimen in its present condition. The two figures of the so-considered “bristly” and ‘‘smooth” form of this species, pubtished by Jordan & Seale (Fishes Samoa, fig. 70 and pl. 35), apparently represent exactly the same form of fish in the different conditions of extrusion and retraction of the bristles. 274 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. CHELONODON Miller. 241. Chelonodon patoca Hamilton-Buchanan. Batete. Five specimens from Manila, 3 to 6 inches long. Family GOBIDA. ELEOTRIS Gronow. 242. Eleotris fusca (Bloch & Schneider). The scales in this species are 55-60 in longitudinal series. Its habitat is from the East Indies to Tahiti. It is not found in Hawaii, where it is represented by the small-scaled Eleotris sandwichensis. Eleotris sandwichensis Vaillant & Sauvage, of the streams of Hawaii, has 70 to 80 scales, but is otherwise identical with the present species. Of this species we have four examples, from 3 to 4 inches long, from Sibuyan and Aparri (northern Luzon). OPHIOCARA Gill. 2438. Ophiocara aporos (Bleeker). Pazo. Dorsal vi-t, 9; scales 30-34; scales on top of head large, about 15 rows in front of dorsal; maxillary reaching scarcely beyond vertical from front of orbit; posterior border of preopercle with two inconspic- uous pores; a mid-lateral row of large spots on trunk and caudal peduncle, more or less confluent into a narrow band, of a width equal to diameter of eye; above is another indefinite series of similar spots; cheek and opercle crossed by three oblique bands of dusky, the upper band continuing lengthwise across the base of the pectoral, being bordered above and below by whitish, and fusing posteriorly with a transverse band of dusky which crosses the bases of the pectoral rays; dorsal and anal margined with pale; anal in males with a crimson band across base, outside of which, near middle of fin, is a narrower band, pale bluish in preserved specimens, probably violet in life; spots at base of pectoral indistinct in female. Two specimens, a male and a female, 7 inches long, from Mindoro Island; a male 5 inches long from Sibuyan, and a large male, 8.50 inches long, from Camp Balete, Rio Baco, Mindoro (above tide). Ophiocara hedti (Bleeker) may not be different from this species. 244. Ophiocara porocephala (Cuvier & Valenciennes). Dorsal vi-1, 8; scales 40-42; scales on top of head small, about 25 rows in front of dorsal; maxillary reaching vertical from middle of orbit; posterior border of preopercle with three large pores; scales of trunk for the most part each with a squarish dark spot at base; soft dorsal, caudal, anal, and ventrals edged with pale. Life colors: Black above; sides with slight green tinge; belly white, thickly speckled with dusky; dorsal, anal, and caudal narrowly edged with pale yellow. One specimen from Mindoro Island, 4.50 inches long, and one from Calayan, in a brackish estuary, 6 inches. A specimen of this species, taken at Calayan, was left dry for more than half a day, and revived upon being placed in water. Ophiocara ophiocephala (Kuhl & Van Hasselt, in Cuvier & Valenciennes) is probably not distinct trom the present species. leotris ophiocephala of Day is not this species, being a fish with a small mouth, and with the scales on top of head large, 15 in front of dorsal. The name porocephala has page priority over ophiocephala. BUTIS Bleeker. 245. Butis koilomatodon (Bleeker). Eleotris koilomatodon Bleeker, Verh. Bat. Gen., xxm, 1849, 21 (Cantor cited this memoir in his Catalogue of Malayan Fishes, giving it priority); Maduras Straits. Eleotris caperatus Cantor, Cat. Mal. Fishes, 197, 1850; Sea of Pinang. Prionobutis serrifrons Rutter, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1897, 84; Swatow, China. Head 3.25; depth 4.30; eye 3.75; dorsal vi-9; anal 9; scales 29; superorbital crests strongly ser- rated; two anteriorly converging serrated ridges in front of each eye, as in other species of Butis; mouth oblique, making an angle of about 40 degrees with the horizontal axis. _ FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINES. 275 Butis serrifrons is stated by Rutter to differ from Butis caperatus (Cantor) in having the mouth “nearly horizontal” (not ‘‘nearly vertical”), and in haying two (instead of one) serrated ridges in front of each eye. In the typegvhich we have examined the mouth cleft makes about 35 degrees with the horizontal. As there are two ridges in front of each eye, even in those species of Butis (butis, amboinensis, etc.), which lack the strongly serrated orbital crests, it is doubtful whether Cantor’s failure to describe more than one in Butis caperatus denotes the absence of the second. Cantor’s estimation of the angle of the gape as ‘“‘barely vertical” was evidently a comparative one, with reference to Butis butis. It may also easily have been influenced by the condition of the specimens. One specimen, 2 inches long, from Iloilo. The genus Prionobutis Bleeker is nominal, differing from Butis only in the more marked serration of the orbital crests. The species of Butis and Prionobutis agree in coloration, all having the black spot at base of pectoral, with the smaller white spots above and below. 246. Butis butis (Hamilton-Buchanan). Cheilodipterus butis Wamilton-Buchanan, Fish. Ganges, 57, 367, 1822; Ganges. Gray & Hardwicke, Illus. Ind. Zool., 1, pl. 93, fig. 3. ; Eleotris humeralis Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., x11, 246, 1837; Bengal. (?) Butis butis Bleeker, Revis. Eleotriformes, 64, 1875; Sumatra, Borneo, Amboina, Philippines, ete. Butis melanostigma Bleeker, Blenn. & Gob., 23, 1849; Maduras Straits. Bleeker, Revis. Eleotriformes, 68, 1875. Eleotris butis Day, Fishes India, 316, pl. Lxvm, fig. 3 (not good), 1878-88; Ganges. Giinther, Cat., m1, 116, 1861 (in part, only, perhaps). Butis leucurus Jordan & Seale, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., XxXv11, 1905, 794, fig.; Negros, P. I. Evermann & Seale, Bul. U. 8. Bureau of Fisheries, xx v1, 1906 (1907), 104; Bacon and San Fabian, P. I. Head 3 in length without caudal; depth 5; in total length, including caudal, 6; depth of caudal peduncle 3.30 in head; eye 5.50 in head, 1.50 in interorbital space; interorbital space 4 in head; maxil- lary 2.50 in head, greater than nose, extending past front of orbit under its anterior third; teeth small, in bands in both jaws, the outer ones slightly enlarged; dorsal vi-9; anal 9; scales 29; secondary scales present at base of large ones; color brown, with a few small spots on sides and under part of head, and scattered ones on body; scales of sides each with a pale spot at center, these appearing to form longitudinal rows, dorsals blackish, edged with pale; upper edge of caudal whitish, the rest dusky; anal blackish, with a trace of pale at edge; pectoral base with a black spot, above and below which are smaller white ones. This species differs from Butis amboinensis (Bleeker) in its less slender form, its broader interorbital space, and in the presence of secondary scales at the bases of the large scales on the sides. From Butis prismaticus (Bleeker) it is distinguished by its shorter maxillary, rather coarser teeth, and slenderer caudal peduncle. The three species, butis, prismaticus, and amboinensis, all have the superorbital crests weakly serrated or crenulate, differing widely in that respect from Butis (Prionobutis) koilomatodon (Bleeker). The statement in the original description of Butis leucurus Jordan and Seale, that the superorbital crests are smooth, was apparently made in a comparative sense, with reference to the condition in Butis koilo- matodon. It also seems that the interorbital distance in Butis leucurus was measured between the inter- orbital crests in the preparation of the original description of that species. Of this species we have two specimens, one 3.50 inches long from Manila, and one 3 inches from Tloilo. 247. (?) Butis prismaticus (Bleeker). (?) Eleotris prismatica Bleeker, Blenn. & Gob., 23, 1849; Maduras Straits. (2?) Butis prismatica Bleeker, Revis. Eleotriformes, 61, 1875. Head 3 in length without caudal; depth 4 to 4.50; in total length, including caudal, 5 to 5.59; depth of caudal peduncle 2.80 in head; eye 6 to 6.50 in head, 1.65 to 2 in interorbital space; interorbital space 3.75 to 4 in head; maxillary 2.75 in head, slightly greater than nose, not extending beyond the vertical from front of orbit; teeth minute, in bands in both jaws, outer ones not enlarged ; dorsal vi-9; anal 9; scales 29; secondary scales present; color as.in Butis butis. A specimen from Cuyo, 5.50 inches long, and one from Manila, 3.50 inches, are referred with some doubt to the present species. They are plainly distinguished from Butis butis by their shorter, more robust body, shorter maxillary, smaller eye, and finer teeth. Both the present species and Butis butis are easily separated from Butis amboinensis, which is a very slender fish, with narrow interorbital space, and without secondary scales. 