Pay F
g.| k | 23 58|109 14/64 14/51 20/ 0.096803 | O-rashc0 | o'5493 | 14917 | 0.5483 21
| | 9.638197 | ~”
| 958569341. 4 nernee ae
| | -_ 0.051075 1.124 SON wa
g.| | 5 44/115 18/46 00'57 24] 0.194141] Opasmio| roses | 1-4910| 1.0862 |—22
| | | 9.841771 | feo
| | | Ro rindoiGilln pantie! 4 amon Place
g.| k’ | 75 30109 11/64 14 51 17/ 0.096027 | Meee a 1.4897 | 0.5423 —21
| 9.638197
48
University of California.
[Von. 3.
Calculated Table.—Following is a calculation of the 47
forms to correspond to the tables arranged by Goldschmidt in
his “Krystallographische Winkeltabellen.”
colemanite given by the writer are based on the elements po =
The ealeulations of
0.6989 ; go= 0.5098, and e = 0.3439, and therefore show a slight
difference in the angles from those given by him on page 100.
a= 7768
ce = 5430
\
B if 69° 53”
lg h
lg sin po J
lg a = 9.890309
| Ig ¢ = 9.734800
lg po = 9.844415
| do = 1.4306 | po = 6989
| lg do = 0.155509
|
|
lg bo = 0.265200
lg do = 9.707463 | bo = 1.8416 | Go = 5098
Gat.
Miller.
001
010
100
310
210
110
120
130
O11
021
101
201
301
101
201
502
B01
401
601
801
Aya
Jub
Til
pal
331
141
131
loor6es | 1° Lo sseaza 1g 22 = 0.136952 | h = 0.9390 | -e = 3439
| Ig cos p J do |
| a! ,
| p p £o No | é n | (Prisms) y’ oe
| | (a:y) SIP
(90°00 20°07 (20°07 | 0°00 | 20°07 | 0°00 | 0.3663 0 | 0.3663
0 00 90.00 0 00,9000, 000 9000 0 Pa wo
90 00 90 00/90 00, 0:00 90 00, 000, % 0 os
76 20| ‘190 00|76 20 |13 40] 4.1227 | ow | «
69 58| * «| «© leg 58/20 02) 2.7419 |“ 5
53 53'| * a «¢ 153 53°|36 067| 1.3709 |“ at
3496] * eo | (134 96 (55 34| 006854 |“ se
94 33] «* «| lea 337165 26+) 0.4570 |)“ ms
34 00 |33 13°20 07 |28 30/17 50°|27 01 | 0.3663 | 0.5430] 0.6550
18 38/48 54| ‘* /47 22/13 56/45 34/ “* | 1.0860/1.1461
90 00/47 59/48 00| 0 00/4759! 0 00/ 1.1106 | 0 {1.1106
‘* 161 40/61 40] ‘‘ |61 40} ‘“* | 1.8549) ‘* {1.8549
‘¢ 168 57168 57°) ** |68 57-| ** | 2/5999)1| seem ingue
90 00 |20 42°)20 427) ‘ |20 42) ‘* | 0.8781 |) ‘ 0.8781
‘ /4g1g|/48 18} “© |418!| “. | T1923 | “ |1.1998
“* 156 18|5613| ‘* |5613| ‘* | 1.4944] ‘ |1.4944
‘“ 161 49/61 49; ‘* |6149| ‘‘ |T.se6e |] ‘* |1.8666
* 169 02 (69 O27 ae ViGON02) | ae 2.6109 | / “* | 2.61109
‘176 17:17617| ‘* |7617| ** | 40996 | ‘* |4.0996
' leg 51179 51| “* (75 51] ** | 5.5882) “* ipsgse
57 55 |71 56/68 57 58 27°53 40 30 19°| 2.5992 |1.6290|3.0675
63 56151 02/48 00 |28 30/44 18/19 58 | 1.1106 |0.5430/1.2362
34 51/33 29:20 42) ‘f |18 23 |26 55°} 0.3781 + 0266)
7 56/57 22 FB 18 47 22 37 14° 35 51 | 1.1223 | 1.0860/1.5617
48 53 68 01 GI 49 58 27° FF 19 37 34 1.8666 | 1.6290 2.4776
27 05 |67 42 |48 00 |65 17 |24 54°155 28 | 1.1106 | 2.1720] 2.4396
34 17/63 06'| ‘* |58 277/30 09/47 28| ‘* |1.6290|1.9716
os
| |
EAKLE.]
a = 7768 lg a
c = 5430 | ge
= \lgk=
—£ j ave ve | 2 a
= ——S
No z | Gat. | Miller.
4 |
28 | ly 121
29 | » |+13 | 232
30 | r |—13 | 339
81 | d|—12 | 121
32 | « —13 131
B30) CO l-- 10:1! 10.1.1
34 | & I+81 311
35 | @|+51 | 522
36, 0 —21 21]
37) ®@ 31 31]
38 BB o—41 411
SORtemi— 23: 23
40 Q 24 241
41 |) s |\—34 341
42 y —32 Bpal
43 | w |—i4 182
44 | p |+42 | 142
45 | w |+¢3 | 164
46 |p i|+3¢ | 165
47 P\|—i2 | 123
University
Colemanite from Southern California.
