California Academy of Sciences

Presented by_-EsSex Institute

December 22 1996.

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BULLETIN

OF THE

ESSEX INSTITUTE,

VOLUME XV.

1883. rile pal

| SALEM, MASS.
PRINTED AT THE SALEM PRESS,
1884.

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CONTENTS.

Swedish Superstitions and Characteristics; by Alban Andren, .

Records of the Cities and Towns of Essex County. Informa-
tion on their condition requested, . : 4 ‘

Presentation of the Caleb Cooke Memorial Tablet to the Trus-
tees of the Peabody Academy of Science, Jan. 12, 1883, ‘

Selish Myths; by W. J. Hoffman, A ; ; ; : -
The Jesuits; abstract of a paper by Rev. Geo. H. Hosmer,

Annual Meeting, Monday, May 21, 1883,. . A :

Election of officers, 43; retrospect of the year, 44; members, 44; field
meetings, 48; meetings, 52; publications, 54, 58; social meeting, 55;
receptions, 55; lectures, 56; concerts, 57; excursions, 57; library,59;
art exhibition, 69; horticultural exhibition, 71; museum, 73; finan-
cial, 75,

Notice of the Death of Charles Timothy Brooks, . ‘

The first notice of the Pine Grove or Forest River Shellheap; by
F. W. Putnam, ° ° ; 5 a : , 5 f

Weeds of Essex County; by John H. Sears, é °

Field Meeting at Oak Dell, Georgetown, . ; ‘ - P
Remarks of the President, of Mrs. C. N. S. Horner, 105; of Rev. Wm.

P. Alcott, Rev. B. F. McDaniel, 106.
Notes on the Flora of South Georgetown; by Mrs. C. N. S.
Horner, : 5 ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ : ‘ ‘ é ‘
Field Day at Dodge’s Mill, Rowley, Friday, June 29, 1883, ‘
Excursion, 111; remarks of John H. Sears, 112; of John Robinson, 113.

A Day at Linebrook, Thursday, July 26, 1883,
Excursion, 115; remarks of John H. Sears, 115; of Rev. B. F. Me-
Daniel, Sidney Perley, J. J. H. Gregory, A. C. Perkins, 116.

(iii)

Page.
1

Bea f1)

it
23
41
42

iv CONTENTS.

A Pen-Ramble in Linebrook; by M. V. B. Perley, : : » . was

A Day in Groveland, Wednesday, August 15, 1883, . ect dil tas) el ae

Excursion, 128; remarks of Miss Harriet E. Paine, George B. Lor-
ing, 129; of N. A. Horton, 131.

Plants shown at the Meeting in Groveland, Mass., August, 1883,

by Miss Harriet E. Paine, : 4 : : : - Lae
Groveland Plants not reported by Mr. Robinson in County mies!
by Miss Harriet E. Paine, ‘ : ; ; : . 184

Field Day at West Peabody, Wednesday, September 19, 1883, . 135
Excursion, 135; remarks of Jolin H. Sears, 135 ; of George Dixon, 136.

%emarks on some Chipped Stone Implements, by F. W. Putnam, 137

BULLETIN

OF THE

Sees a! LN Ser OT eae.

Vor. 15. Satem: JAN., Frs., Marcu, 1883. Nos. 1, 2,3.

SWEDISH SUPERSTITIONS AND CHARACTERISTICS.
BY ALBAN ANDREN.

READ MONDAY, JANUARY 1, 1883.

You find among the Swedes many peculiar superstitions,
which seem to cling with great tenacity from by-gone
times. So, for instance, it is the custom for chamber-
maids or others, making the beds in the morning, not to
leave an unfinished bed under any pretext to go to any
other work, for fear that the person that is to occupy it
may not rest easily. In most Swedish stables you will
find a dead crow or blackbird hung over each horse, which
is considered a sure prevention for the evil one riding the
horse in the stable at night, and it is asserted by the farm-
ers that when such prevention is not taken the horses are
found in the morning foaming at the mouth, sweaty and
blowing hard, as if just arrived from a furious drive. In
my boyhood, whenever a person sneezed it was considered
polite for bystanders to say “God save you” or “ Prosit ;”
and the more popular a person was in society the more
people were ready to say “ God save you” in case of sneez-
ing. At an evening party, a society belle, after being
duly coaxed, would sit down and commence fingering the

@)

2 SWEDISH SUPERSTITIONS

ivories of a piano, and it was ludicrous enough if she hap-
pened to sneeze to see about a dozen young men and old
men make deep bows, and seriously exclaim in chorus,
“God save you, Mademoiselle,” she returning the com-
pliments with a gracious “ Thank you, sirs.” This custom
is still retained among the Irish, who say “bless you” or
“save you” onsimilar occasions. It is said that centuries
avo a contagious disease passed over Scandinavia and
northern Europe, which commenced with sneezing, and
after sneezing a few times it ended fatally ; and naturally
under such circumstances the friends of the sneezers would
exclaim “God help you” or “save you,” and thus it came to
be handed down from one generation to another, until it
became a standard form of etiquette. It is now, however,
erowing out of fashion. In families, particularly among
the fair sex, it is asure sign of becoming angry and _ hot-
tempered during the day if the nose itches in the morning ;
also, if the palm of the left hand itches, you are to receive
money, and if if is the right hand you have to pay out
money during the day.

If the left eye itches, a lady caller may be expected,
and if it is the right eye, then a gentleman is sure to call
during the day.

One saying is, never point an empty gun at anybody,
for the evil one may load it; and further, never make a
wry face, for if the clock should strike twelve, the wind
change, and the cock should crow at the same time, your
face will forever remain in that ugly condition.

Many poor students manage to get through the element-
ary and regular colleges by the aid of charity meals,
which is done in this way :

A student calls at your house and asks that you will in-
vite him once a week to your table, dinner or supper ;
and after getting such permission in one family he goes to
another and asks a similar privilege, and so on until he

AND CHARACTERISTICS. 3

has secured free dinners and suppers for the whole week
during the term. No shame seems to be attached to this
free lunching ; and as a rule, each family tries to set a bet-
ter table on poor students’ day than on any other, although
there are exceptional cases in which the reverse is done.

Some of the shining lights among the Swedish pro-
fessional men have passed through college by the aid of
such charity meals, and are not ashamed to confess it.

If there is one class of people that ought to be prosper-
ous in Sweden, it is the hatters, for owing to the Swedish
etiquette of uncovering your head in the street to mere
passing acquaintances, the brim of the hat soon wears out ;
and an American gentleman, lately returned from Sweden,
told me that the next time he goes over there, he surely
should get a silk hat made with a sheet iron brim, to en-
able it to stand the strain put upon it by the demands of
the prevailing etiquette. Even two brothers, and chums,
as we say here, when they meet in public, take off their
hats at meeting and parting with a great deal of reverence.
Your own servants meet you in the street, and as they
doff their hats or make a courtesy, you are expected to
raise your.owninreturn. It is also the etiquette, if parties
pass each other on the left to raise their hats with their
right hands, and vice versa, so as not to obscure your face
from your friend in raising the hat. In going into offices,
stores, restaurants, bar-rooms or billiard saloons, the
Swede uncovers his head just as reverently as if going into
church. In the country the farmers and peasants generally
uncover their heads in going by churches or cemeteries, as
a mark of respect.

Writers on Sweden have said that no real deep religious
sentiment exists in that country, and this is equally true,
I think, wherever state and religion are united, for in Swe-
den you must be baptized when two years old, whether
you want to or not. You may bawland kick all you like

4 SWEDISH SUPERSTITIONS

but baptized you must be; there is no getting away from
that. At fifteen you must join the church and be con-
firmed, and at that age you have ceased to be rebellious
and fall in to the traces with proper grace. Then you ought
to go to the sacrament at least once a year, and you may
forfeit certain citizens’ rights should you not have been to
such holy communion for a period of five successive years.
Thus you see that religion and business are, as it were,
closely linked together, and by degrees you begin to per-
form your religious duties in a sort of automatical manner,
very reposing both to body andmind. Any undue excite-
ment in religious matters, such as noisy revivals, etc., is
not enjoyed by the better classes of Swedes, although for-
eign missionaries, particularly Swedish-Americans, oc-
casionally do a little missionary work among the country
people in this line, and it would be a great deal better for
the peace of the country if they would confine their labors
to fields more ripe for the harvest.

The Swedish barber is a man of no little importance, as
in addition to the usual duties of hairdresser, wig-maker,
and barber, he has to pullteeth, set leeches, attend to
bleeding and cupping, and occasionally, practises a little
surgery if he has passed examination in that line. Never
shall I forget my first experience in having a tooth pulled
by a Swedish barber. I went up the stairs to his rooms,
but in taking hold of the door-knob, the tooth-ache disap-
peared, and I went down to the street again, when the ache
commenced worse than ever. I returned, although the
same miracle was repeated when I got to the door again.
I made bold toenter. He was alone, that man of torture,
and, after looking me over, he asked me to sit down on the
floor near the window, and took out from a drawer a myste-
rious tool, looking very much like a large corkscrew ; with
this he took hold of the tooth, standing over me with one
hand resting on the top of my head, and with the other

AND CHARACTERISTICS. §

pointing upwards, just as you pull a cork from a quart
bottle. After getting one-half of the tooth out, the door
opened, and in came a man to be shaved, and the barber
asked me to wait till he had shaved the customer, when
he would try again. I sat on the floor waiting till the
man was shaved, when the barber commenced almost the
same operation, almost lifting me from the floor, until at
last his efforts were crowned witha glorious success. The
charge was about ten cents. Some-years afterwards, an
American dentist from Philadelphia settled in Gothenburg,
and fitted up luxurious parlors with operating chairs and
all the modern Yankee fixings, and everybody predicted
a quick failure if he meant to keep to dentistry alone, with-
out doing some shaving, hair-cutting, and wig-making,
with occasionally a little leeching, bleeding and cupping ;
but to the astonishment ofall, he built up a large practice,
and others, following in his wake, have now in a great
measure relieved the barber from his primitive method of
dentistry. “Allah be praised !”

Easter eve is celebrated by a family gathering and a
late supper, consisting of boiled rice and hard and soft
boiled eggs, with the usual allowance of wine.

A story is current in Sweden of a charity student being
invited at such Kaster eve supper to the family in which
he had his free meals; before him stood the large deep
bowl filled with the customary boiled rice, and on either side
a decanter of wine. The room was lighted by two candles
on the table, and in snuffing them both were accidentally
put out, and the maid sent out to the kitchen to relight
them ; when all were in darkness the student thought he
would improve the opportunity to take a long draught
from one of the wine decanters, and after doing so he set
it down softly on the table, but when the lights were
brought in, it was found to the astonishment of all that in-
stead of putting the decanter back again on the table, he

6 SWEDISH SUPERSTITIONS

had placed it deep in the middle of the bowl of rice before
him. Tableau: French leave, and no more free meals
for the unlucky student in that family.

When darkness sets in on Easter eve, you will see all
the hills lighted up by great bonfires which are kept up
till sunrise on Easter day. This is done’in memory of an
old superstition that the devil and witches had full sway on
the earth during the days the Savior laid in the grave, and
particularly on Easter eve it was said that the witches by
riding on brooms through the air would congregate on the
hill-tops and concoct evil doings for the human race, and
to keep them away the superstitious people would light
every available hill-top with rousing bonfires.

As the witches are all dead long ago with the exception
of their flaxen-haired and blue-eyed fair descendants which
the Swedes don’t want to scare away, you see there is no
actual need at the present time to keep up these Easter
bonfires, except as a time-honored custom, and it is one of
the features of Easter eve for families to go out to look at
the display of bonfires in the evening, after supper.

The 25th day of June, in Sweden, is St. John’s day, or
midsummer day, and is one of the most social and enjoy-
able holidays in Sweden. The evening before is midsum-
mer night, which is celebrated by decorating of May-poles,
around which the peasants danee tillearly dawn. Months
before this festival, the peasant girls will save the egg-
shetls by carefully blowing out the contents; such empty
egg-shells are strung on a twine like beads on a string and
the green covered May-pole is wound spirally by such
egg-shells, looking at a distance like white pearls on a
dark green ground, and has a very pretty effect. Besides’
this the May-poles are dressed with flowered hoops, gar-
lands and bright ribbons, and for a couple of months after-
wards you will see the May-pole standing on the village
green as a monument of a joyous and happy occasion.

AND CHARACTERISTICS. 7

It is not without interest, once in a while, to find out what
other people think of us. By us, J] mean we Americans.

On leaving England, where I lived a year and a half
I was told by the cashier of the iron establishment where I
worked in Lancashire, that the Americans were very queer
people ; and he asked me if I had bought a revolver to take
with me to Boston.

I said no; for I confessed I did not know how to usé,
one, and I was afraid I would do myself more damage
than good, and he said he was very sorry, for he knew I
would not have a very long lease of life in New England
without one.

I have been here about fourteen years, from Maine to
Illinois, from Canada to North Carolina, and to the honor
of this country, I want to say I never owned one and never
had the need of that weapon during this long time. He
also stated very seriously that if I went to churches in New
England, I would see the men resting their feet on the top
of the pew in front, and that they were in the habit of
smoking pipes while inchurch. The first time I went into
a New England church, I sat anxiously waiting to see the
men put their feet on the pew in front and pull out
their pipes, but I was very agreeably disappointed, and I
have come to the conclusion that the New Englanders, al-
though they are a young race, are almost as civilized as
the people of Great Britain.

I also heard of a German who emigrated to this country
and afterwards married an estimable young American lady,
at which his parents were very much distressed ; and when
some years afterwards he travelled with his wife to see
the old folks, they were greatly relieved at seeing the
young wife; for they said, we thought all the time that
coming from the United States she must be black, and she
is just as good-looking as we are.

Now the ordinary Swedes also have a very imperfect

8 SWEDISH SUPERSTITIONS

knowledge of this country, that is, as to its extent and rel-
ative location of cities and states. This is not to be won-
dered at, for the same I believe is true as to the general
American knowledge of the localities in Sweden; and
what care we here for the relative position of such hard-
sounding names of Swedish counties as Bohnslau, Dalsland,
Westergotland, Ostergotland, Kalmar, Skaue, and Smal-
and; so you must not think that we Swedes are very ig-
norant and verdant because we do not know the geography
of the United States, and this the more, as in our Swedish
school atlases, Sweden and Norway occupy a couple of
double pages, whereas only a small portion of a page is
devoted to the whole of North America, and we naturally
come to the conclusion that distances in the United States
are small as compared with Sweden, and it is only by
travelling through the United States that we get a proper
idea of the vast extent of the country. I make this expla-
nation that you may understand what follows: about
fourteen years ago, when I left Sweden for the United
States, a number of friends called on me and said they had
heard I was going to Boston, U. S. A., and would I be so
kind as to take a letter and message with me for some re-
Jation or friend of theirs. Oh, yes. I took about twenty-
five letters addressed to persons in Illinois, Wisconsin,
Minnesota, and New Sweden, Maine, my friends saying
that such places were not far from where I was going,
and they and I had an idea that they were all suburbs of
Boston, and that it would be a pleasure to deliver the let-
ters in person.

When I arrived in Boston, I met an American gentle-
man to whom I had a letter of introduction, and after tak-
ing dinner with him, he asked me what I meant to do. I
said I was going to workin a day or so, but that I had
first a number of letters to hand round to friends in the
suburbs of Boston, and I would be obliged to him if he

AND CHARACTERISTICS. 9

would tell me what kind of horse-cars to take to reach such
places. He said certainly, “please show me the letters,”
which I handed to him; and as he began to read Illinois,
Wisconsin, Minnesota, Texas, Missouri, and New Sweden,
Maine, he looked at me with a strange expression in his
eyes, and I began to fear I did not please him, so I asked
him what the matter was, and he said he thought I might
be tired after my long journey, and if I would pay him
three cents apiece for the letters, he would see to it that
they would reach their owners. Ithought he was remark-
ably kind to offer to run round for me at that price, and
it was not until some time afterwards that I found out
that he engaged Uncle Sam to deliver my letters, and that
the directions thereon were States situated thousands of
miles apart, instead of being suburbs of Boston.

The Indians are ever an interesting subject for the
Swedes at home to enquire about, for they seem to have
an idea that Boston has about as many Indians as white
people among its population, and I was asked this summer
if I had had much trouble with the Indians, and if I was
not afraid of being scalped, and all such matters, to which
I replied that as far as my observation had been among
the Boston Indians, I had found them very orderly and
peaceable, and that, in fact, the most of them were very
well-behaved, being mostly employed as sentinels outside
cigar and tobacco shops. |

A bald-headed person coming from the United States
to Sweden excites a great deal of curiosity among the com-
mon people in that country, for it is hard to convince them
that he has not left his scalp suspended, as an ornamental
appendage, to the belt of one of the noble red Indians of
the Boston prairies.

ESSEX INST. BULLETIN, VOL. XV. 2

RECORDS OF THE CITIES AND TOWNS OF ESSEX COUNTY.
INFORMATION ON THEIR CONDITION REQUESTED.

At a regular meeting of the Institute held on Monday
evening, February 5, 1883, Vice President Robert S.
Rantoul stated that he had corresponded with John T.
Hassam, Esq., of Boston, who is interested in a plan for
a thorough examination of the town and city records in
this Commonwealth, to ascertain their present condition,
also looking to their preservation and to the adoption of
the most approved methods of arrangement.

The increasing interest, during the past few years, in
genealogical and historical investigations, has imparted to
these records a due appreciation of their value as deposi-
tories of historical information and the great need of the
fostering care of the legislature and of those in authority.

Mr. Rantoul showed some blank forms of a circular
which had been prepared for the use of the town and city
clerks, so that a uniformity in the returns may be ob-
served; also a circular-letter to be signed by the Presi-
dent, soliciting a response to the questions proposed.

Mr. Hassam has requested the coédperation of the In-
stitute, and is desirous that it would take charge of the
sending of the circulars and the receiving of the returns
from the clerks of the cities and towns of Essex county,
mentioning that other societies in the state had been in-
vited to codperate and to assume their respective propor-
tion of the work required.

The subject was-referred to a committee consisting of
Messrs. Robert S. Rantoul, Henry F. Waters, and James
A. Emmerton with authority to act.

10

N MEMORY OF
COOKE.

: “Born February 5, 1836,
| Died June 5, 1880.

sar OP: Tr —

BSoismnt cvpa
iN THE MUSEU MOF THE 3

PRESENTATION OF THE CALEB COOKE MEMORIAL TABLET
TO THE TRUSTEES OF THE PEABODY ACADEMY
OF SCIENCE, JAN. 12, 1883.

THE subscribers to the Caleb Cooke Memorial Tablet
met in the lecture room of the Academy on Friday
evening Jan. 12, 1883, for the purpose of transferring to
the trustees of the Academy the mural tablet which had
been placed in the hallway a few days before.

Mr. John Robinson presided at the meeting and intro-
duced the subject as follows: During the spring of 1882,
a few friends of the late Caleb Cooke, feeling that his un-
tiring interest and long continued services in behalf of the
scientific institutions of Salem should in some way be
recognized, and that a simple record of his work should be
placed before the eyes of the public, suggested the advis-
ability, by a general subscription, of raising a sum of
money sufficient to purchase and place in the museum,
where so much of Mr. Cooke’s life had been spent, a fitting
mural tablet to his memory. |

The suggestion met with the cordial approval of all
and, without solicitation other than a short notice in the
Salem newspapers, nearly the required sum was raised in
fifty cent subscriptions. This was augmented by the pro-
ceeds of an entertainment and a few larger subscriptions
from intimate friends.

The trustees of the Academy gladly approved of the
project, and at once a committee of the subscribers ar-
ranged with the Boston Terra Cotta Company for a suit-

(11)

12 CALEB COOKE MEMORIAL TABLET.

able tablet and border from original and appropriate
designs. This upon being moulded proved even more
satisfactory than was expected, and was soon completed and
placed in the position selected at the Museum, the work of
setting the tablet being gratuitously performed by Mr.
Joseph N. Peterson, the Academy’s mason.

It would not be the wish of our late friend that we
should come here in a spirit of sadness, but rather that
we should meet socially and pleasantly as he himself was
always wont to do. It is fitting too that, in this hall
where, yearly, thousands of visitors pass to and fro, a
simple memorial should. meet their eyes and continually
remind them of one who contributed so much towards
the collection of the specimens and the arrangement of
the Museum.

Mr. Robert S. Rantoul, in behalf of thé subscribers, pre-
sented the tablet to the trustees in the following words :

The friends of the late Caleb Cooke, and it was my
pleasure to be counted among them, have commissioned
me to tender, in their name and behalf, to the trustees of
the Peabody Academy of Science, the mural tablet which
they have placed here, to be a memorial as lasting as it is
unique and beautiful, of our lamented friend, an officer of
this school of science.

It is well that here, in the very scene of his labors, the
generations who are to enjoy the fruits of them should
pause before this simple slab. It matters little now that
he whose name it bears was the pupil and coadjutor of
Agassiz,— that he had been a voyager in both conti-
nents of the Southern Hemisphere,— that he lived here
or there died. But it matters much for all time to know
that here was one who could forego the keener gratifi-
cations of the hour for the sake of lasting good. Here

CALEB COOKE MEMORIAL TABLET. 13

was one who was happier to toil modestly and incon-
spicuously at the far-off solution of those endless problems
of the material world, so the result obtained might be
ever so little a modicum of truth, rather than to strug-
ele after the unsubstantial prizes of reputation and of
life, so apt to crumble in the hands that snatch them.
Here was aman who found content in friendships,— his
highest pleasure in human sympathy and modest work.
Other men understood and professed that usefulness is
happiness and that there is no higher good than doing
for others what good we can. Here was aman who felt
and acted it. And if it be true indeed, that getting and
giving are the be all and end all of American life, then it
is well that this elegant memorial shall attest the fact
that here, amongst us, in this bustling nineteenth century
of ours, there lived and died a quiet worker, little known
and caring little to be known beyond his sphere, wise
enough to know that no getting more enriches than the
getting, out of her secret storehouses, of Nature’s jewels
of knowledge,— that no giving more truly warms the
heart of giver and taker, and is twice blest, than the giv-
ing of Biowiedge:

We need not here recount the asset phases of this
life too early spent. They are a familiar portion of our
household history. To the labyrinthian mazes of this
noble museum his mind was the clew. It was said, some-
what extravagantly, that he could put his hand, in the
dark, on every specimen, but of how many of those
specimens was it the fact that his hand had placed
them where they were. I say nothing of his philan-
thropy, of his broad catholicity ef spirit, of a score
of estimable personal traits, each as conspicuous as his
unswerving love of science. Other occasions have been
found to speak of them, and others will speak of them

14 CALEB COOKE MEMORIAL TABLET.

here ; my function is less broad. For those of the pass-
ing generation who knew our friend there is no need of
word or tablet to keep his memory fresh. The laurel,
perennial green, the shells reversed, the bird of wisdom,
seeing through the darkness, these are fitting emblems,
were emblems needed, of the memory of our loss. But
for that greater multitude which follows on, to which his
life will be a myth and his life-work will be only merged
in the mighty aggregate of modern scientific thought, let
this slab remain, while this noble monument, the Pea-
body Academy, shall stand, to attest that only those who
serve are worthy, and that by the side of wealth which
grandly endows science, is to be commemorated with
equal gratitude that life-consecration which makes science
and its grand endowment possible.

At the close of Mr. Rantoul’s address, Dr. Henry
Wheatland, Vice President of the Peabody Academy of
Science, accepting the memorial, responded in behalf of
the trustees, as follows:

It is much to be regretted that on this occasion our
honored President is not here to respond in fitting terms
to your appropriate remarks at the unveiling of this me-
morial given by many friends, in recognition of the rela-
tions of Mr. Cooke to this institution.

The President has been for several months in Europe
and will probably remain until the spring or early sum-
mer when I hope that he will return with greatly im-
proved health, which had been much impaired by arduous
and exhaustive labors on the bench of the Supreme Court.

Some thirty years, ago, a tall, red-haired youth, not
out of his teens, came to the rooms of the Essex Insti-
tute and desired to be a member. He was elected May
11, 1853, and continued his membership from that time

CALEB COOKE MEMORIAL TABLET. 15

until his decease, taking a deep interest in its objects and
in the natural sciences, and for more than twenty-one
years of this period held some official position, or a place
on some important committee.

Caleb Cooke was the son of William and Mary (Fogg
Cooke, and was born in Salem Feb. 5, 1836. His father
was a mariner and for several years was an officer on
board of vessels engaged in the West African trade and
died in California when the son was in his boyhood. He
was educated in our public schools, and commenced active
life as a clerk in the bookstore of Henry Whipple & Son,
continuing in this position only for a'short time when he
left. After spending about one year with George F.
Read in the study of the languages, especially the Latin,
he devoted himself principally to the pursuit of natural
history, which had long been his _ inclination.

To this end he went to Cambridge and pursued his
studies under Prof. L. Agassiz, the great teacher, who
during his residence in this country had done so much to
stimulate the study of nature and a spirit of scientific
investigation, commenced the formation of the Museum
of Comparative Zoology, and gathered a class of pupils,
many of whom have contributed much to advance his plans
and have become distinguished. They hold or have held
many prominent positions, professorships in our various
seats of learning, the charge of museums, conducting scien-
tific explorations, or preparing communications to the
publications of learned societies or the journals of the day,
or separate treatises on their respective specialties. Such
were his associates during his connection with Agassiz.

In 1859, at the request of Professor Agassiz, he went
to Para, Brazil, to collect specimens for the Museum, and
in 1860 he went to Zanzibar on a like mission, sailing
from Salem in the bark Persia on the fifth of November of

16 CALEB COOKE MEMORIAL TABLET.

that year. He remained in this field of labor until he was
compelled to leave on account of sickness, having the
African fever, but almost recovered his health during his
passage home, arriving at Providence per English bark
Sheffield, May 17, 1865, after an eighty-two days’ passage
from Zanzibar.

While he was absent, Professor Agassiz and Senator
Sumner procured for him the appointment of United
States Consul at Mozambique, but the commission passed
him in transit and he never acted under it, although his
name was borne upon the rolls for several years.

From the organization of the Peabody Academy of
Science in March, 1867, until his decease, he was an As-
sistant and one of the Curators of the Museum under its
charge.

He was a member of the American Association for the
Advancement of Science, and of the Boston Society of
Natural History. :

In 1875, he assisted Dr. G. M. Levette of the State
Geological Survey of Indiana, in a hydrographic survey
of a dozen or more of the lakes in the northern part of
that state, where his experience in the collecting and pres-
ervation of specimens of natural history and in seining
and dredging was of great value.

About a year after its organization in 1869, the Salem
Fraternity first attracted Mr. Cooke’s attention. He soon
became one of its most helpful friends, and more and more
he took into his willing hands multiplying activities. He
was interested in the formation of the library and reading
room, becoming chairman of the committee on these de-
partments and constantly and earnestly devoting himself
to the welfare of this institution. He possessed admi-
rable traits of character. No one could take more pains

Wp) FO

CALEB COOKE MEMORIAL TABLET. 17

to confer a favor than he even to the humblest of the
boys. He was a useful man in the line of his special-
ties.
Resolutely following up his work to the last, refusing
to listen to the suggestions of rest or medical advice till
it was too late, he sank rapidly to his death, which oc-
curred on the fifth of June, 1880.

In behalf of the trustees, I accept this noble tribute to
his memory, and tender to you, the representative of the
contributors and of those who took the charge of this
work, their sincere thanks. It will always have a suitable
place on the walls of their building.

May it be an incentive to others to take up his mantle
and go and do likewise in the advancement of all in edu-
cation, knowledge and general culture.

Rev. E. B. Willson being called upon by the presiding
officer as connected with the Salem Fraternity, of which
Mr. Cooke had been an active member, said:

Mr. Cooke’s long-continued and valuable work as a
sincerely devoted manager and helper, in carrying
on the several departments of the Salem Fraternity,
was always a gratuitous service, given cheerfully and
without solicitation. He was the one who came when
others staid away; day or evening. He had great influ-
ence with the boys and young men. He knew how to
control with vigor, yet with kindness and justice, the some-
times rather turbulent crowd which resorts to the amuse-
ment room of the Fraternity of a winter’s evening. He
hated cant and all the affectations of a busy and preten-
tious benevolence ; would not hear praise or commendation
of himself; believed in showing whether or not he was a
friend of his kind by what he did, and not by speech.

ESSEX INST. BULLETIN, VOL. XV. 2*

18 CALEB COOKE MEMORIAL TABLET.

The Fraternity lost its right hand when he died. Its
counselling intelligence lost, too, in him some of its best
practical wisdom: that wisdom that comes primarily from
a hearty interest. In him was an unwearying willingness —
to plan and to work for the objects which this association
seeks to accomplish. He believed in it wholly. He saw
in its methods the best, perhaps the only, way to deal with
a class of persons especially exposed, especially unpro-
vided for in the general social and educational arrange-
ments of the day, and equally endangering society in the
future, if unconsidered now.

If any should be kept in remembrance, and should have
commemorating tablets set up as memorials of their rare
qualities and services it is such as he.

The Chair referred to Mr. Cooke’s love for nature and
the enjoyment he always took in collecting the earliest
flowers at spring, and called upon Mr. W. P. Andrews
as one of the friends who had frequently accompanied him
at such times.

In response, Mr. Andrews said :

He had but one word to add to the just and discrim-
inating estimates of Mr. Cooke; and that was as to his
non-observance of religious forms and ceremonies, and
the fact that he was never to be found inside a church on
Sunday morning. This arose not from depreciation of
the value of any sincere religious conviction; for Mr.
Cooke’s life was sincerity itself, and he was quick to rec-
ognize any good in the world; but rather from his deep
feeling for our common mother Nature, who spoke to him
in tones which made the efforts of the average preacher
and congregation seem tame and cold in comparison.

