BULLETIN

OP

THE CHARLESTON MUSEUM

Edited By
PAUL IM. REA

Vols. VI-X

1910— 1914

printed for the museum by
The Daggett Printing Co.
charleston, s. c.

• ^.

^

V

Under the Auspices of the College of Charleston

Director

Paul Marshall Rea

Honorary Curators

Wm. G. Mazyck Conchology

Daniel S. Martin Mineralogy

Arthur T. Wayne Ornithology

Nathaniel W. Stephenson Art

Edward R. Memminger Fungi

Curator of Books and Public Instruction

Laura M. Bragg

Instructor of Physiology

L. Wm. McGrath

Secretary to the Director

Laura L. Weeks

Assistant in Library

Harriet E. Coffin

The Charleston Museum was organized in March, 1773, by the
Charles Town Library Society. In 1815 it was transferred to the Liter-
ary and Philosophical Society of South Carolina, and in 1828 was de-
posited in the Medical College of South Carolina. In 1850 the Museum
was transferred to the College of Charleston, where it was known as
the College of Charleston Museum. In 1907 a building was provided by
the City and the name changed to The Charleston Museum.

The Museum is dependent upon dues from members and private sub-
scriptions for all permanent improvements, for increase of the collections,
and for maintenance of its educational and scientific work.

The membership fees are:

Annual Members $ 10 Patrons 500

Sustaining Members 25 Benefactors $ 100

The Bulletin of the Charleston Museum is published monthly,
from October to May, by the Museum and is entered at the Post Office
at Charleston, S, C. , as second class matter.

Under the Auspices of the College of Charleston

PUBLICATIONS

(1) The Bulletin of The Charleston Museum is published monthly
from October to May, each number consisting of eight to sixteen pages,
and is entered at the Post Office at Charleston, S. C, as second-class
matter. This is a popular record of the work of the Museum, containing
accounts of its educational activities, descriptions of exhibits, and
preliminary notices of investigations. Important records of geographi-
cal distribution, and working lists of the local fauna and flora are often
published first in the Bulletin. The January issue of each year is
devoted to the annual report of the director of the Museum.

Volume I of this series began in April, 1905, and is complete in 5
numbers. Subsequent volumes consist of 8 numbers each, A title page
and index to the first five volumes was published in the issue of
December, 1909.

Smt prepaid to any address for 50 cents a year. Single copies 10 cents each.

(2) Contributions from The Charleston Museum are issued at
irregular intervals, and consist of research papers too long or too im-
portant for publication in the Bulletin.

I Birds of South Carolina, by Arthur Trezevant Wayne.

Pp. XXI + 254. Price: paper, $2.75; cloth, $3.25.

II Catalog of the Mollusca of South Carolina, by William
G. Mazyck. Pp. XVI + 39. Price: paper, 50 cents.

Ill Birds of the City of Charleston, by Herbert Ravenel
Sass. In preparation.

INDEX TO VOLUMES VI=X

Abastor erythrogramus, IX 9

Abbott, C. C, IX 39

Acacia, VI 28, 48: farnesiana, VI 48

Academy of Natural Sciences of
Philadelphia, VIII 11-12

Accipiter vclox, VIII 25

Acer negundo, VIII 59: ruhrum, VI
41, 59: saccharinum, VI 41

Achroite, IX 36

Adder, Spreading, X 38

Adder's-tongue, X 18

Adger, Elizabeth, VIII 53

Aegialitis meloda, VIII 25; X 46

Aesculns parviflora, VIII 60

After School Club, VIII 12

Agalinanae, X 8

Agassi?, Louis, IX 31

Agricultural exhibits, VI 2; VII 32;
tea culture, VI 14

Agricultural Experiment Stations,
Alabama, VIII 12: Cornel! Uni-
versity, VIII 12: Florida, VIII
12: Georgia, VIII 12: Kentucky,
VIII 12: Louisiana, VIII 12:
Maine, VIII 12: Mississippi.

VIII 12: North Carohna, VIII
12: Tennessee, VIII 12

Agricultural Society of South Caro-
lina, VI2; VII 14

Manthus, VI 38

Aix sponsa, IX 45

Akeley, Carl E., IX 56; X 14, 62

Alabama collection of eocene fossils,
1X39

"Albert coal", VI 26

Albertite, VI 26

Alcyonium digitatum, VII 59

Allan, Mrs. James, VIII 53

Allan, Susie, IX 22; X 8

Allan, William S. Jr., VIII 9, 33

AUigator, IX 46

Alsine, VIII 62

Aluco pratincola, VI .50; VIII 27

Amber, VI 27; IX 37; X 9: Baltic,

IX 19

Amhlysloma talpoideum, VI 35
Ambrosia artemisiifolia, VIII 62:

trifida, VIII 62
American Association for the Ad-

vancement of Science, IX 30-31 ;
X 11

American Association of Museums,
VI4, 5; VII 3; VIII 4, 5; IX 12;
X 3: Directory of American
Museums, by P. M. Rea. VI 59;
VII 7-8: Proceedings, X 52-55

American Book Company, VIII 12

American Forestry, X 11

American Museum of Natural His-
tory, VI 5; X 28. 52, 56

Ampelopsis quinquefolia, VIII 62

Amphiuma means, VI 35

Anas rubripes, VIII 23

Anchislia virginica, X 22

Anderson, A. P., VIII 56

Andropogon virginicus, VIII 61

Anemone, Rue, VIII 60

Anemonella thalictroides, VIII 60

A nhinga anhinga, VIII 22 ; X 45

Anise-tree, VI 28

Anolis carolinensis, VI 35

Anosia berenice, X 34: plexippus, X
34

Anthus rubescens, VIII 33

Antroslomus carolinensis, VIII 28:
vociferus, VIII 28

Aphyllon uniflora, VIII 61

Apple, May, VIII 60

Aralia spinosa, VIII 60

Arbacia punctulata, X 31

Arbutus, Trailing, VIII 60

Archeological collections, VIII 39;
IX 24, 39-40, 55; X 9-10: North
American Indian, VII 56; IX 59

Archeological exhibits, VIII 6; X 10:
Egyptian, X 49-51: Babylonian
clay tablets, by P. M. Rea, X
2,5-26 : Egyptian mummy, by L.
M. Bragg, X 49-51: The Stone
Age, by L. M. Bragg, IX 57-59

Archilochus colubris, VII 15; VIII
28; IX 62

Arctomys monax, VII 38, 61

Argonauta, X 58

Argynnis diana. X 34

Arisaema triphyllum, VIII 61

Art, Municipal catalog of, by P. M.
Rea, VII 57-58; VIII 3, 14: reg-

ister, VII 32, 57: see also City

Art Commission
Asarum arifolium, VIII 61 17

Asbestos exhibits, VII 40, 55; VII
Ascyrum crux-andreae, VIII 61
Ash, VI 38; VIII 59
Ashley, George H., IX 31, 32
Ashley Hall, VII 8; VIII 3, 17, 35;

IX 14
Asio flammeus, VIII 27
Asphalt, VI 25-26; IX 19, 36-37; X

9
Aspleniu7n dentalum, X 18: filix-

foemina, X 23: plalyneuron, X

22: riita-muraria, X 22: tricho-

manes, X 22
Association of First Grade Teachers,

VII 63
Aster, VIII 61, 62

Aster patens, VIII 61 ; puniceus,

VIII 62

Asterias forbesii, VII 59

Astrangia, VII 59

Atalopedes huron, X 43

Audubon, J. J., VI 50, 58; VIII 40;
1X60

Audubon, J. J. and Bachman, J.,
Quadrupeds of North America,
VII 24, 38, 61

Audubon and Bachman Loan Ex-
hibit, VII 17-22, 24; VIII 13, 15-
16; IX 41: by P. M. Rea, VII
17-18

Audubon, M. Eliza, VII 24

Audubon plates, VI 59; VII 6, 38,
48, 61-62; VIII 13: Audubon
pictures, by L. M. Bragg, VII
61-62

Audubon Society, VIII 51, 52; IX 3,
10, 43

Auk, The, VI 8, 50; VII 6; VIII 12,
22, 23, 25, 26, 27, 28, 65; IX 12,
61; X 13,26

Australian Museum, VIII 12

Ay thy a coUaris, IX 20

Azalea, Flame, VIII 60

Azolla caroliniana, X 24

Babylonian Clay tablets, X 25-26
Baccharis hamilifolia, IX 43
Bachman, John, VI 58; VII 52; IX
31, 53, 60; X 12, IS, 19, 22, 23,
24, 48: Ajnerican entomology,

VI 7-8: Catalog of phaenoga-
mous plants and ferns, X 17, 18:
Catalog of the plants of Charles-
ton, IX 10: see also Audubon-
Bachman Loan Exhibit

Bachman, J. and Audubon, J. J.,
Quadrupeds of North America,

VII 24, 38, 61
Bacot, Walter R., IX 55
Bailey-Lebby Company, VIII 7
Bamboo, VI 14

Baptisia alba, VIII 61
Barker, William, VI 49
Barnhart, J. H., Life and work of

Otto Kuntze, IX 65-68
Barre, H. W., VIII 56
Bartram, William, VII 10
Basilarchia astyanax, X 35: disip-

pus, X 35
Bats, VIII 9: Florida Free-tailed,

VIII 38

Bay, Red, VI 15, 28

Beadle, C. D., VIII 43

Bear, Polar, VIII 9, 66

Beaufort Civic League, X 47

Bee, Sandiford, VIII 53

Beech, VIII 59

Bellwort, VIII 60

Bennett, John, VII 18, 25, 37, 39;
VIII 2, 16; 1X25

Bennett School, VII 8

Betula, sp. VIII 59

Biedma, VI 62

Bigelow's Medical Botany, VII 32

Big-eye, Short, VI 34

"Big Laurel", VI 15: see also Mag-
noha

Bignonia capreolata, VIII 61

Biological survey, VIII 13-14, 14,
15, 42; IX 8-10; X 11-12: card
catalog, IX 8: notebook, VI 9:
record forms, VI 8; IX 10: am-
phibians, VI 35; VII 6: birds,
VI 8, 9, 10, 29-33, 44, 49-52,
57-58; VII 5, 7, 15-16, 22-23,
49-52, 60; VIII 8, 13, 19-25, 26,
27-33, 34, 39-41, 50; IX 9, 20-
21, 24, 42-45, 52-54, 60-63, 69-
71; X 11, 26-28, 45-46: butter-
flies and moths, VII 6; VIII 65-
66; IX 69; X 33-36, 41-43, 63:
ferns, VII 40; X 17-24: fishes,

VI

VI 8, 34; VIII 9-10, 50; X 39:
fungi, VII 39; VIII 4, 13-14:
insects, VI 8; IX 9: lizards, VI
35: mammals, VII 6: marine
invertebrates, VII 23, 58-59;
VIII 10, 14; X 31: moUusca,
VI 6: plants and trees, VI 9, 12,
16-20, 36, 37-43; VII 6; VIII 48,
54-57, 59-63, 64; IX 9-10, 22;
X 7-8, 11-12, 47: reptiles, VII 6:
sea shells, VII 59: snakes, VII 6,
VIII 39; IX 9; X 38-39 : spiders,
VI 8; VII 6; IX 9: tree survey
of the city, VI 8, 37-43; VII 46-
47
Biology, Department of, see College

of Charleston
Birch, VIII 59

Bird, William M., VI 8; VIII 53

Bird, Wm. M. & Co., VII 55; VIII 7

Bird, bulletins, X 30-31, 48: chart.

X 30: collections, VIII 38; IX 6;

X 10: collections (local), VII 4;

VIII 8: labels, IX 23: lantern
sUdes, IX 71-72: nests and eggs,

VI 58-59: nests and eggs (local),

VII 4-5, 31, 52-53; VIII 8-9;

IX 7, 9: photography, IX 54:
pictures, see Audubon plates:
protection, VIII 51-53; IX 10:
records, VIII 8; X 11: skins.
VII 5; VIII 8: specimens lent to
schools, VII 71; X 30: travehng
exhibits, IX 6

Birds, transferred to the new build-
ing, VII 5 : American Merganser,
by Casper S. Chisolm, VII 22-
23: American Scoter and Ring-
necked Duck, by L. M. Bragg,
IX 20-21: Ai-kansas Iviugbird,
by Edith E. Sharpe, X 26-28:
Audubon's Shearwater on SuUi-
van's Island, by E. B. Chamber-
lain, VII 49-50: Autumn mi-
gration notes for 1913, by F. M.
Weston, Jr., IX 60-61 :' Beaks
and bills of birds, by Mrs. P. M.
Re A, VI 10: Bird-hfe in the
North CaroUna mountains, by
F. M. Weston, Jr., VIII 63:
Bird notes, by H. R. Sass, VIII
40-41: Bird notes and records,

by E. B. Chamberlain, VI 51
IX 69-70: Birds seen on the
Thanksgiving Day field trip, by
F. M. Weston, Jr., VII 60:
VIII 15: Birds of South Caro-
lina— supplement, by L. M.
Bragg, VIII 19-25, 27-33:
Birds which arrive in April, by
L. M. Bragg, X 32: Bob-white
breeding in the city, bv H. R.
Sass, VI 49: Breeding birds
of Heron Island, by E. A.
Williams, IX 42-43: Breeding
habits of the Ruby-throated
Hummingbird, by E. B. Cham-
berlain, IX 61-63: Breeding of
the Barn Owl, by B. R. Cham-
berlain, VI 50: Breeding war-
blers of the coast region, by F.M.
Weston, Jr., VII 40; VIII 15:
Brown Creeper, by F. M.
Weston, Jr., IX 71: Cancer in
Double-crested Cormorant, by
K. M. Lynch, IX 70: Cardinal
singing in winter, by H. R. Sass,

VIII 34 : CaroMna rail in Charles-
ton, by E. A. Hyer, VIII 26:
Catesby as an ornithologist, by
P. M. Rea, VIII 15: Christmas
week in the country, by L. M.
Bragg, VIII 15: Chff SwaUow
in the city, by H. R. Sass, VI
49-50: Common spring birds, by
L. M. Bragg, X 32: Contents
of stomach of a Double-crested
Cormorant, by L. W. McGrath,

IX 70-71 : Digestion of birds, by
Mrs. p. M. Rea, VI 10: Duck
hawk, by B. R. Chamberlain,
VII 48: Effect of hurricane of
1911 on bird life, by H. R. Sass,
VII 63-64: European birds, by
E. A. Williams, VIII 63: Fall
migration in the city, by H. R.
Sass, VI 50: Fall migration re-
cords, by F. M. Weston, Jr.,
VII 50-52: Field trip of Section
B, by J. I. Waring, Jr., VII 60:
Food of birds, by Mrs. P. M.
Rea, VI 10: Fox Sparrow in the
city, by H. R. Sass, VIII 34:
Further bird notes and correc-

VII

tions, by F. M. Weston, Jr., VI
44: Further observations on
Heron Island, by L. M. Bragg,
IX 43: Greater Shearwater,
Sooty Shearwater, and Wilson's
Petrel, by L. M. Bragg, \II 50:
Hummingbird in December, by
P. M. Rea, VI 10: Humming-
bird in winter, by H. R. Sass,

VII 15-16: Kentucky warbler,
by F. M. Weston, Jr., VIII 50:
Life and work of Bachman, by
Mrs. p. M. Rea, VIII 15:
Nesting habits of birds, by L.
M. Bragg, X 28: New migra-
tion records, by F. M. Weston,
Jr., IX 53-54: Ornithological
work of Audubon and Bachman,
by H. R. Sass, VIII 15: Ornithol-
ogical work of Wayne, Loomis,
and their contemporaries, by F.
M.Weston, Jr., VII 40; VIII 15:
Parts of a bird, by L. M. Bragg,

VIII 49: Pigeon Hawk in winter,
by Julian Mitchell, Jr., VIII
20, 65; IX 12: Piping Plover, by

E. B. Chamberlain, X 46:
Preliminary survey of birds of
the coast region, by P. M. Rea
and F. M. Weston, Jr., VI 29;
Supplement, bv F. M. Weston,
Jr., VI 29-33: Prothonotary
Warbler and Grinnell's Water
Thrush, by E. A. Hyer, X 28:
Rail family, by F. M. Weston,
Jr., VI 10: Red-head, by E. A.
Williams, VIII 26: Red-throat-
ed Loon in Charleston harbor,
by P. M. Rea, VIII 39-40:
Ring-necked Duck, by F. S.
Hanckel, Jr., VII 16: Sea-
gulls of Charleston harbor, by
L. M. Bragg, VIII 15: Seces-
sionville heronry, by H. R. Sass,

VIII 51-53; IX 43: Shoveller, by
Julian Mitchell, Jr., VII 23:
Skeleton of birds, by P. M. Rea,
VI 10: Solitary Sandpiper, by

F. M. Weston, Jr., IX 69:
South Carolina bhds at home in
other lands, by L. M. Bragg,

IX 56: South Carolina birds in

I the Arctic regions,by Alexander

Sprunt, Jr., IX 64, 71: South
Carolina birds in Arctic regions
and on Biid Rock, by L. M.
Bragg, X 14: South CaroUna
birds in the Bahamas, by C. S.
Chisolm, IX 64, 72: South Car-
ohna birds on Bird Rock and the
mouth of the St. Lawrence, bj''
B. R. Chamberlain, IX 64, 71:
South Carolina birds in Florida,
by E. A. Williams, IX 64, 72:
South Carolina birds in and on
the way to New England, by L.
M. Bragg, IX 64; X 14: South
Carolina birds in Panama, by
E. B. Chamberlain, IX 64; X
28, 32 : South Carohna birds in
South America, by Mabel Web-
ber, A. L. Sloan, J. B. Chisolm,
and Charles Colson, IX 64:
South Carolina birds in the
West Indies, by F. M. Weston,
Jr., IX 64: Spring bird observa-
tions, by F. M. Weston, Jr., IX
44-45: Stilt Sandpiper, by E. B.
Chamberlain, IX 52-53: Siun-
mer bird records, by F. M.
Weston, Jr., VI 29: Virginia
rail, by C. S. Chisolm, VI 51:
A week on Bull's Bay, by C. S.
Chisolm, IX 54: White Pehcan,
by P. M. Rea, VI 57-58: Wild
life in a citv garden, by H. R.
Sass, VII 64: Wild music, by
H. R. Sass, VII 64: WUson's
Phalarope, by E. B. Chamber-
lain, VI 51: Winter notes on
the Night Herons, by E. B.
Chamberlain, X 45-46: Win-
ter record for Anhinga, by C. S.
Chisolm, X 45: Winter record
for the Osprey, by B. R. Cham-
berlain, X 46: Yellow-bellied
Sapsucker and Summer Tanager,
by B. R. Chamberlain, IX 63
Bird-Lore, VIII 12
Bittern, VI 30: Least, VI 58
Bitumen, VI 25-26; IX 37
"Black lead", VI 24
Bloodroot, VIII 60
Blue curls, VIII 61

vin

"Blue Peter", VI 31

Bluet, VIII 62

Bobolink, see Ricebird

Bob-white, VIII 25: breeding in the
city, VI 49

Bombycilla cedrorum, VIII 31, 40-41

Bombyx {Sericaria) mori, Vlt 28

Booth collection, VIII 37; IX 34

Borrichia frutescens, IX 43

Boston Museum of Fine Arts, VII
32, 57; VIII 14

Botany, X 55: class, VIII 58, 64;
IX 13, 24, X 13, 14, 29, 32, 40,
56: coUections, IX 46, 55, 65; X
7-8, 47: ferns, VII 40; IX 40:
field trips, VIII 64; IX 24; X 32,
40, 64 : flower table, VI 12 : mu-
seum grounds, VI 28: nomencla-
ture, IX 67, 68: pubhcation
record form, VIII 48: records,
IX 46; X 11, 17, 47: records of
Prof. Lewis R. Gibbes, IX 23:
tree table, VI 12: trees of the
city, VI 36, 37-43, 56-57; VII
46: Bibhography of the sylva of
South Carohna, by L. M.
Bragg, VI 61-68; VII 9-15;
VIII 14: Botanical field work by
L: M. Bragg, VIII 54-57:
Common oaks in winter, by
L. M. Bragg, VI 16-20:
Concerning the popinac, by E.
L. H. Willis, VI 48: Flora about
Clemson College, by A. B. Mas-
SEY, VIII 59-62: Further ob-
servations on Heron Island, by
L. M. Bragg, IX 43-44: Life
history of a tree,by P.M. Re a, VI
11: Local ferns, by L.M. Bragg,
VII 32; VIII 15: Museum her-
baria, bv L. M. Bragg, VIII
43-49: Plant life of Hartsville,
S. C, by W. C. CoKER, 1X22:
Planting the Museum grounds,
by D. S. Martin, VI 13-16: Pre-
liminary list of ferns, by L. M.
Bragg, X 17-24: Street trees of
Charleston, by L. M. Bragg, VI
37-43: Weeds of Charleston by
L. M. Bragg, X 14: Winter
buds, by L. M.Bragg, VI 11
Botrychium biter natum, X 18: ob-

liquum, X 18: virginianum, X 18

BowDisH, B. S., VIII 21, 22

Box-elder, VI 38, 40

Boy scouts, VII 32; X 32

Bracken, X 21-22

Bragg, Barbara K., VII 24; IX
47

Bragg, Laura M., VI 9; VII 6, 8,
60,03;VIII10, 11, 15, 17,22,24,
29, 30, 35, 36, 42, 58, 64; IX 9,
13, 14, 22, 23, 42, 46, 51, 56, 72;
X 2, 7, 10, 13, 14, 18, 19, 22, 23,
24, 29, 35, 37, 42, 43, 47, 55, 63:
appointed Ubrarian 1909, VI 3:
appointed curator of books and
public instruction, VII 24: elect-
ed president of Natural History
Society, IX 63: lectures, VIII
16,17: American Scoter and
Ring-necked Duck, IX 20-21:
Audubon pictures. VII 61-62:
Beach shells after the hurricane,
VII 54 : bibhography of the Sylva
of South Carolina, VI 61-68; VII
9-15; VIII 14: Bird eggs and
nests, VII 52-53: Birds of South
Carohna, VIII 19-25, 27-33:
Birds which arrive in April, X
32: Botanical field work, VIII
54-57: Christmas week in the
country, VIII 15: Classification
of books on fine arts, IX 12:
Common oaks, VI 10: Common
oaks and pines, VI 10: Common
oaks in winter, VI 16-20: Com-
mon spring birds, X 32: De-
scription of Audubon-Bachman
Loan exhibit, VII 17: VIII 15;
Egyptian mummy, X 49-51:
Further observations on Heron
Island, IX 43-44 : Greater Shear-
water, Sooty Shearwater, and
Wilson's Petrel, VII 50: Local
ferns, VII 32; VIII 15: Marine
shells of South Carohna, VII 48;
VIII 15 : The Museum herbaria,
VIII 43-49: Nesting habits of
birds, X 28 : News notes from the
Museum. IX 12: Parts of a bird,
VIII 49: Prehminary Hst of
ferns, X 17-24: Red-bellied
snake, VIII 39: Sea-gulls of

IX

Charleston Harbor, VIII 15:
SheU collection, VII 53: Silk
culture — a retrospect, VII 35-37,
39: Silkworm culture, VII 28-
31; VIII 15: South Carolina
birds in Arctic regions and on
Bird Rock, X 14: South Carolina
birds at home in other lands, IX
56: South Carolina birds in and
on the way to New England, X
14: Stone Age exhibit, IX 57-59:
Street trees of Charleston, VI
37-43: Weeds of Charleston, X
14: West Indian hurricanes, VII
41-47: What the Museum offers
the schools, VIII 67-74; IX 12:
Winter birds, VI 11

Brainerd, Ezra, VII 24

Brake, Cliff, X 22

Branford, Priscilla, VIII 10

Briar, Sensitive, VIII 61

British Museum, VIII 46

Brooklyn Institute of Arts and
Sciences, VIII 65

Brother, Edgar L., VIII 7

Broussoneiia papyrifera, VI 41

"Brown-coal", VI 23

Buckeye, Small, VIII 60

BuFFON, G. L. LeC, Oviparous
quadrupeds and serpents, IX 47

Bufo americanus, VI 35

Bufflehead, VI 29, 30

Bull, Stephen, VI 65

BuUfrog, VI 35

Bunting, Indigo, VI 44

Burton, E. H., VII 16; IX 21

"Butcher Bird", see Shrike, Log-
gerhead

Buteo borealis, VIII 25, 33

Butorides virescens, VI 50; IX 43

Butterflies, Collection of, IX 55:
Exhibition cage, X 63: Local
moths and butterflies, by Jesse
Sharpe, X 56, 62: Cholrippe
alicia, by E. R. Jennings, IX 69 :
Preliminary list of, by Jesse
Sharpe, X 33-36, 41-43

Button bush, VIII 62

Button weed, VIII 62

Buttonwood, VI 38, 41

"Cabio,"VIII50

Calhoun, F. H. H., VII 63

Calhoun, Patrick, VI 8,
Calpodes ethlius, X 43
Calycanthus floridus, VIII 60
Camellia japonica, VI 14: thea, VI

14
Camphor tree, VI 14
Cancer, in Cormorant, IX 73
Canfield collection, IX 34-35
Capsella bursa-pastoris, VIII 62
Caradeaux, IX 28
Carbon collection, VII 4; IX 17-18,

19, 36-37; X 8-9
Cardinal, VII 51; VIII 34
Cardinal flower, VIII 62
Cardium muricatum, VII 54
Carolina Floral Company, X 3
Carpet weed, VIII 62
Carpinus caroliniana, VIII 59
Carrington, Waring P., VI 8
Carya, sp. VIII 59
Cassena holly, VI 15, 28
Cassia nictitans, VIII 61
Catalpa, VI 38, 42
Catalpa catalpa, VI 42
Catbird, VI 44; VIII 9, 33
Catch fly, VIII 61, 62
Catesby, Mark, VI 67-68: VII 9,

10, 13; VIII 15
Catopsilia eubule, X 41
Cat-tail, VIII 62
Ceanothus americanus, VIII 62
Cedar, VI 28
Cedarbird, VIII 31
Celtis mississippiensis, VI 40: occi-

dentalis, VI 40; VIII 59
Cephalanthus occidentalis, VIII 62
Cephalopod molluscs, X 57-60
Cerastium viscosum, VIII 62
Cercis canadensis, VIII 60
Certhia familiaris americana, IX 61
Chaerophyllum procumbens, VlII 62
Chaetura pelagica, IX 60
Chamberlain, B. R., VI 10, 32, 44,
47, 52, 58;VIII8, 10, 20, 21, 24,
27, 28, 29, 31, 33, 40; IX 44, 52,
61, 71; X 14, 26, 27: Breeding of
Barn owl, VI 50: Duck hawk,
VII 48: South Carohna birds
on Bird Rock and the mouth
of the St. Lawrence, IX 64, 71 :
Winter record for Osprey, X

46 : Yellow-bellied sapsucker and
Summer tanager, IX 63
Chamberlain, E. B., VI 10, 47, 52;

VIII 8, 10, 19, 20, 22, 24, 29, 33;

IX 44, 60, 61; X 26, 27, 30: Au-
dubon's Shearwater on Sullivan's
Island, VII 49-50: Bird notes
and records, VI 51: Breeding
habits of the Ruby-throated
hummingbird, IX 61-63: Piping
plover, X 46 : Recent bird notes,
IX 69-70: South Carolina birds
in Panama, IX 64; X 28, 32:
Stilt sandpiper in South Caro-
hna, IX 52-53: Wilson's phal-
arope, VI 51: Winter notes on
Night heron, X 45-46

Chamberlain, L. T., IX 39
Chapman, A. W.,X 21, 23
Charadrius dominicus, VIII 25
Charcoal, VI 22
Charleston Ad. Club, VI 59-60; VII

2, 8, 31, 63; VIII 3
Charleston Chamber of Commerce,

VII 2; IX 32

Charleston City Council, VI 1, 2;
VII2, 63; VIII 3, 5; IX 2, 5, 27,
32, 49, 50; X 1, 2, 4, 5, 61

Charleston City Gazette, VI 45

Charleston Consolidated Railway
and Lighting Company, X 3

Charleston County Teachers' Asso-
ciation, VIII 67

Charleston Courier. VI 46; VII
33-34; IX 29

Charleston Daily Courier, VIII 47

Charleston Evening Post, VII 7;

VIII 14; IX 12; X 13
Charleston Fish and Oyster Co.,

VIII 10

Charleston Library Society, VI 61,
68; VII 11, 13, 14, 25, 37; IX 26,
27; X2

Charleston Museum, VI 5, 7, 53-56;
VII 8, 62; VIII 54, 55, 57,
65; X 16, 25, 27, 30, 55:
accessions (current), VI 6, 58,
59, 68; VII 4, 24, 32, 38-39, 48,
55, 61-62, 63;VIII6, 7, 8, 9, 10,
38-39; IX 7, 21-22; 23-24, 34-
40, 45-46, 47, 55, 65; X 8, 10,
31, 47, 48: accessions (early).

VI 45-46: administration, VI 2;

VII 3; VIII 4-5; IX 3-4; X 3:
affiliated institutions, VIII 17
(Medical CoUege), 35, 42, 57-58;
IX 32, 52; X 61: annual reports
of director, 1909, VI 1-10; 1910,
VII 1-8; 1911, VIII 1-17; 1912,

IX 1-14; 1913, X 1-16: build-
ing, VI 1, 5-6; VIII 6; IX 4-6,
49-50; X 4-7 : calendars for 1914,
April, X 32; May, X 40; Novem-
ber, X 56; December, X 64
curators, VI 3, 6; VIII 4; IX 32
exhibits, VI 1; VII 4; VIII 3
finances, VI 1, 2; VII 2, 31-32,
63; VIII 2-4, 15; IX 1, 2-3; X
3-4: fire protection, VIII 66:
grounds, VI 28; VII 3; VIII 5-6:
headquarters of American Asso-
ciation of Museums, X 52: her-
barium, IX 22, 46: membership,
VI 5; VII 2; VIII 2, 5; IX 1,2,
15; X 4: one hundred and forti-
eth anniversary, X 2-3: public
inspection, VIII 35-36; IX 3:
pubhcations, VI 1, 9, 59; VII
7-8; VIII 14; IX 11-12; X
12-13: relation to schools, VIII
67-74 : review of progress, VIII 1 ;

X 1-2: scope, VII 1-2: staff,

VI 1, 3, 4; VII 3, 24; VIII 4, 16,
57-58; IX 3, 32, 47, 56; X 3, 55:
workshop, VI 2-3; VIII 4-5;
IX 51 ; X 7 : Community and the
Museum, by P. M. Rea, VI 53-
56: One hundred and fortieth
anniversary, by P. M. Rea, IX
25-32, 41-42: Progress in instal-
lation, by P. M. Rea, VIII 35-
38 : The summer in retrospect, by
P. M. Rea, IX 49-52: What the
Museum offers the schools, by
L. M. Bragg, VIII 67-74

Charleston Museum, History of,

VII 1; IX 25-32; X 1-2

1773. Origin and original pros-
pectus, VII 18, 25-27; VIII 2, 16
1824. Appeal for building, VII
33-34

1826. Description and accession
list, VI 45-46

1852. Invitation to opening in

XI

College of Charleston, VI 35;
VII 6

1908. Invitation to opening of
Library, VI 35; VII 6

1913. Anniversary, IX 25-32,
41-42
Charleston Natural History Society,
VI9, 37,48, 51,52, 59; VII 6, 8,
31, 40, 46, 53; VIII 3, 9, 10, 14,
14-15, 20, 35, 36, 41, 50, 64,
65-66; IX 2, 3, 7, 12, 12-13, 14,
42; X 2, 4, 13-14, 27, 33, 55:
constitution, VI 9: bird contest,

IX 72; X 28-29, 40: botany
class, see Botany: boy scouts,

VII 32: class in making bird
skins, X 63, 64: division into
two sections, VI 9: election of
officers, VIII 63; IX 56, 63, 64;

X 62, 63: field trips, VI 10, 11,
36, 60; VII 8, 48, 55, 58-60;

VIII 42, 49, 63, 64; IX 13, 24,
56, 64, 72; X 14, 29, 32, 40, 47-
48, 56, 62, 64: graduation of
Section B, VII 55; VIII 15, 58;
X 63 : honorary members, X 62 :
meetings, VI 11; VII 17,32,40,
48, 55, 60; VIII 15, 49, 58, 63;

IX 24, 56, 63-64, 71-72; X 13-

14, 28-29, 32, 40, 56, 62-63, 64:
membership, VI 10; VII 8; VIII

15, 63; IX 13, 64; X 13, 63: The
Natural Historv Society, by P.
M. Bea, VII 58-60

Charleston Natural History Society,
lectures, talks, etc., Bragg, L.
M., VI 10, 11; VII 32, 48, 60;
VIII 15, 49; IX 56, 64,71; X 14,
28, 32: Chamberlain, B. R.,

VII 48; IX 64, 71: Chamber-
lain, E. B., IX 64; X 28, 32:
Chisolm, C. S., IX 64, 72:
Chisolm, .T. B., IX 64: Colson
C, IX 64: Hyer, E. A., X 56, 62:
Matthew, G. F., 1X24; X 13:
Rea, p. M., VI 10, 11; VII 60;

VIII 15; IX 13, 64; X 13, 62, 64:
Rea, Mrs. P. M., VI 10: Sass,
H. R., VI 11: Scott, J. H., X
13-14: Sharpe, J., X 56, 62:
Sloan, A. L., IX 64: Sprunt,
A., Jr., IX 64, 71: Waring, J.

I. Jr., VII 60: Webber, M., IX
64: Weston, F. M., Jr., VI 10,

II, 36; VII 40, 60; VIII 15, 63;

IX 13, 64: Wilder, B. G., VIII
49; IX 13: Williams, E. A.,
VIII 63; IX 13, 64, 72

Charleston Nature Study course,
VIII 70, 71, 72, 73; IX 23

Charleston News & Courier, VII 7,
63; VIII 14, 52, 65; IX 10, 12;

X 13

Charleston Park Commission, VI

13, 40; VII 3, 44; VIII 12
Charleston Retail Merchants' As-
sociation, VII 2

Chaulelasmus streperus, VIII 23

Chen hyperboreus hyperboreus, IX
60: h. nivalis, IX 60

Cherry laurel, VI 15, 38, 41-42: in
hurricane of 1911, VII 44

Cherry, Wild, VIII 60

Chichester, Mrs. J. E., VIII 39

Chicora College, IX 38

Children's Museum of Boston, X 52

Children's Museum of Brooklyn, X
52-53

Chimaphila maculata, VIII 61

China tree, VI 38, 42 : in hurricane
of 1911, VII 45

Chisolm, C. S., VI 44, 59; VII 6;
VIII 8, 9, 12, 13, 20, 22, 23, 24,
38, 40; IX 21, 45; X 63, 64:
American merganser, VII 22-23;
VIII 8: South Carolina birds in
the Bahamas, IX 64, 72: Vir-
ginia rail, VI 51: A week on
Bull's Bay, IX 54: Winter re-
cord for Anhinga, X 45

Chisolm, J. B., VIII 38; IX 24:
South Carolina birds in South
America, IX 64; X 33

Chlorippe alicia, IX 69; X 35: celtis,
X35

Chorophilus nigritus, VI 35

"Christmas-berry", VI 15; IX 43

Chrysanthemum leucanthemum, VIII
61

Chuck-will's-widow, VI 31; VIII 28

Cinchona, IX 66

Circus hudsonius, VIII 25

Cistudo Carolina, VII 56

City Art Commission, VII 32, 57,

XII

58; VIII 3, 14

Clangula clangula americana, VIII
23

Cleaves, Howard H., IX 54

Clematis viorna, VIII 62

Clemson CoUege, VIII 55, 57: her-
barium, VIII 56: Flora in vicin-
ity of, VIII 59-63

Clover, Buffalo, VIII 62: Japan,
VIII 61 : Red, VIII 62

Club-moss, Fox-tail, X 24: Little,
X24

Cnemidophorus sexlineatus, VI 35

Coal, IX 36; X 9: anthracite, VI
23-24, 25; IX 36: bituminous,
VI 23-24, 25; IX 36: formation,
VI 21-25: graphitic anthracite,
IX36:lignitic, 1X36

Coccyzus americanus, VIII 28: er-
ythropthalmus, VIII 28

Cockle, VII 54: Corn, VIII 62

Cocklebur, VIII 62

Coffin, H. E.. IX 42, 47, 56; X 3

Coffin, Minnie, IX 46; X 8

Coke, VI 24

CoKER, W. C, VIII 12, 54; X 19,
22, 23, 24: Garden of Andre
Michaux, X 17: Flora of the
Isle of Palms, X 17: Plant life
of HartsviUe, S. C, VIII 54;

IX 22; X 17
Coleman, S. L., VII 50

Colias eurytheme var. keewaydin, X

42
Colinus virginianus, VIII 25
College of Charleston, VII 1, 6;
VIII 3, 17, 35, 36; IX 8, 31, 50,
52; X 7, 15, 20: Department of
biology and geology, IX 2, 14;

X 1: Magazine, VIII 12
CoLsoN, Ida, VIII 10

CoLsoN, C, IX 24; X 33: South
Carolina Birds in South Amer-
ica, IX 64

Colymhus auritus, VIII 21

Conch, Channelled, VII 54, 59:
Fear, VII 54, 59

Conchology, VII 59: collections,

VI 6; VII 4, 63; X 9: exhibits,

VII 31, 53; VIII 10; X 9: guide
book to sea shells, X 13: Beach
shells after the hurricane by L.

M. Bragg, VII 54: Marine
shells of South Carolina, by L.
M. Bragg, VII 48; VIII 15
Confederate Home College, X 32, 40
Contributions from the Museum,
VI 1,2; VII 1; VIII 11; IX 11-
12; X 9: Birds of South Caro-
lina, by A. T. Watne, VI 9, 49,
51, 57, 59, 59 (review); VII 7,
17, 22, 49, 50, 51, 52; VIII 13,
19; IX 9, 11, 20, 45, 52-53, 60,
61; X 45, 46: Catalog of the
Mollusca of South Carolina, by
Wm. G. Maztck, VI 6; VII 4, 7,
53; VIII 14; IX 11, 47 (review);
X 12, 57: Birds of the City of
Charleston, by H. R. Sass, VII 7
Converse College, herbarium, VIII

46, 47, 55, 56
Coot, VI 31, 44; VIII 24
Copal, VI 27; IX 37; X 9

Copperhead, VIII 9; X 38

Coral, Brain, VII 63: Gorgon, VII
59

Cormorant, Double-crested, dis-
eases of, IX 70, 71

Cornus florida, VIII 59

Coturnicops noveboracensis, VIII 24

Cowbird, VI 29

Crab-eater, VIII 50

Cranesbill, VIII 62: Wild, VIII 60

Crataegus, sp., VIII 60

Creciscus jarnaicensis, VIII 24

Creeper, Brown, IX 61, 71: Virgin-
ia, VIII 62

Crossbill, VI 30, 32; VIII 29: Red,
VI 44

Croton glandulosa, VIII 62

Crouch, Emeve, X 47

Crow, Fish, VI 30, 32: Audubon
plate, VII 61

Cryptogams, Herbarium of, VI 36

Crvptoqlaux acadica, VIII 27

Cuckoo, Black-billed, VIII 28:
Yellow-billed, VIII 28

Cucumber, Indian, VIII 60

Cud weed, VIII 61

Cummings, Mrs. St. J.. VIII 39

Curlew, Hudsonian, VII 60; VIII 25

Curtiss herbarium, IX 40; X 20

Curtis, Moses A., VIII 48

Cynodon dactylon, VIII 61

XIII

Daisy, Ox eye, VIII 61

Dandelion, VIII 62

Davenport Academy of Sciences,
X 53, 54

Davey Tree Company, VII 45

Davidson College, IX 39

D'Atllon, Lucas Vasquez, VI
61-62, 63

DeBrahm, W. G., VII 9-10

Decumaria barbata, VIII 61

Dendroica caerulea, VIII 32: cor-
onata, VIII 32: discolor, VIII 33:
kirilandii, VIII 32: magnolia,
VIII 32: palmarum, VIII 32:
palmarum hypochrysea, VIII 32:
pensylvanica, Vlll 32: tigrina,
VIII 32

Deseret Museum, VIII 12

Desmanthus, VI 48

Desmodium, sp., VIII 61

De Soto, Ferdinand, VI 62

De Verrazzano, John, VI 62

Dickinson, McLeod, VIII 38

Dill, Frances, IX 46; X 12

Dill, Pauline, X 8

Diodia teres, VIII 62: virginiana,
VIII 62

Dione vanillae, X 34

Diopatra cuprea, VII 59

Ditmars, R. L., X 39

Diver, Great Northern, see Loon

Dogwood, VI 38: Flowering, VIII 59

Dolichonyx oryzivorus, VIII 28; IX
53

Dove, Mourning, IX 45: Ground,
VI 31; IX 44

Dowitcher, IX 54

Drayton, John, VII 11-13

Dryopieris floridana, X 23-24: 7iove-
boracensis, X 23: patens, X 23:
thelypteris, X 23

Duck, Black, VIII 23; IX 21: Gad-
waU, VIII 23, 38: Golden-eye
VIII 23: Greater scaup, VI 30
Lesser scaup, VI 30; IX 21
Redhead, VIII 8, 23, 26: Ring-
necked, VII 16: VIII 23; IX 20-
21, 22: Ruddy, VI 29. 30, 58:
ShoveUer, VII 23; VIII 38; IX
45: Widgeon, VIII 38: Wood,
1X45

Duff, E. A., IX 45

Dumetella carolinensis, VIII 33
Durant, E. W., Jr., VIII 14
Diospyros virginiana, VIII 59

Eagle, Golden, VII 38-39: Audubon

plate, VII 38
Eaton, D. C, X 21
Echini, X 31
Educational Museum, St. Louis,

X53
Educational work, VI 6, 7, 9; VII 5,

32, 63; VIII 3-4, 10, 16, 17, 35;

IX 1, 3; X 29-30: What the

Museum offers the schools, by

L. M. Bragg, VIII 67-74: see

also Public Instruction
Eel, Ditch, VI 35: Snake, VI 34
Eggleston, W. W., X 20
Egret, VI 31: American, IX 43:

Snowy, VI 31, 51; VIII 52; IX

10, 43, 44; X 47-48: Snowy,

protection of, VIII 51
Egretta candidissima, VIII 51 ; IX

43, 44
Elder, VIII 62: Box, VIII 59
Electric Supply Company, X 3
Ehsha Mitchell Scientific Society,

VIII 12
Elliott, Stephen, VIII 43; IX 28:

Botany of South CaroUna and

Georgia, VIII 43: herbarium,

VIT 24; VIII 43; X 8, 12
Elliott Society, IX 31: proceedings,

VII 13; X 17,20
Elm, VI 38; VIII 40-41: American,

VI 38-39: Slippery, VI 38-39:

Wing, VI 38-39: in hurricane of

1911, VII 45
Embryology, Department of, see

Medical College : Lecture on, by

P. M. Rea, X 62, 64
Englehart, G. p., VII 63
English, George L., IX 55
Epargyreus tityrus, X 43
Epigaea repens, VIII 60
Erigeron bellidifolius, VIII 60
Eriobotrya, VI 14
Ethnology exhibits, IX 6
Eudamus proteus, X 43
Eumeces quinquelineatus, VI 35
Euonymus americanus, VIII 60
Euptoieta claudia, X 34
Eustrongylus tubifex, IX 71

XIV

Exhibition cases, VI 2; VIII 7, 9;
IX 6-7; X 10, 55

Exhibits at the Museum, VIII 36-
37: anti-tuberculosis, VI 5: as-
bestos, VII 40; VIII 7 : Audubon-
Bachman, VII 17-22, 24, 61;
VIII 13, 15-16; IX 41: carbon,

VI 21-27; VII 4; IX 19: Egyp-
tian mummy, X 49-51: flower
table, VI 12: living animals, IX
45-46; X 31: live snakes, VI 35;
VIII 9, 38; IX 46; X 38-39:
marine shells, VII 53: meteo-
rological instruments, VI 7:
nests and eggs of local birds,

VII 4-5, 52-53: Piedmont col-
lection of minerals, X 44: silk
culture, VII 28-31, 32, 35-37,
39; VIII 7-8, 16; IX 41: tea
culture, VI 14: tree table, VI 12

Exhibits, Travehng, VIII 5, 7, 16,
57, 70-72; IX 12, 23; X 14-15,
29-30, 56: Babylonian clay tab-
lets, X 25-26: birds, IX 6: but-
terflies, X 63: iron and steel,

VIII 72; X 15

Fagus americana, VIII 59

Falco columbarius, VIII 26, 27:
peregrinus anatum, VIII 25

Falcon, Peregrine, VII 55

Farancia abacura, VIII 39; IX 9; X
39

Ferns, Prehminary list of, by L. M.
Bragg, X 17-24

FicKEN, John F., IX 42; X 2, 48

FicKEN, Mrs. John F., IX 42; X 2

Field, G. W., VI 36; VIII 12

Field & Stream, VIII 12

Filaria (histrichis?), IX 71

First grade teachers' association,
VIII 16

Fishes, Angler, by P. M. Rea, X 39:
Snake eel, Sculpin, and Short
big-eye, by P. M. Rea, VI 34:
Sun-fish, and Crab-eater, "ca-
bio", byP. M. Rea, VIII 50

Five finger, VIII 62

Fladger, W. a., VI 58

Florida caerulea, IX 42

Flycatcher, Crested, VI, 32; IX 69

Follin, Louise, X 29-30

Ford, F. C, IX 46

Forrest, John, VI 7

Fossils, IX 38-39: Alabama eocene,
IX 39: Booth collection, VIII
37; IX 34: Maryland tertiary,
IX 34, 39: Mississippi eocene,
IX 39: North CaroUna tertiary,
IX 39: Virginia tertiary, IX 39

Foster, James, VIII 20, 39

Fragaria virginiana, VIII 62

Fraxinus, sp., VIII 59

Fregata aquila, VIII 22

Frigate bird, VII 38; VIII 22: Au-
dubon plate, VII 38

Frog, Green tree, VI 35: Leopard,
VI 35: Southern tree, VI 35:
Swamp tree, VI 35: eggs for
distribution, IX 21

Frost, Mrs. Thomas, IX 46

Fulgar canaliculata, VII 54, 59:
carica, VII 54, 59

Fulica americana, VIII 24

Fulmar, V. L., VII 23; VIII 10

Fungi, see Biological survey and
Botany

Gadsden, John B., X 31
GadwaU, VIII 23, 38
Galax aphylla, VIII 60
Gallinula galeata, VIII 24
GaUinule, Florida, VI 44; VIII 24
Garden, Alexander, VII 9-10
Garnet, North Carolina, VIII 38
Garick, James P., Jr., VIII 27
Gas, Natural, IX 36
Gavia immer, IX 53: stellata, VIII

21; IX 53
Gebia, VII 59

Gelsemium sempervirens, VIII 61
General Asbestos and Rubber Com-
pany, VII 40, 55; VIII 7
Gentian, Blue, VIII 60
Gentiana quinquefolia, VIII 61
Geological Siu-veys, Georgia, VIII
12: Tennessee, VIII 12: Vir-
ginia, VIII 12
Geology, Alabama eocene fossils,

IX 39: Booth coUection of in-
vertebrate fossils, VIII 37; IX
34: Canfield coUection of zeo-
Utes, IX 34-35: carbon collec-
tion, VII 4; IX 17-18, 19, 36-37;

X 8-9 : catalog, VI 35: collections,

XV

VI 6, 12; VII 4, 32; VIII 6, 38;

IX 7, 23-24, 55; X 8-9: Depart-
ment of, see College of Charles-
ton: exhibits, VI 12, 21-27; VII
31; VIII 6-7; IX 7, 17-19: gems
and precious stones, IX 19, 38;

X 9: Graves collection, IX 34:
Maryland tertiary fossils, IX
34, 39: Mississippi eocene fossils,
IX 39: North CaroUua tertiary
fossils, IX 39: phosphate min-
erals, IX 17: Piedmont collec-
tion, VI 6, 35; VII 39; VIII 7;
IX 17-19, 37-38, 39; X 9, 44:
records, IX 33-34; X 44: Rus-
sian collection, IX 17, 33 : Shep-
ard collection of phosphates, IX
33: Sloan collection, IX 38, 39,
40; X 9, 44: state exhibit, IX 19:
tertiary coastal plain fossils, X
9: Virginia tertiary fossils, IX
39: Department of geology and
mineralogy, by D. S. Martin,
IX 33-40: The carbon collec-
tion, by D. S. Martin, VI 21-
27: Fossils of St. John, N. B.,
by G. F. Matthew, X 13:
Geology of the region about
Charleston, by P. M. Rea, IX
64: Progress in department of
geology, by P. M. Rea, X 44:
Progress on the mineral collec-
tions, by D. S. Martin, IX 17-
19

Geranium carolinianum, VIII 62:

masculaium, VIII 60
Gerardia, VIII 61
Gerardia grandiflora, VIII 61: ten-

uifolia, VIII 61
Geyserite, VII 32
GiBBES, Emma, IX 23, 46; X 12,

20, 21
GiBBES, Lewis R., VI 35; VII 5-6;

IX 23, 31, 46; X 12, 19-20, 21,
22: herbarium, X 47: portrait,
VII 32: Botany of Eding's Bay,

X 17: Catalog of the phaenog-
amous plants of Columbia and
vicinity, VII 5

GiBBES, Maria H., VI 35; VII 5,

6;X47
Ginger, Wild, VIII 61

Ginkgo, VI 28

Ginkgo biloba, VII 15

"Glass snake", VI 35

Glen, James, VII 9-10

Gnaphalium polycephalum, VIII 61:
purpureum, VIII 61

Golden-eye, VIII 23

Goldenrod. VIII 62

Goldfinch, VI 44

Goose, Greater snow, IX 60:
Lesser snow, IX 60

GouRDiN, Camilla, IX 64

Grace, John P.. IX 42; X 2

Grace, Mrs. John P., IX 42; X 2

Crackle, Boat-tailed, VI 58

Grahamite, VI 26

Grapefruit, VI 28

Graphite, VI 24, 25; VII 4; IX 36

Grapla interrogationis, X 34-35

Grass, Bermuda, VIII 61 : in hurri-
cane of 1911, VII 45: Blue-eyed,
VIII 61: Crab, VIII 61: John-
son, VIII 62: Pepper, VIII 62:
Yellow star, VIII 60

Graves, F. P., VII 4; VIII 7; IX 34

Gray herbarium, IX 22; X 11, 18

Grebe, Horned, VI 30; VIII 21:
Pied-billed, VI 51

Grosbeak, Blue, VI 44, 59; VII 53;
VIII 30: Rose-breasted. VIII
30: Audubon plate, VI 59, VII 6

Ground Hog, Audubon plate, VII
38, 61

Guide books to nature^ study, X 12-

13: to sea shells, X 13
Guiraca caeriilea, VI 59; VIII 30
Gull, Bonaparte's, VI 30: Herring,
VI 44; VIII 21 : Laughing. VI 30,
44; VIII 21; IX 54: Ring-biUed,
VIII 21
Gum, Black, VIII 59: Sweet, VIII
59

Hackberry, VI 38, 40; VIII 59: in

hurricane of 1911, VII 46
Hagood, Mrs. B. A., IX 42
Halesia tetraptera, VIII 59
Halset, Ashley, X 57
Halsted, Captain, VII 30
Hanahan, J. Ross, VIII 53
Hanckel, F. S., VIII 38
Hanckel, F. S., Jr., VII 63; VIII

XVI

8, 10, 20, 23, 38; IX 21, 45:
Ring-necked duck, VII 16

Harper, R. M., VIII 12; X 17, 22

Harelda hyemalis, VIII 23

Harris, Hope, IX 22

Hartt, C. F., IX 39

Haw, Black, VIII 60

Hawk, Cooper's, VI 29; VII 51:
Duck, VII 48, 55-56; VIII 8,
25: Fish, VI 31; X 46: Florida
red-shouldered,VI 29, 31 : Marsh,

VI 31; VII 60; VIII 25: Pigeon,

VII 61 (Audubon plate); VIII
26, 27, 65; IX 12: Red-tailed,

VIII 25, 33: Sharp-shinned,

VII 50-51; VIII 25
Hawthorn, VIII 60
Heliconius charitonius, X 34
Helinaia swainsonii, VIII 31
Helmitheros vermivorus, VIII 31 ;

IX 54

Helodromas solitarius, IX 69
Hepatica triloba, VIII 60
Herbaria, VIII 10-11, 37, 43-49, 54-
57, 70; X 7, 8, 12: statistics,

VIII 48-49: storage cases, VII
40: see also Clemson, Converse,
Curtiss, Elhott, Gibbes, Kuntze,
Porcher, Ravenel, Wallace

Hercules club, VIII 60

Heredity, Pubhc lectures on, VIII

63-64
Herodias egretta, IX 43
Heron, Black-crowned night, VII

61 (Audubon plate); IX 43;

X 45-46: Green, VI 31, 50; IX
43: Little blue, IX 42-43:
Louisiana, VI 29; IX 42: Snowy,
see Egret, Snowy: Yellow-
crowned night, VI 29, 31; X 46

Heronry at Secessionville, see Se-

cessionville Heronry
Hesperia montivaga, X 43
Hewat. Alexander, VII 9-10
Hickory, VIII 59
Hilton, William, VI 64, 65
HiNsoN, W. G., VI 7, 68; IX 45
Hirundo erythrogaster, VIII 31; IX

61
HoLBRooK, J. E., VI 47:Herpetol-

ogy, VII 24: Ichthyology, VII

24; IX 31

Holland, W. J., butterflies, IX 69-

butterfly book, X 33, 36, 43
Holly, American, VI 28; VIII 59:

Dahoon, VI 68: Deciduous, VIII

59
Holmes, F. S., VII 63; IX 31
Holmes, H. S., VII 38, 48, 61;

VIII 13 ' '

Holmes, Mrs. H. S., VI 59; VII 38

61; VIII 13
Home and School Association, VIII

42
Horlbeck, Elizabeth, IX 42
Hornbeam, American, VIII 59
Horse sugar, VIII 60
House, H. D., VIII 56
Houston Museum, VIII 12
Houstonia, VIII 61: caerulea, VIII

61: longifolia, VIII 61: minima,

VIII 62
Howe, O. M., VIII 9
Howell, George, IX 64; X 29
HucHETT, Miss, VI 28
Hummingbird, Brazihan, VI 58

Ruby-throated, VI 10, 30, 32

VII 15-16, 61 (Audubon plate),

VIII 28: breeding habits of, IX
61-63

Hunter, Henry, IX 20

Hurricane of August 27-28, 1911.
VII 41-47; VIII 5-6: Effect on
bird hie, by H. R. Sass, VII
63-64: Effect on trees in the
city, by L. M. Bragg, VII 44-
47

Hurricanes, Dates of, at Charleston
since 1850, VII 43: West Indian,
by P. M. Rea and L. M. Bragg,
VII 41-47

Htams, W. p., Jr., VIII 10, 50

Hydranassa tricolor ruficollis, IX 42

Hydromica, IX 36

Hyer, Edward A., VI 10, 32, 44,
47; VII 16, 55; VIII 8, 10, 20,
24, 26, 28, 29, 38; IX 24, 56; X
56, 63 : lecture on taxidermy, X
56, 62: CaroUna rail in Charles-
ton, VIII 26: Prothonotary
warbler and Grinnell's water
thi-ush, X 28

Hyla cinerea, VI 35: squirella VI 35,

XVII

Hylocichla mustelina, VIII 33
Hypoxis erecta, Vill 60

Ibis, Wood, VII 52; VIII 23-24

Iconogi-aphlc encyclopedia, VI 8

Icterus galbula, VIII 28-29: spurius,
VIII 28

Ilex cassine, VI 68: decidua, VIII
59: opaca, VIII 59: vomitoria,
VI 15; IX 43

Illicium, VI 28

Illinois State Museum, VIII 12

Impatiens fulva, VIII 62

Imperial mining institute, VIII 6

Indian pipe, VIII 61

Indian reUcs, VII 56; IX 59

Indigo, False, VIII 61

Industrial exhibits, asbestos, VII
40, 55; VIII 7: iron and steel,
VIII 72; X 15: silk culture, VIII
7-8, 16; IX 6, 41: Silk-worm
culture, by L. M. Bragg, VII
28-31

Ingram, Davtd, VI 64

Innocence, VIII 61

Invertebrate exhibits, VIII 10

Invertebrates collected on the
Thanksgiving Day field trip, by
P. M. Rea, VIII 15

Ipomoea pandurata, VIII 62: pur-
purea, VIII 62

Iron weed, Common, VIII 62

Ilea, VIII 60: virginica, VIII 60

Izlar, H. L., VIII 10

Jack-in-the-pulpit, VIII 61
Jackson, R. T., X 31
Jaeger, Long-tailed, VIII 21
Jennings, E. R., IX 21; X 33, 34,

35, 42 : Note on Chlorippe alicia,

1X69
Jervet, Frances, VI 28
Jervet, W. St. Julien, IX 42; X

2, 3
Jessamine, Yellow, VIII 61
Jet VII 4

John Herron Art Institute, VIII 12
Johns-ManviUe Co., VIII 7
Johnson, Nathaniel, VII 30
Joint weed, VIII 62
Junco, VI 30, 32
Juniper, Red, VI 38
Junonia coenia, X 35

Kalmia latifolia, VIII 60

"Kauri gum", VI 27

Keasbey and Mattison Company,

VII 55; VIII 7
Kelly, Henrietta A., VI 15; VII

24, 28, 29, 30, 62; VIII 10, 11, 12,
16: Bulletin on silk culture, VII
31

Kershaw, John, Jr., VIII 20, 21,

25, 28, 30, 31, 32, 33, 53
Kindergarten training school, VIII

35
Ivingbird, VI 32; VIII 28: Arkansas,

X 26-28
KiNGDON, George P., X 31
Kinglet, Golden-crowned, VI 33;

VII 52, 60; VIII 33; IX 61:

Ruby-crowned, VII 60
Klatte, W. C, IX 47
Klinck, Elizabeth, VI 6, 28; VIII

8
Knights of Pythias, VI 6
Knobel plates of animals, IX 55
Kollock, C. W., VII 24, 33; VIII

10, 12, 46
KuNTZE, Otto, herbarium, X 8:

hfe and work, IX 65-68; X 12
KuNZ, G. F., VIII 12
Kurtz, IX 31

Labels, VI 3; VII 31, 53; VIII 6-7,

8; IX 7; X 10,44
Lagerstroemia indica, VI 42
Lamium amplexicaule, VIII 62:

purpureum, VIII 62
Lane, T. F., VIII 9
Lanivireo solitarius, VIII 31: s.

aliicola, VIII 31
Lapham, Samuel, Jr., VIII 20, 21,

39
Larus argentatus, VIII 21: atricilla,

VIII 21: delawarensis, VIII 21
Laurel, Mountain, VIII 60
Laurens, Henry R., VIII 53
Laurocerasus caroliniana, VI 15,

41-42
Laurus camphora, VI 14
Lawson, John, VI 66-67
Leather flower, VIII 62
Lectures, by L. M. Bragg, VII 36;

VIII 15, 16: by D. S. Martin,

VIII 16; by P. M. Rea, VI 7

XVIII

(meteorology), 10; VIII 63-64
(heredity); IX 13: by Mrs. P.
M. Rea, VIII 15: by H. R.
Sass, VIII 15: by L. L. Seaman,
X 36-37: by C. S. Vedder, VIII
16: see also Charleston Natui'al
History Society, lectures, talks,
etc.
Leguminosae, VI 48
Leiding, Mrs. H. K., VIII 38
Lepidium virginicum, VIII 62
Lesesne, D. S., VIII 20, 23
Lespedeza striata, VIII 61
Levi, W. M., VI 58, 59; VII 5, 53;

VIII 8, 12, 20, 2S, 30

L'Herminier, Felix, IX 27, 28-29

Librarian, VI 1, 3, 7; VII 3, 5; VIII

4: Assistant, VII 3, 5, 24; VIII

4, 11; IX 47; X 3

Library, VI 7; VII 5-6, 8, 12, 64;

VIII 4, 11-13; IX 8, 51; X 10-
11: accessions, VI 7, 35; VII 5,
24, 32; VIII 12, 13; IX 55
binding, VI 7; VII 5; IX 8, 51
books on nature study, X 30
catalog, VII 5; VIII 11; IX 8
exchanges, VIII 11-12; IX 11
X 11: finances, VIII 12-13
reading room, VIII 11

Libythea bachmanni, X 35
Lychnis gilhago, VIII 62
"Lignite", VI 23, 2.5, 27; IX 36;

X 9
Ligustrum japonicum, VI 14
Lily, Atamasco, VIII 60
Limnoria lignorum, IX 45
Linaria canadense, VIII 61-62
Linden, VI 38, 41-42
Lineberger, F. L., VII 23; VIII 10
Linnaeus, VI 67
Liquidamber styraciflua, VIII 59
Liriodendron tulipifera, VIII 59
Literary and Philosophical Society,

IX 27, 30, 31
Liver-leaf, VIII 60

Lizard, Green, VI 35: Ground, VI
35:Six-Uned, VI 35

Loan exhibits, see Exhibits, Trav-
eling

Lobeha, Blue, VIII 62

Lobelia cardinalis, VIII 62: puberu-
la, VIII 62

Lobster, Spiny, VII 23; VIII 10

Local fauna, see Biological survey
Local flora, see Biological survev
Loligo gahi, VII 23; X 57
LooMis, L. M., VII 40; VIII 15
Loon, VI 30; IX 53: Red-throated,

VIII 21, 38, 39-40; IX 53
Lophius, X 39

Loquat, VI 14

Lorinseria areolata, X 23

Louisiana State Museum, VIII 12

Love, A. W., VII 56

Loxia curvirostra minor, VIII 29

LuNZ, H. A., IX 46

Lycaena. comyntas. X 36

Lynch, K. M., Cancer in Cormor-
ant, IX 70

Lycopodiurn alopecuroides, X 24:
carolinianum, X 24: chapmanii,
X 18: lucidulum, X 18

Lygosoma lateraie, VI 35

McBee, M. v., VI 14
MacClure, IX 28
McCradt, John, IX 31
McDermid, Allan, VIII 63
McDermid, G. C, VI 51, 58; VIII

24, 28, 29, 30
McDonald, Marion, VIII 10
McGee, Harriet, VII 60
McGrath, J. F., VII 48; VIII 9
McGrath, L. W., VIII 42; IX 42,
56; X 48, 55: assistant in zo-
ology, VIII 4: instructor in
physiology and zoology, VIII
57-58; IX 3: Contents of stom-
ach of Cormorant, IX 70-71
McIntyee, J. P., IX 49; X 5, 6, 55
Magnoha, M 15, 28, 38; VII 46,
47: in hurricane of 1911, VII 46
Magnolia grandiflora, VI 15; IX 62
Maiden-hair tree, VI 28
MaUard, IX 21
Man, Neohthic, IX 59: Paleohthic,

IX 58

Manculus quadridigitatus, VI 35
Manigault, G. E., IX 31; X 49
Manigault osteological collection,

VII 31; VIII 3, 9
Man-o'-\var bird, VII 38; Audubon

plate, VII 38
Maple, Red, VI 38, 41; VIII 59:

XDC

SOver, VI 38, 41
Marila affinis, VII 16; IX 21:
americana, VIII 23, 26: collaris,

VIII 23; IX 21

Marine invertebrate exhibit, VIII

10
Marmot, Maryland, Audubon plate,

VII 38, 61
"Marsh Hen", VI 50
Marshall, Humphrey, VII 10
Martin, D. S., VI 7, 13, 14, 21, 58:

VII 17; VIII 5, 7, 12, 35, 37, 38;

IX 23-24, 55, 57; X 10, 11, 20,
44: honorary curator in geologv,
Vr6, 12, 35; VII 4, 24, 39, 64;

VIII 6, 65; IX 7, 33; X 8, 9, 31:
Audubon monument in New-
York, VIII 16: Carbon collec-
tion, VI 21-27: Planting the
Museum gi-ounds, VI 13-16:
Progress on the mineral collec-
tions, IX 17-19: reports as
curator, IX 33-40; X 12

Martin, Purple, VII 64

Maryland Academy of Sciences,

IX 34 39

Massey, 'a. B., VIII 56: Flora
about Clemson College, VIII
59-62; IX 11

Matthew, G. F., Fossils of the St.
John region, IX 24; X 13

Maybank, J. F., VII 16; IX 21

May pop, VIII 62

Mazyck, p. p., VI 27; VII 3, 32;

VIII 6, 12;X62

Mazyck, W. G., VII 25; VIII 10;

IX 26, 47; X 57: honorary
curator, VI 6; VII 4; X 9: Cat-
alog of mollusca, VI 6, VII 4, 7,
53; VIII 14; IX 11, 47 (review);

X 12, 57: History of the Muse-
um, VI 45-46

Meado'A'lark, VI 29, 59
Medeola virginica, VIII 60
Medical College of South Carohna,
VIII 3, 17, 35; IX 30, 31; X 15:
department of embryology and
physiology, VIII 42," 57-58; IX
2, 14, 52: new building, X 61
Meganostoma caesonia, X 41-42
Mellita, VII 59: iesiudinata, X 31
Memminger, E. R., VII 24, 62:

VIII 4, 10, 11,35,36,37,44,48,
65; IX 10, 23, 46; X 7, 8: elected
honorary cui'ator of fungi, VII
39

Memminger Normal School, VII 8

Merganser, American, VII 22-23;
VIII 8, 20, 22-23: Hooded, VII
52: Red-breasted, IX 21, 54

Mergus americanus, VII 22; VIII
22-23

Meteorology, VI 7: Meteorological
instruments, by P. M. Re a, VI
10: Weather forecasting, by J.
H. Scott, X 13-14: Weather
forecasting, by P. M. Re a, VI
10: West Indian hurricanes, by
P. M. Rea and L. M. Bragg,

VII 41-47

Mica, IX 35, 36: "Star", IX 36
MicHAUx, Andre, VI 68; VII 13-
14: Botanical garden of, VII 13;

VIII 42, 49

MicHAUX, F. A., VI 20; VII 13:
North American Sylva, VI 7:
travels, VII 14-15

Micropalama himantopus, IX 52

MiDDLETON, Henry, IX 28

Miles, J. A., VII 48, 55, 56; VIII
8, 25

Miles, J. A., Jr., IX 46

Miller, W. de W., X 28

Mills, R., VI 45; IX 29

Mimosa, VI 28, 48

Mimosa illibrissin, VII 15

Mimosaceae, VI 48

Mineralogy, see Geology

Minnesota Academy of Sciences,
VIII 12

Mississippi eocene fossils, IX 39

Missouri Botanical Garden, VIII 12

Mitchell, C. P., VIII 38

Mitchell, H. W., IX 55

Mitchell, J., VII 38; VIII 13

Mitchell, J., Jr., VIII 22, 23, 27,
38; IX 21: Pigeon hawk in win-
ter, VIII 26, 65; IX 12: shovel-
ler, VII 23

xMitcheU School, VII 35; VIII 42

Mitchella repens, VIII 61

Mitrewort, False, VIII 60

Mniotilta varia, IX 61

Mocassin, Copperhead or High-

XX

land, see Copperhead: Water,

IX 46; X 38
"Mock orange", VI 15, 38, 42: in

hurricane of 1911, VII 44
Mockingbird, IX 44-45
Moira atropus, X 31
Mola mola, Vlil 50
"Molly", VIII 65; X 38, 48
Mollugo verticillata, VIII 62
Mollusca, A new squid for South

Carolina, by P. M. Rea, VII 23:

Octopus and its relatives, by P.

M. Rea, X 57-60: see also

Mazyck, W. G., Catalog of

mollusca
Monoiropa hypopUys, VIII 61 : wni-

flora, VIII 61
Moorhead, Frances, X 63
Morning glory, VIII 62
Morphological studies, VIII 10
Morphology, Journal of, IX 55
Morse, Edna, X 47
Morus alba, VII 28
Moss, IX 36: European, VII 63;

VIII 11: Sphagnum, VII 4
Mouse ear, VIII 62
MUCKENFUSS, C. H., VI 28
Mulberry, Paper, VI 38, 41: Silk,

VI 15: White, VII 28, 31: W^ild,

VI 38, 41
Mullen, VIII 62
Mummy, Egyptian, X 49-51
Municipal catalog of art, by P. M.

Rea, VII 57-58
Murdoch, Henrietta, VI 8, 59;

VII 6, 32; VIII 7, 12; X 11
Murphey, E. E.. IX 20
Muscadine, VIII 61

Musci, VI 36

Museum of Comparative Zoology,

VIII 12

Museum of South Carolina, VII 33-

31
Museum grounds, VI 28: Planting

of, by D. S. Martin, VI 13-16
Museum herbaria, VIII 43-49;

IX 22, 46

Musical Festival Committee, VI 6
Mycteria americana, VIII 23-24
Myiarchus crinitus, IX 69
Myrica cerifera, Vll 10
Myrtle, Crepe, VI 38, 42; VII 47:
Salt-water, IX 43, 44

( Narmus hiemalis, IX 69

Nathan, Coralie, VII 8; X 47
National Geographic Magazine, VI

8; VII 6; VIII 12; X 11
NaturgeschichtUche Museum, Vien-
na, X 53-54
Nautilus, VIII 12: Paper, X 58:

Pearly, X 58, 60
Nemathelminthes, IX 71
Neonympha eurytus, X 35: gemma,

X 35: sosybius, X 35
Nephila wilderi, VIII 49
Nettle, Dead, VIII 62: Horse, VIII

62
Neufville, a. C, VIII 53
New York Academy of Sciences,

X 11
New York Botanical Garden, IX

65, 68; X 8, 18,20
New York State Museum, VIII 12
New York Zoological Society, VIII

12
Night hawk, IX 54
Night shade, IX 43
Nonpareil, VIII 30
North Carolina tertiary fossils,

1X39
North Carohna Geological and

Economic Survey, VI 39, 42
Numenius hudsonicus, VIII 25
Nuthatch, Brown-headed, VIII 33
Nyctanassa violacea, X 46
Nyctea nyctea, VIII 27
Nycticorax nyclicorax naevius, IX

43, 45-46
Nyssa sylvatica, VIII 59

Oak, Black, VI 17, 19, 20, 38, 40;
VIII 59: Black Jack, VI 67;
VIII 59: Chestnut, VI 38, 40:
Laurel, VI 17-18, 19, 20, 38,
39-40: Live, VI 17-18, 20, 38,
39-40; VII 47; IX 43: in hurri-
cane of 1911, VII 44, 46: Poison
see Poison oak: Post, VI 19, 20;
VIII 59: Red, VI 17, 40; VIII
59: Scarlet, VI 40; VIII 59:
Spanish, VI 19, 20: Turkey, VI

19, 20, 68: Water, VI 17, 18, 19,

20, 38, 40, 67: White, VI 19, 20;
VIII 59: Willow, VI 17, 18, 20,
38, 40; VIII 59: YeUow, VI 40

XXI

Oakland Public Museum, VIII 12

Obolaria virginica, VIII 60

Octopus, X 57-60

Odostomia impressa, IX 69

Ogilby's America, VI 66

Oidemia aniericana, IX 20 : deglandi,
VIII 23: perspicillata, IX 20

Oil, Mineral, VI 25-26; X 9

Oklahoma State University, VIII 12

Old-squaw, VIII 23

Olor columbianus, VIII 23

O'Neill, Isabel, VIII 10; IX 22;
X8

Onoclea sensibilis, X 23

Oologist, VIII 12

Ophichthus ocellatus, VI 34

Ophioglossum crotalophor aides, X
18: vulgatum, X 18

Ophisaurus ventralis, VI 35

Opoponax chironium, VI 48

Opoponax, White, VI 28, 48: Yel-
low, VI 48

Opossum, VIII 9; IX 45-46; X 31

Oriole, Baltimore, VIII 28-29:
Orchard, VIII 28

Ornithology, see Birds

Osmanthus americanus, VI 62

Osmunda cinnamomea, X 19: specta-
bilis, X 19

Osprey, VI31;X46

Osteology, Manigault collection,

VII 31; VIII 3, 9
Outing magazine, VIII 12
Oven-bu-d, VIII 33

Owl, Barn, VI 50 (breeding); VIII
27: Great horned, VI 58; X 31:
Saw-whet, VIII 27: Short-eared,

VIII 27: Snowy, VIII 27
Oxalis violacea, VIII 60
Ox-eye, Sea, IX 43, 44
Oxydendron arboreum, VIII 59
Ozokerite, VI 26; IX 37

Paleontology, see Fossils

Palmetto, VI 15, 38, 41; VII 47:
Cabbage, VI 64

Pandion haliaetus carolinensis, X 46

Panicum sanguinale, VIII 61

Panulirus argus, VII 23

Papilio asterias, X 42: cresphontes,
X 42 : palamedes, X 42 : philenor,
X 43: troilus, X 42: turnus var.

glaucus, X 42
Parsnip, VI 48
Partridge berry, VIII 61
Passerculus princeps, VIII 29: sand-

wichensis savanna, VIII 29
Passerella ilica, VIII 30
Passerherbulus hensloicii, VIII 29:

leconteii, VIII 29: ynaritimus,

VI 52: maritimus macgillivraii,

VI 52
Passerina ciris, VIII 30
Passiflora incarnata, VIII 62
Paspulum dilatatum, VIII 61 : laeve,

VIII 61
Peale's Museum, IX 29
Peat, VI 22-23, 25; VII 4; IX 36
Pearson, T. G., VI 50
Pecan, VI 38
Pectinaria, VII 59
Pectolite, IX 35
Pelecanus erythrorhynchus, VI 57-

58; VIII 22: occidenlalis, VI

57; VIII 22
PeUcan, Brown, VI 30, 57; VIII 22:

Frigate, Audubon plate, VII 38:

White, VI 57-58; VIII 22
Pelidna alpina sakkalina, IX 69
Pellea atropurpurea, X 22
Pen, Spinv, VII 54
Pennell,"F. W., IX 55; X 8
Penstemon laevigatus, VIII 62
People's Forum, VIII 42
Persea carolinensis, VI 15, 28
Persimmon, VI 38; VIII 59
Petrel, Wilson's, VII 50; IX 54
Petrochelidon lunifrons, VIII 31
Petroleum, IX 36; X 9
Phalacrocorax auritus, IX 70
Phalarope, Northern, VI 51: Red,

VI 51: Wilson's, VI 51; VIII 19,

24; IX 9
Phalaropus tricolor, VIII 24
Pheasant, English, IX 47
Phegopteris hexagonoptera, X 24:

phegopteris, X 24
Philadelphia Academy of Sciences,

1X39
Philipp, p. B., VIII 21, 22
Phlogopite, IX 36
Phlox, VIII 61: reptans, VIII 61:

subulata, VIII 61
Phoebe, VI 32

XXII

Phosphate minerals, IX 17, 33
Phyciodes tharos, X 34
Physiology, Department of, see

Medical College
Phytolacca decandra, VIII 62
Pictures lent to schools, VIII 71-72,

74
Piedmont collection of minerals, VI

6, 35; VII 39; VIII 7; IX 17-19,

37-38, 39; X 9, 44
Pieris monuste, X 41 : profodice, X 41 :

rapae, X 41
Pigeon, White-headed, Audubon

plate, VII 61
"PiUywagles Plat-eye", X 31
PiNCKNET, Mrs. C. C, VII 24, 32;

VIII 12
PiNCKNEY, Elizabeth, VII 30
Pine, VI 28; VIII 59: Prince's, VIII

61 : Walter's, VI 60; VII 11 : Sap,

VIII 61
Pink, Indian, VIII 61 : Moss, VIII

61
Pinkster flower, VIII 60
Pinna muricata, VII 54
Pinus glabra, VI 60; VII 11: taeda,

VI 28; VIII 59
Piranga erythromelas, VIII 31;

rw6io, VIII31; 1X63
Pisobia maculata, VIII 25
Pituophis melanoleucus, VI 47; X 38
Plantago aristata, VIII 62: lanceo-

laia, VIII 62: major, VIII 62:

virginica, VIII 62
Plantain, Common, VIII 62: Eng-
lish, VIII 62: Robin's, VIII 60
Platanus occidentalis, VI 41: orien-

talis VI 41
Plover, 'Golden, VIII 25: Killdeer,

VI 31: Piping, VIII 25; X 46:

Wilson's, VI 29, 31; IX 54
Plum, Japan, VI 14; Wild, VIII 60
Plumbago, VI 24
Podophylum peltatum, VIII 60
Poinsett, Joel R., IX 28
Poison oak, VIII 62
Pokeweed, VIII 62
Pollitzek, Anita, VIII 10
PoLLiTZER, Carrie T., IX 63
Pollitzer, Mabel, VIII 38; X 47
Polygonatum biflorum, VIII 60
Polygonum muhlenbergia, VIII 62

Polynoe, VII 59

Polypodium polypodioides, X 19:

vulgare, X 19
Polypody, Common, X 19: Gray,

X 19
Polypus granulatus, X 57
Polystichum acrostichoides, X 23
Pooecetes gramineus, VIII 29; IX 53
Popinac, see Opoponax
Poplar, Carolina, VI 38, 39; VII 47:

in hurricane of 1911, VII 45-46:

Silver, VI 38
Popular Science Monthly, VIII 12;

X 11
Populus deltoides, VI 39
Porcher, F. p., X 19, 23, 24: her-
barium, VIII 44, 48, 49; X 18:

Medico-botanical catalog, VIII

46
Porcher, L. L., IX 60
Porcher, P. G., Jr., VI 31
Portland (Maine) Society of Natural

History, VIII 12
Portland (Oregon) Art Association,

VIII 12
Porzana Carolina, VIII 24
Porter Military Academy, VII 35
Potato, Wild, VIII 62
Potentilla canadense, VIII 62
Powell's South Carolina Gazette,

VII 25
Pratt, J. H., VII 39; VIII 7; IX 18,

37 38
Pre'hn'ite, IX 35

Prendergast, Mrs. F., VIII 53
Prince, C. H., IX23;X 10
Pringle, Mrs. E. H., IX 47
Pringle, Mrs. J. J., IX 46
Printing outfit, VI 3
Privet, Japan, VI 14; VIII 40-41
Protonotaria citrea, X 28
Prunella vulgaris, VIII 61
Prunus americana, VIII 60: sero-

tina, VIII 60
Pseudopriacanthus alius, VI 34
Psilotum nudum, X 24
Pteridium aquilinum, X 19, 21-22:

pseudocaudatum, X 22
Pteridophytes, X 11
Pteris caudata, X 22: creiica, X 20,

21: serrulata, XI 9-20, 22
Public Instruction, VI 9; VII 3, 5,

XXIII

8, 35-36; VIII 14-15, 16, 57; IX
12-14; X 13, 32, 40, 47: lectures
on heredity, VIII 63-64: What
the Museum offers the schools,
by L. M. Bragg, VIII 67-74:
see also Educational work
Puffinus gravis, VII 50; VIII 22:
griseus, VII 50: I'herminieri,

VII 49; VIII 22
PuNDT, Eleanor, X 47
PuRRY, Peter, VI 66

Pyrameis atalanta, X 35: huntera,
X35

Quercus alba, VI 19; VIII 59:
catesbaeii, VI 19, 68; VII 14:
coccinea, VI 40; VIII 59: digita-
ta, VI 19: laurifolia, VI 17-18
40; VII 14: marylandica, VI 67
minor, VI 19: nigra, VI 17, 40
67; VIII 59: phellos, VI 17, 40

VIII 59: vumila, VII 10: rubra
VI 40; VIII 59: slellata, VIII 59
triloba, VI 20: velutina, VI 19, 40
VIII 59: virginiana, VI 17-18,
39; IX 43

Ragweed, VIII 62: Great, VIII 62
Rail, Black, VI 30, 31; VII 52; VIII

24: Carolina, VI 44, 51; VIII 24,

26: Clapper, VI 50: King, VIII

24: Virginia, VI 51; IX 53:

Yellow, VIII 24
Rallus crepitans, VI 50: crepitans

waynei, VI 50: elegans, VIII 24:

virginianus, IX 53
Ramsay, David, VII 30
Rana caiesbiana, VI 35: pipiens,

VI 35
Randolph, Harrison, IX 42; X 2
Randolph, Mrs. Harrison, IX

42; X 2
Randolph, John, VII 45-46; IX 46
Rat, Black, VI 50
Rattlesnake, Dijamond-backed, VIII

9; IX 46; X 38: Timber, VII 48;

VIII 9; X 38
Ravenel, Agnes, VIII 55
Ravenel, C. p., VIII 12
Ravenel, Catherine, VII 63
Ravenel, Edmund, VII 63; X 9
Ravenel, E. P., VIII 56; IX 22; X

12, 47

Ravenel, H. W., VII 13; VIII 4,
10, 45, 46-47, 48, 54, 55; IX 31;
X 18, 19, 20-21, 22, 23, 24:
Fungi Caroliniani exsiccati, VII
24: VIII 10, 46, 55: herbarium,
VI 36; VII 24, 39, 62; VIII 4, 10,

13, 44-47, 48, 49, 55, 56; IX 10,
23; X 18, 47: Plants of the San-
tee Canal, VIII 45, 54, 55-56;
X 17: Plants of South CaroUna,
X21

Ravenel, H. W. and Cooke, M. C,
Fungi Americani exsiccati, VIII
46

Ravenel, N. P., VIII 56

Rea, Paul M., VIII 22, 42; IX 42;
X 2, 26: annual reports, 1909,

VI 1-10; 1910, VII 1-8; 1911,
VIII 1-17; 1912, IX 1-14; 1913,
X 1-16: Secretary American
Association of Museums, VI 5;

VII 3; VIII 5; IX 4; X 3: Secre-
tary City Art Commission, VII
32: Angler fish, X 39: Audubon-
Bachman loan exhibit, VII 17-
18: Autumn foliage, VI 10:
Babylonian clay tablets, X 25-
26: Catesby as an ornithologist,

VIII 15: Collection of living
snakes, X 38-39: Color phases
of the pine snake, VI 47: Com-
munity and the museum, VI
53-56: Directory of American
Museums, VI 59: Educational
work of American Museums, X
13: Embryology, X 62, 64: Evo-
lution of a tooth, X 13: Func-
tions of museums, IX 12: Geol-
ogy of the region about Charles-
ton, IX 64: Heredity, VIII 63-
64; IX 13: History of the Muse-
um, VII 33-34: Hummingbird
in December, VI 10: Introduc-
tion to "The department of
geology and mineralogy, by D.
S. Martin," IX 33: Introduction
to the study of invertebrate
animals, VII 60: Invertebrate
and vertebrate animals, IX 13:
Invertebrates collected on the
Thanksgiving Day field trip.

xxrv

VIII 15: Life history of a tree,
VI 11: Meteorological instru-
ments, VI 10: Municipal catalog
of art. VII 57-58: Natural His-
tory Society, VII 58-60: New
squid for South Carolina, VII 23 :
Note appended to "The Seces-
sionville Heronry, by H. R.
Sass," VIII 53: Octopus and its
relatives, X 57-60: One hundred
and fortieth anniversary, IX 25-
32: Origin of the Museum in
1773, VII 25-27: Proceedings
of the American Association of
Museums, X 52-55: Progress in
department of geology, X 44:
Red-throated loon in Charleston
harbor, VIII 39^40: Relation of
flies and mosquitoes to disease,
VIII 42: Dr. Seaman's lecture
on Africa, X 36-37: Skeleton of
birds, VI 10: Snake eel, Sculpin,
and Short big-eye, VI 34 : Spiny
lobster, VII 23: Summer in
retrospect, IX 49-52: Sunfish
and the Crab-eater "Cabio, "
VIII 50: Weather forecasting,
VI 10: White peUcan in South
CaroUna, VI 57-58

Rea, p. M. and Bragg, L. M.,
West Indian hurricanes, VII 41-
47

Rea, p. M. and Weston, F. M. Jr.,
Preliminary survey of the birds
of the coast region, VI 29

Rea, Mrs. P. M., VIII 6, 73; IX 12,
42; X 2: Address before the
Charleston County Teachers'
Association, VIII 67-69: Beaks
and bills of birds, VI 10: Diges-
tion of birds, VI 10: Food of
birds, VI 10: Life and work of
Bachman, VII 17; VIII 15

Reception on the one hundred and
fortieth anniversary of the Muse-
um, IX 41-42

Recreation, VIII 12

Redbird, see Cardinal, Summer:
also Tanager, Summer

Redbud, VIII 60

Redstart, VI 33

Reed, C. K., bird guide, IX 72; X

29, 40
Reeves, J. C, VIII 38
Regains satrapa, VIII 33; IX 61
Reicke, Sara W., VIII 71
Resin, IX 36: Fossil, VI 26-27; VII

4; IX 37; X9
Rhett, a. B., VII 35
Rhinoceros, VIII 9
Rhododendron calendulaceum, VIII

60: nudiflorum, VIII 60
Rhus glabra, VIII 60: toxicodendron,

VIII 62
RiBAULT, Jean, VI 63
Rice, J. H., Jr., VIII 12
Ricebird, VII 51; VIII 28; IX 53
Riley, J. H., VIII 31
Robertson, M., VII 49; VIII 38
Robin, VII 52
Robinson, B. L., IX 22; X 11, 18,

19, 22, 23
Rock, W., VII 32; VIII 10
Rosetta Stone, X 51
Howell, A. S., VII 63; X 10
RowELL, Rena, VIII 58; IX 3, 56
Rubus. IX 85, 66
Rue, Goat's, VIII 61
Ruff, C. A., VIII 7
Rumex acetosella, VIII 61
Russian minerals, IX 17, 33
Rutherford mines, IX 18, 38
Rynchops nigra, VIII 22

Sabal palmetto, VI 41
Sabbatia angularis, VIII 62
St. Andrew's cross, VIII 61
St. Paul Institute, VIII 12
Salamander, Dwarf, VI 35: Mole,

VI 35
Salix, sp., VIII 59
Salley, F., VI 8; VII 6; VIII 12
Sambucus canadensis, VIII 62
Sams, Donald, VIII 63
Sanderling, VIII 8; IX 54
Sandford, R., VI 64, 65
Sandpiper, Least, VI 29, 31: Pec-
toral, VI 51; VIII 25: Red-
backed, IX 69: Semipahnated,
VI 29, 31 : SoUtarv, VI 30, 31, 44;
IX 69: Stilt, 1X52-53
Sanguinaria canadense, VIII 60
Sapsucker, Yellow-bellied, IX 63
Sass, H. R., VI 11, 31, 32, 44; VIII

XXV

20, 21, 22, 24, 25, 28, 30, 31, 32,
33, 53; IX 61: Bird notes, VIII
40-41: Birds of the City of
Charleston, VII 7: Bob-white
breeding in the city, VI 49:
Cardinal singing in winter, VIII
34: Cliff swallow in the city, VI
49-50: Effect of the hurricane
of 1911 on bird hfe, VII 63-64
P'all migration in the city, VI 50
Fox sparrow in the city, VIII 34
Hummingbird in winter, VII 15-
16: Ornithological work of Audu-
bon and Bachman in South
Carolina, VII 17; VIII 15:
Secessionville Heronry, VIII 51-
53; IX 43: Wild hfe in a city
garden, VII 64: Wild music, VII
64
Sassafras officinale, VIII 60
ScHERNiKow, E., VIII 7; IX 36
Schi'aiikia uncinata, VIII 61
SCHULTZ, S., IX 45
Science, (periodical), VIII 12; X 11
Scorpaena plumieri, VI 34
Scorpion, Red-headed, VI 35
Scoter, American, IX 20: Surf, IX
20: White-winged, VIII 20, 23
Scott, J. H., Weather forecasting,

X 13-14
Sculpin, VI 34
Sea-anemone, VII 59
"Sea biscuit", VII 59; X 31
Sea-lion, Steller's, VIII 66
Seaman, L. L., Lecture on Africa,

X 36-37
Secessionville Heronry, IX 3, 42-44;
X 14, 47-48: purchase, VIII 51-
53: title transferred to Museum,

IX 10

Sedge, Broom, VIII 61

Seitz, D., VIII 53

Seiurus aurocapillus, VIII 33: nove-

boracensis notabilis, X 28
Selaginella apus, X 24
Self heal, VIII 61
Senecio smallii, VIII 61
Sensitive plant. Wild, VIII 61
Sepia, X 60
Seton-Karr, H. W., IX 55, 57, 58;

X 10

Sharpe, E. E., Arkansas kingbird,

X 26-28
Sharpe, J., IX 24; X 27, 63: Local

moths and butterflies, X 56, 62:

Preliminary hst of butterflies, X

33-36, 41-43
Shearwater, Audubon's, VII 49-50,

50; VIII 8, 22: Greater, VII 50;

VIII 22: Sooty, VII 50
Shecut, J. L. E. W., IX 27, 28
Shells, see Conchology
Shepard, C. U., VI 14, 15; VIII 6;

IX 17, 37
Shepard, J. C, IX 31

Shepard collection of phosphates,

1X33
Shepherd's purse, VIII 62
Shoveller, see Duck, Shoveller
Shrike, Loggerhead, VIII 41 : North-
ern, VIII 41
Shrub, Sweet-scented, VIII 60
Silene antirrhina, VIII 62: virginica,

VIII 61
Silk culture, VII 28-31, 35-37, 39;

VIII 15: exhibit, VIII 7-8, 16;

IX 6, 41

Silkworm, Chinese white, VII 28:

Chinese yellow, VII 28
Silver bell tree, VIII 59
Simons, Edward, IX 21, 22
Simons, James, IX 42; X 2
Simons, Mrs. James, IX 42; X 2
Simons, William, IX 24
Sinkler, Anna, X 20
Siskin, Pine, VI 30, 32; VIII 29
Sisyrinchium angustifolium, VIII 61
Sitta pusilla, VIII 33
Skansen outdoor museum, X 54
Skimmer, Black, VI 30; VII 60;

VIII 22; IX 44, 54
Sleeping sickness, X 36-37
Sloan, A. L., VIII 20, 22, 24; IX 22,

42, 63; X 2, 8: South CaroUna

birds in South America, IX 64
Sloan, Earle, VI 58; IX 7, 40; X

44
Sloan collection of minerals, IX 38,

39, 40; X 9, 44
Slosson, Margaret, X 18, 20
Smilacina racemosa, VIII 60
Smith, J. Donnell, X 20
Smith, J. Douglas, VIII 38

XXVI

Smith, Louise, X 47

Smith, W. C, VI 57, 58

Smyth, E. A., VII 49

Smyth, E. A., Jr., VI 49; VIII 34;
X 34

Smythe, a. T., VIII 39

Snake, Banded water, VI 35; IX 46:
Black, VI 35; VIII 38; IX 46; X
38: Burrowing, IX 9: Chicken,
X 38: Coachwhip, IX 46; X 38
Coral, IX 46; X 38: Corn, X 38:
Florida pine, VI 47; VIII 64; X
38: Garter, VIII 9; X 38:
Ground, X 38: Hog-nosed, VIII
9: Keel-scaled green, IX 46; X
38 : King, IX 46 ; X 38 : Rainbow,
IX 9: Red-bellied, VIII 38, 39;

IX 9; X 39: Red-belUed water,

X 38: Scarlet king, X 38
Snakebird, VI 30; VIII 22; X 45
Snakes, collection of living, VI 35;

VIII 9: Color phases of the Pine
snake, by P. M. Rea, VI 47:
Notes on collection of living
snakes, by P. M. Rea, X 38-39:
Red-bellied snake, by L. M.
Bragg, VIII 39

Snowbird, VI 32

Solanum carolinense, VIII 62: nig-
rum, IX 43

Solidago sp., VIII 62

Solomon's seal, VIII 60: False, VIII
60

Sora, VIII 24, 26

Sorghum halapense, VIII 62

Sorrel, Sheep, VIII 62: Violet wood,
VIII 60

Sour wood, VIII 59

South Carolina and American Gen-
eral Gazette, VII 37

South Carolina Gazette (Powell's),
VII 25

South Carohna Gazette and Coun-
try Journal, VII 25, 39

South Carolina Historical Society,
VI 45, 61

South Carolina Kindergarten Train-
ing School, VII 8; VIII 17

Southern Railway Company, IX 19

Sparrow, Bachman's, VI 32: Eng-
lish, effect of hurricane on, VII
64: Field, VI 29: Fox, VI 32;

VIII 30, 34, 38: Henslow's, VIII
29: Ipswich, VIII 29: Leconte's,
VIII 29: MacgiUivray's seaside
VI 52; VII 51 : Savannah, VI 32

VIII 8, 29: Seaside, VI 29, 52
Sharp-tailed, VI 29, 32: Vesper,
VI 32; VIII 29; IX 53: White-
thi-oated, VI 44; VIII 30 ^

Spatula clypeata, VIII 23; IX 45

Specimen catalog, VI 2, 12

Specularia biflora, VIII 62: perfoli-
ata, VIII 62

Speissegger, H., VIII 23, 26

Spermatophytes, X 11

Sphagnum moss, VI 22, 25

Sphenopholis pallens, VIII 61

Sphyrapicus varius, IX 63

Spider, Silk, VIII 49

Spiderwort, VIII 61

Spigelia marylandica, VIII 61

Spinus pinus, VIII 29

Spleenwort, Ebony, X 22

Sponges, VII 58

Sprunt, a., Jr., IX 44; X 8, 14, 27:
South Carohna birds in the Arc-
tic regions, IX 64, 71

Sprunt, James, X 8, 28, 63

Squaw weed, VIII 61

Squid, VII 23; VIII 10; X 57, 59-60:
Giant, X 59

Starfish, VII 59: Brittle, VII 59

State Legislature of South Carolina,

IX 27; X 61
Stephenson, N. W., VII 32, 57
Stercorarius longicaudus, VIII 21
Sterculia plantanifolia, Vll 15
Sterna anlillarum, VIII 21-22
Stillingia sebifera, VII 13
Stokes' Business College, VII 8
Stone Age Exhibit. IX 57-59
Stoney, S. G., Jr., VIII 38
Storage cases. Metal, IX 7
Storage collections, VI 2
Strawberry, Wild, VIII 62: Bush,

VIII 60
Sturnella magna, VI .50
Sugarberrv. VI 38, 40
Sumac, Viil 60
Sumpter, Thomas, IX 28
Sun-fish, VIII 50
Swallow. Barn, VI 32; VIII 31; IX

61: Cliff, VI 49-50; VIII 31:

XXVII

Tree, VI 32
Swan, Whistling, VI 30; VIII 23
Swift, Chimney, VIII 40; IX 60, 61 :

effect of hurricane on, VII 64
Sycamore, VI 38, 41
Symplocus tinctoria, VIII 60

Tadpoles, IX 21; X 30, 48
Taft, Robert, IX 64
TaUow tree, VI 38; VII 13
Tanager, Summer, VI 32; VII 51;

VIII 31; IX 44-45, 63: Scarlet,
VI 32, 44; VIII 31

Tapir, VIII 9

Taraxacum officinale, VIII 62
Taxidermy, IX 24; X 56, 63: lec-
ture, by E. A. Hter, X 56, 62
Taylor, F. E., VI 58
Taylor, May, X 47
Tea-culture exhibit, VI 14
Teal, Blue-winged, VI 30; VIII 38;

IX 22: Green-winged, IX 22
Tecoma radicans, VIII 62
Telmatodyt.es palustris marianae,

VIII 33
Tephrosia virginiana, VIII 61
Terias delia, X 42: jucunda, X 42:

lisa, X 42: nicippe, X 42: ni-

cippe var. flava, X 42
Tern, Cabot's, IX 54: Least, VIII

21-22; IX 54: Royal, IX 54 ^
Thecla cecrops, X 36: melinus, X 36
Thomas, Steven, IX 6
Thorybes hathyllus, X 43
Thrasher, Brown, IX 45
Thrush, Grinnell's water, VI 50; X

28: Wood, VIII 33
Thymelicus brettus, X 43
TiareUa cordifolia, VIII 60
TiEDEMAN. Mrs. J. C, VI 28
Titlark, VIII 33
Toad, American, VI 35
Toad flax, Wild, VIII 61
ToRREY, Bradford, works of, VI

59; VII 6
Totanus flavipes, IX 60
Touch-me-not, VlII 62
Tourmaline, IX 35-36
Toxopneusles variegatus, X 31
Tradescantia virginica, VIII 61
Travehng exhibits, see Exhibits,

Traveling
Tree census, VI 37-43, 56

Tree surgery, VI 43

Trees, Care of, VI 42-43: survey of,

in city, VII 6: Better street trees,

VI 56-57
7'richostema lineare, VIII 61
Trifolium pratense, VIII 62: refiex-

um, VIII 62
Trillium sessile, VIII 60
Troglodytes aedon, VIII 33
Tropidonotus fasciatus, VI 35
Trumpet vine, VIII 62
Tsetse fly, X 37
Tucker, R. P., X 14
Tulip tree, VIII 59
TUOMEY, M., IX 31
Turkev, Wild, VII 39
Turtle, Common box, VII 56
Tyler, Mrs. M. F., VII 24, 38, 61;

VIII 13

Tjjpha latifolia, VIII 62
Tyrannus tyr annus, VIII 28: verli-
calis, X 26

Uhler, p. R., IX 34, 39

Ulmus alata, VI 38: americana. VI

3S:fulva, VI 38
Umbrella tree, see China tree
United States Geological Survey,

IX 19

United States Government publica-
tions, VIII 12

United States National Museum,
VIII 9, 25; IX 35, 38

United States Weather Bureau, VI
7

University of Nebraska, X 18

University of Pennsylvania, IX 55;
X8

University of South Carolina, VII
11; Vni46, 55

Urchin, Cake, X 31: Heart, X 31:
Sea, X 31

Uvularia perfoliata, VIII 60

Van Hoevenberg, E., VI 3, 9
Varnish tree, VI 38
Vaughan, Ross, IX 46
Vedder, C. S., VII17; VIII16
Venning, S. G., VII 51, 52; IX 60
Venus looking-glass, VIII 62
Verbascam thapsus, VIII 62
Vermivora celata, VIII 32: peregrina,

XXVIII

VIII 32: pinus. VIII '32: rubri-

capilla, VIII 32
Vernonia noveboracensis, VIII 62
Veronee, E. D., VIII 9
Vetch, VIII 61, 62
Viburnum prunifolium, VIII 60
Vicia caroliniana, VIII 61: sativa,

VIII 62
Vincetoxicum carolinensis, VIII 61
Violet, Bird-foot, VIII 61: Downy

Yellow, VIII 60: Halbert leaved,

VIII 60
Viola hastata, VIII 60: pedata, VIII

61 : pubescens, VIII 60
Vireo, Blue-headed, VII 51; VIII

31: Mountain sohtary, VIII 31:

Red-eyed, IX 44: Sohtary, see

Vireo, Blue-headed: White-eyed,

1X61
Vireo griseus, IX 61
Virginia tertiary fossils, IX 39
Virginia State Library, VIII 12
Vitis rotundifolia, Vllt 61
VoN KOLNITZ, H., X 55

Wagener, Alice, X 63

Wake robin, VIII 60

Wallace, Cranmore, VIII 46, 47-
48: herbarium, VIII 44, 47-48

Wakus, VIII 66

Walter, Thomas, VII 10-11: Flora
CaroUniana, VII 10, 111, 3:
memorandum book, Vll 12-13

Warbler, Black and white, VIII 40;
IX 61 : Black-throated blue, VI
33 : Black-throated green, VI 29:
Blue-winged, VIII 32: Cape
May, VIII 32: Cerulean, VllI
32: Chestnut-sided, VIII 32:
Kentucky, VIII 50: Kirtland's,
VIII 32: MagnoUa, VIII 32:
Myrtle, VI 44, VIII 32, 41:
Nashville, VIII 20, 32: Orange-
crowned, VIII 32: Pahn, VIII
32: Prau-ie, VI 29, 30, 33; VIII
33: Prothonotary, VI 50; X 28:
Summer, VI 33: Swainson's,
VIII 31; IX 44: Tennessee, VIII
32: Worm-eating, VII 51-52;
VIII 31; IX 54: Yellow pahn,
VIII 32

Waring, J. I, Jr., VII 60; VIII 20,

29
Waterj,turkey, X 45
Wax, FossU, VII 4:^MineraI, VI 26:

Natural, IX 37
Waxwmg, Cedar, VIII 31 : effect of

hurricane on, VIII 40-41
Watne, a. T., VI 29, 44, 50; VII
16, 40, 53; VIII 15, 20, 21, 22,
23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 31, 32,
33, 39, 40, 50; IX 21, 54, 69:
Bu-ds of South Carolina, VI 9,
49, 51, 57, 59; VII 7, 17, 22, 49,
50,51,52;VIII13, 19;IX9, 11,
20, 45, 52-53, 60, 61; X 45, 46
Weather forecasting, see Meteorol-
ogy
Webber, C. P., IX 52
Webber, Mabel, VI 45; X 18:
South Carolina birds in South
America, IX 64
Weeks. Laura L., X 55: secretary
to director, VI 4; VII 24; VIII
4, 58; IX 3, 56; X 3: assistant
secretary American Association
of Museums, VIII 4: treasurer
Natural History Society, IX 63
Weeks, Sarah E., VII 60
Wells, E. L., VI 49; IX 45
Weston, F. M., Jr., VI 3, 11, 33,
35, 52; VIII 8, 9, 20, 21, 22, 23,
24, 25, 28, 30, 31, 32, 33, 38, 39,
42; IX 13; X 30: Autumn mi-
gration notes for 1913, IX 60-
61 : Bird hfe in the North Caro-
lina mountains, VIII 63: Birds
seen on the Thanksgiving Day
field trip, VII 60; VIII 15:
Breeding warblers of the coast
region, VII 40; VIII 15: Brown
creeper, a correction, IX 71:
Fall migration records, VII 50-
52 : Further bird notes and cor-
rections, VI 44: New migration
records for South Carohna, IX
53-54: Note on Kentucky warb-
ler, VIII 50: Ornithological
notes to the Auk, X 13 : Ornitho-
logical work of Wayne, Loomis,
and their contemporaries, VII
40; VIII 15: Preliminary survey
of the bu-ds of the Coast Re-

XXIX

gion — supplement, VI 29-33 :
Rail family, VI 10: Solitary
sandpiper, IX 69: South Caro-
lina birds in the West Indies,
IX 64: Spring bird observa-
tions, IX 44-45: Summer bii-d
records, VI 29

Weston, F. M., Jr., and Rea, P
M., Preliminary survey of the
birds of the coast region, VI 29

Whale, Baleen, VII 48; VIII 9, 36;
IX 6: Xiphioid, VI 58: skeleton,

VIII 9

Whaley, T. p., VII 48; VIII 9

Wharton, B. A., VII 56

Wheeler, E. B., Jr., VII 53; VIII
21, 27, 28, 30, 32

Whip-poor-will, VIII 28

White, J. B., IX 28

Whiteford, David, VII 56

Whiting, X 39

Widgeon, VIII 38

Wilbur, T. S., VIII 53

Wilder, B. G., Silk spider of Caro-
lina, VIII 49; IX 13

WiUet, IX 54

Williams, E. A., VIII 8, 20, 23, 53:

IX 13, 21, 42, 44; X 14, 39:
Breeding birds of Heron Island,
IX 42-43: European birds, VIII
63: Redhead, VIII 26: South
Carolina birds in Florida, IX
64, 72

Williams, H. P., VIII 9, 53, 65, 66;

IX 42; X 2, 38
Williams, Mrs. H. P., IX 42; X 2
Williams. Porter, X 14
Willis, Mrs. Edward, VI 28:

Concerning the popinac, VI 48
Willow, VIII 59: Weeping, VI 38
Wilson, Robert, VIII 20, 21
Wilson, Robert, Jr., IX 42; X 2:

report as Dean of Medical Col-
lege, X 15

Wilson, Mrs. Robert, Jr., IX 42;
X2

Wistar Institute of Anatomy and
Biology, IX 55

WiTTE, G. W., VIII 39; IX 6

Woodchuck, Audubon plate, VII
38, 61

Woodcock, VI 31; IX 44

Woodpecker, Pileated, VI
29: Southern hairy, VI 29

Woods, Amt, IX 3

Woodsia rufidula, jX 24

Worcester Art Museum, X 52, 53

Worm, Common Scale, VII 59:
Ship, IX 45

Wren, House, VIII 33: Marian's
marsh, VIII 33: Short-billed
marsh, VI 33: Winter, IX 69:
Worthington's marsh, VI 29

Xanlhium canadense, VIII 62
Xylotrya fimbriata, IX 45

Yaupon, see Cassena holly

Yeamans, John, VI 65

YeUowlegs, Lesser, VI 29, 31, 51;
IX 52, 60

Yellowthroat, Southern, VI 33

Young Men's Christian Associa-
tion, VIII 9

Zamelodia ludoviciana, VIII 30
Zamenis constrictor, VI 35
Zenaidura macroura carolinensis,

1X45
Zephyranthes atamasco, VIII 60
Zeohtes, Canfield collection, IX 34-

35
Zonotrichia albicollis, VIII 30

XXX

BXJLLETIIV

OF

THE CHARLESTON MUSEUM

Edited By
PAUL M. REA

REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR OF THE MUSEUM

FOR THE YEAR 1909

THE HUMMINGBIRD IN DECEMBER

THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY

NOTES FROM THE MUSEUM

Volume VI, Number 1 January, 1910

Under the Auspices op the College of Charleston

Director
Paul M. Rea

Librariaii
Laura M. Bragg

Honorary Curators

Wm. G. Mazyck Conchology

Daniel S. Martin Geology

Arthur T. Wayne Ornithology

NATHiVNiEL W. Stephenson Art

Thr Charleston Museum was in existence as early as 1777
under the auspices of the Charleston Library Society, was transferred
to the Literary and Philosophical Society of South Carolina in 1815, to
the Medical School in 1828, and to the College of Charleston in 1850. In
1907 a building was provided by the City and the name changed to The
Charleston Museum.

