BULLETIN OF THE er tery ee ee I eS ee Pe Vou. 26. Sartem: JAN., Fes., Mar., 1894. Nos. 1, 2, 3. A PRELIMINARY LIST OF THE VERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF KENTUCKY. By H. GARMAN, Lexington, Ky. Tus list is based upon collections and observations made since July, 1889, in various parts of Kentucky from points near the eastern limit of the State to Hickman on the Mis- sissippi river. The original list, as thus prepared, has been extended by including species observed by Audubon, by Beckham in Spencer County, and very considerably by the use of the publications of the United States Fish Com- mission. Since the days of Audubon the bird fauna of the State has changed greatly, and his statements concerning the abundance of species are not in all cases to be ac- cepted as applying at the present time. A few species which he observed here will probably not again be seen in Kentucky. Others which he recorded as occurring in great numbers are scarce. Some species, known to be Q) 2 A PRELIMINARY LIST OF THE abundant at present, were not observed by him in the State and have probably increased in numbers since he collected. Facts of this sort will become more apparent when the list has been completed. It is published in its incomplete condition largely for the purpose of establish- ing a nucleus about which to build up a more thoroughgo- ing account of the vertebrate fauna of the State. The writer has given the mammals only incidental attention while engaged in other work. The list is very imperfect, especially in the small rodents, shrews and the like, a number of which have been observed but not studied. The lists of reptiles and amphibians probably do not contain more than half of our species. A good many which have been collected by me in southern Illinois, doubtless also occur on the Kentucky side of the Ohio river, but I have thought it best to include no species not actually taken in the State. A single month’s active col- lecting in the more thinly settled parts of western Ken- tucky would doubtless add a number of these to the list. In collecting fishes my opportunities have been better than for the other groups, and I have been fortunate in having the aid of work done in the State by Commissioner Mc- Donald’s assistants. The list will probably be found to contain fully three-fourths of the Kentucky species. My thanks are due to the managers of the Cincinnati Society of Natural History for the privilege of using a copy of Audubon’s “Birds of North America,” and espec- ially to Mr. Seth Hayes for courtesy shown me during a recent visit to the library of this excellent institution. MAMMALS. Cats (Family Felide). 1. Panther, Cougar (Felvs concolor, Linn.). From accounts given me by intelligent men who VERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF KENTUCKY. 3 have long been familiar with the mountainous dis- tricts of Kentucky and West Virginia I am satis- fied that this species has existed in the State with- in the past fifty years. Wild Cat (Lynx rufus, Guld.). This species still occurs in the mountains of east- ern Kentucky. Captain Bent of Aden Springs in- forms me that a pair lived for some time in 1891 on a bluff near his residence, and _ that finally his dog treed one of them and it was shot. Dogs (Family Canide). Wolf (Canis lupus, Linn.). Not common. Gray Fox (Urocyon cinereo-argentatus, Schreber). Formerly common. Still occurs in the mountain regions and occasionally in settlements. Red Fox ( Vulpes vulpes, Linn.). Not rare. Occurs throughout Kentucky. WEASELS (Family Mustelide). Mink (Putorius vison, Schreber). Occasionally taken in traps. Skunk (Mephitis mephitica, Shaw). Rather common everywhere. Sometimes enters caves, penetrating to a depth of two hundred feet or more. Bears (Family Urside). Black Bear ( Ursus americanus, Pallas). Formerly common, now rare, possibly not occur- ring at all. 4 A PRELIMINARY LIST OF THE Raccoons (Family Procyonide). 9. Coon (Procyon lotor, Linn.). Common everywhere. Young from the nest squeal when alarmed somewhat likea pig. The young also at times utter a low and rather mus- ical trill resembling that commonly heard from the screech owl. This latter seems to be a call note probably employed to inform the parent that the young want food. When just able to run about they play like kittens, scampering after children, and worrying the endof a rope in evident enjoy- ment. One, kept by me for some time, ate freely of nearly everything given it: bread, meat, cab- bage leaves, corn, insects ; but had a special fond- -ness for birds, becoming very irascible and sus- picious of attentions while engaged in eating this kind of food. From the clamor of English spar- rows in an elm tree up which this individual fre- quently climbed I suspect he was not above rob- bing nests of eggs or young. Bison (Family Bovide). 10. Buffalo (Bison bison, Linn.). Common in the early days of the settlement of Kentucky. DEER (Family Cervide). 11. Elk (Cervus canadensis, Erxleben). Long since exterminated in the State. With the buffalo it is said to have furnished a considerable part of the food supply of the pioneer settlers. 12. Deer (Cariacus virginianus, Boddert). Not common anywhere in Kentucky at present, California Academy of Sciences 13. 14. 15. 16. Me VERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF KENTUCKY. 5 but still occurs in both eastern and western ends of the State. Bats (Family Vespertilionide). Red Bat (Atalapha noveboracensis, Erxleben). Taken at. Lexington occasionally. Long-eared bat ( Vesperugo serotinus, Schreber). An example of this was taken at the Experiment Farm, near Lexington, in August, 1893. The spec- imen is very dark in color, with large ears, and but little hair on the membranes. The outer of the two upper incisors is so small as to be made out with difficulty. The lower incisors are imbricated, the cutting edge of each with three rounded denticles. Little Brown Bat ( Vespertilio subulatus, Say). Occurs in caves near Lexington, Ky. Moles (Family Talpide). Mole (Scalops aquaticus, Linn.). Exceedingly common everywhere, and often troublesome in lawns and fields. It is accused by farmers of eating grain after it is planted. It undoubtedly devours large quantities of injurious insects. SHREws (Family Soricide). At least one species of this family is common in pastures and cultivated ground at Lexington. I take it to be Blarina parva, but have not yet examined my material carefully enough to de- cide positively. SQUIRRELS (Family Sciuride). Flying Squirrel (Sceuropterus volans, Linn.). 18. 1. 20. zi. 22. 23. 24. A PRELIMINARY LIST OF THE I include this on the authority of Messrs. A. M. Peter and H. E. Curtis of the Kentucky Exper- iment Station. These gentlemen have observed it near Lexington. Fox Squirrel (Scturus niger, Linn.). Kentucky (Audubon and Bachman). Gray Squirrel (Sceurus carolinensis, Gmelin). Very common in all parts of the State. Ground Squirrel, Chipmunk (Zamias_ striatus, Linn.). Very common about old rail fences. Woodchuck, Ground-hog (Arctomys monax, Linn.). Not rare. Mice and Rats (Family Muride). Wood Rat (Neotoma floridana, Say and Ord). Some rodent which I presume to be this is rather common in caves throughout Kentucky, but its shyness is so great that one may visit its haunts scores of times without getting a glimpse of it. Captain Bent of Aden Springs tells me of a “cliff rat” which is probably the same species. Muskrat (ber zebethicus, Linn.). Common in all parts of Kentucky. Rassits (Family Leporide). Rabbit (Lepus sylvaticus, Bachman). A very common mammal in Kentucky and brought to market in winter by wagon loads. Probably the marsh and water rabbits also oc- cur in the State, but I have not yet recognized them among the many rabbits seen in the markets in a half dozen Kentucky cities. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 30. VERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF KENTUCKY. 7 Orossums (Family Didelphide). Possum (Didelphis virginiana, Shaw). Very common everywhere. BIRDS. TurusHES (Family Turdide). Bluebird (Svalia stalis, Linn.). A common resident throughout Kentucky. Robin (Merula migratoria, Linn.). Resident and rather common. Hermit Thrush ( Zurdus aonalaschke, Gmelin). A common migrant. “Observed during spring and summer” (Aud.). Olive-backed Thrush ( Turdus ustulatus, Nuttall). Common during the spring migrations. Grey-cheeked Thrush (7urdus alicie, Baird). Nelson County, transient (Beckham). Veery (Turdus fuscescens, Stephens). Nelson County, transient, not common (Beck- ham). Wood Thrush ( Turdus mustelinus, Gmelin). A summer resident. Common locally. KINGLETS (Family Sylviidee). Blue-gray Gnat-catcher (Polioptila cerulea, Linn.). A summer resident. Common everywhere dur- ing the spring migrations. Ruby-crowned Kinglet (/tegulus calendula, Linn.). Common during both spring and fall. “In win- ter, but generally in southern exposures” (Aud.). Golden-crowned Kinglet (fegulus satrapa, Licht. ). Very common in fall and spring. 8 A PRELIMINARY LIST OF THE Nutuatcues (Family Paride). 36. Black-capped Chickadee (Parus atricapillus, Linn.). “Extends as far as Kentucky in winter” (Aud.). 37. Chickadee (Parus carolinensis, Aud.). A common resident throughout Kentucky. 38. Tufted Titmouse ( Parus bicolor, Linn.). One of the most abundant and characteristic Kentucky birds. Resident. 39. Red-bellied Nuthatch (Sitta canadensis, Linn.). I have seen one example of this bird at Lexing- ton, in fall. Beckham reports it as an irregular fall and winter visitant in Nelson County. 40. White-bellied Nuthatch (Sitta carolinensis, Latham). A common and familiar species throughout the State. Resident. CREEPERS (Family Certhiide). 41. Brown Creeper (Certhia familiaris, Linn.). Common everywhere during fall and spring. Winters in sheltered localities. Mockine Birps and Wrens (Family Troglodytide). 42. Short-billed Marsh Wren (Cistothorusstellaris, Lich- tenstein). Beckham reports having taken a male in Nelson County. 43. Winter Wren (Troglodytes hiemalis, Vieillot). Occasional during winter andearly spring. Beck- ham says it is rather common in Nelson County. 44, House Wren (Troglodytes aédon, Vieillot). A rare birdin Kentucky, according to my ex- perience. Its place about dwellings is occupied to some extent by the next. Ihave seen but one 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. dl. 52. D3. VERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF KENTUCKY. 9 specimen, captured in the State College hot house at Lexington in the spring of 1890. Bewick’s Wren (Zhryothorus bewickit, Audubon). Resident throughout the State. Common lo- cally. Carolina Wren ( Thryothorus ludovicianus, Gmelin). Very common everywhere. Resident. Brown Thrush (Harporhynchus rufus, Linn.). A moderately common, summer resident. Less common here than in the states along our northern border. Catbird ( Galeoscoptes carolinensis, Linn.). A common summer resident. Mocking Bird (Mimus polyglottos, Linn.). Resident in all parts of the State. Becoming shy and rather scarce in the thickly settled regions, owing to persecution by boys and negroes who capture the young for “pets.” Waeraits (Family Motacillide). Titlark (Anthus pensilvanicus, Latham). Nelson County, transient (Beckham). WarsBLerRS (Family Mniotiltide). Redstart (Setophaga ruticilla, Linn.). An abundant migrant in both fall .and spring. Summer resident. Canada Warbler (Sylvania canadensis, Linn.). Kentucky (Aud.). Transient in Nelson County (Beckham). Green, Black-capped Warbler (Sylvania pusilla, Wilson). Transient in fall and spring. East Cairo ‘in September. Nelson County, May (Beckham). ESSEX INST. BULLETIN, VOL. XXVI 2 10 D4, 55. 56. ov. 58. 09. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. A PRELIMINARY LIST OF THE Hooded Warbler (Sylvania mitrata, Gmelin). Along the Ohio river (Audubon). Transient, Nelson County (Beckham). Small-headed Warbler (Sylvania (?) microcephala, Ridgway). “I have never seen it out of Kentucky, and even there itis avery uncommon bird” (Aud.). “Known only from the works of Wilson and Audubon” (Check-list Am. Orn. Union, 1886). Yellow-breasted Chat (Jcteria virens, Linn.). | A common summer resident throughout the State. Maryland yellow-throat ( Geothlypis trichas, Linn.). A common summer resident. Mourning Warbler ( Geothlypis philadelphia, Wil- son). Transient in Nelson County (Beckham). Connecticut Warbler ( Geothlypis agilis, Wilson). Transient, Nelson County (Beckham). Kentucky Warbler ( Geothlypis formosa, Wilson). A summer resident. Common locally. Large-billed Water Thrush (Seturus motacilla, Vieillot). A summer resident. Water Wagtail (Seiurus noveboracensis, Gmelin). Canebrakes at Henderson and below (Aud.). Nelson County (Beckham). Oven Bird (Securus aurocapillus, Linn.). Frequent in wooded regions in spring. A sum- mer resident (?). Red-poll Warbler (Dendreeca palmarum, Gmelin). Common near Lexington and elsewhere during the fall migrations. Prairie Warbler (Dendreca discolor, Vieillot). Common in spring, probably a summer resident in Nelson County (Beckham). 66. 67. 68. 69. 70. ab. 72. 73. 74, 75. VERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF KENTUCKY. 1t Pine-creeping Warbler (Dendreca vigorsi, Audu- bon). Transient. Common in wooded regions. Black-throated Green Warbler (Dendreca virens, Gmelin). Transient. Common in fall and spring. Orange-throated Warbler (Dendreca blackburnie, Gmelin). | Transient. Beckham records it as common in Nelson County, in fall. Yellow-throated Warbler (Dendreca dominica, Linn.). Observed at Midland, Ky., in April, common. Common summer resident in Nelson County (Beckham). Black-poll Warbler (Dendreca striata, Forster). Transient. East Cairo, September, common. Nelson County (Beckham). Bay-breasted Warbler (Dendreeca castanea, Wilson). Transient. Kast Cairo in September. Nelson County (Beckham). Chestnut-sided Warbler (Dendreca pensylvanica, Linn.). Transient ; common in Nelson County (Beck- ham). Cerulean Warbler (Dendreca cerulea, Wilson). A summer resident. Black and yellow Warbler (Dendreca maculosa, Gmelin). Very common during the fall migrations in wooded regions. Yellow-rumped Warbler (Dendreca_ coronata, Linn.). A winter resident ; common everywhere. 12 76. ris 78. 79. 80. 81. A PRELIMINARY LIST OF THE Black-throated blue Warbler (Dendreca ceerulescens, Linn.). Transient ; common, Nelson County (Beckham). Summer Yellow Bird (Dendreca estiva, Gmelin. Summer resident. Frequent. Cape May Warbler (Dendreca tigrina, Gmelin). Transient. Rare in Nelson County (Beckham). Dendreeca carbonata, Audubon. Two specimens of this were killed by Audubon at Henderson, Ky., May, 1811. The species has not been collected since and ornithologists are in doubt as to its status. Audubon’s account of the bird reads as follows: “I shot the two little birds, here represented, near the village of Henderson in the State of Kentucky, in May, 1811. They were both busily engaged in searching for insects along the branches and amongst the leaves of a dogwood tree. Their motions were those common to all the species of the genus. On examination they were found to be both males. I am of the opinion that they were each young birds of the preceding year, and not in full plumage, as they had no part of their dress seemingly complete, excepting the head. Not having met with any other individuals of the species, I am at this moment unable to say anything more about them. They were drawn like almost all other birds which I have represented, immediately after being killed.” Parula Warbler (Compsothlypis americana, Linn.). Rather common during the fall migrations. A common summer resident in Nelson County (Beckham). Nashville Warbler (Helminthophila ruficapilla, Wil- son). 83. 84. 85. 86. 87. 88. VERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF KENTUCKY. 13 Kentucky (Aud.). Transient, not uncommon in Nelson County (Beckham). Orange-crowned Warbler (Helminthophila celata, Say). Transient, Nelson County (Beckham). Tennessee Warbler (Helminthophila peregrina, Wil- son). Transient. East Cairo in September. Nelson County (Beckham). Blue-winged Yellow Warbler( Helminthophila pinus, Linn.). Frequent in the barrens (Audubon). Common in spring in Nelson County (Beckham). Golden-winged Warbler (Helminthophilachrysop- tera, Linn.). Kentucky, several specimens (Aud.). Rare, Nelson County (Beckham). Worm-eating Warbler (Helmitherus vermivorus, Gmelin). In Kentucky and Ohio I have seen only a few of them; nor have I ever found their nests in either of these states (Aud.). The species is not rare during the nesting season in southern Illinois not far from the Kentucky border and hence is prob- ably to be found breeding also on the Kentucky side of the Ohio river. Prothonotary Warbler (Protonotaria citrea, Bod- deert ). Observed by Audubon along the Ohio below Louisville. Probably not rare in the forests of western Kentucky. A specimen was observed by me at Midland in the eastern end of the State last April. Black and White Creeper (Mniotilta varia, Linn.). A summer resident in western Kentucky. 14 89. 90. UE 92. 93. 94. 95. 96. 97. A PRELIMINARY LIST OF THE Vireos (Family Vireonide). White-eyed Vireo ( Vireo noveboracensis, Gmelin). A summer resident, Nelson County (Beckham). Blue-headed Vireo ( Vireo solitarius, Wilson). Observed at Henderson and elsewhere in the State by Audubon. Not common. Nelson County (Beckham). Yellow-throated Vireo (Vireo flavifrons, Vieillot). Summer resident in Nelson County (Beckham). Warbling Vireo ( Vireo gilvus, Vieillot). A common summer resident. Vireo philadelphicus, Cassin. Rare in Nelson County (Beckham). Red-eyed Vireo ( Vireo olivaceus, Linn.). A common summer resident everywhere. SHRIKES (Family Laniide). Logger-head Shrike (Lanzus ludoviciunus, Linn.). Apparently not common in Kentucky. I have never seen it in the State. Beckham appears to have observed it in Nelson County. Miss Sadie F. Price of Bowling Green has a water color sketch of a specimen obtained at that place. Northern Shrike (Zanzus borealis, Vieillot). Audubon states that this shrike is not rare in Kentucky in winter. I have not seen it here, and am inclined to think it does not penetrate much beyond the Ohio River. Waxwines (Family Ampelide). Cedar Bird (Ampelis cedrorum, Vieillot). Summer resident throughout the State. Fre- quent. 98. 99. 100. 101, 102. VERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF KENTUCKY. 15 SwaLLows (Family Hirundinide). Rough-winged Swallow (Stelgidopteryx serripennis, Aud.). A summer resident. Bank Swallow (Clivicola riparia, Linn.). According to Audubon this swallow produces two annual broods in Kentucky. Barn Swallow (Chelidon erythrogaster, Boddert). Abundant everywhere in summer. Cliff Swallow (Petrochelidon lunifrons, Say). Summer resident. Observed by Audubon, nest- ing at Newport in 1819. Martin (Progne subis, Linn.). A very abundant summer resident. At Lexing- ton these birds assemble in the latter part of the summer in an immense flock. For several years they have made some maple trees on a retired corner of the State College grounds their place of assemblage. As early as July 4 they begin to gather on these trees to roost at night, coming at about 5 o’clock p. M. from the surrounding coun- try for miles. In August thousands of the birds are every night gathered on these trees. When settling for thenight they make a deafening clatter, quite unlike that produced when about their nests, and are so numerous that the branches sway and bend under them. On one occasion I secured a half-dozen specimens by throwing stones among them. They disappear suddenly about the 25th of August, though a few stragglers may be seen as late as Sept. 1, gathering upon the tower of the State College building of evenings. One of the birds obtained on the College grounds 16 A PRELIMINARY LIST OF THE had fed very largely on a small brown beetle (Colaspis brunnea) which in its grub state some- times does considerable mischief by eating the roots of strawberry plants. Audubon observed martins at Louisville as early as March 15. TanaGERS (Family Tanagride). 103. Scarlet Tanager (Piranga erythromelas, Vieillot). A rather rare migrant in eastern Kentucky. Audubon records it as plentifulin the State. 104. Summer Red Bird (Prranga rubra, Linn.). A common summer resident throughout Ken- tucky. The nest with fresh eggs may often be seen from the middle of May to June 1. It is one of our most characteristic birds. FincHes (Family Fringillide). 105. Black-throated Bunting( Spiza americana, Gmelin). A summer resident. Not very common. This is one of the birds mentioned by Mr. John Bur- roughs (see an article entitled “A Taste of Ken- tucky Blue-grass” in The Century for July, 1890) as characteristic of this region. The birdis not rare in some localities, but taking the State as a whole, cannot be ranked with such species as the red-headed woodpecker, the flicker, the summer red bird, the cardinal grosbeak, the Carolina wren, the crow, and the mocking bird. These are per- manent residents and are common throughout the State. The black-throat occurs here only during the summer, and not a tithe of the individuals are to be seen in the State that occur on the prairies of states north of the Ohio River. The nests with 106. 107. 108. 109. 110. 0 112. 113. 114. 115. VERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF KENTUCKY. 17 the pale, blue eggs may be found in tufts of grass during the first half of June. Since the above was written, [have looked through Audubon’s work, and find that he did not find the species common in Kentucky: “They are also abundant on the open lands of Missouri and Illinois ; but rarer in Ohio, and scarce in Kentucky.” Indigo Bird (Passerina cyanea, Linn.). Very common everywhere in summer. Blue Grosbeak (Guzraca ccerulea, Linn.). Not a common bird. I have seen but one speci- men. Rose-breasted Grosbeak (Habia ludoviciana, Linn.). Henderson (Aud.). Not common. Seen oc- casionally during spring. Cardinal Grosbeak ( Cardinalis virginianus, Linn.). A common permanent resident. Chewink (Pipilo erythrophthalmus, Linn.). Frequent during the summer. Fox Sparrow (Passerella tliaca, Merrem). A winter visitant. Not rare. Melospiza lincolnt, Audubon. Transient. Not uncommon in May in Nelson County (Beckham). Swamp Sparrow (Melospiza georgiana, Latham). Not very common. Occurs during the fall and spring. Song Sparrow (Melospiza fasciata, Gmelin). A very common, permanent resident. Peucea estivalis, Lichtenstein. This species has been observed by Miss Sadie F. Price at Bowling Green. It is probably not un- common locally in western Kentucky. I have found it rather common in I[Ilinois near our border. -ESSEX INST. BULLETIN, VOL. XXVI 3 18 1G. 127. 118. 119. 120. 121. 122. 123. 124. 125. 126. A PRELIMINARY LIST OF THE Snow Bird (Junco hyemalis, Linn.). A common winter visitant. Field Sparrow (Spizella pusilla, Wilson). A common summer resident. Chippy (Spzzella socialis, Wilson). A common summer resident. Tree Sparrow (Spizella monticola, Gmelin). A common winter bird. White-throated Sparrow (Zonotrichia albicollis, Gmelin). A common winter visitant. White-crowned Sparrow (Zonotrichia leucophrys, Forster). Rather common in fall and spring. Probably winters in the forests of sheltered localities. Lark Finch (Chondestes grammacus, Say). Not common in blue grass Kentucky. Mr. Beckham reports it as a common summer resident in Nelson County. Ammodramus henslowt, Audubon. Audubon obtained a specimen in Kentucky, op- posite Cincinnati, in1820. Notcommon. Nelson County (Beckham). Grasshopper Bird (Ammodramus savannarum, Gmelin). Common everywhere in summer. Savanna Sparrow (Ammodramus sandwichensis, Gmelin). A common migrant in Nelson County (Beck- ham). : Vesper Sparrow (Poocetes gramineus, Gmelin). A common summer resident in the blue grass region. Becomes active and musical at sunset, and during sultry threatening weather. Audubon did not observe it in the State, from which it seems 127. 128. 129. 130. 131. 132. 133. 134. VERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF KENTUCKY. Ig probable it is extending its range to the westward. It is extremely common in the Shenandoah Valley of Virginia. Audubon writes: “I have never seen the Bay-winged Bunting in any portion of Louisiana, Missouri, Kentucky, or Ohio, and am therefore inclined to look upon it as a resident of the country lying to the eastward of the range of the Alleghanies.” Lapland Longspur (Calcarius lapponicus, Linn.). On the 15th of February, 1819, Audubon says he saw immense flocks of this bird “ scattered over the open grounds on the elevated grassy banks of the Ohio,” at Henderson. Snow Bunting (Plectrophenax nivalis, Linn.). In the winter from Nova Scotia to Kentucky (Audubon). Pine Siskin (Spinus pinus, Wilson). Henderson (Aud.). Nelson County (Beckham). Black-headed Goldfinch (Spinus notatus, Du Bus). A Mexican species taken years ago in Kentucky by Audubon. Goldfinch, Thistle Bird (Spinus tristis, Linn.). A common summer resident. Remains with us during mild winters. Red Crossbill (Zoxia curvirostra, Linn.). Nelson County (Beckham). Purple Finch ( Carpodacus purpureus, Gmelin). I have not seen this bird in eastern Kentucky. It is recorded from Kentucky by Audubon. Beckham reports it a common migrant in Nelson County. English Sparrow (Passer domesticus, Linn.). Common everywhere. Often injurious to ripen- ing wheat, sometimes making it necessary to keep a man in the fields with a shotgun. 20 A PRELIMINARY LIST OF THE Buiacksirps (Family Icteride). 135. Crow Blackbird ( Quiscalus quiscula, Linn.). A common summer resident. Raises its young very early in spring, and from the middle of June until the latter part of August or early September spends its time foraging in fields and collects at night to roost in clumps of evergreens in towns. Immense numbers of them often assemble at these roosts, and men and boys shoot them for food. 136. Rusty Blackbird (Scolecophagus carolinus, Miiller). I have not seen this species inthe blue grass region. A common migrant in Nelson County (Beckham). 137. Baltimore Oriole (Jcterus galbula, Linn.). Moderately common during the summer. 138. Orchard Oriole (Jcterus spurius, Linn.). Less common than the preceding. A summer resident. 139. Meadow Lark (Sturnella magna, Linn.). A permanent resident, but probably goes beyond our borders during severe winters. Moderately common in summer. 140. Red-winged Blackbird (Agelacus pheniceus, Linn.). A moderately common, summer resident. Not as abundant as in the states north of us. 141. Cow Bird (Molothrus ater, Boddaert). A common summer resident. 142. Bobolink (Dolichonyx oryzivorus, Linn.). Not common. MissSadie F. Price has observed it at Bowling Green. Crows AND Jays (Family Corvide). 148. Crow (Corvus americanus, Audubon). Very common, permanent resident; often as- VERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF KENTUCKY. yh sembles in flocks containing hundreds, and appears to migrate from one locality to another, though I am unable to say just what controls these move- ments. 144. Raven (Corvus corax, Linn.). I am informed by an intelligent hunter that he has seen this bird occasionally in the mountains of eastern Kentucky. 145. Florida Jay (Aphelocoma floridana, Bartr.). A Florida species said to have been taken in Kentucky. JI include it only to call the attention of local observers to it. It is described by Dr. Coues as follows: “Not crested; wings and tail blue, not barred. Blue; back with a large well defined gray patch, belly and sides pale grayish, under tail coverts and tibie blue in marked con- trast ; much hoary whitish on forehead and sides of crown; chin, throat and middle of breast vague streaky whitish; ear coverts dusky; the blue that seems to encircle the head and neck well defined against the gray of the back and breast; bill com- paratively short, very stout at the base. About 12; wing 5 or less; tail about 6, much rounded ; bill about 1.” 146. Blue Jay (Cyanocitta cristata, Linn.). A common permanent resident. Larks (Family Alaudide). 147. Shore Lark, Horned Lark (Ofocoris alpestris, Forster). Occasionally seen in small flocks during the win- ter. Not as common as in the states north of the Ohio River. 22 148. 149. 150. 151. 152. 153. 154. 