CALEB COOKE MEMORIAL TABLET. ig

To one who is always conscious of the lofty harmonies
of the universe, the confinement of a meeting house, and
the somewhat labored requirements of stated devotion,
are often less a help than a hinderance to real adoration.
Above all things Mr. Cooke was real and true to a re-
markable degree; and if he was careless of the outward
formulas of worship, the best and most genuine of his
clerical friends have borne manly testimony to the fact,
that his whole life was an act of devotion. ‘“ While we
preached the Christ and him crucified, he lived the Christ
life,” said one of the five ministers of the Gospel who at-
tended the funeral of this unobtrusive, humble worker ;
and the statement sums up Mr. Cooke’s being, which was
indeed a perpetual prayer; unuttered by the lips,— for
he made no outward professions of any sort,— but acted
in his unconscious daily existence. Could he help the
needy in mind, body or estate, there was his service.
Could he assist a friend in any work or pleasure, there
was his hymn of praise. And nothing could daunt him
unless it was the expectation of some acknowledgment of
gratitude, from which he shrank as hastily as most men
seek reward here or hereafter for the good they have
done.

His life was undoubtedly shortened by his untiring de-
votion to the charity with which his name will be forever
associated ; and almost his last strength was spent in giv-
ing pleasure to a friend’s children, whose sunny natures
always found an answer in his own unselfish child-heart.
The lovely arethusa, which they had gaily plucked to-
gether on the last Sunday morning he was with us,
bloomed on unwithered, when his own outward form was
returned to the Great Mother whose gentle spirit blos-
soms anew in the sweetness and purity of his own.

20 CALEB COOKE MEMORIAL TABLET.

Careless of forms, and all our casual creeds,
Known truly but to nearest friends, and few;
He simply asked: ‘* What is there I can do
For others?” heedless of his own scant needs.

He led the Life that every pulpit feeds,

Though ne’er the pastors found him ina pew:

Yet one said: ‘* Brother, many years we two

Have preached The Christ ;— he made our words his deeds.”

Pure Soul! not for himself he spent his might,
And humbly learned his Mother Nature’s lore,
Roaming a child, with children, by her side.

Leal-hearted Comrade! not for himcame night;
Rather for us who took the flowers he bore,
The flowers still fair, though he, good man, has died.

The Chair then read several: letters which had been
received from persons at a distance, and those nearer
home who were prevented from being present on the
occasion and which are referred to below:

CAMBRIDGE, MASs., Jan. 12, 1883.

Were it not that I have been confined to the house for sev-
eral days by asevere cold, I should be with you this evening to join
in the well deserved tribute to the memory of Caleb Cooke, my friend
and associate for so many years.

He was a faithful worker and officer in the Institute and Academy,
and to his quiet and unostentatious labors far more is due in develop-
ing the wide-spread interest in local natural history pursuits, for
which Essex County has become noted, than his peculiar character
and habits would lead the superficial observer to suspect. His sin-
gular life, with its many deep undercurrents of thought and action,
was only understood during his lifetime by a few who had long been
associated with him, although his good works have been acknowl-
edged since his death. I am personally thankful that the memory of
my friend is to be perpetuated by the tablet to be presented to the
Academy this evening, and it seems to me that the Board of Trustees

CALEB COOKE MEMORIAL TABLET. QF

will never be called upon to accept a more honorable trust than its
perpetual care.
Regretting that I cannot be present at the ceremony of presen-

tation,
I remain,

Yours very truly,
F. W. PUTNAM.

PROVIDENCE, R. I., Jan. 17, 1883.

I received your postal card in reference to the dedication of
the memorial to Caleb Cooke, and being much occupied with sickness
in my family did not answer it at once, supposing that the exercises
would not take place immediately. I regret exceedingly that I did
not send a letter at once to be read on the occasion with the others.
I had a peculiar regard and affection for our departed friend. His un-
selfish devotion to his friends, his zeal for science and the very many
unostentatious services he rendered to those working upon scientific
subjects, as well as the hearty and wholesome manner in which he
labored for the Essex Institute and Peabody Academy of Science, as
well as the Salem Fraternity, are deserving of the permanent record

which has been made.
Yours very truly,

A. S. PACKARD, jr.

It is with regret that I am unable to accept your kind
invitation to attend the presentation of the Caleb Cooke Memorial to
the Trustees. I venture to send a word of tribute which you may hide
away with your account of the evening’s exercises; it is simply the
word of a witness who knew him not only in the work of the Summer
School and the Essex Institute, bnt through his generous regard for
children.

Kind hands erect this Tablet
To the memory of one,
Whose hand was ever ready
To assist his fellows,
Whose heart was kind and tender
Asa child’s; as loyal and true
As any knight of old;
Simple and unpretentious,
Yet great, because himself;
Honest, upright, sincere,
Such was the man we honor,
He lived and labored here.

Yours cordially,

KaTE TANNATT Woops.
SALEM, Jan. 12, 1883.

22 CALEB COOKE MEMORIAL TABLET.

GRAND Rapips, Jan. 14, 1883.

I wish to express my thanks that Jam still remembered in
Salem, and especially that I am identified as a friend of the late Caleb
Cooke.

I know nothing of the circumstances connected with his death —
simply that he is gone, and I feel the deepest sorrow that this must
be.

Mr. Cooke was the first person, belonging to the Peabody Academy
of Science, who welcomed me when [I reported myself as a student
for the summer class of 1876, and his cordial, earnest greeting gave
me a feeling, at once, that he was to be among those who would take
an interest in my welfare. Mr. Cooke had many opportunities that
season to extend friendly services, and special acts of kindness, for
which I shall always feel grateful.

I am glad this ‘‘ Memorial Tablet” has been placed in the building,
which must have been dear to him from long association.

These few lines are prompted by a warm regard, and deep feeling
of respect for the one whose memory you have so appropriately hon-
ored.

Yours very truly,
Mrs. Gro. C. FITCH.

After several other letters together with the above had
been read, the company passed to the hall to examine the
tablet which had been unveiled.

At the close of the exercises a collation was served in
the library, after which the party adjourned.

Norre.—The accompanying heliotype illustration of the memorial
tablet is from a photograph made by Mr. Andrew B. Cross of Salem,
under a Thomsom-Houston Electric light of 2,000 candle power,
kindly loaned for the purpose by the Salem Electric Lighting Com-

pany.

SKLISH.MY TRS.
By W. J. HOFFMAN, M.D.

INTRODUCTION.

THE accompanying stories were obtained from the Flat-
head, or, more properly speaking, Selish Indians, con-
sisting of one of the tribes composing the eastern division
of the Selish linguistic stock, and who occupy the Jocko
Valley, in Montana, at the eastern base of the Rocky
Mountains. The Selish, as well as all other native tribes,.
are extremely fond of passing the long winter evenings in
story-telling, and to attempt to record the events of one
evening would be an arduous task. A few myths have
been selected for this paper, and for the purpose of illus-
trating the language, as well as the syntactical structure,
but a single narrative is submitted in the original text.
It is proper to state that these Indians, when speaking of
the various animals: and birds and their participation in
yarious transactions and exploits, do not look upon them
in any other light than that of human beings who lived in
remote times. One reason why we hear such expressions
as “ A Panther married a Salmon,” or “The Bear killed
the Gopher,” is because an individual named “The Pan-
ther ” married the daughter of another called the “ Salmon ;”
though generally, these names are not personal names but
relate to the gens or clans of which the respective persons
were members. According to tribal laws, no one is
permitted to marry within the gens, but always selects a
partner from without, the gens being considered consan-
guineous and descendants from a common ancestor.

(23)

24 SELISH MYTHS.

In the following text I have adopted phonetic orthogra-
phy, adding two characters to express sounds not readily
reproduced in English, viz. :

zy, the sound of the German ch in nacht, the Arabic
ghain or Spanish myer; gq, being equal to ch in German
nicht. This is a softer sound than the preceding which is
coarse and guttural.

Sén/-tshé-lé k6’-tump’t.
[of the] Coyote Story.
Sé-huist/-tsén’tshé-lép 6-wé/-tshés
He was walking, the Coyote | [and] he saw
sk6-lé’-pi* t6-d'-sé, hui'-hué-iu’ ;
they were cooking | eggs, many animals and birds;

s’A-a-tsu’gts wé-titsht’ es-tsi-a/
he looked while they went to sleep | all of them

u-qol'-lii_ sén’ -tshé’-lée’ t’l/-kén-tés’
he went the Coyote | [and] | removed the dirt
[from the eggs].
t’liis-kal-ép’. U-il’-gis tsiis’-pén-ds ;
from the cooking place. | Then he ate | everything ;

0-ko-és’ Phui’-hue-u-gl’s é-hué’/-u-gl’sts
[then] hetook | the little birdt | [and] he pulled
[ crosswise

-

zliis’-En’k-tsi/ ;

[ of ] | the Lynx ;t

o’k-ts0!-tsis
he pressed

7 lus!-pé-lém’-tsis ;
the bill;

[the head
s0/-timst s0'-pot | | z\6s’-qti-sii/-mi-é ;
he pulled the tail [of] the Panther ;§
[stretched ]
o-wé wi!

kwal-wi-liz|ts’ | z\6s/-tshi-tshi-ma’-ugts ;
the Meadow | _ yellow breast the breast he made ;

[ Lark

SELISH MYTHS. 25

tshil-kit’

6-huist/-7lu’ | sén/-tshé-lé
a short distance

he walked away the Coyote
7iak'-tshilsht
he sat down
Ka-ligts’

They awoke

wé-7’|-stla/-zlsht.
[and] he looked at them.
ylu-hur-hué-zults.

all the birds and animals.

Sé/-tsish-tshél’, | ha!-7lé
What is the matter, already
klé’-ké-o!-vi-tsé | i/-ké-titsh/ ?

we ate all before we went to sleep?

We'-k6l-kw@’-tshi-na’, | ta’-sin-s6-hui’/-né-min-tém’.
Talked one, they could not understand him.
Kwémt'-po-min-tsi¢t.
Then they all scattered.

THE COYOTE AND THE MUD-HEN.

THe Coyote was one time compelled to hunt for food,
and while strolling along the shore of a lake, observed a
great variety of water fowl only a short distance from land,
but still too much exposed to be approached without de-
tection. He foundsome broad leaves growing in the water,
took a quantity of them with which he covered his body,
and crawled slowly along the edge of the water to the
point opposite, and nearest to, thebirds. The Swan caught
sight of the Coyote as he was approaching and called out
to him, saying, “ Coyote, what are you doing with that
load on your back?’ to which the Coyote replied, “ That
is my music.” “That is queer looking music,” said the
Swan, “let us hear your song, so that we may learn to
know your voice.” “I cannot do it now,” the Coyote re-
plied, “but if you will come to my lodge this evening,
which I shall build here on the bank, I will sing for you
and we can have adance.” The birds agreed to come, and

ESSEX INST. BULLETIN, VOL. XV. 3

26 SELISH MYTHS.

the Coyote immediately left and began to erect his lodge,
securing all the coverings and closing all the small openings
so as to prevent the escape of any one within, except
through the doorway.

After sunset the birds began to arrive, entered the lodge
and took their places around the fire. When all had come,
and the lodge was full, the Coyote said “ Now we will have
to put out the fire so that none of us get burnt by treading
on the hot coals.” The fire was then extinguished, when
the Coyote took his place at the door, telling the birds to
dance around in a circle while he sang for them. The
Coyote sang, and the birds danced, passing around and by
the door where the Coyote was stationed where he grasped
the birds, rapidly as possible, by the necks which he broke,
throwing the bodies on the outside. After a while one of
the Ducks said, “ Where are all our dancers, I hear but a
few? light the fire so that we may see what is going on.”
Then the Coyote built another fire that he might catch the
other birds, but when they saw their companions lying
dead on the outside of the lodge, they cried out that they
were being exterminated, and made a rush for the door,
the last one to leave being the Mud-Hen, and as it stooped
to pass through the door, the Coyote kicked it on the legs
so that the joints protrude awkwardly toward the tail even
to this day.

The Ponkas have a myth somewhat resembling the above,
but which has reference to a change of the color of the
eyes of the Turkey, which corresponds to the Dakota myth
relating to a similar change in the color of the eyes of the
Wood Duck. |

HOW THE LYNX GOT HIS BROAD FACE.

THERE was a great chief, the Panther, who had a beau-
tiful daughter. One day there was a gathering of the
whole tribe when each animal tried to obtain her for his

SELISH MYTHS. 27

wife. The Bear proposed to the Panther for his daughter,
but he would not listen. The Rabbit also tried, but in
vain, as did all the others. , When night came on, the
Lynx sat thinking, when all at once the thought came to
him that he might behold the Panther’s daughter, even if
he could not marry her, whereupon he left his own lodge
and proceeded to that occupied by her. Then he carefully
crawled upon the lodge and looked down through the
opening leftfor the smoke to issue, where he saw the Pan-
ther girl asleep, with her mouth wide open. The Lynx
sat in wonder looking at the beautiful girl, and while he
was panting from the exertions in ascending the lodge,
some saliva dropped down into her mouth, which caused
her to have a child, in due time, which could not be stopped
from crying.

The Panther Chief tried to quiet his grandchild, but
could not ; the daughter tried, but failed, as did all the rest
of the Panther’s family. No one could be found who could
be chosen as the father of the crying child. Then the
Panther Chief called together all the young men of the
tribe, and said, “Go you, all of you, and try if you can
quiet my Grandchild, and the one in whose embrace it
ceases to cry, shall be the father of my Grandchild and the
husband of my daughter.” Then the Bear tried to quiet
the child but could not; the Rabbit tried and failed ; and
all the rest of the young men met with no success. The
Coyote came last, and when he took up the child it became
quiet at once, when the Panther Chief said, “Coyote, the
child is yours, and you must take my daughter for your
wife.” This was as the Coyote desired, but when he at-
tempted to take his wife away, all the young men, who had
been repulsed in their previous attentions to the Panther
girl, set upon the Lynx and beat him to death and scat-
tered the pieces.

28 SELISH MYTHS.

Then the tribe moved off to a distant camping place,
leaving the Panther girl with her child and murdered hus-
band to themselves. Then from the pieces of the Lynx
lying about, came a voice directing her to place them to-
gether as well as she could and to set the mass in a corner
of the lodge, and to cover it with soft robes where it should
remain for five days. The wife did as she was told, and
sat despondently in the lodge waiting for the time to elapse
when she could again have her husband restored to her.
On the third day, the wife, who had become very lonely,
approached her husband and asked, “ May I remove the
robes to look at you?” “No,” responded the Lynx, “ wait
two days longer and I will be well.” Then she pressed
the robes closely about him and pressed them upon his
head to keep him warm. On the fourth day, the wife a-
gain approached the corner in which her husband was, and
said, “ May I remove the blankets and take you out, I am
very lonesome?” “No,” responded the Lynx, “wait one
day longerand then I shall be quite well.” Onthe morning of
the fifth day, the Panther again approached the Lynx and
said, “ May I remove the blankets and take you out, I am
so lonesome that I can wait no longer?” but before the
Lynx could reply that the day was not yet over, she had
removed the coverings to liberate her husband, when he
immediately came forth, but his face was still broad and
flat from the pressure of the blankets put upon it, and so
it remains to this day.

In the meantime the tribe, who had removed from the
old camping ground, had suffered much from want and
privation. Many had starved to death, and many more
were dying. The Magpie happened to return to the old
camp one day, and found that the Lynx and his family had
all the meat they could eat; in fact they had so much that
everything was greasy with the fat that had been thrown

SELISH MYTHS. 29

from the lodge. Then the Magpie gathered up a great
quantity of meat, returned to his camp and fed the tribe.
The Panther Chief then said, “ Where did you find meat,
we have none in our country ?” “I went hunting,” answered
the Magpie, “and killed some game.” ‘The other hunters
now demanded the truth, as they did not believe the Mag-
pie’s story.

Then the Magpie narrated his journey to the old camping
ground, saying “the Lynx and his family have all they can
eat. They have all the meat they can want, and more too,
in fact they have so much that everything in their camp
looks greasy.” “Then we shall return to them,” said the
Panther, “ get you everything together that we can take
with us and let us leave at once.” After all were ready to
leave, the Panther said, “come, let us start for our old
home,” and they set out. After a long journey, the tribe
came in sight of the lodge owned by the Lynx, and soon
every one was glad, for the Lynx and his wife came out of
the lodge and welcomed them back.

HOW THE RABBIT HAD HIS LIP CUT.

One day the Rabbit happened to visit a neighboring
camp, where he saw a beautiful girl with whom he imme-
diately fell in love. He at once started to catch her, but
she ran very fast, and the faster the Rabbit ran in pursuit
the faster went the girl. The young men of the tribe,
seeing a stranger chasing their favorite, immediately gave
chase, and when they got near enough, began to throw
stones and clubs at the Rabbit, until finally one young war- —
rior hurled a club which hit the Rabbit below the nose slit-
ting the upper lip, which has not healed to this day.

THE COYOTE AND THE FISHES.

The Coyote one day stood upon the bank of a large
river in which he saw many white fish swimming about.
Then he said to them, “ Go, tell your people to come to

30 SELISH MYTHS.

my lodge which I shall build here on the bank, and to play
with me. I shall look for you to-morrow.” The fish said
they would go, and immediately disappeared in deep water.
The Coyote was a great gambler, but did not suppose the
fish would be able to come on land, still, he built a lodge
as he had told them he would do. Next day great numbers
of all kinds of fishes came swarming from the river and
entered the Coyote’s lodge. Then they began to play, and
played until the Coyote had lost everything he owned,
even his clothing.

When the Fishes were ready to go, one of them said,
“ Coyote, come and see us under the water to-morrow, and
we will play again.” The Coyote said that he would come,
though he knew he could not go under the water, neither
did the Fishes believe that he would come. Then the
Coyote went away very sad, when the Fox, his cousin,
met him and said, “ Brother, why are you so sad?” “I am
sad,” replied the Coyote, “because I lost everything I
owned yesterday while playing with the Fishes. I cannot
recover the things, although they invited me to come and
play with them to-day.” Then the Fox said, “if that is all,
I will take you under the water, and we can go now;” so |
the Fox took his pipe, put the Coyote into the bowl and
covered it with clay. Then the Fox got into a canoe and
paddled out into deep water, when he jumped overboard
and sank to the bottom, where he took the Coyote out of
his pipe, and they started to visit the camp of the Fishes,
which they soon found.

The Coyote then began to play with the Fishes, and
continued gambling until he had recovered all he had lost
the day before, and had won everything from the Fishes
that could be carried away. Then the Fox again put the
Coyote into the bowl of his pipe, ascended to his canoe,
and returned to the shore where he liberated his cousin,
the Coyote.

SELISH MYTHS. ak

THE COYOTE AND HIS NEIGHBORS.

The Coyote had five sons with his wife, and lived in a
lodge a great distance from any other habitation. One
morning he took his youngest son and started to visit the
Elk, whoalso had fivesons. When, afteralong journey, they
arrived at the Elk’s lodge, they found it empty and no signs
of anything to eat. Then the Coyote said to his son, “I
do not like this, not having anything to eat after such a
long walk.” Soon the Elk returned and after welcoming
his visitors, stooped and picked up a sharp stick with which
he began to tear open his hips to dig out some Kamass
roots. The Elk then said “ Kat some Kamass roots, they
are very good; I always provide myself in this way when
I am away from home and get hungry.” “ What,” said the
Coyote, “do you expect me to eat dung?” “That is not
dung,” said the Elk, “ but Kamass roots.” Then the Coy-
ote picked up one of them, and after’ nibbling at it cau-
tiously, discovered it to be very good, whereupon he and
his son filled their bellies with Kamass.

When the Coyote was about to depart, he said to the
Elk, “Come and see me to-morrow, and see how [I live.”
“Yes,” responded the Elk, “I will come to see you to-
morrow.”

Next morning the Elk took his youngest son and set out
for the Coyote’s lodge which he reached after a long jour-
ney. After the Elk was welcomed, the Coyote took a
sharpened stick, as he had seen the Elk do, and commenced
to tear his flesh in a painful manner, when the Elk cried,
* Stop ! stop! do not tear yourself so; I do not think you
ever tried that before. It is my practice always to do that
when [ am away from home and get hungry, so let me
provide the Kamass roots this'time.” “That is just what
I wanted you to do for me,” said the Coyote, and handing
the stick to the Elk, they soon had enough Kamass for all,

32 SELISH MYTHS.

and after they had filled their bellies, the Elk and his son
left for home.

Next day the Coyote said to his youngest son, * Let us
call on our neighbor, the Bear, and see how he lives.” So
after telling his wife of his plan, the Coyote and his son
started, and after a long journey, reached the Beayr’s lodge.
Then the Bear welcomed his visitors, when the Coyote
said “I do not see anything to eat, and we are hungry after
our long walk.” The Bear then got down a large knife, and
after sharpening the edge against another stone,! walked
up to his wife and, grasping her by the hip, cut out some
large slices of meat, which was soon broiled on the coals
and served. The Bear then took up a handful of earth
which he rubbed over the wound on his wife’s hip, when
it instantly healed and was covered with hair as before.
Then the Bear said, “This is the way I always provide
myself with meat when I am away from home and get hun-
gry.” After they had all filled their bellies with Bear’s
meat, the Coyote rose to go, and said, “Bear, come and
see me to-morrow, and see how [ live.” “Yes,” responded
the Bear, “I will come and see you to-morrow.”

Next morning, the Bear with the youngest of his five
sons, called at the Coyote’s lodge and was welcomed. Af-
ter a short time the Coyote arose and gota knife, which
he sharpened on another stone, as he had seen the Bear do;
went up to his wife, grasped her by the hip, and cut her
almost to pieces during which she screamed with pain.
Then the Bear cried, “Stop ! stop ! why are you doing that ?
I do not think you ever tried that before. It is my prac-
tice always to do that when Iam away from home and get
hungry, but you have never tried it before.” Then the
Bear took the knife and cut a large quantity of meat from

11t is evident from the use of this term that stone knives were used at the time
to which the myth relates,

SELISH MYTHS. 33

his own hip, after which he took up a small handful of
earth, rubbed it upon the wound, which healed instantly
and was covered with hair as before. “That is just what
I wanted you to do,” said the Coyote. After the piece of
meat had been broiled on the coals, they all ate until their
bellies were full, when the Bear arose and started for home.

On the next day, the Coyote took his youngest son, and
started to visit the Kingfisher, who lived at a very great dis-
tance. They were both very tired and hungry by the time
they reached the Kingfisher’s lodge, but, when they had
been welcomed, they were pleased to see preparations for
something to eat. The Coyote was astonished to see how
the Kingfisher and his family all had their hair arranged in
top-knots, but said nothing. The Kingfisher told his
youngest son to collect some willow poles and to erect a
platform on the top of the lodge, which he immediately
proceeded to do.

Then the Kingfisher flew to the top of the lodge, which
was located near the river, and after watching a small
opening in the ice for a short time, suddenly flew toward
and into the hole, disappearing under the water. Soon he
returned bringing a fine large fish in his mouth, which was
broiled on the coals and served. After they had all filled
their bellies with fish, the Coyote arose to go and said,
“Kingfisher, come and see me to-morrow, and see how I
live.” “Yes,” responded the Kingfisher, “I will come and
see you to-morrow.”

Next morning, the Kingfisher and his youngest son
started to visit the Coyote, whose lodge they reached after
a very long journey. The Coyote had been very much
occupied all the morning in tying his children’s hair into
little tufts on the tops of their heads ; when his wife said,
* What are you doing with the children’s heads?” “Oh,”

ESSEX INST. BULLETIN, VOL. XV. 3*

34 SELISH MYTHS.

replied the Coyote, “I am only doing honor to the King-
fisher who is coming to see us to-day.”

The Kingfisher was welcomed, and the Coyote, thinking
it time to have something to eat, called to his youngest
son and said, “Go and gather some willow poles and erect
a platform on the top of the lodge,” which he immediately
proceeded to do. When it was finished the Coyote as-
cended the lodge, crawled on top of the platform, and
jumped off into the river, but the water being covered
with ice, he almost crushed his head and lay some time
badly hurt. The Kingfisher, though too late, cried, “Stop!
stop! why are you doing that? Ido not think you ever
tried that before. It is my practice always to do that
when [ am away from home and get hungry, but you have
never tried it before.” Then the Kingfisher broke a hole
in the ice, ascended the platform and so dived into the
river, soon returning with a fine large fish, which was soon
broiled on the coals and served. ‘Then they all ate until
their bellies were full, when the Kingfisher and his son
returned to their home.

After this, the Coyote continued to hunt his food as he
had been taught by his forefathers.

THE SALMON AND THE WOLF.

The Panther’s youngest daughter was u very beautiful
girl, whom all the young men of the tribe desired to marry,
but whose offers the Panther refused, one by one. To
avoid the necessity of constantly refusing these applicants,
the Panther said, “ Any one who will break my Elk-horns
shall have my daughter.” This news soon spread to neigh-
boring camps, and a day was set for the trial of breaking
the “ magic” Elk-horns. The Bear came forward, grasped
the horns and crushed them into small pieces, but when

SELISH MYTHS. 35

he threw them upon the ground they immediately flew to-
gether and the horns were entire, as before. Then the
Rabbit took the horns and crushed them, but he had no .
sooner thrown them upon the ground than the pieces had
again united. Then the Lynx tried, and the Coyote, and
all the rest of the young men present.

The Salmon had heard of the beautiful daughter of the
Panther, and decided to try to obtain her, so he brought
with him two friends, the Kingfisher and the Binckhied.
The Salmon lived upon a longs river at a great distance
from the Panthev’s village, and he did not reach that place
until all the young warriors had failed in their trials for
the Panther’s daughter.

The wolf,? who lived far to the south, had two elder
brothers, and these three also started for the Panther’s
village, arriving there at the same time as the Salmon and
his friends. Then the Wolf said, “Salmon, you came
first, you break the horns if you can,” but the Salmon re-
fused, saying, “No, Wolf, you came before I did, you
break the horns if you can.” Then the oldest Wolf tried,
broke the horns, but they immediately became whole again
when thrown upon the ground. Then the next wolf tried,
but with no better luck. The Wolf whose trial now came
was a Shaman,‘ and felt sure of winning the girl, so he
picked up the horns, broke them into small pieces, but
when he threw them upon the ground they slowly united
as before. Then the Salmon came forward, took the horns,
broke them into small pieces and threw them upon the
ground where they remained and did not unite again. Then

2This Blackbird is said to have peculiar eyes and habits, and evidently signifies
the Pipilo megalonyz.

8 Canis occidentalis, commonly known as the Grey Wolf.

4Improperly termed “‘ Medicine Man.”

36 SELISH MYTHS.

the Panther said, “Salmon, you broke the horns, you take
my daughter for your wife.” Then the Salmon took the
Panther girlunder his arm and with his companions, started
for home. They had not gone far, before the Wolf and
his elder brothers followed the Salmon and began to fight.
They fought two days and two nights, during which time
the Salmon and his friends gradually worked their way
toward the river. On the third morning, just as the
Salmon reached the bank of the river, the: Rattlesnake,
who lived on the opposite shore and who was a cousin to
the Wolf, came out of his lodge, and seeing his cousin the
Wolf fighting, took an arrow and shot it at the Salmon
striking him in the side of the neck. The Salmon fell
down near the water’s edge, while his friends were com-
pelled to leave because the Wolf and his elder brothers
came and took away the Salmon’s wife and went home.

The fishes came and threw water on the Salmon, which
kept him alive, and after a while he worked his way into
the water and swam down to the Fish Hawk’s camp. The
Fish Hawk welcomed the Salmon and healed his wound,
though he remained there a whole year.

When the summerecame again, the Salmon said to the
Fish Hawk, “ Fish Hawk, when you fly away from home,
do you ever see anything of my enemy, the Wolf?” “ Yes,”
said the Fish Hawk, “I see him sometimes ; he is a great
hunter and kills many deer.” Then the Salmon took the
arrow with which he had been wounded, and set out to
visit the Rattlesnake, who lived in a grass lodge. When
the Salmon came near the lodge he listened and heard the
Rattlesnake singing, telling how he killed a great Shaman,
the Salmon, and gave the Wolf the victory. Then the
Salmon went nearer to the lodge, coughed so as to attract
the Rattlesnake’s attention, when the Rattlesnake peeped

SELISH MYTHS. 37

out to see who was coming. When he saw the Salmon he
was much surprised, but came out and pretended to wel-
come him, saying, “ Why, Salmon, I thought you had been
killed last year, and I have been singing your death-song,
and telling my friends how sadI was.” Then the Salmon
laid down the arrow with which the Rattlesnake had hit
him, saying, “ Rattlesnake, is this your arrow?” “Yes,”
said the Rattlesnake, “ where did you find it?” “I found
it down on the shore.” “Oh!” replied the Rattlesnake,
“JT lost that yesterday while shooting ducks, I knew that
it must have fallen somewhere, but could not find it.”
Then the Salmon said, “ Give me some hot coals, Rattle-
snake, I want to mend my boat with pine gum before I
leave this place.” Then the Rattlesnake brought out some
hot coals, which the Salmon took and set the grass lodge
on fire, and as the Rattlesnake was burning, said to him,
“ Rattlesnake, hereafter when more people come into your
country you must not bite them with your arrows, but
they must kill you wherever they find you or your people.”
Then the Salmon left and travelled a long distance when
he saw the Wolf’s lodge. He crawled up very slowly and
found the Wolf’s wife alone, but guarded by the Louse
and the Flea. Then the Salmon said to the Louse, “I am
the husband of the woman in that lodge, and if you will
assist me I will give you the Wolf’s head for your share,”
and to the Flea, “you shall have the Wolf’s back and rump
for your share.” They both agreed to accept the offer
and allowed the Salmon to enter the lodge. Then the
Salmon and his wife planned how they should destroy the
Wolf, as well as his two brothers who lived in the lodge
also. The Salmon took asharp knife and waited. Towards
evening the oldest wolf returned carrying a deer on his
shoulders, which he threw into the lodge and then went

38 SELISH MYTHS.

away to wash his hands. He then returned and as he put
his head into the door of the lodge, the Salmon struck him
over the forehead with the knife and killed him. The
woman then dragged the body back into the lodge where
she covered it with robes.