276 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 248. Butis amboinensis Bleeker. Eleotris amboinensis Bleeker, Bijd. Ichth. Amboina, tv, in Nat. T. Ned. Ind., v, 1853, 343; Amboina. Giinther, Cat. Fishes, 1,117, 1861. (?) Day, Fishes India, 316, 1878-88; Bengal (probably not the same). Butis amboinensis Bleeker, Revis. Eleotriformes, 66, 1875. Head 3 in length without caudal; depth 5.50; in total length, including caudal, 6.75; depth of caudal peduncle, 3.60 in head; eye 5 in head, equal to interorbital space; interorbital space 6 in head; maxillary 2.50 in head, scarcely exceeding a vertical from anterior margin of orbit; teeth minute, in bands, none enlarged; dorsal v1-9; anal 9; scales 29; secondary scales absent; color brown, the back with 6 distinct cross bands and each side with an obscure longitudinal stripe of dusky, of the width of one scale; most scales of side with a post-central whitish spot, these spots forming rows as in Butis butis and Butis pris- maticus; an obscure dark band across cheek and opercle, and a similar one on the snout, from eye to middle of maxillary; dorsals, anal, and ventrals dusky, anal blackish with pale outer margins; upper edge of caudal pale, rest blackish; pectoral paler, with a large black spot at base, with two smaller white ones in front of it, above and below. : Two specimens, 2.50 and 3.50 inches long, from Mindoro Island. This species is readily distinguished from Butis butis and Butis prismaticus by its slenderer form, narrower interorbital space, absence of secondary scales, and different coloration. HYPSELEOTRIS Gill. 249. Hypseleotris modestus (Bleeker). Head 3.60; depth 4.25; eye 3.66; dorsal v1-10; anal 11; scales 29; a dark vertical bar across base of pectoral; a small caudal spot; no side stripe; fins pale, the spinous dorsal and caudal with faint brown specks. A single specimen, 2.50 inches long, from Mindoro Island. Bleeker states that this species has no specks on either dorsal fin. In our specimen the specks are very faint. PERIOPHTHALMUS Bloch & Schneider. 250. Periophthalmus barbarus (Linneus). (Periophthalmus cantonensis (Osbeck); Periophthalmus kelreuteri Pallas; Periophthalmus kalolo Lesson.) One specimen, 3 inches long, from Ticao Island, and one from Aparri, northern Luzon, 2.50 inches. Scales in Ticao specimen 82, in Aparri specimen 76. These specimens seem to be identical with examples from Tokyo and with others from Samoa. It is doubtful whether more than one species of Periophthalmus proper can be defined. The specimens from Panay called Periophthalmus chrysospilus by Jordan & Seale are not different from Periophthalmus barbarus. RHINOGOBIUS Gill. (Porogobvus and Acentrogobius Bleeker; Coryphopterus Gill.) 251. Rhinogobius nebulosus (Forskal). Gobius nebulosus 4 Forskal, Deser. Animal., 24, 1775; Red Sea. Gobius criniger Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., x11, 82, 1837; New Guinea. Giinther, Cat. Fishes, 1, 29, 1861. Day, Fishes India, 288, pl. Lx1, fig. 2, 1878-88. Rhinogobius nebulosus Jordan & Seale, Bul. U.S. Fish Comm., xxy1, 1906, 41; Cavite, Philippine Islands. Jordan & Seale, ibid., xxv, 1905, 401; Apia, Samoa. Rhinogobius lungi Jordan & Seale, Bul. U. S. Fish Comm., xx1, 1901, 41, fig. 13; Panay, Philippine Islands. Head 3.50; depth 4.60; nose 3.20; interorbital space .6 of eye; eye 3.40 in head; maxillary 2.75; dorsal yr-10; anal 10; scales 28; head and nape naked; body with four large roundish black blotches on each side, alternating with broad saddle-like dorsal blotches; nape with two broad bands of dusky, each broken up by vermiculate lines of pale; anal fin with a dark edge. Five specimens from Manila 3 inches long, and one from Aparri 4 inches. a This name is thought by Klunzinger (Fische Rothen Meeres, p. 479) to be perhaps a synonym of Gobius caninus C. & V. The latter species, however, lacks the black border of the anal fin, described by Forsk&l in Gobius nebulosus. FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINES. QU 252. Rhinogobius baliuroides (Bleeker). Head 3.60; depth 5.20; nose 3.60; maxillary 2.70; interorbital space .4 of eye; eye equal to nose; a recurved canine at each side of lower jaw; tongue entire; dorsal vr-10; anal 10; scales 27; nape, checks, and opercles naked; tail broadly rounded; spinous dorsal with a black bar across middle; broken cross bands on chin; under side of head without specks; color otherwise as in Rhinogobius gymnauchen. This species is near Rhinogobius gymnauchen (Bleeker), of Japan, differing from it in its more rounded caudal fin and in its coloration. Of this species we have a single specimen in excellent condition, 2.50 inches long, from Aparri, in Luzon. We may here note that Gobius calderer Evermann & Seale (fide Evermann, in lit.) has no silk-like raysin the pectoral. It isa species of Rhinogobius. 253. Rhinogobius caninus (Cuvier & Valenciennes). Head 3.70; depth 4.30; nose 3.60; interorbital space 2.50 in eye; eye 4 in head; maxillary 2.50, extend- ing under anterior third of eye; two (or one) canines in each side of lower jaw; dorsal v1-10; anal 10; scales 29; scales of nape very small, about 23 rows in front of dorsal; cheeks naked; opercles with a few small scales along upper margin. Five large roundish spots of dusky on each side, alternating with obscure dorsal bar-like blotches; a dark blotch on shoulder, above opercle; pale roundish spots at center of scales, forming indistinct rows on sides; all fins more or less dusky; anal without dark edge. Two specimens from Iloilo, a large female, 4 inches long, and a young example, 2 inches. A speci- men from Lubang, 3 inches long (male), differs from the Iloilo specimens only in having fewer (about 16) rows of scales in front of the dorsal fin. It is possible that this may represent a distinct species. GOBIUS Linneus. 254. Gobius ornatus Riippell. One specimen 2.50 inches long from Ticao Island. GLOSSOGOBIUS Gill. 255. Glossogobius giuris (Hamilton-Buchanan). Gobius giuris Hamilton-Buchanan, Fishes Ganges, p. 51, pl. 33, fig. 15, 1822; Ganges. Gobius giuris Giinther, Cat. Fishes, 11, 1861, 21 (in part only), Gobius fasciato-punctatus Richardson being the same as Glosso- gobius brunneus (Temminck «& Schlegel). Glossogobius giuris Smith & Seale, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, X1x, 79, 1906; Mindanao, not Gobius giuris of Rutter, which = Glossogobius brunneus (Temminck & Schlegel) nor of Abbott, which = Rhinogobous giurinus (Rutter). Cteno- gobius platycephalus of Jordan & Evermann, from Formosa, is also identical with Rhinogobius giurmnus. The original Gobius platycephalus, of Richardson, from Macao, is Glossogobius brunneus. Head 3; depth 5; nose 3; interorbital space 4 eye; maxillary 2.30; eye 5.30; dorsal v1-9; anal 9; scales 30; nape closely scaled; cheeks and opercles naked; tongue forked; spinous and soft dorsal fins specked in the rays only; 5 large squarish blotches forming a lateral row on each side; above and below these, nar- rower, wavy longitudinal streaks of dusky, more or less broken; nape without spots; a dark spot at the upper part of the pectoral base. Two excellent specimens from Mindoro Island, 6 and 7 inches long; one from Tloilo, 4 inches, and one from Aparri, 3.50 inches. This species is very close to Glossogobius brunneus (Temminck & Schlegel), from which it differs mainly in the absence of the dusky bar across spinous dorsal, and the lack of spots on the nape. AWAOUS Steindachner. (Chonephorus Poey.) 256. Awaous ocellaris (Broussonet). ’ Head 3.33; depth 4.60; nose 2.30; maxillary 2.40; interorbital space .88 of eye; eye 6 in head (2.60 in nose); dorsal vi-11; anal 11; scales 55. Five specimens from Mindoro Island, 3.50 to 4.59 inches long. These specimens agree essentially with examples from Samoa, differing only in having the body less uniformly darkened, and the spotting more prominent. Like the specimens frem Samoa, they have the ocellus at back of spinous dorsal, and a spot on the upper part of base of pectoral. 278 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. AMBLYGOBIUS Bleeker (Odontogobius Bleeker.) 257. Amblygobius phaleena (Cuvier & Valenciennes). Colors in life: Dark green, the body with five light and five dark alternate bands, between each two of which is a narrow light blue band; three blue stripes on gill cover; a large dusky spot above upper angle of opercle; a similar spot on upper part of tail near base; first dorsal striped with cream and brown, a large dusky spot on its posterior portion; second dorsal margined with light yellow, blue black, and brown; belly pale blue; anal pale blue, like belly, margined with dusky; ventrals very pale blue, with dusky margins; pectoral clear pale yellow; caudal washed with salmon, dusky at tip. A single specimen, 2 inches long, from Cagayancillo. GOBIICHTHYS Klunzinger. (Pselaphias Jordan & Seale.) 