155. A PRELIMINARY LIST OF THE FLYCATCHERS (Family Tyrannide). Least Flycatcher (2mpidonax minimus, Baird). Transient in April and May, common, Nelson County (Beckham). Green-crested Flycatcher (Hmpidonax acadicus, Gmelin). Summer resident. Not rare. Yellow-bellied Flycatcher (Z’'mpidonax flaviventris, Baird). Nelson County ; transient (Beckham). Wood Pewee ( Contopus virens, Linn.). Summer resident, common. Pewee (Sayornis phoebe, Latham). A common summer resident. Nests about old quarries, and at the mouths of caves. Great Crested Flycatcher (Myiarchus crinitus, Linn.). A common summer resident. King Bird, Bee Bird (Tyrannus tyrannus, Linn.). Common in summer. Fork-tailed Flycatcher (Milvulus tyrannus, Linn.). A tropical species occurring at intervals in wide- ly separated localities in the U. S. Audubon secured it in Kentucky and wrote of it as follows: “Many years ago while residing at Henderson in Kentucky, I had one of these birds brought to me which had been caught by hand, and was nearly putrid when I got it. The person who presented it to me had caught it in the barrens, ten or twelve miles from Henderson, late in October, after a succession of white frosts, and had kept it more than a week.” VERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF KENTUCKY. 23 Hummine Birps (Family Trochilide). 156. Ruby-throated Humming Bird (Trochilus colubris, Laan, )e: A moderately common summer resident. Swirts (Family Micropodide). 157. Chimney Swallow ( Chetura pelagica, Linn). A very common, summer resident, probably nesting exclusively in unused chimneys. The chimney swift forms the subject of Audubon’s ani- mated account of a visit to a large hollow syca- more tree in which this bird collected at night to roost. By cutting a hole at the base he was able to enter the tree where he found the whole in- side covered with birds and estimated that the tree contained 9,000. GOaATSUCKERS (Family Caprimulgide). 158. Night Hawk (Chordeiles virginianus, Gmelin). A common summer resident. 159. Whippoorwill (Antrostomus vociferus, Wilson). Not common in blue grass Kentucky, though it occurs in the vicinity of Lexington in spring. “The more barren and mountainous parts of the Union seem to suit it best. Accordingly the open Barrens of Kentucky, and the country through which the Alleghany ridges pass are more abun- dantly supplied with it than any other region” (Aud.). Woopreckers (Family Picide). 160. Flicker, Yellow Hammer ( Colaptes auratus, Linn.). One of our most common birds. A permanent resident. 24 161. 162. 163. 164. 165. 166. 167. 168. 169. A PRELIMINARY LIST OF THE Red-bellied Woodpecker (Melanerpes carolinus, Linn.). Frequent at all seasons throughout the State. Red-headed Woodpecker (Melanerpes erythrocepha- lus, Linn.). A very common, permanent resident. One of the characteristic Kentucky birds. Logeock (Ceophleus pileatus, Linn.). Frequently seen in the less settled parts of the State. Becoming rather shy. Yellow-bellied Woodpecker, Sap-sucker (Sphyrap- wcus varius, Linn.). Occasional. Have seen but one example at Lexington. Downy Woodpecker, Sap-sucker (Dryobates pubes- cens, Linn.). A common permanent resident throughout the State. Hairy Woodpecker, Sap-sucker (Dryobates villosus, inn:).. Common. Permanent resident. Ivory-billed Woodpecker ( Campephilus principalis, Linn. ). Kentucky (Aud.). KINGFISHERS (Family Alcedinide). Kingfisher (Ceryle alcyon, Linn.). Common along streams and about ponds in sum- mer. Cuckoos (Family Cuculide). Black-billed Cuckoo (Coccyzus erythrophthalmus, Wilson). A summer resident. Not common. VERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF KENTUCKY. 25 170. Yellow-billed Cuckoo ( Coccyzus americanus, Linn.). A common summer resident. Parrots (Family Psittacide). 171. Carolina Paroquet (Conurus carolinensis, Linn.). From being so common that its flesh was used as food, and it was shot as a pest in grain fields, this bird has become nearly exterminated except in Florida, and probably does not now occur in Kentucky. Even in Audubon’s time the numbers had been greatly reduced, and he states that very few were to be found in Kentucky higher than Cin- cinnati, and that they were abundant only at the mouth of the Ohio. Owxs (Family Bubonide). 172. Snowy Owl (WNyctea nyctea, Linn.). Occasional in Kentucky during severe winters. I have occasionally seen it in the lower part of Kentucky (Aud.). 178. Great Horned Owl (Bubo virginianus, Gmelin). Not uncommon in forest-covered regions. 174. Screech Owl (Megascops asio, Linn.). Our most abundant owl. Nests even in the edges of cities. 175. Barred Owl (Syrnium nebulosum, Forster). Rather common in the bottomlands of western Kentucky. 176. Short-eared Owl (Aszo accipitrinus, Pallas). Occasionally observed near Lexington. Nelson County, rare (Beckham). By no means scarce (Aud.). 177. Long-eared Owl (Aszo wilsonianus, Lesson). Lexington, Ky., not very common. Observed ESSEX INST. BULLETIN, VOL. XxXVI 4 26 178. 179. 180. 131. 182. 183. 184. 185. A PRELIMINARY LIST OF THE in the Barrens by Audubon and said by him to be “not very rare.” Barn Ow ts (Family Strigide). Barn Owl (Strix pratincola, Bonaparte). Occasional examples of this bird are secured at Lexington. Several have been brought to me by persons who regarded them as great rarities. Hawks and Eaetes (Family Falconide). Fish Hawk (Pandion halietus, Linn.). Occasional. Audubon observed several pairs each year nesting on the Ohio River opposite the falls. Sparrow Hawk (falco sparverius, Linn.). A permanent resident. Very common; often seen about buildings, apparently atter English sparrows. Pigeon Hawk (falco columbarius, Linn.). Bowling Green (Miss Sadie F. Price). Bald Eagle (Halicetus leucocephalus, Linn.). Audubon found the nest of this eagle, with young, at the mouth of the Green River. A large example was brought to the State College, some years ago, that was killed near Lexington. Chicken oe (Buteo lineatus, asin A permanent resident in Nelson County. Abunds ant throughout the State. Hen Hawk (Buteo borealis, Gmelin). Lexington. Bowling Green (Miss Price). Goshawk (Accipiter atricapillus, Wilson). I have found them rather abundant in the lower parts of Kentucky (Aud.). 186. 187. 188. 189. 190. 191. 192. 193. VERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF KENTUCKY. 27 Chicken Hawk (Accipiter cooperi, Bonaparte). Lexington. Nelson County (Beckham). Bowl- ing Green (Miss Price). Sharp-shinned Hawk (Accipiter velox, Wilson). Lexington. Observed breeding along the Ohio (Aud.). Nelson County; a common permanent resident (Beckham). | Marsh Harrier (Circus hudsonius, Linn.). Observed nesting in the barrens by Audubon. Lexington, occasional. Swallow-tailed Kite (Hlanoides forficatus, Linn.). “Near the falls of the Ohio a pair had a nest and reared four young ones in 1820. In the lower part of Kentucky it begins to become more num- erous” (Aud.). VutturEs (Family Cathartide). Carrion Crow (Catharista atrata, Bartram). Tyrone. Nelson County (Beckham). Accord- ing to Audubon it continues during the whole year in Kentucky. Turkey Buzzard (Cathartes aura, Linn.). A very common permanent resident throughout Kentucky. Pigeons (Family Columbide). Turtle Dove (Zenaidura macroura, Linn.). A moderately common summer resident. Wild Pigeons (Zctopistes migratorius, Linn.). Not common. Have never seen it in the blue grass region. When one listens to the accounts of the great numbers of this harmless bird which oc- curred in Kentucky only fifty years ago, he cannot but speculate on the final outcome of Man’s de- structiveness. 28 A PRELIMINARY LIST OF THE PHEASANTS (Family Phasianide). 194. Wild Turkey (Meleagris gallopavo, Linn.). This fine bird still occurs in small numbers in unsettled districts of both eastern and western Ken- tucky. GrovusE (Family Tetraonide). 195. Prairie Chicken (Tympanuchus americanus, Reich.). The prairie chickea probably does not now oc- cur anywhere in Kentucky. Like the buffalo and paroquet it has been completely exterminated for many years. I have conversed with men now over eighty years old who have spent all their lives in eastern Kentucky and do not remember having seen or heard this grouse. It probably persisted longer in the western end of the State, for Audubon, who settled at Louisville about 1819, writes: “When I first removed to Kentucky, the Pinnated Grouse were so abundant that they were held in no higher estimation as food than the most common flesh, and no ‘hunter of Kentucky’ deigned to shoot them.” 196. Pheasant, Partridge (Bonasa umbellus, Linn.). A permanent resident in all parts of the State. Frequently seen in the market. 197. Quail (Colinus virginianus, Linn.). A very common permanent resident. Large numbers may be seen in the markets of our towns during the winter months. Piovers (Family Charadriide). 198. Killdeer )_4yialitis vocifera, Linn.). A common summer resident. 199. 200. 201. 202. 203. 204. 205. 206. 207. 208. 209. VERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF KENTUCKY. 29 Golden Plover (Charadrius dominicus, Miiller). Occasional in spring in the vicinity of Lexing- ton. SNIPE (Family Scolopacide). Tip-up (Actites macularva, Linn.). Transient in spring, rather common, Nelson County (Beckham). Willet (Symphemia semipalmata, Gmelin). Shores of the Ohio (Aud.). Upland Plover (Bartramia longicauda, Beckstein). Kentucky (Aud.). Observed at Lexington on one occasion only, in September. Solitary Tattler (Zotanus solitarius, Wilson). Lexington. Nelson County (Beckham). Semipalmated Sandpiper (Hreunetes pusiillus, Linn.). Audubon observed large flocks at Henderson. Least Sandpiper (Zringa minutilla, Vieillot). East Cairo in September. ‘Wilson’s Snipe (Grallinago delicata, Ord). Rather common in spring. Woodcock (Philohela minor, Gmelin). Observed in fall and early spring. A few are brought in by hunters. Beckham thinks it breeds in Nelson County. PHALAROPES (Family Phalaropodide). Red Phalarope (Crymophilus fulicarius, Linn.). A flock was observed by Audubon in 1808 at Louisville. Wilson’s Phalarope (Phalaropus tricolor, Vieillot). Kentucky (Aud.). 30 210. 211. 212. 213. 214. 215. 216. Z1 7%. 218. 219. A PRELIMINARY LIST OF THE Rats (Family Rallidee). Coot (Fulica americana, Gmelin). Common in the fall of the year. Florida Gallinule (Gallinula galeata, Licht.). A young bird, nearly grown, was brought to me Oct. 4, 1893, by a colored man who stated that he had caught it in a trap set in the country near Lexington. Purple Gallinule (Jonornis martinica, Linn.). Beckham reports having seen an example of this species in Nelson County many years ago. Yellow Crake (Porzana noveboracensis, Gmelin). Transient, rare; Nelson County (Beckham). Carolina Rail (Porzana carolina, Linn.). Transient, rather common in fall ; Nelson County (Beckham). Virginia Rail (Rallus virginianus, Linn.). Audubon observed a female with eggs in April at Henderson. ‘Transient, rare; Nelson County (Beckham). King Rail (Zallus elegans, Audubon). Henderson (Aud). Bowling Green (Miss Price). Cranes (Family Gruide). Sand-hill Crane (Grus mexicana, Miller). Nelson County (Beckham). Whooping Crane (G'rus americana, Linn.). Kentucky (Aud.) Nelson County (Beckham). Herons (Family Ardeide). Night Heron (Wycticorax nycticorax, Linn.). Transient, not common, Nelson County (Beck- ham). 220. 221. 222. 223. 224, 225. 226. 227. 228. 229. VERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF KENTUCKY. St Green Heron (Ardea virescens, Linn.). Very common in summer. The nest, consisting of loosely placed sticks, may be found with fresh eggs about the middle of May. It is sometimes placed in an orchard some distance from water. Snowy Egret (Ardea candidissima, Gmelin). Nelson County (Beckham). Great White Egret (Ardea egretta, Gmelin). East Cairo, September. Nelson County (Beck- ham). Blue Heron (Ardea herodias, Linn.). Rather common in summer. Bittern, Indian Hen (Botaurus lentiginosus, Mon- tagu). Probably not common anywhere in Kentucky, as Audubon states that he never saw or heard the species in the State. A fine example, taken at Lexington, Sept. 25, 1893, had eaten nothing but grasshoppers. Transient, not common, Nelson County (Beckham). Storks (Family Ciconiide). Wood Ibis ( Tantalus loculator, Linn.). Observed by me at East Cairo in September. Ducks and GEEse (Family Anatide). Trumpeter Swan ( Olor buccinator, Richardson). In ponds about Henderson, during mild winters, until the beginning of March (Aud.). Wild Goose (Branta canadensis, Linn.). Common during the migrating season in spring. White-fronted Goose ( Anser albifrons, Gmelin). Kentucky (Aud.). Snow Goose ) Chen hyperborea, Pallas). 32 230. 231. 232. 233. 234. 235. 236. 237. 238. 239. 240. 241. 242. A PRELIMINARY LIST OT THE The young arrive at Henderson in the beginning of October, the adults a fortnight later (Aud.). Dipper, Buffle-head ( Charitonetia albeola, Linn.). Ohio River (Aud.). Golden Eye (Glaucionetta clangula, Linn.). Henderson (Aud.). Ring-necked Duck (Athya collaris, Donovan). Kentucky (Aud.) ; Nelson County (Beckham). Flocking Fowl, Scaup Duck (Athya maria, Linn.). Kentucky (Aud.). Wood Duck (Azx sponsa, Linn.). A common summer resident in western Ken- tucky. Pin-tail (Dajfila acuta, Linn.). Extremely abundant in Kentucky (Aud.). American Widgeon (Anas americana, Gmelin). Kentucky ; remaining all winter when the weather is mild (Aud.). Green-winged Teal (Anas carolinensis, Gmelin). Transient. Rather common. Blue-winged Teal (Anas discors, Linn.). Ohio river in September and October; abundant (Aud.). Black Duck (Anas obscura, Gmelin). According to Audubon this duck breeds along the Mississippi River as far up as its confluence with the Ohio. Mallard (Anas boschas, Linn.). A common migrant in western Kentucky. Breeds in ponds in Kentucky lowlands (Aud.). Hooded Merganser (Lophodytes cucullatus, Linn.). Audubon records this as not uncommon near Louisville when he first moved there. Red-breasted Merganser (Merganser serrator, Linn. ). Breeds in Kentucky (Aud.). 243. 244. 245. 246. 247. 248. 249, 250. 251. 252. 253. VERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF KENTUCKY. 33 Merganser (Merganser americanus, Cassin). Said by Audubon to have bred in the State when he first resided there. Pevicans (Family Pelecanidz). White Pelican (Pelecanus erythrorhynchus, Gme- lin). Obio River (Aud.). Guus (Family Laride). Black Tern (Hydrochelidon nigra, Linn.). Abundant at Louisville (Aud.). Least Tern (Slerna antillarum, Lesson). Ohio River, abundant (Aud.). Common Tern (Sterna hirundo, Linn.). Henderson (Aud.). Bonaparte’s Gull (Larus philadelphia, Ord). Ohio River at Cincinnati in 1819 (Aud.). Herring Gull (Larus argentatus, Briinnich). Ohio River (Aud.). Great Black-backed Gull (Zarus marinus, Linn.). Ohio River (Aud.). Loons (Family Urinatoride). Black-throated Loon ( Urinator arcticus, Linn.) Ohio River (Aud.). Common Loon ( Urinator imber, Gunner). I have seen several examples which were taken in eastern Kentucky. Divine Brros (Family Podicipide). Dab Chick (Podilymbus podiceps, Linn.). Rather common in ponds in the vicinity of Lex- ington. Resident. ESSEX INST. BULLETIN, VOL. XxVI 5 34 A PRELIMINARY LIST OF THE REPTILES. Family Emydide. 254. Box Turtle, Terrapin (Cistudo carolina, Linn.). Common everywhere in the less settled regions. Family Chelydride. 255. Snapping Turtle (Chelydra serpentina, Linn.). Occurs everywhere in Kentucky. Very abund- ant in the ponds in the blue grass region. Family Trionychide. 256. Soft-shelled Turtle (Aspidonectes spinifer, Le S.). Ohio River. 257. Soft-shelled Turtle (Aspidonectes nuchalis, Agassiz). Occurs in the headwaters of the Cumberland and Tennessee Rivers. 258. Soft-shelled Turtle (Amyda mutica, LeS.). Ohio River. Family Iguanide. 259. Brown Swift (Sceloporus undulatus, Daudin). Common in all parts of the State. Apparently equally at home in the mountains of eastern Ken- tucky and in the forests of the extreme western end of the State. Family Anguide. 260. Joint Snake (Ophisaurus ventralis, Linn.). Observed only in the western end of the State, but probably occurring everywhere. Family Scincide. 261. Blue-tailed Lizard ( Humeces fasciatus, Linn. ). Common throughout the State. 262. 263. 264. 265. 266. 267. 268. 269. 270. atl. VERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF KENTUCKY. 35 Ground Lizard (Oligosoma laterale, Say). Apparently not common. Observed only in the western end of the State. SNAKES (Family Colubride). Garter Snake (Thamnophis sirtalis, Linn.). Very common everywhere. The variety ordi- nata is occasionally seen at Lexington. Water Snake (Werodia sipedon, Linn.). Common about streams. The varieties fasciatus and erythrogaster have been taken on several oc- casions at Lexington. Water Snake (ftegina leberis, Linn.). Rather common about ponds and streams near Lexington. Storeria occipritomaculata, Storer. A specimen collected near Mammoth Cave by Dr. B. F. Shumard is in the National Museum at Washington. Green Snake (Philophyllophis cestivus, Linn.). Moderately common throughout the State. Black Snake, Blue Racer, (Coluber constrictor, Linn.). Common everywhere. Pilot Snake (ZLlaphis obsoletus, Say.). Common everywhere, but especially abundant in the mountains. House Snake, Chicken Snake, Milk Snake ( Ophibo- lus triangulus, Boie). Moderately common in all parts of the State. Chain Snake, King Snake, Thunder Snake ( Ophibo- lus getulus, Linn.). Taken only at Midland, Ky., but probably oc- curs throughout the State, as I have collected speci- mens across the Ohio River in Lllinois. 36 A PRELIMINARY LIST OF T E 272. Spreading Adder (Heterodon platyrhinus, Latreille). Common everywhere. 273. Worm Snake (Carphophis amenus, Say.). Found throughout Kentucky, but not as common as the next. 274. Worm Snake ( Carphophis helene, Kennicott). Very abundant throughout the State. Espec- ially common under stones and logs along the Ken- tucky River. Probably a variety of the preceding, from which it differs only in lacking the anterior pair of prefrontals. It occurs with the other form, but twenty of this occur to one of C. amenus. A specimen taken at Tyrone, Ky., is intermediate in the character of its prefrontals, having only one of the anterior pair present. RATTLE SNAKES (Family Crotalide). 275. Timber Rattle Snake Crotalus horridus, Linn.). Rather common in the mountainous regions. 276. Diamond Rattle Snake (Crotalus adamanteus, Beauv.). This species is said to occur in mountains of eastern Kentucky. I have not yet seen an exam- ple. 277. Copperhead (Agkistrodon contortrix, Linn.). Occurs in mountainous regions of the eastern end of the State. 278. Water Moccasin (Agkistrodon piscivorus, Holbr.). Occurs about bayous in the western end of the State. Said to be common in Reelfoot Lake. AMPHIBIANS. Froes (Family Ranide). 279. Leopard Frog (ftana pipiens, Schreber). 280. 281. 282. 283. 284. 285. 287. VERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF KENTUCKY. $7 Very abundant thoughout Kentucky. An infla- tion of the skin at the angles of the mouth, com- mon here during the breeding season, has never been observed by me in the numerous specimens examined in Illinois. There is also a tendency to a loss of the anterior of the three dark spots on the head in Kentucky examples. Green Frog, Spring Frog (ana clamitans, Latr.). Rather common in the eastern half of the State. Bull Frog (tana catesbiana, Shaw). Common in western Kentucky. Toaps (Family Bufonide). Toad (Bufo lentiginosus, Shaw). Very common everywhere. Especially notice- able in spring about ponds. Tree Toaps (Family Hylide). Cricket Frog (Acris gryllus, LeConte). Common in the western end of the State about bayous. Prairie Tree Frog (Chorophilus triseriatus, Wied. ). Observed thus far only at Nortonville towards the western end of the State. Tree Toad (Ayla versicolor, LeConte). Common everywhere. Newrs (Family Pleurodelide). . Newt, Eft (Diemyctylus miniatus, Raf.). Occasional. Family Desmognathide. Dusky Salamander (Desmognathus fusca, Raf.). Very abundant in and about springs and moun- tain rills in the eastern end of the State. Difficult 38 A PRELIMINARY LIST OF THE of capture because of its slimy skin and active wriggling. A female with a mass of eggs just hatching was recently (in September) found by Prof. C. W. Mathews among liverworts in a springy place along the Cumberland River at Burn- side. The young soon acquire a series of red spots along each side. ‘The gills of the young are well developed. Family Plethodontide. 288. Cave Salamander (Spelerpes longicauda, Green). Occurs throughout the State. Rather common ; sometimes found within the mouths of caves, but quite as often under stones in woods. 289. Gray-spotted Salamander (Plethodon glutinosus, Green). Distributed throughout the State. Rather com- mon under logs and stones in woods. 290. Red-backed Salamander (Plethodon erythronotus, Green). Abundant in the vicinity of Hopkinsville under stones and logs. Louisville is given as the locali- ty fora specimen in the National Museum at Wash- ington. Family Ambystomide. 291. Tiger Salamander (Ambystoma tigrinum, Green). A specimen is recorded by Dr. Yarrow as in the U. S. National Museum collection from Russell- ville. 292. Spotted Salamander (Ambystoma punctatum, Linn.). Mr. Kirsch reports having taken a large number of this species in Rock Creek at Whitley Station, Kentucky. VERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF KENTUCKY. 39 Family Amphiumide. 293. Congo Snake (Amphiuma means, Linn.). A specimen of this singular amphibian is in the National Museum collection from Jeffersonville, Indiana, hence it may be considered a Kentucky species. FISHES. Cov-FISHES (Family Gadide). 294. Burbot, Ling (Lota lota, Linn.). Ohio River, occasional. Scupins (Family Cottide). 295. Miller’s Thumb (Cottus bairdi, Girard). Common throughout the State in springs and streams flowing from them. Often penetrates into caves, occurring as much as half a mile from the entrance. Not observed in the warmer surface waters. SHEEPSHEAD (Family Scizenide). 296. Sheepshead, White Perch (Aplodinotus grunniens, Raf.) Common in all the larger streams: Ohio River, Green River, Cumberland River, Tennessee River. Rolling Fork, Obion Creek, Bayou de Chien (Woolman). Bass (Family Serranide). 297. Yellow Bass (Morone interrupta, Gill). Ohio River at East Cairo. 298. White Bass (foccus chrysops, Raf.). Cumberland River, Tennessee River. 40 209, 300. 301. 302. 303. 304. 305. A PRELIMINARY LIST OF THE Perca (Family Percide). Sand Pike (Stizostedion canadense, C. H. Smith). Common in the larger streams: Ohio River, Rockeastle River, Big Sandy River, Little Sandy River. Indian Creek, Clinton County (Kirsch). Salmon, Wall-eye, Pike Perch (Strzostedion vitreum, Mitchill). Common in the larger streams: Ohio River, Big Sandy River, Little Sandy River, Green River, Cumberland River and Tennessee River. With the preceding this is sold in all our markets as “ salmon.” Least Darter (Htheostoma microperca, Jordan and Gilbert). Green River (Woolman). Etheostoma fusiforme, Girard. Tradewater River, Mayfield Creek, Bayou de Chien (Woolman). Etheostoma ceruleum, Storer. Very abundant in most small creeks in the east- ern half of the State. Big Sandy River, Kentucky River and tributaries, Green River, Cumberland River. Rolling Fork, Licking River (Woolman). Indian Creek, Willis Creek, etc., in Clinton County (Kirsch), Otter Creek, Wayne County (Kirsch). Etheostoma virgatum, Jordan. Rockcastle River (Jordan), Green River (Woolman). Etheostoma sagitta, Jordan and Swain. Cumberland River (Jordan). Original descrip- tron in Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus.,.1883, p. 250... A single specimen was obtained from Wolf Creek in Whitley County. “Its long, naked, tapering head is its most striking peculiarity.” VERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF KENTUCKY. 41 306. Htheostoma obeyense, Kirsch. Small tributaries of the Cumberland River, in Clinton County (Kirsch). Original description in Bull. U. S. Fish Commission for 1890, p. 292. Beaver and Otter Creeks in Wayne County; very abundant (Kirsch). 307. Htheostoma cinereum, Storer. Little South Fork and Rock Creek, tributaries of the Cumberland; scarce (Kirsch). For a des- cription, see Bull. U.S. Fish Commission for 1891, p. 264 (printed in 1893). | 308. Htheostoma squamiceps, Jordan. Kentucky (Jordan). 309a. Htheostoma flabellare, Raf. Very common in small streams in eastern Ken- tucky. Big Sandy River, Kentucky River, Rock- castle River, Green River. Licking River (Wool- man). Indian Creek, Smith’s Creek, in Clinton County (Kirsch). 3096. Etheostoma flabellare var. cumberlandicum, Jor- dan. Original description in Proc. U. S. National Museum, 1883, p. 251. ‘The types were taken by Dr. Jordan in Wolf Creek, Briar Creek and other small streams in Whitley County in May, 1883. “In all these streams this was the most abundant of the darters.” It is said to have a thicker head than the type form, and to be plain olivaceous except for the black humeral spot. 310. Htheostoma rufolineatum, Cope. Green River, Licking River (Woolman), Indian Creek in Clinton County (Kirsch). 311. Htheostoma maculatum, Kirtland. Cumberland River, Licking River (Woolman). ESSEX INSI., BULLETIN, VOL. XxVI 6 42 312. 313. 514. 315. 316. 317. 318. 319. 320. 321. 322. 323. 324. A PRELIMINARY LIST OF THE Etheostoma camurum, Cope. Green River, Cumberland River (Woolman). Etheostoma zonale, Cope. Big Sandy River, Kentucky River, Cumberland River, Green River. Etheostoma variatum, Kirtland. Kentucky River, Licking River (Woolman). Etheostoma histrio, Jordan and Gilbert. Green River (Woolman). Described in Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1887, p. 47. Etheostoma spilotum, Gilbert. Kentucky River (Jordan). Etheostoma cymatotenia, Gilbert and Meek. Green River (Woolman). Etheostoma evides, Jordan and Copeland. Ohio River, at Racoon Island (Henshall) ; Green River (Woolman). Etheostoma ouachite, Jordan and Gilbert. Green River, Obion Creek (Woolman). Etheostoma scierum, Swain. Ohio River, near Little Sandy River (Henshall) ; Green River, Little Sandy River (Woolman). Etheostoma phoxocephalum, Nelson. Big Sandy River, Cumberland River, Green River, Rolling Fork, Tradewater River (Woolman). Etheostoma aspro, Cope and Jordan. Big Sandy River, Kentucky River, Rockcastle River, Green River, Cumberland River, Tennessee River. Obion Creek, Bayou de Chien (Woolman). Etheostoma macrocephalum, Cope. Green River, Big Sandy River (Woolman). Etheostoma caprodes, Raf. Common throughout the State. Tributaries of Kentucky River, Rockcastle, River, Green River, VERTEBRATE ANIMALS IN KENTUCKY. 43 Cumberland River, Tennessee River. Obion Creek, Bayou de Chien (Woolman). 325. Htheostoma shumardi, Girard. Green River, Cumberland River, Obion Creek (Woolman). 326. Etheostoma copelandi, Jordan. Ohio River, at Racoon Island (Henshall). Green River (Woolman). 327. Htheostoma blennioides, Raf. | Common locally in eastern part of the State. Big Sandy River, Kentucky River and tributaries, Green River, Cumberland River. 328a. Htheostoma simoterum, Cope. Rockcastle River, Green River, Cumberland River. 3286. Htheostoma simoterum, var. atripinnis, Jordan. Canada Creek, Wayne County (Kirsch). 329. Htheostoma susane, Jordan and Swain. The types were taken in small tributaries of the Cumberland River in Whitley County in 1883. The original description appeared in the Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1883, p. 249. 330. Htheostoma stigmeum, Jordan. Green River, Cumberland River (Woolman). Willis Creek, Clinton County (Woolman). 331. Htheostoma nigrum, Raf. Occurs everywhere in Kentucky. Big Sandy River, Little Sandy River. Kentucky River, Green River, Tennessee River, Bayou de Chien ( Wool- man). 332. Htheostoma asprellus, Jordan. Green River (Woolman). 333. Etheostoma pellucidum, Baird. Common locally in the larger streams. Big 44 A PRELIMINARY LIST OF THE Sandy River, Little Sandy River, Kentucky River, Green River, Cumberland River, Tennessee River. Sun Fisues (Family Centrarchide). 334. Large-mouthed Black Bass (Micropterus salmoides, Lacépede). Common throughout Kentucky. Big Sandy River, Little Sandy River, Kentucky River, Rock- castle River, Green River. Obion Creek, Bayou de Chien (Woolman). 335. Small-mouthed Black Bass (Micropterus dolomieu, Lacépede). Not uncommon locally in the larger streams of eastern Kentucky. The young are frequently ob- tained from the small creeks. Big Sandy River, Little Sandy River, Kentucky River, Rockcastle River, Green River, Cumberland River, Tennes- see River. Obion Creek, Bayou de Chien ( Wool- man). 336. Lepomis heros, Baird and Girard. Common in bayous of bottoms along the Ohio River at East Cairo. Bayou de Chien (Woolman). 