Soon the next Wolf came, having a deer upon his shoul-
ders, which he threw into the lodge and then went to the
spring to wash his hands. He then returned and as he
put his head into the lodge, the Salmon cut off his head.
The woman then dragged the body into the lodge and hid
it with the body of the oldest Wolf.

After a long time the youngest Wolf, who was a Sha-
man, returned with a deer upon his shoulders. His magic
power enabled him to know that the Salmon was in the
lodge, and he called out, “Salmon, come out of my lodge,
I know that you are there and want to kill me; come out
that I may fight you.” The Salmon did not answer, and
the Wolf came closer and again called out as before. The
Salmon remained silent ; when the Wolf came up and threw
the deer into the lodge and went to the spring to wash
his hands. When he again came toward the lodge, he
said, “Salmon, I know you are in my lodge and want to
kill me; now come out and fight me.” The Salmon re-
mained quiet, but after a short time asked the woman if
the Wolf did not possess some charm or sacred rattle, by
which means the Wolf could be induced to enter the lodge.
The woman said that the Wolf had arattle which, if used,
would probably bring him in ; whereupon she took it down
and began to use it, at the same time telling the Wolf to
enter the lodge, as she was going to throw the rattle into
the fire. The Wolf then came nearer but would not enter
until he saw her throw the rattle upon the burning coals,
when he made a leap through the door, the Salmon at the

SELISH MYTHS. 39

same time striking him upon the nose and splitting his
body lengthwise, one-half falling upon the floor, while the
other half sprang upon the fire, grasped the sacred rattle
and passed up through the smoke-hole and onward to the
summit of a high mountain.

Then the Salmon took his wife, and after giving the
heads of the wolves to the Louse, and the backs and rumps
to the Flea, returned to his own home.

There was a village near the base of the mountain upon
which the Wolf took refuge, and every night the people
could hear him howl. Then the Coyote said, “I wonder
_ what can be wrong with the Wolf, he is crying so much.”
Then several of the people went to find the Wolf’s lodge
to take him some food, but he could not be found. Soon,
people were attacked by the Wolf at night, and so many
were killed that the Chief said, “Let us move away to
another camp, if we stay here we shall all be killed.” Then
the Coyote said “ You must all go, but let me remain, I
will kill the Wolf.” The tribe then moved away and the
Coyote, who was a Shaman, transformed himself into. a
little boy. He dug a pit in the ground at the bottom of
which he placed a log of wood, hich he transformed into
a dead man. Then the Coyote sat at the mouth of the
pit and cried. When the Wolf heard a child crying, he
came down from the mountain and, seeing the little boy,
said, “ Coyote, I know that is you, what is the matter with’
you?” But the Coyote only cried the harder and pointed
down into the pit. Then the Wolf approached and asked,
“Is that your father?” when the Coyote assented by nod-
ding his head and crying still louder. Then the Wolf
jumped into the pit, which the Coyote at once caused to
sink deeper and deeper, so that the Wolf should not escape.
The Coyote then took his knife and, as the Wolf jumped

40 SELISH MYTHS.

up the sides of the pit to make his escape, the Coyote
thrust the blade into the Wolf’s head and killed him. The
pit was then filled with dirt and leaves, and the Coyote
returned to his camp, summoned his people to return,
which.they did; and there they still live in peace.

NOTES.

*S$k6-lé'-pi. This signifies cooking in a depression in the ground, similar to the
method adopted in preparing Kamass roots in the northwest, and mescal roots in
Arizona. Hot stones form the floor of the pit, upon which the roots are laid,
and covered with a layer of stones, earth, grass, etc.

{ Vhui’-hue-u-ql’s. The Cross-bill (Curvirostra Americana). It is said that at this
time the bird had his mandibles distorted, which rendered his speech unintelligible
to the others.

txliis’-én’k-tsti’. The Wild cat (Lynx rufus) frequently called Lynx, by the
Indians. The word for the latter is sin’-xii-tso’. This act of the Coyote is sup-
posed to account for the flat face of the animal.

1 xl6s'-qgti-sti-mi-é. The Panther (Felis concolor) is said to have received his
long tail at this time, having previously been a Lynx (ZL. Canadensis),

BULLETIN

OF THE

eer et a IM ee a ee,

Vo. 15. SALEM: APRIL, May, Junge, 1883. Nos. 4, 5,6.

THE JESUITS.!

By GEORGE H. HOSMER.

Mr. Hosmer first spoke of the Romish church previous
to the year 1500; of the corruption in the church and of the
vast treasures poured into Rome by the immense number
of persons flocking to the eternal city. St. Peter’s was
commenced and partly paid by this treasure. The Ref-
ormation under Martin Luther was next briefly traced,
and the excitement caused by the protest of 1517 by
Luther against the sale of indulgences. In 1491 Ignatius
Loyola, the founder of the Society of Jesus, was born.
He was of royal family and soon became famous as a bold
and chivalrous gentleman and soldier, displaying great
valor in war. In 1521, he suffered from a long and pain-
ful illness, theresult of a wound, during which time he be-
came interested in reading the lives of the saints and his
thoughts were directed towards a religious life. From

1[An abstract of a paper read at a meeting Monday evening, April 2, 1883. ]
ESSEX INST. BULLETIN, VOL. XV. 4 (41)

42 ANNUAL MEETING, MAY 21.

an active life in the field and from the emoluments of
the court and camp, he turned his future to the austerities
of the monastery and devoted himself to the formation of
the Society of Jesus and the propagation of its doctrines
throughout the world. With Peter Faber, Xavier and
five others, the society was founded and missionary work
commenced. After varying fortunes the Pope recognized
the order, Loyola having been chosen supervisor. The
society spread and became a power, and while Loyola
lived it was for good; after his death the Jesuit order
became corrupt as it grew in wealth and influence.

This year (1883) is the two hundred and fiftieth anni-
versary of the settlement of the Jesuit order in America.
Marquette came to America and preached from the St.
Lawrence to the Mississippi river, which last he is said to
have discovered. The Jesuits also accompanied Lord
Baltimore to Maryland in 1632. There were, in 1874,
seventeen Jesuit colleges in the United States, and the
sect numbered about 1062 persons.

AnnuaL Meretine, Monpay, May 21, 1883.

THE annual meeting this evening at 7.30 o’clock. The
PRESIDENT in the chair. Records of the last annual meet-
ing were read and approved.

The reports of the Secretary, Treasurer, Auditor, Li-
brarian, and the Curators and Committees were read, and
duly accepted and ordered to be placed upon file.

Mr. T. F. Hunt, chairman of the committee upon
nominations, reported the following list of officers, which
was duly elected. Messrs. T. F. Hunt and F. Israrn
having been requested to collect, assort and count the votes.

ANNUAL MEETING, MAY 21. 43

OFFICERS ELECTED.

PRESIDENT:
HENRY WHEATLAND.

VICR-PRESIDENTS:

ABNER C. GOODELL, JR.
FREDERICK W. PUTNAM.

SECRETARY:
GEORGE M. WHIPPLE.

AUDITOR:
RicuarpD C. MANNING.

DANIEL B. HaGar.
ROBERT S. RANTOUL.

TREASURER:
GEORGE D. PHIPPEN.

LIBRARIAN:
WILLIAM P. UPHAM.

CURATORS:

History—HENRY F. WATERS.
Manuscripts—WILLIAM P. UPHAM.
Archeology—FREDERICK W. PUTNAM.
Numismatics—MATTHEW A. STICKNEY.
Geology—B. F. MCDANIEL.

Botany—GEORGE D. PHIPPEN.
Zodlogy—EDWARD S. MORSE.
Horticulture—JOHN E. PEABODY.
Music—JOSHUA PHIPPEN, JR.

Painting § Sculpture—T. F. Hunt.

Technology—EDWIN C. BOLLES.

COMMITTERS:

Finance:
The PRESIDENT, Chatrman ex off.

HENRY M. BROOKS.

GEO. R. EMMERTON.

The TREASURER, ex off.

Library:

CHARLES W. PALFRAY.
WILLIAM D. NORTHEND.

HENRY F. KING.

THEODORE M. OSBORNE.

The LIBRARIAN, ev off.

Publication:

EDWARD S. ATWOOD.
H. F. WATERS.

ABNER C. GOODELL, JR.
JAMES A. EMMERTON.

T. F. HUNT.

Lecture:

ROBERT S. RANTOUL.
FIELDER ISRAEL.

FREDERICK W. PUTNAM.

ARTHUR L. HUNTINGTON,

Field Meeting:
The SECRETARY, Chairman ex off.

GEORGE A. PERKINS, Salem.
GEORGE COGSWELL, Bradtord.
FRANCIS H. APPLETON, Peabody.
NATHANIEL A. HORTON. Salem.
EDWARD S. MORSE, Salem.

GEORGE D. PHIPPEN, Salem.
FRANK R. KIMBALL, Salem,
EBEN N. WALTON, Salem.
WINFIELD S. NEVINS, Salem.
JoHun H. SEARS, Salem.

DAVID PINGREE.

WILLIAM NEILSON.

EDWIN C. BOLLEs.

AMOS H. JOHNSON.

44 THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR.

RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR

compiled from the several reports read at the meeting and
the remarks by several members in relation thereto, pre-
sents the work of the Institute in the various departments
since the last annual meeting.

The past year has been one not specially eventful in the
annals of the Institute, and there have been no important
commemorative or social observances as have occurred in
some of the previous years. The ordinary work of the so-
ciety has gone smoothly. The various Regular and Field
Meetings have been well attended. The publications have
been issued with pages well filled with valuable historical
and scientific papers. Our membership has held its own.
Generous donations to the library, cabinet, and the
treasury have been made. The number of visitors to the
rooms has been large and the year may, with propriety,
be called a prosperous one.

Mempers.— Changes occur in the list of our associates _
by the addition of new names and the withdrawal of some
by resignation, removal from the county or vicinity, or by

death.
MEMBERS ELECTED MAY 1882 To May 18838.

e 1882, June 20 GEORGE BURNHAM IvEs, Salem.
. ss 66’) «CHARLES F.. POUSLAND, Salem.
s¢ 6 6 CHARLES A. BUXTON, Salem.

66 «0666 6 FRANK A. BRown, Salem.

de s¢ 66 JEAN M. Missup, Salem.

“ ‘6 666 HARRIET KNIGHT KIMBALL, Salem.
ae sc ss) 6 HattTre L. KIMBALL, Salem.

“ ‘¢ 6 ~6 GEORGE RANDALL, Peabody.

« Sept. 5 WILLIAM HENRY GOVE, Salem.

it: ss ss) PaTRICK J. Mc CuskeEr, Salem.

sh ‘¢ 19 Myra HALL, Salem.

‘“ Dec. 5 EstrHEerR C. Mack, Salem.

THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR. 45

1888, Jan. 15 HANNAH L. RANTOUL, Beverly.
ae “¢ 66) LOUISE PRESTON DopGE, Danvers.
‘“ Feb. 5 EDMUND WATERS LONGLEY, Salem.
as “19 LAWRENCE CUNNINGHAM, Salem.
‘¢ Mch. 5 BENJAMIN F. Mc DANIEL, Salem.
it s¢ ¢¢ CHARLES WHITNEY HADDOCK, Beverly.
us ‘¢ 20 JAaBEZ BALDWIN LYMAN, Salem.
“ Apr. 16 Henry M. Merk, Salem.

We have received information of the decease of fifteen

during the year, who have been resident members.

Oxtver Caruton, son of John and Mary (Weston)
Carlton, born at Mount Vernon, N. H., July 20, 1801;
graduated at Dartmouth college, 1824; a well known and
distinguished Principal of the Latin School in Salem for
many years; taught at Francestown, in 1825; tutor in
Dartmouth, 1825-6; taught at Windsor, Vt., in 1827;
Haverhill, Mass., Marblehead, Salem, Portsmouth, N. H. ;
and again at Salem; died at Salem, June 21, 1882.—
Elected a member June 21, 1848.

GrorGE Foster Fuint, son of Addison and Mary E.
(Foster) Flint; born at North Reading, Oct. 17, 1840;
studied law in the office of George Wheatland, counsellor
at law, Salem, and after admission to the Essex Bar, con-
tinued in the office, associated with Mr. Wheatland in bus-
iness until his decease, which occurred June 23, 1882. He
was well known as a conveyancer and examiner of titles
of real estate. Elected a member Feb. 20, 1861.

JosEPH J. Riper, son of Joseph and Abigail (Janes)
Rider, born at Salem, June 26, 1827. Master mariner,
died at Gorea, West Coast of Africa, July 25, 1882.
Elected a member Oct. 13, 1858.

Apion S. Duptry, son of Edmund and Rebecca
(Bangs) Dudley, born at Kingfield, Me., Aug. 6, 1816,
died at Asbury Grove, Hamilton, Mass., July 12, 1882.
Dentist in Salem. Elected a member May 6, 1867.

46 THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR.

Grorce K. Procror, son of James K. and Lucretia
(Blood) Proctor, born in Townsend, Mass., July 9, 1837,
a photographer in Salem, afterwards a grocer, died at
Salem July 27, 1882. Elected a member July 16, 1872.

Rosert BrooKkHouseE, son of Robert and Eliza W.
(Grafton) Brookhouse, born at Salem, March 3, 1823,
merchant in Salem, associated with his father and others
in the West Coast of Africa trade, died at his seaside resi-
dence in Marblehead, Aug. 2,1882. An original member.

EvizaABETH Enpicorr (Gray) NewnHatt, daughter of
James and Elizabeth (Endicott) Gray, born at Salem,
Feb. 15, 1802; married April 14, 1829, Gilbert Grafton
Newhall, merchant of Salem (see Hist. Coll. of Essex
Institute, vol. vi, p. 127) ; died at Salem, Aug. 12, 1882.
Elected a member Oct. 8, 1878.

JosEPH E. Fiske, son of William and Dolly (Welling-
ton) Fiske, born at Heath, Mass., Feb. 12, 1811. In
early life, a teacher in Danvers, afterwards a practising
dentist in Salem more than forty-five years, noted for his
eift of invention. Died at Salem, Aug. 25, 1882. An
original member.

Priscttua S. (Hopges) Crark, daughter of Jonathan
and Elizabeth (Ropes) Hodges, born Noy. 4, 1799, mar-
ried John Clark Sept. 4, 1821, died at Salem, Oct. 12,
1882. Elected a member June 9, 1864. Mr. Clark, son
of John and Lydia (Sanderson) Clark, was born in Wal-
tham Mar. 14, 1796, gr. Harv. Coll. in 1816; soon after
graduation was teacher of a private school, in Salem, for
several years ; in 1824 merchant in Boston ; in 1830 agent
of Merrimac Manf. Co., Lowell; in 1848 Treas. Great
Falls Manf. Co., place of residence, Salem, where he died
Jan. 28, 1851. (See “tecords of the descendants of
Hugh Clark of Watertown, Mass.,” by John Clark, p. 75.

THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR. AT

Avueustus Story, son of William and Elizabeth (Pat-
ten) Story, born at Marblehead, April 6, 1812, removed
to Salem with his parents in 1819, gr. Harv. Coll. in 1832.
A lawyer by profession, for many years President and
Treasurer of the Holyoke Mutual Fire Ins. Co. Died at
Salem Oct. 19, 1882. Elected a member Mch. 29, 1848.

SaMUEL CaLuey, son of William and Mary (Becket)
Calley, born at Salem, April 14, 1821, a painter; mayor
of Salem for the years 1872, 1881 and 1882; d. Jan. 1,
1883. Elected a member June 3, 1872.

WituiamM Wuairaker, son of William and Sarah (Ha-
riman) Whitaker, born in Haverhill, Mass., Oct. 25,
1797, came to Salem, April 1, 1823, acarpenter; died at
Hamilton, Feb. 2, 1883. Elected a member Sept. 21,
1864.

CAROLINE SALTONSTALL, daughter of Leverett and
Mary Elizabeth (Sanders) Saltonstall, born at Salem,
Sept. 2, 1815; died at Salem, unmarried, Feb. 23, 1883.
Elected a member July 6, 1864.

JAMES OSBORNE SAFFORD, son of Ebenezer and Hannah
(Osborne) Safford, born in Danvers June 21, 1819, died
at his residence in Salem March 18, 1883; he was largely
interested in the manufacture and sale of leather; place
of business in Boston. Elected a member Jan. 4, 1854.

Wituiam Henry Prince, son of John and Loisa (Lan-
der) Prince, and grandson of Rev. John Prince, LL.D.,
who was pastor of the First Church in Salem 1779 to 1836,
and was noted for his scientific attainments, born in Salem,
Noy. 15, 1817, gr. Harv. Coll. 1838, and of the Medical
School in 1841, commenced practice in Salem; Superin-
tendent of the Northampton State Lunatic Asylum, 1856
to 1864 ; connected with the water-cure at Clifton Springs,

4§ THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR.

N. Y., 1870-1878 ; from 1878 to his decease, a practitioner
in Newton, where he died May 15, 1883. An original
member.

Frecp Meetines. These have been, perhaps, of more
than usual interest and well attended. During the season
four have been held.

first at the Middlesex Fells, Stoneham, on Saturday,
June 17, 1882, by invitation of the Middlesex Institute.
During the forenoon pleasant rambles were made in the
vicinity of Bear Hill, a delightful spot in the Fells, the place
selected for the gathering. At 2 Pp. m. President Dame of
the Middlesex Institute called the meeting to order and
extended a cordial welcome to the members of the Essex
Institute. He spoke of the work and objects of the two
societies and alluded to several of the historical points of
interest in this locality. Mr. George E. Davenport, sec-
retary of the Middlesex Institute, read a poem entitled
“Dame Nature’s Greeting.” The President of the Essex
Institute responded, thanking the members of the Middle-
sex society for the kind invitation to unite with them on
this: interesting occasion. Mr. John Robinson of Salem
read a paper on our “native trees.” Prof. Asa Gray of
Cambridge, by invitation from thechair, gave some remi-
niscences of Darwin and his teachings, and alluded to a
recent visit to him in England. Appropriate remarks
were made by Mr. John H. Sears of Salem, Rev. Joseph
Banvard of Neponset, Mr. Williamson of Kentucky and
others. Mr. Sears spoke of the plants noticed this day ;
Mr. Banvard, of the benefit of these meetings, and Mr.
Williamson, of the flora of his own state and that of
Massachusetts.

Second, on Wednesday, July 12, 1882, at the Dummer
Academy, Byfield, by invitation of the Trustees. This

THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR. 49

school was organized in 1763 in accordance with the will
of its patron and founder, Lieut. Gov. William Dummer,
under the direction of Samuel Moody,? its first principal,
who held this position for thirty years and was a very
successful teacher. During that period, the number of his
pupils averaged over seventy.

A renewed effort has recently been made to restore to
old Dummer its pristine glory and reputation.

Under the recently appointed head, John W. Perkins,
for several years the accomplished principal of the Classi-
cal and High School in Salem, the prospects are encourag-
ing for a realization of the sanguine hopes of the trustees
and its friends, in the accomplishment of this so praise-
worthy and desirable an object.

A pleasant ride by rail to Newburyport; thence by
covered barges to the place of meeting, passing through a
region of great natural attractiveness and rich in historic
lore; a cordial reception by the trustees and Mr. and Mrs.
Perkins, now comfortably domiciled in their new residence ;
a generous lunch at noonday ; and the afternoon speaking
of a pleasant character, and in general, having reference
to the past history of the institution and its fare pros-
pects, with frequent allusions to those of its graduates who
have well done their part in the great drama of life; will

1 William Dummer, Lieut. Governor of the Province, and the acting Governor
1723-28, m. Catherine, dau. of Gov. Joseph Dudley, died 10 Oct., 1761. This
farm was his country seat and the mansion house was his residence. These were
included in his bequest for the foundation of the Academy. He was the son of
Jeremiah Dummer, and a grandson of Richard Dummer of Bishopstoke, Hants,
who was born there in 1599, came to New England in 1632 and was one of the first
settlers in Newbury; he returned to England and came again in 1638.

2 Rev. Samuel Moody,® the preceptor of Dummer. Harv. Coll., 1746; died at
Exeter, N. H., Dec. 14, 1795, aged 70 years. He was son of Rev. Joseph,‘ of York,
Me., Harv. Coll., 1718; a grandson of Rev. Samuel,® Harv. Coll., 1697; a gr. grand-
son of Caleb?; a gr. gr. grandson of William!, who came in 1634 (it was said a
saddler) from Ipswich, Co. of Suffolk. He was first of Ipswich, afterwards in
1635 of Newbury, where he continued to reside. He died 25 Oct., 1673,

ESSEX INST. BULLETIN, VOL. XV. 4*

50 THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR.

render this day one to be long remembered by all who
were present on this interesting occasion.’

Third meeting at Magnolia, on Wednesday, August 9,
1882. This place has been, for a long time, a favorite sea-
side resort. The old road was a pleasant drive, bordered
with the wild rose and other flowering plants, with occa-
sional hamlets, whose occupants obtained their livelihood
from the land or the briny deep, winding through these
fragrant woods and skirting the borders of the green fields
that come down even to the beaches that are hard and
smooth, and to the rocks whose hoary cliffs extend into the
sea, scarred, wrinkled, and worn.

This territory, especially that portion contiguous to the
coast, has for the most part, within the past few years,
been bought by the wealthy denizens of the city who
make this their summer home. The elegant villas, re-
cently built, with their quaint architecture dot the coast,
and with their red roofs are in striking contrast with the
sombre green of the woods. The name of this locality
has also, recently, been changed, and instead of Kettle
Cove we have Magnolia, appropriately named from the
beautiful flower, whose northern habitat is in close prox-
imity. These woods extending inland from the coast,
diversified with ponds and inlets, rocky hills and meadows,
the habitat of many rare plants, have been made famous
by the herborizations of William Oakes of Ipswich, a very
distinguished botanist, who died in 1848, leaving an ex-
tensive collection of beautifully prepared specimens of our
native flora with many valuable notes and observations.
Peter Magnol of Montpellier, France, a very distinguished
botanist during the close of the seventeenth and the early
part of the eighteenth centuries, in whose honor the name

3 See Hist. Coll. Essex Inst., vol. XIX.

THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR. 51

of Magnolia was given to this genus of beautiful plants,
rendered the herborization of Montpellier celebrated.
Many botanists flocked thither desirous to enjoy the society
and the benefit of his guidance and instruction.

The forenoon was spent in visiting the interesting lo-
cealities and in the afternoon the meeting was held in a-
rustic pavilion, tendered to the Institute by the kindness of
Mr. Barnard Stanwood.

The President called the meeting to order, and alluded
in a few brief remarks to the meeting held in this place
some twenty-one years since and noted the great change
that has taken place since that time. Vice President
F. W. Putnam, being called upon, gave an interesting ac-
count of his recent explorations in Tennessee and Ohio.
He urged upon his hearers the importance of collecting
Indian relics which are very valuable in any museum, for
examination and reference. Mr. John H. Sears of Salem,
Dr. Morse of Gloucester, President of the Cape Ann
Literary and Scientific Association and Prof. William
North Rice of Wesleyan University made pertinent re-
marks. The latter gentleman alluded to the great differ-
ence geologically between this rock-bound coast and the
valley of the Connecticut, which was his place of residence
and the field of his explorations. A vote of thanks was
gratefully tendered to Mrs. Maria H. Bray and Mr.
Stanwood for courtesies extended during this pleasant
visit to Magnolia. 7

Fourth meeting, Wednesday, August 30, 1882. Meet-
ing at Topsfield. The party from Salem went in barges,
those from other towns found their way thither by the
cars or private carriages. The usual routine was observed
relative to the rambles in the forenoon and the visiting of
places of interest; the most notable, perhaps, is the old
Capen House, now owned by Charles H. Holmes. It is

52 THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR.

built upon the old Garrison house principle, and its archi-
tecture is like that of two centuries ago. Mr. Holmes says
that it was built in 1651. The afternoon session was held
in the Town Hall. The President in the chair. Vice Presi-
dent, Robert S. Rantoul of Salem, was introduced and read
an interesting paper entitled “ The Essex Junto — The Long
Embargo — And The Great Topsfield Caucus of 1808.” 4
Mr. Charles J. Peabody and Dea. Augustine Peabody of
Topsfield gave interesting facts and traditions of the town.
Hon. J. J. H. Gregory of Marblehead spoke of Forestry
and the cultivation of trees. Mr. John H. Gould read
extracts from the records of the town. He is the present
town clerk. Samuel P. Fowler of Danvers, now and
ever since its organization a member of the Institute, gave
reminiscences of its history, stating many interesting facts
in that connection. Hon. N. A. Horton of Salem made a
few remarks supplementary to Mr. Rantoul’s paper. Af-
ter the adoption of a vote of thanks to the people of
Topsfield for their codperation and courtesies, adjourned.

Meetines. Regular meetings occur on the first and
third Monday evenings of each month. At these or
special meetings, the following communications were re-
ceived or lectures delivered.

On Monday, Oct. 9, 1882, Mr. Adoniram C. Orne of
Marblehead read a paper “On popular errors in regard to
the average duration of life.”

Monday, Nov. 20, 1882. Mr. John Robinson gave an
account of the opening of a shellheap under the direction
of the Peabody Academy of. Science, on the banks of the
Ipswich River; a large and valuable collection of articles

4 See the Hist. Coll. Essex Inst., Vol. XIX, p. 226,
5 See Bulletin Essex Inst., Vol. XIV, p. 133.

THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR. 53

was found. Many of them were exhibited at the meeting.®
On the same evening Vice President F. W. Putnam spoke
of the results of a search among the heaps on the coast of
Maine.’

Monday, Jan. 15, 1883. Mr. S. S. Blanchard,
formerly of Boston, now of Fargo, Dakota, gave a
familiar talk on Dakota, alluding to its resources, the fer-
tility of its soil, its large crops raised with little labor,
the mineral products, etc. He also spoke of the social
advantages, schools, churches, and other public institu-
tions. Wheat farming was particularly noticed and a
large picture of the harvesting of wheat on the Ingraham
farm was shown; on these large farms machinery is being
largely introduced and farming is reduced to a system.

Monday, Feb. 26, 1883. E. W. Kinsley, Esq., of
Boston, spoke informally on Mexico and its business re-
sources. He alluded to the steamers between New York
and Vera Cruz in complimentary terms. The beautiful
scenery of the country by rail from Vera Cruz through
the mountainous districts was fully described and also the
magnificent views as one descends into the city of Mexico ;
the hotels were comfortable and rapidly adopting modern
improvements. A visit to one of the large haciendas with
the immense crops stored in large warehouses was fully
sketched. A very enthusiastic and hopeful account of
the Mexican Central and Atchison and Topeka Railroads
was given.

Monday, March 5, 1883. Vice President F. W.
Putnam spoke on the recent explorations that he had
made in the valley of the Little Miami River, in Ohio,

6 See Bulletin Essex Inst., Vol. XIV, p. 158,
7See Bulletin Essex Inst., Vol. XIV, p. 161.

54 THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR.

including an account of the singular altar mounds and the
interesting objects found upon the altars. The lecture
was illustrated by diagrams, photographs and specimens.

Monday, April 2, 1883. Rev. George H. Hosmer
read a paper on “ the Jesuits.”

Monday, May 14, 1883. Mr. Robert S. Rantoul
read a memoir on our late associate member James O.
Safford. Rev. Charles T. Brooks of Newport, R. L.,
read a memoir on our late associate member, Augustus
Story.°

The following have been presented and printed in the
publications :

“ Essex County and the Indians,” a lecture before the
Beverly Lyceum, Nov. 20, 1832, by Mr. Robert Rantoul,
sen.,’° communicated by Mr. R. 8. Rantoul.

“Origin of Salem Plantation.” Allotments of Land in
Salem to Men, Women, and Maids,” by Prof. Herbert B.
Adams of Johns Hopkins University."

“The Family of John Perkins of Ipswich,” by George
A. Perkins, M. D.”

* Common Fields in Salem,” by Prof. Herbert Adams.”

“The family of William Townsend of Boston,” by
Henry F. Waters."

“The Early Settlers of Rowley, Mass., including all
who were here before 1662, with a few generations of
their descendants,” by George B. Blodgette, A. M., of
Rowley.”

6 Hist. Coll. Essex Inst., Vol. XX, p. 81. % Hist. Coll. Essex Inst., Vol. XX, p.
115. 14° Hist. Coll. Essex Ins¢., Vol. XIX, p.126. 11 Hist. Coll. Essex Inst., Vol.
XIX, p. 153. 12 Hist. Coll. Essex Inst., Vol. XIX, p.213. 13 Hist. Coll. Essex
Inst., Vol. XIX, p.241. 14 Hist. Coll. Essex Inst., Vol. X1X, p.269. *% Hist. Coll.
Essex Inst., Vol. XIX, p. 297.

THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR. 55

“A Note on the authenticity of the Portraits of Gov.
Endecott,” by Mr. R. S. Rantoul.’

“Sketch of the Family of Thomas Townsend of Lynn,
Joseph Townsend of Boston, and a few English Notes rela-
ting to the name of Townsend, by Henry F. Waters.”

* Salem Meadows, Woodland, and Town Neck,” by Prof.
Herbert B. Adams.*

“Notice of Charles Davis of Beverly, Librarian of
Essex Institute,” by Mr. Robert S. Rantoul.”

“Carcinological Notes, No. V,” by Mr. J. S. Kingsley.”