lg Po
49
9.890309 | lg do = 0.155509 9.844415 ee . 1.4306 Do 6989
9.734800 | lg bo = 0.265200 lg do 9.707463 bo 1.8416. do 5098
yp) 2972068 | i. aa | 9.536474 lee = 0.136952 hk = 0.9390" ¢ = 3489
re | Pa
| co) | p &o | No Fa ny \(Prisms)) y! | os
| (a: y) | tgp
|45°38 prs: 48°00 47°22 36°57 36°00" 1.1106 1.0860 1.5533
[53 44154 01 ie 39 10 140 44 |98 35° a 0.8145] 1.3772
24 54/41 55°120 42] ‘* {16 20/37 18] 0.3781 |1.1100/ 0.8980
JTS 11/48 59°] ‘* |47 22/14 22 \45 a7] /1.0860 1.1500
13 04/59 07] ‘‘ |58 27°)II 11 |56 43° oe 1.6290 1.6724
86 017/82 43 |82 42°28 30 81 42° 3.57 7.8093 0.5430 7.8281
78 12/69 22/68 57) ** |66 21/11 02/2.5992 | ** |9.6553
76 18/66 2¢/65 49| ‘© |62 56/12 32°] 2.2270] ‘* {2.2999
64 11/51 16/48 18| ‘* |44 36°/19 52 | 1.1223 ‘* 11,2468
73 47 |62 47/61 49| ‘* |58 38/14 23/T.see6 | “* |1.9441
78 15/69 26:|69 02} ‘* |66 27/10 59, 2.6109 ‘| 2.6663
|/B4 34/63 11/48 18 |57 27°|30 25 47 18| T.1223 1.6290) 1.9782
37 19'167 45] ‘* 165 17 |35 08155 19 *¢ 19.1720) 2.4450
40 40°')70 45 |61 49| ‘* |37 58°/45 43°| 1.8666 ‘* | 2.8640
59 48/65 09| ‘* |47 22151 39:\27 09} ‘* |1.0860/2.1598
0 09°/65 17] 0 20/65 17 0 08°65 17] 0.0058 2.1720' 2.1715
|34 12°/52 43 [36 26°/47 22 26 34 41 08" 0.7384 |1.0860 1.3133
34 08 44 327/28 55/39 10 |23 11 |35 29°! 0.5523 |0.8145) 0.9841
38 19/39 43 |27 15 ee 05 23 20°30 05 0.5151 0.6516 0.8306
[18 05 |20 51] 6 44/19 54) 6 20°19 46° 0.1182 0.3620 0.3808
of California,
April, 1902.
VO Saar ens:
BULL, DEPT. GEOL, UNIV. CAL.
Colemanite.
Ss
WO OY GY.
v VAX
VADER
VALERY
= x
State UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PUBLICATIONS
verre ‘y Bulletin of the Department of Geology
Vol. 3, No. 3, pp. 51-62. ; ANDREW C. LAWSON, Editor
‘ e
THE EPARCH4ZAN INTERVAL
an)
* ass Cat A criticism of the use of the term Algonkian
: a i Gon BY
Yat x - y
ease. e ANDREW C. LAWSON
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UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PUBLICATIONS
Bulletin of the Department of Geology
Vol. 3, No. 3, pp. 51-62. ANDREW C. LAWSON, Editor
THE
EPARCHAAN INTERVAL
A CRITICISM OF THE USE OF THE TERM ALGONKIAN
BY
ANDREW C. LAWSON
In the year 1854 Logan proposed the name Laurentian for a
series of rocks, which he and his assistants on the Geological
Survey of Canada had been studying for the preceding nine
years in the region of the St. Lawrence and Ottawa rivers. He
had in earlier reports referred to the same rocks as the “meta-
morphie series,” and had shown conclusively that a part of them
at least, comprising limestones, quartzites and conglomerates,
were clastic rocks. In subsequent reports, and especially in the
summary report of 1863, the term became very much extended,
and vast terranes of granite-gneisses, anorthosites, ete., were
included under it, as well as more evenly banded or bedded
gneisses. By reason of their association with the recognizably
clastic rocks, these granite-gneisses, anorthosites and banded
eneisses were regarded as also of metamorphie derivation from
original clastic sediments, and various attempts were made to
treat them stratigraphically. With the progress of exploration
it became apparent that this vast complex was resolvable into
three subdivisions, and these became known as the Lower,
Middle and Upper Laurentian, the first consisting of granite-
eneiss, the second of lmestones, quartzites, conglomerates and
banded gneiss, and the third of anorthosites. These subdivisions
52 University of California. [Vou. 3.
were also known as the Fundamental gneiss, the Grenville series
and the Norian series, respectively.
To-day, no one qualified to speak upon the question enter-
tains the idea that the Fundamental gneiss or the anorthosites of
the Norian series are other than true igneous rocks. The Gren-
ville series, however, remains as Logan interpreted it, a strati-
eraphie sequence of clearly recognizable clastic rocks, with
perhaps certain admixtures of igneous material:
The term Huronian was first used by Logan and Hunt * in
1855 for the rocks of the north shore of Lake Huron and their
supposed equivalents on Lake Superior, now known as the
Keweenawan series. The rocks were at this time thought to be
probably of Cambrian age. In the work of the next few years,
the Upper Copper-bearing rocks of Lake Superior were segre-
gated from those on Lake Huron and the term Huronian retained
for the latter. In the report of 1863 the Huronian was described
and mapped as a clastic series of pre-Potsdam age, with certain
voleanie admixtures. Although it is probable, as I first sug-
gested,? that the Huronian as deseribed in the report of 1863
embraces more than one series of rocks, yet no one has ever
called in question the essentially clastic character of the great
bulk of the rocks so designated.
Both of these terms, Laurentian and Huronian, signalized
most important discoveries in geological science. They were
immediately adopted and widely used both on this continent and
in Europe. The rocks comprised in these two series were re-
garded as of exceptional interest because they antedated the
Paleozoic and were separated from it by a profound and. wide-
spread unconformity. This gave them a certain individuality as
a whole which it seemed desirable to recognize by the use of a
comprensive designation. Moreover, there might be other
pre-Cambrian series of clastic rocks resembling the Laurentian
or Huronian, the correlation of which with either of these series
might be very doubtful, and the‘progress of the science demanded
a comprehensive term which would not necessitate correlation of
its members in widely distant regions. These considerations
*Sketch of the Geology of Canada. Paris, 1855.
TGeol. and Nat. Hist. Survey of Canada, Ann. Rpt. 1885, p. 12CC.
—-.