337. Lepomis garmani, Forbes. Mr. Woolman seems to have taken this species in the Upper Cumberland at Barboursville and in the Bayou de Chien in the western end of the State. The types were collected by the writer in tributa- ries of the Wabash River in southern Illinois. 338. Long-eared Sun Fish (Lepomis megalotis, Raf.). Abundant throughout the State. Big Sandy River, Little Sandy River, tributaries of Ken- tucky River, Green River, Cumberland River, Tennessee River. Obion Creek, Bayou de Chien (Woolman). 339. 340. 341. 342. 343. d44., 345. VERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF KENTUCKY. 45 Common Sun Fish (Lepomis pallidus, Mitchill). In the larger streams throughout Kentucky, Big Sandy River, City reservoir at Lexington, Cumberland River, Green River. Bayou de Chien (Woolman). Lepomis humilis, Girard. Tributaries of the Kentucky River ; occasional. Lepomis macrochirus, Raf. Creeks in Whitley County (Jordan). Trade- water River, Obion Creek (Woolman). Green Sun Fish (Lepomis cyanellus, Raf.). Throughout the State, common. Sometimes called “pearch.” It constitutes the greater part of the catches made by small boys and negroes who fish with hook and line in the numerous small ponds of blue grass Kentucky. Big Sandy River, tributaries of Kentucky, Green River, Cumber- land River, Barnett’s Creek in Trigg County. War Mouth, Goggle Eye (Chenobdryttus gulosus, Cuv. and Val.). Western Kentucky, common. Green River, Barnett’s Creek in Trigg County, Bayous at East Cairo. Obion Creek, Bayou de Chien (Woolman). Rock Bass, Red Eye (Ambloplites rupestris, Raf.). Not rare in the eastern part of Kentucky. Ohio River, Big Sandy River, Little Sandy River, Kentucky River, Rockcastle River, Green River, Cumberland River, Tennessee River. New Light, Pale Crappie ( Pomoxis annularis, Raf.). Very abundant in ponds in eastern Kentucky, and common also in bayous in the extreme west- ern end of the State. Ohio River, Little Sandy River, Kentucky River, Green River, Bayous at East Cairo. 46 346. 347. 348. 349. 350. 351. A PRELIMINARY LIST OF THE Dark Crappie,Calico Bass ( Pomowis sparoides,Raf.). Obion Creek, Bayou de Chien (Woolman). I have not yet seen this species in eastern Ken- tucky. (Centrarchus macropterus, Lacépéde) Barnett’s Creek in Trigg County. Mayfield Creek (Woolman). Tiny Percues (Family Elassomatide). Elassoma zonatum, Jordan. This species has been collected by me on the Iili- nois side of the Ohio near Cairo and also across the Mississippi River at Bird’s Point, Missouri. There can be no doubt that it occurs also in the bayous on the Kentucky side. PiraTE PERCHES (Family Aphredoderide). Pirate Perches (Aphredoderus sayanus, Gilliams). Western Kentucky, Barnett’s Creek in Trigg County. Green River, Mayfield Creek, Obion Creek, Bayou de Chien (Woolman). SILVERSIDES (Family Atherinide). Brook Silversides (Labidesthes sicculus, Cope). Common throughout Kentucky, Big Sandy River, Little Sandy River, tributaries of Kentucky River, Green River, Cumberland River, Tennessee River. Obion Creek, Bayou de Chien (Woolman). Kes (Family Anguillide). Eel (Anguilla anguilla, Linn.). Ohio River, Rockecastle River, Cumberland River, Bayou de Chien (Woolman). VERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF KENTUCKY. 47 PickEREL (Family Esocide). 352. Little Pickerel (H’sow vermiculatus, Le S.). Barnett’s Creek in Trig County. Mayfield Creek, Obion Creek, Bayou de Chien (Woolman). 353. Mascalonge (sox nobilior, Thompson). “T have seen heads of large pike from several streams in eastern Ohio and northwestern Ken- tucky, said to have weighed from thirty to forty pounds, and there were no specific differences be- tween them and those of the mascalonge of the Great Lakes” (Dr. J. A. Henshall). Top Minnows (Family Cyprinodontide). 854. Gambusia patruelis, Baird and Girard. Western Kentucky. Cumberland carci Obion Creek (Woolman). 355. Zygonectes notatus, Raf. Common throughout most of the State. Tributa- riesof Kentucky River, Green River, Cumberland River. Mayfield Creek, Obion Creek, Bayou de Chien (Woolman). 356. Fundulus catenatus, Storer. Green River, Tennessee River, Indian Creek, Willis Creek, in Clinton County (Kirsch). Beaver and Otter Creeks in Wayne County (Kirsch). Cave Fisuses (Family Amblyopside). “Professor Ray Lankester, in a recent lecture at the Royal institution, thus attempted to account for the absence of eyes in the fishes in the famous un- derground Kentucky caves in the following way : A great flood carries to the bottom of the Ken- 48 A PRELIMINARY LIST OF THE tucky caves, some thirty miles below the surface, a number of fishes among whose very numerous offspring will be some defective in sight, as some babies are born blind, or without any eyes at all. The fish who can see some faint glimmerings of light will swim away toward that light, while those will remain that cannot perceive the gleams. This with every succeeding generation would occur, the stronger in sight swimming away and the weaker remaining, and as the breeding would therefore oc- cur between those of the worst sight, fish would be born with weaker eyes and weaker until born blind.” The above is quoted from a newspaper, and probably does not in all respects report Professor Lankester correctly, since it is hardly to be sup- posed that he believes Mammoth Cave to penetrate the earth for a distance of thirty miles. But in the main it gives his theory as to the origin of cave animals correctly. It will probably strike the ma- jority of those who are familiar with the caves sim- ply as a curiosity in speculation. The views ex- pressed by Herbert Spencer (Popular Science Monthly, xu, 487, 488) seem to me much more sound and consistent with the facts : “The existence of these blind cave-animals can be accounted for only by supposing that their re- mote ancestors began making excursions into the cave, and, finding it profitable, extended them, generation after generation, further in, undergoing the required adaptations little by little.” 357. Chologaster agassizii, Putnam. Underground streams. 358. Blind Fish (Typhlichthys subterraneus, Girard). Inhabits wells, caves and springs in the vicin- ity of Mammoth Cave. 359. 360. 361. 362 363 364 365 VERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF KENTUCKY. 49 Blind Fish (Amblyopsis speleus, DeKay). Subterranean waters in and about Mammoth Cave. Trout Percues (Family Percopside). Trout Perch (Percopsis guttatus, Agassiz). Ohio River, occasional. Herrines (Family Clupeide). Hickory Shad (Dorosoma cepedianum, LeS.). Throughout the State in the larger streams; common. Ohio River, Big Sandy River, Little Sandy River, Green River, Cumberland River, Tennessee River. Obion Creek, Bayou de Chien (Woolman). Ohio Shad ( Clupea chrysochloris, Raf.). Ohio River at East Cairo and elsewhere; com- mon. Little Sandy River (Woolman), Lower Cumberland River (Jordan), Willis Creek, Clin- ton County (Kirsch). — Moon-£YEs (Family Hiodontide). fiodon selenops, Jordan and Bean. Cumberland River (Jordan), Rolling Fork, Green River (Woolman). Moon-eye (Hiodon tergisus, LeS.). Ohio River, common; Cumberland River, abun- dant (Jordan). Hiodon alosoides, Raf. Ohio River. Cumberland River, Rolling Fork (Woolman). ESSEX INST. BULLETIN, VOL. XXVI 7 50 A PRELIMINARY LIST OF THE Minnows (Family Cyprinide). 366. German Carp (Cyprinus carpio, Linn.). Very common in ponds in eastern Kentucky. Sometimes escapes into streams. 367. Shiner (Notemigonus chrysoleucus, Mitch.). Western Kentucky. Barnett’s Creek in Trigg County. Mayfield Creek, Bayou de Chien (Wool- man). 368. Opsopeodus bollmani, Gilbert. Three specimens of this were taken by Mr. Woolman in Obion Creek. According to him it has been taken only in one other locality, viz., Satilla River, Georgia. 369. Opsopeeodus emilie, Hay. Cumberland River, Mayfield Creek, Bayou de Chien (Woolman). 370. Horned Dace (Semotilus atromaculatus, Mitch.). Common everywhere in Kentucky. Big Sandy River, Kentucky River and tributaries, Green River, Rockecastle River, Cumberland River. Bayou de Chien (Woolman). 371. Flat-headed Chub (Platygobio gracilis, Raf.). A single specimen of this species was taken by Prof. S. A. Forbes and myself near East Cairo in the Ohio River. 372. Hybopsis watauga, Jordan and Everman. Kentucky River, Green River, Tennessee River. The original description is in the Proc. U. S. Nat. Museum, x1, p. 355, pl. xliv, Fig. 9. 373. Horny Head (Hybopsis kentuckiensis, Raf.). Common in eastern Kentucky in most streams. Big Sandy River, Kentucky River, Rockcastle Ph ne Oe ng A Pat 374 376 377 378 379 380 381 382 383. VERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF KENTUCKY. 51 River, Green River, Tennessee River. Spring Creek, Smith’s Creek, etc., in Clinton County (Kirsch), Beaver and Otter Creeks in Wayne County (Kirsch). . Hybopsis storerianus, Kirtland. Throughout Kentucky. Little Sandy River, Kentucky River, Green River, Cumberland River, Tennessee River. Bayou de Chien (Woolman). . Hybopsis amblops, Raf. Common throughout Kentucky. Ohio River at East Cairo, Big Sandy River, Little Sandy River, Kentucky River, Green River, Cumberland River, Tennessee River. . Hybopsis dissimilis, Kirtland. Rolling Fork of Salt River (Woolman). . Hybopsis hyostomus, Gilbert. Ohio River at Racoon Island (Henshall). Big Sandy River, Green River (Woolman). . Black-nosed Dace (Lthinichthys atronasus, Mitchill). Common locally in small tributaries of the Ken- tucky River. Common in clear cold streams in Whitley County (Jordan), Indian Creek, Willis, Smith’s Creek, etc., in Clinton County (Kirsch). . Phenacobius uranops, Cope. Rockeastle River, Green River, Cumberland River. . Hricymba buccata, Cope. Common locally in Kentucky River ; Little San- dy River, Big Sandy River, Cumberland River. . Notropis micropteryx, Cope. Rockeastle River, abundant (Jordan). . Notropis arge, Cope. Green River, Kentucky River (Woolman). Notropis atherinoides, Raf. Throughout Kentucky ; common. Little Sandy 52 384. 385. 386. 387. 388. 389. 390. 391. 392. 393. A PRELIMINARY LIST OF THE River, Big Sandy River, Kentucky River, Green River, Cumberland River, Tennessee River. Bayou de Chien (Woolman). Notropis dilectus, Girard. Big Sandy River, Kentucky River, Green River, Cumberland River, Tennessee River. Notropis telescopus, Cope. Green River (Woolman). Willis Creek, Indian Creek, in Clinton County (Kirsch). Red-fin (Volropis ardens, Cope). Tributaries of Kentucky River, Cumberland River, Rockcastle River, Green River. Notropis ariommus, Cope. Kentucky River, Green River, Big Sandy River. Notropis jejunus, Forbes. Ohio River at East Cairo, Little Sandy River, Big Sandy River, Cumberland River. Notropis leuciodus, Cope. Five specimens were collected in Smith’s Creek, Clinton Co., by Mr. Philip H. Kirsch. Notropis coccogenis, Cope. Big Sandy River (Woolman). Shiner (Notropis megalops, Raf.). Occurs throughout Kentucky. Big Sandy River, Kentucky River, Rockcastle River, Green River, Cumberland River, Tennessee River. Obion Creek (Woolman). Notropis galacturus, Cope. Rockeastle River, Cumberland River, Willis Creek, Spring Creek, etc., in Clinton County (Kirsch), Beaver and Otter Creeks in Wayne County (Kirsch). Notropis whipplet, Girard. Everywhere, common. Little Sandy River, Big Sandy River, Kentucky River, Green River, Cum- VERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF KENTUCKY. 53 berland River, Tennessee River, Bayou de Chien (Woolman). 394. Notropis delictosus, Girard. Occurs throughout the State. Big Sandy River, Kentucky River, Green River, Cumberland River, Tennessee River. 395. Notropis spectrunculus, Cope. Cumberland River, Kentucky River. 396. Wotropis heterodon, Cope. Canada Creek, Wayne County, two small spec- imens (Kirsch). Jordan took in 1883 in Wolf County and Clear Fork, Whitley County, several specimens of a fish which he named //lemitremia vittata, Cope, but subsequently decided that the latter name was a synonym of the above. 397. Bull-headed Minnow (Cliola vigilax, Baird and Girard). Kentucky River, common; Big Sandy River, Cumberland River. 398. Pimephales notatus, Raf. Occurs everywhere in the State. Big Sandy River, Green River, Rockeastle River, Cumberland River, Tennessee River, Bayou de Chien. 399. Pimephales promelas, Raf. Tributaries of the Kentucky River, common locally. This small minnow was described by the eccentric Rafinesque, once connected with the old Transylvania University, from a single specimen said to have been obtained from Mr. W. M. Clifford of Lexington, Kentucky, in 1820. The species is especially common in the North Elkhorn at Bry- ant Station, about six miles north of Lexington. A few specimens have been taken in the Kentucky River at Clay’s Ferry. D4 400. 401. 402. 403. 404. 405. 406. 407. A PRELIMINARY LIST OF THE [Tybognathus nuchalis, Agassiz. | Occurs throughout Kentucky. Ohio River at East Cairo, Big Sandy River, Little Sandy River, Green River, Cumberland River, Tennessee River. Red-bellied Minnow( Chrosomus erythrogaster, Raf.). Rockeastle River, Cumberland River. Stone Roller (Compostoma anomalum, Raf.). One of our most common minnows, occurring throughout the State. Big Sandy River, Kentucky River, Green River, Cumberland River, Tennessee River, Barnett’s Creek in Trigg County. Suckers (Family Catostomide). Hare-lip Sucker (Lagochila lacera, Jordan and Brayt.). Little Sandy River, Cumberland River (Kirsch). Placopharynx carinatus, Cope. Ohio River. Moxostoma crassilabre, Cope. Little Sandy River (Woolman). Dr. Henshall states that specimens from the Ohio River which he at one time thought to belong to this species proved to be Placopharynx carinatus, and he does not think this species (JZ. crassilabre) occurs west of the Alleghany Mountains. Red Horse ( Moxostoma macrolepidotum, LeS.). Occurs in most Kentucky streams, large or small. Ohio River, Big Sandy River, Kentucky River, Green River, Cumberland River. White-nose Sucker (J/oxostoma anisurum, Raf.). Ohio River, not uncommon (Henshall). Little Sandy River (Woolman). Clear Fork of Cumber- land River in Whitley County, one fine large spec- imen (Jordan). 408. 409. 410. 411. 412. 413. 414. 415. 416. 417. 418. VERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF KENTUCKY. 55 Spotted Sucker (Minytrema melanops, Raf.). Green River (Woolman). Chub Sucker (Zrimyzon sucetia, Lac.). Common in many streams. Ohio River, Rock- castle River, Cumberland River, Barnett’s Creek in Trigg County. Stone Toter (Catostomus niyricans, LeS.). Common everywhere in the eastern half of the State. Big Sandy River, Kentucky River, Green River, Rockcastle River, Cumberland River, Ten- nessee River. Common Sucker (Catostomus teres, Mitchill). Very common in eastern Kentucky. Kentucky River and tributaries, Rockcastle River, Cumber- land River. Black Sucker (Cycleptus elongatus, LeS.). Ohio River, Cumberland River. Carp, Quill-back (Jctiobus velifer, Raf.) Ohio River, Kentucky River, Big Sandy River, Tennessee River. Obion Creek (Woolman). Ictiobus difformis, Cope. Ohio River, Big Sandy River, Cumberland River, Obion Creek (Woolman). Ictiobus carpio, Raf. Ohio River, common. Rolling Fork, Tradewa- ter River (Woolman). Small-mouthed Buffalo (lctiobus bubalus, Raf.). Ohio River, common; Green River, Cumber- land River, Tennessee River. Mongrel Buffalo (Jctiobus urus, Agassiz). Ohio River at Paducah. Red-mouthed Buffalo (Jctiobus cyprinella, C. and V:). Ohio River at East Cairo and Paducah, common. Indian Creek, Clinton County (Kirsch). 56 419, 420. 421. 422. 423. 424, 425. 426. 427. 428. A PRELIMINARY LIST OF THE CaTFIsHES (Family Siluride). Noturus gyrinus, Mitchill. Green River, Mayfield Creek, Bayou de Chien (Woolman). Noturus eleuthurus, Jordan. Green River (Woolman). Noturus miurus, Jordan. Common in many streams. Ohio River, Big Sandy River, Kentucky River, Green River. Stone Cat (Noturus flavus, Raf.). Licking River (Woolman). Mud Cat, Yellow Cat (Leptops olivaris, Raf.). Common in the larger streams. Ohio River, Kentucky River, Green River. Bullhead (Amecurus melas, Raf.). Ohio River, common (Henshall). Bullhead (Amecurus nebulosus, LeS.). Common throughout the State. Kentucky River, Green River, Cumberland River. Bayou de Chien (Woolman). Yellow Cat (Ameturus natalis, LeS.). Green River, Mayfield Creek (Woolman). Small tributaries of the Cumberland in Whitley County (Jordan). Mississippi Cat (Amezurus nigricans, LeS.). Common in the Ohio River. A specimen ob- served at East Cairo some years ago weighed one hundred and twenty pounds. Dr. Jordan states that he has seen the adult of the Channel Cat (Jcta- lurus punctatus) used on hooks as live bait to catch this species at Cumberland Falls. Beaver and Otter Creeks, Wayne County, common (Kirsch). Channel Cat, Blue Cat (etalurus punctatus, Raf.). 431. 432. 433. 434, 435. 429. 430. VERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF KENTUCKY. 57 Ohio River, common; Kentucky River, Green River, Cumberland River, Tennessee River. Channel Cat, Blue Cat (Jctalurus furcatus, C. and Pye Common at East Cairo, Paducah, and elsewhere in the Ohio River. Doe Fis (Family Amiide). Dog Fish (Ama calva, Linn.). Probably common in the bayous of western Ken- tucky. Reported thus far only from Bayou de Chien. Gars (Family Lepisosteide). Alligator Gar (Lepisosteus tristeechus, Bloch and Schneid. ) Ohio River at East Cairo; not rare. Short-nosed Gar (Lepisosteus platystomus, Raf.). Ohio River at East Cairo. Tradewater River, Tennessee River, Bayou de Chien (Woolman). Long-nosed Gar (Lepzsosteus osseus, Linn.). Ohio River, Little Sandy River, Kentucky River, Green River, Cumberland River, Tennessee River. SturGEoNs (Family Acipenseride). Common Sturgeon (Acipenser rubicundus, Le S.). Common at East Cairo and elsewhere in the Ohio River. Cumberland River at Kuttawa (Wool- man). Shovel-nosed Sturgeon (Scaphirynchus platyrhyn- chus, Raf.). Common in the Ohio River at East Cairo and elsewhere. ESSEX INST. BULLETIN, VOL. XXVI 8 58 A PRELIMINARY LIST OF THE SHOVEL Fisnxs (Family Polyodontide). 436. Shovel Fish (Polyodon spathula, Walbaum). Ohio River at East Cairo and Paducah, com- mon. Wolf Creek, in Clinton County (Kirsch). LampreEys (Family Petromyzontide). 437. Mud Lamprey (Ammoceetes branchialis, Linn.). Kentucky (Jordan). ADDITIONAL SPECIES WHICH MAY OCCUR IN KENTUCKY. The following list is made up of species which have been found in States adjacent to Kentucky and of such as are known to be generally distributed in the Eastern Unit- ed States, and hence are likely to occur here. The white- bellied swallow, the geographic turtles, and others, un- doubtedly live within our boundaries, but I have no au- thoritative records to this effect at hand, and prefer to place them for the present under the above heading. MAMMALS. - Weasel (Putorius nivalis, Linn.). . Little Striped Skunk (Mephitis putorius, Linn.). Otter (Lutra hudsonica, Lacépide). . Big-eared Bat! (Plecotus macrotis, Le C.). . Twilight Bat (Vycticejus crepuscularis, Le C.). Vesperugo georgianus, F. Cuv. V. noctivagans, Le C. . Prairie Mole (Scalops argentatus, Aud. and Bach.). . Blarina exilipes, Baird. . B. carolinensis, Bachman. 11. B. brevicauda, Say. — So 1Since this list was prepared I have received a specimen of this species from Bowling Green, collected by Miss Sadie F. Price. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. ive 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 29. 26. at. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. VERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF KENTUCKY. 59 White-footed Mouse (Calomys americanus, Kerr.). Red Mouse (C. aureolus, Aud. and Bach.). Rice-field Mouse (C. palustris, Harlan). Harvest Mouse (Ochetodon humilis, Aud. and Bach.). Meadow Mouse (Arvicola pennsylvanicus, Ord.). A. austerus, Le C. Pine Mouse (A. pinetorum, Le C.). Porcupine (Lrethizon dorsatus, Linn.). Jumping Mouse (Zapus hudsonius, Zimmerman). White-Rabbit (Lepus americanus, Erxleben). Water Hare (Z. aquaticus, Bachman). Marsh Hare (ZL. palustris, Bachman). BIRDS. Brown-headed Nuthatch (Sitéa pusilla, Latham). Long-billed Marsh Wren ( Cistothorus palustris, Wil- son). Helinaia swainsoni, Aud. White-bellied Swallow (Tachicineta bicolor, Vieil- lot). Painted Bunting (Passerina ciris, Linn.). Pine Grosbeak (Pinicola enucleator, Linn.). Chuckwill’s Widow ( Antrostomus carolinensis, Gme- lin). Prairie Falcon (falco mexicanus, Schlegel). Golden Eagle (Aquila chrysaetos, Linn.). American Rough-legged Hawk (Archibuteo lagopus var. sancti-johannis, Gmelin). Gray Hawk (Asturina plagiata, Schlegel). Broad-winged Hawk (Buteo latissimus, Wils.). Harlan’s Hawk (B. harlani, Aud.). Mississippi Kite (letinia mississippiensis, Wils.). White-tailed Kite (Alanus leucurus, Vieillot). 60 Dos 40. 4l. 42. 43. 44, 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. ol. 52. 53. o4. D0. 06. ov. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67. 68. A PRELIMINARY LIST OF THE Ground Dove (Columbigallina passerina, Linn.). Turnstone (Arenarza interpres, Linn.). Ring-necked Plover (.#gialitis semipalmata, Bona- parte). Black-bellied Plover( Charadrius squatarola, Linn.). Eskimo Curlew (Numenius borealis, Forst). Hudsonian Curlew (WV. hudsonicus, Lath.). Long-billed Curlew (WV. longirostris, Wils.). Bufl-breasted Sandpiper (Zryngites subrujficollis, Vieillot). Yellow-legs (Totanus flavipes, Gmel.). Yellow-shanks (7. melanoleucus, Gmel.). Hudsonian Godwit (ZLimosa hemastica, Linn.). Marbled Godwit (ZL. fedoa, Linn.). Sanderling (Calidris arenaria, Linn.). Dunlin (Zringa alpina var. pacifica, Coues). Baird’s Sandpiper (Z’. batrdii, Coues). Pectoral Sandpiper (7. maculata, Vieillot). Purple Sandpiper (7. maritima, Briinn). Robin Snipe (7. canutus, Linn.). Long-billed Dowitcher (Macrorhamphus scolopaceus, Say.). Black-necked Stilt (/fimantopus mexicanus, Mill.). American Avocet (ftecurvirostra americana, Gmel.). Northern Phalarope (Phalaropus lobatus, Linn.). Black Rail (Porzana jamaicensis, Gmel.). Yellow-crowned Night Heron (WVycticorax violaceus, Linn.). Louisiana Heron (Ardea tricolor, Miill.). Reddish Egret (A. rufescens, Gmel.). Little Blue Heron (A. coerulea, Linn.). Least Bittern (Botaurus exilis, Gmel). White Ibis (Gaura alba, Linn.). Roseate Spoonbill (Ajaja ajaja, Linn.). 69. 70. 71. 72. 73. 74, 75. 76. vi, 78. 79. 80. on. 82. 83. 84. 85. 86. 87. 838. 89. 90. 91. 92. 93. 94. 95. 96. 97. 98. VERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF KENTUCKY. 61 Whistling Swan ( Olor columbianus, Ord). Ruddy Duck (Hrismatura rubida, Wils.). Surf Scoter (Otdemia perspicillata, Linn.). White-winged Scoter (O. deglandz, Bonaparte). Old Squaw (Clangula hyemalis, Linn.). Lesser Scaup Duck (Athya affinis, Eyton). Canvas Back (A. vallisneria, Wils.) Red-head (A. americana, Eyton). Shoveller (Spatula clypeata, Linn.). Gadwall (Anas strepera, Linn.). Mexican Cormorant (Phalacrocorax mexicanus, Brandt.). Double-crested Cormorant (P. dilophus, Swainson). Snake Bird (Anhinga anhinga, Linn.). Forster’s Tern (Sterna forsteri, Nutt.). Caspian Tern (S. tschegrava, Lepech.). Franklin’s Gull (Larus franklini, Sw. and Rich.). Ring-billed Gull (Z. delawarensis, Ord). Horned Grebe (Colymbus auritus, Linn.). Red-necked Grebe (C. holbélli, Reinhardt). REPTILES. Painted Turtle (Chrysemys marginata, Agassiz). Pseudemys elegans, Wied. P. troostt, Holbr. P. hieroglyphica, Holbr. Geographic Turtle (Malacoclemmys lesueurt, Gray). Geographic Turtle (JZ. geographicus, Le 8.). Aromochelys carinatus, Gray. A. odoratus, Latr. Mud Turtle (Cinosternum pennsylvanicum, Gmel). Alligator Snapper (Macroclemys lacertina, Schweig- ger). Aspidonectes ferox, Penn. 62 99. 100. LOL. 102. 103. 104. 105. 106. 107. 108. 109. 110. itd, 112. 113. 114. 2D. 116. ee Lis. 9). 120. 120, 122. 123. 124. 125. 126. 127. 128. A PRELIMINARY LIST OF THE Amyda mutica, Le S. Cnemidophorus sexlineatus, Linn. Humeces anthracinus, Baird. Eutainia saurita, Linn. Nerodia rhombifer, Hallowell. NV. cyclopium, Dum. and Bibr. Regina rigida, Say. RR. grahami, Bd. and Gir. Storeria dekayt, Holbr. Red-lined Horn Snake (/Zydrops erythrogrammus, Daudin). Red-bellied Horn Snake (7. abacurus, Holbr.). Green Snake (Cyclophis vernalis, Harlan). Fox Snake (Hlaphis guttatus, Linn.). Ophibolus doliatus, Linn. QO. elapsoideus, Holbr. Cemophora coccinea, Blumenbach. Ring Snake (Diadophis punctatus, Linn.). Heterodon simus, Linn. Flaldea striatula, Linn. Virginia elegans, Kenn. V. valerie, Bd. and Gir. Coral Snake (laps fulvius, Linn.). Massasauga, Prairie Rattle Snake (Sistrurus catena- tus, Linn.). AMPHIBIANS. Pickerel Frog (Lana palustris, Le C.). Wood Frog (fv. silvatica, Le C.). Nebulous Toad (Hngystoma carolinense, Holbr.). Bell Frog (Zfyla cinerea, Pennant). Castanet Tree Frog (4. pickeringz, Holbr.). H. squirella, Daudin. Desmognathus ochrophea, Cope. 129 130. 131. 132. 133. 134, 135. 136. 137. 138. 139. 140. 141. 142. 143. 144. 145. 146. 147. 148. 149. 150. 151. 152. 153. 154. 155. 156. £57. 158 VERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF KENTUCKY. 63 D. nigra, Green. Red Salamander (Spelerpes ruber, Latr.). S. guttolineatus, Holbr. S. bilineatus, Green. Hemidactylium scutatum, Schlegel. Gyrinophilus porphyriticus, Green. Ambystoma jeffersonianum, Green. A. opacum, Gravenhorst. A. talpoideum, Holbr. Hellbender (Cryptobranchus alleghaniensis, Leuck- art). Mud Puppy (Necturus maculatus, Raf.). Siren (Stren lacertina, Linn.). FISHES. Etheostoma aurantiacum, Linn. LE. chlorosoma, Hay. Lepomis symmetricus, Forbes. Chologaster papilliferus, Forbes. Phoxinus flammeus, Jor. and Gilb. P. neogeus, Cope. P. estor, Jor. and Brayt. FHybopsis monachus, Cope. Ethinichthys cataracte, C. and V. Phenacobius mirabilis, Gir. P. teretulus, Cope. Notropis photogenis, Cope. NV. lirus, Jordan. NV. scabriceps, Cope. NV. lutrensis, Bd. and Gir. f[Tybognathus nubila, Forbes. Petromyzon concolor, Kirtland. P. castaneus, Gir. MINERALOGICAL AND GEOLOGICAL NOTES. No. 7. EVIDENCES OF SUBSIDENCE AND ELEVATION IN Essex CouUNTY IN RECENT GEOLOGICAL TIME, AS SHOWN BY FieutpD WorRK AT THE SEA SHORE. BY JOHN H. SEARS. (Curator of Geology and Mineralogy, Peabody Academy of Science, Salem.) WHILE engaged in other work connected with the geol- ogy of the county, I have noted such evidences of the subsidence and elevation of the coast line as came under observation and call attention to them now, hoping to awaken some general interest in this subject. First. The evidences of subsidence are clearly shown along the entire coast line in many sheltered coves. At Nahant, in the cove between Bass Point and the steam- boat landing, covered by six to thirteen feet of water at high tide, may be seen numerous stumps of several species of forest trees. Among those which are well enough preserved to be determined are white pine, swamp or white cedar, hemlock, spruce, ash, oak and maple. The roots of these trees are found in original leaf mould and peat beds, from one to three feet in thickness, which rest upon a very tenacious, slippery, blue clay of unknown depth, the leaf mould and peat beds being covered by (64) bya lity bd atl Lh a a Ais An Mn ra age ae aN a < ee Ae Ta Te Re key at ne i , f) toy Ate 4 Vek eal, not GEOLOGICAL AND MINERALOGICAL NOTES. 