“ Catalogue of the Flora of Oak Island, Revere, Mass.,
with notes,” by Herbert Young; “ Introduction and Sum-
mary” by Mr. John Robinson.”!

* Arrow makers at Pine Grove, by Mr. John Robinson.”

A Socrat Meertine of the members and their families
was held in the rooms on the evening of Jan. 1, 1883.
Mr. Alban Andrén of Beverly gave a familiar talk on
Sweden, illustrating his remarks by lantern views. Sim-
ple refreshments were served.

Receptions. Wednesday, May 31, 1882. During
the evening a reception was tendered to Mr. Raymond
Lee Newcomb, on his return to Salem from his perilous
voyage to the Arctic regions in the steamer “ Jeannette.”
The large hall on the second floor was thrown open &nd
after a few words of welcome from the President, and an
address from Vice President D. B. Hagar, Mr. Newcomb ©
gave a brief account of his trip and related some of the
experiences of the expedition. At the close of his re-
marks Mr. Newcomb was introduced to the members and
their families.

16 Hist. Coll. Essex Inst., Vol. XX, p.1. 17 Hist. Coll. Essex Inst., Vol. XX, p.
37. 18 Hist. Coll. Essex Inst., Vol. XX, p.52. 19 Hist. Coll. Essex Inst., Vol. XX,
p. 73. 20 Bulletin Essex Inst., Vol. XIV, p.105. 21 Bulletin of Essex Inst., Vol.
XIV, p.141. 2? Bulletin Essex Inst., Vol. XIV, p. 163.

56 THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR.

On Friday, Sept. 8, 1882, at noon, President Chester
A. Arthur visited the rooms. There was no ceremony or
formality. A few members happened to be present and
escorted him through the building and about the grounds.
He was accompanied by his private secretary Phillips,
Surrogate Rollins of New York, and Capt. Green of the
* Despatch.” |

Friday, Nov. 10, 1882. Dr William B. Carpenter, of
England, was in Salem, the guest of Robert S. Rantoul,
Esq. The forenoon was spent in visiting the State Nor-
mal School, the Court Houses, East India Marine Hall,
and other objects of interest. In the afternoon he was in
the rooms of the Institute where he received calls from
ladies and gentlemen of our city.

By the joint invitation of the Institute and the Peabody
Academy of Science, the Boxford Natural History Society
on Wednesday, May 31, 1882, The President and faculty
of Wellesley College, on Monday, June 12, 1882, and
the West Newbury Natural History Club, on Oct. 28,
1882, visited Salem on the respective days named, to ex-
amine the collections in the East India Marine Hall, the
libraries and collections in Plummer Hall and other objects
of interest.

Lectures. <A course*of eight Lectures, under the
direction of the lecture committee, has been delivered,
as follows: First, Alban Andrén of: Beverly, “Sweden,”
Wed., Nov. 22, 1882. Second, Frederick A. Ober, of
Beverly, “ Mexico,” Wed., Nov. 29, 1882. Third, G.
M. Towle, “ Eugenie, ex-Empress of France,” Wed., Dec.
6, 1882. Fourth, G. M. Towle, “John Bright,” Wed.,
Dec. 18, 1882. Fifth, G. M. Towle, Wed., Dec. 20,
1882, “ The Irish Struggle.” Sixth, G. M. Towle, “ Vic-
tor Hugo,” Wed., Dec. 27, 1882. Seventh, I. J. Osbun,

THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR. 57

“Steam,” Wed., Jan. 3, 1883. Highth, I. J. Osbun,
“The Storage of Electricity,” Wed., Feb. 21, 1883.

In addition to the above, by an arrangement made with
the Trustees of the Peabody Academy of Science, two
courses Of free lectures were given. J rst course, by
Prof. C. C. Bessey, of the State Agricultural College,
Iowa, on Thursday afternoons, Jan. 18, 25, and Feb. 1,
1883, three lectures on “Problems in Vegetable Physiol-
ogy :” I. “Greenslime and yeast Plants.” II.“ Structural
and physiological development of the vegetable kingdom.”
Ill. “The evolution of the Flower.” Second course:
five lectures by Prof. J. Walter Fewkes, an assistant in
the Museum of Comparative Zoélogy, Cambridge. “Corals
and Coral Islands,” on the afternoons of Wednesdays,
Jan. 17, 24, 31, Feb. 7, 14, 1883.

Concerts. Under the personal direction of the curator
of music, two chamber concerts have been given with
great acceptance. This was the fourteenth concert season
of the Institute. rst, Friday evening, Feb. 16, 1883.
The selections of the two trios by Beethoven and Schubert
formed a happy contrast, the latter perhaps being the
more brilliant. It was very. pleasant to hear Mr. Arthur
W. Foote again in Salem after so long an interval. He
was ably assisted by Messrs. Gustave Dannreuther, Wulf
Fries, and Miss Louise Gage. Second, Monday, March
26, 1883. Mr. Hiram G. Tucker, of Boston, gave a
piano recital. He had the assistance of Miss Grace F.
Dalton, soprano vocalist. Both parties did themselves
much credit in their respective numbers and the concert
was both enjoyable and interesting.

Excursions. Sriday, June 9, 1882, visited Plymouth,

ESSEX INST. BULLETIN, VOL. XV. 5

58 THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR.

tarried at the Samoset House and returned on Saturday
in the afternoon. The attractive objects: “The national
monument to the forefathers,” which stands eighty-one
feet from the ground, not finished; Pilgrim Hall, built
in 1824, rebuilt in 1880 by the liberality of Joseph Henry
Stickney, Esq., of Baltimore, Md., containing many
relics brought over by the Pilgrims, and several large
and striking paintings, representing the landing and ideas
connected therewith; Plymouth Rock returned to the
original spot and now covered by a solid granite canopy of
elaborate architectural design; Burial Hill and other
places of interest, were visited by some of the party.

Thursday, Aug. 3, 1882. A trip along the North Shore
to Pigeon Cove in the steamer General Bartlett, Capt.
J. O. Davis, commander. The party landed at the Cove
and spent about an hour ashore, then across the bay to
Swampscott and along the Marblehead shore to the place
of departure.

Wednesday, Sept. 6, 1882. A party left for an excur-
sion to the summit of Mount Moosilauke. <A special car
direct from Salem to Plymouth, N. H., without change,
thence to the village of Warren, where the mountain
ascent is made on buckboards or in wagons, to the breezy
Point House, a bright roomy hotel with broad piazzas and
a wide view of the unbroken forest, then to the Tip Top
House. This hotel, as well as the Breezy Point House,
will be found in all respects comfortable, while the moun-
tain scenery is unsurpassed. Returned on Saturday the
ninth.

PusBLIcATIONS have been issued as heretofore: the
Bulletin, Vol. xiv, and the Historical Collections, Vol.
xix. The exchange list, with few exceptions, continues
the same as last year.

THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR. 59

Liprary.— The additions to the Library for the year
(May, 1882 to May, 1883) have been as follows:

By Donation.

Folios, me ES ee ar | Sell SLCHE ge We Sve g gS Vagal aia. arhyiieennn 24
Quartos, ° . . . : ° ° ° ’ . . ’ . | 160
Octavos, E ‘ . : e ° ° ° e ' ‘ ‘ : “ ; 891
Duodecimos, ° ° ’ e ° ° ° . ° ° ° ° . ° 296
Sexdecimos, a eg ge ee ee eee . at RD wy Wh ae bene ae 54
Total of bound volumes, ° : ° ° - : ; ° = ° » 1,425
Pamphlets and serials, ° e : ° . . e e 2 ° » 10,143

Total of donations, r ‘ e = F ° ° ° ’ e e e 11,568

By Exchange.
Folios, 9 s . . ° ° s e . s . id . e ° 1
Quartos, ° . ° ° ° ° . ° ° ° ° ° e statue 18
Octavos, . . ° e e ° ° e e . ® e ® se e 95
Duodecimos, e e ° e ° ° ° ° ) ° ° ° ° e £
Total of bound volumes, ; F F ° - . : ; 4 . : 118
Pamphlets and serials, ° F ° . ° eR es . . ° me EW
Total of exchanges, . age gee ee es hs ws ered fin wi» Leak ng RE
By Purchase.
Quartos, e . e. e . e . e e e e e e 6 e 5
I Us! oy ke ah lm ek . otal wo ate am eS © 107
Duodecimos, es 2 ° . e . . . e ° e J . s 179
Sexdecimos, ° ° ® ° e Sy ° ® e ° ° ° e ° 15
Total of bound volumes, gate eh ee ae ae Oe ete 306
Pamphlets and serials, 2 . ° ° ° e ® e e ) e 197
Total of purchases, : = : B ~ A - ; ; F x : 503
Total of donations, “ : ° ‘ ® ° php ee . ° - 11,568
Total of exchanges, . . ° . . . . . e ° * e 2,290
Total of purchases, ° ° ° . ° ° ° ° ‘ e e 2 503
Total of additions, e ° ° 9 ® ° e e e e ° » 14,361

Of the total number of pamphlets and serials, 6,447
were pamphlets, and 6,065 were serials.

The donations to the Library for the year have been
received from one hundred and fifty-six individuals and

60 THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR.

forty-one departments of the General and State govern-
ments and societies, five of which are foreign. The
exchanges from one hundred and fifty-six societies and
incorporate institutions, of which eighty-four are foreign ;
also from editors and publishers.

The annual examination of the Library has been made.
Of the eight volumes that were missing last year, five
have been returned ; thirteen others are now missing from
their places.

Donations or exchanges have been received from the
following :

Vols. Pam
Albany, N. Y., State Library, e . ; 7 1
Almy, James F., ° ‘ : . 1
Alnwick, Eng., Beewickaite Nattraliete’ Club, 5 : 1
American Association for the Advancement of Science, 1
Amherst College Library, 4 ¢
Amiens, Société Linnéenne du Word ai la Pphoen ° 11
Anagnos, M., South Boston, , - : A S : 1
Andrews, Hiram, . = : = . . r ee 2
Andrews, William P., ‘* . i : : : 53
Appleton, F. H., Peabody, . . eae . . 1
Appleton, William S., Boston, ; ‘ : . : 1
Archeological Institute of America, ° . ° : 1 3
Atkinson, Edward, Boston, : ; x 1
Baltimore, Md., Johns Hopkins Untveralty, : e 9
Baltimore, Md., Johns Hopkins University Library of
Historical and Political Science, . .- 7
Baltimore, Md., Peabody Institute, : ‘ s ; }
Bamberg, Naturforschende Gesellschaft, : :. 1
Bancroft, Rev. C. F. P., Andover, . : : : 1
Barton, William G., ° ° . ‘ : . 77
Belfast, Eng., Naturalists’ Field Club, . F ‘ 4
Bemis, Miss Caroline, , ; . , . 3
Berlin, Gesellschaft Wauttirachedfes woeunde, : 1
Berlin, Verein zur Beforderung des Gartenbaues, : 24
Berlin, Zeitschrift fiir die gesammten Naturwissenschaften, 1
Bern, Naturforschende Gesellschaft, 3 . ; : 2
Bolles, Rev. E. C., D. D., . ‘ : : ‘ : : 21 151
: 1

Bologna, Accademia delle Scienze, .

THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR.

Bonn, Naturhistorischer Verein, ° °
Boston, American Academy of Arts and Bewedenl é
Boston, Appalachian Mountain Club, . y ° "
Boston, Board of Health, : wy aah i . °
Boston, Bostonian Society, ‘ : : . ‘ *
Boston, City of, p ‘ ‘ . . ° . ‘
Boston, City Hospital, ; . ‘ ° f
Boston, City Hospital Medical Eavvany) ‘ é ?
Boston, Massachusetts General Hospital Trustees, °
Boston, Massachusetts Historical Society, . . .
Boston, Massachusetts Horticultural Society, ‘ ‘
Boston, Massachusetts Institute of Technology,

Boston, Massachusetts Medical Society, a °

Boston, Massachusetts State Library,

Boston, M. O. L. L. U. S. Council of Siocmanaayy of
Massachusetts, js P

Boston, National Association of “Wow Masuthenmer 8,

Boston, New England Historic Genealogical Society, F

Boston, New England Manufacturers’ and Mechanics’

Institute, : ‘ : : : ‘ : .
Boston, Public Library, ‘ é ; Z ‘ 3
Boston, Scientific Society, ‘ - oe -
Boston, Society of Natural History, 4 ‘ : :
Boston, Zodlogical Society, 4 : ‘ ‘ . “
Boutwell, F. M., Groton, ; , : d 2 .
Bovey, Henry T., Montreal, é : : .
Braunschweig, F. Vieweg und Sohn, . . :
Bremen, Naturwissenschaftlicher Verein, ; , ;
Briggs, Mrs. Edward T., : F . Newspapers,
Brigham, L. F., . : . : , :
Brinley, | ee Newport, R. i 2 : é c
Bristol, Eng., Naturalists’ Bocleky: . ;

Brooklyn, N. Y., Long Island Historical Society, 4
Brooks, Mrs. Henry M. y ‘ ‘ . Newspapers,

Brown, Augustus §., : - P 2 ; ;
Brown, F. H., Boston, ; ? . : : 4
Brown, Henry A., : : . ; j : s :
Brown, Samuel J., Salisbury, : % 4 4 :
Browne, Albert G., . : : ‘ > : :
Brinn, Naturforschender Verein, : ‘ .
Brunswick, Me., Bowdoin College, ; 6 ;
Bruxelles, Société Belge de Microscopie, e ; y

Bruxelles, Société Entomologique de Belgique, : *

Vols.

—

Pam.

or m= m= Co bo =

a)

—_
m OF dm dD Nw oO

28

62 THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR.

Bruxelles, Société Malacologique de Belgique, s
Buenos Aires, Sociedad Cientifica Argentina,
Buffalo, N. Y., Society of Natural Sciences, .

Buffalo, N. Y., Young Men’s Association, ‘ :
Burchard, Horatio C., Washington, D. C., fain
Burns, Charles E., : é
Biitzow, Verein der Freunde der Natiteeeohicnth:

Caen, Académie Nationale des Sciences, ‘ ‘
Calcutta, Geological Survey of India, ‘ :
Caldwell, Augustine, Ipswich, 4 “
Caldwell, Rev. S. L., Poughkeepsie, N. Y., “ '
Caller, James M., - ; ‘ = : ; i m
Cambridge, mata University, * "

Cambridge, Museum of Comparative Zodlogy,

Cambridge, Nuttall Ornithological Club,

Cambridge, Peabody Museum of American hnedhgeieee
and Ethnology, : , ‘

Carpenter, Rev. C. C., Mt. Wr obnoek, a. ah: , ;

‘Case, Theodore §., Kansas City, Mo.,

Cherbourg, Société Nationale des Sciences An dunetled,

Chicago, Ill., Headquarters Military Division of the

Missouri, : - “ . ”
Chicago, Ill., Historical Baulets) : 4 ; :
Chicago, Ill., Public Library, . .

Christiania, La Commission eeoibeiade jd ceautbanle,
Christiania, K. N. Frederics Universitets,

Christiania, Videnskabs Selskabet,

Cincinnati, O., Mechanics’ Institute, , :
Cincinnati, O., Society of Natural History,

Cleveland, H. W. S., Springfield, IIl., :
Cleveland, O., Western Reserve ina Northern “Ohio
Historical Society, ; : : , ‘

Cole, Miss Caroline J., ‘ : ‘ ; : : :
Cole, Mrs. N. D., ; ; : : . Newspapers,
Columbia, Mo., State University, . x : i "
Currier, John M., Castleton, Vt., . :

Curwen, George R.., g ; :

Curwen, James B.,

Cushing, L. B., Mewinir poet . : :

Cutter, A. E., Charlestown, ; . P

Danzig, Naturforschende Geaellachag; ° .
Darmstadt, Verein fiir Erdkunde, y y
Davenport, Ia., Academy of Natural Science, : ‘

Vols.
2

~~

34
10

Pam.
16

6

1

1

3

10

THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR. 63

Vols. Pam

Dennis, W. D., ‘ ‘ ° * “ 4 4 : 3
Dodge, James H., Boston, . P : * i 1
Donnell, E. J., New York, N. Y., i : ¢ 2
Dresden, akuiwisaenachadicke Gesellschaft This. 3
Dublin, Royal Irish Academy, . . i ‘ ? ‘ 8
Dudley, A. M., . P ‘ ‘ ‘ . . 9
Eads, H. L., So. Union, Ky. ae 7 J . ¢ 1
Edinburgh, ‘poral Society, . : F 3 ‘ - 1
Edmands, T. F., Boston, : « . ¢ / 4 1
Ellis, Henry P., ican, ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ : I
Emden, Naturforschende Gaacibenhati. Oi eT tT ee 1
Emmerton, James A., : 6 54
Epping Forest and County of Riawek Nadovaliats’ Field

Club, ‘ e . ‘ . 1
Erfurt, K. Akademie srg niles ates Wissensdhatken: 1
Erlangen, Physikalisch-medicinische Societat, ‘ . 1
Falmouth, Eng., Royal Cornwall Polytechnic Society, 1
Firenze, Istituto di Studi Superiori, ; ‘| ‘ ; 12
Folsam, A. A., Boston, ‘ “ - “ : y ‘ 3
Foote & Horton, z ‘ ° Newspapers, 4 314
wax, G. V., Gecktieton, D, 0., ‘ ‘ 2
Frankfurt, a. M., Glatiedlbareinahe pdeabaeteias Gans

elischaft, . E . . : « i 1
Frankfurt, a. M., Bopinbineke ieoliapnale, y ‘ . 6
Freiburg, Patuvforsebonde Gesellschaft, . é ‘ : i
Gatschet, Albert S., Washington, D.C., . 4 : j 2
Genéve, L’Institut National Genévois, P “ . 1
Genéve, Société de Physique et d’Histoire muchielte; : 1
George, M. C., Washington, D.C., . : : . 1
Gillis, James A., . ‘ , ‘ ‘ 17 =—-:148
Glasgow, Natural ee acieey, : 3 ‘ 1
Gottingen, K. Gesellschaft der W laecsiiebnathely : ; 2
Gould, John H., Topsfield, ‘ , ‘ g : ‘ 1
Green, Samuel A., Boston, . 2 F : é : 82 322
Hager, Albert D., Chicago, IIl., : : ‘ : 1
Halifax, N. S., Institute of avanal leat, : 1
Halle, K. Topp. -Carolinische D. Akademie der Nndniniaes

cher, . 4
Hamburg, Verein fiir Waiarwisebradiiaftlchs ataviar,

tung, : 1 2
Hamilton, R. L., Mir dgaiices Wivkenieal Publishing sides

pany, : . ° 4 ‘ ‘ . F ° 4

Hammond, Joseph, . ; ‘ ; : a . ‘ |

64 THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR.

Harlem, Société Hollandaise des Sciences, - ‘
Hart, Charles H., Philadelphia, Pa., a : 2
Hart, Rev. Samuel, Hartford, Ct., . = ‘

Haskell, Mrs. A. M., West Roxbury, : gu
Hassam, John T., Boston, 5 A x 7 = *
Hazen, W. B., Washington, D. C., : . ‘ :
Hildeburn, Charles R., Philadelphia, Pa., r . .
Hill, B. D., Peabody, ‘ : : : Newspapers,
Hill, H. A., Boston, . . : 3 : x
Hingham, First Parish, : . . : ° . °
Hoar, E. R., Concord, : ‘ . : ‘ -
Hobart Town, Government of Tasmania,
Hobart Town, Royal Society of Tasmania, ‘ 7 .
Holmes, John C., Detroit, Mich., > . . :

Horton, N. A.,. x ‘ : ; . :
Huguet-Latour, L. A., sis aca .
Hunnewell, James F., Charlestown, ‘ M F
Hunt, Miss S. E., : - A “ s s . ;
Hunt, T. F., ; 3 : : ; x . -
Hunt, Mrs. Thomas, 4 : A . : . ‘
Illinois Department of Agriculture, . ‘ ‘ : "
Israel, Rev. F., L ; : : Newspapers,
James, U. P., Ceckiiat, Obie. és 5 5 > 4
Jenison, O. A., Lansing, Mich., ‘ 2 4 :
Johnson, D. H., . . , : 7
Johnson, Samuel, Estate of the er 3 Newspapers,
Kimball, Mrs. James, . ; 2 ‘ : :
Kimball, Jonathan, Chelsea, . ‘ 4 :
Kjdbenhavn, K. D. Videnskabernes Selskab, . ° ‘
Konigsberg, Physikalisch-okonomische Gesellschaft, .
Lansing, Mich., State Library, : : ° ;
Latham, Williams, Bridgewater, 7 "
Lausanne, Société Vaudoise des Sciences ‘Wepanatan? A
Lawrence, George N., New York, N. Y., ; . ‘
Leach, Henry C., : 2 : : n ‘ : ’
Lee, F. H., 4 : Newspapers,
Leeds, Philosophical and ‘Biter@rr Boclaty, ; °
LeMans, Société d’Agriculture, Sciences, et Arts ve la
Sarthe, ;
Lincoln, Francis H., eaten, : , ; ,
London, Royal Society, ° ° ° . :
Lord, G. R., : 7

Lothrop, D. & Co., ORNS y - .

Vols.

166

25

—

Pam.
3
1

—

yep

THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR.

Lowell, Old Residents’ Historical Association, ‘
Lund, Carolinische Universitat, ‘ f é :
Liineburg, Naturwissenschaftlicher Verein, :
Lyon, Académie des Sciences, Belles-Lettres et Arts, ‘
Lyon, Société d’Agriculture, . ’ ‘ ; ; 4
Lyon, Société Linnéenne, . s , ‘ . P 4
Mack, David, Hampton, Va.,_. é é A é ‘
Mack, Miss Esther C., ‘ P d F P
Madison, Wis., State ‘Library, : 4 -
Madrid, Sociedad Espanola de Historia Makieced: ‘ i
Malden, Middlesex Institute, 2 re p 3 ‘5 ‘
Manchester, Rev. L. C., Lowell, ‘é ; . ; :
Manning, Robert, d : t ‘ . . é :
Manson,’A. S., Boston, : ;
Marburg, Gesellschaft zur Belalasind dey gesammten
Naturwissenschaften, : . .
Marsh, Rev. W. H. H., New Bewmouiels N. des ‘ :
Marshall, John W., Rockport, . , ‘ 3 : 4
Massachusetts, Commonwealth of, . . : 2 é
McDanolds, James S., Trenton, N. J., “ ‘ : ‘

Meek & Fielden, é “ « : 4 & 3 A
Meek, Henry M., - : : : : s “ .
meri, N. EF. Q * : :
Merrill, William, Jr., West ‘Newhaty: : : :
Mexico, Museo Nacional, . 3 ‘
Middletown, Conn., Museum of Wadevan Garvey’
Milburn, Mrs. W.., : ; y A 5 ‘ le

Montreal, Natural History Siaheny ie : d id : :
Montreal, Société Historique, . 4 4 : ! .

Moulton, J. T., Lynn, : , pt
Miinchen, K. B. Akademie der Wissousehaticn: A ‘
Miinster, Westfalischer Verein fiir Wissenschaften u.
Kunst, F : ‘ é
Nagle, J. T., New Work, N. eh : : ; - :
Nevins, W.S., . . . Newspapers,
Newark, N. J., Pistorieal Soniney, d

New Haven, Conn., Academy of Arts and lotta

New Haven, Conn., Yale College Library, . . °
New York, Academy of Sciences, F é . . ‘
New York, American Geographical Society, . . .

New York, American Museum of Natural History, .
New York, Chamber of Commerce, . ‘ ‘ « ‘
New York, Genealogical and Biographical Society, ;

ESSEX INST. BULLETIN, VOL. XV. 5*

Vols.

4

m OO m= he

—

- = bb bo

65

Pam.
1
6
1

ON or DS DH PD

oo

66 THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR.

New York, Historical Society,

New York, Linnean Society, :

New York, Mercantile Library Bisoctslitvns
Northampton, Secretary of Smith College, x
Northend, W. D., : < .

Northey, William, ; :

Norwegian No. Atlantic weneaitien! Editorial Gomaunitiae,
Odell, Charles, . : 2 : : : ¥

Oliver, Henry K., ; ' ; ; 7 4 - ‘
Osgood, John C., i . " ‘ ji ‘ ‘ ;
Palfray, C. W..,; . ; * ; ‘ . . 5 ¢
Palmer, B. P., Boston, ‘ 5
Paris, Société d’Acclimatation,

Paris, Société d’Anthropologie, ‘ :

Paris, Société des Etudes Historiques, . 5 ; ;
Peabody, G. L., : : . . Newspapers,
Peabody, John P., ; : ; . : : : :

Peabody Institute, Peabody, . a : : ‘

Peet, Rev. S. D., Clinton, Wis., ; : ; ‘

Perkins, A.-C., Exeter, N. H., . ; " : ‘

Perkins, George A., :

Perley, Jonathan, R < F A a

Perley, Sidney, . : , : .

Perry, Rev. W. Stevens, Ha ceniisky oan ;

Philadelphia, Pa., American-Belgian Chamber of Goi
merce,

Philadelphia, Pa., Pietoricdl Sctlaty of Baudevivacia,

Philadelphia, Pa., Library Company, :

Philadelphia, Pa., Mercantile Library, ; : A :

Philadelphia, Pa., Numismatic and Antiquarian Society,

Philadelphia, Pa., Woman’s Medical College,

Philadelphia, Pa., Zodlogical Society, , : ;

Pickering, Miss Mary O., : ; . Newspapers,

Pingree, David, : . ‘ : . ;

Plumer, Miss Mary N., ~ ‘ ; . Newspapers,

Pool, Wellington, Wenham, ; ‘ . ; ;

Poole, W. F., Chicago, IIl., . A : ; 5 é

Preston, Charles P., Danvers, . ‘ My

Providence, R. I., Public Library,

Providence, R. I., Rhode Island Historical Saletan

Putnam, Mrs. ect - . : :

Putnam, F. W., Cambridge, ‘ : ’

Quebec, Literary and Historical Beatatee, : . :

Vols.

106

me bo

Pam.

THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR.

Ramsay, Alexander, London, Eng., . : : . é
Rantoul, R. S., ‘ ‘ : . Newspapers,
Regensburg, K. b. bctalinkie Gesellschaft, - ° .
Regensburg, Zoologisch-mineralogischer Verein, . °
Rice, William, Springfield, $ . : é ‘ *
Riga, Naturforschender Verein, . ‘ d é

Roads, Samuel, Jr., Marblehead, F é 2 :
Robinson, E. P., Saugus, : B . Newspapers,
Robinson, John, r é F r : : 3
Ropes, Rev. W. L., Biskindan: ° ~ : e .

Sale, John, Chelsea, F . : a . é
Salem, Peabody Academy of Belewoe, ; 4 .
San Francisco, Cal., Academy of Science, P °
San Francisco, Cal., Mercantile Library Association, d
Savannah, Ga., Georgia Historical Society, . y
Scudder, cediuel H., Cambridge, i : .
S’Gravenhage, Sederinndacluentencldaiieie Tareas

mez, . . -

Smith, George ee Philadelphia, Pa: ; ° 2 :
South Hadley, Mt. Holyoke Female Seminary, :
Soule, Charles C., Boston, 4 4 ‘ - ! “

Springfield, Mo., Drury College, ‘ ; “ : :
Stanwood, James R., Boston, . : F =
Stettin, Entomologischer Verein, : A
St. Gallen, (St. Gallische tata witeensouanaiene Gébdite
schaft,
St. John, N. B., Natural Histery mictety.
St. Louis, Mo., Missouri Historical Society,
St. Louis, Mo., Public School Library,
Stockholm, Entomologiska Foreningen,
Stockholm, R. Académie des Sciences, .
Stone, Eben F., Washington, D. C., 2 : i
Stone, Robert, é F 3 : - Newspapers,
Stone, William, . F : : - Newspapers,
Stowers, Mrs. Nathaniel, . ‘
St. Pétersbourg, Académie Trapérialo des anienca
Strahan, Thomas, Chelsea, é
Sydney, N. S. W., Department of Mere,
Sydney, N.S. W., Royal Society of New South wate!
Taunton, Eng., Somersetshire Archeological and Natu-
ral History Society,
Taunton, Public Library,

163

09

ma Od _»

170

405

Bm OO bo

68 THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR.

Teele, Rev. A. K., Milton, : ‘ : ‘ °
Tenney, Jonathan, Albany, N. Y., ; .
Throndhjem, K. Norske Videnskabers Selakab, :
Titus, Rev. Anson, Jr., So. Weymouth, . ‘ :
Tokio, Japan, University of, ‘ : ‘ . .

Topeka, Kans., State Historical Society, ‘ -
Toronto, Canadian Institute, . : ‘ ‘ ‘
Tuckerman, J. F., ‘ : 5 ,

Unknown, . ; : “ ; : “

Upsal, Societas R. Scientiarum, : . : : :
U. S. Bureau of Education, : . . ; . a
U. S. Bureau of Ethnology, : ‘ $ ‘ 3 ‘
U. S. Chiefof Engineers, . ; . . ‘ *s ‘
U. 8S. Chief Signal Officer, . : e ‘ 2 ‘ .
U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey, . . J ; .
U.S. Commission of Fish and Fisheries, = : "
U. S. Department of the Interior, . .

U. S. Department of State, “ : ‘ 4 . ,
U. S. Hydrographic Office, 4 : : . Charts,
U. S. National Board of Health, . A . e ‘
U. S. National Museum, . i “ : : ‘
U. S. Nautical Almanac Office, : ‘ * ‘

U. S. Naval Observatory, : : . : . ‘
U.S. Patent Office, . ‘ ; . ‘ : .
Walter, Joseph R., Wilmington, Dak, Newspapers,
Waring, George E., Jr., Newport, R. I., 2 . R
Washington, D. C., Smithsonian Institution, . ‘

Waters, C.C., Jamestown, D.T., . : Map,
Waters, H.F 5). : ‘ : 3 ‘ ‘: . j
Waters, J. Linton, é ; . . ; . . ‘

Waters, Stanley, 4 . . Newspapers,
Waterville, Me., Colby Tisdectelbys . ‘ : : :
Watson, Miss C. A., . . = ; ‘i Map,
Webb, Miss Sarah F., : ‘ ° ° : ‘ ‘
Whipple, George M., 4 ‘ : : . : .
Whipple, Mrs. Captes M., ; . ‘ . .