Lawson. ] The Eparchaan Interval. 53
were first clearly appreciated by James D. Dana, and in 1872 he
proposed Archwan as a general term including the Laurentian,
Huronian and other pre-Cambrian rock series which might or
might not be the correlatives of these. The term ~
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UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PUBLICATIONS
Bulletin of the Department of Geology
Vol. 3, No. 18, pp. 397=402, PI. 47. ANDREW C. LAWSON, Editor
A NEW CESTRACIONT SPINE FROM THE
LOWER TRIASSIC OF IDAHO
BY
HERBERT M. Evans.
CONTENTS.
PAGE
Occurrence and State of Preservation... cccceeee cececeeeeeee seeeeeeeveceeeeeeeees 397
ID NEVER ORO) 0 oak eee eee en ee ccc en nad eee 398
PANT MING OS 2 Oe eat cma aes feat Be igh Sele Sas a alae assets, ae wey OOD
OCCURRENCE AND STATE OF PRESERVATION.
The fossil fish spine described in the following paper was
obtained on a palaeontological expedition to southern Idaho,
during the summer of 1903, for the purpose of examining the
lower Triassic exposures at Aspen Ridge and Paris Canyon. The
spine was discovered at the latter loeality by Professor John C.
Merriam, to whom the author is indebted for advice in the study
otf the specimen. It was found in an exposure of the lower
Triassic in Paris Canyon and about one mile west of the town of
Paris.
The associated invertebrate fauna was examined by Professor
James Perrin Smith of Leland Stanford Jr. University, who was
a member of the party. Professor Smith has made a special
investigation of both the Aspen Ridge and the Paris beds, and
the geologic position of the Paris horizon is best given in the
following note which he has kindly furnished:
“The beds in Paris Canyon are lower Triassic but below the
typical Meekoceras beds of the Aspen range. They contain
species of the genera Meehoceras, Prionolobus, Ophiceras, Pseu-
398 University of California. [Von. 3.
dosageceras, and Celtites. The Pseudosageceras seems to be
the only species common to these beds and those of the Aspen
ridge.”
On splitting the slab containing the specimen, the spine broke
from the surrounding matrix leaving on the rock, the thin
surface layer of the spine, together with the ganoine-coated
tubercles which ornamented it. Consequently the ornamentation
of the spine by tubercles was not at first evident. As tubercles
were supposed to exist, the surface was carefully etched with
hydrochloric acid and thus the whole pattern was brought out
clearly. Numerous individual tubercles were then extracted and
examined under the microscope.
The figure of the spine (Pl. 47, Fig. 1) was based on a study
of the complete tubercular pattern which was exhibited after the
etching had exposed all of the tubercles present. The arrange-
ment and ornamentation of the tubercles are given exactly as
they occur on the specimen.
Three transverse fractures of the spine permitted a study of
the cross sections and furnished evidence of the character and
extent of the medullary cavity (Pl. 47, Figs. la, 1b, le). The
exact character of the deep posterior furrow at the base was
brought out clearly by careful removal of the limestone matrix
which filled it. (Fig. 1d).
DESCRIPTION.
Cosmacanthus elegans n. sp.
PLATE 47.
Type specimen No. M9087 University of California, Palaeontological
Museum.
Spine of medium size, 163 mm. long by 23 mm. greatest width, bilater-
ally symmetrical, tapering, slightly arched, curving backward, cross-section
triangular with a sub-acute anterior angle; anterior edge covered above the
base by a rounded enamel ridge. The oblique dorsal line separates a smooth
base from the ornamented exserted portion and indicates a posterior inclina-
tion of about 45°. The lateral faces are slightly rounded. The posterior
face is truncated and hollowed below by a deep furrow which is an extension
of the medullary cavity. Upper portion of posterior face longitudinally
elevated in a low, rounded, median ridge, or keel, between which and the
edges of the face are shallow longitudinal furrows. The lateral and posterior
faces are covered with small, closely set, and distinctly sculptured tubercles.
The seulpturing of the tubercles is in the form of minute oblique lateral
ridges which are generally longer on one side of the tubercle, thus making
the pattern somewhat asymmetric; the obliquity of the ridges often approx-
imates a spiral type. The sides of the tubercles curve sharply into a
Evans.] A New Cestraciont Spine. 399
truncated top. On the upper third of the spine, the tubercles are disposed
in longitudinal rows parallel with the anterior edge. They increase in
number below and dispose themselves in perceptably oblique rows, tending
to radiate from the central portion of the posterior edge. The medullary
cavity extends for about .85 of the length of the spine and opens in a wide
and deep furrow on the lower end of the posterior face. The edges of the
lower end of the furrow are sharp and slightly incurved, becoming rounded
as they approach each other above to meet near the upper end of the
inserted portion.
AFFINITIES.
Isolated dermal spines closely resembling the above in many
particulars occur at numerous horizons, being most common on
this continent in the Devonian, Sub-Carboniferous, and the Coal
Measures. They have been usually grouped under the general
’
term “Ichthyodorulites ” and are most frequently referred to the
Cestraciontidae.
Among the Iechthyodorulites, a great diversity of form and
ornamentation exists, but many spines ean be found having some
characters in common with the Paris specimen. The smooth
base, ornamented faces, and the internal cavity with a low
posterior opening, are characters possessed by many genera.
Of the European genera, Asteracanthus Agassiz is near this
spine in general form and ornamentation, but the similarity
breaks down on examination of the individual tubercles and of
the posterior surface. One of the conspicuous differences is seen
in the entire absence of enlarged tubercles, denticles or teeth on
this spine, whereas it possesses a sharply defined enamel keel,
which is not present in Asteracanthus.
The tendency to arrangement of the tubercles in transverse
rows is a character perhaps most marked in Oracanthus Agassiz.
This genus, however, never shows truncation of the posterior
border and the tubercles are also distinetly different from those
of the Paris spine.
The general shape of the Paris specimen and its cross-sections,
present a strong similarity to the figures of Memacanthus mont-
lifer Agassiz* from the Triassic of England, but the presence of
a well marked postero-lateral row of denticles as also the character
of the lateral tuberculation in Nemacanthus preclude its refer-
ence to that genus.