65 washed sand, and stones of all sizes, in a stratum of vary- ing thickness. There are several other places at Nahant where peat beds are seen at or near low water mark. One in the southwest cove of Crescent beach is quite extensive and contains many logs and stumps of old forest trees; another on the northwest side of Little Nahant is of simi- lar character. Lynn harbor and the marshes of Saugus furnish numerous examples of old peat beds in which large logs of pine and oak lie imbedded below the recent accumu- lation of marine peat and salt grass roots. At Chelsea beach, a few years ago, some excitement was occasioned by the supposed discovery of a supply of natural gas. No doubt the decay going on in one of these old peat beds and the throwing off of marsh gas caused the disturbance. On the Beverly shore, between West Beach and Moul- ton’s Misery Island, are many stumps of forest trees which may be seen, when the water is clear and still, at a depth of twelve or fourteen feet at low tide. A piece secured from one of these stumps proved it to be white pine. In a cove near Chubb’s Island, Manchester, at the depth of eleven feet below high water mark, are the remains of an oak stump, which, now divested of the sap wood, is twelve feet in diameter inside the buttresses, representing the tree at its full growth in this region. In Manchester harbor, inside of the Ram Islands, stumps of white pine and oak are found in the original leaf mould and peat beds covered by washed sand and rocks as at Nahant. In Kettle cove, Manchester, there is one large oak stump four feet below low water mark. On Keitle cove beach a good section of the submerged area is visible at low water during the spring tides. Near the old road bed, inside of Crow’s Island, the marine peat and salt grass roots are from ten to fourteen inches thick. ESSEX INST. BULLETIN, VOL. XXVI 9 66 GEOLOGICAL AND MINERALOGICAL NOTES. Directly under the marine peat is a bed of leaf mould and fresh-water peat, from three to four and one-half feet in thickness, in which are found numerous logs of pine, spruce and white cedar and the branches of the ground yew (Taxus canadensis), the last named remaining in its normal prostrate position. Below the peat are large oak stumps standing where the trees grew on glacial drift. While securing a specimen of one of the larger oak roots, scratched pebbles and grooved stones were found with oak roots growing around them in their natural position. From these observations it would appear :—(1) That the ancient oaks grew on the glacial till which became de- pressed ; (2) that a lake formed on this area in which ac- cumulated the peat and leaf mould upon which grew the pine, cedar, spruce and ground yew; that (3) this in turn became submerged and the marine peat and salt grass formed above it; and, lastly, (4) that the seaward slope has become so great that the waves are cutting into and carrying away these earlier formations and thus exposing them to view. At Lobster cove, Magnolia, are the remains of numer- ous red cedar stumps. Red cedar stumps are also found at Mingo’s beach, some of which are six inches in diame- ter, only the heart wood remaining. With these are many logs of spruce and hemlock ramified by the borings and containing shells of Petricola pholidiformis, a mollusk abundant in the peat and clay at this beach. A section through the peat shows it to be five and one- half feet thick which, taken together with the fact that the surface of the peat is nine feet below high water mark, gives a total depth of fourteen and one-half feet below high water for the bottom of the peat as seen on the beach. In this peat I have collected hundreds of wings of water beetles and a great many fragments of other insects, which GEOLOGICAL AND MINERALOGICAL NOTES. 67 have been identified by Prof. Samuel Henshaw of the Mu- seum of Comparative Zoédlogy.! These occur from eight- een inches below the surface of the peat to near the bottom. At two feet below the surface of the peat a large bed of coarse stones and roots of the cow lily (Nupha advena) were found, while white pine cones, oak acorns, spruce cones, and roots, logs and stumps of spruce, hemlock, pine and oak were found mixed in great confusion, making the work of removing them very laborious. Immediately below this last deposit occurred numerous stems of a species of grass, probably Phragmites. Occasionally these stems and joints, and also the roots, have become silicified, but still retaining the outer cuticleand showing the character- istic stomata of the grasses. Near the bottom the peat thins out into beds of leaves, including those of nearly all of our common trees and shrubs. Small twigs and branch- es were found well preserved, many of which are as tough and strong as if broken from the living tree to-day. This last named and very interesting deposit yields the greatest abundance of spruce and hemlock cones, beech nuts and the empty burrs, chestnuts, hickory nuts, seeds of the hop hornbeam, nutlets of the burr reed (Sparganium sp.) and a few oak acorns, besides the seeds of various sedges, grasses, etc. Salem harbor furnishes additional evidence of subsid- ence. Oak stumps are often found in the coves, and on the land of Mr. Charles Metcalf in South Salem, near Forest river, are several oak stumps standing in beds of peat. 1Professor Henshaw writes :—‘‘ With the exception of four vials labelled ‘ Na- hant,’ I have looked over your peat insects. The greater part of the material be- longs to the Carabide (ground beetles) and Dytiscide (water tigers). Of the former there are specimens of the genera Cychrus, Platyrus and Pterostichus. Ilybius biguttalus, one of the Dytiscide, is the most abundant and characteristic species of the lotas a whole. I have also been able to identify specimens refer_ able to Gyrinus and there are at least two species of Donacia. I cannot see that the insect remains are any different from what we should find to-day.” 68 GEOLOGICAL AND MINERALOGICAL NOTES. I have also observed sunken stumps of forest trees at Long beach, Nahant; Little Nahant; Phillips’ and King’s beaches in Swampscott; Marblehead beach and on the northern end of West beach, Beverly; while the beaches and marshes of Ipswich, Rowley and beyond, furnish similar deposits. In 1866 I found an area of submerged forest in the cove southwest of Cape Hedge, Rockport, near the point re- cently called Briar neck. The stumps, so far as could be determined, were red cedar, pitch pine, maple and birch. Of this station, in his report on the geology of Cape Ann (U.S. Geol. Surv., Vol. rx, p. 568), Professor Shaler says: “These interesting remains lie in a position that appears to me to exclude any other hypothesis than that which assumes that the surface on which they stand has been lowered by a downward movement of the subjacent earth.” Specimens have been collected from the stumps in many of the places referred to above and may be seen in the Essex county geological cabinet of the museum of the Peabody Academy of Science. In this connection the fol- lowing extract from an article in the “Forum” (June, 1890, p. 448) by Prof. W. J. McGee, entitled “ Encroach- ments of the Sea,” is of much interest. “The cautious estimate of the rate at which the New Jersey coast is sink- ing, made by the official geologist of that state, is two feet per century. Now the mean seaward slope of the coastal plain, including its sub-aérial and submerged por- tions, 1s perhaps six feet per mile; so that each century’s sinking would give a third of a mile and each year a rod of lowland to the ocean. This is probably the maximum rate for this country.” The evidence of geographic out- line furnished by “drowned rivers” and half flooded and outlying islands indicates that the land has either been recently submerged or is now sinking. GEOLOGICAL AND MINERALOGICAL NOTES. 69 During the past summer I have made soundings in Sa- lem and Marblehead harbors for the purpose of comparing the depths of the water over certain rocks with those given in the report and on the chart prepared by Dr. Nathaniel Bowditch in 1804 and 1805. In his report Dr. Bowditch states that the summit of Bodin’s rock was seven feet be- low low water on the full and change of the moon, taken from easily recognized compass points on the main land and islands in the harbor. Soundings taken with an iron rod on this spot, the first July 17, 1894, low water 6 A. M., full moon, gave 9 feet of water; again taken August 1, 1894, new moon, low water 5.28 Pp. M., gave 84 feet of water at the same spot. These soundings were made with care and are reasonably correct and, in this case, offer evidence of a subsidence in the past ninety years at least of one and one-half feet at this point. Dr. Bowditch’s report gives 5 feet of water, at mean low water, on the summit of Privy ledge, 300 yards outside Orne’s Island. August 2, 1894, new moon, low water 5.28 a. M., there was 7 feet of water at this point, indicating a subsidence of 2 feet. There is, however, in all probability a greater amount of erosion at this place than on Bodin’s rock in the harbor. Dr. Bowditch reported 6 feet of water on the shoalest portion of Abbot’s rock, Salem harbor, while on August 30, 1894, new moon, low water, I found 8 feet. Taken at low water, August 31, 1894, Archer’s rock had 8 feet of water; September 1, 1894, Bowditch’s ledge had 73 feet, and September 2, 1894, Cut-throat ledge had 6 feet of water. In Dr. Bow- ditch’s report 6-7 feet of water is given for Archer’s rock which is 1 foot less than I find it. He gives for Bowditch’s ledge 5—6 feet of water where my soundings gave 74 feet. On Cut-throat ledge Bowditch gives 4 feet of water, while I tound 6 feet at extremely low water. 70 GEOLOGICAL AND MINERALOGICAL NOTES. Assuming these soundings taken the past summer to be even fairly correct there certainly appears to be a con- siderably greater depth of water on all of these ledges than there was ninety years ago. ‘This also agrees with the estimates of Professor McGee of two feet of subsid- ence for the century for the entire coast. The season at which these measurements were taken (Aug. 30, 31, Sept. 1, 2, 1894,) was one of extremely high tides and consequently correspondingly low water, so that the figures used give as fair a comparison as it is possible to make with those of Dr. Bowditch. Second. The evidences of elevation in recent geologic time along the coast line of the country are exceedingly obscure. According to previously accepted theories the Quater- nary period was one of great and widely extended os- cillations of the earth’s crust. It was divided into three epochs: I. The Glacial. II. The Champlain. III. The Terrace. During the Glacial epoch, in high latitudes, the land became elevated until the continents were from one to two thousand feet above their present height. The Champlain epoch, on the contrary, was characterized by a downward motion of land surfaces in these same regions, until the sea stood, relatively, from five hundred to one thousand feet above its present level. The Terrace epoch was characterized by the gradual rising of the land until the present conditions of the continents and their climate were attained. But the study of the submerged forests and the compar- ison of soundings in our harbors indicate a different story for the later portion of the Terrace epoch, and necessitates a probable modification of the theory, so far as it applies to this region. In Essex County there are numerous examples of shore GEOLOGICAL AND MINERALOGICAL NOTES. 71 lines, determined by the absence of drift and by water worn ledges, at elevations from fifty to one hundred and fifty feet above the sea. At elevations from twenty-five to one hundred feet above the present sea level, noticeably at Turkey hill and Town hill in Ipswich, Grasshopper plain and at Pipe-stave hill in West Newbury, and also in many places on the Merrimac River at Haverhill and Law- rence, there are numerous areas of sand similar to the beaches of our seacoast at the present time. But as no remains of a marine fauna have as yet been obtained from these so-called inland beaches or from the talus of .the cliffs, it is highly improbable that they all belong to the Champlain epoch. It is much more probable, however, that they should chiefly be referred to the Terrace epoch. Prof. J. D. Dana says (Manual of Geology, p. 557): “The height of the upper terraces of river valleys and lakes was largely an effect of the height of the flood and not necessarily of a subsequent change of level of the con- tinent.” In relation to the height of the sea level since the Gla- cial period, Professor Shaler says in the report previously mentioned (p. 571): “The imperfect evidence which I have succeeded in obtaining on the Cape Ann district serv- ing to show the action of the sea above its present level is limited to 150 feet above the present tide mark.” These evidences certainly appear to be capable of two interpre- tations :—first, action of the waves when the sea was at a greater height ; and, second, decay en setu of weaker rock surfaces resulting from atmospheric causes. Dykes beyond the reach of the action of the sea at its present level, which . have been disintegrated, are taken as evidence that the sea must at some time have been at that level. But there are numerous dykes on Salem Neck at about the same level as those referred to by Professor Shaler, which have decayed 72 GEOLOGICAL AND MINERALOGICAL NOTES. in situ to a depth of fifteen feet or more and from which the disintegrated material can be shovelled out in the form of ordinary sand. It does not seem necessary to account tor the areas in higher levels where there is an absence of glacial detritus by comparing them to stations on the coast line where the sea has removed boulders and glacial till, and assume that the sea must therefore have produced similar results at these higher levels. When the flood waters of the Champlain epoch, which undoubtedly covered nearly ail parts of New England, subsided and the land surfaces were elevated in the Ter- race epoch, doubtless many of the so-called inland sand beaches and alluvial terraces were produced which are now faintly recognizable in some parts of Essex County. According to the Powellian theory (Prof. W. J. Mc- Gee) the sea bottom, being continually weighted down with the detritus furnished during the Glacial, Champlain and Terrace epochs, must have been depressed. The de- nuded inland hills and mountains which furnished this detritus that built up the drumlins and kames and the deltas at the mouths of the streams,—the outer lobes of which have been cut away by the inroads of the sea, and which are now seen in the forms of marine marshes and clay beds,—being lightened of their loads, would natu- rally become elevated. As the whole of Essex County 1s simply a portion of the general coast line, we must look farther inland for the mountains which have become ele- vated. The elevation of our county coastline in recent geologic times is thus rendered improbable. From all observations made, the evidence points to the conclusion that there has been a subsidence of the land surface of this coast region In recent, or, more accurately speaking, in post-terrace times ; and that this subsidence is still in progress. The submerged forest growth and GEOLOGICAL AND MINERALOGICAL NOTES. 73 peat beds and the compared soundings in the harbors clearly indicate this. During the past summer, Lieutenant Ripley, U. S.N., and a corps of assistants, have been surveying Salem har- bor in connection with the work of the U. 8. Hydrographic Survey. Lieut. Ripley has authorized me to say that the results of his work show a greater depth of water over all the ledges in the harbor than was recorded by Dr. Bowditch in 1804-5, and that the seaward slope in the outer harbor has apparently deepened from one to one and one-half fathoms since that time. This corroboration of my observations is especially gratifying for the reason that I had no knowledge of the work of the survey until these results were obtained. From the accepted rate of subsidence,—two feet for each century,—and as indicated by my observations here, it is fair to assume that the peat beds stood in their nor- mal position and that the trees, whose remains we find to- day beneath the ocean, were flourishing in their full growth from one thousand to twelve hundred years ago. ESSEX INST. BULLETIN, VOL. XXVI 10 GEOLOGICAL AND MINERALOGICAL NOTES. No. 8. On A PrRE-GLACIAL SAND PLAIN, PROBABLY OF THE TERTIARY AGE, IN THE CENTRAL PART OF Essex County, Mass. BY JOHN H. SEARS. (Curator of Geology and Mineralogy, Peabody Academy of Science, Salem.) SURROUNDING the drumlins or glacial hills in Ipswich, Rowley and Newbury, can be seen deep beds of stratified, nearly pure quartz sand that dip away at a slight angle from the bases of the hills; they have been considered to indicate ancient elevated sea-beaches. Tracing these sand beds in a westerly direction they develop into a consider- able sand plain covering a large part of the Linebrook Parish in the western part of the town of Ipswich and ex- tending to Great Swamp Brook in Rowley, forming the plain known as Rooty Plain. Other large beds are seen in West Newbury, north of J. C. Peabody’s hill and across the town line into Georgetown. In this town it forms the plain between Rock and Pentucket ponds and the south- western part of Groveland, extending across West Box- ford and a part of North Andover, largely in the valley occupied by the head waters or source of the Parker river. In North Andover there are a series of drumlins extend- ing from the northeastern part of the town, in a nearly southerly direction to Marble Ridge Station, that nearly obliterate the sand plain except to the north of Great pond and a portion of the Merrimac River bank ; here the (74) GEOLOGICAL AND MINERALOGICAL NOTES (ie) river bends abruptly north-northeast, but following the upward course of the river the sand plain spreads out across the city of Lawrence and the eastern part of South Law- rence and in a southerly direction, following up the valley of the Shawsheen river to Haggett’s Pond and extending into Middlesex county. By consulting the geological map of Essex County it will be seen by following this course that this sand plain, in pre-glacial times, must have been continuous and have occupied the larger part of the cen- tral portion of Essex County. The drumlins of Prospect Hill in Rowley, Jewett’s, Turkey and Town hills in Ipswich, were apparently de- posited on this ancient sand plain, as remnants of it are seen in deep beds to form a nearly complete circle around their bases and the slight dip away from the drumlins is a decided argument in favor of this theory. There are also numerous kames and eskars of stratified sand and gravel that are similarly resting upon the remnants of the sand plain in South Groveland and North Andover. Ips- wich Town Hill is an especially characteristic example of a glacial hill or drumlin deposited upon the sand plain. On the northwestern part of the hill near High street, there is a deep section from which the sand is being re- moved showing the dip of the beds of sand and giving a section well up under the hill nearly to the one hundred foot contour line, and in a northeasterly direction about fifty feet above, there is a good section of the drumlin (opened for gravel) showing the unstratified boulder till. Similar exposures of the sand are seen the whole length of High street, north and south and down Kast street the length of the hill. Other large exposures of the sand cropping out here under the hill are seen on the northeast and north side of this hill, thus making a nearly complete circle around its base. ‘Turkey Hill is also encircled by this sand but the exposures have not been worked into to the same extent. 76 GEOLOGICAL AND MINERALOGICAL NOTES. In texture this sand is very clean and quite even in size of the grains, all but two tablespoonfuls of nearly two quarts passing through a sixty-mesh-to-the-inch sieve. The quartz grains are from sub-angular to well rounded, in fact almost pearlitic in form, the feldspar grains are about one in twenty, also well rounded; there are a few plates of muscovite, some of which are one-quarter of an inch in diameter ; no hornblende or iron-bearing minerals have been detected. Near the surface the sand is in many places quite deeply discolored by limonite whichhas un- doubtedly come from the drift on the surface. Sand from the sand dunes of Plum Island, Castle Neck or Ipswich Beach, are invariably composed of sharp angular grains of feldspar, magnetite and a little quartz; thus it will be seen that the sand of this sand plain, upon comparison with the wind-blown sand of the sea-beach, is found to be quite unlike in its essential characters. Upon comparing the sand of the sand plain with the well known tertiary sand on Gay Head and with the Nashaquita Cliffs in Chilmark, Martha’s Vineyard, they are found to be identical in general character. From the general trend or direction across the county from Ipswich to the Merrimac River in Lawrence, of the remnants of the sand plain, it is fair to presume that the Merrimac River flowed down this valley in pre-glacial times to the sea, covering a much larger territory than it does at the present time. If the drumlins, kames, eskars and other glacial drift were removed and the surface of our county was restored to the condition that it was previous to the glacial period, quite a large part of the central and north- ern part of the county would present a nearly level plain surface with the water-courses and streams meandering through it with an occasional Monadnock or high, rocky hill rising out of the plain. Nov. 1894. VIEW AT POND BEACH, NAHANT, SHOWING SUBMERGED WHITE PINE TREE STUMPS. PHOTOGRAPHED OCTOBER, 1894. w VIEW AT MINGO’S BEACH, BEVERLY. PHOTOGRAPHED OCTOBER, 1894. a. Submerged peat beds, 54 ft. thick. 9 ft. below high water mark. }). Logs and stumps of forest trees. ce, Sand and stones covering logs, stumps, ete, » / ' 5 . i ¥ - * ‘ i } i ' mi ; i é ah es aid - a d “~, ‘ 4 « Pi A, | am, ( , 5 ‘ ; 4 ‘ b Hy ' P » vw’ ‘ fing a AY yar ’ eye ae , * ee We fl - 4 ; 2 Rh ptt iy ‘ o » ‘ : ; : Ps i ~ ak \ »)! ’ dy nd ; j 4 y a 7 + : \ ’ ce vay - ‘ _ i ; Ae sf on y a yk ) Aes a mn 1 VP ASS . i) ' ‘ ee as FF ; : ; ( C ~ \ a e i , J - ih ¥ , “ ky a » i : " i : a) {r- ; / be , y a Bess K 2 ¢ a! V Cae 7 a4 5 i ” » — ‘ Pall Tait F 4 ‘ er oat Pa bod M . hala bs 8 he bya i my Lb 2 i pA | ‘ f ‘ a - Pt f Ls : 7 ‘ oe on eee aes ¥ 7 rd oy 1. ae if vy os 7 ar ‘a > as es : Va! ‘ohare Nd FX} K eG a ey Vs 5 5 NES OR OU r sp aaa oe, ’ Saar Oe oo Pogue or baa, tg BULLETIN OF THE Soe ue ON SS ee ie ee Vou. 26. Sarem: Apr., May, June, 1894. Nos. 4, 5, 6. ANNUAL MEETING, MAY 21, 1894. THE annual meeting was held in Plummer Hall, this evening, at 7.45 o’clock, President Edmund B. Willson in the chair. The reports of the Secretary, Treasurer, Auditor, Li- brarian and Committee on Library and Publication, were read, accepted and ordered to be placed on file. The report of the Committee on Nominations was pre- sented by Mr. Gardner M. Jones, and it was Voted, to proceed to the election of officers for the en- suing year. Messrs. Robinson, Perley and J. G. Morse were appointed by the chair to distribute, collect, assort and count votes. This committee reported the following list of names as receiving all the ballots (77), and these officers were de- clared unanimously elected : (77) 78 THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR. PRESIDENT: EDMUND B. WILLSON. VICE-PRESIDENTS: ABNER C. GOODELL, JR., Epwarp S. MoRSsE. DaNIEL B. HaGar, ROBERT S. RANTOUL. SHCRETARY: TREASURER: HENRY M. Brooks. WILLIAM O. CHAPMAN. AUDITOR: LIBRARIAN: ‘HENRY M. BATCHELDER. CuHas. S. OsGoop. COUNCIL: WILLIAM H. GOVE, Gro. D. PHIPPEN, THomas F. Hunt, DAVID PINGREE, FRANCIS H. LEE, FREDERIC W. PUTNAM, RICHARD C. MANNING, GEORGE M. WHIPPLE, S. ENDICOTT PEABODY, ALDEN P. WHITE. REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. I suppose it will generally be conceded that the report of a society or corporation is not expected to be very inter- esting to the hearers. What inspiration can any one find in the process of preparing a report — the gathering together of a number of dry statistics, which the writer well knows will go into one ear of the listener and out the other. A railroad report, upon the supposition that you could understand it, is not very entertaining reading, even to a shareholder. Who, for instance, can enjoy the reading of the Atchinson, or the Union Pacific Railroad report? We have a great many reports of societies and corpora- tions presented to the Institute, but they are almost always uncut showing that they have not been read. No wonder THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR. 79 —they belong to the class of literature which Charles Lamb styled “ books which are no books.” I hope I shall not be charged with being a cynic or a pessimist if I say that, pretty generally, reports are “as dry as a Monday bun !” It seems to be expected, however, at the annual meeting of a society like ours, there should be some statement made of the doings, in its various departments. In ac- cordance therefore with this time-honored custom, I will read to you the Secretary’s report for the year ending May 1, 1894. There have been thirteen meetings of the society held at its rooms the past year, for business and discussion. At these meetings, papers mostly of an informal character, have been offered by the following members: The Pres- ident, Professor Morse, Mr. Nevins, Dr. Cherrington, Mr. Sears, and Rev. Mr. Latimer; and a paper written by Mrs. Grace A. Oliver, upon “Literature for Children,” was read by Mr. Willson. Remarks upon these papers were made by the President, Mr. Hunt, Mr. Robinson, Professor Morse, Mr. Bridg- man, Dr. Cherrington, Mr. Welch, Mr. Cousins, Mr. Manning and other members. All who participated in these semi-monthly meetings have spoken quite favorably of them, regarding them as interesting and instructive. The attendance so far has been good, but will, we hope, be larger as the meetings become better understood. They are held in one of our library rooms, and it is designed to have them as social as possible, so that no one need feel afraid to speak, as some might hesitate to do, if we met in a larger place. The course of free lectures in Plummer Hall was well attended. This course attracts a great many people who probably never attend other lectures. The audience is 80 THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR. always an attentive one, and this has often been noticed and the different speakers have from time to time alluded to it. The society is really doing a good work in this di- rection. The lectures this year have been by Rev. Geo. D. Latimer, Rev. Dr. Flanders, Col. Henry Stone, Rev. E. P. Farnham, Miss Catherine H. Spence of South Aus- tralia, Dr. L. J. Cherrington, Rev. Dr. A. P. Putnam and Ezra D. Hines, Esq. Two special lectures were delivered in Academy Hall, under the auspices of the Institute, members having been admitted by tickets furnished upon application, by the Secretary. The first was on Oct. 16, by Rev. Wm. Henry Johnson, of Cambridgeport, who spoke upon “ University Extension,” to an interested audience. Mr. Johnson de- sired to have a course in Salem upon the subject presented, but there were not enough subscribers to induce him to undertake it. It is hoped that another season those per- sons who are anxious for such a course will make some efforts to have it succeed. The second lecture was by Rev. Matthew H. Buckham, D.D., of the Vermont University at Burlington, on Ox- ford University, with lantern illustrations. This lecture gave pleasure to a good-sized audience. The Institute and Peabody Academy have entertained the following schools and associations, with special atten- tions : On June 6, 1893. The Senior Class of Bradford Academy. On April 23, 1894. A Class of the Lasell Seminary, Auburndale. On April 24, 1894. New York State Library School. May 5. Authors’ Guild of New York. May 10. Senior Class of Bradford Academy. May 12. Society of Colonial Wars. THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR. 81 The donations to the cabinets, the past year, number 670, from 188 different donors. The number of visitors to the rooms of the Institute has equalled that of previous years, although an inspection of our register indicates that we had but a very few persons from the West last summer. This is easily accounted for, as all the western people went to Chicago, instead of com- ing east, as usual. Visitors came generally from New York and New England. We had also many from abroad. The old meeting house of the First Church seems to be more attractive than many modern churches, judging from the applications for the big key. The record says about 8000 attended there the past year. The last year has been an especially busy one in all de- partments. The lurge collection of books and newspapers, in Plummer Hall, the accumulation of years, have been examined and re-arranged, the papers repaired, where they needed it, and collated; and we have helped kindred so- cieties with some of our duplicates. The entire collection of relics and curiosities in our cabinets has been cleaned, re-arranged and re-labelled. The re-arrangement was made under the direction of Mr. Arthur R. Stone, whose assistance has been invaluable. Upon the completion of this work, on Monday evening, April 9, the whole building was lighted for the first time, and thrown open to members and their friends, some 300 or more of whom, availed themselves of the opportunity to examine the collections, which was done with evident satisfaction. Light