The Museum is dependent upon dues from members and private sub-
scriptions for all permanent improvements, for increase of the collections,
and for maintenance of its educational and scientific work.

The membership fees are:—

Annual Members $ 10 Patrons $ 500

Sustaining Members 25 Benefactors 1000

The privileges of members include admission on pay days, tickets to
members' lecture courses, and copies of Museum publications.

The Bulletin of the Charleston Museum is published monthly,
from October to May, by the Museum and is entered at the Post Office
at Charleston, S. C, as second class; matter.

LIBRARY

BULLETIN ^ZZZ

OF GARDEN.

CHARLESTON MUSEUM

Vol. 6 CHARLESTON, S. C, JANUARY, 1909 No. 1

REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR OF THE MUSEUfl
FOR THE YEAR 1909

The completion of the new building and of the general work-
ing equipment, so far as present needs require; the addition of
a trained librarian to the staff ; and arrangements for a new se-
ries of research publications, to be known as "Contributions,"
are important achievements of the past j^ear.

The raising of funds for installation of exhibits is the final
step in the reorganization of the Museum and is the chief problem
of the coming year.

Finances

The maintenance account received a regular appropriation of
$2500 from City Council. The expenditures of this account
amounted to S2645.10, exceeding the appropriation by $145.10.
This deficit was met by transfer from the general account.

The general account received from contributions of members
and from rental of main hall and living apartment $1112.02,
This sum has been expended upon permanent improvements,
including a printing outfit, exhibition case construction, lantern
slides for educational work, books, specimen trays, pamphlet
cases, card cabinets for the biological survey, etc.

Special accounts have included an appropriation of $2100 by
City Council for building improvements ; a fund amounting to
$500 for publication of the Contributions, an appropriation of
$150 by the Agricultural Society of South Carolina for an agri-
cultural exhibit, and a number of small accounts.

Administration

While the entire lack of funds for installation of the exhibi-
tion collections presents a serious problem for the coming year,
there is much cause for satisfaction in the fact that the revision
of the collections, the organization of administrative sys-
tems, and the equipment of the workrooms have advanced to a
point where they no longer require large expenditures of time
and money, but rather form efficient tools for the prosecution of
the routine work of the Museum and the special problems of in-
stallation.

Nearly all departments of the Museum, with the exception of
the Mollusca, have now been cataloged. A series of special
cabinets with locked rods have been purchased for the specimen
record cards, giving to each tray all the security of a bound vol-
ume as well as the convenience of the card system.

The storage collections are now all accessible in convenient
workrooms, and though all the storage trays are in use many will
be emptied as material is put on exhibition.

With the cooperation of the Agricultural Society of South
Carolina, the first of the upright floor cases was finished at the
end of the year, and will be used for agricultural and other
economic exhibits. For the sake of uniformity the general
style of this case should be followed in future construction, and
for economy of operation funds should be available for purchase
of material in quantity, for installation of simple wood-working
machinery, and for regular employment of labor. Great diffi-

culty has been encountered in obtaining suitable lumber and
accurate mill work, resulting in excessive cost for labor in as-
sembling. The cost of shop equipment would soon be recovered
from economy of operation, which would amount to from 30%
to 50%.

Early in the year the installation of a complete printing out-
fit was made possible through the generosity of two members of
the Museum. This equipment has been used for printing exhi-
bition labels, record forms, etc., and enables the Museum to
make a thoroughly creditable display of its exhibits. The ver-
satility required of the staff under present conditions is well
illustrated by the fact that the director, his secretary, the libra-
rian, and the janitor have all been pressed into service in type-
setting and press-work.

Extensive changes in the staff have occurred during the year.
Mr. Francis M. Weston, Jr., has been unable to serve as a regular
assistant, but has done special work throughout the year,
having charge of the records of the biological survey, and draft-
ing plans for exhibition cases.

In February Miss Elizabeth Van Hoevenberg was appointed
librarian and served until July, when she resigned on account
of ill health. She was succeeded in September by Miss Laura
M. Bragg, who has had charge of the Natural History Society
as well as of the library. These two lines of work require the full
time of one member of the staff, and since the director's time
is entirely occupied with administrative matters, little progress
can be made in the extensive task of instalhng exhibits until a
general curator can be added to the staff to care for the storage
collections and to carry out the plans of the director for ex-
hibits.

The work of the honorary curators, whose generous assistance
alone makes possible the greater part of the technical work of

the Museum, will be reviewed under the head of their several
departments.

Miss Laura L. Weeks has served as secretary to the director
since October, devoting most of her time to the work of the
American Association of Museums but also materially assisting
in the office work of the Museum.

One janitor has been employed as heretofore, but when the
exhibits have been installed a door man and probably an addi-
tional cleaner will be required.

Gratifying as the progress of the Museum has been since the
present reorganization was undertaken, the gravity of the situa-
tion which now confronts it cannot be ignored. The new building
has been prepared, the records of the old Museum restored and
the specimens cataloged, an adequate working equipment cre-
ated and installed, and a beginning of research work, publica-
tion and public instruction made. These are achievements
which may well be contemplated with satisfaction, for they have
rescued from imminent destruction the oldest museum of
America and demonstrated the wide field of usefulness which
lies before it in the increase and diffusion of knowledge among
the people. No section of the country affords a better oppor-
tunity for the work of a modern museum in preserving a record
of vanishing conditions and in promoting future development.
It is a matter of general moment that this work be done and it
should be a matter of local pride that it be done by the dis-
tinguished museum whose natural province it is. To insure
this end increased public support and cooperation is imperative.
The new exhibition hall is practically empty and there are no
funds for the installation of the old museum, the most perish-
able collections being still in the old building, where the Mu-
seum's small and overworked staff cannot prevent their further
deterioration. The removal and immediate installation of the old

4

museum is imperative for its preservation and is the necessary pre-
liminary to further development of the Museum.

The number of members of the Museum, as listed at the end
of this report, is smaller than last year. This is due to the
inability of the director to take time to solicit further contri-
butions, less than a half dozen persons having given financial
assistance unsolicited. Other sources of income have fortu-
nately brought the total income of the general account to a
larger amount than in 1908.

The Museum was the headquarters in November of a local
anti-tuberculosis campaign in cooperation with the National As-
sociation for the Prevention of Tuberculosis. An extensive
exhibit was provided by the Association and installed in the
main hall. Lectures were given every afternoon and evening in
the Museum, in addition to a large number of talks before vari-
ous organizations throughout the city. An attendance of over
a thousand persons a day for ten days was recorded, public in-
terest was aroused, and plans for a permanent organization ef-
fected. Work of a similar character for the decrease of tubercu-
losis is being conducted in many cities, having begun with an
exhibit at the American Museum of Natural History in New
York, and it is gratifying that the Charleston Museum should
be able to promote so good a cause in this city.

The director represented the Museum at the fourth annual
meeting of the American Association of Museums, in Philadel-
phia, May 11-13, 1909, when he was honored by re-election as
secretary of the Association.

The New Building.

During the early part of the year the gallery rails and cornices
of the main hall were erected, two additional skylights installed,
and the interior and exterior painting completed.

The buff color already adopted for the entrance hall has been
used on the walls of the main hall. The standing woodwork
has been painted a soft brown which harmonizes both with the
buff walls and black cases.

A rail and recording turnstiles have been placed in the en-
trance hall as a part of the plan for keeping a record of attend-
ance.

The use of the main hall was granted by the trustees to the
Knights of Pythias for three days in June and to the Musical
Festival Committee for a week in November.

Geology.

The honorary curator of this department, Dr. Daniel S. Mar-
tin, spent two months in further revision of the collections, and
generously presented to the Museum and cataloged more than
five hundred minerals from his private collection. Under Dr.
Martin's care the geological collection has been brought from
chaos to order, and through his generous donations has doubled
in size. He now has a number of valuable exchanges in view
and has matured plans for a representative collection of minerals
from the Piedmont region of the Eastern states. Such a collec-
tion does not now exist, and substantial progress in its organiza-
tion is hoped for in the coming year.

The geological material is now ready for nistallation as soon
as cases and labels can be prepared.

CONCHOLOGY.

Substantial progress in the revision of the shell collections has
been made by the honorary curator of the department, Mr. Wil-
ham G. Mazyck, assisted by Miss Elizabeth Khnck. Early in the
coming year it is planned to publish a list of Mollusca of South
Carolina and to install an exhibit of local shells. This will open
a new line of educational work and a new department of the
biological survey.

6

Meteorology

By courtesy of the Chief of the United States Weather Bureau
a complete set of meteorological instruments has been installed
in the Museum for educational purposes. Public lectures have
been given describing the use of these instruments and the
principles of weather forecasting. Plans are also matured for
giving instruction in meteorology to children of the public and
private schools, and to facilitate this work the Museum has pur-
chased a series of lantern slides.

The Charleston Museum has the distinction of being the first
museum to undertake this line of work.

Library

The employment of a librarian as a regular member of the
staff during the greater part of the year has enabled marked
progress to be made in the organization of the library. The
necessity, however, of changing librarians delayed the progress
of this work, and the task of correlating the work of the various
acting librarians is so great that it will require some months
yet before the library will be brought up to date.

During the autumn 130 volumes have been bound in the
Gaylord binders, greatly improving the appearance of the
shelves and the accessibility and durability of the books. One
of the most serious needs of the library is money for permanent
binding.

The library is especially indebted to Mr. William Brewster
for a valuable series of ornithological books, pamphlets, and
journals; to Dr. Daniel S. Martin for a similar series of geo-
logical literature; to Mr. William G. Hinson for a copy of
Michaux's North American Sylva; to Dr. John Forrest for
astronomical books; to the daughters of John Bachman for his
unpublished manuscript work on American entomology with

7

(drawings in color; to Mr. Patrick Calhoun for important works
on local scientific history and on early voyages of discovery,
presented through Mr. Waring P. Carrington; to Mr. Fitzhugh
Salley for a subscription to The Auk; and to Miss Henrietta
Murdoch for the National Geographic Magazine. Mr. William
M. Bird presented a set of the Iconographic EncyclopaBdia,
late in 1908, which was not included in the report for that
year.

In addition to money for binding the library needs a series of
modern reference books, including dictionary, encyclopedia, and
others.

Biological Survey

The biological survey has been largely confined to birds until
this year, when additional record forms were devised and the
survey extended to other groups. The results of the bird survey
were printed in the February issue of the Bulletin and are
very creditable, considering the limited opportunity for field
work on which they are based.

A beginning has been made in recording the flowering plants
and trees, and plans have been laid for a special survey of the
trees of the city, to be prosecuted by members of the Natural
History Society.

From the few records of fishes it is evident that this group
promises to yield important results when examined more ex-
tensively. A number of species have been added to the list of
snakes previously recorded, many of these having been ex-
hibited alive.

A survey of the spiders has been begun and some records for
insects have been obtained. As the Museum has no entomolo-
gist, however, the insects are studied chiefly for educational
work.

A notebook has been opened for recording the Hfe history of
animals kept ahve at the Museum. This promises to yield much
information of interest.

Substantial progress with the biological survey is hoped for
in the coming year.

Publication

The Bulletin has been published regularly during the year,
and completed five volumes with the December issue. A title-
page and index to the five volumes were published at this time.

Through the generosity of a number of members, the Museum
has been enabled to undertake the publication of a series of re-
search "Contributions," which will be issued at irregular intervals
as opportunity offers. The first of the series will be a book on
the birds of South Carolina, by Mr. Arthur T. Wayne, our hon-
orary curator of birds. This work is now in type and will be
published early in 1910.

To the newspapers of Charleston, the Museum is indebted for
strong editorial support, as well as for the freedom with which
their columns have been opened to notices of Museum activities
and to news items.

Public Instruction

The Charleston Natural History Society has been the chief
medium for the educational work of the Museum during the
year. The meetings have been devoted to discussions of field
work and informal talks on related subjects. In addition to the
bird study, which has hitherto been the chief work of the Society,
a survey of flowering plants was inaugurated in the spring by
Miss Van Hoevenberg, while in the autumn a study of trees was
made the leading subject under the direction of Miss Bragg. In
October a revised constitution was adopted and the Society was
divided into two sections, for older and younger members re-

spectively. The field trips have been very successful, especially
that of February 22nd to Medway plantation, made possible by
the courtesy of two honorary members who provided launches.
The membership of the Society has increased from 55 to 75, indi-
cating that its work arouses public interest, although very little
independent study seems to be stimulated.

Informal lectures were given before the Natural History So-
ciety as follows; January 7, Skeleton of Birds, by Prof. Rea;
February 4, Food of Birds, March 4, Beaks and Bills of Birds,
and April 11, Digestion of Birds, by Mrs. Paul M. Rea; Novem-
ber 4 and 11, Autumn Foliage, by Prof Rea, and Common Oaks,
by Miss Laura M. Bragg; December 2 and 16, The Rail Family,
by Mr. Francis M. Weston, Jr. and Common Oaks and Pines, by
Miss Bragg. Public lectures were given by Prof. Rea November
15, on Meteorological Instruments, and Nov. 29, on Weather
Forecasting. As installation of exhibits proceeds more lectures
will be given both to school children and to the general public.

Paul M. Rea, Director.

LOCAL FAUNA

The Hummingbird in December

A female Ruby-throated Hummingbird was taken on Caro-
lina street in Charleston on December 18, by Master Edward
Hyer, who gave the specimen to Messrs. Burnham and Rhett
Chamberlain for preservation as a skin. This is a most remark-
able record, for the species is a summer resident, usually arriv-
ing late in March or early in April and departing by the middle
of October. The specimen now described showed much worn
plumage but whether it was prevented from migrating by some

injury is not known.

P. M. Rea.

10

THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY

At the regular monthly meeting of Section A on Januaiy 6,
Professor Rea lectured upon the subject, The Life History of a
Tree, and Miss Bragg described the various species of pines
natural to the coast region of South Carolina. Professor Rea
repeated this lecture at the meeting of Section B on January 13,
while Miss Bragg gave a talk on Winter Buds.

At the February meetings interest will centre about the bird
talks to be given by Mr. Herbert R. Sass before Section A on
the third, and by Mr. Francis M. Weston, Jr., before Section B,
on the tenth. The subjects will be announced in the daily papers.

Section B, on January 15, took a field trip to St. Andrews
Parish. Another trip to St. Andrews but covering different
ground is announced for Section B on February 5.

Section A has been unable to make the trips arranged for the
month on account of unfavorable weather. However, plans will
be made at the next meeting for a trip to Hampton Park on
Friday, February 4, leaving the city on the 3.30 King Street
car from the Battery.

Arrangements are being made for a launch trip of both sec-
tions on Washington's Birthday. Details will be announced
later. All who desire to go are required to register at the Mu-
seum before noon of Febmary 21. The excursion is open to
members only.

ill

NOTES FROn THE MUSEUH.

The honorary curator of the geological department, Professor
Martin, has taken up his work at the Museum again, and is at
present engaged in cataloging additional material which will be
given to the Museum from his private collection. Plans are also
made for installation of mineral exhibits during Professor Mar-
tin's stay.

A Tree Table, similar to the Flower Table which proved of so
great interest last Spring, will be started next week in the
Museum Reading Room. Labelled specimens of trees will be
exhibited there and will be found most useful for study by
members of the Natural History Society.

12

Under the Auspices of the College of Charleston

Patrons

HENRY P. WILLIAMS

Sustaining Members

Mrs. AMEY S. ALLAN GEORGE S. HOLMES

WILLIAM H. BRAWLEY WILLIAM E. HUGER

WILLIAM BREWSTER HENRIETTA MURDOCH

J. P. KENNEDY BRYAN Capt. THOMAS PINCKNEY

Mrs. WARING P. CARRINGTON HENRY A. M. SMITH

JOHN F. FICKEN J. ADGER SMYTH

GEORGE W. WILLIAMS

Annual Members

William G. Hinson Patrick Calhoun

Augustine T. Smythe

BULLETIIV

OF

THE CHARLESTON MUSEUM

Edited By
PAUL M. REA

PLANTING THE MUSEUM GROUNDS
NOTES ON COMMON OAKS IN WINTER

Volume VI, Number 2 February, 1910

Under the Auspices of the College of Charleston

Director
Paul M. Rea

Librarian

Laura M. Bragg

Honorary Curators

Wm. G. Mazyck Conchology

Daniel S. Martin Geology

Arthur T. Wayne Ornithology

Nathaniel W. Stephenson Art

The Charleston Museum was in existence as early as 1777
under the auspices of the Charleston Library Society, was transferred
to the Literary and Philosophical Society of South Carolina in 1815, to
the Medical School in 1828, and to the College of Charleston in 1850. In
1907 a building was provided by the City and the name changed to The
Charleston Museum.

The Museum is dependent upon dues from members and private sub-
scriptions for all permanent improvements, for increase of the collections,
and for maintenance of its educational and scientific work.

The membership fees are:—

Annual Members $ 10 Patrons $ 500

Sustaining Members 25 Benefactors 1000

The privileges of members include admission on pay days, tickets to
members' lecture courses, and copies of Museum publications.

The Bulletin of the Charleston Museum is published monthly,
from October to May, by the Museum and is entered at the Post Office
at Charleston, S. C, as second class matter.

LIBRARY

BULLETIIV BorZr*;^

GARDEN.
OF

THE CHARLESTON MUSEUM

Vol. 6 CHARLESTON, S. C, FEBRUARY, 1910. No. 2

PLANTING THE MUSEUM GROUNDS

The planting of the Museum grounds is a subject that has
greatlv interested the members of the staff; and it has been
thought that a brief statement of the plan on which it is proposed
to work, and which has already been begun, will be of interest
to the people of Charleston.

There were already in the grounds, and in the adjacent little
park, a number of rather small oak trees, of several species,
especially live-oaks, and some good palmettoes. The Park
Department has also set out recently a number of young pal-
mettoes, which it is to be hoped will live and prosper.

The general idea favored by the Museum staff aims at a {plant-
ing of the grounds in such a way that they shall be both attract-
ive and instructive, combining the aesthetic and the scientific
elements, as appropriate to the surroundings of a Museum. For
the former, it is intended to introduce as much as possible the
evergreen trees and shmbs, which will render the spot beautiful
all thro' the winter, the time when visitors and tourists come
South, to whom the evergreen foliage of this region offers a
peculiar charm. For the latter, the plan is to secure trees and
plants that have special interest, whether evergreen or not,
from either a botanical or an economic point of view.

The first step was taken last spring, when Dr. D. S. Martin
procured from Washington, as a special favor, twelve young

13

tfA«i'H« .V

camphor trees (Laurus camphora). This is an East Indian
tree, resenibhng much our native red-l^ay, and hke it, a very
beautiful evergreen. It has been freely naturalized in Florida,
and will grow as far up as Columbia in this state. Most of these
camphors have done well since last spring, some of them having
grown with unexpected rapidity, although all are as yet small.
If they continue to prosper, they will soon become very beauti-
ful shrubs.

Quite recently, another step was taken in the same direction,
in procuring a number of young tea-plants {Camellia thea) from
the celebrated plantation of Dr. C. U. Shcpard, atSummervillc.
A full exhibit of this very interesting industry of South Carolina
tea-culture is now being installed in a case in the Museum ; and
it will add to its value to have the plants growing in the grounds
outside. Dr. Shepard, with his usual courtesy, responded most
heartily to a request for these ])lants, and sent a liberal supply.
Part of them have been set out to make a hedge, and others to
grow alone. As is generally known, the tea-plant is a pretty
evergreen, closely resembling in foliage its near relative, the
Camellia Japonica.

Some additions to the evergreen planting have been made since
these last were set out. Several young trees of the loquat, or Japan
plum {Eriohotrya), and of the Japan privet {Ligusirum Japoni-
cum), together with bamboo and some other plants, have been
presented by Miss McBee, of Ashley Hall. These are familiar
in Charleston gardens, and are highly desirable accessions.

Dr. Martin has prepared a list of some twenty species of ever-
green trees and shrubs suitable for the Museum grounds, in-
cluding those already obtained. By gradually procuring these,
and placing them judiciously around and in front of the build-
ing, there will be in a few years a beautiful winter garden as the
environment of the Charleston Museum.

14

h

Among these, a few of our own native species may be noted here
particularly. The first place belongs to the noble "big laurel"
magnolia (71/. (jrandiflora) , and the next to the w^ell-known red-
bay (Persea Carolinensis or Borhonia), which ought to be seen
all over the city, but is rarely cultivated. Its possibilities,
as a street tree, however, are well displayed at the corner of
Rutledge Avenue and Bull St., where two most beautiful trees
are growing, to show what the streets of Charleston might be
all through the winter months, if set out with red-bays. One
small tree has just been placed in the grounds, and others will
be added soon. A third is the Yaupon oi- Cassena holly, often
called "Christmas-berry" {Ilex vomitoria); and a fourth is the
laurel-cherry or "mock-orange" {Laurocerasus Caroliniana) ; these
are both familiar in the older gardens of the city, and are very
attractive plants, — the former with its deep-red berries and the
latter with its bright shining foliage; and it is much to be re-
gretted that they do not seem to have been planted of late to
anything like the extent that they were formerly, and that they
deserve to be.

Of trees that have an economic interest, though not ever-
greens, a number of specimens of the silk-nmlberry have been set
out, alternating with palmettoes, along the south side of the build-
ing. These were obtained through the courtesy of Miss Henrietta
Kellcy, whose interest in silk culture is equal to that of Dr. Shep-
ard in tea production. The object sought is to familiarize the
people of this city, and the visitors who come to it, and especially
the children, with the methods and the possibilities of industries
in this region that as yet are appreciated only by a few. In these
and similar ways, the Charleston Museum, while not an ' ' experi-
ment station, ' ' aims to become an educator along lines of prac-
tical importance, and to make its grounds not only a place of
attractiveness but also a place of useful instruction.

15

One more aspect may be mentioned — that relating to bot-
anical science. Apart from beauty and apai't from utility, in
the ordinary sense, there is the field of strictly scientific interest,
which may to some good extent be cultivated by a wise planting
of the Museum grounds. There is not room, indeed, nor proper
variety of soil or conditions, for anything like a botanical garden,
or arboretum. But there could be brought together into this
space a very valuable and attractive re})rcsentation of thci na-
tive trees of this region. At present, anyone wishing to see
these, — any visitor or student from other parts of the country,
or from abroad— cannot find access to the trees of the low-
country in Charleston, save only the few species in frequent
cultivation. Beyond these, he must go miles into the country
and travel from one point to another. If specimens could be
found, gathered into a small representative sylva, it would be a
matter of great convenience to the student of botany, and a dis-
tinct honor to the city. While not prepared to take this up at
once, it is yet a part of the plan of the Museum staff, and one
which they hope to begin upon ere very long.

A closing word may be addressed to public-spirited citizens,
who may have in their gardens or on neighl^oring plantations
any good specimens of interesting or attractive shi'ubs or young
trees, suitable for such purposes as those indicated here, which
they do not need, or are disposed to spare. The Director of the
Museum will be pleased to communicate with them on this sub-
ject. D-S.M.

LOCAL FLORA

Notes on Common Oaks in Winter
Among the oaks recorded in the biological survey of the
Museum nine species can be readily distinguished in winter
when their characteristics have once become familiar. The
following notes are given as an aid to the study of this group.

16

The live oak (Quercus Virginiana), the laurel oak (Q. lauri-
folia), tlie willow oak [Q. phellos), and the water oak {Q. nigra)
are eoinmon street or park trees, and have leaves more or less
evergreen. All but the last have oblong or oval leaves whieh
are entii'e, that is, without lobes, except on young shoots.

Live and laurel oaks. The live and the laurel oaks are
the only ones in the city which are thoroughly evergreen. Of
tiie live oak's leaves only a small portion is shed each year.
Some trees of the laurel oak seem to lose more leaves than others,
particularly the young or the poorly nourished, but a healthy
tree will remain a bright green all winter. Particularly beauti-
ful laurel oaks may be found forming an avenue at Magnolia
Cemetery. The live oak has foliage of a darker green than the
laurel oak. The leaves of the two trees may be also dis-
tinguished l)y examining their under surface. That of the live
oak has a whitish green tinge, a hoariness, it might be called.
But the laurel oak leaf presents a shining green surface of about
the same shade above and below. The bark also furnishes a
distinction. No laurel oak has the very deeply furrowed pale
gray or brown bark which is characteristic of the live oak.
Another striking difference may be seen in the acorns. At this
season the live oak acorns have been largely gathered by child-
ren or animals, who eat the sweet kernel. The acorn is dark
glossy brown, longer than it is wide and set in a top-shaped,
stemmed cup. These acorns ripen in one year, therefore prov-
ing the hve oak to belong to the group known as the white oaks,
which have no bristles on the tips or the lobes of their leaves.
The laurel oak, on the other hand belongs to the red or black
oak group whose acorns recjuire two years to ripen and whose
leavc'S are generally bristle-tipped, though the bristles, especially
at this season, freciuently fall or are worn away. But the laurel
oak acorns always have the squat, plump form and stemless,

17

shallow cup which is found only in this group, altho all members
of the group do not have this type of acorn. Those of the laurel
oak will, except by the botanist, not be distinguished from those
of the willow and water oaks. All possess a deep yellow uneatable
kernel and hence may generally Idc found beneath the trees.

Willow and water oaks. The li^T and the laurel oaks are
truly evergreen, that is, they hold their leaves over from one
season to the next, shedding only a portion each year. As par-
tially evergreen may be classified the willow and the water oaks,
which are this month still bearing a certain proportion of green
leaves along with many partially or wholly dead ones. Unlike
the two former, these trees will give up all of last velar's leaves
and in the spring be clothed in an entirely new set.

Willow and laurel oaks. Most difficult to distinguish of
the oaks about Charleston have been the laur(4 and the willow,
especially early in the winter, wh(ni the willow oak is still green.
But at the present time the more evergreen character of the laurel
oak will generally prove a safe guide. It would be well for mem-
bers of the Natural History Societ to study these two trees now
while they may be most easily differentiated. A good example of
the willow oak may be seen in Cannon Park. It has a smooth
light gray trunk and a symmetrical dome-shaped crown. The
willow and laurel oak leaves are very similar, particularly in
autumn, but the former are typically longer and proportionally
narrower. Th(^ young leaves in shape and texture, resemble
those of the willow tree, hence the name.

Water oak. No tree shows greater variation in the shape of
its leaves than the water oak, yet few are more easily recognized.
No matter how many forms the leaves may assume, among them
will be found the type, a leaf broadly rounding at the apex and
narrowing down to the petiole in almost perfect wedge fashion.
Once this leaf is known the tree cannot be mistaken. This is

18

the true watei" oak, though the laurel oak is sonietiiiies incor-
rectly 80 called. It is more connnon outside the city where it
everywhere forms part of the underbrush. Even when it sheds
all of its leaves, the dead leaves on the ground prove a clue to
its identity.

Black oak. One other oak 1 have seen in the city, a black
oak {Quercus velutina) which stands on Ashley Avenue near
Beaufain Street. Its leaves are large and cleft into angular,
bristle-tipped lobes after the type of the red or the black oak
group. A test for this species is made by scratching the bark
with a penknife. The deep yellow substance just beneath is
characteristic.

In the pine woods beyond the city scrub oaks form the chief
undergrowth and occasionally develop into trees. At the Navy
Yard there is found in this undergrowi^h, beside the first four
oaks already mentioned, the turkey oak {Quercus Cateshaeii),
the Spanish oak (Q. digitaia), the post oak (Q. minor), and the
white oak {Q. alba), all of which are deciduous.

Turkey oak. The leaf from which the turkey oak takes its
name has three long bristle-tipped lobes, two of which curve
away from the midrib, producing a resemblance to the foot-
print of a turkey. Endless variety of shape and size may be seen,
especially on very young growth, where leaves of even fourteen
inches may be found. In summer these leaves are a deep shining
green above and on the under surface smooth except for small
tufts of hair in the axils of the veins. This feature should be
remembered in comparing the tree with the Spanish oak. The
leaves of both turn brown in autumn and many remain all win-
ter, rendering identification easy.

Spanish oak. The Spanish oak bears a large bristle-tipped,
and lobed leaf, the under surface of which, in contradistinction
to the turkey oak, is covered with a mat of silky hairs. Among

19

the diverse forms of this leaf two .stand out as types, one with
six or eight lobes extending from the midrib, and the other with
but three lobes and these at the upper part of the leaf. So
marked is this latter form that the elder Michaux considered it a
separate species, to which he gave the name Q. triloba. Both
the turkey and Spanish oaks require two years to mature their
acorns. At present the one year old acorns are conspicuous on
the taller shrubs at the Navy Yard. Those of the turkey oak
are usually borne singly and those of the Spanish oak iji i)airs.
Both are on stems of about one quarter inch length.

Post and white oaks. The post oak resembk^s the Spanish
in having its leaf lined with silky hairs but little otherwise. It
belongs to the group of white oaks, with rounded lobes and no
bristles, and its acorns mature in one year. This might also be
said of the white oak, from which the group takes its name, and
to which the post oak is closely related. The leaves, however,
are different. The post oak leaf has lobes which stand out
squarely at right angles to the midrib and are broader at the
outer ends. The lobes nearest the apex are largest. The white
oak's lobes are more uniform in size, and make an acute rather
than a right angle with the midrib. They taper from the body
of the leaf toward the rounded tip. The white oak leaf is also
smooth beneath, where the post oak has the silky hairs. The
white oak is the least abundant of the Navy Yard oaks.

Of the nin(> species here mentioned all but the black oak and
the white oak are common; two, the live and the laurel, are
evergreen; two more, the willow and the water, are partially
evergreen; the remaining five are deciduous. Botanically, six,
the laurel, willow, water, turkey, Spanish, and black oaks, belong
to the bristle-tipped group — the red and black oaks. The white
oak group, without bristle-tips, claims the live oak, the post, and
the white. L. M. Bragg.

20

BULLETIIV

OF

THE CHARLESTON MUSEUM

Edited By
PAUL M. REA

THE CARBON COLLECTION
THE MUSEUn GROUNDS

Volume VI, Number 3 March, 1910

Under the Auspices of the College of Charleston

Director
Paul M. Rea

Librarian
Laura M. Bragg

Honorary Curators

Wm. G. Mazyck Conchology

Daniel S. Martin Geology

Arthur T. Wayne Ornithology

Nathaniel W. Stephenson Art

The Charleston Museum was in existence as early as 1777
under the auspices of the Charleston Library Society, was transferred
to the Literary and Philosophical Society of South Carolina in 1815, to
the Medical School in 1828, and to the College of Charleston in 1850. In
1907 a building was provided by the City and the name changed to The
Charleston Museum.

The Museum is dependent upon dues from members and private sub-
scriptions for all permanent improvements, for increase of the collections,
and for maintenance of its educational and scientific work.

The membership fees are:—

Annual Members $ 10 Patrons $ 500

Sustaining Members 25 Benefactors 1000

The privileges of members include admission on pay days, tickets to
members' lecture courses, and copies of Museum publications.

The Bulletin of the Charleston Museum is published monthly,
from October to May, by the Museum and is entered at the Post Office
at Charleston, S. C, as second class matter.

JBULLETIIV

THE CH ^ ^ ^ ^''

OF

LIBRA'

APT ^€TI1¥ MIKFITM '^e^'*'

Vol. 6 CHARLESTON, S. C, MARCH, 1910 No. 3

EXHIBITS AT THE MUSEUfl

The Carbon Collection

There have just been installed in the main hall of the Museum
some special exhibits from the department of mineralogy and
geology. Professor Martin has been largely occupied hereto-
fore in classifying and cataloging the numerous additions
made by himself and by others to the general collections of that
department. But this work is now so far advanced that some
public exhibits can be arranged and displayed. Among these
are some that have relation to certain particular groups which
possess practical importance. The one to be installed first is
a selected series of the carbon minerals, designed to show the
gradual formation of the various forms of coal and kindred
substances from vegetable matter. Such an exhibit is of great
interest, though it is but rarely shown in collections, at least
in a form that is readily intelligible to the ordinary visitor or
student.

That coal is formed from vegetable matter, is a fact generally
stated and admitted, but the evidence is not often clearly to be
seen. The object of this collection is to present that evidence
in a form such that "he who runs may read." Vegetable
matter, when dead, decays by the action of the air — that is, it
is oxidized into gaseous compounds that pass away and leave

21

little or nought behind. But if the air be excluded, the oxi-
dation is very partial, and the other ingredients of the vege-
table matter — carbon and hydrogen mainly — unite with each
other and with the oxygen present in the vegetable matter it-
self to form a great variety of compounds, gaseous, liquid, and
solid. There is however in all organic matter an excess of car-
bon as compared with the oxygen and hydrogen; and as the
slow process goes on, the gaseous and liquid products gradually
escape, and a residue is left that becomes progressively richer
in carbon until finally only pure carbon remains.

The exclusion of the air, and hence of its oxygen, may be
caused in various ways, by covering up the vegetable matter,
either by water or by a deposit of earth, clay, or sand. The
latter is the process artificially employed in the manufac-
ture of charcoal, wherein all the gaseous elements present in the
wood are eliminated in combination with part of the carbon,
the rest of which remains in a nearly pure state as charcoal, but
retaining perfectly the form and texture of the wood In al-
most the same way. though on a gigantic scale and through
long ages of time, have the hardest coals been formed from veg-
etable deposits. The covering by water, however, permits us
to observe the natural process as now going on in peat-swamps.
Peat represents a young stage of coal-production; but it is
formed only, or chiefly, from moss-deposits of a peculiar kind-
the so-called *S'p/ia(/n?/m mosses. These grow in low wet ground,
and have no roots, but keep growing above and dying below.
Hence the green carpet that covers the surface of the peat-
swamp passes down at a very short distance into a mass of
half-decayed and blackish stems matted together; at a greater
depth, this becomes a dark pasty mass full of dead stems, etc. ;
and this in turn may pass into a compact deposit, black or dark
brown in color, and approaching some of the softer varieties of

22

true coal. Like these, it is used as fuel; but it contains a large
amount of moisture, and must be dried or pressed, usually,
before it is thus employed. Logs and tmnks of trees that grew
in or around the swamp are often embedded in the peat, and
undergo a similar change; their color passes to brown or black,
and the woody structure, though often beautifully preserved, is
ultimately more or less destroyed and an imperfect coal pro-
duced in its stead. Such deposits of wood-coal are sometimes
quite extensive and important ; they are known as ' ' brown-coal ' '
and also as "lignite." Like peat, they contain a good deal of
moisture, which lessens their heating power as compared with
true coals. Deposits of peat and lignite are forming now on a
large scale in the Great Dismal Swamp of Virginia, the bayou
region of Louisiana, and many similar localities.

Coal proper belongs to a much earlier period in the history'-
of the globe, or rather to several such periods. In the course
of ages, it has undergone much more alteration and great com-
pression, and hence it contains a larger percentage of what is
termed ' ' residual carbon. ' ' The plants, moreover, of the earlier
ages were different from those of later time, and this fact may
have caused some differences, although the general process has
been the same. The coals are divided into several varieties
according to the extent to which the volatile compounds have
been eliminated and the consequent proportion of carbon that
is left. The distinction of "hard" and "soft," or anthracite
and bituminous, coals is familiar to almost everyone. The
latter still retain a considerable amount of the volatile ingre-
dients and hence are used for the manufacture of illuminating
gas, or when burned in a grate, give off the same gas in a bril-
liant play of flame. The hard or anthracite coal, on the other
hand, has by the agency of great pressure and of internal heat
lost nearly all its hydrogen and oxygen and contains a very

23

large amount of '^ residual carbon." It burns with a glow, but
with little flame, and cannot be used for manufacturing gas.

When a bituminous coal is heated in the retorts of a gas-works
and the volatile ingredients removed, it is reduced to the fa-
miliar substance known as coke. This is a spongy mass, essen-
tially the same in composition as anthracite, only produced
rapidly and by great heat, instead of by the slow process and
at the moderate temperatures of nature, combined with enor-
mous pressure in the rocks. In the gas-retorts the coal softens
under the great heat, and the escajjing gas leaves behind a
porous mass of residual carbon. It is of great interest to know
that in some instances, where molten igneous rocks have broken
through a bed of bituminous coal, the latter has been locally
altered into a natural coke, much like the artificial product,
by the influence of the extreme heat.

If the process goes so far, however, that all the gaseous com-
pounds are expelled and only carbon remains, the material that
is left is not available as a fuel. Pure carbon is practically
almost incombustible; and the last stage of the process de-
scribed is the production of graphite or plumbago, often erro-
neously called ''black-lead," from its metalHc luster. This is
the material used for pencils, for stove-polish, and for refractory
cmcibles. Between the hard anthracites and this substance,
there are intervening grades known in nature as "graphitic
anthracite ; ' ' and a similar stage of artificial reduction furnishes
the ' ' carbon ' ' points and rods used in electric lighting.

All these substances, so different in their uses and properties,
are nevertheless simply products formed at different stages in
the series of changes wrought by the general process above de-
scribed. There are no sharp lines of division between them,
but they pass one into another, as the volatile elements diminish
and the percentage of "residual carbon" increases. The names

24

that are given to them denote their general character rather
than their precise constitution. Vegetable tissue of all kinds,
consists essentially of about one-half carbon and one-half hy-
drogen and oxygen gases, with small amounts of nitrogen and
some other elements which need not be here considered. In
the change to peat or lignite, the proportion of carbon has risen
from 50 per cent to (lO or more. The bituminous coals range
from some 60 to 75 per cent of carbon; then come the inter-
vening grades known as semi-bituminous and semi-anthracite,
with increasing carbon content, and finally the true anthracite,
with 80 to 90 per cent or even more, of carbon remaining; then
follows graphitic anthracite, and finally graphite, which is
nearly pure carbon.

In the series now placed on exhibition, these several grades
or stages are represented by characteristic specimens, arranged
in order, from Sphagnum moss uj) to graphite. The pressed
mosses show somewhat the darkening and dying of the lower
portion of the stems. Then are seen several examples of peat,
beginning with very raw, pale-brown, salt-marsh peat, such as
abounds at many points along the coast — a mere loose mat of
half-decayed fibres — and passing on through various grades of
lignite, soft coals, and hard coals, to graphite as the closing
term in the series. The labels explain the character of each
specimen and enable the student to follow the process.

The Oils and Asphalts

Another type of carbon minerals is found in the asphalts,
bitumens, and oils. These are hydro-carbon compounds con-
taining little or no oxygen. The precise manner of their origin
is not so well known as in the case of the coals; and it seems prob-
able indeed that they may have been formed in several dif-
ferent wavs ; but in all cases doubtless from organic matter, ves-

25

etable or in some cases perhaps animal also, at least in part.
Examples are shown here of hard asphalt from two localities
in Cuba, and from the celebrated ' ' pitch lake ' ' of the island of
Trinidad, in the West Indies. Great deposits of asphalt occur
likewise in Venezuela, which have given rise to much of the dis-
putes between American capitalists and the government of
that country.

There are also some substances known as asphaltic coals,
which resemble coal in appearance but are quite different in
origin, occurring not in beds laid down by deposition, but as
the filling of veins or fissures in other rocks. This fact, with
other peculiarities both of occurrence and of composition, shows
them to be hardened and condensed forms of hydro-carbons
similar to asphalt. Such are the "Albert Coal," or Albertite,
of New Brunswick; the Grahamite of West Virginia; and a
similar substance from Mexico, all of which are shown. These
from their large amount of hydro-carbon content, are of espec-
ial value in gas-making.

Related to the asphalts in composition, but different in some
respects, and especially in texture and physical properties, is
the curious substance known as mineral wax, or ozokerite (also
spelled ozocerite). It is a rare body, found at only a few local-
ities; but a series of typical specimens may be seen here.

The Fossil Resins

Still another class of carbon minerals may be noted — namely,
the fossilized resins. These differ in containing a much larger
proportion of oxygen than those before described, and are
known as oxygenated hydro-carbons. They are formed in
small quantities only and in close association with Hgnites and
some coals, and they represent the resinous matter present in
the original wood. All Carolinians are familiar with the abun-

26

dant resin that forms in and flows from our pines, and sometimes
accumulates in hardened masses under the bark and around the
roots of the trees. The resins are bodies almost unaffected by
the ordinary processes of decay, or by anything except a high
heat. Hence in the change of wood to lignite or brown-coal,
any resinous matter present in the wood remains practically
unaltered ; and it is not unusual to find a perfectly black lignite
seamed or specked with bright yellow resin. It is true that the
resin has undergone some change; it is hardened, and some
chemical alteration has taken place, but nothing that essen-
tially changes its appearance. These fossil resins, so called,
are beautiful and interesting bodies, the most notable being the
celebrated substance amber, about which has gathered so much
of romance and fable. But besides amber, there are many va-
rieties of fossil and semi-fossil resins, resembling amber in aspect,
but less hard and less valuable. Among these are the copals,
which are quite abundant in some parts of Africa and the East
Indies, and are largely imported for the manufacture of fine
varnishes. The New Zealand "Kauri gum," as it is usually
called, which is not a gum, however, but a resin, is also exten-
sively used for such purposes. Examples are shown of both
these substances. Attention is called to the specimen No. 9632,
from New Zealand, which shows the occurrence of a golden-
yellow fossil resin in a jet-black lignite, as described above.

These resinous bodies belong to the later periods of geological
time. Some hard ambers are found in Cretaceous lignite-beds;
the true amber of jewelry is of Tertiary age; and the copals are
mainly Post-tertiary (or Quaternary) ; and these pass gradually
into the resinous exudations of modern trees.

D. S. Martin.

27

THE MUSEUn GROUNDS

The article in our last issue, describing the plans adopted and the
steps already taken in the planting of the Museum grounds, has
awakened much interest among our Charleston friends, and has
been followed by offers of desirable and attractive plants from
several sources. Most of these have been set out, but for some
of them it is thought better to wait until the autumn before re-
moving them.

It gives the Museum authorities much pleasure to ac-
knowledge here the following offers of trees and plants, in addi-
tion to those previously mentioned, and to thank the citizens
who have presented them. ,.

White opoponax (Acacia) Mrs. J. C. Tiedeman

Mimosa (species?) Miss Ehzabeth Klinck

Cassena holly Mr. C. H. Muckenfuss

Young grapefruits Miss Frances Jervey

Red-bays {Per sea) Miss Huchett

Maiden-hair tree (gingko) Mrs. Edward Willis

Besides these, a number of native shrubs and young trees
have been secured on the excursions of the Natural History So-
ciety, and set out, largely through th(^ untiring interest of Mr.
P. P. Mazyck. Among these are the beautiful evergreen anise-
tree (Illicium), the large magnolia, red bay, American holly,
cedar, and pine (P. twda).

It will soon be late to put in additional i)lants; but most of
those already placed appear to be doing well, and the work will
be taken up carefully in the fall. It is hoped then also to begin
the procuring of characteristic native trees, other than ever-
greens, and the formation of a representative sylva, as described
in the last Bulletin, in the ground behind the Museum, facing
on Ashley Avenue.

28

BULLETIINr

OP

THE CHARLESTON MUSEUM

Edited By
PAUL M. REA

PRELIMINARY SURVBY OF BIRDS— SUPPLEMENT

LOCAL FAUNA— FISHES

NOTES FROM THE MUSEUfl

Volume VI, Number 4 April, 1910

Under the Auspices of the College op Charleston

Director
Paul M. Rea

Librarian
Laura M. Bragg

Ho7iorary Curators

Wm. G. Mazyck Conchology

Daniel S. Martin Geology

Arthur T. Wayne Ornithology

Nathaniel W. Stephenson Art

The Charleston Museum was in existence as early as 1777
under the auspices of the Charleston Library Society, was transferred
to the Literary and Philosophical Society of South Carolina in 1815, to
the Medical School in 1828, and to the College of Charleston in 1850. In
1907 a building was provided by the City and the name changed to The
Charleston Museum.

The Museum is dependent upon dues from members and private sub-
scriptions for all permanent improvements, for increase of the collections,
and for maintenance of its educational and scientific work.

The membership fees are:—

Annual Members $ 10 Patrons $ 500

Sustaining Members 25 Benefactors 1000

The privileges of members include admission on pay days, tickets to
members' lecture courses, and copies of Museum publications.

The Bulletin of the Charleston Museum is published monthly,
from October to May, by the Museum and is entered at the Post Office
at Charleston, S. C, as second class matter.

BULLETIN

OF

THE CHARLESTON MUSEUM

Vol. 6 CHARLESTON, S. C, APRIL, 1910 No. 4

LOCAL FAUNA

A Preliminary Survey of the Birds of the Coast
Region of South Carolina — Supplement ^

In many cases, the records given in the Preliminary Survey of
the Birds of the Coast Region of South Carolina- were not suffi-
ciently complete to substantiate the local status of the species for
which they were made. It has, therefore, been the object of
the survey in its later worlc to pay closer attention to these
species in order that the gaps in the earlier series of records may
be filled. The results are very satisfactory. Following is a Ust
of the species whose local status, as given by Mr. Arthur T.
Wayne, is further established by the records of the survey: —

1. As permanent residents: Louisiana Heron, Cooper's
Hawk, Florida Red-shouldered Hawk, Southern Hairy Wood-
pecker, Pileated Woodpecker, Meadowlark, Field Sparrow, Wor-
thington's Marsh Wren.

2. As summer residents: Wilson's Plover, Prairie Warbler.

3. As winter visitants: Bufflehead; Ruddy Duck, Cowbird,
Sharp-tailed Sparrow, Seaside Sparrow.

4. As transient visitants: Least Sandpiper, Semipalmated
Sandpiper, Lesser Yellowlegs. Black-throated Green Warbler.

» See also Summer Bird Records, by F, M. Weston, Jr., Bull. Ch.*.s, Mus, V, 67-68,
'Bui-L, Chas, Mu8„ V, 13-24, 27-32.

LJBR

Beside these, many other records have been made, giving breed-
ing dates which extend the season of residence for certain migrants,
and noting the occurrence in this region of several irregular and
rare visitors.

Among the records of special interest may be mentioned the
l^reeding of the Fish Crow in the city, the breeding of the Prairie
Warbler, very late records for the Ruby-throated Hummingbird
and the Junco, and records for the Whistling Swan, Yellow-
crowned Night Heron, Black Rail. Crossbill, and Pine Siskin.

The species listed below are those for which additional information
has been obtained since the last pubHcation of the records of the sur-
vey. In cases where migration dates have been extended, the season
of residence is given as now known ; reference to the last published
list will show the changes which have been made. Five species,
hitherto unrecorded, have been added : Blue-winged Teal, Whistling
Swan, Black Rail, Solitary Sand-piper, and Crossbill.

1. Horned Grebe.— w. v. Oct. 25 (city)-Apr. 10.

2. Great Northern Diver; Loon. — w. v. Oct. 19-Apr. 12.

3. Laughing Gull. — w. v. Sept. IV-mid-Apr.

4. Bonaparte's Gull. — w. v. Nov. 29-May 15.

6. Black Skimmer.— s. r. About Apr. 1-Oct 15 (Oct. 25?).

6. Snakebird. — s. r. Apr. 4- Aug. 31.

7. Brown Pelican.— s. r. Feb. 22-Sept. 18.

8. Blue-winged Teal. — [w. v.] One record, Nov. 23, 1909.

9. Greater Scaup Duck. — w.v. ) ^ c

^ r^ , t -June 6.

10. Lesser Scaup Duck. — w. v. )

11. Bufflehead.— W-. V. Nov. 28-Mar. 28.

12. Ruddy Duck. — w. v. Specimen taken Jan. 12, 1910.

13. Whistling Swan. — w. v. Very rare. One record, Nov. 21,
1909.1

14. Bittern. — [p. r.] Rare. Five records have been made for

» Bull. Chas. Mus., V,'.62.

80

this species during the past winter in the marshes in the north-
eastern part of the city.

15. Egret.— s. r. Mar. 28-Nov. 4.

16. Snowy Heron. — s. r. Breeds. Apr. 24-Aug. 12.

17. Green Heron. — [p. r.] Breeds. Only winter record, Dec.
2.3, 1909.

18. Yellow-crowned Night Heron. — [s. r.] Very rare. From
Sept. 3 until Oct. 12, 1909, an immature specimen was observed by
Mr. Herbert R. Sass ^ in his garden on Legare St. This is the only
known occurrence of this species in the city.

19. Black Rail. — [s. r.] Very rare. Only one record — Mr. P.
G. Porcher, Jr. saw and almost captured a specimen near Mt.
Pleasant, S. C, Sept. 1, 1909.

20. Coot; "Blue Peter". — p. r. Additional summer records
show this species to be a permanent resident.

21. Woodcock. — [p. R.] Usually rare, but locally very common
during winter of 1909-10. City; Mar. 11, 1910. Only city record
since 1899.

22. Least Sandpiper.— t. v. , May 16; Aug. 19-Sept. 28.

23. Semipalmated Sandpiper. — t. v. May 16; Aug. 4-Sept. 28.

24. Lesser Yellowlegs. — t. v. Mar. 5 (very early) ; Sept. 16.
Specimens taken on both dates.

25. Solitary Sandpiper. — t. v. Sept. 11-25. Common on the
sea beaches in the fall, but hitherto unrecorded by the survey.

26. Killdeer Plover.— w. v. Aug. 21-Apr. 5.

27. Wilson's Plover. — s. r. Breeds. Mar. 4-Aug 21.

28. Ground Dove. — p. r. Breeds. Set of two eggs found
hatching, Sept. 25, 1909.^

29. Marsh Hawk. — w. v. Sept. 7-Apr. 11.

30. Florida Red-shouldered Hawk. — p. r. Breeds.

31. Osprey; Fish Hawk. — s. r. Breeds. Feb. 22-Dec. 6.

32. Chuck-will's-widow.— s. R. Breeds. Mar. 12 (city)-Sept. 4

» Bdll. Chas. Mus., V, 59. " Ibid.. V, 67.

31

3.S. Ruby-throated Hummingbird. — s. r. Breeds. Apr. 4-Oct.
10. On Dec. 18, 1909, a specimen was taken on Carolina St.
■ — on the outskirts of the city — Ijy Master Ned Hyer.^ In the
course of the past winter, four or five reports have been made
from the city and vicinity, and from Suramerville, S. C, of speci-
mens having been seen.

■34. Kingbird. — s. r. Breeds. Apr. 3-Oct. 16 (very late). On
Feb. 12, 1910, three independent records were made at the Navy
Yard for this species, liut no specimen was taken.

.35. Piioebe.— w. v. Sept. 28-Mar. 17.

36. Crested Flycatcher. — s. r. Breeds. Apr. 3-Oct. 9 (late).

37. Fish Crow. — p. r. Breeds. Found breeding in the city
near the corner of Broad and Orange Sts., May 12, 1909.-

38. Crossbill.— w. v. Irreguhir. One record, Mar. 6, 1909.
Master Rhett Chamberlain saw and positively identified one of
these birds among a flock of Goldfinches on the Porter Military
Academy campus.

39. Pine Siskin. — w. v. Irregular. Recorded by Mr. Herbert
R. Sass in his garden on Legare St., Apr. 18-20, 1909. This is the
only city record, and also the latest spring record for the coast
region.^

40. Vesper Sparrow. — w. v. Oct. 13- Apr. 12.

41. Savannah Sparrow. — w. v. Sept. 28-May 9.

42. Sharp-tailed Sparrow. — w. v. Sept. 29-Mar. 21.

43. Junco; Snowbird. — w. v. Nov. 11-Mar. 29 (very late).

44. Bachman's Sparrow. — p. r. Breeds.

45. Fox Sparrow. — w. v. Nov. 21-Mar. 13.

46. Scarlet Tanager. — t. v. Very rare. Third record of the
survey, Apr. 10, 1909.

47. Summer Tanager. — s. r. Breeds. Apr. 10-Sept. 27.
48.- Barn Swallow.— t. v. Apr. 3-May 30; July 31-Oct. 29.
49. Tree Swallow.- [w. v.] Aug. 3-Nov. 23; Mar. 5-May 19.

iBuLL. Chas. Mus., VI, 10. 2 Ibid., V, 67. = jbid., V, 37, 60.

32

50. Summer Warbler.— [s. r.] Apr. 21-May 13; July 18-Oct. 3.

51. Black-throated Blue Warbler.—T. v. May 9-12; Sept. 25-
Oct. 28.

52. Prairie Warbler.— s. r. Breeds. Mar. 28-Oct. 9. Until
the summer of 1909, this species was not known to breed in the
coast region. On June 18, 1909, Mr. F. M. Weston, Jr., found a
brood of nearly fledged young at the Navy Yard.

53. Southern Yellowthroat. — p. r. Breeds.

54 Redstart.— T. v. May 11-13; Aug. 9-Oct. 27.

55. House Wren.— w. v. Sept. 20- Apr. 12 (Apr. 13?).

56. Short-billed Marsh Wren.— w. v. Oct. 3—.

57. Golden-crowned Kinglet. — w. v. Oct. 27-Apr. 9 (very late).

F. M. Weston, Jr.

.88

LOCAL FAUNA

A Snake Eel

One of the Snake Eels {Ophichthus ocellatus) was taken on
Sullivan's Island, April 9, 1910, during a field trip of the younger
section of the Natural History Society.

The distribution of this handsome species is given by Jordan
and Evermann ^ as ''south to Brazil, north to Pensacola." The
capture of a specimen at Charleston is therefore not only the
first record for South Carolina, but also establishes a new north-
ern limit for the species.

SCULPIN

A Sculpin received in the summer of 1908 proves to be Scor-
paeria plumieri, a form common from the Florida Keys south-
ward to Brazil, but apparently not hitherto recorded farther
north. The specimen here described is without data, but since
it was received in a fresh condition, there can be no doubt but
that it was caught in the immediate vicinity of Charleston.

Short Big-eye

The Short Big-eye {Pseudopriacanthus alius) also belongs to the
West Indian fauna and is taken occasionally on the Grouper
Bank, off the South Carolina Coast. Two specimens from this
locahty have been recorded — one by Jordan and Evermann ^ and
one by the writer.^ A third specimen was received in the sum-
mer of 1908, and is of interest as exceeding the maximum length
hitherto recorded. It measures 12| inches (in formalin), while
Jordan and Evermann state that their Charleston specimen,
measuring 11 inches, is the largest they have seen.

These interesting records, based on specimens casually brought

to the Museum, make it evident that the biological survey of the

fishes will afford valuable results, especially in establishing new

northern limits for West Indian species.

P. M. Rea.

> Bull. U. S. Nat. Mu3. No. 47, Part I, P. 383. ^ Ibid, 1240.

3 Bull. Chas. Mds., II, 1906, 55.

34

NOTES FROn THE MUSEUH

The Museum has received from Miss Maria H. Gibbes framed
copies of the invitation sent to Professor Lewis R. Gibbes to at-
tend the opening of the Museum at the College of Charleston in
1852, and of the invitation sent to Miss Gibbes on the occasion
of the opening of the Museum library in its present building in
1908. Miss Gibbes has also presented a number of publications
of Professor Gibbes, which were not in the Museum Hbrary.

Nearly all of the snakes of the Live Snake Collection have
survived the winter and are in good condition. New acquisitions
are the Banded Water Snake (Tropidonotus fasciatus), a common
species not before represented in the collection; and the Black-
snake (Zamenis constrictor). Both were taken near Charleston.

The Museum has recently commenced a survey of the amphi-
bians and lizards of this vicinity. Specimens of the following
species have been brought to the Museum and frequently kept
alive there: Dwarf Salamander (Manculus quadndigitatiis) ,
Mole Salamander {Amhlystoma talpoideum), Ditch Eel (Am-
phiuma means), Southern Tree Frog {Hijla squirella), Swamp Tree
Frog (Chorophilus nigritus), Green Tree Frog {Hyla cinerea),
Bullfrog {Rana cateshiana). Leopard Frog {Rana pipiens), Ameriy
can Toad (Bufo americanus), Red-headed Scorpion (Eumeces quin-
quelineatus), Six-lined Lizard (Cnemidophorus sexlineatus), Ground
Lizard (Li/gosoma laterale), Green Lizard (Anolis carolinensis),
Glass ''Snake" (Ophisaurus ventralis), and various tadpoles not
yet identified. With one exception these specimens have been
collected by the boys of Section B of the Natural History
Society.

Dr. Daniel S. Martin, honorary curator of the geological de-
partment, is now visiting a number of southern museums in the
interest of the special Piedmont collection of minerals, the plans
for which have already been described in the Bulletin. Dr. Mar-
tin has completed the revision and cataloging of the mineral

85

collections, and these are now ready for exhibition as soon as
funds for installation are available.

Dr. George W. Field, chairman of the Massachusetts Fish and
Game Commission, has recently visited the Museum while re-
turning from the Convention of the National Association of Shell-
fish Commissioners at Mobile. He spent two days about Charles-
ton, photographing birds along the coast islands and at Otranto.

A preliminary revision of the Henry W. Ravenel herbarium of
cryptograms has just been made. It is found to contain about
856 specimens, 550 of which were gathered in South Carolina.
The Musci have l:)een specially listed in order to conipl}^ with a
request for information about South Carolina mosses. Similar
re(iuests indicate the urgent need of a careful survey, based upon
actual field work, of the flora and fauna of the state.

Section B of the Natural History Society has taken two field
trips this month, on April 9 to Sullivan's Island after marine
specimens, and on April 16 to St. Andrew's Parish. Section A
is supplementing the tree survey of the streets liy a study of the
trees of the parks, church-yards, and interesting private grounds.
St. Philip's, St. John's, and the Unitarian church-yards have
been visited. Next Monday, May 2, the society will meet at
the Second Presbyterian Church at 4.30 for an examination of
the trees about that church, in Marion Square, and at St. Paul's
Church. A large attendance attests the interest taken in the
short afternoon trips.

The tree survey of the streets of Charleston, undertak(Mi last
fall, is nearing its completion. It is desired that all reports be
handed in at or before the next meeting of Section A, to be held
on May 5. The program for that day will treat of some results
of the survey and of the practical care of city trees.

The May meeting of Section B will be held on May 12. Mr. F. M.
Weston, Jr. will speak, the subject to be announced later.

m

BXJLLETIIV

OF

THE CHARLESTON MUSEUM

Edited By
PAUL M. REA

STREET TREES OF CHARLESTON
FURTHER BIRD NOTES

Volume VI, Number 5 May, 1910

Under the Auspices of the College of Charleston

Director
Paul M. Rea

Librarian
Laura M. Bragg

Honorary Curators

Wm. G. Mazyck Conchology

Daniel S. Martin Geology

Arthur T. Wayne Ornithology

Nathaniel W. Stephenson Art

The Charleston Museum was in existence as early as 1777
under the auspices of the Charleston Library Society, was transferred
to the Literary and Philosophical Society of South Carolina in 1815, to
the Medical School in 1828, and to the College of Charleston in 1850, In
1907 a building was provided by the City and the name changed to The
Charleston Museum.

The Museum is dependent upon dues from members and private sub-
scriptions for all permanent improvements, for increase of the collections,
and for maintenance of its educational and scientific work.

The membership fees are:—

Annual Members $ 10 Patrons $ 500

Sustaining Members 25 Benefactors 1000

The privileges of members include admission on pay days, tickets to
members' lecture courses, and copies of Museum publications.

The Bulletin of the Charleston Museum is published monthly,
from October to May, by the Museum and is entered at the Post Office
at Charleston, S. C, as second class matter.

BULLETIIV

OF

THE CHARLESTON MUSEUM

Vol. 6 CHARLESTON, S. C, MAY, 1910 No. 5

LOCAL FLORA

Street Trees of Charleston

In the autumn of last year the Charleston Natural History-
Society, under the auspices of the Charleston Museum, laid its
plans for a complete survey of the trees of Charleston. These
plans included the making of a census of the trees found along
the public highways; the mapping of the trees in the various
parks and church yards; and the recording of any additional
species found in private grounds. The first work to be under-
taken was the street census. In preparation for this the Society
made a careful study during the winter of the trees known to
occur in the city.

Under a special tree survey committee the city was divided into
districts which were assigned to various members of the Society.
With the return of spring and consequent development of foliage,
the census was begun. It now stands completed.

Statistics

The investigations of the tree survey have extended over all
streets lying south of Hampton Park. The following list shows
the number of species recorded and the relative abundance of
each. .

37

Elm (all species) 1928 Box-elder 11

Poplar, Carolina (includes Magnolia 6

4 Silver Poplars) 856 Dogwood 6

Oak Linden 4

Water 1 53 Ailanthus 4

Live 102 Ash. 3

Laurel 70 Weeping willow 2

Willow 21 Varnish Tree 2

Chestnut 2 Pecan 2

Black 1 349 Catalpa 2

Crepe Mj'rtle. .

Hackberry or Sugarberry 179 Red Juniper

Palmetto 149 Cherrylaurel or Mock Orange .

Buttonwood or Sycamore 124 Tallow Tree

Maple (Red and Silver) 60 Persimmon

Paper or Wild Mulberry 48

China Tree 16 Total 3756

Distribution and Suitability

A comparison of these figures shows that, roughly speaking,
more than fifty per cent of the street trees are elms, about twenty-
five per cent poplars, less than ten per cent oaks, about five per
cent hackberries, four per cent palmettoes, and three per cent
buttonwoods. The remaining trees, 171 in all, include eighteen
species and constitute less than five per cent of the entire
number. These percentages prove an unnecessary lack of
variety in our street planting. A stranger visiting Charleston
would assuredly carry away the impression that its street trees
were all elms and poplars, so scattered are other species. To
any one interested in the shade tree problem the question im-
mediately arises: Are elms and poplars suitable trees for a
southern city, Charleston in particular?

Elms. The elms include three species, the American Elm
{Ulmus Americana), which predominates, the Slippery Elm
{Ulmus fulva), frequently found in the planting of recent years,
and the Wing Elm (Ulmus alata), of which forty-two examples
are recorded. The Wing Elms are among the oldest trees in the
city and are at present much stronger and healthier than the
American Elms of the same age. Throughout the city the
American Elms stand in urgent need of care. There are beautiful

38

exceptions, but as a rule these trees have hollow or badly scarred
trunks, decayed limbs, and a generally neglected appearance.
Much can be done for them by proper treatment. The results of
the survey seem to prove that in future trees might be planted
which would maintain their health with less attention than this
elm requires. The Wing Elm, for instance, an exceedingly
graceful tree, has proved hardy in Columbia and is recommended
by the North Carolina Geological and Economic Survey in its
bulletin entitled "Shade Trees for North Carolina", as being
preferable to the American Elm. Experience in Charleston
would seem to substantiate this opinion. The Slippery Elm,
while planted to some extent of late, is represented by so few
large specimens that no estimate as to its enduring qualities can
be formed.

Poplars. The Carolina Poplars (Populus deltoides), which
were so extensively planted some fifteen years ago, have proved
not so valuable as was expected. They have grown rapidly,
it is true, but are already beginning to show signs of old age.
The short season of leafage, the attraction which they possess for
caterpillars, and the ughness of their shape when not well clothed
in green, render them far from desirable as city shade trees.
They can be used advantageously, however, in alternation with
more slowly growing trees, the poplars being cut down when the
other trees are large enough to furnish shade. If this method
had been followed when Charleston's poplars were set out, many
streets would now be ready to have their poplars removed. As it is,
alternating poplars may still be replaced with better trees which
will furnish shade when the poplars have become not merely
unsightly but dead. A wholesale sacrifice of poplars should in no
case be advocated until they can be at least in part replaced.

Oaks. The oaks constitute the finest trees in the city but un-
fortunately they are not abundant. The Live Oaks at the Battery
and about the College of Charleston, and the Laurel Oaks on Wragg
Square show the magnificent effect which these trees can produce.
The Live Oak (Quercus Virginiana) is not suitable for narrow streets

39

because of the very broad crown which it forms, but where it
is given plenty of room no tree can excel it for this chmate. The
Laurel Oak (Quercus laurifolia), as a street tree, possesses all the
advantages and none of the disadvantages of other oaks; it grows
rapidly, heads high, forms a not too broadly oval crown, gives
good shade in summer, furnishes a cheerful green in winter, and
is suitable for planting on either broad or narrow streets. The
Water Oak (Quercus nigra) is a smaller tree, better fitted for nar-
row streets. It has recently been planted in the northern parts
of the city in conjunction with Live and Laurel Oaks, 125 of the
Water Oaks in the city being in this section. Very few large
Willow Oaks (Quercus phellos) are to be seen in Charleston but
these few are beautiful enough to make more desirable. The
city has planted practically no Willow Oaks, but the experiment
has been privately tried of planting the trees in alternation with
Box-elders. The Box-elders will give thick shade before the oaks
do and can be cut down when the oaks need the space which they
occupy. Box-elders, like poplars, are useful for temporary but
not for permanent planting.

Other oaks recorded by the survey are the Black or Yellow
Oak (Quercus velutina), and the Chestnut Oak. Doubtless other
species could be made to flourish here. The attempt is being
made with Scarlet (Quercus coccinea) and Red Oak (Quercus rubra)
about Colonial Lake.

Hackberry or Sugarberry. The survey has not distin-
guished between the two species of Hackberry, Celtis occidentalis
and C. Mississippiensis, but the former is undoubtedly the more
plentiful. There are about 50 medium or large sized trees scattered
about Charleston. They are, in general, not subject to trunk decay,
produce a deep shade and thrive well under the conditions of city
life. Beside these trees, numerous young saplings have been set out
this spring in the northern part of the city, the section of the Park
Board's greatest activity at present. The Hackberry has been
much planted in Columbia where the effect produced is good, even
if monotonous.

Palmetto. The Palmettoes (Sabal Palmetto) can endure salt
water as no other tree in this region will. Consequently they seem
to have been well chosen for the sections of the city where most of
them are situated, namely, on East Battery and at the western
end of Calhoun Street. The trees on East Battery are in good
condition but a number on Calhoun Street have died and need
replacing.

BUTTONWOOD. Another tree which the survey finds usually in
good condition is the Buttonwood (P/atonus occidentalis) , or Syc-
amore, as it is commonly though incorrectly called. Nowhere
found in large numbers it is yet a familiar tree in most sec-
tions of the city. Some complaints have been made against it on
the score of caterpillars. This is a charge which should be investi-
gated. No sign of the fungus disease which attacks this species
farther north has yet been noticed in Charleston. Of the Asiatic
species (P. orientalis), two trees have been discovered, apparently
no more healthy than the native species.

Maples. There are no large Maples in the city. Strong young
specimens of both Red (Acer ruhrum) and Silver Maple {A. sac-
charium) may occasionally be seen. This year several blocks on
one street have been planted in maple and elms. It is encour-
aging to see these occasional attempts to secure variety. When
carefully boxed and protected from sunscald, there seems no
reason why maples should not flourish here.

Paper Mulbery. The Paper Mulberry (Broussonetia papyri-
fera), locally known as Wild Mulberry, is a tree once extensively
planted but now comparatively seldom seen. Several groups of
eight or ten trees remain, however, and afford a cool shade in
otherwise treeless streets. A habit of root spreading which is
destructive to sidewalks renders the further street planting of this
tree unwise.

Other Species. No other species of tree is sufficiently well rep-
resented to furnish a basis by which to estimate its value as a street
tree. Judging, however, from specimens in various churchyards,
parks and private grounds, the Linden, the Cherrylaurel (Laurocera-

SMS Caroliniana) or Mock Orange, the Crepe Myrtle {Lagerstroemia
indica), and the Catalpa (Catalpa catalpa) might be used to great
advantage. Several species of linden are native and are recom-
mended by the North Carolina Geologic and Economic Survey as
"among our most desirable shade trees." The other three trees,
while too small for consecutive, are desirable for mixed planting,
the Crepe Myrtle and Catalpa being conspicuous for the beauty of
their blossoms, and the Cherrylaurel for its most perfect evergreen
foliage. The China Tree is generally considered undesirable along
streets because of its berries, andt he Catalpa is sometimes thought
objectionable by reason of the untidiness of its blossoms as they
fall. However this may be, an effort should most certainly be
made to introduce some variety among the trees of the city. The
endless monotony of elm, poplar, poplar, elm can easily be rem-
edied as the poplars die out. Continual planting of one species
is not advisable. Occasional streets arched with elms or oaks or
hackberries may be beautiful but whole sections of elms, oaks,
or hackberries become tiresome. There is plenty of material
for choice.

Map. The statistical results of the tree census have been re-
corded on a large blue-print map, colors and symbols being used
to designate the different species of trees registered by the survey.
Every tree in the city south of Hampton Park has been indicated on
this map. Many streets, unfortunately, show no trees. The general
impression given by the color symbols is elms, elms, and poplars.
The oaks of upper Rutledge Avenue make a good showing.
Other trees are quite inconspicuous. The map, however, does
not show the most serious conditions affecting the street trees.

Condition of the City 's Trees

A study of the survey reports, tree by tree, substantiated by
extensive survey of the trees themselves, reveals an appalling con-
dition. "Let Uveas may" seems to have been the watchword in
the past.

Pruning. Fully ninty-five per cent of the large trees are in need

42

of trimming, dead wood being common everywhere. Very great in-
jury has been caused by improper pruning, dating back many years.
Branches have been cutoff so as to leave stubbs. These, rotting,
have in hundreds of cases resulted in hollow trunks. An in-
teresting case of a neglected stubb is seen in an elm from which a
large branch was either cut or broken. No care being taken of
the wound, the inner wood decayed, dirt settled in the hollow and
by some means a china tree sprang up. Now appears the an-
omaly of a china tree growing out of an elm.

The custom of severely topping large trees has led to most
ugly shapes, particularly among the poplars. Elms also have
suffered and several buttonwoods been utterly disfigured. Much
harm has been caused by horizontal pruning. A mistake of both
present and past is allowing'trees to head too low, in consequence
of which their branches interfere with traffic and when cut off
injure the shape of the tree.

Boxing. Another instance of neglect is shown in the outgrown
boxes of many trees. Wire frames as well are constantly found
cutting into the bark of trees. Young [trees seem to be well
planted and boxed and then left to grow as they can.

Electric Wires. Every city has to meet the problem of ad-
justment between its trees and its electric wires. Perfect insu-
lation must be insisted upon. This has not yet been achieved in
Charleston.

Tree Surgery Tree surgery is a comparatively modern prac-
tice and one which has in no case been employed in caring for
the street trees of Charleston. Wounds are never painted over
and trunk cavities are never cleaned out and filled up. Not less
than seventy per cent of the elms of the city bear hollows due
to either sunscald or the gnawing of horses. To preserve these
trees skillful surgery must be employed. This will probably re-
require the services of an expert.

Conclusion

In reviewing the results of the survey the most patent fact is
the great need of better care of street trees. The authorities are
ready to do their part; the public is interested. An active co-
operation between the two and Charleston may have a right to
be proud of its streets. L. M. Bragg.

43

LOCAL FAUNA

Further Bird Notes and Corrections

In the last issue of the Bulletin it was erroneously stated that
the Solitary Sandpiper is common on the sea-beaches. The birds
recorded by the survey were seen around fresh-water pools on
Sullivan's Island, and not on the beach. A specimen was taken
by Master Rhett Chamberlain on September 11, 1909.

Through a clerical error, the Scarlet Tanager was reported in
the same article as seen on April 10, 1909. This rare species has
not been noted by the survey since April 29, 1908.

Among recent records of interest may be mentioned the late
occurrence of the following winter visitants: Herring Gull, May 2;
Myrtle Warbler, May 1; Goldfinch, May 5; White-throated Spar-
row, May 6; Laughing Gull, May 6; Catbird, May 13; CaroUna
Rail, May 14.

Since the publication of the record for the Red Crossbill, another
has come to light. Master Ned Hyer secured a specimen of this
species in the city at some time during February, 1909, but, not
knowing its importance, failed to report it. The specimen has
since been accidently destroyed.

An Indigo Bunting seen by Master Caspar Chisolm, May 10,
1910, near the pumping station at Goose Creek, is the only authen-
tic record of the survey for this species.

Although the Coot was seen on several occasions during the
summers of 1908 and 1909, no specimen was taken, and Mr.
Wayne doubts that it was this species that was seen. He calls
attention to the similarity in appearance between the Coot and
the immature Florida Gallinule, and suggests that the latter
would certainly be found, while the former is not known to occur
in this region in summer. However, the taking of a specimen of
the Coot at Otranto, May 14, 1910, shows that this species has not
been confused with the Gallinule, and that it does occur much
later than Mr. Wayne's records indicate.

The Blue Grosbeak, now rare in this region, has again been seen.
On a trip to Otranto, May 1, 1910, Mr. Herl^ert R. Sass and my-
self found a male of this species, and later a female, in the old fields
bordering the swamp.

F. M. Weston, Jr.
44

BULLETIN

OF

THE CHARLESTON MUSEUM

JSditbd By
PAUL. M. re:a

HISTORY OF THE MUSEUH

COLOR PHASE5 OF THE PINE SNAKE

CONCERNING THE POPINAC

LOCAL FAUNA

Volume VI, Number 6 October, 1910

Under the Auspices of the College of Charleston

Director

Paul M. Rea

Librarian

Laura M. Bragg

Honorary Curators

Wm. G. Mazyck Conchology

Daniel S. Martin Geology

Arthur T. Wayne Ornithology

Nathaniel W. Stephenson Art

The Charleston Museum was in existence as early as 1777
under the auspices of the Charleston Library Society, was transferred
to the Literary and Philosophical Society of South Carolina in 1815, to
the Medical School in 1828, and to the College of Charleston in 1850. In
1907 a building was provided by the City and the name changed to The
Charleston Museum.

The Museum is dependent upon dues from members and private sub-
scriptions for all permanent improvements, for increase of the collections,
and for maintenance of its educational and scientific work.

The membership fees are:—

Annual Members $10 Patrons $ 500

Sustaining Members 25 Benefactors 1000

The privileges of members include admission on pay days, tickets to
members' lecture courses, and copies of Museum publications.

The Bulletin of the Charleston Museum is published monthly,
from October to May, by the Museum and is entered at the Post Office
at Charleston, S. C. , as second class matter.

BULLETIN

OF

THE CHARLESTON MUSEUM

Vol. 6 CHARLESTON, S. C, OCTOBER, 1910 No. 6

HISTORY OF THE MUSEUH

The Museum in Chalmers Street

The loss by fire of all records of the Museum prior to 1865 gives
more than a momentary interest to every item of information
relating to its history which can be obtained, and this paragraph
from the second page of the City Gazette of Monday, January 9,
1826, to which my attention was directed by Miss M. L. Webber,
Secretary of the South Carolina Historical Society, is worthy of
preservation.

COMMUNICATION

A large black Wolf killed near Goose Creek, was
sent by Mr. Dees to the Museum a few days ago.
A beautifully spotted Deer killed by Mr. Wilson
waa presented by Mr. Perry, planter. Also a fe-
male canvas back Duck, was sent to the Institution
by Mr. Fisher Gadsden, and a pair of military Jack
Boots, square toes, said to be 100 years old, were
presented by Mr. Harleston. Several other curios-
ities worthy of notice, have been presented within
these few days. A Band of Music will attend at
the Museum to-morrow evening.

On the first page of the same paper, and in most issues through-
out the month of January occurs this advertisement, from which
much may be learned of the extent and diversity of the collec-
tions, which Mills' mentions as being at that time "an honor to
the State:"

> Statistics of South Carolina, Charleston, 1826, p. 437.

45

NEW

THE MUSEUM

OF SOUTH CAROLINA.

In Chalmer'a Street, (near the City Square,)

G

>ONSISTING of an extensive collection of
Beasts, Birds, Reptiles, Fishes, Warlike

Arms, Dresses, and other CURIOSITIES — among
which are:

The HEAD of a New Zealand Chief

An Egyptian Mummy (a child)

The Great White Bear of Greenland

The Black and the Red Wolves of South Carolina

The South African Lion

The Duck Bill'd Platypus from New Holland

The Bones of an Ostrich as large as those of a
Horse

The Boa Constrictor or Anaconda Snake, 25 feet
long

The Gramphus Whale, 20 feet long

800 Birds, 70 Beasts, 200 Fishes

4000 Specimens of Minerals.

Shoes of the Chinese Ladies, 4 inches long

The Saw Fish Saw 4 J feet in length

A large collection of views of the Pubhc Build-
ings, &c. in Europe and

A Fine Electrical Machine

The whole elegantly arranged in glass cases,

open every day from 9 o'clock, and brilliantly

illuminated every evening, with occasionally a

Band of Music.

(^'Admission 25 cents. Season tickets $1.;

Children half price. f Jan. 6

The above is the second oldest accession Ust of the Museum
collections yet discovered.

This, too, from the Charleston Courier of January 23 of the
same year is interesting if not quite so valuable.

MUSEUM

ISITORS are requested not to touch any of the
Animals on the floor of the Museum, as these
Animals are newly put up and not dried ; every thumb
or finger making an impression on the stuffed skin,
injurious to its natural appearance.

W. G. Mazyck.

46

COLOR PHASES OF THE PINE SNAKE

One of the most popular members of the collection of living
snakes in the Museum is a Florida Pine Snake {Pituophis melano-
leucus), which has been in the collection since April, 1908, and
has made many friends by its gentleness and attractive coloration.

In June, 1909, a specimen of this species was taken at Arch-
dale, a plantation on the Ashley River about twelve miles from
Charleston, by Messrs. Ned Hyer and B. and R. Chamberlain who
presented it to the Museum. In July, 1910, two additional speci-
mens were obtained from Walhalla, in the extreme northwestern
part of the state. All of these specimens are now living in the Mu-
seum and show in a very interesting fashion the color variations
of this species. The Florida specimen represents an extreme
light phase and the Archdale specimen an extreme dark phase,
while the Walhalla specimens are of an intermediate and more
typical coloration. These variations are of such interest that it
seems advisable to record them somewhat in detail, as follows.

The Florida specimen is immaculate porcelain white below,
and dull white above, marked anteriorly with dull brown becom-
ing a rich chestnut posteriorly. The Walhalla specimens are creamy
white, strongly marked with dark brown above, and faintly be-
low. The Archdale specimen is porcelain white below, marked
and even banded with black, while above the black is continuous
anteriorly, spotted with white in the middle of the body, and
forming black bands alternating with white on the tail.

The top of the head and sides of the jaws are immaculate in
the Florida specimen, while in the Walhalla specimens these parts
are faintly marked with brown. In the Archdale specimen the
top of the head is uniformily black and the sides of the jaws are
distinctly marked with vertical stripes of black. The color of
this specimen agrees closely with Holbrook's figure of a South
Carolina specimen, but the black markings are figured as conflu-
ent and are much less extensive anteriorly than in the present
specimen.

P. M. Rea.

47

CONCERNING THE POPINAC

Editor of the Bulletin:

Among the specimens contributed for the Museum grounds
by members of the Natural History Society, and listed in the
March number of the Bulletin, was a "white opoponax {Acacia)",
by Mrs. J. C. T. Though never having seen it, I am interested
in the stranger, white acacia; and hope to elicit some informa-
tion regarding it. My knowledge of the acacia family is limited to
the little yellow, fragrant popinac, or opoponax {Acacia Farnesi-
ana), so great a favorite in many of our city gardens. But from
childhood I have been acquainted with the Mimosa (exotic), now
so common in this country — a beautiful object indeed, with its
graceful, pinnate, airy foliage, and sweet scented pink flowers.
The long silken stamens, several hundred in number, impart to
the flower a globose, yet extremely dehcate appearance.

There is a native kindred species of Mimosa, Desmanthus, grow-
ing along the Missississippi River, which bears white flowers.
What relation is the "white opoponax" to Desmanthusf

Our favorite little acacia, the popinac, has another pet name,
which to me is quite puzzling, viz., opoponax. Whence is the ori-
gin? The association of this word with the httle golden balls of
deUcious spiciness is not pleasing; and strange is the fact that
there is on the market a choice perfume distilled from these flow-
ers, supposedly, and labelled opoponax!

For some occult reason the term looms up as a secret enemy to
be ferreted out and brought to light. So I got on the hunt with
the encyclopedias, and discovered the interloper entrenched behind
a huge parsnip! Jesting aside, it is found that Opoponax is a
genus of Umbelliferous plants of which the parsnip is the type.
The species from which the officinal gum resin is obtained is 0.
chironiuni, described as a very large, long, tap root from which
the gum exudes when punctured for the purpose of collecting it.
It is indigenous to Asia Minor, Turkey, and the East Indies.

We are told that this gum was very highly esteemed by the an-
cient ph3'^sicians as an antiseptic, antispasmodic, etc.

The acacia family {Leguminoseae, Sub Order Mimoseae) is one
of varied utility, furnishing many valuable gums, gum arable per-
haps the most familiar.

Mimosa is distinguished for the production of rosewood, from
a Brazilian species.

E. L. H. Willis.
48

LOCAL FAUNA

Bob-white Breeding in tiie City. — That wild Bob-whites should
not only live but actually breed in Charleston shows what delightful
surprises the city bird observer meets with now and then. On
March 19 Mr. William Barker saw a Bob-white in Major T. G. Bar-
ker's lot on Tradd Street. Although I kept a sharp lookout, I
saw nothing of the bird until April 30, when two were observed.
At about this time their clear ringing calls began to be heard and
were thenceforward familiar bird music until about the middle of
July. The birds were often seen, sometimes a pair, sometimes
three, and once, on June 4, four. I heard rumors throughout the
summer of young birds observed, but failed to substantiate the re-
ports and saw no evidence of breeding on the part of the Bob-
whites until October 5, when one young bird, about one-third
grown and apparently just able to fly, was observed. Although
silent and very shy at this season, the old birds are evidently still
on hand, since I saw one of them less than a week ago (on Oct, 16).
During their stay in the city, I have seen the Bob-whites in my
lot and in three adjoining lots. They have evidently ranged very
widely, being seen and heard as far away as Meeting Street and
South Battery near King. The record is a most interesting one,
though not unprecedented. Mr. Edward L. Wells informs me that
about 1888 a covey of twelve or fourteen birds inhabited Major
Barker's lot. Mr. Ellison A. Smyth, Jr., in a list of the birds of
Charleston published in "The Budget" of August 12, 1888, states
that a pair at liberty bred in a yard on Legare Street. On Feb-
ruary 14, 1899, when the weather was bitterly cold, I saw a soli-
tary Bob-white perching on a low brick wall between Major Bar-
ker's lot and the property to the west.

The Cliff Swallow in the City. — On August 151 saw perched on the
top of a tall pole in the Rutledge lot on Tradd Street a bird which
apparently was the Cliff Swallow. I examined the bird carefully
with a telescope and as it was not more than a hundred yards dis-
tant was able to see every marking distinctly. The following is a
brief description: Back steel-blue, the feathers ghnting in the
sun ; forehead white, this marking showing very distinctly ; throat
and breast brownish with a darker ring, forming a crescent shaped
frontlet; beneath white or hght gray marked with rufous. The
Cliff Swallow is very rare in this state (See Wayne, Birds of
South Carolin;^ -age 139). Although I feel sure that the bird

49

which I saw was a Cliff Swallow, the record can hardly be admit-
ted as absolutely authentic.

The Fall Migration in the City .—Unusually warm weather during
practically the whole of the first three weeks of October caused a
strange cessation in the Southward migration as observed in the
city. During September the migration proceeded actively and an
unusual number of migrants were seen, In my garden I saw more
Prothonotary Warblers and Grinnell 's Water Thrushes than ever
before. In October, however, the movement seemed to cease al-
most entirely and very few migrants were observed. — Herbert
R. Sass.

Breeding of the Barn Owl. — Mr. Arthur T. Wayne has published
an account' of the finding of a set of eggs of the Barn Owl {Aluco
pratincola) on this coast during the month of September. He
also refers to Audubon's discovery of a nest containing young
birds which he (Audubon) concluded were hatched in September.
Mr. T. Gilbert Pearson^ records this bird as breeding on the coast
of South Carolina in April. In view of this a recent record (con-
firmatory of Mr. Wayne's record) may be of interest.

On September 24, 1910 after rowing across the Ashley River
from Charleston, I landed at the Wappoo FertiUzer Mills, an aban-
doned and much dilapidated group of buildings. On the top of
one of these buildings I found a set of four eggs placed in a large
box which was suppoarted by huge beams. As I approached the
box an old owl jumped out and flew through a broken window.
On examining the interior of the box I found that its contents
were mostly old bones and feathers, while around the box and be-
low some of the rafters I saw only disgorged hair and bones. This
indicates that the old owls tear the flesh from the bones to feed
their young, while they themselves swallow bones, feathers, and
all. The building has probably been abandoned for about fifteen
years and I suppose that the owls have been breeding in it ever
since. This would account for the great accumulation of bones
and feathers. I also found in this box parts of the Meadowlark
{Sturnella magna), the Green Heron {Butorides virescens) and the
Marsh Hen {Rallus crepitans or R. c. waynei) . Below the box I saw
the skin of a black rat, and found the skull of a sparrow. Of the
eggs taken, two were fresh, the third nearly so, while the fourth
contained a small embryo. — Rhett Chamberlain.

J Aujfc, XXV, 1908, 21-24. ^ Auk, XXV. 1908. 316-317.

50

Wilson's Phalarope— A New Species for South Carolina —
This summer while on Sullivan's Island my brother and I made a
special effort to gather information about certain species of shore
birds, in order to fill in some of the gaps in the Natural History
Society's records. The most important result was obtained on
the seventh of September, 1910, while shooting on the eastern
end of the Island, when I killed a Wilson's Phalarope. The bird
is a male in winter plumage. It had alighted with about fifteen
Yellowlegs on the edge of a fresh -water pool left by recent heavy
rains. The pool is among sand dunes a few hundred yards from
the nearest house and near the car lines. Mr. Arthur T. Wayne,
in his "Birds of South Carolina," gives an account of the capture
of a Red Phalarope near Mt. Pleasant, also of a Northern Phalarope
which his cat caught, 1)ut Wilson's Phalarope has not before been
recorded in South Carolina, or indeed on the Atlantic coast
between New Jersey and Argentine.

Pectoral Sandpiper. — On August 8, my brother shot a Pectoral
Sandpiper, which is the first recorded by the Survej^ We found
these abundant about the fresh water pools from that date until
along in September.

The Pied=billed Grebe — My brother also shot on September 9,
a Pied-billed Grebe in the channel between Sullivan's Island and
the Isle of Palms. I saw two of these birds near the Ferry Wharf
on September 23. This bird is very seldom seen in salt water.

Snowy Heron. — Early on the morning of September 14 my
brother and I saw a pair of Snowy Herons on the front beach.
This is a late record, the latest for the Survey heretofore being
August 12.

Carolina Rail. — On August 14, Chalmers McDermid picked up a
very thin CaroHna Rail on the front beach. This bird appeared
to have been washed up on the beach. The records for the species
by the Survey are September through April, so that this is a very
unusual occurence. — Burnham Chamberlain.

Virginia Rail. — The Virginia Rail is probably common in the
old rice plantations around Charleston, although it has been re-
corded by the Natural History Society's survey but once until I
took a specimen on September 28, 1910, in the marshes near Wap-
poo Cut. Doubtless these rails may be found abundant in tiiis
locality, as I heard quite a number but was unable to flush more
than the one. — Caspar S. Chisolm.

51

Macgillivray 's Seaside Sparrow. — On September 5, Mr. F. M. Wes-
ton, Jr., took a specimen of an adult Macgillivray 's Seaside Spar-
row (Passerherbulus maritimus macgillivraii) . This is the first
record of the Natural History Society 's survey for this sub-species,
it not having been previously distinguished from the Seaside Spar-
row (P. maritimus). Several other specimens have since been
taken by Messers Rhett and Burnham Chamberlain, one on Sul-
livan's Island, and others on Plum Island, where they have been
abundant. Of these, two were birds of the year, one having the
tail feathers but partly developed. This sub-species may be dis-
tinguished from the Seaside Sparrow by the blackish mesial streak
on the central tail feathers. Mr. Weston has presented his speci-
men to the Museum and Master Rhett Chamberlain has given one
of the young birds taken by himself and his brother.

52

Under the Auspices of the College of Charleston

PUBLICATIONS

(1) The Bulletin of the Charleston Museum is published monthly
from October to May, each number consisting of eight to sixteen pages.
This is a popular record of the work of the Museum, containing accounts
of its educational activities, descriptions of exhibits, and preliminary
notices of investigations. Important records of geographical distribu-
tions, and working lists of the local fauna and flora are often published
first in the Bulletin. The January issue of each year is devoted to the
annual report of the director of the Museum.

Volume I of this series began in April, 1905, and is complete in 5
numbers. Subsequent volumes consist of 8 numbers each. A title page
and index to the first five volumes was published in the issue of
December 1909.

Sent prepaid to any address for 25 cents a year. Single copies 5 cents each.

(2) Contributions from the Charleston Museum are issued at
irregular intervals, and consist of research papers too long or too im-
portant for publication in the Bulletin.

I Birds of South Carolina, by Arthur Trezevant Wayne.
Pp. XXI + 254. Price: paper, $2.75; cloth, $3.25.

II Catalog of the Mollusca of South Carolina, by William
G. Mazyck. In preparation.

Ill Birds of the City of Charleston, by Herbert Ravenel
Sass. In preparation.

BULLETIN

OF

THE CHARLESTON MUSEUM

f

Edited By
PAUl. M. REA

THE COMMUNITY AND THE MUSEUM

BETTER STREET TREES

LOCAL FAUNA

NOTES FROM THE MUSEUH

Volume VI, Number 7 November, 1910

Under the Auspices of the College of Charleston

Director

Paul M. Rea

Librarian

Laura M. Bragg

Honorary Curators

Wm. G. Mazyck Conchology

Daniel S. Martin Geology

Arthur T. V/ayne Ornithology

Nathaniel W. Stephenson Art

The Charleston Museum was in existence as early as 1777
under the auspices of the Charleston Library Society, was transferred
to the Literary and Philosophical Society of South Carohna in 1815, to
the Medical School in 1828, and to the College of Charleston in 1850. In
1907 a building was provided by the City and the name changed to The
Charleston Museum.

The Museum is dependent upon dues from members and private sub-
scriptions for all permanent improvements, for increase of the collections,
and for maintenance of its educational and scientific work.