* Agassiz L. Recherches sur les Poissons Fossiles. III Atlas 1843. Tab. 7,
Figs. 11, 13, 14, 15.
400 University of California. [Von. 3.
Some similarity also exists between this spine and the fragment
from the Sub-Carboniferous which St. John and Worthen* have
deseribed as Glymmatacanthus, but with such evidence as is at
hand one would not be justified in establishing any certain
affinities between the two. We know nothing of the character
of the posterior face of Glymmatacanthus, which, moreover,
shows no close agreement in the seulpturing or arrangement of
its tubercles and possesses no anterior keel.
The Paris spine ean be ineluded in the genus Cosmacanthus
Agassiz as defined by Woodward.t Its general form, the pres-
ence of tuberculation on the lateral faces, and the truneation of
the posterior face with low longitudinal keel, are characters
which show its relationship to that genus. Of the species which
have been included in Cosmacanthus, the Paris specimen shows
closest affinity with two which St. John and Worthen have
deseribed from the Sub-Carboniferous of Illinois and Missouri,
and of these, especially with Cosmacanthus (Geisacanthus)
stellatus. This spine shows clearly the prominent anterior
enamel keel, a character which was apparently absent in the type
species, C. malcolmsoni Agassiz from the old Red Sandstone, as
well as in C. marginalis Davis and C. carbonarius MeCoy, from
the Irish Carboniferous. It may well be questioned whether this
character is not of generic rank and if so the name Geisacanthus
must be retained for the keeled forms.
The Paris spine is easily separated from the Illinois species
by its much greater size, more numerous tubercles and different
tubercular pattern, as well as by the difference in the form and
sculpturing of the tubercles. For the present we retain it as an
Ichthyodorulite, until further information such as its association
with teeth, scales, ete. will permit us to identify it with some other
form or certainly fix its generic relationship.
At the present time, this is, so far as the author is aware,
the only Ichthyodorulite recorded from the American Triassic.
*St. John O. and Worthen A. H. Descriptions of Fossil Fishes, Palaeontology
of Illinois. Geol. Sury. of Ill. (A. H. Worthen, Director) 1875. Vol. VI, Part II,
pp. 446-447; also pp. 440-442.
+ Woodward, A. S. Catalogue of the Fossil Fishes in the British Museum.
Part II, 1891, p. 111.
EVANS. A New Cestraciont Spine. 40]
It is interesting to note that oceurring in the lower Triassic, its
affinities are so close with some of the Carboniferous species.
Probably a better knowledge of the iehthyie fauna of our
early Triassie will attend a further study of the Idaho beds.
University of California,
May, 1904.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE 47.
Cosmacanthus elegans n. sp.
Fig. 1.—Lateral view of spine. (Natural size).
Figs. la, 1b, le. —Cross sections of spine taken at a, b, c, on figure 1, show-
ing form and extent of the medullary cavity. (Natural size).
Fig. 1d.—Posterior view of base of spine showing character of deep medul-
lary furrow. (Natural size).
Fig. 2.—Top view of a tubercle showing typical form and sculpturing
Cee air
Fig. 2a.—Lateral view of the tubercle shown in figure 2. (> 12.5).
Vi@ Er Sie rlen e7,
BULLE DEPIn GEOL UNIV, CAE.
Se
_ UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PUBLICATIONS
Bulletin of the Department of Geology eS as. es
Vol. 3, No. 19, pp. 403-410, Pls. 48-49. ANDREW C. LAWSON, Editor — ae.
A FOSSIL EGG tS ae
; ' FROM Agee ae
ARIZONA
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UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PUBLICATIONS
Bulletin of the Department of Geology
Vol. 3, No. 19, pp. 403=410, Pls. 48-49. ANDREW C. LAWSON, Editor
A FOSSIL EGG FROM ARIZONA.
BY
Wm. CoNGER MORGAN
AND
MARION CLOVER TALLMON.
CONTENTS.
PAGE
Tatts X@Ya ERC ao ate ee eee nee SR Pane NO eR OD 403
(ONCE ADRENALS) or eee sR al a 404
The Enclosing Capsule.................. eee ey ea ey eee ee eee 404
AIpvOmPH TO OM S16) 4 Bae eae ies as «aoe © reese sys scyee coca cic geece Gealeecs ee Sen eee 405
The Contents .......... a ame ae ee oe ese 406
TNS eNO GY HS eR I Rr Se eC 409
INTRODUCTION.
Very few instances of the occurrence of eggs in the fossil
state have been recorded. The fossil eggs of New Zealand birds
are shells which have been preserved by reason of their thickness
and strength. The Chelonian eggs of Tertiary age from
Auvergne, France, are simply shells filled with hardened mud.
An interesting fossil egg from the American Miocene has been
deseribed by Oliver C. Farrington and has been considered the
ege of a duck.
The specimen described in this paper was brought to the
attention of Professor John C. Merriam some months ago by Mr.
G. A. Helmore of San Francisco. It had been in Mr. Helmore’s
possession for some years and was obtained by him from a pros-
pector who had found it in a large pebble embedded in placer
* Field Columbian Museum, Pub. 35. Vol. [, No. 5, Geol. Series. A Fossil Egg
from South Dakota.
404 University of California. [Vor. 3.
gravels on the Gila River in Arizona. Mr. Helmore being
unwilling to part with the specimen has kindly loaned it to the
University for study and deseription.
When found, the egg formed the center of a rounded mass of
hard caleareous rock which may be ealled the capsule. The
surrounding matrix had been, partly removed and the egg broken
open before it came into our possession. As it was necessary to
obtain a fresh unrubbed surface of the shell for study, the
enclosing rock was removed in the laboratory.
Since this seems to be a unique specimen it has been thought
advisable to put the principal facts concerning its preservation
on record. The authors are indebted to Professor Merriam for
many suggestions during the course of this study.
OCCURRENCE.