258. Gobiichthys tentacularis (Cuvier & Valenciennes). Zapatero. Two specimens from Iloilo, 3 inches long, and one of the same size from Aparri, northern Luzon. The genus Gobtichthys Klunzinger (petersii)) supersedes Pselaphias Jordan & Seale, the type of Klunzinger’s genus having a tentacle over the eye. Except in this rather slight character, Gobiichthys does not differ from Oxyurichthus Bleeker as restricted in the present paper. OXYURICHTHUS Bleeker. The genus Oxyurichthus Bleeker (belosso) includes gobies with ventral fins united, tail lanceolate, dorsal fin short, an adipose nuchal crest, the upper teeth in one series, and the tongue convex. The species differ from those of Gobiichthus Klunzinger (Pselaphias Jordan & Seale) in lacking a tentacle over the eye, and from Gobionellus Girard in having the upper teeth in a single series, and the tongue convex. The type of Oxyurichthus was stated by Bleeker to have the upper pectoral rays silk-like, doubtless by error, none of the closely related forms of these genera known to us having them so. Gobius papuensis Cuvier & Valenciennes and Gobionellus lonchotus Jenkins are congeneric with the present species. 259. Oxyurichthus cristatus (Day). A single specimen from Cagayancillo, 3 inches long. APARRIUS Jordan & Richardson, new genus. Aparrius Jordan & Richardson, new genus of Gobiidize (acutipinnis. ) This genus has the teeth very fine, in bands in both jaws, the tongue short, adnate nearly to tip, emarginate, and the tail acuminate, as in Gobionellus, in each of these characters differing from Rhino- gobius. Like Rhinogobius, it has the scales large and the soft dorsal fin short. The name is from Aparri in northern Luzon, where the typical species is found. 260. Aparrius acutipinnis (Cuvier & Valenciennes). Gobius acutipinnis Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., x11, 80, 1837; Malabar. Day, Fishes India, 292, pl. LX1, fig. 2, 1878-88; Seas of India to the Andamans. Rhinogobius ocyurus Jordan & Seale, Bul. U. S. Fish Comm., xxv1, 1906, 42, fig. 14; Cavite, P. 1. Acentrogobius acutipinnis, Smith & Seale, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., X1x, 1906, 81; Mindanao, P. I. Head 3.60; depth 4; dorsal yr-11; anal 11; scales 27; hose 3.50; maxillary 2; interorbital space .66 of eye; eye 4; teeth very fine, in bands in both jaws; outer teeth not enlarged; no canines; tongue short, adnate nearly to its tip, which is emarginate; cheeks and opercles naked; nape scaled, at least posteriorly; maxillary nearly to back of orbit; mouth scarcely oblique; first four rays of spinous dorsal (in female) prolonged, though scarcely filamentous, carrying the membrane nearly to their tips; the depressed longest spinous ray reaching to fourth ray of soft dorsal; soft dorsal high behind, the depressed fin reaching past base of caudal; caudal long, acuminate, its length less than 2.50 in length without caudal; anal reaching base of caudal; ventrals united, reaching nearly to vent; pectorals slightly Ionger than head, without silk-like rays. FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINES. 279 Color in spirits dusky olive, with obscure cloud-like blotches, tending to form indistinct cross bands; nape vermiculated; a suborbital bar of dusky, dorsals and caudal specked in both rays and membranes; anal dusky, slightly darker toward margin; ventrals dusky, with pale edge; pectorals with a faint short bar across upper bas¢. Here described from a single specimen, 2.25 inches long (female) from Aparri, in northern Luzon. This fish has the aspect of species of Gobionellus or Oxyurichthus, though differing from them distinctly in its generic characters. It has the notched tongue of Gobionellus, with the large scales of Rhinogobius. The Aparri specimen is referred to the present species with some hesitation, having perhaps a little less oblique mouth than the type of Rhinogobius ocyurus Jordan & Seale, and showing less plain traces of dark crossbars. The type of Rhinogobius ocyurus has the tongue destroyed. WAITEA Jordan & Seale. 261. Waitea mystacina (Cuvier & Valenciennes). Head 3.50; depth 4.50; nose 2.75; interorbital space .5 of eye; eye 4.20; maxillary 1.50, produced behind eye, to preopercle; teeth minute, in bands, as in Gobionellus; dorsal vt-11, the first three rays (in male) of the spinous dorsal much produced and finely filamentous, the filamentous extension of the third ray reaching beyond back of base of soft dorsal, anal 12; scales 29, head naked; caudal probably pointed (broken). 7 Color in spirits olive, bluish forward; sides with five distinct blotches; both dorsals mottled in the membranes; anal and ventrals dusky. i A single example (male), from Aparri, northern Luzon, 2.75 inches long. SICYOPTERUS Gill. 262. Sicyopterus teniurus (Giinther). Head 4.50; depth 5; eye 5.50 in head; dorsal vi—-11 or 12; anal 11; scales 55-60. One specimen from Mindoro Island, 3.25 inches long, and one from Sibuyan, 1.75 inches. TRYPAUCHENICHTHYS Bleeker. 263. Trypauchenichthys typus (Bleeker). Dorsal 59 (vi, 52); anal 49; scales 56, cycloid; ventrals notched three-fourths to base; color in spirits dull uniform light brown, with purplish tinge. A single specimen from Cagayancillo. GOBIOIDES Lacépéde. 264. Gobioides brachygaster (Ginther). A specimen, 4.75 inches long, from Aparri is doubtless this species. It has the head 7.50 in length to base of caudal, not 9, as stated by Doctor Giinther, but otherwise agrees with his description. Depth 12.50; dorsal v1, 45; anal 46; dorsal and anal separated from caudal by a notch; pectoral half the length of the ventral; eyes invisible; chin with numerous short barbels; head much wrinkled with sensory ridges; each side with a median lateral row of transverse vertical slits or pores, each surrounded by blue color. Family SCORPA NIDA. SEBASTOPSIS Gill. 265. Sebastopsis guamensis” (Quoy & Gaimard). Four specimens, 1.50 to 3 inches long, from Calayan. SEBASTAPISTES Gill. 266. Sebastapistes nuchalis ((Giinther). Head 2.50 in length to base of caudal; depth 2.75; depth of caudal peduncle 3.20 in head; dorsal x1, 1, 10; anal m, 5 or 6; scales 38, the anterior 5 or 6 scales of the lateral line with a short spine; nose 3.66 in head; eye 4; interorbital space 1.50 in orbit; maxillary 1.90 in head, its tip reaching a vertical a Two small specimens, 1.8 inches long, taken at Honolulu, H. I., in 1901, are apparently the young of this species. 280 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. irom posterior margin of orbit; spinous armature of head well developed; a pair of sharp spines between nostrils in front of eye; each upper orbital rim with three spine-like serratures; posterior rim of orbit with two or three very small spines; two sharp “strong” spines in transverse series behind each upper poste- rior angle of orbit, and two in longitudinal series on each side of nuchal region; two strong spines at back of opercle, and three along upper margin of opercle, in a series continuous with the anterior spinous tubes of the lateral line; a strong humeral spine; a strong spine at upper angle of preopercle, with two weak spines in front of and above it, and four below it on the free preopercular margin; teeth in jaws in velvety bands, the posterior ones recurved; no barbels: orbital tentacles very small; a short nasal flap on each side; lower margin of preopercle with five or six small cirri; middle of each upper jaw with a short tentacle; scales of side without dermal flaps; pectoral 1.20 in head, with no prolonged or free rays; ven- trals 1.40; caudal rounded, 1.50 in head; longest dorsal spine (fourth to seventh) 2.66 in head; second anal spine longest, two in head; lateral line complete; upper parts of cheeks and opercles scaled. Color in spirits, grayish brown, mottled with darker; under parts little paler than upper; head darkest on lower part of cheek and at upper angle of opercle; edges of lower jaw and chin rather faintly marked with narrow dusky cross bands; spinous dorsal mottled, with a conspicuous black blotch in its upper part between the sixth and tenth spines, soft dorsal mottled, darkest in front and toward base, with a faint broad pale crossband at middle; caudal barred broadly with dusky across base, at middle, and behind; anal with an obscure broad bar across middle and on outer fourth; ventrals dusky, paler toward base; pectorals with scattered dark specks, forming an indistinct broad bar across inner third; axil of pectoral with several roundish white spots, smaller than pupil. Two specimens from Calayan, 2.25 inches long. It is with hesitation that we refer these specimens to S. nuchalis, as the scales appear to be larger than in that species, and there are some differences in coloration and minute orbital tentacles. The species is near S. ballieui (Sauvage), but has a shorter jaw and much smaller orbital tentacles. PARACENTROPOGON Bleeker. 267. Paracentropogon longispinis (Cuvier & Valenciennes). A single example, 2 inches long, from Cuyo. The pale spot above the lateral line does not show in the specimen, which otherwise agrees closely with descriptions and figures of this species. 268. Paracentropogon indicus (Day). A single small specimen from Cuyo, 2 inches long, agrees closely with Day’s original description and figure of this species (Fishes of India, p. 155, pl. 38, fig. 2). TETRAROGE Ginther. 269. Tetraroge barbata (Cuvier & Valenciennes). One example from Aparri, 2 inches long. Family PLATYCEPHALIDA. PLATYCEPHALUS Bloch. 