The membership fees are:—

Annual Members $ 10 Patrons $ 500

Sustaining Members 25 Benefactors 1000

The privileges of members include admission on pay days, tickets to
members' lecture courses, and copies of Museum publications.

The Bulletin of the Charleston Museum is published monthly,
from October to May, by the Museum and is entered at the Post Office
at Charleston, S. C, as second class matter.

OP B(>TAW«^A.iL

THE CHARLESTON MUSEUM

Vol. 6 CHARLESTON, S. C, NOVEMBER, 1910 No. 7

THE COMMUNITY AND THE MUSEUH

The first issue of the Bulletin, pubhshed in April, 1905, con-
tained a discussion of the work of natural history museums. At
that time the Museum was known as The College of Charleston
Museum: it has since become The Charleston Museum, and its
scope has broadened to include all the functions of a municipal
museum. The possibilities of such an institution as an express-
ion point of community action are just beginning to be realized
in Charleston, and the time seems opportune for their discussion.

The scope of museums depends upon whether they are private,
college or university, society, or municipal museums. This
discussion is applicable primarily to municipal museums. These
institutions have received increasing appropriations from tax
moneys in proportion as they have made themselves useful and
profitable to the general public. Their functions as depositories
of valuable scientific material have not been discontinued, but,
since technical scientists form but a small proportion of any com-
munity, study collections have been established where students
may have facilities for intimate examination of material which
is chiefly of technical interest.

For the exhibition collections material is carefully selected
which will be useful for pubUc instruction and recreation. It

53

is realized that exhibits must be attractively installed in order
to stimulate a desire for information, and to satisfy this desire
as soon as created descriptive labels are employed, the composi-
tion and printing of which involve many of the principles of
preparing advertising copy. A valuable accessory to the de-
scriptive label is the museum library, where full information
may be had upon subjects related to the exhibits and where tired
sightseers may find interesting reading.

These principles of museum administration are now generally
recognized, as well as the advantages of the further plan of in-
troducing economic and industrial exhibits in connection with
raw materials. The term "introducing" is used advisedly,
for the conception of the museum as an important department of
the public service whose proper work begins with a survey of
natural products and resources, arranges and describes them in
a scientific manner, and exhibits fully their relation to human
needs has been attained by few museum workers and by still
fewer communities. This idea does not lead to the commercial
museum as generally understood, but rather to a museum which
shall so balance pure and applied science as not only to satisfy
the devotees of both but to bring them to a better understand-
ing of each other. The successful development of this idea
inevitably means better financial support for pure science and
at the same time more practical science. From the point of
view of the museum administrator this is merely a problem of
efficiency. From the point of view of the average tax-payer it is
simply making the museum practical. The community which
grasps the possibilities of such a movement will have discovered
a new and important factor in civic progress. It will make its
museum a pemianent exposition of its resources and industries
and in doing this will learn the value of scientific accuracy and
of investigation in pure science as the basis of all apphed science,

54

and will therefore be willing to support the scientific investiga-
tions of the museum. It will take pride in the extent and re-
Uability of its exhibits and will utilize them for the education of
its citizens as well as for the information of strangers.

Recent years have seen much progress in the correlation of
public school education with practical Ufe. Indeed, it is proba-
ble that disciplinary training has been unduly sacrificed to in-
formational studies, but the fact remains that the graduates of
our public schools should have the information necessary to
make them intelligent citizens. At present they seldom ac-
quire any knowledge of the fundamental economic conditions
upon which the business of their community is based. These
economic conditions are in turn largely dependent upon natural
resources, and museums which study and exhibit natural re-
sources can economically and efficiently instruct, and at the same
time entertain, school children by means of exhibits, lectures,
and loan collections. In this way practical results can be at-
tained with little encroachment upon the already crowded cur-
riculum of the schools, and the museum will prove a positive
factor for better citizenship.

Museums also afford facilities for promoting many reforms
and progressive movements which require popular cooperation.
These possibilities have already been shown in Charleston by the
tuberculosis exhibit and by the movement for better trees. These
are, however, essentially community activities, and it is the pur-
pose of this article to show that the Museum may lead in their
organization and afford an efficient means for their prosecution,
but that success can only be attained with the moral and finan-
cial support of the community. The responsibihty rests upon
the people and the people must act through the Museum if its
facilities are to be effectively used.

55

The enthusiastic reception of this plan of work by the commer-
cial organizations of Charleston at the present time leads to the
hope that the Museum may become a far more useful public
servant than in any period of its long and honorable history.

P. M. Rea.

BETTER STREET TREES

In the May issue of the Bulletin we published the results of
a survey of the street trees of Charleston which had been conduc-
ted by the Natural History Society under the auspices of the
Museum. This survey showed that of approximately four thous-
and trees more than fifty per cent were elms, twenty-five per
cent Carolina poplars, less than ten per cent oaks, about five per
cent hackberries, four per cent palmettoes, three per cent but-
tonwoods, and the remainder distributed among eighteen spe-
cies. It was further found that most of these trees were in poor
condition, and that the American elm seldom reaches its best
form here and requires much care, while the CaroHna poplar is
an absolute failure as a street tree.

In view of these unsatisfactory conditions it was a cause of
much gratification when, a few weeks after the results of the sur-
vey were made public, a trained forester was employed to take
charge of the city's trees. The wisdom of this step is abun-
dantly shown by the improved condition of the trees as a result
of cement work and removal of dead wood, and by the success
of an arrangement by which all trimming by the street railway
company is done under the supervision of the forester.

The solution of the tree question is, however, still hindered by
the small appropriations for street planting and by the indif-
ference of the public to the condition of the trees. To overcome

56

these difficulties a mass meeting was held at the Museum on
Monday, November 14, at which it was announced that for
every dollar sent to the chairman of the street tree commission
a tree would be planted on the streets. It was further provided
that requests for particular species or for trees to be planted at
a designated place or to replace defective trees, will be granted
subject to the approval of the forester.

This plan places the responsibility for lack of trees upon the
community, and has the advantage of securing with every new
tree the interest of a citizen in the care of trees. It has been
successfully carried out in other cities, notably in Providence,
R. I., during the past summer, and should be effective wherever
a well-organized campaign is conducted. The active cooper-
ation of organizations and individuals throughout the city is
urgently desired in order that the movement for better trees in
Charleston may succeed.

LOCAL FAUNA

White Pelican in South Carolina. — On October 26, a White
Pehcan {Pelecanus erythrorhynchus) was shot in the Santee
swamp by a farmer, from whom it was obtained by Mr. William
C. Smith of Charleston, in whose possession it now is. The bird
measures approximately sixty-four inches in length as mounted,
and the bill thirteen inches. The primaries are black, and the
bill, pouch, and feet are yellow. These characters prove con-
clusively that the bird is not an albino Brown Pelican (P. occi-
dentalis), and thus establishes a record for a species which has
apparently not been taken in South Carolina for nearly a hundred
years. Mr. Wayne states' that he has never seen the White
Pelican on our coast, and quotes Bachman 's account as given by

' Birdi of South Carolina. Contr. Chas. Mua. I, 1910, 12.

57

Audubon. Dr. Bachman procured two specimens on July 1,
1814, from a flock which he believed had laid eggs on the banks
off Bull's Island.

The specimen in Mr. Smith's possession was apparently blown
here by a West Indian hurricane which passed up the coast im-
mediately before it was taken.

P. M. Rea.

NOTES FROM THE MUSEUH

This department has been omitted from recent numbers of
the Bulletin, and we are glad to learn that it has been missed
by our readers. It is intended to contain news of the activi-
ties of the Museum.

Among accessions of last spring not heretofore acknowledged
are a mounted Boat-tailed Grackle, the gift of Mr. W. A. Fladger;
an unmounted skin of a Ruddy Duck, from Mr. Chalmers McDer-
mid ; and a skin of the Least Bittern, taken by Mr. Rhett Cham-
berlain. These birds are all from the vicinity of Charleston.
Professor D. S. Martin presented a miscellaneous collection of
birds, consisting chiefly of foreign species, especially Brazilian
humming birds. A Great Horned Owl, received in June from
Mr. Earle Sloan, was kept alive for a time in the Museum.

Recent accessions include a Xiphioid Whale head from the
Bolton phosphate mine on Stono River. This is the gift of
Capt. Frank E. Taylor, and is the seventh of these heads in the
museum collection. Additional specimens are much desired to
afford material for study of these forms.

Mr. Wendell M. Levi, of the College of Charleston, has pre-
sented a collection of bird eggs representing nearly a hundred

58

species, the greater number from the vicinity of Sumter, S. C.
Among these are eggs of the Blue Grosbeak (Guiraca caerulea),
taken from two nests. The identification is based upon de-
scriptions of the birds and nests, as well as upon the characters
of the eggs. This record is of special interest since Mr. Wayne
has found but one nest of this species'. Mr. Levi is assisting in
the preparation of an exhibit of eggs of local birds.

A framed Audubon plate of the Rose-breasted Grosbeak
has been presented by Mr. Caspar S. Chisolm, a member of
Section B of the Natural History Society. This is a litho-
graphic copy of the original plate, and is hung in the reading
room with three other plates of the same series, which were pre-
sented by Mrs. Henry S. Holmes in 1908.

A set of the works of Bradford Torrey, given in March, 1910,
by Miss Henrietta Murdoch, has been much used by members
of the Natural History Society.

A large part of the time of the Museum staff has been devo-
ted for a year past to the preparation of publications, and it
is with much gratification that these have been received from
the press. Mr. Wayne's book on the Birds of South Carohna,
published as the first of a new series of "Contributions" has
been very favorably received and fills a long-standing need for
an accurate and convenient reference work on the birds of the
state. There has also just come from the press A Directory of
American Museums of Art, History, and Science, compiled by
Professor Rea for the American Association of Museums, and
published for the Association by the Buffalo Society of Natural
Sciences.

On Tuesday evening, November 22, the Charleston Adver-
tising Club held one of its regular meetings at the Museum,

'See Birds of South Carolina. Contr. Chaa. Mus. I, 1910. 132.

59

when plans were laid for raising a fund for the installation of
the old collections of the Museum and for the preparation of
exhibits of local industries in relation to natural resources.
Before the meeting members of the Club inspected the work-
ing equipment of the Museum and were initiated into some of
the details of its administration. The interest and support of
such a body of practical business men augurs well for a success-
ful winter's work.

The annual Thanksgiving Day field trip of Section A of the
Natural History Society consisted this year of a visit to the
grove of Walter's Pine (Pinus glabra) on James Island. The
party was taken by launch through Wappoo Cut and down the
Stono River, and a brief out-door meeting was held on landing.
The trip was considered unusually interesting.

60

Under the Auspices op the College of Charleston

PUBLICATIONS

(1) The Bulletin op the Charleston Museum is published monthly
from October to May, each number consisting of eight to sixteen pages.
This is a popular record of the work of the Museum, containing accounts
of its educational activities, descriptions of exhibits, and preliminary
notices of investigations. Important records of geographical distribu-
tions, and working lists of the local fauna and flora are often published
first in the Bulletin. The January issue of each year is devoted to the
annual i*eport of the director of the Museum.

Volume I of this series began in April, 1905, and is complete in 5
numbers. Subsequent volumes consist of 8 numbers each. A title page
and index to the first five volumes was published in the issue of
December 1909.

Sent prepaid to any address for 25 cents a year. Single copies 5 cents each.

(2) Contributions from the Charleston Museum are issued at
irregular intervals, and consist of research papers too long or too im-
portant for publication in the Bulletin.

I Birds of South Carolina, by Arthur Trezevant Wayne.
Pp. XXI + 254. Price: paper, $2.75; cloth, $3.25.

II Catalog of the Mollusca of South Carolina, by William
G. Mazyck. In preparation.

Ill Birds of the City of Charleston, by Herbert Ravenel
Sass. In preparation.

Under the Auspices of the College of Charleston

Director

Paul M. Rea

Librarian

Laura M. Bragg

Honcrary Curators

Wm. G. Mazyck Conchology

Daniel S. Martin Geology

Arthur T. Wayne Ornithology

Nathaniel W. Stephenson Art

The Charleston Museum was in existence as early as 1777
under the auspices of the Charleston Library Society, was transferred
to the Literary and Philosophical Society of South Carolina in 1815, to
the Medical School in 1828, and to the College of Charleston in 1850. In
1907 a building was provided by the City and the name changed to The
Charleston Museum.

The Museum is dependent upon dues from members and private sub-
scriptions for all permanent improvements, for increase of the collections,
and for maintenance of its educational and scientific work.

The membership fees are:—

Annual Members $10 Patrons $ 500

Sustaining Members 25 Benefactors 1000

The privileges of members include admission on pay days, tickets to
members' lecture courses, and copies of Museum publications.

The Bulletin of the Charleston Museum is pubUshed monthly,
from October to May, by the Museum and is entered at the Post Office
at Charleston, S. C, as second class matter.

BULLETIN

OF LiBRAl

THE CHARLESTON MUSEUM

GAK

Vol. 6 CHARLESTON, S. C, DECEMBER, 1910 No. 8

BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE 5YLVA OF SOUTH CAROLINA

While gathering material for a working bibliography of the
sylva of South Carolina, I have been led by the growing interest
of the subject to examine many of the early documents rela-
ting to the history of South Carolina. These I find to contain
references to our native trees, frequently of such interest as
make it seem desirable that they be brought together and made
accessible to the student of the botany of the state. My re-
searches have extended over the period between the discovery
of the South Atlantic coast by the Cabots i^i the year 1498, to
the close of the eighteenth century. I have, however, exam-
ined very few Spanish documents, reserving the accounts of
early Spanish explorations for further study. The works con-
sulted are to be found in original or reprint form in the collec-
tions of the Charleston Library Society, of the South Carolina
Historical Society, or of the Charleston Museum.

EARLIEST EXPLORATIONS

No definite statement as to the flora of our state occurs in
the writings of the earliest explorers. The Cabots left no de-
scription of what is now^ South Carolina. A Spaniard, Lucas
Vasquez d'AyllonS in 1520, discovered the mouth of the pres-

^' ' Va. Hist, and Phil. Soc. An account of discoveries in the West until 1519, and of

J^ voyages to and along the Atlantic Coast of North America. 1848, 29.5-9.

61

ent Combahee River, which he named the Jordan. Vasquez
xnsited this region several times, but seems to have been more
interested in carrying away the natives to the South American
mines than in noticing natural resources. His discoveries,
however, became widely known throughout Europe and drew
other adventurers to this region.

Ferdinand De »Soto, on his march to the Mississippi, in 1540,
passed through the upper part, of South Carolina, and it is possi-
ble that Biedma* refers to our native Osmantfms americanus
when he speaks of De Soto's finding ''interred two hatchets from
Spain, for cutting wood, a chaplet of berries of the wild olive
tree and some small pearls like those which they bring from
Spain to use in exchanges with the Indians. We thought that
they had procured all these objects in trafficking with the peo-
ple who had accompanied the licentiate Ayllon."

FRENCH KXPLORATIONS

John de Verazzano was sent out by Francis the First, King of
France, to explore the coast of North America. In a letter to
the King under date of July 8. 1524^ Verazzano describes
graphically the country about Cape Fear in North Carolina,
but seems not to have landed farther south. His description,
however, applies so well to our own coast that I quote from it,
particularly as it is the earliest account I have discovered. Ve-
razzano pictures the country as being "covered with immense
forests of trees, more or less dense, too various in colours, and
too delightful and charming in appearance to be described"
and "adorned with palms, laurels, cypresses, and other vari-
eties unknown to Europe, that send forth the sweetest fragrance
to a great distance.''

' Va. Hist, and Phil. Soc, An account of discoveries in the West until 1.519, and of
voyages to and alone the Atlantic Coast of North America. 1848, .385.
^Ibid, 302-319.

62

It is from the Narrative' of the first settlement made in South
Carohna that we get the clearest view of the country at that
time, in 1552, a party of French Huguenots under the com-
mand of Jean Ribault sailed up the coast from the present Flor-
ida in search of the river named by Vasquez the Jordan, and,
thinking they had found it. renamed it the Port Royal, flere
they went ashore "where we found the place as pleasant as
was possible, for it was all covered over with mighty high oaks
and infinite store of cedars, and with Lentishes growing under-
neath them, smelling so sweetly, that the very fragrant odor
only made the place seem exceedingly pleasant. " Of a nearby
island the Narrative tells us : ' ' On every side there is nothing
to be seen but palm trees, and other sorts of trees bearing blos-
soms and fruit of very rare shape and very good smell. ' ' Fur-
ther up the river they found an island which they called ' ' Isle
of Cedars ' ' as they ' 'found nothing but tall cedars. ' '

Months later, after Ribault had returned to France and want
had overtaken the small colony left behind, it was decided to
build a ship in which to sail home. For this the settlers cut
pine trees for rosin "out of which they drew a sufficient and
reasonable quantity to bray the ve.ssel." They also "gathered
a kind of moss that groweth on the tree of this country, to
.serve to calk the same withal."

The disastrous fortunes of this Port Royal colony discouraged
French colonization and the next descriptions we have of South
Carolina come from the records of English explorers, although
the region about Port Royal and St. Helena continued to be
visited by the Spaniards.

'Narrative of Kibault'a whole and true discovery of Terra Florida, as far north as 36
degrees, and the founding of the first settlement of French Protestants in Am«riea
1562. Reprinted in Courtenay. Wm. A. Genesis of South Carolina. 1907.

88

ENGLISH EXPLORATIONS

In 1568-9 a Davyd Ingram* purports to have traveled by land
from the Gulf of Mexico to Cape Breton, thus passing through
upper South Carohna. His "relation" is a marvelous mix-
ture of observation and imagination. He does not distinguish
between different sections of the country unless it be North
Carolina, but possibly the palm of which he states ' ' the bran-
ches of the toppc of this tree are moste exelent meate Rawe"
may be our cabbage palmetto. Except for this tale of Ingram 's
no further narratives appear until nearly a century later, when
the serious colonization of South Carolina by the English was
undertaken.

In 1663 William Hilton- visited Port Royal. Of that region
he writes: "Now our understanding of the land oi Port-Royal,
River Jordan, River Grandie, or Edistoiu is as followeth: The
Lands are laden with large tall Oaks, Walnut and Bayes, ex-
cept facing on the Sea, it is most Pines tall and good
The Countrey abounds with Grapes, large Figs, and Peaches.

Robert Sandford' in 1666 made an exploring voyage along
the South Carolina coast and was enthusiastic over the richness
of the soil and wealth of plant life. Of the Edisto River region
he wrote : "On the Outside of the woods some single scattring
Pine trees but of the sort which is called Spruce. The rest and
the Generallity of the timber being Oake, Maple, Ash, Wall-
nutt, Popler, Bayes, & the trees tall and straight but not very
large, growing closer tagether than I have seene in any other

'The land travels of Davyd Ingram and others in the years 1568-9 from the Rio de
.Minas in the Gulph of Mexico to Cape Breton in Acadia. Reprinted in Weston, P. C. J.
Documents connected with the history of South Carolina. 1856.

'Hilton, William. A true relation of a voyage upon discovery of part of the coaat of
Florida from the lat. of 31 deg. to 33 deg. 45 m. north lat. Reprinted in Shaftesbury
papers. Coll. S. C. Hist. Soc. V, 1897, 18-28.

'Sandford, Robert. The relation of a voyage on the coast of the Province of Carolina
formerly called Florida in the continent of the Northerne America from Charlea River
neere Cape Feare in the county of Clarendon and the lat; of 34: deg: to Port Royall in
the north lat: of 32: d: begun 14th June 1666, 57-82.

64

part of this Province (the reason I guesse of their being so
slender)."

Farther up the river in what he calls the ' ' pine swamps ' ' he
found "alsoe Oake and severall other timber trees of a very
large seize." He confirms Hilton's report of finding peaches
and figs: "I sawe here besides the great number of peaches
which the more Northerly places doe alsoe abound in some
store of figge trees very large and faire both fruite and plants
and diverse grape vines which though growing without Culture
in the very throng of weedes and bushes were yett filled with
bunches of grapes to admiracon." On the coast islands he
notes "live Oake and large Cedar and bay trees."

PERIOD OF SETTLEMENT

Both Hilton andSandford were exploring in the interests of
the Lords Proprietors of Carolina who, favorably impressed with
their accounts of Port Royal, sent out the colony which set-
tled at Old Charles Town in 1670, but which first went ashore
at St. Helena, where we learn' that "ye Land was good Land
supplyed with many Peach trees, & a Competence of timber a
few figg trees & some Cedar here & theire. ' ' Occasional ref-
erences to trees appear in the documentary records of the set-
tlement at Charleston, as: "The Country proves good beyond
expectation and abounds in all things as good Oake, Ash . ." ^
At one time Stephen BulP writes: "this next yeare I brought
hither seu 'all trees asorrenge Lemon Lyme Pomcitterne Pome-
grainett ffiggtrees & Plantons & they like the ground & thrive
& fflourishe very bravely;" and again he gives the information
that ".\corns" and "Hiccory Nutts" are "very good feedings
for hoggs." The "first fruits" sent from the province were
"12 Cedar Planks" presented by Sir John Yeamans* to Lord

>Sh»fteibury papers. 166-8 2 Ibid, 188. 'Ibid 193, 223. 276. 'Ibid, 220, 225.

6i<

Ashley. After this there is frequent mention of timber exports.
Cedar appears to be highly valued.'

Mr. Mathews^ seems to have been more interested in trees
than the other colonists, and in various letters to Lord Ashley
enumerates many, even occasionally distinguishing species, as:
■'white, red, black water Spanish, & hue oak.'' Practically
no other mention of trees occurs in the Shaftesbuiy Papers.

The early references to South Carolina trees we have seen to
be merely incidental in the narratives of explorers. Next came
a period of settlement when men's minds were concerned with
the practical questions of timber and cultivation. And fol-
lowing that we come to a period when every effort was being
made to draw colonists to the new country, and numerous pam-
phlets advertising the province were circulated in England. Sev-
eral of these are reprinted in Carroll's Historical Collections of
South Carolina,^ and give more extensive, though occasionally
unreUable, accounts of the trees than had before appeared. Sim-
ilar material is to be found in Ogilby's America, 1671; The
Present State of Carolina, by R. F., 1682; and in Carolina De-
scribed more fully than heretofore, by an anonymous writer,
1684. ,

JOHN LAWSON

More ambitious than any of these and of greater scientific
value is Lawson's account of his voyage to Carolina.* He gives
the usual casual references to trees, but further, under a section
' ' Of the Vegetables of Carolina, ' ' supplies a descriptive cata-
log of all trees known to him in Carolina. While employing few

•Shaftesbury papers. 270. 'Ibid. 333. 335. 347, 354.

• IWilson, Samuel.l An account of the Province of Caroiin* in America. 1682.
AlBhe). Tlhomas). Carolina. 1682. Archdale, .loha. A new description of that

fertile and pleasant Province of Carolina. 1707. Purry. Peter. ... A descrip-

tion of the Province of South Carolina, drawn up at Charles-Town, in September, 1731.

'Lawson, John. A new voyage to Carolina: containing the exact description and
natural history of that country and A journal of a thousand <mile8 travel'd

thro' several nations of Indians. 1709.

66

scientific names, Lawson does distinguish .species, mentioning
no less than ten oaks. Much curious information about native
and exotic trees gives a quaintness to the work without detract-
ing from its value as the first attempt to givi^ anything like a
complete list of the trees of South Carolina. Lawson states
in his introduction that he has treated the natural products of
South Carolina in the section relating to North Carolina, not
considering it necessary to make any division "since the prod-
uct of South and North Carolina is the same." Lawson 's
work marks a new period in the history of our native trees and
Lawson himself stands as our first botanist.

MARK CATESBV

Lawson 's contribution appears slight when conipared with
that of the illustrious traveler who followed him. Mark Cates-
by published in 1731 and 1743 the two folio volumes of his
Natural History of Carolina, Florida and the Bahama Islands,
a work treating of both flora and fauna, and illustrating in color
each species described. The color plates represent the first
attempt to illustrate the flora of South Carolina, and while
Catesby is too often careless about specifying the distribution
of his species, general deductions lead to the conclusion that a
large part of the trees are described from South Carolina.
Unfortunately, the descriptions are frequently inadequate and
unscientific, but the plates are fairly accurate and in spite of
certain conventionalities in drawing, as, for instance, the for-
mal method of depicting leaf veining, are generally unmistak-
able. They have proved of inestimable value to later students.
Linnaeus' reference to Catesby 's plate of the Water Oak, to
cite a single example, fixes the determination of his Quercus
nigra as referring to that species and not to the Black Jack
Oak {Q. marilandica Muenchh.). Catesby pictured the major-

.«7

ity of the oaks known to occur in the state, and it is fitting that
Michaux should have named a very characteristic species in
his honor, Quercus cateshaei, the Turkey Oak.

Catesby was famihar not only with common but also with
many less abundant species. The Dahoon Holly {Ilex cassine
Linn.) he describes as "Rare, seen only on Col. Bull's Planta-
tion on Ashley River, where it grows in a bog." This holly is
indeed so rare in the coast region to-day that I do not know of
its being found growing in a wild state these many years.

Catesby, however, does not confine himself strictly to native
trees. In discussing introduced species, he speaks of peach
trees growing so abundantly that ' ' were it not certain that they
were first introduced from Europe one would be inclined to
think them spontaneous. ' ' Of the fig tree we learn : ' ' An ex-
cellent liquor is made of Figs, resembling Mum in appearance
and taste. This is most practised on James Island, near Charles-
Town. ' '

Two copies of Catesby 's Natural History are accessible in
Charleston, one in the Charleston Library and the other, owned
by Mr. W. G. Hinson, deposited in the Charleston Museum.
Both belong to the edition of 1771, giving the text in English
and in French. Catesby also wrote the Hortus Britanno
Americanus, or a Collection of 85 Curious Trees and Shrubs,
the Production of North America, Adapted to the Climate and
Soil of Great Britain. The date of this work is doubtfully
given as 1737. Laura M. Bragg.

f To be conHnued in February. )

Under the Auspices of the College of Charleston

PUBLICATIONS

(1) The Bulletin of the Charleston Museum is published monthly
from October to May, each number consisting of eight to sixteen pages.
This is a popular record of the work of the Museum, containing accounts
of its educational activities, descriptions of exhibits, and preliminary
notices of investigations. Important records of geographical distribu-
tions, and working lists of the local fauna and flora are often published
first in the Bulletin. The January issue of each year is devoted to the
annual report of the director of the Museum.

Volume I of this series began in April, 1905, and is complete in 5
numbers. Subsequent volumes consist of 8 numbers each. A title page
and index to the first five volumes was published in the issue of
December 1909.

Sent prepaid to any address for 25 cents a year. Single copies 5 cents each.

(2) Contributions from the Charleston Museum are issued at
irregular intervals, and consist of research papers too long or too im-
portant for publication in the Bulletin.

I Birds of South Carolina, by Arthur Trezevant Wayne.
Pp. XXI + 254. Price: paper, $2.75; cloth, $3.25.

II Catalog of the Mollusca of South Carolina, by William
6. Mazyck. In preparation.

Ill Birds of the City of Charleston, by Herbert Ravenel
Sass. In preparation.

BULLETIIV

OF

THE CHARLESTON MUSEUM

Edited By
PAUL M. REA

REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR OF THE MUSEUfl
FOR THE YEAR 1910

Volume VII, Number 1 January, 1911

Under the Auspices of the College op Charleston

Director

Paul M. Rea

Librarian

Laura M. Bragg

Honorary Curators

Wm. G. Mazyck Conchology

Daniel S. Martin Geology

Arthur T. Wayne Ornithology

Nathaniel W. Stephenson Art

The Charleston Museum was in existence as early as 1777
under the auspices of the Charleston Library Society, was transferred
to the Literary and Philosophical Society of South Carolina in 1815, to
the Medical School in 1828, and to the College of Charleston in 1850. In
1907 a building was provided by the City and the name changed to The
Charleston Museum.

The Museum is dependent upon dues from members and private sub-
scriptions for all permanent improvements, for increase of the collections,
and for maintenance of its educational and scientific work.

The membership fees are: —

Annual Members $ 10 Patrons $ 500

Sustaining Members 25 Benefactors 1000

The privileges of members include admission on pay days, tickets to
members' lecture courses, and copies of Museum publications.

The Bulletin of the Charleston Museum is pubHshed monthly,
from October to May, by the Museum and is entered at the Post Office
at Charleston, S. C, as second class matter.

BULLETIIV

OP

Li£v

NiEU

botaw

GaRD

THE CHARLESTON MUSEUM

Vol. 7 CHARLESTON, S. C, JANUARY, 1911 No. 1

REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR OF THE MUSEUH
FOR THE YEAR 1910

The long-delayed appearance of the first of a series of research
pubUcations is the principal event of the year 1910. Less pro-
gress has been made toward installation of exhibition collections
than was hoped for, but in the closing months of the year a much
closer affiliation of the Museum with the business organizations
of the city has been attained, and the prospect for larger financial
support and increased public interest must be considered distinctly
encouraging.

SCOPE OF THE MUSEUM

The long and honorable history of the Museum affords an ex-
tremely interesting study of the relation of the institution to the
community. Beginning as a supplementary feature of a library
society whose object was the promotion of all forms of culture
among its selected membership, the Museum became the primary
interest of a literary and philosophical society which secured for
it a generous measure of municipal and state financial assistance
and made it, about the year 1825, the center of a popular interest
such as has seldom been aroused. Unfortunately popular favor is
not always constant, and the Museum became for some years an
adjunct of a medical college. In 1850 it entered upon more than
a half-century of development as a part of the College of Charles-

es.

ton, which it would still be if the College were able to provide for
its financial support. The present organization as a municipal
museum has greatly broadened the field of activity and carried
at the same time a new obligation to make the work of the Museum
an adequate return to the general public for the tax moneys with
which it is supported. The full realization of this obligation
opens a wide opportunity for practical administration. It re-
quires a close analysis of local conditions and the seizing of op-
portunities as they arise, without in any way losing sight of the
broad principles for which the Museum stands. As a municipal
museum it should be the clearing house of a wide range of pro-
gressive civic movements in which accurate knowledge, publicity,
and education are essential. Such a policy will make pure science
of practical value to the community and thus secure more generous
support for this phase of museum work.

FINANCES

The appropriation of $2500 provided by City Council for the
maintenance of the Museum has failed to cover the expenses prop-
erly chargeable to this account by approximately $575, and it
has been necessary to borrow money to this amount. The reg-
ularity with which a deficit occurs in this account shows that the
appropriation is inadequate under present conditions and will be
still more so when the work of the Museum is increased by in-
stallation of exhibits. A petition has been addressed to Council
by the director praying for an increase in the maintenance ap-
propriation to $4000. A further petition endorsing this request
and urging favorable action has been presented to Council by the
Chamber of Commerce, the Advertising Club, and the Retail Mer-
chants Association.

The general account has received from memberships, etc.,
$574.42. A list of members for the year will be found on the third
page of the cover. This list could be much larger if time for so-
licitation of memberships were available.

ADMINISTRATION

While a large amount of routine work has been accomplished
during the year, no funds whatever have been available for either
improvements in the building or installation of collections.

During the closing months the work of the director's office has
been reorganized in preparation for increased activity in all de-
partments during the new year.

The time of the librarian has been occupied to an increasing
extent with the work of public instruction, and with such success
that an assistant in the library is needed in order that the work
of public instruction may be developed. It is desirable that
this department continue to be intimately associated with the
library, since the books form the sources of the descriptive labels
of the exhibits and the means of extending the interest which they
arouse.

The need of a general curator is felt in many ways, and in the
preparation of new exhibits of local subjects a good collector and
photographer will be required. These are problems to be solved
as the new year develops, and will be largely influenced by the
success of the effort for a larger maintenance appropriation.
When the exhibits are opened to the public a doorman will also
be needed.

The director represented the Museum at the fifth annual meet-
ing of the American Association of Museums, held in Buffalo,
May 31-June 2, when he was honored by re-election as secretary
of the Association.

MUSEUM GROUNDS

Gratifying progress has been made in planting the grounds
about the Museum with ornamental and botanically interesting
trees and shrubs, and the director desires to extend the thanks of
the Museum to many friends who have given plants for this pur-
pose, to the Park Board for ready cooperation in carrying out
the plans of the Museum, and to Mr. Philip P. Mazyck for contin-
ual assistance in the care and planting of the grounds.

3

GEOLOGY

Dr. Daniel S. Martin, honorary curator of this department,
spent two months in accessioning material given by himself and
others. Cards were completed and filed for 517 rocks and min-
erals and 500 fossils. Special mention should be made of a hand-
some collection of minerals presented by Mr. F. P. Graves of Doe
Run, Mo., which is not included in the statistics for the year
because not yet cataloged by Dr. Martin.

An unusually complete and instructive carbon collection was
prepared for exhibition early in the year. The series includes
all the intermediate stages between sphagnum moss and wood
through peat and coals to jet and graphite, with subsidiary se-
ries of the mineral waxes and fossil resins. Other equally in-
teresting and instructive exhibits are ready for installation as
soon as cases can be prepared.

CONCHOLOGY

In preparation for installation of a local shell exhibit, a cat-
alog of the MoUusca of South Carolina has been prepared by Mr.
WiUiam G. Mazyck, honorary curator of the department. In at-
tempting to bring together local specimens for this exhibit it is
significant of the difference between the old and new view-points
that among several thousand shells no more local specimens have
been found than can be collected in a week on the sea beaches.
As in all other departments of the Museum the present pohcy
will be to make the collections work outward from local material
to selected and instructive foreign specimens.

This department is indebted to Miss Elizabeth M. Klinck, as
well as to the honorary curator, for much tedious sorting and re-
arrangement of specimens.

ORNITHOLOGY

The collection of local birds has been temporarily installed in
a case built for an agricultural exhibit; and an exliibit of local

nests and eggs, including a valuable series given by Mr. Wendell
M. Levi, is in preparation. The mounted birds have been ex-
tensively used in educational work, and the collection of skins
has been rearranged and augmented by a number of important
specimens taken in the biological survey. All the birds from the
old museum have now been transferred to the new building.

LIBRARY

Practically no accessions have been made in the library because
of lack of funds. Much has been accompUshed however in im-
proving the condition of the books. About 385 volumes have
been bound in pamphlet binders, and 800 other volumes have been
prepared for binding. In January about 500 volumes of publi-
cations of learned societies, which had been inaccessible, were
placed on the shelves, and in February a large number of United
States government publications was brought from the college and
shelved. These additions necessitated a general redistribution
of the shelving. Further binding should be provided for early
in the coming year.

The library catalog has not made the progress expected at the
beginning of the year because of the large number of demands
made upon the hbrarian for work in other departments of the
Museum. The addition of an assistant would enable the routine
work to be carried on effectively and at the same time continue
the desirable close relation between the library and public instruc-
tion and installation.

The interest aroused by the public instruction work has made
it desirable to loan books occasionally for use outside the build-
ing. There can be no doubt that the value of the library to the
pubHc would be greatly increased by placing a part at least on a
circulating basis, and the location of the Museum is ideal for this
purpose.

The library is indebted to Miss Maria Gibbes for a copy of Lewis
R. Gibbes rare "Catalogue of the Pheenogamous Plants of Col-
umbia and Vicinity;" for several other pamphlets by Professor

Gibbes; and for an invitation sent to him in 1852 to be present at
the opening of the Museum at the College of Charleston, framed
beside an invitation sent to Miss Gibbes in 1908 on the occasion
of the opening of the Museum hbrary in the present building.
Miss Henrietta Murdoch has given the National Geographic Mag-
azine and a set of Bradford Torrey's books, and Mr. Fitzhugh
Salley has again given a subscription to the Auk. A framed
hthographic copy of Audubon's plate of the Rose-breasted Gros-
beak has been presented by Mr. Caspar Chisolm and hung in the
reading room.

BIOLOGICAL SURVEY

Particular attention has been given this year to a survey of
native and naturalized trees growing wild in the vicinity of Char-
leston, with the result that fifty-six species have been added to
the records, making a total of one hundred and one. One hun-
dred and forty-five species of plants, exclusive of trees, have also
been recorded, and much material on hand has not been worked
up. The oaks and pines have received special study, and con-
siderable time has been given to examination of exotic species
found about Charleston but not included in the survey.

The most laborious achievement of the department is a survey
of the street trees of Charleston, carried out under the direction
of Miss Bragg, by members of the Natural History Society. This
survey involved an inspection of every street tree within the city
Umits and the fiUng of a report upon its condition. A summary
of the results was published in the Bulletin for May, and has
proved most useful in subsequent tree work.

Important additions to the records of butterflies, spiders, am-
phibians, and reptiles have been made by the younger members
of the Natural History Society. Over half of the frogs and toads
known to occur in the coast region have been received and a large
number of unidentified spiders is awaiting study. A total of
nineteen species of snakes and eighteen of mammals is now re-
corded. In considering these figures it should be remembered
that no systematic means of collecting have been available and

6

that these records were obtained as an incident in other work.
The bird records (exclusive of Mr. Wayne's work) now cover
two hundred and thirty species, ten having been added during
the year. Careful field work has extended the observations to
cover the whole period when most of these species are here, and
the value of the survey has been shown by the addition of two
species to the avifauna of the state since the publication of Mr.
Wayne's book in the middle of the year, and by a number of other
records almost as unusual. Persons obtaining rare birds or other
animals anywhere in South Carolina are urgently requested to re-
port the facts to the Museum in order that they may be recorded.

PUBLICATION

The sixth volume of the Bulletin has been completed during
the year, and a new series of research publications, entitled Con-
tributions FROM THE Charleston Museum, has been begun
with a volume on ' ' Birds of South Carolina," by Arthur T. Wayne,
honorary curator of birds. Mr. Wayne has a longer and more
intimate familiarity with the avifauna of South Carolina than
any other man, and his contribution to the ornithology of the
South Atlantic coast region is published by the Museum with con-
fidence that it sets a worthy standard for the series which it in-
augurates.

The manuscript of a "Catalog of the Mollusca of South Caro-
lina," by William G. Mazyck, is ready for the printers; and a
paper on "Birds of the City of Charleston," by Herbert R. Sass,
is in preparation for this series.

The need of a small fund for publication of important papers
without drawing upon general accounts is keenly felt.

To the News and Courier and to The Evening Post the Museum
is indebted for unfaihng support of its work and for the freedom
with which their columns have been opened to notices of Muse-
um activities.

The director of the Museum has compiled during the year, for
the American Association of Museums, a directory of American

7

museums of art, history, and science, which has been pubhshed
by the Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences. The correspondence
incidental to the preparation of this volume has brought the
Charleston Museum into advantageous relations with a large
number of museums in both North and South America.

PUBLIC INSTRUCTION

This department has been under the direction of Miss Bragg,
and the Natural History Society has continued to serve as the
chief medium of activity. The older section has worked chiefly
on trees, and the younger section on a variety of natural history
subjects. The membership has increased to a point where it is
difficult to arrange excursions and to carry on personal instruc-
tion in the field to the same extent as in the past. Furthermore
the installation of the collections will confine the staff more closely
to the Museum but at the same time open much wider oppor-
tunities for educational work.

The close association of the work of this department with the
library, which has arisen by force of circumstances, has proved
so satisfactory that an effort to continue it will be made.

In addition to its work with the Natural History Society, this
department has provided lectures and demonstrations for classes
from the training school of the South Carolina Kindergarten Asso-
ciation, the Memminger Normal School, Ashley Hall, the Bennett
School, and Miss Coralie Nathan's Idndergarten. Demonstra-
tions of the equipment and work of the Museum have been given
to the Charleston Advertising Club, Stokes' Business College,
and a number of groups of business men.

Paul M. Rea, Director.

Under the Auspices of the College op Charleston

Patrons

HENRY P. WILLIAMS

Sustaining Members

WILLIAM M. BIRD JULIAN MITCHELL

J. P. KENNEDY BRYAN Miss HENRIETTA MURDOCH

WARING P. CARRINGTON Miss MARGARET MU}tDOCH
Mrs. waring P. CARRINGTON Capt. THOMAS PINCKNEY

Hon. JOHN F. FICKEN Hon. R. GOODWYN RHETT

GEORGE S. HOLMES GEORGE W. WILLIAMS

WILLIAM J. McCORMACK HENRY P. WILLIAMS

Annual]Memhers

Mrs. Amey S. Allan Dr. Sarah Allan

Mrs. E. W. Durant, Jr.

Under the Auspices of the College of Charleston

PUBLICATIONS

(1) The Bulletin of the Charleston Museum is published monthly
from October to May, each number consisting of eight to sixteen pages.
This is a popular record of the work of the Museum, containing accounts
of its educational activities, descriptions of exhibits, and preliminary
notices of investigations. Important records of geographical distribu-
tions, and working lists of the local fauna and flora are often published
first in the Bulletin. The January issue of each year is devoted to the
annual report of the director of the Museum.

Volume I of this series began in April, 1905, and is complete in 5
numbers. Subsequent volumes consist of 8 numbers each. A title page
and index to the first five volumes was published in the issue of
December, 1909.

Sent prepaid to any address for 25 cents a year. Single copies 5 cents each.

(2) Contributions from the Charleston Museum are issued at
irregular intervals, and consist of research papers too long or too im-
portant for publication in the Bulletin.

I Birds of South Carolina, by Arthur Trezevant Wayne.
Pp. XXI + 254. Price: paper, $2.75; cloth, $3.25.

II Catalog of the Mollusca of South Carolina, by William
G. Mazyck. In preparation.

Ill Birds of the City of Charleston, by Herbert Ravenel
Sass. In preparation.

BXJLLETIIV

OF

THE CHARLESTON MUSEUM

PAUL. M. RBA

BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE SYLVA

OF SOUTH CAROLINA

LOCAL FAUNA

Volume VII, Number 2 February, 1911

Under the Auspices op the College of Charleston

Director

Paul M. Rea

Librarian

Laura M. Bragg

Honorary Curators

Wm. G. Mazyck Conchology

Daniel S. Martin Geology

Arthur T. Wayne Ornithology

Nathaniel W. Stephenson Art

The Charleston Museum was in existence as early as 1777
under the auspices of the Charleston Library Society, was transferred
to the Literary and Philosophical Society of South Carolina in 1815, to
the Medical School in 1828, and to the College of Charleston in 1850, In
1907 a building was provided by the City and the name changed to The
Charleston Museum.

The Museum is dependent upon dues from members and private sub-
scriptions for all permanent improvements, for increase of the collections,
and for maintenance of its educational and scientific work.

The membership fees are:—

Annual Members $ 10 Patrons $ 500

SusTAiNhXG Members 25 Benefactors 1000

The privileges of members include admission on pay days, tickets to
members' lecture courses, and copies of Museum publications.

The Bulletin of the Charleston Museum is published monthly,
from October to May, by the Museum and is entered at the Post Office
at Charleston, S. C, as second class matter.

BXJLLETIIV

OF

THE CHARLESTON MUSEUM

Vol. 7 CHARLESTON, S. C, FEBRUARY, 1911 No. 2
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE SYLVA OF SOUTH CAROLINA*

DE BRAHM, GLEN, HEW AT

In the period between Catesby and the publication of Walter's
Flora Caroliniana several general works on South Carolina treat
briefly of its flora and natural resources. These are of a more se-
rious and reliable nature than the descriptive pamphlets of the
later years of the seventeenth century, though scarcely more scien-
tific. De Brahm^ gives us lists of trees found growing in different
situations, as "on swamp land," "on rich land," and "on sandy
soil."

Gov. Glen's^ reference to the trees of the state is most meagre,
consisting of a single paragraph enumerating seventeen trees, con-
cluding with ' ' and variety of other Sorts of Trees, the names of
which are scarcely known." Considering that Dr. Alexander
Garden accompanied Gov. Glen on his journey into the country of
the Cherokees in 1752 and that Glen's Description of South Caro-
lina was not published until 1761, this statement appears inexpli-
cable. Dr. Garden, while he probably published nothing on trees,
was yet enough of a botanist to have been of material assistance
to Linnaeus, and it is hardly conceivable that he should not have

' Continued from the December number.

'De Brahm, William Gerard, Philosophico-historico-hydrogeography of South Car-
olina, Georgia and East Florida. Reprinted in Weston, P. C. J. Documents connected
with the history of South Carolina. 1756.

'(Glen, James.] A description of South Carolina. 1761. Reprinted in Carroll, B. E.
Historical collectiona of South Carolina. 1836.

known the trees of the country. It is also difficult to believe that
Glen had not heard of Catesby 's work.

Alexander Hewat^ makes no attempt to catalog the trees of the
state, giving only very general references to flora, though appar-
ently more interested in animals.

WILLIAM BARTRAM

While bibhographically Bartram's^ travels follow the publica-
tion of Walter 's Flora Caroliniana, yet in point of time they pre-
cede, being made in the years 1773-8. Bartram traveled through
a small section only of South CaroHna, but he was a keen observer
of plants and had a scientific knowledge of botany possessed by no
earlier observer of trees in this state. A long step has been taken
when, in describing the shrubs along the sand dunes, a traveler
tells us that he found "Quercus pumila" and " Myrica cerifera^,"
instead of making a general reference to oak and myrtle. With
Bartram begins the modern scientific study of South Carolina trees.
Catesby had done magnificent work, but he was not a trained bot-
anist and he lived too early in the century to have adopted the
Linnean nomenclature.

Humphrey Marshall, in 1785, published the first botanical work,
as well as the first tree book, printed in North America, and while
Marshall is in no sense of the word a South Carolina botanist, his
Arbustrum Americanum is important as giving first descriptions
of several South Carolina trees,

THOMAS WALTER

Thomas Walter is the first South Carolinian to study the trees
of the state, and even he was born in England. But coming to
this country when a young man and in all ways affiliating him-
self with South Carolina, he may properly be said to belong to it.
All former important work on its trees had been done by travelers

' (Hewat, Alexander.l An historical account of the rise and progress of the colonies of
South Carolina and Georgia. 2 v. 1779.

'Bartram, William. Travels through North and South Carolina, Georgia. East and
West Florida . . . Lond. 1792.

•Ibid, p. 469.

10

from without; Walter's was based on careful study from year to
year of the flora of the region in which he lived. In 1788 he pub-
lished the results of his study in the Flora CaroHniana, in which
he describes about one thousand species, many of them not before
known to science. The work is in Latin and the descriptions are
technical and brief but accurate. Walter's Pine {Pinus glabra)
is one of the many species first described in the Flora.

JOHN DRAYTON

John Drayton may claim to rank among the botanists of South
CaroUna by virtue of his translation of Walter's Flora Caroliniana.
In his View of South-Carolina, 1802, Drayton gives a catalog' ' ' Of
the most remarkable Plants, Shrubs and Trees, indigenous to the
state of South-CaroHna, ' ' but his translation is his important con-
tribution to botany. This translation has not been published but
it is preserved as a manuscript in the library of the University of
South CaroUna, and is entitled, The Carolinian Florist. It bears
the date of 1807. I think it is not generally known that the Char-
leston Library Society possesses an earlier manuscript, the title
page of which reads: The | CaroHnian | Florist; | as adapted (in
English) I To the more ready use of the | Flora | Caroliniana, | of

1 Thomas Walter. | By | John Drayton. | | Charleston | 1798.

The verso immediately preceding the title page bears an exact
copy of the title page of Walter's Flora Caroliniana. The book is
carefully bound in leather and bears the stamp of the Charleston
Library Society. There is a water-color painting of the "CaUco
flower, or Wild Ivy — Kalmia latifolia," with the legend, "See an
elegant & very perfect Representation of this plant in Smith's
American Insects page 73, Vol. 1st." The first recto after the
title page bears the presentation inscription:

The Author of this manuscript cannot take upon himself to say, that it is per-
fectly correct; although in general, he believes the plants are properly named in
English, as referring to the botanical names, against which they are placed. Tn
the course of this enquiry, some plants and species have appeared, which were
either unknown in the books to which references were made, or were then not
sufficiently designated to warrant an english insertion. Hence, in these cases, it
has not been attempted ; but left open to some more favorable opportunity.

>p. 60-87.

11

As Mr. Walter's Flora Caroliniana is not in the Charleston Library', being a book
rarely to be met with ; and as it contains a greater number of plants indigenous to
this State than any other particular work in the library; it is hoped this manuscript
may not be unacceptable. Under such impressions, it is respectfully presented by
John Drayton.

A note at the bottom of this page refers ' ' for further informa-
tion respecting this manuscript" to an appendix in which, follow-
ing a lengthy quotation, Drayton thus describes his work:

As yet, there are few States in the Union, whose natural history has been less
traced than Carolina. To Catesby, we are indebted for some few drawings, and
but imperfect descriptions of plants and flowers. Consequently, in some instances
were we to refer only to that book, it is a matter of uncertainty whether some of
the plants grow in this State, or in the West indies. Bartram in his travels through
the Southern part of this State, has in this respect been more successful and par-
ticular; and when he mentions plants which he is careful to do, at every change of
country & soil, he then fixes the place where they are to be found. The number
however which he has been able to make in his short excursions, are but few, when
compared with those which Walter in his Flora CaroUniana has been able to specify.
And Walter although he has thus brought forward a greater number of indigenous
plants than were ever before collected in one view of this country, is said to be de-
ficient in many points which as a Botanist he should have attended to. Where
information could have been obtained, he would have done well to have pointed
out the use of each plant, and mentioned the places in which they grew. Perhaps
he might have done this, had not death arrested him before the pubhcation of his
work. However in some measure this may be remedied, as a gentleman has his
Botanical memorandum book with specimens of the plants, mentioning in what
parts they were found. Should a reference to this book be permitted, an oppor-
tunity will be taken of inserting that part of botanical information; which will des-
ignate the places where particular plants are to be obtained, and facilitate the pro-
curing them for any purposes of use or ornament.

At an evidently later date the following note is added:

The Gentleman above alluded to, has been so obliging as to favor me with the
perusal of the Walter's Botanican memorandum book: From which, the place
where particular plants are to be found, are herein inserted. This information
however, has not been so extensive as was expected: however, it has so far been
useful. The times of blossoming of different plants throught this book, are also
taken from Walter 's Memorandum book, and from other information.

The notes taken from Walter's Memorandum book, though far

» Walter's Flora is now in this library and also in the library of the Charleston Museum.

12

from complete, nevertheless constitute the most valuable part
of the manuscript. Drayton does not translate Walter's Latin
descriptions of species, but gives instead English determinations,
data as to locaUty and seasonal occurrence, and frequent refer-
ence to the works of Catesby, Bartram, and other botanists.
Occasionally a species not found in the Flora is introduced.

ANDRE MICHAUX

In 1787, a few months before the death of Thomas Walter, An-
dre' Michaux made his first journey through South Carolina and
started, about ten miles from Charleston, his famous botanical
garden, in which he cultivated both European and American
plants. Here Michaux is said to have first planted the tallow tree,
Stillingia sebifera, in the United States. It is quite possible, how-
ever, that Thomas Walter had already introduced this tree, since
his mention of it in the introduction to the Flora, dated Decem-
ber 30, 1787, shows his famiUarity with it; and its presence among
the few surviving trees in his garden when Dr. Henry W. Ravenel
visited the place in 1856^ would lead to the natural inference that
Walter had planted it there. Unless Walter had previously in-
troduced the tree he must have obtained his plants directly or in-
directly from Michaux during the few months between Michaux 's
arrival in Charleston and the writing of the introduction.

Neither Andre' Michaux nor his son Francois Andre' Michaux
pubhshed any work relating exclusively to South Carolina but their
residence near Charleston and travels throughout the state have
made their writings particularly useful for this region. The elder
Michaux 's Flora Boreali-Americana, pubhshed in 1803, after his
death, is not in any of the libraries of Charleston, but a copy of his
Histoire des Chenes de I'Amerique Septentrionale, Paris, 1801, is
in the Charleston Library Society. This copy is inscribed: Pre-
sente' 'a la | Bibhotheque de la Carohne | par I'auteur | Michaux |
Charleston le 10 Avril | 1802. Now Michaux the elder had left
France in October, 1800, before the pubUcation of this work, as

>Proc. Ell. Soc. I, 1856, p. 53.

13

botanist for an expedition of discovery sent out by the French gov-
ernment under Nicolas Baudin, and was in April, 1802, on the
island of Madagascar, where he died the following November. He
doubtless never saw his book and could not have written the pre-
sentation inscription, but we know that the younger Michaux was
in Charleston in the spring of 1802. In all probabihty he then at
his father's desire presented this copy to the Charleston Library
Society. Some twenty species of oaks are treated, the majority
of them being native to South Carohna. Each species is illus-
trated by exceptionally fine engraved plates. Among those first
described by Michaux are the Quercus laurifolia and the Q. Cates-
haei so abundant in the coast region.

Michaux 's Journal was not published until 1889. The earlier
portion, recording his travels between 1785 and April, 1787, was
lost in a shipwreck which he suffered off the coast of France in
1796. Fortunately all which relates to South Carohna is still pre-
served and from these hastily written notes and records of plants
discovered from day to day we are brought into a more intimate
relation to the study of our flora than we have gained from any
other pioneer worker.

Michaux is said by his son to have communicated a paper to the
Agricultural Society of South Carolina discussing the various Eu-
ropean species of trees which might be advantageously culti-
vated in Charleston. I have not had access to this work as yet.

FRANCOIS ANDRE MICHAUX

Francois Andre' Michaux gives an account of his visit to South
Carohna in 1802 in his Travels^ Charleston was then stricken with
yellow fever, but Michaux, becoming weary of Sullivan's Island,
ventured into the city and there contracted the fever. Upon re-

» Portions of the Journal of Andre' Michaux, Botanist, written during his travels in
the United States and Canada. 1785 to 1796. With an introduction and explanatory
notes, by C.S. Sargent. Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. XXVI, 1888. p. 1-145.

^Travels to the westward of the Allegany Mountains in the states of Ohio. Kentucky,
and Tennessee, and return to Charleston, through the upper Carolinas . . . translat-
ed from the original French by B. Lambert. Lend 1805.

14

covery he spent some time at his father's former botanical garden
which he thus describes:

At my arrival in Carolina, I found, in this garden, a beautiful collection of trees
and plants of the country, which had survived an almost total neglect, for four years.
I also found a great number of trees from the old continent, which my father had
planted there, some of which gave marks of the most vigorous vegetation. I prin-
cipally noticed two Ginkgo biloba, which had been planted only seven years, and
had already attained an elevation of thirty feet; several Sterculia plantanifolta,
which had yielded seeds for five or six years; finally, more than a hundred and fifty
mimosnillibrissin, of which the stem of the first one brought from Europe is ten
inches in diameter. I gave several of them away before my return to France ; this
tree being already in great request for the magnificence of its flowers. The agricul-
tural society of Carolina are now in possession of this garden, which they propose
to continue and to cultivate in it those useful vegetables of the old continent, which,
from the resemblance of climate, promises a chance of success.

Unfortunately the garden has not been continued as proposed
and to-day little remains to indicate its former interest.

Laura M. Bragg.

LOCAL FAUNA

The Hummingbird in Winter.— It begins to look as if the Ruby-
throated Hummingbird, Archilochus colubris (Linn.), can no long-
er be classed as strictly a summer resident of coastal South Caro-
Hna. Apparently the bird is of at least occasional occurrence in
winter, a specimen taken in December being now in the Charles-
ton Museum, while the bird has also been reported in January,
February, and early March. Another record, made by me on Dec-
ember 18, 1910, constitutes additional evidence.

This record was made in my garden on Legare Street. At about
noon of the day mentioned I saw a hummingbird hovering about
a medlar ("Japanese plum") bush. It then flew to a peach tree,
where it rested a moment, and then to an elm where again it
perched a few seconds on a twig before flying away to a neighbor-
ing yard. I could not distinguish the sex with absolute certainty,
but I think the bird was a male.

16

The record is the more remarkable because the winter so far had
been a cold one. The 18th, it is true, was a warm day — tempera-
ture 58° at the time the bird was seen — but previous to this the
weather had been unusually cold, the freezing point having been
reached repeatedly during the first two weeks of December. Yet
the hummingbird, far from being numbed or weak with hunger,
was as lively as possible and apparently in the best of health and
spirits.

It is a curious coincidence that the only two December records
for the Ruby-throated Hummingbird were made on the same day
of the month in different years and that both records were made
in the City of Charleston. On December 18, 1909, Master Ned Hyer
took a female in Charleston* while, as stated above, the record
in my garden was made on December 18, 1910. — Herbert R, Sass.

Ring-necked Duck in South Carolina. — On December 17, 1910,
half a dozen or more specimens of the Ring-necked Duck (Marila
ajffinis) were taken by Mr. John F. Maybank, on the Ashepoo River.
Two of these were given to me but, unfortunately, I was able to
preserve only the head and neck of one before they were plucked.
This has been mounted and is now in my collection. Mr. May-
bank reports that these birds were abundant in the Ashepoo River
region. Although evidently known to sportsmen in some parts
of the state, this species seems to be rare in the vicinity of Char-
leston. Only two records have been previously made for South
CaroHna, one specimen having been taken by Mr. Arthur T. Wayne,
January 11, 1886, and the second by Mr. E. H. Burton, February
8, 1908, both on the Cooper River. The specimens taken by Mr.
Maybank therefore make the third record for the state. — Francis
S. Hanckel, Jr.

iBuLL. Chas. Mus. VI, 1910, 10.

16

Under the Auspices of the College of Charleston

PUBLICATIONS

(1) The Bulletin of the Charleston Museum is published monthly
from October to May, each number consisting of eight to sixteen pages.
This is a popular record of the work of the Museum, containing accounts
of its educational activities, descriptions of exhibits, and preliminary
notices of investigations. Important records of geographical distribu-
tions, and working lists of the local fauna and flora are often published
first in the Bulletin. The January issue of each year is devoted to the
annual report of the director of the Museum.

Volume I of this series began in April, 1905, and is complete in 5
numbers. Subsequent volumes consist of 8 numbers each. A title page
and index to the first five volumes was published in the issue of
December, 1909.

Sent prepaid to any address for 25 cents a year. Single copies 5 cents each.

(2) Contributions from the Charleston Museum are issued at
irregular intervals, and consist of research papers too long or too im-
portant for publication in the Bulletin.

I Birds of South Carolina, by Arthur Trezevant Wayne.

Pp. XXI + 254. Price: paper, $2.75; cloth, $8.25.

II Catalog of the Mollusca of South Carolina, by William
G. Mazyck. In preparation.

Ill Birds of the City of Charleston, by Herbert Ravenel
Sass. In preparation.

BULLETIN

OF

THE CHARLESTON MUSEUM

Sditbd By
PAUL M. REA

AUDUBON-BACHMAN LOAN EXHIBIT

LOCAL FAUNA

NOTES FROM THE MUSEUH

Volume VII, Number 3 March, 1911

Under the Auspices of the College of Charleston

Director

Paul M. Rea

Honorary Curator's

Wm. G. Mazyck Conchology

Daniel S. Martin Geology

Arthur T. Wayne Ornithology

Nathaniel W. Stephenson Art

Curator of Books and Public Instruction

Laura M. Bragg

Secretary to the Director

Laura L. Weeks

Assista7it in the Library

Barbara K. Bragg

The Charleston Museum was organized in March, 1773, by the
Charles Town Library Society. In 1815 it was transferred to the Liter-
ary and Philosophical Society of South Carolina, and in 1828 was de-
posited in the Medical College of South Carolina. In 1850 the Museum
was transferred to the College of Charleston, where it was known as
the College of Charleston Museum. In 1907 a building was provided by
the City and the name changed to The Charleston Museum.

The Museum is dependent upon dues from members and private sub-
scriptions for all permanent improvements, for increase of the collections,
and for maintenance of its educational and scientific work.

The membership fees are:—

Annual Members $ 10 Patrons $ 500

Sustaining Members.... 25 Benefactors • 1000

The Bulletin of the Charleston Museum is published monthly,
from October to May, by the Museum and is entered at the Post Office
at Charleston, S. C, as second-class matter.

BULLETIIV

OF

THE CHARLESTON MUSEUM

Vol. 7 CHARLESTON, S. C, MARCH, 1911 No. 3

EXHIBITS AT THE MU5EUn

Audubon-Bachman Loan Exhibit

The study of local birds which has been carried on by the Mu-
seum through the Natural History Society during the past four
years has aroused a widespread interest in the subject, in addition
to the important information which it has produced, and this fact,
together with the publication by the Museum of Mr. Wayne's
Birds of South Carolina, has directed so much attention to the
pioneer ornithological work of John James Audubon and John
Bachman in South Carolina that the Museum prepared a special
loan exhibit of Auduboniana and Bachmaniana which was open
to the public March 2-10. On the opening day a special meeting
of the Natural History Society was held in the main hall of the
Museum. Miss Bragg of the Museum staff presided and opened
the meeting with a general description of the exhibit. Mrs. Paul
M. Rea then reviewed the life and work of Bachman, emphasizing
his connection with the Museum. Mr. Herbert R. Sass discussed
the ornithological work in South Carolina of both Audubon and
Bachman, and Rev. C. S. Vedder delighted the audience with
reminiscences of his pfersonal acquaintance with Dr. Bachman.
A picture of the Audubon monument in New York was then
shown by Dr. D. S. Martin, who was a member of the committee
in charge of its erection. At the conclusion of the program Direc-

17

tor Rea introduced Mr. John Bennett, who announced his re-
covery of the date of the organization of the Museum — March,
1773 — and then read the newspaper advertisement of this import-
ant event.

The loan exhibit brought together a notable collection of books,
plates, portraits, and miscellaneous articles relating to Audubon
and Bachman, a catalog of which is printed below, and the thanks
of the Museum are extended to all who contributed to the gratify-
ing success of the exhibit.

P. M. Rea.

Catalog of Exhibit

Audubon

Birds of America. Elephant folio. 4 vols. Lond. 1827-38. . . .Lent by Charleston
Library Society.
Extracted plates.

Black skimmer " Lent by Mrs. G. F. Coffin.

Parasitic jaeger Lent by Mrs. G. F. Coffin.

Wild turkey Lent by Mr. andMrs. Julian Mitchell.

Chromolithograph plates. J. Bien, N. Y., 1858-60.

American crow Lent by Mr. and Mrs. Edwin Parsons.

American flamingo Lent by Mrs. C. C. Pinckney.

American golden crested wren Lent by Mrs. C. C. Pinckney.

American swift Lent by Mrs. C. C. Pinckney.

Arctic tern Lent by Mrs. C. C. Pinckney.

Belted kingfisher. 2 copies.. .Lent by Mr. J. Bachman Chisolm; Mrs. C. C.
Pinckn ey.

Black-throated blue warbler Lent by Mrs. C. C. Pinckney.

Black-winged hawk Lent by Mr. and Mrs. Edwin Parsons.

Blue-gray flycatcher Lent by Mrs. C. C. Pinckney.

Blue grosbeak Lent by Mrs. C. C. Pinckney.

Boat-tailed grackle Lent by Mr. and Mrs. Edwin Parsons.

Carbonated warbler Lent by Mrs. C. C. Pinckney.

Children's warbler Lent by Mrs. William Gregg.

Carolina parrot Presented to the Museum by Mrs. Henry S. Holmes.

Duck hawk. 2 copies. . Lent by Mr. andMrs. Edwin Parsons; presented to the
Museum by Mrs. Henry S. Holmes.

Dusky duck, 2 copies Lent by Mrs. William Gregg; Mrs. Edward Willis.

18

Eider duck Lent by Mrs Edward Willis.

Esquimaux curlew Lent by Mr. and Mrs. Edwin Parsons.

Ferruginous thrush Lent by Mr. andMrs. Edwin Parsons.

Glossy ibis Lent by Mr. andMrs. Edwin Parsons.

Grass finch or Bay winged bunting. 2 copies Lent by Mrs. William Gregg;

Mrs. C. C. Pinckney.

Great auk Lent by Mrs. C. C. Pinckney.

Great crested flycatcher Lent by Mrs. C. C. Pinckney.

Great footed hawk Lent by Mr. and Mrs. Edwin Parsons.

Great marbled godwit Lent by Mr. and Mrs. Edwin Parsons.

Henslow's bunting Lent by Mr. and Mrs. Edwin Parsons.

Hermit thrush Lent by Mrs. C. C. Pinckney.

Least water-hen Lent by Mrs. C. C. Pinckney.

Lincoln finch Lent by Mr. and Mrs. Edwin Parsons.

MacGillivray 's finch Lent by Mr. and Mrs. Edwin Parsons.

Marsh wren Lent by Mrs. C. C. Pinckney,

Night hawk Lent by Mrs. C. C. Pinckney.

Nuttall's lesser-marsh wren Lent by Mrs. C. C. Pinckney.

Olive sided flycatcher Lent by Mrs. C. C. Pinckney.

Pileated woodpecker Lent by Mr. and Mrs. Edwin Parsons.

PuflSn Lent by Mrs. C. C. Pinckney.

Purple grackle Lent by Mrs. William Gregg.

Purple martin Lent by Mrs. C. C. Pinckney.

Razor billed auk Lent by Mrs. C. C. Pinckney.

Red-headed duck Lent by Mr. and Mrs. Edwin Parsons.

Republican or Cliff swallow Lent by Mrs. C. C. Pinckney.

Rose-breasted grosbeak Presented to theMuseum by Mr. Caspar Chisolm.

Ruby crowned wren Lent by Mrs. C. C. Pinckney.

Ruffed grouse Lent by Mr. and Mrs. Edwin Parsons.

Rusty grackle Lent by Mrs. C. C. Pinckney.

Sandwich tern Lent by Mrs. C. C. Pinckney.

Seaside finch Lent by Mrs. C. C. Pinckney.

Sharp-tailed finch Lent by Mr. and Mrs. Edwin Parsons.

Song sparrow Lent by Mrs. C. C. Pinckney.

Summer or Wood duck Lent by Mr. and Mrs. Edwin Parsons.

Swallow tailed kite Presented to theMuseum by Mrs. Henry S. Holmes.

Towhee bunting. 2 copies. .Lent by Mrs. William Gregg;Mrs C. C. Pinckney.

Virginia partridge Lent by Mrs. William Gregg.

White-bellied swallow Lent by Mrs. C. C. Pinckney.

White-crowned sparrow Lent by Mrs. C. C. Pinckney.

White fronted goose Lent by Mr. and Mrs. Edwin Parsons.

White headed eagle Lent by Mr. W. B. Chisolm.

19

White headed pigeon Lent by Mr. J. Bachman Chisolm.

White-throated sparrow Lent by Mrs. C. C. Pinckney.

Wild turkey. 3 copies Lent by Mr. J. Bachman Chisolm; Mrs. William

Gregg; Mrs. Edward Willis.
Winter wren, and Rock wren. 2 copies.. .Lent by Mr. and Mrs. Edwin Par-'
sons; Mrs. C. C. Pinckney.

Wood thrush Lent by Mrs. C. C. Pinckney.

Wood wren Lent by Mr. and Mrs. Edwin Parsons.

Yellow-billed cuckoo Lent by Mr. and Mrs. Edwin Parsons.

Yellowshanks Lent by Mr. and Mrs. Edwin Parsons.

Yellow red poll warbler Lent by Mrs. C. C. Pinckney.

Chromolithograph plates. Reprints. No date.

CaroUna parrot. 2 copies.. . Lent by Mr. Julian Mitchell, Jr.; Capt S. G.
Stoney.

Duck hawk Lent by Mr. Herbert R. Sass.

Ferruginous thrush Lent by Mr. Julian Mitchell, Jr.

• Mocking bird. 2 copies Lent by Mr. H. A. M. Smith; Capt. S. G. Stoney.

Ruby throated hummingbird Lent by Mr. Julian Mitchell, Jr.

Ornithological biography (text to the Elephant folio of Birds of America) . 5
vols. Edin. and Lond. 1831-39. . . .Lent by Charleston Library Society, vols. 1-4.

Same. Phil. Vol. 1. 1832 Lent by Mrs. M. H. Ball.

Birds of America. 1st octavo edition.

Original signatures. N. Y. and Phil. 1840-44.. .Lent by Mr. N. B. Barnwell, 14

numbers, and 104 extracted plates.
Bound in 7 vols. N. Y. and Phil. 1840-44. . . Lent by Miss Elizabeth J. Adger;
Mr. H. C.Cheves; Dr. C. W. Kollock; Mr. E. A. Williams; Mr. Caspar Chisolm,
vols. 1, 3; Mr. Julian Mitchell, vols. 1, 2, 4; Mr. and Mrs. Edwin Parsons,
vols 6, 7.
Birds of America. 2nd octavo edition. 7 vols. N. Y. 1859. .Lent by Mr. Henry

Buist.
Portrait. Engraved by C. Turner from a painting by F. Cruickshank Owned

by the Museum.
Miscellaneous.

Townsend's Bunting, painted by John James Audubon and presented by him

to Mrs. John Maynard Davis Lent by Miss Mary E. Strobel.

Black-headed grosbeak, believed to be one of Audubon's original specimens.

Bears label: "Black Hills, Male, June 3, 34, J. K. Townsend." See Bull.

Chas. Mus. Ill, 66-67 Owned by the Museum.

Townsend, J. K. Journey across the Rocky Mountains. 1834. Presented to

Bachman Ijy S. G. Morton, Phil. 1839 Lent by Mr. Herbert R. Sass.

Bats — specimens used by Audubon and Bachman in preparing their joint work

on the Quadrupeds of North America Owned by the Museum.

20

Audubon Monument, Trinity Cemetery, New York City, Photograph Pre-
sented to the Museum by Dr. D. S. Martin.

Audubon, Maria R. Audubon and his journals. 2 v. N. Y. 1899. . . .Lent by
Charleston Library Society.

Bachman

Pamphlets and books, by John Bachman, being the greater part of those Hsted
in the biography of John Bachman by Catharine L. Bachman. .Lent by Messrs.
W. H. and J. A.Faber; Mr. W. G. Mazyck; Mrs Edward Willis; and owned by
the Museum.
Manuscript of an unfinished work on insects, illustrated in water color by
Mrs. Maria Martin Bachman. . . .Presented to the Museum by the grandchildren
of John Bachman, through Mrs. Jennie Haskell Rose.
Portraits.

Oil painting by John Woodhouse Auduljon, about 1834. . . .Lent by Mr. J. Bach-
man Chisolm.

Oil painting Lent by Freundschajtsbund.

Miniature. 2 copies Leiit by Mrs. John F. Ficken; Mrs. J. H. Rose,

Painting on porcelain Lent by Miss May Snowden.

Bronze bust Presented to the Museum by Mrs. J. H. Rose.

Head in bas-relief Lent by Miss Bessie Ravenel.

Engraving by Thomas B. Welch, Phil, from a portrait by R. I. Curtis. . . .Lent

by Mr. Herbert Wickenberg.
Engraving by Charles C. Wright from a painting by A. Fisher, Charleston, 1822.

Lent by Rev. C. Armand Miller.
Photographs (6) . . . Lent by Mrs. G. F. Coflin; Messrs. W. H. and J. A. Faber.
Miscellaneous.

Silver pitcher, presented to Dr. Bachman in 1856 as "A memento of affectionate

regard from his valued friend, S. T. Bryce." Lent by Mrs. G. F. Colfin.

Silver cup and saucer, made to order by J. Mood, Charleston, and presented to

Dr. Bachman by one of his parishioners Lent by Mrs. G. F. Coffin.

Silver snuff-box, presented as "A tribute of friendship to J. Bachman from Col.

W. Kunhardt. 1860." Lent by Mrs. G. F. Coffin.

Snuff-box, presented to Dr. Bachman by Audubon. Lejii by Miss Henrietta Kelly.
Books from the library of Dr. Bachman. . . .Presented to the Museum by Mrs.

W . A. Bachman, through Dr. D. S. Martin.
[Bachman, Catharine L.] John Bachman. Charleston, 1888 Lent by Mr.

Herbert Wickenberg; Owned by the Museum.
Snowy heron, and Carolina dove, paintings by Mrs. Maria Martin Bachman.

Lent by Mrs. G. F. Coffin.

21

Audubon and Bachman

Viviparous quadrupeds of North America. 3 vols, text and 3 vols, elephant

folio plates. N. Y. 1846-54 Lent by Mr. Caspar Chisolm, vol. 1 of text;

Miss Elise Lewis, vol. 1 of text; Presented to the Museum by Dr. C. W. Kollock,

vols. 1-2 of text.

Proof plates, partially colored.

Canada lynx Lent by Mr. Julian Mitchell.

White American wolf Lent by Mr. Julian Mitchell.

Carolina gray squirrel Lent by Mr. Julian Mitchell.

Woodchuck Lent by Mr. Julian Mitchell-

Quadrupeds of North America. N. Y. 1851-54.

Original signatures Lent by Miss Eleanore Ball (no. 31 wanting) ; Mrs. Au-
gustus Fitch (nos. 6-8, 15 wanting) ; Miss Catharine P. Ravenel.

Same. 3 vols. 1851-54. Scopies. .Lent by Mr. C. H. Drayton;Mrs. H. J. O'Neill;
Mr. and Mrs. Edwin Parsons.

Same. 3 vols. 1854. . . .Lent by Dr. C. W. Kollock; Mr. Caspar Chisolm, vol. 2.

Extracted plates (5) Lent by Mrs. C. C. Pinckney.

LOCAL FAUNA

American Merganser.— On January 2, 1911, I secured the first
authentic record for the American Merganser {Mergus americanus
Cass) in this state. Mr. Arthur T. Wayne, in his Birds of South
Carohna, refers this species to a hypothetical hst, and declares that
to the best of his knowledge it has never been taken in the state.
The specimen here recorded was shot on Back River near its junc-
tion with the Cooper, after having partially swallowed a mullet
ten inches in length. The weight of the mullet in its throat de-
stroyed its balance and made continuous flight impossible. The
bird rose half a dozen times, but with each attempt at escape could
gain only a few yards.

Several years ago a merganser was taken on the upper Cooper
River which I afterwards decided was ihe Mergus americanus, but
as this specimen was not preserved I have been on the lookout dur-
ing the past season for another to prove the occurrence of the spe-
cies in South Carolina.

22

The specimen taken on Back River is a fine adult male in full
plumage with the breast and under-parts a delicate peach-blos-
som color. The skin is now in the collection of the Charleston
Museum (Spec. No. 7258).— Caspar Chisolm.

Spiny Lobster. — The Museum has received as the gift of Capt.
Wm. Rock a fine Spiny Lobster (Spec. No. 4227), provisionally
identified as Pamdirus argus (Latreille), taken about thirty-five
miles east of Charleston in sixteen fathoms of water on coral bot-
tom. It was brought up on a hand line, the hook having caught
in a joint of the second antenna, and had already been cooked
for the table when secured for the Museum. This is the first
record for this species off this coast as far as the writer is aware.
—P. M. Rea.

A New Squid for South Carolina.— A Squid found stranded on
the beach at the Isle of Palms (Long Island) on March 15, by
Messrs. Fred L. Lineberger and V. L. Fulmar, is referred provis-
ionally to Loligo gahi, a new species for the coast of South Carolina.
It measures nearly eighteen inches over the mantle, and four feet
from the end of the body to the tip of the tentacular arms. This
large squid is now in the Museum collection (Spec. No. 4228).
—P. M. Rea.

Shoveller. — On February 8, 1911, I secured from the Charleston
Market an adult female Shoveller, Spatula clypeata (Linn). The
bird was evidently killed not far from here as it was in perfectly
fresh condition. The Shoveller is never abundant in South Caro-
lina and this record is the first for the biological survey. — Julian
Mitchell, Jr.

23

NOTES FROM THE MUSEUH

Miss Laura M. Bragg, who has served as librarian of the Museum
since September, 1909, has been appointed Curator of Books and
Public Instruction, and Miss Barbara K. Bragg has joined the
staff as assistant in the library. Miss Laura L. Weeks, who has
assisted Professor Rea in the work of the American Association of
Museums, has been appointed Secretary to the Director.

Dr. Daniel S. Martin, honorary curator in the geological depart-
ment, has spent February and March at the Museum working up
the accessions of the past year and preparing mineralogical ex-
hibits.

The Museum has secured the assistance of Mr. Ed. R. Memmin-
ger in a revision of the Henry W. Ravenel herbarium and the
preparation of a catalog of the fungi of South Carolina.

Dr. Ezra Brainerd recently visited the Museum and re-examined
the violets of the ElUott herbarium. Dr. Brainerd 's study of these
specimens on former visits has resulted in important changes in
the nomenclature of the violets.

Recent gifts to the library include vols. 1-4 of Holbrook's Her-
petology, from Miss Henrietta A. Kelly; miscellaneous plates and
text signatures of Holbrook's Ichthyology, from Mrs. C. C. Pinck-
ney; and vols. 1-2 of the text of Audubon and Bachman's Vivi-
parous Quadrupeds of North America, from Dr. Charles W. Kol-
lock. Dr. Kollock also presented to the Museum the first fascicle
of Ravenel's Fungi Carohniani exsiccati, a very rare and impor-
tant collection of special value at this time in connection with Mr,
Memminger's work referred to above.

The large attendance at the Audubon-Bachman exhibit augurs
well for public interest in the completion of other exhibits. Among
the visitors were Miss M. Eliza Audubon and Mrs. D. T. Tyter;
granddaughters of John James Audubon and daughters of Victor
Audubon.

24

Under the Auspices of the College of Charleston

PUBLICATIONS

(1) The Bulletin of the Charleston Museum is published monthly
from October to May, each number consisting of eight to sixteen pages.
This is a popular record of the work of the Museum, containing accounts
of its educational activities, descriptions of exhibits, and preliminary
notices of investigations. Important records of geographical distribu-
tions, and working lists of the local fauna and flora are often published
first in the Bulletin. The January issue of each year is devoted to the
annual report of the director of the Museum.

Volume I of this series began in April, 1905, and is complete in 5
numbers. Subsequent volumes consist of 8 numbers each. A title page
and index to the first five volumes was published in the issue of
December, 1909.

Sent prepaid to any address for 25 cents a year. Single copies 5 cents each.

(2) Contributions from the Charleston Museum are issued at
irregular intervals, and consist of research papers too long or too im-
portant for publication in the Bulletin.

I Birds of South Carolina, by Arthur Trezevant Wayne.
Pp. XXI + 254. Price: paper, $2.75; cloth, $3.25.

II Catalog of the MoUusca of South Carolina, by William
" G. Mazyck. In preparation.

Ill Birds of the City of Charleston, by Herbert Ravenel
Sass. In preparation.

•i

BULLETIIV

OF

THE CHARLESTON MUSEUM

Edited By
PAUL ]VI. REA

ORIGIN OF THE MUSEUH

SILKWORM CULTURE
NOTES FROM THE MUSEUH

Volume VII, Number 4 April, 1911

Under the Auspices of the College of Charleston

Director

Paul M. Rea

Honorary Curators

Wm. G. Mazyck Conchology

Daniel S. Martin Geology

Arthur T. Wayne Ornithology

Nathaniel W. Stephenson Art

Curator of Books and Public Instruction

Laura M. Bragg

Secretary to the Director

Laura L. Weeks

Assistant in the Library

Barbara K. Bragg

The Charleston Museum was organized in March, 1773, by the
Charles Town Library Society. In 1815 it was transferred to the Liter-
ary and Philosophical Society of South Carolina, and in 1828 was de-
posited in the Medical College of South Carolina. In 1850 the Museum
was transferred to the College of Charleston, where it was known as
the College of Charleston Museum. In 1907 a building was provided by
the City and the name changed to The Charleston Museum.

The Museum is dependent upon dues from members and private sub-
scriptions for all permanent improvements, for increase of the collections,
and for maintenance of its educational and scientific work.

The membership fees are:—

Annual Members $ 10 Patrons $ 500

Sustaining Members 25 Benefactors 1000

The Bulletin op the Charleston Museum is published monthly,
from October to May, by the Museum and is entered at the Post Office
at Charleston, S. C, as second-class matter.

BULLETIN

OP

THE CHARLESTON MUSEUM

Vol. 7 CHARLESTON, S. C, APRIL, 1911 No. 4

HISTORY OF THE MUSEUH

Origin in 1773

A series of articles on the history of the Museum, published in
the Bulletin at various times during the past five years, has put
on record many long-forgotten events and has already established
the claim of the Charleston Museum to the distinction of being
the oldest museum in America. Mr. William G. Mazyck has
shown that the Museum originated under the auspices of the Char-
leston Library Society at some time previous to 1777, but little
hope has been entertained of ever recovering the exact date. It
is, therefore, with the greatest satisfaction that the following ad-
vertisement of this event is reprinted from the South Carolina Ga-
zette and Country Journal of March 30 and April 6, 1773. The
same advertisement also appeared in the South Carolina Gazette
(Powell's) of April 5 and 12, 1773. It cannot but be regarded
as especially fitting that this discovery should be made by a trustee
of the Library Society — Mr, John Bennett — by whom it was
brought to the attention of the writer.

Important as this advertisement is in fixing the date of the or-
ganization of the oldest museum in America, it must be considered
even more remarkable for the breadth of plan and high purpose
with which it endowed the infant museum; and it is a happy coin-
cidence that it is reprinted at a moment when the community is

26

awakening to a new appreciation of the value of a museum not

only to science and education, but to industry as well. It would

be difficult to formulate a better expression of the present policy

of the Museum than that given by its founders one hundred and

thirty-eight years ago.

P. M. Rea.

The LIBRARY SOCIETY,

OF

CHARLES - TOWN,

TAKING bto their Consideration, the many Advantages
and great Credit that would result to this Province, from
& full and accurate natural history of the same,
and being desirous to promot* so useful a Design, have apiwinted
a Committee of their Number to collect and prepare Mat«ri8l8
for that Purpose.

That this may be done in the most complete and extensive
Manner, they do now invite every Gentleman who wishes well
to the Undertaking, especially those who reside in the Country,
to co-operate with them in the Advancement of this Plan. - - - -
For this Purpose, the Society would Request such Gentlemen to
procure and send to them, all the natural Productions, either
. Animal, Vegetable, or Mineral, that can l^e had in their several
Bounds, with Accounts of the various Soils, Rivers, Waters,
Springs, &c. and the most remarkable .Appearances of the diffe-
rent Parts of the Country.

Of the Animal Tribe, they would wish to have every Species,
whether Terrestrial or Aquatick, viz. Quadrupedes, Birds, Fishes,
Reptiles, Insects, Worms, &c. with the l^est .Accounts of their
Customs and natural Habitudes.

Of Vegetables, they will thankfully receive every Kind, from

the loftiest Tree in the Forest, to the smallest Plant of the Fields.

A complete Specimen of any Tree or Plant, will be two

small Branches of each, one having the Flower in full Blossom,

and the other the ripe Fruit. .\t the same Time the Society . ,

. . beg to be furnished with the l-)esl .Accounts that can be given of

the Uses and Virtues, either in .Agriculture, Commerce, or

Medicine, of which such Tree or Plant is possessed the Soil in

which it most commonly grows - - - the Season in which it flowers,

and when it l-)ear8 its Fruit.

26

They would be glad to be furnished also with Sp)ecimen8 of
all the various Fossils, Minerals, and Ores, the different Soils,
Earths, Clays, Maries, Stones, Sands, Shells, &c. the Produc-
tions of this Province, with the best Accounts of their several
Natures, Qualities, Situations and Uses.

The Society, in order that this Design may be carried into
immediate Execution, have fitted up a Museum for the Recep-
tion and Preservation of Specimens of these several natural
Productions, and have appointed charles cotesworth
piNCKNEY, and THOMAS HEYWARD, juu. Esquircs, with

ALEXANDER BARON, and PETER FAYS80UX, PhysiciaUB,

in Charles-Town, to receive them ; to whom all Letters of
Intelligence, Specimens, &c. are to be addressed.

And they flatter themselves, that the evident Utility of the
Plan, will engage such a Number of public spirited Gentlemen
to assist them, that they will soon be enabled to make a conside-
rable Progress. They will not only gratefully receive all such

Communications, and apply them in the best Manner they can
for the above Purposes, but the Names of such shall be recorded
as Promoters of, and Contributors to, so useful a Work.

Any Expence that may be incurred by forwarding Letters of
Intelligence, Specimens, &c. to Town, the Society will chear-
fully repay.

By order of the Committee,

JOffN MURRAY, Chairman.

27

EXHIBITS AT THE MUSEUH

Silkworm Culture

The Museum is fortunate in being able to exhibit this month
an extensive silkworm culture. Miss Henrietta A. Kelly, for-
merly special agent in silk investigation for the United States
Department of Agriculture, has kindly secured scientifically
tested eggs from Italy, and has superintended the rearing of the
worms. The exhibit has been installed in one corner of the main
hall, where several thousands of the caterpillars in various stages
of development may be seen feeding. Ages of breeding have
produced numerous races and varieties of the mulberry silkworm,
Bombyx (Sericaria) mori; those now being reared at the Museum
are of two varieties, known as Chinese White and Chinese Yellow,
their cocoons being of these colors respectively.

Rearing shelves built on Italian models receive the young cat-
erpillars as soon as they have hatched from the egg. Here they
feed upon leaves of the white mulberry, Moms alba, throughout
the five ages which constitute their life in caterpillar form. Dur-
ing four brief periods only do they cease their continuous night
and day feeding, these being the so-called "sleeps" which mark
the four moults. Each caterpillar moults five times but the fifth
moult occurs within the cocoon.

The stands prepared for the spinning of the cocoons, the mount-
ing, as it is called, have bundles of brush sprung in rows between
the shelves. When the caterpillars, about a week after the fourth
moult, grow restless and refuse to eat they are taken on elm
branches from the feeding shelves to those arranged for the mount-
ing and immediately the spinning begins. First a web is spun
and within this the cocoon itself is formed, a process requiring
only about seventy-two hours. In order that as many as possi-
ble may witness this spinning the exhibit has been so planned
that one set of worms succeeds another, thus extending the co-
coon making over several weeks.

Four or five days after the cocoons are completed the cater-

28

pillar passes through its last moult and assumes the chrysalid
form. Heretofore it has been possible to observe each stage of
development in the life of our silkworms, but the chrysalis is
hidden within the cocoon. The next visible sign of life is the
emergence of the moth from the cocoon. In a few days it lays
its eggs and dies. The cycle is then complete from the egg through
the caterpillar, the chrysalis, and the adult moth back to the egg
again.

In general silk culture, however, only moths suflEicient for the
production of the next year's supply of worms are allowed to
mature. And so it is with the Museum exhibit. The greater
part of the worms will be killed by smothering in hot steam while
in the chrysalid stage. Otherwise the cocoons could not be
unreeled, since the moths break many of the threads if allowed
to work their way out. Broken cocoons can be used only where
short threads are suflBcient, as in certain rugs. To unreel the
cocoons they are first plunged in boiling water and stirred with
brushes; the ends of the silk become attached to the brushes and
can be thus withdrawn and connected with the reel. The pres-
ent exhibit contains two skeins of silk of excellent quality drawn
from cocoons reared in Charleston by Miss Kelly. One is a pure
white and the other golden yellow. From 1200 to 1600 yards of
silk is the usual length taken from one cocoon.

The chief interest of the exhibit naturally lies with the worms,
but other features command almost equal attention. A series
of large colored charts illustrates the life-history of the silkworm
and its various organs; two of these teach methods of detecting
disease in the worms, and still others give graphic diagrams of
the relative production and consumption of silk among the na-
tions of the world. Machines and other mechanical devices de-
monstrate the methods of producing the finished silk. Particu-
larly valuable is the large collection of cocoons spun by many
races and breeds of the silkworm, and exhibiting infinite diver-
sity of form.

Numerous as are the present varieties of the mulberry silk-
s'

worm, there seems to be little doubt that practically all trace
their descent to one species whose home was the lower slopes of
the Himalaya Mountains. The silk industry dates back to about
3000 B. C. in China. We are told that the Chinese Empress
Se-ling-she encouraged the cultivation of the mulberry and even
cared for the silkworms with her own hands as long ago as 2640
B. C. Most carefully the Chinese guarded the secret of the in-
dustry, the penalty for its disclosure being death. Legend tells
us that a Chinese princess who married an Indian prince car-
ried with her to India the precious eggs, concealed in the braids
of her hair, and a most rich dowry they proved. Miss Kelly,
to whom I owe many of the facts here given, further states that
' ' not until the sixth century did Europeans even know that silk
was an animal and not a vegetable product. Then the secret
was disclosed to them by two monks, who, stimulated by a rich
reward offered by the Emperor Justinian, brought into Con-
stantinople some silkworm eggs hidden in their hollow distaffs.
From these was started the silk industry in Europe which has
laid the foundation of colossal fortunes in England, France, and
Italy."

At the time of the settlement of the first southern colonies in
North America, England hoped that silk culture in this country
might make her independent of the Orient. In 1671 Captain
HalstedS sailing to South Carolina, was instructed to carry to
the new colony mulberry trees and silkworms from Virginia.
Little seems to have been accomplished, however, in Carolina
until Sir Nathaniel Johnson* introduced silk culture on his plan-
tation, known as Silk Hope, on the Cooper River. Later Mrs.
Elizabeth Pinckney was so successful with silk raising that she
carried with her to England silk of a quality equal to the best
and sufficient for three dresses. One of these is now preserved
in Charleston. Until the end of the eighteenth century silk was
produced at times even abundantly in South Carolina but since

'Shaftesbury papers. Coll. S. C. Hist. Soe. V. 1897, 321.

^Ramwy, David. History of South-Carolina. 1809. vol. 2. pp. 220-221.

then has come to be completely neglected. The climate of the
state is peculiarly adapted to the culture of silk, particularly as
the white mulberry readily becomes naturalized.

The Museum culture has been made upon most flourishing trees
brought from Italy by Miss Kelly, to whom the Museum is indebted
for the importation of the eggs, for all the charts, specimens, and
apparatus in the exhibit, and for instruction and assistance in
the technique of rearing the worms. Miss Kelly's bulletin on
Silk Culture will be found in the library, where a special bibli-
ography of this subject is in preparation, and the Museum will
gladly assist anyone who desires to rear silkworms for educational

or commercial purposes.

L. M. Bragg.

NOTES FROM THE MUSEUH

The Museum is open free to the public on week days from 10 to
6. Children unaccompanied by an adult will be admitted only
on Saturdays.

Material in process of installation in the main hall includes
collections of local shells and local bird nests and eggs; several
groups of minerals; a number of the smaller mammals; and the
entire Manigault osteological collection. The transfer of these
collections from the old building has been greatly facilitated by
members of Section B of the Natural History Society who have
brought over many of the more delicate specimens by hand.
Labels are being prepared for these exhibits as rapidly as possible
and enough copy is now ready to keep the Museum press busy
for some time.

The cooperation of the commercial bodies of the city in the in-
stallation of the scientific collections and in the addition of econo-
mic and industrial exhibits of the resources of the coast region of
the state took concrete form in the raising of a fund of S3000 by
the Advertising CJub. This amount was equally divided between
the scientific and the industrial exhibits, and has already provided

for the removal of many of the larger mammals from the old build-
ing and for the installation of the elk and bison groups in new
cases. Work has also been begun on a comprehensive exhibit of the
agricultural resources of the coast region. It is hoped that this
is but the beginning of the support which will make possible the
complete installation of the present collections and the addition of
others to enable the Museum to fulfil the plans of its founders, as
announced in this issue of the Bulletin.

The April meeting of the Natural History Society, Section A,
was held at the Museum on Thursday afternoon, April 6. The
program consisted of a talk by Miss Bragg on local ferns, illustrated
by specimens from the Museum herbaria and by ferns gathered
at the Navy Yard. Miss Bragg also gave a brief description of
the silkworm exhibit and demonstrated the charts and speci-
mens which are now to be seen in the main hall.

Teachers are specially invited to bring their classes to visit the
silkworm exhibit, which will continue a week or ten days longer.
By telephoning the Museum (number 2677) arrangements may
be made for a special talk descriptive of the exhibit.

The Museum has recently received a framed portrait of Prof.
Lewis R. Gibbes, presented by Mrs. C. C. Pinckney; and a col-
lection of minerals, including several fine specimens of geyserite
from Yellowstone Park, from Miss Henrietta Murdoch. Mr. P-
P. Mazyck has also presented to the library a copy of the second
volume of Bigelow's Medical Botany.

Director Rea has been elected secretary of the newly-formed
City Art Commission, and has been authorized to establish at the
Museum a register of local art similar to that maintained at the
Museum of Fine Arts in Boston by Mr. Benj. Ives Oilman. Pro-
fessor N. W. Stephenson, honorary curator of art, will have charge
of the register, which is the second to be established in this coun-
try.

The Museum has participated in the organization of the Boy
Scouts movement in Charleston by forming two patrols from the
membership of Section B of the Natural History Society. These
are known as the Ospreys and Flickers respectively and have
been given space in the ^Iuseum where they h&ve fitted up head-
quarters.

82

Under the Auspices of the College of Charleston

PUBLICATIONS

(1) The Bulletin of the Charleston Museum is published monthly
from October to May, each number consisting of eight to sixteen pages.
This is a popular record of the work of the Museum, containing accounts
of its educational activities, descriptions of exhibits, and preliminary
notices of investigations. Important records of geographical distribu-
tion, and working lists of the local fauna and flora are often published
first in the Bulletin. The January issue of each year is devoted to the
annual report of the director of the Museum.

Volume I of this series began in April, 1905, and is complete in 5
numbers. Subsequent volumes consist of 8 numbers each. A title page
and index to the first five volumes was published in the issue of
December, 1909.

Sent prepaid to any address for 25 cents a year. Single copies 5 cents each.

(2) Contributions from the Charleston Museum are issued at
irregular intervals, and consist of research papers too long or too im-
portant for publication in the Bulletin.

I Birds of South Carolina, by Arthur Trezevant Wayne.

Pp. XXI + 254. Price: paper, $2.75; cloth, $3.25.

II Catalog of the Mollusca of South Carolina, by William
G. Mazyck. In preparation.

Ill Birds of the City of Charleston, by Herbert Ravenel

Sass. In preparation.

BULLETI]V

OF

THE CHARLESTON MUSEUM

Edited By
PAUL M. REA

HISTORY OF THE MUSEUfl

SILKWORH CULTURE

AUDUBON PICTURES

NOTES FROM THE MUSEUH

Volume VII, Number 5 May, 1911

Under the Auspices of the College of Charleston

Director

Paul M. Rea

Honorary Curators

Wm. G. Mazyck Conchology

Daniel S. Martin Geology

Arthur T. Wayne Ornithology

Nathaniel W. Stephenson Art

Edward R. Memminger Fungi

Curator of Books and Public Instruction

Laura M. Bragg

Secretary tj the Director

Laura L. Weeks

Assistant in the Library

Barbara K. Bragg

The Charleston Museum was organized in March, 1773, by the
Charles Town Library Society. In 1815 it was transferred to the Liter-
ary and Philosophical Society of South Carolina, and in 1828 was de-
posited in the Medical College of South Carolina. In 1850 the Museum
was transferred to the College of Charleston, where it was known as
the College of Charleston Museum. In 1907 a building was provided by
the City and the name changed to The Charleston Museum.

The Museum is dependent upon dues from members and private sub-
scriptions for all permanent improvements, for increase of the collections,
and for maintenance of its educational and scientific work.

The membership fees are:—

Annual Members $ 10 Patrons $ 500

Sustaining Members 25 Benefactors 1000

The Bulletin of the Charleston Museum is published monthly,
from October to May, by the Museum and is entered at the Post Office
at Charleston, S. C, as second-class matter.

BULLETIIV

OF

THE CHARLESTON MUSEUM r:::;

Vol. 7 CHARLESTON, S. C, MAY, 1911 No. 5

HISTORY OF THE MUSEUH

We are indebted to Dr. Charles W. Kollock for bringing to our
attention an interesting plea for a building for the Museum, which
appeared on the editorial page of the Courier, November 23, 1824.
History indeed repeats itself, for there is scarcely a point in this
naive argument which has not been used more than once since
that time in the effort to establish the Museum on a permanent
basis. It is true that the building has finally been acquired by
other means than public subscription, but there are many simi-
larities between the situation of the Museum in 1824 and today.
Its successful maintenance and development must always depend
upon the interest and hearty support of the public, and not the
least value of these articles on the history of the Museum lies in
impressing upon the present generation the long series of earnest
efforts which have brought the institution to its present position.

The article referred to is printed in full below, following as

closely as possible the style of the original. It is to be regretted

that the writer is unknown.

P. M. Rea.

The Museum of South-Carolina, in Chalmers-Street, is this day open for public
exhibition, which is to continue until the first of May next. The entire avails
will be appropriated to the laudable purpose of raising a building to contain the
collection, and if the citizens are unanimous in purchasing Season Tickets, this,
with donations that may be expected from the friends of science, funds sufficient

maj' be obtained to commence a, building before next Fall. There is no present
prospect that those who are giving time and talents to the interests of this Museum,
shall ever see it in a proper building in Charleston, except by means of public sub-
scription. Were a house once built, the Museum would improve in its collection,
and be al)lc to support itself. Strangers from the interior of this State, from
North-Carolina, Georgia, Florida and the West-India-Islands, in the winter and
spring, would not fail of visiting the Institution, and carrying the information to
their distant homes, would tell of what they had seen, and impel others to their
example; so that the Museum of South-Carolina would obtain a name, (a verj'
great object) and soon liecome as well known in the South, as Peale's Museum is,
in Pennsylvania and Maryland. In these enlightened times, a public Museum is as
necessary an appendage to a city, as a public new'spaper or a public library, and
I hope we all wish to see Charleston possessed of every Institution that other
cities of the Union can boast of. In short, we could never submit to see our Museum
bid adieu to Charleston, and take the road to Columbia, where it would rot in
the dungeons of a College. With our young Ladies and Gentlemen, let patriotism
prevail — let the watch-word be "Everything for Charleston and her liberal In-
stitutions."