Unfortunately, the information which we have concerning the
occurrence of this specimen does not give us very definite evi-
dence concerning its age. The eneapsuled egg is said to have
been a pebble in gravels some distance above the present level of
the river. If, as has been supposed, the gravels are bench
deposits, the eve is at least as old as the Quaternary. If they
are of Recent origin we can still hardly suppose it younger than
(Quaternary, as it is only under the most extraordinary cireum-
stance that deposits of Recent origin can occur as hard pebbles in
Recent conglomerates.
THE ENCLOSING CAPSULE.
The nature of the capsule when the specimen was first exam-
ined is shown in Plate 48, figures 2 and 4. Some of the matrix
had been removed at that time. The enclosing rock forms a
flattened ellipsoid measuring about 3445 inches. The surface
was sharply ridged, due apparently to differential weathering of
the thin layers of matrix. The greater part of the matrix is highly
caleareous and might be designated as Lmestone. The outer
layer is of finely laminated clay.
When the capsule was removed its inner surface was seen to
be marked with peculiar pits (Pl. 48, figs. 83 and 4), and to be
covered with a very thin film of a tarry material, which usually
MorGAN-TALLMON. | A Vossil Hgg from Arizona. 405
fills the pits completely. The number of pits in any piece of the
matrix corresponds in general with the number of visible pores
in that part of the shell from which it was removed. (PI. 48,
fig. 1.) These pores in the shell are also filled with tar, and
the relative distribution of pits and pores over corresponding
surfaces of matrix and shell is the same. Opposite a fine crack
in the shell the quantity of tarry material is considerably
increased. Chemical examination failed to show the presence of
any tar in the matrix except this small quantity on or near the
surface in contaet with the shell.
THE EGG SHELL.
The eee shell has retained its original composition and micro-
seopie structure. A chemical analysis shows that it does not
differ from the shell of a wild goose ege. A thin section (Pl. 49,
fig. 2a) shows the same structure as that exhibited by a similar
section from a hen’s ege.
The form of the eve has been perfectly preserved, and from
comparison with existing eges we conclude that this specimen
belonged to an aquatic bird. The egg corresponds fairly well to
the type of egg laid by the cormorant. Objection might be
made that the cormorant’s ege is covered with a chalky layer,
but when this layer is removed a pitted surface much like that of
this specimen is exposed. The minutest markings of the shell
are preserved in the matrix, and in this there is no evidence of
any seratches such as usually occur in the chalky layer of the
cormorant’s egg. It seems improbable that the chalky layer
would have been washed off without injury beine done to the
ege, neither is it probable that it was firmly united with the
matrix and pulled away in separating the egg shell from the rock.
While the specimen much resembles the type egg of the
cormorant, it is also very much like the egg of the larger grebes
or herons, the American bittern and the limkin. Again,
while the ratio of the short to the long axis is somewhat less
than that of the typical egg of a duck, it corresponds almost
exactly with measured eggs of many of the larger species of this
family. It is probable that when this egg was deposited the
region was not near to the sea. Under geographic conditions
406 University of California. [Vou. 3.
sunilar to those now obtaining dueks would be much more
numerous than any of the other possible forms, and the proba-
bilities, therefore, favor its anatine origin. Considering that
great individual variation often occurs in a single set of eggs, it
is evident that specifie conclusions as to the parentage of any
specimen can hardly be drawn from form alone.
THE CONTENTS.
With the exception of a small space near the periphery, the
interior of the egg is filled solidly with a beautifully crystalline
mass of the mineral colemanite (Pl. 49, fig. 1). In several
places next the shell there is present a dark brown semi-fluid
tarry inaterial (PI. 49, fig. 1,4) resembling asphalt in appearance
and physical properties. When cold it is brittle, showing a
conchoidal fracture with brilliant surfaces, the edges of the
fracture becoming rounded on standing. As the temperature
rises it grows softer, until at 100°C it becomes a fluid with
considerable viscosity. Its specific gravity is a trifle less than
that of boiling water. It is readily and completely soluble in
petroleum ether, carbon disulphide and chloroform. Henee it
resembles very closely that fraction of natural asphalts which has
“ petrolene.”
been known as
Between 150° and 250°C a far-reaching decomposition takes
place, resulting in the liberation of relatively large volumes of an
inflammable gas. Of the residuum in the ignition tube after
such treatment, about fifty per cent only is soluble in petroleum
ether. The greater part of the remainder dissolves in carbon
disulphide, but an appreciable residue is soluble only in chloro-
form. It is thus evident that the substance obtained after
heating cannot be differentiated from a natural asphalt, since it
may be separated into the so-called “asphaltene,” as well as the
“petrolene” fraction, by the ordinary methods.
Submitted to ultimate analysis the same similarity is apparent.
Qualitatively examined the tar shows the presence of carbon,
hydrogen and sulphur, but not of nitrogen, and although, as it
oceurs In the egg, the tar contains apparently a smaller percent-
age of carbon than is found in asphalts generally, the heated
MorGANn-TALLMON, | A Fossil Egg from Arizona, 407
material contains the normal constituents in the normal propor-
tions,
These facts tell us something of the history of the fossil
during the period in which it lay buried, and also show the rela-
tion of the tar it contains to other bituminous matter. Since
the tar is completely soluble in petroleum ether without residue
of any kind, while the heated product is largely insoluble in the
same menstruum, it is evident that the fossil has never been
subjected to a temperature as high as 150°C. The tar as it
exists in the evg@ requires simply this sheht elevation of temper-
ature to make it indistinguishable from a natural asphalt.
While the colemanite is often in direct contact with the
shell, the bituminous material is always so. 227
Cireumference (longitudinally) 0.000... eee cree 169
22 (transversely) ....... BE hh OnE Sees ane 124
Long diameter of enclosing capsule 2... eee eee eee 120
Average thickness of enclosing capsule ......00.00.02 eee ee eee eee 12
Thickness of cog'ovshh ell. oe eects ee ere econ devon se aaesuendh, axsniemseaes 03
—— =
EXPLANATION OF PLATE 48.
A Fossil Egg from Arizona.
All figures natural size.
Fig. 1.—Side view.
Fig. 2.—Egg in the original matrix.
Fig. 3.—Matrix from inner side, showing pits.