270. Platycephalus indicus (Linnzeus). (Cottus insidiator Forskal.) One example, 8 inches long, from Manila. THYSANOPHYS Ogilby. 271. Thysanophys tentaculatus (Riippell). (Platycephalus nemato phthalmus Gunther, also of Bleeker.) One specimen from Cuyo, 6 inches long. Family PLEURONECTID®. PLATOPHRYS Swainson. 272. Platophrys pantherinus (Riippell). One specimen, 3 inches long, from Aparri, northern Luzon. FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINES. 281 PSEUDORHOMBUS Bleeker. 273. Pseudorhombus javanicus (Bleeker). Six ‘specimens, 3 to 4 inches long, from Cavite, collected by Doctor Lung and recorded as Pseu- dorhombus polyspilus by Jordan & Seale, appear to belong to this species. They are distinguished from Pseudorhombus arsius (russellii) and polyspilus by their shorter jaw and wholly convex profile, without angle over snout. 274. Pseudorhombus polyspilus (Bleeker). Dapa. One example, 4 inches long, from Iloilo, and one, 4.50 inches, from Manila. Thisspeciesisapparently sufficiently distinguished from Pseudorhombus_arsius (russellii) by the presence of numerous scattered small black specks on the body, each with a pale border. 275. Pseudorhombus malayanus Bleeker. One specimen from Manila, 5.50 inches long. Dorsal 71; scales 85, ctenoid on both sides; traces of two dark spots on lateral line; color otherwise uniform. In color this specimen resembles Pseudorhombus oligodon, which species, however, according to Doctor Bleeker, has fewer teeth. Family SOLEIDE. _ MICROBUGLOSSUS Ginther, 276. Microbuglossus humilis (Cantor). Four specimens from Manila, 1.75 to 2 inches in length. BRACHIRUS Swainson. (Synaptura Cantor, substitute for Brachirus on account of the prior Brachyrus and Brachyurus, restricted by Kaup to allies of B. commersori.) 277. Brachirus sorsogonensis Evermann & Seale. One specimen, 7.50 inches long, from Manila, and one, 6.25 inches, from Lubang. CYNOGLOSSUS Hamilton-Buchanan. 278. Cynoglossus sindensis Day. Dapa. One example, 10 inches long, from Manila. Dorsal 108; anal 86; two lateral lines on each side; scales cycloid on blind side. 279. Cynoglossus sumatrensis (Bleeker). A specimen trom Ticao Island, 2.75 inches long, is probably this species, although the angle of the mouth is a little farther forward than is said by Doctor Bleeker to be the case in swmatrensis. Dorsal 110; scales in lateral line (from base of nuchal branch) 70; transverse count between lateral lines on eyed side 11; a single lateral line on the blind side; scales ctenoid on both sides; color in spirits mottled brownish, with much the aspect of Cynoglossus puncticeps, from which it is easily distinguished by its much larger scales and longer dorsal fin. Family PTEROPSARID&. PARAPERCIS Gill. 280. Parapercis tetracanthus Lacépéde. Two specimens from Calayan, 4 inches long. Color in life of upper parts brown, belly white; nine dark cross bands, extending downward nearly to median ventral line; head mottled swith light and dark brown, white, and dusky green; dorsal sparsely and irregularly spotted with dusky; ventral and anal pale yellow; a large, well-defined, almost black area at base of caudal; beyond this a much smaller area of opaque white, about half an inch in length and including the middle ray and its two adjacent membranes. 281. Parapercis cylindrica (Bloch). One example, 4 inches long, from Cuyo. Life color dirty white, with about ten wide vertical brown bars, which are wide at their middle and are united on the belly; top of head brown; dorsal light brown, 282 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. with spots of dark brown on membranes; caudal similar to dorsal; pectoral reddish brown; ventral dusky; anal light brown, spotted with darker brown and milky white. Family BATRACHOIDIDA. MARCGRAVIA Jordan. 282. Marcgravia diemensis (Le Sueur). Guecguan. (Cottus grunniens Linnus, “habitat in America,’’ dorsal 11-26, anal 22, is Opsanus taw or Marcgravia cryptocentra, and can not be identified with any Asiatic fish.) Head 3.16 in length without caudal; depth 3.30; eye 4.75; interorbital space slightly greater than eye; nose somewhat less than eye, 4.50 in head; maxillary 2 in head, reaching a vertical from behind eye; opercular spines 4; three fringed tentacles above each eye; a fringe of small cirri on each side of upper lip, and a similar fringe encircling lower jaw; other smaller cirri on top of head and along margin of preopercle; dorsal m-19; anal 14; pectoral 1.4 in head; ventral 1.4; teeth in coarse villiform (molar- like) bands in jaws and on yomer and palatines. Color brown, coarsely mottled, and speckled with darker; fins barred. Life color, dark, mottled with black, dark brown and gray, the gray forming three broken and irregular bands; belly, throat, and chin flesh color; pectoral strongly banded with gray and brown; a black band at base of caudal followed by five gray and four brown bands. A single specimen, 3 inches long, from Cuyo. This species is type of the genus Coryzichthys Ogilby, named but not defined in the Report of the Amateur Fishermen’s Association of Queensland, 1907, p. 11. Family CALLIONYMIDA. SYNCHIROPUS Gill. 283. Synchiropus ocellatus (Pallas). Head 3.30 in length without caudal; depth 5; depth of caudal peduncle 3 in head; width of head 1.16 in its length; eye 4 in head; nose 3.75; interorbital space equal to width of pupil; mouth very small, its width less than eye, the jaws subequal, the maxillary touching a vertical from anterior margin of orbit; jaws with minute teeth; preopercular spine with two curved hooks, directed obliquely inward, gill-opening as wide as pupil, superior, situated on the.neck nearly midway between the preopercular spine and the base of the spinous dorsal; dorsal 1y-8; anal 7; pectoral 1.3 in head, reaching past front of anal; ventral equal to head; caudal 1.16; lateral line complete, high, its course about an eye-width distant from the mid-dorsal line. Color in spirits: Upper parts and sides brown; sides of head with numerous small ocelli (pale- encircled dark dots); sides of trunk marbled with grayish, the lighter color crossing the back in six crenu- late-edged bands; lower part of side with about four roundish gray spots, each with smaller whitish specks about its circumference; other similar smaller white specks forming an indefinite row along outer edge of belly; middle of sides, between the marblings, with many small dark-encircled pale specks, of same size as the facial ocelli; spinous dorsal with three incomplete double-edged oblique crossbands, above which, between the first and third spines, is arow of four roundish ocellate black spots, each with a darker center and a pale edge; soft dorsal with two or three indistinct obliquish bands; caudal barred with dusky near base, pale submedially; its outer half obscurely double-barred, its posterior margin pale; anal dusky, paler near base, the rays tipped with whitish, ventrals twice barred broadly with blackish, tips pale; pec- torals with three bands of small black spots inthe rays; breast crossed by a vague, diffuse band of dusky; belly pale. Two specimens, 1.50 and 2 inches long, from Calayan, in tide pools. On the life color, Mr. McGregor has the following note: ‘‘Brown, mottled with gray; tail with a few red spots; pectoral and ventral more or less orange; first dorsal with four conspicuous ocellate brown ‘spots; snout and gill-covers and sides of face thickly speckled with blue.”’ Giinther’s Callionymus microps, the figure of which shows the spinous dorsal uniform black without ocelli, does not appear to differ in any important respects from the present species. The pectoral fins have fine, dark cross bars. Synchiropus lili Jordan & Seale, recently described from Samoa, is also FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINES. 283 very close and may not be different. The pectorals are, however, clear, bright yellow, without bars. Mr. McGregor states that the pectorals of the present species are yellowish in life. Those of Synchiropus lili are bright yellow, edged with golden. It is not unlikely that both microps and lili are identical with Synchiropus ocellatus. CALLIONYMUS Linnzus. 284. Callionymus sagitta Pallas. Two young males, 1.50 inches long, from Manila. Dorsal rv-9; preopercular spine with four or five hooks directed inward and upward, and with a single strong spine in front pointing forward. Color in spirits brownish, with numerous darker ocelli; a row of dusky blotches along middle of each side; cheeks with small dark specks bordered with whitish; spinous dorsal blackish. Family BLENNIID. ENNEAPTERYGIUS Rippell. 