Whitcher, Mary, Shaker Village, N. i, A . . 4

Whitney, Mrs. Mary W., Lawrence, ° ‘ ° ‘

Whittier, Charles C., Boston, . Genealogical Chart,

Wien, K. k. Zoologisch-botanische Gesellschaft,

Wien, Verein zur Verbreitung naturwissenschaftliche
Kenntnisse, , > : - . 4 .

Vols.

138

10

a"

Pam.

Se eS DO ee

11 -

14

13
31

THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR. 69

Vols. Pam.
Wiesbaden, Nassauischer Verein fiir Naturkunde, . = 2
Wilkes-Barre, Pa., Wyoming Historical and Geological
Society, . ‘ ‘ . . 4 : j 2
Willson, Rev. E. B., . = : . ‘ 116
Wilmington, Delaware Hiwtdrical Society: « - . 1
Wilson, John & Son, Cambridge, : “ 1
Winnipeg, Historical and Scientific Society of Manitoba, 5
Winsor, Justin, Cambridge, ; - 3 : 34
Worcester, American Antiquarian ices. é « 3
Worcester, Society of Antiquity, % . 1
Wiirzburg, Physikalisch-medicinische Oasctanhatt: : 1 1

The following have been received from editors or publishers: —

American Journal of Science.

Canadian Naturalist.

Cape Ann Bulletin.

Danvers Mirror.

Essex County Statesman.

European Mail.

Fireside Favorite.

Gardener’s Monthly and Horti-
culturist.

Ipswich Chronicle.

La Bibliophilie.

Lawrence American.

Lynn Bee.

Magnolia Leaves.

Marblehead Messenger.

Medical Register.

Musical Herald.

Nation.

Naturalist’s Leisure Hour and
Monthly Bulletin.

Nature.

Newton Transcript.

Our Dumb Animals.

Peabody Press.

Quaritch’s Catalogue.

Sailors’ Magazine and Seamen’s
Friend.

Salem Gazette.

Salem Observer.

Salem Post.

Salem Register.

Turner’s Public Spirit.

West Newbury Era.

Zoologischer Anzeiger.

Aw Art EXuisiTIon opened on Tuesday evening, May

30, 1882.

In some respects it was far superior to its pre-

decessors, although those given in former years have

proved very successful.

The influence of such exhibitions

can be noticed in the steady increase from year to year in
the number of exhibitors and the progress developed in
the interest of the general public relative to art matters.
There were on exhibition from about one hundred and

70 THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR.

twenty-five contributors, nearly four hundred specimens
in the various departments of art, including pictures from
the amateur’s pencil up to the elaborate oil painting,
decorated ware, plaques, panels, etc., in extensive and
beautiful array. The arrangement was very effective, and
the hall very attractive.

The following is a list of the contributors.

Geo. W. Harvey.
Frank W. Benson.
Miss Edith Rantoul.
Anson Daniels.

Mrs. W. H. A. Putnam.
Miss B. A. Putnam.

““. A. B. Kilham:

‘© M. W. Haskell.
O. W. H. Upham.
Anna R. Thacher.
Miss M. M. Brooks.

“« |. 8. Jackson.

“J. S. Warden.

‘© A. M. Quimby.

AG. Pingree:

‘¢ Minnie Pond.

‘) K,' Pond.

Mrs. N. A. Frye.
Miss A. F. Perkins.

‘“ Ellen M. Nichols.

‘¢ M. R. Nason.

PA a ing,

‘¢ Fanny L. Story.
Mrs. H. H. Davis.
Miss 8S. Ellen Pratt.
Mrs. Chas. Sewall.

‘¢ Geo. Harrington.
Arthur H. Hayward.
Geo. Newcomb.

Miss Alice M. Batchelder.

Joseph Ropes.
Miss Delia Sheldon.

‘¢ Agnes W. Endicott.

Mrs. C. L. Read.
Miss Hattie L. Kimball.
‘¢ Sarah E. Smith.
sc A. L. Chadwick.
ce EK. W. 66
Mrs. E. V. Emilio.
Miss S. 8S. Kimball.
J. AW Ward:
Mrs. J. T. Mooney.
* KK. T.: Woods,
Mrs. J. F. Hill.
Master Henry Whipple.
H. B. H. Harrington.
Mrs. J. C. Abbott.
Miss Carrie Goldthwaite.
id. Grant.
‘© Bessie F. Lord.
J. J. Redmond.
Miss Mary A. Batchelder.
Mrs. C. N. Symonds.
Miss L. M. Symonds.
‘“¢ hH. W. Brown.
‘¢ Mary K. Robinson.
Mrs. J. Robinson.
Pupils of Miss A. G. Pingree.
Miss Edith Harlow.
Master Arthur F. Harlow.
Mrs. J. H. Roberts.
Miss A. B. Holden.
‘¢ Edith B. Dalton.
“eB. Pi Smith,
‘* E.R. Pickering.
‘* Sarah B. Balch.

THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR. TY

Miss E. W. Fiske.
Charles Norris.
Miss A. P. Putnam.
‘«¢ F. Emerson.
‘¢ M. Swan.
Mrs. J. Battis 2d.
Miss Mary C. Torrey.
= ©. L. Adams.

Mrs. George S. Osborne.

Miss E. R. Edmands.
“<M. E. Phippen.
Mrs. D. Kelhan, jr.
Miss Lucy B. Hood.
‘«¢ C. B. Harrington.
fir. G. Peirce,
foi. C. G. Peirce.
« .C. F. Chase.
‘¢ Rose Farndale.
66 Eva 66
Mrs. G. P. Osgood.
’ oH. P. Ives.
Master I. P. Symonds.
* J. G.' Morse.

Miss C. L. Grant.
Mr. E. C. Larrabee.
Miss Ida Tappan.
‘¢ Julia Barker.
‘¢ Lizzie B. Gifford.
‘¢ Lizzie L. Read.
‘¢ Maggie Bolles.
Geo. A. May.
Arthur W. Dow.
Miss A. P. Pitman.
Miss Mary L. King.
6. FP. Buxton.
Mrs. N. G. Symonds.
‘¢ Martha G. Smith.
Miss Edith O. Morse.
* A, 5. Lukey.
‘¢ Clara L. Pitman.
‘¢ L. L. Symonds.
Mrs. Joseph Symonds.
Albert I. Whipple.
Mrs. C. F. Quincy.
Miss L. L. A. Very.

Mr. John M. Murray, from the Lawrence pottery
works in Beverly was present with his potter’s wheel and
gave practical illustrations of the manner that shapeless
and unpromising clay can be transformed into vessels of
usefulness and ornament.

Frequent and valuable additions to the art library are
made by the curator of painting and sculpture, and the
number of persons interested in this subject who consult
this library is increasing. Many of the volumes contain
valuable and useful information which the student could:
not obtain readily elsewhere. *

HorvticuLturaL Exuisition. The annual Horticultural
Exhibition was held on Wednesday and Thursday, Sept..

72 THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR.

20 and 21, 1882, although the season was very unpropi-
tious for a large and fine display, on account of the ex-
cessive drought, yet there was a creditable showing, and
the hall had a most attractive appearance by the judicious
arrangement of the various contributions.

Good specimens of vegetables were received from Plum-
mer Farm School, Salem, Andrew Nichols of Danvers,
J. Page Weston of Danvers; W. A. Ireland, E. Goss
and Clarence Murphy of Salem. Contributors of fruit
were as follows: Charles A. Ropes, George F. Brown,
George Bowker, A. C. Locke, N. C. Locke, Charles
Higbee, S. Endicott Peabody, J. C. Rogers, E. Verry,
Caleb Buffum, Miss S. O. Russell, Miss E. P. Richardson,
James P. Cook, Fred. Lamson, George D. Glover, G. H.
Frye, jr., Mrs. Woodbury, Mrs. E. H. Valentine, E.
Goss and others.

The centre of the hall was occupied by a large stand
of foliage plants. Among them were some beautiful speci-
mens of ferns in fine condition from the collection of S.
Endicott Peabody at Kernwood ; also fine foliage and flow-
ering plants in pots from H. W. Putnam, William A.
Ireland, H. C. Merriam and Mrs. C. Buffum.

Mrs. L. P. Weston of Danvers, W. A. Ireland, George
D. Phippen, J. C. Rogers, H. C. Merriam, Miss Mary
Ropes, Chas. A. Putnam, Mrs. W. F. Gardner and
others, had very creditable exhibits of cut flowers. John
H. Sears presented a collection of native plants.

The judges, Messrs. J. EK. Peabody, R. C. Manning
and Hugh Wilson, awarded the prizes as follows :— Best
green-house plants, S. Exdicott Peabody ; coleus, Henry
W. Putnam; cut flowers, Mrs. L. P. Weston of Danvers.
Pears, best Beurre Bosc, George F. Brown; best Beurre
d’ Anjou, N. C. Locke; best Beurre Diel, C. A. Ropes ;
best Beurre Superfin, C. A. Ropes; best Belle Lucrative,

THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR. 73

G. H. Frye, jr.; best Duchess d’Angouléme, N. C.
Locke; best Louise Bonne de Jersey, S. E. Peabody ;
best Lawrence, A. C. Locke; best Seckel, F. Lamson ;
best Flemish Beauty, Mrs. Woodbury.

Apples, best Gravenstein, Mrs. E. H. Valentine; best
Baldwin, C. A. Ropes; best Porter, Caleb Buffum.

Grapes, Best Native, George D. Glover and Mrs. J.
Wilson; best Foreign, S. E. Peabody and J. C. Rogers ;
best Delaware, Charles Higbee.

Best collection of vegetables, Plummer Farm School.

Gratuities were awarded to H. C. Merriam and J. C.
Rogers for flowers; Andrew Nichols for vegetables ;
William A. Ireland for tomatoes.

Museum. The specimens in natural history, including
those in archeology, which have been given during the
year are on deposit with the Trustees of the Peabody
Academy of Science, in accordance with previous arrange-
ments. Those of an historical character or that possess
an artistic interest have been arranged in the rooms.

The following may be specified as contributors :

Shepard Devereux Gilbert, Miss Dorcas C. Nourse, Charles T.
Jenkins, Rev. Joseph Banvard, of Neponset, A. A. Galloupe, Beverly,
T. F. Hunt, George Nichols, Chicago, Ill., Peabody Academy of
Science, Estate of the late Samuel Johnson, Miss Lydia Pope, Ray-
mond Lee Newcomb, Rev. William H. Halley, John Robinson, A. C.
Orne, Marblehead, Charles H. Allen, Ellen and Robert Hale Bancroft,
Beverly, John H. Langmaid, Mrs. Francis Dodge, Danvers, William
M. Hill, Benjamin O. Pierce, Beverly, William P. Upham, Mrs. Eben
Putnam, B. D. Hill of Peabody, Peter Thatcher, Boston, James B.
Nichols, Mrs. James Kimball, Elbridge G. Putnam, Philadelphia,
Joseph W. Stone, Rev. B. F. McDaniel, O. W. H. Upham, Mrs. Lydia
C. Nichols, Rev. F. Israel.

The most important of the historical donations are,
Door Latch from the old Parris House; piece of the root

° ESSEX INST. BULLETIN, VOL. XV. 6

74 THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR.

of an apple-tree from the grave of Roger Williams; Bal-
uster from the Old South Church, Beverly, Baluster from
the Hancock House, Boston; First Shoe ever pegged by
machinery ; Spoon used on board the frigate Constitution ;
some of Gen. George Washington’s hair.

Financrau.— The Treasurer’s Report of the receipts
and expenditures of the past year (condensed for print-

ing).

RECEIPTS.

Balance on hand at commencement of year

Hist. Soc. Fund.

Dividends of stocks,

Nat. Hist. Soc. Fund.

Dividends of stocks, Gene le ae a
Davis Fund.

Interest of bonds, te Wo eas Cae AY ee
Ditmore Fund.

Interest of bonds and stocks . is f

Manuscript Fund.

Interest of Savings Bank, AL .
Gift of Geo. Plumer Smith of Phila.,

Ladies Fair Fund.

Interest of bonds, illo: APE ea .

Howes Fund,

Interest of bonds, Phe dar ‘ : .

Story Fund.
Legacy from the estate of the late Aug. Story,

General Account.

Dividends of stocks, e ® . ‘
Return state tax, . e e ‘ .
Assessments of members, sitd SOE ye
Publications, - . . ‘ e
Lectures, Concerts, Excursions, etc., °
Salem Athenzum, parts of bills . .
Sale of bonds ‘ ° A . °

premium, . . . ‘ ‘

Salem National Bank, Treasurer’s note,

$376 84
32
: 36

391 70

180 40
23 02

50 .

—a~ . | 1

60 00

1,527 50

10,000 00
25 00
12 07
905 00
741 31
429 81
197 51

———— $2310 70
$2000 00
134 50

2,134 50

500 00

$17,622 66

THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR. 75

EXPENDITURES.
Historical.
Binder’s bill, . . . . . . . . e . e 75 00
Natural History and Horticulture.
Binder’s bill, > e . . . r ° r . . > 75 00
Ditmore Fund,
Annuity to F. I. Perkins, : ° “art ng . : 110 00
Amount omitted, 1879 and 1880, ° 4 2 ° ° 20 00
130 00
Manuscript Fund.
Interest and gift, added to fund, et) Geta eck: Malla k 73 02
Davis Fund,
Interest added to fund, oe ie Le See ne ae a nr ee 11 70
Derby Fund.
Deposits in Salem Savings Bank, ‘ ‘ ° ° . °
Reported on debit in last account, ha . ° 400 00
Story Fund.
Investments; transferred from the estate, P ’ e F . 10,000 00
General Account.
Salaries, e . e . . . ° e J e . . 2,168 61
Publications, ~ : * ° ;: ° “ ° ° 5 « 1,459 13
Books and binding, . ° . aie ike ‘ e F ° ‘ 185 75
Salem Athenzum, Rent and Libraries, eae Mma eee en oS
Fuel, Gas, Express, Postage, etc., Aina Wem ie been eet) ee
—— 4,616 56
Paid note of Institute and interest since 1875, ° : ‘ . 2,186 74
Balance, cash on deposit at Salem National Bank, e . 54 64
$17,622 66
The invested funds of the Institute are now, “aad Mikes wea. $45,766 78

In March, this year, the Institute acting in codperation
with several of the Historical Societies of this state, which
were desirous to ascertain the condition of the various city
and town records, sent a circular and also a carefully pre-
pared blank form to each town and city clerk in Essex
county, inviting their codperation and requesting that the
form be filled out in accordance with the instructions
annexed, and returned to the Institute; also suggesting
that great care be taken to make every statement precise
and accurate especially as to the dates; these returns
when collected and summarized, will be printed, constitu-

76 THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR.

ting a valuable account of the records of our various
municipalities.

The New England Historic-Genealogical Society, having
appointed Mr. Henry F. Waters of Salem, an officer of
the Institute, its agent in London for the purpose of mak-
ing genealogical and historical investigations among the
English records, and having called for funds in aid of
this purpose, a committee, composed of Messrs. Rantoul,
Emmerton and Hunt, was appointed to solicit subscrip-
tions. The subject was brought to the notice of a few
persons interested in Mr. Waters and his mission, and
the sum of $525.00 was collected and sent to the commit-
tee of the above-named society, who have this duty in
_ charge.

In closing this retrospect of the year’s work of the In-
stitute, the officers indulge in the hope, that, ere long its
friends will devise some plan, by which suitable accommo-
dations will be provided, for the proper arrangement of
its library and collections.

BULLETIN

ees ee ON eo ee

Vo. 15. SaLemM: Juty, AuG., Sept., 1883. Nos. 7,8, 9.

NOTICE
OF THE DEATH OF CHARLES TIMOTHY BROOKS.

Art the regular meeting, Monday, June 19, 1883, after
the routine business was transacted, the President called
the attention of the meeting to the recent death of Rev.
Charles Timothy Brooks of Newport, R. I., a member of
the Institute, and said that it seemed proper that some
notice should be taken of his decease.

Rev. E. B. Wixuson said that while he was not pre-
pared to make a formal address at this meeting, he wished
to pay his tribute of respect to the memory of Mr. Brooks,
and to express his admiration of the high character and
delightful Christian spirit of the deceased. He had known
him intimately of late years, and deemed it a great privi-
lege to have had such a friend. In the course of his re-
marks, Mr. Willson said that on the occasion of the North
Church Centennial celebration Mr. Brooks had been most
helpful in making it a success. He also said that he had
made the death of Mr. Brooks the theme of his discourse
on Sunday.

Rev. EK. C. Bowes said that he was glad to add his
word to endorse the remarks of the last speaker, and

ESSEX INST. BULLETIN, VOL. XV. 7 (77)

78 MEMORIAL MEETING ;

moved that the President and Mr. Willson be a committee
to prepare appropriate resolutions on the death of Mr.
Brooks, also to arrange to hold at some later day, a more
formal and an appropriate memorial service under the
auspices of the Institute. The motion was unanimously
adopted.

Mr. AuBert G. Browne and Dr. Groree A. PERKins
remarked on the kindly and genial disposition and spirit of
Mr. Brooks, and gave some personal reminiscences of
his life. Dr. Perkins said that they had been life-long
acquaintances and were in early years schoolmates, and
the friendship had never waned. In the year 1834 he
made a journey on foot to the White mountains with Mr.
Brooks. This jaunt was always pleasantly remembered
by both of them, and was alluded to in their frequent
meetings, and it had been the expressed intention of both
Mr. Brooks and himself, that, if they lived, the fiftieth
anniversary of that excursion should be passed by them
on the top of Mt. Washington.

Mr. Ropert S. Ranrouu spoke of the literary char-
acter of the deceased and dwelt especially on his remark-
able facility and genius in his translation of German
poetry. Hesaid:

In the death of Charles T. Brooks we have lost another
of those sons of Essex County who have made a place for
themselves in American letters. I never heard Mr.
Brooks preach, and my estimate of his mental qualities is
made up from sources quite apart from his efforts in the
pulpit. I know him, as most of us have known him,
through his occasional verses, through his translations,
through his sunny face and his cordial greeting. He was
successful as atranslator. He had that fineness of apprecia-
tion,— delicacy of touch and fibre,—faculty for giving him-

NOTICE OF C. T. BROOKS. 79

self over without reserve to his author, a sort of literary
self-renunciation, self-surrender, which is to my mind the
sine qué non, the beginning and end of successful effort to
fairly interpret and render in good faith the spirit of an-
other’s work.

He had also the drollery, the love of the grotesque, the
quiet, humorous enjoyment of the extravagant vagaries of
German wit, of that sly fun that so pervades home life
and street life in Germany, which made it easy for him to
transfer that peculiar atmosphere to his American reprint.
His “Max and Maurice,” for instance, is, of its kind, in-
imitable. No one is too old, no one is too young, to laugh
over it. But he was equally fortunate in his more serious
efforts in German translation. I will not enumerate these
works nor characterize them. The death of Freiligrath,
the great revolutionary, democratic, people’s poet of
modern Germany,—the Burns, the Whittier, of the Teu-
ton race, occurred while I was at Stuttgart, where he had
been residing, and when the first anniversary of it came
about, I was still at Stuttgart. In Southern Germany the
custom is to celebrate the day of the death rather than of
the birth of those to whom the world owes something, and
this first anniversary of Freiligrath’s death was noticed by
the English and American residents of Stuttgart with me-
morial exercises in which many Germans, who understood
English, united with the English-speaking admirers of the
poet. He had lived much in England, had purposed em-
igrating to America whither he had already sent forward
a pioneer in the person of his son, and was well acquainted
with Longfellow (whom he had translated,) and with Mr.
Brooks, and was read and admired by Whittier. I was
asked to make the address on the occasion, and in that
connection took some pains to seek out the best English
translations of some of Freiligrath’s characteristic poems.

80 MEMORIAL MEETING ;

From a considerable collection of English translations
made by English, Scotch and Irish writers of note as well
as by Mr. Brooks, I selected as best suited to my purpose
one which I will read, and, lest my local partiality might
mislead me as to the quality of Mr. Brooks’ work, I con-
sulted competent critics on the spot, including the family
of the German poet himself, and found that they shared my
preference. I read, from the published proceedings of the
occasion, Mr. Brooks’s version of

THE EMIGRANT’S DEPARTURE.

Ye men, that from your necks set down
Your heavy baskets on the earth

Of bread, from German corn baked brown,
By German wives, on German hearth,

And you, with braided tresses neat,
Black Forest maidens, slim and brown,

How careful, on the sloop’s green seat,
You set your pails and pitchers down!

Ah! oft have home’s cool, shady tanks
Those pails and pitchers filled for you!
By far Missouri’s silent banks
Shall these the scenes of home renew,—

The stone rimmed fount,— the village street,
Where oft ye stooped to chat and draw,—
The hearth,—and each familiar seat,—
The pictured tiles your childhood saw!

Soon, in the far and wooded west,

Shall log-house walls therewith be graced:
Soon many a tired and tawny guest

Shall sweet refreshment from them taste:

From them shall drink the Cherokee,
Faint with the hot and dusty chase.
No more from German vintage ye
Shall bear them home in leaf-crowned grace!

Oh say! Why seek ye other lands?
The Neckar’s vale hath wine and corn:
Full of dark firs the Schwarzwald stands:
In Spessart rings the Alp-herd’s horn!

NOTICE OF C. T. BROOKS. 81

Ah! In strange forests you will yearn
For the green mountains of your home,—
To Deutschland’s yellow wheat-fields turn,—
In spirit o’er her vine-hills roam!

How will the form of days grown pale
In golden dreams float softly by,

Like some old legendary tale,
Before fond memory’s moistened eye!

The boatman calls! Go hence in peace!
God bless you,—wife and child and sire!

Bless all your fields with rich increase,
And crown each faithful heart’s desire!

Rev. FrevperR [sraew referred to the help Mr. Brooks
had been to him in many ways and endorsed the views of
the previous speakers. He read some verses of the
deceased, entitled, “A winter morning on the Merrimac.”

Letters were read from Rev. B. F. McDaniel and Mr.
William P. Andrews, regretting their necessary absence
from the meeting.

Rev. Mr. McDAnriet writes :—

“T regret very much that a previous engagement, which
I cannot set aside, will prevent me from attending, this
evening, the meeting in memorial of Mr. Brooks, whom
to know was to see the kingdom of Heaven. I should
rejoice to hear the loving tributes paid by those who knew
bim better than I did.”

Mr. ANDREWS writes as follows:

DEAR Dr. WHEATLAND,

Ir is a matter of sincere regret to me that I cannot be
personally present with you on Monday evening, to render
what little tribute I may to the worth of our dear friend,
Mr. Brooks ; and I beg you or Mr. Willson will kindly add
my word to what may be said on that occasion.

82 MEMORIAL MEETING ;

“Half Lamb, half Cowper,” Mr. Silsbee has most happily
called our friend, and the thought is a picture of his
blended wit and simple goodness.

Simplicity, and goodness itself were personified in his
gentle, unobtrusive life; and as he lately read his tribute
to Mr. Story in your hall, many of us must have been
struck with the applicability of his poetic praise of Mr..
Story’s worth to his own. His appearance, his manner
and matter on that occasion, must remain forever memor-
able to those who were fortunate enough to hear him.

The man himself was always a delightful poem, of
which his fluent, tender verse hardly gives us a full report.
None the less he lived in an atmosphere of poetry which,
flowing spontaneously from his mind and pen, bright-
ened and uplifted many sorrowing hearts, and adorned
many a serious or gay assemblage.

It seems to me his greatest success in literature, however,
was in his most difficult undertaking, the then untried ren-
dering of the German masterpiece into English, in its orig-
inal metres. Only those who have attempted that task, or
carefully compared the leading translations word by word
with the German text, can appreciate the difficulty of that
accomplishment, or the remarkable success with which our
poet has metit. However much the loudly-blown trumpet
of praise may exaggerate the merits of another version of
Goethe’s Faust that owes a deep and yet unacknowledged
obligation to Mr. Brooks’ work ; the fact remains that our
friend’s work has never been equalled by any published
translation, in fidelity to the letter, or to the feeling of the
original —a fact the leading journals have lately noticed,
and which was admirably stated some years since in a for-
mal article on the subject contributed to the “New Eng-
lander.”

3ut while itis our duty to record here the debt under

NOTICE OF C. T. BROOKS. 83

which Mr. Brooks’ faithful and loving labors in this, and
many another admirable translation, have placed the litera-
tures of the two great Teuton families, we must with
mournful hearts acknowledge the personal obligation we
all feel in recalling his gracious life of varied usefulness
and beauty.

The charm of perpetual youth that surrounded his
simple, unpretentious spirit ; the warm appreciation of his
friends, and ready word of kindly sympathy and encour-
agement; the delight of his cordial manner, and mellow
flavor of his mingled wit and wisdom, made his annual
return, to these his native haunts, always a memorable
pleasure to all of us. He was indeed a man, whose like
we may not look upon again.

Lam,,my dear sir, sincerely yours,
Wm. P. ANDREWS.

The PRESIDENT gave some account of the class of 1832
at Harvard, of which Mr. Brooks was a member, and men-
tioned the interesting as well as remarkable fact that, in
the year when Mr. Brooks entered college, twenty-four
applicants from Salem were examined for admission to the
various colleges, of whom nineteen obtained their degree
in regular course: of the twenty-four, seventeen were
admitted to Harvard, and thirteen of these graduated at
the expiration of four years. This is probably an unpar-
alleled record in the educational history of the city.

The following is a list of those admitted to the differ-
ent colleges in 1828.

Amuerst. James Oliver left during the Freshman
year; afterwards entered Colby University, receiv-
ing his degree in 1838. <A teacher and joint author
of “Wreck of the Glide ;” died in Cambridgeport,
Jan., 1845.

84 MEMORIAL MEETING ;

Brown. Joseph Farnum, a physician and dentist, died
in Salem, Nov. 22, 1874.
Samuel Randall, died at Madison, N. J., April
20, 1862, wt. 50, Rector of Episcopal Church in
that town.

DartmouTH. Fichard Manning Chipman.
Edward Brown Emerson.

Harvarp. Haley Forrester Barstow, a lawyer, died at

Grand Rapids, Mich., Aug. 13, 1871.

Charles Timothy Brooks, the subject of this notice.

George William Cleveland, merchant, died at Pon-
totoc, Miss., Sept. 20, 1848.

James Arthur Cleveland was admitted, but did
not join the class; artist, died at Tarrytown, N. Y.,
May 8, 1868.

William Sewall Cleveland, left at the close of the
Sophomore year.

William Fabens, lawyer, died at Marblehead,
March 11, 1883.

John Forrester, left during the Freshman year,
engaged in mercantile pursuits, died Feb., 1841.

William Prescott Gibbs, lawyer, died in Lexing-
ton, Mass., July 27, 1852.

Benjamin Manning Hodges, left on account of ill
health, at the close of the Freshman year, died at
Salem, June 30, 1830.

Charles Grafton Page, physician, electrician, Ex-
aminer U.S. Patent Office, died at Washington, D.
C., May 5, 1868.

Archer Ropes, lawyer in Baltimore, Md., died Oct.
2, 1855.

NOTICE OF C. T. BROOKS. 85

John Boardman Silsbee, merchant, died in Salem
April 1, 1867.
John Henry Silsbee.

William Silsbee.

Augustus Story, lawyer, Pres. Holyoke Ins. Co.,
Salem, died Oct. 19, 1882.

William Henry West, lawyer, died at Indianapolis,
Ind., August, 1838.

Henry Wheatland.

Yate. Horace Lorenzo Conolly; transferred his connec-
tions to Trinity college in the senior year and received
his degree from that college. Authorized to take
the name of Horace Ingersoll, Nov. 16, 1858.

John Spencer Wallis.

Of the above list, eight are now living after the lapse of
fifty-five years from the time of admission. These are the
four who entered Yale and Dartmouth, and four of those
who entered Harvard. Of the twenty-four admitted to
college in 1828, fourteen were from the Latin School in
Salem, and the others from private schools.

ESSEX INST. BULLETIN, VOL. XV. ty

THE FIRST NOTICE OF THE PINE GROVE OR

FOREST RIVER SHELLHEAP.

BY F. W. PUTNAM.

Ir now seems strange that any one could for a moment
believe the great deposits of oyster, clam, quahaug and
other shells along the seacoast, and of the fresh-water clam
along our interior rivers, were formed by natural agencies,
but fifty years ago they were almost universally considered
as natural deposits; the result of upheaval of ocean beds
or ancient beaches.

Dr. Ducatel, in his report on the geology of Maryland,
pronounced the great heaps of oyster shells on the Chesa-
peake to be artificial productions, and he seems to have
been the first geologist in this country to call attention to
their true origin, which he did in the following words :—

“Some of the other agricultural resources of the state,
besides those derived from the use of marl, have been
already alluded to in the preceding sections. There is
one especially, scarcely inferior in value to the marl, con-
sisting of extensive accumulations of oyster shells, evi-
dently made by the aboriginal inhabitants of the country ;
— since they are found to enclose human skeletons, deer
horns, tools, coarse pottery, etc., plainly significant of
their origin. The accumulations are found in many parts
of the eastern shores and their principal localities are laid
down in the map.”— Report of J. T. Ducatel, State
Geologist of Maryland, Dec. 29, 1834.