Fig. 4.—In the matrix, end view.
BULREY DEPT. GEOL) UNIV. GAL, VOlens, Play 48)
’
i
1
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- oot
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a
Fig
Fig.
Fig.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE 49.
A Fossil Egg from Arizona.
. 1.—Fractured surface of the broken egg, showing the contents; t, t’ and
other darkened areas represent the bituminous material; the
remainder of the cavity is filled with colemanite. (Natural
size.)
@. 2a.—A portion of the egg shell ground down on one side. 8, corru-
gated outer surface; ¢c, cellular lower layer. (* 275)
ig. 2b.—Cross-section of the shell fragment shown in figure 2a. s, corru-
o
gated outer surface; ¢, cellular lower layer. (% 275)
3.—Outer surface of the shell, showing corrugations of the surface and
a large pit filled with bituminous material. (* 275)
4.—Cross-section of the pit shown in figure 8. (* 275)
BULL. DEPT. GEOL. UNIV. CAL. VOER 3 Rika?
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EUCERATHERIUM,
A NEW UNGULATE
Sees _ FROM THE
- QUATERNARY CAVES OF CALIFORNIA
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UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PUBLICATIONS
Bulletin of the Department of Geology
Vol. 3, No. 20, pp. 411=418, Pls. 50-51. ANDREW C. LAWSON, Editor
EUCERATHERIUM, A NEW UNGULATE
FROM THE
QUATERNARY CAVES OF CALIFORNIA.
BY
WILLIAM J. SINCLAIR AND E. L. FURLONG.
CONTENTS.
PAGE
Tira GIO CU CUT OM eee psectt sccsee ccelecsczseececetstesccesasticeices TOE NT eA PEE ERROR PR REET 411
Euceratherium collinum Furlong & Sinclair... ccc cee eee ee 412
GeMeT] CRCMALACTOLS fers areca eens eras, o8e ccs eee eeeeee ec sees ceesvanibstceciges eee 412
SDECTIIGRCNATLACTOL Shae tees caverta, streets coiseet: ccsncstveves sae caoesecsyethtieardec1 sevsetsvesri2 412
CCT ET. COM eet sine. et nee, cue tee eran eee tes hs cee fo Beat eae oa site eee ccaaese 412
(CHRD Wa ey gy Re AR or
Dentition :
PANETT GCS pete eres eae eee een eae es te See ase 2A eect rea ioe ee 28 Soe) 416
WML @ENEACERED GOVE eH SIE eg Oa oh ee eye eee aS 417
INTRODUCTION.
While conducting explorations in the Quaternary caves of
Shasta County for the Department of Anthropology of the Uni
versity of California, the writers have frequently found portions
of the skeleton of a large ungulate differing in many respects
from any existing form. The discovery by Mr. Furlong, during
the past summer, of the exceptionally complete specimen
described in the present paper, made possible the reference of
this more or less scattered material to a new and peculiar genus,
for which the name Euceratherium' has been proposed.”
1 Evxépaos, beautiful-horned; @nplov, wild beast.
2 Pub. Univ. of Cal. Am. Arch. and Eth. Vol. 2, p. 18.
412 University of California. [Vou. 3.
EUCERATHERIUM COLLINUM Furlong & Sinelair.
Pus. 50 and 51; Text Fia. 1.
Pub. Univ. of Cal. Am. Arch. and Eth. Vol. 2, p. 18.
Generic characters.—Horn-cores solid, situated close together
on the posterior extremity of the frontals and far behind the
orbits. Frontals reaching to occiput, with strongly developed
pneumatic eavities extending into the bases of the horn-cores.
Parietal confined to occiput, forming no part of the cranial roof.
Lachrymal pit broad and shallow. Dental formula ©, 9, 3, 3.
Teeth hypsodont, large, without cement or accessory cuspules.
Specific characters.—Horn-cores laterally compressed and
curved, elliptical in cross-section at the base, circular in cross-
section at the tip. Proximal half of horn-core directed upward
and backward, distal half outward and forward. Frontals
broadly convex above orbits, shghtly inflated toward bases of
horn-cores. Occiput with sharp median keel above foramen
magnum.
Occurrence.—The type specimen (No. M8751, Univ. of Cal.
Palaeont. Mus.) was discovered by Mr. Furlong in the Samwel
Cave, situated on the east side of the McCloud River, about
thirteen miles north of Baird, Shasta County, and 355 feet above
the river. It consists of a cranium without mandible, from
which a part of the right horn-core, the jugal process of the
right squamosal, and the extremities of the premaxillae and
nasals have been broken. The nasals and a part of the pre-
maxillae have been restored in plaster. The superior dentition
lacks only the first premolar on the left side. The eranium lay
on the surface of a deposit of ossiferous clay flooring a deep
vault in the cave, and was almost completely covered by a coat-
ing of crystalline stalagmite. The difficulty of preparing the
specimen for exhibition was increased by the chalky character
and extreme thinness of the bones of the skull, especially in the
frontal region where the pneumatic cavities are roofed over by
mere shells of bone.
In the Potter Creek Cave, Huceratherium is represented by
abundant remains which have been found in all the bone-yield-
Sincuarr-Furtona.] Huceratherium, A New Ungulate. 413
ing strata. This material comprises broken horn-cores, teeth
and podial elements. The horn-cores and teeth agree closely
with those of the type specimen.
The age of the deposit in the Samwel and Potter Creek Caves
is later Quaternary, but the Potter Creek Cave is probably the
older.
Cranium.—The eranium is that of a fully matured individual
In size it approximates the skull of a small cow, and resembles
Bos in the elongated facial region and the restriction of the
parietal to the oeciput. In the front view (Pl. 51), the facial
region appears broad, in striking contrast with the narrowing of
the forehead posteriorly. The interorbital area is broadly con-
vex, becoming’ slightly inflated toward the bases of the horn-
cores, as seen in the lateral view (Pl. 50), where the pneumatic
cavities approach the surface, reducing the thickness of the
frontals to a mere shell. The prominent orbits are well in
advanee of the horn-cores. Opposite the posterior rim of each
orbit there is a small supraorbital foramen. The frontals reach
the oeeciput, exeluding the parietal from the cranial roof, and
confining that element to the back of the skull.