825. Enneapterygius philippinus (Peters). Head 3.75; depth 5; depth caudal peduncle 3 in head; eye 3; dorsal m-—x1, 8; anal 15; pectoral 2.75 in length without caudal; ventral 1.1 in head; caudal 1.4 in head; scales 30, 12 in lateral line; a pair of short nasal barbels; orbital cirri absent, or, if present, extremely small (not found by us). Color in spirits pale straw, probably red in life; top of head, sides, and under parts more or less dusted with fine dark specks; two small spots of silver under eye; a large silver spot below front base of each pectoral, and a pair of similar small ones before base of ventrals; several splashes of silvery along lower portion of side, forming an indistinct row; second and third dorsals a little dusky outwardly; caudal faintly barred; anal pale; pectorals with distinct black specks in four series. A second, and smaller specimen, has the under part of the head and breast much more profusely specked, the anal uniformly dusky, and the caudal with a large, rather diffuse basal blotch. This species is close to Enneapterygius tusitale Jordan & Seale, from Samoa, apparently differing from it chiefly in the presence of the silvery markings and in the reduction (or absence) of the orbital tentacle. Two specimens, 0.70 and 0.80 inches long, from Calayan. The description of Peters differs only in that the type specimens from Luzon have the body marked by obscure dark cross bands. PETROSCIRTES Riippell.2 286. Petroscirtes eretes Jordan & Seale. Petroscirtes eretes Jordan & Seale, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xxv, 1905, 801, fig. 19; Negros, Philippine Islands. Bul. U. 8. Bureau of Fisheries, XxXv1, 1906 (1907), 47; Iloilo, Philippine Islands. Petroscirtes vulsus Jordan & Seale, Bul. U. S. Fish Comm., xxv1, 1906, 47, fig. 20; Manila (young specimen). (2?) Petroscirtes variabilis Cantor, Cat. Mal. Fishes, 200, 1850; Sea of Pinang. Giinther, Cat. Fishes, 11, 234, 1861. Day, Fishes India, 327, pl. LxIx, fig. 7, 1878-88. Head 4.20; depth 4.75; eye 3.50; nose 3.40; interorbital space 4.00; superior dermal flaps minute, there being two above each eye and one on each side of nuchal region; chin with a pair of well developed but small barbels, and a trace of a second pair (on one side only in this specimen); color in spirits, grayish brown, obscurely blotched and mottled; an indistinct dark stripe from eye to base of caudal fin, most prominent in front of pectoral, back of which it is nearly invisible, except when viewed at a favorable angle; dorsal with specks in the rays, these scarcely arranged in rows; caudal with an obscure V-shaped basal blotch; in life mottled with white and dark green, and with numerous points of pale blue. One specimen, 2.50 inches long, from Cuyo. This species is close to Petroscirtes variabilis Cantor, as figured by Day, and may not be different, although that species is stated by Giinther to have no orbital tentacles. These are shown, however, in the figure by Day, although, on account of their small size, they are likely to be overlooked. Day states that specimens of Petroscirtes cynodon Peters (placed in the synonomy of Petroscirtes variabilis by Giinther, sent to him by Doctor Peters, lacked the orbital tentacle. The present specimens show the dark lateral stripe of P. variabilis, a marking which apparently disappears readily, being difficult to make out in the cotypes of P. eretes. a Petroscirtes azureus jordan & Seale, from Samoa, is probably not different from P. t#niatus (Quoy & Gaimard). B. b, F. 1907—19 4) 284 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. SALARIAS Cuvier. 287. Salarias rivulatus Riippell. Salarias rivulatus Riippell, Atlas, Africa, 114, 1828; Red Sea. Jordan & Seale, Bul. U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, xxv, 1905 (1906), 29; Se a. ee Panarnortts Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., x1, 329, 1836; Ile de France. Gunther, Cat. Fishes, m1, 255° Fische der Siidsee, 209, taf. 117, fig. B, 1877; Upolu, Paumotu, Tahite. Klunzinger, Fische des Rothen Meeres, 486, 1871; Red Sea. Salarias oryx (Ehrenberg) Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XI, p. 327; Red Sea. Head 4.16; depth 4.50; depth of caudal peduncle 2.33 in head; eye 3.75; interorbital space 2 in eye; a pair of simple tentacles above orbits and on nape, each about half diameter of eye; nasal tentacles short, fringed; a crest on nape (in male) as high as half diameter of orbit; dorsal xi or xm, 20; anal 23; pectoral 1 in head; ventral 1.3; dorsals of almost equal height, deeply notched; soft dorsal adnate to basal third of caudal. ‘ Color in spirits, smoky bluish brown; the body with many narrow, vertical, obliquish, or zigzag streaks darker than the ground color, which is smoky brown; fins dusky, the dorsals crossed longitudi- nally by several (the spinous dorsal by three) oblique pale streaks; anal with at least one median longitudinal pale streak and with a very narrow outer edging of pale. Two specimens, 2.50 inches long, from Calayan. These specimens, except for a very slight differ- ence in the number of soft dorsal rays, agree very well with Gimther’s description and figure of Salarias quadricornis Cuvier & Valenciennes, and with the specimens obtained by Jordan & Kellogg in Samoa. Riippell’s rivulatus (var. rivulatus of Klunzinger) with elongate, black-edged, yellow spots, is said to represent a mere color variation of the probably more typical form called quadricornis by Cuvier & Valenciennes and Ginther. 288. Salarias fasciatus (Bloch). Palu. Head 4.60; depth 3.60; eye 3; orbital tentacles bi- or tri-branched; nuchal tentacles in the form of a fringed tuft, each with 6 or 8 projections; dorsal 31; anal 19; spinous and soft dorsals continuous. Color in spirits brownish with blue wash; anterior dorsal region with numerous small bluish or dusky spots, these becoming elongate about middle of side and backward, where they form incomplete longi- tudinal streaks; traces of crossbands on hinder part of body, apparently continued upward more or less on soft dorsal; spinous dorsal mottled and spotted, with several rather large circular pale spots; caudal and pectorals with prominent specks in the rays, those on the pectorals quite squarish; breast crossed by a blue band; ventrals specked in the rays like pectorals. One specimen, 3.30 inches long, from Cagayancillo. On the life colors of this specimen Mr. McGregor has the following note: ‘‘Mottled and lined with dark green and black; on side below posterior half of dorsal about twelve spots of sky blue; a few spots of the same color about eye.”’ The present specimen does not differ from the smaller one recorded by Jordan & Seale from southern Negros (Dean collection), nor from the example from Ishigaki, Riu Kiu, Japan, described as Salarias ceramensis Bleeker by Jordan & Snyder. It is possible that Bleeker’s S. ceramensis is not different from the present species. Specimens of this species from Apia, Samoa, obtained by Jordan & Kellogg, have a row of blue spots,“ each with a light center, on the upper part of the caudal peduncle, and have the fins, especially the caudal, more heavily marked than in the Philippine and Japanese specimens. 289. Salarias edentulus (Bloch & Schneider). Head 4.50 to 4.75; depth 4.25 to 4.50; depth caudal peduncle 2.5 in head; eye 3.50; interorbital space 2 in eye; dorsal xr or xu, 21; anal 21 or 22; pectoral 1.1 in head; ventral 1.2; tentacles simple; no crest; dorsals rather deeply notched; back of trunk, tail, dorsals, and caudal fin with numerous small spots. Two specimens from Calayan, 3.50 inches. 290. (?) Salarias deani Jordan & Seale (male (?), or new species (?)). Head 4.60; depth 5.80; depth caudal peduncle 2.25 in head; eye 3.30; interorbital space 2 in eye; a single slender simple tentacle over each orbit, nearly as long as eye; no nuchal tentacles; nasal tenta- cles three- or four-branched; a moderate nuchal crest, as high as width of pupil (¢ ?); dorsal xm, 20; anal 21; pectoral 1.16 in head; ventral 1.50; dorsals both low, notched about halfway to base; longest dorsal spine 1.50 in head; longest ray 1.30; soft dorsal terminating above base of caudal; teeth uniserial in both jaws; no canines. aJn this respect agreeing with Giinther’s ‘‘ variety’ (specimen from Red Sea), Cat., 1m, 245. FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINES. 285 Color in spirits dark, smoky, bluish brown; caudal peduncle with traces of darker bands or blotches; head with fine punctulations; an oblong blue spot on each opercle (sex marking ?); dorsals dusky in both rays and membranes, the spinous dorsal with three or four and the soft dorsal with eight or ten narrow longitudinal or obliquish and more or less zigzag streaks of darker; outer edges of both dorsals pale; caudal crossed transversely with zigzag bars of dusky, in places more or less mottled, or the light spaces taking the form of small circular spots; anal dusky, darker submarginally, and with a very narrow pale outer edge; pectoral pale, transparent, except for the six or seven middle rays, each of which bears one or two minute but conspicuous black dots about midway of its length. A single specimen, 2.50 inches long, from Calayan. This fish agrees substantially with Salarias deani Jordan & Seale in measurements, fin counts, etc., and in the absence of nuchal tentacles. The different coloration and the presence of a nuchal crest are apparently distinctive, but may be sexual characters of the male. Family CONGROGADID. CONGRODADUS Ginther. (Machzxrium Richardson, preoccupied; MHierichthys Jordan & Fowler.) 