Intelligent sti'angers, travelling for improvement, turn away with indifference
from those places where the arts and sciences are not cultivated, and bear the
disagreeable tale to distant countries. Our town must not be one of these. Far
removed from the neighborhood of other cities, where the arts and sciences flour-
ish, many of the youth of Charleston, from their circumstances in hfe, never can
have an opportunity of travelling to imbibe a taste for literature and the arts,
and from absolute vacancy and unimprovement of mind, turn to pursuits and
amusements that begin with idleness and end with poverty. L[e]t parents look
to this. The arts and sciences are in themselves very pleasing, and though the
superficial observer may perceive no utility to proceed from them, they sharpen
the intellect; a studious disposition is formed — strong habits of perseverance
and industry are acquired, that eventually lead to wealth and honor. No allow-
ance can be made for the effects of an ardent sun in a Southern climate. This is
all mere balaam. Look at ancient Greece, the birth place of science, and Italy,
once the mistress of the world.

No Museum ever flourished without public patronage in some shape; and cer-
tainly none ever commenced with a more respectable collection than the Museum
oj South-Carolina.

84

EXHIBITS AT THE MUSEUfl

Silk Culture — A Retrospect

The silkworm exhibit described in the last issue of the Bulletin
was open to the pubUc for just one month and during that time
drew an attendance of nearly four thousand visitors. Of these
over twelve hundred were children from the schools of the city,
accompanied by their teachers. As a general thing these classes
came by appointment and the Curator of Public Instruction spoke
before each, explaining the exhibit and telling something of the
story of the silkworm. Each class carried back to its school half
a dozen or so of the silk caterpillars. Later many cocoons spun by
them were brought to the Museum for inspection or unreeling.
One school sent a beautiful little skein of silk which one of its boys
had unreeled with no more efficient machinery than the back of a
chair and his own hands. Through the cooperation of Mr. A.
Burnet Rhett, Assistant Superintendent of Schools, special ap-
pointments were made for each of the seventh and sixth grade
classes of the pubHc schools during the last hour of the school
day. The children were to write compositions upon what they
learned at the exhibit. Several teachers added a competitive in-
terest by promising to send the best of the compositions to the
Museum. So great was the enthusiasm shown by the children
that most classes spent an hour and a half at the exhibit although
half an hour only was required. Further interest was shown by
the fact that the attendance of the sixth grade classes was ar-
ranged by Mr. Rhett at the request of teachers and children.
Compulsory attendance was originally planned for the seventh
grade only.

One public school, the Mitchell, had each grade represented,
and one of the higher schools of the city, the Porter Military
Academy, came in a body. The total number of teachers visiting
the exhibit with classes was forty-seven. Frequently children
unaccompanied by a teacher said wistfully that they wished their

35

teacher would come with them. One little fellow said he was go-
ing to ask his teacher to come and a few days later appeared with
her, triumphantly announcing, "Here she is". But another
small lad was less successful. His teacher "didn 't like worms", he
volunteered dejectedly.

Great as was the attention devoted to the children during the
exhibit adults were by no means neglected. Special public lec-
tures were arranged for them and constant docent attendance
suppUed. The scheduled lectures during the last two weeks of
the exhibit numbered twenty-eight. These lectures were de-
Uvered in the main hall where the exhibit was held, the chairs being
surrounded on three sides by the exhibition cases and the rearing
stands for the caterpillars. On the wall in front of the audience
hung a series of large charts illustrating the life-history and ana-
tomy of both healthy and diseased silkworms. Below stood a
long case containing an exhibit of native silkworms, showing the
stages in their metamorphosis. Here also was shown, by speci-
mens, colored illustrations, and machinery, a complete history of
the development of silk from the laying of the eggs by the silk
moth to the raw silk in "hanks" ready for weaving. The co-
coons raised during the present exhibit will afford raw material
for the completion of a permanent exhibit, which will illustrate
manufacturing processes and show the quality of fabric which
may be made from silkworms raised in South Carolina on ItaHan
white mulberry trees. The cocoons have already been pronounced
of superior quality, weight, and size. The large rearing stands
on which the caterpillars were raised became things of beauty as
they gradually filled with these brilliant yellow and snowy white
cocoons.

Never, we believe, has a museum exhibited a more comprehen-
sive silk culture than the present one, which has not only shown
all the stages in the life of the silkworm from the egg on through
the caterpillar, chrysalis, and moth back to the egg again, illus-
trating as well the method of reeling silk, but has done all this ac-
cording to the most modern and approved practises of scientific

silk producers.

36

In connection with this exhibit it is interesting to learn of a
silk culture which was carried on by the Charleston Library So-
ciety as long ago as 1767, in the days before the Revolutionary
War, when England was offering a bounty on silk and the industry
gave promise of becoming estabUshed in South CaroUna. We
are indebted to Mr. John Bennett for the following extract taken
from the South Carolina and American General Gazette of May
8, 1767.

We have the pleasure to acquaint the publick, that the successful introduction
of the Silk Manufacture in this province bears a promising aspect, as we hear
there are great quantities of silk-worms raised in almost every family in Purrys-
burg parish, and some by the French of Hillsborough, and the English and Ger-
mans near Long Canes, and that several gentlemen and ladies, near Charlestown,
will make the private amusement of raising silk worms, tend to the publick benefit,
by shewing how easily the knowledge thereof is to be acquired, and what small
labour is necessary in the management of them. Mr. John Lewis Gibert, a native
of France, who is employed by the gentlemen concerned on behalf of the publick,
in the encouragement of this manufacture, to wind, and teach the winding of
silk, has now a considerable number of silk worms, in the old school-house, near
the new barracks, where gentlemen, who are desirous of seeing them, either througli
curiosity, or incHuation to promote so valuable a branch of trade, may, at one and
the same time, view them in the various stages of life, some young, some full
grown, and some spinning their balls or cocoons.

I The Librarian of the Charlestown-Library-Society also raises a few in the lobby
of the library-room, where gentlemen, who are not willing to go so far as Mr. Gi-
lbert's, may satisfy their curiosity.

Workmen are now employed in building an oven for curing the cocoons, erect-
ing four machines and all other necessaries for winding silk, with all expedition,
in rooms adjoining Mr. Gibert 's, in order that the Filature may be set to work
as soon as the cocoons are fit, which may be in about three weeks.

We have here an example of the broad-mindedness and di-
versity of interests on the part of the Charleston Library So-
ciety which in 1773 led to the founding of that scientific collection
which has developed into what is today known as the Charleston
Museum.

L. M. Bragg.

37

RECENT ACCESSIONS

Audubon Pictures

Since the Audubon-Bachman exhibit in March the Museum
has become the fortunate possessor of three beautiful pictures
by John James Audubon. One is a water-color painting signed
by Audubon and labeled in his own handwriting, "Arctomys
monax, Gmel. Maryland Marmot, Ground Hog, Woodchuck."
This is the original painting from which was Uthographed and
colored the plate of this name in the elephant folio edition of
Audubon and Bachman's Quadrupeds of North America. The
Museum is indebted to Mrs. Morris F. Tyler, a granddaughter
of Audubon, for this valuable and beautiful gift. Audubon's
paintings have long since found permanent resting places and it
is only through the interest and kindness of Mrs. Tyler that the
Museum has had the singular good fortune to obtain this treasure.

The other pictures are superb plates from the first edition of
the elephant folio of Audubon's Birds of America, in which the
plates were engraved from the original water-color paintings by
copper-plate process and were colored by hand. One of these
plates is the Frigate Pelican, engraved by Havell in 1835 and
now presented to the Museum by Mr. Julian Mitchell. The
Frigate Pelican, now known as the Frigate Bird or Man-o'war
Bird, is a peculiarly appropriate gift since the only specimen of
this pelagic species known to have been taken on the South Car-
olina coast is now in the Museum. Only during the heaviest
gales does this species approach land in these latitudes.

The second of the plates is the well-known one of the Golden
Eagle, engraved by Havell in 1833 and is the gift of Mr. and Mrs.
Henry S. Holmes who had previously presented to the Museum
three plates from the uncompleted lithograph edition of the Birds
of America.

The Golden Eagle, while occasionally taken in the upper part
of South CaroHna, is as rare a species as the Frigate Bird in the

38

coast region. Visitors to the Museum during the past month
have been interested in a mounted group of a Golden Eagle and
a Wild Turkey. This is one of the only two Golden Eagles taken
on the coast and was shot in St. Andrew's Parish after having
killed the turkey which is mounted with it.

NOTES FROM THE MUSEUH

At a meeting of the Trustees on Friday, May I'ith, Mr. Edward
R. Memminger was elected Honorary Curator of Fungi. Mr.
Memminger has been a student of the botany of the southeast
since 1882, devoting special attention to the higher fungi. Dur-
ing the past three months he has rearranged the Ravenel Her-
barium and added to the biological survey more than a thousand
records for fungi, based upon the work of the earlier botanists.
This work will be continued with a view to cataloging all the
fungi known to occur in this state.

Dr. Daniel S. Martin, honorary curator in the geological de-
partment, is engaged in visiting museums in Alabama, Georgia,
and Florida in the interest of the Piedmont collection of minerals.
A series of specimens for this collection has recently been received
from Dr. Joseph Hyde Pratt, state geologist of North CaroHna,
and it is hoped that the present year may see the greater part
of the material necessary for this collection brought together at
the Museum.

Since Miss Bragg 's article on Silk Culture, in this issue, was
set in type we have received from Mr. John Bennett the follow-
ing further note, taken from the South-Carolina Gazette, and
Country Journal of October 12, 1773: ''London News:. .July 26:. .
It is said that a considerable number of French Refugees, well
skilled in the management of silk-worms, and making of wines,
have within these few days engaged themselves on very advan-
tageous terms to go to New- York and South-Carolina, where
the cultivation of these two lucrative branches of business is
carrying on with great spirit."

39

An exhibit of Asbestos cloth manufacture is being installed,
showing each step in the process by photographs and specimens.
The material has been furnished by the General Asbestos and
Rubber Company of Charleston.

A new case for the protection and convenient storage of the
herbaria has recently been completed in the Museum shop, and
during the summer the various herbaria will be arranged in one
series and rendered easily accessible. The cost of the case has
been defrayed by the Natural History Society, which is assist-
ing the Museum in its biological survey.

At the April meeting the Natural History Society took up for
the first time the study of ferns. An effort is being made to
collect for the Museum herbarium all species of ferns found within
the borders of South Carolina. It is hoped that members of
the Society, and others interested in this study, will endeavor
to collect what ferns they can during the summer. The Museum
particularly desires to receive ferns from the South Carolina
mountains and from the central and upper parts of the State.
Beautiful specimens may be obtained if the ferns are placed
between newspapers or driers as soon as gathered. Both fertile
and sterile fronds should be secured and also a small portion of
the root. The date, locality, and character of place where
collected should always be preserved with the specimen.

Each section of the Natural History Society has held a meet-
ing this month. Section A met on May 4, Mr. F. M. Weston,
Jr., speaking on the ornithological work of Wayne, Loomis,
and their contemporaries. Three Audubon pictures recently
presented to the Museum were exhibited. Plans for a launch
trip were discussed, but owing to the difficulty of choosing a
day convenient to all it has been decided to have no further trips
this spring. Section B held its meeting on May 11, Mr. Weston
again speaking, this time on the breeding warblers of the coast
region.

With this issue the Bulletin takes leave of its readers until
October, when we hope for further increase in installation and
in educational work.

40

Under the Auspices of the College of Charleston

PUBLICATIONS

(1) The Bulletin of the Charleston Museum is published monthly
from October to May, each number consisting of eight to sixteen pages.
This is a popular record of the work of the Museum, containing accounts
of its educational activities, descriptions of exhibits, and preliminary
notices of investigations. Important records of geographical distribu-
tion, and working lists of the local fauna and flora are often published
first in the Bulletin. The January issue of each year is devoted to the
annual report of the director of the Museum.

Volume I of this series began in April, 1905, and is complete in 5
numbers. Subsequent volumes consist of 8 numbers each. A title page
and index to the first five volumes was published in the issue of
December, 1909.

Sent prepaid to any address for 25 cents a year. Single copies 5 cents each,

(2) Contributions from the Charleston Museum are issued at
irregular intervals, and consist of research papers too long or too im-
portant for publication in the Bulletin.

I Birds of South Carolina, by Arthur Trezevant Wayne.
Pp. XXI + 254. Price: paper, $2.75; cloth, $3.25.

II Catalog: of the Mollusca of South Carolina, by William
G. Mazyck. In preparation.

Ill Birds of the City of Charleston, by Herbert Ravenel
Sass. In preparation.

BULLETIN

OF

THE CHARLESTON MUSEUM

Edited By
PAUL M. REA

HURRICANES

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY

RECENT ACCESSIONS

Volume VII, Number fi October, 1911

1

Under the Auspices of the College of Charleston

^Ite ^liavUstau piuaenm

Director

Paul M. Rea

Honorary Curators

Wm. G. Mazyck Conchology

Daniel S. Martin Geology

Arthur T. Wayne Ornithology

Nathaniel W. Stephenson Art

Edward R. Memminger Fungi

Curator of Books and Public Instruction

Laura M. Bragg

Secretary tJ the Director

Laura L. Weeks

Assistant in the Library

Barbara K. Bragg

The Charleston Museum was organised in March, 1773, by the
Charles Town Library Society. In 1815 it was transferred to the Liter-
ary and Philosophical Society of South Carolina, and in 1828 was de-
posited in the Medical College of South C;irolina. In 1850 the Museum
was transferred to the College of Charleston, where it was known as
the College of Charleston Museum. In 1907 a building was provided by
the City and the name changed to The Charleston Museum.

The Museum is dependent upon duas from members and private sub-
scriptions for all permanent improvements, for increase of the collections,
and for maintenance of its educational and scientific work.

The membership fees are:—

Annual Members $ 10 Patrons $ 500

Sustaining Members .... 25 Benefactors 1000

The Bulletin of the Charleston Museum is pubhshed monthly,
from October to May, by the Museum and is entered at the Post Office
at Charleston, S. C, as second class matter.

BULLETIIV

OF

THE CHARLESTON MUSEUM

Vol. 7 CHARLESTON, S. C, OCTOBER, 1911 No. 6

WEST INDIAN HURRICANES

The most notable event of the summer in Charleston was the
destructive hurricane of August 27-28, and we trust that a brief
statement of the relation of these hurricanes to other kinds of
cyclonic storms, as well as a few observations on the effects of the
storm, may be of timely interest.

Meteorology of Hurricanes

^ In the temperate and colder regions of the earth the prevailing
surface winds are westerly. In the equatorial region the trade
winds blow from the northeast in the northern hemisphere and
from the southeast in the southern hemisphere. Areas of low
barometric pressure form as eddies in the prevaihng westerly
winds and move eastward in alternation with areas of high baro-
metric pressure. The air settles to the earth in a "high" and
spreads out in all directions in a spiral manner, forming what is
called an anticyclone. In a converse manner the winds blow
from all directions in a spiral path to the center of a "low,"
forming a cyclone. The falling air of an anticyclone brings clear,
cool weather, while in a cyclone the warm, moist air from the sur-
face of the earth is chilled as it rises and precipitates its moisture.
Cyclones are therefore rotary storms of large area, usually a
thousand or fifteen hundred miles in diameter, and moderate in-
tensity. They are sometimes accompanied by local rotary storms

41

of very small area, from a few feet to a mile or two in diameter,
but of great intensity. Such storms are properly called torna-
does and occur most commonly in inland regions.

Hurricanes or typhoons are cyclonic storms a few hundred
miles in diameter and of great intensity originating over the ocean
in the tropics and passing, in the northern hemisphere, a little
north of west to about latitude 30°, where they commonly re-
curve to the northeast. Such storms are known as hurricanes in
the West Indies and as typhoons in the East Indies. They de-
crease in area and increase in intensity until they recurve, when
they spread out and become less violent. Hurricanes are the
most destructive storms that visit the United States and while
their effects are most severe on the Gulf and South Atlantic Coasts
they sometimes have a maximum effect much farther north, as in
the hurricane of September, 1877, which did general damage
throughout northeastern United States and Canada. Ninety
per cent of the West Indian hurricanes occur in August, September,
and October. The most serious damage at Charleston has been
in late August or early September. Some four hundred of these
storms have been recorded in the past four hundred years, but
the same place in the West Indies or United States is visited only
about once in ten or fifteen years.

Unfortunately, some of the most dangerous hurricanes touch
land for the first time on the South Atlantic Coast, as was the
case this year, while a large proportion of those reported in the
West Indies recurve before reaching the coast of the United States.
These circumstances explain the inability of the Weather Bureau
to forecast the coming of storms hke that of August, 1911, until
regular wireless reports are received from ships in the area north
of the West Indies. Occasionally the point of recurving is
carried much farther west into the Gulf of Mexico, and it was a
hurricane of this type that destroyed Galveston on September 8,
1900. The motion of the hurricane center is so slow that the
heavy sea which it causes passes far ahead of the storm and may
give warning of its approach two or three days in advance.

42

Destructive hurricanes have visited Charleston on the fol-
lowing dates since 1850: Sept. 9, 1854; Aug. 27, 1881; Aug. 25,
1885; Aug. 27, 1893; Aug. 27, 1911. The 27th of August is evi-
dently an evil day. The hurricane of 1911 seems to be typical,
and though a general description is not within the scope of this
article, some features of special interest are given below.

Wind Velocity

An interesting comparison is afforded by the meteorological
instruments at the Museum on the western side of the city, and
those at the Weather Bureau station at the Custom House on the
eastern water front. When the wind is east a considerably higher
velocity is recorded at the Custom House than at the Museum,
while the reverse is the case with a west wind. This is due to
friction with houses and trees and eddies in streets and gardens.
The broad river and marshes on each side of the city always ex-
pose one of these stations to the full force of the wind. In the
hurricane this year the wind was east and the velocity recorded
at the Weather Bureau was about twenty-eight miles greater
than that at the Museum at 11.28 p. m. when the Weather Bu-
reau anemometer ceased to work accurately. The Museum re-
corded a maximum velocity of seventy-eight miles an hour at
midnight and if the same difference held the velocity at the Cus-
tom House would have been one hundred and six miles an hour.
This is, of course, uncertain but we are glad that the Museuin
instruments could help to fill the gap in the official records.

Tide

The height of the tide, as determined by the United States
Engineer's office was sUghtly lower than in the hurricane of 1893,
except in the vicinity of the Battery at the southern extremity of
the city, where it was somewhat higher than in 1893. This is
attributed to the widening of the water front by the recent west-
ern extension of the Battery. This seems reasonable when it is
remembered that Charleston, like New York, lies between two

43

rivers and presents a rather sharp point to the incoming tide. A
widening of the point might well cause a backing-up of water in
the low streets behind the Battery sea wail.

Damage to the Museum

It is a pleasure to report that the Museum suffered compara-
tively little damage from the hurricane. The large semi-circular
window over the entrance and a number of east windows were
blown in and admitted the wind to the main hall, where the pres-
sure lifted three-quarters of the skylights out. One of these fell
inside and broke the top and back Ughts of the Elk Case. It is
remarkable that no other cases were injured, but the loss of even
one of the large cases so recently installed is discouraging at a
time when the need for rapid progress in installation is so urgent.
The roof was cut in many places by broken glass from the sky-
lights and will require extensive repairs. Minor damages in-
cluded the loss of awnings and the destruction of many of the
shrubs about the grounds.

Effect on Trees and Gardens

A most conspicuous result of the hurricane was the destruction
of trees throughout the city. The park commission estimates
that about forty per cent of the street trees fell during the storm
and that a number now standing will probably have to be removed.

The morning after the storm the streets of the city were lit-
erally blocked with fallen trees. By strenuous efforts the park
department succeeded in clearing the main thoroughfares so that
traffic was obstructed for a day or two only, but many of the
streets were impassable for over a week and it was several weeks
before the debris could be removed, even with the entire street
force working nights as well as days. It is no exaggeration to
say that there was scarcely a large tree in the city but lost some
branch or bough and every tree sacrificed its leaves. The ever-
green trees, as the live oak and cherry-laurel (mock orange), at
first appeared to have escaped, but their leaves also turned brown

44

after a few days and began to fall. This dying of the leaves was
caused by the twisting of their stems, and not by the salt water
as many have supposed.

The herbaceous plants were quite generally killed wherever the
salt water overflowed. The Bermuda grass, however, seemed
even benefited by the unusual bath. Continual rain for a week
after the storm washed off the salt and freshened the soil so that,
while the shrubbery was badly mangled and broken by the wind,
it suffered httle from sea water except where the tides kept the
overflow from draining off. About the Museum, for instance,
the water stood on the ground well through the day after the
storm, and where it banked up against the building all shrubs
rotted and died. Grass, canna plants, and the trees alone survived.
Between wind and water the city 's beautiful gardens were dreary
wrecks, but the wonderful recuperative power of nature was soon
manifest. Trees leafed out in the tender greens of spring, fruit
trees blossomed, and wistaria blooms again overhung the side-
walks.

The trees which have suffered most are the elms and Carolina
poplars. As one-half of the street trees of the city are elms and
one-fourth poplars, this was to be expected, but a close examina-
tion proves that not only was the actual loss greatest among these
species but also the proportional loss. A possible greater sufferer
was the exotic China Tree, particularly the variety known as the
umbrella tree, which has heretofore been somewhat extensively
planted in Charleston gardens. Its wood was too brittle to resist
the wind. The elms and poplars suffered both from breakage
and uprooting. It may be of interest to quote from a communi-
cation received from Mr. John Randolph, formerly Davey tree ex-
pert for South Carolina and now superintendent of the Davey
Tree Company's work throughout the South, Mr. Randolph
visited Charleston particularly to study the effect of the storm
upon its trees. He refers to the CaroHna poplar, saying, "It is
only fair to the poplar to say that the uprooting of these trees in
nearly every case was directly the result of roots cut to allow the

45

laying of sidewalks, etc., and such loss of large supporting roots
was the principle reason for their common fall." This cutting
of the roots also accounts for the fall of elms and hackberry trees
in very many cases. Trees within private grounds were not so
generally uprooted as those in the streets.

The failure of the shallow-rooted elms, poplar, and hackberry
is in marked contrast with the good record of the oaks and mag-
nolias, with their deeper root systems. These are native trees
which have proved their power of endurance and are therefore
especially suitable for planting. Time seems to be teaching that
Charleston should become a city of live oaks. Mr. Randolph's
observations upon this species and the tree situation in general
are of such interest that I quote further:

After a careful examination of practically all of the trees in the city I have found
that the live oaks suffered less real damage from the hurricane than any other trees.
This is not so apparent just now to the casual observer because the new leaves
come much more slowly on the live oak than on the elm, poplar, and softer trees,
but next April will show the oaks as a rule again in full leaf with a vigorous new
growth taking the place of the broken tops. I feel sure that any hardwood trees
except oaks would have been uprooted in South Battery Park.

There is no reason why Charleston people should feel discouraged because so
many trees now look ruined. The roots of the trees left standing will have been
directly benefited by the straining they have received and new growth from the
ends of broken limbs will be wonderfully rapid during the next year. I would not
advise the amputation of limbs which now appear dead, nor the removal of shrubs
and hedges which now look badly, as in many cases these will recover and put
forth luxuriant foliage from the dormant and adventitious buds, as well as vigo-
rous new growth, if left alone until April. On April first, however, all parts of
trees still leafless should be properly removed and wounds, spUt places, and cavities
treated. Trees treated at that time will show immediate response by vigorous
new growth and formation of healing tissue, and the ravages of the storm will be
practically obliterated by June and the trees in better shape to withstand a similar
experience.

The last two years in Charleston have seen a constantly grow-
ing interest in the question of city shade trees. During the spring
of 1910 the Natural History Society made a complete survey of
the street trees, mapping out and making a report upon the con-

46

dition of each. The crying need of more and better trees and
particularly of greater care of existing trees revealed by the survey
led to the appointment of a city forester. Much good work in
the setting out of new trees and doctoring of old resulted, and it
is a satisfaction to know that the newly planted trees have as a
whole withstood the storm, and that the loss of old trees, elms
especially, would have been much greater had it not been for the
recent work of the park commission.

In the hurricane of 1893 the city was so denuded of trees that
the park board, on what has proved to be mistaken advice, set out
thousands of Carolina poplars. These grew rapidly and accom-
plished one object — that of quickly supplying shade. But for
many reasons too generally admitted to need recapitulation, the
Carolina poplar has proved unsatisfactory as a street tree. The
fact that after only eighteen years, the period from storm to
storm, the city is again nearly dismantled of trees, proves con-
clusively that the greatest care must in the future be taken to
plant trees not for immediate shade but for permanent stability.
Charleston streets cannot be beautifully shaded until this principle
is considered. Probably no city in the country has so difficult a
problem to meet in the treatment of its streets. At least it is safe
to try what has been proved. Live oaks on wide streets where
there are no trolley cars, other oaks and magnolias on the nar-
rower streets or along trolley lines, ornamental trees such as the
crepe myrtle alternating with, for example, magnolias where color
may be made effective, palmettos to lend a tropical effect — these
are some of the possibilities for making Charleston a city of lux-
uriant shade.

P. M. Rea.
L. M. Bragg.

47

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY

The winter work of the Natural History Society, will begin with
the meetings which will be held at the Museum at five o'clock on
November 2 (Section A) and November 9 (Section B). Miss
Bragg will speak to Section A on the Marine Shells of South Caro-
hna, and arrangements will be made for the annual Thanksgiving
Day field trip. Miss Bragg's talk will be the first of a series on
the exhibits now being installed in the Museum. The Elk Family
will be the subject of the December meeting and Bison and their
Distribution will be discussed in January. Interesting bird and
plant records will continue to be presented, as usual.

Section B meetings will follow in general the plans laid down
for Section A. Parallel work will include a study of the hawk
family of birds. At the November meeting Mr. Rhett Chambei--
lain will read a paper upon the Duck Hawk.

RECENT ACCESSIONS

Lack of space this month prevents more than brief mention of
several important gifts to the Museum including a series of five
framed Audubon prints from the 1860 reprint of his Birds of
America, elephant foho edition, presented by Mr. Henry S. Holmes.
Mr. J. F. McGrath presented the jaw-bones of a baleen whale.
Two live Duck Hawks, given by Dr. J. Allen Miles, and a large
Timber Rattlesnake, the gift of Dr. T. P. Whaley, are attracting
daily visitors.

48

Under the Auspices of the College of Charleston

PUBLICATIONS

(1) The Bulletin of the Charleston Museum is published montlily
from October to May, each number consisting of eight to sixteen pages.
This is a popular record of the work of the Museum, containing accounts
of its educational activities, descriptions of exhibits, and preliminary
notices of investigations. Important records of geographical distribu-
tion, and working lists of the local fauna and flora are often published
first in the Bulletin. The January issue of each year is devoted to the
annual report of the director of the Museum.

Volume I of this series began in April, 1905, and is complete in 5
numbers. Subsequent volumes consist of 8 numbers each. A title page
and index to the first five volumes was published in the issue of
December, 1909.

Sent prepaid to any address for 25 cents a year. Single copies 5 cents each.

(2) Contributions from the Charleston Museum are issued at
irregular intervals, and consist of research papers too long or too im-
portant for publication in the Bulletin.

I Birds of South Carolina, by Arthur Trezevant Wayne
Pp. XXI + 254. Price: paper, $2.75; cloth, $3.25.

II Catalog of the Mollusca of South Carolina, by William
G. Mazyck. In preparation.

Ill Birds of the Cily of Charleston, by Herbert Ravenel
Sass. In preparation.

BULLETIIV

OF

THE CHARLESTON MUSEUM

Edited By
PAUL M. REA

LOCAL FAUNA

EXHIBITS AT THE MUSEUH

BEACH SHELLS AFTER THE HURRICANE

NOTES FROM THE MUSEUH

Volume VII, Number 7 November, 1911

Under the Auspices of the College op Charleston

Director

Paul M. Rea

Honorary Curators

Wm. G. Mazyck Conchology

Daniel S. Martin Geology

Arthur T. Wayne Ornithology

Nathaniel W. Stephenson Art

Edward R. Memminger Fungi

Curator of Books and Public Instruction

Laura M. Bragg

Secretary to the Director

Laura L. Weeks

Assistant in the Library

Barbara K. Bragg

The Charleston Museum was organized in March, 1773, by the
Charles Town Library Society. In 1815 it was transferred to the Liter-
ary and Philosophical Society of South Carolina, and in 1828 was de-
posited in the Medical College of South Carolina. In 1850 the Museum
was transferred to the College of Charleston, where it was known as
the College of Charleston Museum. In 1907 a building was provided by
the City and the name changed to The Charleston Museum.

The Museum is dependent upon dues from members and private sub-
scriptions for all permanent improvements, for increase of the collections,
and for maintenance of its educational and scientific work.

The membership fees are:—

Annual Members $10 Patrons $ 500

Sustaining Members 25 Benefactors 1000

The Bulletin of the Charleston Museum is published monthly,
from October to May, by the Museum and is entered at the Post Office
at Charleston, S. C, as second-class matter.

BULLETIIV

OF

THE CHARLESTON MUSEUM

Vol. 7 CHARLESTON, S. C, NOVEMBER, 1911 No. 7

LOCAL FAUNA LIBRARY

NBW YOS

Recent Bird Records BOTANIC;

Audubon's Shearwater on Sullivan's Island. — On the night of <*AlCl>e^

August 10, 1911, while walking on the front beach of Sullivan's
Island and opposite Station 26^, Maynard Robertson picked up a
dead but fairly fresh specimen of Audubon's Shearwater {Puffi-
nus Vherminieri Lesson). The bird was in good condition with
the exception of a small hole in the throat, and showed strong
evidence of having been washed ashore by the waves.

Mr. Wayne in his Birds of South CaroUna says of this species:
' ' Audubon 's Shearwater is a fairly abundant species off the coast
during the summer months. One specimen has been taken in
Charleston Harbor. A great many of these birds must have
perished during the cyclone of August 27-28, 1893. A single
individual was found dead on Long Island beach a few days after
the cyclone. ' '

Prof. Ellison A. Smyth has recorded two specimens secured at
the mouth of the Stono River near Bird Key on August 4, 1888,
and Mr. Wayne had previously captured a single specimen on
Sullivan's Island.

The bird here recorded seems to be the first taken since the
cyclone of 1893, but was not, as in the case of the one taken on
Long Island at that time, driven ashore by the wind, since the
weather for the preceding week was fairly calm and by no means

49

windy. The specimen has been prepared as an unmounted skin
and presented to the Charleston Museum (Spec. No. 7084). —
BuRNHAM Chamberlain.

Greater Shearwater, Sooty Shearwater, and Wilson's Petrel. —

On September 4, 1911, one week after the hurricane, I found on
the front beach of SulUvan's Island a single specimen of the
Greater Shearwater {Puffinus gravis). The bird was in a badly
decomposed condition, nevertheless the identification was posi-
tive, the head and bill being unmistakably that of a shearwater,
and the white feathers of the throat and breast distinguishing it
from the only other large shearwater found along our coast, the
Sooty Shearwater {Puffinus griseus). Evidently the bird, nat-
urally a pelagic species, had been driven ashore by the storm.
Mr. Wayne records in his Birds of South CaroHna that the beach
at the Isle of Palms was literally strewn with dead birds of this
species after the hurricane of August 27-28, 1893.

While returning from New York to Charleston by Clyde Line
on August 31, 1911, I observed unusually large numbers of the
Greater Shearwater and mingled with them occasionally was the
darker Sooty Shearwater. I also counted at least thirty of the
Audubon's Shearwater. Small terns were frequently seen diving
in the trough of the waves but I was unable to identify them.
Wilson's Petrel was abundant, following the vessel and snatch-
ing at scraps thrown overboard. These are the birds usually
seen on the trip. — L, M. Bragg.

Hudsonian Curlew.— On October 14, 1911, Mr. S. L. Cole-
man, of Mt. Pleasant, S. C., told me that he had seen two birds
of this species at the Charleston Navy Yard. Mr. A. T. Wayne
has no records later then October 2.^ As the species is well-
known to Mr. Coleman, I place full confidence in his report.

Sharp-shinned Hawk. — An extremely early, but seriously ques-
tioned, record for this species was made by me on Caper's Island,
S. C, July 22, 1911. Mr. A. T. Wayne says that the bird I saw

• Birds of South Carolina, Contr. Chas. Mus. I, 1910, 57.

50

must have been the Cooper 's Hawk, as he has never noted the
Sharp-shinned earlier than August 18.^ As I was unable to se-
cure the specimen, I have no proof that I was not mistaken; but
I will say that I knew at the time the importance of the record,
and was able to approach near enough to the bird to satisfy my-
self as to its identity.

Ricebird.— On July 14, 1911, Mr. S. G. Venning saw two of
these birds on his plantation near Mt. Pleasant, S. C. Although,
at the time, Mr. A. T. Wayne doubted the correctness of this
record, he himself saw some Ricebirds a few days later. Mr.
Wayne's earliest record for previous years is August 11,^

Macgillivray's Seaside Sparrow. — Although this exceedingly
abundant sparrow undoubtedly occurs regularly in the marshes
bordering the city, it has, heretofore, never been found there by.
the Survey. On September 10, 1911, I saw one — and perhaps
more — in the marshes near Savannah Wharf.

Summer Tanager.— On October 14, 1911, I saw an adult male
of this species at the Charleston Navy Yard. He was moving
slowly about among the tops of the pines; and I knew at once,
from his actions, that he was indeed a Tanager and not a Cardinal.
In order to have more than a personal impression upon which to
base a statement, I watched him for some minutes until I could
see clearly, with the aid of field glasses, that he had neither crest
nor black throat patch. The latest previous record for this
region was made by the Survey, September 27, 1907.=^

Blue-headed Virec— Although this species has never before
been recorded earlier than October 25,* I positively identified a
specimen— seen at close range — on October 13 of this year at the
Charleston Navy Yard.

Worm-eating Warbler.— This species, recorded as late as Sep-
tember 29 by Mr. A. T. Wayne,^ was noted almost two weeks

» Birds of South Carolina. Contr. Chas. Mus. I, 1910, 72.

» Ibid, 107.

> Bull. Chas. Mus., IV, 1908, 23.

* Wayne, I. c, 145.

• Ibid, 151.

51

later this year. On October 10, I positively identified a speci-
men— from watching it at a distance of about eight feet — at
the Charleston Navy Yard.

Golden-crowned Kinglet. — Although never previously recorded
earlier than October 15/ I found several specimens of this spe-
cies at the Charleston Navy Yard on October 14 of this year.

Robin.— On October 20, 1911, Mr. S. G. Venning told me that
he had seen several Robins on his plantation, near Mt. Pleasant,
S. C. This record equals Mr. A. T. Wayne 's earhest — October
20, 1897.2— F. M. Weston, Jr.

EXHIBITS AT THE MUSEUH

South Carolina Bird Eggs and Nests

Last winter a collection of nests and eggs of South Carolina
breeding birds was installed in one of the best of the cases brought
from the old museum. Freshly painted in black and buff and
lined with black cotton felt, it furnishes an attractive setting for
the collection, although the need for larger accommodations is
now becoming imperative. Mr. Arthur T. Wayne, in his Birds
of South Carolina, records one hundred and forty-nine species as
breeding birds of the state, although the eggs of several have not
yet been taken. Of these, one hundred and fourteen are known
to have bred in the coast region, eighty-nine of which are repre-
sented in the Museum collection. Twelve species from the in-
terior of the state brings the total to one hundred and one. The
water birds are most fully represented, the Hooded Merganser
for which there is only Dr. John Bachman 's one record, the Wood
Ibis, and the Little Black Rail being the only species not included.
Noticeable breaks occur in the hawk, owl, woodpecker, and war-
bler groups. Several new species have been added to the col-
lection during the summer and particularly good work has been

> Wayne, 1. c. 196.
2 Ibid, 202.

52

done by members of Section B of the Natural History Society and
by Mr. Wendell M. Levi of the College of Charleston in securing
complete settings and nests for species previously but poorly
represented. One particularly fine nest with eggs is that of the
Blue Grosbeak, secured by Mr. Levi at Sumter. Mr. Wayne
has considered this bird very rare in the coast region and it was
with satisfaction that we last year recorded^ the evident greater
abundance of the species in the interior. This year Mr. Levi
has observed four pairs of breeding birds and Mr. E. B. Wheeler,
Jr., of Marion, sends us a record for an adult male observed on
April 14, four days earlier than Mr. Wayne's earhest date of
arrival.

Shell Collection

A temporary installation of the marine shells of South Carolina
has recently been placed in the main hall near the entrance to the
hbrary. This collection is by no means complete but it is hoped
that the gaps will be rapidly filled. The shells have been ar-
ranged to correspond with Mr. WilUam G. Mazyck's Catalog of
the MoUusca of South Carolina, now in process of publication by
the Museum. Brief temporary labels indicate each species which
has been recorded as taken along the coast of this state whether
specimens have been found in recent years or not. Many species
not represented in the Museum are to be found in Mr. Mazyck's
private collection. Permanent labels are being prepared and will
be printed as soon as possible. These will be of a popular as well
as scientific nature and will greatly add to the interest of the
collection. An installation of all the shells of the state, land and
fresh-water species as well as marine forms, will be made when
cases can be secured. The last available case from the old mu-
seum has now been used — was, in fact, filled for this exhibit.

L. M. Bragg.

' Bull. Chas. Mus., VI, 1910, 58.

53

BEACH SHELLS AFTER THE HURRICANE

Popular reports have been circulated to the effect that wonder-
fully rare and beautiful shells were found abundant on the Isle
of Palms after the August hurricane. Members of the Museum
staff explored the beach on the tenth of September, two weeks
after the storm. While it would be rash to state that no unusual
species were thrown up on the beach during the storm, neverthe-
less, every indication at that date would tend to prove that the
disturbance of the shell-beds had been quite local and that while
a certain few common species were represented in great numbers
and by exceptionally large and fine Hving specimens, no abundance
of rare species occurred. In fact the Museum can learn of no
scientifically valuable specimen being collected.

The most plentiful shells seemed to be the lovely, iridescent
pen shells, particularly the Spiny Pen (Pinna muricata). The
Cockle (Cardium muricatum), a charming bivalve shell whose
pink and yellow coloring lends an almost tropical beauty to the
beach, is ordinarily less common than the other abundant species,
yet usually appears in large numbers after severe gales. Curio
collectors were active gathering large specimens of the two com-
mon conchs, the Pear Conch and the Channeled Conch (Fulgar
carica andF. canaliculata) , the empty egg cases of which were strewn
along the beach. Various common species, as the ark shells,
were noticeably less in the ascendent than in calm weather. On
the whole the beach presented a much more interesting appear-
ance after the storm of October 24, 1910, than after the hurricane

of this year.

L. M, Beagg.

m

NOTES PROM THE MUSEUH

The Museum is open free to the public on week days from 10
till 6. Children unaccompanied by an adult are admitted only
on Saturdays.

The annual Thanksgiving Day field trip of the Natural History
Society will consist this year of an excursion to Morris Island to
study beach shells. The party will go down by launch at 8.45
a. m. and will return to the city at 2 p. m. so as to be in time for
dinner.

Section A of the Natural History Society will hold its December
meeting on Thursday the 7th at 5 p. m. and Section B will meet
on Thursday the 14th at the same hour. Both meetings will be
devoted to discussion of the results of field trips, followed by an
account of the Elk family. Ten members of Section B were
graduated at the last meeting into Section A and this is the best
time of the year for new members to join either section. ,

Recent accessions not previously acknowledged include a
series of asbestos specimens and products presented by the
Keasbey and Mattison Company through Wm. M. Bird & Com-
pany. These will be added to the specimens and photographs
obtained last spring from the factory of the General Asbestos and
Rubber Company in Charleston, and will make our asbestos
exhibit nearly complete. A large floor case for industrial ex-
hibits was completed during the summer in the Museum shop
and is now on the main floor.

The two Duck Hawks received alive on October 11 from Dr.
J. A. Miles attracted considerable attention from the fact that
this species is the Peregrine Falcon of olden times, as well as
because it is rare in this state. One of these birds died on Octo-
ber 25 and the other on November 11 and both were prepared as
skins for the Museum collection by Mr. E. A. Hyer. These
hawks had been blown during a storm onto a vessel sailing off

65

the coast. One of the seamen on the ship brought them into
the Charleston Market where Dr. Miles purchased them and pre-
sented them to the Museum with the proviso that they should not
be released to harry our birds. The Duck Hawk has a sad repu-
tation as a disturber of the peace in the bird world. Otherwise
the increasing rarity of this species in South CaroHna would be a
matter for deeper regret.

The Museum is gathering material for a collection of Indian
remains found in South CaroHna, and will be glad to receive
either gifts or deposits of anything suitable for such an exhibit.
Information relative to burial mounds or localities where relics
have been discovered will be most welcome. Implements of all
kinds and particularly fragments of pottery and human skele-
tons, and large stone mortars are greatly desired.

The Museum records with sorrow the death of its oldest perma-
nent resident, Cistudo Carolina, better known as the Common
Box Turtle. Cistudo joined the Museum staff in November, 1909,
and departed this Ufe in October, 1911, at the age of seventy-one
recorded years plus an indefinite number of years unknown. His
original home was in a swamp near Cross Hill, Laurens County,
South Carolina, where he was first discovered by Mr. David
Whiteford in 1840. Mr. Whiteford carved his initials and the
date, 1840, on Cistudo's plastron and returned him to his native
haunts. Nothingmore was heard of Cistudo until 1905. A second
time he was released, but when captured for the third time in
May, 1909, Mr. Whiteford, then nearly ninety years old, decided
that a turtle of such a venerable age should acliieve a more than
local reputation and consequently Cistudo came ' to Hve at the
Museum, where hundreds of people have watched him placidly
feeding on fish. More often visitors have been rewarded with
sight of his shell only as Cistudo belongs to a family much given
to withdrawing into its shell, in which case the shell literally closes
up like a box — hence the name Box Turtle.

This turtle was brought to the Museum by Mr. B. A. Wharton
of Cross Hill. Affidavits of its history are in the possession of
Mr. A. W. Love, Secretary of the South CaroUna Agricultural and
Mechanical Society, Columbia, S. C.

56

Under the Auspices of the College of Charleston

PUBLICATIONS

(1) The Bulletin of the Charleston Museum is published monthly
from October to May, each number consisting of eight to sixteen pages.
This is a popular record of the work of the Museum, containing accounts
of its educational activities, descriptions of exhibits, and preliminary
notices of investigations. Important records of geographical distribu-
tion, and working lists of the local fauna and flora are often published
first in the Bulletin. The January issue of each year is devoted to the
annual report of the director of the Museum.

Volume I of this series began in April, 1905, and is complete in 5
numbers. Subsequent volumes consist of 8 numbers each. A title page
and index to the first five volumes was published in the issue of
December, 1909.

Sent prepaid to any address for 25 cents a year. Single copies 5 cents each.

(2) Contributions from the Charleston Museum are issued at
irregular intervals, and consist of research papers too long or too im-
portant for publication in the Bulletin.

I Birds of South Carolina, by Arthur Trezevant Wayne
Pp. XXI + 254. Price: paper, $2.75; cloth, $3.25.

II Catalog of the MoIIusca of South Carolina, by WiUiam
G. Mazyck. In preparation.

Ill Birdg of the City of Charleston, by Herbert Ravenel
Sass. In preparation.

BULLETIIV

OF

THE CHARLESTON MUSEUM

Edited By
PAUL M. RSA

A MUNICIPAL CATALOG OF ART
NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY

AUDUBON PICTURES
NOTES FROM THE MUSEUH

Volume VII, Number 8 December, 1911

Under the Auspices of the College of Charleston

Director

Paul M. Rea

Honorary Curators

Wm. G. Mazyck Conchology

Daniel S. Martin Geology

Arthur T. Wayne Ornithology

Nathaniel W. Stephenson Art

Edward R. Memminger Fungi

Curator of Books and Public Instruction

Laura M. Bragg

Secretary to the Director

Laura L. Weeks

Assistant in the Library

Barbara K. Bragg

The Charleston Museum was organized in March, 1773, by the
Charles Town Library Society. In 1815 it was transferred to the Liter-
ary and Philosophical Society of South Carolina, and in 1828 was de-
posited in the Medical College of South CaroHna. In 1850 the Museum
was transferred to the College of Charleston, where it was known as
the College of Charleston Museum. In 1907 a building was provided by
the City and the name changed to The Charleston Museum.

The Museum is dependent upon dues from members and private sub-
Bcriptions for all permanent improvements, for increase of the collections,
and for maintenance of its educational and scientific work.

The membership fees are:—

Annual Members $ 10 Patrons $ 500

Sustaining Members 25 Benefactors 1000

The Bulletin of the Charleston Museum is published monthly,
from October to May, by the Museum and is entered at the Post Office
at Charleston, S. C, as second-class matter.

NEW vo;-::^

BULLETIIV

OP

THE CHARLESTON MUSEUM

Vol. 7 CHARLESTON, S. C, DECEMBER, 1911 No. 8

MUNICIPAL CATALOG OF ART

At the request of the City Art Commission, recently created by
act of Council, the Museum has undertaken to maintain for the
Commission a municipal catalog of public and private works of
art in Charleston. Professor N. W. Stephenson, honorary cu-
rator of art, will have charge of this catalog.

So much is heard of the many activities in which Charleston
was a pioneer in past centuries that it is pleasant to note that this
is the second municipal catalog of this sort which is known to the
writer. It follows the plan of the Registry of Local Art main-
tained by the Museum of Fine. Arts in Boston. Both of these
catalogs are the result of a paper on Museums of Art and the Con-
servation of Monuments ^ read before the American Association
of Museums in May, 1909, by Mr. Benjamin Ives Gilman, secre-
tary of the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. In this paper Mr.
Gilman suggested that the function of museums of art and science
be extended to the preservation of accurate records, photographs,
etc., pertaining to works of art or natural features of scientific in-
terest which on account of their size or for other reasons cannot
be brought within the museum walls. In October of the same
year the Registry was established in the Museum of Fine Arts,
and Mr. Gilman reported a most successful beginning of the work
in June, 1910.^

^Proc. Am. Assoc. Mus., Ill, 1909, 87-92.

'Museum Registry of Local Art. Proc. Am. Assoc. Mus., IV, 1910. 84-87.

67

The Charleston Museum has been exercising a part of the func-
tion advocated by Mr. Oilman since 1906, when it inaugurated
its biological survey for the purpose of recording the composi-
tion, distribution, and abundance of the local fauna and flora.
It is, therefore, both fitting and gratifying that the Museum is
now able to include within its scope a survey of notable works of
art in Charleston. As a matter of record it may be stated that
the establishment of the Municipal Catalog of Art was authorized
at a meeting of the Art Commission held February 8, 1911.

This catalog is intended to include a list of all notable works
of art in the city, whether publicly or privately owned, with a
statement of their location, notation of their removal, name of
custodian, description and periodical reports upon condition,
history, and finally lists of pubUcations relating to them. When-
ever possible, photographs and descriptive articles are to be filed
in the catalog. . • . ;.

An invitation is extended to all persons having custody of
works of art worthy of record in such a catalog to apply to the
Charleston Museum for blanks upon which information may be
entered.

P. M. Rea.

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY

The Thanksgiving Day field trip of Section A to Morris Island
was one of the most enthusiastic and successful excursions the
Society has taken. The temperature was below freezing when the
launch left the wharf but with a bright sun all were comfortable.
Between Fort Sumter and Morris Island dredging was done for
the first time in the biological survey and apparently for the first
time since the days of Stimpson and McCrady, more than half a
century ago. Systematic work was not attempted, but a number
of hauls of an exploratory character brought up a fauna suffi-
ciently varied to stir the enthusiasm of the party. Among the
forms obtained were four species of sponges; a variety of hydroid

68

polyps and corals, including a small pink sea-anemone, the coral
Astrangia which occurs all along the Atlantic coast, beautiful purple
or yellow Gorgon corals with black horny axis and delicate wliite
polyps, and finally the less spectacular Alcyonium digitatum.
Echinoderms were represented by the common starfish, Aslerias
forhesii; by living specimens of Mellita, the "sea biscuit" so
abundantly cast up on the beaches; and by a very interesting
little Brittle Star not much over an eighth of an inch across the
disc. The worms included the common scale worm, Polynoe,
and calcareous or sand tubes of Serpula-like forms.

Landing at Cummings Point on Morris Island three parties were
organized: one to dig between tide marks on the back beach, one
to search the front beach for shells and other forms cast up by
the waves, while the third explored the sand dunes for shore
birds.

The first party found the shell-covered tubes of the worm Dio-
patra cuprea protruding abundantly above the sand between tide
marks. This species is of special local interest from the fact
that Charleston is the first American locality from which it was
reported. The leathery tube has shells adhering only above the
sand and extends down so far that a considerable excavation must
be made to secure the worm at the bottom. When once obtained,
however, it displays richly arborescent gills and a beautiful iri-
descence rivaling a fire opal over the surface of the body. Many
members of the party had not known that a worm could be beau-
tiful. Surprise and pleasure came with the discovery of the large,
somewhat shrimp-like crustacean, Gebia, buried in considerable
numbers in the wet sand.

The second party collected good specimens of common beach
shells but nothing especially rare. The empty egg cases of the
Channeled Conch, Fulgur canaliculata, and the Pear Conch, F.
carica, were found and compared. Several more or less imper-
fect tubes of the worm Pectinaria had been thrown up by the
waves and showed how exquisitely quartz sand grains of uniform
size had been cemented into a conical mosaic tube.

59

The third party reported an unexpected dearth of shore birds
and the equally surprising presence of a number of species, nota-
bly the two I-Qnglets, which are usually restricted to the forest
but were here quite at home among the bare sand dunes. Spe-
cial mention was made of a male Marsh Hawk and of a flock of
several hundred water birds, apparently Black Skimmers, wheel-
ing in majestic curves over the water ofi shore.

When the three parties had assembled on the boat for the trip
home the material was sorted over and informally demonstrated.
The days following were busy with caring for the spoils, and on
Thursday, December 7, the regular meeting of Section A was
devoted to an informal lecture by Professor Rea as an introduc-
tion to the study of the invertebrate animals, followed by Mr.
Weston's report on the birds seen on Thanksgiving Day.

The Society voted to expend sixty dollars from the treasury
for facilities for caring for its collections. Miss Sarah E. Weeks
tendered her resignation as Secretary, which was accepted with a
vote of appreciation of the efficiency with which she had conducted
the office. Miss Harriet McGee was elected Secretary.

Section B went to James Island on the Saturday following
Thanksgiving Day and devoted itself chiefly to bird study. The
regular meeting on December 14, was the occasion of a report of
the trip by Master Joseph J. Waring, and a talk by Miss Bragg
on shells.

It was voted that a trip to Sullivan's Island for invertebrates
be taken on the second Saturday in January.

In the cases devoted to the exhibition of the invertebrate ma-
terial added to the Museum by the Natural History Society red
labels designate specimens collected by Section A and blue labels
those collected by Section B. At present red seems to predom-
inate but another day in the field may easily change the color.

P. M. Rea.

60

AUDUBON PICTURES

In the May number of the Bulletin * attention was called to
three valuable pictures from the works of John James Audubon
which had been presented to the Museum. People in Charleston
will not soon forget the Audubon-Bachman loan exhibit which
was held at the Museum during last March nor the large amount
of interest it aroused. At that time the Museum possessed four
framed plates from the chromolithograph edition by J. Bien of
the Birds of America. This edition, known as the folio edition
of 1860, was commenced under the direction of John Audubon
but publication was discontinued after his death. About half
the plates of the original elephant folio were issued, however.
Sixty-six of these were shown at the loan exhibit in March. It
is with great pleasure that the Museum is now able to offer to
its visitors four plates of this edition not previously exhibited.

This is made possible through the generosity of Mr. and Mrs.
Henry S. Holmes who have, in addition to their former gifts,
presented the Museum with five framed plates of this series.
These plates represent the Fish Crow, Night Heron, Pigeon Hawk,
Ruby-throated Hummingbird, and White Headed Pigeon, the
last only having been represented in the loan collection.

A word of correction is due in connection with a statement
made- concerning the picture presented to the Museum by Mrs.
Morris F. Tyler. This is not an original water-color painting
but' a hand-colored lithograph evidently lithographed from the
plates in the elephant folio of the Quadrupeds of North America.
It, however, bears no imprint as do the published plates of this
edition and is of quite superior workmanship. Below the plate is
written in pencil in Audubon's hand-writing, "Drawn from Life
by J. J. Audubon. Arctomys monax, Gmel. Maryland Marmot,
Ground Hog, Woodchuck,"

'BuLi.. Chas. Mus., VII, 1911, 38-39. >Ibid.

61

The following is a list of the Audubon plates now in the per-
manent collection of the Museum:

Birds of America. Elephant folio edition. Lond. 1827-38.

Frigate Pelican. 1835 Gift of Mr. Julian Mitchell.

Golden Eagle. 1833 Gift of Mr. andMrs. Henry S. Holmes.

Birds of America. Chromolithograph edition. J. Bien, N. Y., 1858-60.

CaroHua Parrot. 1860 Gift of Mr. andMrs. Henry S. Holmes.

Duck Hawk. 1860 Gift of Mr. andMrs. Henry S. Holmes.

Fish Crow. No Date Gift of Mr. andMrs. Henry S. Holmes.

■ Night Heron or Qua bird. 1860 Gift of Mr. andMrs. Henry S. Holmes.

Pigeon Hawk. 1860 Gift of Mr. andMrs. Henry S. Holmes.

Rose-breasted Grosbeak. 1860 Gift of Mr. Caspar Chisdm.

Ruljy-throated Hummingbird. 1860. . . .Gift of Mr. andMrs. Henry S. Holmes.

Swallow-tailed -Hawk. 1860 Gift of Mr. andMrs. Henry S. Holmes.

White Headed Pigeon. 1860 Gift of Mr. andMrs. Henry S. Holmes.

Quadrupeds of North America.

Arctomys monax, Gmel. Maryland Marmot, Ground Hog, Woodchuck. No
imprint. Hand-colored lithograph labeled and signed in pencil by J. J. Au-
dubon Gift of Mrs. Morris F. Tyler.

L. M. Bragg.

NOTES FROM THE MUSEUH

The Museum is open free to the public on week days from 10
till 6. Children unaccompanied by an adult are admitted only
on Saturdays.

Mr. Edward R. Memminger, honorary curator of fungi, has re-
turned to Charleston for the winter and is engaged in further work
on the Ravenel herbarium. In addition to its valuable fungi,
this herbarium contains a large series of flowering plants col-
lected during the summer in malarial swamps and inaccessible
regions where we should have great difficulty in collecting at the
present time. Furthermore, the prospect of extensive drainage
operations in the coastal region in the near future suggests that
a few years may bring extensive changes in ecological conditions.
All of this invests the Ravenel herbarium with special interest.

Miss Henrietta A. Kelly has presented to the Museum a set of

d2

European mosses, and a very perfect specimen of brain coral and
a collection of shells which were given to her by the late Pro-
fessor F. S. Holmes.

Miss Catherine Ravenel has given the Museum some additional
shells from the collection of the late Dr. Edmund Ravenel, to-
gether with a copy of his catalog, published in 1874.

A small collection of very beautiful foreign shells has been
presented by Francis S. Hanckel, Jr.

Among recent visitors to the Museum are Dr. F. H. H. Calhoun,
professor of geology and mineralogy at Clemson and curator of
the museum; Mr. A. S. Rowell, of Piedmont, S. C, who has made
extensive collections of Indian implements in the upper part of
the state; and Mr. and Mrs. George P. Englehart. Mr. Engle-
hart is assistant curator in the Children's Museum in Brooklyn.

At the request of the Advertising Club the Museum will enter-
tain the business men of the city at an evening exhibition soon
after the holidays, when all the offices and workrooms as well as
the exhibition halls will be open to inspection and members of the
staff will demonstrate the work of each department. This plan
was first adopted when the Advertising Club inspected the Museum
last year, and it is a pleasure to know that it succeeded so well as
to invite repetition.

Our readers will be interested to learn that since the publica-
tion in the October Bulletin of the account of the hurricane the
Museum has received a special appropriation from Council for
repair of the damage to the building.

The Association of First Grade Teachers has invited Miss Bragg
to give them at their monthly meetings half-hour talks on nature
work to show how lessons adapted to local conditions and the
current season may be prepared. As nature work is not included
in the curriculum of the Charleston Schools this voluntary in-
terest of the teachers is especially gratifying.

The Sunday News of November 26 contained an interesting
account of the effect of the August hurricane upon the bird life of

63

Charleston, by Mr. Herbert R. Sass, who concludes "that in the
garden more particularly and in the town as a whole a furious
and protracted hurricane, the maximum force of which was at
least 106 miles an hour, appears to have had a surprisingly slight
effect upon bird life in general, except in the case of two species,
upon which its effect was very marked. In the garden, individ-
ual birds, which were present before the storm, were found safe
and unharmed after it was over; and there is no concrete and pos-
itive evidence to show that in the city generally the avian death
toll was more serious than the loss, if one may term it such, of
a few English Sparrows. Even in the cases of the two species
referred to above — the Chimney Swift and the Purple Martin —
there is no conclusive proof, in the shape of dead bodies discov-
ered, of heavy loss of life, though, in spite of the failure to find
such proof, heavy loss may have occurred, especially among the
Martins; and the most that can be said with certainty is that
these two species, both of whom were present in large numbers
before the storm, both practically disappeared as a result of the
disturbance." This entire article is filled with discriminating
observations of much value and a copy is preserved in the Mu-
seum library. Much interest has been shown in two other bird
studies by Mr. Sass: Wild Life in a City Garden^ and Wild
Music.^ The first is a charming account of his famous garden
whose avifauna he has described in more technical style in the
Bulletin.^ Wild Music must stir recollections in everyone who
has ever gone to Otranto to hear the chorus of bird voices in the
early morning mists and to search out the less familiar species
which abound there in the migration season.

Dr. D. S. Martin, honorary curator in the geological depart-
ment, is on his way south and expects to be at the Museum about
January 8.

The January issue will be devoted, as usual, to the annual
report of the director of the Museum.

^Atlantic Monthly, 107, 1911, 226-233. '^Ih'iA, 108, 1911, 403-408.

3BuLL. Chas. Mus., II, 1906, 57-66; III, 1907, 53; V. 1909, 57-60.

64

Under the Auspices of the College of Charleston

PUBLICATIONS

(1) The Bulletin op the Charleston Museum is published monthly
from October to May, each number consisting of eight to sixteen pages.
This is a popular record of the work of the Museum, containing accounts
of its educational activities, descriptions of exhibits, and preliminary
notices of investigations. Important records 'of geographical distribu-
tion, and working lists of the local fauna and flora are often published
first in the Bulletin. The January issue of each year is devoted to the
annual report of the director of the Museum.

Volume I of this series began in April, 1905, and is complete in 5
numbers. Subsequent volumes consist of 8 numbers each. A title page
and index to the first five volumes was 'published in the issue of
December, 1909.

Sent prepaid to any address for 25 cents a year. Single copies 5 cents each.

(2) Contributions from the Charleston Museum are issued at
irregular intervals, and consist of research papers too long or too im-
portant for publication in the Bulletin.

I Birds of South Carolina, by Arthur Trezevant Wayne

Pp. XXI + 254. Price: paper, $2.75; cloth, $3.25.

II Catalog of the Mollusca of South Carolina, by William
G. Mazyck. In preparation.

Ill Birds of the City of Charleston, by Herbert Ravenel
Sass. In preparation.

BULLETIIV

OF

THE CHARLESTON MUSEUM

Edited By
PAUL M. REA

REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR OF THE MUSEUH
FOR THE YEAR 1911

Volume VIII, Number 1 January, 1912

Under the Auspices of the College of Charleston

Director

Paul M. Rea

Honorary Curators

Wm. G. Mazyck Conchology

Daniel S. Martin Geology

Arthur T. Wayne Ornithology

Nathaniel W. Stephenson Art

Edward R. Memminger Fungi

Curator of Books and Public Instruction

Laura M. Bragg

Secretary to the Director

Laura L. Weeks

Assistants

Barbara K. Bragg, Library L. Wm. McGrath, Zoology

The Charleston Museum was organized in March, 1773, by the
Charles Town Library Society. In 1815 it was transferred to the Liter-
ary and Philosophical Society of South Carolina, and in 1828 was de-
posited in the Medical College of South CaroUna. In 1850 the Museum
was transferred to the College of Charleston, where it was known as
the College of Charleston Museum. In 1907 a building was provided by
the City and the name changed to The Charleston Museum.

The Museum is dependent upon dues from members and private sub-
scriptions for all permanent improvements, for increase of the collections,
and for maintenance of its educational and scientific work.

The membership fees are:—

Annual Members $10 Patrons $ 500

Sustaining Members.... 25 Benefactors 1000

The Bulletin of the Charleston Museum is pubhshed monthly,
from October to May, by the Museum and is entered at the Post Office
at Charleston, S. C, as second-class matter.

BULLETIISr

OF LWHA

New Y(

THE CHARLESTON MUSEUM ZtZ

Vol. 8 CHARLESTON, S. C, JANUARY, 1912 No. 1

REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR OF THE MUSEUn
FOR THE YEAR 1911

Marked progress in installation, made possible by the interest
of the business men and commercial bodies of the city; and ex-
tended educational work, made possible by increased staff, bring-
ing the Museum to the service of widely-varying classes of citizens,
are the prominent features of the past year. It has not only
been one of the most successful years in the history of the Muse-
um, but it marks the beginning of the fruition of a long period
of preparation and organization. From this time on the value of
the Museum to the people should enhance rapidly.

Few, even of those who have followed the work from year to
year, reahze the extent of the reorganization which was under-
taken for the purpose of converting a large but idle collection,
deteriorated from neglect, over-crowded, under-lighted, inaccessi-
ble, and without definite policy, into a modern museum, organ-
ized on a basis sufficiently broad for the work to be done, admin-
istered in a business way, affiliated with the public schools and
other institutions of learning and with the commercial bodies of
the city so as to become a vital factor in education, in civic im-
provement, and in scientific investigation. It is the ideal of the
new Museum to be an expression point of community activity
— a clearin'5 house of progress. It is believed that the organiza-
tion which has now been built up will be adequate to fulfil a large
part of this object when once the old collections are instal-
led and the attention of the staff can be devoted to their use and
to new activities.

It is the principal task of the new year to obtain sufficient
financial support to continue the work of installation.

1

HISTORY OF THE MUSEUM

The investigations into the history of the Museum, which had
already yielded results of extraordinary interest, reached an un-
expected climax in February when Mr. John Bennett recovered
the long-forgotten date of origin of the Museum— March, 1773—
and the official prospectus of its founders as advertised in the daily
papers of that time.^ It is especially interesting that the plans
for the oldest museum in America were drawn on as broad lines
as could be desired in its one hundred and thirty-ninth year.

FINANCES

An increase of the appropriation for maintenance by City Coun-
cil from $2500 to $4000 has made it possible to bring the routine
work to a higher point of efficiency than ever before and to or-
ganize and carry on the special exhibitions and educational ac-
tivities which have been prominent features of the year's work
but which are only a small indication of the field which the Muse-
um will fill when more of its collections are installed and avail-
able for use.

The General Account, which receives the contributions of mem-
bers and other funds available for general purposes, continues to
fall far short of what it should be and is indeed made up this year
chiefly from increased contributions of a few members who help-
ed in this way to avert the closing of the shop and the suspension
of installation in the summer. The amount obtained in this way
was $550, and was supplemented by $216 from rents. The list
of the members is as follows:

Patrons:
HENRY P. WILLIAMS

Sustaining M embers

Hon. JOHN F. FICKEN Capt. THOMAS PINCKNEY

GEORGE S. HOLMES Hon. J. ADGER SMYTH

HENRY S. HOLMES AUGUSTINE F. SMYTHE

T. MOULTRIE MORDECAI ROBERT P. TUCK.ER

Miss HENRIETTA MURDOCH GEORGE W. WILLIAMS

Annual Members
William G. Hinson Capt. Samuel G. Stoney

•For reprint of this advertisement, see Bull. Chas. Mua., Vll, 1911, 26-27.

2

When it is remembered that this account is the sole reliance of
the Museum for improvements of all kinds not provided for by
special funds, the reason for the slow and halting progress in in-
staUing the collections is obvious. It is also evident that the wel-
fare of the Museum requires a larger support from public-spirited
citizens. The small number of members is not to be attributed
to lack of interest but rather to the inability of the director to
take sufficient time from his work in the Museum building to per-
sonally solicit contributions.

Special accounts have been more varied than heretofore and
have been a large factor in the success of the year's work. Fore-
most among these is the sum of $2200 appropriated by the Char-
leston Advertising Club, one-half for moving and installing sci-
entific exhibits, and one-half for collecting and installing indus-
trial exhibits. Coming at a time when the prospect of installa-
tion was particularly discouraging, this support made possible the
construction of new cases of approved dasign for the bison and the
elk groups, for the moving of the Manigault osteological collec-
tion and other specimens from the old building, and for the con-
struction of a long case for industrial exhibits, leaving a bal-
ance sufficient to install a series of exhibits of local industries.
This fund was raised by the sale of advertising buttons, in which
two teams competed for the credit of selling the larger number.
The campaign brought the Museum prominently before the peo-
ple and attracted the interest of business men. It was a long step
toward the aim of the Museum to be an expression point of com-
munity activity.

The Charleston Natural History Society, the medium through
which a part of the educational work and the biological survey
is conducted, has paid for a case for the general herbarium, and
at its December meeting appropriated $60 for equipment and ex-
penses of collecting and preserving the specimens which it con-
tributes to the Museum.

A special appropriation of $300 was made by City Council for
repair of the damage sustained by the building in the hurricane
of August 27-28.

The City Art Commission defrayed the cost of office equipment
and stationery for the municipal catalog of art which the Museum
has undertaksn to maintain for the Commission.

1 hree schools and colleges — the College of Charleston, the Med-
ical College of South Carolina, and Ashley Hall — have used the
laboratories and classroom of the Museum and have defrayed the

8

expense incident to the equipment and maintenance of their work,
tlius at the same time extending the scope and influence of the
Museum and increasing its efficiency.

ADMINISTRATION

The increased appropriation for maintenance made possible
certain changes in the staff which were quite necessary for the
proper administration of the Museum. Miss Laura M. Bragg was
advanced from hbrarian to be curator of books and pubUc in-
struction, and Miss Barbara K. Bragg was added to the staff as
assistant in the Ubrary. This change associates Miss Bragg offi-
cially with the educational work which she has conducted with
marked success since her first connection with the Museum, and
allows her to give time to the organization of special exhibits
and the installation of the collections. At the same time it
greatly increases the efficiency of the library and provides a much-
needed additional attendant for supervision of the exhibition hall
and reading room.

Miss Laura L. Weeks was regularly appointed as secretary to
the director, giving half her time to this work and half to her
position as assistant secretary of the American Association of Mu-
seums. A general reorganization of the administrative system
of the director's office has been made which will result in much
, economy of time and accuracy of records. A system of cost
accounting has been perfected which enables extremely close
supervision of expenditures and inspires confidence in the ability
of the Museum to get the maximum value from the money it
expends.

Mr. Edward R. Memminger was appointed honorary curator
of fungi, and spent the greater part of two months revising the
fungi of the Henry W. Ravenel herbarium. Nearly nine hundred
South Carolina species were entered in the biological survey re-
cords as a result of this work.

Mr. L. Wm. McGrath has been appointed assistant in zoology.
The most serious administrative problem at present concerns
the cost of installation. Since funds for this purpose become
available only in small sums, it is impossible to contract for a
large number of cases at one time. It has, moreover, been abun-
dantly demonstrated that cases of all types can be most successfully
built in our own shop. Extreme difficulty has, however, been
met in the effort to get mill work of good quality and reasonable
price, while in working up and assembling material a large in-

4

crease in the cost of labor results from the lack of simple wood-
working machinery. Clear, white sap lumber in approximate
sizes can be bought to advantage in the local market. The neces-
sary wood-working machinery to manufacture this can be in-
stalled with motor for $600. The cost of the equipment can be
saved in about fifteen months. The problem of installation will
be well on its way to solution if funds to equip and maintain tlie
shop through the new year can be assured.

The necessity of obtaining a body of members adequate to the
needs of the General Account has been discussed above.

Prospects are encouraging for the continued development of
industrial exhibits in co-operation with commercial organiza-
tions of the city. This constitutes a worthy and important work,
for the success of a museum supported by tax moneys and pub-
lic subscriptions must rest upon the extent to which it is able to
affiliate itself with the interests of the people and to contribute
to their pleasure and profit. It should be the aim of the Museum
to participate in every movement for the exploration of the nat-
ural resources of its territory or for their utilization for the pub-
lic good.

It is desirable that the coming year should see the preparation
and extended use of many small traveling exhibits among the city
schools. As installation of exhibits proceeds it will also be
possible to resume and extend the work with school children in
the Museum which was beginning so auspiciously before the old
building was closed.

The director represented the Museum at the sixth annual meet-
ing of the American Association of Museums held in Boston, May
23-25, when he was honored by re-election as secretary of the
Association.

AUGUST HURRICANE

The destructive hurricane of August 27-28 caused comparative-
ly small damage to the Museum. The greater part of the injury
to the building was repaired from a special appropriation from
City Council for this purpose. The broken glass in the top of the
elk case was renewed from the General Account and the large
sheet of plate glass forming the back of this case was replaced with
compo board for the present.

It is with regret that the destruction of most of the planting in
the grounds about the building must be recorded. For a number
of years it has been the special ambition of Dr. Martin to have

6

here living examples of the more interesting plants and shrubs
either native or adapted to this locality. As a result of his un-
tiring efforts, supplemented in the summer by the assiduous care
of Mr. P. P. Mazyck, most gratifying progress had been made
with this plan when the high tide caused by the storm flooded
the grounds and killed all the smaller and more tender plants.
Before another hurricane we must hope to have our shrubs and
trees well enough estabhshed to survive inundation.

COLLECTIONS AND INSTALLATION

Until the old collections can be properly cared for and ade-
quately installed it is the policy of the Museum to make no spe-
cial effort for their general increase. Opportunities for advan-
tageous acquisition of material have in some cases been declined
because the diversion of even small amounts of money and time
from the rehabilitation of the old collections has seemed unwise.
Systematic efforts have, however, been made to build up the geo-
logical department, the local collections, and industrial material.
The several departments are reviewed below.

Anthropology. The North American Indian collection has
been placed in table cases and will be labeled as soon as time per-
mits, further specimens relating to the Indians, especially of
South CaroHna, are very much desired.

Geology. This department was in a state of extreme confu-
sion and deficient in material when Dr. Martin was appointed to
its honorary curatorship in 1906. The chief interest of the col-
lection lay in the series of two hundred and thirty important min-
erals of the Ural region, presented by the Imperial Mining Insti-
tute at St. Petersburg, and in the unique series of about two
hundred specimens of phosphate of lime, gathered by Dr. Shepard
from localities all over the world. The general collection of min-
erals has been nearly trebled by the generous donations of Dr.
Martin and by material which he has secured from others. The
series of invertebrate fossils has also been largely augmented, and
the whole department has been classified and cataloged in detail
by Dr. Martin. As a result, geology is represented by a very
creditable collection in good order and ready for exhibition.

Collaborating with Dr. Martin, Mrs. Rea has begun the selec-
tion and labeling of minerals for a general exhibit. The plan dif-
fers widely from the conventional exhibit of minerals, interesting
to the student, sometimes attractive from the form or color of the

specimens, but usually quite unintelligible to the general public.
The new plan is an attempt to interest and instruct the average
visitor by showing only specimens illustrating important charac-
teristics of each mineral, accompanied by brief, non-technical, de-
scriptive labels. A part of the exhibit has been provisionally in-
stalled with handwritten labels for several months in order to ob-
tain the comments and suggestions of various classes of visitors.
It will be finally installed with printed labels early in 1912.

The department acknowledges the following gifts received or
worked up during the year: rocks and minerals from Dr. D. S.
Martin, Mr. E. Schernikow, Mr. F. P. Graves, Miss Henrietta Mur-
doch, Wm. M. Bird & Co., and Messrs. C. A. Ruff and Edgar L.
Brother.

In April and May Dr. Martin visited Florida, Alabama, Georgia,
North Carolina, and Virginia, largely in the interest of the Pied-
mont collection of minerals. Dr. Pratt, state geologist of North
CaroUna, has contributed a series of specimens to this collection,
and arrangements have been made to secure the co-operation of
other state surveys in this work.

Industry. It is the poUcy of the Museum not only to indicate
the economic importance of the objects represented in the collec-
tions, but to devote special exhibits to important industrial proces-
ses which should be familiar to well-informed persons. An exam-
ple of the possibilities of this work is seen in the traveling exhibit
of the iron and steel industry which was prepared in 1907. It is
considered even more important that the industries of our own
state should be adequately represented in the Museum, and it was
with much satisfaction that the director welcomed the aid of the
commercial organizations in providing for local industrial exhibits.
A case twenty-eight feet long and seven feet high, affording three
hundred and thirty-six square feet of exhibition space, has been
built in our own shop and is ready for industrial exhibits.

Material for a complete exhibit of asbestos products and their
manufacture has been furnished by the General Asbestos and Rub-
ber Company of Charleston, supplemented by a collection given
by the Keasbey & Mattison Company of Ambler, Pa., through
Wm. M. Bird & Co. of Charleston. The Bailey-Lebby Company
has secured the promise of further material from the John-Man-
ville Company. This exhibit will form a very complete repre-
sentation of the processes of asbestos manufacture and is now in
preparation for installation.

As a result of the special silk culture exhibit, described on a later

page, material for a very complete permanent exhibit was ob-
tained and temporarily installed. This will be put in final form
early in the new year.

Plans for further industrial exhibits are maturing and the com-
ing year may be expected to show this work well advanced.

Ornithology. This department was one of the strongest in
the old museum', and because of its wide popular interest has al-
ways received special attention from the staff and from volunteer
workers in the Museum. It now approaches more clossly than
any other department the ideal of a complete local collection, sup-
plemented by a general collection. The specimens, it is true, are
for the most part thirty or more years old and in many instances
somewhat shabby, but nearly every species occurring in the state
is represented, as well as a large number from other parts of the
United States and the world at large.

A special case of local birds has been maintained for several
years and always attracts much attention from visitors. Copy
for a full set of labels for this collection is now ready for printing,
but more case room is required for proper installation. It is to be
hoped that cases may also be provided soon for exhibition of the
general collection of birds.

Ihis department acknowledges the gift of specimens, represent-
ing in most cases important records for the state, as follows: Messrs.
Caspar Chisolm, American Merganser; B. and R. Chamberlain,
Audubon's Shearwater and other unmounted skins; F. M. Wes-
ton, Jr., Sanderhng; E. A. Williams, Redhead Duck; E. A. Hyer,
unmounted bird skins; F. S. Hanckel, Jr., unmounted bird skins
and heads; Dr. J. A. Miles, a pair of Hve Duck Hawks; Miss M.
EUzabeth Klinck, Savannah Sparrow.

To Messrs. E. A. Hyer, Caspar Chisolm, and B. and R. Cham-
berlain the Museum is indebted for preparing as skins most of
the birds and mammals received in the flesh.

An exhibit of the nests and eggs of birds that breed in South
Carolina has been prepared by Miss Bragg and already includes
eggs of nearly three-quarters of the species known to breed in
the state. Most of the remainder are rare and will necessarily be
filled in slowly. The nests are not so well represented in the ex-
hibit but will be added as opportunity offers. Acknowledgment
is due Mr. Wendell M. Levi for valuable nests and eggs from the
interior of the state, chiefly the vicinity of Sumter, and Mr. Cas-
par Chisolm for eggs from the vicinity of Charleston and of Fiat
Rock, N. C. Messrs. B. and R." Chamberlain and other members

8

of the Natural History Society have collected about Charleston.
Master William Allan has deposited in the Museum a set of Cat-
bird eggs, the second known to have been taken in the coast re-
gion of South Carohna.

In moving birds and other fragile specimens from the old build-
ing to the new the boys in Section B of the Natural History Soci-
ety have been of great assistance.

Mammals. Two of the finest groups of large mammals — the
Bison and Elk — have been moved from the old building and in-
stalled in new cases, built in the Museum shop, which display them
to great advantage. To complete the installation prairie and leaf
bases are required and these will be provided as soon as opportu-
nity offers.

The entire Manigault osteological collection has been brought
into the main hall, where it awaits the construction of cases for
permanent installation. The whale skeleton is ready for instal-
lation as soon as the necessary iron work is obtained.
. The Museum is indebted to Mr. T. F. Lane, of the United States
National Museum, for cleaning and remounting a number of
skeletons. Mr. Lane was in Charleston on sick leave and would
have been willing to continue this work for his expenses. The
Museum frequently loses opportunities of this sort for lack of
available funds.

The Polar Bear, Rhinoceros, and Tapir have been brought over
and placed temporarily in rebuilt but unfinished cases. Many
of the smaller mammals have also been provisionally arranged in
cases in the main hall.

Mammals have been added to the collection only incidentally.
Messrs. F. M. Weston, Jr. and Caspar Chisolm gave the skins of
four bats; Mr. 0. M. Howe gave two live opossums, one of which
was subsequently prepared as a skin, and Mr. J. F. McGrath gave
the lower jaws of a baleen whale.

Other Vertebrates. The exhibit of living snakes has been
continued as usual, consisting chiefly of South Carolina species.
A fine Timber Rattlesnake, given by Dr. T. P. Whaley, is a new
species for the survey and now supplies the place in the interest
of the public held for two years by the large Diamond-backed
Rattlesnakes presented by Mr. Henry P. Williams in 1908. A
Garter Snake was given by Mr. E. D. Veronee, and two Copper-
heads and two Hog-nosed snakes were added to the collection
through the kindness of the Young Men 's Christian Association.

Fishes are brought to the Museum occasionally for identifica-

tion and often prove to be the most northern records for West
Indian species. Thanks for specimens are due to Messrs. William
P. Hyams, Jr., manager of the Charleston Fish and Oyster Com-
pany, E. A. Hyer, Francis S. Hanckel, Jr., and B. and R. Cham-
berlain.

Invertebrates. A series of invertebrate animals was pur-
chased several years ago for teaching purposes primarily. It is de-
sirable that this collection be exhibited as soon as cases can be
provided. Duplicate specimens for dissection were added this year,
making it possible for the Museum to offer facilities for extensive
morphological studies.

Noteworthy specimens of invertebrates given to the Museum
include a Spiny Lobster from Capt. William Rock, and a large
Squid from Messrs. I red L. Lineburger and V. L. Fulmar.

Toward the close of the year a beginning was made in the inves-
tigation of the marine invertebrate fauna of Charleston Harbor
and vicinity. Ihis resulted in the formation of an exhibit of
marine invertebrates which may be expected to show large growth
as this form of collecting is continued.

An exhibit of the marine shells of South Carolina has been in-
stalled by Miss Bragg. Space is provided for each species known
to occur in the state, and although the vacant spaces are numer-
ous at present it will be interesting to fill them in. Sections A
and B are engaged in a friendly contest for the credit of contrib-
uting most to the exhibit. In addition to material collected by
the staff or the Natural History Society the exhibit contains spec-
imens given by Mr. William G. Mazyck from his large private
collection. Miss Henrietta A. Kelly, and Messrs. Francis S.
Hanckel, Jr. and H. L. Izlar have given local and foreign shells.

Herbaria. A new case for the general herbarium was built
in the Museum shop in the spring, and the Henry W. Ravenel
herbarium and other collections are in process of revision and re-
mounting. Mr. Memminger worked over the fungi early in the
year and is now engaged with the flowering plants. The herba-
rium already contains 1397 sheets, of which 839 are from South
Carolina. In addition, 840 sheets, including 711 from South Caro-
hna, are nearly ready for filing.

The Museum is indebted for assistance in mounting specimens
to the Misses Isabel O'Neill, Ida Colson, Marion McDonald, Anita
PoUitzer, and Priscilla Branford.

The first fascicle of Ravenel 's rare Fungi CaroUniani exsiccati
was given by Dr. C. W. Kollock and has proved of much value

10

in Mr. Memminger's work.

A set of European plants, chiefly mosses, has been given by
Miss Henrietta A. Kelly.

LIBRARY

An adequate library is as essential to successful museum work
as to all other scientific endeavor. It is often necessary to refer
to many technical books and journals in order to identify speci-
mens and prepare accurate descriptive labels, and it is also high-
ly desirable that library facilities of less technical nature be ac-
cessible to the visitor who becomes interested in learning more
than the labels tell of the exhibits. The public reading room
was the first department of the Museum to be opened in the new
building and its attractiveness is a constant satisfaction to the
staff. The library itself seems to have been created almost out
of nothing, for nearly four thousand volumes have been acquired
with very small appropriations for purchase. So fast have the
books come in that the great problem has been to care for them
adequately and make them accessible when needed. There has
been hardly a member of the staff but has taken a turn in caring
for the library. In this way a classed catalog was made of the
books accessible up to the end of 1908. When a permanent
librarian was employed in 1909 it was decided that a dictionary
catalog would best serve the requirements of the library. In
making this change the old cards of the classed catalog have been
redistributed as author cards. Since that time the number of
books on the shelves has practically doubled, and many difficult
technical problems of classification have been worked out. The
library, although not large in number of volumes, is comparable
to the science section of a large library and presents many dif-
ficulties not encountered in general libraries of moderate size.

The appointment of an assistant in the library makes it possi-
ble for the routine work to be done under the supervision of Miss
Bragg, while leaving much of her time free for installation of ex-
hibits and educational work. Like other departments of the Muse-
um, the library shows now the results of the long and difficult
process of reorganization. The demands upon the library by the
staff have increased with the prosecution of the biological survey
and its use by students is much larger.

Library exchanges have grown since the publication of the Con-
tributions was begun. Exchanges with the following institu-
tions have been inaugurated during the year: Academy of Natural

11

Sciences of Philadelphia, Australian Museum, Deseret "Museum,
Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society, Houston Museum, Illinois State
Museum, Louisiana State Museum, Missouri Botanical Gardens,
Minnesota Academy of Sciences, Oklahoma State University,
Nautilus, New York Zoological Society, Portland Art Association
(Oregon), Portland Society of Natural History (Maine), St. Paul
Institute, Virginia State Library.

The library has received available back material and will re-
ceive future publications as gifts from the following: Agricul-
tural Experiment Stations of Alabama, Cornell University, Flor-
ida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, North CaroUna,
Tennessee; College of Charleston Magazine; Geological Surveys of
Georgia, Tennessee, Virginia; John Herron Art Institute; and
Oakland Public Museum.

The Maine Agricultural Experiment Station, the Museum of
Comparative Zoology, the New York State Museum, Nautilus,
and the Oologist have generously filled gaps in our file of their
pubhcations as far as their stock is available.

The library subscribes to the following periodicals: Bird-Lore,
Field and Stream, Oologist, Outing, and Recreation. The Auk and
the National Geographic Magazine are received as gifts of Dr. Fitz-
hugh Salley and Miss Henrietta Murdoch, respectively. Science
and Popular Science Monthly are placed in the reading room by
the director and Dr. Martin, respectively.

Books have been received as gifts, in addition to those already
mentioned, from the following: After School Club, American Book
Company, Caspar Chisolm, Charleston Park Commissioners, W.
C. Coker, Dr. George W. Field, Roland M. Harper, Miss Henrietta
A. Kelly, Dr. C. W. KoUock, Dr. George F. Kunz, W. M. Levi,
P. P. Mazyck, Mrs. C. C. Pinckney, Miss C. P. Ravenel, and
James Henry Rice, Jr.

It is a matter for congratulation that all the United States doc-
uments related to the work of the Museum are well shelved and
readily accessible. They contain thousands of technical and pop-
ular papers indispensable for scientific work and now easily found
by reference to the document catalog. This is the only library
in the city where this satisfactory arrangement is possible at the
present time.

Important as the library is in the work of the Museum, but
$31.47 has been spent for its maintenance, exclusive of services,
and S3 1.60 for books and improvements during the year. It is
unfortunate that no regular appropriation can be allotted to the

12

library for purchase of books and it is desirable that a way be
found to provide for this need. A fund whose income should be
devoted exclusively to purchase of books would insure uniformity
of growth.

As a result of the Audubon-Bachman loan exhibit in March the
Museum has received the gift of two framed plates from the ele-
phant folio edition of Audubon's Birds of America from Mr.
Julian Mitchell and Mr. and Mrs. Henry S. Holmes, respectively.
Mr. and Mrs. Holmes have also given five framed plates of the
chromolithograph series of 1860, in addition to three given pre-
viously. Another of this series was given by Mr. Caspar Chisolm.
Mrs. Morris F. Tyler gave a hand-colored plate from the Quad-
rupeds of North America, labeled and signed in pencil by J. J.
Audubon. These gifts, together with the books previously ac-
knowledged, are a gratifying testimonial of the interest aroused
by the exhibit.

BIOLOGICAL SURVEY

It is the object of this survey to accumulate a catalog of the
fauna and flora of South CaroUna, beginning with the coast re-
gion. The undertaking seems especially large when it is realized
that it must be carried out for the most part as an incident in
other work. The results already attained, however, abundantly
illustrate its value. Without some such means of gathering into
permanent form the scattered observations of many persons an
adequate knowledge of our fauna and flora is impossible, while the
acquisition of this information is essential to the proper develop-
ment of the local exhibits which should be the distinctive feature
of the Museum.

It is the plan of the survey to accumulate as many records
as possible in each group until a preliminary report can be pub-
lished. Thereafter only such observations are recorded as extend
the published account. All records coming to the attention of
the Museum in a trustworthy manner are entered in the survey,
so that as fast as it is brought up to date it constitutes a complete
summary of the known fauna and flora.

The survey began with the birds and since the publication of
Wayne 's Birds of South Carolina * contains the additional infor-
mation obtained by Mr. Wayne and other observers. In most
other groups only a small beginning has been made, although an
analysis of the Ravenel herbarium has given eight hundred and

'CoNTH. Chas. Mu8., I, 1910.

sixty species of fungi for the state. The beginning of marine collect-
ing late in the year aroused much interest in the invertebrate animals
and rich results may be confidently expected from a continuance
of this work. Acknowledgment is due Collector of the Port E.
W. Durant, Jr., for his courtesy in allowing the use of the Custom
House launch for harbor collecting.

A large part of the survey records have come, as in the past,
from members of the Natural History Society.

MUNICIPAL CATALOG OF ART

The idea inherent in the biological survey is extended to the
field of art in the municipal catalog of art which the Museum has
undertaken to maintain for the City Art Commission. It is the
purpose of the catalog to make a record of works of art in the
city, whether publicly or privately owned, and make periodi-
cal inspection of their condition. The catalog is modeled after
that maintained by the Museum of Fine Arts in Boston.

The necessary stationery and filing cabinet were obtained late
in the year and a beginning of the catalog made.

PUBLICATION

The seventh volume of the Bulletin has been completed dur-
ing the year, comprising sixty-four pages. As in the past, this
publication has served as a record of progress, as a means of keep-
ing in touch with the people of Charleston and with museums
abroad, and as a medium of preliminary pubUcation of the records
of the biological survey. The reprinting, in the April number,
of the original prospectus of the Museum as published in the daily
papers at the time is worthy of special note. The February num-
ber contained a continuation of Miss Bragg 's annotated bibliog-
raphy of the sylva of South Carolina. A number of bird records
of unusual interest appeared in the November number.

It is important that Mr. Mazyck's catalog of the mollusca of
South Carolina, already held over a year for lack of funds, be pub-
lished as the second of the Contributions from the Museum.

Special acknowledgment is due the News arid Courier and The
Evening Post for the hearty support given to the work of the Mu-
seum and for the freedom with which their columns have been
opened to notices of Museum activities. ,

PUBLIC instruction

This department has continued to carry on a large part of its
educational work through the medium of the Natural History

14

Society, under the leadership of Miss Bragg. The society has
grown to a membership of nearly a hundred, and has proved an
important adjunct of the Museum in many ways. It has always
contributed largely to the biological survey and during the past
year paid for the new herbarium case and appropriated sixty dol-
lars from its treasury to defray the expense of caring for the mate-
rial it has collected for the Museum.

Eleven members of Section B were graduated into Section A
at the November meeting. The Museum has reason to be proud
of the good record which these younger members of the society
have established, not merely in obtaining records of rare species,
but in developing scientific habits which should be of value through
life.

At the various meetings of the society Miss Bragg has talked
on "Christmas week in the country," "Sea-gulls of Charleston Hiw-
bor," "Local ferns," "Silk worm culture," and "Marine shells of
South CaroUna." The director gave a series of demonstrations
of the structure of vertebrate animals before Section B, and spoke
to Section A of "Catesby as an ornithologist," and on "Inverte-
brates collected on the Thanksgiving Day field trip. " Mr. F. M.
Weston, Jr. talked on "Ornithological work of Wayne, Loomis,
and their contemporaries," "Breeding warblers of the coast re-
gion," and "Birds seen on the Thanksgiving Day fisld trip."

The interest aroused by the lectures on early ornithologists in
South Carolina suggested the Audubon-Bachman loan exhibit,
which was opened with a special meeting, the program of which
is given below.

SPECIAL EXHIBITS

Audubon-Bachman Loan Exhibit. This was the first special
exhibit given in the new building and discovered an unexpected
wealth of material in Charleston relating to Audubon and Bach-
man, which was generously lent by the owners. A full catalog
of the exhibit was printed in the Bulletin for March. The regu-
lar March meeting of the Natural History Society marked the
opening of the exhibit, which continued for eight days and was
attended by over twelve hundred persons. The following was
the program of the meeting:

Description of the exhibit, by Miss Laura M. Bragg.

Life and work of Bachman, by Mrs. Paul M. Rea.

Ornithological work of Audubon and Bachman, by Mr.
Herbert R. Sass.

■ U

Personal reminiscences of Bachman, by Rev. C. S. Vedder.
Erection of the Audubon monument in New York, by
Dr. D. S. Martin.

At the close of the meeting Mr. John Bennett announced his
recovery of the date of the origin of the Museum — March, 1773.

Silk Culture Exhibit. Through the kindness of Miss Hen-
rietta A. Kelly the Museum was able to make a special exhibit
of silk culture on an unusually large scale for five weeks in April
and May. Miss Kelly imported the eggs from Italy, furnished
the equipment, and reared the worms through the early moults.
Miss Bragg planned and conducted the exhibit and delivered
twenty-eight stated lectures. The care of the culture and hand-
ling the large number of visitors was a severe strain upon the
small staff of the museum and the exhibit succeeded only through
their devotion.

In the five weeks of the exhibit the attendance was nearly four
thousand, including over twelve hundred school children who
came with their teachers, by appointment, in school hours. Dur-
ing most of this time all stages from the caterpillar to the finished
cocoon were included in the exhibit.

Public School Work. With the increase of the installation
the Museum will be able gradually to resume and extend the work
with visiting classes from the public schools which was already
inaugurated in the old building. Eighty-five classes came with
their teachers during the year, twenty-three during the Audubon-
Bachman exhibit and forty-seven during the silk culture exhibit.

In order to render the best service to the schools, however,
it is necessary that the Museum have traveling exhibits which
can be sent to the schoolroom and used to supplement the regu-
lar studies. The curator of public instruction is now co-opera-
ting with the superintendent of schools with a view to planning
such exhibits. This work affords a field for efficient service
which the Museum hopes to fill.

The curator has been invited by the First Grade Teachers As-
sociation to give a course of lectures at their meetings which will
lay out a series of nature study lessons suitable for the first grade
in Charleston from monthto month. This is a purely voluntary
movement on the part of the teachers and the course given
will not form a part of the curriculum, but can be used in un-
occupied time. It is, however, a first step toward elementary
science in the schools..

16

AFFILIATED INSTITUTIONS

The aim of the Museum to become the center of scientific ac-
tivity in the community and to utiUze its lesources in the broad-
est way has been promoted by an affiUation with the Medical Col-
lege of South Carolina, by which the department of physiology and
embryology is transferred to the Museum.

Another step in the same direction consists of an arrangement
with Ashley Hall by which the science classes come to the Museum
for instruction by Miss Bragg.

The relation of the department of biology and geology of the
College of Charleston to the Museum remains unchanged. The
additional affiliations enable the laboratories to do more work
and to increase their equipment.

From Januarj^ to June the curator of public instruction gave
a weekly lecture on elementary science to students of tlie South
Carolina Kindergarten Training School.

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, it may be worthy (jf enipluisis that the success
of the past year is but an earnest of the work that may be accom-
plished in another year with similar financial support. Much
that has been done this year will bring visible results early in the
new year, and each step in installation opens new possibilities
of educational work.

Paul. M. Re a, Director.

17

Under the Auspices of the College op Charleston

PUBLICATIONS

(1) The Bulletin op the Charleston Museum is published monthly
from October to May, each number consisting of eight to sixteen pages.
This is a popular record of the work of the Museum, containing accounts
of its educational activities, descriptions of exhibits, and preliminary
notices of investigations. Important records of geographical distribu-
tion, and working lists of the local fauna and flora are often published
first in the Bulletin. The January issue of each year is devoted to the
annual report of the director of the Museum.

Volume I of this series began in April, 1905, and is complete in 5
numbers. Subsequent volumes consist of 8 numbers each. A title page
and index to the first five volumes was published in the issue of
December, 1909.

Sent prepaid to any address for 25 cents a year. Single copies 5 cents each.

(2) Contributions from the Charleston Museum are issued at
irregular intervals, and consist of research papers too long or too im-
portant for publication in the Bulletin.

I Birds of South Carolina, by Arthur Trezevant Wayne.

Pp. XXI + 254. Price: paper, $2.75; cloth, $3.25.

II Catalog of the Mollusca of South Carolina, by William
G. Mazyck. In preparation.

Ill Birds of the City of Charleston, by Herbert Ravenel
Sass. In preparation.

BULLETIIV

OF

THE CHARLESTON MUSEUM

Edited By
PAUl^ M. REA

BIRDS OF SOUTH CAROLINA— SUPPLEMENT
RECENT BIRD NOTES

Volume VIII, Number 2 February, 1912

Under the Auspices of the College of Charleston

Director

Paul M. Rea

Honorary Curators

Wm. G. Mazyck Conchology

Daniel S. Martin Geology

Arthur T. Wayne Ornithology

Nathaniel W. Stephenson Art

Edward R. Memminger Fungi

Curator of Books and Public Instruction

Laura M. Bragg

Secretary to the Director

Laura L. Weeks

Assista7its

Barbara K. Bragg, Library L. Wm. McGrath, Zoology

The Charleston Museum was organized in March, 1773, by the
Charles Town Library Society. In 1815 it was transferred to the Liter-
ary and Philosophical Society of South Carolina, and in 1828 was de-
posited in the Medical College of South Carolina. In 1850 the Museum
was transferred to the College of Charleston, where it was known as
the College of Charleston Museum. In 1907 a building was provided by
the City and the name changed to The Charleston Museum.

The Museum is dependent upon dues from members and private sub-
scriptions for all permanent improvements, for increase of the collections,
and for maintenance of its educational and scientific work.

The membership fees are:—

Annual Members $ 10 Patrons $ 500

Sustaining Members..., 25 Benefactors 1000

The Bulletin op the Charleston Museum is published monthly,
from October to May, by the Museum and is entered at the Post Office
ftt Charleston, S. C, as second-class matter.

BULLETIN

OP

THE CHARLESTON MUSEUM

LIBRARY
NEW YOR
BOTANIC A

r OARDKN

Vol. 8 CHARLESTON, S. C, FEBRUARY, 1912 No. 2

LOCAL FAUNA

Birds of South Carolina
supplement *

Increased activity has characterized the study of the bird life of
South Carolina since the Museum published in 1910 Mr. Arthur
T. Wayne's Birds of South Carolina. This important work sum-
marized the results of Mr. Wayne's bird observations in the state up
to the date of publication and gave the most interesting records
gathered by other workers on the Museum's bird survey of South
Carolina. During the two years which have elapsed since the is-
sue of this book, Mr. Wayne has secured many important records
besides finding a mislaid notebook containing valuable data.
Meanwhile the Museum has extended the survey to cover not
only the restricted region along the coast to which it was formerly
limited, but the middle and upper parts of the state as well.

The supplement here presented includes all records, as far as
known, up to Dec. 31, 1911, which add to the knowledge of the
avifauna of the state as given in the Birds of South Carolina.

These records are in character as follows:

1. New species for South Carolina. Wilson's Phalarope, taken
by Mr. Burnham Chamberlain, proves to be not merely new to the

> Important bird records obtained by the Charleston Museum in its biological survey
are printed in the Bulletin from time to time. Summaries in the form of supplements
to Wayne's Birds of South Carolina (Conte. Chas. Mcs., I, 1910), of which this is the
first, will be published as occasion arises.

19

state but a wide extension of the previously known range of the
species.

2. Species formerly in the hypothetical list, now authentical-
ly recorded. In this class are the American Merganser, established
by the taking of an adult male by Mr. Caspar Chisolm; the White-
winged Scoter observed by Mr. Wayne, the known accuracy of
whose work establishes the species without further verification;
and the Nashville Warbler only tentatively recorded by the Rev.
John Kershaw, Jr.

3. New species for the coast region.

4. Extension of dates of arrival and departure of species.

5. Specific dates where merely a general statement has pre-
viously been made.

6. Additional records for rare species, or species whose abun-
dance is as yet undetermined.

7. Records from the interior of the state.

8. Substantiating records.

9. Records given purely as matter of interest.

The large number of observers now working on the Museum
survey and the wider range of country covered has made it pos-
sible frequently to extend Mr. Wayne's observations, or verify his
suppositions. Particular care has been taken to include no record
based solely on observation unless the observer's accuracy and
familiarity with the species has been proved to the satisfaction of
the Museum. The record cards filed in the Museum survey usually
give fuller data than can be included in this brief summary.