These deposits had been referred to by several of the

(86)

FOREST RIVER SHELLHEAP; BY F. W. PUTNAM. 87

early writers on the habits of the Indians of the Atlantic
coast as the refuse piles of the Indians, and even fifty
years ago there were local traditions of their being the
camping grounds of Indians, but these statements were
not among the general possessions of the geologists, who
were obliged to study these recent deposits in the same
way that they studied the beds of fossils. Some fossil
shell-beds were known, and as great stress had been laid
upon the uprising of sea beaches, it became the accepted
theory that all similar beds or heaps of shells were owing
simply to the uprising of the coast.

In 1841 Mr. Lardner Vanuxem, a distinguished geolo-
gist on the New York Survey, made a communication
before the meeting of American Geologists and Natural-
ists in which he gave his reasons for differing trom Mr. T.
A. Conrad, who seems to have persisted in the theory that
the shell-beds were of natural origin,’ and showed that
the association of the shells with stone arrowheads and
fragments of pottery proved their artificial origin, which
was confirmed by the fact that the shell-beds were depos-
ited upon the natural surface of the soil, and that under
them were the remains of cedar trees which had formerly
grown on the spot. Thus, seven years after the statement
by Ducatel the question of the natural or artificial origin of
the shellheaps was still under discussion.

In this connection, and with these facts before us, it is
of interest to read in the unpublished records of 1840, of
the Essex County Natural History Society, to which my
atterition was directed by the honored president of the
Institute, Dr. Wheatland, the first account of the shell-
heap at Pine Grove, from which so many of us have ob-

1Vanuxem and Ducatel both agreed with Conrad in stating that some beds were
of natural origin, but they were true fossils.

88 FOREST RIVER SHELLHEAP ;

tained scallop shells in our younger days, when the place
was famous as a picnic ground, and into which some of us
have dug in after years, with a full knowledge of its Indian
origin.

The record of the secretary’s book of the society is
headed “Report on the presence of shells in great quan-
tities near the seashore in Salem, Mass., observed May,
1840, by John Lewis Russell.”

From the record it appears that Mr. Russell addressed
the society on the subject of raised beaches, and he quotes
from several authors accounts of elevations of land in
various parts of the world in recent times, caused by earth-
quakes, and also mentions several instances of raised
beaches on which are great masses of shells. All these
deposits, following the opinions of the authors he has
quoted, he regards as natural formations. He then states
that there have been found “strata of Mya, Mytilus, and
Ostrea, several inches thick, from five to ten feet below
the surface at Lechmere’s Point in Cambridge,” and that
*S. C. Dana, M. D., the ingenious and accomplished
chemist of Lowell . . . . found them on the site
of the Court House [at East Cambridge] and has no
doubt that they were raised to their present position
from the adjacent beds of the harbor, of which the hill
in question was probably at one time the shore of the
then sea.”

After these preliminary remarks Mr. Russell comes to
the special subject of the Pine Grove Shellheap, which he

2The remains of an old shellheap were still visible at Lechmere’s Point a few
years since and probably can still be traced.

As an instance of finding shells at considerable depth along the old shore lines of
Salem, I may mention that, when a boy, the old North River bank was graded at
that part of Federal Street where now stand the houses built by Messrs. Haskell
and Walden, and that in the old shore sand-bank, many shells of the large hen-
clam, Mactra solidissima, were found. These were evidently shells which had
been buried on the former beach of North River.

BY F. W. PUTNAM. 89

regarded as of natural origin, notwithstanding the singular
association of several species of shells and bones of
mammals. Had he continued to make the excavation
which he mentions, to the bottom of the heap, his conclu-
sions would probably have been entirely different. The
record, however, is of interest as the first account of this
now nearly effaced shellheap, and is here copied in full, as
follows :—

“Having thus introduced you to these phenomena
abroad, allow me to call your attention to similar in
our own neighborhood and under our own eyes. Owing
to the suggestion of an acquaintance I was induced to
visit, in company with him, the southern shore of our
harbor in that portion just east of the very picturesque
group of pitch pines, contiguous to the Lead Factory of
Mr. Francis Peabody. Any one who has ever rambled
over the undulating hills of this spot is familiar with the
indented features of the land. After passing over the crest
of the hill about a fourth of a mile from where the Marble-
head railroad enters the point after crossing the mouth
of Forest River you descend into a valley, and at the
elevation of several feet above its level, and probably
more than twenty feet above high water mark, you will
notice the appearance of broken shells protruding from
the soil. Similar appearances exist on the shores of the
Mill Pond above the Salem railroad bridge (at the foot of
Circus street), but whether referable to the same agency,
further examination can only determine.

“Digging into one of these spots we found an aston-
ishing accumulation of shells in all stages of decay.
Penetrating to the depth of more than four feet there
seemed to be little indication that we had reached its
bottom. Indeed itis not improbable from existing appear-
ances that the bed was of indefinite extent. Specimens of

90 FOREST RIVER SHELLHEAP ;

every kind of the mass were carefully saved, and are offered
for the acceptance of the Society to be deposited in its
cabinets.

“The greatest amount ofspecimens were of Mya arenaria
orcommonclam. These were interspersed sparingly with
Modiola papuana, Mytilus edulis, Mactra solidissima,
Nassa obsoleia, Natica heros, N. triseriata and occasionally
NV. duplicata, Fusus cinereus, Sanguinolaria fusca, Cre-
pidula fornicata, Pecten concentricus, Ostrea sp., upon the
outside of which were minute and almost microscopic
species of Spirula.

“You will take notice that the occurrence of the Oyster
was quite rare. How this happens when its almost con-
stant companion, Pecten concentricus was comparatively
in abundance, I cannot explain. The oyster seems to
have been an inhabitant of our northern coasts, but in
sparse quantities. Pecten concentricus is found in com-
pany with the oyster on the southern shores as I have
been informed, and indeed the exuviz of our oyster shops
are sufficient proofs of the fact, among which it is often
seen. Natica duplicata also is peculiarly of southern
habit, and belongs to a group of our maritime shells, whose
living habitat is not considered as belonging to the northern
shores of Cape Cod.

“But the most interesting discovery remains. This was
the occurrence of fragments of bones, near the bottom of
the penetration which we effected. They were in a very
soft and friable condition, but became more hard and
firm when exposed to the air. I have succeeded by the
kind assistance of my friend, Dr. Jeffries Wyman of the
Boston Natural History Society, in determining these to
belong to some large species of deer, and the animal as
of a young age. ‘The existence of the fourth or fifth
molar of the left lower jaw most indubitably points out

BY F. W. PUTNAM. 91

this fact, the teeth of the deer possessing a peculiar
process which the teeth of no other animal have. This
specimen I have retained, until I hear from a friend who
is familiar with the history of our native deer. From
its great size I think that it may belong to the moose,
being somewhat larger than any tooth of the upper jaw of
the elk or wapiti now in the cabinets of the Boston Nat-
ural History Society. That collection does not possess
the lower jaw of the wapiti so that the corresponding tooth
could not be compared with this. The other bones, five
in number, compose some portion of the lower extremities
of the right and left legs. They are :—

“1. Fragment of the lower extremity of the tibia (right
leg). The epiphysis is separated from the shaft of the
bone, ossification not being complete.

“2. Astragalus.

*3. Os calcis. The posterior extremity broken off.

*4, A small bone situated between the lower extrem-
ity of the tibia and the upper lateral portion of the os
ealcis. This was an articulation with both these bones,
and is supposed by Cuvier to represent the lower head of
the fibula.

“5. Fragment of the left metatarsal bone. The outer
condyle broken off.

“The first four bones fit accurately together and ob-
viously belonged to the same foot.

“The want of codssification of the epiphysis of the tibia
with its shaft, would indicate that the animal had not ac-
quired its maturity. The metatarsal bone No. 5 was
obviously that of a ruminant possessing originally two

3 The paragraphs numbered | to 6 are given in quotations in the record and are
probably a copy of Dr. Wyman’s notes on the specimens which he identified for Mr.
Russell.

92 FOREST RIVER SHELLHEAP.

condyles, for the articulation of two sets of phalanges of
the toes. It undoubtedly belonged to the same animal
with the other bones, though it formed a part of the right
foot and the others of the left.

“6. The 4th or 5th molar of the left lower jaw.

“It remains only to add that occasional pieces of granite
of the character with the super-adjacent rocks were dug
up; these were very much decomposed and in some in-
stances had actually become sand, owing to the presence
of iron, and the action of water causing oxidization. At
the surface, or just below it, of similar spots the shells
were so decomposed as to resemble marl, and could be
easily moulded by the hand. To the agriculturist these
deposits may become rich means for the improvement of
his soils, requiring only the labor of transportation to
places where the action of carbonate of lime would be
beneficial. Such has been actually the case with a similar
elevation of recent marine shells in Hingham near the
alms house, and these when spread over grass land, and
even on old worn-out pastures have produced astonishing
effects in the production of fine and healthy grass. The
Hingham bed, with which I am familiar, is, however,
different from ours, being completely thrown above the
soil, and presenting the aspect of a vast heap of old oyster
and clam shells, designedly thrown there by the hand of
man. At some future opportunity I hope to be able to
procure specimens from that locality to add them to the
suite from the southern shore of our harbor.”

WEEDS OF ESSEX COUNTY.

BY JOHN H. SEARS.

A WEED is any plant which occupies cultivated ground
to the injury of the particular crop intended to be grown.
Thus, even the most useful plants may become weeds if
they appear out of their proper place. The term is some-
times applicd to any insignificant looking or unprofitable
plants which grow profusely in a state of nature, as the
fireweed, pigweed, mayweed, whiteweed, etc. There
are weeds by the roadside, in gravel, brick and plank-
walks, on railroad beds, in brooks, ponds and water
courses.

By a system of natural selection some plants seem to
thrive best in certain localities, as for instance the purse-
lane. Portulaca oleracea is always found growing in
cultivated grounds, while the common plantain (Plantago
major) grows quite as abundantly in a hard, uncultivated
situation. And again, the sorrel (Jtumex acetosella) may
be said to grow in either situation equally as well.

A large proportion of the plants called weeds are in-
troduced from Europe, and as they are brought here with
different kinds of crop seeds they become more or less
adapted to the situation in which the seed is sown. And
when the weed has perfected its seed, it will continue to
thrive if the situation is a suitable one. Such plants as
have become adapted to their surroundings usually grow
in a like kind of soil-and place, as there they thrive best,
though a great many kinds of weeds have become so

ESSEX INST. BULLETIN, VOL. XV. 8 (93)

94 WEEDS OF ESSEX COUNTY;

thoroughly established that they grow equally well in a
variety of situations. Plants also take a variety of forms
from their situations and what they have to contend with
in their season’s growth.

The Roman wormwood (Ambrosia artemisiefolia),
found growing in cultivated ground, is usually two or
three feet high, with a spread of two feet on the surface ;
while if grown in an old pasture where it is browsed on
by cattle it will be found to take a form of one or two
inches in height where it will thrive; and as the law of
nature is for plants to mature seeds, one of these low,
dwarfed plants will produce as many seeds as the larger
plants grown in tilled ground. ‘This often leads to the
question asked by cultivators who, after ploughing and
planting an old piece of pasture-land, find it thickly cov-
ered with the Roman wormwood, “ Where do the seeds
come from?” And as the full grown plant has not been
detected by the casual observer for a series of years pre-
vious to the fields being planted, the query is made as
to how long the seed has lain dormant in the soil.

Again, seeds of such plants as the Canada thistle ( Cir-
sium arvense) and the fireweed (Hrechthites hieracifolia)
are furnished with a pappus of fine, soft hairs, which
makes them very buoyant and easily transported by the
wind to a great distance, and as such plants are very pro-
lific, each plant producing thousands of seeds, when they
do alight on cultivated or new burnt soil are immedi-
ately covered with the lighter material of which the soil is
composed, and are ready to form a crop for the next sea-
son. Probably two-thirds of the seeds are dropped on
grass lands and in woods where they never reach the soil,
otherwise the country would soon be covered with these
plants. I have arranged a classified list, with notes, of the
weedy plants of Essex County, as follows :

BY JOHN H. SEARS. 95

Orprr Ranunculacesz.
Virgin’s Bower, Clematis Virginiana, is a climbing plant, growing
on fences and in moist, mowing lands. It is a troublesome weed.

Tall Meadow Rue, Thalictrum Cornuti, is a coarse growing weed in
fresh meadows.

Ranunculus acris, tall Crowfoot or Buttercup, is very abundant and
always avoided by cattle on account of its very acrid, blistering juice.
European.

Ranunculus bulbosus and R. repens are equally abundant, and have
Similar properties. European.

OrpER Berberidaces.

Berberis vulgaris, common Barberry.

This shrub was introduced from Europe, as a garden plant, for the
sake of its berries. The seeds remain on the bushes all winter and
supply food to the robins and other birds. They drop the seeds in
fence rows and near stone walls, where they germinate and form large
patches, which must be considered as weeds. They are fast covering
our rocky pastures and are too abundant all over Essex County.

ORDER Papaveracee.
Celandine, Chelidonium majus, is quite common in old gardens and
near dwellings. It was introduced from Furope.
ORDER Fumariacee.

Common Fumitory, Fumaria officinalis, is a weed in grain fields, and
in some places a bad weed in grass lands. European.

OrvER Crucifere.

Yellow Rocket, Barbarea vulgaris, grows in low lands and by road-
sides. Itis an European plant.

Hedge Mustard, Sisymbrium officinale, found in waste places and
near dwellings. European.

Black Mustard, Brassica nigra, always grows in cultivated fields.
European.

Shepherd’s Purse, Capsella Bursa-pastoris, is common in grass and
tilled lands. European.

Wild Pepper-grass, Lepidium ag aii a roadside weed, native
of the Southern States.

96 WEEDS OF ESSEX COUNTY ;

Jointed Charlock, Raphanus Raphanistrum, is one of the worst weeds
in old farm lands, as it is very prolific in bearing seeds. European.

ORDER Cistacese.

Pinweed, Lecheas, of which there are three species, is a common
weed in pasture lands.

OrDER Hypericacee.

St. John’s-wort, Hypericum perforatum, abundant in old pastures and
fields. European.

OrpDER Caryophyllaces.

Bladder Campion, Silene inflata, a British species of the pink family,
is spreading rapidly in many parts of Essex County. It is a deep-
rooted plant. It is almost impossible to pull it up.

Common Soapwort or Bouncing Bet, Saponaria officinalis, escaped
from gardens, is a roadside weed. European.

Corn Cockle, Lychnis Githayo, a very pretty reddish-purple flower
of the pink family, is a weed in grain fields. European.

Common Chickweed, Stellaria media, grows everywhere in damp
grounds. European.

Mouse-ear Chickweed, Cerastium viscosum, a weed on lawns and in
grass lands. European.

Pearlwort, Sagina procumbens, grows in damp places in brick walks
often forcing the bricks out of place.

Sand Spurry, Spergularia rubra, var. Campestris, grows in similar
situations to the last and in gravelly foot-paths.

Knawel weed, Scleranthus annuus, grows on railroad beds and waste
places. Common. European.

Carpet weed, Mollugo verticillata, grows in cultivated ground,
gravel walks, etc. From farther south.

OrvDER Portulacaces.

Purslane, Portulaca oleracea. This plant is the worst weed that
the agriculturist has to contend with, as it seeds very fast, and is so
tenacious of life, even after it has been cut up, taking root again. Its
season of growth is also during the haying time, so that it gets a good
start before it is observed. It is one of the oldest European pot-
herbs.

BY JOHN H. SEARS. 97

OrDER Malvaceer.

Common Mallow, Malva rotundifolia, grows near dwellings and in
garden paths. European.

Indian Mallow, Abutilon Avicenne, a tall, coarse plant, escaped from
gardens. From India.
OrDER Geraniacee.

Wood-Sorrel, Oxalis stricta, grows around dwellings and in gar-
dens. Common.

OrDER Anacardiaces.

Poison Ivy, Rhus Toxicodendron, stone walls, climbing on trees, and
in sandy fields.

OrpER Leguminose.

Woad Waxen, Genista tinctoria. This plant was introduced from
Europe, prior to 1628, asa dye plant. It is fast covering the unculti-
vated pastures in all parts of the county. Itis a native of central
and southern Europe.

Zigzag Clover, Trifolium medium, forms dense patches in Danvers
and Salem. European.

Yellow or Hop Clover, Trifolium agrarium, sandy fields and road-
sides. European.

Biack Medick, Medicago lupulina, abundant in grass lands. Euro-
pean.

Vetch, Vicia Cracca, a very pretty plant, but a bad weed in mowed
land, as it is hard to exterminate. Abundant at Danversport.

Wild Indigo, Baptisia tinctoria, abundant in old pastures.

Ground Nut, Apios tuberosa, grows on the edges of fields, and on
walls and fences, climbing on the grass.

OrpDER Rosacese.

Canada Burnet, Poterium Canadense, a weed in fresh meadows and
onriver banks. Common in Danvers, Topsfield and Ipswich.

Cinque-foil, Potentilla Norvegica, grows in fresh meadows. It is a
coarse weed.

High Blackberry, Rubus villosus, grows on the borders of thickets
and wet meddows.

98 WEEDS OF ESSEX COUNTY;

Low Blackberry, Rubus Canadensis, grows on rocky hills and pas-
tures. Common.

Early Wild Rose, Rosa blanda, everywhere abundant in roadsides
and fence rows.

Swamp Wild Rose, Rosa Carolina, common in wet meadows.

OrpER Crassulacesz.

Garden Orpine or Aaron’s-Rod, Sedum Telephium, one of the worst
weeds in grass lands. Abundant in Danvers, Wenham and Beverly.
It increases principally by tubers, though even a leaf of it will take
root if covered with soil. Kerosene oil will kill it.

ORDER Onagraces:

Willow-herb, Epilobium angustifolium, found on new burnt land
and in wet pastures, increasing rapidly by its seeds which have a tuft
of long hairs at the end. The wind carries these seeds in all direc-
tions.

Common Evening Primrose, Gnothera biennis, a very persistent
weed on roadsides, gravelly pastures and railroad beds.

OrpDER Cucurbitacesx.

Star Cucumber, Sicyos angulatus. This plant is an introduced weed
from the south. It is often used to cover trellises and walls near
dwellings, but is a most troublesome weed in damp soils.

OrpER Umbellifere.

Common Carrot, Daucus Carota, introduced into mowing lands. It
seeds freely and is an unsightly weed. European.

Cow-Parsnip, Heracleum lanatum, is a very large, coarse plant.
Found in pastures and near brooks.

Common Parsnip, Pastinaca sativa, common in mowed lands and in-
creases very fast if neglected. European.

Great Angelica, Archangelica atropurpurea, damp fields and river
banks. A coarse, strong-scented weed.

Poison Hemlock, Conium maculatum, adangerous, narcotic, poison-
ous plant, growing by roadsides and in old gardens. This plant
should be well known by all persons, as its seeds act very quickly,
often producing paralysis when eaten.

BY JOHN H. SEARS. 99

OrpDER Composite.

Asters and Goldenrods. These pretty plants are weeds in fence
rows, on the borders of fields and in pastures. They are hard to
dislodge.

Horse-weed, Butter-weed, Erigeron Canadensis, grows on roadsides
and in fields. Very common.

Roman Wormwood, Ambrosia artemisicfolia. This weed iscommon
in all parts of the United States east of the Rocky mountains. Itisa
composite, with sterile and fertile heads, occupying different parts of
the same plant.

Spiny Clotbur, Xanthium spinosum, waste places on the seacoast,
and established as a weed in Peabody and Danvers. From tropical
America.

Cone Flower, Rudbeckia hirta, a common weed in mowing lands. It
was introduced with clover seed from the west, and is native on the
prairies of Wisconsin and southward.

Tick-seed, Coreopsis trichosperma, and common Beggar’s Tick,
Bidens frondosa, are coarse weeds, the seeds adhering to the dress and
to the fur of animals, and are thus disseminated.

May-weed, Maruta Cotula, roadsides and dooryards. A very com-
mon weed. European.

Yarrow, Achillea Millefolium, waste places and around dwellings.
Common. European.

Ox-eye Daisy, Lewcanthemum vulgare, White weed, fields and pas-
tures. Too abundant. European. In Hanson’s history of Danvers,
page 47, it is said that Edward Grover planted it in his garden as an
herb in 1633 at Salem Village.

Common Tansy, Tanacetum vulgare, escaped from old gardens.
Grows in dense patches by roadsides and in fields. European.

Common Everlasting, Gnaphalium polycephalum, grows everywhere
in pastures and old fields.

Fire-weed, Hrechthites hieracifolia, common in recent clearings
where the ground has been burnt over.

Canada Thistle, Cirsium arvense, a most troublesome weed in hay
fields. European.

Burdock, Lappa officinalis, waste places and around dwellings. It
is an unsightly weed. European.

100 WEEDS OF ESSEX COUNTY ;

Cichory, Cichorium Intybus, a deep-rooted weed, and one that
spreads very fast. Hay fields and roadsides; too common. European.

Hawkbit, Fall Dandelion, Leontodon autumnalc, fields and road-
sides, destroying the turf on banks and lawns. European.

Common Dandelion, Taraxacum Dens-leonis, grows in fields and
pastures.

Blue or False Lettuce, Mulgedium, and Sow Thistle, Sonchus, are
coarse weeds in cultivated swamp land.

OrpER Lobeliaces.

Indian Tobacco, Lobelia inflata, in mowed land it is often abundant.
In hay it causes horses to slaver, and is hurtful for cows to eat.

OrDER Plantaginacese.

Common Plantain, Plantago major, near dwellings, yards and waste
places. European.

Rib-grass English Plantain, Plantago lanceolata, grows in dry flelds
and lawns, its long thin leaves escaping the mower. European.

OrprR Scrophulariaces.

Mullein, Verbascum Thapsus, roadsides, pastures and old fields.
European.

Toad-Flax, Butter-and-Eggs, Linaria vulgaris, old fields and road-
sides; very troublesome in grain fields. European.

OrDER Labiate.

Motherwort, Leonurus Cardiaca, waste places and around dwellings.
European.

OrpER Borraginaces.

Viper’s Bugloss, Echium vulgare, roadsides and waste places in
Beverly, Danvers and Middleton. It is a bad weed in cultivated
fields in Virginia. European.

OrpvrerR Convolvulacesr.

Bind-weed, Convolvulus arvensis, abundant in Salem and vicinity,
growing in dense mats and seeding rapidly. It is a perennial low
climber, twining upon the grass and everything within its reach.

Hedge Bind-weed, Calystegia sepium, is another climbing weed, and

BY JOHN H. SEARS. 101

on tillage lands is one of the worst weeds, as it twines around young
plants. It is especially abundant in Danvers, Salem and Marblehead.

Dodder, Cuscuta Epilinum. In Europe this plant is very injurious
. to the Flax. It is commonin many parts of this county and is para-
sitic on the bark of Asters, etc.

OrpDER Solanacee.

Thorn Apple, Datura Stramonium, waste grounds. It is a dan-
gerous, but well known weed, its seeds being a powerful emetic.
From Asia.

OrpER Phytolaccacee.

Garget or Pigeon-berry, Phytolacca decandra, tall and stout peren-
nials, growing on burnt land and reclaimedswamps. Thestout stalks
are eaten as a substitute for asparagus in early spring.

OrpEeR Chenopodiacee.

The Pigweeds, Chenopodium album, etc., are all naturalized from
Europe. The beet and spinach are in the same family.

OrpDER Amarantacesr.

Green Amaranths or Sugar-weed, Amarantus. There are three
species, all natives of tropical America.

OrDER Polygonacese.

Polygonum, Knot-weeds, we have thirteen species growing as weeds
in the county. Those commonly known are called Smart-weed, the
Arrow-leaved Tear-thumb, Goose-grass, Water pepper, Lady’s Thumb
with a dark spot in the leaf, and are among the best known.

Curled Dock, Rumex crispus, fields and roadsides, Common. Enu-
ropean.

Yellow Dock, Rumex obtusifolius, fields and roadsides. Common.
European.

Field or Sheep Sorrel. Rumex acetosella, everywhere abundant.

ORDER Euphorbiacee.

Spurge, Euphorbia maculata, grows in open places everywhere, es-
pecially in gravel walks.

ESSEX INST. BULLETIN, VOL. XV. 8*

102 WEEDS OF ESSEX COUNTY ;

OrpDER Urticacer.

Nettles, Urtica dioica, waste places and roadsides. European.

Rich-weed or Clear-weed, Pilea pumila, grows in cool, moist shady
places in old gardens.

Cannabis sativa, Hemp, waste places, roadsides, etc. Abundant at
Newburyport.

Sweet Fern, Comptonia asplenifolia, pastures and roadsides.

OrpDER Salicacese. Willow Family.

There are several shrubby species that we may consider as weeds.
Salix livida, quite common in dry soil in pastures and fields. Salix
humilis, Prairie Willow, and Salix discolor, Pussy Willow, are abun-
dant as roadside weeds in damp places. Salix sericea, Silky Willow,
and Salix lucida, Shining Willow, are common by streams and
ponds, their long roots often filling them up and choking water
courses.

OrpER Conifers.

Common Juniper, Juniperus communis, dry, sterile hills and pas-
tures.

OrpER Araces.

Skunk Cabbage, Symplocarpus fetidus, moist, springy fields and
near brooks. Its coarse, fibrous roots are hard to dig up.

OrvDER Naiadaces.

Pond weeds, Potamogetons, of which there are several species, are
abundant in ponds and streams, sometimes completely filling up and
changing water courses.

OrDER Iridacesx.

Blue Flag, lris versicolor, in wet meadows.

ORDER Smilacese.

Green-brier, Smilax rotundifolia, grows abundantly on the borders of
woods and thickets, and on account of its tough roots and formidable
scattered prickles, it is hard to eradicate.

BY JOHN H. SEARS. 103

OrpDER Liliaceer.

American White Hellebore, Indian Poke, Veratrum viride, swamps
and low grounds. Common.

Onion or Field Garlic, Allium Canadense, is a vile weed giving its
alliaceous flavor to all plants grown inits vicinity. Common. Eu-
ropean.

OrpreR Pontederiacese.

Pickerel weed, Pontederia cordata, common in ponds, brooks and
streams.

OrpER Graminese.

Cheat or Chess, Bromus secalinus, one of the European grasses com-
mon in ryeand oat fields. There are four species, all European.

Dog-grass, Triticum repens, in cultivated grounds, fields, etc. Its
long, underground stems cause much trouble to gardeners.

Joint-grass, Paspalum setaceum, common in light soils, first showing
itself in August on tillage grounds. Growing in mats itis difficult
to pull out of the soil, as it breaks easily at the joints.

Panic-grass, Panicum sanguinale, has habits like the last, and is
abundant in all cultivated and waste ground. European.

Old Witch-grass, Panicum capillare, common in sandy, cultivated
fields.

Barnyard-grass, Panicum Crus-galli, is a native of the south of
Europe, and one of the principal forage plants in Italy. With us it
is a troublesome weed.

. Foxtail-grass, Setaria. Three species exist here. Very. common
near dwellings and in cultivated fields. They are usually very weedy
grasses, resembling the Millet, which is another species rarely spon-
taneous.

Beard-grass, Andropogon furcatus, and scoparius. These two grasses
are abundant in dry, sterile grounds and roadsides.

OrDER Equisetacee.

Horsetail, Lquisetum arvense, is common in moist, gravelly soil and
on railroad beds where it is a troublesome weed. Zquisetum sylvati-

104 WEEDS OF ESSEX COUNTY; BY JOHN H. SEARS.

cum grows abundantly in wet meadows, and ELquisetum hyemale the
Scouring Rush, on river banks and near brooks. They are all weeds
on reclaimed meadow-land. When cut and dried with hay, cows eat
them with a greedy relish.

ORDER Filices.

Ferns. There are several species which are considered as weeds:
Osmunda regalis, Osmunda Claytoniana, Osmunda cinnamomea, Pteris
aquilina and several species of Aspidiwm are all called Buckhorn,
Brake, etc. They are all noxious weeds, being poisonous to young
horses when mixed with hay, and they are not relished by other
cattle, though goats will thrive on them better than on English hay.

OrDER Musci.

The Mosses are small plants not distinguishable except by the
botanist. The Hair Cap Moss, Polytrichum commune, in dry, sterile
pastures, covers many acres, forcing the grass out entirely and leaving
a complete carpet of the moss. Some species of Hypnum will persist
and make a rapid growth even in cultivated fields; others are parasitic
on the bark of trees and are injurious to orchards as hiding places for
insects.

OrpeR Lichens.

Lichens are parasitic on dead wood and decayed vegetable matter.
The Reindeer Moss, Cladonia rangiferina, completely covers some
sections of our old pasture-land in Danvers and Wenham, making
them entirely destitute of other vegetable growths and worthless as
grazing land. Other lichens on trees in the orchard and in the
woods form hiding-places for insects, where they deposit their eggs.

FIELD MEETING AT OAK DELL, GEORGETOWN.

Tue first field meeting of the season was held at Oak
Dell, on Tuesday, June 13, 1883. It is a picturesque
spot in South Georgetown, as its name signifies, an oak
grove. A beautiful pond is within easy walking distance,
and the surface is pleasantly diversified. The proprietors
have taken advantage of the natural attractions of the
place in order to adapt it to picnics and ether gatherings.

A raised platform for speakers and seats for an as-
sembly of two hundred are placed under the oaks, and
near by, a cook-house and tables for refreshments. The
party from Salem and vicinity went in barges and car-
riages, and were joined at the grounds by others from
Danvers, West Newbury, Boxford, Georgetown and
Groveland. Exploring parties were at once formed, the
botanical work alone promising good results. Mrs. Char-
lotte N. S. Horner chiefly conducted this part of the
work ; others visited the lake and other points of interest.
At 2 o’clock pv. M., the meeting was held in the grove,
President Wheatland presiding, who prefaced the exer-
cises with remarks on the utility of field meetings and
the pleasant auspices under which this one was held. Mrs.
Horner was introduced as one highly conversant with
natural history, and who has devoted herself to the study
of the flora of Essex County, especially of her own dis-
trict, Georgetown and vicinity.