291. Congrogadus subducens (Richardson). (J/ierichthys encryptes Jordan & Fowler.) Head 6.50 in total length; 6.20 in length without caudal; depth at front of anal 1.75 in head; eye 5.30 in head, 1.50 in snout; maxillary 2.20 in head; teeth in lower jaw more than 40 on a side; dorsal 76; anal 65; pectoral 2.66 in head; dorsal beginning over posterior fourth of pectorals; anal beginning under twelfth ray of dorsal; scales more than 200 in a longitudinal series (240, estimated, on a count of }); lateral line terminating under twelfth to fourteenth ray @ of dorsal; cheeks scaled. Color in spirits, light grayish brown, rather sparsely mottled and spotted with darker; a dark spot on opercle; dorsal and anal each with a basal row of dark spots. Life color: ‘‘ Dark red, irregularly spotted with dark brown and mottled with gray; belly, throat, and chin marked with large white spots; a row of large dark spots along base of dorsal; dorsal, caudal, and ventrals pale, the membranes more or less regularly spotted with light reddish.’ (McGregor.) Our three specimens, 7 to 9 inches long, all from Cuyo, agree with the description of Machxrium reticulatum Bleeker, regarded as a synonym of the present species by Doctor Giinther, who had both Richardson’s type and specimens of Machxrium reticulatum from Doctor Bleeker’s collection. Hier- ichthys encryptes Jordan & Fowler, described from the Riu Kiu Islands from a young specimen in which all color has faded, is apparently not different from the present species. 292. Congrogadus hierichthys Jordan & Richardson, new species. Tamayo. Head 5.75 in length to base of caudal; depth at front of anal 1.3 in head; eye 5 in head, 1.60 in nose; maxillary 2.50 in head; lower jaw somewhat longer than upper, the teeth on one side between Fig. 11.—Congrogadus hierichthys, new species. Type. 25 and 30; dorsal 57; anal 46; pectoral 2.60 in head; dorsal beginning over tip of pectoral; anal begin- ning under tenth ray of dorsal; scales 160; lateral line terminating under sixth or eighth ray of dorsal; cheeks scaled. Color in spirits nearly uniform brownish, vaguely mottled and clouded with darker; a conspicuous roundish black spot on opercle, a little smaller than eye, surrounded by a narrow border of pale; a «Not running the whole length of body, as wrongly indicated in Richardson’s figure, an error which led to the estab- lishment of the nominal genus, Hierichthys. 286 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. dark band across cheek and through eye; a row of black specks on each side of top of head and a similar row along posterior margin of preopercle, these marking the openings of pores; dorsal and anal with dark spots in the membranes, in four series in the dorsal and in three in the anal. Color in life: Dark brown; head dark greenish, lighter below; side behind gill-opening and side of head with a few white spots; on opercle a large black spot narrowly bordered with yellow; dorsal, caudal, and anal light brown, membranes spotted with darker brown. (Hierichthys, a generic name proposed by Jordan & Fowler, identical with Congrogadus). Two specimens from Cuyo, 3 and 4 inches long. The type is no. 20208, Stanford University; the cotype is no. 61684, U. S. National Museum. Family BROTULIDE. DINEMATICHTHYS Bleeker. 293. Dinematichthys iluoceteoides Bleeker. Head 4 in length, without caudal; depth 5.30; eye 3 in nose; dorsal 82-85; anal 56-59; pectoral 1.40 in head; ventral 1.25; caudal separate; a prominent anal papilla and a pair of horny claspers; scales about 100; cheeks scaly; opercle with a spine at its upper angle, pointing backward, and another shorter and blunter one at about middle of its posterior margin, directed obliquely downward. Color in spirits grayish brown; head, body, and vertical fins along their bases finely punctulated with dark specks. Two specimens from Ticao Island, 2 inches long. These specimens agree with Samoan examples in having the anal rays under 60, and not 69, as stated by Bleeker and Giinther, probably by error. Family ANTENNARIIDA. ANTENNARIUS (Commerson) Lacépéde. 294. Antennarius chironectes (Lacépéde). A single specimen from Cagayancillo, 3 inches long. 295. Antennarius lithinostomus/” Jordan & Richardson, new species. Fic. 12.—Antennarius lithinostomus, new species. Type. Depth 1.60; width 3.2; body and fins everywhere roughened with wart-like asperities, which are typically bifid; sides with a few larger and fringed dermal flaps; two fringed flaps behind the angle of the maxillary, one directly below it, and one in front of the posterior fourth of the mandible; three FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINES. 287 dermal flaps, set in a triangle, on chin below its middle; eye 4.75 in length of maxillary; interorbital space 3 times eye; maxillary 4.2 in length, nearly vertical; ‘fishing-rod,”’ or prolongation of first dorsal spine, twice the length of the second dorsal spine, 1.2 times length of maxillary; second dorsal spine 2.2 in maxillary, the depressed spine reaching halfway to tip of third dorsal spine; dorsal rays in contin- uous dorsal fin 13, the longest rays as long as the middle rays of caudal; anal rays 7, the longest ones .8 of longest dorsal rays; last rays of dorsal and caudal connected by membrane with eaudal peduncle fully to base of caudal rays; depth of caudal peduncle 1.9 in length of maxillary; pectoral reaching vertical from fifth anal ray; horizontal spread of ventrals 2.3 in length of fish to base of caudal; gill-opening under base of pectoral; teeth strong, in a broad band in each jaw, directed obliquely backward. Color in spirits grayish olive, with some black marblings, blotches, and ocelli; a large black ocellus on base of eighth dorsal ray, twice diameter of eye; two round black spots larger than eye above and behind base of pectoral; head, trunk, and all fins except caudal with obscure, faded marblings; caudal with three transverse rows of conspicuous black ocelli, each with a transparent center; tongue and inside of throat marbled like front of chin and trunk. The life colors are thus described by Mr. McGregor: ‘‘Mottled and blotched with dark brown and gray; lips grass green; dorsal, caudal, and anal largely green; a pink spot above pectoral; the whole fish with the appearance of an alga-covered rock, even the interior of the mouth being mottled.”’ One specimen from Cuyo, 4 inches long; the type is no. 20204, Stanford University. @ Ai@.vos, marbled; oroua, mouth, GENERAL INDEX. Page. Spobravieta, Moringia . fee connec eae sat eee wee ts 241 Abudefduf amabilis 264 ULC GROSS oe slp se aie eisai feelers 264 LOLCat (ts Cane eee a ON a BR 264 ol 3's BEE ee 263 glaucus. . - 264 sapphirus....... 264 (Sr SER LT Se oe 9 Bee ere RSS 2 Hartel Peeks Pepe EN De pg eR ie SE ea 263 zonatus BAOIPENSAr WeCITOSWIS= 22-2 n oes od ones eise nad enicsncane PROLNCMOENUS BLY CACOUS ao ala on os chee te om cane ieSn a as aculeatus, Balistapus..... acutipinnis, Aparrius....- MBoliscus strigatus...... 3 BORIS CRUEL VS POLO GL eo earcies ciete wale ntnicle eter aie eine =e MAS) GALAN Ke 2 o. wa sn ea ass oe qo an neu elemental Agosia faleata ™ UR UHOUS Sao ak aicle are minis ico eens ete aia DOE [hE te Ris ef er a a Oe nubila carringtoni. - - 98 MODUStA- = 45-0 ~ == Fresh-water fishes, west coast fusca, Eleotris gairdneri, Salmo... galacturus, Notropis...... 0.225.222. ecn eens nce se neon Gasterosteus cataphractus Gasterotokeus biaculeatus Gazza minuta...........----- gibbosa, Harengula......... giganteus, Tylosurus....... giuris, Glossogobius......... glaga, Mionorus.........-... glaucus, Abudefduf......... Glossogobius giuris....-........ Gnathypops dendritica. - - Gobiichthys tentacularis. . Goblusigmatlssocnsse>ceon- setae oe en anes Goboides brachygaster. goldiei, #schrichthys . -. Gonochzetodon triangulum......................---.--- 269 forbuscha, Oncorhynchus. - sae ane anne ace eeew = 150 OT ye VO LEY Be ate nie rataia a iain nee clei aes ieee 195 BTACIUS HOON aes eee aso tenance ane tenes 237 prandoculis; Opbichthys: 2m wcsiqse amen one naneeen 238 grandis, Ptychocbenluss = on jecnjnw wena eceesninn= 85,131,170 uamensis; Sebastopsls ace ese awe cennne wees oncom 279 gulosus, Cottus 101, 146, 185 guntheri, Thalassoma...-.-.........- 06 qe-ceeee-e----- 267 gymnocephalus, Halichoeres.....................+.-.--- 266 Gymnothorax flavomarginatus.............----.------- 240 AROS Boe See nae ee aa nee 239 1) Se AS Be ae onna 5 240 DICtOS eee eee ene eee eee 239 richandsonil-seeegestsee ns ee een ween 240 Hadropterus aspro : 38 macrocephalusi? =... cases cua ase 38 Halichoeres centiquadrus.... .......-.-.-.-.-.-----+--- 266 gymnocephalus. - 266 STATES Sete ete ete ate ea 266 SQ UIOSUS = eee a eee aan en eee 267 opercularis - 267 peecilus ....-. 267 trimaculatus. 266 hamiltonilh AnehOvine co 2-5 aan ce eben ee seg cues eee 236 aon se inCan GUUS hee ace ae een 257 Harengula gibbosa.-.-.- 236 moluecensis - 236 sundaica. .. - 236 hassel ti, Oussumileria sian ce - ses selene een 236 hanmela, Wrichtarns |e seeea ee see 2a 251 Helotes sexlineatus. -. 