refreshments were served and excellent music furnished by the Adéle Mandolin, Banjo and Guitar Club. Mr. Ross Turner exhibited some fine water colors on this occasion. The work of preparing and arranging the joint exhibit of the Institute and the Peabody Academy of Science at ESSEX INST. BULLETIN, VOL. XXVI Ee 82 THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR. the World’s Fair was, of itself, a great tax on the time and energy of a number of our members and friends, many of whom contributed besides, very handsomely, to the necessary expenses incurred. The society is greatly in- debted to this committee who were instrumental in making our exhibit a success. That it was a decided success, is the testimony of all who saw it. Since the last report the Secretary has made some progress in the arrangement of the manuscripts and other old papers in the fire-proof room on the first floor. When it is remembered that these pieces of paper are estimated by the hundreds of thousands, it will be readily believed, that it is a vast work to arrange all this mass of letters, deeds, etc., which the society has in its possession. The papers left to the society by Doctor Wheatland are in process of arrangement, by Wm. P. Upham, Esq. They are for the most part of a genealogical character, and prob- ably of great value to the historian or genealogist. What we need in this department is more money. A person qualified for the purpose, could be constantly employed in assorting, arranging and indexing these papers, if we had the means to do it. I fear the importance of this matter is not understood. More and more people, as years go by, are becoming interested in looking up family history and genealogy. We are constantly having appli- cations from individuals all over the country for informa- tion relative to their ancestors. So many families came originally from England to Salem, in the early settlement of the country that here is the starting point of their in- vestigations. And now the great interest taken in the “Sons and Daughters of the Revolution” and the “ Colo- nial Dames,” etc., is such that we are beset with queries, which require considerable study to answer. In this con- nection, it gives me pleasure to say that during the coming THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR. 83 year, several ladies connected with the Institute contem- plate the formation of a class for the study of our local history. It is well known that many of our people have a good knowledge of English, Grecian, Roman or French history, but have little or no knowledge of the history of our own country and city, never having given much at- tention to this subject. The following members have died during the year: Stephen M. Allen, of Boston; George F. Brown, James B. Curwen, James Dugan, Willard Goldthwaite, Wm. H. Simonds, William A. Lander, Oliver Thayer, of Sa- lem; Charles P. Thompson, of Gloucester; also Francis Parkman (an honorary member). There has recently been quite a revival in membership. Since the last annual meeting we have added 91 names to our list of active members, making the whole number 394. We ought to have 1000 members, and it is hoped every friend of the society will consider it not only a duty but a privilege to help us in the work of increasing our numbers. Professor Morse has spoken of the great number of mem- bers, of some of the scientific and literary societies in European cities, some of them numbering from 5,000 to 10,000 members, with a very much larger assessment than we have. Those societies are consequently enabled to do a very important work. It is true they are located in places of a larger population than ours but the population of the County of Essex, of which we are the centre, is large enough to furnish us with a greatly increased mem- bership, to say the least. I repeat what I have said before, that no society like ours can long be ina flourishing condition, without the encouragement of the young. We want more young men and young women to join us and become interested in the work of the society, and we believe a large number will 84 THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR. do so, as soon as they realize the advantages of belonging to such an institution. I have said so much in former reports of the great need of increased accommodation for the Library and Cabinets, and that matter is, I believe, so well understood by most of our members, it is hardly necessary for me at this time, to say more. Weare constantly hoping that something will turn up, sooner or later, to meet the demands in these departments. When we consider the comprehensive and inclusive character of the Institute, we feel that we may well pride ourselves in the recollection that we number among our members persons of every religious name—members of all political parties—of the various charitable and fraternal societies—Free Masons, Odd Fellows, Improved Red Men and various other kinds of men and—women. Here are no factitious distinctions. The four pillars which up- hold us are History, Science, Literature and Art. Which is respectfully submitted, Henry M. Brooks, Secretary. RePORT OF THE LIBRARIAN. The additions to the library for the year (May, 1893 to May, 1894) have been as follows: By Donation. Folios, . P : : : : : : : : , 79 Quartos, . : ; : 3 : ; ; 4 : ‘ 199 Octavos, : ; ; ‘ : , s : 2 ; 2,078 Twelvemos, . ‘ ‘ : ‘ ‘ : . : : 936 Sixteenmos, . : : : : ; i ; F ; bya Twentyfourmos, ‘ ‘ : : ; ; : ‘ 223 Total of bound volumes, : : : : : ; . 3,892 Pamphlets and serials, . A ; : : ; , 3 14,313 Total of donations, ; ‘ ; : . : a i 18,205 THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR. 85 By Exchange. Folios, . : ! : ‘ f : ‘ f p : 1 Quartos, : A Y : ; 2 ; X : : 22 Octavos, . d : , : . : : } : , 126 Twelvemos, . ) ; : : : : P F ; I - Total of bound volumes, : . : é ; ’ ; 150 Pamphlets andserials, . : : : : : : : 1,461 Total of exchanges, ! : , s 2 ; ‘ : 1,611 By Purchase. Folios, . e f : ‘ , : i s : 4 2 Octavos, . ! : : : ; i : ? é 12 Twelvemos, . , : ‘ 5 A ; ‘ ‘ i 7 Total of bound volumes, ; f : , f 5 : 21 Pamphlets and serials, . ; 4 ; 4 : , ; 602 Total of purchases, ‘ ‘ : : 4 : : é 623 Total of donations, ; i : y ; l My : 18,205 Total of exchanges, y : : , : : , } 1,611 Total of purchases, : ; : : 5 D : ‘ 623 Total of additions, ; ; é : d , : , 20,439 Of the total number of pamphlets and serials 7,572 were pamphlets and 8,202 were serials. The donations to the library for the year have been re- ceived from two hundred and thirty individuals and one hun- dred and twelve societies and governmental departments. The exchanges from eleven individuals and two hundred and twenty-one societies and incorporated institutions, of which one hundred and twenty-seven are foreign; also from editors and publishers. The largest donations have been 628 volumes and 3427 pamphlets, the larger part of the latter being magazines of early dates, from Hon. Caleb Foote ; 155 botanical books from Mr. John Robinson, and 109 miscellaneous works to- gether with 600 pamphlets from the estate of Samuel P. Andrews. 86 THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR. The librarian has little to add to these statistics. A quiet and uneventful year leaves little to be said in a report. Some considerable time has been spent in an examination of the library with a view to making it more accessible to users. The files of newspapers have been arranged anda list made of missing numbers. In order to make room for our ever-increasing number of books it has been found nec- essary to remove some of those which are rarely consulted to quarters outside the library building. The necessity for this is to be regretted and we are looking hopefully for- ward to the time when an addition to our funds will enable us to build a stack room in the rear of our present build- ing. We also trust that we may be able at no distant day to make a catalogue of the library and thus greatly in- crease its usefulness. With all our drawbacks the library is consulted very frequently and we have reason to believe is of great use to students who are pursuing special lines of study and re- search. Our library does not aim to be a popular one in the sense of furnishing the current literature of theday. This is left to, and is abundantly supplied by the Public Library. But we do aim to make it as complete as possible in certain directions and believe it to be a most valuable library for reference and consultation. Students and investigators are always welcome to the rooms and all the advice and assistance possible is given them in the prosecution of their researches. The public appreciate more and more as the years go by the good work that the Institute is doing in their midst. Let us hope that this appreciation may before long take some substantial form which will enable the Institute to in- crease its sphere of usefulness. Cuas. 5. Oseoon, Librarian. THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR. 87 TREASURER’S REPORT. Condensed from Treasurer’s Report presented May 21, 1894. RECEIPTS. Balance from last year’s account, Assessment of members, Sales of publications, s Income from invested funds, ‘ as other sources, Interest and contribution to be funded, EXPENDITURES. Salaries of secretary, assistant librarians and janitor, Cost of books, periodicals and binding, « ** publications and printing, ae ae fie E , «« — “ ‘gas and water, . —)<* interest on note, «« —« Jabor in the building, ‘ «6 Atheneum (our proportion of cxneneed ) «express, postage and miscellaneous, “annuities, ‘ «© Columbian echinidon Gornenlenee: Pes wepairs, <<’ lecture eeannek Interest and contribution funded, Balance of cash on hand, COLUMBIAN EXHIBITION FUND. Cash received from all sources, Cash expended, Balance of cash on hand, INVESTMENT OF FUNDS. Invested for income, Essex Institute Building and Ship ‘Rock, $378 37 $929 00 315 48 8,423 87 1,326 54 ——— $b,994 89 44 58 $6,417 84 $2,141 00 339 02 669 51 150 00 82 47 150 00 403 15 237 36 350 35 610 00 650 00 39 39 42 04 $5,864 29 44 58 508 97 $6,417 84 : $3,773 09 . $3,762 31 10 78 ea 00 71,762 33 . 28,470 69 —_—— $100,233 02 Respectfully submitted, W. O. CHAPMAM, Treasurer. Salem, May 19, 1894. Examined and found correct, GEO. D. PHIPPEN, Auditor. 88 THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR. AUDITOR’S REPORT. The Auditor would respectfully report that he has ex- amined the report of the Treasurer, with all the stocks and securities in hand and finds the account correct. Showing that the sum of $28,470.69 is invested in real estate, including the deeds of this building and a small piece of land with Ship Rock; also $71,762.33 invested in stocks and bonds, from which income is derived, making a total investment of $100,233.02. The running account for the past year has also been ex- amined, including the receipts and expenditures with the vouchers in hand, and find the Treasurer opened his account with a Balance of Cash on hand, $ 378.37 Collected from assessments, and the in- come of the fund, 6,039.47 Total, $6,417.84 $5,908.87 of which has been paid out for the running ex- penses as detailed by the Treasurer’s report, leaving a bal- ance of $508.97 cash on hand with which to commence the new year, making a total of $6,417.84 balancing the other side. Certificates of verification were appended to the two accounts of the Treasurer. Respectfully submitted, Gro. D. Puipren, Auditor. Satem, May 21, 1894. REPORT OF THE PUBLICATION COMMITTEE. Since the last annual meeting there have been printed five parts of the Historical Collections, completing Vol. AW i i) THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR. 89 29, and the first part of Vol. 30; six parts of the Bulle- tin, completing Vols. 24and 25. It is hoped that part two of the Historical Collections, Vol. 30, and part two of the Bulletin, Vol. 26, will be ready for distribution immediately after the present meeting. Besides the regular exchanges with home and foreign societies there have been additions to the library by exchange of publications of the Institute to the amount in value of $150. The amount received by subscription is very little if any in excess of one hundred dollars. The reprints published this year are: Salem at the World’s Columbian Exposition. Annual Report for 1893. Dwellings of Boxford, by Sidney Perley. Vertebrates of Kentucky, by H. Garman. Tusayan Foot Race, by J. Walter Fewkes. Geological Notes, No. 6, by J. H. Sears. Pipa Americana, by G. A. Arnold. List of Essex County Soldiers in the French War, etc., by Eben Putnam. New Edition of First Church pamphlet. The Building of Essex Bridge. Biographical Sketch of James R. Newhall, by N. M. Hawkes. Probably one of the most important works of a local na- ture, published by the Essex Institute, is now in the hands of the Heliotype Printing Company, and will come from the press by June Ist. It is the firstof a series of Ge- ological Charts of Essex County from the field work of John H. Sears, Curator of Geology in the Peabody Acad- emy of Science. The lines on which the publications of the Essex Insti- tute should continue are now pretty clearly marked out. It is only a question of financial ability to carry out the work properly. Societies of like character to the Institute ESSEX INST. BULLETIN, VOL. XXVI 12 90 THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR. have large publication funds, the income of which is suf- ficient to defray the annual expense of publishing. A con- servative estimate of the amount required for carrying on the ordinary publications of the Institute would be in the neighborhood of $800 annually. For special publications there should be added from five to six hundred dollars more. The more one is acquainted with the work of the Institute in its publications, the broader is one’s view in re- gard to their value as a factor in the success of the Institute. Having given up to the Peabody Academy of Science the line of special natural history research, it is the duty of the Institute, on its scientific side, to disseminate the informa- tion obtained by local students in geology, zodlogy, arche- ology and ethnology. This with the hearty codperation of its sister society it is striving to do. On the historical side, it should as far as possible furnish a medium for Essex County historical memoranda. Much could be done in this way if there were funds which could be employed in copying the parish and town records for preservation and publication. The copying of early records of the Town of Beverly would be avery valuable work, and their publica- tion would bring to the treasury some money from neigh- boring towns. The Committee have on hand material enough to complete volumes of both the Bulletin and His- torical Collections, while the Wheatland Memorial Volume is ready for the press as soon as there is money enough to publish it in the style and with the photogravure illustration which is desired. LECTURES AND MEETINGS. Monday, Oct. 16, I1893.—A special lecture under the auspices of the society, by Rev. William Henry John- son of Cambridgeport, was delivered in Academy Hall THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR. 91 this evening at 8 o’clock; subject, “University Exten- sion.” The president introduced the speaker with appro- priate remarks. This lecture was of great interest to teachers and there was a large audience present. It was introductory to a course which Mr. Johnson hoped to have in Salem. Monday, Nov. 20, 1893.—A special lecture was given this evening at 8 o’clock in Academy Hall, by Rev. Mat- thew H. Buckham, D.D., of Vermont University, Bur- lington, Vt. The subject was “ Oxford University,” and was illustrated by excellent views of buildings and scenes in the University city, with the aid of the stereopticon. It was interesting, and the hall well filled. Mr. Willson, the president of the society, made some introductory remarks. Monday, Jan. 8, 1894.—Rev. George D. Latimer of this city, lectured this evening in Plummer Hall—the first lecture of this season in the free course; subject, “Social Settlements.” The paper was a scholarly and exhaustive description of the institutions of the sort in London and Chicago. The Toynbee hall in the very low- est precinct of the Whitechapel district in London was fully described; and the Hull house in Chicago, in one of the lowest parts of that city was spoken of, and an extended account given of it. As it had been visited by the speaker, his statements with regard to it were from personal observation. The speaker said that the “ Social Settlement” was not a panacea but a leaven. It is not so much for those who have sunk to the very lowest depths of crime and misery, as for the ambitious poor; not at all for the idle, but for the man who wishes to elevate his condition. It must be on social grounds to be effective. 92 THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR. Monday, Jan. 15, 1894.—Regular meeting in library room. Voted, that the secretary be authorized to fill in and sign the blank from the Lexington Historical Society in reference to Fast Day, viz. :—to abolish the same and petition the Legislature to make the 19th of April, a legal holiday ; also voted to authorize the Secretary to send thanks to every one who loaned articles for the Institute’s exhibit at the World’s Fair in Chicago. Rev. Mr. Willson read a paper written by Mrs. Grace A. Oliver, on “ Literature for Children,” which was of an important and interesting character, and was subsequently printed in full in the columns of the Salem Observer. This paper was discussed by several of the members who were present. Monday, Jan. 22, 1894. Col. Henry Stone, of South Boston, lectured in Plummer Hall; subject, “ General Grant.” The lecturer said :—There are no more stirring or thrilling examples before the American public to-day than the four great generals of the late war: Grant, Sher- man, Sheridan and Thomas. I knew them all, personally and well. Of the last three I have already spoken to you; and I now would speak concerning the first and greatest of them all—General Ulysses S. Grant. I knew him well, and can speak of him from my heart.” Colonel Stone then proceeded to trace the history of the great General from boyhood, up through early manhood; his wonderful war successes and his political and social career. Monday, Jan. 29, 1894.—Miss Catharine H. Spence, of South Australia, lectured this evening in Plummer Hall on “ Reformed Representation.” The lecturer began by saying that although Australia was a small country, and was first settled as a penal station for British convicts, it THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR. 93 had taught the whole world many valuable lessons in re- form. It was in that country that the “ Australian bal- lot” system originated. She spoke of the plan of distributing poor children among families of industrious people to be brought up, instead of placing them in institutions. She claimed that this system did away with crime and pauperism to a large extent. All the railroads and telegraphs in her country were under control of the government, by which the peo- ple were benefited with low rates, the same as the pos- tal service here. The speaker explained a system of voting by which the majority and minority were both represented, and said this system would do away with the present political ma- chines and rings. Monday, Feb. 12,1894.—Rev.A. P. Putnam, D.D., of Concord, lectured in Plummer Hall; subject, “ Recol- lections of noted persons, at home and abroad.” The long array of distinguished men he had known, eminent in civic, military, scientific and social life, for the past fifty years, uttested the extensive acquaintance of the speaker. He gave many characteristic anecdotes of Webster, Choate, Garrison, Phillips, Sumner and others of similar eloquence and power. When he spoke of Lincoln, Grant, Adams, Garfield and a few others, and particularly of the acts, which made them great, the enthusiasm of the speaker was imparted to the listeners. In describing his visit to Rome, he spoke of William W. Story, Harriet Hosmer, Joseph Ropes and others he saw there, and alluded to a cherished art specimen given to him by Mr. Ropes at the time. (Mr. Ropes was in the audience, and at the close of the lecture, advanced to the rostrum, where cordial greet- ings were exchanged between Doctor Putnam and him- 94 THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR. self.) A high tribute was paid to the late Abiel Abbot Low of New York and to several others who have been intimately connected with Salem by birth or residence. Monday, Feb. 19, 1894.—Regular meeting this even- ing in the library room. Rev. KE. B. Willson read an interesting paper upon the “Covenant of the First Church in Salem in 1629.” The paper showed careful preparation and exhaustive research, and at its conclusion a discussion was participated in by A. C. Goodell, jr., John Robinson, W. L. Welch and others. Mr. Willson went over the matter which was discussed at great length many years ago by the late Dr. S. M. Worcester and Judge Daniel A. White, as to whether the covenant of 1629 and 1636 were identical. The point, it was (well) said, was not of vital importance, but interesting (to theologians). Monday, Feb. 26, 1894.—Rev. George T. Flanders, D.D., of Rockport, lectured in Plummer Hall; subject, “The Seven Stars; a Study of Early Mythology.” The lecturer pictured in glowing language the beliefs of the ancients about man upon the earth, more particularly his first habitations and surroundings; drawing illustrations from the views held by the Chinese and other of the older nations upon the subject. Monday, March 5, 1894.—Regular meeting of the so- ciety in the library room. Dr. Leroy J. Cherrington read a paper on “The Electric Theory of Pain.” It was a carefully prepared address written for a popular medical article. Pain was regarded asa morbid condition of some bodily part. The working of pain in the system was ex- plained. The general and excessive use of “pain killers” was deprecated, and the lecturer gave an account of his theory for relieving pain, etc. Followed by discussion. THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR. 95 Monday, March 12, 1894.—Rev. E. P. Farnham lec- tured in Plummer Hall, on “The Kindergarten.” The President, in introducing the lecturer, spoke of the fact that two Salem ladies, the daughters of the late Dr. Nathaniel Peabody, were among the very first in this country to be interested in the kindergarten movement, which had been introduced by Horace Mann, Secretary of the Massachu- setts Board of Education, upon his return from Europe (Mrs. Mann and Miss E. P. Peabody.) Mr. Farnham, in giving the history of the movement, pointed out the difference between the kindergarten train- ing received by young children nowadays, and the former methods of instruction. In the first, pleasure is mingled with the studies, while by the old way it was nothing but grinding, hard work. Monday, March 19, 1894.—Regular meeting in the library room at 8 o’clock this evening. Rev. George D. Latimer read an instructive paper on “ Municipal Govern- ment.” After referring to the government of some of the leading American cities, upon which he made some criti- cisms, the lecturer spoke of Birmingham and Berlin as remarkable for good city governments. He referred to our own city affairs and thought there could be some im- provement. The paper was discussed by Mr. Hunt, Mr. Gove, Dr. Cherrington, Mr. Welch and Mr. Robinson. Monday, March 26, 1894.—Dr. L. J. Cherrington lectured in Plummer Hall; subject, “The Human Work- shop.” The lecturer told in an entertaining and explan- atory way of the wonderful workshop placed in every human being. He said that man had been likened to a machine, but he went further and declared that in every man was a complete vaachine shop. He explained the 96 THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR. evolution of the human workshop, which he declared, had its superintendent, its head, and its various departments. For the purpose of his lecture he divided the human sys- tem into three parts, the vital, physical and mental, and explained his assertions by several drawings or charts placed upon ascreen. The lecture showed much study in its preparation and much ingenuity in its presentation by diagrams placed upon the screen. Monday, April 2, 1894.—Regular meeting this even- ing in library room. Mr. Gardner M. Jones spoke of a large and brilliant meteor he had seen on his way to the meeting at 7.27. His point of observation was opposite 24 Federal street. Its course was northwest through an are of about 90 degrees, from nearly due south to nearly due west. Elevation— from about 45 degrees at first appearance to about 30 de- grees at disappearance. Brightness—like a large rocket, apparently less than 150 feet distant. No explosion or sound was heard. Speed—that of a rocket soon after it begins its descent. Prof. E. S. Morse gave a most interesting talk on “Left- handedness.” He said that to a certain extent it was not peculiar to man but was observed in animals of high or low degree. Certain peculiarities of lett-handed people were shown and the speaker said that the right side of the brain was heavier in a left-handed person, and the left sideina right-handed person. Professor Morse gave some inter- esting examples upon the blackboard of the power of writing with both hands. He said that about two per cent. of mankind are left-handed. Persons who are left- handed can by practice learn to use their right hand, and so can right-handed people learn to use their left hand, but they can never acquire the same dexterity with both THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR. Si) hands. Speaking of the so-called science of palmistry, he said the Japanese had a similar science, only everything there meant about the opposite from what it does among English-speaking people, showing that there cannot be anything in it. A Geological Map prepared by John H. Sears, as the result of five or six years’ labor, was exhibited. It is to be published by the Institute. It is said to be as perfect a geological map as was ever prepared, of any section of the country. Mr. Sears was present and explained some of its features. Monday, April 16, 1894.—Winfield S. Nevins of Sa- lem, gave an informal talk on Worlds’ Fairs that have been held previously to that of last year. The first one was in Paris in 1844. The next in London in 1851; it was for this fair that the Crystal Palace was built, a building which was subsequently sold to private parties and enlarged, the final cost having been more than $7,500,000, or a mil- lion dollars more than all the buildings put together in ‘Jackson Park, Chicago. The third fair was in New York in 1853, and was a failure financially. The fourth in Paris in 1855. The fifth in London in 1862. Paris had another fair in 1867. Vienna, the seventh fair in 1873, a financial failure, but which proved of great benefit other- wise. ‘The Centennial Exhibition in Philadelphia in 1876 came next. The ninth fair at Paris in 1878. In 1889 was held the great Exhibition in Paris, visited by 28,150,- 000 people or 600,000 more than visited the Chicago ex- hibition. The Art exhibition at this fair far surpassed anything the world has ever seen, both in quantity and quality. The “Hall of Industry” covered 27 acres and Machinery Hall 15 acres. Monday, April 23, 1884.—Kizra D. Hines, Esq., of ESSEX INST. BULLETIN VOL. XXVI 13 98 THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR. Danvers, gave the closing lecture in the “free course” this evening in Plummer Hall; subject, “ An Historic Highway.” Mr. Hines gave an interesting account of the old road leading from Ipswich to Boston. It was prob- ably an old Indian trail that was laid out as a road prior to 1634. Henry F. Waters of Salem, a few years ago, discovered a map in the British Museum, that describes this road. The map was from the celebrated Hans Sloan collection and was labelled, “ Map of Massachusetts in New England.” On this map the road or path was traced as clearly as though it was anew print. It ran through Med- ford, Malden, Revere, Saugus, across Saugus river, Lynn, Peabody, Danvers, North Beverly, along the shore of Wenham Lake to “Agawam” (now Ipswich). There can be no doubt as to the age of the map,as the word Agawam shows that it must have been made before 1634, for in that year the name Agawam was changed to Ipswich. Mr. Hines also spoke of the traditions concerning the old highway ; its noted inns, and of the distinguished persons who had travelled over it—Gov. Winthrop, Nathaniel Saltonstall, and many others. Monday, April 30, 1894.