She exhibited and described a number of plants col-
lected in the forenoon’s ramble, indigenous to the locality.
She considered this a rare field for botanical study, and
stated that more species of plants can be found in it than
in any other district of equal extent in the county.

105

106 FIELD MEETING AT

A list of the more important and interesting plants of
the higher orders found by her in Georgetown has been
prepared by Mrs. Horner, and will be found appended to
this report.

Rev. Wixu1am P. Axcort, of Boxford, being called up-
on, spoke of the lichens as worthy of study both for their
beauty, botanical interest, and the part they play in the
economy of the vegetable world. He also spoke of the
study of mineralogy, and exhibited some specimens of
rocks and minerals which he had brought from Egypt.

Rev. Brns. F. McDanietz, of Salem, took up the sub-
ject left by Mr. Alcott, and gave a brief outline of the
region, regretting that the rock exposures in the vicinity
were so few and uniform in character as to leave little for
him to say. He urged the importance of the study of
geology, even in such an unpromising field, and asked for
the coéperation of local students in bringing the hidden
things to light.

In answers to questions, he gave a brief account of the
formation of peat bogs and their transformation, through
several stages, into coal.

Messrs. Sidney Perley, of Boxford, and Henry M. Nel-
son, of Georgetown, spoke on historical matters relating
to the town, Mr. Nelson stating that Oak Dell was a part
of a large tract of land, an original grant to his ancestors.

Messrs. Andrew Nichols, of Danvers, M. W. Bartlett,
of West Newbury, and Dr. B. F. Stevens, of the Boxford
Natural History Society, made brief remarks.

After the usual votes of thanks to Miss Nelson and the
Messrs. Nelson for the use of the grounds and other cour-
tesies received, and to Messrs. Elliot, Perley, Mrs.
Horner and others who contributed to the success of the
meeting, the parties separated for their journeys home-
ward.

OAK DELL, GEORGETOWN. 107

NOTES ON THE FLORA OF SOUTH GEORGETOWN.

BY MRS. CHARLOTTE N. S. HORNER.

Following is a list of plants that are found on the shores
and in the meadows and pastures bordering on Lake Ray-
nor, South Georgetown, and a short distance beyond the
Boxford line; but all within a half mile of the lake.

Many of the plants enumerated in this list are very
common everywhere, and others are more or less fre-
quently found in other localities ; but some are found here
that are rare elsewhere in the county. These are printed
in italics, and their home is the small district described
above. ‘There is a small locality at the base and on the
sides of some precipitous hills where are found an unusual
number of rare plants. The most noteworthy of these
are marked in the list with an asterisk(*). In this dis-
trict are many pond weeds, grasses, sedges, mosses and
lichens not found elsewhere in the town; but these are
not enumerated in the list.

Clematis Virginiana. Caulophyllum thalictroides.*
Anemone sas Nymphea odorata.
a nemorosa, Nuphar advena.
Hepatica triloba. Sarracenia purpurea.
Thalictrum anemonoides. Sanguinaria Canadensis.
a dioicum. Cardimine hirsuta.
ng cornuti. Viola lanceolata.
Ranunculus abortivus. ‘¢ blanda.
es recurvatus. ‘*- cucullata.
* bulbosus. m “ var. cordata.
* acris. ‘¢ pubescens.
Caltha palustris. Helianthemum Canadense.
Coptis trifolia. Lechea major.
Aquilegia Canadensis. ct “ninoy.
Actea rubra. Hypericum Canadense.
‘6 alba. oF perforatum.

Berberis vulgaris. “A Sarothra.

108 FIELD MEETING AT

Geranium maculatum.
Impatiens fulva.
Oxalis stricta.

Rhus glabra.

** copallina.

‘¢ ~venenata.

‘¢ Toxicodendron.
Vitis labrusca.
Ampelopsis quinquifolia.
Celastrus scandens.
Acer saccharinum.
Polygala sanguinea.

‘< polygama.
Desmodium nudifiorum.
Amphicarpea monoica.
Lespedeza hirta.

= capitata.
Apios tuberosa.
Baptisia tinctoria.
Prunus maritima.

sc serotina.

Spireea salicifolia.
“tomentosa.
Agrimonia Eupatoria.
Potentilla Canadensis.

Fragaria Virginiana.
Rubus odoratus.*

‘¢ sstrigosus.

“occidentalis.

‘¢ -villosus.

‘«* Canadensis.
Rosa lucida.

‘* rubiginosa.

Pyrus arbutifolia.
Saxifraga Virginiensis.
Sedum Telephium.
Hamamelis Virginiana.
Circea Lutetiana.
Epilobium angustifolium.
os coloratum.
(£nothera biennis.
pumila.
Hydrocotyle Americana.
Cicuta maculata.
Aralia racemosa.*

Aralia nudicaulis.
Cornus Canadensis.

‘¢ sericea.

‘* paniculata.
Triosteum perfoliatum.
Sambucus Canadensis.
Viburnum Lentago.

= acerifolium.
Mitchella repens.
Houstonia czerulea.

- purpurea, probably
introduced with grass seed.

Galium asprellum.
Cephalanthus occidentalis.
Liatris scariosa.
Eupatorium purpureum.

“e perfoliatum.

a ageratoides.*
Sericocarpus conyzoides.*
Aster corymbosus.

‘© s*patens.

ocr vee.

‘¢ undulatus.

‘¢ multiflorus.

‘¢ dumosus.

‘6 - Tradescanti.

“ acuminatus.
Diplopappus linarifolius.

a umbellatus.
Solidago bicolor.

‘¢ latifolia.*

sé (O@Sia.

sc negiecta.

‘¢ nemoralis.

‘«¢ Canadensis.

‘¢ lanceolata.

Inula Helenium.
Rudbeckia hirta.
Helianthus devaricatus.
Bidens frondosa.
Maruta cotula.
Achillea millefolium.
Leucanthemum vulgare.
Gnaphalium polycephalum.

“ uliginosum.

OAK DELL, GEORGETOWN. 109

Antennaria margaritacea.

a plantaginifolia.
Erechthites hieracifolia.
Senecio aureus.

+ ee ‘¢ var. obovatus.
Cirsium lanceolatum.

‘¢ pumilum.

Krigia Virginica.
Leontodon Autumnale.
Hieraceum scabrum.

sf venosum.
Nabalus albus.
Taraxacum Dens-leonis.
Lobelia cardinalis, spike of 2

feet.
Lobelia inflata.
Gaylussacia resinosa.
Vaccinium macrocarpon.
¥ Pennsylvanicum.
Cassandra calyculata.
Andromeda ligustrina.
Kalmia augustifolia.
Rhodosia Canadensis.
Azalea viscosa.
Pyrola rotundifolia.
‘* elliptica.
‘* chlorantha.
‘¢ secunda.
Moneses uniflora.
Chimaphila umbellata.
" maculata.
Monotropa uniflora.

” Hypopitys.*
Ilex verticillata.
Trientalis Americana.
Lysimachia thyrsiflora.

a lanceolata.

- stricta.

Ks quadrifolia.
Utricularia cornuta.
Epiphegus Virginiana.*
Verbascum Thapsus.
Linaria Canadensis.

«vulgaris,

ESSEX INST. BULLETIN, VOL. Xv.

Chelone glabra.
Mimulus ringens.
Gratiola aurea.
Gerardia purpurea.

“flava.

Castilleia coccinea.
Melampyrum Americanum.
Verbena hastata.

“¢. urtichfolis.

Phryma Leptostachya.

Mentha viridis.

ss Canadensis.
Lycopus Europeus.
Pycnanthemum muticum.
de lanceolatum.

Hedeoma pulegioides.

Brunella vulgaris.

Leonuras cardiaca.

Scutellaria galericulata.

as lateriflora.

Echium vulgare. Two or three
plants ina hayfield not per-
manent.

Myosotis verna.

Convolvulus arvensis.

Cuscuta Gronovii.

Solanum Dulcamara.

Gentiana crinita, plant 2 feet
with 45 blossoms and buds.

Gentiana Andrewsii. ;

Menyanthus trifoliata.

Apocynum androsemifolium.

Asclepias Cornuti.

purpurascens.

. incarnata.
Phytolacca decandra.
Sassafras officinale.

Lindera Benzoin.

Comandra umbellata.

Euphorbia maculata.

Ulmus fulva.*
ae Americana.

Platanus occidentalis.

Juglans cinerea.

9

110 FIELD MEETING AT OAK DELL, GEORGETOWN.

Carya alba.

‘¢ porcina,
Quercus alba.
Fagus ferruginea.
Corylus Americana.
Ostrya Virginica.
Myrica Gale.

“<. cerilera.
Comptonia asplenifolia.
Betula lutea.

‘¢ alba var. populifolia.

‘¢ papyracea.

Alnus serrulata.
Salix alba.

Populus tremuloides.
Pinus rigida.

ss - Strobus.

Abies Canadensis.
Juniperus communis.
Arisema triphyllum.
Peltandra Virginica.
Typha latifolia.
Sparganium eurycarpum.
Alisma ptantago.
Habenaria lacera.

=* psycodes.

ay fimbriata.
Goodyera repens.*

sf pubescens.

Spiranthes cernua.
ss segracilis.

Arethusa bulbosa.
Pogonia ophioglossoides, a

white variety.
Calopogon pulchellus.
Corallorhiza multiflora.*
Cypripedium acaule.
Hypoxis erecta.
Iris versicolor.
Sisyrinchium Bermudiana.
Smilax rotundifolia.

‘¢ herbacea.

Trillium cernuum.*
Medeola Virginica.

Smilacina racemosa.

‘¢ bifolia.
Polygonatum biflorum.
Lilium Philadelphicum.

‘¢ Canadense.
Pontederia cordata.

Filices.
Polypodium vulgare.
Adiantum pedatum.*
Pteris aquilina.
Asplenium Trichomanes. *

Pt ebeneum.
es Filix-foemina.
Phegopteris hexagonoptera.
Aspidium Thelypteris.
ig Noveboracense.
Ze spinulosum.*
#3 cristatum.
Ke marginale.*

acrosticoides.*
a var., in-
cisum.*

Cystopteris fragilis.*
Struthiopteris Germanica.*
Onoclea sensibilis.
Woodsia obtusa.
Dicksonia punctilobula.
Osmunda regalis.
er Claytoniana.
# cinnamomea.
Botrychium Virginianum.*
2 ternatum, var. aus-
trale? jine specimens.
Botrychium ternatum var. ob-
liquum.
Botrychium ternatum var. dis-
sectum.
Equisetum arvense.
Lycopodium lucidulum.

¢ dendroideum.*
clavatum.
- complanatum.
Selaginella rupestris.*
A apus.

BULLETIN

OF THE

Peek | LN eo LU UTD Be
Vou. 15. Satem: Ocr., Nov., Dec., 1883. Nos. 10-12.

Fietp Day at Dopeer’s Mitt, Rowxiery, Fripay, JuNE
29, 1883.

Tue party from Salem went to Ipswich in the morning
express train, and by carriages to the place of meeting,
some five or six miles distant. At Ipswich, a passing
call was made at the Manning High School, where there
is a fine mineralogical collection, also specimens repre-
senting other departments of natural history. The mill
is about three miles from Rowley village in the direction
of Georgetown and near to the limits of Byfield. It is
upon the Dummer stream or brook, and it is owned by
Mr. Ignatius Dodge; in whose imnediate family it has
been since 1772, and perhaps from an earlier date.

Members and friends assembled soon from Georgetown,
Boxford, Ipswich, Rowley and Groveland. Tables were
prepared on a sequestered little island formed by the run-
ning brook. Some of the party under the guidance of
Mr. Sears went on a botanizing excursion in the neighbor-
hood; others drove a couple of miles to a hill on which
there are vestiges of supposed Indian earthworks.

This hill, known as Hobson’s Hill, is owned by Joshua
N. Foss. It stands out alone and commands a good view

ESSEX INST. BULLETIN, VOL. XV. 9* (111)

112 FIELD DAY AT DODGE’S MILL.

of the surrounding country to points from three to ten
miles distant. The hill lies in part within the precincts of
the Byfield parish, which is bounded by the Dummer
stream. The principal object in visiting the summit of the
hill was to examine a long but very low embankment and
ditch extending nearly in a straight line over the hill to
the low land. Mr. Foss discovered this line and sup-
posed it to be Indian work, partly, perhaps, because of
evidence that the place was a resort of the Indians many
years ago.

Mr. Putnam said that the work bore some resemblance
to an Indian trail, but its abrupt termination was not
favorable to that theory, and he thought a careful exami-
nation of the place was required before an expression of
opinion would be of any importance.

After the noon repast, the company repaired to the
saw mill where comfortable seats were improvised for the
accommodation of those attending the afternoon session.

President WHEATLAND introduced the exercises with a
few observations relating to the various circumstances
under which the field meetings are held.

Mr. Joun H. Sears exhibited and remarked upon speci-
mens of the following plants which had been collected
during the day :

Acta spicata, var. rubra (Red Bane Berry).
Thalictrum cornuti (Tall Meadow Rue).
Magnolia glauca (Small Magnolia).

Nuphar advena (Cow Lily).

Corydalis glauca.

Sarracenia purpurea (Pitcher Plant).
Fragaria virginiana (Strawberry).

Rosa lucida (Wild Rose).

Cornus sericea (Round-leaved Cornell).

FIELD DAY AT DODGE’S MILL. 113

Cornus alternifolia.

Cornus circinata.

Nyssa multiflora (Tupelo or Sugar Gum Tree).
Rudbeckia hirta (Cone Flower).
Leucanthemum vulgare (White Weed).
Specularia perfoliata (Venus’ Looking Glass).
Vaccinium macrocarpon (Cranberry).
Kalmia latifolia (Large Laurel).

Kalmia angustifolia (Sheep Laurel).
Rhododendron rhodora (Rhodora).

Pyrola chlorantha (Winter Green).

Pyrola rotundifolia (Winter Green).
Chimaphlia umbellata (Prince’s Pine).
Linaria canadensis (Toad Flax).

Brunella vulgaris (Self-heal).

Cynoglossum officinale (Hound’s Tongue).
Calystegia sepium (Hedge Bind Weed).
Apocynum androsemifolium (Dogbane).
Ostrya virginica (Hop Horn-beam).
Peltandra virginica (Arrow Arum).
Habenaria virescens (Orchis).

Habenaria fimbriata (Great Purple Orchis).
Pogonia ophioglossoides (Pogonia).
Hypoxis erecta (Star Grass).

Sisyrinchium bermudiana (Blue-eyed Grass).
Allium canadense (Field Garlic).

Vice President F. W. Putnam was introduced and made
some very interesting remarks on archeological subjects.
These have been arranged in an illustrated paper and will
be inserted at the close of this volume.

The President then introduced Mr. John Robinson with
a reference to the Museum at Salem, in which collections
have been going on for eighty-four years.

Mr. Rostnson spoke of the earlier collection of speci-
mens from the South Sea Islands and the East Indies by
the East India Marine Society, and those of later date,

114 FIELD DAY AT DODGE’S MILL.

chiefly zodlogical specimens, by the Essex Institute, all of
which are now permanently deposited with the trustees
of the Peabody Academy of Science and are arranged in
the cabinets in the East India Marine Hall, Salem, where
they are on free exhibition every day to the public.

The Academy has lately given especial attention to per-
fecting the collections representing the geology, botany,
zoology and prehistoric relics of Essex County and nearly
every species of the flora and fauna of this region may now
be seen there, also specimens of its mineralogy and geol-
ogy. The collection of prehistoric or “Indian relics” is
also very large and displayed in the best manner.

This Museum is county property and the people of the
county should realize their rights and privileges in this
ownership. To make this museum as perfect as it is de-
sired it should be, the codperation of our citizens is ear-
nestly solicited by the trustees in charge. It is their wish
to do all in their power for the instruction of visitors to
the collections, and they have the means and facilities to
care for all accessions which are made.

Mr. Atrrep Oscoop, of Newburyport, made some
general remarks upon the different forms of arrowpoints,
and expressed some theories of his own upon the origin
and use of the several forms.

Hon. N. A. Horton, of Salem, was the last speaker,
and, in closing, offered the following vote which was
unanimously adopted.

Voted. That the thanks of the Essex Institute are ten-
dered to Messrs. Ignatius G. Dodge, Phineas Dodge,
Harrison Nelson, W. Walker, Mrs. Hubbard, and others
of the vicinity for the many kind attentions of the day,
also for abundant refreshment at the noon lunch. Ad-
journed.

A Day at LinEesroox, THurspAy, JULY 26, 1883.

Tuts is a rural country village situated in the western
part of the township of Ipswich, and is about the same
distance from the principal settlement as from Boxford
and Topsfield; some of the people receive their mail
matter in the latter town.

The party from Salem went in carriages; delegations
from towns in the vicinity were also present. Soon after
the arrival, a large number joined the botanical ramble
under the guidance of Mr. John H. Sears; others went
at will over the hills and valleys to see places of interest
in this pleasant locality.

The noon-day repast was partaken of ina beautiful grove
not far from the village church, which at 2.30 Pp. M. was
well filled with an attentive audience ; the President opened
the meeting with some preliminary remarks on the general
subject of field meetings, and said that the three meetings
held this season were in places which the Institute had
visited for the first time, an unusual experience in its his-
tory.

Mr. Joun H. Sears, of Salem, described the flora of
the neighborhood, which, he said, is so varied, that a large

portion of the plants indigenous to the county can be found
here. He exhibited quite a long list of those that had
been collected during the day.

Mr. M. V. B. Peruery, of Linebrook Parish, read a
communication which he had prepared, giving some in-
teresting facts concerning the parish which is an old settle-
ment, dating back to about 1636, an abstract of which is
herewith appended.

(115)

116 FIELD DAY AT LINEBROOK.

Rev. B. F. McDantetz, of Salem, made an humorous
reference to his attempt to reach “Pulpit Rock,” which he
presumed, from a specimen taken from it, was a kind of
porphyry common to the neighborhood. He said there
was much to be seen and ‘investigated, in a geological
point of view in the stone walls hereabouts, and gave ad-
vice in the direction of encouraging geological and min-
eralogical investigation. He suggested that specimens of
the various rocks in the town be collected and sent to the
Museum of the Peabody Academy of Science in Salem,
and he promised to do his part in arranging the same.

Mr. Sipney Pertey, of Boxford, was the next speaker,
He made a lengthy presentation of the state of society that
preceded the Revolutionary period, especially referring
to the houses, domestic appliances, food, dress, educa-
tion, etc.

Hon. J. J. H. Grecory, of Marblehead, made some
practical suggestions about our common weeds. He said
that some botanist should make a specialty of weeds com-
mon to our pastures and fields, and give the benefit of his
observations to the farmers and people of the county.

Mr. A. C. Perkins, formerly of the Phillips Academy,
Exeter, spoke of the importance of habits of observa-
tion among the young, and how satisfactory it is to know a
plant or flower when seen. He told the story of the
country storekeeper, who placed on his counter a nicely
arranged bunch of the blossoms of the common potato
plant, and then as the farmers, his customers, generally
came to his store, he asked them if they could tell him
what the flower was? Of course, all of them had seen
the potato blossom year after year, but no one recognized
it and wondered what the beautiful specimens were.

Mr. Perkins said that such meetings were of great

FIELD DAY AT LINEBROOK. Lie

value to the people, and he invited the persons present to
examine their closets and garrets, and send printed or
written historical or genealogical matter to the Institute
for preservation, mentioning instances of papers, thus
found, that were of great value and importance to the
student in history.

Hon. N. A. Horton, of Salem, said a few words
respecting the parish of Linebrook and its connection
with the witchcraft troubles in 1692.

The SrcreTary offered a vote of thanks to the people
of Linebrook for their kind attentions, and also for the use
of the church for the purposes of the meeting. After an
unanimous adoption, the meeting adjourned.

The people of Linebrook seemed to have taken a great
interest in this meeting ; men, women and children turned
out en masse during the day, while at the afternoon meeting
there was a large attendance. It was the generally ex-
pressed opinion that the gathering was one of more than
ordinary interest and enjoyment.

_A PEN-RAMBLE IN LINEBROOK.

BY M. V. B. PERLEY.

Tuis is ancient territory. There were vested rights,
upon the southeast, as early as 1635 or 6. Before 1653
Ipswich-Linebrook was all improved. The earliest own-
ers were Batchelder, Winthrop, Norton, Foster, Payne,
Jacobs, ete. The earliest settlers were Batchelder,
Foster, Sherwin, Howe, Perley, Fowler, Davis, Grant,
Burnham, Cooper, Burpee, Tenney, Pingree, Kimball,
Chapman, Dodge, Jewett, Dresser, etc.

The earliest settlements were upon the south and north
where the rivers led. It has always been a farming com-
munity. The surface is agreeably diversified with hills,
plains and meadows. JHunsley hill upon the northeast,
300 feet above the level of the sea, is.the highest eleva-
tion in the county, except Baldpate in Georgetown, 392
feet, and Holts hill in Andover, 423 feet. Upon Huns-
ley’s summit, a tree, which was used by the United States
government as a beacon for many years, was destroyed
by the wind some ten years ago. The plain land is some-
what sandy and not now particularly adapted to farming.
When the soil was new it was very satisfactory for raising
the cereals, and our early ancestors sought and valued it for
corn, wheat, flax and others. The valleys are rich and
fertile. The meadows were highly prized by the settlers,
for they were the principal source of feed for their cattle
in winter. One hundred and twenty-five years ago Mr.
Job Pingry owned three thousand acres of this territory.

Within our southwestern border is Hood Lake, fifty
acres of beautiful water, lately stocked with choice fishes.

(118)

A PEN-RAMBLE IN LINEBROOK. 119

Near the site of the ancient church is “ pulpit rock,” hav-
ing a perpendicular frontage of some ten feet, overlooking
a broad plain, where Rey. George Whitefield electri-
fied the multitude with the spirit of his power, as he
reasoned of righteousness, temperance, and a judgment to
come. Near the present church is one of the largest barns
in the county, 120 by 41 feet, with excellent equipments.
Opposite this barn is the site of the old garrison and
tavern, where at a militia election the successful candidate
was accidentally shot by his opponent, who was tried and
convicted, but pardoned by the Governor before sentence
was pronounced; and where upon an election day a Mr.
J. P. climbed the flag-staff, unaided, to the top of the
mainstaff, for the reward of a bowl of punch that had
been placed there by means of ladders. Having reached
the top and secured the prize, he offered to share it with
any who might earn it ashe had. Several attempts with
as many failures made him
Monarch of all he surveyed
With rights that none could dispute.

Early in the present century there was the very eccen-
tric sign of a very eccentric man. It has found its way
into literature, and has been told as an entertaining story
by travellers far and wide. His title was corporal, his
trade blacksmith, his business landlord, and his sign :

‘*T shoe the horse, I shoe the ox;
I carry the nails in my box;

I make the nail, I set the shoe,
And entertain some strangers too.”

At times he would not reply when questioned unless
addressed by his title. He was as obliging and generous
as he was eccentric. .

During the Revolution, report said one day that the
enemy was sailing up Batchelder’s brook, and men, wo-

ESSEX INST. BULLETIN, VOL. XV. 10

120 A PEN-RAMBLE

men and children fled for their lives. But one Dresser,
whom they met, called them fools and deliberately taking
out his pipe and lighting it, said, “ T’ll take a little smoke
before they get here.” They did not come, but we are
not to infer that he is smoking now.

One of our most substantial, practical, influential and
valuable citizens, in general business and town affairs, was
Phineas Nelson Dodge, for many years selectman and as-
sessor, and several times elected special supervisor and
commissioner in valuations and expenditures of large
sums of money.

Rev. Samuel Perley was’ born here—a graduate of
Harvard College, an able preacher, and a member of the
convention that ratified the Federal Constitution, and voted
for its adoption. Here, too, was born Rev. Nathaniel
Howe, uncle of our present pastor, a graduate of Harvard
College, a preacher of Hopkinton, and noted for his orig-
inality, incisive diction and hard logic. Linebrook fought
in the Indian wars, in the Revolution, in the war of 1812,
and furnished some fifteen or twenty soldiers against the
Rebellion.

But what of the parish as such? Of what use is it when
churches and ministers are not particularly necessary to
lead the great majority in the contemplation of truth;
when saving truth is uttered only by the most popular
preachers; when converts can be made on a Sunday
pleasure-ride, as in a prayer-room; when seasides and
eroves are as hallowed, as the place where prayer is wont
to be made? Of what use when men, therefore, are under
no especial obligation to support it, except as a matter of
charity to the church; and tire so much during the week
in the service of the world, that they feel too tired to
serve God on Sunday? There is little use of it, and there
is a corresponding ignorance of its function. But there

IN LINEBROOK. 121

was a time when the parish had its use; when every
man understood and obeyed its precept or felt its rod
of correction; when the parish was a power for good in
social life and moral conduct, to say nothing now of
the exemplary piety fostered by that old regime. There
was a time when a man should labor six days and rest on
the seventh; when he must belong to some parish, must
contribute proportionally of his substance for the gospel
support, must be in his place of worship, with his family, |
on Sunday, or give a good and substantial reason for
his neglect, and so bring up his children in rectitude. The
parish was not a regime of compulsion more than any
rule of right conduct of to-day. Worship is naturally
inherent and is the foundation of religious life, and no
well-ordered life exists without atime and place for every-
thing. So every community for religious worship and
instruction must have its metes and bounds, its corps of
officers, its laws and by-laws and means of support.
Parishes grew up then as towns do now. New corpo-
rations in either case remove existing burdens and open
new facilities for progress and prosperity. The inhabi-
tants of this precinct were burdened in being so far re-
mote from their respective places of worship. Boxford
first parish, and Rowley second, were upon the west,
Byfield upon the north, Rowley and Ipswich first parishes
upon the east, and Topsfield parish upon the south. Cen-
tral Linebrook is some four miles from either. Besides,
many living within that distance would be better accom-
modated here ; and with ample territory and consequently
ample means, it was thought advisable to employ a relig-
ious teacher as early as 1739 or 40. Shortly afterwards
the propriety of a corporate parish began to be discussed,
and a petition was sent to the Great and General Court
of Massachusetts Bay. Finally, a committee of that body

122 A PEN-RAMBLE

* repaired to the several parishes, took a view of the sit-
uation and circumstances and heard the parishes con-
cerned,” and submitted their report March 21, 1745, old
style. “In Council June 4, 1746, it was ordered that
the inhabitants and their effects by the report set off to-
gether with such other persons exempted as may join
them within twelve months, be and are hereby erected
into a distinct and separate precinct accordingly, and that
they do duty and receive privileges as other precincts
within the Province do or by law ought to enjoy, and that
the charge of the committee amounting to 9£. 9s. 6p. be
paid by the petitioners.”
“Sent down for concurrence.
“J. Willard, Sec’y.
“Received and concurred in.
“ J. Hutchinson, Speaker.
* Consented to.
“'W. Shirley.
* Copy examined,
Pr Josiah Willard, Sec’y.”
The warrant for the first meeting was issued by “the
worshipful Jonathan Wade, one of his Majesty’s Justices
of the Peace for the county of Essex.” It was directed
to Abraham How, and he was requested “to notify and
warn the freeholders and other inhabitants of the precinct
qualified to vote in town affairs to assemble and meet at
the meeting-house in said parish, on Monday, the 7" day
of July next, at one of the clock afternoon.” It was
dated and signed: “Given under my hand and seal this
twelfth day of June in the twentieth year of his Majesty’s
reign annoq: Domini 1746. Jonathan Wade Just® Pa-
cis.”
Mr. How made return of the warrant, and the first
parish meeting was held according to its precept. George

IN LINEBROOK. 123

Hibbert was chosen moderator; Mark How, clerk; and
John Smith, Daniel Foster, George Hibbert, Jonathan
Burpee and John Fowler, jr., a committee for calling
future meetings. Thus the parish obtained its status, its
right to command its parishioners and to tax their prop-
erty.

The perimeter of the parish is in part composed of five
different brooks, and it was, therefore, determined by
vote Jan. 27, 1746-7, to name it Linebrook. Dec. 25,
1755, Dea. Jonathan Burpee, Sen. David Perley and
Mark How were chosen a committee to join with the
neighboring parishes in perambulating the line, which
was described in the petition to the Great and General
Court, and recorded in the parish records March 17, 1752,
as follows :

In Ipswich, beginning at the mouth of Howlett’s brook,
so called, by the north side of Ipswich river ; thence run-
ning northeasterly by said river till it comes to Gravelly
brook, so called; thence running northerly by said brook
across the West Meadows till it comes to John Smith’s,
to the west branch of Egypt river, so called, and by
said river till it comes to the northeasterly corner of Bull-
brook pasture so called; thence northwesterly including
said pasture till it comes to where said pasture strikes
Rowley line; thence westerly on Rowley line till it
comes to Batchelder’s brook, so called; thence northerly
by said brook, including George Kilburn’s and Thomas
Wood’s land on the east side of said brook, following the
said brook till it comes to the easterly part of George
Hibbert’s land; then, as said Hibbert’s land runs to the
northwest corner thereof, including said Hibbert’s land ;
thence running northwesterly as the line runs between
Jonathan Burpee’s and Aquilla Jewett’s land to the brook,
on which stands Mr. Tenney’s grist-mill ; so by the brook

124 A PEN-RAMBLE

/

to the said mill; thence by said brook till it comes to
Straight bridge; still southwesterly on said brook includ-
ing Aaron and Job Pingree’s and Jedediah and David
Kilburn’s and David Perley’s land on the north of said
brook to an island in the Great Meadows, called Pea-
body’s Island, to Boxford line; thence southerly as Box-
ford and Rowley line runs till it comes to the Ipswich
line; thence as the line runs between Boxford and Ips-
wich, till it comes to the corner bounds between Ipswich,
Boxford and Topsfield before Capt. Perley’s door;
thence as the line runs between Topsfield and Ipswich,
till it comes to the first mentioned bounds at Howlett’s
brook.