258 hremictenus; Banbod ess. enon asta ce oan 241 Hemiramphusilimbatus: 2 i022 2.0. snc new ecter scons 243, marginatus. . 243 neglectus - . 243 Hepatus elongatus 270 MI GACUB eee ena enee aeeeeets 270 270 270 triostegus 270 hierichthys, Congrogadus.........-..--..---------+--+-- 285 Himantura uarnak....- 235 Hippocampus barbouri. 247 kuda.... 246 hispidus, Tetraodon. ...-. 273 heevenii, Tisha... .......- 239 Holacanthus bicolor... --- 269 Holocentrus lacteoguttatus - 247 microstomus. . 248 Tapere. aes 248 sammafa. . . - 248 humboldtianus, Catostomus - 163 humilis, Microbuglossus..........-....-----+--+-++-+--- 281 292 Page. Ihyalosoma) Amiateen: oo. - esse = ea te eee 254 Ey hopsisiam blGpS#= 0.2 -c 22s a2 ss == ere ee eee 36 QTAM Crib aes sere a ssees oe eee eee 181 kentuckiensis 36 Hypseleotris modestus. - 276 Hysterocarpus traskii- ictalops, Cottus...-... Ictalurus punctatus -. TPNOpINsy | Carankee sana s sen ee eee 250 Tisha heveniis ese. san. oss oe cee ne eee eeeeeaieeels 236 iluocceteoides, Dinematichthys.............--.-.------- 286 immaculatus, Letraodon==--- 2-5 s--- eee eee eens eae 273 indicus, Paracentropogon- 280 Platycephalus.. 280 inermis, Cheilio....... 2627 ire, Caranx..... 250 irideus, Salmo.... 141, 183 insidiator, Equula 252 INCALLUp ta, EClOP 1S secrete ete ae eae eer 255 interruptus; ATchoplites ee. se amt a te 143 jacula trix, Toxotes-o-na c= = see ee ees 268 aponicus, Nemipteruss.----------=-=--=-—---— ses) 9208 Symodusesesse so ae a eee ee nang an jarbua, Therapon......-.- 258 javanicus, Pseudorhombus. ....-..------------.------=- 281 Javus; |S itanus see a see ee ee te 271 jello, Sphyreenae ses eee eee aes ae eee eee eee 245 iKkalloptera; Amiaw seeps = see se ane oe eee eee 255 NEEDS ERGY |S bee LDN ee eer terre 260 kasmirasqutianusiecc. == s--2- oo eee ee eee eae 257 kentuckiensis, Hybopsis..-.-------------------- 36 kate, ONCOnDyNGHUS =.= eeee n= = ee ee ee. A 183: kisutch, Oncorhynchus. . 150, 183 klamathensis, Agosia - 180 Cottus. xe 1 BS TRI e@irniign © Ea 00k Or oe et ede 269 koilomatodons Butissee--aeeeees seeeeeae sae see eee 274 KkOpSi; Atm Dass IS see ese ee ee 255 Kuhliasnarginatase cee ee cease ee ore eee 254 CUD CS GELS eset eete = ee ee 254 ud a, sel p POCA PU Seep et ae an emma ee ee eee 246 Kyphosus cinerascens. - . . . 260 Labidesthes siceulus..------- 37 lacteoguttatus, Holocentrus.. : 247 Iscomosa,vAtLherinase cs saeco eee aero emits sean eae 243 Jahontan’sPanLOSLUS me ase = eee em ete 120 Lakes of southeastern Oregon..-......-.--------------- 71-102 PAIN POL! COAT Ate oe ee ee a tee er te 120 lateralis wAun laa saee esc cee S22 te ee eee ee eee 254 PMeyOCHeUT Sia see eeee a eee eee 170 Lavinia exilicauda.....- 125, 169 leiaspis, Coelonotus. .. 253 Leiognathus caballa 246 coma - - 253, enSiferus:42.2:.-920 hes 2 Site see eA tiasteres 252, Splen denise eae enee ees eee eee 254 Leiuranus lithinus. -...- MORE ROLE Se rEenar ebb ads ere sesos 238 leiurus, Tylosurus. . - . 243 leopardus, Cephalopholis ...-...--...-.---------------- 256 Lepisosteus osseus. --.--- 33 Lepomis auritus.....- megalotis leptolepis, Caranx. . - - Lethrinus mahsenoides - meensii euciscus baltestusecre-2 -o22seeeeese eee see Dbicolor..cacsctiat Seas ee eee eee (CAULIDUS Sees ene ee eet eae GENERAL INDEX. OLTOPIUS 234 es os 3st sk Sess whee eeee eRe margarita... limbatus, Hemiramphus.... ~~. lineatus, Hepatus. .-..- Lutianus = Plectorhynchus!)2~.js2otec 50 -,: pee eee ROCCUS © ajo esciee eed sa comes bch 5 a Rees Siganus (2.2: Seas sce seen ec eee eee lithinostomus, Antennarius- lithinus, Leiuranus. - littoralis, Pomacentrus litus) Gymmnothorax-. eee ee ee nee Liza oligolepis troscheli.c: svt 320. Sey. 3 A eee ee longispinis, Paracentropogon. . lontis Variola= 225-24 -e-- Sec AGA eee lunaris;/Spheroides: -\j-:25--20- <2. seae see ee Lutianus argentimaculatus - kasmira. - lineatus. ......-- aS quinquelinestus 25-2 epee ae ae eee Tusselliz: - <5 2* a B253.'. ache oat eee luzonins; Ujpeneoides. 9-250. += - he ee ee macdonaldi, sNotropiso- 2 een eee ae ee eee eee macgregori, Doryrhamphus....-...-..--.--- Pisoodonophis?-2-2 2. eee eee macrocephalus, Hadropterus. . macrocheilus, Catostomus..--- macrolepidotus, Pogonichthys aye macrolepidotum, Moxostoma........--...-.--.--------- macropsiiCottus 34's 3sachee eee ee ne ae eee mactilatayMene Saco... a-ha nate nee ee maculatus; omad esis -o- an aan ee ee mahsenoides, Lethrinus.....-- Maj OD AveCH Ss] 2 = soso eee malayanus, Pseudorhombus ‘ malmaysalvelintss. 2-2 =s-< sso 08= =e ee | Maregravia diemensis..--.----------. 2-2. <2 202-2 - 22a margarita; Weuciseus. 227 =. 2 feet eee ee marginata, Keune oe ae ee ete ee marginatus, Hemiramphus2=n.---- 22 se -ces eee eee MAarMOratus; SiGAanUS o4- sees ae ee eee matoides, Hepatus mauritiana, Anguilla........-- maxillingua, Exoglossum. medirostris, Acipenser. -- - megachir, Epinephelus. =e Se eocra Megalaspisicord yas .oase.\seee= o--an ee eee eee miegalotis;| Vepomis: =< 222252. ane eta ee melanoteenia; Cichlops:: .---- 2-2 -si-. -ee nae ee MeL ANIVECUS; MEAS CYL US Sie sey ate tatatare = eee el eee melas, Plesiops..-.--.----.-- Mene maculata mento, Parexoccetus. - Microbuglossus humilis. - - microlepidotus, Orthodon. Scomben- een casos ease esas ae TAAL CKO S55 CUO COIN US oes ote pe ol Micropterus dolomieu..-...-...-.------------------- SAL OIG ES Seen ee eee rene ae ee microstomus, Holocentrus mindora, Coecula. - -- - miniatus, Cephalopholis EAlich caresses. oe ne eee a ei eens Mionortis!@lapaeee sees saee em eee rerleolble Cte Be ak Rae ee cere Sen So psERcoserteces soos GENERAL INDEX. Page. modestus; Hy pseleotris = 2-- =<. 00 <5 cece ss ccen es cclaceess = 276 mioanshin Tethrin tigeees teense wns oth aidan aes ce cena esos 259 moluccensis, Calotomus... - 268 Harengula. - . . 236 Monacanthid@.......... 272 Monacanthus tomentosus. . 272 Monodactylus argenteus . pe ari) Moringia) ab brevis tae. aa slew oe tooe te eammitem vin ciasisielolesis 241 MOXOSLOIIG BUISNIO Se saa non oe = eye a ae alee oan a ain 34 SUTOOINDN pee se eee eesti oe 34 TNBOLOIE DIIGO eee ee cies eee aie 34 Mugil cephalus............ 244 Murzenesox cinereus... -. 237 Murnichthys thompsoni.. =p sean Wir ie Glin masa. SNRs soc Aahs Somme ees Sbee acres 239 STUIPG AN yO ELS WS sie tatere alae in a mn ae ae ninlmicinte Miainle m= 247 Mylochetlus lateralis. occ. - ae emer cn cecinc canine nes 170 Mylopharodon conocephalus...............--.----- $4, 128, 169 Myripristis murdjan ae 247 mystacina, Waitea...........-.-.- .- 279) Natural history of shipworms. 193-231 MAVEN NOTE O Sse an ean see roasts a nen eae oes caNw e's 195 TISDULOSS, HChidua 2-2. on- aoc sce se oe cer aemersressnc 241 ME DULGSUS, AMMELUNUS opacities ems eon cea cee ans ceca ceasee Sere 268 Oregon fishes ........... - 71-102, 155-189 oregonensis, Ptychocheilus..............:----2-----s-0 84,170 Rutilus.... 7 orientalis, Plectorhynchus.............-...--.---- 259 Grnatus, Goblugiis. se. .creas = ae~ «acces soca eee SP aie Orthodon microlepidotus... ...:.. 22. .--.2---2cecencenes 125 Osmoerusithalelcbthyss.2c 2. seccs acres sanedseeaseecee dees 150 osseus, Lepisosteus. .. - . 33 oxycephalus, Cheilinus. - . 267 Oxyurichthys cristatus . 278 panatela, Atherina 243 pantherinus, Platophrys 280 Pantosteus lahontan. .. - 120 Paracentropogon indic 280 longispinis'=5.o so eena a=. see seen eee 238 Pimephalesmotatus2 =. <1.'-ece-+-6 ecee os seen ace eskuees 34 Pisoodonophis cancrivorus. - - 238 macgregori. . - 238 Platax orbicularis......-. “one = 268 Platophrys pantherinus= 2s o.-escc~- cn ess ee eee tee ee 280 Piatycephalus indicus soe csuece == a-scies eee oe 280 PBGY 2 1OSSUS NOLODSIS see ce caesar i AE ee ee 266 Plectorhynchus linestus 22: ae oo. + sal womeen ce eosenae ee” 259 orientalis 259 Plesiops melas... - 257 nigricans... 257 Plotosus!anpuillarisco 0 soos cee ss sc cee- eee 242 poscilus, Halichoores =... 2-05 <2 .ce-- se nncee ane 267 Pogonichthys macrolepidotus .................-.--..-.- 130 Polydactylus tetradactylus...........---.----.--eec2-0s 245 zophomus. .... 245 polyspilus, Pseudorhombus 281 polyzona, Echidna......... 241 Pomacentrus albofasciatua...............-..-. = 262 GIB EINE USS ees ee ter dae - 263 fasciatusije. << oo. cde ans ee sacsacnaee ees 263 I GLOR ALS ter aerate reactant tee 263 TUBTICANS! a2 Sep aen du vepseaemeaeeaeeeee 262 pristiger 263 Pomadasis argenteus. . 259 argyreus... 259 maculatus. 259 | porocephala, Ophiocara..................-...----essees 274 294 Page. IPriacanthushamrinsee secre cise eea a eee 257 Priopis buruensiSseses-2 sees soeee = see eee 255 Intern p tase. secs soe ee eee eee eee 255 DUISMATICUS DULIS seme ee ee ar 275 pristiger, Pomacentrus......--..-.-- 263 Pseudorhombus javanicus = ail TS) BY ADS ee at ee estefan eae 281 DOYS pilus =. eerste See ai See 281 IPSetid OScisem aj an ears anja eee aa cles ene et tee 261 pterophthalmus, Ampheces |< see cr woo = eee ee 265 Péychocheiltiss pram dis secession ae 85,131,170 oregonensiSs- 52). = coer ee =e .- 84,170 umpque . . 170 punctata, Drepane..---- 268 punctatum, Xystzema.. 