The names of observers indicated in the text are as follows:
Herbert R. Sass and Francis M. Weston, Jr., both careful bird
students and formerly members of the Museum staff; Burnham
Chamberlain, Rhett Chamberlain, Caspar Chisolm, F. S. Hanckel,
Jr., E. A. Hyer, Samuel Lapham, Jr., Miss A. L. Sloan, J. I.
Waring, Jr., E. A. Williams, and Rev. Robert Wilson are workers
connected with the Charleston Natural History Society; James
Foster and D. S, Lesesne though not bird students have con-
tributed two valuable records; Wendell M. Levi has for years made

20

a study of the breeding habits of birds in the vicinity of Sumter;
the Rev. John Kershaw, Jr., has made a special study of the war-
blers in the interior and upper part of the state; and E. B. Wheel-
er, Jr., is an observer of bird life about Marion. In one instance
citation has been made from the published writings of B. S.
Bowdish and P. B. Philipp,

Abbreviations are used to indicate the local status of a species:
P.R., permanent resident; s.r., summer resident, breeding unless
otherwise indicated; w.v., winter visitant; t.v., transient visitant.

When the locality for a record is not stated it is understood to
have been made in the general vicinity of Charleston or, if by Mr.
Wayne, in the region about Mt. Pleasant and the coast islands
where he usually works.

Colymbus auritus Linn. Horned Grebe. — w.v. Earliest rec-
ord: Oct. 25, 1909 (R. Chamberlain).

Qavia stellata (Pont.). Red-throated Loon. — w.v. Evi-
dently less rare than formerly supposed. Two observed at Isle of
Palms, Jan. 8, 1911 (Weston & Sass); one taken on Ashley River,
Jan. 29, 1911 (Foster). Further observed Dec. 17 and 24, 1911,
Savannah Wharf (Weston). In the light of these unquestionable
records and of the previously published record for a specimen
taken Nov. 21, 1908 (Lapham), observations made from Feb. 10
to Apr. 23, 1906 (Sass, Weston, Wilson), should now be given full
value.

Stercorarius longicaudus Vieill. Long-tailed Jaeger. — w.v.,
rare. Feb. 3, 1908, Dewees Island (Wayne). Only one previ-
ous record (Wayne).

Larus argentatus Pont. Herring Gull. — w.v. Latest record :
May 2, 1911 (Weston).

Larus delawarensis Ord. Ring-billed Gull. — w.v. Latest
record: June 4, 1911 (Weston & Sass).

Larus atricilla Linn. Laughing Gull. — w.v. Latest record:
June 4, 1911 (Weston & Sass).

Sterna antillarum (Less.). Least Tern.— s.r. Less rare than
formerly supposed. Earliest record: May 9, 1908 (Weston).

Latest record: Sept. 5, 1910 (Weston). Bred on Capers Island in
1911, young examined July 18-25 (Weston), were able to fly by
the 25th. Found breeding on Morris Island about July 4 in 1902
and 1903 (Weston). Eggs,' now in the Museum, taken on Ca-
pers Island in June, 1908 (Sloan). Breeding colony of about fifty
pairs on Morris Island, June 10, 1911 (Bowdish & Philipp);=' thirty
nests found with fresh eggs. A second colony of about the same
size found on Raccoon Key, Bull's Bay, June 12, 1910 (Bowdish
& Philipp), of which ten or a dozen nests containing fresh eggs
were examined.

Rynchops nigra Linn. Black Skimmer. — s.r. Latest record:
Nov. 30, 1911, when a flock of several hundred were observed mi-
grating southward (Weston & Bragg).

Puffinus gravis (O'Reilly). Greater Shearwater. Decom-
posed specimen found on Sullivan's Island beach, Sept. 4, 1911,
one week after the hurricane of Aug. 27-28 (Bragg) .^

Puffinus rherminieri Lesson. Audubon's Shearwater. — s.r.
off coast. Specimen found dead on Sullivan's Island beach, Aug.
10, 1911, making the fifth record for the state (B. Chamberlain).*

Anhinga anhinga (Linn.). Snake Bird. — s.r. Earliest record :
Ashepoo River, Mar. 13, 1911 (Mitchell). Latest record: Otran-
to, Aug. 31, 1908 (Sass).

Pelecanus erythrorhynchos Gmel. White Pelican. — acciden-
tal. Specimen taken in Santee Swamp, Oct 26, 1910 (Rea).*
This is apparently the first specimen taken since 1814.

Pelecanus occidentalis (Linn.). Brown Pelican. — s.r. Ear-
liest record: Feb. 22, 1910 (B. Chamberlain).

Fregata aquila Linn. Frigate Bird. — accidental. Observed
off the coast, Oct. 19, 1911, while the wind was blowing forty or
fifty miles an hour in a northeasterly direction (Wayne).* This
is the third record for the state.

Mergus americanus Cass. American Merganser. — w.v.
Adult male taken on Back River, Jan. 2, 1911 (Chisolm).' This

»Spec No 11 nil. »A«fc. XXVII, 1910, 305-322.

• Bull. Chas.'Mus., VII, 1911, 60. *Ibid. 49. Spec. No. 7084.

»Ibid. VI, 1910, 57-58. Auk. XXVIII, 1911, 113. 'Ibid, 107.

'Bull. Chas. Mus., VII, 1911, :i!2. Aut, XXVIII. 1911, 254. Spec. No. 7258.

22

is the only authentic record for the state and removes this species
from the hypothetical list.

Anas rubripes Brewst. Black Duck. — w.v. Earliest record:
Oct. 16, 1910 (Weston).

Chaulelasmus streperus (Linn.). Gadwall.— w.v. A female
of this rare species taken in Green Pond, Ashepoo River, Dec. 27
1911 (Hanckel).'

Marilaamerlcana(Eyt.). Redhead.— w.v. Adult male taken
on Sullivan's Island by Herman Speissegger, Dec. 16, 1911 (Wil-
liams).^ Known to sportsmen but no definite record heretofore.

Marila collaris (Donov.). Ring-necked Duck. — w.v. Since
Dec, 1910, twenty-six specimens of this species have been re-
corded (HanckeV Mitchell, Chisolm) and many additional speci-
mens examined as they were carried by hawkers through the
streets of Charleston, thus establishing the abundance of this
species in the state. These birds were taken mainly on the Ashe-
poo River.

Clangula clangula americana (Bonap.). Golden-eye.— w.v.
Earliest record: Nov. 4, 1911 (Chisolm), specimen taken at Goose
Creek.

Harelda hyemalis (Linn.). Old-squaw. — w.v. Four observed
Feb. 2, 1911 (Wayne)."

Oidemia deglandi Bonap. White-winged Scoter. — w.v. Ob-
served on Wando River, Jan. 20, 1911 (Wayne).'' This is the first
authentic record for South Carolina and removes this species from
the hypothetical list.

Olor columbianus (Ord). Whistling Swan.— w.v. Taken
Nov. 21, 1909, at "Rice Hope" on Cooper River (Lesesne)." This
is one of the few authentic records for this species in the state.

Mycteria americana Linn. Wood Ibis.— p.r. Taken on the
Isle of Palms, Dec. 29, 1909 (Wayne). This species is abundant
in summer and a few have been observed to winter (Wayne), but

ife chJsI'mus.. VII. i9il'?6" ""^ '°''- ^'^ °°^^ "^ ''''' "'''' °' '"^^ s^-""*-

23

a specimen has not heretofore been secured at this season. Mr.
Wayne saw eight or ten Jan. 13, 1911.^

Rallus elegans And. King Rail. — p.r. An albino of this
species taken on Bull's Bay, Feb. 28, 1911.^

Porzana Carolina (Linn.). Sora; Carolina Rail. — t.v. Latest
spring record: May 14, 1910 (R. Chamberlain). Earliest autumn
record: Aug. 14, 1910 (McDermid), when a specimen was picked
up on Sullivan's Island beach.^ A male in unworn plumage was
taken alive on Spring Street, Charleston, Oct. 26, 1911 (Hyer).*

Coturnicops noveboracensis (Gmel.). Yellow Rail. — w.v.
Latest record: Mar. 21, 1910 (Wayne), one specimen taken.

Creciscus Jamaicensis (Gmel.). Little Black Rail. — s.r.
This species is so rare in this state that every record is of value.
Recorded (Weston) from Mt. Pleasant, May 28, 1908; Sept. 1,
1909; and Sept. 27, 1911. The specimen recorded on May 28 was
taken by a negro in an oat-field and is now in the collection of
Mr. A. T. Wayne.

Gallinula galeata (Licht.). Florida Gallinule. — p.r. Taken
on Cooper River, Jan. 3, 1909 (Sloan); two observed at Otranto,
Jan. 14, 1911 (Chisolm & Chamberlain). This species, abundant
in summer, has seldom been recorded in winter.

Fulica americana Gmel. Coot. — p.r. This species was for-
merly considered a winter visitant, but additional records indicate
that it is a permanent resident, although no evidence of breeding
has yet been obtained. Records have been made as follows:
May 8, 1910 (Weston); May 14, 1910, specimen taken (Chisolm);
May 14, 1911 (Bragg); May 15, 1910 (Sass); May 20, 1911
(Chisolm) ; June 4, 1910 (Wayne); June 6, 1909 (Weston); July 7
and Aug. 31, 1908 (Sass).

Phalaropus tricolor (Vieill.). Wilson's Phalarope. Rare.
The only specimen of this western species taken in this state or
anywhere on the Atlantic coast from New Jersey to Argentina
was shot on Sullivan's Island, Sept. 7, 1910 (Chamberlain).^

'Record for this species in 1912 will be published in an early issue of the Bulletin.

'Spec. No. 7239. ^Bull. Chas. Mus., VI, 1910, 51.

«See note in this issue of the Bulletin. 'Bull. Chas. Mus., 51. Spec. No. 7094.

24

Pisobia maculata (Vieill.). Pectoral Sandpiper. — t.v. Ear-
liest autumn records: July 21, 1911 (Wayne); Aug. 8, 1910
(Chamberlain). Spacimsns were taken on both of these dates.

Numenius hudsonicus Lath. Hudsonian Curlew. — t.v., a
few stay through the summer but do not breed. Earliest spring
record: Mar. 21, 1909 (Weston). Twenty-five were observed
July 5, 1911 (Wayne). Latest autumn record: Oct. 14, 1911
(Weston).^

Charadrius dominicus Miill. Golden Plover. Rare. Speci-
men taken Nov. 4, 1911 (Wayne)^ and now in the National Mu-
seum. This is the first record for this species since 1880.

Aegialitis meloda (Ord). Piping Plover.— t.v., rare. Latest
spring record: May 18, 1911 (Wayne), specimen taken.

Colinus virginianus (Linn.). Bob-white. — p.r. This species
bred in the city of Charleston in or near the grounds of Major T.
G. Barker during the summer of 1910 (Sass).^ An albino, pure
white with pink eyes, was taken near Montmorenci in Dec, 1909
(Kershaw).

Circus hudsonius (Linn.). Marsh Hawk. — w.v. Two unpub-
lished early records are Aug. 24, 1894 (Wayne) and Aug. 28, 1910
(Weston). A late record is Apr. 29, 1911 (Weston).

Accipiter velox (Wils.). Sharp-shinned Hawk.— w.v. Earli-
est record: July 22, 1911 (Weston).*

Buteo borealis (Gmel.). Red-tailed Hawk. — w.v. Earliest
record: Aug. 28, 1907 (Weston & Sass). Latest record: Mar. 24^
1907 (Weston).

Falco peregrinus anatum (Bonap.). Duck Hawk.— w.v. Ad-
ditional records for this species are Sept. 26, 1894 (Wayne), two
observed; Sept. 29, 1894 (Wayne), three together; Nov. 14, 1910
(Wayne); Nov. 28, 1907 (Wayne & Weston). In Oct., 1911, a
male and female were captured on a vessel off the coast and pre-
sented to the Museum alive by Dr. J. A. Miles.^

(Continued in March.)

IBULL. Cha8. Mtrs., VII, 1911. 50. * Auk. XXIX, 1912.

8BuLL. Chas. Mus... VI. 1910, 49. "Ibid, VII, 1911, 50. 'Ibid, 55.

25

LOCAL FAUNA

Recent Bird Notes

Pigeon Hawk in Winter. — On February 26, 1911, took a speci-
men of this species (Falco columharius) in the brown immature plu-
mage in St. Andrews Parish, near Charleston. The skin is at
present in the collection of the Charleston Museum. This is the
first record for this species taken during the winter months. Mr.
A. T. Wayne records {Auk, XXVIII, 1911, 265) the occurrence of
two adults which he observed on Nov. 29, 1910, and Jan. 14 and
16, 1911, but was unable to secure. These records establish the
Pigeon Hawk as a rare winter visitant in South Carolina. — Julian
Mitchell, Jr.

Carolina Rail in Charleston.— On October 26, 1911, at about
8.30 p. m., I found a Carolina Rail {Porzana Carolina) on the
corner of Spring and Ashe streets in the City of Charleston.
Though it could run, it seemed unable to fly and was easily cap-
tured.

It was kept alive for a day, during which it refused to eat and
suffered difficulty in breathing. Otherwise it appeared to be in
good condition, the plumage being perfectly fresh and unworn.
When skinned it was found to be excessively fat. The skin is
now in the Charleston Museum (Spec. No. 7094). The Carolina
Rail or Sora is abundant in the marshes during migrations and has
even been taken at Otranto on February 3, but this is the first
record of its occurrence within the city. — E. A. Hyer.

Redhead. — A male of this species (Marila americana) was shot
by Mr. Herman Speissegger on Sullivan's Island, Dec. 16, 1911.
The specimen was so badly mutilated that it could not be pre-
served as a skin, but the head was prepared by Mr. E. A. Hyer
and is now in the Charleston Museum [(Spec. No. 7088). The
characteristic blue bill and yellow eye make the identification
positive, and the record is important from the fact that this duck
has never been reported by an ornithologist, although known
to sportsmen and probably not excessively rare. — Ellison A.

Williams.

26

Under the Auspices of the College op Charleston

PUBLICATIONS

(1) The Bulletin of the Charleston Museum is published monthly
from October to May, each number consisting of eight to sixteen pages.
This is a popular record of the work of the Museum, containing accounts
of its educational activities, descriptions of exhibits, and preliminary
notices of investigations. Important records of geographical distribu-
tion, and working lists of the local fauna and flora are often published
first in the Bulletin. The January issue of each year is devoted to the
annual report of the director of the Museum.

Volume I of this series began in April, 1905, and is complete in 5
numbers. Subsequent volumes consist of 8 numbers each. A title page
and index to the first five volumes was published in the issue of
December, 1909.

Sent prepaid to any address for 25 cents a year. Single copies 5 cents each.

(2) Contributions from the Charleston Museum are issued at
irregular intervals, and consist of research papers too long or too im-
portant for publication in the Bulletin.

I Birds of South Carolina, by Arthur Trezevant Wayne.
Pp. XXI + 254. Price: paper, $2.75; cloth, $3.25.

II Catalog of the Mollusca of South Carolina, by William
G. Mazyck. In preparation.

Ill Birds of the City of Charleston, by Herbert Ravenel
Sass. In preparation.

BULLETIN

OF

THE CHARLESTON MUSEUM

Edited By
PAUL M. UEA

BIRDS OF SOUTH CAROLINA— SUPPLEMENT
RECENT BIRD NOTES

Volume VIII, Number 3 March, 1912

Under the Auspices of the College of Charleston

Director

Paul M. Rea

Honorary Curators

Wm. G. Mazyck Conchology

Daniel S. Martin Geology

Arthur T. Wayne Ornithology

Nathaniel W. Stephenson Art

Edward R. Memminger Fungi

Curator of Books and Public Instruction

Laura M. Bragg

Secretary to the Director

Laura L. Weeks

Assistants

Barbara K. Bragg, Library L. Wm. McGrath, Zoology

The Charleston Museum was organized in March, 1773, by the
Charles Town Library Society. In 1815 it was transferred to the Liter-
ary and Philosophical Society of South Carolina, and in 1828 was de-
posited in the Medical College of South Carolina. In 1850 the Museum
was transfei-red to the College of Charleston, where it was known as
the College of Charleston Museum. In 1907 a building was provided by
the City and the name changed to The Charleston Museum.

The Museum is dependent upon dues from members and private sub-
scriptions for all permanent improvements, for increase of the collections,
and for maintenance of its educational and scientific work.

The membership fees are:—

Annual Members $ 10 Patrons $ 500

Sustaining Members 25 Benefactors 1000

The Bulletin of the Charleston Museum is published monthly,
from October to May, by the Museum and is entered at the Post Office
at Charleston, S. C, as second-class matter.

esi

BULLETIIV

OF

THE CHARLESTON MUSEUM

Vol. 8 CHARLESTON, S. C, MARCH, 1912 No. 3

LOCAL FAUNA

Birds of South Carolina

supplement * •

Faico columbarius Linn. Pigeon Hawk. — w.v. This species,
hitherto considered a transient visitant, is now established as a
winter visitant by the following records: Nov. 29, 1910 and Jan.
14 and 16, 1911 (Wayne);^ Feb. 26, 1911 (Mitchell), ^ specimen
taken near Charleston.

Alucopratincola (Bonap.). Barn Owl. — p.r. Breeding record :
four eggs taken Sept. 24, 1910 (R. Chamberlain).*

Asio flameus (Pont.). Short-eared Owl. — w.v. Specimen
taken at Marion, Dec. 5, 1911 (Wheeler).

Cryptoglaux acadica (Gmel.). Saw-whet Owl. — w.v., rare.
Adult female taken by James P. Garrick, Jr. at Weston, Richland
County, Nov. 11, 1909 (Wayne) .^ This is the fourth record for
this state.

Nyctea nyctea (Linn.). Snowy Owl. Rare. Specimen taken
near Winnsboro, Fairfield County, Nov. 28, 1908, now in the col-
lection of Mr. A. T. Wayne. This is the first record since the
time of Audubon and, as far as known, the fourth for the state.'

> Continued from the February issue.

Mi/fc, XXVIII, 1911, 264. 'Bull. Chab. Mus., VIII, 1912. 26,

abid,VI, 1910, 50. Auk, XXVIII, 1911, 112.

Mufc. XXVIII. 1911, 112. eibid. XXVII. 1910, 464.

27

Coccyzus americanus (Linn.). Yellow-billed Cuckoo. — s.r.
Earliest record: Apr. 8, 1911 (Hyer).

Coccyzus erythrophthalmus (Wils.). Black-billed Cuckoo. —
S.R., rare. First authentic breeding record for the state: May 10
and 12, 1911 (Wayne), ^ two females taken with "lower breast and
abdomen denuded of feathers, showing that incubation was going
on." The following records have been received from the interior
of the state: Summerton, May 5, 1910 (Kershaw); Walhalla,
June 12, 1909 (Kershaw).

Antrostomus caroiinensis (Grael.). Chuck-will's-widow. —
S.R., on coast. Breeding record: two eggs taken at Sumter in 1906
(Levi).^ The nest consisted of a slight depression in pine straw.
Previous records have not credited this species with breeding so
far from the coast.

Antrostomus vociferus (Wils.). Whip-poor-will. — w.v. on
coast. S.R. in the mountains. Earliest record: Sept. 23, 1910
(Weston). Latest record: Apr. 1, 1911 (Wayne). Reported from
Walhalla, May 18, 1909 (Kershaw).

Archilochus colubris (Linn.). Ruby-throated Hummingbird.
— S.R. Second and third records for this species in December are
Dec. 18, 1910 (Sass),^and Dec. 30, 1910 (Sass); the first record
being Dec. 18, 1909 (Hyer),* specimen taken. The only Novem-
ber record is from Marion, Nov. 5, 1911 (Wheeler).

Tyrannustyrannus (Linn.). Kingbird. — s.r. Earliest record :
Mar. 12, 1910 (R. Chamberlain & McDermid).

Dolichonyx oryzivorus (Linn.). Ricebird. — t.v. Earliest au-
tumn records: July 14, 1911 (Weston) ; July 27, 1911 (Wayne).

Icterus spurius (Linn.). Orchard Oriole. — s.r. Additional
early records are Apr. 7, 1911 (Wayne), adult male taken; Apr.
10, 1908 (Sass).

Icterus galbula (Linn.). Baltimore Oriole. — s.r. near the
mountains, t.v. in other parts of the state. This species, hitherto
considered migratory in the upper part of the state and supposed
not to occur on the coast, is now established as a summer resident

' Aufc, XXVIII, 1911. 485. 'Spec. No. 11.123.

•Bull. Chas. Mus.. VII. 1911, 15. *Ibid. VI. 1910. 10.

28

near the mountains and probably as a rare migrant nearer the
coast by the following records (Kershaw) : May 6, 1909, two
males observed in Charleston; June- July, 1909, a pair breeding
in a peach orchard at Walhalla, nest taken; June- July, 1910, a
pair observed in the same orchard at Walhalla, nest not discov-
ered; Dec. 26, 1911, male in winter plumage taken at Summerton
and found to be blind in one eye. Frequently reported from
Summerville, though on insufficient evidence.

Loxia curvirostra minor (Brehm). Crossbill.— w.v., irregular.
Additional records: Feb., 1909 (Hyer),' specimen taken near
Magnolia Cemetery in Charleston; Mar. 6, 1909 (R. Chamber-
lain), observed with goldfinches. A specimen was taken in Sum-
merville several years ago and its skull is now in the collection of
G. C. McDermid.

Spinas pinus (Wils.). Pine Siskin.— w.v., irregular. Addi-
tional records: Aiken, Mar., 1909 (Kershaw); Summerton, Apr.
4, 1909 (Kershaw); Feb. 28-Mar. 21, 1911, abundant in west-
ern part of Charleston, many specimens being taken (Waring,
Chamberlain, Hyer, Bragg); Nov. 16, 1911 (Wayne); Wadmelaw
Island, Dec. 30, 1911 (B. & R. Chamberlain), about a dozen ob-
served.

Pooecetes gramineus (Gmel). Vesper Sparrow.— w.v. Sec-
ond earliest record: Oct. 10, 1910 (Wayne).

Passerculus princeps Mayn. Ipswich Sparrow.— w.v. Re-
ported Nov. 21, 1907 (Wayne), on mainland, where it is rarely
found.

Passerculus sandwichensis savanna (Wils.). Savannah Spar-
row.—w.v. Earliest records: Sept. 18, 1911 (Wayne), one ob-
served; Sept. 23, 1911 (Wayne), three observed.

Passerherbulus henslowli (Aud.) . Henslow's Sparrow.— w.v.
Earliest records: Oct. 29, 1894 (Wayne); Oct. 24, 1910 (Wayne),
specimen taken.

Passerherbulus leconteii (Aud.). Leconte's Sparrow.— w.v.
Latest record: Mar. 8, 1910 (Wayne), spechnen taken.

'Bull. Chas. Mua., VI, 1910. 44.

29

Zonotrichia albicollis (Gmel.). White-throated Sparrow.^
w.v. ^"Earliest records : Magnolia Cemetery, Charleston, Oct. 2,
19107Bragg); Marion, Oct. 3, 1911 (Wheeler).

Passerella iliaca (Merr.). Fox Sparrow. — w.v. Earliest rec-
ord: Summerville, Nov. 17, 1910 (McDermid).'

Zamelodia ludoviciana (Linn.). Rose-breasted Grosbeak. —
T.V., rare. Aiken, Dec. 2, 1908 (Kershaw), male and female ob-
served.

Guiraca caerulea (Lirm.). Blue Grosbeak. — s.r. Evidently
less rare than recently supposed. Additional records: May 31,
1907 (Weston), male near Otranto; May 1, 1910 (Weston &Sass),
male and female at Otranto; May 6, 1910 (Kershaw), male and
female at Summerton; Apr. 24, 1911 (Wheeler), male at Marion;
May 6, 1911 (Wheeler), about a dozen of both sexes; May 26,
1911 (Weston), male at Ashley Junction. Numerous breeding
records have been secured from Sumter, where one observer (Levi)
took four nests between June 13 and July 12, 1911. These
records are as follows: June 13, nest in a wing elm near the
road, four feet from the ground, containing four young which flew
the next day. June 28, nest in dense undergrowth of smilax and
grapevine, four and a half feet from the ground. A large snake
skin was wound around the nest, which contained three young
about five days old. July 7, male and female observed in woods
with four young just beginning to fly. July 7, nest five feet from
the ground in a small Black Jack oak in pine woods, placed next
to the trunk and perfectly concealed. The nest, now in the Mu-
seum, is made of grass, fine branches, and paper, and is covered
with spider webs but has no snake skin. It contained three eggs,
one of which was pipped. July 12, nest in oak three feet from
the ground; contained two eggs. Mr. Levi reports that in each
case where he touched the nest he found it deserted the next day.
Nests are reported (Kershaw) from Clarendon County and from
the Piedmont section, the majority containing snake skins.

Passerina ciris (Linn.). Nonpareil. — s.r. Earliest record:
Summerville, Apr. 8, 1911 (McDermid).

^See note in this issue for the Fox Sparrow in Charleston, Jan., 1912.

SO

Piranga erythromelas Vieill. Scarlet Tanager. — t.v. on
coast. s.R. in upper part of state. Additional records: Mt.
Pleasant, Apr. 16, 1911 (Riley); Mt. Pleasant, May 4, 1911
(Wayne), ^ specimen taken; Aiken, Apr. 29, 1909 (Kershaw); Sum-
merton. May 9 and 11, 1910, and Oconee County, June, 1909
(Kershaw), nest taken with two*eggs.

Piranga rubra (Linn.). Summer Tanager. — s.R. Latest rec-
ord: Oct. 14, 1911 (Weston).

Petrochelidon lunifrons (Say). Cliff Swallow. — t.v., rare.
Charleston, Aug. 15, 1910 (Sass).^ This is the fourth or fifth
record for this species.

Hirundo erythrogaster Bodd. Barn Swallow. — t.v. Late
record: June 22, 1910 (Wayne), bird in full song.

Bombycilla cedrorum Vieill. Waxwing; Cedarbird. — w.v.
Earliest record: Charleston, Oct. 12, 1908 (Sass), fiock of four.
Latest record: Charleston, June 3, 1910 (R. Chamberlain), flock
of about twenty-five ; continuous records were made by the same
observer. May 3-25.

Lanivireosolitarius (Wils.). Blue-headed Vireo. — w.v. Ear-
liest record: Oct. 13, 1911 (Weston).

Lanivireo solitarius alticola (Brewst.). Mountain Solitary
Vireo. — w.v. on coast, rare. s.R. in mountains. Earliest record
for coast: Nov. 24, 1910 (Wayne), specimen taken. These birds
travel in flocks in the mountains of South Carolina but are not
common (Kershaw). Nests were taken on Stump-house Moun-
tain (1500 feet), Oconee County, June 17, 1910 (Kershaw). This
is a lower elevation than hitherto recorded for the breeding of
this species.

Helinaia swainsonii Aud. Swainson's Warbler. — s.r. Ear-
liest record: Apr. 5, 1911 (Wayne), singing beautifully.

Helmitherus vermivorus (Gmel.). Worm-eating Warbler. —
T.V., breeding in the mountains. Earliest spring record: Russell's,
Oconee County, May 2, 1909 (Kershaw). Latest autumn record:
Navy Yard, Charleston, Oct. 10, 1911 (Weston).^

^Auk, XXVIII, 19H. 488. ^Bull. Chas. Mus.. VI, 1910. 49.

•Ibid, VII, 1911, 51-52.

31

Vermivora pinus (Linn.). Blue-winged Warbler. — t.v. in
the interior, very rare. Second record: Graniteville, Apr. 19,
1909 (Kershaw), a male observed but not taken.

Vermivora rubricapilla (Wils.). Nashville Warbler. Here-
tofore placed in hypothetical list of birds of the state. Now ten-
tatively recorded pn the strength of an observation made at Aiken,
Apr. 19, 1909 (Kershaw).

Vermivora celata (Say). Orange-crowned Warbler. — w.v.,
rare. Additional record: Aiken, May 3, 1909 (Kershaw).

Vermivora peregrlna (Wils.). Tennessee Warbler. — t.v.,
rare. Only spring record: May 11, 1909 (Kershaw).

Dendroica tigrina (Gmel.). Cape May Warbler. — t.v. Ad-
ditional record: Aiken, J Apr. 28, 1909 (Kershaw), a large flock
which stayed for several days.

Dendroica coronata (Linn.). Myrtle Warbler. — w.v. La-
test record: May 6, 1911 (Weston). A specimen observed at
Otranto, May 1, 1910 (Weston & Sass), was in full breeding plum-
age.

Dendroica magnolia (Wils.). Magnolia Warbler. — t.v. in
the interior. Additional record: Summerton, Apr. 17, 1909
(Kershaw).

Dendroica caerulea (Wils.). Cerulean Warbler. — t.v. in up-
per part of state. Additional record: Aiken, Apr. 20, 1909 (Ker-
shaw).

Dendroica pensylvanica (Linn.) . Chestnut-sided Warbler. —
t.v. in upper part of state, s.r. in the mountains. Additional
record: Aiken, Apr. 20, 1909 (Kershaw).

Dendroica kirtlandii Baird. Kirtland's Warbler. — t.v. Ad-
ditional record : specimen observed at Oakland Plantation, Christ
Church Parish, Oct. 4, 1910 (Wayne).

Dendroica palmarum (Gmel.). Palm Warbler. — w.v. Ear-
liest record: Marion, Sept. 2, 1911 (Wheeler).

Dendroica palmarum hypochrysea Ridgw. Yellow Palm

Warbler. — w.v. Earliest record: Mt. Pleasant, Oct. 2, 1910

(Weston).

32

Dendroica discolor (Vieill.). Prairie Warbler. — s.r. Only
breeding record for the coast: Navy Yard, Charleston, June 18,
1909 (Weston), adult observed feeding a fully-fledged young.
This record proves correct the surmise of Mr. A. T. Wayne that
this species occasionally breeds in the coast region.

Seiurus aurocapillus (Linn.). Oven-bird. — r.v., a few winter-
ing. Additional winter record: St. Andrews Parish, Dec. 23, 1911
(B. & R. Chamberlain).

Anthus rubescens (Tunst.). Titlark. — w.v. Earliest record:
Sullivan's Island, Sept. 10, 1911 (B. & R. Chamberlain).

Dumetella carolinensis (Linn.). Catbird. — p.r., most abun-
dant during migrations; rare in summer, common in winter. Sec-
ond breeding record for the coast: Sullivan's Island, June 30, 1910,
nest containing three fresh eggs taken by W. S. Allan Jr., eggs
now in the Museum. This species has been reported as breeding
about Summerville but no nests have been taken.

Troglodytes aedon Vieill. House Wren. — w.v. Earliest rec-
ord: Sept. 16, 1910 (Wayne).

Telmatodytes palustris marianae (Scott). Marian's Marsh
Wren. — w.v. Earliest record: Charleston, Sept. 14, 1911 (B. &
R. Chamberlain),' specimen taken.

Sitta pusilla Lath. Brown-headed Nuthatch. — p.r. Observed
excavating hole, Jan. 20, 1911 (Wayne).

Regulus satrapa Licht. Golden-crowned Kinglet. — w.v.
Earliest record: Navy Yard, Charleston, Oct. 14, 1911 (Weston).*

Hylocichia mustelina (Gmel.). Wood Thrush. — s.r. Earliest
record: Aiken, Mar. 17, 1910 (Kershaw). Eight nests either com-
pleted or in process of building were found in a clump of low oaks
and pines at Summerton during Apr., 1910 (Kershaw).

CORRECTION. Buteo borealis.— The record for Aug. 28,
1907, attributed to Weston and Sass (February issue, p. 25), is
erroneous and should be omitted.

L. M. Bragg.

iSpec. No. 7089. ^Bull. Chas. Mus., VII, 1911, 52.

38

LOCAL FAUNA

Recent Bird Notes

Fox Sparrow in the City. — Marked and sudden changes of
weather nearly always have an interesting effect upon the bird-life
of the region affected. Practically everybody in Charleston
noticed the great number of Fox Sparrows which appeared in the
city during the heavy sleet storm of January 13 when 3.9 inches
of sleet fell and the temperature dropped as low as 19.9°. It is
not so generally known, however, that the birds remained more
or less common in the city long after the blizzard was over. Up to
February 20 they were seen nearly every day, usually in small num-
bers but sometimes in flocks of half a dozen or more, and even as
late as the present writing, March 11, they are seen occasionally.
Prior to the sleet storm the Fox Sparrow, as far as I know, had
been recorded in the city only twice — one bird shot by Mr. Elli-
son A. Smyth, Jr., on December 24, 1887, and one seen by me on
January 6, 1907: and the present instance is an interesting case
of a species, hitherto almost unknown in the city, being fairly
common there for nearly two months following a sudden and de-
cided change of weather which caused it to appear suddenly and
in great abundance. — Herbert R. Sass.

Cardinal singing in winter. — In the city during mild winters the
Cardinal usually begins singing regularly in early January, continu-
ing in song from that time until the middle of July. It is remark-
able that during the present winter, an unusually severe one, the
first song should have been heard as early as Christmas day. Nor
was this, so to speak, a mere transitory flash in the pan. Despite
the severe cold waves that have followed one another in close suc-
cession the birds have continued to sing since Dec. 25, though, of
course, by no means as constantly as in the spring. — Herbert R.
Sass.

34

/

Under the Auspices op the College op Charleston

PUBLICATIONS

(1) The Bulletin of the Charleston Museum is published monthly
from October to May, each number consisting of eight to sixteen pages.
This is a popular record of the work of the Museum, containing accounts
of its educational activities, descriptions of exhibits, and preliminary
notices of investigations. Important records of geographical distribu-
tion, and working lists of the local fauna and flora are often published
first in the Bulletin. The January issue of each year is devoted to the
annual report of the director of the Museum.

Volume I of this series began in April, 1905, and is complete in 5
numbers. Subsequent volumes consist of 8 numbers each. A title page
and index to the first five volumes was published in the issue of
December, 1909.

Sent prepaid to any address for 25 cents a year. Single copies 5 cents each.

(2) Contributions from the Charleston Museum are issued at
irregular intervals, and consist of research papers too long or too im-
portant for publication in the Bulletin.

I Birds of South Carolina, by Arthur Trezevant Wayne.
Pp. XXI + 254. Price: paper, $2.75; cloth, $3.25.

II Catalog of the Mollusca of South Carolina, by William
G. Mazyck. In preparation.

Ill Birds of the City of Charleston, by Herbert Ravenel
Sass. In preparation.

BULLETI]V

OF

THE CHARLESTON MUSEUM

Edited By
PAUL M. REA

PROGRESS IN INSTALLATION

RECENT ACCESSIONS

LOCAL FAUNA

NOTES FROM THE MUSEUH

Volume VIII, Number 4 April, 1912

Under the Auspices of the College of Charleston

Director

Paul M. Rea

Honorary Curators

Wm. G. Mazyck CoTichology

Daniel S. Martin Geology

Arthur T. Wayne Ornithology

Nathaniel W. Stephenson Art

Edward R. Memminger Fungi

Curator of Books and Public Instruction

Laura M. Bragg

Secretary to the Director

Laura L. Weeks

Assistants

Barbara K. Bragg, Library L. Wm. McGrath, Zoology

The Charleston Museum was organized in March, 1773, by the
Charles Town Library Society. In 1815 it was transferred to the Liter-
ary and Philosophical Society of South Carolina, and in 1828 was de-
posited in the Medical College of South Carolina. In 1850 the Museum
was transferred to the College of Charleston, where it was known as
the College of Charleston Museum. In 1907 a building was provided by
the City and the name changed to The Charleston Museum.

The Museum is dependent upon dues from members and private sub-
scriptions for all permanent improvements, for increase of the collections,
and for maintenance of its educational and scientific work.

The membership fees are:—

Annual Members $ 10 Patrons $ 500

Sustaining Members. ... 25 Benefactors 1000

The Bulletin of the Charleston Museum is published monthly,
from October to May, by the Museum and is entered at the Post Office
at Charleston, S. C, as second-class matter.

BULLETIIV

OP

THE CHARLESTON MUSEUM

Vol. 8 CHARLESTON, S. C, APRIL, 1912 No. 4

PROGRESS IN INSTALLATION

Recent issues of the Bulletin have been taken up with special
articles to the exclusion of any mention of the gratifying progress
which has been made in installation of exhibits in the main hall.

For the first time it has been possible to run all departments
of the Museum at their full capacity and to utilize our full equip-
ment for the production and use of exhibits. Thus, while cases
have been built or refinished in the carpenter shop, specimens
and copy for labels have been prepared by Miss Bragg, Dr.
Martin, and Mr. Memminger, and the Museum press has been
busy printing labels. At the same time the routine work of ad-
ministration, care of the library and working up of new acces-
sions has gone on more efficiently than ever before, and the class-
room and laboratory have been continuously in use by the classes
of the College of Charleston, the Medical College, Ashley Hall,
the Kindergarten Training School, special classes from the public
schools, and by the Natural History Society.

On the evenings of February 20 and 26 the Museum was opened
to public inspection in all departments and personally conducted
parties of from fifteen to thirty followed each other at intervals
of fifteen minutes about the building. They were taken first
to the oflSce of the director where the administrative system was
explained, showing how all departments are coordinated, how
work is planned, and how cost records and financial accounts are

36

UA^IA

devised to show the expense in detail of each piece of work.
Next they learned the importance of the biological survey and
how its records are filed and indexed. The preparation of her-
barium specimens in all its stages was demonstrated with the as-
sistance of young ladies of the Natural History Society, who
have been mounting specimens while the data have been pre-
pared by Mr. Memminger and Miss Bragg. Then followed
inspections of the library stack room, the reading room, the re-
serve and study collections, and the specimen catalogs. In the
large lecture room a fifteen-minute illustrated lecture descrip-
tive of the whale which had just been installed in the exhibition
hall afforded a brief rest before a tour of the carpenter and print
shops, laboratories, and preparation rooms. The preparation of
bird skins was demonstrated by boys of the Natural History
Society who have made important records of rare species and
added valuable specimens to the collections. In the main hall
a number of demonstrators explained the purposes of the ex-
hibits and methods of installation. On both evenings many
visitors lingered until after eleven o'clock, and there can be no
doubt but that the extent and detailed organization of the work
of the Museum was a revelation to many.

Brief mention may be made of the principal exhibits installed
since the first of the year, though detailed description of any
must be postponed till a later time.

Special interest attaches to the hanging of the skeleton of the
Baleen or Right Whale which is now one of the dominant fea-
tures of the main hall. This specimen was captured in Charleston
Harbor in 1880 and has long been one of the sights of the Museum
in its quarters in the College of Charleston.

The first descriptive labels in permanent printed form were
used in installing the carbon and general mineral exhibits. These
are designed to tell an instructive and easily intelligible story of
general interest, and the time spent over them by visitors is a
gratifying evidence of success in attaining this object.

More recently a permanent exhibit of silk culture has been

36

installed with descriptive labels. Material for this was obtained
from the special culture carried on by the Museum last spring.
This year eggs have been distributed to persons in Charleston
and other parts of South Carolina who wish to rear them. No
public rearing will be made at the Museum, but material is be-
ing raised for future use in loan exhibits for schools.

Two groups of squirrels with printed labels have been installed
in refinished cases, and a rearrangement of the collection of local
birds has been made using an additional case so that the speci-
mens are much less crowded and many species for which there
was no room heretofore are included.

Two cases of monkeys and one containing a fine Florida tarpon
have been refinished recently and placed on exhibition, and a
forest floor has been added to the elk case.

Very few of the cases in the old Museum were movable and
none of them were constructed of plate glass. It has therefore
been necessary to build new cases for all large specimens. The
expense of this explains the slow progress of installation. In
order, however, to have specimens where they can be properly
cared for and to give the public a better idea of the scope of the
collections, a considerable amount of sash has been taken from
the old cases and put together to afford temporary protection
for material hitherto in storage or recently brought from the old
building. In this way an exhibit of invertebrate fossils for
teaching purposes, and a number of large mammals, including
two camels, a moose, walrus, several sea lions and seals, two
bears, llama, alpaca, and zebra, have been made visible. When
properly installed these will give quite a new appearance to the
exhibition hall.

The work of Mr. Memminger and his assistants has resulted
in making practically all the herbaria accessible and properly
recorded. Dr. Martin has cataloged the entire Booth collec-
tion of invertebrate fossils and has brought all the records of his
department up to date.

In closing this report of progress it is unfortunately necessary

37

to state that the appropriation for maintenance will barely suf-
fice to meet the necessary fixed expenses; that the roof requires
repairs for which no money is available, that the printing shop
has already been closed, and that the Museum is without funds
to run the carpenter shop beyond the present month or to make
any other improvements whatever.

RECENT ACCESSIONS

Dr. Martin has added to his many gifts to the geological de-
partment a very handsome and interesting series of gems and
gem minerals which will soon to placed on exhibition.

Birds recently received include the Red-throated Loon re-
corded by Mr. Caspar Chisolm in this issue. Fox Sparrows taken
in the city during the cold wave in January by Miss Mabel Pol-
litzer and Mr. F. S. Hanckel, Jr. Mr. Hanckel also presented
heads of the Shoveller and Gadwall ducks. Mr. F. S. Hanckel
presented specimens of the Gadwall, Widgeon, and Blue-winged
Teal taken at the Bugbee Hunting Club on Ashepoo River.
For the preparation of these as skins the Museum is indebted
to Messrs. Caspar Chisolm and E. A. Hyer. Master C. P.
Mitchell presented a grass parrot of an undetermined species.

Other recent accessions include a series of North Carolina
garnets, some in the matrix of mica schist and one cut as a gem,
presented by Mr. Samuel G. Stoney, Jr. Specimens of carbo-
rundum and coke were received from Mr. J. C. Reeves, shark
jaws from McLeod Dickinson, the shell of a yellow-bellied Terra-
pin from Julian Mitchell, Jr., a Florida Free-tailed Bat from J.
Douglas Smith, and a pair of extraordinarily large stone crab
claws from Mrs. Harriette Kershaw Leiding. Miss Mabel
PoUitzer gave a number of invertebrates collected at the Isle
of Palms. The living snake collection was increased by a Black
Snake taken in St. Andrews Parish by John Chisolm and May-
nard Robertson, and by a very handsome specimen of the Red-
bellied Snake collected by Mr. F. M. Weston, Jr., and described

on another page.

38

A series of photographs and lantern slides showing the effects
of the Charleston earthquake of 1886 and stereographs of the
Mammoth Cave, Watkins Glen, and other localities of geolo-
gical interest were presented by Mrs. J. E. Chichester.

Two fine large earthenware bowls and other Indian relics
from Green Hill plantation, Kershaw County, have been loaned
by Mr. George W. Witte of Philadelphia, through Mrs. St.
James Cummings of Charleston. These add much to the in-
terest of our Indian exhibit.

A series of large colored plates of fishes and game-birds has
been presented by Mr. Augustine T. Smythe.

LOCAL FAUNA

Red-bellied Snake. — A specimen of this species (Farancia
ahacura), taken in St. Andrews Parish by Mr. F. M. Weston, Jr.,
April 14, constitutes the first record for the survey. This is
one of the two species of rainbow snakes found in North Amer-
ica, and the present specimen measures fully five and a half feet
in length and is as large round as a full-grown rattlesnake. Its
coloring is a glossy, iridescent black above, with wedges of red
on the sides and the belly red splotched with black. Being a
burrowing species it will not live long in captivity unless allowed
to cover itself with clay or sand. This specimen will be exhibited
alive for a short time and then killed for the permanent collec-
tion.— L. M. Bragg.

Red-throated Loon in Charleston Harbor. — Since the begin-
ning of the biological survey the Red-throated Loon has been
reported frequently from the waters about the city, but because
Mr. Wayne has questioned these records they have remained
tentative only until a sufficient number of specimens could be
taken to substantiate them. The time has now come when we
may state that the Red-throated Loon is not uncommon in
Charleston harbor. Three specimens have been taken, as follows :
Nov. 21, 1908, off South Battery, Samuel Lapham, Jr.; January
29, 1911, Ashley River near Broad St., James Foster; and April

89

1, 1912, off the Battery, Caspar Chisolm. Other records based
on close study by careful observers during the winter may now
be accepted as probably correct. — P. M. Rea.

Black and White Warbler.— One bird seen in garden on March
23, 1912, constitutes the earliest record for this species of which
we have data. Audubon says it arrives early in April. Wayne
states that he has seen it in the middle of March, but says he has
lost the record. He gives March 27 and 28 as the normal dates.

Chimney Swift. — Several observed near Legare Street on March
23. This is my earliest record except in 1902, and earlier, I
judge, than Wayne's.^

Both these unusually early rcords are interesting in that they
seem to indicate that the fact that the spring has been unusually
late will not make the spring migrants unusually late in arriving.

The hurricane and the Waxwings. — An interesting effect of
the hurricane of August, 1911, upon the bird life of Charleston
has just come to light this spring. For the first time in at least
ten years the cedar Waxwing (Bomhy cilia cedrorum), usually a
common bird in the city from January or February through April,
has failed to put in an appearance. It is possible that a few
may have been seen in the city by other observers; but in large
and well-wooded lots and gardens in the lower part of town,
where these birds are usually common m early spring, not one
has been seen this year.

The reason is plain enough. The Waxwings have not come to
town because the hurricane of last August so affected certain
trees that the plant products to obtain which the Waxwings
come to the city were not produced this spring. These plant
products are mainly elm seeds and berries of the large-leaved or
Japanese privet. The hurricane killed at least half the Japan-
ese privet trees and so weakened the others that they produced
no berries this year; while the elms that withstood the fury of the
wind were so mutilated and lost so many of their smaller Umbs
and twigs that the elm seed crop this spring has been practically

>The Chimney Swift was seen in the city this year on March 21 by Mr. Rhett Cham-
berlain and has been seen daily since that date. — Editor.

40

nil. As the Waxwings during their stay in the city feed mainly
on elm seeds and privet berries, the absence of these two plant
products is probably responsible for the absence of the birds.

Habits of the Loggerhead. — It would be worth the while of the
members of the Natural History Society to watch the Logger-
head Shrike closely and try to get an accurate idea of how large
a proportion of its food consists of small birds. The Loggerhead
bears a bad reputation. He is supposed to slaughter many
sparrows, warblers, and other small birds ; and from this and from
his habit of impaling the bodies of his victims on thorns and
sharp twigs he has been given the name of "Butcher Bird."
The question is whether the Loggerhead is really as black as he
is painted. Does he kill small birds habitually or only on very
rare occasions? Does he really deserve the persecution to which
he is subjected? Isn't his bad reputation largely due to the fact
that he is close kinsman to the Northern Shrike, who is known
to be a villain? I have watched the Loggerheads in the city
carefully for more than ten years and not until Feburary 11 did
I ever see one play the cannibal. On that day the ground was
pretty well covered with snow and doubtless insect food was
scarce, and probably the Loggerhead that I saw devouring a Myrtle
Warbler had been pertty hard put to it to find any other food.

If the members of the Natural History Society would report
to the Museum all that they can learn about the everyday food
of the Loggerhead and especially any instances that come to
their attention of Loggerheads killing or pursuing other birds,
it would throw light on an interesting subject. — H. R. Sass.

NOTES FROM THE MUSEUH

The Museum is open free to the public on week days from 10
to 6. Children unaccompanied by an adult are admitted only
on Saturdays.

Recent improvements include a much needed partition be-
tween the carpenter shop and the rear hall, and chairs with ta-
blet writing arms for the classroom.

41

Arrangements are being made for the transfer of laboratory
instruction in physiology from the Medical College to the Museum
and the laboratory equipment will be considerably extended for
this purpose. Mr. L. Wm. McGrath, now assistant in zoology,
will become instructor in physiology next year.

The Home and School Association invited Professor Rea to
speak at the Mitchell School February 16 on how the Museum
can help the schools. On Sunday evening, April 21, Professor
Rea spoke before the People's Forum on the relation of mos-
quitoes and flies to disease.

On Washington's birthday an all-day field trip by water was
held as usual, the destination this year being Folly Island. Dred-
ging in Stono Inlet and collecting on the front beach were the
chief events and resulted in the addition of considerable inter-
esting material for the biological survey. On March 21 a small
party visited Otranto with Mr. Weston to study birds and se-
cured a number of good migration records. Miss Bragg guided
an enthusiastic party of botanists to the site of the early botani-
cal garden of Andre Michaux about ten miles from Charleston,
and several smaller trips have been conducted by other mem-
bers of the Society.

42

Under the Auspicrs of the College of Charleston

PUBLICATIONS

(1) The Bulletin of the Charleston Museum is published monthly
from October to May, each number consisting of eight to sixteen pages.
This is a popular record of the work of the Museum, containing accounts
of its educational activities, descriptions of exhibits, and preliminary
notices of investigations. Important records of geographical distribu-
tion, and working lists of the local fauna and flora are often published
first in the Bulletin. The January issue of each year is devoted to the
annual report of the director of the Museum.

Volume I of this series began in April, 1905, and is complete in 5
numbers. Subsequent volumes consist of 8 numbers each. A title page
and index to the first five volumes was published in the issue of
December, 1909.

Sent prepaid to any address for 25 cents a year. Single copies 5 cents each.

(2) Contributions from the Charleston Museum are issued at
irregular intervals, and consist of research papers too long or too im-
portant for publication in the Bulletin.

I Birds of South Carolina, by Arthur Trezevant Wayne.
Pp. XXI + 254. Price: paper, $2.75; cloth, $3.25.

II Catalog of the MoUusca of South Carolina, by William
G. Mazyck. In preparation.

Ill Birds of the City of Charleston, by Herbert Ravenel
Sass. In preparation.

BULLETI]V

OF

THE CHARLESTON MUSEUM

Edited By
PAUL. M. REA

THE MUSEUM HERBARIA

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY

LOCAL FAUNA

Volume VIII, Number 5 May, 1912

Under the Auspices of the College of Charleston

Director
Paul M. Rea

Honorary Curators

Wm. G. Mazyck CoTichology

Daniel S. Martin Geology

Arthur T. Wayne Ornithology

Nathaniel W. Stephenson Art

Edward R. Memminger Fungi

Curator of Books and Public Instruction

Laura M. Bragg

Secretary to the Director

Laura L. Weeks

Assistants

Barbara K. Bragg, Library L. Wm. McGrath, Zoology

The Charleston Museum was organized in March, 1773, by the
Charles Town Library Society. In 1815 it was transferred to the Liter-
ary and Philosophical Society of South Carolina, and in 1828 was de-
posited in the Medical College of South Carolina. In 1850 the Museum
was transferred to the College of Charleston, where it was known as
the College of Charleston Museum. In 1907 a building was provided by
the City and the name changed to The Charleston Museum.

The Museum is dependent upon dues from members and private sub-
scriptions for all permanent improvements, for increase of the collections,
and for maintenance of its educational and scientific work.

The membership fees are: —

Annual Members $ 10 Patrons $ 500

Sustaining Members .... 25 Benefactors 1000

The Bulletin of the Charleston Museum is published monthly,
from October to May, by the Museum and is entered at the Post Office
at Charleston, S. C, a£i second-class matter.

BULLETIIV

OF

THE CHARLESTON MUSEUM

Vol. 8 CHARLESTON, S. C, MAY, 1912 No. 5

THE MUSEUM HERBARIA

Two years ago the Museum had no working herbarium, today
it has 2630 specimens well mounted, labelled, and arranged in a
new herbarium case, accessible for instant reference.

I have called this collection a "working" herbarium to dis-
tinguish it from the classic Elliott herbarium which is too old
and valuable to be submitted to daily use.

As is well known the Elliott herbarium was collected by Ste-
phen Elliott and furnished the basis for the descriptions of species
in his Sketch of the Botany of South Carolina and Georgia pub-
lished in 1821 and 1824. Here are found Elliott's types. This
herbarium has been frequently referred to in the pages of the
Bulletin and the story of its rescue from complete destruction
by mice and insects has already been told. Several years ago
it was sent to Biltmore, where it was cleaned and the nomen-
clature revised by Messrs. Beadle and Boynton, but it was not
mounted, and no rearrangement was made of the original al-
phabetical order. The new nomenclature naturally disarranged
this order and in consequence the Museum is now making a
systematic classification of the entire Elliott herbarium based
upon Small's Flora of the Southeastern United States. This
precious inheritance is kept in a fire-proof safe and remains a
distinct collection as heretofore, available to the specialist but

not for daily use.

43

But to meet the popular demand for a knowledge of the flora
of this section of the country the Museum has started a herbarium
which is to be devoted primarily to South Carolina species.
Specimens from outside the state are to be included in a so-
called general collection and used for purposes of comparison,
but for the next few years the botanical energies of the Museum
will be concentrated on building up the South Carolina collec-
tion.

The nucleus of the South Carolina collection was found in a
mass of mouse-riddled, insect-eaten, dirt-worn, and moulded
material piled high in one of the galleries of the old Museum.
Once, perhaps, this formed a useful herbarium, but thirty
years of neglect had rendered much of it valueless and the
rest inaccessible to students. No one knew what it might con-
tain as no records had been preserved. With the assistance of
Mr. E. R. Memminger, honorary curator of fungi, the task of
sorting this material was begun late in the spring of 1911. By
the end of the year over a thousand cryptogams and about two
hundred flowering plants had been revised and accessioned.
Although very little work is being done at present among the
lower plants, some attention is being given to the ferns and Mr.
Memminger is preparing a catalog of the fungi of the state.
The principal work of the present year is among the flowering
plants, and the number of these in good order has been increased
to over fifteen hundred. More than two-thirds of these are
from South Carolina and represent approximately nine hundred
species. Less than a hundred and fifty specimens of recent date
have been included although several hundred collected near
Charleston during the last two years are ready to be added as
soon as labels can be written.

Practically the entire South Carolina collection consists at
present of material recovered from the old herbaria. Among
these the collections of Dr. Henry W. Ravenel, Rev. Cranmore
Wallace, and Dr. Francis Peyre Porcher have proved the wheat
among the chaff. With a few exceptions they include all the

44

South Carolina material. Much of the rest was worthless, being
either unlabelled or ruined by insects or mould, and has been de-
stroyed, but any specimens hinting of possible value have been
preserved for further examination after the local material has
been worked up.

The most important discovery is the valuable collection of
Dr. Ravenel. Beside the cryptogams there are over a thousand
species of flowering plants from South Carolina alone. Six
hundred and twenty-nine of these have been remounted and in-
corporated in the new herbarium. All are in excellent condition,
carefully labelled and initialed by Dr. Ravenel. A few of the
specimens came from about Charleston and a few from Aiken,
but the main part was gathered in the Santee Canal region,
where Dr. Ravenel made his home until he moved to Aiken at
the age of thirty-nine. Internal evidence would indicate that
this collection was made during the forties, and was probably
given to the Museum soon after its establishment at the College
of Charleston in 1850. It was at the meeting of the American
Association for the Advancement of Science held in Charleston
in that year that Ravenel presented his Catalogue of the Natural
Orders of Plants, inhabiting the vicinity of the Santee Canal,
S. C

This catalog was based upon a collection made ' ' in the vi-
cinity of the Santee Canal, St. John's (Berkley) Parish, S. C.
The plants have been collected mostly in the neighborhood of
Black Oak, and between that place and Cooper River eight or
ten miles South, My excursions have occasionally led me as
far as the Santee Swamp, ten or twelve miles North, and some
few in my catalogue have been found only at Eutaw Springs,
twenty miles North- West. Probably nineteen-twentieths of the
Pheenogamous plants have been found within the first named
limits, and with very few exceptions, all the Cryptogamia. ' '^

Ravenel lists 1075 species of phaenogamous plants, practically
the number contained in the Museum's Ravenel collection.

'Proc. Amer. Asso. Adv. Sci., Charleston meeting, 1850, p. 3.

45

The arrangement and nomenclature in the Catalogue and the
herbarium are identical and even the number of species for a
genus agrees in most cases. To my mind there is small doubt
that the herbarium now in the Museum forms the original col-
lection upon which Ravenel based his catalog.

Although the life of Dr. Henry W. Ravenel is well known,
nevertheless a review of the main facts may not come amiss.
He was born May 19, 1814, in St. Johns Parish, Berkeley County,
South Carolina. After receiving his degree at the University
of South Carolina in 1832 he lived on his plantation, Pooshe, in
St. Johns until 1853 when he moved to Aiken to live with his
son. St. Johns, Berkeley, during the later forties was a center of
botanical research. Cranmore Wallace was collecting a herba-
rium; Francis Peyre Porcher was studying its flora from a medi-
cal view-point and published in 1847 his Medico-Botanical Cat-
alogue of the Plants and Ferns of St. Johns, Berkeley, South
Carolina; while Ravenel was not only in Thomas Walter's own
region gathering a collection of flowering plants equal in number
to those described in Walter's Flora Caroliniana, but was also
making an extensive study of the lower forms of plant life.

Ravenel mdeed, is better known for his work with the fungi
than with higher forms. In 1853-60 he issued the rare Fungi
Caroliniani Exsiccati in five volumes, each volume containing
one hundred species of pressed and mounted fungi. Only thirty
sets were issued and the Museum is fortunate to own volume
1 of one of these sets through the generosity of Dr. C. W. Kollock.
From 1853 until his death Ravenel seems to have devoted him-
self largely to the study of fungi. From 1878 to 1882 he pub-
lished in collaboration with M. C. Cooke the Fungi Americani
Exsiccati, in eight volumes. He also gathered a large herbarium
of cryptogams which was sold to the British Museum in 1893.
A collection of flowering plants was sold to Converse College
some years later. The nature of this collection and its value as
compared with that in the Museum we hope to learn in the near
future. Botanists seem to know of the Converse College herb-
arium but of the valuable Santee Canal collection they have
remained in ignorance. Ravenel died at Aiken, July 17, 1887.
All in all he probably possessed a specific knowledge of more

46

classes of plant life than any other American botanist. Un-
questionably he was without equal in his knowledge of the cryp-
togams of the southern states.

Cranmore Wallace is remembered in South Carolina as a
churchman but the herbarium which he collected and gave to
the Museum entitles him to the interest of botanists. Very
little seems to be known of his life. He was born at Atworth,
New Hampshire, February 27, 1802.' As a young man he taught
school for several years in Boston and then came to South Car
olina to take charge of a school at Cheraw. From the Journal
of the Convention of the Protestant Episcopal Church in South
Carolina we learn further that he was a candidate for orders in
1834, was ordained in 1836 and became assistant minister of
St. Andrew's Parish and teacher in the South Carolina Academy.
In 1839 he was made rector of St. James Church, James Island,
and principal of the South Carolina Society's Male Academy.
He came to Charleston as minister-in-charge of St. Johns Chapel
in 1841, only to remove that same year to St. Johns Parish,
Berkeley, where he remained as rector until 1848. He then
returned to Charleston to become minister of St. Stephen 's Chapel
and there stayed until his death, February 3, 1860. He was for
nineteen years secretary of the Convention and for many years,
manager of the Church Home of the diocese. He is described
by those who remember him as a tall, spare, grizzled-gray man of
quiet and kindly bearing, greatly loved by his people. In Char-
leston he lived in a large brick house on Laurens Street.

The period of Wallace's botanical activity seems to have been
during his residence in St. Johns, Berkeley. It is uncertain
how large his herbarium originally was, as it has not been well
preserved. A large portion has been completely destroyed but
three hundred twenty-seven specimens have been saved and
placed in the herbarium. A few more still may be rescued.
Practically all of these were collected in St. Johns, Berkeley,
and along the Cooper River in 1846 and 1847, years when Rav-
enel was working on the collections for his Catalogue. It would
be interesting to learn what influence the older man had upon
Ravenel. That they worked together is shown by an occasional
specimen from Wallace in the Ravenel herbarium, while Ravenel's

» Charleston Daily Courier, Feb. 4, i860.

47

specimens are frequent in the Wallace collection. Yet Wallace,
working in practically the same region, occasionally has a species
which Ravenel had missed. Wallace's collection shows decidedly
the influence of Moses A. Curtis, specimens frequently being
identified by him. Wallace's collection largely dupHcates Rave-
nel 's, yet is not lacking in a destinctive value of its own.

These two collections and that of Dr. Porcher, covering thor-
oughly as they do a limited area of the state, supply an excellent
foundation for a herbarium of South Carolina flora. Plans are
now made for the extension of the herbarium by collecting in
the upper part of the state. Ultimately the Museum hopes to
publish a catalog of the flora of the state as it has already done
of the birds. To facilitate this object a plant survey is being made.
Records of occurrence and seasonal data are filed on species cards.
Entries are made for all herbarium specimens. A second card,
known as the publication record form, bears page references to
published records for species within the state.

To Mr. Memminger the Museum is indebted for assistance
on the biological survey and for much of the work of revision
of the Ravenel and Wallace collections.

A statistical summary of the Museum herbarium made on May
16 gives the following figures:

SOUTH CAROLINA COLLECTION

Non-Flowering Plants

Algae 25

Fungi 462

Lichens 94

Liverworts 19

Mosses 48

Ferns 12

660
Flowering Plants

Ravenel herbarium 629

Wallace herbarium 327

Porcher herbarium 2

Recent collection 146

1104

1764
48

GENERAL COLLECTION

Non-Flowering Plants „ 436

Flowering Plants 430

866

Total Specimens in Herbarium 2630

There still remain to be revised some four hundred sheets of
the Ravenel herbarium, the entire Porcher herbarium, the ex-
tent of which is still unknown, and a small number of miscel-
laneous South Carolina specimens, beside a mass of material
from other parts of the United States and from foreign countries.

Laura M. Bragg.

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY

The Natural History Society has closed its year's work with
most successful meetings and field-trips. Dr. Burt G. Wilder,
recently of Cornell University, spoke before Section A on May
9, his charming reminiscences affording much pleasure. Among
other subjects, he touched upon his discovery on Folly Island
in 1863 of the silk spider of Carolina (Nephila ivilden). This
spider is occasionally taken on the coast islands and is of partic-
ular interest because of the strength of its silk which may be
woven into fabrics.

Section A has recently enjoyed two botanical field trips, one
to the site of Andre Michaux's botanical garden near Ten Mile
Station, on April 19 and a second to the Navy Yard on May 17.
Both were attended by a large and enthusiastic party of flower
students.

Section B held its final meeting on May 16. Miss Bragg spoke
on "The Parts of a Bird." The Section B field trip will be held
on the Isle of Palms on June 1. Each member may bring one
guest and any new members joining for next year are entitled
to the trip.

4d

LOCAL FAUNA

Kentucky Warbler. — Although this locally distributed species
has been well known for many years to Mr, A. T. Wayne, it was
not reported by a member of the Natural History Society until
May 2, 1912, On that date, I watched a handsome male for some
minutes in a thick, rather damp patch of woods at the Navy Yard.
This record is of particular interest as Mr. Wayne has found the
species to be very rare in spring.— F. M. Weston, Jr.

Sun-fish. — A Sun-fish (Mola mola) was taken in a fish trap
about three miles off the mouth of Charleston harbor, May 11,
1912, and presented to the Museum by Mr. W. P. Hyams, Jr.
This is the first record of our survey for this curious species whose
ovate body with compressed sides and truncated tail is well
described by the name Mola — a millstone. The dorsal and anal
fins are very large, but the lack of a tail makes the Sun-fish a
poor swimmer. The present specimen weighed 246 lbs. and
measured 4 ft. 5^ in. total length; 5 ft. 6 in. total depth over fins;
and 2 ft, 7 in. greatest depth of body. The Museum was unfor-
tunately not able to mount the skin, but will preserve the skel-
eton.

Crab-eater; "Cable". — Three specimens of this fish were
taken at the same time as the Sun-fish described above. They
were about five feet long and weighed about sixty pounds. This
species is also new to the survey but is said by the fishermen to
occur in small numbers irregularly during the whole year, but
chiefly in summer. It is well regarded as a food-fish in the
local market.— P. M. Rea.

50

Under the Auspices of the College of Charleston

PUBLICATIONS

(1) The Bulletin of the Charleston Museum is published monthly
from October to May, each number consisting of eight to sixteen pages.
This is a popular record of the work of the Museum, containing accounts
of its educational activities, descriptions of exhibits, and preliminary
notices of investigations. Important records of geographical distribu-
tion, and working [lists of the local fauna and flora are often published
first in the Bulletin. The January issue of each year is devoted to the
annual report of the director of the Museum.

Volume I of this series began in April, 1905, and is complete in 5
numbers. Subsequent volumes consist of 8 numbers each. A title page
and index to the first five volumes was published in the issue of
December, 1909.

Sent prepaid to any address for 25 cents a year. Single copies 5 cents each.

(2) Contributions from the Charleston Museum are issued at
irregular intervals, and consist of research papers too long or too im-
portant for publication in the Bulletin.

I Birds of South Carolina, by Arthur Trezevant Wayne.
Pp. XXI + 254. Price: paper, $2.75; cloth, $3.25.

II Catalog of the MoIIusca of South Carolina, by William
G. Mazyck. In preparation.

Ill Birds of the City of Charleston, by Herbert Ravenel
Sass. In preparation.

BULLETIIV

OF

THE CHARLESTON MUSEUM

Edited By
PAUL M. REA

THE SECESSIONVILLE HERONRY

BOTANICAL FIELD WORK

NOTES FROn THE MUSEUH

Volume VIII, Number 6 October, 1912

Under the Auspices of the College of Charlb«ton

Director

Paul M. Rea

Honorary Curators

Wm. G. Mazyck Conchology

Daniel S. Martin Geology

Arthur T. Wayne Ornithology

Nathaniel W. Stephenson Art

Edward R. Memminger Fungi

Curator of Books and Public Instruction

Laura M. Bragg

Instructor in Physiology and Zoology

L. Wm. McGrath

Secretary to the Director

Rena Rowell

Assistant in Library

Barbara K. Bragg

The Charleston Museum was organized in March, 1773, by the
Charles Town Library Society. In 1815 it was transferred to the Liter-
ary and Philosophical Society of South Carolina, and in 1828 was de-
posited in the Medical College of South Carolina. In 1850 the Museum
was transferred to the College of Charleston, where it was known as
the College of Charleston Museum. In 1907 a building was provided by
the City and the name changed to The Charleston Museum.

The Museum is dependent upon dues from members and private sub-
scriptions for all permanent improvements, for increase of the collections,
and for maintenance of its educational and scientific work.

The membership fees are:—

Annual Members $ 10 Patrons $ 500

Sustaining Members 25 Benefactors 1000

The Bulletin of the Charleston Museum is published monthly,
from October to May, by the Museum and is entered at the Post Office
at Charleston, S. C, as second-class matter.

BULLETIIV

OP

THE CHARLESTON MUSEUM

Vol. 8 CHARLESTON, S. C, OCTOBER, 1912 No. 6

THE SECESSIONVILLE HERONRY

An event of the past summer which should be deeply interest-
ing to all students and lovers of birds was the purchase of the
Secessionville herony and its presentation to the Charleston
Museum to be kept by the Museum as a permanent refuge for
the many hundreds of herons which make their homes there every
spring and summer. This is probably the most effective step
ever taken in this state for the preservation of our herons and it is
doubly interesting because of the fact that in addition to the
commoner species breeding on the island a large colony of the
very rare Snowy Egret (Egretta candidissima) is established there.

The purchase of the heronry was made just in time to prevent
its utter destruction. In fact, it is a great pity that the place
was not bought long ago. The fact that Snowy Egrets were
breeding in the heronry was discovered in May, 1908, and since
that time the place has been under the protection of the Audubon
Society, which has tried hard, but not always with success, to
keep the plume hunters from raiding the heronry. This spring
however, unknown to the society or to anybody in Charleston
interested in bird life, the owner of the island proceeded to re-
move all the bushes in which the herons had been accustomed to
breed and to plant the island in hay. Of course, the result was
disastrous to the herons. Probably two thirds of the total
number of birds breeding on the place were driven away. Those

51

that remained built their nests in a small patch of bushes that
had been spared when the ground was cleared, and in the trash
piles deposited around the borders of the island.

The disaster which had befallen the heronry became known to
local bird lovers in June and an article was published in Ttw News
and Cmrier telling the sad story of what had happened. So
much interest was at once aroused that a number of people offered
to contribute to a fund for the purchase of the island and the re-
establishment of the heron colony. The News and Courier an-
nounced that it would receive contributions to this fund and in a
short time enough money was pledged to permit of the purchase
of the island for the sum of four hundred and fifty dollars for
the two acre tract. While the land was worth nothing like this
sum, it was nevertheless realized that to preserve what was
really a natural marvel and one of the most wonderful bird cities
in this country justified a large expenditure; and the generosity
of those who offered to contribute to the fund was amply large
enough to accomplish this end. It was decided that the heronry
should be turned over to the Museum to be maintained as a per-
manent home for the herons. The Museum will have the co-
operation of the Audubon Society in protecting the herons from
plume hunters.

The Museum is now the owner, therefore, of a very wonderful
bird city and of one of the largest colonies of the Snowy Egret
now in existence. Last summer there were prbably about three
hundred Snowies breeding on the island with probably three or
four hundred herons of other species. Before the bushes were
destroyed the total number of herons on the island was very
much larger, estimates varying from three to seven thousand.
Apparently, however, the number of Snowies was not sensibly
diminished by the removal of the bushes, this species being about
as abundant last sunmier as it was the summer before. The
birds which deserted the island after it had been cleared were
mainly of the commoner species.

The next work before the Museum in connection with the her-

62

onry is to replant it with bushes so that the herons may have
suitable places in which to build their nests when they return to
the island next spring. Mr. Sandiford Bee of James Island,
who throughout has taken the deepest interest in the heronry
and has exerted himself to prevent plume hunters from destroy-
ing birds, has kindly offered to have the work of replanting the
island done at cost. It should be done late this month or in
November. This is an absolutely necessary step in restoring
to the birds their old home and in reestablishing this wonderful
avian city.

Herbert R. Sass.

Note. The cost of replanting the island is estimated at not
more than fifty dollars. The Museum has no funds which can be
applied to this purpose, and for this reason it is necessary to
appeal to the public, which has so generously contributed to the
purchase of the island, for the small sum of money required to
accomplish the purpose of the reservation. Contributions may
be sent to the director of the Museum.

The list of contributors to the purchase fund is as follows:
Miss Elizabeth Adger, $5; Mrs. James Allan, $100; Mr. Wm. M.
Bird, $25; Mr. J. Ross Hanahan, $133.50; Mr. John Kershaw, Jr.
$1; Mr. Henry R. Laurens, $10; Miss Anna C. Neufville, $2;
Mrs. Felix Prendergast, $5; Mr. H. R. Sass, $10; Mr. Don Seitz,
$10; Mr. T. S. Wilbur, $5; Mr. Ellison A. Williams, $10; Mr.
Henry P. Williams, $133.50: Total, $450.

Editor.

58

BIOLOGICAL SURVEY

Botanical Field Work

In the earlier days South Carolina held a distinguished posi-
tion in the botanical world; its botanists were among the fore-
most America has produced. But since the death of Dr. Henry
W. Ravenel, Prof. Lewis R. Gibbes, and Dr. F. Peyre Porcher
practically no botanical work had been done by resident South
Carolinians. Prof. W. C. Coker, professor of botany in the
University of North Carolina, was born in South Carolina and
has published the most important papers in recent years on the
flora of the state. His Plant Life of Hartsville, S. C is the
first careful detailed study of the flora of a limited locality since
Ravenel 's paper on the Santee Canal region. Men from the
big institutions of the north or from neighboring states have
collected here from time to time and have carried away the re-
sults of their labor to enrich their own herbaria. Even their
published articles are seen by few in the state. It would proba-
bly be impossible today to find an herbarium containing any-
thing like a complete representation of South Carolina plants,
certainly not in South Carolina itself.

It is due to a realization of these facts that the Charleston Mu-
seum has undertaken a plant survey of the state, a survey which
will ultimately, it is hoped, show the distribution of all known
species within the state, in what herbaria specimens of each
species are to be found, and bibliographical data relating to the
species.

This survey was started in 1909 and until the present summer
has not extended beyond the coast region. In order to enlarge
its scope and to learn personally something of the flora of other
parts of the state I have spent the months of July and August
and one week of June collecting at Sumter, in the region about
Keowee, and at Caesar's Head. During the first half of Au-
gust I was across the line in North Carolina, observing and analy-

iJour. Elisha Mitchell Society, XXVII, 1911, 169-205.

54

sing but not collecting. The mass of material gathered will
greatly increase the value of the Museum herbarium.

Along with my study of plants I have tried to discover what
herbaria there are in the state and what botanical work is now
being done. I have visited a number of colleges and talked with
representatives of others. As far as I have been able to learn,
the Charleston Museum and Clemson College are the only insti-
tutions in the state that are doing any field work along l)otani-
cal lines. Several colleges have small collections of pressed
plants gathered solely for class use; the University of South
Carolina has four fascicles of Ravenel's Fungi Caroliniani Ex-
siccati; and Converse College is the fortunate possessor of a
large herbarium gathered by Dr. Henry W. Ravenel.

This Converse College herbarium deserves particular descrip-
tion. A desire to examine and catalog it was one of the chief
factors in determining the nature of my summer work, but the
herbarium has never been taken from the wrappings in which
it was received at the time of purchase and the key to the lab-
oratory in which it is stored had been carried away by the pro-
fessor in charge. There being no duplicate or master keys at
Converse, it was not until the very day of my return to Charles-
ton that I was able to see the herbarium, Professor Hutchinson
having then brought back to Spartanburg the all important key.
Access to the herbarium once gained, difficulties vanished and
the cordial co-operation of Professor Hutchinson has made it
possible to arrange for the cataloging of the herbarium during
the next few months. This difficult piece of work has been in-
trusted to Miss Agnes Ravenel of Spartanburg. My examination
of the herbarium was necessarily superficial. I was able, how-
ever, to determine its general nature and its relation to the Rav-
enel herbarium of the Charleston Museum. Dr. Ravenel seems
to have made two collections of phenogamous plants. One, now
in the Charleston Museum, was collected in the vicinity of the
Santee Canal prior to 1850, and upon it was based Ravenel's
paper entitled Catalogue of the Natural Orders of Plants, in-

55

habiting the vicinity of the Santee Canal, S. C.^ The second is
the herbarium now at Converse. This probably contains the
largest collection of South Carolina plants in the State. It rep-
resents Ravenel's work among the phenogams from 1850 or more
exactly from 1853, the date of his removal from the Santee coun-
try and to Aiken, S. C, until his death in 1887, and includes
many extra-South Carolina specimens received through exchange
as well as the main South Carolina collection. The South Car-
olina portion covers the state generally, though how completely
the new catalog must determine. It is most desirable that this
Ravenel herbarium should be made accessible to botanists and
it is hoped that Converse's new endowment will enable the au-
thorities to properly house and care for such a valuable posses-
sion.

Clemson College can claim no old and classic herbarium but
it has the distinction of having done more field work than any
other institution in the state. Its work among the cryptogams
has been considerable while its herbarium of South Carolina
phenogams contains about 2000 specimens, representing 620
determined species. These specimens were collected chiefly
by A. P. Anderson in 1897-98, and by H. D. House in 1906. All
but a small per cent were found within a radius of twenty miles
of the College. The herbarium is well mounted and classified,
is accessible and in good condition. No important additions
have been made since Dr. House left Clemson but Mr. A. B,
Massey of the botanical department has for two years been mak-
ing a careful study of the local flora and may be expected to
publish results from time to time. I spent the month of July
within two miles of Clemson College and have had ample oppor-
tunity to study its herbarium. With the assistance of Miss Eliz-
abeth P. Ravenel and Miss Nannie P. Ravenel I have cataloged
all of the South Carolina specimens and am now recording them
in the plant survey files. I wish here to express my apprecia-
tion of the generous way in which Professor Barre and other

2 Proc. Amer. Aaso. Adv. Sci., Charleston meeting, 1850, 2-17. See also Bull. Chaa. Mus.,
VIII, 1912, 43^9.

members of the botanical department at Clemson have forwarded
the plant survey, placing at my disposal the results of their work
for years past and promising assistance for the future. With
the cooperation of Clemson 's botanical workers the Museum
trusts that it will be only a question of time before the known
species of the state, backed by herbarium specimens, are recorded
in the plant survey.

Laura M. Bragg.

NOTES FROM THE MUSEUfl

The Museum is open free to the public daily, except Sunday,
from 10 to 6. Children under 12 will be admitted on Saturdays
only, unless accompanied by an adult.

The opening of the fall work finds the Museum in better con-
dition in most respects than ever before. All the working de-
partments are very satisfactorily organized and are running
more efficiently. The installation of exhibits may be expected
to make marked progress during the winter, and the educational
work is already organized on broader lines. The most serious
problem confronting us this year is the condition of the roof.
This part of the building suffered especially during the time the
building was unoccupied before it was obtained by the Museum.
Since then it has been patched continually, and the time has
come when the need of a new roof is imperative. The Museum
is without funds for this work, although serious damage to build-
ing and contents result from every rain.

The department of public instruction is now for the first time
definitely affiliated with the public school system and the use of
travelling exhibits furnished by the Museum becomes an inte-
gral part of the school program.

A new laboratory course in physiology is being given at the
Museum for the sophomore class of the Medical College of South
Carolina. Mr. L. William McGrath, who was assistant in zool-

57

ogy last year, worked in the physiological laboratory at the
University of Chicago during the summer and has been appointed
instructor in physiology and zoology on the Museum staff.

Miss Rena Rowell has been appointed secretary to the director,
succeeding Miss Laura L. Weeks, who was obliged to resign
on account of ill health.

Both sections of the Charleston Natural History Society held
meetings in October. Twelve members of Section B graduate
this month into Section A. This is the most favorable season
for new members to join the society and a considerable number
have been received already. Visitors are always welcome at
the meetings, but the field excursions are open only to members-
Section A will meet again on November 7, and Section B on the
14th.

Miss Bragg is organizing a class in botany, open to all members
of the Natural History Society. The object of the course is to
learn methods of plant analysis and to acquire a knowledge of
local flowering plants.

58

Under the Auspicbjs of the College of Charleston

PUBLICATIONS

(1) The Bulletin of the Charleston Museum is published monthly
from October to May, each number consisting of eight to sixteen pages.
This is a popular record of the work of the Museum, containing accounts
of its educational activities, descriptions of exhibits, and preliminary
notices of investigations. Important records of geographical distribu-
tion, and working [lists of the local fauna and flora are often published
first in the Bulletin. The January issue ]of each year is devoted to the
annual report of the director of the Museum.

Volume I of this series began in April, 1905, and is complete in 5
numbers. Subsequent volumes consist of 8 numbers each. A title page
and index to the first five volumes was published in the issue of
December, 1909.

Sent prepaid to any address for 25 cents a year. Single copies 5 cents each.

(2) Contributions from the Charleston Museum are issued at
irregular intervals, and consist of research papers too long or too im-
portant for publication in the Bulletin.

I Birds of South Carolina, by Arthur Trezevant Wayne.
Pp. XXI + 254. Price: paper, $2.75; cloth, $3.25.

II Catalog of the Mollusca of South Carolina, by William
G. Mazyck. In preparation.

Ill Birds of the City of Charleston, by Herbert Ravenel
Sass. In preparation.

BULLETIIV

OF

THE CHARLESTON MUSEUM

Edited By
PAUL. M. REA

NOTES ON FLORA ABOUT CLEM50N COLLEGE

THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY

LECTURES ON HEREDITY

CLASS IN BOTANY

NOTES FROM THE MUSEUH

Volume VIII, Number 7 November, 1912

Under the Auspices of the College of Charleston

Director

Paul M. Rea

Honorary Curator's

Wm. G. Mazyck Conchology

Daniel S. Martin , Geology

Arthur T. Wayne Ornithology

Nathaniel W. Stephenson Art

Edward R. Memminger Fungi

Curator of Books and Public Instruction

Laura M. Bragg

Instructor in Physiology and Zoology

L. Wm. McGrath

Secretary to the Director

Rena Rowell

Assistant in Library

Barbara K. Bragg

The Charleston Museum was organized in March, 1773, by the
Charles Town Library Society. In 1815 it was transferred to the Liter-
ary and Philosophical Society of South Carolina, and in 1828 was de-
posited in the Medical College of South Carolina. In 1850 the Museum
was transferred to the College of Charleston, where it was known as
the College of Charleston Museum. In 1907 a building was provided by
the City and the name changed to The Charleston Museum.

The Museum is dependent upon dues from members and private sub-
scriptions for all permanent improvements, for increase of the collections,
and for maintenance of its educational and scientific work.

The membership fees are:—

Annual Members $ 10 Patrons $ 500

Sustaining Members .... 25 Benefactors 1000

The Bulletin op the Charleston Museum is published monthly,
from October to May, by the Museum and is entered at the Post Office
at Charleston, S. C. as second-class matter.

BULLETIN

OF

THE CHARLESTON MUSEUM

Vol. 8 CHARLESTON, S. C, NOVEMBER. 1912 No. 7

NOTES ON THE FLORA ABOUT CLEMSON COLLEGE

Clemson College is located in the foot hills of the Blue Ridge
Mountains in the eastern corner of Oconee county and the
southern corner of Pickens county. The soil is largely clay and
to some extent ' ' Cecil sandy loam. " Our woodlands are mixed
broad leaved and coniferous trees. In a few places one finds a
small almost pure stand of beech, Fagus americana Sweet; also
small stands of pine, Pinus taeda Linn.

In the low grounds along the streams are to be found the tulip
tree, Liriodendron tulipifera Linn. ; hackberry, Celtis occidentalis
Linn.; red maple. Acer rubrum Linn.; sweet gum, Liquidamher
styraciflua Linn.; willow oak, Quercus phellos Linn.; American
hornbeam, Carpinus caroliniana Walt.; American holly, Ilex
opaca Ait. ; deciduous holly, Ilex decidua Walt, ; birch, Betula sp. ;
willow, Salix sp.

On the higher grounds and hills there are scattered, here and
there, specimens of white oak, Quercus alba Linn.; red oak,
Q. rubra Linn.; post oak, Q. stellaia Wand.; scarlet oak, Q. coccinea
Wand. ; black jack, Q. nigra Linn. ; black oak, Q. velutina Lam. ; hick»
ory, Carya sp.; black gum, Nyssa sylvatica Marsh.; flowering
dogwood, Cornus florida Linn. ; sour wood, Oxydendron arboreum
DeC; persimmon, Diospyros virginiana Linn.; box elder, Acer
negundo Linn.; and a few specimens of silver bell tree, Hal&sia
teiraptera Linn.; and ash, Fraxinus sp.

59

Below the trees the undergrowth consists chiefly of the sap-
lings but mixed in, one finds, on rough steep slopes, near the
streams, a few specimens of mountain laurel, Kalmia latifolia
Linn.; flame azalea, Rhododendron calendulaceum Torr.; pinkster
flower, R. nudfllorum Torr. ; black haw. Viburnum prunifolium Linn. ;
Hercules club, Aralia spinosa Linn.; small buckeye, Aesculus
parviflora Walt.; horse sugar, Symplocus tinctoria L'Her.; sweet
scented shrub, Calycanthus Uoridus Linn.; strawberry bush,
Euonymus americanus Linn.; itea, Ilea virginica Linn.; red bud,
Cercis canadensis Linn.

Sumac, Rhus glabra Linn. ; wild plum, Prunus americana Marsh. ;
sassafras, Sassafras officinale Nees.; wild cherry, Prunus serotina
Ehrh.; and hawthorn, Crataegus sp., are found on higher ground
often in small associations, this is especially true of wild plum.
On the slopes of our woodland ravines the herbaceous plants
catch and hold the eye with keenest interest throughout the year.
In the earliest spring before the trees have put out any signs of
spring one, when climbing over the wooded slopes, is delighted
at the sight of the liver-leaf, Hepatica triloba Chaix., which is

"bravely holding its head above the brown leaves, that have pro-
tected it during the winter. Later the rue anemone, Anemonella
thaUctroides Spach, appears and pretty soon the colonies of wake
robin, Trillium sessile Linn, spring up. As the spring grows
older other plants in this location appear, such as Obolaria vir-
ginica Linn.; Indian cucumber, Medeola virginica Linn.; bell
wort, Uvularia perfoUata Linn.; Solomon's seal, Polygonatum
biflorum Ell.; false Solomon's seal, Sniilacina racemosa Desf.;
blood root, Sanguinaria canadense Linn. ; may apple, Podophy-
lum peltatum Linn.; atamasco lily, Zephyranthes atamasco Herb.;
trailing arbutus, Epigaea repens Linn. ; yellow star grass, Hypoxis

' erecta Linn.; wild cranesbill. Geranium maculatum Linn.; downy
yellow violet, Viola pubescens Ait.; halbert leaved violet, Viola
hastata Michx. ; violet wood sorrel, Oxalis violacea Linn.; false
tiiitre wort, Tiarella cordifolia Linn.; robin's plantain, Erigeron
bellidijolius Muhl.; galax, Galax aphylla Linn.; blue gentian,

60

Gentiana quinquefolia Lam.; phlox, Phlox reptans Michx.; pine
sap, Monotropa hypopitis Linn.; Indian pipe, Monotropa uniHo-
ra Linn.; jack-in-the-pulpit, Arisaema triphyllum Torr.; wild
ginger, Asarum arifolium Michx. The muscadine, Vitis ro-
tundijolia, Michx.; yellow jessamine, Gelsemium sempervirens
Ait.; trumpet honey suckle, Lonicera sempervirens Ait.; De-
cumaria barbata Linn, and Bignonia capriolata Linn, are found
climbing the trees in this location.

On higher ground and open woodland and on the edge of woods
the bird-foot violet, Viola pedata Linn, is found in quantities.
Also in this location are found: catch fly, Silene virginica Linn.;
Indian pink, Spigelia marylandica Linn.; houstonia, Houstonia
longijolia Geartn. ; innocence, Houstonia coerulia Linn.; gerardia,
Gerardia grandiHora Benth.; and Gerardia tenuijolia Vahl.; St.
Andrew's cross, Ascyrum crux-andreae Linn.; false indigo, Bap-
tisia alba R. Br.; vetch, Vicia caroliniana Walt.; wild sensitive
plant. Cassia nictitans Linn.; goat's rue, Tephrosia virginiana
Pers.; aster. Aster patens Ait.; SphenophoUs pallens (Sprend)
Scribn.; self heal. Prunella vulgaris Linn.; sensitive briar,
Schrankia uncinata Willd.; partridge berry, Mitchella repens
Linn.; moss pink. Phlox subulata Linn.; Vinceioxicum caroli-
nensis (Jacq.) Britton; blue curls, Trichostema lineare Nutt.;
spider wort, Tradescantia virginica Linn. ; blue eyed grass, Sisy-
rinchium angustifolium Mill.; prince's pine, Chimaphila macu-
lata Persh.; Aphyllon uniflora Gray.

In the field and open waste lands still different flora is to be
found. The larger part of our open uncultivated fields is cov-
ered with broom sedge, Andropogon virginicus Linn.; but in places
one finds fair stands of Japan clover, Lespedeza striata Hook &
Arn.; Paspalum dilatatum Poir.; Paspalum laeve Michx.; crab
grass, Panicum sanguinale (Linn.)Scop.; Bermuda grass, Cynodon
dactylon (Linn.) Pers.; Desmodium sp.; and in places the cud
weed, Gnaphalium polycephalum Michx.; Gnaphalium purpureum
Linn. ; squaw weed, Senecio smallii Britton ; ox eye daisy. Chry-
santhemum leucanthemum Linn.; wild toad flax, Linaria cana-

61

dense Mill.; sheep sorrel, Rumex acetosella Linn.; wild potato,
Ipomoea pandurata Meyer; horse nettle, Solanum carolinense
Linn.; mullen, Verbascum thapsus Linn.; button weed, Diodia
teres Walt.; five finger, Potentilla canadense Linn.; wild straw-
berry, Fragaria virginiana Duschesne; bluets, Houstonia minima
Beck.; Ceanothus americanus Linn.

Along the edge of the cultivated fields, fence rows, ditch banks
and other waste places where there is a greater percentage of
humidity one finds species of Alsine, mouse ear, Cerastium vis-
cosum Linn.; pepper grass, Lepidium virginicum Linn.; shepard's
purse, Capsella bursa-pastoris Moench.; cranesbill. Geranium
carolinianum Linn.; Johnson grass, Sorghum halapense (Linn.)
Pers.; dead nettle, Lamium amplexicaule Linn.; Lamium pur-
pureum Linn.; vetch, Vicia saliva Linn.; may pop, Passiflora
incarnata Linn.; carpet weed, Molluga verticillata Linn.; Chae-

rophyllum procumbens (Linn.) Crantz.; button weed, Diodia vir-
giniana Linn.; golden rod, Solidago sp.; Virginia creeper, Am-
pelopsis quinquefolia Michx.; ragweed, Ambrosia artemisaefolia
Linn.; dandelion, Taraxicum officinale Weber; Venus' looking
glass, Specularia perfoliata DeC. ; and Specularia biflora (R & P)
iisch & Mey.; morning glory, Ipomoea purpurea Lam.; trumpet
vine, Tecoma radicans Juss.; Sabbatia angularis Pursh; English
plantain, Plantago lanceolata Linn. ; common plantain, Plantago ma-
jor Linn. ; Plantago virginica Linn. ; Plantago aristata Michx. ; poke-
weed, Phytolacca decandra Linn. ; Croton glandulosa Linn. ; poison
oak, Rhus toxicodendron Linn.; leather flower, Clematis viorna
Linn,; corn cockle. Lychnis githago Lam.; catch fly, Silene an-
iirrhina Linn. ; red clover, Trifolium pratense Linn. ; buffalo clover,
T. refiexum Linn.; Penstemon laevigatus Soland.

In the open low grounds near the streams one finds some of the
plants in the above paragraph and also the touch-me-not, Im-
patiens iulva, Nutt.; common iron weed, Vernonia noveboracensis,
Willd. ; great ragweed^ Ambrosia trifida Linn. ; cocklebur, Xanthium
canadense Mill.; cardinal flower. Lobelia cardinalis Linn.; blue lo-
belia, Lobelia puberula Michx.; joint weed, Polygonum muhlen-
bergia Watson. ; elder, Sambucus canadensis Linn. ; button bush,
Cephalanthus occidentalis Linn..; a;steT, Aster puniceus Linn.; cat-
tail, Typha latijolia Linn. A. Ballard Massey.

Botanical Laboratory, Clemson College.
62

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY

The regular Thanksgiving day field trip of the Society will
consist of a visit to the Legare Plantation on the Ashley River.
The launch Relief, which was used last year has been engaged
to take the party up the river. The expedition will start at nine
o'clock from Chisolm's Mill. Tickets for the trip are now on
sale at the Museum, and should be bought as early as possible,
for if it becomes necessary to limit the number of members at-
tending, as now seems likely, preference will be given to those
who first secure tickets. The price of tickets is thirty cents
each.

The regular monthly meetings of the Natural History Society
were held on the first and second Thursdays in November. The
general oflBcers of the Society were all re-elected for the ensuing
year. The report of the treasurer showed a substantial balance
on hand after expending $51.11 for insect-proof specimen cases.
The elections of special officers for section B took place on Thurs-
day, November 14, when Allan McDermid was elected Vice-
President and Donald Sams Secretary. The membership of
the Society has increased to one hundred and thirty, the largest
growth of any year in its history.

At the meeting of Section A the speakers were Mr. Ellison A.
Williams, who gave a most interesting account of his observa-
tions of European birds, made on a trip taken during the past
summer, and Mr. Francis M. Weston, Jr., who described the
variety of bird-life found in the North Carolina mountains.

PUBLIC LECTURES ON HEREDITY

The Museum announces a course of six lectures on heredity
and kindred problems, to be given by Professor Rea, on Monday
evenings in December and January. The six dates selected are
December 9, 16, 30, and January 6, 13, 20. These lectures will
form a natural continuation of the course on evolution given at
the Museum several years ago, although a knowledge of the pre-

63

vious course is not necessary to an understanding of the work
on heredity. The lectures will include an account of the principles
of inheritance recently established, and their relation not only to
biological evolution, but also to many social problems. The
price of tickets for the course of six lectures is two dollars. Mem-
bers of the Natural History Society may obtain special tickets
at half price. Members of the Museum may obtain tickets for
themselves and their families free on application.

NEW CLASS IN BOTANY

At the request of several members of the Natural History So-
ciety a botany class has been formed under Miss Bragg 's direc-
tion for the study of plant analysis. The class already has a
large membership, its total enrollment being twenty-one. It
will meet throughout the winter at five o'clock on the first and
third Mondays of each month.

The special purpose of the class is to study the flora of this
region, and the flowering plants about Charleston in particular.
It is hoped that by the beginning of next summer members will
be able, by consulting their botanies, to readily determine the
name and habits of any wild flower which they may come across.

The text-book used is Gray's Manual of Botany, seventh edi-
tion. Small's Flora of the Southeastern United States will be
used as a reference work. The Museum herbarium will be the
subject for study before the wild flowers have made their ap-
pearance, but whenever possible the work will be illustrated
by field trips for the study of plants in their natural habitat.
Miss Bragg will conduct such an expedition on Thanksgiving
day during the regular trip of the Natural History Society.

64

NOTES FROn THE MUSEUH

The Museum is open free to the public on week days from 10
to 6. Children unaccompanied by an adult are admitted only
on Saturdays.

Since September the News and Courier has been devoting a
column in its Monday morning issue to News Notes From the
Museum. This affords a convenient means of keeping the pub-
lic in touch with new work and has been favorably commented
on by many of our friends.

Mr. E. R. Memminger, honorary curator of fungi, has re-
turned to the city and plans to continue his work on the herba-
rium during the winter. Professor D. S. Martin, honorary cu-
rator of geology, has been working at the Brooklyn Institute of
Arts and Sciences during the summer and expects to return to
Charleston in December to take up his winter work.

The October number of the Auk contains a note by Julian
Mitchell, Jr. of the Natural History Society regarding the first
specimen of the pigeon hawk taken in South Carolina in the winter.

Mollie, the pet member of the Museum's collection of living
snakes acquired considerable notoriety by escaping from a mem-
ber of the staff who was exercising her on the front lawn. Mollie
is a six-foot pine snake from Florida, presented to the Museum
in April, 1908, by Mr. Henry P. Williams. The beauty of her
coloring and the gentleness of her disposition have made her a
favorite with our visitors, and her good health during the past
four years may be attributed largely to the fact that she has
been taken out occasionally for a run in the grass in the early
morning dew. There was much delight when she reappeared
after an absence of five days.

The Natural History Society has devoted special attention
this fall to a study of local moths and butterflies, and some of the

= 65

members have made very interesting collections of their own
which have been brought to the Museum for identification.

The Arctic motion pictures taken by the Carnegie Museum
Alaskan-Siberian expedition were recently shown in Charleston
and gave an unusual opportunity to observe the habits of the
polar bear, walrus, Steller's sea-lion, seal and other Arctic animals.
Nearly all of the species appearing in the pictures are represented
by specimens in the Museum.

During the summer two fire extinguishers were put in the
Museum as the gift of Mr. Henry P. Williams of the Board of
Fire Masters. These safeguards against fire have long been
needed, and may sometime be the means of preventing serious
loss.

A new roof has been put over the laboratory, where the leaks
have been so bad during the fall that classes have had to be sus-
pended in rainy weather. It will soon be necessary to renew the
roof over the library and storage collections. The roof of the
building was in bad condition when the Museum obtained pos-
session, and has been patched until it can no longer be kept even
approximately tight. The maintenance appropriation of the
Museum is not sufficient to cover these roof repairs in addition to
the regular expenses of maintenance and funds for this purpose
have necessarily been taken from the General Account which is
usually applied to permanent improvements only.

66

Under the Auspicks of the College of Charleston

PUBLICATIONS

(1) The Bulletin of the Charleston Museum is published monthly
from October to May, each number consisting of eight to sixteen pages.
This is a popular record of the work of the Museum, containing accounts
of its educational activities, descriptions of exhibits, and preliminary
notices of investigations. Important records of geographical distribu-
tion, and working .lists of the local fauna and flora are often published
first in the Bulletin. The January issue of each year is devoted to the
annual report of the director of the Museum.

Volume I of this series began in April, 1905, and is complete in 5
numbers. Subsequent volumes consist of 8 numbers each. A title page
and index to the first five volumes was published in the issue of
December, 1909.

Sent prepaid to any address for 25 cents a year. Single copies 5 cents each.

(2) Contributions from the Charleston Museum are issued at
irregular intervals, and consist of research papers too long or too im-
portant for publication in the Bulletin.

I Birds of South Carolina, by Arthur Trezevant Wayne.
Pp. XXI + 254. Price: paper, $2.75; cloth, $3.25.

II Catalog of the Mollusca of South Carolina, by William
G. Mazyck. /n preparation.

Ill Birds of the City of Charleston, by Herbert Raverel
Sass. In preparation.

BULLETIJV

OF

THE CHARLESTON MUSEUM

Edited By
PAUL M. REA

WHAT THE MUSEUn OFFERS THE SCHOOLS

Volume VIII, Number 8 December, 1912

Under the Auspices of the College of Charleston

Director

Paul M. Rea

Honorary Curators

Wm. G. Mazyck Conchology

Daniel S. Martin Geology

Arthur T. Wayne Ornithology

Nathaniel W. Stephenson Art

Edward R. Memminger Fungi

Curator of Books and Public Instruction

Laura M. Bragg

Instructor in Physiology and Zoology

L. Wm. McGrath

Secretary to the Director

Rena Rowell

Assistant in Library

Barbara K. Bragg

The Charleston Museum was organized in March, 1773, by the
Charles Town Library Society. In 1815 it w is transferred to the Liter-
ary and Philosophical Society of South Cai olii a, and in 1828 was de-
posited in the Medical College of South Carolina. In 1850 the Museum
was transferred to the College of Charlestc i, where it was known as
the College of Charleston Museum. In 1907 a b lilding was provided by
the City and the name changed to The Charleston Museum.

The Museum is dependent upon dues from members and private sub-
Bcriptions for all permanent improvements, for increase of the collections,
and for maintenance of its educational and scientific work.

The membership fees are:—

Annual Members $ 10 Patrons $ 500

Sustaining Members.... 25 Benefactors 1000

The Bulletin of the Charleston Museum is published monthly,
from October to May, by the Museum and is entered at the Post Office
at Charleston, S. C, as second-class matter.