The horn-cores are supported by the frontals at the posterior
extremity of the skull. Although situated close together, their
bases do not coalesce. Internally, the cores are filled with can-
cellous bone tissue and are not penetrated beyond their bases by
the pneumatic cavities of the forehead. Proximaliy, the horn-
cores are elliptical in cross section but become ecireular toward
the tips. The proximal portions of the cores are directed back-
ward and upward. Distally, they curve outward and forward
with a slight upward turn toward the tip. They are pierced by
many nutrient foramina and are deeply marked on the outer side
by vascular channels. The anterior margin of the left horn-core
bears two low prominences situated about half way up the shaft.
These were not observed on any of the horn-cores from the Potter
Creek Cave.
On the back of the skull the parietal and occipital elements
are fused into a vertical plate, which meets the frontal plane at
an acute angle. Superiorly the occiput is narrow corresponding
with the great narrowness of the forehead. It widens toward
414 Iniversity of California. (Von. 3.
the middle, supporting a median tubercle for muscular attach-
ment. The tubercle unites inferiorly with a sharp median keel
which becomes less prominent toward the superior border of the
foramen magnum. Lateral ridges extend from the median tuber-
cle outward and downward over the mastoid as in the sheep.
The base of the skull resembles that of Haplocerus, and the
foramina for the exit of the eranial nerves are the same in char-
acter and position as in that genus. The bullae are imperfectly
preserved in the type, but in another specimen (No. M8464) from
the Potter Creek Cave they are seen to be quite different from
the corresponding: parts in existing North American ecavicorns.
Instead of being high and narrow as in the cattle and sheep, they
are flattened, presenting inferiorly a slightly concave surface with
diamond-shaped outline. Anteriorly and externally, the bound-
aries of this surface are sharply defined; posteriorly and inter-
nally they are less clear. The bullae are low, extending but a
short distance (6 mm.) below the level of the post-glenoid pro-
cess. In Ovibos, the rugged bullae present a mammilated erest
inferiorly, quite different from the flattened surface in Hucera-
theriune.
The free borders of the palatines at the anterior margin of
the posterior nares are pinched in a short distance below the
narial border, producing on either side a shallow fossa which is
not found in any of the North American cavicorns with which
this genus has been compared.
The contour of the dental series is the same as in Ovis and
Hapilocerus, and as in these forms the posterior palatine foramina
open on the maxillo-palatine suture.
In the lateral aspect of the cranium (Pl. 50) the superior
border of the temporal fossa is seen to be sharply limited by a
ridge which extends from the upper margin of the postorbital
bar beneath the base of the horn-core to the lateral border of the
occiput which bounds the fossa posteriorly.
The malar areh is robust. That portion of it which is
included between the inferior orbital rim and the ridge which
extends backward as the lower border of the jugal process is
broader than in the domestic eattle.
The lachrymal pit is a broad shallow coneavity, limited above
Sinciair-Furtona.) Huceratherium, a New Ungulate. 415
by a low ridge along the line of the fronto-lachrymal suture.
Anteriorly and inferiorly the boundaries of the fossa are
indefinite.
The maxillary is considerably inflated some distance above
the alveolar border, giving to the face a swollen appearance.
The anterior opening of the infraorbital canal on the left side
is double and is situated above the anterior margin of the fourth
premolar, the smaller foramen opening above the larger one.
On the right side, the opening of the canal is single.
Dentition.—The dentition resembles closely that of Ovibos,
but the length of the superior series is somewhat shorter than in
that genus. The teeth are hypsodont, without trace of cement
or accessory cuspules. The second premolar on the left side is
wanting, and the third is abnormally inserted with its outer wall
in contact with the anterior margin of the fourth. In the
occlusal view (Fig. 1) the premolars of the opposite side have
been drawn.
Fig. 1. Huceratherium collinum. Left superior dental series, >< +.
The pattern of P? has been obscured by wear. The wall of
the inner crescent of P® is interrupted by a sharp angulation,
while that of the fourth presents the usual lunate outline. The
teeth possess the typical selenodont structure characterizing the
Ovinae. The external styles are prominently developed, bound-
ing depressed areas with broadly convex median ribs. The lakes
are narrow, and owing to the absence of cement remain open
even in well worn teeth. The molars display the deep pit pro-
duced by the confluence of the walls of the inner crescents which
is characteristic of Haplocerus and the sheep. Superior incisors
and canines were undoubtedly absent.
416 University of California. [Von. 3.
As the teeth wear, those of the superior series increase in
transverse diameter and decrease anteroposteriorly. This is due
to the great obliquity of the inner erescents which slope from the
triturating surface toward the palate, and to the anterposterior
constriction of the long tooth crowns as the roots are approached.
In the last superior molar, the anterposterior diameter remains
more constant than in the other teeth, due to the posterior
prolongation of the metastyle which tends to increase in width
toward the alveolar margin.
Affinities.—The closer affinities of Pucerathertum are not
clear. It may be placed in the sub-family Ovinae but can not
be regarded as intimately related to any existing North Ameri-
can member of that group. The cranium is larger than in the
bighorn sheep while the horn-cores are smaller, are situated
much farther behind the orbits, and differ greatly in form and
curvature. Although there is a resemblance to Ovibos in dental
structure, the horn-cores are of entirely different type. Price wesc
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UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PUBLICATIONS
Bulletin of the Department of Geology
Vol. 3, No. 21, pp. 419=421. ANDREW C. LAWSON, Editor
A NEW MARINE REPTILE
FROM THE
TRIASSIC OF CALIFORNIA
BY
JOHN C. MERRIAM.
In the collections of marine Triassic reptiles at the University
of California there are a number of specimens representing a
heretofore unknown form of swimming: reptile. In advance of
a more complete discussion of the structure and affinities of this
group, the following description of the type specimen is presented.