Feb. 11, 1774, a part of the parish with the same part
of the town of Ipswich was by the General Court set off
to Topsfield. June 28, 1786, a law was passed wherein
the bounds of parishes formerly settled were “ confirmed
and established.” After the amendment to the State
Constitution a law was made whereby all memberships of
parishes must be preceded by an application in writing.
In 1846, a part of Ipswich was set off to Boxford, but
no mention was made of the parish, which was, therefore,
uneffected. No other changes have come to our notice
and the Linebrook of to-day includes parts of Rowley,
Ipswich and Boxford —the original line except in the
set-off to Topsfield. A parishioner, at first, as deter-
mined by Worshipful Wade’s warrant for the first meet-
ing, was an inhabitant of the precinct, qualified by law to
vote in town affairs. By the law of June 28, 1786, a
parishioner must pay, over and above his poll-tax, a tax
equal to two-thirds of a single poll-tax. We know of no
other restriction and no change in these. The Public
Statutes of 1882 say: “Nothing in this chapter shall
enlarge or diminish the powers of taxation enjoyed by

IN LINEBROOK. 125

any religious society by virtue of any special law or act
of incorporation, nor impair the existing right of prop-
erty of any territorial parish.” Thus Linebrook exists
to-day, if these laws have been complied with,— exists at
the age of one hundred and thirty-seven years, strong in
her original powers and privileges, and only subject to the
duties and liabilities of her youth.

The first meeting-house was erected in 1743. June 27,
1746-7, the parish voted to finish the house thus: First,
the pulpit and deacon’s seat; second, the body seats be-
low; third, three fore seats in each gallery; fourth, the
gallery stairs and plaster under the gallery; fifth, a pew
for the parish. May 18, 1747, it was voted that the
meeting-house be finished by the last of October. It was
a two-story, square house, was furnished with box-pews,
and was entered by a front door and a door on each side.
Dec. 28, 1747, a committee was chosen to receive and
receipt for a gift from Abraham Smith, and discharge
the executor. They were also to paint the pulpit suit-
ably and put on it the name of Abraham Smith deceased.
This house stood about a third of the way on the road
from the Ipswich-Linebrook school-house to the Rowley-
Georgetown road. The building committee were John
Smith, Thomas Potter, Mark How, Jonathan Burpee and
John Abbott. The genealogy of the Fowler family reads
that James Davis, who married Abigail Metcalfe, gave the
land on which the house stood. The parish records read
that the price of pew No. 11, bought by Joseph Metcalfe
and Jonathan Burpee, was “34 acres of land to build the
house on.” ‘The house was removed to the location of the
present church and rebuilt in 1828 and dedicated Jan. 1,
1829. The rebuilding followed the old model. The
present church was erected in 1848.

Their method of psalm singing was quaint. The tuner,

126 A PEN-RAMBLE

as the leader was called, would read a verse or line and
then strike some symmetrical movement, when all the organs
vocal followed. In 1791, the singing-school was invited
to assist the tuners, and their office began to decline.

No Ruling Elder was chosen after 1787. The deacons
number twelve. Dea. William F. Conant, the present
incumbent, has worthily and efficiently performed the
duties of his office for fifty-two years. He has also been
superintendent of the Sunday School, at intervals, about
forty years. The school was established about 1818. No
records of its progress or doings have been kept or are
now. It is doing a good work, and has a membership of
about fifty.

The church has had five settled pastors. Rey.
George Leslie was the first. He was a native of Scot-
land, a graduate of Harvard College, a divinity student
of Rev. John Emerson of Topsfield, was ordained here
when the church was organized, married Deacon Burpee’s
youngest daughter, had eight children (six sons), removed
to Washington, N. H., where he was installed in 1780,
where he was offered and declined a professorship in
Dartmouth College, and where his family sleep, save one
son. He was an eminent scholar, intellectually powerful,
anda pious and successful minister. Rev. Gilbert T. Wil-
liams succeeded. He wasa native of New Jersey, a grad-
uate of Dartmouth College, lived in the house Mr. Leslie
owned and occupied, and was dismissed after a useful min-
istry of twenty-four years. He settled the next year in
West Newbury, where a shock of palsy terminated his la-
bors. He died at Framingham in 1824. Rev. Ezekiel
Dow was the next pastor. He was born in Warren,
N. H., where he now resides. He was installed Christmas,
1860, and he closed his pastorate in 1866. Mr. Dow’s suc-
cessor, 1866-1871, was Rev. Alvah M. Richardson, a

IN LINEBROOK. 127

native of Woburn, a graduate of Amherst and Andover,
a good, worthy and pious man, but an unsuccessful
preacher. Rev. Benjamin Howe, our present pastor,
succeeded him. Mr. Howe is a native of Linebrook; he
fitted for college at Meriden, N. H., Academy, graduated
at Amherst College, and at Hartford, Conn., Seminary.
He is aworthy citizen, is generous and charitable, a good and
diligent student, a faithful and fairly successful preacher,
a pious man. ‘The infirmities of age have unfitted him for
parochial duties, except on occasions, and he has retired to
his farm in Hudson, N. H. WSerus in colum redeas.

There have been stated supplies by the Rev. Messrs.
David Tullar, Moses Welch, J. }W. Shepard, Eliphalet
Burchard, E. E. Abbott and J. W. Healy, now Doctor
of Divinity and President of Sierra Madre College, Pas-
sadena, California, and others, whose labors have been
blessed with fruitful harvests.

The internal life of the church has been an average
harmony. Her worldly goods and favors have been
scanty, yet in moral worth and religious fervor she has
kept abreast of her sisters. The Master of the Vineyard
has evidently been lovingly watchful of his own, as at-
tested by his Spirit. The membership now is forty-nine,
about forty of whom are residents.

Through all these years the church has been a power
_ for good; and no well-minded, thoughtful parishioner,
whe loves his own, who cherishes his neighbor, who
seeks good society, who would purify social life, who
would help to elevate the moral standard, would throw
wholesome influences about his children, and so make his
own name redolent with praise,— willstand complacently
by and see the old society need any good thing.

ESSEX INST. BULLETIN, VOL. XV. 10*

A Day In GROVELAND, WEpNESDAY, AuGusST 15, 1883.

THE meeting this day was held by invitation of the
Groveland Flower Mission, and was one of much enjoy-
ment. |

It was attended by a good delegation from Salem, and
in the afternoon by many representative citizens of the
immediate neighborhood. At the station, on the arrival
of the morning train, was a committee who kindly guided
the visitors to the places of interest.

Some passed the forenoon exploring the fields along
Johnson’s Creek, above the Boston and Maine Railroad
Station and Palmer’s Creek, which finds its way to the river,
a short distance below Balch’s Grove, in quest of plants,
a good collection of which was made for the afternoon
session.

Among those who visited the “Great Rock” was Mr.
Alfred Osgood of Newburyport, who says it is a boulder
of apparently fifteen tons, resting upon three smaller
stones; it is of diorite, the prevailing rock of this vicin-
ity, which consists of feldspar and hornblende. Those
who did not join the excursionists went to Balch’s Grove,
the place for the meeting, which is a very attractive spot,
bordering on the Merrimac River. It is extensive in
area, and is made up of some open level land and a hill
which extends, we should judge, almost or quite half a
mile in the direction of the Groveland bridge. The
eastern termination of this hill rises from the river’s path-
way asa steep bluff, and from the cleared space at the
summit a very fine river-view may be obtained, which in-
cludes the hills and wooded banks opposite, the river
below until it winds out of sight and the flourishing city

(128)

A FIELD DAY IN GROVELAND. 129

of Haverhill above. Steamers and tug boats were from
time to time seen going up and down the river, and an
occasional sail or row boat contributed to the attractive-
ness of this beautiful, historic and very important indus-
trial stream.

The lunch was served on the grounds, and our hosts
showed great hospitality in their courteous and kind at-
tentions.

The afternoon session was held in the pavilion at 2.30
p.M. The President made a few preliminary remarks, in
which he spoke of previous visits of the Institute to
Groveland, the first being in 1837, when they were re-
ceived in the Academy Hall, Rev. Dr. Perry and pre-
ceptor Morse being much interested in the work of the
Institute. Another visit was in 1872, the meeting being
in the new Academy Hall.

Miss Harriet E. Parne, the President of the Grove-
land Flower Mission, was then introduced, who gave a
very interesting account of the botanical rambles, show-
ing a variety of plants gathered, some of which are not
found in the surrounding towns, and others which are
rare, comprising in all some seventy-six species. She
subsequently read a list of some of the plants to be found
in Groveland which are not mentioned by Mr. Robinson
in his “ Flora of Essex County.”

In the course of her remarks she alluded to the fact of
occasionally finding plants not previously noticed; the
seeds, from which they germinated, were probably brought
down in the waste from the mills above. A partial list of
the plants above alluded to is hereto appended.

Hon. Gerorce B. Lorine, U. S. Commissioner of
Agriculture, was introduced to speak upon the subject of

130 A FIELD DAY IN GROVELAND.

“Forestry,” which had just been engaging his attention
at the west. Before proceeding to that subject, however,
he spoke a pleasant word for the fidelity of Mr. W. P.
Conant, an associate member of the Institute who is do-
ing faithful work in the Agricultural Department at
Washington in the collection and classification of the
grasses. He spoke of the Merrimac River and its asso-
ciations with matters of history, and of the vast im-
portance of its many and varied industries at Manchester,
Lowell, Lawrence and other places, contrasting them
with the woollen industry by hand process of the olden
time.

After briefly alluding to the leather and other indus-
tries, he then spoke of the lumbering business and its
growth within the past fifty or sixty years; formerly it
was considered as being identified exclusively with Ban-
gor. The activity of the woodman in destroying our
forests is raising the question of the future supply. If
it continues at the rate it has been going on in Maine,
the supply will be exhausted in eight or ten years.
In Michigan, Wisconsin, and other western states, it will
be but a few years before similar results will follow. But
in Texas, rating from the past it would take 250 years to
exhaust the supply, and in South Carolina 150 years.
While lumbering is disappearing along the northern belt,
there is a belt of lumber standing along the Gulf States.
The south now wants the activity and energy of New Eng-
land, and this will be one of the stepping-stones by which
this section will become prosperous and enterprising.
While these remarks had more particular reference to
pine, he spoke also of ornamental woods. At St. Paul’s
he had been presented with a gavel made of hickory,
which was very handsome. Of all the many and various
woods in the collection at Washington there were none

A FIELD DAY IN GROVELAND. 131

that would compare with the beauty of some of the south-
ern pines or that of the ornamental woods in which the
country abounds. Dr. Loring spoke of the importance
of impressing upon the public mind the necessity of pre-
serving our woods. This can be done by taking the same
care of the cut woodlots that is taken of the cornfield.
The woodland should be protected the same as any other
land. Pine wood will make a growth in twenty years;
oaks and hard woods, as a rule, in about forty-two years.
Wherever a man goes trees follow him. Trees will grow
anywhere and will grow plentifully. It is only necessary
that the ground should be cultivated. Many trees are not
to be transplanted, but planted ; those that are indigenous
to the soil do best. He said this might seem to be asmall
question by the side of the great crops of the country, but
it was one of great importance.

Hon. N. A. Horton, of Salem, presented a few brief
sketches from the history of Groveland. He spoke of
the Old Parish Church, organized June 7, 1727. The
first occupant of its pulpit was the Rev. William Balch ;
he died Jan’y 12, 1792. His successor was the Rev.
Ebenezer Dutch ordained colleague-pastor Nov. 17, 1779,
who died Aug. 4, 1813, at the age of sixty-two. He
was followed by Rev. Gardner Braman Perry,’ who died
Dec. 16, 1859, having been in the active service of the
ministry over thirty-six years.

Rev. Mr. Perry is represented as a man of more than
ordinary ability as a preacher, and stood high in his
denomination. He appeared to have that faculty of dis-
creetness which was capable of giving a strong moral sup-

1 REV. GARDNER BRAMAN PERRY, D. D., son of Nathan and Phebe (Braman)
Perry, born at Norton, Mass., Aug. 9, 1783; gr. Union College, 1804; ordained Sept.
28,1814. See Bulletin Essex Inst., Vol. IV, 106.

132 A FIELD DAY IN GROVELAND.

port to the reforms of the times without the misfortune of
antagonizing any party. He was a promoter of temper-
ance reformation and a sympathizer with the anti-slavery
cause. He was a man of much public spirit and was in-
terested in the promotion of works to benefit the town and
the public.

Mr. Horton then spoke of the late Dr. Jeremiah Spof-
ford,” who died in this place a few years ago, at an advanced
age. He alluded to him as a man whose opinions were
always strong and decided, and a fair type of that old-
fashioned citizenship which constituted the best life of New
England, and to the influence of which this state and coun-
try must look for prosperity and permanence in the future.
He then proceeded to read, with here and there a passing
comment, a dozen short extracts from an address deliv-
ered by Dr. Spofford in the First Church, Groveland,
June 22, 1867. It was published at that time in a pam-
phlet entitled “ Reminiscences of Seventy Years, includ-
ing Half a Century in the Practice of Medicine in this
Place.” It was a mixture of autobiography and town
history.

After some remarks from Dr. Lorine and Dr. GEorGE
CocsweE.u, of Bradford, in reference to Rev. Dr. Perry
and Dr. Jeremiah Spofford, and the passing of a vote of
thanks to the Flower Mission of Groveland, and to Mr.
Balch, the proprietor of the grove, for courtesies extended
during this pleasant visit to Groveland, the meeting ad-
journed.

—_———_

2 JEREMIAH SPOFFORD, son of Jeremiah and Temparence Spofford, born at New
Rowley (Georgetown), Dec. 8, 1787, removed to East Bradford (Groveland), in
1817, died Sept. 16, 1880. See Bulletin Essex Inst., Vol. LV, 108.

PLANTS SHOWN AT THE MEETING IN GROVELAND, MASS.,
AUGUST, 1883

BY MISS HARRIET E. PAINE.

Ranunculus Flammula, var. reptans (Creeping Spearwort).
Actea rubra _ (Red Baneberry).
‘«_ alba we brags (White Baneberry).
Hypericum ellipticum (St. John’swort).
se corymbosum (Common St. John’swort).
vA mutilum.
Ceanothus Americanus (fruit); a plant from which tea was made
during the Revolution). (New Jersey Tea).
Desmodium Canadense.
Lythrum Salicaria (Spiked Loosestrife).
Cicuta bulbifera (Cowbane).
Sium lineare (Water Parsnip).
Liatris scariosa (Blazing Star).
Solidago latifolia.
‘¢ lanceolata.
Krigia Virginica (Dwarf Dandelion).
Hieracium Canadense.
i venosum (Rattlesnake Weed).
Lobelia Cardinalis (Cardinal Flower).
Campanula rotundifolia (Harebell).
Lysimachia ciliata.
Mimulus ringens (Monkey Flower).
Gratiola aurea.
Scutellaria lateriflora (Mad-dog Skullcap).
Cuscuta Gronovii (Dodder).
Laportea Canadensis (Wood-nettle).
Carya alba (fruit) (Shagbark Hickory).
Peltandra Virginica (fruit) (Arrow Arum).
Goodyera repens.
Dulichium spathaceum.
Zizania aquatica (Indian Rice).
Spartina cynosuroides (Salt Marsh Grass).
Bromus ciliatus.
Andropogon furcatus.
ae scoparius.
Equisetum hyemale (Scouring Rush).
Struthiopteris Germanica (Ostrich Fern).
Cystopteris fragilis, var. dentata.
Buxbaumia aphylla.
(133)

GROVELAND PLANTS NOT REPORTED BY MR. ROBINSON IN
COUNTY FLORA.

BY MISS HARRIET E, PAINE.

Lythrum alatum, a few blossoms near a creek flowing from a woollen
factory.

Penstemon Digitalis, found in several places, one of them an old
field where it could not have been introduced with western grain.

Trillium album and Trillium declinatum, in a rich meadow where all
the intermediate steps between T. cernuum and T. erectum may be found,
some of the plants also varying in the direction of T. sessile and T.
erythrocarpum. Inthe same meadow has been found one plant of a
Salix which has not yet been identified by any of the four or five bot-
anists who have seenit. It was not more than one or two feet in
height, and further search in the meadow has failed to discover any
trace of more.

Allium Schoenoprasum.

Buxbaumia aphylla.

Fegatella conica.

The above were mentioned at the Institute, with the exception of
the Willow. Since then, the following have been added to the list, as
well as many varieties of plants, particularly of lichens.

Sanicula Canadensis.

Houstonia purpurea, a var.

Solidago gigantea.

Bidens cernua.

Penstemon pubescens.

Rumex glomeratus.

Pertusaria multipuncta.

(134)

Frirtp Day aT West Peasopy, WEDNESDAY,
Sept. 19, 1883.

By invitation of the West Peabody Farmers’ Club, a
meeting was held this day at the Schoolhouse Hall in
West Peabody. The members of the Institute and their
friends began to assemble at 10 a. M., and were cordially
received by a committee of the Farmers’ Club, consisting
of the President, Mr. Taylor, and Messrs. Upham, Hen-
derson, Viles and Farwell. The company was divided
into excursion parties, and under the direction of members
of the Club visited several places of interest in the fields
and woods. The farms of Messrs. Henry Saltonstall,
Francis H. Appleton, William P. Upham and Joseph
Henderson were visited, and every facility was extended
to examine these well laid-out grounds, extensive barns
filled with hay and other crops, fine breeds of stock, and
the various new and improved implements used in the
general management of the farm.

These are in striking contrast with the system adopted
and the means employed in carrying on large farms some
fifty years ago. Similar improvements are perceptible in
all the other industries of this county. The agricultural
keeps pace with the mechanical, the commercial and manu-
facturing.

A botanical ramble was organized under the direction of
Mr. John H. Sears, and many places of interest were visited.

At one o’clock the various parties reassembled for
lunch, and at an hour and a half later the afternoon ses-
sion was held.

The PREsIDENT in the chair. After a few introductory
remarks, he called upon Mr. Jonn H. Sears who gave, in
a very pleasant manner, the results of the botanical ramble

ESSEX INST. BULLETIN, VOL. XV. 11 (135)

136 FIELD DAY AT WEST PEABODY.

showing a variety of plants which were collected. Many
of the species were those that are usually found at this
season in similar localities in this vicinity: others were
rarities of considerable interest. He spoke of the Gen-
tiana crinita (Fringed Gentian), Veronica americana
(Brook Lime), Parnassia caroliniana (Grass of Parnas-
sus) and of some of the species of Solidago and Asters.
In a small pond near the residence of W. P. Upham,
Esq., he collected specimens of Polygonum amphibium.

Mr. Grorce Dixon, an English gentleman now resid-
ing in Virginia, spoke of the English grasses and of the
English sparrow. He is of the opinion that we shall find
this sparrow to prove troublesome ere long.

Mr. Witu1am P. Urnam read a paper giving anaccount
of the early settlements in West Peabody, the bounds
and landmarks of many of the farms and estates and the
traditions relating thereto that have come down in the old
families. ‘This paper was referred to the publication
committee, and will appear in the Historical Collections.

Messrs. James F. Ingraham, Willard Spalding, James
P. King, Joseph Henderson, all of West Peabody,
Woodbury P. Conant, of the U. S. Agricultural Depart-
ment, and J. S. Kingsley made appropriate and interest-
ing remarks.

The Secretary offered the following vote which was
unanimously adopted.

Voted, That the thanks of the Essex Institute are due
and are hereby tendered to Messrs. Harrison Taylor, W.
P. Upham, Bowman Viles, James P. King, John E.
Hedrick, Joseph Henderson, Edwin C. Farwell and other
members of the West Peabody Farmers’ Club, for the
many kind attentions tendered during the day; also to
the town authorities for the use of the schoolhouse for the
purposes of the meeting. Adjourned.

REMARKS
UPON SOME CHIPPED STONE IMPLEMENTS.

BY F. W. PUTNAM.

(Communicated at the meeting on June 29, 1883.)

Vice-President Putnam addressed the meeting on the
subject of “American Archeology.” After a general
statement of the importance of studying the works of
man in the past, not only in order to obtain an insight in-
to the condition and development of the early races, but
also, by comparison, to trace their connections and migra-
tions over the world, he confined his remarks to the
method of manufacture, the character and use of chipped
stone implements. The subject was illustrated by several
photographs and drawings which he brought from the
Museum at Cambridge, and by the local collection ex-
hibited to the meeting by Mr. Dodge.

The first cutting implements used by man, to supple-
ment his finger nails and teeth, probably consisted of
pieces of stone, broken shells, the teeth of animals and
splinters of bone or wood, according to the particular
circumstances and surroundings of the individual. While
such natural and primitive implements are still in use
by the lower savages, and in emergencies are resorted
to by us all, the natural wisdom of man, as shown by his
great inventive power in his onward march, soon led him
to prepare implements better adapted to his purposes.
Thus, among the very oldest works of man, of which
we have positive knowledge, are the chipped stone imple-

(137)

138 CHIPPED STONE IMPLEMENTS.

ments found at greater or less depth in the gravel beds
of various parts of the world; such as those discovered
by Dr. Abbott in the gravel of the Delaware valley at
Trenton, N.J., of which figs. 1 and 2 are representations.

Implements such as these were made readily from any
kind of stone which fractures with a sharp edge, and
they were formed by striking off pieces with another
stone which served as a hammer. In each locality the
stones which have this essential character soon became
known and hence we find that chipped implements made
of the several varieties of slate, jasper and quartz are
abundant in this vicinity, while in other parts of America
flint or chert, obsidian, chalcedony and other kinds of
stones were used.

A variety of argillite was the material in common use
among the people inhabiting the valley of the Delaware
at a time so remote that we are unable, as yet, to express
it in years. While we cannot affirm that the rudely-
made implements found in the Trenton gravel were fast-
ened to handles, it is probable that they were, as we know
that similar implements are furnished with handles by
savages probably as low in the scale of humanity as were
the ancient men of the glacial epoch. Figures 1 and 2
represent two of the argillite implements from the Trenton
oravel.

Fig. 3 is an illustration of a rude stone implement pro-
vided with a handle, from Tasmania. The handle is sim-
ply a tough twig which has been cut or scraped flat on
one side and then bent over the stone; the flat surfaces of
the twig coming together below the stone are secured in
place by a string and form a rounded handle. A similar
method may have been followed in hafting the rude imple-
ments found in the gravel.

Another primitive form of cutting implement is shown

CHIPPED STONE IMPLEMENTS. 139

in fig. 4. This is from Australia, and was made by
fastening sharp fragments or flakes of stone to a stick by
means of a tenacious gum. It is a good illustration of
the manner in which flint and other flakes may have been
mounted for use as saw-like knives by North American
tribes. The original of this figure is in the collection of
the Peabody Academy of Science, Salem.

Another rude but efficient form of knife is shown in
fig. 5. This is simply a large flake of striped gray flint,
slightly chipped along two of its edges. It was taken from
an Indian grave in southern California, and is described
with several others of a similar character in Vol. VII,
Report of Lt. Wheeler’s survey west of 100th meridian.
Fragments of the wooden handle and some of the as-
phaltum with which it was fastened, are still attached to
the base of the stone. Such flint knives without their han-
dles are common, and are often called rude arrowheads
or spearpoints, although by most archeologists they are
termed flake-knives or trimmed flakes. <A fiint knife with
its wooden handle is shown in fig. 6. This also was from
an Indian grave near Santa Barbara, California. Numer-
ous other specimens of this character have been found in
graves in southern California. It is seldom the case that
the wooden handle is preserved, although the asphaltum
with which the blade was fastened to the handle often
remains attached to the stone.

In other regions different substances were used for se-
curing the blade to the handle. Among many interesting
objects taken from bundles containing human skel-
etons,' found by Dr. Edward Palmer in the burial caves
of Coahuila, Mexico, and now in the Peabody Museum

1See Reports Peabody Museum Arch, and Ethn., Cambridge. Vol. ILI, p. 233.

-

140 CHIPPED STONE IMPLEMENTS.

at Cambridge, are large, thin and well-chipped points
of flint which are fastened to short handles, by means of
a tenacious substance probably obtained from the cactus.
Representations of seven of these knives from two burial
caves are given in figures 7-13, as they form avery in-
teresting addition to our knowledge of at least one of
the methods of mounting the large chipped points, and
they also show that not all such points were spearheads.

Although large rude implements, like those from the
Trenton gravel, were made by simply chipping off pieces
so as to leave a rough cutting edge or a point, the deli-
cately flaked knives from the Mexican caves required ad-
ditional work of a higher character.

The art of making arrowheads and similar objects out
of stone is often stated to be one of the lost arts; but
this is not the case, since at the present time there are
many Indians in this country, who continue to manufact-
ure them, and even work pieces of glass bottles into sym-
metrical and delicate arrowpoints. The method of making
the points has been described several times by eye-wit-
nesses, and although there is a difference in detail accord-
ing with the material used and the skill of the workman,
the manufacture may be described in general terms as
follows :

A piece of that particular kind of stone, which experi-
ence has shown to be the best attainable for the purpose, is
selected and roughly shaped by striking blows with a
hammer-stone. If itis found to chip readily, it is shaped
still further by light blows along the edges, each blow strik-
ing off a chip. Partly wrapped in a piece of skin, it is then
held in the left hand and finished by flaking off little
bits. This delicate part of the work is done with a flak-
ing tool made usually of a piece of bone or antler. This

CHIPPED STONE IMPLEMENTS. 141

is a few inches long and about half an inch wide, hay-
ing one end rubbed down to a blunt edge, which may
be either straight, poited or notched. The other end is
fastened to a piece of wood so as to give a firm support to
the hand. Sometimes this wooden handle is long enough
to be held under the arm, thus steadying the implement
which is grasped by the right hand. The edge of the
flaker is pressed firmly against the edge of the stone,
then with a slight rotation of the wrist a small flake is
thrown from the edge of the stone. It will be found that,
with a little practice, this flaking can be done with consid-
erable rapidity and precision. Some stones flake better
after being heated. The numerous forms of chipped im-
plements known as scrapers, drills, knives, spearpoints
and arrowheads, which are represented in the collection
before us, probably were made by a method similar to
this which I describe. Presumably the smaller are arrow-
heads which were mounted in various ways.

A mounted point, which may have been either a heavy
arrow or a javelin, is shown in fig. 14. It was found in
an ancient grave near Arica, Peru, by Mr. J. H. Blake.
The point is of quartz and is held in the socket by the
string which passes over the barb and is wound round the
end of the wooden shaft. The other end of the wood is
so shaped as to lead to the conclusion that it was set into
a shaft like the more slender piece which forms part of
the arrow shown in fig. 15. Both specimens were found
by Mr. Blake in the same grave. The more delicate
quartz point of the latter is set in a hole in the end of a
piece of hard wood and held fast by gum or pitch. The
thread was wound round the wood simply to keep the
piece from splitting. This piece was then set in a hollow
reed which formed the long shaft of the arrow. This

142 CHIPPED STONE IMPLEMENTS.

method of mounting arrowpoints is common in North
America. Figs. 16, 17 and 18 represent arrows made
by the Navajo and Pah-Ute Indians. In these the points,
which are of chalcedony and obsidian, are fastened in a
notch at the end of the wood with pitch and a lashing of
sinew. Thepiece of wood is then set in a hollow reed, as
shown in fig. 16a; the end of the reed being wound with
sinew to prevent its splitting. Another mode of mounting
is shown in fig. 19. It is an arrow made by the natives of
Tierra del Fuego. The point is chipped from a piece of
bottle glass, and is fastened directly in a slot at the end
of the wooden shaft by binding firmly with a sinew with-
out the aid of any pitch or gum.

FIia. R.

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Fig. 1. IMPLEMENT OF ARGILLITE FROM THE TRENTON GRAVEL. 4

cs Prana Lake bat TAR

i tat r At i in
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Fic. 2.

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ENT OF ARGILLITE FROM THE TRENTON

M
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Fic. 2. Two VIEWS OF AN I

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Fig. 3.

FIG. 4.

FROM TASMANIA.

1
a

Fig. 4. STONE CHIPS FASTENED BY GUM TO A WOODEN HANDLE.

Fig. 3. RUDE STONE AXE IN A WOODEN HANDLE.

1
3

FROM AUSTRALIA.

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WEY Wai bP gece et ab ana AO RA: ey eR ret ee
SAE AEE I AE NER RR MN Mate acl }
x= ge ee at

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Fie. 5. FLAKE KNIFE WITH REMAINS OF WOODEN HANDLE. +

Fic. 6. RUDELY CHIPPED STONE KNIFE IN WOODEN HANDLE.
FROM GRAVES NEAR SANTA BARBARA, CALIFORNIA.

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FIGS. 7, 8. FLINT KNIVES IN WOODEN HANDLES,
FROM BURIAL CAVE IN COAHUILA, MEXICO,

oT Th

Fie. 10.

Fics. 9,10. FLINT KNIVES IN WOODEN HANDLES. 4
FROM BURIAL CAVE IN COAHUILA, MEXICO.

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FIG. 12.

FLINT KNIVES IN WOODEN HANDLES.

FROM BURIAL CAVES IN COAHUILA, MEXICO,

Fics. 11, 12.

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Fie. 13. FLINT KNIFE IN WOODEN HANDLE. § FROM CAVE IN COAHUILA, MEX.

Fig. 14. QUARTZ POINT IN WOODEN SOCKET. 4 FROM GRAVE IN ARICA, PERU.

Fig. 15. ARROW POINT WITH SHAFT OF WOOD AND REED. { FROM GRAVE IN
ARICA, PERU.

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