BULLETIN

OP

THE CHARLESTON MUSEUM

Vol. 8 CHARLESTON, S. C, DECEMBER, 1912 No. 8

WHAT THE MUSEUn OFFERS THE SCHOOLS

In an address delivered before the Charleston County Teach-
ers Association in 1907 ^ Mrs. Paul M. Rea presented an outline
of what the Charleston Museum then postulated as its ideal of
the relations which should exist between it and the schools of
Charleston County. It is the purpose of this paper to show
what progress has been made toward the realization of this ideal,
and in what measure the ideal itself has broadened. Harold
Francis Dike has said that ' ' the realization of an ideal is death. ' '
May the Museum ever realize its ideals only to find them but the
path-makers for higher ideals of service.

Mrs. Rea, in her address, considers not the ideal relations of an
ideal museum to an ideal public school system, but a concrete
ideal for the relation of the Charleston Museum to the schools
of Charleston County. Let us briefly review the means suggested
for the attainment of this relation.

First Mrs. Rea discusses the educational value, for school
purposes as well as for the public, of a general museum collec-
tion so exhibited that each specimen is attractively presented,
descriptively labelled, and, whenever feasible, placed among its
natural surroundings. She further points out the advantages
of such an exhibition over the old museum type where a stuffed

» Bull. Chas. Mub. Ill, 1907, 21-29.

67

specimen with a scientific label was considered all sufficient.
And so it may have been for the scientific but not for the modern
educator. Writing ssveral years before the transfer of the Char-
leston Museum from the College of Charleston to its spacious
new home on Rutledge Avenue, Mrs. Rea says:

No museum in the country will ever dare to announce that its exhibition col-
lections realize their educational ideal. Therefore, when our new building is
opened to the public, let it not be understood that the collections are at once in
a condition to meet the needs of the public and the schools. It is hoped, how-
ever, that a start will have been made in that direction to be prosecuted as far
and as fast as the funds of the Museum and the size of the staff will allow.

Today we can say that a start has indeed been made and,
though hampered by a lack of funds which will necessarily render
the ideal installation of even the present collections a matter of
years, nevertheless, the Museum collections now on exhibit
afford greater facility for educational work with the schools than
ever before in the one hundred and thirty-nine years of the Mu-
seum 's history.

Turning from the general subject of Museum exhibits which
are only indirectly prepared for the benefit of the schools, Mrs.
Rea enumerates various ways in which the Museum should strive
directly to assist the schools; namely, by furnishing:

1. A guide to the Museum collections.

2. A demonstrator or lecturer for classes visiting the Mu-
seum.

3. Free lecture courses, illustrative of studies pursued in
the schools.

4. The use of a lecture room and specimens for teachers
visiting the Museum with classes.

5. Special exhibits at the Museum.

6. A Museum library with books helpful to both teachers
and children.

7. Field trips conducted by a member of the Museum staff.

8. A series of small loan exhibits.

9. A special instructor in charge of the loan exhibits who

shall conduct classes for either teachers or children.

10. Publication of Bulletins announcing matters of in-
terest to the schools.

68

Such is the ideal.

Mrs. Rea's paper closes with a statement of what small part
of its ideal the Museum was at that date, March, 1907, in posi-
tion to realize. Concretely this resolves itself into:

1. A guide to the Museum collections.

2. A demonstrator or lecturer for classes visiting the Mu-
seum.

3. The use of a lecture room and specimens for teachers
visiting the Museum with classes.

4. Free lecture courses if time and money be available at
the desired time.

5. Opportunity for field work given through the medium
of the Natural History Society, the meetings of which
were open to the public but the trips available only to
paid-up members.

6. The use of the Museum reference library then numbering
but a few hundred volumes and not provided with a
reading room.

Five years ago the Museum gladly offered what it could. Let
us now see what enlargement of its powers of usefulness the in-
tervening years have brought.

For the year 1913, the Charleston Museum announces that it
is prepared to co-operate with the schools of Charleston County,
public and private, by furnishing the following means of assist-
ance along the lines of natural history and allied subjects:

1. A guide to the general collections, for classes visiting
the Museum. Requests should be made two days in
advance.

2. A lecturer to give short talks upon particular exhibits
in the general collection to classes visiting the Museum.
Requests should be made two days in advance.

3. Special lectures illustrative of subjects pursued in the
schools, to be given at the Museum to classes upon the
request of any teacher. Requests should be made one
week in advance.

4. The use of a lecture room and specimens from the Muse-
um collections, for teachers with classes; a demonstrat-
or to be furnished if desired. Requests should be made
two days in advance.

69

5. Special exhibits of educational value to be held at irreg-
ular intervals.

6. A commodious and attractive reading room, supplied
with popular nature study literature adapted to the
needs of both teachers and pupils, under the charge of
a trained librarian. The Museum library of about
4,000 volumes is mainly| f or .reference use; by appli-
cation, however, to the curator of books arrangements
may be made whereby teachers may borrow books
needed for their nature study work.

7. Copies of the Charleston Nature Study Course, to be
furnished to teachers on request. The Museum's
curator of public instruction, in co-operation with the
supervisor of primary work in the public schools of
Charleston, is preparing a series of nature study courses
adapted to the needs of the first three grades of the
Charleston schools. The first grade course is completed
and has formed a part of the curriculum of the first
grade since September, 1912. It is to be used by the
second and possibly the third grade for the remainder
of the current school year, after which the second year
course will be introduced.

8. Monthly lectures delivered by the curator of public
instruction to primary school teachers in preparation
for the nature study work of the following month as
outlined in the Charleston Nature Study Course. Open
to all primary teachers in public or private schools.
Dates to be announced.

9. Monthly field trips for primary teachers attending the
nature study preparatory lectures. Dates to be an-
nounced.

10. Access for teachers to the Museum herbarium, now
containing specimens of about 1,000 species representa-
tive of the local flora, with assistance in the identifica-
tion of South Carolina plants.

11. Travelling school exhibits. These are designed for
use with the Charleston Nature Study Course and will
furnish such illustrative material as is not easily to be
obtained by the individual teacher. The number of
exhibits will be increased month by month to meet the
requirements of the work. Each exhibit is packed in

70

an attractive portable case. Public school teachers
should make application for these exhibits through Miss
Sara W. Reicke, supervisor of primary work in the
Charleston public schools; applications by other teach-
ers should be made directly to Miss Bragg, curator of
public instruction, at the Museum. Preference as to
time will be given teachers using the Charleston Nature
Study Course but all requests will be filled at the earli-
est date possible.

The 25 exhibits listed below are now available. Each
animal exhibit consists, unless otherwise stated, of one
mounted specimen.

Southern fox squirrel. Exhibit No. 22.
Brown rat. Exhibit No. 18.

Lion cub. Exhibit No. 21.

Red bat (female and three young). Exhibit No. 20.
Hoary bat. Exhibit No. 19.

Cardinal or Redbird. Male and female. Exhibit No. 16.
Red-winged blackbird. Male and female. Exhibit
No. 10.

Red-winged blackbird. Male and female. Exhibit
No. 13.

Mockingbird. Exhibit No.
Mockingbird. Exhibit No.
Meadowlark. Exhibit No.
Meadowlark. Exhibit No.
Bluebird. Male and female.
Bluebird. Male and female.

Painted bunting or Nonpareil. Male and female. Ex-
hibit No. 11.

Painted bunting or Nonpareil. Male and female. Ex-
hibit No. 12.

Beach specimens, showing types of the animal and plant
life of the Isle of Palms. Exhibits Nos. 24 and 25.

Picture exhibits, Nos. 1-6. A large envelope contain-
taining mounted pictures designed to supplement
the specimen exhibits has been deposited for the
current year in each of the six public schools of
Charleston in which there are primary grades. At
present each envelope contains 23 pictures which

71

7.
15.
14.

1 "7

11 .

Exhibit No. 8.
Exhibit No. 9.
il. Male and female.

il. Male and female.

are duplicated in the other envelopes, and also
eleven pictures peculiar to that envelope, making
a total of 204 pictures comprising 89 subjects.
Each envelope further contains four blue prints
illustrating the foliage of trees studied during the
autumn months.
Iron and steel production. Exhibit No. 23. This
excellent exhibit was prepared several years ago
and has been used by pupils in the higher grades
and preparatory schools. It illustrates with speci-
mens, diagrams and photographs various processes
in the manufacture of iron and steel, showing each
stage from the mine to the finished product.
12. Printed lists of exhibits and other matters of interest
to teachers will be distributed from time to time. An-
nouncements of lectures, field trips, and special exhib-
its will be made in the Bulletin of the Charleston
Museum and in the columns of the daily papers.
A comparison of what the Museum has to offer in 1913 with
what it was able to offer in 1907 leaves no room to doubt the great
advance which has been made. Not merely has the number of
lines of usefulness increased; greater efficiency along all lines has
become possible, owing to the improved working facilities of the
new building, the organization of the school work under one de-
partment and the hearty co-operation of the schools themselves.
None of the work to be done this coming year is new, but rather
the natural development of the past year's effort. Additional
travelling exhibits accompanying the extension of the Charles-
ton Nature Study Course and the systematizing of irregular lines
of work mark the step from 1912 to 1913. Classes, lectures,
field trips, all have had their place in 1912. The work of 1913
will be to reach the large numbers who are just coming to realize
the advantages which accrue to them through co-operation with
the Museum. The schools are now seeking Museum aid where
formerly all too frequently the Museum had to solicit the op-
portunity to be useful.

So much for the realities of present and past. In conclusion let
us go back to the ideal of 1907. A comparison of the points Mrs.

72

Rea makes with the accomplishment of today shows that work has
been developed along all the lines marked out, we do not claim
in an ideal way, but surely in such a manner as will lead to un-
limited usefulness. One step beyond the ideal we find in the
Charleston Nature Study Course and all that it implies.

No book has yet been written on nature study which is adapted
to the use of schools in the southern states. Mr. W. K. Tate
offers excellent suggestions in his Teacher's Manual for the Ele-
mentary Schools of South Carolina, but the only books giving
graded courses are written to meet northern climatic conditions.
A nature study course which heralds the bluebird as typifying
the return of spring needs modification before being used in a
land blessed with a wealth of bluebirds throughout the year.
When the public primary schools of Charleston were placed under
a primary supervisor last January the first step was taken to-
ward the introduction of nature study as a legitimate part of
school work. Numerous nature courses were studied and Fred-
erick L. Holtz's Nature-study was adopted as a basis. The
Charleston Nature Study Course is a modification of Holtz's
courses for the grades, modified to fit floral and faunal conditions
in the vicinity of Charleston and certain particular requirements
of the Charleston schools. The simplest and most easily secured
natural subjects have been chosen for the lower grades. No
teacher need lack for material. What cannot be procured readily
is supplied through the specimen and picture exhibits lent by the
Museum.

In the lower grades no period is required for the nature study
lessons, the object being to correlate with the reading, language,
or drawing lesson, or with the morning exercises. So far as pos-
sible the course follows the sequence of concrete ideas in the New
Education Readers used in the primary grades. Here the rat
becomes early a center of interest, followed in due course by the
cat and the bat. The introduction of the word rat is made the
occasion for some enlargement upon what would with any care-
ful teacher be an endeavor to present a clear mental picture of

73

the meaning of the word. The Museum rat exhibit is presented,
conspicuous characteristic of the rat are brought out by observa-
tion and its habits discussed. The cat and the bat are similarly-
treated. In case of the cat a Museum specimen is not neces-
sary, a living cat being preferable by far. Here pictures from
the Museum exhibits help to give the child an idea of the large
family to which the cat belongs, establishing for the lion and tiger
of his story books a definite relationship with the household pet.
A baby lion cub, one of the Museum exhibits, has proved most
successful in this respect. Many of the pictures in the Museum
exhibits are known as story pictures. These are used to em-
phasize the human relation and to develop the child's imagina-
tion, as well as to familiarize him with the work of good artists.
As one animal after another is taken up similarities and differ-
ences are pointed out. It must be confessed that the one con-
spicuous flaw in the practical working of the course so far has
been the rat. Many teachers apparently skipped the rat page
of their readers, at least it might so be inferred from the few who
made application for the Museum's attractive exhibit. Birds,
butterflies, flowers, fruits, all are taken up in somewhat the fash-
ion pointed out or are separately introduced for material for
drawing or language lessons.

Careful study is being made of the working of the course this
year. Another year a revision will be made. Ultimately, after
revision based on experience, courses for all primary grades will
be published. A teacher's manual is being prepared to serve as a
guide^to the courses.

But publication of courses and teacher's manuals belong to the
Museum's unrealized new ideal for the future. The ideal is grow-
ing. Looking ahead it shows us nature study taught and well
taught in every school and grade in Charleston, nay more, in the
county, and even throughout the entire state; and leading the
way everywhere we see the travelling exhibits of the Charleston

Museum.

Laura M. Bragg.

74

Under the Auspices of the College op Charleston

PUBLICATIONS

(1) The Bulletin of the Charleston Museum is published monthly
from October to May, each number consisting of eight to sixteen pages.
This is a popular record of the work of the Museum, containing accounts
of its educational activities, descriptions of exhibits, and preliminary
notices of investigations. Important records of geographical distribu-
tion, and working lists of the local fauna and flora are often published
first in the Bulletin. The January issue of each year is devoted to the
annual report of the director of the Museum.

Volume I of this series began in April, 1905, and is complete in 5
numbers. Subsequent volumes consist of 8 numbers each. A title page
and index to the first five volumes was published in the issue of
December, 1909.

Stnt prepaid to any address for 25 cents a year. Single copies 5 cents each,

(2) Contributions from the Charleston Museum are issued at
irregular intervals, and consist of research papers too long or too im-
portant for publication in the Bulletin.

I Birds of South Carolina, by Arthur Trezevant Wayne.
Pp. XXI + 254. Price: paper, $2.75; cloth, $3.25.

II Catalog of the Mollusca of South Carolina, by William
G. Mazyck. In preparation.

Ill Birds of the City of Charleston, by Herbert Ravecel
Sass. In preparation.

BULLETIIV

OF

THE CHARLESTON MUSEUM

Edited By
PAUL M. REA

REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR OF THE MUSEUH
FOR THE YEAR 1912.

Volume IX, Number 1 January, 1918

Under the Auspices of the College of Charleston

Director

Paul M. Rea

Honorary Curators

Wm. G. Mazyck Conchology

Daniel S. Martin Geology

Arthur T. Wayne Ornithology

Nathaniel W. Stephenson Art

Edward R. Memminger Fungi

Curator of Books and Public Instruction

Laura M. Bragg

Instructor in Physiology and Zoology

L. Wm. McGrath

Secretary to the Director

Rena Rowell

Assistant in Library

Barbara K. Bragg

The Charleston Museum was organized in March, 1773, by the
Charles Town Library Society. In 1815 it was transferred to the Liter-
ary and Philosophical Society of South Carolina, and in 1828 was de-
posited in the Medical College of South Carolina, In 1850 the Museum
was transferred to the College of Charleston, where it was known as
the College of Charleston Museum. In 1907 a building was provided by
the City and the name changed to The Charleston Museum.

The Museum is dependent upon dues from members and private sub-
scriptions for all permanent improvements, for increase of the collections,
and for maintenance of its educational and scientific work.

The membership fees are:—

Annual Members $10 Patrons $ 500

Sustaining Members 25 Benefactors 1000

The Bulletin of the Charleston Museum is published monthly,
from October to May, by the Museum and is entered at the Post Office
at Charleston, S, C, as second-class matter.

BULLETIN

OP

THE CHARLESTON MUSEUM

Vol. 9 CHARLESTON, S. C, JANUARY, 1913 No. 1

REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR OF THE MUSEUH
FOR THE YEAR 1912

The director of the Charleston Museum has the honor to sub-
mit the following report for the year 1912.

A large and gratifying increase in the membership of the Mu-
seum, from which the funds are derived for all permanent im-
provements, and a marked extension of the educational work
with schools are the most prominent features of the past year's
work. These are natural results of the transition from the pe-
riod of reorganization of the Museum and preparation of the new
building and equipment to the period of active use of the Museum
for the instruction and entertainment of the people. This trans-
ition has been delayed by the slowness with which funds have
become available, but the organization and equipment which
have been attained fit the Museum for a far more active and val-
uable role than it has ever filled in the life of the community.
The extension of organized educational work is but a part of this
program of usefulness. The increased membership is an evi-
dence of the appreciation which a continuation of this program
may be expected to arouse.

FINANCES

The City appropriation for the maintenance expenses of the
Museum was $4000, the same amount as in 1911. Of this sum
$3112.50 was expended for the salaries of the director, curator of
books and pubhc instruction, secretary to the director, assistant
in the library, janitor, and three months services of the curator
of the geological department. The remaining $1201 was applied
to the maintenance of the various departments in nearly the same
proportion as in 1911. It is extremely difficult to carry on the
work of the Museum with so small a staff and many very desir-
able lines of work cannot be undertaken, yet very real progress
has been made in almost every department. Too much cannot
be said in appreciation of the co-operation and financial support
given by City Council to the re-organization of the Museum thus
making possible the perpetuation of the oldest American museum
and giving to the community a public institution of recreation
and instruction and to the schools facilities which few cities pos-
sess.

The General Account, which includes the contributions of
members and other funds available for general purposes, has re-
ceived this year, $1152 from 54 members and $216 from rents.
The number of members is increased by 42 over last year and is
nearly double the largest number of any previous year. A list
of the members is appended to this report. There are included
two members who contributed for the year 1912 since the books
were closed.

Special accounts for the year include the money derived from
the College of Charleston for the maintenance of its department
of biology and geology and from the Medical College of South
Carolina for the maintenance of its department of embryology
and physiology. Both of these colleges are affiliated with the
Museum and the work of the departments mentioned is conducted
in the Museum laboratory and classroom.

The Charleston Natural History Society, organized under the
auspices of the Museum, has received $118.25 in 1912 as against

2

$101.10 in 1911. The income of the Society is devoted to the
maintenance of its educational work as a part of the department
of public instruction and the surplus is applied to the general work
of the Museum.

A fund of $51 has been obtained for the planting of the Se-
cessionville Heronry, $50 of this amount being contributed by the
National Association of Audubon Societies.

ADMINISTRATION

The general plan of administration, which was put into opera-
tion in 1910 and 1911, has been carried through the past year
with most satisfactory results. Departments are co-ordinated
so as to secure maximum efficiency with a small staff, and the
system of accounts is such that the actual cost of every piece of
shop work and a classified list of all expenditures appear in the
annual summary.

To acquaint the public with the progress in equipment and in-
stallation and with the general activities of the Museum, the even-
ings of February 20 and 26 were devoted to conducting a series
of parties, numbering about twenty persons each, through the
offices, library, study and storage collections, carpenter and print-
ing shops, laboratories and lecture rooms, and the main exhibi-
tion hall. Each of these departments was in full operation and
members of the staff and a number of volunteer assistants de-
monstrated their work. Many of our visitors said that these oc-
casions were a revelation to them of the scope of our work, and
many evidences of increased public appreciation have been noted.
It is desirable to repeat these exhibitions during the coming year.

Miss Laura L. Weeks, secretary to the director, resigned in
April on account of illness. Her work was taken temporarily by
Miss Amy Woods and in September Miss Rena Rowell was ap-
pointed to the position.

Mr. L. Wm. McGrath was advanced in September from as-
sistant in zoology to instructor in physiology and zoology. There
has been no other change in the staff.

3

The director represented the Museum at the seventh annual
meeting of the American Association of Museums held in New
York City, June 4-7, when he was honored by re-election as sec-
retary of the Association.

BUILDING

The most serious problem confronting the Museum at present
is the condition of the roof. The relation of the roof to the gut-
ters presents a grave fault in that the gutters, which form the
cornice as well, partly rest upon the brick wall. In order to pre-
serve the lines of the cornice they have no fall. This in turn
causes them to rust out and allows the water from the roof to soak
into the wall, disintegrating the mortar and staining the plaster
both outside and inside and ultimately causing it to fall. The
greater part of the plaster along the galleries has already fallen,
and the exterior of the building, which was put in excellent order
and painted in 1909, is now badly disfigured.

The roof as a whole was in bad condition when the Museum ac-
quired the building in 1907. It was repaired and painted as well
as possible as a part of the general remodeling. The amounts
expended for roof repairs since then are as follows : 1908, $324.99 ;
1909, $45.94; 1910, $38; 1911, $29.45; 1912, $91.95: Total,
$530.33. These repairs have proved entirely futile. The same
leaks continue and new ones appear. Interior plastering, wood-
work, floors, etc., suffer from every rain, and the structural in-
tegrity of the building is seriously endangered. Cases, speci-
mens, books, and equipment are all deteriorating in spite of ut-
most care in trying to arrange furnishings where water does not
drip.

Realizing the futility of attempting to make further repairs to
the present tin roof, a plastic tile roof was put over the labora-
tory in November at a cost of $54.21. This is less than half the
cost of a good quality of tin. The material is guaranteed for
seven years by a responsible local firm, and requires no paint.
This roofing can also be carried over the edge of the cornices and

4

thus protect the walls from further water damage. The cost of
removing the present tin roof from the whole building, repairing
sheathing, etc., laying plastic tile, and repairing guttering is es-
timated at $4300. The cost of this work with a good quality of
tin roofing is about $7536. It is imperative that this work be
undertaken immediately.

The Museum is without funds to pay for a new roof. The
maintenance expenses already exceed the City appropriation by
$313.50, in spite of the most rigid economy. Minor repairs
are regularly charged to this account, but it cannot be expected
that the efficiency of the Museum can be maintained, or even that
it can be kept open, and at the same time pay for a new roof.
The general account is at best inadequate to keep the shops run-
ning and make the progress in installation necessary to protect
specimens and sustain public interest. Only by a special ap-
propriation for the roof can the structural integrity of the build-
ing be preserved and the activity of the Museum be maintained.

Since the defects in the roof are either inherent or had devel-
oped prior to the acquisition of the building by the Museum, the
cost of the new roof should be considered as properly a part of the
general remodeling and repairs for which City Council made its
original appropriation in 1907, with supplementary appropria-
tions in 1908 and 1909. In 1911 Council also made a special ap-
propriation to cover storm damages. These appropriations indi-
cate the readiness with which the City has always supported the
Museum, both for general maintenance expense, and for special
needs. This procedure is also in accord with the relation of
many of the most important and successful museums to their
municipalities. This relation is briefly as follows: the City pro-
vides the land, erects and maintains the buildings, and defrays
the running expenses; the museum authorities provide and in-
crease the collections and defray the cost of scientific expeditions
and publications.

Improvements to the building during the year include the ad-
dition of another window in the carpenter shop to secure more

5

light on the bench ; the erection of a partition to separate the shop
from the rear hall; the enclosure of a part of the shop and in-
stallation of a stove so that it can be heated, and electric wiring
for lighting; the installation of a stove in the large lecture hall;
and a gate to close the rear entrance when the doors are open.
The carpenter has hitherto lacked adequate facilities for his work
and had no protection from cold. These improvements were
made at small expense and put the shop in excellent order.

COLLECTIONS AND INSTALLATION

As stated in the last report, it is the policy of the Museum to
defer any general increase in the collections by purchase until the
material now in hand is properly installed. Only $30.80 was ex-
pended for new specimens in 1912 and practically all of this was
for birds for traveling school exhibits. Twenty-three such ex-
hibits have been prepared, with suitable cases for easy transpor-
tation.

Considerable progress in installation has been possible in spite
of the small amount of money available. The baleen whale,
taken in Charleston Harbor in 1880 and long a familiar object in
the old Museum, was installed in the main hall early in the year.

The second long floor case of the type designed to separate al-
coves, which was built in 1911, was completed and installed early
in 1912. This made possible a re-arrangement of the exhibit of
birds of South Carolina to avoid crowding and to allow the addi-
tion of a considerable number of apecimens. It is hoped that
new labels for this exhibit may be printed in the coming year.

Seven cases from the old building were brought over and re-
finished. These provide for the tarpon and two groups of mon-
keys, for two groups of squirrels with descriptive labels; for a
series of arms and ethnological specimens; and for a permanent
exhibit of silk culture with a full set of descriptive labels. Two
cases were given by Mr. Steven Thomas. One of these was re-
finished and used for a large Indian pot and bowl lent by Mr.
George Witte, of Philadelphia. The other is used for storage

6

purposes. Three large cases were brought over from the old
building, mounted on castors, and used without refinishing for
temporary storage of a zebra, llama, alpaca, moose, several bears,
and two camels. Sash from other old cases was used to form
temporary enclosures for the walrus, Steller's sea lion, and a
number of seals. It is gratifying to have these large mammals
in the main hall and the old cases, with many small lights of glass;
form a marked contrast with the new plate glass cases contain-
ing the bison and the elk groups. It is to be hoped that some of
these large animals may be installed in new cases in the coming
year.

Dr. Martin, honorary curator in the geological department,
spent two months and a half cataloging and arranging fossils
and minerals mostly donated by himself. A most important ad-
dition to the geological collections is the extensive series of South
Carolina fossils collected by Mr. Earl Sloan, formerly state geol-
ogist, and deposited by him in the Museum. It is hoped that a.
more extended account of this very valuable collection may be
printed at an early date.

In order to put on exhibition a series of geological specimens
needed for class work, nine rough table cases of a purely temporary
character were built in the spring.

A beginning has been made in installing a general mineral ex-
hibit with descriptive labels. A forest floor has been added to
the elk case, and a nest and eggs to the snowy heron case. The
exhibit of nests and eggs of native birds had been enlarged and
re-arranged.

A number of metal storage cases for birds and a stock of glass
vials and corks have been bought for the Museum by the Natural
History Society. One of the large storage cases has been fitted
with glass doors. These are important improvements in the fa-
cilities for caring for study and reserve material.

Gifts to the Museum during the year have been many and
valuable and are deeply appreciated. Lack of space, however,
forbids their specific acknowledgement.

7

LIBRARY

The routine work of the library has always been difficult of
accomplishment because of continual demands upon the staff
for special work and for service in other departments. During
the past year, however, marked progress has been made in cata-
loging. There have been filed 800 new cards and 500 more are
ready to be typewritten. About three hundred volumes and
several hundred pamphlets remain to be cataloged. This work
should be accomplished in 1913, bringing the catalog up to date.
A large amount of analysis of publications of learned societies
will still have to be done to make all the material accessible.

A stock of single and multiple pamphlet binders was purchased
in October. With these 166 volumes have been bound by the
j anitor . About 500 volumes are ready for binding in 1 9 1 3 . Owing
to the necessity of concentrating permanent improvements chiefly
upon the department of installation, very few new books have been
added to the library by purchase. It is hoped that this defect
may be corrected in the near future.

Government documents related to the work of the Museum
have been deposited in the library by the College of Charleston
as usual. The accessibility and good order of these documents is
much to be commended, and their use is growing constantly.
The latest document catalogs are kept at hand and cards are in-
serted in the regular catalog for papers of special importance.

BIOLOGICAL SURVEY

The importance of having in the Museum easily accessible data
regarding the seasonal and geographical occurrence of animals and
plants in South Carolina is especially great because of the paucity
of published works on this subject. The excellent papers of
the earlier investigators relate usually to restricted areas and
little has been published recently. To meet this deficiency all
properly authenticated records of local fauna and flora that come
to the attention of the Museum are entered in a card catalog.

8

The progress of the survey would be much more rapid if it were
possible to undertake even a little systematic collecting, but
nearly all of the work has had to be incidental to field trips de-
voted primarily to instruction.

The bird records of the survey now contain the latest infor-
mation available anywhere on this subject. The February and
March issues of the Bulletin contained a summary of the birds
recorded for 1910 and 1911. This serves as a supplement to
Wayne's Birds of South Carolina', and adds one new species
(Wilson's Phalarope) to the avifauna of the state, removes two
and perhaps three species from the hypothetical list to the au-
thenticated list, gives much new information regarding occur-
rence, and greatly extends the localities covered by the survey,
especially m the interior of the state. These records include
those made by Mr. Wayne since the publication of his book, as
well as those of all other observers accepted by the Museum.
Since the pubHcation of this supplement one species previously
hypothetical has been given an authentic status and numerous
rare records obtained.

The collection of bird nests and eggs of the state has been con-
siderably augmented during the year.

A large number of spiders and miscellaneous insects have been
collected but not all identified. An effort is being made to gather
a representative series of spiders, but no general collection of
insects can be attempted without an entomologist on the staff.

The collection of living snakes has been continued and has con-
tained two species of burrowing snakes new to the survey, the
Rainbow Snake {Abastor eryihrogramus) and the Red-bellied
Snake {Forancia abacura) .

In July and August Miss Bragg collected plants at Sumter, in
the region about Keowee, and at Caesar's Head. When the ma-
terial obtained in this way has been worked up it may be expected
to yield results of importance for the survey. Miss Bragg also
visited a number of colleges which possess herbaria, and arranged

'CONTB. Chas. Mus., 1, 1010.

9

plans for co-operation in extending the records of the flora of the
state,

Mr. Memminger has continued his revision of the nomencla-
ture of the Ravenel herbarium and has written survey cards for
a large number of species. It is intended to include in the rec-
ords of the survey all specimens from South Carolina in our own
collection or known to be in other collections, all properly estab-
lished records for species observed but not preserved, and all
published references to local fauna and flora. To facilitate these
entries, a stock of publication record forms has been printed and
a start has been made in filling these in for some of the early floral
lists, such as Bachman's catalog of the plants of Charleston.
Several months could profitably be devoted to this work, and in
time these records will become of the highest importance.

BIRD CONSERVATION

The Museum has been interested for some years in two small
islands near Charleston on which the rare Snowy Heron and sev-
eral other more common species of herons breed in abundance.
One of these islands was leased by the Museum after it had been
raided by plume hunters. The birds deserted the breeding
ground but it is hoped that they will return next spring. The
other island could not be obtained at that time and during the
past year the owner cleared it of bushes and attempted to plant
it to hay. This wanton destruction of the heronry so aroused
public sentiment that, under the leadership of the The News and
Courier, the island was purchased by popular subscription. The
Museum was asked to take title to the property as the natural agent
of the community. A further fund was necessary to replant the
island with suitable bushes and the National Association of Au-
dubon Societies generously contributed fifty dollars for this
purpose. The island is expected to be in favorable condition
when the birds return in the spring and it is ardently to be hoped
that one or both of these heronries may be re-established and aid
in restoring something of the former abundance of these beau-
tiful birds.

10

PUBLICATION

The eighth volume of the Bulletin, comprising seventy-four
pages, has been completed in 1912. The total cost of this vol-
ume for printing, envelopes, postage, etc. is $257.08, as against
$209.06 for 1911, and $171.17 in 1910. There has been very
little variation in the number of copies printed. The higher
cost at present is due to increase in printing expense. The value
of the Bulletin, however, as a record of progress and as a means
of keeping in touch with the people of Charleston and with mu-
seums abroad is great and it must be considered a very necessary
and important part of the work of the Museum.

Among the longer articles printed during the year mention
may be made of the annual report of the director, a summary of
recent bird records of the biological survey, a report of progress
in the organization of the herbaria, notes on botanical field work,
the announcement of the purchase of the Secessionville heronry
in the name of the Museum, and a paper by Mr. A. B. Massey
on the flora about Clemson College.

The series of research publications entitled Contributions
FROM THE Charleston Museum is designed as a medium for
publication of the results of the biological survey and for other
investigations pertaining to the field of the Museum. The first
volume of this series, Wayne's Birds of South Carolina, has set
a high standard, and other volumes in preparation or contem-
plated should make the series as a whole reflect much credit up-
on the Museum. These publications are the chief basis of the
exchanges by which the library receives some of its most import-
ant accessions and they are, therefore, an essential feature of our
work. It is important that the second number of the series,
Mazyck's Mollusca of South Carolina, should be published early
in the coming year. The Manuscript is now ready for the print-
ers.

The cost of the Contributions is charged to the general ac-
count, since it is the policy of the director to defray the expense

11

of all research as well as all permanent improvements, from this
account, in order that the City appropriation may be devoted to
the maintenance of the Museum and its utilization for the rec-
reation and instruction of the people.

A paper on the Functions of Museums was read by the director
at the meeting of the American Association of Museums in June
and was published in the Proceedings of the Association. A paper
on the classification of books on fine arts, by Miss Bragg, was
also published in the Proceedings of the American Association
of Museums. A note on the Pigeon Hawk in South Carolina in
winter, by Mr. Julian Mitchell, Jr., a member of the Natural
History Society, was published in the Auk.

Grateful acknowledgement is due The News and Courier and
the Evening Post for cordial editorial support and for the free-
dom with which their columns have been opened to notices of
Museum activities. Since September The News and Courier
has printed a weekly column of news notes from the Museum,
written by Miss Bragg.

PUBLIC INSTRUCTION

The most important new activity in this department is a closer
affiliation between the public schools and the Museum, by which
the travelling exhibits of the Museum are used as an integral
part of the nature study course. Twenty-three exhibits have
been prepared by the Museum for this work, and more will be
added during the coming year. An interesting account of these
exhibits and their use is contained in the December issue of the
Bulletin, under the title: What the Museum Offers the Schools.
In this paper Miss Bragg shows that this co-operation between
the Museum and the schools realizes the essential features of the
program which was outlined by Mrs. Rea in 1907, when the re-
organization of the Museum was just beginning. Too much im-
portance can hardly be attached to this feature of the Museum as
a public servant.

The Natural History Society, which is one of the chief activi-

12

ties of the department of public instruction, has had a most suc-
cessful year. The membership has increased to more than one
hundred and thirty paid-up members — a marked contrast to the
little group of a dozen or fifteen members of which it was com-
posed a few years ago. The work of the Museum through this
society may fairly be credited with having developed in the
community a very real interest in natural science. The Museum,
in turn, has received important assistance from the Society in the
prosecution of the biological survey, in the preparation of speci-
mens, and in the purchase of equipment. The Society comprises
two sections: one for adults and one for children. The younger
section has always included some of the most earnest and active
members.

At the monthly meetings of section A the director has given a
series of informal talks on invertebrate and vertebrate animals,
Dr. Burt G. Wilder spoke on the silk spider of South Carolina,
and Messrs. F. M. Weston, Jr. and Ellison A. WiUiams have
spoken on birds. In the early fall Miss Bragg lead a special
study of common butterflies and moths, participated in by both sec-
tions. Section B has made a special study of birds. The meet-
ings of both sections have been supplemented by a series of field
trips conducted by Miss Bragg. The Society has purchased metal
cases for the preservation of bird skins and insect collections.
Members have mounted a large number of herbarium specimens,
prepared many bird skins, and assisted Miss Bragg in arrang-
ing exhibits.

In October a class in botany was organized by the curator
among the members of section A. This course is designed to ac-
quaint the members with the local flora and with methods of
plant analysis. The class consists of twenty members.

Evening lectures, which have necessarily been omitted while
the Museum has been in process of transfer from the old build-
ing, were resumed in December, when the director began a course
of six lectures on Heredity and Kindred Problems. It is hoped
that such lectures may be given each year and that they may in

13

time develop an interest similar to that aroused by the Natural
History Society. It is unfortunate that Charleston is so far re-
moved from centers of scientific activity that it is seldom possi-
ble to obtain out-of-town lecturers.

AFFILIATED INSTITUTIONS

The classroom, laboratory, and collections have continued to
be used by the department of biology and geology of the College
of Charleston and by the department of embryology and physi-
ology of the Medical College of South Carolina. A new labora-
tory course in physiology was introduced in the fall and in this
connection the Medical College has supplied new apparatus and
equipment.

From January to June a class in botany came to the Museum
from Ashley Hall for instruction by Miss Bragg.

The relation of the Museum with the public schools has been
described on a previous page.

Affiliation with the institutions mentioned is of advantage to
the Museum in making it the center of a larger amount of scien-
tific work and in providing better equipment for the laboratory
than would be possible otherwise, while to the other institutions
the relation is of advantage in affording the use of the Museum
collections and library and a better equipment of the laboratory
than any one of them could afford alone.

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, it may be said that the efficiency of all depart-
ments is greater than ever before, that the scope of the work is
broadened in a wholesome manner, and that the coming year
should show a further increase in the service of the Museum to
the people and to science.

Paul M. Re a, Director.

14

Under the Auspices op the College op Charleston

Patrons
HENRY P. WILLIAMS

Sustaining Members

Dr. ARCHIBALD E. BAKER
WILLIAM M. BIRD
Dr. a. JOHNSTON BUIST
WARING P. CARRINGTON
Mrs. WARING P. CARRINGTON
FRED G. DA VIES
Hon. JOHN F. FICKEN
PHILIP H. GADSDEN
J. ROSS HANAHAN
GEORGE S. HOLMES
WILLIAM E. HUGER
TRISTRAM T. HYDE
OSCAR E. JOHNSON
JOHN T. LEONARD
WILLIAM J. McCORMACK

w. KING Mcdowell

Dr. JOSEPH MAYBANK

JULIAN MITCHELL

ROBERT L. MONTAGUE

Miss HENRIETTA MURDOCH

FRED C. PETERS

Capt. THOMAS PINCKNEY

JAMES R. PRINGLE

Hon. R. GOODWYN RHETT

JAMES SOTTILE

Capt. FRANK E. TAYLOR

ROBERT P. TUCKER

FREDERICK W. WAGENER, Jr.

GEORGE W. WILLIAMS

HENRY P. WILLIAMS

Dr. ROBERT WILSON, Jr.
Annual Members

Dr. Sarah C. Allan
Thomas Carroll
Philip E. Chazal
Harry L. Erckmann
Henry H. Ficken
Robert B. Gilchrist
Benjamin A. Hagood
C. Norwood Hastie
Alfred Huger
Caleb B. Huiet
James R. Johnson

Thomas R.

Dr. Charles W. Kollock
O. George W. Marjenhofp
William C. Miller
Leland Moore
Norman M. Porter
J. R. Pringle Ravenel
A. Burnett Rhett
William Robertson
Dr. Edward Rutledge
William Schirmer
William J. Storen
Waring

15

Under the Auspices op the College op Charleston

PUBLICATIONS

(1) The Bulletin of the Charleston Museum is published monthly
from October to May, each number consisting of eight to sixteen pages.
This is a popular record of the work of the Museum, containing accounts
of its educational activities, descriptions of exhibits, and preliminary
notices of investigations. Important records of geographical distribu-
tion, and working lists of the local fauna and flora are often published
first in the Bulletin. The January issue of each year is devoted to the
annual report of the director of the Museum.

Volume I of this series began in April, 1905, and is complete in 5
numbers. Subsequent volumes consist of 8 numbers each. A title page
and index to the first five volumes was published in the issue of
December, 1909.

Se^it prepaid to any address for 25 cents a year. Single copies 5 cents each.

(2) Contributions prom the Charleston Museum are issued at
irregular intervals, and consist of research papers too long or too im-
portant for publication in the Bulletin.

I Birds of South Carolina, by Arthur Trezevant Wayne.
Pp. XXI + 254. Price: paper, $2.75; cloth, $3.25.

II Catalog of the Mollusca of South Carolina, by William
G. Mazyck. In preparation.

Ill Birds of the City of Charleston, by Herbert Ravenel
Sass. In preparation.

BULLETIN

OF

THE CHARLESTON MUSEUM

Edited By
PAUL M. REA

PROGRESS ON THE MINERAL COLLECTIONS

LOCAL FAUNA AND FLORA

NOTES FROn THE MUSEUJl

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY

Volume IX, Number 2 February, 1913

Under the Auspices of the College of Charleston

Director

Paul M. Rea

Honorary Curators

Wu. G. Mazyck Conchology

Daniel S. Martin Geology

Arthur T. Wayne Ornithology

Nathaniel W. Stephenson Art

Edward R, Memminger Fungi

Curator of Books and Public Instruction

Laura M. Bragg

Instructor in Physiology and Zoology

L. Wm. McGrath

Secretary to the Director

Rena Rowell

Assistant in Library

Barbara K. Bragg

The Charleston Museum was organized in March, 1773, by the
Charles Town Library Society. In 1815 it was transferred to the Liter-
ary and Philosophical Society of South Carolina, and in 1828 was de-
posited in the Medical College of South Carolina. In 1850 the Museum
was transferred to the College of Charleston, where it was known as
the College of Charleston Museum. In 1907 a building was provided by
the City and the name changed to The Charleston Museum.

The Museum is dependent upon dues from members and private sub-
scriptions for all permanent improvements, for increase of the collections,
and for maintenance of its educational and scientific work.

The membership fees are:—

Annual Members $10 Patrons $ 500

Sustaining Members .... 25 Benefactors 1000

The Bulletin of the Charleston Museum is published monthly,
from October to May, by the Museum and is entered at the Post Office
at Charleston, S. C, as second-class matter.

BULLETIIV

OF

THE CHARLESTON MUSEUM

Vol. 9 CHARLESTON, S. C, FEBRUARY, 1913 No. 2

RECENT PROGRESS ON THE MINERAL COLLECTIONS

The department of mineralogy and geology has in view and in
preparation several important special exhibits in addition to its
general collections. Among these are two valuable collections
which have been in the possession of the Museum for many years,
and were partly exhibited in the old building, at the College of
Charleston, but have not yet been installed for display in the
present building. One of these is what has been known as the
Russian collec!"ion. an exhibit fiom the Ural mountains and other
important mining regions in the Russii^n empirs; ^'?d 'he n:her
18 the c(:lleci'i;m of puoL-phate minerals from a number of locali-
ties in Europe and other parts of the world, which was gathered
by Dr. C. U. Shepard, now of Summerville, and presented by
him to the Museum. His object is to bring together a repre-
sentation of all the different formations in which phosphate
rocks and minerals occur for comparison with the product in
South Carolina. These two important collections it is hoped
will soon be placed on exhibition.

Two other special collections are those which have been men-
tioned previously in the Bulletin under the name of the Pied-
mont collection and the carbon collection. The plan of the

17

Piedmont collection was outlined in the Bulletin of April 1909,
and the carbon collection in the Bulletin of March 1910. The
present brief article is designed as a report of progress in regard
to these two collections.

The Piedmont collection was designed to illustrate the occur-
ence and distribution of minerals throughout the belt of crysta-
line rocks, extending from Virginia to Alabama, east of the mount-
ains, although it would include also to some extent, material
from the mountain region to the west of the Piedmont. This
belt, extending through the upper country of the south Atlantic
states, is rich in minerals of a generally similar character, and in-
cludes the important mining regions of western North Carolina
and northern Georgia as well as the extreme upper part of this
state. No such collection as this exists to show the distribution
of minerals throughout this extensive area, and the object of the
Piedmont collection is to gather such an exhibit here. Since
the article referred to was written considerable progress has been
made in gathering material for the Piedmont collection, and the
exhibit is already well begun, occupying a number of drawers
in the storage room of the Museum. A valuable set of speci-
mens was received from Dr. Joseph H. Pratt, State Geologist of
North Carolina, and many specimens have been received from
other sources. These, in addition to the North Carohna col-
lection presented by the writer, containing specimens secured
from several gentlemen connected with the earlier explorations
in the corundum region of the state in the years following the
War between the States, present a very good exhibit of the
mineral resources of North Carolina at many points, although
far from complete. A very good Virginia representation has also
been secured from several sources. The writer personally vis-
ited two years ago the celebrated Rutherford Mines at Amelia
Court House, and secured a fine representation of the minerals
for which that locality is noted, and other material from other
parts of the state. The Georgia and Alabama portion of the
collection is not so well represented with the exception of one

18

or two leading localities in Georgia. The South Carolina por-
tion of the Piedmont collection will form a part of the state ex-
hibit which it is proposed soon to arrange.

The United States Geological Survey has promised to cooper-
ate in this matter and the Southern Railway Company has also
promised to prepare an exhibit of minerals from various portions
of the territory traversed by its roads. In a short time it is hoped
that it will be possible to install the Piedmont collection as a
very interesting and important feature of the Charleston Museum.

The carbon collection is already installed and for a few years
past has been one of the most interesting and instructive exhib-
its in the main hall of the Museum; it has been enlarged and added
to from year to year until now it may be considered exception-
ally complete of its kind. The latest additions recently brought
by the writer are to the second division of the collection repre-
senting the hydro-carbons, the division of oils, bitumens and
asphalts. Within a few months past specimens have been se-
cured illustrating two very important localities of these miner-
als, which are not frequently represented. Some of these are
from the great asphalt deposits of Kern County, California,
where the asphalt has risen through a great fissure or vein and
has flowed over the country, spreading like a glacier over an ex-
tensive area. Others are from the oil and bitumen deposits in
Oklahoma, and illustrate limestones and sandstones partly im-
pregnated with bitumen or semi-fluid asphalt. Additions have
also been made to the third division of the collection, the resins,
including fine examples of Baltic amber, and copal containing
insects imbedded in the transparent resin. These statements
will give some idea of the work which has been done and is still
in progress in this department of the Museum. Other plans for
a South Carolina special exhibit, and for an exhibit of gems and
precious and ornamental stones which it is hoped ere long to in-
stall, will be treated in a further article.

Daniel S. Martin.

19

LOCAL FAUNA

American Scoter and Ring-necked Duck. — In a recent revision
of the mounted specimens of the birds of South Carolina, inci-
dent upon the printing of labels for the Museum's local bird ex-
hibit, several corrections have been found necessary, two of these
entailing changes of some importance in the records of the avi-
fauna of the state.

Of two specimens labelled Surf Scoter, Oidemia perspicillata
(Lam.), I noticed the female^ to differ from the male in that the
feathering on the bill did not extend any farther forward on the
forehead than on the lores, whereas it is characteristic of both
male and female in 0. perspicillata to have the feathering of the
forehead run forward on the culmen beyond that of the lores>
to the nostril. Careful examination has proved that the female
of these specimens is really a female Oidemia americana Swains.,
the American Scoter. Both specimens were taken in Charles-
ton Harbor in January 1884, and presented to the Museum by
Mr. Henry Hunter. The Surf Scoter is a common winter vis-
itant. The American Scoter, on the other hand, is a rare bird
on the south Atlantic coast, having been previously recorded
only twice south of New Jersey, once in Florida and once in South
Carolina.^ The South Carolina record is for a male taken by
Dr. Eugene Edmund Murphey in Bull's Bay, on May 7, 1903.
The specimen which I have discovered in the Charleston Museum
must therefore be considered in point of time the first record for
the state, being taken nineteen years before Dr. Murphey 's
record was made.

The second noteworthy correction is in the determination of a
specimen labelled Ring-necked Duck, Aythya collaris (Donov.),
female, and recorded in the Museum catalog^ and in Wayne's
Birds of South Carolina"* as the only Ring-necked Duck taken by
Mr. Wayne and as the first recorded specimen taken in the state
(Jan. 11, 1886). This species is well known to sportsmen and

iSpec. 160. ^Contr. Chas. Mus. I, 1910, 21.

'Spec. 143. <p. 19.

20

large numbers have recently been recorded in the Museum bird
survey. Examination shows, however, that the specimen in
question is a female Lesser Scaup Duck, Marila affinis (Eyt.),
the clear white speculum bordered with brown alone being suffi-
cient to distinguish it from Marila collaris (Donov.) with its
speculum of gray. This correction places the first authentic
record for the Ring-necked Duck in South Carolina to the credit
of Mr. F. S. Hanckel, Jr., who recorded eighteen specimens dur-
ing the winter of 1910-1911. The first record is for an adult
male taken on the Ashepoo River, December 17, 1910, by Mr.
John Maybank. The head of this bird is in Mr. Hanckel's col-
lection. Six or more specimens were taken at the time and the
birds were reported abundant.

Being well supplied with mounted specimens of this species
and not realizing the erroneousness of Mr. Wayne's first record,
the Museum preserved none of the many Ring-necks presented
for identification until December 1911, when a particularly fine
head from an adult female taken on Ashepoo River, December
11, by Mr. F. S. Hanckel, Jr., was prepared as an unmounted
skin.^

A Ring-necked Duck is recorded as taken Feburary 8, 1908, on
the Cooper River, by Mr. E. H. Burton. No specimen was pre-
served, however, and the sex was not recorded. Other records
have since been made by Messrs. Julian Mitchell, Jr., Caspar
Chisolm, E. A. Williams and Edward Simons. — L. M. Bragg.

The Museum has a stock of frogs' eggs and tadpoles collected
by Master E. H. Jennings, which will be distributed among teach-
ers who apply for them. A container of some kind should be
provided for removal.

Duck heads have been received as follows: Red-breasted Mer-
ganser, male; Black Duck, male; Mallard, male, and Ring-necked
Duck, female, from Mr. E. A. Williams; Mallard, male, and

'Spec. 7108. "" ■

21

Green-winged Teal, male and female, from Miss Hope Harris;
Blue-winged Teal, male and female, and Ring-necked Duck,
female, from Mr. Edward Simons. The Museum is particularly-
anxious to secure an extensive series of duck records and would
appreciate the privilege of examining specimens taken by sports-
men. Gifts of heads are very acceptable.

LOCAL FLORA

Dr. B. L. Robinson, Director of the Gray Herbarium, visited
Charleston last spring and did some collecting about the city,
Summerville and the Isle of Palms. With marked generosity
Dr. Robinson has recently sent to the Museum complete data
for all species collected by him and also for other specimens from
South Carolina in the Gray Herbarium, and further offers to
continue to list South Carolina specimens as they are discovered
in the Gray Herbarium. Dr. Robinson has contributed these
records in order to forward the publication of a work on the flora
of South Carolina for which Miss Bragg is now gathering data.

The Museum has received a copy of The Plant Life of Harts-
ville, S. C, by Professor W. C. Coker of the University of North
Carolina. This work forms the most important recent contri-
bution to South Carolina botanical literature as well as the finest
account yet published of ecological work done within the state,

A collection of pressed plants gathered about Pendleton, S. C,
during the summer of 1912, has been received from Miss Annie
L. Sloane.

Miss Elizabeth P. Ravenel of Keowee, S. C. has recently given
valuable assistance in recording Dr. Robinson's South Carolina
records in the Museum's plant survey files.

Miss Susie Allan and Miss Isabel 0 'Neill have most kindly
mounted a large number of specimens for the Museum herbarium.

22

NOTES FROM THE MUSEUH

Teachers who desire to borrow the Museum travelling school
exhibits should make application directly to Miss Bragg at the
Museum, either by telephone or letter. There are now twenty-
five exhibits ready for circulation. A list of these exhibits may
be found in the Bulletin for December 1912. They will be freely
lent to all teachers in either public or private schools.

A meeting of the primary teachers of the public schools was
held at the Museum January 16. Miss Bragg talked on the
nature study work for the winter months as outlined in the
Charleston Nature Study Course.

Copies of the Charleston Nature Study Course are now ready
and will be sent to any teacher on application.

Miss Emma Gibbes has been most kindly transferring to the
Museum survey the records of South Carolina flora and fauna
contained in the collections of her father, the late Professor Lewis
R. Gibbes. Professor Gibbes ' collections have been widely scat-
tered, but fortunately were carefully cataloged before distribu-
tion.

Labels are now being printed for the exhibit of South Carolina
birds, thanks to the kindness of Dr. C. H. Prince whose skill is
rapidly bringing to pass what the Museum has found it impos-
sible of accomplishment during the past year.

Mr. E. R. Memminger completed the revision of the Ravenel
herbarium while in Charleston. He is now in Beaufort where
it is expected he will secure numerous plant records for the sur-
vey. Mr Memminger 's generous assistance has been of the
utmost value to the Museum. Without it the herbarium could
not possibly have reached its present stage of accessibility nor
the survey have been extended to any considerable limits. While
nominally honorary curator of fungi, Mr. Memminger has de-
voted his time to building up the herbarium in all lines.

Dr. D. S. Martin is again at the Museum and as usual is making
large and notable gifts to the geological department. This year

23

he has also contributed to the archeological collection, particu-
larly specimens from Central America and Europe which are not
only extremely interesting but difficult to secure.

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY

Dr. G. F. Matthew of St. John, N. B. spoke at the February
meeting of Section A on the fossils of the St. John region.

The Section B meeting for February took the form of a demon-
stration by Mr. E. A. Hyer of the method of making a bird skin.
Individual lessons in skin preparation will be given during the
next month.

On Washington's Birthday both sections of the society vis-
ited Mulberry Castle on the Cooper River, taking the entire day
for the trip. The society has seldom enjoyed a more profitable
or delightful excursion. Thirty-five species of birds were ob-
served.

The Botany Class of the Natural History Society has held its
meetings regularly during the winter on the first and third Mon-
days of each month. The second February class met at Hampton
Park instead of at the Museum. The next class, March 3, will
also be conducted at Hampton Park, meeting at the entrance
at 4.30 P.M.

Mr. Jesse Sharpe has been appointed by the president chair-
man of a committee on butterflies and moths in the Natural
History Society. Messrs. William Simons, J. Bachman Chisolm
and Charles Colson will, with Mr. Sharpe, constitute the com-
mittee.

24

Under the Auspices of the College of Charleston

PUBLICATIONS

(1) The Bulletin of the Charleston Museum is published monthly
from October to May, each number consisting of eight to sixteen pages.
This is a popular record of the work of the Museum, containing accounts
of its educational activities, descriptions of exhibits, and preliminary
notices of investigations. Important records of geographical distribu-
tion, and working lists of the local fauna and flora are often published
first in the Bulletin. The January issue of each year is devoted to the
annual report of the director of the Museum.

Volume I of this series began in April, 1905, and is complete in 5
numbers. Subsequent volumes consist of 8 numbers each. A title page
and index to the first five volumes was published in the issue of
December, 1909.

Sent prepaid to any address for 25 cents a year. Single copies 5 cents each.

(2) Contributions from the Charleston Museum are issued at
irregular intervals, and consist of research papers too long or too im-
portant for publication in the Bulletin.

I Birds of South Carolina, by Arthur Trezevant Wayne.
Pp. XXI + 254. Price: paper, $2.75; cloth, $3.25.

II Catalog of the Mollusca of South Carolina, by William
G. Mazyck. In preparation.

Ill Birds of the City of Charleston, by Herbert Ravenel
Sass. In preparation.

1773 ANNIVERSARY NUMBER 1913

BULLETIIV

OP

THE CHARLESTON MUSEUM

Edited By
PAUL. M. REA

THE ONE HUNDRED AND FORTIETH ANNIVERSARY

OF THE MUSEUn

Volume IX, Number 3 March, 1913

Under the Auspices of the College of Charleston

Director

Paul M. Rea

Honorary Curators

Wm. G. Mazyck Conchology

Daniel S. Martin Geology

Arthur T. Wayne. Ornithology

Nathaniel W. Stephenson Art

Edward R. Memminger Fungi

Curator of Books and Public Instruction

Laura M. Bragg

Instructor in Physiology and Zoology

L. Wm. McGrath

Secretary to the Director

Rena Rowell

Assistant in Library

Barbara K. Bragg

The Charleston Museum was organized in March, 1773, by the
Charles Town Library Society. In 1815 it was transferred to the Liter-
ary and Philosophical Society of South Carolina, and in 1828 was de-
posited in the Medical College of South Carolina. In 1850 the Museum
was transferred to the College of Charleston, where it was known as
th« College of Charleston Museum. In 1907 a building was provided by
the City and the name changed to The Charleston Museum.

The Museum is dependent upon dues from members and private sub-
scriptions for all permanent improvements, for increase of the collections,
and for maintenance of its educational and scientific work.

The membership fees are :—

Annual Members $ 10 Patrons $ 500

Sustaining Members 25 Benefactors 1000

The Bulletin of the Charleston Museum is published monthly,
from October to May, by the Museum and is entered at the Post Office
at Charleston, S. C, as second-class matter.

BULLETIIV

OP

THE CHARLESTON MUSEUM

Vol. 9 CHARLESTON, S. C, MARCH, 1913 No. 3

THE ONE HUNDRED AND FORTIETH ANNIVERSARY
OF THE CHARLESTON MUSEUH

The pages of the Bulletin contain many accounts of investi-
gations which have carried the history of the Museum to in-
creasingly remote times, until the recovery by Mr. John Bennett
of the original prospectus as printed in the newspapers of March,
1773, established the fact that this museum is not only the old-
est in America, but that it antedates by more than a quarter of
a century the next oldest museum existing in this country. It
is, therefore, fitting that our one hundred and fortieth anniver-
sary should be an occasion of pleasant retrospection and of in-
spiration for future effort.

It is gratifying that this anniversary finds the Museum larger,
better organized, and more actively engaged in service to science
and to the people than at any previous period of its long and
honorable history. It may fairly be said that the general con-
ception of the work of museums has undergone a significant
change in the past twenty-five years which has resulted in a de-
velopment previously unattained. It may also seem that the
reorganization and accelerated growth of the Charleston Museum
in the last decade is due to this same new conception of the proper

25

scope of the institution, but a careful consideration of the pros-
pectus of the founders convinces the writer that the essential
features of the modern conception of a museum were present in
their minds at that early date, and that we of the present genera-
tion are merely carrying out and amplifying the plans which
they so ardently fostered. To them belongs, therefore, the dis-
tinction, not merely of founding the first American museum,
but of conceiving an idea one hundred and forty years ago which
has become national in the last quarter century.

The investigations of Mr. William G. Mazyck and others
have made familiar many interesting episodes in the history of
the Museum during the nineteenth century. It is only natural
that some of these concern times of discouragement and diffi-
culty, but it is surprising to learn of periods of astonishing pop-
ular enthusiasm. The significance of the Museum and the es-
sential peculiarities of its present position can be appreciated
best from a consideration of the conditions under which it has
developed, and the occasion of this article may be pleaded as an
excuse for a review, from another point of view, of facts already
published in the Bulletin from time to time,

THE FIRST EPOCH

The extent to which the Museum realized the ambitions of its
founders while under the auspices of the Charleston Library
Society is uncertain. That a considerable collection was ob-
tained immediately after the founding of the Museum is shown
by Ramsay's statement that "many specimens of natural his-
tory" were lost in the fire which almost totally destroyed the
Library in 1778. The prosecution of scientific activities which
this statement implies during the time of the Revolution is in-
deed remarkable. The fire, serious as it was, did not cause any
pause in the development of the Library. The part of the col-
lections saved was properly cared for and added to, and the pro-
portionate attention devoted to the Museum is best shown by

26

ihe extent of the earliest accession list, covering the period from
June 5, 1798 to 1808. This list has been published in full in the
Bulletin, and some of the specimens there listed are still in the
Museum. The vigor of this pioneer museum is evident when
neither war nor fire could check its progress.

THE SECOND EPOCH

The second epoch begins with the organization of the Literary
and Philosophical Society of South Carolina in 1813 and its in-
corporation in 1814. The primary object of this society was
stated to be the founding of a museum and this was no sooner
announced than "numerous donations of specimens, in every
department of the arts and sciences, were liberally bestowed,
with which to commence its Museum." ^ The Library Society
at once transferred its cases and collection to the new organiza-
tion, and the "opportune arrival of that distinguished natural-
ist and practical chemist, Dr. Felix L'Herminier, from Guada-
loupe, with an extensive collection of specimens, the fruit of
twenty years application, expense and industry, which he offered
to the Society, was an advantage, not to be lost sight of. Nego-
ciations were immediately entered into with that gentleman, by
a committee of the society. The citizens were also invited to
co-operate with them in effecting the purchase of this collection,
towards the establishment of a respectable and scientific Museum
in Charleston. ' '

A period of great enthusiasm was thus inaugurated. A system
of life memberships in recognition of subscriptions of fifty dol-
lars was established. "The State Legislature and the City
Council, alive to the importance of this object, with a prompt-
ness and liberality which will forever redound to their v^redit,
contributed largely to the purchase, and, with sums subscribed
by individuals, enabled the society to make a purchase of that
valuable collection, which is now one of the chief, and perhaps,
most interesting ornaments of the city."

' All quotations on this and the following page are from Shecut's Medical and Philo-
■ophioal Eaaaya, Charleston, 1819.

27

"Our distinguished fellow-citizen the Hon. Thomas Sumpter,
minister, resident at Brazils, has lately enriched the Museum of
the society, by presenting it with an extensive, splendid and very
valuable collection of minerals, birds, and insects of Chili and the
Brazils. The society are also in a very especial manner indebted
to the Hon. Joel R,. Poinsett, and the Hon. Henry Middleton,
Stephen Elliott, Esq., Messrs. MacClure, Caradeaux, and other
respectable individuals, for their valuable donations of specimens
in natural history, and for which, their names have been honor-
ably mentioned in the journals of the society."

<<**** ^^Q society may be said to be in a flourishing condition.
It consists of 138 members, many of whom are of the first stand-
ing in society, and of acknowledged literary and scientific tal-
ents. Its Museum is rich in an extensive collection of minerals,
fossils and shells. The departments of Zoology, particularly
those of Ornithology, Erpetology, Ichthyology and Entomology,
are extensively filled. It is also rich in coins, medals and cast-
ings. The specimens of Art are also very considerable; and the
whole are arranged in the most appropriate order by their late
superintendent.

"The library of the society, being for the most part confined
to books of science, is yet in its infancy. * * * * A fund is appro-
priated towards its particular establishment, which has been en-
riched by a donation of 750 dollars, from John Blake White, Esq.,
one of its members.

"Upon the whole, this society may be said to be established
upon such sure foundation, as cannot fail to ensure its ultimate
success, and we look forward with pleasing anticipations to that
period, when it will rank among the most useful and respectable
institutions of the kind in America."

Surely nowhere else in America was there at this time so am-
bitious a museum, so generously supported, yet in 1819 we learn
that Dr. L'Herminier found it impossible to make a living in
Charleston and returned to Guadaloupe. He had been superin-
tendent of the Museum, but in spite of the great interest of the

28

public it was apparently not possible to make adequate provis-
ion for his support. The Museum, however, continued to
flourish. Mills, writing in 1826, says:

"The Museum is situate on Chalmers Street, nearly fronting
the city square, and is well stored with curious objects in natural
history, Indian antiquities, foreign and native works of art, etc. ' '

The Museum was established in Chalmers Street in 1824, and
strenuous efforts were made to secure funds for a permanent
building. An article on the editorial page of the Courier of No-
vember 23, 1824, pictures in a very vivid way a situation which
has been almost exactly duplicated within the past decade, when
the need of an adequate building and the value of the Museum
to the city have been constantly presented to the people. Space
forbids a detailed comparison of recent conditions with those of
1824, but one statement deserves special notice. The unknown
writer of the article says: "In these enlightened times, a public
Museum is as necessary an appendage to a city, as a public
newspaper or a public library." This sentiment has been ex-
pressed not infrequently in the past twenty-five years and its
truth is becoming generally recognized, but how many, even
among museum workers, are aware that it was published in con-
crete form as early as 1824? It may be said in passing that this
same article refers to Peale's Museum in such a way as to indi-
cate that it was held up as something of an object lesson at this
time. Peale's Museum was established in Philadelphia in 1785,
and was, perhaps, the second museum organized in America.
Although it never compared in breadth of plan with the Charles-
ton Museum, it aroused much interest and its collections were
finally incorporated with those of other institutions.

It is hardly possible in the limits of this article to convey an
adequate conception of the fervor of popular interest in muse-
ums at this time. The newspapers of 1826 and 1827 carry in-
structive advertisements showing that the Museum was open to
the public every day and every evening, always "brilliantly
illuminated" and often with "a Band of Music!" Nor should

29

we belittle the exhibits of those days, in spite of the sensational
character of some of them. It is an extensive collection that
exhibits "800 Birds, 70 Beasts, 200 Fishes, 4000 Specimens of
Minerals," "a Gramphus Whale, 20 feet long," an Egyptian
mummy, polar bear, black and red wolves of South Carolina,
South African lion, bones of a moa or ostrich, and a boa constric-
tor, 25 feet long.

Further light is shed on the spirit of the times by the adver-
tisement of a second and apparently independent museum at the
corner of Meeting and Market Streets which included 200 species
of birds, in addition to more sensational attractions, and was also
"brilliantly illuminated" every evening.

THE THIRD EPOCH

The third epoch begins in 181'8, when the Museum, apparently
unable to finance a building of ic^ own wis espotised b. fhe re-
cently organized Medical College of the State of South Carolina.
This was one of the leading medical colleges of the country at this
time and included in its faculty men of high reputation in pure
science as well as medicine. The Museum was now transferred
to the Medical College building on Queen Street, although it
apparently remained the property of the Literary and Philoso-
phical Society.

It is interesting to note that among the institutions recently
affiliated with the Museum is the Medical College of the State
of South Carolina. Like the Museum, the Medical College is
emerging from the waters of tribulation and is undergoing a re-
organization which opens a vista into a most promising future.
We rejoice in the renewal after three score years of mutually
helpful relations between these sister institutions.

THE FOURTH EPOCH

The fourth epoch begins in 1850 with the third annual meet-
ing of the American Association for the Advancement of Science,

30

held in Charleston in March of that year. At this time Charles-
ton was fortunate in the possession of a galaxy of scientific men,
including Bachman, Holbrook, Tuomej^ and Holmes, Shepard,
Kurtz, Gibbes, Ravenel, and others. All of these and the general
public were responding to the enthusiasm of the elder Agassiz,
who was a professor in the Medical College. Agassiz con-
ceived the idea of re-organizing and developing the Museum
on a firmer basis and rallied his colleagues to the support of the
plan with such success that within a few months a permanent
salaried curator was appointed and actual work started. The
building of the Medical College containing the Museum was
about to be razed in preparation for the erection of the Roper
Hospital. For this and other reasons the College of Charleston
became custodian of the Museum, which occupied the entire
second floor of the main building. The Literary and Philo-
sophical Society had gradually become defunct, but the Museum
found new support in the Elliott Society, which achieved notable
fame in the decade before the Civil War, chiefly through the
brilliant work of McCrady. The Society did much to upbuild
the Museum and with the ardent and devoted labors of the cu-
rator, Professor Holmes, most gratifying results were achieved.
At this auspicious moment, the country was again swept by
war and the collections of the Museum were either buried on the
campus or packed up and sent to Edgefield, where Professor
Holmes refugeed and where part of the collection was destroyed
by fire. Immediately after the war Professor Holmes brought
back and installed the collections. Professor McCrady became
curator in 1869 and was succeeded in 1873 by Dr. Gabriel E.
Manigault, to whose skill and energy is due the large osteolo-
gical collection and most of the birds and large mammals. Fol-
lowing the death of Dr. Manigault in 1899, Dr. George H. Ash-
ley became curator and endeavored to stem the tide of neglect
and reduced support which seemed destined to overwhelm the
Museum.

31

THE FIFTH EPOCH

After Dr. Ashley resigned in 1903, a general re-organization
was undertaken. This is familiar to the people of Charleston
and to readers of the Bulletin. Its results have been to se-
cure a new and commodious building and to make the Museum
essentially a municipal institution. Specialists have generously
given their services as honorary curators and a salaried staff has
been organized.

Affiliations have been established between the Museum and
the colleges and the public schools of the city and the Chamber
of Commerce and other commercial bodies, thus securing com-
munity of purpose and co-operation in action. These affilia-
tions also broaden the support of the Museum and enable one
central equipment to be utilized by many allied interests. An
increasing body of members has been created, whose contribu-
tions are applied to permanent improvements in the collections
and equipment, while the City Council assumes the expense of
maintenance. At no previous time has the Museum maintained
such varied and helpful relations with the community.

This is not only the one hundred and fortieth anniversary of
the founding of the Museum but the tenth anniversary of the
beginning of the re-organization which has made it truly The
Charleston Museum — created by the people; maintained by the
City Council; and administered for the instruction and recrea-
tion of the public and for the advancement of science.

The Museum still has grave problems to solve, but it has good

courage, which we hope may be increased by this retrospect, and

the future presents abundant opportunities to achieve results

worthy of our ideals. Let us be proud of our history only as it

spurs us to greater efforts.

P. M. Rea.

Under the Auspices of the College of Charleston

PUBLICATIONS

(1) The Bulletin of the Charleston Museum is published monthly
from October to May, each number consisting of eight to sixteen pages.
This is a popular record of the work of the Museum, containing accounts
of its educational activities, descriptions of exhibits, and preliminary
notices of investigations. Important records of geographical distribu-
tion, and working lists of the local fauna and flora are often published
first in the Bulletin. The January issue of each year is devoted to the
annual report of the director of the Museum.

Volume I of this series began in April, 1905, and is complete in 5
numbers. Subsequent volumes consist of 8 numbers each. A title page
and index to the .first five volumes was published in the issue of
December, 1909.

Sent prepaid to any address for 25 cents a year. Single copies 5 cents each.

(2) Contributions from the Charleston Museum are issued at
irregular intervals, and consist of research papers too long or too im-
portant for publication in the Bulletin.

I Birds of South Carolina, by Arthur Trezevant Wayne.
Pp. XXI + 254. Price: paper, $2.75; cloth, $3.25.

II Catalog of the Mollusca of South Carolina, by William
G. Mazyck. In preparation.

Ill Birds of the City of Charleston, by Herbert Ravecel
Sas3. In preparation.

BULLETIN

OF

THE CHARLESTON MUSEUM

Edited By
PAUL M. REA

THE DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY AND MINERALOGY

Volume IX, Number 4 April, 1913

Under the Auspices of the College op Charleston

Director

Paul M. Rea

Honorary Curators

Wm. G. Mazyck Conchology

Daniel S. Martin Geology

Arthur T. Wayne Ornithology

Nathaniel W. Stephenson Art

Edward R. Memminger Fungi

Curator of Books and Public Instruction

Laura M. Bragg

Instructor in Physiology and Zoology

L. Wm. McGrath

Secretary to the Director

Rena Rowell

Assistant in Library

Barbara K. Bragg

The Charleston Museum was organized in March, 1773, by the
Charles Town Library Society. In 1815 it was transferred to the Liter-
ary and Philosophical Society of South Carolina, and in 1828 was de-
posited in the Medical College of South Carolina. In 1850 the Museum
was transferred to the College of Charleston, where it was known as
the College of Charleston Museum. In 1907 a building was provided by
the City and the name changed to The Charleston Museum.

The Museum is dependent upon dues from members and private sub-
scriptions for all permanent improvements, for increase of the collections,
and for maintenance of its educational and scientific work.

The membership fees are:—

Annual Members $10 Patrons $ 500

Sustaining Members .... 25 Benefactors 1000

The Bulletin of the Charleston Museum is pubHshed monthly,
from October to May, by the Museum and is entered at the Post Office
at Charleston, S. C, as second-class matter.

BULLETIIV

OF

THE CHARLESTON MUSEUM

Vol. 9 CHARLESTON, S. C, APRIL, 1913 No. 4
THE DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY AND MINERALOGY

INTRODUCTION l."#^

The transformation of the department of geology and mineralogy from a small ., .^ .y^ir.
collection in a condition little short of chaotic to a fairly extensive and very rep- '*■"'?' Ai^**^
resentative one in complete order is due to the devoted labors and generous gifts ^^J^lfrife
of Dr. Daniel Strobel Martin, honorary curator of the department. All of the
large projects with which Dr. Martin has been engaged are now either completed
or so well advanced that the time seems ripe for a general summary of his work.
This is given below as contained in a report recently made to the director of the
Museum. By special request, it includes a summary of Dr. Martin's extensive
gifts to the Museum.

P. M. Rea.

General Work

My first work for the department of geology and mineralogy
consisted in gathering together and arranging the old material
belonging to the Museum and in devising a system of records
to preserve the history of the specimens. The lack of such a
system in the past had resulted in the loss of the history, and
consequently of the value of much of the material. Fortunately,
the important Shepard Collection of phosphates and the Russian
collection of minerals from the Ural were for the most part fully
labeled and capable of being identified by means of the manuscript
catalogs still preserved. Beyond these, however, a large propor-
tion of the minerals and fossils were not in such shape that their
localities and sources could be recorded. Under my direction
all the specimens in these departments were gone over, cleaned,
and as far as possible identified, but a considerable residuum of
material of undetermined and uncertain source was left. This

33

work occupied my time during the first year of my comiection
with the Museum in 1906. In the year following I began the work
of extending and enlarging the collections from all available
sources. My own extensive gatherings of minerals, rocks and
fossils, accumulated during forty years, I decided to place in
the Museum either on deposit or as a gift. In addition to this
I have sought to procure contributions from friends and from
other institutions, partly by gift and partly by exchange. In
this endeavor I have succeeded beyond my anticipation. The
collections in these departments of the Museum are probably
the most extensive in the southern states. In some departments
this is certainly true, and all specimens are in good condition for
exhibition as fast as proper case accommodations can be provided
for them.

Each specimen placed in the regular collection is first numbered
with an indelible carbon ink and then recorded in a card cata-
log showing the name and locality of the specimen and any
points of special interest connected with it. In this manner it
is hoped that the loss of localities and records so unfortunate
with regard to the earlier material will henceforth be absolutely
prevented.

Important Accessions

The most important accessions which I have obtained are as
follows: (1) The Booth collection of fossils, gathered and pre-
sented to the Museum by Mr. Henry Booth of Poughkeepsie,
N. Y. On hearing of the work of the Museum and the condi-
tions under which it was being carried on, Mr. Booth very gen-
erously presented his entire collection containing some 347 speci-
mens, mostly well determined fossils, largely from the northern
and western states. (2) The collection of tertiary fossils of
Maryland, obtained from the Maryland Academy of Sciences at
Baltimore through the courtesy of its president, Dr. Philip R.
Uhler, in 1907. This collection comprises 102 species and indi-
viduals, and gives an excellent representation of the fossil tertiary
fauna of that State. (3) The Graves collection of minerals,
principally from Missouri, but also from other foreign and Amer-
ican localities, given to the Museum in 1910 by Mr. F. P. Graves
of Joplin, Missouri. This contribution comprises 56 specimens,
many of them choice. (4) The Canfield collection of minerals,
chiefly zeolites given in 1910 by Mr. Frederick G. Canfield of

34

Dover, N. J. This comprises 37 specimens, and is notable from
the fact that it contains material of remarkable beauty repre-
senting the zeolite minerals of Iceland and New Jersey. In the
Canfield collection, supplemented with material given by myself
and others, the Charleston Museum possesses a representation
of this beautiful group of minerals that is unequalled anywhere
south of Washington. Many other gifts have been made by
different persons at various times, but these are the chief ones
deserving of special notice.

My own gifts to the Museum may be grouped under the fol-
lowing heads: (1) Minerals; (2) Rocks; (3) Fossils; (4) Archae-
ological specimens; (5) Zoological and botanical material.

Minerals

The minerals which I have actually given to the Museum
number 1554 specimens. In addition to these there are many
specimens still packed, most of which will be of value as dupli-
cates or for exchange. The collection is fairly representative
of the whole field of mineralogy. Among the groups which are
most fully represented mention may be made of the carbon
minerals, the zeolites, the tourmalines, and the micas. The
carbon minerals have been embodied in a special exhibit to which
further reference will be made. The zeolites and various min-
erals, such as pectolite and prehnite, associated with them in
the igneous (trapean) rocks are remarkably well displayed.
The specimens have come chiefly from the notable locality in
Orange Mountain, New Jersey, which has yielded so many beau-
tiful specimens in recent years, together with others from foreign
localities, especially the Giant's Causeway in Ireland and the
Iceland localities already mentioned in speaking of the Canfield
collection.

The tourmalines also form a very complete exhibit illustrating
the extreme variety presented by this mineral in color and mode
of occurrence. Besides the ordinary forms of tourmaline, I have
been able to obtain a remarkable series of the colored (lithia)
tourmalines from both New England and California. The well
known localities at Haddon Neck, Connecticut, and those in
San Diego County, California, both of which have been largely
worked for transparent gem tourmalines of rich color, are here
represented on a scale not to be seen anywhere south of the
National Museum at Washington. Besides visiting and coUect-

36

ing at the Haddon localities in person, I was so fortunate as to
secure from Mr. Ernest Schernikow of New York, who had been
connected with the tourmaline mines at both these localities,
an unusual amount of this material. Other localities in Maine
and elsewhere are also represented. The series includes not
only the familiar forms of black tourmaline but the rich brown
crystals from St. Lawrence County, New York; the pink, green,
and polychrome varieties of the lithia tourmalines; and the rare
colorless variety, achroite. Many of them are in large crystals
and illustrate these unusual forms with great perfection.

The micas and hydromicas are also very fully represented.
Among these are very fine examples of the variety of phlogopite
known as ' ' star ' ' mica, in which a luminous star formed by three
lines intersecting at sixty degrees appears when the specimen is
held in a dark room between the eye and a small brilliant light.
The hydromicas are fully represented in a number of rare species.
Many other groups are very fully illustrated but cannot be
specified here.

THE CAKBON COLLECTION

Apart from the general collection, two or three special exhibits
have been arranged or are in preparation. The carbon collec-
tion above referred to has been fully installed in the main hall
and is a somewhat unique exhibit. It comprises nearly one
hundred specimens designed to illustrate the evolution of the
carbon minerals in three divisions: the coals, the asphalts, and
the resins. The object of the collection is to present clearly to
view the series of changes by which vegetable matter passes over
from the vegetable to the mineral kingdom.

The first section, that of the coals proper, starts with moss and
shows the passage to soft and hard peats such as are used for
fuel so largely in Europe though not yet in this country. In the
same way the passage is shown from wood to lignite, and thence
through lignitic coals to the bituminous and anthracite coals of
commerce, and then by other changes to graphitic anthracite as
produced in nature, to coke both natural and artificial, and to
nearly pure carbon in the form of graphite, the last specimen in
the series being a fine example of the crystalized graphite.

The second series, the natural hydrocarbons, should begin with
natural gas. This, of course, cannot be shown, but the next
stage is exhibited in samples of petroleum (both light and heavy

86

oils) and of rocks partly saturated with heavy oil or bitumen
from which oils may be distilled. Further consolidation and
hardening is shown in the asphalts proper from the celebrated
Pitch Lake of Trinidad in the West Indies and the great asphalt
flows of Kern County, California, and then the asphaltic coals of
New Brunswick and West Virginia, together with the natural
wax (ozokerite) of Galicia and Utah.

The third series, the resins, shows the occurrence of these
bodies in wood and in lignite. The fossil resins include fine exam-
ples of amber from the Baltic Coast and copal from various lo-
calities in South America, Africa, and the East Indies. Several
of these show fine examples of insects enclosed in the transparent
resin.

PIEDMONT COLLECTION

Another special collection not yet placed on exhibition is that
known as the Piedmont collection of minerals. This is designed
to illustrate the distribution of species along the belt of crystal-
line rock, extending through the middle and southern Atlantic
states from Virginia to Alabama. This region constitutes, as
expressed by Prof. Joseph H. Pratt of North Carolina, a single
geological and geographical province, and is rich in minerals at
many points. The relations and modes of occurrence of these
minerals are matters of scientific interest and the products of
each state may be seen in the collections at the several capitals
and state universities, but no general collection has ever been
formed to illustrate the distribution of mineral species along the
entire crystalline belt. This has been the object in forming the
Piedmont collection, which was fairly begun three years ago and
has now attained to considerable and valuable proportions. It
is my hope and desire to enlarge and extend it until it shall pre-
sent a thoroughly representative exhibit of the mineralogy of
the South Atlantic states.

Into the formation of this collection there have entered: (1)
Material already belonging to the old collections of the Museum,
some of which, especially that from Georgia gathered by the late
Dr. C. U. Shepard, Sr., is of excellent quality; (2) A considerable
amount of material belonging to my own collection. This was
obtained from gentlemen connected with the early development
of the mineral industry of North Carolina soon after the close
of the Civil War. Among these should be mentioned Dr. Alexis
A. Julien of New York, the late Prof. Henry C. Bolton of Wash-
ington, and the late Prof. F. A. Genth of Philadelphia. A num-
ber of the specimens bear labels in the handwriting of these gen-

37

tlemen, those of Dr. Genth having been furnished me by him
in illustration of his celebrated paper on ''The Alterations of
Corundum." (3) A valuable contribution from Dr. Joseph
Hyde Pratt, state geologist of North Carolina. (4) A valuable
series of specimens collected by myself at the celebrated Ruth-
erford mines at Amelia Court House, Virginia. (5) A collection
of minerals from the upper part of this state obtamed by ex-
change from Chicora College at Greenville. In addition to
these are many smaller contributions from iridi\'iduals and^ a
further accession not yet unpacked from the United States Na-
tional :Museum at Washmgton. There is also a considerable
series of rock specimens from various parts of this state, partly
gathered by myself and partly obtained from various sources,
as well as the South Caroliua rocks and minerals in the collec-
tion of Mr. Sloan.

PEECIOUS AND ORNAMENTAL STONES

The third especial collection is one illustrating precious and
ornamental stones, compromising specimens which I have gathered
during many years. While by no means complete and neces-
sarily consisting for the most part of small specimens, this will
present a beautiful and attractive exhibit.

Rocks

The Tvluseum already possessed a fair collection of rocks both
American and foreign. To these I have added a nearly- complete
representation of the paleozoic series of New York State, from
Ohio, and numerous volcanic rocks from various localities.

Fossils

I have presented to the Museum the greater part of my ex-
tensive collections in paleontology. These represent more
than 500 specimens ranging from the eozoic through to the exist-
ing epoch and illustrating somewhat completely every important
period of geological time. This is doubtless much the fullest
representation of the paleontology of New York State to be found
south of Washmgton, together with much material from other
parts of the United States, Europe and elsewhere.

TERTIARY COASTAL PLAIN FOSSILS

It has been my desire ever since taking charge of the depart-
ment to develop here a collection of the tertiary fossils of the

38

coastal plain that should correspond in its representative char-
acter to the Piedmont collection of minerals. This collection
has now been fairly begun. Several years ago I was able to
secure a very fine illustrative series of tertiary fossils of Mary-
land from the exhaustive collections of the Maryland Academy
of Sciences, through the courtesy and kindness of its president,
Dr. Philip R. Uhler. This collection had been unpacked, classi-
fied and arranged during the past two months. In addition to
these there is a good representation of "S^irginia tertiary fossils,
principally my own contribution, and a small but characteristic
series from North Carolina obtained from duplicates at David-
son College. To these should be added the carefully selected
series of eocene fossils from Alabama and Mississippi given by
Dr. L. T. Chamberlain from his extensive collections in the Phil-
adelphia Academy of Sciences. These, with the old material
from this state belonging to the Museum, and the complete col-
lections deposited by Mr. Earle Sloan, form already a very val-
uable series showing the tertiary paleontology^ of the South At-
lantic and Gulf states. A large amount of additional material
in this department partly American, partly from Europe, and
partly from Syria is still packed awaiting space for display.

Archaeological Specimens

The archaeological collection w^hich I have given to the Museum
comprises 111 specimens of considerable interest. Besides the
ordinarj^ objects, such as stone implements of different kinds from
various parts of the countr}-. it contains some things that are de-
serving of special mention. Among these is a series of specimens
from the locality on Rock Creek near the city of Washington,
described by Prof. J. A. Holmes as an Indian workshop. These
illustrate every stage in the process of manufacture of stone im-
plements, from pebbles just broken by one or two strokes to well
developed arrow and spear heads. Another interesting group
of specimens was obtained at Trenton, N. J., from and with Dr.
C. C. Abbott, whose researches and discoveries as to paleoli-
thic remains in the post-glacial gravels of the Delaware River
attracted great interest at the time of their publication. Another
set of specimens, received from the late eminent Prof. Charles
Frederick Hartt, the first director of the geological survey of
Brazil, illustrates some facts brought out by his early explora-
tions about 1870, along the Rio Tapajos. These consist of the
shells of the freshwater mussels of the two genera (Hyria and
Castalia) characteristic of the Amazon basin and corresponding to

9»

the Unio fauna of North America. These had evidently been
used by the Indians on a great scale for food. With them are
associated stone implements and broken pottery. Specimens of
the shells and the pottery from these great shell heaps are here to
be seen. Another series of specimens consists of ancient pottery
from Costa Rica. Two complete vases, one of the peculiar tri-
pod type characteristic of Central America and Mexico may here
befseen, together with a large number of fragments illustrating
thetvarious forms^'of ornamentation: tripod feet in the form of
animal heads, raised ornaments and animal figures attached to
other parts of the vases, and various forms of incised and attached
decoration.

There is also a small but fine exhibit in European archaeology
comprising stone implements, both paleolithic and later from
various localities in the British Islands and on the continent of
Europe. With these are bone implements and partially worked
reindeer horns from the lake dwellings of Switzerland and fine
jaws of the great Quaternary Elk, also from Switzerland, all
these latter representing the inter-glacial or reindeer epoch of
prehistoric time.

Zoological and Botanical Material

Under this head mention may be made of a number of plants
which I have collected in this state and North Carolina, and an
extensive series of American and foreign ferns, the latter having
come principally from the herbarium of the late Mr. A. H. Cur-
tiss.

Sloan Collection

In closing mention should be made of the very important pri-
vate collections deposited with the Museum by Mr. Earle Sloan
of this city, recently state geologist of South Carolina. These,
while not belonging to the Museum, will yet be of immense value
and interest to the student of South Carolina geology. They
comprise complete series of specimens illustrating minerals and
rocks of the upper country and the rocks and fossils of the coast-
al plain, all carefully named and located, and furnishing, in con-
nection with Mr. Sloan's published reports, a complete exhibit
of the resources of the state. The accession of this material
is a matter of notable interest and advantage. The whole is
to be gone over and arranged by Mr. Sloan as soon as his time
permits and the Museum can furnish suitable case accommoda-
tions.

Daniel Strobel Martin.

40

Under the Auspices of the College op Charleston

PUBLICATIONS

(1) The Bulletin of the Charleston Museum is published monthly
from October to May, each number consisting of eight to sixteen pages.
This is a popular record of the work of the Museum, containing accounts
of its educational activities, descriptions of exhibits, and preliminary
notices of investigations. Important records of geographical distribu-
tion, and working .lists of the local fauna and flora are often published
first in the Bulletin. The January issue of each year is devoted to the
annual report of the director of the Museum.

Volume I of this series began in April, 1905, and is complete in 5
numbers. Subsequent volumes consist of 8 numbers each. A title page
and index to the .first five volumes was published in the issue of
December, 1909.

Sent prepaid to any address for 25 cents a year. Single copies 5 cents each.

(2) Contributions from the Charleston Museum are issued at
irregular intervals, and consist of research papers too long or too im-
portant for publication in the Bulletin.

I Birds of South Carolina, by Arthur Trezevant Wayne.
Pp. XXI + 254. Price: paper, $2.75; cloth, $3.25.

II Catalog of the Mollusca of South Carolina, by William
G. Mazyck. In preparation.

Ill Birds of the City of Charleston, by Herbert Ravenel
Sass. In preparation.

BULLETIN

OF

THE CHARLESTON MUSEUM

PAUL, M. REA

THE ANNIVERSARY RECEPTION
LOCAL FLORA AND FAUNA
NOTES FROn THE MUSEUH

Volume IX, Number 5 May, 1913

Under the Auspices of the College of Charleston

Director

Paul M. Rea

Honorary Curators

Wm. G. Mazyck Conchology

Daniel S. Martin Geology

Arthur T. Wayne Ornithology

Nathaniel W. Stephenson Art

Edward R. Memminger Fungi

Curator of Books and Public Instruction
Laura M. Bragg

Instructor in Physiology and Zoology

L. Wm. McGrath

Secretary to the Director

Rena Rowell

Assistant in Library

Barbara K. Bragg

The Charleston Museum was organized in March, 1773, by the
Charles Town Library Society. In 1815 it was transferred to the Liter-
ary and Philosophical Society of South Carolina, and in 1828 was de-
posited in the Medical College of South Carolina. In 1850 the Museum
was transferred to the College of Charleston, where it was known as
the College of Charleston Museum. In 1907 a building was provided by
the City and the name changed to The Charleston Museum.

The Museum is dependent upon dues from members and private sub-
scriptions for all permanent improvements, for increase of the collections,
and for maintenance of its educational and scientific work.

The membership fees are:—

Annual Members $10 Patrons $ 500

Sustaining Members .... 25 Benefactors 1000

The Bulletin of the Charleston Museum is published monthly,
from October to May, by the Museum and is entered at the Post Office
at Charleston, S. C, aa second-class matter.

BULLETIIV

OF

THE CHARLESTON MUSEUM

Vol. 9 CHARLESTON, S. C, MAY, 1913 No. 5 Li

NB

eoT
THE ONE HUNDRED AND FORTIETH ANNIVERSARY ^^

RECEPTION

The Charleston Museum celebrated its one hundred and for-
tieth anniversary on March the twenty-eighth by giving an
evening reception to its many friends. Fully eight hundred
people were in attendance. The reception was held in the main
exhibition hall which was most attractively decorated, the ex-
hibits themselves furnishing the keynote but so softened by fes-
toons of long grey moss and smilax and by banks of palms as to
produce an illusion of tropical jungle life in that staid hall of
science. The numerous charming refreshment tables, however,
diffused a properly civilized atmosphere.

Three years before the Audubon-Bachman Loan Exhibit had
turned the previously empty hall into a huge picture gallery.
One large floor case of birds then gave hint of a possibly differ-
ent line of usefulness. Another year saw the Silk Culture Ex-
hibit occupying one-fourth of the floor space, the remainder
having assumed a definite museum aspect although the surplus
of room was pathetically obvious. There was still ample accom-
modation for the crowd the night of the reception but a decided
rearrangement of exhibits was necessary in order to secure it.
Another year and such a reception will have become an impossi-
bility until such time as the galleries are completed. Lack of
funds has made the work of installation slow but a review of the
special openings of the Museum is significant of progress.

The receiving line also was indicative of the broader field of
usefulness upon which the Museum has entered, being repre-
sentative of the various Museum activities and of aflSliated in-

41

stitutions. The personnel was as follows : Mayor John P. Grace,
representing the City of Charleston, and Mrs. Grace; the Hon.
John F. Ficken, president of the board of trustees and president
of the Charleston Library Society, and Mrs. Ficken; the Hon.
W. St. Julien Jervey, chairman of the Museum Committee; Mr.
Paul M. Rea, director of the Museum, and Mrs. Rea; Miss Laura
M. Bragg, curator in the Museum; Mr. Henry P. Williams,
representing the Museum members, and Mrs. Williams; Miss
Annie L. Sloan, representing the Natural History Society; Mr.
Harrison Randolph, president of the College of Charleston, and
Mrs. Randolph; Dr. Robert Wilson, Jr., dean of the Medical
College of South Carolina, and Mrs. Wilson; the Hon. James
Simons, chairman of the board of public school commissioners,
and Mrs. Simons.

The following were the chairmen of the various committees
to whose most efficient service the very marked success of the
reception was due: invitations, Mrs. Paul M. Rea; refreshments,
Miss Elizabeth Horlbeck; decorations, Mrs. B. A. Hagood; en-
tertainment, Miss Harriet Coffin and Mr. L. Wm. McGrath;
head usher, Mr. Ellison A. Williams; committee in charge of
reception. Miss Annie L. Sloan, Miss Laura M. Bragg.

The history of the Museum since its foundation by the Charles-
ton Library Society in 1773 was reviewed by Director Rea in the
Bulletin for March. The present notice of the anniversary
would naturally have appeared in the April issue had not lack of
space prevented.

LOCAL FAUNA

Breeding Birds of Heron Island. — About fifty members of the
Natural History Society and their friends made a trip to Heron
Island near Secessionville, Saturday, May the third, on the yachts
Dolphin and Vadie. The party left the Yacht Club wharf about
3.30 P. M. and reached Heron Island in one hour. Owing to the
size of the party it was deemed advisable not to land everyone
as the herons would thereby be kept from their nests long enough
for the eggs to become chilled. Consequently only a few were
sent ashore to report on the number of nests, the kinds of herons,
and the condition of the trees planted by the Museum last fall.

There were five species of heron found on the island this trip,
the Louisiana Heron {Hydranassa tricolor ruficollis) being by far
the commonest, numbering probably several hundred pairs.
The Little Blue Herons {Florida caerulea) came next in abundance

42

and it was noted that there were very few if any in the white
phase. The rare Snowy Egrets {Egretta candidissima) seemed
to be increasing, and were more abundant than when I visited
the island last July. The boats anchored near enough to the
shore for the party to make out the plumes on the Egrets with
the aid of good glasses. The Green Heron (Butorides virescens)
which can be found widely distributed in summer of course nests
on the island. The Black-crowned Night Herons {Nydicorax
nydicorax naevius) were numerous, and undoubtedly they also
breed on the island. No American Egrets {Herodias egretta)
were seen on this trip, though they have been reported in former
years. The party observed about twenty species of birds during
the afternoon. E. A. Williams.

Further Observations on Heron Island. — The present breeding
site of the herons on Heron Island is located exclusively on the
inner side of the island facing Secessionville, where a fringe of
bushes was left when the island was practically denuded last
year and planted out in hay.^ Seven tall palmettoes guard the
thickly crowded nests beneath and probably indicate the reason
why the clearing of the island was not made complete. Here
also are the piles of brush thrown on the narrow beach after it
was cut from the island. This brush and the bushes still stand-
ing consist almost entirely of Live Oak (Quercus virginiana) and
of Christmas-berry {Ilex vomitoria), running into Sea Ox-eye
{Borrichia frutescens) and Saltwater Myrtle {Baccharis hamili-
folia) along the beach. Except for these and a few herbaceous
beach plants and grasses the island is completely in possession
of a luxuriant growth of weeds, unquestionably introduced with
the hay seed planted last year. Barely topping the weeds are
the young Live Oak and Christmas-berry trees so carefully set
out last fall with the fifty dollars contributed by the National
Audubon Society. No sign of nests are to be found among the
new plantation though one was observed in that sturdy weed,
the common Nightshade (Solanum nigrum). The trees seem to
be alive but have not leafed out, and furthermore, they need to
be more thickly planted to afford immediate support for nests.
The Museum will need to plant more extensively and to make
some effort to eradicate the weeds before this heron colony can
be restored to its former numbers, which are said to have reached
the thousands.

» See Sasa. H. R. The SecesaionviUe Heronry. Bull. Chas. Mub. VIII, 1912, p. 51—53.

43

Even then several years will be needed for the growth of the
new trees. Fortunately the Sea Ox-eye and Saltwater Myrtle
are already spreading naturally. A matter for congratulation
is that of the birds which have been driven away the greater
part seem to be of the commoner species, while the Snowy Egret
{Egretta candidissima) , for the preservation of which the effort
to save the island has been made, seems actually to be increasing.
At the time the island was last visited, on May third, the birds
had completed nest building and were evidently in process of
egg laying. The nests contained from one to five eggs, the latter
number being rare. Numerous nests were on the ground; as
many as possible were flat on the tops of the low bushes and still
others were crowded into every available space that could sup-
port a nest. L. M. Bragg.

SPRING BIRD OBSERVATIONS

Black Skimmer. — This summer resident, which generally does
not appear until after April 1, was seen this year on January
19 by Mr. Ellison A. Williams. It was seen again on February
7 by Messrs. Burnham and Rhett Chamberlain, and has been
recorded regularly since that date.

Woodcock. — So few breeding records have been made for this
species that another may be of interest. On February 22, 1913,
a Woodcock was shot at Summerville, S. C. When the bird was
drawn, it was found to contain several eggs, the largest of which
would probably have been laid in two or three days.

Ground Dove.— On February 22, 1913, Mr. Alexander Sprunt,
Jr., found at Beaufort, S. C, a Ground Dove's nest containing
two fresh eggs. These are now in the Museum collection. The
Ground Dove has never before been known to breed earlier than
April.

Red-eyed Vireo. — The earliest migration record for this species
was made this year when I found two Vireos at Otranto on March

30.

Swainson's Warbler. — Although this warbler is known to be
common in certain restricted areas in this region, it has never,
until the present season, been reported by a member of the Nat-
ural History Society. On May 11, 1913, at Otranto, I saw and
positively identified one in the deep swamp.

Mockingbird. — Early in the spring of this year — before the
Summer Tanager had arrived — I heard a note which was an

44

exact reproduction of the Tanager's sharp, clucking call. To
make the deception complete, this was quickly followed by the
Tanager's song. It was not until I had found the mimic and
had watched him give the Tanager's call, the song, the call
again, then break into his own inimitable music that I could
believe that I had not made an early record for the Tanager.
We generally think of the Mockingbird as imitating only the
sounds about him, but here is an instance of his remembering
from the year before and exercising his memory at a very timely
season.

Brown Thrasher. — In his "Birds of South Carolina," Mr. A.
T. Wayne says that full sets of the eggs of this species can gen-
erally be found by May 9. In the country immediately about
Charleston, however, I have, for several successive years, found
full sets of eggs by April 23. On April 29 of this year, I found
a set of four eggs which were hatching. As a Thrasher incu-
bates for twelve days, the set of eggs must have been complete
by April 17, and the first egg must have been laid not later than
April 13. F. M. Weston, Jr.

Mr. C. A. Ruff has recently contributed material for an ex-
hibition of the work in Charleston Harbor of the ship worm,
Xylotrya fimbriata, and of the small crustacean Limnoria lig-
norum, both of which are so destructive to wharves and piles.
In the vicinity of Charleston a non-creosoted pile must be re-
placed every three years in consequence of the destruction caused
by these two small creatures.

Among the specimens received since the publication of the
last Local Fauna notes are the following: — Shoveller {Spatula
clypeata) taken at Green Pond, Feburary 22, by F. S. Hanckel,
presented by F. S. Hanckel, Jr.; Wood Duck {Aix sponsa) taken
on Goose Creek by Mr. Edward S. Wells and presented by Mrs.
Edward S. Wells; Mourning Dove {Zenaidura macroura car-
olinensis) still in juvenile plumage, taken at Green Pond, Feb-
ruary 27, by Rev. E. A. Duff; mounted bats, and mouse and
bird skins cohected by Mr. Caspar Chisolm at McClure's Fork,
Virginia; skull of a porpoise from Bull's Bay, presented Mr. S.
Schultz.

The collection of living animals has received numerous addi-
tions. Mr. Wm. Hinson secured for the Museum the female
opossum now exhibited in a large cage in the main hall. She and
her nine little 'possums have already been visited by five school

45

teachers with their classes as well as by many school children
unaccompanied by a teacher.

Mr. H. A. Lunz has given another alligator nearly four feet
long.