—Meeting this evening in the library rooms. Prof. Edward 8. Morse spoke inter- estingly, as usual, upon some new methods of printing in colors. First, describing with chalk illustrations, the common mode of steel and copper engraving and printing, lithographs and wood cuts, and then showing by drawings and specimens the old and new way of color printing. Monday, May 7, 1894.—Regular meeting of the So- ciety this evening in the library rooms. John H. Sears, of the Peabody Academy of Science, read some extracts and made some observations upon an THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR. 9 article of his now in process of printing entitled, “ Evi- dences of subsidence and elevation in Essex County in recent geologic time as shown by field work at the sea- shore.” He spoke particularly of this appearance at Nahant in the cove between Bass Point and the steamboat landing. Prof. E. S. Morse exhibited additional photographs, etc., showing the work of the new process of color print- ing. NeEcro.tocy or Mempers. STEPHEN M. ALLEN, son of Isaac and Betsey (Gilman) Allen, was born in Burton, now Albany, N. H., April 15, 1819 ; elected a member of the Essex Institute, Feb. 27, 1874, and died in Charlottesville, Va., Jan. 19, 1894. Grorce F. Brown, son of Samuel and Mary (Smith) Brown, was born in Salem, June 18, 1811; elected a member of the Essex Institute, Aug. 2, 1848, and died in Salem, June 11, 1893. JAMES P. Cook, son of John and Mary (Patfield) Cook, was born in Salem, Nov. 12, 1820, elected a member of the Essex Institute, July 27, 1865, and died in Salem, Oct. 23, 1892. JaMES B. CurweEn, son of Samuel and Priscilla (Barr) Curwen, was born in Salem, Nov. 20, 1818; elected a member of the Essex County Natural Uistory Society, June 18, 1845, and diedin Salem, Mar. 23, 1894. James Dugan, sonof Bernard and Mary (Moran) Du- gan, was born in Ireland in 1835; elected a member of the Essex Institute, Feb. 6, 1888, and died in Salem, June 8, 1893. Wituarp Goipruwalite, son of Willard and Dolly (Johnson) Goldthwaite, was born in Weston, May 1, : 100 THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR. 1820; elected a member of the Essex Institute, July 6, 1864, and died in Salem, Sept. 1, 1893. Wittram A. LANDER, son of William and Mary (Jenks) Lander, was born in Salem, May 8, 1816; elected a member of the Essex County Natural History Society, Mar. 12, 1846, and died in Salem, June 26, 1893. Wituiram H. Simonps, son of William H. and Julia (Goldsmith) Simonds, was born in Salem, Dec. 3, 1843; elected a member of the Essex Institute, Feb. 7, 1876, and died in Salem, Oct. 29, 1893. Ouiver THAYER, son of Stephen and Rebecca (Oliver) Thayer, was born in Salem, Mar. 12, 1798; elected a member of the Essex County Natural History Society, Sept. 2, 1846, and died in Salem, June 1, 1893. CHARLES P. THompson, son of Frederick M. and Su- sanna (Cheesman) Thompson, was born in Braintree, July 30, 1827; elected a member of the Essex Institute, Feb. 21, 1876, and died in Gloucester, Jan. 19, 1894. Donations or exchanges have been received from the following sources : Vol. Pam. Abbott, Samuel A. B., Boston, : s ; , ; 1 Adams, Charles F., Boston, . ‘ : : 2 Adelaide, Royal Society of South eeicalia) ; : : 4 Albany (N. Y.) Institute, ; : : ‘ : : 1 Albany, New York State Library, Billcnns. Aa, New York, N. Y., Allen, O. P., Palmer, Almy, Mrs. James F., , Alnwick, Berwickshire Naturalists’ “Club, Alteneder, Thomas, and Sons, Philadelphia, Pa., Alvord, Henry C., South Weymouth, American Association for the Advancement of dGieles, Amherst College, : ; : . : ; ‘ ° om ==! DE OD OL THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR. Amherst, Massachusetts Agricultural College, Amiens, Société Linnéenne du Nord de la France, . Andover Theological Seminary, Andrews, Caroline, Andrews, Samuel P., Estate of, Andrews, William, Hull, Eng., Appleton, Francis H., Lynnfield, Appleton, William S., Boston, Appleton, Wisconsin State Board of Health, Association of Medical Officers of American instituniene for Idiotic and Feeble-minded Persons, Austin, F. C., Manufacturing omen nn HL, Averille, Arthur A., Bailey, Joseph T., Phitvdelotia, Pa, : Balch, Thomas W., Philadelphia, Pa., Baltimore, Md., Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland Historical Society, Baltimore, Md., Peabody Institute, ‘ : Bamberg, Naturforschende Gesellschaft, p : 5 Banks, Charles E., Portland, Me., Banks, James L., New York, N. Y., Banta, Theodore M., New York, N. Y., Basel, Naturforschende Gesellschaft, Batavia, K. N. Vereeniging in Nederlandsch- Teale: Batchelder, Henry M., : Beals, W. H., Chicago, Il., Belfast Naturalists’ Field Club, Berkeley, University of California, . Berlin, Gesellschaft Naturforschende Bieaune, Berlin, K. Preussischer Akademie der Wissenschaften, Berlin, Verein zur Bef6rderung des Gartenbaues, . Bern, Naturforschende Gesellschaft, Biddle, Henry D., Philadelphia, Pa., Bunn H. C., H. Canterbury, N. H., Bolonga, R. Accademia delle Scienze, Bonn, Naturhistorischer Verein, Bordeaux, L’Académie Nationale des eS ietiees: Reiew: Lettres et Arts, Boston, American Conttouniionel Aisa onat ia: Boston, Appalachian Mountain Club, Boston Art Club, Boston Board of Health, Boston, Children’s Hospital, Boston, City of, , ‘ : 119 bn eR a ee wpe ore 102 THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR. Boston City Auditor, Boston City Hospital, Boston City Registrar, Boston, Colonial Society of Mee auehuseehs, Boston, Handel and Haydn Society, ; Boston, Hemenway South-western Ar Bie Gleeical ape dition, Boston, Industrial Aid Society. for ranention of Pa perism,, . ; ° Boston, Massachusetts Buresa of Statietids of Laver, Boston, Massachusetts Charitable Mechanic Association, Boston, Massachusetts Historical Society, Boston, Massachusetts Horticultural Society, Boston, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, Massachusetts Medical Society, Boston, Massachusetts School for the Feeble- iieded! Boston, Massachusetts Society of Colonial Wars, Boston, Massachusetts Society for Promoting Agricul- ture, Boston, MA nchnetta State Hoard of Aecicultare. Boston, Massachusetts State Board of Health, Boston Museum of Fine Arts, E Boston, National Association of Wool Mia @aiiernenk: Boston, New England Conference of Educational Work- ers, . : 3 Boston, New maelahal Histori ic feohealobical Bociety. Boston Public Library, Boston Society of Natural eiictonys Boston, Trustees of Public Reservations of Massiehue setts, Boston, Trustees of eis iiaiehoiwe and Sinte Pagm, Boston, Winchester Home Corporation for Aged Women, Boston, Woman’s Relief Corps, Department of Massa- chusetts, . Bostonian Society, ; Bradlee, Rev. Caleb D., Bostga. Braunschweig, meusshe Gesellschaft fur Rem ARE pOlORS. Ethnologie und Urgeschichte, Braunschweig, Verein fir Naturw iaseneeliatten, Bremen, Naturwissenchaftlicher Verein, ; Brigham, Clifford, . ‘ ‘ ; Momepapen Brighton and Sussex Natural sony and Philosophical Society, Bristol Naturalists’ Seclety. won oe me bo THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR. Brooklyn, N. Y., Long Island Historical Society, Brooks, Henry M., Brooks, Mrs. Henry M., . ' ; . Newspapers, Brooks, J. Hobart, Roxbury, : : ; Z : Brooks, Margarette W., : d Circulars, Maps, Brown, Alfred B., } : : Browne, Edward I., Boston, Briinn, Naturforschender Verein, Brunswick, Me., Bowdoin College, . Bruxelles, Académie Royale des Sciences, Teauines t Belles-Arts, : Bruxelles, Société Belge de iienaseapie: Bruxelles, Société Malacologique de Belgique, 5 Buckham, Rev. John W., ‘ F . Newspapers, Buenos Aires, Sociedad Cientifica Argentina, Buffalo (N. Y.) Historical Society, . Buffalo (N. Y.) Library, Caen, Académie Nationale des Sloncad: ree ee Bellen: Lettres, Calcutta, Geological Sabrey of rae, Calcutta, Indian Museum, Cambridge, Harvard University, ; Cambridge, Museum of Comparative Zoélogy, Cambridge, Peabody Museum of gale and Eth- nology, : , p ; Cambridge Philosophical Sociewy: Campbell, John A., Trenton, N. J., Carpenter, Rev. C. C., Andover, Casey, James C., ; ; 2 i Chamberlain, James A. “Boston! : Nesreeapene and Crone aumedion, [linois State Laboratory of Natural History, Chapel Hill, N. C., Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society, Chapman, F. M., New York, N. Y., Chapman, William O., Chever, Edward E., San Francisco, Calis Chicago (ill.);Board’ of Trade, Chicago (Ill.) Historical Society, Chicago (Ill.) Public Library, . Chicago, Ill., Sunset Club, Chicago, Ill., University of, Childs, George W., Philadelphia, ey : Christiania, Norwegian North Atlantic Hepeainied! Cilley, J. P., Rockland, Me., —_ —" me 0 on = Peel Se >) 104 THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR. Cincinnati, Historical and Philosophical Society of Ohio, Cincinnati, Ohio Mechanics’ Institute, Cincinnati (O.) Public Library, Cincinnati (O.) Society of Natural ison, Clarke, Rev. F. G., Plymouth, N. H., : ; ; Clarke, Helen F., : ‘ ; ; . Newspapers, Clement, Mrs. C. H., E i : . : Cleveland, Misses M. S. and L. H., . Newspapers, Cleveland, O., Western Reserve Historical Society, Cogswell, William, Cole, Frank T.. Columbus, O., College Hill, Tufts College, Columbus, Ohio State Ar ieelo gia andl Bisisvidal Sts ciety, Columbus, Ohio State Board of Bevicilinre, Conant, W. P., . Converse, Penier ‘oe Wie bien: Cope, Gilbert, West Chester, Pa., Copenhague, Académie Royale des Sciences : ae Tee tres de Denmark, Cousins, Frank, é ; ; : : : Crane, Albert, Stamford, Ct., j : ; ; : : Crane, John C., West Millbury, Creamer, George C., Hamilton, Curtis, Chester B., New Castle, N. H., Curwen, George R., , Dall, Caroline H., aieniacton, D. C., ; : ; Daniels, Mrs. C. H., : 5 : . Newspapers. Danvers Historical Society, Danvers, Peabody Institute, Darmstadt, Verein fiir Erdkunde, Davenport (Ia.) Academy of Natural Saisutes, Daves, Edward G., Baltimore, Md., Davis, Andrew Mc F., Cambridge, : : ; : Dayton, W. Hardy, : 4 : Circulars, Deacon, Edward, Bridgeport, Ct., : Deane, Mrs. Mary G., Fall River, Dedham Historical Society, Des Moines, Iowa Geological Survey, Detroit (Mich.) Public Library, District of Columbia, Joint Executive Borate of Cit. izen’s Association of, i ; ; : Dodge, CharlesC., . , : 4 ; Circulars. Dodge, R. E., Cambridge, onn we oO bo — = Ni 12 CO me OF FR 15 THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR. Dow, George F., Topsfield, Dresden, Naturwissenschaftliche Gadeliechadt. f Tet, i. Dresden, Verein fiir Erdkunde, Dublin, Royal [Irish Academy, . Eaton, John D., San Francisco, Cal., Edes, Henry H., Charlestown, Edinburgh Geological Society, Edinburgh Royal Society, Emden, Naturforschende Geseliachatt, Emery, John S., Boston, Emilio, Luis F., New York, N. Y., Emmerton, E. a Erfurt, K. Akademie Gansimetvicer NWissenschasted, Everett, William, Quincy, Exeter, N. H., Phillips Exeter Me attevans © Fairhaven, Millicent Library, Falmouth, Royal Cornwall Polytechnic Biotety. Felt, John, : : ‘ ‘ : Fewkes, J. Walter, Boater, Firenze, Biblioteca Nazionale @entraict Firenze, Societa Entomologica Italiana, Flint, Albert S., Madison, Wis., Folsom, A. A., Brookline, Foote, Caleb, Foster, Charles A., Topsfield, Foster, Joseph, Portsmouth, N. H., Frankfurt-a-M., Seuckenbergische Naturforechende Ge- sellschaft, Frear, William, State College, Ph) Freiburg, Naturforschende Gesellschaft, French, A. D. Weld, Boston, Gauss, John D. H., ; Genéve, Société de Physique et ‘Histoire Naina Giessen, Oberhessischen Gesellschaft fiir Natur und Heilkunde, Glasgow Archeological Sacienr Glasgow, Baillie’s Institution, Glasgow, Natural History Society, Goldthwaite, Mrs. E. H., Goodell, Abner C., jr., Goodhue, Fannie K., Goodrich, Arthur L., ; Gorlitz, Naturforschende Gossllectiatt: Gottingen, K. Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften, ESSEX INST. BULLETIN VOL. XXVI 14 Newspaper. Newspapers. 105 ao wre bd 628 3427 106 THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR. Gould, John H., Topsfield, ; : . Newspapers, Gould, W. H. H., Washington, D. C., ; Grand Rapids (Mich.) Public Library, Green, Charles R., Lyndon, Kan., : ; E : Green, S. A., Boston, ; é : : 21 Greenwood, seaae 3. New Meanie, N. Lee : ; Griswold, Mrs. A. W., Belmont, : 4 : : 1 Guild, Mrs. Mary S. P., North Guaibridze. ; : - 1 Giistrow, Verein der Freunde der Naturgeschichte, Hackett, Frank W., New Castle, N. H., Halifax, Nova Scotian Institute, : Halle, IK. L.-C. Deutsche Akademie der NabuE Karcches, Hally, Rev. P. J., Harlem, Société Hollandaise Ace Sreaccn: ‘ Harrisburg, Pennsylvania State Library, : : : 22 Hartford, Ct., Board of Trade of, Hartford, Connecticut Historical Society, Hartford, Ct., Trinity College, : : Hassam, John T., Boston, ; : : Hayward, Silvanus, Southbridge, . , : ; ‘ 2 Hazelton, F. H., Portland, Me., ; ; : ; ; | Helena (Mont.) Public Library, Herrick, C. L., Granville, O., Hewes, David, San Francisco, Cal., ¢ : ; ‘ 1 Mill Be D.; Hill, H. A., Boston, ; : ; : : : Hill, N. P., Denver, Col., : ; . : ‘ : 1 Hoar, E. R., Concord, Hoar, George F., Worcestey, Hobart, Colony of Tasmania, Hoboken (N. J.) Ferry Company, Hodge, F. W., Washington, D. C., Houghton, Michigan Mining School, Hubon, Henry G., Hubon, William P., . Newspapers, Humphrey, George P., Rochester, N. Xe; : : : 1 Hunt, T. F., : : : ; ; . Newspapers, 22 Hurley, John F., ‘ Iowa City, Iowa State Historical Bocisty: Ithaca, N. Y., Cornell University, Jersey City (N. J.) Free Public Library, : Johnson, Catherine, North Andover, : : F 5 3 Johnson, Daniel H., New York, N. Y., ; . Jones, Gardner M., . : : : . Newspapers, bo ee 239 — eo) 3 HH eS be = ow DD i do es) — 472 THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR. 107 King, Harriet N., ‘ ‘ ; é : 8 73 King, Horatio C., Brooklyn, N. ie, - 1 Kj6benhavn, Botanisk Tidsskrift, 2 Kjébenhayn, K. D. Videnskabernes Sélauabar) 3 Kjoébenhayvn, Nord Oldkynd og Historie, 3 Konigsberg, Physikalisch-Okonomische Geselisohati 1 Konigsberg, Ultertumo Gesellschaft, : 2 Ladd, Gardner P., Groveland, ‘ : : ; iL Lamson, Frederick, é ‘ 3 . Newspapers, 11 Lancaster Town Library, : ; ; ‘ 1 Lander, Helen D., . : : ' ; : ; : 47 Lander, William A., A ; ‘ i : 3 4 Lansing, Michigan State Libary! ; ; ‘ 56 17 Lausanne, Société Vaudoise des Sciences Natuselies! Lawrence Free Public Library, f : : ; ; 1 Lawrence, University of Kansas, . : 5 ’ : 4 Lee, Francis H., , ; . ; . Newspapers, 40 Lee, Mrs. Francis H., ‘ : Circulars, 51 79 Leeds, Philosophical aid Literhry saalely: : 1 Leiden, Nederlandsch Entomologische Verein, : 2 Leiden, Rijks-Universiteit, , ; : 3 Leipzig, K. S. Gesellschaft der Tatievenschatten: 9 LeMans, Société d’Agriculture, Science et Arts de la Sarthe, . ; : i R 2 Lincoln, Nebraska State Hisiovies! Sorlete : ; ! 1 Lisboa, Academia Real das Sciencias, . i 5 : 34 Little, William, Newbury, ‘ : 3 . Lodge, Henry C., Nahant, : 4 : ; ; 1 Logan, Walter S., New York, N. Y., ! : ; : I London, Geological Society of, , : : : 2 London, Royal Geographical ae - : : ! 10 London, Royal Society, . : ! : : : 13 London, Zodlogical Society of, . ‘ ; : : 5 London, Entomological Society of Ontario, . ; : 14 London, Ont., Hellmuth College, . F : p - 1 Los Angeles (Cal.) Public Library, s : , 2 Lovett, William H., Beverlv, . , . Newspapers. Lund, Kongliga Universitetet, : P 8 Lyon, Académie des Sciences, Belles- Teteres at hee : 8 Lyon, Société d’Agriculture, d’Histoire Naturelle et des Arts Utiles, . : : : p : : ; 4 Mack, William, ‘ - 2 , 1 56 Madison, Wisconsin State Historical Sootety: 7 63 13 Madrid, Observatorio de, . : } , ; ! l 108 THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR. Madrid, Sociedad Espanola de Historia Natural, Maine, Secretary of the State of, Manchester Literary and Philosophical Somtcty: Manchester Museum, Owens College, Manning, James, : 4 ; : : 4 ; Manning, Rebecca, . . Newspapers and Circulars, Manning, Richard C., : : Manning, Robert, . ‘ ‘ 5 RE napexs: Marburg, Gesellschaft zur Befdrdermg der Gesammten Naturwissenschaften, Massachusetts Board of nigneeeta,. World s Conabidn Exposition, ‘ Massachusetts, Gc tiiitssionee of Public Reotide. , Massachusetts, Secretary of the Commonwealth of, Meek, Henry M., : ‘ , . Newspapers. Meriden (Ct.) Scientific Beatin, Michigan Agricultural College, Milwaukee (Wis.) Public Museum, . Minneapolis (Minn.) Public Library, Montreal Natural History Society, ; ; : Morgan, John T., Washington, D.C., . ; ‘ Morse, Edward S., . : ‘ , Ne wasepare Morse, John G., : ‘ Pee epaers and Circulars, Moscou, Société Imperiale des Naturalistes, Moses, Zebina, Washington, D. C., Moulton, Augustus F., Portland, Me., f Miinchen, K. B. Akademie der Wissenschaften, Miinchen, Bayerische Botanische Gesellschaft, Miinchen, Deutsche Gesellschaft fiir Anthropologie, Ethnologie und Urgeschichte, Munster, Westfalischen Provinzial Verein, Murphy Varnish Company, Boston, Nahant Town Clerk, Napoli, Accademia delle eoletice Fisiche | e Memaviche, Narbonne, Mary A., : Nashville, ie urieases Hichonical Society, Nashville, Tennessee State Board of Health, Nelson, William, Paterson, N. J., Nevins, W. S., : Newark, New i eeaae Hbgorical Soe ety; 5 New Haven, Ct., Yale University, . ; : F Newport, R. I., Redwood Library and Athenee: Newport, Vt., Rutland County Historical Society, . New York (N. Y.) Academy of Sciences, 17 13 THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR. New York, N. Y., American Geographical Society, New York, N. Y., American Museum of Natural aloe New York, N. Y., Astor Library, New York (N. Y. ) Central and Hudson Rives Railr oad; New York (N. Y) Chamber of Commerce, New York (N. Y.) Genealogical and Biographical So- ciety, P New York (N. Y.) Titatowioal Society, New York, N. Y., Linnean Society of, ; New York (N. Y.) Mercantile Library Mesoeanean New York (N. Y.) Microscopical Society, New York (N. Y.) Scientific Alliance of, New York, N. Y., Society of the Sons of the Benbluton: New York, N. Y., The Holland Society of, Nichols, Andrew, jr., Bridgewater, N. H., Nichols, James B., : é ‘ } : ; ‘ Nichols, John H., : F Newspapers and Plans, Nicholson, J. P., Philadelphia, Pa.., Northampton, Smith College, North Andover Town Clerk, ‘ , : : Nourse, DorcasC., . : : d . Newspapers. Noyes, Horatio N., Cleveland, O., Nirnburg, Naturhistorische Gesellschaft, , Oliver, Mrs. Grace A., . . Newspapers, Osborne, Arthur D., N ew Haven, Ct., Osgood, Frank S., Newburyport, Ottawa, Ce lonioal and Natural History Smiter of Canara. Ottawa, Royal Society of Canada, Ottawa, The Central Experimental Farm, Page, Alfred B., Boston, Paine, Robert T., Boston, , : : , ; Palfray, Charles W., d . Newspapers and Music, Palo Alto, Cal., Leland Stanford Junior University, Paris, Journal de Conchyliologie, Paris, Société d’ Anthropologie, Paris, Société des Etudes Historiques, Paris, Société Entomologique de France, Paris, Société Geologique de France, Paris, Société Nationale d’Acclimatation, Parker, Rev. Edwin P., Hartford, Ct., Parker, Theodore, Worcester, ‘ , ; 4 Payson, Edward H., . , . Newspapers and Maps, Peabody Education Fund, Peabody, Peabody Institute, 12 12 bo 109 Ce at re -~ ek | no 38 110 THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR. Pearl, Joseph H., Bradford, Peet, Rev. S. D., Good Hope, IIl., : ; ; Pennypacker, Samuel W., Philadelphia, Pa., . : : iL Perkins, George A., . : : : : ; s < 1 Perley, M. V. B., Ipswich, ; ‘ Perley, Sidney, : ; ; ienapavera: Philadelphia, Pa., eadeniy of Rae neNl Sciences, Philadelphia, Pa., American Catholic Historical Society, Philadelphia, Pa., American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia, Pa., City Institute, Philadelphia, Pa., Drexel Institute of Ages Borenes aa Industry, : : : Circulars. Philadelphia, Historical pecicky of Peausylvaiia: Philadelphia, Pa., Indian Rights Association,’ Circulars. Philadelphia, Pa., Library Company of, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Academy of Fine oe Philadelphia, Pa., Zodlogical Society of, : 5 Philbrick, Misses Eliza and Helen, . . Newspapers, Phillips, Stephen H., ; ; : . Newspapers, 1 Phillips, Mrs. Stephen H., : ; : : Phippen, Nathaniel, : ‘ : 4 2 , 2 Pillsbury, Parker, Concord, N. H., ; ; : Pingree, David, : A : ‘ . Newspapers, 86 Pitman, Adelaide, : f : . Music. Poole, William F., Guicaeo, IL. : d 3 é s 1 Pope, Albert A., Boston, Porter, kev. Edward G., ee meten, Portland, Maine Genealogical Society, : : Portland, Maine Historical Society, : ; 5 ; 6 Portland (Me.) Society of Natural History, Poughkeepsie, N. Y., Vassar College, Prague, K. K., Sternwarte, E i : : : : 1 Pratt, Francis G., jr., Boston, : t : ‘ : 1 Providence, R. I., Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island Historical Society, Providence (R. 1) Record Commissioners, . 8 Putnam, Eben, : . Newspapers and Pineulaes 4 Putnam, Frederic W., Cambridge, Newspapers and ‘Oleaiaes, 17 Quebec, L’Université Laval, : Queensland Branch of Royal Geceraphical Seelety of South Australia, Quill, D. W., Beverly, : : : ; ‘ ; Rantoul, Robert S., . Newspapers and Circulars, 2 mem 9 GC bo 177 THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR. Reinwald, C., et Cie, Paris, Renwick, Arthur, N. S. W. Gowimniasioner at World’s s Fair, , ; é 3 j ; ; ? Rice, Miss M. C., 4 é : . Newspapers, Richardson, Frederick P., Richmond, Virginia Historical Society, Riga, Naturforschende Verein, Rio de Janeiro, Museu Nacional, Roberts, Misses A. and E. K., : ; Z : Robinson, John, : ‘ 4 Maps and Portraits, Robinson, Mrs. John, Roblin, Rev. S. H., Boston, , Rochester (N. Y.) Academy of Sclenee. Roma, Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale Vittorio Hinaadete! Ropes, Emmerton and Company, Ropes, Mary P., : : Ruggles, H. S., Wakefield, Sacramento, California State Library, . Sacramento, California State Mining Bureau, Sadler, Mrs. Charles J., : St. John, Natural History Society of new Brnnsavicke St. Louis (Mo.) Academy of Science, St. Louis, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis (Mo.) Public Library, St. Paul, Minnesota Historical Society, . : St. Pétersbourg, Académie Imperiale des Sciences, St. Pétersbourg, Jardin Imperiale de Botanique, St. Pétersbourg, Société Entomologique de Russie, Salem Associated Charities, Salem Athenzeum, Salem Electric Lighting Gerparse Salem, First National Bank, ; A : : Salem, Peabody Academy of Science, . Newspapers, Salem Public Library, Salem Register, Salem Savings Bank, . Newspapers and Circulars, Salem Water Works, San Diego, West American Scientist, San Francisco (Cal.) Board of Supervisors, San Francisco, California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco (Cal.) Mercantile Library Association, San Francisco (Cal.) Technical Society of Pacific Coast, Santiago, Société Scientifique du Chili, Savannah, Georgia Historical Society, WT 142 356 a ee Se) T¥2 THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR. Scudder, Samuel H., Cambridge, : Sears, John H., : 5 iveulars! Shanghai, China Branch of Baral Asiatic Society, Shirley, George H., Brooklyn, N. Y., . Newspapers. Silsbee, Mrs. William, : : : : . ; Silver, Mrs. Peter, . ; : R ; ‘ Simonds, William H.., . : ¢ ; : 5 it Slade, Daniel D., Chestnut Hill, : . Newspapers, Smith, Edward a ‘ : , . Newspapers, 22 Smith, Mary B., aelieales Hills, ; . Newspapers. Smith, Sarah E., : A : : ‘ Map, Somerville Overseers of the aed . : 2 South Boston, Perkins Institution and aac, School for the Blind, Spencer, Mrs. Sarah E., Tihiwea, N. Y., Sprague, Henry H., aaron, ‘ : : , , 1 Springfield City Library Ree ation, : Springfield, Illinois State Board of Weriralinke: : ‘ 8 Springfield, Illinois State Board of Health, Springfield, Illinois State Laboratory of Natural His- tory, : : : : : Springfield, Mo., Homey eollece. Stavanger Museum, : : ; : ‘ : : Stickney, G. A..D.,. . s 5 ‘ : : : 4 13 Stimpson, T. M., ; ; : . Newspapers. Stockholm, Entomologiska mide onthe: : , ; Stockholm, Institut Royal Geologique, , ; Stockholm, K. Svenska aaa Biademie, : ; 10 Stone, Robert, . : : . Newspapers. Sydney, Department of Weahouibane of New South Wales, Sydney, Linnean Saciety of New Sonth Tales Sydney, Royal Society of New South Wales, . Tacoma (Wash.) Academy of Science, Taunton, Old Colony Historical Society, Taunton, Somersetshire Archeological and Natural His. tory Society, Thorpe, Francis N., Piiladelpbia, Ep: ; : : Tilton, John P., ; : . Newspapers, 1 Todd, W. C., Atkinson, N. Es; . , F : : 1 Tokio, Imperial University of Japan, Tompkins, Edward, Oakland, Cal., Topeka, Kansas Academy of Science, : : : , 1 Toronto, Canadian Institute, oo OF b WwW bb THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR. Traill, Horace S., Treat, J. Harvey, Lawrence, Trenton, New Jersey State Library, Turner, J. Horsfall, Bradford, Eng., : F > Turner, Ross, . ‘ : ; : . Newspapers. Underwood, Mr., Boston, F ‘ . Newspapers, . Bureau of Education, . Bureau of Ethnology, . Census Office, . Chief of Engineers, . 2 ; t : : . Chief of Ordnance, . ‘ A a : A - . Civil Service Commission, . Coast and Geodetic Survey, . Commissioner of Patents, . Department of Agriculture, . Department of Interior, . Department of State, . Director of the Mint, . Fish Commission, . Geological Survey, . Judge-Advocate-General, . Life-Saving Service, . National Museum, . Naval Observatory, . Patent Office, . Quartermaster-General, . Surgeon-General, . War Department, . Weather Bureau, Upsal, K. Vetenskaps Moeiétaten: , Ward, C. J., Honorary Commissioner aye Rawat Ware, William R., Boston, Waring, George E., Jr., Newport, R. Is Waring, Chapman and Farquhar, Newport, R. L., Warren, Fiske, Boston, i Washington, D. C., Antiropoloateal Sbcioty of, ‘ Washington, D. C., Microscopical Publishing Company, Washington, D. C., National Academy of Science, 5 Washington, D. C., Smithsonian Institution, Washington, George, Committee of Centennial ealanna: tion of the Inauguration of, Waterhouse, S., St. Louis, Mo., Watertown, Historical Society of, Waterville, Me., Colby University, . ESSEX INST. BULLETIN VOL. XXVI 15 sadddaddadcaddaadddddddad ARNANRNANRNAMNANRNRNAARNNANARNRAAAAADH wo Oo ee kt 113 no — 114 THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR. Watson, Caroline A., North Andover, Watson, S. M., Portland, Me., Webb, Arthur N., : ; 4 Webb, Mrs. John K., ; s A Weeden, William B., . : : : : ; : Welch, William L., . : . Newspapers, Welsh, Herbert, Philadelphia, PAL a Wendell, Barrett, Cambridge, Wheatland, Elizabeth, Wheatland, Henry, : : i : ; ; Whipple, George M., 3 : : . Newspapers, Whipple, Prescott, . . Newspapers and Circulars, White, Andrew C., Ithaca, N. Y., : White Plains, N. Y., Westchester County Bistotival ane ciety, 3 : F : Whitney, Mrs. H. M.., NOE th Radice . Newspapers, Wien, K. Akademie der Wissenschaften, ; : Wien, K. K. Geologische Reichsanstalt, Wien, K. K. Naturhistorische Hofmuseums, Wien, K. K. Zoologisch-botanisch Gesellschaft, Wien, Verein zur el Naturwissenschaftlicher Kenntnisse, : Wiesbaden, Nassauischer Wes ein fiir anne. : Wilkes-Barré, Pa., Wyoming Historical and Geological Society, Willcomb, Oliver C., enh, : 5 5 : : Willson, Rev. E. B., . . Newspapers and Circulars, Winnipeg, Historical and Scientific Society of Manitoba, Winsor, Justin, Cambridge, Worcester, American Antiquarian sosicky, Worcester, Clarke University, Worcester, Society of Antiquity, Wright, Frank V., Hamilton, Newspapers tha Citeulays: Wright, W. H. K., Plymouth, Eng., : Wurzburg, Physikalisch-Medicinische osetiechatt, Youmans, William J., New York, N. Y., Zurich, Naturforschende Gesellschaft, . : A ; THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR. 115 The following have been received from editors and pub- lishers : American Journal of Science. American Naturalist. Beverly Citizen. Cape Ann Advertiser. Chicago Journal of Commerce. Danvers Mirror. Georgetown Advocate. Groton Landmark. Home Market Bulletin. Iowa Churchman. Lawrence American. Le Naturaliste Canadien. Lynn Item. Lynn Transcript. Marblehead Messenger. Musical Record. Nation. Nature. Open Court. Peabody Advertiser. Peabody Press. Salem Gazette. Salem News. Salem Observer. Salem Register. Traveler’s Record. Voice. Zoologischer Anzeiger. The donations to the cabinets during the year number six hundred and seventy from the following one hundred and thirty-eight donors : Allen, Misses. Allen, George H. Almy, James F. Andrews, Hiram. Arvedson, George. Baker, Charles. Barton, James W., Danvers. Batchelder, Henry M. Batchelder, S. Harry. Blanchard, Sarah B., Estate of. Bevins, Elisha M. Billings, Mrs. George. Brewer, J. H. Brooks, Alice F. Brooks, Henry M. Brooks, Mary M. Browne, Edward I. Casey, James C. Chamberlain, James A., Boston. Clarke, Clarence S. Clarke, Helen F. Cleveland, Mary 8S. and Lucy H. Cole, Mrs. N. D., Estate of. Collier, Perry, Beverly. Cousins, Frank. Curwen, George R. Curwen, James B. Cuvier Natural History Society. Davis, Warren P. Derby, Perley. Dodge, Charles C. Doherty, E. W., Marblehead. Felt, John. Fitz, Andrew. Fitz, Eustace C. Flynn, M. H. Folsom, A. A., Brookline. Foster, Charles A., Topsfield. Gannett, Mary. Gauss, J. D. H. Glass, A. M. Goldthwaite, Willard, Estate of. 116 Goodell, A. C. jr. Gould, John H., Topsfield. Gould, W. H. H., Washington, D.C, Griffen, John S. Harriman, H. N., Georgetown. Henderson, Daniel. Hill, George, Birkbeck, London, Eng. Hunt, Thomas F. Jackman, Nathaniel M. Jewett, Daniel H. Johnson, Catherine, North Ando- ver. Jolinson, Thomas H. Jones, Gardner M. Kilham, Mrs. Helen E., Beverly. Kimball, Miss E. Kinsman, Mrs. Wm. L. Lamson, Frederick. Lee, Francis H. Littlefield, Mrs. Margaret. McGlenen, Edward W. Manning, James. Manning, Rebecca. Mansfield, Emeline. Melcher, George B. Mercantile Library Association, Mercantile National Bank, San Francisco. Messervy, Mrs. Lucy J. Mitchell, Mrs. John A. Morse, Edward S. Morse, Mrs. Edward S. Nelson, William H. Nichols, John H. Nolcini, C. A. Oliver, Sarah E. C. Osborne, Alice H. Palfray, Charles W. Payson, Edward H. Peabody Academy of Science. Peabody, George W. Pearson, Elbridge G. THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR. | Philbrick, Helen and Eliza. Phillips, S. H. Phippen, Nathaniel. Pickering, Mrs. John. Pierce, Charles H. Pingree, David. Pitman, Adelaide. Porter, Rev. Aaron. Putnam, Charles A. Rantoul, Robert S. Robbins, Jesse. Roberts, Misses. Robinson, John. Ropes, Emmerton and Co. Ropes, Joseph. Russell, Albert B. Russell, William. Sadler, Mrs. Charles J. Salem Light Infantry Veteran As- sociation. Salem Observer. Salem Police Relief Association. Salem Public Library. Savory, T. T. Silsbee, Mrs. William. Simon, E. A. Smith, Edward A. Stickney, G. A. D. Stickney, Walter J. Stone, Arthur R. Stone, Ellen A., E. Lexington. Sturgis, Mrs. Henry P. Thompson, Joseph P., Portland, Me. Tilton, John P. Towle, Rev. E. D. Trask, John L. R., Springfield. Treadwell, J. Russell. Treat, John Harvey, Lawrence. Valentine, H. E., Boston. Walton, E. N. Ward, Mrs. Mary G. Ward, William R. L. Weil, George L. THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR. 117 Welch, William L. White, Alden P. Wheatland, Elizabeth. Whitney, Mrs. H. M., Lawrence. Wheatland, Henry, Estate of. Winn, Edward A. Whipple, George M. Wright, Frank V., Hamilton. Whipple, Prescott. REPORT ON THE GEOLOGY OF ESSEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS, TO ACCOMPANY MAP. BY JOHN H. SEARS. (Curator of Mineralogy and Geology, Peabody Academy of Science. 