260 POU GUNS HORRY 22 6 on open sone Se ocSseerococeaticdce 33 UNC Hil GUS ys COLUM S mets tara atlases eel ae eats 101 TORE, MUA gS OO A oS ar ea sone coarse abe seo eese Ee sNOSe 258 | Quadrifasciatayea Wiia te er ireepaet eee eee eer 254 quadrilineatus, Therapon....-..-.--....-..--.---- Se ecos: quinquelineatus, Lutianus........-.-.---.-....--- 258 Rachycentron canadum. . 251 rectangulus, Balistapus. 273 reticularis, Tetraodon-. . : 273 Rhinogobius haliuroidess os. = eee = eee = eee ale 276 CENINUS Sar iscsen see eS eee eee eae MED ULOSUS He seee eee ete ee eee aires Mhbinichthyshalronasuseeeees= aes eroceus POWYS opine ce een oe eee ee cataracte . dulcis. -..- evermanni a Thom bettmy \ZeDrasOM Ares aan cela seein eee =e eee rhothevs, Cottus tee se essere tee eee eee eee eee 189 richardsonii, Gymnothorax..............-...--..--..--- 240 mimicwluss CatostOmUs oaeeee ee eee ee ee ee eee 161 iphaelisnoty SB EG. eee an dso eagenocesesonoeseanaecetecc 284 TODUStAy=A POSIA eee ee nee eae cl see eme mate 139 Roccus lineatus. - - 152 rostratus, Siganus. - 271 ruber, Holocentrus. ee 248 TUbrirOns EN OULD Seer eteeaee ee ne eee eee tettal 35,39 rupestris; Ambloplites-----2-- 2. -- 2) eee tics BY/ TGA Ds sc cece senenncansaeaweccbsasaocesd 254 TUSSELMS Woihlanus emcee meteor eee ee eee 257 PRTC US DCO) 0 Teeter eee ete ate ete 94,135,178 COMMMDIANUS => sees ae eae 92 oregonensis. - 286 87 symmetricus. 97,137,175 halassinusien= ese serra arene eee resem rs 86 Sacramento-San Joaquin basin, fishes............----- 105-152 Sagiuea, | CallionyMussecces amar ee eeieee eee eee toa 283 Salarias dean cee ema see cece ree ere alse state tee 284 eden tol Sesame sees eee ete 284 fasciatus saae see eee e eee 284 TIVUS (OSS. ee een sere eee 284 Salmo aqua-honita.. 143 Clarke se ees eee eceeeaee ere ee canst ctticts 100, 183 [AO b Wea Re Aaeec nome booseect coueeone cua sseusec 150 TTL CUS 2 se teetse aie ee ieee oe le eee a ie 141, 183 Salmoides, Micropterus:-.2-- <== -e seem ee ae ea 37 Salvelinusfombinalis= seer eee erate eter aea 37,39 BNE 0 ek Sea aen pono soo e Mood SerEE BseCS 143, sammara, Holocentrus. - = 248 sandwichiensis, Cantherines. ... 272 sapidissima, Alosa..... . aA sae mle: sapphitus, Abudefduf..- 2222-2 oo eine ene =n 264 GENERAL INDEX. Page. SauridaargyrophaneSees oe oe. ne sees ease ee ceeeee 237 STaCilisijrsc cae Ee ad | Sees. aa eee ees 237 Saurus; Blops2ate: 22. sSaceeee cess teens oe eee eee 235 Saxatilis; Albudefduf:s.-2-2csse~- 2 ssciess-t- se aaooe eee 263 Searichthyidaa).- 3 sasccege one seee-taeae eas caer eee ene 268 Searichthys auritus -- 268 Schilbeod esiexilissseaseesseeeer == sees 33 Scoliodon walbeehmii-.............- 235 Scolopsisicancellatassee.-e-sce ee ea eee eee ee eee 259 Scomber microlepidotus seres 242 eee see eeeene ee 248 Scomberoidesitolese 2. = so 2e ee =- ease eee cece eee 249 toloo-parah:: 3.53-¢ 05-050 sdee5 2 EEE 249 Sebastapistes muchalist see sen eseaee lee eee eee 279 Sebastopsis|guamensis- \2---- 5-6 soon ee eee eee 279 Semotilus atromaculatus 34 UU ariss ca seces eee eee 34 serrata, Wistularia-os-.-922s2---ee— ee 245 setifer; \Cheetodons 3. ..- {22s Jaaceec -- eee een see eee 269 Setirostris; Anchovia. 22-22-26 ce = sees eee eee eee 237 sexlineatus, .Helotes: <2: 3535-4 .0c2-s 2 nee ce CER ee 258 Shipworms, natural History.----------+2.-es-s-eoe eee 193-231 siceulus, Labidesthesiescsecse = snes eee eee eee eee 37 Sicyopterus teeniurts|s-.s- oe ==) see see ce eee 279 Siganus corallinus. - 271 javus.... 271 lineatus. .-.. 271 MALMOLA GUS (eee eign eee eRe inet eee eee 271 OTA Mine een. tas clax oes Meee ee Cet ee eae 271 OSEL SUIS Syetete ota tale ratete aie ete fatale een oe 271 Witgatuss2...f22 oss ee 271 sihama, Sillago. . 261 Sillago sihama......... 261 sindensis, Cynoglossus - z 281 Snyderin@atostonlus. 2st esse esses ee ee 165 sorsoponensis; Brachirus),.------2-co-= eee ae eee 281 Spheroides!lunarishece sees -oe ae ee eee eet eee 283 Sphyreena.commersonil--- 2-2-2. -2ae= = + eee sae 245 jelloszs> ta-<-6 245 spicifer, Corythroichthys. - 245 spilonopterus, Cypselurus. 5 243 Spiloptera,) CichlOps sa sae aia ee 261 spinosus, Niphon.... 255 Splendens; sLeiopmathus. ce oop riscteta = a= ajo clea metataael= trails 254 Stethojilisibandanensis\aecen te eee ese eee ete 266 phekadopleurassy se. cs - sates ee ee a eels 265 SUDipiventer--sseace- ce sen ee tee 265 zatima.....- -- 266 stigmzea, Ulocentra. . 4a Hoes 38 Streams of California. 105-111 Wrest) Virginia= 2 <2. cee seeds anette eeeeee 31-32 strigatus, Aoliscus...-.--- 245 strigiventer, Stethojulis 265 Subducens,Congropadus == - 2-2 oo = ces 285 Submerged photographic apparatus. .......-.-.-.-.----- 43-68 sumatrensis, Cynoglossus.-....-....--.----.-.--..-..-.. 281 sulphureus, Upeneoides. -. 260 sundaica, Harengula. .. of 236 symmetricus, Rutilus- - 97,187,175 SyMehiropus ocell Abus se. emse eee eee eee eee 282 SyNOGuUS)japonicus soe ese ee ete wtatere = ee rele eae tel 237 tzeniurus,-Novaculichthys-2-------==---------------—-rer 267 SICVOPCCLUS epte see eee Seale ale ee tea 279 tahoensis, Catostomus. 121 tala; blerias.\j—_seeeer ee 249 tapeinopterus, Ophichthus 238 tentacularis;;GobuehthySenesse tcc. = sete sees ee 278 tentaculatus, Thysanophys...--.-------|-..-----:--=-5-- 280 Teredinide, natural history...........-.-.-.--------.- 193-231 GENERAL INDEX, Page. | sPoredio) dilatata-~-e.<.0a:...a0cenct «ce scccccs acc eesscses 195 | Tylosurus caudimaculatus...............-..----0++++--- 242 MEV AME eeteetn an oot t ace ea at ea cos ono ssuc oes 195 | PIPONLEUS he srs sa ecicores concne seer nce actone 242 teretulus, Phenacobius...... -SSGoBacMe ass SHAe oe asaae 5 35 lelurdis zooms testudineus, Anabas 262 | typus, Trypauchenichthys petracdnthus; Parapercis: <2. 25... 2-0. asc ltece oe ncescos 25))|Suarnak-Himiantora <6. oe. ee aa ee ce tetradactylus, Polydactylus.............2....2.0c.-ceeee 245 | Ulocentra stigmma ... Tetraodon hispidus......... 273 | Umbrina dussumieri. immaculatus 273 | umbrostigma, Thalassoma. reticularis:;: ........ 273 | umpque, Ptychocheilus ...................-.- Mptrarors Dal DELaeet << <5-6 2 eos. acces cnet ect cece se 280 | undulatus, Balistapus. . . .- finalassine, NOU IINe 2. Se 2. oe evitc he sca cbiacting cosines 242 | unimaculatus, Abudefduf.. thalassinus, Rutilus........... 86 | Upeneoides luzonius....... Thalassoma dorsale -. 267 sulphureus. 267 tragula. .. 267 vittatus.. 150' |, Upeneus!barberinus . so0 <2. os cdec sere en seca ns sduaetee 258 chryseredros. . 2 O58; | hunOGenie; AmbassIst ae... fea = cocoa ese aa eeaeen ees 255 958) |\svalpiensis’ Centrogenys.... =<. ..00--cccssesccc cose ones 256 QUAM PILINGAGIISece sec settee oon cee oo ee ee 258 | Variations in fishes, west coast 69-189 MGC tal Cia SS et SR eee eee oes: | Warlolaloutic s%2aekese cn eas coe eaanene cme 256 thompsoni, Murzenichthys 937) || "verrucosus, Balistapuss-2-----=,¢ oesceeuecececeaseaee 27 Thysanophys tentaculatus.....................---eceeee 280 | Virgatus, Siganus....... 271 EO SCO DOLOLOGS Sana teice cic tae doesnt ene aaktad eens 249 | viltatus, Upeneoides. 260 toloo-parah, Scomberoides 249 | Waitea mystacina...... 279 tomentosus, Monacanthus 272)| walbeehmii; Scoliodon.<-22. 5-0 occ. 2 -ccenaccenssnencere 235 MINXOtesOCUIAWIKS =.= 25.02 sseectes ccs 268 | warnerensis, CatostomuS...-.........-.----.-0---cce-=- 81 Trachurops crumenophthalmus 250 | West Virginia fishes. . . tragula, Upeneoides....... SITEAWIS So vee ance: vee See ees transmontana, Columbia. - whipplii, Notropis............ 35 PY ASR IST VSLGLOCALDUS: 6892s a.)n'c wis a= Societe ca eaceee cn williamsoni, Coregonus... .. 183 sMrinoanthus loch er cicsjs Saccerses- ay} ; {i Ns ; AS ANRE i} MAN f : 7 {}) MAb cl y * MAM y I} ‘4 Te =H VINUADILIY be AMAT HTU TION NOLIN ABH NVINEeH LI i’ (iva ra npr IN@ . 5 A | 7 ve F * a Pig | , 1@ NS | | Br) Mie E - «OCB | en | Ra THOU Lail CATAL EA RAM LE g NUTITUFION om “a ect bf t A A patti i ii il 1 i (E's) 3 ) i Gaal ©) * (( J rf | Ma : }) X : , : mM Ns b MAN 7) IMA Ly ? t BNI vinnie 4 TCMULIBE LIWHARII 4 OMITHBUNIAN, A, ‘WOUUnUANt NHNDENATRN biinveel ip g MITHBGHIAN,. aT ‘i ‘a : = | ‘Vi bs g e’ . if ( 4 ‘ ; \{ ud) i 1 \WNaguie’ \ > il i gy “wim” i ii Ne TITIAN “HALAL GML via i he IBRARIE 4 aia tiiniiniiat INATHTUTAN Wouinuihanle NIVIN EH LIAS A k y pl AN: “| iy a @ a SMITHSO saiuvuai LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILALILSNI_ NVINOSHLINS Sal N¥INOSH \ LIBRARIES SMITHSC NVINOS! ie é Tt Ps «| NYINOSH SMITHSC NVINOSt hala ES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILNLILSNI_ NVINOSHLIWS = “” = t= “” — _~ > ” E 2 qi i ji j s G = & \ a | = oe = Po | Pn =| ia 4) « | \. < = < A= 2 | < a 6 5 ‘yy & 5 x 3 : 8 = ad z = onl z <7 > al 2 al SNI NVINOSHLING S3IMVYGIT LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOLLALILSNI NVINOSHLINS S3IYVYGIT LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INST —- z pa ™ & a z gS ’ z c z o \ 2 5 wo 5 wn sy a » a i = a 4) » 2 » ¥ » ce >» 2 > | » a4 , = a = = re 4 r = 2 ES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION | NOLLALILSNI NYINOSHLINS SIIUVUGIT LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. 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