Master Ross Vaughan has contributed largely to the attract-
iveness of the snake room this year, the Coral Snake, King Snake,
Black Snake, Banded Water Snake and one Keeled-scaled Green
Snake being his gifts. The other green snake now in the col-
lection was presented by Master Allen Miles. Other fine snakes
recently received are a young Diamond-backed Rattlesnake from
Mr. F. C. Ford of Summerville; a Water Moccasin from Mr.
John Randolph, collected on the Isle of Palms; and a very fine
large Coachwhip Snake presented by Miss Minnie Coffin, taken
on Young's Island.

LOCAL FLORA

Mr. E. R. Memminger has recently presented to the Museum
a small collection of pressed plants gathered at Beaufort, S. C,
and at the Charleston Navy Yard.

Pressed plants collected at Barnwell, S. C, and near Darling-
ton have been received from Mrs. Thomas Frost.

Miss Emma Gibbes has completed the work of transferring
to the local survey records the data of South Carolina specimens
in the collection of the late Professor Lewis R. Gibbes, and is
now kindly assisting with the plant survey records.

Miss Frances Dill has also done valuable work on the plant
survey records.

About three hundred plants have been mounted by members
of the Natural History Society and added to the herbarium.

Miss Bragg has been collecting extensively about Charleston
and also in the neighborhood of Chicora Wood, on the Pee Dee,
the home of Mrs. J. J. Pringle. As a result a large amount of
local material is now ready for the herbarium.

,46

NOTES FROM THE MUSEUH

The second of the contributions from the Charleston Museum
will be issued early in June. This is Mr. Wm. G. Mazyck's
Catalog of the MoIIusca of South Carolina. Mr. Mazyck has
studied the mollusca of the State more extensively than any
other conchologist. His Catalog lists 534 species; it is carefully
annotated to show the distribution and abundance of each spe-
cies which Mr. Mazyck has personally observed within the lim-
its of the State, and authorities are cited for the comparatively
few species not thus examined. Four new species and two new
varieties are described. The Catalog is preceded by an Intro-
duction in which Mr. Mazyck gives briefly the history of con-
chological research in South Carolina, and by a tabulation of
the classification adopted. A List of Works Cited and an In-
dex to Genera complete the paper. Price, fifty cents.

A finely mounted specimen of the English Pheasant has been
received, the gift of Dr. W. C. Klatte.

Two volumes of Buff on 's Oviparous Quadrupeds and Ser-
pents have been presented to the library by Mrs. E. H. Pringle.

Miss Barbara K. Bragg, who has for two years been assistant
in the library, has been obliged to give up the work on account
of ill health. Miss Harriet Coffin will fill her place for the re-
mainder of the year.

47

CAROLYN MORSE REA

The Museum has suffered an inestimable loss in the death of
the wife of its Director, who passed away on Sunday, May
the eleventh, after a five weeks illness from typhoid fever. Mrs.
Rea spent her youth in Medford, Massachusetts, until she
entered Wellesley College in 1895. Her chief interests were ever
along scientific lines. During the summers of 1898 and 1899 she
studied at Wood's Hole and after taking her B. A. degree in
1900 became instructor in biology at Western College, Oxford,
Ohio, and later teacher of science at the Lowell Normal School,
Lowell, Massachusetts. In 1904 she was married to Paul Mar-
shall Rea, professor of biology in the College of Charleston and
director of the Charleston Museum. Thenceforth his interests
were to be hers. During the early years of struggle for the re-
organization of the Museum Mrs. Rea was her husband's chief
assistant as she has ever been his first advisor. Every detail
of the work was familiar to her and her sound judgment and un-
tiring efforts on behalf of the Museum have contributed in large
measure to its present development. The very existence of the
Charleston Natural Society History is due to her, since at a time
when it seemed on the verge of extinction she assumed respon-
sibility for it and worked out its success. Today the Society
is one of the most influential factors in the life of the young peo-
ple of Charleston. The recent installation of mineral exhibits
at the Museum is her work, the excellent descriptive labels of
which are significant of the clear logical mind which wrote them.
Her last work of love for the Museum was the rather arduous
task of preparing the invitation list for the anniversary reception.

Mrs. Rea's activities extended beyond the Museum to all
movements for the public welfare. Her interest in the work of
the Civic Club, the Public Schools, and the Housewives' League
will make her loss deeply felt in Charleston, and among the
broad circle of friends who have felt the impress of her strong
personality.

Mrs. Rea leaves one son, John Morse Rea, born in September,
1909.

48

Under the Auspices of the College of Charleston

PUBLICATIONS

(1) The Bulletin of the Charleston Museum is published monthly
from October to May, each number consisting of eight to sixteen pages.
This is a popular record of the work of the Museum, containing accounts
of its educational activities, descriptions of exhibits, and preliminary
notices of investigations. Important records of geographical distribu-
tion, and working lists of the local fauna and flora are often published
first in the Bulletin. The January issue of each year is devoted to the
annual report of the director of the Museum.

Volume I of this series began in April, 1905, and is complete in 5
numbers. Subsequent volumes consist of 8 numbers each. A title page
and index to the [first five volumes • was published in the issue of
December, 1909.

Sent prepaid to any address for 25 cents a year. Single copies 5 cents each.

(2) Contributions from the Charleston Museum are issued at
irregular intervals, and consist of research papers too long or too im-
portant for publication in the Bulletin.

I Birds of South Carolina, by Arthur Trezevant Wayne.
Pp. XXI + 254. Price: paper, $2.75; cloth, $3.25.

II Catalog of the Mollusca of South Carolina, by William
G. Mazyck. In preparation.

Ill Birds of the City of Charleston, by Herbert Ravecel
Saas. In preparation.

BULLETIN

OF

THE CHARLESTON MUSEUM

Edited By
PAUL M. REA

THE SUMMER IN RETROSPECT
LOCAL FAUNA
NOTES FROM THE MUSEUH
NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY

Volume IX, Number 6 October, 1913

Under the Auspices of the College of Charleston

Director

Paul M. Rea

Honorary Curators

Wm. G. Mazyck Conchology

Daniel S. Martin Geology

Arthur T. Wayne Ornithology

Nathaniel W. Stephenson Art

Edward R. Memminger Fungi

Curator of Books and Public Instruction

Laura M. Bragg

Instructor in Physiology and Zoology

L. Wm. McGrath

• Secretary to the Director

Laura L. Weeks

Assistant in Library

Harriet E. Coffin

The Charleston Museum was organized in March, 1773, by the
Charles Town Library Society. In 1815 it was transferred to the Liter-
ary and Philosophical Society of South Carolina, and in 1828 was de-
posited in the Medical College of South Carolina. In 1850 the Museum
was transferred to the College of Charleston, where it was known as
the College of Charleston Museum. In 1907 a building was provided by
the City and the name changed to The Charleston Museum.

The Museum is dependent upon dues from members and private sub-
scriptions for all permanent improvements, for increase of the collections,
and for maintenance of its educational and scientific work.

The membership fees are:—

Annual Members $ 10 Patrons $ 500

Sustaining Members .... 25 Benefactors 1000

The Bulletin of the Charleston Museum is published monthly,
from October to May, by the Museum and is entered at the Post Office
at Ch&rlestoai« S. C, as second-class matter.

BULLETIIV

OF

THE CHARLESTON MUSEUM

Vol. 9 CHARLESTON, S. C, OCTOBER, 1913 No. 6

THE SUMMER IN RETROSPECT

Since the last issue of the Bulletin, in May, the work of the
Museum has been more active than is usual in the summer months,
and the outlook for the fall and winter is better than ever before.

BUILDING REPAIRS

Under a special appropriation from City Council, a new roof
over the entire building was completed in June under the di-
rection of Mr. Mclntyre, of the Museum staff. This is probably
the largest roof within the city limits, amounting to six hundred
squares or sixty thousand square feet. The old roof was re-
moved in sections of such a size that the opening made in the
morning could be closed by night. During the five weeks that
this was going on there were but six hours of rain and the work
was completed without any damage from water. In addition
to the actual roofing, all necessary repairs were made to the
structural woodwork of the building, new gutters, outlets, cor-
nices, and ventilators installed where necessary, masonry and
plaster repointed, and the entire building put into excellent re-
pair.

The necessity for the new roof was due in part to certain ori-
ginal structural defects in the old roof, and in part to neglect
during the time the building was unoccupied before it was ac-
quired by the Museum. For a number of years the remodeling

49

and equipment of the building and the necessarily slow reorgani-
zation of the entire Museum absorbed the very limited funds
available without producing the exhibition collections which
the public naturally expected. It was essential that this prelim-
inary organization should be accomplished and the scientific and
educational work established on modern lines before the Museum
could fairly ask for a special appropriation for a new roof. In
the last two years, however, public recognition of the scope and
value of the institution has made rapid strides, and this fact,
combined with the urgent necessity of protectmg the building,
led Council to this further support of our work with the generos-
ity and far-sighted wisdom it has always shown in its develop-
ment of the Museum.

In July a test section of the steps at the front entrance was
built of reinforced concrete. These steps are a difficult problem
from the fact that no foundation except sawdust is available.
When a satisfactory plan of reinforcement has been designed the
remaining sections will be built.

Further work for the fall includes interior and exterior painting
to repair water damage due to the old leaks in the roof. When this
is done the building will be in a state of excellent repair for the
first time since it has been under the control of the Museum.
Its maintenance in future will require only moderate expendi-
tures if repairs are made promptly.

THE OLD COLLECTIONS

In July and August the last cases and specimens were removed
from the old quarters at the College of Charleston to the Museum
building, with the exception of some large archeological casts for
which no suitable accommodations are at present available.

The sash from the old cases was used to construct a temporary

enclosure in the southwest corner of the main hall, where a large

amount of material is stored until final provision can be made for

it. Some specimens are no longer suitable for exhibition, while

others will make handsome and useful exhibits when properly

installed.

50

WOOD-WORKING SHOP

In September, the carpenter shop was equipped with motor and
wood-working machines which will improve the quality and greatly
reduce the cost of case construction and other shopwork. These
machines have been needed for several years, but the condition
of the general account has not warranted their purchase earlier.
As soon as the building repairs are completed, case construction
will proceed more rapidly than in the past. It will now be a
question only of how rapidly funds for the purchase of plate
glass and lumber can be made available. The working depart-
ments are all well equipped and the entire organization can be
concentrated upon installation in the exhibition hall.

THE LIBRARY

Gratifying progress in binding, rearrangement of shelves and
cataloging was made in May and June, and a new stock of pam-
phlet binders was purchased in July in order that this work may
be continued.

The development of a library of approximately five thousand
volumes with very limited funds has been one of the remarkable
achievements of the past ten years. The problems involved in
the proper cataloging and arrangement of these books are those
of a large library, for our books are confined to subjects treated
by the Museum and are of a highly technical character. The
reference systems have had to be planned slowly and with great
care in order to meet future needs. The great diflficulty, how-
ever, in the organization of the library has been that the staff
has been called upon so constantly for services in other depart-
ments that it has been extremely difficult to keep up routine
technical work.

Miss Laura M. Bragg, curator of books and public instruction,
was taken seriously ill in Yonkers, N. Y., at the very beginning of
her vacation. She was absent from the Museum through Sep-
tember and has not fully regained her strength, but is planning
the winter's work with her accustomed enthusiasm.

AFFILIATED INSTITUTIONS

The policy of co-ordinating the work of the Museum with that
of other institutions doing scientific work is bearing abundant
fruit. The Medical College of the State of South Carolina,
which fostered the Museum from 1827 to 1850, has again been
affiliated with it since 1911, when arrangements were made for
its department of physiology and embryology to use the labora-
tories, classrooms, and collections of the Museum. The Museum
has had the pleasure of co-operating with the Medical College in
securing funds for a new college building to be built near both the
Roper Hospital and the Museum. We congratulate our sister
institution on its remarkable development in the past eight months
and we look forward to mutually helpful co-operation in the future.

Another affiliated institution, the College of Charleston, is
anticipating new activities in the coming year. It has announced
a special course preparatory to medicine and consisting for the
present of one year of biology, chemistry, physics, and a modern
language. This course is expected soon to be extended to two
years. It will utilize the collections of the Museum to a larger
degree than in the past.

P. M. Rea.

LOCAL FAUNA

The Stilt Sandpiper in South Carolina. — During the summer of
1912, while spending a few weeks on Pawley's Island, twenty
miles from Georgetown, S. C, my brother and I made several
interesting observations; but saw nothing of importance until
the afternoon of August 22, when, while shooting on the back
beach at the center of the Island my cousin, Mr. C. P. Webber,
killed a Stilt Sandpiper (Micropalama himantopus) . The bird
is a female in winter plumage. When shot it was flying low over
the bushes in a flock of about twenty Yellowlegs. The spot
where the bird was killed is about two hundred yards from our
house. Mr. A. T. Wayne, in his "Birds of South Carolina,"
says of the Stilt Sandpiper : ' ' This rare species is included on the

52

authority of Dr. Bachman, who appears to have taken man}^
specimens near Charleston. * * * * During the past twenty-
five years I have devoted much time and study to the Liniicolae,
but as yet I have not taken a specimen of this rare bird. ' ' The
present specimen is in the Charleston Museum (Spec. No. 7171).
— E. BuRNHAM Chamberlain.

New Migration Records for South Carolina.— The following
notes are among the more mteresting of my recent bird records.
Red-throated Loon.— It is not unusual to see a Loon or Great
Northern Diver {Gavia immer) in the late spring, but its near
relative, the Red-throated Loon {G. stellata)—si rare bird in these
waters— has never before been reported later than March. On
May 18, 1913, I saw one of these birds in the Sullivan's Island
Cove. There is no doubt as to the correctness of my identifi-
cation as I am well acquainted with the species.

Virginia Rail.— On September 10, 1913, while walking along
the approach to the railway bridge which crosses the Ashley River
at Drayton Station, a Rail of this species (Rallus virginianus)
flushed from the marsh near at hand. This is the earliest arri-
val record for this winter visitant.

Ricebird; Bobolink.— A couple of years ago an extremely early
migration record was turned in for the Ricebird {Dolichonyx
oryzivorusY which brought down upon the head of the observer
some severe criticisms as to his ability to recognize this well-
known species. The current year has brought forward two
more arrival records from widely separated localities. These,
when taken in connection with the 1911 record, should convince
even the most skeptical that the Ricebird arrives in small numbers
much earlier than was formerly supposed. The records in ques-
tion are for July 14, 1911, and July 14 and 16, 1913. The earli-
est record previous to this time was August 11.^

Vesper Sparrow.— On October 5, 1913, at Hampton Park, I
saw my first Vesper Sparrow {Pooecetes gramineus)oi the season.
This is the earliest migration record for this species.

'Bull. Chas. Mus., VII, 1911, 51.

2 Birds of South Carolina, Contk. Chas. Mus., I, 1910, 107.

53

Worm-eating Warbler. — On October 10, 1911, I made an ex-
tremely late record for this Warbler {Hehnitheros vermivorusy.
On October 11, 1913, in the same spot and under nearly the same
conditions, another was seen. This would seem to indicate
that this species remains with us about two weeks longer than
any previous records would lead us to believe. — Francis M.
Weston, Jr.

A Week on Bull's Bay. — On June 13, 1913, I started on a trip
to Bull's Bay with Mr. Howard Cleaves of the Museum of the
Staten Island Association of Arts and Sciences.

We drove as far as Mr. Arthur T. Wayne's, near Mt. Pleasant,
and then took a launch to Bull 's Island where we arrived late in
the afternoon. On the trip down and during the first day of our
arrival on the Island we saw about thirty-five species, among
which was a belated Red-breasted Merganser, and many Black
Skimmers and Least Terns, which two species were common
during the trip.

On the second day we saw about nineteen species, the Dow-
itcher being an interesting addition to our list. We also found
Willets, Least Terns, Wilson 's Plovers, and a Night Hawk breed-
ing.

On June 15 we went to Vessel Reef where we took many pho-
tographs and motion pictures of Royal Terns breeding. There
we added to our list the Laughing Gull (adult and immature
plumage), Cabot's Tern (three pairs breeding), Wilson's Pet-
rel (near Bird Bank), and Sanderling. The Laughing Gull has
not previously been recorded in South Carolina in June, and Cab-
ot's Tern is an exceedingly rare migrant which had not been
known to breed here in recent years.

We visited also Cape Romain and returned the way we came,
covering several branches of bird photography thoroughly, and
getting many interesting photographs and motion pictures of
birds nesting and in flight.

On the entire trip we recorded about forty-four species, mostly
water birds. — Caspar Chisolm.

'Bull. Chas. Mus., VII, 1911, 51-52. ~~~

54

NOTES FROM THE MUSEUH

Two valuable collections of implements from the stone age have
been presented to the Museum by Mr. H. W. Seton-Karr of
London. Mr. Seton-Karr visited the Museum last spring and
most generously offered to contribute one case of material for the
archeological exhibits. The first instalment came in June and
consisted of stone arrows, saws, and knives collected in Egypt
from the site of the neolithic villages north of the Fayum. Re-
cently a box of flint implements from India has been received.
Both collections were personally gathered by Mr. Seton-Karr.
They have been temporarily installed in one of the table cases
on the north side of the main hall.

Mr. George L. English has presented, through Dr. D. S. Martin,
a box of minerals from Port Arthur, Wyoming, and other local-
ities. Mr. English's gifts to the geological collection have been
frequent and valuable.

A nearly complete set of the Journal of Morphology has been
added to the Museum library, the gift of the Wistar Institute of
Anatomy and Biology. The library will subscribe to future
volumes.

An important contribution to the herbarium has been made
by the University of Pennsylvania, through Mr. Francis W. Pen-
nell. This consists of a set of specimens of Agalinanae, compris-
ing most of the species of the Atlantic coastal plain east of the
Mississippi and illustrative of Mr. Pennell's paper in the Bulletin
of the Torrey Botanical Club for August on the species of this area.
Mr. Pennell visited the Museum about a year ago and collected
in the vicinity.

A small collection of butterflies and moths has been given to
the Museum by Mr. Walter R. Bacot.

Hon. H. W. Mitchell has presented to the library a series of
Edward Knobel's plates of wild animals.

Dr. D. S. Martin, honorary curator of geology, is expected to
return to Charleston in November for the winter.

55

Mr. L. W. McGrath, instructor in physiology and zoology, has
spent two months of the summer doing research work at the
University of Chicago.

Miss Laura L. Weeks, who was obliged by ill health to leave
the staff in the spring of 1912, has resumed her old position as
secretary to the director, succeeding Miss Rena Rowell who held
the position during the interim.

Miss Harriet E. Coffin has been appointed assistant in the
library for the coming year.

Mr. Edward A. Hyer has gone to New York to study taxidermy
under Mr. Carl E. Akeley at the American Museum. Mr.
Hyer is a member of the Natural History Society and has for
several years assisted the Museum in the preparation of bird
skins.

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY

Section B held its first meeting of the season on October 16th.
The hour was devoted to discussion of the birds and insects
observed by various members during the summer, and to study
of the common autumn migrants. Miss Bragg conducted the
class.

Section A will meet the first Thursday of November. This
will be the annual business meeting of the section. Officers for
the ensuing year will be elected and dues are also payable. Ar-
rangements for the Thanksgiving Day field trip will be announced.
Miss Bragg will then speak upon the subject. South Carolina
Birds at Home in Other Lands. This will serve as an introduction
to a study of the more northern and southern life of local birds,
which the Society is planning to carry on this winter.

56

Under the Auspices of the College of Charleston

PUBLICATIONS

(1) The Bulletin of the Charleston Museum is published monthly
from October to May, each number consisting of eight to sixteen pages.
This is a popular record of the work of the Museum, containing accounts
of its educational activities, descriptions of exhibits, and preliminary
notices of investigations. Important records of geographical distribu-
tion, and working lists of the local fauna and flora are often published
first in the Bulletw. The January issue of each year is devoted to the
annual report of the director of the Museum.

Volume I of this series began in April, 1905, and is complete in 5
numbers. Subsequent volumes consist of 8 numbers each. A title page
and index to the first five volumes was published in the issue of
December, 1909.

Sent prepaid to any address for 23 cents a year. Single copies 5 esnts each.

(2) Contributions from the Charleston Museum are issued at
irregular intervals, and consist of research papers too long or too im-
p ortant for publication in the Bulletin.

I Birds of South Carolina, by Arthur Trezevant Wayne.
Pp. XXI + 254. Price: paper, $2.75; cloth, $S.25.

II Catalog of the MoUusca of South Carolina, by William
G. Mazyck. Pp. XVI + 39. Price: paper, 50 cents.

Ill Birds of the City of Charleston, by Herbert Ravenel
Saas. In prtparation.

BULLETIIV

OF

THE CHARLESTON MUSEUM

Edited By
PAUL M. REA

THE STONE AGE EXHIBIT
LOCAL FAUNA
NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY

Volume IX, Number 7 November, 1913

Under the Auspices of the College of Charleston

Director

Paul M. Rea

Honorary Curators

Wm. G. Mazyck Conchology

Daniel S. Martin Geology

Arthur T. Wayne Ornithology

Nathaniel W. Stephenson Art

Edward R. Memminger Fungi

Curator of Books and Public Instruction

Laura M. Bragg

Instructor in Physiology and Zoology

L. Wm. McGrath

Secretary to the Director

Laura L. Weeks

Assistant in Library

Harriet E. Coffin

The Charleston Museum was organized in March, 1773, by the
Charles Town Library Society. In 1815 it was transferred to the Liter-
ary and Philosophical Society of South Carolina, and in 1828 was de-
posited in the Medical College of South Carolina. In 1850 the Museum
was transferred to the College of Charleston, where it was known as
the College of Charleston Museum. In 1907 a building was provided by
the City and the name changed to The Charleston Museum.

The Museum is dependent upon dues from members and private sub-
scriptions for all permanent improvements, for increase of the collections,
and for maintenance of its educational and scientific work.

The membership fees are: —

Annual Members $ 10 Patrons $ 500

Sustaining Members 25 Benefactors 1000

The Bulletin of the Charleston Museum is published monthly,
from October to May, by the Museum and is entered at the Post Office
at Charleston, S. C, as second-class matter.

BULLETIIV

OF

THE CHARLESTON MUSEUM

Vol. 9 CHARLESTON, S. C, NOVEMBER, 1913 No. 7

THE STONE AGE EXHIBIT

Since the issue of the last number of the Bulletin the arche-
ological material presented by Mr. H. W. Seton-Karr, illustra-
tive of the Stone Age in India and in Egypt, has been installed
in one of the temporary table cases now placed on the north side
of the main hall near the South Carolina Game and Land Bird
Collection. The exhibit includes also material presented last
winter by Dr. D. S. Martin, representative of the Stone Age in
Europe. The whole forms an interesting series which will be
particularly helpful to teachers of ancient history as well as to
the general public.

The Stone Age is the name applied to that period in the devel-
opment of man when all his weapons and utensils are formed of
either stone, horn, or bone. The first evidences of man's exis-
tence show him in the Stone Age, yet the term is without chron-
ological significance, as races still exist which have not developed
beyond its limitations. The natives of Tasmania, the last of
whom died only in 1876, were examples of the most primitive
type of the Stone Age. Their implements were of roughly chip-
ped stone, to the careless eye merely broken rocks. Even the
bow and arrow was unknown to them, a club serving as their
chief weapon.

57.

The implements presented by Mr. Seton-Karr, and exhibited
as belonging to the Stone Age in India, are of this simple Tas-
manian type, though the work of a people living thousands of
years before the Christian era.

The Stone Age is commonly divided into the Paleolithic period,
characterized by rough and unpolished implements; and the suc-
ceeding Neolithic in which the workmanship is of a more finished
type, knives and axes, for instance, being ground and polished,
and arrow and spear heads carefully shaped and pointed.

PALEOLITHIC PERIOD

Paleolithic man of the most unskilled type produced the rudely
flaked implements exhibited in the India group. Here are stones
flaked for use as knives and axes. No provision is made for
handles. One side is flaked as the cutting edge and the other
roughly shaped to fit the hand.

The Paleolithic period has been most fully studied in Europe.
It dates back to a time when the shape of the continent differed
greatly from its present conformation. The climate was much
colder, man lived usually in caves or in the shelter of overhanging
rocks and his bones are found on the floors of caves in associa-
tion with those of the mammoth, reindeer, rhinoceros, and bear,
on which he preyed. The implements found with these remains
include rude stone harpoon, spear, and arrow heads; knives and
axes. Sewing was practiced, as evidenced by needles of bone;
but no pottery was made until the close of the period. Carvings
on bone and ivory are frequent; in them are found the highest
expression of Paleolithic culture. Popularly this period in Eu-
rope is known as that of the Cave Man.

The Paleolithic period is represented in the exhibit of the Stone
Age in Europe by a number of good examples. An unfinished
flint axe from Broom Hill, and a flaked but unchipped flint knife
from Thetford, England, are characteristic, as are also the un-
chipped knives from Toome Lough Neagh, Ireland. Represent-
ative of the bone remains of the caves are the reindeer and bear
teeth from Laugerie Cavern.

"^ 58

NEOLITHIC PERIOD

The Neolithic period in Europe followed the Paleolithic, prob-
ably not through the development of the Cave Man but by the
immigration of a higher type of man. The climate and fauna
of Europe had then become practically as at present. The
mammoth was no longer known. Conditions of life were less
severe. Neolithic man preferred to build him a crude house in
the open, or on piles in some shallow lake, rather than dwell in
caves. He domesticated the dog and horse and practiced a rude
type of agriculture; he was familiar with the arts of weaving and
pottery manufacture, and had learned to mine flint for his im-
plements. Old shafts have been discovered containing deer
horns which were used as picks; these shafts also served as facto-
ries for implements. In England the dead were buried in long
barrows or mounds.

The Neolithic period in Europe is represented in the exhibit
by the fine arrow points from Rudston and Scambridge, York-
shire, England. Of the arrow heads from Antrim, Ireland, one
is carefully flaked and chipped while the other is flaked but
only partially chipped, evidently an unfinished specimen. Espe-
cially interesting are prongs of the reindeer, horses' teeth, and
bone chisels, all from the Lake Dwellings in Switzerland.

But of more finished workmanship than anything which the
European exhibit presents are the finely chipped implements
from the Neolithic villages of the Fayum in Egypt. The flint
saw here exhibited is one of the finest known specimens of the
work of the Stone Age, and the knives and arrow points are scarce-
ly inferior. Comparison with the implements of the American
Indian of this same cultural period will be facilitated by the in-
stallation of the North American Indian Collection during the
next month.

Laura M. Bragg

68

LOCAL FAUNA

Autumn Migration Notes for I9I3. — The following notes are my
latest migration records which extend the previously established
dates for South Carolina birds.

Greater Snow Goose. — On October 27, 1913, Mr. Lucian L.
Porcher saw a flock of four Geese on his plantation near Mt.
Pleasant, S. C. On the next day, October 28, Mr. S. C. Venning
saw one feeding in a pea field in the same locality, and was able
to ride up to within a few yards of it before it took flight. This
last specimen was shot by a negro in the same field later in the
day. While it is impossible to tell the Greater Snow Goose
{Chen hyperboreus nivalis) from the Lesser (C. h. hyperboreus)
while at large, the probability is that these Geese were the Greater
as this variety is known to occur regularly in the interior of the
State, ^ while the Lesser is western in its distribution. Although
it is possible that Snow Geese may have been taken occasionally
by sportsmen, the above is the only authentic record for this
species in the coast region since the days of Audubon and Bach-
man.

Lesser Yellowlegs. — Mr. A. T. Wayne in his Birds of South
Carolina^ says: "I have never seen this species in the winter
months. ' ' but gives no specific date for its departure. In view
of this my record for November 3, 1913, when I saw a single
individual of this species {Totanus flavipes) in a marsh pond at the
Navy Yard, may be of interest. While Yellowlegs may or may
not be found here after that date, it is at least, something definite
to work from.

Chimney Swift. — Up to the fall of 1913 the latest record for
the occurrence of this species {Chaetura pelagica) was October
28.^ A few birds were seen on the afternoon of October 29 of
this year, but by October 30 all had apparently gone south. While
passing through Mt. Pleasant, S. C., on the afternoon of Novem-
ber 5 Mr. E. Burnham Chamberlain and I saw a single Chimney

'Wayne: Birds of South Carolina, Contr. Chas. Mos., I, 1910, 23.

« Ibid, 53.

"Ibid, 97. Bull. Chas. Mus., V, 1909, 23.

60

Swift flying about over the old picnic grounds in the southern
part of the town.

Barn Swallow. — According to the records of the Survey, the
Barn Swallow {Hirundo erythrogaster) leaves this region about the
middle of October, and Mr. A. T. Wayne' speaks of having seen
a belated specimen on October 29, 1906. On December 17, 1912,
I saw a single Swallow at the Navy Yard^ and again this year I
saw one on November 11. On both occasions the bird came near
enough to me to be easily and certainly recognized.

White-eyed Vireo. — Although this species (Vireo griseus) is
known to occur rarely during the winter months, records are al-
ways of interest. On November 17, 1913, I watched one for
some time in the woods at the Navy Yard.

Black and White Warbler. — Although Mr. H. R. Sass has re-
corded this species (Mniotilta varia) as accidental as late as De-
cember 1, Mr. A. T. Wayne^ sets November 1 as marking the
close of its visit to this region. On November 5, 1913, Mr. E.
Burnham Chamberlain and I saw one of these birds in the dense
jungle on the Isle of Palms.

Brown Creeper. — This species (Certhia familiaris americana)
has never before been recorded earlier than October 17.^ How-
ever, there must have been a more or less general southward
movement at an earlier date this year, for I saw a single speci-
men at the Navy Yard on October 14, while Mr. B. Rhett Cham-
berlain noted one at Hampton Park on the same day.

Golden-Crowned Kinglet. — The Survey records for this fall ex-
tend by one day the term of residence of the Kinglet (Regulus
satrapa) in the coast region. On October 13, 1913, I reported
several from the vicinity of Mt. Pleasant, S. C. The earliest
previous record was October 14, 1911.^ — Francis M. Weston, Jr.

Notes on the Breeding Habits of the Ruby-throated Humming-
bird.— On the evening of July 10, 1911, I saw a female Humming-

> Birds of South Carolina, Contr. Chas. Mus., I, 1910, 139.

^Auk, XXX, 1913, 276.

3 Birde of South CaroUna, Contb. Chas. Mus., I, 1910, 148.

«,Ibid, 189.

6 Bull. Chas, Mus., VII, 1911, 52.

61

bird {Archilochus coluhris) alight on a branch of the laurel tree
{Magnolia grandifJora) in our yard. I thought nothing of this
at the time, the bird being fairly common, but later I noticed
that the bird lit again and again on the same small branch.

On July 111 left the city on a twelve day trip and on returning
was shown a small nest saddled on the very branch that the fe-
male had chosen two weeks before. This branch, about the
diameter of one's little finger, was twenty feet from the ground
and scarcely ten feet from the window of a neighboring house.
From this time on I kept a close watch on the actions of the bird.
The male bird was not seen about the nest at any time, the work
of construction being left entirely to the female. On the 23rd,
the nest was outwardly complete with the exception of the top,
which was ragged and uneven.

I watched the female as she flew to and from the nest, bringing
small pieces of material that looked like cotton, but later proved
to be plant pith, lichens, and other downy substances. The
lichens were fastened in place on the outside of the nest by the
aid of glutinous saliva from the bird's mouth, which after dry-
ing has the appearance and texture of a spider's web. The pith
was placed on the inside of the nest and tamped down by the
bird's turning around and around and apparently treading with
it's feet at the same time, giving the bird a very comical appear-
ance during the operation. A few days later the female com-
menced to set and her actions during incubation were very in-
teresting. She never left the nest if it was raining, but settled
down closely, holding her head back and her bill pointing upward.

The Hummingbird guarded her nest closely at all times, and
allowed no bird to come near it. Once she left the nest and drove
out of the tree an English Sparrow that had been so bold as to
light nearby. A day or two later she chased a June bug that
unwittingly flew almost into the nest. One evening another
female Hummingbird appeared and the rightful owner, when she
watched the intruder circle the nest and fly off, twisted her neck
around as an owl does.

62

At this important stage of proceedings I was unfortunately
forced to leave the city again, so that I never got a chance to see
the young hatch, to watch the interesting if somewhat disgusting
method of feeding by regurgitation, and finally to see the first
efforts of the young to strike out for themselves.

Late in September when I returned the Hummingbird and her
family had flown and there remained only the small nest, worn
and weather-beaten, to show how fortunate even a city bird ob-
server may be. — E. Burnham Chamberlain.

Yellow-bellied Sapsucker. — An exceptionally early record for
this species (Sphyrapicus varius) was obtained on October 5,
when m}' brother and I watched an adult in worn plumage in
Magnolia Cemetery.— B. Rhett Chamberlain.

Summer Tanager. — On September 22, 1913, I observed a single
male of this species {Piranga rubra) near Drayton Station, about
twelve miles from Charleston. — B. Rhett Chamberlain.

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY

Both sections of the Natural History Society have held most
successful meetings during the month. Section A met on Novem-
ber 6. The following officers were elected for the coming year:
president. Miss Laura M. Bragg; vice-president, Miss Annie L.
Sloan; secretary, Miss Carrie T. Pollitzer; treasurer, Miss Laura
L. Weeks. The treasurer's report for the past year showed the
Society to be in excellent condition financially. An appropria-
tion of fifty dollars was voted for the use of the executive com-
mittee in pursuit of the scientific work of the Society. A simi-
lar appropriation made two years ago had allowed the purchase
of insect-proof metal cases for bird skins and for the butterfly
and moth collection, as well as many smaller things. These
cases were indispensable if the collections made by members ot
the Society were to be preserved, and are proving most satis-
factory.

63

Miss Bragg spoke at both meetings this month. In Section A
she introduced the new plan for bird work during the year, and
spoke particularly on the subject of South Carolina Birds in and
on the way to New England.

In furtherance of the plan for studying local birds as seen in
other countries, the following subjects have been assigned for
study : Arctic Regions, Alexander Sprunt, Jr. ; Bird Rock and the
mouth of the St. Lawrence, B. Rhett Chamberlain; Florida,
Ellison A. Williams; Bahamas, Caspar Chisolm; West Indies,
F. M. Weston, Jr.; Panama, E. Burnham Chamberlain; South
America, Miss Mabel Webber, Miss Annie L. Sloan, John Bach-
man Chisolm, and Charles Colson.

The annual Thanksgiving Day field trip for Section A will
this year take the form of an automobile ride to the ruins of
Yeaman Hall on Goose Creek. There a short meeting will be
held at which Director Rea will speak on The Geology of the
Region about Charleston. An interesting bluff containing fos-
sils is located near the Hall and will be studied. Birds, plants,
and insects will also be observed as usual.

Section B elected its officers on November 13, as follows:
vice-president, Robert Taft; recording secretary, Camilla Gour-
din; corresponding secretary, George Howell. The election of
the vice-president was closely contested and most exciting.
The president and treasurer of Section A are ex-officio president
and treasurer of Section B. A large number of new members
were received. The subject of the meeting was, "Our Permanent
Residents among the Birds." A particular study of these birds
will be made by Section B until each member is familiar with
the sixty-nine permanent breeding birds known in South Caroli-
na.

An unusually delightful excursion is anticipated by members
of Section B for the first Saturday in December. This will be
a launch trip to Dewees Island for the purpose of studying our
winter water birds. New members should not fail to come into
the Society before this trip.

64

'^■hc Charleston plttsewm

Under the Auspices of the College of Charleston

PUBLICATIONS

(1) The Bulletin of the Charleston Museum is published monthly
from October to May, each number consisting of eight to sixteen pages.
This is a popular record of the work of the Museum, containing accounts
of its educational activities, descriptions of exhibits, and preliminary
notices of investigations. Important records of geographical distribu-
tion, and working lists of the local fauna and flora are often published
first in the Bulletin. The January issue of each year is devoted to the
annual report of the director of the Museum.

Volume I of this series began in April, 1905, and is complete in 5
numbers. Subsequent volumes consist of 8 numbers each. A title page
and index to the first five volumes was published in the issue of
December, 1909.

Sent prepaid to any address for 25 cents a year. Single copies 5 cents each.

(2) Contributions from the Charleston Museum are issued at
irregular intervals, and consist of research papers too long or too im-
portant for publication in the Bulletin.

I Birds of South Carolina, by Arthur Trezevant Wayne.
Pp. XXI + 254. Price: paper, $2.75; cloth, $3.25.

II Catalog of the Mollusca of South Carolina, by William
G. Mazyck. Pp. XVI + 39. Price: paper, 50 cents.

Ill Birds of the City of Charleston, by Herbert Ravenel
Sass. In preparation.

BULLETIIV

OP

THE CHARLESTON MUSEUM

Edited By
PAUL M. R£:A

OTTO KUNTZE
LOCAL FAUNA
NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY

Volume IX, Number 8 December, 1018

Under the Auspices of the College of Charleston

Directo7'

Paul M. Rea

Honorary Curators

Wm. G. Mazyck Conchology

Daniel S. Martin Geology

Arthur T. Wayne Ornithology

Nathaniel W. Stephenson Art

Edward R. Memminger Fungi

Curator of Books and Public Instruction

Laura M. Bragg

Instructor in Physiology and Zoology

L. Wm. McGrath

Secretary to the Director

Laura L. Weeks

Assistant in Library

Harriet E. Coffin

The Charleston Museum was organized in March, 1773, by the
Charles Town Library Society. In 1815 it was transferred to the Liter-
ary and Philosophical Society of South Carolina, and in 1828 was de-
posited in the Medical College of South Carolina. In 1850 the Museum
was transferred to the College of Charleston, where it was known as
the College of Charleston Museum. In 1907 a building was provided by
the City and the name changed to The Charleston Museum.

The Museum is dependent upon dues from members and private sub-
scriptions for all permanent improvements, for increase of the collections,
and for maintenance of its educational and scientific work.

The membership fees are:—

Annual Members $10 Patrons $ 500

Sustaining Members .... 25 Benefactors 1000

The Bulletin of the Charleston Museum is published monthly,
from October to May, by the Museum and is entered at the Post Office
at Charleston, S. C, as second-class matter.

BULLETIIV

OF

THE CHARLESTON MUSEUM

Vol. 9 CHARLESTON, S. C, DECEMBER, 1913 No. 8

OTTO KUNTZE^

I -I

Carl Ernst Otto Kuntze was born at Leipsic, Germany, June ^
23, 1843. His early education was somewhat limited. He at-
tended the ' ' Realschule ' ' of his native city until he was fourteen
years of age, leaving it just before the completion of his course.
Later he studied for a short time at a commercial school.

His interest in botany began when he was a mere boy, his
botanical teacher in those early years being Carl Otto Buln-
heim, who was instructor in natural science in the Leipsic schools.
Before he left that city, young Kuntze had collected nearly all
the species of plants that had ever been found in the vicinity,
and had accumulated the materials for his first book, a pocket
flora of the neighborhood of Leipsic, which was published in 1867.

Meanwhile he had gone to Berlin, at the age of twenty, and
had spent three years there as a clerk, utilizing all of his spare
time for the collection of the plants of the region, often in com-
pany with the well-known Berlin botanists Alexander Braun and
Paul Ascherson. In 1867 appeared not only the pocket flora
already mentioned, but a revision of the German brambles
(Rubus), a group of plants in which he had taken particular in-
terest. The following winter was spent in travel through Italy
and southern France.

1 NOTE : The New York Botanical Garden has given to the Charleston Museum the
European section of the Otto Kuntie herbarium. Since the Museum has hitherto had only
a email and scattered representation of European plants this extensive collection forms a
most important addition to the herbarium.

The account of the interesting life and work of Otto Kuntze has been prepared for the
Bulletin by Dr. Barnhart of the New York Botanical Garden at the request of the Museum.
— Editob.

65

In the year 1868 he established at Leipsic a factory for the
manufacture of volatile oils and essences, which met with phe-
nomenal success. Only five years later, in 1873, he accumulated
a sufiBcient fortune to enable him to retire from business and de-
vote the remainder of his life to travel and the study of the nat-
ural sciences.

In February, 1874, he started on his first journey around the
world, sailing from Bremen to the island of St. Thomas in the
West Indies; thence he visited Porto Rico, Barbados, Trinidad,
Venezuela, Colombia, Panama, and Costa Rica. On account
of a severe attack of fever he returned to Panama, and as soon
as he was able sailed for New York, where he landed July 28.
While in the United States he collected in Massachusetts, New
York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Illinois, Missouri, Kan-
sas, Nebraska, Colorado, Wyoming, Utah, Idaho, and Califor-
nia, and sailed from San Francisco, November 16, for Yokohama.
Leaving Japan in January, 1875, he visited Hong Kong, China,
Macao, Annam, Cochin China, Siam, and Java, where he re-
mained nearly five months. In October he went by way of
Singapore, Johore, Penang, and Burma to Calcutta; the months
of November and December were spent in various parts of In-
dia; and on the last day of the year he sailed from Bombay for
Europe, by way of Aden and the Suez Canal. On this two-
years' journey he made extensive ethnological collections for
the Volkermuseum in Leipsic, and prepared more than 7700
"numbers" of dried plants.

Essentially a self-taught scientist up to this time, he began at
the age of 33 years to avail himself of the benefits of university
training. From 1876 to 1878 he studied at Leipsic and Berlin,
spending two months in the summer of 1877 in the Carpathian
mountains, and received the degree of Ph. D. from the Univer-
sity of Freiburg in June, 1878. His dissertation was on Cin-
chona, the genus of South American trees that produces "Peru-
vian bark" and is the source of quinine. In the following year
he published his "Methodik der Speciesbeschreibung und Ru-
bus, ' ' in which he utilized his knowledge of the genus Ruhus to
illustrate the way in which species ought to be described.

In 1881 appeared in book form his account of his journey
around the world, and in 1883 his ' ' Phytogeogenesis, ' ' in which
he elaborated his views upon the origin of plant life upon the
earth. His vast botanical collections of 1874-76 meanwhile re-

66

mained unstudied, and in 1884 he devoted his attention to them.
For six years he worked at this task, and in the solution of the
problems that came up in connection with it. The years 1884
to 1887 were spent at Berlin, with a visit to eastern Asiatic Rus-
sia in 1886; during the winter of 1887-88 there was a brief vaca-
tion in the Canary Islands, and the years 1888 to 1890 were spent
at Kew, England, the greatest botanical establishment in the
world, where the vast undertaking was completed.

Nomenclature, that nightmare of natural science, was par-
ticularlj'' troublesome to botanists at about this period. Desir-
ous of assigning to his plants the names they ought to bear,
yet finding botanical nomenclature in what appeared to him a
very unsatisfactory condition, he prepared for his own guidance
a very elaborate and detailed code of nomenclature, and revised
in accordance with this code the names not only of the plants he
had himself collected, but of all other plants which seemed to
him to be masquerading under "wrong" names. As he pro-
ceeded, therefore, his work expanded from a mere list of the
plants he had collected, with descriptions of the novelties, until
it was virtually a revision of the names of all known flowering
plants, and when the two large volumes appeared, in 1891, they
bore the appropriate title "Revisio generum plantarum."

The zeal of the reformer over-reached itself. The deliberate
proposal to alter some 25,000 plant names made botanists every-
where gasp (figuratively, at least), and made quite impossible
the general acceptance of Kuntze's code, however carefully he
had elaborated it, and however reasonable it might have ap-
peared if he had not emphasized its consequences. In fact,
reasonable reform of botanical nomenclature has not even yet
fully recovered from the blow given it by the publication of
Kuntze's Revisio more than twenty years ago.

On the 11th of November, 1891, about a week after the pub-
lication of his monumental work, Kuntze sailed from Hamburg
for South America, for a much needed vacation, and arrived in
Montevideo on the 7th of December. He spent the whole of
the following year collecting in the Argentine Republic, Chile,
Bolivia, Paraguay, and southern Brazil, and upon his return
arrived at Berlin January 3, 1893. He spent the next few months
in preparing for publication the first part of a third volume of
his Revisio, which was devoted wholly to a detailed discussion
of everything relating to botanical nomenclature that had ap-
peared since the first two volumes were issued.

67

The first four months of 1894 were occupied by a visit to south-
ern Africa. In January and February he was in Cape Colony
with a brief side-trip to the Orange Free State and the Trans-
vaal; in March he was in Natal, with another brief visit to the
two republics; he returned by way of Suez, stopping in Mozam-
bique and at Zanzibar.

During the winter of 1895-96 he removed from Berlin to a
villa at San Remo, Italy, which was his home for the remainder
of his life. Here he kept his botanical library and herbarium,
and continued work along his favorite lines until the end. In
1898 the third volume of his Revisio, including a report upon
the plants collected upon his second visit to South America and
his African trip, was completed. His most important later work
was in collaboration with Tom von Post, of Upsala, Sweden,
upon his "Lexicon generum phanerogamarum, " a useful little
handbook issued in 1904. In that year Kuntze took his second
and last journey around the world, in the reverse direction from
the earlier one, and by a more southerly route. He visited Cey-
lon, New South Wales, Tasmania, New Zealand, Samoa, Hawaii,
and the United States, sailing from New York for home on the
10th of September. In 1905 he attended the international
botanical congress at Vienna, and appeared at one of the ses-
sions devoted to nomenclature long enough to denounce it
bitterly as a body lacking proper authorization for the task upon
which it was engaged. The following year he was in poor health,
and he died at San Remo, January 28, 1907.

Besides the books mentioned in the course of this sketch,
Kuntze was the author of various pamphlets, and contributed
from time to time to numerous periodicals. In spite of his im-
portant labors as a plant collector and a taxonomic botanist,
he will doubtless be remembered chiefly because of his contri-
butions to the vexed questions of botanical nomenclature. His
views did not prevail, nor is there any probability that they will
ever be accepted ; yet the importance of his contributions to the
discussion of the subject can not be overlooked. After his death,
his herbarium became the property of the New York Botanica
Garden; and the European portion of it has now found a rest-
ing-place in the Charleston Museum.

John Hbndley Barnhart.

68

LOCAL FAUNA

Chlorippe alicia. — On May 25, 1913, I took a specimen of the
Alicia at Hampton Park, Charleston, S. C. The range of this
butterfly is given by Holland^ as "the Gulf States from Florida
to Texas." As little has been published on the butterflies of
South Carolina in recent years, the taking of this specimen prob-
ably extends the heretofore recorded range of the species. The
specimen is of a female and is in my collection. — E. H. Jennings,
Jr.

Solitary Sandpiper. — On September 21, 1913, during a forty-
mile gale from the southwest, three of these sandpipers {Helo-
dromas solitarius) were seen drifting across the lower part of the
city. While too high in the air for any distinctive markings to
be seen, their unmistakable whistle gave them away. This
species is an addition to an already long and interesting list of
city birds. — Francis M. Weston, Jr.

Recent Bird Notes. — The following bird notes contribute ad-
ditional data to the Museum's survey.

Winter Wren. — On the morning of September 22, 1913, I saw
a Winter Wren {Nannus hiemalis) in St. Andrews Parish. This
is seven days earlier than Mr. Wayne records it.

Crested Flycatcher. — While passing through Magnolia Ceme-
tery on October 13, 1913, I made a late record for this flycatcher
{Myiarchus criniius). This is four days later than the latest
previous record, made on the P. M. A. Campus in 1909.

Red-backed Sandpiper. — On November 5, 1913, on the eastern
end of the Isle of Palms, I shot a male Red-backed Sandpiper
{Pelidna alpina sakhalina). On dissection the bird's stomach
was found to contain fifty-two very small conchs, a few finely
crushed pieces of shells and a small amount of sand. Of these
conchs fifty-one were Odostomia impressa, a species common on
oysters.

' Butterflies, 1905, 190, pi. XXIII.

69

Double-crested Cormorant. — Perhaps the most interesthig event
of a very pleasant day spent by Section B on a field trip to De-
wees Island on December 6, was the taking of a female Double-
crested Cormorant {Phalacrocoraz auritus). The bird was ob-
served in the narrow creek behind the Isle of Palms and on the
approach of the boat dove repeatedly. The failure of the cor-
morant to take wing was unexplained at the time. After being
watched for a while by the party the bird was shot as it came up
under the right bank of the creek, gasping badly.

After removing the skin I dissected the bird and found that its
inability to fly was probably due to a kind of tumor formed a-
gainst the upper back, an outgrowth of the left lung. The stom-
ach also was in a diseased state. It contained eight small fish,
mullet and mudfish, varying in length from two to six inches,
and a large nmnber of round worms, evidently parasites.^ The
unmounted skin of this specimen is preserved in the Charleston
Museum. — E. Burnham Chamberlain.

Primary Cancer in the Lung of a Wild Double-crested Cormorant.
— On December 6, 1913, I received from the Charleston Museum a
dressed Double-crested Cormorant. Upon examination I found
that the right thorax was occupied by an ovoid tumor, about the
size of a pullet's egg, arising from the lower half of the lung of
this side, and, upon microscopical section, proving to be a cancer.

The possibility of the origin of this tumor from some parasitic
or bacterial infection of the lung immediately suggests itself, but
careful examination failed to reveal any such features. Invasion
of other parts of the body by the cancer was not found.

The existence of a cancer in any wild animal is a subject of
interesting speculation and a full report of this case will probably
be given to one of the scientific journals. — Kenneth M. Lynch,
M.D.

Contents of Stomach of Double-crested Cormorant, — In the stom-
ach of the Double-crested Cormorant recorded above there were

' The body of this cormorant was sent for examination to Dr. Kenneth M. Lynch, pro-
fessor of pathology in the Medical College of the State of South Carolina; the worms from the
stomach were referred to Mr. L. Wm. McGrath of the Museum staff.

70

found numerous round white worms and some murky fluid. Upon
examination of the worms, both macroscopically and micro-
scopically, they were found to belong to the phylum Nemathel-
rninthes, to which are referred most of the worms parasitic in
man and vertebrates in general. The worms proved to be of
two kinds — large, fairly thick individuals over an inch in length,
and small, threadlike ones less than a half inch long. The former
were identified as Eustrongylus tubifex and the latter as Filaria
{histrichis?) . Eustrongylus occurred in much greater numbers
than Filaria. Both of these worms are common parasites in
the digestive tracts of water-birds, being taken in with the fish
they eat. Certain fishes are intermediate hosts of these parasites.
The fluid revealed fragments of partly digested tissues and a
number of eggs. These eggs could not be positively identified,
but were undoubtedly those of the parasitic worms. — L. Wm.
McGrath.

Brown Creeper — A Correction. — My statement in the last is-
sue of the Bulletin^ that Mr. B. Rhett Chamberlain had seen a
creeper at Hampton Park on October 14 is an error. The bird
was in Mr. Chamberlain's yard in the city, and the record is of
particular interest on that account. — Francis M. Weston, Jr.

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY

Each section of the Natural History Society has held a meet-
ing and taken a field trip since the last issue of the Bulletin.
Section A met on December 4; South Carolina Birds on Bird
Rock and South Carolina Birds in the Arctic Regions were the
subjects treated. Mr. B. Rhett Chamberlain gathered the in-
formation for the study of Bird Rock, and Mr. Alexander Sprunt
Jr. prepared a carefully worked out and extensive paper on the
Arctic Birds. Both subjects, however, were presented hy Miss
Bragg. A series of sixteen colored lantern slides has been pur-
chased, illustrating the habitat groups of birds in the AuK-rican
Museum in New York. Several of these were used and more
will bo utilized at the January meeting.

The January meeting of Section A will be held the second
Thursday of the month as New Y'ear's Day comes on the first

>p. 61.

71

Thursday. This will bring the Section B meeting on the third,
January 15.

Mr. Ellison A. Williams will speak at the Section A meeting,
on South Carolina Birds in Florida, and Mr. Caspar Chisolm on
South Carolina Birds in the Bahamas. Both of these subjects
are fascinatingly interesting, treating as they do of some of our
most picturesque birds. The habitat group lantern slides for
these localities are particularly brilliant. The Pelicans of Flor-
ida and the Flamingos of the Bahamas are, once seen, never to
be forgotten.

The Thanksgiving Day field trip for Section A was voted a
success in spite of the fact that it was necessary to walk the last
mile before reaching Yeaman Hall. Tickets for the next trip
have been bought out. This will be a launch trip to the further
or eastern end of the Isle of Palms on January 10. The launch
Kvik V will leave with the party from Custom House wharf at
9.30 A. M. Registration is in order for the next launch trip
which will come early in February. There will be no Washing-
ton's Birthday trip this year. The Society as a whole has out-
grown the available water transportation facilities. In conse-
quence the experiment will be tried of having more frequent
trips with smaller parties. Much more and better work can be
done in parties of twenty than of sixty. Every member of the
Society will be able to secure a trip sometime in February if
registration is made not later than the January meeting.

Section B went to Dewees Island on December 6. Twenty-
six water and several land birds were observed. Many different
species were numerous enough to allow even the beginners in
bird study to become familiar with them. Nearly all the chil-
dren took notes on the birds observed. At the Section B meeting
the following Thursday, Miss Bragg exhibited specimens and
talked about these birds. Then sides were chosen for a new game,
called Bird-match, which is played as is the old-fashioned spell-
ing-match. This game is to be continued at the January meet-
ing. The two winners of the first match will be leaders of the
second, and the final winners of the second match will receive
as a reward one of Reed's Bird Guides, either land or water as
desired. All questions asked in the game will be about the birds
seen on the Dewees Island trip. Those who were not present
at the last meeting should surely be there for the January con-
test.

72

Under the Auspices of the College of Charleston

PUBLICATIONS

(1) The Bulletin op the Charleston Museum is published monthly
from October to May, each number consisting of eight to sixteen pages.
This is a popular record of the work of the Museum, containing accounts
of its educational activities, descriptions of exhibits, and preliminary
notices of investigations. Important records of geographical distribu-
tion, and working lists of the local fauna and flora are often published
first in the Bulletin. The January issue of each year is devoted to the
annual report of the director of the Museum.

Volume I of this series began in April, 1905, and is complete in 5
numbers. Subsequent volumes consist of 8 numbers each. A title page
and index to the first five volumes was published in the issue of
December, 1909.

Sent prepaid to any address for 25 cents a year. Single copies 5 cents each,

(2) Contributions from the Charleston Museum are issued at
irregular intervals, and consist of research papers too long or too im-
portant for publication in the Bulletin.

I Birds of South Carolina, by Arthur Trezevant Wayne.
Pp. XXI + 254. Price: paper, $2.75; cloth, $3.25.

II Catalog of the Mollusca of South Carolina, by William
G. Mazyck. Pp. XVI + 39. Price: paper, 50 cents.

Ill Birds of the City of Charleston, by Herbert Ravenel
Sass. In preparation.

BULLETIN

OF

THE CHARLESTON MUSEUM

Edited By
PAUL M. REA

REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR OF THE MUSEUM
FOR THE YEAR 1913

Volume X, Number 1 January, 1914

Under the Auspices of the College of Charleston

Director

Paul M. Rea

Honorary Curators

Wm. G. Mazyck Conchology

Daniel S. Martin Geology

Arthur T. Wayne Ornithology

Nathaniel W. Stephenson Art

Edward R, Memminger Fungi

Curator of Books and Public Instruction

Laura M. Bragg

Instructor in Physiology and Zoology

L. Wm. McGrath

Secretary to the Director

Laura L. Weeks

Assistant in Library

Harriet E. Coffin

The Charleston Museum was organized in March, 1773, by the
Charles Town Library Society. In 1815 it was transferred to the Liter-
ary and Philosophical Society of South Carolina, and in 1828 was de-
posited in the Medical College of South Carolina. In 1850 the Museum
was transferred to the College of Charleston, where it was known as
the College of Charleston Museum, In 1907 a building was provided by
the City and the name changed to The Charleston Museum.

The Museum is dependent upon dues from members and private sub-
scriptions for all permanent improvements, for increase of the collections,
and for maintenance of its educational and scientific work.

The membership fees are:—

Annual Members $ 10 Patrons % 500

Sustaining Members 25 Benefactors 1000

The Bulletin of the Charleston Museum is published monthly,
from October to May, by the Museum and is entered at the Post Office
at Charleston, S. C, as second-class matter.

BULLETIN

OF

THE CHARLESTON MUSEUM

Vol. 10 CHARLESTON, S. C, JANUARY, 1914 No. 1

REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR OF THE MUSEUM
FOR THE YEAR 1913

The past year is the one hundred and fortieth in the history
of the Museum, and the tenth under the present administration.
It is undoubtedly the most successful in the long and honored
history of the institution and comes to its close with better pros-
pects for the future than ever before.

Few persons aside from the Museum staff can appreciate the
difficulty of the reorganization which has been effected in the past
decade. In 1904 the Museum occupied about one half of the
main building of the College of Charleston, where it was an ad-
junct to the department of biology and geology, and dependent
for its care upon the spare time of the professor in that depart-
ment. The sole financial support was an appropriation of $250
from City Council. Under these adverse conditions, the col-
lections were necessarily deteriorating. The Museum was far
more extensive than the needs of the College required, and was
contributing nothing to the progress of science or to public edu-
cation. It was an incubus upon the College and an unprofit-
able investment for the City, yet it contained material of great
potential value for the instruction and recreation of the people,
and collections which are priceless data of science.

Today, the Charleston Museum occupies one of the best public
buildings of the city, is maintained jointly by City Council and
the people of Charleston, is affiliated with the public schools and
colleges, maintains varied lines of scientific and educational work,
and is growing daily in the appreciation of the public. The key-

note of the policy of the Museum is the efficient utilization of its
resources for the greatest service to the people.

The accomplishment of this reorganization has involved an
enormous amount of technical work in the creation of administra-
tive systems, library, scientific records, shops, laboratories, etc.,
which are the indispensable equipment of an active museum, but
which had to be created from the beginning in this instance.
This work, in addition to remodeling the building, which was
transferred to the Museum by City Council in 1907, required
all the time of the staff and all available funds for three or four
years. This was the most critical period of the reorganization, be-
cause the work was not of a nature to appeal to the general pub-
lic. The interest with which the new plans for the Museum were
received in the beginning naturally began to wane. Yet, even
at this time, a small but growing number of persons was acquir-
ing a new conception of the organization and scope of the mod-
ern muesum. This class has increased much more rapidly dur-
ing the last three years, as the various working departments
have come into practical operation and the installation of exhib-
its and their educational use has been extended. The subse-
quent pages of this report show how much the Museum has grown
in the estimation of the public.

THE ONE HUNDRED AND FORTIETH ANNIVERSARY

The one hundred and fortieth anniversary of the Charleston
Museum was celebrated by a public reception on the evening of
March 28. The receiving party represented the interests allied
with the Museum and included Mayor John P. Grace, represent-
ing the City of Charleston, and Mrs. Grace; the Hon. John F.
Ficken, president of the board of trustees and of the Charleston
Library Society, and Mrs. Ficken; the Hon. W. St. Julien Jervey,
chairman of the committee on the Museum; Mr. Paul M. Rea,
director of the Museum, and Mrs. Rea; Miss Laura M. Bragg,
curator in the Museum; Mr. Henry P. Williams, representmg the
Museum members, and Mrs. Williams; Miss Annie L. Sloan, rep-
resenting the Natural History Society; Dr. Harrison Randolph,
president of the College of Charleston, and Mrs. Randolph; Dr
Robert Wilson, Jr., dean of the Medical College of the State of
South Carolina, and Mrs. Wilson; Hon. James Simons, chairman
of the board of public school commissioners, and Mrs. Simons.

About eight hundred people attended the reception, which

2

proved a most happy celebration of the anniversary. The in-
terest of the community was indicated both by the large attend-
ance and by the enthusiastic service of more than one hundred
and fifty people on the various committees of arrangement.
The Museum is indebted to the Charleston Consolidated Railway
& Lighting Company for furnishing the electric current for the
evening, to the Electric Supply Company for special wiring, and
to the Carolina Floral Company for the loan of palms for decora-
tion.

ADMINISTRATION

No change has been made in the general administrative plans,
but a better co-ordination of departments has been attained, and
the esprit de corps of the staff is one of the strongest assets of the
Museum.

In the death of Mr. W. St. JuUen Jervey, on December 17, the
Museum sustains a loss which can be appreciated more, perhaps,
by the director than by other members of the staff, or by the pub-
lic. As chairman of the Committee on the Museum, Mr. Jer-
vey has always shown a broad and sympathetic grasp of the es-
sential needs of the Museum, and has been ever ready to attend
to the details of its business affairs. It is comforting to know that
he lived to see so large a measure of success in the reorganiza-
tion in which he was deeply interested from the beginning.

Changes in the staff include the appointment of Miss Harriet
E. Coffin as assistant in the library, succeeding Miss Barbara K.
Bragg, who resigned because of ill health. Miss Rena Rowell
resigned in July as secretary to the director, and the position was
resumed by Miss Laura L. Weeks.

The proper administration of the building requires the services
of an additional attendant for the entrance and the main exhibi-
tion hall, and it is hoped that during the coming year some means
may be found of providing this service.

The director represented the Museum at the eighth annual
meeting of the American Association of Museums in Philadel-
phia, June 3-5, when he was honored by re-election as secretary
of the Association.

FINANCES

The receipts and expenditures have exceeded those of any pre-
vious year in the history of the Museum. The total receipts were

3

$11,634.31 and the expenditures $10,688.44. The balance car-
ried forward is also larger than in past years and insures rapid
progress in installation early in 1914. It is of the greatest im-
portance that the General Account shall carry over each year a
balance sufficient to maintain active work until new funds are
obtained.

City Council made the usual appropriation of $4,000 for main-
tenance. Of this amount $3,126.25 was expended for salaries,
and the remainder for the maintenance expenses of the various
departments. The distribution of these expenditures varies
little from that in previous years, for it is only by the closest ad-
herence to a minimum budget that so large a work can be main-
tained with the money available.

The General Account received $1,290 from fifty-two members
and $1,341.20 from other sources. A list of the members of the
Museum is appended to this report. Case construction, installa-
tion of collections, and all other permanent improvements are
dependent entirely upon the General Account on the fundamen-
tal principle that the Museum is the creation of the people of
Charleston, its housing and maintenance only being provided by
City Council. The membership is thus the fundamental basis
of development and should increase from year to year as the
service of the Museum to the people grows. The problem of the
coming year is to bring the community to a better appreciation
of these relations and thus to increase the number of members.

Special accounts include an appropriation of $4,300 by City
Council for building repairs; receipts of $552.56 from affiliated
colleges for the expense of their work in our laboratories, exclu-
sive of salaries; receipts of the Natural History Society, amount-
ing to $121.50; etc. The work done under these accounts is de-
scribed later in this report.

BUILDING

It is with the greatest satisfaction and relief that the director
is able to report the building in a state of excellent repair. When
the building came into the possession of the Museum in 1907, it
had been unused, or occupied for temporary purposes only, for
several years, and had undergone the general deterioration natu-
ral under such circumstances. The expense of adapting the
building to museum requirements absorbed so much of the small
appropriations of the next three years that the fundamental de-

4

fects in the roof had to be ameliorated rather than cured. By
1913 the renewal of the roof had become a vital matter for the
preservation of the building and the protection of its contents.

The request for a new roof and for other repairs led City Coun-
cil to make a special inquiry into the condition and needs of the
building, the state of development of the educational and scien-
tific activities of the Museum, and the plans for future work.
This inquiry was of the greatest value to the Museum, for it
aroused public interest and called forth the most gratifying and
enthusiastic endorsement of the institution from many persons
representing widely varied interests which have been served by
the Museum. These letters evinced such sincere and intelli-
gent appreciation of the service we are trying to render that they
gave to the staff new courage, and to City Council a public en-
dorsement of its wisdom in developing the Museum as a public
institution. The broader understanding thus achieved with
both City Council and the people of Charleston is one of the im-
portant events of the year and goes far toward establishing the
Museum on a permanent basis.

As has been stated. City Council finally appropriated $4,300
for a new roof, for general repairs necessitated for the most part
by leaks in the old roof, and for reinforced concrete steps at the
front entrance. The work was done under the able supervision
of Mr. James P. Mclntyre, of the Museum staff, to whose energy
and good judgment are due the excellence of the work and its
low cost.

Skylights. The month of April was occupied chiefly with
work on the skylights. These have given continual trouble since
their installation and are still unsatisfactory. The glass was all
taken out, the frames inspected and repaired, and the glass re-
placed, but there are still some leaks which appear to be due to
improper construction of the drainage gutters. It is hoped that
these can be corrected in the near future.

The necessity of opening the skylights was taken advantage
of to install movable cotton curtains under the skylights to mod-
ify the light coming into the main hall. These curtains are an
important and long-needed improvement, giving a much better
diffusion of light and protecting specimens from fading.

Roof. The main work of laying the new roofing occupied
six weeks in May and early June, and was accomplished with
the loss of but six hours from rain — a remarkably fortunate rec-
ord. The remainder of June was occupied with work on the

5

gutters, cornices, and other metal-work associated with the roof,
and with general building repairs. The entire building was
minutely inspected and put in excellent repair.

The relief and satisfaction in having a real roof in place of a
sieve can be appreciated only by those who have lain awake while
it rained at night and tried to remember whether books or other
objects might have been left under any one of the fifty or more
leaks in the old roof, or those who have seen pools of water on
the tops of cases or on the floor of the library within a foot of the
book stacks. For several years it has been a shop rule that all
case tops must be built water-tight.

Concrete Steps. The appropriation provided for concrete
steps at the front entrance to replace the old wooden steps which
had been unsafe for some time. These steps furnished a difficult
problem of construction, because the building stands on made
land— made of saw-dust and salt v/ater in about equal propor-
tions. This mixture cannot be depended upon as a building
foundation and a system of re-inforcing the concrete of the steps
was designed to carry the entire weight on the large pillars of the
portico and the piling on which they rest. The work was com-
pleted on this plan in October, and it is confidently expected
that no trouble from settling will be experienced.

Painting. The entire exterior of the building was painted in
November. Again we were favored with good weather, not a
single hour being lost from rain in four weeks.

The plan of doing the work with our own men proved highly
satisfactory and economical. The saving in actual cost as com-
pared with payments to a contractor for the last previous paint-
ing was 15 per cent. Allowing for additional work done this
year and for painting tackle retained as a permanent asset, the
saving by doing the work ourselves is 26 per cent. It is probably
safe to say that Mr. Mclntyre has accomplished 25 per cent
more work under the entire appropriation for repairs than could
have been expected on any other plan of procedure. Perhaps
the greatest satisfaction, however, arises from our complete
knowledge of the quality of all material used and of the work
performed.

Three weeks in December were devoted to interior painting
necessary to repair damage to walls from leaks in the old roof.

All of this painting may be reasonably expected to wear much
longer than the painting done in 1909, because practically all the
damage the latter had suffered was due to leaking water.

6

Plumbing. In order to reduce minor plumbing repairs as
much as possible during the next two or three years, all piping
and fixtures were thoroughly inspected and replaced wherever
defective. Connections were also made with the new sewer
system and the outlets into the tidal drains closed.

SHOP EQUIPMENT

Very convenient space for carpenter work has been gradually
fitted up during the past three years, and the need of wood-work-
ing machinery for case construction and general work has been
stressed in recent annual reports. In August the equipment of
the carpenter shop was greatly increased by the purchase of
machines for sawing, planing, jointing, shaping, and boring and
mortising. The installation of these machines with electric
motor and the necessary shafting, belting, etc., was begun in
September, but the final adjustments were not made until De-
cember.

These machines are well adapted to our work and will increase
the quality and decrease the cost of all shop work. This is one
of the last of the working departments of the Museum to attain
the proper equipment and organization requisite for the present
scope of our work. It is expected that case construction will
make rapid progress in the coming year.

COLLECTIONS AND INSTALLATION

During July and August the last of the specimens and cases
remaining in the College of Charleston, with the exception of the
large casts of Egyptian and Assyrian figures, was transferred to
the Museum. This releases for the use of the College all but one
of the rooms formerly occupied by the Museum, and brings all
our material together where it can be cared for more effectively
and economically.

Botany. In the development of the collections the greatest
progress has been made in the department of botany. This is
due primarily to the work of Miss Bragg and Mr. Edward R.
Memminger, aided by many volunteer assistants.

In addition to her duties as curator of books and public in-
struction, Miss Bragg has found time to increase the number of
specimens in the herbarium 30 per cent, and to do a large amourit
of other work in coimection with the botanical survey. In this

she has had the able cooperation of Mr. Memminger. As hon-
orary curator in the botanical department, Mr. Memminger has
given generously of his time and skill in the revision of the old
herbaria and the extension of the botanical records of the Museum.
His special knowledge of the flora of North and South Carolina,
combined with his cheerfulness in work which is often tedious,
has been largely responsible for the steady and gratifying growth
of the herbarium and for the accuracy of its data.

The Museum received as a gift from the New York Botanical
Garden the European Section of the Otto Kuntze herbarium.
This extensive collection gives to the Museum a large represen-
tation of European plants which it could not have hoped to ac-
quire and which will ultimately be of much value for general
studies and for comparison with American forms. In connection
with this herbarium, the Bulletin for December contained an
account of the life and work of Otto Kuntze, by Dr. Barnhart,
of the New York Botanical Garden.

Mr. Francis W. Pennell, of the University of Pennsylvania,
has given a set of specimens of Agalinanae, comprising most of
the species of the Atlantic coastal plain east of the Mississippi
and illustrative of his recent paper on these forms.

Herbarium specimens have been presented by Mr. Memminger
from the vicinity of Beaufort, S. C., and by Miss A. L. Sloan
from Pendleton, S. C. Miss Bragg has also collected in the coastal
region of the state.

Miss Pauline Dill, as a volunteer assistant, is engaged in re-
arranging the Elliott Herbarium in systematic order. Miss
Susie Allan, Miss Isabel O'Neill, and Messrs. Alexander Sprunt,
Jr. and James Sprunt have mounted herbarium specimens.

Geology. In spite of faihng eyesight. Dr. Martin accomplished
valuable results in this department in January, February, and
March. In this work Miss Minnie Coffin acted as assistant.

A general report by Dr. Martin on the development of the ge-
ological collections during his service as honorary curator was
printed in the Bulletin for April. It shows many important
special projects completed or well advanced, in addition to de-
tailed study, cataloging, and arranging of the general collections.
The excellent condition of the department is due solely to the
expert knowledge and enthusiastic devotion of Dr. Martin and
to many and valuable gifts which he has made personally or
obtained from others.

Among the special projects are the carbon exhibit, the Pied-

raont collection, the precious and ornamental stones, and the
series of Tertiary coastal plain fossils.

The carbon exhibit was installed in the main exhibition hall
in 1912, and comprises an unusually complete series illustrating
the formation of lignites and coals; petroleum, asphalts, and min-
eral oils; and amber, copal, and other fossil resins. The exhibit
is of the greatest educational value and has been extensively used
by schools and colleges.

The Piedmont collection is designed to illustrate the distri-
bution of mineral species along the belt of crystalline rock which
extends through the middle and southern Atlantic states from
Virginia to Alabama. Characteristic material from most of the
important localities in this region has been assembled, and it is
important that this should be prepared for exhibition and that
its significance should be discussed in a comprehensive paper
suitable for pubhcation in the Contributions from the Museum.

The series of precious and ornamental stones, which has been
gathered by Dr. Martin during many years, and which he has
presented to the Museum, will make a very attractive exhibit
and should be installed at an early date.

It is important that provision be made for the arrangement of
both the Sloan and the Museum collections of South Carolina
and coastal plain minerals and fossils to show the geological
history of this region.

In addition to these special projects, it is essential that the
installation of the general series of minerals should be completed.
This work was begun in 1912 and the style of labeling adopted is
so simple, and at the same time so instructive, that the exhibit
has attracted the interest of visitors and favorable comment
from museum workers. The uninterrupted time required for
study in preparing this type of installation makes the problem
difficult of solution with so small a staff as that of the Museum.

CoNCHOLOGY. The honorary curator of recent shells, Mr. W.
G. Mazyck, has rearranged the specimens in the shell exhibit to
conform to the order of his recently published catalog, and has
added duplicates from his private collection to fill gaps in our
series. It will require some time to complete the installation
of this exhibit.

Mr. Mazyck has also nearly completed the arrangement of the
shells of the Edmund Ravenel collection. These are now in tem-
porary exhibition cases in the main hall.

Archeology. Gifts to this department have been received

from Mr. H. W. Seton-Karr, Dr. D. S. Martin, and Mr. A. S.
Rowell. These have been temporarily installed by Miss Bragg.
Mr. Seton-Karr 's gift consisted of stone implements from India
and Egypt which are especially interesting for comparison with
American types. Mr. Rowell presented a series of Indian im-
plements of a very primitive type from South Carolina.

Miss Bragg has also prepared the entire South Carolina col-
lection for permanent labeling.

Ornithology. Individual labels for 225 specimens in the
exhibit of South Carolina birds were prepared by Miss Bragg
and printed on the Museum press, thus greatly improving the
appearance of the exhibit. For this and other printing the Mu-
seum is indebted to Dr. C. H. Prince, who came to the aid of an
overworked staff and did this printing better than we have ever
had it done before.

In the coming year the descriptive species labels should be
printed for this exhibit. Thirteen of these were printed this year.

Mammalogy. The bison exhibit was completed by the con-
struction of a base representing the surface of a prairie and by the
addition of descriptive labels. Labels were also printed for the
elk exhibit. These two groups are the most prominent exhibits
in the main hall and it is, therefore, particularly gratifying to
have them properly installed.

Little progress in case construction has been made because the
carpenter has been occupied with the extensive building repairs.
This is not so serious a misfortune as it may seem, however, since
it has resulted in carrying over a balance in the General Account
which will make possible much more rapid and extensive case
construction during the coming year than could have been ac-
complished otherwise.

Miscellaneous Accessions. In addition to accessions listed
elsewhere, gifts of specimens have been received from fifty-six
friends of the Museum. This large number of donors indicates
the wide-spread interest of the community. It is a matter of
regret that space forbids detailed acknowledgment of these gifts.

library

The routine work of the library has progressed unusually well,
and it is hoped that progress in the coming year will be such that
thereafter Miss Bragg may have less of the detail to carry and
thus free her time for other lines of work.

10

Concentration of funds upon shop equipment and case con-
struction since 1910 has necessitated the discontinuance of sys-
tematic purchases of books for the library. A similar necessity
will exist next year, but it is essential that in the near future ade-
quate provision for the increase of the library be made in the bud-
get. During the past year the library improvements have in-
cluded $58.83 for books, $43.72 for book-binding materials, and
$9.51 for book suppports. A new typewriter has been purchased
for the use of the library.

In addition to regular exchanges and subscriptions. Science and
the Proceedings of the American Association for the Advance-
ment of Science have been deposited by the director, Popular
Science Monthly and publications of the New York Academy of
Sciences have been given by Dr. Martin, and the National Ge-
ographic Magazine and American Forestry by Miss Henrietta Mur-
doch.

BIOLOGICAL SURVEY

It is to be regretted that the Muesum is not in a position to
make any provision for regular work on the biological survey.
The records of the survey are for the most part incidental to other
work and the value of the data obtained under these difficult con-
ditions is an indication of the results which might be accomplished
with some special effort.

The most complete data on file are for the birds. Migration
and distribution records have been filed with fair regularity for
species already listed. These records extend the occurrence of
34 species into months in which they had not previously been re-
ported. Seven species new to the survey, one of which is also
new to the state, have been added.

The greatest progress of the year has been in the section of
plants. There have been added 19 species of pteridophytes and
788 species of spermatophytes not previously recorded in the
survey. The total number of species of South Carolina plants
now listed is 2033. Dr. B. L. Robinson, curator of the Gray
Herbarium, has kindly furnished records for over 600 specimens
representing 317 species of South Carolina plants in the Gray
Herbarium, and also complete data for all plants which he col-
lected on his visit to this state in 1912. Dr. Robinson has thus
given material assistance to the Museum in the difficult task of
obtaining records of South Carolina plants in the herbaria of
other institutions.

11

Survey cards have been prepared under Miss Bragg 's direction
for all plants in the Museum herbaria, exclusive of the Elliott
herbarium, and of 215 specimens of cryptogams.

Miss Emma Gibbes has rendered valuable volunteer service
by preparing survey cards for all published or otherwise available
records of the collection of her father, Professor Lewis R. Gibbes.
Miss Elizabeth P. Ravenel and Miss Frances Dill have also acted
as volunteer assistants in preparing survey cards.

It is of interest to note that the number of species already re-
corded in the survey exceeds those cataloged by Dr. Bachman for
the vicinity of Charleston.

PUBLICATION

The ninth volume of the Bulletin, comprising seventy-two
pages, was completed in 1913. Among the longer articles con-
tained in this volume mention may be made of the annual report
of the director in January number; a review of the history of the
Muesum in the special anniversary number for March; Dr. Mar-
tin 's report in the April number, summarizing the progress of the
geological department during his curatorship ; and Dr. Barnhart 's
account, in the December number, of the life and work of Otto
Kuntze.

Mr. Wilham G. Mazyck's Catalog of MoUusca of South Car-
olina was published in June as the second number in the Con-
tributions FROM THE Charleston Museum. This series is
the medium for publication of the research work of the Museum
and is in many ways one of its most important activities. It
would be greatly to our advantage in many ways if funds could
be secured for the more frequent issue of the Contributions.

The director has for years contemplated a third series of pub-
lications comprising popular guides to the fauna and flora of
South Carolina. The need of such books is very great, for there
can be little popular interest in natural history until there are
simple illustrated manuals describing the animals and plants of
our own section. There are many such books for the north and
even the west, but almost none for the south. Their prepara-
tion must follow such serious studies as we print in the Contri-
butions, and the publication of the Catalog of Mollusca affords
an opportunity for the initiation of this third series, which com-
pletes the scheme of publications now contemplated.

Mr. Mazyck 's catalog is a purely technical list, but it gives us

12

for the first time the names of all the species known in South
Carolina, with comments on their distribution and abundance.
From the 534 species listed we are now selecting about 75 of the
shells common on the sea beaches and are making arrangements
to obtain simple illustrations which will enable us to print a pocket
guide to the common beach shells of South Carolina. The text
will be brief and untechnical and the purpose of the guide will be
to enable anyone to identify shells collected on the beach and to
learn simple and interesting things about them. It is hoped that
this book may be published in the coming year.

Papers sent from the Museum to other publications include a
paper on Educational Work of American Museums written by the
director for the annual report of the United States Commissioner
of Education and four ornithological notes by Mr. F. M. Weston,
Jr. in The Auk.

For editorial support and the printing of news notes and no-
tices the Museum is again indebted to The News & Courier and
the Evening Post.

PUBLIC INSTRUCTION

The activities of this department have become both numerous
and extensive. They include the Natural History Society, Miss
Bragg 's class in botany, the service extended to the public and
private schools, the instruction given for affiliated colleges, and
public lectures. All of this work, with the exception of the last
two items, is under the immediate care of Miss Bragg as curator
of public instruction.

Natural History Society. This society represents one of
the first efforts of the Museum to arouse interest in natural sci-
ence and wholesome out-door life. After leading a somewhat
precarious existence for several years, it has for some time shown
healthy growth in numbers and interest. The number of mem-
bers in the past year was one hundred and seventy-nine. The
society is divided into two sections: Section A for adults, and
Section B for children under fifteen years of age. Each section
has a monthly meeting at the Museum and frequent field trips
for study under Miss Bragg. The scope of the meetings may be
indicated by the programs, as follows: January — no meeting
on account of rain; February — Dr. George F. Matthew on Fos-
sils of St. John, New Brunswick; March — Director Rea on Evo-
lution of a Tooth; April — Forecaster J. H. Scott on Weather

IS

Forecasting; May — Miss Bragg on Weeds of Charleston; Novem-
ber— Miss Bragg on South Carolina Birds in and on the Way to
New England; December — Miss Bragg on South Carolina Birds
in Arctic Regions and on Bird Rock (using information prepared
by A. Sprunt, Jr. and B. R. Chamberlain). Specimens and lan-
tern slides are used in illustrating these talks.

Fifteen field trips were conducted by Miss Bragg to such lo-
calities as Hampton Park, the vicinity of the Navy Yard, the
Isle of Palms, St. Andrew's Parish, Mulberry Castle, Summer-
ville, the heronry near Secessionville, Dewees Island, Yeaman Hall,
and Otranto. The society is indebted to Mr. R. P. Tucker for
the privilege of landing at Mulberry Castle, and to Messrs. E.
A. Williams and Porter Williams for the use of their launches in
visiting the heronry.

The society has grown so large that the Thanksgiving Day and
Washington 's Birthday trips, when it has been customary to take
the entire Section A, have become unprofitable. Hereafter there
will be a larger number of small trips, entailing additional work
for Miss Bragg, but giving much better opportunity for field work.

The Natural History Society has become an important educa-
tional asset of the city. It affords recreation and instruction to
adults and is even more important in developing in the young a
wholesome interest in natural science. The younger members
have always been willing and efficient assistants in many lines of
Museum work. One of the boys who has grown up in the soci-
ety is now studying taxidermy in the studios of Mr. Carl E. Ake-
ley in New York.

The society has increased the equipment of the Museum by
purchasing colored lantern slides, charts, and metal cases for the
storage of birds and insects.

Class in Botany. This class was organized in November,
1912, among the members of the Natural History Society, for the
purpose of giving a knowledge of our local flora and training in
methods of identifying plants. It numbered twenty members
and continued successfully through the winter and spring months.
It will be convened again the second Monday in February.

School Work. The cooperation of the Museum with the
public schools has grown in extent and interest during the year.
A full account of the facilities which the Museum offers the schools
was printed in the Bulletin for December, 1912.

There are now in almost constant use in the schools twenty-
six traveling exhibits. These exhibits are prepared for use in

14

connection with the first grade only, but the superintendent
states that they reached 1750 children in the first grades last
year.

This work should be extended as rapidly as possible to the
higher grades, and to geographical and industrial subjects. The
one industrial exhibit now available, illustrating very fully the
iron and steel industry, was used successfully by the industrial
department of the high school, and has demonstrated the great
value and scope of such exhibits.

Requests are received in increasing numbers from rural schools
for the use of the traveling exhibits. These requests are complied
with when it is possible to do so without interfering with the
work in the city. The director hopes and confidently expects
that in the not distant future means will be provided for the ex-
tension of this educational work into the country schools.

Public Lectures. The course of public lectures by the di-
rector, on Heredity and Kindred Problems, which was begun in
December, 1912, was concluded in January, 1913. It is desira-
Ijle that general public lectures on timely phases of scientific in-
vestigation should be given as regularly as possible each winter.

Affiliated Colleges. The College of Charleston and the
Medical College of the State of South Carolina are affiliated with
the Museum and conduct a part of their work in the laborato-
ries and classrooms. They pay the expense of their work and
share the general maintenance of the laboratory. The relation
is mutually helpful. In his recently published report, the dean
of the Medical College, says:

I wish to make reference to the unusual facihties for the study of anatomy of-
fered by our affiliation with the Charleston ]\[useum, and to suggest that you
seriously consider the advisability of providing for a pre-medical year, in which
the osteological collection can be utilized most profitably. This collection is e.x-
ceptionally complete, its equal being found in no other Southern city, and indeed,
in few of the cities of the country.

The laboratory was painted in white enamel early in the year,
and equipped with additional tables, apparatus, cabinets, and
other conveniences. The equipment put in by the Medical
College is constantly increasing.

CONCLUSION

The spirit of the past year has been one of achievement. It

15

is difficult to avoid the feeling that the uncertainty of ultimate
success in establishing the Museum on a permanent and efficient
basis, which has been ever-present during the past decade, is
giving way to reasonable certainty. That there will be many
difficult problems to contend with is to be expected, but with the
measure of success already achieved, and with the opportunities
and equipment for larger and better service, we cannot but face
the future with renewed zeal and courage.

In scientific investigation and recreation there is urgent need
and abundant opportunity in South Carolina for a great museum
which shall be, not a mere storehouse of mummies, but a clear-
ing house for the dissemination of scientific knowledge by direct
visual instruction in such varied but coordinate ways as the needs
of the people require. To fulfil this high destiny should be the
constant aim of the Charleston Museum, the oldest of American
museums in point of years, but, we trust, as youthful as any in
enthusiasm, adaptability, and resourcefulness.

The next decade will complete a century and a half of museum
history. If it accomplishes for this institution the relations be-
tween science and education which have been indicated above,
the Charleston Museum will stand among the leaders in museum
progress, as indeed it ought in justice to the high ideals with which
it was endowed by its founders.

Paul M. Rea, Director.

16

Under the Auspices of the College of Charleston

Patrons
HENRY P. WILLIAMS

Sustaining Members

Dr. ARCHIBALD E. BAKER
WILLIAM M. BIRD
Dr. a. JOHNSTON BUIST
WARING P. CARRINGTON
Mrs. WARING P. CARRINGTON
THOMAS W. CARROLL
Dr. ROBERT S. CATHCART
FRED G. DAVIES
Hon. JOHN F. FICKEN
PHILIP H. GADSDEN
J. ROSS HANAHAN
GEORGE S. HOLMES
WILLIAM E. HUGER
C. BISSELL JENKINS
HENRY LAURENS
WILLIAM J. McCORMACK

JULIAN MITCHELL
ROBERT L. MONTAGUE
T. MOULTRIE MORDECAI
Miss HENRIETTA MURDOCH
FRED C. PETERS
Capt. THOMAS PINCKNEY
Hon. R. GOODWYN RHETT
Col. HENRY SCHACHTE
OSCAR W. SCHLEETER
JAMES SOTTILE
ROBERT P. TUCKER
FREDERICK W. WAGENER, Jr.
Dr. T PRIOLEAU WHALEY
GEORGE W. WILLIAMS
HENRY P. WILLIAMS
Dr. ROBERT WILSON, Jr.

Annual Members

Dr. Sarah C. Allan
William S. Allan
Harry L. Erckmann
Henry H. Ficken
William G. Hinson
Henry S. Holmes
Mrs. Henry S. Holmes
Caleb B. Huiet
James R. Johnson
R. Hayne King

Dr. Charles W. Kollock
R. Bee Lebby
William C. Miller
Leland Moore
Norman M. Porter
Ernest H. Pringle
Dr. Edward Rutledge
William Schirmer
Capt. Samuel G. Stoney
Thomas R. Waring

Under the Auspices of the College of Charleston

PUBLICATIONS

(1) The Bulletin op the Charleston Museum is published monthly
from October to May, each number consisting of eight to sixteen pages.
This is a popular record of the work of the Museum, containing accounts
of its educational activities, descriptions of exhibits, and preliminary
notices of investigations. Important records of geographical distribu-
tion, and working lists of the local fauna and flora are often published
first in the Bulletin. The January issue of each year is devoted to the
annual report of the director of the Museum.

Volume I of this series began in April, 1905, and is complete in 5
numbers. Subsequent volumes consist of 8 numbers each. A title page
and index to the first five volumes was published in the issue of
December, 1909.

Sent prepaid to any address for 25 cents a year. Single copies 5 cents each,

(2) Contributions from the Charleston Museum are issued at
irregular intervals, and consist of research papers too long or too im-
portant for publication in the Bulletin.

I Birds of South Carolina, by Arthur Trezevant Wayne.

Pp. XXI + 254. Price: paper, $2.75; cloth, $3.25.

II Catalog of the MoUusca of South Carolina, by William

G. Mazyck. Pp. XVI + 39. Price: paper, 50 cents.

Ill Birds of the City of Charleston, by Herbert Ravenel
Sass. In preparation.

BULLETIN

OF

THE CHARLESTON MUSEUM

Edited By
PAUL M. REA

PRELIMINARY LIST OF FERNS

Volume X, Number 2 February, 1914

Under the Auspices of the College of Charleston

Director

Paul M. Rea

Honorary Curators

Wm. G. Mazyck Conchology

Daniel S. Martin Geology

Arthur T. Wayne Ornithology

Nathaniel W. Stephenson Art

Edward R. Memminger Fungi

Curator of Books and Public Instruction

Laura M. Bragg

Instructor in Physiology and Zoology

L. Wm. McGrath

Secretary to the Director

Laura L. Weeks

Assistant in Library

Harriet E. Coffin

The Charleston Museum was organized in March, 1773, by the
Charles Town Library Society. In 1815 it was transferred to the Liter-
ary and Philosophical Society of South Carolina, and in 1828 was de-
posited in the Medical College of South Carolina. In 1850 the Museum
was transferred to the College of Charleston, where it was known as
the College of Charleston Museum. In 1907 a building was provided by
the City and the name changed to The Charleston Museum.

The Museum is dependent upon dues from members and private sub-
scriptions for all permanent improvements, for increase of the collections,
and for maintenance of its educational and scientific work.

The membership fees are:—

Annual Members $ 10 Patrons $ 500

Sustaining Members 25 Benefactors 1000

The Bulletin of the Charleston Museum is published monthly,
from October to May, by the Museum and is entered at the Post Office
at Charleston, S. C, as second-class matter*

BULLETIIV

OF

THE CHARLESTON MUSEUM

Vol. 10 CHARLESTON, S. C, FEBRUARY, 1914 No. 2

PRELIMINARY LIST OF THE FERNS OF THE COAST RE-
GION OF SOUTH CAROLINA NORTH OF CHARLESTON

The present paper is based on records from the Charleston
Museum's plant survey of South Carolina. This survey aims
to record for each species in South Carolina, (1) all published
references to occurrence within the state, (2) data relative
to herbarium specimens collected within the state, and, (3)
the distribution of species as indicated by collecting and ecologi-
cal study in different sections of the state.

For this summary of the ferns of the coast region north of
Charleston the published sources have been John Bachman's
Catalogue of phaenogamous plants and ferns, native or natural-
ized, found growing in the vicinity of Charleston, South Carolina,
1834; Henry W. Ravenel's Catalogue of the natural orders of
plants, inhabiting the vicinity of the Santee Canal, S. C./ Lewis
R. Gibbes' Botany of Edings' Bay;^ W. C. Coker's three papers,
The garden of Andre Michaux,^ Observations on the flora of the
Isle of Palms,* Plant life of Hartsville, S. C, 1912; and R. M.
Harper's A midsummer journey through the coastal plain of the
Carolinas and Virginia.^

> Proe. Amer. Astoc. Adv. Sci., 1850, 2-17.

iProc. Ell. Soc, I, Oct.. 1857, 241-248.

'Jour. Elisha Mitchell Scientific Soc. XXVII, July, 1911, 6.5-72.

* Torreya. V. Aug., 1905, 135-145.

-'Bull. Torrey Botanical Club, XXXVI, 1907, 351-377.

17

I

The herbaria consulted have been the Gray Herbarium, and those
of the New York Botanical Garden, the University of Nebraska,
and the Charleston Museum. Citations of specimens in the
latter are marked (H), and refer chiefly to Ravenel's herbarium
from the vicinity of the Santee Canal, upon which his Catalogue
is based, and to specimens of my own collecting within the last
four years. A few specimens are from Francis Peyre Porcher.

Further records are from the survey, based on my personal
observations.

The number of species listed is twenty-nine, seven of which are
from Bachman's Catalogue, unsubstantiated by specimens and
probably erroneous. Six species which the manuals credit to
South Carolina should be looked for in the coast region, namely,
Ophioglossum vulgatum L., Botrychium hiternatum (Lam.) Un-
derw., B. obliquum Muhl., Asplenium dentatum L., Lycopodium
luddulum Michx., and L. chapmanii Underw.

The nomenclature followed is that of the first edition of Small's
Flora of the Southeastern United States.

I wish to express my thanks to Miss Margaret Slosson and Dr.
B. L. Robinson. Dr. Robinson has most generously furnished
me with data for over six hundred specimens of South Carolina
plants in the Gray Herbarium.

Ophioglossum crotalophoroides Walt. Adder 's-tongue. Light
soil in pine woods.

Records. Bachman: Charleston. Ravenel: Santee Canal (H).

Botrychium virginianum (L.) Sw. Rattlesnake Fern. This
species is probably common but the older herbaria have preserved
no specimens of it. Bachman lists it for Charleston and Ravenel
doubtless refers to it as one of his two species of Botrychium,
Ophioglossum crotalophoroides from his herbarium being the other.
Miss Mabel Webber and I found it fairly common at Otranto,
in low mixed woods bordering the swamp to the west of the rail-
road. On April 27, 1913, the spores had fallen.

Records. Bachman: Charleston. Webber and Bragg: Otranto

(H).

18

Osmunda cinnamomea L. Cinnamon Fern. Common and
abundant on the mainland in wet woods and borders of swamps;
occasional in roadside ditches. Fiddleheads appear about the
first week of March and mature spores may be found early in
May.

Records. Bachman: Charleston. Bragg: Charleston Navy
Yard (H), Georgetown County, Otranto (H), Summerville,
Sumter. Coker: Hartsville, Ten Mile. Ravenel: Santee Canal.
Osmunda spectabilis Willd. Royal Fern. Common but less
abundant than 0. cinnamomea, with which it is usually associated.
Spores mature in May.

Records. Bachman: Charleston. Bragg: Charleston Navy
Yard (H), Ten Mile. Coker: Hartsville, Ten Mile. Ravenel:
Santee Canal.

Polypodium vulgare L. Common Polypody. Recorded by
Bachman only and that probably erroneously, as he fails to list
the very common P. polypodioides.

Polypodium polypodioides (L.) A. S. Hitchcock. Resurrec-
tion Fern; Gray Polypody. Common throughout the coast-
al region on trunks and large branches of trees, particularly of
live oaks. Occasionally found in sand at the base of trees and
on old buildings, even on tile roofs. In mild seasons, such as
1913 and 1914, growth continues throughout the year and pro-
thallia and young plants may be found in January. This and
Pteridium aquilinum are the common ferns of the sandy coast
islands; both are found throughout the state.

Records. Bragg: Cainhoy, Charleston, Ingleside, Isle of Palms
(H), Otranto, Santee Swamp, Ten Mile. Coker: Hartsville,
Isle of Palms. Porcher: St. Johns Berkeley (H). Ravenel:
Santee Canal (H). Robinson: Summerville (Gray Herb.).

Pteris serrulata L. f. A tradition persists in Charleston that
the common introduced fern now determined as Pteris serrulata
L. f. was brought here from Europe by the Huguenots, and it is
often called the Huguenot or Mediterranean Fern. On the other
hand, local students claim that Prof. Lewis R. Gibbes discovered

19

it here in 1868 and determined it as P. cretica. The first refer-
ence to the occurrence of a naturalized Pteris in South Carolina
appears in the Proceedings of the Elliott Society,^ where Professor
Gibbes reports ' ' an undetermined species of Pteris, found about
a month since, in fruit, in Wentworth St., near the corner of
Rutledge, growing on the brick foundation of a wooden house,
on the South side of the street. * * * the Fern is growing
freely, and it is like none of those known to inhabit this State.
Its origin and the time of its introduction are unknown." No
further reference to the discovery is made in the Elliott Society's
Proceedings, and no specimens of an introduced Pteris from Pro-
fessor Gibbes' herbarium have been traced. Professor Gibbes'
daughter. Miss Emma (gibbes, tells me that her father trans-
planted several of th(> ferns from Wentworth Street to the wall
of his laboratory at the College of Charleston. From here he
permitted the collector, A. H. Curtis, several years later to take
many specimens, which were distributed as P. serrulata. J.
Donnell Smith also collected here April 16, 1880 (Gray Herb.).
Since then the fern has become abundant on the many shaded
old brick walls of the city. Modern progress is its enemy and
the advent of fresh paint and plaster mark its retreat. It is,
however, holding its own and has spread beyond the city. I have
found it plentiful on a modern brick culvert at the Navy Yard,
Dr. D. S. Martin has noted it on the Theological Seminary at
Columbia since 1898 or 1900, and Miss Anna Sinkler has recently
sent me specimens from "Eutaw," near Eutawville.

Miss Margaret Slosson has kindly examined for me the South
Carolina specimens of this species in the herbarium of the New
York Botanical Garden and finds, beside eight sheets from Cur-
tis, one collected by Eggleston at Eutawville, on ' ' Locks of San-
tee Canal." That Eutawville is fifteen miles from the Santee
Canal is of little importance, but it is of interest to know that
Eggleston, probably in the eighties, found this introduced species
in Ravenel's own country. Ravenel's Catalogue was devoted

» II, Dec, 1868, 01-62. '

20

exclusively to native plants but his fern herbarium includes nu-
merous foreign and cultivated species. Neither the herbarium nor
his manuscript catalog of it contain any trace of our fern, as
surely they must have, had it been near the Santee Canal pre-
vious to 1850. Ravenel, further, in 1882, in his List of the more
common native and naturalized plants of South Carolina' gives
only two species of Pteris, — ' ' aquilina ' ' and ' ' Cretica. ' ' The
latter is surely a mistake for serrulata. Ravenel could not have
failed to know of Professor Gibbes' discovery. He may, how-
ever, have examined only young specimens, which fr(!quently
lack the decurrent character of the leaf. Scarcely three years
before the species was still undetermined, as Prof. D. C. Eaton
wrote,' "I learn from Prof. Lewis R. Gibbes, that a Pteris has
sowed itself and grown abundantly- on the walls of the College
of Charleston, S. C. it will be vctv interesting to know whether
this is Pteris cretica or Pteris serrulata. ' ' Miss Gibbes, who was
her father's amanuensis, tells me that he sent specimens to Pro-
fessor Eaton for determination. Chapman includes the species
in the supplement to the 1884 edition of his Flora as P. serrulata
from Charleston. In the main text of Professor Gibbes' copy
of this edition he has added P. serrulata in pencil to the given
species of Pteris, but makes no mention of cretica.

Although the ferns have disappeared from the Wentworth
Street house and the laboratory at the College of Charleston was
taken down after the earthquake of 1886, there is no room to
doubt that the present well-known P. serrulata is the fern of
Professor Gibbes' discovery and that the belief that P. cretica
has ever been taken in Charleston is an illusion based on Raven-
el's error.

The species is deciduous in Charleston; growth continues
throughout the year, however, and young plants may be found
in January. Spores mature in April.

Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn. Bracken. Common through-
out coast region, in open sandy woods. With scrub oaks this

» S. C. Board of Agriculture. South Carolina. 1883, 361.
* Bull. Torrey Hot. Club. \1,1H79,S07.

21

species forms the typical undergrowth where the pine barrens
are frequently burned over. It is the only fern of the dry, lightly-
wooded sea islands and is characteristic of the open grassy bor-
ders of the jungle on more densely covered islands. Spores ma-
ture in May.