Thalattosaurus alexandrae, new gen. & sp.
FIGURE 1.
Cranium elongated, with slender snout. External nares
separated and not far in front of the orbits. Dentigerous
portion of the premaxillaries elongated but shorter than the
maxillaries. Premaxillaries and maxillaries seulptured on the
external surface.
Vomers with two rows of flat, button-like teeth. Pterygoids
with four or more rows of curved, conical teeth. Palatines not
known to be dentigerous. Teeth of the premaxillaries and of
the anterior end of dentary slender conical. Posterior part of
dentary and. probably of maxillaries with button-like, flat or
only slightly tubereulate teeth.
Vertebrae amphicoelous, neural spines slender. Dorsal ribs
single-headed. Coracoid reniform, elongated antero-posteriorly.
Seapula narrow. Humerus short, much expanded distally.
Radius and ulna about half the length of the humerus; radius
with median constriction. Pelvie arch robust, inferior elements
not plate-like.
420 University of California. (Vou. 3.
The type specimen (No. $343 Pal. Mus. Univ. Cal.) was
found im the Trachyceras beds of the Hosselkus limestone in the
Upper Triassic of Shasta County. It ineludes the anterior two-
thirds of the skull and a portion of the temporal region; also
parts of over thirty vertebrae, numerous fragmentary ribs, the
principal elements of the pectoral and pelvic arches and a
considerable portion of an anterior limb.
Fig. 1. Thalattosawvus alevandrac. Inferior side of the anterior
portion of the cranium. M, maxillary; Pm, premaxillary; V,
vomer; Pl, palatine; J, jugal; N, narial opening. ™ 4.
This species is named in honor of Miss A. M. Alexander, who
has not only contributed generously to the financial support of
the work on the vertebrates of the marine Triassic but was
herself the discoverer of the type specimen furnishing: the largest
part of our information concerning the group:
In its fundamental outlines, the skeletal structure in Thalatto-
saurus is strongly suggestive of the Rhynchocephalia, but like
many of the so-called rhynchocephahan groups it differs so far
from the typical forms represented by Sphenodon, Homae-
osaurus, ete., that it can not be included in the same ordinal
division. it is likewise so different from all of the other
described reptilian families and orders that it must be given
an independent position. The family name Thalattosauridae
and the ordinal: name Thalattosauria are therefore used to
express its position in the scheme of classification. —
Recently a number of groups possessing rhynchocephalian
characters have been tentatively brought together as orders in a
superorder, Diaptosauria, by Osborn.* Although diaptosaurian
in one sense simply spells primitive, this classification serves to
emphasize the distinct kinship certainly shown by many of these
*H. F. Osborn. The Reptilian Subclasses Diapsida and Synapsida and the
Early History of the Diaptosauria. Mem. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. 1, Part 8, 19038.
Merriam] A New Marine Reptile. 421
forms. For the present the Thalattosauria may be placed in the
superorder Diaptosauria, though it is doubtful whether it will be
retained in that division or even whether the Diaptosauria can
hold together when the various forms included in it become
better known. With increased knowledge of the Triassic
reptiles, it will naturally become increasingly difficult to
determine whether or not some of the orders classed with the
Diaptosauria ave more deserving of a position in that group
than, for example, the rhynehoeephaloid Parasuchia having’ an
independent position.
Inside the Diaptosauria the closest affinities of the Thalatto-
sauria are with the Proganosauria and Choristodera. From
both groups they differ more widely than these two differ from
each other. In many respects, particularly in limb structure,
the Thalattosauria represent more highly specialized aquatic
forms than the other two orders.
Outside of the Diaptosauria there are noticable resemblances
to the Parasuchia and to the Lacertihans. The common char-
acters are, however, almost without exception, primitive or
rhynehocephalian characters which we find persisting in the
Parasuchia and Squamata.
*» Some of the most interesting points of resemblance to known
forms shown by Thalattosaurus are found in its similarity in
parts of the skull to Proterosuchus Broom, from the Karoo
Beds. This form is referred to by Broom as “ a primi-
tive Rhynehocephahan which shows a considerable degree of
specialization along the line which gave rise to the early Croco-
diles and Dinosaurs.” Here as in other groups compared, the
skull structure shows important differences. Judgine’ from
these differences and from the occurrence of Proterosuchus, we
may expect that the limbs in that form will prove to have a
structure very different from that in Thalattosaurus, and will
tend rather toward the crocodilian type. While showing note-
worthy affinities, it would be impossible to brine Proterosuchus
and Thalattosaurus nearer to each other than related orders of
the Diaptosauria could come.
eae
Ss a
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PUBLICATIONS
Bulletin of the Department of Geology
ANDREW C. LAWSON, Editor
Vol. 3, No. 22, pp. 423=475-
THE RIVER TERRACES
OF THE
ORLEANS BASIN, CALIFORNIA
BY
OSCAR H. HERSHEY
os Meta
o Yo Y) F "te,
oD s sag eo
: \
BERKELEY L.
THE UNIVERSITY PRESS
NOVEMBER, 1904
PRICE 35 CENTS
ae /
THE BULLETIN OF THE DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALI:
FORNIA is issued at irregular intervals in the form of separate papers or memoirs, each
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UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PUBLICATIONS
Bulletin of the Department of Geology
Vol. 3, No. 22, pp. 423-475. ANDREW C. LAWSON, Editor
THE RIVER TERRACES
ORLEANS BASIN, CALIFORNIA
Oscar H. HERSHEY.
CONTENTS.
PAGE
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iBriet Outline: of Geomorphogony =. ..2cc2ccsceqceceeesececeseecceseseeceeececceseearaeedes sereeaeo= 424
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MherS50—foot LeErrace: 2. .......c-sceceecvee se -e--casreceeres OE A OE RS, Ee 428
The 675-foot Terrace
The 475-foot Terrace
Tue wli? O=LOO tm CTUA CCl ats. cate sesrtets coer =: cceb ese. tett es sas ontndacasu dete 22S tee nscareer eee eaes 433
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