The variety pseudocaudatum Clute is well represented by a
specimen from the Santee country, collected by Ravenel and
labeled by him P. caudata. Bachman's P. caudata must also, in
all probability, be referred to this form. I have, however, searched
extensively but unsuccessfully for a distinct variety in the vicin-
ity of Charleston.

Records. Bachman: Charleston. Bragg: Charleston Navy
Yard (H), Dewees Island, Georgetown County, Isle of Palms,
Otranto, Sullivan's Island, Summerville, Sumter. Coker: Harts-
ville. Isle of Palms, Ten Mile. Gibbes: Edings' Bay. Harper:
' ' intermediate pine-lmrrens. ' ' Robinson : Charleston Navy Yard
(Gray Herb.).

Peiiaea atropurpurea (L.) Link. Cliff Bkake. Recorded by
Bachman, probably erroneously.

Anchistea virginica (L.) Presl. Virginia Chain-fern. A-
bundant in freshwater swamps and ditches and in low wet woods,
associated with the Cinnamon Fern, Net-veined Chain-fern, and,
in woods, with the Lady Fern and Florida Shield-fern.

Records. Bachman: Charleston. Bragg: Charleston Navy
Yard (H), Georgetown County, Summerville, Sumter. Coker:
Hartsville, Ten Mile. Harper: ''damp sandy places." Rav-
enel: San tee Canal.

Asplenium platyneuron (L.) Oakes. Ebony Spleenwort.
One of the most common ferns. Associated with Pteris serru-
lata on old walls in Charleston. Grows luxuriantly on wooded
banks, and particularly along artificial ditches. Fertile leaves
measuring four to five inches wide and twenty inches long, with
deeply serrate pinnae, are characteristic of highly developed
plants. Spores mature in May.

Records. Bachman: Charleston. Bragg: Charleston, George-
town County, Ingleside, James Island, Otranto, Stateburg.
Coker: Hartsville. Ravenel: Eutaw Springs, Santee Canal.

Asplenium trichomanes L. Recorded by Bachman only.

Asplenium ruta-muraria L. Recorded by Bachman only.

22

Asplenium filix-foemina (L.) Bernh. Lady Fern. Frequent
in rich damp woods. Spores mature in May.

Records. Bachman: Charleston. Bragg: Charleston Navy-
Yard (H), Otranto. Coker: Hartsville. Ravenel: Santee Canal.

Lorinseria areoiata (L.) Presl. Net-veined Chain-fern.
Very abundant in freshwater swamps and along the rice field
canals.

Records. Bachman: Charleston. Bragg: Charleston Navy
Yard (H), Otranto, Georgetown County along rice lands of
Pee Dee and Waccamaw Rivers, St. Andrews Parish (H), Sumter.
Coker: Hartsville, Ten Mile. Ravenel: Santee Canal (H).

Onoclea sensibilis L. Sensitive Fern. Not common.

Records. Bachman: Charleston. Bragg: St. Andrews Parish
(H). Ravenel: Santee Canal (H).

Polystichum acrostichoides (Michx.) Schott. Christmas Fern.
Common in dry mixed woods near the coast. At Stateburg
found in a deep gorge. Brought into Charleston throughout
the year by the negro women selling flowers.

Records. Bachman: Charleston. Bragg: Cainhoy, Otranto
(H), Plantersville, Stateburg. Porcher: St. Johns Berkeley.

Dryopteris noveboracensis (L.) A. Gray. New York Fern.
Recorded by Bachman, probably erroneously for D. thelypteris,
a common species near Charleston.

Dryopteris thelypteris (L.) A. Gray. Marsh Shield-fern.
Common in wet woods.

Records. Bragg: Charleston Navy Yard (H). Coker: Isle
of Palms.

Dryopteris patens (Sw.) Kuntze. Several plants on an old
brick tomb at Goose Creek Church, Otranto, are all that I have
found. Dr. B. L. Robinson kindly determined the species for
me. Chapman, in the third edition of his Flora, includes South
Carolina in its range but Small does not.

Records. Bragg: Otranto (H). Ravenel: Eutaw Springs
(Gray Herb.).

Dryopteris floridana (Hook.) Kuntze. Florida Shield-fern.
Not previously recorded for South Carolina. Abundant in sev-
eral localities at the Charleston Navy Yard, growing in damp
woods along streams running through the pine barrens. Asso-
ciated in one particularly rich spot with the Cinnamon and Royal

23

Ferns, both Chain-ferns, the Marsh Shield-fern, and within a
few yards of the Lady Fern and Selaginella apus. The leaves
are evergreen and in winter lie stretched on the ground in a cir-
cle, the fertile ones often over three feet in length. Spores ma-
ture in late May and early June.

Records. Bragg: Charleston Navy Yard.

Phegopteris hexagonoptera (Michx.) Fee. Broad Beech-fern.

Records. Bachman: Charleston. Porcher: St. Johns Berkeley
(H).

Phegopteris phegopteris (L.) Underw. Long Beech-fern.
Recorded by Bachman, undoubtedly erroneously.

Woodsia rufidula Beck. Recorded by Bachman only. It is
unlikely that any Woodsia should occur in this region and I am
unable to form any opinion regarding the species referred to.

Azolla caroliniana Willd. Floating Fern. Floating in still
water.

Records. Ravenel: Santee Canal (H).

Lycopodium alopecuroides L. Fox-tail Club Moss. Common
in damp pine land.

Records. Bragg: Georgetown County (H). Coker: Harts-
villc. Ravenel: Santee Canal (H).

Lycopodium carolinianum L. Little Club Moss. In low pine
barrens.

Records. Bachman: Charleston. Bragg: Summerville (H).
Coker: Hartsville.

Psilotum nudum (L.) Griseb.

Records. Ravenel: Santee Canal (H).

Selaginella apus (L.) Spring. Creeping Selaginella. Fre-
quent but not abundant in shady places along the swampy mar-
gins of freshwater streams, growing in sand mixed with vegeta-
ble mold. Found throughout the year.

Records. Bragg: Charleston Navy Yard (H), Otranto. Rav-
enel: Santee Canal. Laura M. Bragg.

24

Under the Auspices of the College of Charleston

PUBLICATIONS

(1) The Bulletin op the Charleston Museum is published monthly
from October to May, each number consisting of eight to sixteen pages.
This is a popular record of the work of the Museum, containing accounts
of its educational activities, descriptions of exhibits, and preliminary
notices of investigations. Important records of geographical distribu-
tion, and working lists of the local fauna and flora are often published
first in the Bulletin. The January issue of each year is devoted to the
annual report of the director of the Museum.

Volume I of this series began in April, 1905, and is complete in 5
numbers. Subsequent volumes consist of 8 numbers each. A title page
and index to the first five volumes was published in the issue of
December, 1909.

Sent prepaid to any address for 25 cents a year. Single copies 5 cents each,

(2) Contributions from the Charleston Museum are issued at
irregular intervals, and consist of research papers too long or too im-
portant for publication in the Bulletin.

I Birds of South Carolina, by Arthur Trezevant Wayne.
Pp. XXI + 254. Price: paper, $2.75; cloth, $3.25.

II Catalog of the Mollusca of South Carolina, by William
G. Mazyck. Pp. XVI + 39. Price: paper, 50 cents.

Ill Birds of the City of Charleston, byHHerbert Ravenel
Sass. In preparation.

BULLETIJV

OP

THE CHARLESTON MUSEUM

Edited By
PAUL M. REA

BABYLONIAN CLAY TABLETS

LOCAL FAUNA

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY

SCHOOL AND MUSEUM NOTES

CALENDAR FOR APRIL

Volume X, Number 3 March, 1914

Under the Auspices of the College of Charleston

Director

Paul M. Rea

Honorary Curators

Wm. G. Mazyck Conchology

Daniel S. Martin Geology

Arthur T. Wayne Ornithology

Nathaniel W. Stephenson Art

Edward R. Memminger Fungi

Curator of Books and Pitblic Instruction

Laura M. Bragg

Instructor in Physiology and Zoology

L. Wm. McGrath

Secretary to the Director

Laura L. Weeks

Assistant in Library

Harriet E. Coffin

The Charleston Museum was organized in March, 1773, by the
Charles Town Library Society. In 1815 it was transferred to the Liter-
ary and Philosophical Society of South Carolina, and in 1828 was de-
posited in the Medical College of South Carolina. In 1850 the Museum
was transferred to the College of Charleston, where it was known as
the College of Charleston Museum. In 1907 a building was provided by
the City and the name changed to The Charleston Museum.

The Museum is dependent upon dues from members and private sub-
scriptions for all permanent improvements, for increase of the collections,
and for maintenance of its educational and scientific work.

The membership fees are:—

Annual Members $ 10 Patrons $ 500

Sustaining Members .... 25 Benefactors 1000

The Bulletin of the Charleston Museum is published monthly,
from October to May, by the Museum and is entered at the Post Office
at Charleston, S. C, as second-class matter-

BULLETIIV

OP

THE CHARLESTON MUSEUM

NEW

Vol. 10 CHARLESTON. S. C, MARCH, 1914 No. 3

BABYLONIAN CLAY TABLETS

The Museum has recently purchased for use in its traveling
school exhibits a series of original Babylonian clay tablets with
cuneiform inscriptions dating from about 2200 b. c. It will be
of unusual interest to school children to be able to actually handle
records of Babylonian life written four thousand years ago.
While all our Greek and Roman literature and even the Bible
is known to us only through copies of the original manuscripts,
in these tablets the hand of the ancient writer speaks directly
to our eyes with no intermediary.

The preservation of these ancient writings is due to the du-
rable nature of the material. Four thousand years ago clay tab-
lets were used in Babylon in place of paper. Upon these tablets
were inscribed the cuneiform or wodge-shaped signs of the lan-
guage. The clay was then baked until it became like brick, and
in this form it has withstood the lapse of ages.

Several thousand of these tablets were recently found in the
ruins of a Babylonian city and have been purchased by European
and American museums. The Charleston Museum is including
them in the traveling exhibits sent to the schools in order that
teachers may use them as object lessons to illustrate the books
and civilization of the ancients, and the sources of ancient history.

The following description of the tablets purchased by the Mu-

25

seum illustrates a number of the most common uses of these
writings and of the variations in style and form:

1. A receipt for twelve sheep. From Drehern. Date, about
2250 B. c. This tablet, about an inch square, took the place of
the paper receipts constantly used in business today.

2. A tag telling the contents of a basket, to which it was at-
tached by cords entering the holes on one side. From Drehern.
Date, about 2250 b. c.

3. A temple record sealed with a cylindrical seal to prevent
changing of the records. The seal bears the name of the scribe.
From Jokha. Date, about 2300 b. c.

4. A list of objects for use in the temple. The first two lines
have been erased by the finger nail of the scribe. This could
have been done only while the clay was fresh and before it was
baked. From Jokha. Date, about 2300 b. c.

5. A cone which was thrust into the temple wall at Warka

(the Biblical Erech of Genesis X:10). It reads: "For Sin-ga-

shid, the mighty hero, the King of Erech, the King of Amanu, in

the temple of Ishtar, which he built in the royal palace of his

empire." Date, about 2100 b. c.

P. M. Rea.

LOCAL FAUNA

Arkansas Kingbird.' — On Tuesday morning, December 9,
1913, I was attracted by the presence of an unusual bird in the
lot which adjoins my home. The little fellow seemed extremely
happy as he flew and circled over the dried grass and bushes of
this waste lot. I watched him at various times during that day
but it was not until a day or so later that I found time to care-
fully study him with the aid of glasses. After observing him for
quite a while and comparing him with various descriptions in my
book, I became convinced that it was the Arkansas Kingbird; but

I note: The first record of the Arkansas Kingbird (Tyrannus verticalis) in South Carolina
is due to the keen observation and interest of Mrs Sharpe, who tells here the story of her ex-
perience with this accidental visitor. The final identification and capture of the bird was
made by Messrs. Burnham and Rhett Chamberlain. The skin is now in the Museum (Spec
7204). This important addition to the avifauna of the state is recorded by Mr. E. Burnham
Chamberlain in the April number of the The Auk (Vol. XXXI, No. 2). — Editor.

26

as we talked it over and looked at the recorded habitat of that
species it seemed hardly possible that my bird could have strayed
so far from his home. The next question was — if not the Arkan-
sas Kingbird, then what is it? We decided to ask the aid of
some of the young men of the Natural History Society who are
often in this locality. Accordingly on Monday, December 15,
Mr. Sharpe spoke to Mr. Sprunt about the bird and inquired the
name. Mr. Sprunt said that he had observed the bird some few
days before but that he did not know just what it was. We de-
cided that it was best to notify the Museum and let them send
someone to identify it, killing it only in case it should be of real
value as a record.

While preparing to go to the Museum on Tuesday morning,
December 16, I looked from my window and saw Mr. E. Burnham
Chamberlain together with Mr. B. Rhett Chamberlain. They
were carrying their gun and as they have licenses for scientific
collecting, I realized that I should soon know the species. They
had heard of the bird the evening before and had come down to
investigate. I was of course most interested in the capture
and was delighted when Mr. Chamberlain returned to tell me
that my bird was the Arkansas Kingbird and that it made a very
noteworthy record for South Carolina, the first for the state, in
fact.

We have missed the little fellow very much. He was so quick
and free and happy in all his movements on the wing, and yet
he would sit on a telephone wire or fence quiet as quiet could
be, only his head constantly looking from side to side. In the
morning and late afternoon he seemed more active than in the
middle of the day. The late afternoon was the only time that
I was able to hear his call. Once, with the aid of glasses, Mr.
Sharpe observed him to pounce upon a grasshopper, carry it
to the fence and eat it. Miss Bragg told me later that a small
fiddler crab had been found in his stomach.

27

Altogether it was a most delightful observation and even had
the record been of no value I should still have felt more than re-
paid for the time spent in watching the little creature. — Edith
E. Sharpe.

Prothonotary Warbler. — This beautiful little warbler {Protono-
taria citrea) of the swampy lowlands is rarely found within the
limits of the city. But on the morning of August 26, 1913, I
observed three in a sycamore tree in front of my home on Carolina
Street, in the northern part of the city. Of these I took one and
prepared it as a skin for the Charleston Museum collection.
This bird was in summer plumage and was evidently migrating,
which explains to a certain extent its presence in the city. — Ed-
ward A. Hyer.

Qrinnell's Water Thrush. — On October 4, 1913, I took a spec-
imen of this water thrush in the northwestern part of the city and
a few days later obtained another one. As I could not determine
the subspecies I left that to Mr. Miller of the American Museum,
to whom thanks is due for the identification as Seiurus novebo-
racensis notabilis. Both birds are now preserved as unmounted
skins in the collection of the Charleston Museum. — Edward A.
Hyer.

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY

Section A held its regular monthly meeting on March 5. As it
rained all that day a very small attendance was expected and it
was decided to postpone Mr. E. B. Chamberlain's talk on South
Carolina Birds in Panama until the April meeting. A goodly
number of people braved the weather, however, and an informal
meeting was held in the library. A general discussion of the lo-
cal status of birds observed on recent trips, and of the spring
arrivals to be looked for, resulted in a most helpful hour.

Section B met on March 12 in the large lecture room. Miss
Bragg talked on the Nesting Habits of Birds, illustrating her talk
with colored lantern slides. The bird Contest was also concluded,
resulting in the winning of the first prize by Master James Sprunt.

28

The prize was a copy of Reed's Water Bird Guide. The contest
was close and Master George Howell was awarded as second prize
one of Mrs. Comstock's Field and School Bird Note Books.

Section B will have a field trip to St. Andrew's Parish on Sat-
urday, March 28. All members of Section B who desire to go
should meet Miss Bragg at the toll gate of the New Bridge at
9.30 A. M. The return will be made in time for dinner.

The Botany Class has started again. All the old members
have continued and half a dozen new ones have joined. The
object of the class is to study plants, both systematically and
structurally, but always for the purpose of learning to determine
the species. There are no popular botanies for this section of
the country and in consequence non-scientific people have hope-
lessly given up trying to learn the wild flowers. Furthermore,
the preparatory schools of the present day are devoting their
time so largely to physiological botany that, as a result, their
graduates know little or nothing of the practical determination
of species. The Museum hopes eventually to publish a popular
botany for South Carolina. Meanwhile, through the medium
of the Botany Class, it is showing people how to know the flowers
they see about them, teaching a certain amount of physiology
but laying particular stress on determination and relationship.

The Class is open to all members of Section A. Meetings are
held on the first and third Mondays of each month at 4.30 p. m.
at the Museum, or at some designated locality suitable for botan-
izing. Meetings will always be at the Museum on rainy days.

SCHOOL NOTES

Three classes in nature study have been held at the Museum
during the month, respectively the first, second, and third grade
teachers in the public schools of the city. These classes are de-
signed to assist teachers in the use of the traveling exhibits which
the Museum circulates among the schools. The classes were
under the direction of Miss Louise FoUin, supervisor of primary

29

school work, and instruction was given by the Museum 's curator
of public instruction.

A number of very attractive new traveling school exhibits are
now ready for circulation and more are in preparation. Private
school teachers may secure the loan of many of these exhibits by
telephoning to the Museum. The new exhibits now ready in-
clude: Chimney Swift with nest and eggs; Orchard Oriole, male,
female, and young male, with nest and eggs; Crow; Paper and
Mud Wasp nests.

The Museum has a stock of tadpoles which it will distribute
among teachers, both public and private, as long as the supply
lasts. A jar should be provided for removal.

Books relating to nature study in the schools and containing
helpful information about the subjects of the Museum's traveling
exhibits will be found in the library. Teachers will find the lib-
rary staff always ready to assist them in their study of either
books or Museum exhibits.

NOTES FROM THE MUSEUH

The Museum is open free to the public on week days from 10
to 6. Children unaccompanied by an adult are admitted only
on Saturdays.

Children visiting the Museum will j&nd a most attractive
assortment of mounted pictures in the library.

A new bulletin board has been set up in the reading room, on
which may be found lists of the transient and summer bird vis-
itants which are now returning north after wintering to the south
of us. Each bird is listed to show the month in which it arrives.
A blueprint chart of the local breeding birds has been prepared
by Mr. F. M. Weston, Jr. and Mr. E. B. Chamberlain. This
chart shows the weeks in which eggs of all the breeding birds
have been found. There are several birds which are known to
breed, the eggs of which have not been discovered. By watch-
ing this bulletin board everyone interested in birds may be pre-
pared for effective bird study during the next few months.

Another form of bulletin to be seen in the reading room is the
large picture poster showing brightly colored prints of birds.
Several of these posters have been made. At present the common
spring migrating birds are shown on one, and summer breeding
birds on another. While prepared primarily for the children,
adults are constantly observed studying them with interest.

Prof. Robert T. Jackson of Harvard University visited the
Museum recently, and most kindly determined the various spe-
cies of Echini in the Museum collection. The only species from
the South Carolina coast proved to be the sea-urchins, Toxop-
neustis variegatus and Arbacia punctulata; the cake-urchin or
sea-biscuit, Mellita testudinata; and the heart-urchin, Moira
atropus.

Dr. D. S. Martin, honorary curator of geology, has been work-
ing on the geological collections at the Museum for the past two
months.

A live opossum, presented by Mr. George P. Kingdon of the
Mitchell School, now constitutes an interesting member of the
Museum's live animal family. During the morning hours it is
generally coiled up asleep but late in the afternoon it may be
found wide awake and ready to eat or climb about its roomy cage.

Pillywagles Plat-Eye has come to live at the Museum. "Pil-
ly" was discovered near St. Stephens on February 6, 1914. He
then looked much like a downy baseball. For about six weeks
he lived and thrived at the Oakland Club, from which he has
been transferred to the Museum through the kindness of Mr.
John B. Gadsden. Pilly is perfectly gentle, answers to his name,
can be fed from the hand, and is altogether a most delightful
member of society. Later he may discover that he is a Great
Horned Owl and long for a wild life in the woods, but at present
he is quite content and will be glad to welcome visitors. Pilly's
cage will be found in the library.

«

MUSEUM CALENDAR FOR APRIL

April 2, Thursday. Regular monthly meeting of the Natural
History Society, Section A, at 5 p. m. Mr. E. Burnham Cham-
berlain will speak on South Carolina Birds in Panama, and
Miss Bragg on Our Birds which Arrive in April. A general
invitation to be present is extended to all interested.

April 4, Saturday. Section A launch trip up the Ashley
River, starting from Chisolm's Mill at 9.30 a. m. Open to mem-
bers only. Registration closed.

April 6, Monday. Botany Class at the Navy Yard. Party
will start on the Navy Yard car leaving the Battery at 3.45 p.
M. Open to members of Section A.

April 9, Thursday. Regular monthly meeting of the Natural
History Society, Section B. Miss Bragg will speak on Our
Common Spring Birds. A general invitation to be present is ex-
tended to all boys and girls interested.

April 13, Monday. Seniors and Juniors of the Confederate
Home College will meet at the Museum at 5 p. m. for a nature
study lecture.

April 14, Tuesday. Boy Scouts of St. John's Mission will
meet at the Museum at 8.30 p. m. for a lecture on Our Birds in
the Nesting Season. Illustrated with colored lantern slides.

April 17, Friday. Section B field trip to Hampton Park,
meeting at the Park entrance at 4.30 p. m. Open to members
only.

April 18, Saturday. Section A launch trip to Dewees Island,
starting from Custom House Wharf at 9.30 a. m. Open to mem-
bers only. Registration now in order.

April 20, Monday. Botany Class at Hampton Park at 4.45
p. M. Open to members of Section A.

April 27, Monday. Seniors and Juniors of the Confederate
Home College will meet at the Museum at 5 p. m. for a nature
study lecture.

32

Under the Auspices of the College op Charleston

PUBLICATIONS

(1) The Bulletin op the Charleston Museum is published monthly
from October to May, each number consisting of eight to sixteen pages.
This is a popular record of the work of the Museum, containing accounts
of its educational activities, descriptions of exhibits, and preliminary
notices of investigations. Important records of geographical distribu-
tion, and working lists of the local fauna and flora are often published
first in the Bulletin. The January issue of each year is devoted to the
annual report of the director of the Museum.

Volume I of this series began in April, 1905, and is complete in 5
numbers. Subsequent volumes consist of 8 numbers each. A title page
and index to the first five volumes was published in the issue of
December, 1909.

Stnf prepaid to any address for 25 cents a year. Single copies 5 cents eacht

(2) Contributions prom the Charleston Museum are issued at
irregular intervals, and consist of research papers too long or too im-
portant for publication in the Bulletin.

I Birds of South Carolina, by Arthur Trezevant Wayne.
Pp. XXI + 254. Price: paper, $2.75; cloth, $S.25.

II Catalog of the Mollusca of South Carolina, by William
G. Mazyck. Pp. XVI + 39. Price: paper, 50 cents.

Ill Birds of the City of Charleston, by] Herbert Ravenel
Sass. In preparation.

BULLETIN

OF

THE CHARLESTON MUSEUM

Edited By
PAUL M. REA

PRELIMINARY LIST OF BUTTERFLIES
LECTURE ON AFRICA

LOCAL FAUNA
CALENDAR FOR MAY

Volume X, Number 4 April, 1914

Under the Auspices of the College op Charleston

Director

Paul M. Rea

Honorary Curators

Wm. G. Mazyck Conchology

Daniel S. Martin Geology

Arthur T. Wayne Ornithology

Nathaniel W. Stephenson Art

Edward R. Memminger Fungi

Curator of Books and Public Instruction

Laura M. Bragg

Instructor in Physiology and Zoology

L. Wm. McGrath

Secretary to the Director

Laura L. Weeks

Assistant iri Library

Harriet E. Coffin

The Charleston Museum was organized in March, 1773, by the
Charles Town Library Society. In 1815 it was transferred to the Liter-
ary and Philosophical Society of South Carolina, and in 1828 was de-
posited in the Medical College of South Carolina. In 1850 the Museum
was transferred to the College of Charleston, where it was known as
the College of Charleston Museum. In 1907 a building was provided by
the City and the name changed to The Charleston Museum.

The Museum is dependent upon dues from members and private sub-
scriptions for all permanent improvements, for increase of the collections,
and for maintenance of its educational and scientific work.

The membership fees are:—

Annual Members $10 Patrons $ 500

Sustaining Members .... 25 Benefactors 1000

The Bulletin of the Charleston Museum is published monthly,
from October to May, by the Museum and is entered at the Post Office
at Charleston, S. C, as second-class matter-

BULLETIIV

OF

THE CHARLESTON MUSEUM

Vol. 10 CHARLESTON, S. C, APRIL. 1914 No. 4

PRELIMINARY LIST OF BUTTERFLIES OF THE VICINITY

OF CHARLESTON

The following list of butterflies occurring in and around Char-
leston is based on specimens taken and recorded in the biological
survey of the Charleston Museum during 1912 and 1913, chiefly
by myself and a few of the younger members of the Charleston
Natural History Society, including J. Bachman Chisolm, Charles
Colson, and Edward R. Jennings. It is, therefore, intended
merely as a summary of work done and as a basis of future study,
particularly for interested members of the Natural History So-
ciety.

The species here listed are, unless otherwise noted, represented
by specimens in the Museum 's collection, to which I have trans-
ferred from my own collection specimens of all species which the
Museum had not previously secured.

Limited literature, time, and number of workers makes the
collecting and preserving of our local lepidoptera necessarily slow.
We are hoping this year to work out many life histories in addi-
tion to the mere collecting. Eggs, caterpillars, chrysalids, and
butterflies will be most gladly received at the Museum as aids to
this study. Holland's Butterfly Book has been followed for
nomenclature and arrangement in this list.

33

FAMILY NYMPH ALIDAE
SUBFAMILY EUPLOEINAE: MILKWEED BUTTERFLIES

Anosia plexippus Linn. The Monarch. Very abundant in
city gardens and surrounding countr}'. Early October to last
of November. Toward the latter part of October when this
butterfly is migrating it may be noticed in large swarms. Last
year (1913) I saw them literally covering some sea-myrtle trees
which were then in flower.

Anosia berenice Cramer. The Queen. Common in city gar-
dens and surrounding country. Records for September and Octo-
ber, a few in August.

ft

SUBFAMILY HELICONIINAE: THE HELICONIANS

Heliconius charitonius Linn. Yellow-barred Heliconian;
The Zebra. This butterfly is credited to the hotter portions of
the Gulf States; a specimen taken in St. Andrew's Parish, Octo-
ber, 1912, is now in the collection of Prof. E. A. Smjrth, Jr.

SUBFAMILY NYMPHALINAE: THE NYMPHS

Dione vanillae Linn. Gulf Fritillary. Our "most common
butterfly. It is to be found in great abundance in our city gar-
dens as well as in the surrounding country, from September
through November and often into December.

Euptoieta claudia Cramer. Variegated Fritillary. Com-
mon. Records for September, October, and November.

Argynnis diana Cramer. Diana. Several taken at Caesar's
Head, August, 1912. Collection of E. R. Jennings. No record
for Charleston or vicinity.

Phyciodes tharos Drury. Pearl Crescent. Common along
roadsides. Records from April to November.

Qrapta interrogationis Fabricius. The Question-sign. Com-
mon during September and October. Caterpillars were found

84

feeding on the hackberry {Celtis) October 1, 1909. Chrysalids
were formed on the 2nd and 5th, and hatched on the 12th and
14th respectively. Observation by Miss Laura M. Bragg.

Pyrameis atalanta Linn. Red Admiral. Common from Sep-
tember to December: one record for January 1st.

Pyrameis huntera Fabricius. Hunter's Butterfly. Fairly
common both city and country, July to December.

Junonia coenia Hubner. The Buckeye. Very common both
in city and country. Records from August to December.

Basilarchia astyanax Fabricius. Red-spotted Purple. Rec-
ords from Navy Yard and Otranto; April and June. No records
from city until August.

Basilarchia disippus Godart. The Viceroy. Common in
both city and country from spring to fall.

Chiorippe celtis Boisd. and Leconte. Hackberry Butterfly.
Very common on the battery and at Hampton Park. May to
November.

Chiorippe alicia. The Alicia.. Rare. One specimen taken by
and in the collection of E. R. Jennings, Hampton Park, May 25,
1913 (Bull. Chas. Mus., IX, 1913, 69).

SUBFAMILY SATYRINAE: THE SATYRS

Neonympha gemma Hubner. Gemmed Brown. Abundant.
Records for November only.

Neonympha eurytus Fabricius. Little Wood-satyr. One rec-
ord from Otranto, April 6, 1913.

Neonympha sosybius Fabricius. Carolinian Satyr. Com-
mon in city and country. Records from May to November.

SUBFAMILY LIBYTHEINAE: SNOUT-BUTTERFLIES

Libythea bachmanni Kirtland. Snout-butterfly. Two rec-
ords for August 17, 1913, one city, one Hampton Park.

S6

FAMILY LYCAENIDAE
SUBFAMILY LYCAENINAE

Thecla melinus Hubner. Common Hair-streak. Common
in city — very abundant along country road-sides. Records from
May to November.

Thecla cecrops Hubner. Cecrops. Common. Records for
June only.

Lycaena comyntas Godart. Eastern Tailed Blue. Sev-
eral specimens taken at Hampton Park during June. All spec-
imens recorded are about one-eighth inch smaller than called for

by Holland.

Jesse Sharpe.

(To be continued.)

DR. SEAMAN'S LECTURE ON AFRICA

Charleston is situated so far from large centers of scientific
work that the Museum is seldom able to secure prominent men
for its public lectures. The lecture of Dr. Louis Livingston
Seaman on Friday evening, March 27, was therefore an event of
special interest.

Dr. Seaman is a worldwide traveler, an author of note, and a
surgeon of high reputation. He was associated with Dr. Koch
in the investigation of sleeping sickness in Africa, and has made
several exploring and hunting trips into the interior of Africa.
His lecture was illustrated with many lantern slides from his own
negatives, and he discussed in a most charming way his hunting
experiences in the region which was subsequently visited by the
Roosevelt expedition. In fact, Dr. Seaman had reached Mom-
bassa at the conclusion of his last trip, just as Col. Roosevelt
was starting for the interior.

In addition to describing the character of the country and the

36

hunting of big game, Dr. Seaman presented in a very forceful
manner the great obstacle which sleeping sickness presents to
the colonization of Africa. This disease is carried by the tsetse
fly, and is always fatal. Over 70,000 natives have died in the
vicinity of Lake Victoria Nyanza from this cause, and the dis-
ease threatens to annihilate the entire population of a large area*
Dr. Seaman showed, however, that the fly is restricted to the im-
mediate vicinity of the water courses, and that by cleaning out
the vegetation along the banks of the streams, and moving the
native villages back into the interior, it has been possible to greatly
reduce the mortality.

It was really only a happy accident that enabled the Museum
to offer this interesting lecture to the people of Charleston. Dr.
and Mrs. Seaman visited the Museum the day before their in-
tended departure from Charleston, and felt such interest in the
work of the institution that Dr. Seaman not only consented to
give his lecture, but to remain over another day for this purpose.
It is very gratifying to the Museum that the people of Charles-
ton fully appreciated the opportunity presented, as is shown by
the fact that 515 persons came to the Museum for the purpose of
attending the lecture. Unfortunately, the seating capacity of
the lecture room accommodates only about 250 persons. Miss
Bragg demonstrated exhibits in the main hall to many who were
unable to obtain standing room in the lecture hall, and a consid-
erable number went away after finding that they could not hear
the lecture.

The Museum regrets the inconvenience which the lack of ac-
commodation caused, but is greatly gratified by the interest which

Dr Seaman's lecture aroused.

P. M. Rea.

87

LOCAL FAUNA

Notes on the Collection of Living Snakes. — One of the most
popular exhibits during the past six years has been the collection
of living snakes, begun in the spring of 1908 with a number of
specimens presented by Mr. Henry P. Williams. It has not been
possible to provide for any special collecting for the maintenance
of this exhibit, but friends of the Museum have contributed spec-
imens from time to time until about half of the species of South
Carolina snakes have been shown to our visitors. As in many
other departments of the Museum a little systematic collecting
would produce large results.

The common poisonous snakes of this state have usually been
well represented in the exhibit. These are the Diamond-backed
and Timber Rattlesnakes, the Copperhead, and the Water Moc-
casin. The Coral Snake has been shown occasionally, but does
not live in captivity.

Among the non-venomous species the pretty little red Corn
Snake has probably been collected more frequently than any other
species, w^hile the Chicken Snake, Keel-scaled Green Snake,
Garter Snake, Ground Snake, Spreading Adder, King Snake,
Scarlet King Snake, Red-bellied Water Snake, Black Snake, and
Coachwhip are frequently to be found in the collection.

The most popular member of our family is undoubtedly the
six-foot Pine Snake {Pituophis melanoleucus) familiarly known
throughout the city as "Molly". This handsome specimen is
the favorite of the members of the staff and of many of our visi-
tors. Her good temper is somewhat unusual among her kind
and she has kept in perfect condition during her long life in captiv-
ity. Molly celebrates this month the sixth anniversary of her
debut at the Museum.*

' Since this account was written we regret to say that Molly has become seriously ill and
has been transferred to a special quarantine cage where she is receiving the best medical at-
tention. Every effort will be made to restore our favorite to her usual good health. Mem-
bers of the staff feel that Molly's place could never be filled, and a very real regret is ex-
pressed by many people in the city who have learned of her illness.

88

One of our most remarkable specimens was a Red-bellied Snake
(Farancia abacura) received in April, 1912. This is a large bur-
rowing species living as deep as ten feet below the surface of the
ground. Ditmars states that he has never induced mature spec-
imens to feed in captivity and that they die after six or eight
months. Our specimen lived without food for eighteen months
and finally died in October, 1913. Another specimen of this
species is now in the collection and an effort will be made to pro-
long its life by forced feeding. — P. M. Rea.

Angler Fish. — Mr. Ellison Williams brought to the Museum
an interesting fish which was sucked up by the dredge Sumter
in the channel near the entrance to the harbor. The species
has not been satisfactorily determined but probably belongs to
the genus Lophius. The specimen is about three and a half
feet long, very broad and flat, and of a dark brown color. The
mouth is of enormous size and the gill openings take the form of
slits under the pectoral fins. The eyes are poorly developed,
for all the Angler Fishes catch their prey by the aid of long slen-
der spines reaching forward from the top of the head and over-
hanging the cavernous mouth. Smaller fishes are attracted by
these spines, which in some species are provided with a terminal
knob that serves as a bait. The success of this fishing apparatus
is attested by the presence of more than a dozen Whiting and other
fishes in the throat of our specimen.

It is said that another Angler Fish was sucked up by the dredge
at the same time, but that none of the fishermen on the water-
front had ever seen anything like them. — P. M. Rea.

»

MUSEUM CALENDAR FOR APRIL

May 4, Monday. Botany Class at the Museum at 5 p. m.
Open to members of Section A .

May 7, Thursday. Regular monthly meeting of the Natural
History vSociety, Section A, at 5 p. m. Subject to be announced.
A general invitatio7i to he present is extended to all interested.

May 9, Saturday. Section B trip to Heron Island. Launch
will leave from Custom House wharf at 3.15 p. m. Open to mem-
bers only.

May II, Monday. Seniors and Juniors of the Confederate
Home College will meet at the Museum at 5 p. m. for a nature
study lecture.

May 13, Wednesday. Section A trip to Heron Island. Launch
will leave from Custom House wharf at 3.15 p. m. Open to
members only. Registration now in order.

May 14, Thursday. Regular monthly meeting of the Natural
History Society, Section B. There will be a bird contest for
members who have joined during the past year. Prize, Land
Bird Guide. A general invitation to he present is extended to all
boys and girls interested.

May 16, Saturday. Section A bird and botany trip to Otranto.
All who wish to go will take the 6.10 a. m. train from the Union
Station. Open to all members of Section A.

May 18, Monday. Botany Class at the Museum at 5 p. m.
Open to members of Section A .

May 23, Saturday. Section A trip to Heron Island. Launch
will leave from Custom House wharf at 3.15 p. m. Open to
members only. Registration now in order.

May 25, Monday. Seniors and Juniors of the Confederate
Home College will meet at the Museum at 5 p. m. for a nature
study lecture.

May 30, Saturday. Launch trip. Destination to be an-
nounced.

%

Under the Auspices of the College of Charleston

PUBLICATIONS

(1) The Bulletin of the Charleston Museum is published monthly
from October to May, each number consisting of eight to sixteen pages.
This is a popular record of the work of the Museum, containing accounts
of its educational activities, descriptions of exhibits, and preliminary
notices of investigations. Important records of geographical distribu-
tion, and working lists of the local fauna and flora are often published
first in the Bulletin. The January issued of each year is devoted to the
annual report of the director of the Museum.

Volume I of this series began in April, 1905, and is complete in 5
numbers. Subsequent volumes consist of 8 numbers each. A title page
and index to the first five volumes was published in the issue of
December, 1909.

Sent prepaid to any address for 25 cent^ a year. Single copies 5 cents each,

(2) Contributions from the Charleston Museum are issued at
irregular intervals, and consist of research papers too long or too im-
portant for publication in the Bulletin.

I Birds of South Carolina, by Arthur Trezevant Wayne.
Pp. XXI + 254. Price: paper, $2.75; cloth, $3.25.

II Catalog of the Mollusca of South Carolina, by William
G. Mazyck. Pp. XVI + 39. Price: paper, 50 cents.

Ill Birds of the City of; Charleston, by] Herbert Ravenel
Sass. In preparation.

BULLETIIV

OF

THE CHARLESTON MUSEUM

Edited By
PAUL M. REA

PRELIMINARY LIST OF BUTTERFLIES

PROGRESS IN DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY

LOCAL FAUNA

NOTES FROM THE MUSEUH

Volume X, Number 5 May, 1914

■n

Under the Auspices of the College of Charleston

Director

Paul M. Rea

Honorary Curators

Wm. G. Mazyck CoTichology

Daniel S. Martin Geology

Arthur T. Wayne Ornithology

Nathaniel W. Stephenson Art

Edward R. Memminger Fungi

Curator of Books and Public Instruction

Laura M. Bragg

Instructor in Physiology and Zoology

L. Wm. McGrath

Secretary to the Director

Laura L, Weeks

Assistant in Library

Harriet E. Coffin

The Charleston Museum was organized in March, 1773, by the
Charles Town Library Society. In 1815 it was transferred to the Liter-
ary and Philosophical Society of South Carolina, and in 1828 was de-
posited in the Medical College of South Carolina. In 1850 the Museum
was transferred to the College of Charleston, where it was known as
the College of Charleston Museum. In 1907 a building was provided by
the City and the name changed to The Charleston Museum.

The Museum is dependent upon dues from members and private sub-
scriptions for all permanent improvements, for increase of the collections,
and for maintenance of its educational and scientific work.

The membership fees are:—

Annual Members $ 10 Patrons % 500

Sustaining Members 25 Benefactors 1000

Thb Bulletin of the Charleston Museum is published monthly,
from October to May, by the Museum and is entered at the Post Office
at Charleston, S. C, as second-class matter-

BULLETIN

OF

THE CHARLESTON MUSEUM

Vol. 10 CHARLESTON, S. C, MAY, 1914 No. 5

PRELIMINARY LIST OF BUTTERFLIES OF THE VICINITY

OF CHARLESTON

(Concluded.)

FAMILY PAPILIONIDAE
SUBFAMILY PIERINAE: SULPHURS AND WHITES

Pieris monuste Linn. Great Southern White. This but-
terfly was quite common in city gardens during October and No-
vember of 1912, but no observation was reported for 1913.

Pieris protodice Boisd. and Leconte. Common White. This
butterfly is quite common around Hampton Park in the early
summer.

Pieris rapae Linn. Cabbage-butterfly. Very common
from early spring till late fall, both in city and country. The
caterpillar is very destructive to growing cabbage plants.

Catopsilia eubule Linn. Cloudless Sulphur. This, with
the exception of the Gulf Fritillary, is probably our most common
butterfly; its bright yellow color making it conspicuous among
the flowers of our gardens from March to December.

Meganostoma caesonia StoU. Southern Dog-face. Only
one specimen of this butterfly has been reported. This was

41

taken in St. Andrew's Parish by E. R. Jennings, May 24, 1913,
and is in his collection.

Colias eurytheme Boisd., var. keewaydin Edwards. Eurythe-
ME. Common in and about Hampton Park during June and
July, 1913.

Terias nicippe Cramer. Nicippe. Common in city and sur-
rounding country; appears in September, records to December 4.

Terias nicippe Cramer, var. flava. This form of the above
species is not uncommon. Records for October and November.

Terias lisa Boisd. and Leconte. Little Sulphur. Common
in both city and country. September to November.

Terias jucunda Boisd. and Leconte. Fairy Yellow. Not
common; was quite plentiful, however, for a few days about
October 4, 1913.

Terias delia Cramer. Delia. Fairly common during October
and November.

SUBFAMILY PAPILIONINAE: SWALLOWTAILS

Papilio turnus Linn. Tiger Swallowtail. Common in
city and country. Spring and summer.

Papilio turnus Linn., var. glaucus Linn. This dark form of the
female of the above species is most abundant,

Papilio cresphontes Cramer. Giant Swallowtail. Com-
mon in both city and country, March to September. The cater-
pillar feeds upon the various species of citrus, and is known in the
orange groves of Florida as the "orange puppy," locally as the
' ' orange dog. ' '

Papilio asterias Fabricius. Common Eastern Swallowtail.
Very abundant in city gardens. Larva feeds upon fennel, also
celery. Chrysalids formed on October 18, 1909, hatched March
29, 1910; observation by Miss Laura M. Bragg.

Papilio troilus Linn. Spice-bush Swallowtail. Common
in country in spring.

Papilio palamedes Drury. Palamedes. Abundant in coun-
try in spring and summer.

42

Papilio philenor Linn. Pipe-vine Swallowtail. Common
in country. Only records are for April. All specimens taken are
considerably under size, being over an inch less in expanse than
that figured by Holland.

FAMILY HESPERIIDAE

SUBFAMILY HESFERIINAE: SKIPPERS

Eudamus proteus Linn. Long-tailed Skipper. Common in
city gardens and at Hampton Park. Records for September,
October, and November.

Epargyreus tityrus Fabricius. Silver-spotted Skipper. Sev-
eral specimens taken in St. Andrew's Parish, April, 1913.

Thorybes bathyllus Smith and Abbot. Southern Dusky-
wing. Several records for April.

Hesperia montivaga Reakirt. Checkered Skipper. Com-
mon throughout summer months, especially in vicinity of clover
patches.

SUBFAMILY PAMPHILINAE: SKIPPERS

Thymelicus brettus Boisd. and Leconte. The Whirlabout.
Common during summer months. Records from Hampton Park.

Atalopedes Huron Edwards. The Sachem. Records from
Hampton Park for June and July.

Calpodes ethlius Cramer. Brazilian Skipper. Very com-
mon in city gardens, August to November. The caterpillar
does great damage to the leaves of the canna. Numerous cat-
erpillars have been observed by Miss Bragg from the caterpillar
to the moth stage during various Septembers. Nine days are
spent in the chrysalis.

Jesse Sharpe.

43

RECENT PROGRESS IN DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY

In spite of failing eyesight Dr. D. S. Martin has accomplished
much valuable work during the past three months. The Pied-
mont collection of minerals, which has been described in the
Bulletin*, has been systematically arranged and completely
cataloged. In an informal report to the director Dr. Martin
defines the purposes of this collection as three-fold: (1) To illus-
trate the mineralogy of the southern crystalline belt of rocks.
(2) To illustrate the resemblances and differences in the mode
of occurrence of these rocks throughout the region. (3) To trace
the connection or relation mineralogically and geologically of
this region as a whole with what appears to be its northern ex-
tention in Pemisylvania, New York, and New England. Al-
though far from complete the Piedmont collection already com-
prises over five hundred entries and illustrates most of the prin-
cipal points of interest. The general discussion of the mineral-
ogical relations of this region is a much larger task and one which
may not be completed for some time.

Dr. Martin has co-operated with Miss Bragg in the preparation
of labels to be used in extending the installation of the general
collection of minerals. The style of labeling adopted in the sec-
tion already installed is intended to give to the average visitor
the information most likely to be of interest and value to him re-
garding the minerals displayed. Several very gratifying expres-
sions of approval of this plan of labeling have been received from
visiting scientists.

Mr. Earle Sloan, recently state geologist of South Carolina, has
been engaged in the arrangement of the extensive collection of
fossils and minerals which he deposited in the Museum last year.
Cases have now been prepared in the main hall for the installa-
tion of a part of this collection.

P. M. Rea.

1 IX, 1913, 37-38.

44

LOCAL FAUNA

Winter Record for Anhinga in South Carolina. — We had been
having warm weather for several months and while walking along
the edge of a freshwater reserve on November 30, 1913, I saw a
bird which at first I took to be a Cormorant, but on closer ob-
servation I decided that it must be a Snakebird or Water Turkey
{Anhinga anhinga). Wayne, in his Birds of South Carolina,
states that this species migrates south on the approach of autumn,
the latest record having been made in September. I thought at
the time that this lone Anhinga was only a late migrant but on
visiting the same pond on December 30 I saw, not one lone
bird but a pair and I was told by a negro that there were four
Water Turkeys in that vicinity.

I was very glad to find these birds so content and I wondered
whether they would spend the winter in this sheltered spot. On
January 1, however, I heard to my great sorrow that a man had
shot two Water Turkeys the day before. I fully expected that
the remaining pair would leave and I did not go back to the re-
serve until January 18. By this time the weather had changed
and there was a thin skin of ice on the ditches, but as I rode along,
anticipating a fruitless trip, I was startled by a great fluttering
and a Snakebird rose from nearly under my feet. I watched
this bird for a couple of hours and tried to obtain photographs
but was unable to get close enough. I was prevented from mak-
ing another trip to this vicinity, but if the bird was not disturbed
by man I am sure that it spent the remainder of the winter here.

The freshwater reserve mentioned above is on Back River
about twenty-five miles from Charleston. — Caspar Chisolm.

Winter Bird Notes. — The following notes are additional to the
Museum 's survey :

Black-crowned Night Heron. — Mr. A. T. Wayne, in his Birds
of South Carolina, says of this heron {Nycticorax nycticorax
naevius) : ' ' During the past twenty-five years, I have never
observed an adult of this species in winter on any part of the coast.'

46.

In view of this statement it will perhaps be interesting to note
that for the last three winters I have, during Christmas visits,
observed a flock of adult birds with one or two immature, at
Enterprise, on Wadmalaw Island. This flock, consisting of
about fifteen herons, stays throughout the day in a small group
of live oaks on the edge of a creek, and on the approach of dusk
goes out to spend the night on the adjoining mud-flats.

Yellow-crowned Night Heron. — On the afternoon of March
8, 1914, while walking through Magnolia Cemetery, I saw an
immature heron of this species {Nyctanassa violacea) feeding on
the edge of one of the small ponds near the entrance. I watched
it for perhaps a quarter of an hour and noticed that it carried one
foot limp, not using it at all. This probably accounts for our
having with us at this time a bird which Mr. Wayne says does
not winter here owing to its susceptibility to frost. — E. Burnham
Chamberlain.

A Winter Record for the Osprey. — On December 31, 1913,
during a short stay on Wadmalaw Island, I saw a Fish Hawk
(Pandion haliaetus caroUnensis) flying slowly over Wadmalaw'
Sound. Although records for this season are scarce, this bird
undoubtedly winters in small numbers on our coast. — B. Rhett
Chamberlain.

Piping Plover. — While collecting for the Museum on the east-
ern end of Sullivan's Island on the morning of March 17, 1914,
I shot a Piping Plover {Aegialitis meloda). The bird is an adult
male in late winter plumage, the dark markings on the front of
the crown and on the sides of the breast being not yet quite
black. Mr. Wayne, in Birds of South Carolina, says that this
bird is a transient visitant, arriving during the second week in
March, in winter plumage, and at once commencing to moult
the feathers of the head and breast, assuming their summer plum-
age by April 10. He also states that this species is very uncom-
mon, in fact rare. This is the first record made by the Museum
survey, although there is one entered by Mr. Wayne in 1911. —
E. BuBNHAM Chamberlain.

46

NOTES FROM THE MUSEUn

An interesting series of several hundred pressed plants, col-
lected by Prof. Lewis R. Gibbes in South and North Carolina,
has been presented to the Museum by Miss Maria Gibbes. As
most of Professor Gibbes' herbarium has been acquired by large
institutions in the north and west it is particularly gratifying
that even a small portion of it is now to rest in Charleston, in
the museum for which he did so much during his lifetime.

Miss Elizabeth P. Ravenel of Keowee has recently examined
that portion of the herbarium of the botanist, Dr. Henry W. Rav-
enel, which is now at Converse College, and has sent to the Mu-
seum copies of the labels of South Carolina specimens covering
over one-fourth of the collection. These are now being entered
on the Museum's plant survey and will prove of great value in
the study of plant distribution in the state.

Miss Bragg spent from April 22 to April 26 at Beaufort, S. C,
where she was delightfully entertained by the Beaufort Civic
League. She spoke informally at a garden party given by the
Civic League and gave a bird talk, illustrated with colored lan-
tern slides, before the children of the public school. A visit to
the primary grades of the school proved most interesting, and
gave a favorable impression of the work done. In numerous
carriage and automobile rides an opportunity to study the flora
of the region was afforded and much information was secured for
the plant survey. Beaufort people have a wonderful field for
nature study at their very doors, flowers abounding and -nearly
every tree being alive with birds. Twenty-five species of birds
were observed within the city during the few days spent there.

Among the teachers who have recently visited the Museum
with their classes are Miss Louise Smith, Miss Coralie Nathan,
Miss Emeve Crouch, Miss Edna Morse, Miss Eleanor Pundt,
Miss May Taylor, and Miss Mabel PoUitzer.

The next Museum trips will be those to Heron Island. Reg-
istration should not be delayed. The Snowy Herons are al-

43

ready here. The new picture bulletin showing the birds which
breed on Heron Island should interest all who are planning to
take the trip.

The tadpole aquarium is now much depleted in stock, the
greater number of the little swimmers having been sent out to
the various schools. Those which remain are growing nicely;
one greedy fellow has outstripped all the others and changed
his black pollywog coat for a suit of genuine tadpole brown.
Little legs may be expected to appear any day now. Then we
shall begin to call our tadpoles toads and must provide a resting
place for them, or some morning we shall look into the aquarium
and find them drowned in the water which has been their home
since they hatched from the eggs. When a tadpole begins to
grow legs it also starts a pair of lungs, and soon its gills, with
which it has breathed like a fish up to this time, cease to work
and the little toad must have air for its lungs or die.

Molly, the pine snake, seems to be responding to treatment
though still too ill to be handled. It is unusual for a snake
similarly afflicted to recover. Special credit is due to Mr. L.
W. McGrath, instructor at the Medical College, for the profes-
sional skill and care which have preserved her life.

A fine engraved portrait of Dr. John Bachman has been pre-
sented to the Museum through Mr. John F. Ficken. Further
notice will appear at a later date.

The lecture and field work of the department of public in-
struction closes with the end of May to recommence next October.
The next Museum Calendar will appear in the October number
of the Bulletin.

18

Undbr the Auspicrs of the College of Charleston

PUBLICATIONS

(1) The Bulletin of the Charleston Museum is published monthly
from October to May, each number consisting of eight to sixteen pages.
This is a popular record of the work of the Museum, containing accounts
of its educational activities, descriptions of exhibits, and preliminary
notices of investigations. Important records of geographical distribu-
tion, and working lists of the local fauna and flora are often published
first in the Bulletin. The January issue,]of each year is devoted to the
annual report of the director of the Museum.

Volume I of this series began in April, 1905, and is complete in 5
numbers. Subsequent volumes consist of 8 numbers each. A title page
and index to the first five volumes was published in the issue of
December, 1909.

Sent prepaid to any address for 25 cents a year. Single copies 5 cents each,

(2) Contributions from the Charleston Museum are issued at
irregular intervals, and consist of research papers too long or too im-
portant for publication in the Bulletin.

I Birds of South Carolina, by Arthur Trezevant Wayne.
Pp. XXI + 254. Price: paper, $2.75; cloth, $S.25.

II Catalog of the Mollusca of South Carolina, by William
G. Mazyck. Pp. XVI + 39. Price: paper, 50 cents.

Ill Birds of the City of Charleston, by} Herbert Ravene.
Sass. In preparation.

BULLETIN

OF

THE CHARLESTON MUSEUM

Edited Bv
PAUTj m. rea

EGYPTIAN MUMMY
AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF MUSEUMS
NOTES FROM THE MUSEUH
CALENDAR FOR NOVEMBER

Volume X, Number 6 October, 1914

Under the Auspices of the College of Charleston

Director

Paul M. Rea

Honorary Curators

Wm. G. Mazyck Conchology

Daniel S. Martin Geoloffy

Arthur T. Wayne Ornithology

Nathaniel W. Stephenson Art

Edward R. Memminger Fungi

Curator of Books and Public Instruction

Laura M. Bragg

Instructor in Physiology

L. Wm. McGrath

Secretary to the Director

Laura L. Weeks

Assistant in Library

Harriet E. Coffin

The Charleston Museum was organized in March, 1773, by the
Charles Town Library Society. In 1815 it was transferred to the Liter-
ary and Philosophical Society of South Carolina, and in 1828 was de-
posited in the Medical College of South Carolina. In 1850 the Museum
waa transferred to the College of Charleston, where it was known as
the College of Charleston Museum. In 1907 a building was provided by
the City and the name changed to The Charleston Museum.

The Museum is dependent upon dues from members and private sub-
scriptions for all permanent improvements, for increase of the collections,
and for maintenance of its educational and scientific work.

The membership fees are:—

Annual Members $ 10 Patrons $ 500

Sustaining Members 25 Benefactors 1000

The Bulletin of the Charleston Museum is published monthly,
from October to May, by the Museum and is entered at the Post Office
at Charleston, S. C, as second-class matter-

BULLETIIV

OF

THE CHARLESTON MUSEUM

Vol. 10 CHARLESTON, S. C, OCTOBER, 1914 No. 6

EXHIBITS AT THE MUSEUfl

EGYPTIAN MUMMY

The Museum's Egyptian mummy is again on exhibition, for
the first time in seven years. It may be found at the rear of
the main hall, the mummy and back of its wooden coffin in one
case and the coffin top in another. This mummy was purchased
for the Museum by Dr. Gabriel E. Manigault in 1893, from Mr.
Horatio G. Wood of Newport, Rhode Island, who had secured
it in 1880 in Cairo, where he had been American consul since 1865.

The mummy is that of a woman and is in its original linen
wrappings. Black gum or pitch applied to the wrappings on the
head and upper surface has hardened the linen to a case-like con-
sistency. This is cut away over the face, leaving its blackened
and indistinct features exposed. The great number of layers of
linen are plainly visible. There is over the toes a removable
covering on which conventionalized feet are painted.

The case is as interesting as the mummy. It is made of wood
mortised and nailed with wooden pegs. The top and part of
the sides are crudely painted, and the head and hair of the de-
ceased are represented in applied low relief of wood. Dr. Mani-
gault in a lecture on Egypt, delivered at the College of Charles-
ton soon after the purchase of this mummy, says:

49

The body is doubtless that of a well-to-do commoner. The subjects painted
on the case seem to be the figures of Netpe with expanded wings protecting the de-
ceased; then the god Anubis presiding over the details of embalmment; and thirdly
the boat which took the mourners across the Nile to the place of interment. Nearer
the shoulders on each side is the head of the hawk-headed god, with Osiris, Isis,
Nepthys, Tokari, and other deities in different compartments, the hieroglyphica
extending down the front giving the name and quality of the deceased.

Embalming in Egypt was at first the exclusive right of kings,
but in time the practice became universal, even the poorest hav-
ing their bodies "pickled." The universality of the custom is
due to two causes: the dryness of the climate, which naturally
favored preservation; and the belief that man's Ka or Double
returned to the body at times after death, just as it was supposed
to leave the body during sleep. It was thought that body and
Double lived on after death, but separately. To insure contin-
ued existence the body must be preserved for rehabitation by
the Double at will. The pyramids were built to serve as perpet-
ual abiding places for the body and its Double. The Egyptians
considered the life after death the real existence and gave much
more thought to their tombs than to their residences. Egypt-
ian philosophy underwent many modifications and elaborations
during its long history, but always the preservation of the body
was held essential.

The embalmers early mastered the art of mummy making.
Herodotus described their methods as follows:

First they draw the brains through the nostrils, partly by means of a bent iron,
partly by means of drugs introduced in their heads. Next, they make an incision
in the stomach with a sharp Ethiopian stone; through this opening they draw the
mtestines, clean them and pass them through palm-wine, then again through aro-
matic substances; next, they fill the stomach with myrrh, cinnamon and other
perfumes, then sew it up again. This done, they put the corpse in salt, and cover
It with natron for seventy days. At the end of this period, they wash the body
and swathe it in linen bandages.

In many cases numerous protective images, amulets, and va-
rious symbolical emblems were enclosed within the wrappings;
the Book of the Dead, which contained instructions and ritual
for the passage from this world to a state of immortality, was

60

placed near the mummy; and the body was then entombed with
magic ceremonies. Magic indeed played a prominent part in
the religion of the Egyptians.

Exhibited in the case with the mummy are beads, pieces of
mummy wrappings, grains of wheat, and two carved stone bee-
tles, all discovered in Egyptian tombs. Near by is a cast of the
Rosetta Stone, on which is written in three sets of characters,
hieroglyphic, demotic, and Greek, a decree of deification of
Ptolemy V Epiphanes, promulgated by an assembly of priests
at Memphis. Comparison of the three forms of this decree gave
the first clue to the interpretation of Egyptian hieroglyphics.
The translation of the Rosetta Stone was published by Cham-
pollin in 1824.

A second mummy case which, however, contains no mummy,
was purchased in 1896. It is of much more finished and artistic
workmanship and is said to have come from Sakkara.

Of further interest in the Egyptian archeological collection
are a series of enlarged reproductions in water color of illustra-
tions from Belzoni's work on Egypt^ representing certain of
the mural paintings in the Tombs of the Kings at Thebes. Dr.
Manigault describes them as follows:

Plate I. A sitting figure supposed to be one of the kings of
Egypt, taken from the tomb of Psammuthis.

Plate II. The upper part represents the Eagle painted on the
ceiling of the first passage in the Tomb of Psammuthis; the
lower part is a tableau taken from above the door in the Side-
board-room of the same tomb.

Plate III. Three human figures in different attitudes repre-
senting the tutelary winged goddess Rhea.

Plates VI, VII & VIII. The hawk-headed god Ra, preceded
by an Egyptian returned from captivity; then Babylonian, Jew-
ish, and Nubian prisoners taken in foreign wars.

Plate XIX. The King presented to Osiris, attended by the
goddess Buto and the hawk-headed god Ra. Laura M. Bragg.

> London, 1820.

51

PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF

MUSEUMS

One of the most interesting accounts of museum work in this
country and Europe has recently been published by the American
Association of Museums as volume VIII of its Proceedings.
This Association is organized for the purpose of promoting the
general welfare of museums and has had its headquarters at the
Charleston Museum for the past eight years. The volume just
issued contains the papers and discussions presented at the Mil-
waukee-Chicago meeting last May. These cover an unusually
broad field, and contain much matter of general interest.

The use of museum objects for instruction in the history of
civilization was treated by three papers giving the results of a
concerted experiment of the American Museum of Natural His-
tory, the Children's Museum of Brooklyn, the Children's Mu-
seum of Boston, and the Worcester Art Museum. All of these
institutions have carried on during the year 1913-14 special edu-
cational work along lines laid out by Miss Anna D. Slocum of
Jamaica Plain and a special committee of the Woman's Educa-
tional Association of Boston. The essential idea underlying this
experiment is the feeling that children in the elementary grades
need to appreciate more fully the early beginnings of civilization
and their relation to modern conditions. To develop this idea
definite work was laid out involving the study of the implements
and utensils of primitive peoples, and tracing in a broad way
the development of modern civilization from these humble be-
ginnings. An effort was made to bring children into contact
with and appreciation of the material life (food, housing, cloth-
ing, means of existence), psychic life (games, recreation, fine
arts, religion, myths, science), and social life (home life, war and
commerce, social organization, international organization) of
primitive peoples.

The Children's Museum of Brooklyn began with the geology
of Long Island as showing how the land was prepared for the

52

people, and passed to a consideration of the early peoples, savage
and civilized, who occupied the island in the early periods of
history, leading in this way up to the Dutch rule, British rule,
the Revolution, etc.

The Worcester Art Museum endeavored especially to acquaint
the children with buildings of different countries and periods by
presenting them as expressions of the life and circumstances of
the people, and to arouse interest in the buildings in Worcester
by showing the traditions by which they were produced.

Story-telling was one of the chief methods of presentation
adopted by all of these museums. These papers aroused in-
tense interest among museum workers and will probably lead to
more extensive experiments along the same line.

Mr. Edward K. Putnam, acting director of the Davenport
Academy of Sciences, presented a general survey of American
City Museums with regard to the support afforded them by their
municipalities. His paper is an illuminating presentation of the
extent to which the museum idea is recognized by city govern-
ments throughout the country.

Mr. C. G. Rathmann, assistant superintendent of Schools,
and in especial charge of the Educational Museum of the public
schools of St. Louis, read a paper on the Museum and the Schools
in Europe which brought out in an interesting way the difference
in the educational work of museums in this country and abroad.
In general, European museums are less advanced in the circu-
lation of traveling exhibits among the schools, but are far in
advance of this country in the extent to which the schools visit
and study the museums, art galleries, and theaters. They also
have school museums of a type which does not exist in the United
States. The purpose of these is to help the principal select the
proper illustrative material or apparatus for his school, and to
furnish teachers with reading matter and exhibits for professional
study and cultural improvement.

Mr. Rathmann notes that on a Sunday morning when he vis-
ited the Naturgeschichtliche Museum in Vienna he was told at

53

the ofl&ce that 10,092 people had passed through the turnstile
that morning. Mr. Rathmann concludes that the museums
in Europe are nearer to the people of all classes than the museums
in America, and that the people have been better trained, through
the use of illustrative material, to understand and appreciate
what the museums offer. They look upon museums and libra-
ries as a kind of continuation school to which all may go to add
to their knowledge and secure information on every subject in
which they are interested.

Mr. Edward K. Putnam, of the Davenport Academy of Sci-
ences, presented a second paper on Skansen and the Outdoor
Museums of Europe. Skansen is descibed as " a living illustra-
tion of the culture-history of Sweden." It is really a park of
high ground, rocky and wooded, in which have been brought
together peasant cottages, barns, sheds, windmills, interesting
detached belfries, etc. either moved from their original locations
throughout Sweden, or built on lines of actual houses. The cot-
tages contain actual furnishings, hangings, and utensils such as
thousands of peasants have used and still use, and most interest-
ing of all, these cottages are occupied by peasant families il-
lustrating all types found in Sweden. Special effort is made to
celebrate the folk festivals and to keep up the costume dances,
children's games, and other features of peasant life in Sweden.
People never seem to be satisfied with a single visit to Skansen.
Foreigners, tourists, Swedes from other parts of the country and
Stockholm come time and time again. The idea of the outdoor
museum is spreading through Europe and such institutions either
have been established or are contemplated in Holland, Germany,
and England.

Mr. E. L. Burchard discussed Civic and Social Museums and
Exhibits, emphasizing the necessity of having actual material
on an extensive scale for the instruction of children in the com-
plicated problems of civic and social relations. Everyone in-
terested in municipal welfare work, and in the training of better
citizens in our public schools, will find Mr. Burchard 's discussion

54

of this subject both illuminating and stimulating.

The scope of these papers, which describe so wide a variety of
highly organized museum activities, will be a revelation to those
who retain the idea of a museum as nothing but a dead circus.

P. M. Rea.

NOTES FROM THE MUSEUH

The Museum is open free to the public on week days from 10
to 6; children unaccompanied by an adult are admitted only on
Saturday.

Nearly every member of the Museum staff has spent some time
during the summer in the study of other museums. Miss Bragg
devoted much of her vacation to botanizing in the vicinity of
Portsmouth, N. H., giving special attention to the ferns and fern
allies for comparison with southern forms. Before returning to
Charleston Miss Bragg spent three weeks studying northern
herbaria and visiting museums in the vicinity of Boston, New
York, Philadelphia, and Washington. Miss Weeks studied
administrative methods of museums in and near New York.
Mr. McGrath visited the laboratories of the University of Penn-
sylvania, and the College of Physicians and Surgeons in New
York. Mr. Mclntyre made a detailed study of the equipment
and methods of the wood-working shops in the museums of New
York and Brooklyn.

During the summer the case for the camel group, and the first
of a new series of cases for the installation of minerals and other
small objects were built in the Museum shop, and another long
floor case is now under construction. As soon as plate glass can
be provided for these cases a large step forward in the installa-
tion of specimens will be possible.

Miss Helen von Kolnitz, a member of the Natural History
Society for a number of years, is acting as volunteer assistant
in botany, giving two mornings a week to work on the her-
barium.

56

Mr. Edward A. Hyer, a member of the Natural History Society
since 1909, is spending a vacation in Charleston. Mr. Hyer is
studying taxidermy in the studio of Mr. Carl E. Akeley at the
American Museum of Natural History, and will devote a part
of his time while in Charleston to renovating some of the larger
mammals in the Museum and to building a base for the polar
bear group.

The Museum is beginning to circulate among the schools an
extensive series of traveling exhibits illustrating materials of
commerce and industry. Some account of the rapid growth of
the department of public instruction will be given in a later num-
ber of the Bulletin.

MUSEUM CALENDAR FOR NOVEMBER

November 5, Thursday. Regular monthly meeting of the
Natural History Society, Section A, at 5 p. m. Mr. E. A. Hyer
will talk on his experiences in studying taxidermy at the Ameri-
can Museum in New York. Lecture will be illustrated with
lantern slides, casts, and models. A general invitation to he present
is extended to all interested.

November 12, Thursday. Regular monthly meeting of the
Natural History Society, Section B. Members who were pres-
ent at the October meeting will tell about the animals then as-
signed to each. Mr. Jesse Sharpe will speak on the subject
of Local Butterflies and Moths, exhibiting his own beautiful
collection. A general invitation to be present is extended to all boys
and girls interested.

November 16, Monday. Botany class at the Museum at 5
p. M. Open to members of Section A.

November 26, Thursday. Thanksgiving Day field trip for
Section A to Fen wick Hall. Particulars may be learned at No-
vember meeting. Open to members only.

66

Under thb Auspices of the College of Charleston

PUBLICATIONS

(1) The Bulletin of the Charleston Museum is published monthly
from October to May, each number consisting of eight to sixteen pages.
This is a popular record of the work of the Museum, containing accounts
of its educational activities, descriptions of exhibits, and preliminary
notices of investigations. Important records of geographical distribu-
tion, and working lists of the local fauna and flora are often published
first in the Bulletin. The January issue of each year is devoted to the
annual report of the director of the Museum.

Volume I of this series began in April, 1905, and is complete in 5
numbers. Subsequent volumes consist of 8 numbers each. A title page
and index to the first five volumes was published in the issue of
December, 1909.

Sent prepaid to any address for 50 cents a year. Single copies 10 cents each

(2) Contributions from the Charleston Museum are issued at
irregular intervals, and consist of research papers too long or too im-
portant for publication in the Bulletin.

I Birds of South Carolina, by Arthur Trezevant Wayne.
Pp. XXI + 254. Price: paper, $2.75; cloth, $3.25.

II Catalog of the Mollusca of South Carolina, by William

G. Mazyck. Pp. XVI + 39. Price: paper, 50 cents.

Ill Birds of the City of Charleston, by Herbert Ravene.
Sass. In preparation.

BXJLLETIIV

OF

THE CHARLESTON MUSEUM

Edited By
PAUL M. REA

OCTOPUS AND ITS RELATIVES

THE NEW MEDICAL COLLEGE

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY

CALENDAR FOR DECEMBER

Volume X, Number 7 November, 1914

Under the Auspices of the College of Charleston

Director

Paul M. Rea

Honorary Curators

Wm. G. Mazyck CoTichology

Daniel S. Martin Geology

Arthur T. Wayne Ornithology

Nathaniel W. Stephenson Art

Edward R. Memminger Fungi

Curator of Books and Public Instruction

Laura M. Bragg

Instructor in Physiology

L. Wm. McGrath

Secretary to the Director

Laura L. Weeks

Assistant in Library

Harriet E. Coffin

The Charleston Museum was organized in March, 1773, by the
Charles Town Library Society. In 1815 it was transferred to the Liter-
ary and Philosophical Society of South Carolina, and in 1828 was de-
posited in the Medical College of South Carolina. In 1850 the Museum
was transferred to the College of Charleston, where it was known as
the College of Charleston Museum. In 1907 a building was provided by
the City and the name changed to The Charleston Museum.

The Museum is dependent upon dues from members and private sub-
scriptions for all permanent improvements, for increase of the collections,
and for maintenance of its educational and scientific work.

The membership fees are:—

Annual Members $ 10 Patrons $ 500

Sustaining Members 25 Benefactors 1000

The Bulletin of the Charleston Museum is published monthly,
from October to May, by the Museum and is entered at the Post Office
at Charleston, S. C, as second-class matter.

BULLETIIV

OP

THE CHARLESTON MUSEUM

Vol. 10 CHARLESTON, S. C, NOVEMBER, 1914 No. 7

OCTOPUS AND ITS RELATIVES

An interesting Octopus referred by Mr. William G. Mazyck to
Polypus granulatus was presented to the Museum by Mr. Ashley
Halsey on October 14. It was taken in a locality known as
Barshell near the Whistling Buoy south of the Jetties, in about
30 feet of water. This specimen came to the Museum alive
and after being kept under observation for a time was preserved
in the permanent collection.

The Octopus is a rare form in the vicinity of Charleston, only
one species being recorded in Mazyck 's Catalog of the MoUusca
of South Carolina. It belongs to the group of cephalopod mol-
luscs more commonly represented in these waters by the common
squid, which differs from the Octopus in having ten arms instead
of eight. Readers of the Bulletin may remember that in 1911
the Museum obtained from the Isle of Palms an unusually large
squid, measuring eighteen inches over the body and four feet
over the tentacles, which was tentatively referred to Loligo gahi-
Neither of these specimens is suited for exhibition purposes, but
the group to which they belong is of such interest that some further
account may not be amiss.

The class cephalopoda is not only the highest among the mol-
lusca but in many respects among all the invertebrate animals.

67

In fact the cephalopods and some of the social insects may be
said to form the two culminating points of invertebrate develop-
ment. The insects are interesting chiefly for the complexity of
their instincts and social life, while the cephalopods are remark-
able for the perfection of their physical structure. They have
had an unusually long geological history, their remains being
found in rocks of every period since the Cambrian, when they
were probably masters of the sea, exceeding in size and activity
all other living animals. Again in the Cretaceous they were rep-
resented by a wonderful variety of large species, although by
this time the sea and land were dominated by vertebrate animals
of a much higher type. Today the more ancient division of the
cephalopods is represented by but a single living genus, the
Pearly Nautilus. This form is well known from the external
shell which envelops the body and which is susceptible of high
polish. The Pearly Nautilus lives in the Pacific Ocean in the
vicinity of Japan and the Philippines, but is decreasing in num-
bers and will probably become extinct in the comparatively
near future.

Another cephalopod frequently confused with Nautilus but
not in any way closely related to it is the so-called Paper Nauti-
lus. This form has a thin shell bearing a general resemblance
to that of Nautilus, but is carried by the female only and is used
as a brood pouch for the care of the young. The scientific name
of this form is Argonauta, a term which avoids confusion with
Nautilus and refers to the animal's habit of sailing with the aid
of its light shell along the surface of the water.

The cephalopods are divided into two groups, the dibranchs
and the tetrabranchs, according as they have two gills or four.
Nautilus is the only living tetrabranch. The dibranchs are in
turn divided into octopods and decapods, according as they have
eight arms or ten. Octopus has always been a synonym for all
that is grasping, little distinction being popularly made between
the forms with eight arms and those with ten. The arms in
question are really tentacles springing in a circle around the mouth

68

and armed with many strong suckers. Wonderful tales and
even pictures have come down to us from early times describing
most marvelous encounters with giant animals of this type.
The pictures show a ship being attacked by an Octopus, which
winds some of its tentacles around the topmasts while others
encircle the hull of the ship and pick off the frightened sailors at
leisure. Even though the ships of those days were much smaller
than ours of the present these early accounts must be taken with
some allowance for a vivid imagination. Yet it is a fact that there
does exist at the present time a species of giant squid measuring
as much as twenty feet over the body and more than fifty feet
over the tentacles. These squids live in the deeper parts of the
ocean and are seldom seen by man. In a few instances they
have attacked fishermen's dories and given the occupants a
lively tussle. Only about twenty-five of these giant squids
have ever been reported on the Atlantic Coast but that they
must be more numerous in the deeper parts of the ocean is in-
dicated by the fact that their strong beaks are commonly found
in the stomachs of sperm whales.

The smaller squids, such as occur so abundantly on our own
coast, inspire none of the awe which may well be associated with
the giant squid, but if watched closely under favorable conditions
will prove to be unusually interesting and beautiful objects.
Their bodies in life are almost transparent and covered with
chromatophores of various colors. As different sets of these
expand and contract most delicate blushes of color sweep swiftly
over the surface of the body, giving it a most illusive appearance.

When a squid is pursued by a fish it has another and more
effective means of protection in the form of an inky fluid which
it squirts into the water at will. This ink diffuses rapidly and
leaves a dense cloud which blinds the pursuing fish and enables
the squid to dodge away in safety. The squid swims by a most
peculiar contrivance. Water is drawn into a space between the
body and the enveloping mantle and then forcefully expelled
through a funnel-like tube. The force of this stream thrusts

59

the squid backwards much as a gun kicks against the shoulder.
By turning the funnel one way or another the direction of move-
ment can be controlled.

The eyes of the squid are among its most conspicuous and in-
teresting features, resembling in a most remarkable way the
eyes of vertebrate animals. Close examination, however, dis-
closes the fact that these two types of eye, although similar in
appearance, are built up in an entirely different manner. Such
a superficial resemblance between structures is termed analogy
in contrast to the fundamental identity of such structures as
the limbs of the bird, bat, porpoise, horse, sloth, and man, which
is called homology.

Unlike Nautilus, the squid has no external shell but under-
neath the skin is to be found a stiffening rod having much the
form of a quill pen. One may thus draw pictures or write letters
with squid "ink" and a squid "pen." Most remarkable of all,
this is even possible with the ink and pen of fossil squids which
lived millions of years ago. The ink of cephalopods varies
somewhat in color, that of the genus Sepia explaining the ori-
gin of the water color of that name. The internal shell also
varies and in one genus, the so-called cuttlefish, takes the form
of a broad and rather thick, spongy structure which is familiar
to all of us as the cuttle bone so commonly fed to canaries.

These are but a few of the natural history features of a single
class of the great phylum of the mollusca. Some of the other
classes are just as varied in form and habits and a survey of the
group as a whole tempts one to feel that it is the most interesting
of all the invertebrate series. Other phyla, however, prove just
as fascinating when we really make their acquaintance and the
one that seems most interesting is usually the one we happen to
be studying at the time.

P. M. Rea.

60

THE NEW MEDICAL COLLEGE

On November 18 the people of Charleston formally transferred
to the state the new building erected opposite the Roper Hospi-
tal for the Medical College of the State of South Carolina. We
extend to the College, which is one of our affiliated institutions,
our heartiest congratulations on this crowning achievement of
its recent re-organization.

The Medical College is one of the oldest in the United States,
having been founded in 1823. In 1913 the State Legislature
accepted the College as a state institution and assumed the ex-
pense of its maintenance. The people of Charleston, as an evi-
dence of their interest in the College and their appreciation of
its support by the Legislature, subscribed in six days the sum of
$76,000, including a lot of land donated by City Council, for
the purpose of erecting a new building to be presented to the
state as a free will offering.

The new building is of attractive design and is favorably sit-
uated with reference to the Hospital, and only two blocks from
the Museum. It affords every facility for medical work of the
most modern type and has been equipped by the Trustees with
furniture and apparatus abundantly meeting all needs.

During the past two years the College has raised its entrance
requirements to include one year of college work and has greatly
enlarged its faculty, ten members of which give their full time to
instruction in the scientific branches of the first two years. We
know of no other institution which has achieved so remarkable
a re-organization in so short a time — a re-organization not merely
in control, administration, financial support, and material equip-
ment, but in the spirit of the faculty and students as shown in
the class room.

The College has the loyal support of the medical profession and
the cordial interest of the people throughout the state.

61

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY

Section A of the Natural History Society held its first meeting
since the summer vacation on November 5. The officers of the
previous year were re-elected and Major Philip P. Mazyck was
elected an honorary member in appreciation of his interest and
helpfulness in many activities of the Society. A large audience
enjoyed Mr. Edward A. Hyer's lecture on Modern Taxidermy.
The subject was illustrated with lantern slides showing the suc-
cessive steps in the process of mounting animals for exhibition
and a high tribute was paid to the work of Mr. Carl E. Akeley
in developing taxidermy as an art.

In place of the usual Thanksgiving Day trip Section A went
by launch on Saturday, November 21, to visit Fenwick Hall.
This is one of the finest Pre-revolutionary houses now standing
in the vicinity of Charleston. It is unusually spacious and of
interesting architectural design. Although in a dilapidated
condition it still gives a fair idea of what plantation life must have
been in Colonial days.

At the next meeting of Section A, on December 3, Director
Rea, will discuss the development of animals, using a series of
colored wax models which were received from Germany in Sep-
tember. These models were ordered last February and after a
month of the European war all hope of receiving them this year
was given up. Their arrival in September, however, indicates
that they must have been shipped either just before or soon after
the outbreak of hostilities. Embryology is the most wonderful
and in many ways the most interesting of all biological processes,
and the lecture will describe in an untechnical way the steps by
which fishes, frogs, and birds are developed from simple eggs.

Section B met on October 8 and November 12. The October
meeting was devoted to discussion of plans for the winter 's work,
while at the November meeting Mr. Jesse Sharpe talked on Com-
mon Butterflies and Moths, using his own collection for illus-
tration. Some of the boys and girls of Section B have been de-

62

voting much interest to the study of butterflies, and in their
field trips have secured a number of excellent specimens for the
Museum collection and for the traveling school exhibit. With
the assistance of Mr. Sharpe they have learned to mount their
specimens properly. The best examples of their work are ex-
hibited in a special case in the reading room. A butterfly cage
in the window has enabled the children to study living butterflies
at close range and to watch their transformation from caterpil-
lars to chrysalids and from chrysalids to butterflies.

Other members of Section B have been helping Mr. Hyer clean
the fur of the grizzly, cinnamon, and black bears in preparation
for exhibition. Mr. Hyer's work on the polar bear group is
nearing completion as we go to press.

Bird study constitutes an important part of the work of this
Section, as usual. Mr. Caspar Chisolm will teach a class of
boys how to prepare bird skins, and both boys and girls are to
build bird houses and set them up in preparation for spring.

Miss Bragg will be at the Museum every Friday afternoon,
ready to assist all members of Section B in their nature study
interests.

Section B elected the following officers for the ensuing year:
Vice-president, James Sprunt; Corresponding Secretary, Frances
Moorhead; Recording Secretary, Alice Wagener. This Section
is growing rapidly and now numbers forty members after grad-
uating three into Section A.

Attention is called to the change in the time of Section B meet,
ings from 5 to 4.30 o'clock until the days become longer.

63

MUSEUM CALENDAR FOR DECEMBER

December 3, Thursday. Regular monthly meeting of the Nat-
ural History Society, Section A, at 5 p. m. Director Rea will
speak on Embryology, illustrating his lecture with colored wax
models showing the development of the fish, frog, and chick from
the egg. A general invitation to he present is extended to all in-
terested.

December 4, Friday. First class in bird skinning will meet at
the Museum at 4 p. m. under the direction of Mr. Caspar Chisolm.
Open only to boys of Section B who join the class before its first
meeting.

December 5, Saturday. Field trip to the Navy Yard for the
study of trees and shrubs of the pine barrens. The party will
start on the Navy Yard car leaving the Battery at 9.15 a. m. and
will return at 2.45 p. m. Open to girls of Section B only.

December 10, Thursday. Regular monthly meeting of the
Natural History Society, Section B, at 4.30 p. m. A general
invitation to be present is extended to all boys and girls interested.

December 1 1, Friday. The class in bird skinning will meet at
the Museum at 4 p. m. under the direction of Mr. Caspar Chis-
olm. Open only to boys of Section B who join the class before its
first meeting.

December 18, Friday. The class in bird skinning will meet at
the Museum at 4 p. m. under the direction of Mr. Caspar Chis-
olm. Open only to boys of Section B who join the class before its
first meeting.

64

Under the Auspices op the College op Charleston

PUBLICATIONS

(1) The Bulletin of the Charleston Museum is published monthly
from October to May, each number consisting of eight to sixteen pages.
This is a popular record of the work of the Museum, containing accounts
of its educational activities, descriptions of exhibits, and preliminary
notices of investigations. Important records of geographical distribu-
tion, and working lists of the local fauna and flora are often published
first in the Bulletin. The January issue^of each year is devoted to the
annual report of the director of the Museum.

Volume I of this series began in April, 1905, and is complete in 5
numbers. Subsequent volumes consist of 8 numbers each. A title page
and index to the first five volumes was published in the issue of
December, 1909.

Sent prepaid to any address for 50 cents a year. Single copies 10 cents each

(2) Contributions prom the Charleston Museum are issued at
irregular intervals, and consist of research papers too long or too im-
portant for publication in the Bulletin.

I Birds of South Carolina, by Arthur Trezevant Wayne.
Pp. XXI + 254. Price: paper, $2.75; cloth, $3.25.

II Catalog of the MoUusca of South Carolina, by William
G. Mazyck. Pp. XVI + 39. Price: paper, 50 cents.

Ill Birds of the City of Charleston, by Herbert Ravenel
Sass. In preparation.

BULLETIIV

OF

THE CHARLESTON MUSEUM

Edited By
PAUL M. REA

PROGRESS IN SCHOOL WORK
CALENDAR FOR JANUARY

Volume X, Number 8 December, 1914

Under the Auspices of the College of Charleston

Director

Paul M. Rea

Honorary Curators

Wm. G. Mazyck Conchology

Daniel S. Martin Geology

Arthur T. Wayne Ornithology

Nathaniel W. Stephenson Art

Edward R. Memminger Fungi

Curator of Books and Public Instruction

Laura M. Bragg

Instructor in Physiology

L. Wm. McGrath

Secretary to the Director

Laura L. Weeks

Assistant in Library

Harriet E. Coffin

The Charleston Museum was organized in March, 1773, by the
Charles Town Library Society. In 1815 it was transferred to the Liter-
ary and Philosophical Society of South Carolina, and in 1828 was de-
posited in the Medical College of South Carolina. In 1850 the Museum
was transferred to the College of Charleston, where it was known as
the College of Charleston Museum. In 1907 a building was provided by
the City and the name changed to The Charleston Museum.

The Museum is dependent upon dues from members and private sub-
scriptions for all permanent improvements, for increase of the collections,
and for maintenance of its educational and scientific work.

The membership fees are:—

Annual Members $10 Patrons $ 500

Sustaining Members .... 25 Benefactors 1000

The Bulletin of the Charleston Museum is published monthly,
from October to May, by the Museum and is entered at the Post Office
at Charleston, S. C, as second-class matter.

BULLETIIV

OF

THE CHARLESTON MUSEUM

Vol. 10 CHARLESTON, S. C, DECEMBER, 1914 No. 8

PROGRESS IN SCHOOL WORK

The Bulletin for December, 1912, printed an article entitled:
What the Museum Offers the Schools. In it was outlined the
scope of the work which the Museum was then prepared to carry
on with the schools of Charleston. This work has grown to such
proportions that a report of progress seems desirable.

Nature study was introduced into the primary grades of the
Charleston Public Schools in the autumn of 1912. A course of
study had been prepared by the supervisor of primary work and
myself, and the Museum began the circulation of a series of
traveling school exhibits to illustrate the subject treated. The
course itself was designed to correlate largely with the work al-
ready done in the schools and to serve as an aid rather than an
added burden to the teacher. The success of the new study was
assured through the earnest work of the teachers themselves,
who during 1912 and 1913 frequently met at the Museum for
lectures on the course. There was never any question as to its
success with the children; as teachers are constantly telling me
' ' They simply love it. ' ' One teacher reports that a little feeble-
minded boy in her room, though utterly uninterested in the reg-
ular school work, is continually asking her to "tell about the
Redbird" or whatever the nature exhibit for the week may be.

65

The children's interest is further shown by the increasing num-
bers who come to the Museum, often with the announcement
that "teacher" told them to come. Joining a group of small
boys and girls one morning, I was greeted enthusiastically with
* ' We ' ve got a Bluebird at our school teacher says you sent us, a
father and a mother bird." Here a scornful voice broke in
"That ain't nothin'. We got a mother bat and three babies and
she flies with 'em". The advantage being obviously on the
side of the bat, I hastened to reinstate the Bluebird by leading
the children to its nest and pointing out its beautiful blue eggs.
No small boy can resist the appeal of an egg, though sadly we
must admit he generally wants to possess it, and is slow to ap-
preciate the ethics which decree it right for the Museum to col-
lect but wrong for him to do so.

Besides the traveling exhibits the Museum deposits annually
in each school what is known as a Picture Envelope. At first
these emvelopes contained pictures only, but now they include
also typewritten information for the teacher on subjects outlined
in the nature study course but not illustrated by traveling exhi-
bits. The preparation of "teacher's stories," study outlines,
and descriptive labels for the exhibits has been a very useful and
important though inconspicuous accomplishment of the past
few months. Previously instruction had been given to teachers
by means of lectures.

Material not suitable for traveling exhibits is frequently dis-
tributed. Quantities of tadpoles, frogs, and toads have been
supplied to both public and private schools. Native broom-
grass was sent out this year at Hallowe'en and was transformed
by the children into brooms for the witches. Occasionally spec-
imens from the Museum's general collections are lent, particu-
larly to teachers of intermediate grades for which the Museum
as yet provides no regular exhibits.

In some schools these teachers borrow the primary exhibits
and one principal tells me that he sends each nature study exhib-
it through every grade, after first carefully studying it himself.

66

All of which makes clear the urgent need for further development.

Until the introduction of the nature study course the Muse-
um's work with the schools had been done entirely at the Museum.
By sending exhibits to the schools it has been found that vastly
larger numbers can be reached, directly at the schools and in-
directly through the interest aroused which attracts more chil-
dren to the Museum. The number of teachers bringing classes
has also increased, and advantage has been taken of educational
facilities at the Museum to a much greater degree. The possi-
bilities for work are now restricted only by the limitations im-
posed by the smallness of the staff and the necessities of the
general work of the Museum.

The traveling school exhibits had been devoted almost exclu-
sively to the nature study work of the primary grades up to the
opening of the current school year. At that time twenty-four
commercial exhibits, especially prepared for the illustration of
sixth and seventh grade geography courses, were put in circu-
lation. These exhibits are listed below as exhibits numbers 32-
55. The range of subjects is seen to be broad. Each exhibit
consists of descriptively labeled objects telling a story of produc-
tion and use. Photographs and a map showing distribution
are added in most cases. The cotton exhibit for example, in-
cludes a mounted spray of the cotton plant showing the blossom
and boll, samples of unginned cotton, ginned upland cotton,
ginned sea-island cotton, Peruvian cotton, cotton roving, cotton
yarn, sewing thread, muslins, calico, gingham, mercerized cot-
ton cloth, cotton linters, and rope. Cotton seed products are
shown in the form of cotton seed oil, oil cake, and oil foots soap.
Celluloid as a by-product of cotton has come as a surprise to
many teachers as well as pupils. A map indicating the world's
cotton-producing countries and a set of photographs showing
the picking, ginning, and marketing of the crop complete the
exhibit. The descriptive matter is ample and supplies what
cannot be illustrated.

While the commercial exhibits are primarily for higher grade

67

work, teachers of younger children are making excellent use of
them. I cannot resist giving here a composition written for
language work by a six-year-old second grade boy in one of the
private schools. The class had spent an absorbihg quarter of
an hour over the Cocoanut Exhibit and the resulting composi-
tions showed considerable diversity in the ideas absorbed. No
change of spelling or punctuation has been made in the one here
produced :

"The cocoa nut has milk in it.

The cocoa nut is used for oil.

Shredded cocoa nut you by in the store.

The fiber of the cocoa nut is used for brushes, and doormats.

The oil of the cocoa nut is used for soap, and candles and

cooking.
The cocoa nut groes near the shore.
It is used for many things."
Two years ago the traveling exhibits numbered twenty-five.
The following is a list of those now in circulation:

1-6. Picture envelopes for deposit in public schools, each at
present containing 37 mounted pictures, a series of
blueprints of leaves, and descriptive material.

7. Mockingbird.

8. Bluebird. Male and female.

9. Bluebird. Male and female.

10. Redwinged Blackbird. Male and female.

11. Painted Bunting or Nonpareil. Male and female.

12. Painted Bunting or Nonpareil. Male and female.

13. Redwinged Blackbird. Male and female.

14. Meadowlark.

15. Mockingbird.

16. Cardinal or Redbird. Male and female.

17. Meadowlark.

18. Brown Rat and Red Mouse.

19. Hoary Bat.

20. Red Bat. Female and three young.

21. Lion Cub.

22. Southern Fox Squirrel.

23. Iron and steel. Elaborately worked out for seventh and

eighth grades.

68

24. Beach Life, Part 1. Includes sand, seaweeds, sponges,

colonial bryozoa, corals, starfish, sea-urchins, and sea-
biscuits.

25. Beach Life, Part 2. Includes crabs, barnacles, and shells.

26. Swamp Ralobit.

27. Orchard Oriole. Male, female, young male, nest, and eggs.

28. Chimney Swift. Adult bird, nest, and eggs.

29. Crow.

30. Blue Jay.

3L Wasps. Nest of Paper Wasps and Dirt Daubers.

32. Grains. Showing raw and manufactured products of

common grains not separately exhibited.

33. Wheat.

34. Corn.

35. Rice.

36. Sugar. Illustrates different kinds of sugar, their sources

and manufacture.

37. Beverages. Treats of tea, coffee, cocoa, and Paraguay tea.

38. The Cow. Shows utilization of the cow for food, leather,

buttons, glue, etc.

39. The Sheep. Showte utilization for food, woolen goods,

leather, catgut, and tallow.

40. Silk. Illustrates life-history of the mulberry silkworm,

and the story of silk production and manufacture, in-
cluding artificial silk adulteration.
4L Cotton. Described above.

42. Flax. Shows the production of linen, linen paper, lino-

leum, and linseed oil from the flax plant.

43. Cocoanut. Shows the many various uses of the cocoa-

nut palm for food, building purposes, lubrication, fab-
rics, fertilizer, etc.

44. Rope Fibers. Gives story of conversion of sisal, manila

hemp, hemp, and jute into rope.

45. Brush Fibers. Illustrates the many sources of material

for brushes, including plants, animals, and steel.

46. Paper. Shows how paper is produced from papyrus, rice,

paper mulberry tree, rags, wood, straw, jute, esparto
grass, etc.

47. Spices. Includes peppers, allspice, cloves, nutmegs, mace,

mustard, cirmamon, cassia, vanilla, vanillon, caraway,
turmeric powder, and ginger.

48. Insect Products. Treats of honey, Chinese blistering

69

beetles, shellac and sealing wax, oak galls, and cochi-
neal insects.

49. Rubber. Shows five sources of true rubber, rubber

substitutes, and products of both.

50. Gums and Resins. Includes gum arabic, tragacanth,

seaweed gelatine, catechu, turpentine, copal, gum dam-
mar, olibanum, myrrh, gamboge, tolu balsam, aloes,
and asafoetida.

51. Carbon. Gives the story of peat, lignite, coal, coal tar,

aniline dyes, petroleum and kerosene, lubricating oil,
paraffine, napthaline, creosote, charcoal, graphite, and
asphalt.

52. Useful Non-metallic Minerals. Minerals used for pot-

tery, glass materials, fertilizers, abrasives, etc.

53. Ores and Metallic Minerals. Mining and uses of com-

monest forms except iron.

54. Iron. Tells the story of the mining and manufacture of

iron in less detail than exhibit No. 23.

55. Building Stones. Gives examples of the marbles, gran-

ites, and sandstones most used in the United States,
together with clay and cement products, quicklime,
slate for roofing, etc.
56-57. Foreign and Native Woods. In preparation.

58. Butterflies. Common local species.

59. Moths. Life-history of Cecropia and lo moths.

60. Rock Types. Classified according to Tarr's New Physical

Geography, for use with high school classes.

61-62. Blueprints of leaves of live oak, water oak, turkey oak,
and elm. For circulation to private schools only.

63. Babylonian Clay Tablets. Five examples of cunei-
form writing.

Stereoscopic slides illustrating any of the following subjects
will be lent with stereoscopes: Grand Canon of Arizona, Yo-
semite Valley, Yellowstone Park, Niagara Falls, Norway, Switz-
erland, glaciers, mountains, rock formations, volcanoes, caves,
and miscellaneous scenes from various countries.

When first introduced the traveling exhibits were circulated
among only the six public graded schools of the city, the schools
themselves sending for the exhibits. Private teachers borrowed
occasionally. As the work grew it became necessary for the
Museum to assume responsibility for transportation. This

70

year delivery of exhibits to all schools, public and private, is
made by the Museum free of charge. Exhibits left one Monday
morning may be kept until the next. Regular schedules are
followed, these being arranged by the schools, and by the Muse-
um's curator of public instruction, under whose direction the
work is carried on.

The number of schools receiving the exhibits has grown to
cover nearly all in Charleston. Outside of Charleston plans are
now being made for their circulation through the schools of
C'harleston County, and a schedule for the Beaufort Public
School has recently been put in operation. Very few exhibits
are ever idle, in fact the demand for the nature exhibits in pri-
mary grades is greatly in excess of the supply.

The Charleston schools which are now using the exhibits, or
are to begin doing so in January, are as follows:

Public— Crafts, Bennett, Courtenay, Shaw, Mitchell, Colored
Industrial, Simonton, Memminger Normal, and Charleston High
Schools.

Private — St. Luke's Parish School, West Side Kindergarten,
Ashley Hall, Porter Military Academy, University School, Con-
federate Home College, and the schools of Miss Louise Smith,
Miss Rebecca Motte Frost, Miss Louisa FitzSimons, the Misses
Sass, the Misses Bacot and Barnwell, the Misses Gibbes, Miss
Mary McGee, and Miss Williams.

Teachers in private schools frequently tell me that they wish
to use the traveling exhibits because their children hear about
them through public school pupils and ask why they don't have
them. As one teacher put it, "I 've had to take up nature study
in self-defense." Numbers of the private primary teachers use
the nature study course in modified form, being unable to get the
exhibits at the seasons they are on schedule for public schools.

In October eight of the bird exhibits were sent to the State
Fair at Columbia.

Several lectures have been given at schools during the past
year. Director Rea spoke at the Memminger Normal School
on The Value of Science in the School Curriculum and in Life,

71

and I have talked at Mitchell School and at the Public School of
Beaufort on the South Carolina Birds, using in illustration col-
ored lantern slides of fifteen of the habitat groups of birds in the
American Museum. This bird lecture I have also delivered at
the Museum for several schools.

Informal talks to classes in the main hall are constantly given.
Beside those seeking general information classes from Memminger
Normal School and Ashley Hall have come to study the stone
age, Egyptian archeology, and squirrels. A demand for arche-
ological material has led to a study of the Museum's resources,
and the collections are now being systematized and prepared for
exhibition.

The advance made in the work of the Museum in its relation
to schools is to be estimated not only by the great extension of
the actual work accomplished but also by the entire change in
attitude of both public and private schools. Two years ago the
schools looked askance at the Museum's offers of assistance.
The eagerness with which its exhibits are now sought undoubtedly
signifies that its resources will be severely taxed to keep pace with
the awakened interest which it has created.

Laura M. Bragg.

MUSEUM CALENDAR FOR JANUARY

January 7, Thursday. Regular monthly meeting of the Nat-
ural History Society, Section A, at 5 p. m. Director Rea will
speak on Heredity. A general invitation to be present is extended
to all interested.

January 11, Monday. Bird study class at the Museum at
4.30 p. M. Subject: Local Winter Visitants. Open to members
of Section A.

January 14, Thursday. Regular monthly meeting of the Nat-
ural History Society, Section B, at 4.30 p. m. A general invita-
tion to be present is extended to all boys and girls interested.

January 15, 22, 29. Class for construction of bird houses at
the Museum at 4 p. m. Open to all members of Section B.

72

Under the Auspices of the College of Charleston

PUBLICATIONS

(1) The Bulletin of the Charleston Museum is published monthly
from October to May, each number consisting of eight to sixteen pages.
This is a popular record of the work of the Museum, containing account!
of its educational activities, descriptions of exhibits, and preliminary
notices of investigations. Important records of geographical distribu-
tion, and working lists of the local fauna and flora are often published
first in the Bulletin. The January issue of each year is devoted to the
annual report of the director of the Museum.

Volume I of this series began in April, 1905, and is complete in 5
numbers. Subsequent volumes consist of 8 numbers each. A title page
and index to the first five volumes was published in the issue of
December, 1909.

Sent prepaid to any address for 50 cents a year. Single copies 10 cents each

(2) Contributions from the Charleston Museum are issued at
irregular intervals, and consist of research papers too long or too im-
portant for publication in the Bulletin.

I Birds of South Carolina, by Arthur Trezevant Wayne.
Pp. XXI + 254. Price: paper, $2.75; cloth, $S.25.

II Catalog of the Mollusca of South Carolina, by William
G. Mazyck. Pp. XVI + 39. Price: paper, 50 cents.

Ill Birds of the City of Charleston, by Herbert Ravenel
Sass. In preparation.

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