1894.) A COMPLETE account of the geology of even so small an area as that of Essex County could only be given after de- voting the time of a long life to the work in the field and laboratory. Ido not, therefore, pretend to offer this re- port as a completed account, but rather as the results of several years’ continuous devotion to the study of our rocks; rocks of such a complex character that in many cases their satisfactory determination seems almost hope- less. : In justice to those who have previously investigated the rocks of the county, and to assist future workers in this field, a list of books and papers which have come to my no- tice, treating more or less fully of the subject, is appended. In making this list I have been greatly aided by the notes of Dr. M. E. Wadsworth on the Mineralogy and Petrog- raphy of Boston and Vicinity, published in the Proceed- ings of the Boston Society of Natural History, vol. x1x, p. 917, 1877. Nearly all that has been published, however, is of a general character, very little being given in detail. With the exception of the centennial map of the geolo- gy of Massachusetts published in the Proceedings of the (118) REPORT ON THE GEOLOGY OF ESSEX CO., MASS. 119 Boston Society of Natural History, in 1876, by Prof. W. O. Crosby, and the maps accompanying the ninth annual report the U.S. Geological Survey of a part of Cape Ann, by Prof. N. S. Shaler, 1890, no other attempt, so far as I am aware, has been made to map the bed rock of any portion of the county. The atlas sheets of the State Topographical Survey, based on the U.S. Topographical Survey, have been used in the construction of the accompanying map and all plot- ting of the various formations has been done upon the separate sheets in the field, thus giving more accuracy to the work than could otherwise have been possible. In connection with the map work, at the outset, it was planned to obtain as nearly a complete collection as pos- sible of the minerals and rocks of the county for exhibi- tion in the cabinet of the Peabody Academy of Science. With this in view persistent collecting has been done each year since 1887. Several thousand specimens of the minerals and rocks have thus been obtained from all parts of the county and covering nearly every outcrop. As the work proceeded it soon became evident that a more accu- rate map of the bed rock was needed than had been made by previous workers, necessitating a very careful study of the contacts, strike, dip and trend of the rock-masses. Owing to the difficulty of obtaining fresh, unaltered spec- imens of the outcropping rocks constant drilling and blasting have been required to procure good specimens un- affected by the weather. This, together with the care needed to verify and correct the accounts of previous in- vestigators, has made the work exceedingly slow and laborious. Many days, and even months, have been devoted to the study of rock specimens from one single station, while, later, renewed field work was required to correlate evi- 120 REPORT ON THE GEOLOGY OF ESSEX CO., MASS. dence obtained by microscopic and microchemical analy- ses; and this, often, in cases where the rock at first ap- peared to be of some familiar sort and its determination once completed satisfactorily. While mapping the bed rock it was found that notes upon the drainage and watershed of the county could be made at the same time and thus prepare material for a second map. This work is now nearly completed. Work on the glacial phenomena in the county, represented by the drumlins, moraines, stratified and unstratified drift, kames, eskers, smoothed, striated and grooved surfaces on the various outcropping rocks, has been in progress and the material for a third map is thus well under way. At the end of each year a report of progress bas been made to the Trustees of the Peabody Academy of Science, while during the same time several papers have been pre- pared which have been accepted and published by the Essex Institute. They are as follows: Geological and Mineralogical Notes: No. 1. On Soda- lite from Salem Neck and Vicinity (Bulletin Essex In- stitute, Vol. xx1, 1889). Geological and Mineralogical Notes: No. 2. The Stratified Rocks of Essex County (Bulletin Essex In- stitute, Vol. xx1r, 1890). Geological and Mineralogical Notes: No. 3. The El- eolite-Zircon-Syenites and Associated Rocks of Essex County (Bulletin Essex Institute, Vol. xxm, 1891). Geological and Mineralogical Notes: No. 4. The Ex- tent and Probable Thickness of the Crystalline Cambrian Deposits in Essex County (Bulletin Essex Institute, Vol. xx, 1891). Geological and Mineralogical Notes: No. 5. Augite- Syenite, Vom Rath (Bulletin Essex Institute, Vol. XXIV, 1892). REPORT ON THE GEOLOGY OF ESSEX CO., MASS. 121 Geological and Mineralogical Notes: No. 6. On the Occurrence of Augite and Nepheline-Syenites in Essex County. (Bulletin Essex Institute, Vol. xxv, 1893). A paper (Bulletin Museum Comp. Zoology, Harvard University, Vol. xv1, No.9): Keratophyre from Mar- blehead Neck. Other papers are in course of preparation on the quartz- augite-diorite ; the granitic arkoses of the northern part of Essex County and on the conglomerates and interstrat- ified red slate, limestone and quartzite beds of Middleton, Topsfield and Boxford. In studying the rocks for the preparation of these papers over one thousand thin sections and slides have been made for microscopical and microchemical tests in determining the minerals composing them. The determinations have all been made at the petrographical laboratory of Harvard University with the kind assistance of Dr. J. E. Wolff. The classification here employed largely follows that of Professor Rosenbusch of Heidelberg University, as given in “ Notes to Accompany a Tabulation of the Igneous Rocks based upon the system of Prof. H. Rosenbusch,” by Frank D. Adams, Lecturer McGill University; published in Canadian Record of Science, Dec., 1891. PLUTONIC ROCKS: HYPIDIOMORPHIC GRANULAR STRUCTURE. No. 1. Hornblendic-Granitite. This name was given to the granitic rocks of Cape Ann by Dr. M. E. Wadsworth and is equivalent to the biotite-granitite of Professor Rosenbusch. Under the general type there are several varieties, either coarse or fine grained, and containing little or much biotite. The Peabody and Lynnfield granitites contain little bio- tite, while in the Gloucester and Rockport granitites there ESSEX INST. BULLETIN, VOL. XXVI 16 122 REPORT ON THE GEOLOGY OF ESSEX CO., MASS. is much biotite. There are also local variations in color due to inclusion of other minerals in the feldspars. The Pigeon Hill and Lanesville granitites are of a greenish color, while the granitite from Wenham and Ipswich is grayish white. In a few areas the quartz is in excess while in others there is little quartz which is of a smoky color. Examples of this are seenin the upper opening of the Rockport Granite Company’s quarry at Rockport. Thin sections of this hornblendic-granitite when studied with the microscope show it to be composed of the follow- ing minerals: orthoclase, microcline, microperthite which is composed of simple twinned albite crystals intergrown across the twinning plane of the microcline, hornblende of the green variety, sometimes altered to glaucophane, much quartz and biotite; with biotite, fluorite, garnet, zircons, actinolite and magnetite as accessory minerals in the feldspars. Nearly all of the rocks of this formation show evidence of subjection to a great strain or crushing force, as most of the original minerals have numerous cracks which have been filled with a secondary formation, either biotite or glaucophane. Minerals in the thin sections from the Cape Ann Gran- ite Company’s quarries are as follows: quartz in large patches which is greatly cracked and crushed, orthoclase, microcline, some plagioclase, microperthite, hornblende, a little biotite, some muscovite, large patches of mag- netite, some quite large microscopic zircons, epidote and limonite. The feldspars are much decomposed. This section is nearly identical with sections of the same rock from Wenham, Hamilton and Ipswich. No. 2. Granophyric-Granitite ; Contact Zone. This rock formation is quite variable in texture accord- ing to its position in the rock-mass. Near the exact con- REPORT ON THE GEOLOGY OF ESSEX CO., MASS. 123 tact it is a coarse, friable, reddish-colored rock; at the centre of some of the larger masses it is fine grained and compact, resembling quartz porphyry, while it is often seen, in portions of larger masses, with a distinctly strati- fied form. ‘This last form is clearly due to flows or streams of the minerals in the magma of which the rock was composed previous to its consolidation. Near Bass Rock, East Gloucester, every variety of this rock-mass can be seen near the contacts of the augite-syenite and the hornblende-granitite. Microscopic investigation of thin sections of this rock shows that it is composed of the following minerals : quartz, orthoclase, augite, hornblende, biotite, colorless garnet, magnetite, iron-pyrite, glauco- phane. The orthoclase has intergrowths of albite forming microperthite and these microperthite areas are honey- combed with quartz forming a micropegmatitic mass which, under cross nicols in polarized light, resembles a beautiful mosaic. No. 8. Augite-Nepheline-Syenite. This number covers a great variety of forms of this rock-mass which on a map of a greater scale could be subdivided as eleolite-zircon-syenite, mica-syenite, horn- blende-syenite, quartz-hornblende-syenite, quartz-augite- syenite and egerine-syenite; besides pegmatitic masses containing sodalite, egerine, acmite, ainigmitite, hy- dronephelinite, zircons and lepidomelane. ‘There are numerous areas in which foliation is developed as in No. 2. For a fuller description of these rocks see Geological and Mineralogical Notes, No. 6, Bulletin of the Essex Institute, Vol. xxv. No. 4. Hornblende-Diorite. In part of this area the rock-mass is distinctly an augite- hornblende-diorite. This is particularly well seen at 124 REPORT ON THE GEOLOGY OF ESSEX CO., MASS. Marblehead near the old fort, and on Gerry’s Island. In Danvers and Beverly there are numerous small porphy- ritic and pegmatitic masses of this formation. At Put- namville, Danvers, foliation in these rocks has produced a form which has received the distinctive name of amphib- olite-gneiss. A technical description of this formation will be found in Geological and Mineralogical Notes, Nos. 3-4, Bulletin of the Essex Institute, Vol. xx. No.5. Quartz-Augite-Diorite. This formation has three distinct forms: quartz-augite- diorite, quartz-hornblende-diorite and quartz-augite-mica- diorite. It has its greatest development in Newburyport, Salisbury and Seabrook, and extends in a southwesterly direction through the towns of Georgetown, Boxford, Middleton and Andover. The form quartz-augite-diorite which I have taken as the type is seen in all parts of the area. Thin sections of the rock from Newburyport, at the old quarry opposite Carr’s island, and from Salisbury, give the following minerals: uratilized augite with oc- casional masses of typical augite, hornblende, biotite, plagioclase having the extinction angle of labradorite, some orthoclase and quartz, an abundance of chlorite, considerable calcite of secondary origin, numerous crys- tals of apatite, fine acicular crystals of rutile, large mi- cro-zircons, iron-pyrites and magnetite. No. 6. Muscovite-Biotite-Granite. This is the typical granite of Rosenbusch and only oc- curs in Essex County in the towns of Andover and North Andover. Thin sections show that it contains the follow- ing minerals: orthoclase, microcline, some plagioclase, quartz, muscovite, biotite, hornblende, numerous gar- nets, rutile in long needleshaped crystals, magnetite and limonite. REPORT ON THE GEOLOGY OF ESSEX CO., MASS. 125 No. 7. Granitic-Hypersthene-Diabase (Norite). Rocks of this type occur at Nahant, but not elsewhere in Essex County. The granitic-hypersthene-diabase, a distinctive type, is the principal rock-mass of Little Na- hant and at Nahant, east of the Maolis Garden, while on Bass point this rock is in part an augite-hypersthene-nor- ite. On Pea island and the ledge adjoining it at Nahant it has the panidiomorphic structure of the dyke rocks, in- terrupted by areas of porphyritic structures of the older effusive rocks. EFFUSIVE VOLCANIC ROCKS; PORPHYRITIC STRUCTURES, INCLUDING VOLCANIC FRAGMENTAL ROCKS, TUFFS, BRECCIA AND AGGLOMERATE. No. 8. Rhyolites; Quartz-Porphyry. Under this head are united all of the so-called felsites, banded felsites, porphyry-felsites, breccia-felsites, agglom- erate and altered or metamorphosed forms of this rock mass. On Cat island and on Marblehead Neck, south east of the lighthouse, are good exposures of the form called agglomerate or rhyolitic-tufa containing sharp edged fragments of volcanic glass embedded in ashy ma- terials. Much of this glass has been altered to quartz and the ashy material to an earthy chloritic mass, but it has the same general character as specimens irom Break- heart hill in Saugus, described by Prof. J. S. Diller in the Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zodlogy, Vol. vu, No. 11, p. 168. The entire area covered by these rocks is too small to attempt to indicate the various forms assumed on a map of this scale, but it is intended to prepare a map, in the near future, on a scale large enough to bring out the principal features of all of the varieties of this most interesting formation. Prof. George 126 REPORT ON THE GEOLOGY OF ESSEX CO., MASS. H. Williams, in a recent paper on a similar outcrop in the Cumberland Valley proposed the distinctive name of “the ancient volcanic rocks” for this formation. OLIVINE ROCKS CONTAINING NO FELDSPATHIC CON- STITUENT. No.9. Serpentine-Peridotites. This formation has its greatest development in the re- gion of Newbury, two of the principal outcrops being in localities popularly known as the Devil’s den and the Devil’s basin. They are represented on the map by num- bers on the outcrops. Since the area was mapped, micro- scopic studies of thin sections of these rocks have proved the presence of much augite and hornblende with the ser- pentine surrounding them, and also developed in the cleavage cracks of these minerals, thus proving that the rock-mass was originally an augite-hornblende-picrite- peridotite. The outcrops in Lynnfield, Peabody and Boxford while probably of the same character have not at present been absolutely proved as such. Sections studied thus far are composed of serpentine and magnetite with colorite and other minerals. No. 10. Biotite-Mica-Peridotite. This rock-mass appears on the banks of the Skug river in Andover. When studied from thin sections it is seen to be composed of biotite-mica which is bleached to a nearly white color, calcite, talc, serpentine and mag- netite surrounding irregular patches of olivine which is rare, some tremolite and a few small masses of augite which is also surrounded by serpentine. REPORT ON THE GEOLOGY OF ESSEX CO., MASS. 12% ARCHEAN ROCKS. No. 11. Hornblende-Granitic-Gneiss. This rock-mass which has its greatest development in Middleton, Boxford and Georgetown, has the appearance of an ancient rock by being greatly folded and crumpled, by being cut by veins and tongues of diorite and granite rocks and, also, from its position, being in part below the lower cambrian gneisses. Conclusions made from these field evidences indicate that it is one of the oldest rock- masses of the region, and it should be placed in archean time, the equivalent of the Canadian Laurentian period. No. 12. Porphyritic-Granitic-Gneiss. ' This formation occurs in Georgetown, West Newbury and Amesbury. It is much like the last one described, but contains numerous large porphyritic crystals of mi- erocline which are invariably developed across the plane of the stratification of the rock-mass. The whole area has been subjected to great strain by a down throw fault in the river Parker valley between Georgetown and West Newbury. This strain is seen in the large porphyritic erystals, nearly all of them being cracked, bent or broken. For fuller account of these last two gneisses (Nos. 11 and 12) see Bulletin of the Essex Institute, Vol. xx11, Geo- logical and Mineralogical Notes No. 2. ARKOSE : CONGLOMERATE-GRANITE. No. 13. Muscovite-Granitic-Gneiss. During the past season many additional thin sections of the rocks from all over the area where this formation occurs have been studied in the laboratory with the mi- croscope, throwing much light upon this otherwise little 128 REPORT ON THE GEOLOGY OF ESSEX CO., MASS. known class of rocks. The conclusion reached is that these rocks are arkoses and belong to a series of more or less crushed granite conglomerates which have been washed and reconsolidated from the decay of the musco- vite-biotite-granite of the region, or from some similar rock farther to the north. SCHISTOSE FOLIATED ROCKS. No. 14. Amphibolite-Gneiss. Where this rock-mass occurs in the diorite area it is clearly proved to be a flow structure caused by currents of minerals in the diorite magma. This seems to be es- pecially clear in the Peabody and Danvers regions. The outcrop near Crooked pond in Boxford is entirely sur- rounded by the archean gneiss and is probably a remnant of some metamorphosed Cambrian slate. This is also probably the case at Rooty plain in Rowley. The outcrop in Newbury of this rock-mass from its position, interstrat- ified with limestones, slates and gneisses, is of undoubted Lower Cambrian age, a metamorphosed Cambrian slate. CRYSTALLINE ROCKS STRATIFIED. METAMORPHIC ROCKS OF CLASTIC ORIGIN. No. 15. Mica-Schist and Sandstone. These two rock-masses are invariably interstratified and in some places are seen as members of the Lower Cam- brian sediments. The schist is undoubtedly a metamor- phosed slate. No. 16. Corderite-Gneiss. This rock formation is another member of the Cambrian series and is well developed in North Andover and north of Bald Pate hill in Georgetown. REPORT ON THE GEOLOGY OF ESSEX CO., MASS. 129 No. 17. Zoicite-Gneiss. This is still another member of the Cambrian sediments and should in places be called zoicite-epidote-gneiss. It belongs to the series of metamorphosed slates and sand- stones. No. 18. Limestone, Slate, Quartzite and Sandstone. This formation comprises the interstratified members of the Olenellus Lower Cambrian fossiliferous beds. No. 19. Conglomerate-Granite. (Arkose.) This is composed of large pebbles of granite, limestone and mica-schist. No. 20. Bostonite or Keratophyre. Bostonite isthe name given by Professor Rosenbusch to a series of dyke rocks of the same composition as the kera- tophyre, which is distinctly a surface flowing lava and not a dyke. Careful investigation has proved that it covers a coarse breccia and other members of the rhyolite and quartz-porphyries on a nearly level floor gently sloping into Marblehead harbor. No. 21. Tinguaite Dyke. This dyke is seen in Manchester cutting the hornblende granitite and augite-nepheline-syenite at Pickard’s point. It is the only recorded occurrence of this rock formation in Massachusetts. HYPIDIOMORPHIC STRUCTURE. No. 22. Essexite. This formation is found in numerous outcrops on Salem neck, Winter island, and at Beverly and Marblehead. It is the type of a basic-augite-nepheline rock, quite por- phyritic, and of a nearly black color. It is very different ESSEX INST. BULLETIN, VOL. XXVI. 17 130 REPORT ON THE GEOLOGY OF ESSEX CO., MASS. from any of the syenites previously described and was named from the county of Essex, being peculiarly local in its occurrence. EFFUSIVE VOLCANIC DYKE ROCKS. No. 23. Quartz-Porphyry Dykes. This number is placed on outcrops of this rock to dis- tinguish a series of narrow quartz-porphyry dykes which are of a later age than the quartz-porphyry and rhyolite of the ancient volcanic series, Inasmuch as these narrow dykes are seen cutting the latter. No. 24. Arkose: Conglomerate-Granite. A typical granitic-breccia found at Magnolia on the southwest side of Crescent beach and in Saugus Centre. No. 25. Diallage-Gabbro: Pyroxene Rocks. These are massive dykes first noticed by Dr. M. E. Wadsworth. EFFUSIVE VOLCANIC ROCKS, YOUNGER SERIES. No. 26. Liparite Dyke. This is a dyke about seven feet wide cutting the diorite and granite in Throckmorton’s cove on the Marblehead side of Forest river. Thin sections show that the ground mass of this rock is composed of a felting of sanidine crys- tals, enclosing numerous long porphyritic crystals of sanidine ; quite large crystals of quartz, surrounded by a fringe of spherulites, and having inclusions of augite and hornblende crystals ; blebs of chalcedony, surrounded by a ferrugineous feathery mineral, and the whole thickly covered with spherulites. CRYSTALLINE ROCKS OF CLASTIC ORIGIN. No. 27. Red-Slate: Jaspelite. This rock occurs in Saugus Centre, Lynn and Nahant. a ee _—— REPORT ON THE GEOLOGY OF ESSEX CO.,MASss. 131 It has been classed by authors as one of the felsite series, but in thin sections, studied with the microscope, it is seen to be composed of clastic grains of quartz and feld- spar in a ferrugineous pasty cement. At Saugus Centre it is interstratified with a conglomerate and is clearly one of the lower members of the Olenellus Cambrian rocks. No. 28. Andalusite-Schist. This rock which is seen in Crescent cove, Nahant, at Glenmere, Lynn, and also in Beverly, at the base of Goat hill, is a metamorphosed slate with veins of andalusite de- veloped in the bedding planes. VEIN ROCKS. No. 29. Lead, Silver and Copper Ores. This number only occurs on the map to mark outcrops where I have actually collected specimens of these ores. As the town boundary lines have been placed upon the map, thus making the location of the various rock-masses comparatively simple, and as the numbers are invariably placed upon the outcrops of the rocks designated, further explanations seem superfluous. ’ In printing the map a few unimportant errors have crept in and some smaller outcrops are omitted which will be treated in other papers hereafter. The figure 18, indicating limestone, slate and sandstone, placed at the southeast of Glenmere, Lynn, should have been placed between Glenmere and lake Wenuchus and covering the territory to near Brown’s pond in Peabody. Near lake Wenuchus may be seen a fine contact of the slate and hornblende-diorite, and west of Mr. Shorey’s house, at the foot of Detroit street, there are good contacts showing the hornblende-granitite cutting the old Cambrian slates. In closing this report I desire to acknowledge my in- 132 REPORT ON THE GEOLOGY OF ESSEX CO., MASS. debtedness to Mr. John Robinson, of the Peabody Acad- emy of Science, for his kind assistance and encouragement throughout the work, to the Essex Institute for the gen- erous manner in which my papers and map have been published, and especially to Mr. T. F. Hunt of the Insti- tute’s publication committee, and also to Mr. David Pin- gree for his gift of the petrographical microscope. I feel under great obligations to Dr. J. E. Wolff, instructor in the Petrographical Laboratory at Harvard and to Prof. N. 8. Shaler, for their very kind assistance and advice ; and I desire to dedicate this map to the Lawrence Scien- tific School in acknowledgment of this kindness and the friendships formed there while one of its students. LIST OF PUBLICATIONS. NOTES ON THE MINERALOGY AND GEOLOGY OF ESSEX COUNTY, MASS. Proceedings of the American Academy. Vol. ii, p. 270. Mansfield Coal Formation at Nahant. # Prof. L. Agassiz. Vol. iv, p. 353. Granite as a Building Material. Chief Justice Shaw. Vol. vi, p. 167. Minerals from Rockport. C. T. Jackson. Boston Journal of Philosophy and Arts. Vol. i, p. 390. Green Feldspar from Beverly. J. W. Webster. Vol. i, p. 599. Green Feldspar and Zircon from Bev- erly. J. W. Webster. Vol. iii, p. 486. Remarks on the Geology of Boston and vicinity, continued. J. W. Webster. Ist series. Vol. lil, p. Mol.) ii, p. ee) Xxii, p. Vol. xxxiv, p. Mol.! xxxv, p. 2d series. Vol. xviii, p. Mel, )Xxix, p. WN Ol. XXXili, p. Wot. xlii, p. Vor. xiii, p. Vol. xiv, p. Mets) xlix, p. Wot.) xix, p. Nol} xix, p. REPORT ON THE GEOLOGY OF ESSEX CO., MASS. 133 American Journal of Science and Arts. 232. 192. 198. 65. 348. 73. 2s 224. 79. 185. d98. Salem Sienite, Jasper, Amygdaloid, etc. Rev. E. Cornelius. Epidote at Nahant. J. W. Webster. Report on the Geology of Massa- chusetts. Edward Hitchcock. Columbite and Tin Ore at Beverly. C. U. Shepard. Green Feldspar and Galena at Beverly. C. U. Shepard. Crystaline Limestones of Eastern Massachusetts. T. Sterry Hunt. On Sodalite and Eleolite from Salem. J. P. Kimball. On Orthite from Swampscott. David M. Balch. Danalite, a new Mineral species from the Granite of Rockport. J. P. Cook, Jr. On Cryophyllite, a new Mineral species of the Mica Family with some associated minerals in the Granite of Rockport. JP. Cook, af, On a new Mineral from Rockport. W. J. Knowlton. On Laurentian Rocks in Eastern Mass. T. Sterry Hunt. Labradorite Rock on Marblehead Neck. T. Sterry Hunt. Labradorite Rocks at Marblehead. T. Sterry Hunt. 134 REPORT ON THE GEOLOGY OF ESSEX CO., MASS. 3d series. Vol. i, pp. 82-182. Notes on Granite rocks. T. Sterry Hunt. Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History. Vol. Vol. Vol. Vol. Vol. Vol. Vol. Vol. Vol. Vol. Vol. Vol. Vol. Vol. Vol. ill, Xi, XIV, Xiv, XIV, XXV, XXV, XV, Vil, p. 341. p70. ge) bo p. 262. p. 200. Fossiliferous Strata at Nahant. Prof. Louis Agassiz. Syenite of Nahant. C. T. Jackson. Boulders at Salem and Danvers. Chas. Pickering. Serpentine of Lynnfield. C. T. Jackson. Serpentine of Lynnfield. A. A. Hayes. Supposed Meteoric Stone from Marblehead. C. T. Jackson. Glacial beds at Gloucester. Prof. N. 8. Shaler. Drift at Salem and Cambridge. Prof. A. Hyatt. On the Geology of the vicinity of Boston. T. Sterry Hunt. Drift at Salem. Chas. Pickering. Geology of Swampscott, ete. Prof. A. Hyatt. The Geology of Nahant (abstract). Alfred C. Lane. The Paleontological Horizon of the Limestone at Nahant. Aug. F. Foerste. Eruptive Granites of Rockport. T. Sterry Hnnt. On a newly discovered Lead Vein in Newburyport. R. H. Richards. REPORT ON THE GEOLOGY OF ESSEX CO., MASS. 135 Vol. xvii, p. 462. Chemical Composition of some Minerals from Newburyport. Miss Ellen H. Swallow. Vol. xviii, p. 220. Remarks on the Porphyries of Marblehead. Prof. A. Hyatt. Vol. xix, p. 251. On the so-called Tremolite of New- buryport, Mass. Dr. M. E. Wadsworth. Vol. xx, p. 210. The Kames and Moraines of New England. Geo. F. Wright. Vol. xxi, p. 288. On the Trachyte of Marblehead Neck, Mass. Dr. M. E. Wadsworth. Vol. xliii, p. 141. The Central Mass. Moraine. Ralph 8. Tarr. Occasional Papers ur (B.S.N.H.) Report on the Geology of Mass. with Geological Map of Boston and vicinity, 1877-1880. Prot. We Ov Crosby: Journal of the Essex County Natural History Society. Vol.i,p. 78. A sketch of the Geology and Mineral- ogy of the Southern part of Essex County. William Prescott. Vol. i, p. 120. The Danvers Boulder on Ship Rock. Proceedings of the H’ssex Institute. Wal. dpe) ton Sienite of South Danvers. ' A. Nichols. Vol. i,p. 151-153. Cancrinite, Pyrite and Zircon in Salem. A. P. Chute and G. L. Streeter. Wo. it, Pp. ov: Geology of Manchester. B. F. Mudge. 136 Vol. Vol. Vol. Vol. Wiel: Vol. Vol. Vol. Vol. Vol. i Vo Vol. Vol. pal Vo Vol. Vol. Vol. REPORT ON THE GEOLOGY OF ESSEX CO., MASS. ay Ps ll, p. ily | o Hep. ii, p. lil, p. TEES oe 110}. iba oe lil, p. Sunes oF im, p. 109. lll, pp. 205-206. iii, p. 269. iii, p. 280. iv,p. 48. 47, Zod. 306. 3805. 406. 15. 49. 85. 89. 96. £01. . iii, p. 230. The Minerals of Lynnfield. A. P. Chute. Geology and Mineralogy of Lynnfield. B. F. Mudge. Geology of Marblehead. James J. H. Gregory. Geology of Middleton. Bb. F. Mudge. Geology of Groveland. B. F. Mudge. Gravel Pits of Topsfield. Samuel Todd. The Local Geology of Topsfield. S. S. Mackenzie. Geology of Boxford. Sanborn Tenney. Serpentine in Lynnfield. S. Barden. Geology of the Coast region. J. J. H. Gregory. Geology of Lynn. J. J. H. Gregory. Geology of Middleton. J.J. H. Gregory. Geology and Mineralogy of Rock- port. Barden, Alger, Gregory and others. Lithology and Mineralogy of Rockport. S. Barden. Geology of Powow Hill. J.J. H. Gregory. Mineralogy of Salem Neck. Dr. Henry Wheatland. Moraine in Beverly. G. W. Skinner. Vol. Vol. Vol. Vol. Vol. i Vol. 1 Vol. Vol. Vol. Vol. Vol. Vol. Vol. Vol. Vol. Vol. Vol. REPORT ON THE GEOLOGY OF ESSEX CO., MASS. 137 iv, p. 55. iv,p. 61. Iv, p. 152. iv, p. 1638. Iv,p. 3 IV, p. 6 v,p. 157 vi, p. 43 vi,p. 47. vi, p- 51-52. Ship Rock, ete. S. Barden. Devil’s Den. S. Barden and H. C. Perkins. Mineral Point Mine, Georgetown. Sand in Newburyport. Henry C. Perkins. On the Sodalite at Salem. David M. Balch. On Magnetite and an unknown Mineral at Nahant. G. H. Emerson. Geology of Andover. C. H. Hitchcock. Geology of Marblehead. J.J. H. Gregory. Copper Mines of Topsfield. Geology of Salem. Prof. A. Hyatt and S. Todd. Bulletin of the Essex Instatute. 1p.) Do: i, p. 106. 1, p. 144. ity ps 9s. i, ps LLL, by pu 49. lll, p. 953. Notice of a singular Erratic in Lynn known by the name of Phaéton Rock. C. M. Tracy. Geological Description of New Eng- land Granite formation. T. Sterry Hunt. Eozoén Canadense. E. Bicknell. EKozoén in Essex County. A. Hyatt. Geology of Marblehead Neck. A. Hyatt. On the Geological Survey of Essex Co. A. Hyatt. Notes on the Geology of Eastern Mass. T. Sterry Hunt. ESSEX INST. BULLETIN, VOL. XXVI. 18 138 Vol. Vol. Vol. Vol. Vol. Vol. Vol. Vol. Vol. Vol. Vol. Vol. REPORT ON THE GEOLOGY OF ESSEX CO., MASS. il, p. 128. Phaeton Rock. F. W. Putnam. ili, p. 129. Wigwam Rock. Jones Very. vi, p. 142. Lead Mine at Rocky Hill, West New- bury. Alfred Osgood. vi, p. 158. Account of the Agassiz Bowlder. John Robinson. vi, p. 205. Remarks on the Lead Ore of West Newbury. A. Osgood. vii, p. 108. Notice of the Mining Lands of New- bury. A. Osgood. vii, p. 165. On Indian Ridge and its continuation in Andover. Geo. F. Wright. ix, p. 150. Geology of Marblehead. J. J. H. Gregory. xvi, p. 1383. Geology and Mineralogy in Essex County. Rev. B. F. McDaniel. xvi, p. 163. Geology and Mineralogy of Newbury. Rev. B. F. McDaniel. Proceedings of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. xx, p. 262. On the Eozoon Canadense in the Crystaline Limestone in Eastern Mass. L. S. Burbank. xx, p. 270. Onthe EKozoén Limestone of Kastern Mass. J. B. Perry. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College. Whole Series, Vol. vii; Geological Series, Vol. i, No. Harvard University Bulletin No. 3. 2. The Felsites and their Associated Rocks north of Boston. J. 8. Diller. Zircon syenite from Marblehead. Dr. M. EK. Wadsworth. REPORT ON THE GEOLOGY OF ESSEX CO., MASS. 139 Geological Magazine. 3d Series ii, 207-210. Syenite and Gabbro in Massa- chusetts. Dr. M. KE. Wadsworth. Department of the Interior U. S. Geological Survey, 9th Annual Report. The Geology of Cape Ann, Mass. Prof. N. S. Shaler. In this bibliography there are probably some omissions and the author will esteem it a great favorif his attention is called to titles of papers not here included. Joun H. Sears. Peabody Academy of Science. Salem, Sept., 1894. He WKN i wmegs Ye te dots iz; : « . ¥ (a ,. nth: a re rn re enw aanaany nh? ee oh t p a * 3 Rte 4 : = N) as hie neg ‘ est SO a ad SM 4, ae tt Foe Re in i Sia eo es Dat SY he ey aay ica t aN. ih: ee io 9 ye nS any M Ss ay BULLETIN OF THE hs ce Ad Dn EAN IU cn id Dy pa gh pay Vou. 26. SALEM: JULY—DeEcEMBER, 1894. Nos. 7-12. ON THE SO-CALLED BOW-PULLER OF ANTIQUITY. BY EDWARD S. MORSE. In many of the European Museums one finds in the De- partment of Classical Archeology a curious bronze object included with the Etruscan, Roman, and Greek collections. This object usually bears the name of Bogenspanner, Buespander, Tira Archi, Tira del Arc, ete., according to the nationality of the Museum. An examination of this object convinced me that it was not a bow-stretcher, or arrow-pull. A further study per- suaded me that it had nothing whatever to do with the archer’s bow. Realizing that a step would be taken if it could be demonstrated that it was not an archer’s imple- ment I began the accumulation of material in the form of sketches and other memoranda of these objects from the private collections of C. J. Longman, Esq., of London, Prof. Henry W. Haynes, and of the lamented William ESSEX INST. BULLETIN VOL. XXVI 19 (141) 142 BULLETIN OF THE ESSEX INSTITUTE. Hammer, Esq., of Copenhagen, and from the unrivalled collection of armor and weapons of Louis Richard Zschille, of Grossenhain, which was exhibited at the Columbian Ex- position, and from the Louvre, the British Museum and the Museums of Zurich, Brussels, Antwerp and the Uni- versity of Pennsylvania. It seemed with the material at my command that some light might be thrown on the uses of this object, but after a greatly interrupted study of it for over seven years I re- luctantly yield the solving of the enigma to others, having got no nearer an explanation of it than when I first began, contented, however, with the conviction that the usual attribution assigned to it has been disproved. I must here express my indebtedness to Mr. Edward Robinson, Curator of Classical Antiquities of the Boston Museum of Fine Arts, for numerous references to works containing allusions to this object. To Prof. Henry W. Haynes, I am also under obligations for important cita- tions; and to Mr. Ross Turner, for two examples which he purchased in Florence; also to Mr. Dwight Blaney, for a number of sketches of bow-pullers in the Museum of Archeology, at Florence, and in the British Museum. To the courtesy of Mr. Stuart Culin, Director of the Museum of Archeology, University of Pennsylvania, and to Mrs. Cornelius Stevenson, Curator of the Mediterranean Collections, I am indebted for the privilege of figuring the superb example on Plate I. As the object under discussion has been almost univer- sally labelled bow-stretcher in museum collections I shall use a similar term bow-puller in referring to it. The bow-puller is usually of bronze, rarely of iron, roughly cast. (The accompanying figures 1, 2 and 3, in outline, represent the front, top and side views respective- ly of a plain form of bow-puller; on Plate I are shown in half-tone the front and top views of the plain and the ON THE SO-CALLED BOW-PULLER OF ANTIQUITY. 143 ornamented form of bow-puller.) It isin the form of two rings springing from a solid centre. The two rings might FIGs. 1 and 2. be compared to the frame of a pair of eye-glasses, only in place of the delicate spring connecting the rings, the intervening space is solid metal though less in width than the transverse diameter of the ring (see plan, Fig. 2). This space may be called the body, and from this body spring three spines at right angles to the plane of the rings. It will be observed that the rings are not on a plane but turn slight- ly upward so that the object rests onthe body. This feature is very marked in some specimens though in rare instances the rings are in a plane, and in very rare cases bend slightly Fig. 3. End View. 144 BULLETIN OF THE ESSEX INSTITUTE. downward. The spines are arranged in a triangle, the perpendicular of which is at right angles to the longitudi- nal axis of the body. It will be seen by the plan that the base of one spine is on one side of the longitudinal axis, while the other two spines are on the opposite side of this axis and parallel to it. It will be observed that when any ornamentation is present (see Plate III), it is always on that side from which the single spine springs ; furthermore when an animal’s head is part of the ornamentation the head invariably points downward when the object is rest- ing with the spines pointing upward. From these facts it is safe to assume that the object has a front and back, and an above and below. The longitudinal axis should really be the fore and aft axis, but for convenience of description I have indicated the greatest length of the object as the longitudinal one. All embossments, ribs, cross-hatchings, circles, depressions, etc., are on the front side of the ob- ject, or on that side from which the single spine springs. On the front sides of the rings, also, inequalities are often found, usually duplicated on both sides. These may be small swellings, strongly marked knobs and in some cases phalli conspicuously modelled. The knobs suggest rudi- mentary phalli. There are two leading types of these objects, one in which the rings are slender (see Plate II), the outline when looking down upon it showing only a narrowing be- tween the rings; a section of the outer part of the ring is round, or an oblique oval as in Fig. 1, Plate IV. In this type there is no ornamentation whatever, though the front side of the rings may show slight inequalities as if rudi- ments had survived of previous embossments. The upward turning of the rings is more marked and the spines are usually shorter than in the other type in which the rings are thick and ponderous (see Plate III), and a section of the outer part of the ring resembles the section of a ON THE SO-CALLED BOW-PULLER OF ANTIQUITY. 145 cylinder as shown in Fig. 3a, Plate III. The front side is conspicuously ornamented with circles, cross lines, ver- tical ribs, knobs, and in a few cases with the phallic em- blem on each side and pointing away from the centre. At the base of the front spine a steer’s head is sometimes seen in high relief, or a lion’s head with a lion on both sides, stretching toward it. The outline of the object shows strong indentations and the spines are usually heavier and longer. In both types the spines vary greatly in form ; the paired spines may be widely separated at their bases, or united nearly to their apices; the bases of the three spines may be close together, or a space of a centimeter or more may separate the front spine from the back spines ; the spines may be long and pointed or they may be very short and gy NN) blunt ; they may be round, square or angular in section or elongate oval (Plate IV, Fig. 8), but in the $1 EN latter case the flattening is parallel ws to the longitudinal axis of the ob- ject. The three spines may be of equal length, or may vary ; in some the front spine is the longest, in WW others the two back spines are WY longer. The paired spines may also vary, sometimes the left one, sometimes the right one being the longer. While there is no uni- OY Oy formity in the length, thickness or form of the spines, the larger s § number of bow-pullers have three 1 i spines, though they are found rarely with four spines (Plate IV, Fig. 1), sometimes long and tapering and again in the shape of four short knobs (Plate IV, Figs. 2, 3, 4). 146 BULLETIN OF THE ESSEX INSTITUTE. In this form the knobs may be widely apart or close to- gether (Fig. 4). Furtwingler figures one from Olympia with five spines (Fig. 5), and in the Zschille collection is one with two spines only (Plate II, Fig. 9), these being the paired ones with no trace of a front spine having existed. While the decoration is generally duplicated on either side, that is, the bilateral symmetry of the object is carried out in the decoration, I have never seen two bow-pullers alike or in pairs. \ The objects in their extreme 3 length, measured from the outer edges of the rings and the inner edges of the openings across the solid body are remarkably con- stant. The dimensions are as follows: Fig. 5. Mean of heavy form—length, 71.0; between rings, 19.3 6666 light 66 66 67.8 ; 66 os 20.7 The average deviation from the mean is greater in the light forms and the space between the two rings, or across the body, has a slightly larger average in the light forms. In the few bow-pullers I have had an opportunity of studying minutely, the signs of wear are such as would be produced by a cord, rope, or leath- ern strap passing through the rings and under the body as in the accompany- ing figure (Fig. 6, A B strap). The signs of wear are very marked in some specimens. The outer surface of the back spines also shows marked evidences of wear in some cases. Fi4. 6. ON THE SO-CALLED BOW-PULLER OF ANTIQUITY. 147 The objects are sometimes found broken and the manner of breaking is of importance. The outer portion of one or both rings is broken away (Fig. 7, also Plate IV, Figs. 5, 6, 7), indicating the direction of the strain to have been outward, and probably downward, as if the strap or cord was used in binding the object to some body, and the method of wear would sustain this proposition. The spines also in rare cases are found broken and it is usu- ally the outer spine which is mutilated in this way. The tip of the front spine is in some cases bent inward. In no case have I seen a specimen with the spines bent outward. The object, whether heavy or light, has been designed for strength. The bow-puller shown in Fig. 5, Plate II, has an opening in one of the rings ; this is probably the result of an imperfection in cast- ing and not intentional. The same may also be true of a round protuberance on the front of one of the rings of a bow-puller (Fig. 6, Plate IT). The curious groove seen in the inner edge of the outer part of the ring in Fig. 3, Plate IH, is unique so far as I know. In an object varying so much in weight, number and length of the spines, ornamentation, or absence of it, the features which seem to have an importance in considering their probable use are first and foremost the two rings springing from the solid body and their usual upward Fig. 7. 148 BULLETIN OF THE ESSEX INSTITUTE. inclination and the uniform length of the object (the average deviation from the mean being very slight), the evidence that the object has a front and back, and an above and be- low, the spines springing at right angles to the plane of the rings. With these constants, so to speak, might be added the importance of those surfaces showing signs of wear, as well as the bending of the spines and manner of breakage. The bow-pullers are found associated with Etruscan, Karly Roman and Early Greek remains; they belong to pre-classic and early classic times. They have been found in the tombs of warriors. In two examples figured by Strobel, chains with large 8-shaped links are drawn through them (Fig. 10). It was the association of the chain in this way that led Strobel to conceive the object to have been designed for some form of snaffle or curb for horses. Reference to Strobel’s memoir will be made further on. While in nearly every instance this object is labelled in museums bow-stretcher or bow-puller, authorities have not fully accepted this interpretation without question. Gozzadini in his memoir on the ancient Etruscan Cemetery of Marzabotto near Bologna says: “ Archeologists have agreed, but I do not know on what foundation, in suppos- ing that certain double rings provided with three points were used by archers by inserting the middle and fore fin- ger in order to stretch the cord. Now this attribution is strengthened by Tommsen, Director of the Museum at Copenhagen, who told Cavedoni that some ‘ of these im- plements were found placed together with bronze bows in caves in the northern countries.’ They are found in all Egyptian, Etruscan and Roman Museums and they are taken out of Lacustrian stations, and Torbiere (Pit graves ?) and they find them again in opening the Necrop- olis of Marzabotto without, however, that phallic sign ON THE SO-CALLED BOW-PULLER OF ANTIQUITY. 149 which occurs on others. For the same purpose were pos- sibly three other double rings the peculiarity of which is that they have three small points.” Gozzadini figures two of these objects which are reproduced on Plate V, Figs. 20, 21. Friederichs, in his catalogue of bronzes in the Berlin Museum, protests against the usual interpretation of the use of this object without, however, offering any sugges- tion as to its possible character. He says, “ As a founda- tion for the common acceptation that the implements here catalogued should have served the purpose of pulling the bow Ihave been able to find only one observation, namely of Tommsen who has rendered good service in the sphere of northern Archeology. According to his statement these objects have been found together with bows in the caves of northern nations. However, this circumstance is not suf- ficient to confirm the supposed purpose, all the more as it is absolutely impossible to understand how this implement is to be used; particularly those having five points (for they have been found with three, four and five points) are entirely inexplicable from this point of view. In Naples the implements are exhibited among articles pertaining to harness, but I cannot specify how and where they should have been applied. They have also been explained as weapons for hurling against cavalry, for which purpose, however, the points are partly too broad, partly too thick and stout. Finally I will give the opinion of a technical friend whose explanation is that they are a kind of screw- driver.” Friederichs further adds that these implements are of classic as well as of barbaric origin. As a practical archer my attention was immediately ar- rested by this object—the first one I ever saw—in the An- tiquarian Museum at Zurich. The curator kindly allowed me to examine it, and I was soon convinced that it had ESSEX INST. BULLETIN, VOL. XXVI OF 150 BULLETIN OF THE ESSEX INSTITUTE. nothing to do with a bow so far as drawing the arrow was concerned. It was important, however, to settle detinitely this question. Derived from early classic times it seemed reasonable to believe that, if it were associated with archery in any way, a representation of it would certainly be found on figures of soldiers or hunters in antique bronzes and marbles. A categorical statement of the objects repre- sented in the hands of these ancient figures would show among other implements, utensils, weapons, etc., such as the cestus, discus, strigil, shield, spear, sword, cymbal, pipes and even the bow; and such ornaments as arm-brace- lets, clasps, etc., all details of the sandal, and manner of fastening; and yet an examination of hundreds of these figures fails to show any object remotely resembling the bow-puller. An extended examination of the decoration on ancient vases did not reveal any object of this nature. The figures are depicted as holding in their hands various weap- ons, flowers, tablets, branch of a tree, flask, staff,club, jump- ing weight, double flute, oil-jug, fillet, helmet and an infinite variety of other objects, yet no evidence of this implement is found either in the hand or upon the person. Wall paint- ings in Etruscan tombs while showing a variety of weapons do not depict the bow-puller. Surely if this object was associated with man as an implement or was utilized in any way by a soldier, a hunter, or an archer, we ought in some single case to find a trace of it. What more natural than to show the insignia of an archer on the hand, or se- cured to his person? Yet figures of archers, and fragments of hands in the attitude of drawing the bow have been re- peatedly found and no such appliance as the bow-puller is depicted. Its entire absence in these ancient representa- tions is certainly overwhelming proof, if no other evidence were needed, to show that this object has been wrongly named. ON THE SO-CALLED BOW-PULLER OF ANTIQUITY. 151 I have already shown in my paper on Ancient and Mod- ern Methods of Arrow Release! that, as far back as classic times, the European drew the bow with the tips of his two or three fingers. From the fact that the Mediterranean nations have used this release I have termed it the Medi- terranean release. A remarkable example of this release has come to light since the publication of that paper in the discovery of the so-called Alexander Sarcophagus, at Si- don, in Phenicia. Mr. Edward Robinson informs me that this most beautiful specimen of Greek sepulchral art yet brought to light is now in the Museum at Constantinople, to which place it was carried by Hamdy Bey, the Director of Antiquities of the Ottoman Empire. This scholar, in conjunction with M. Theodore Reinach, has published it, and other sarcophagi found at the same time and place, in a sumptuous work entitled Une Necropolé royale a Si- don. The date of this sarcophagus is probably the latter part of the fourth century B. C. On one side is represented a hunt, in which Greeks and Persians take part, and on the other a battle between the Greeks and Persians. At the time of its discovery the magnificence of its decorations gave rise to the supposition that it was the sarcophagus of Alexander the Great, whence it derived its name; but while this theory is no longer maintained it is still possible that the principal figure in each scene may bea portrait of him, somewhat idealized, as many of his portraits were. In the battle scene is shown the most perfect Mediter- ranean release of classic times. A photograph of this sar- cophagus was sent to Mr. Robinson shortly after its discovery and from this he has recently had made asun print enlarged to natural size which may be seen in the gallery of sculpture, Boston Museum of Fine Arts. The bow-puller certainly had nothing to do with this 1 Bulletin of the Essex Institute, Vol. xvi, Oct.—Dec., 1885. 152 BULLETIN OF THE ESSEX INSTITUTE. method of release. The savage releases which I have termed primary and secondary are out of the question. The only other release which could have occurred in the regions where the bow-pullers are found is the release which I have termed the Mongolian, and this method would have been used by some Mongoloid race such as the Turks, or the modern Persians, who, though not Mongolian, early acquired the Mongolian release, and here the thumb-ring would have appeared. Had the so-called bow-puller been used in the way conjectured we should expect a certain uniformity in that part presumably engaged in pulling the cord of the bow, but we have seen that the spines vary in number from two to five, and in length from two mil- limeters to sixty. The variation in the space between the spines is equally great, in one case wide enough to admit a rope as big as one’s finger, and in another example so constricted that a thread would hardly beadmitted. Ifnow we examine the thumb-ring used in the Mongolian release we find the greatest uniformity in its shape, even among widely separated peoples, and even in ancient times, as shown by a bronze thumb-ring dug up near Palmyra, by the distinguished classical archeologist Dr. Felix von Luschan. I have not been able to find any early references in re- gard to the bow-puller and do not know on what grounds, or at what time, the name bogenspanner was first applied, but one may easily conjecture the origin of its name. In a vague sort of way it was known that the Asiatic archer used a thumb-ring in drawing the bow; little attention, however, seems to have been given to the exact method in which it was used. As an illustration of this vagueness in regard to archery one may find in the art galleries of Europe many pictures, particularly by Italian artists, of the martyrdon of Saint Sebastian. In nearly every case ON THE SO-CALLED BOW-PULLER OF ANTIQUITY. 153 the archers are armed with the Turkish bow! Cross-bows are often depicted in illustrating the same subject, a weapon that was not known for hundreds of years after the event. As another illustration I may cite the famous Germanic Museum of National Antiquities at Nuremburg. In its collections is a Turkish thumb-ring, a Turkish bow, and other accessories of a Turkish archer’s outfit. A detailed drawing, natural size, is exhibited to illustrate the manner in which the thumb-ring is used, and the drawing shows the ring on the wrong hand and upside down! Even the curious grooved device which is held in the bow hand to permit the archer to draw the arrow some inches within the bow is directed outward as if to guide the arrow. In a similar way the idea having obtained that the ancient Greeks pulled the arrow in the Asiatic fashion (see Han- sard— The Book of Archery), Thorwaldsen in restoring the hands of the figures on the pediments of the temple of Avgina endeavored to represent what he supposed to be the Asiatic method of drawing the bow. Asa result he has wrought the fingers in a way utterly impossible for an archer to assume in releasing the arrow, and of course leaving out the thumb-ring or any other appliance of that nature. From this confusion of ideas in regard to the matter it is quite probable that, when the curious bronze implement under discussion was first studied, the two fin- gers so naturally adjusted themselves in the rings that it was supposed to be an archer’s device for drawing the bow, and this error has been transmitted by subsequent writers on the subject. Caylus in 1757 figures this object in his Recuedl d’An- tiquités. He expresses no opinion in regard to its use, and further adds that no use has been assigned to it. He figures the object upside down as if standing on three legs, the three spines in this instance, being of the same length. 154 BULLETIN OF THE ESSEX INSTITUTE. Friederichs has stated that some have conceived it to be a caltrop, and rightly says it could not be of service in this way on account of the bluntness of the spines. A comparison with the ancient Tribulus (Fig. 8) shows an entirely different device. The Tribulus was a ball of metal from which sprang four sharp spikes so that in what- : ever manner it was flung upon the ground one spike always pointed upward. In | this connection it may be remarked that Furtwingler in his Olympia, figures a Am. single flat ring from which spring three ' sharp spines (Fig 9), and he queries whether this was allied to the bow-puller. It is pee possible, though hardly probable, that this might have been a form of caltrop. We can hardly im- agine what Friederichs’ technical friend had in mind when he suggested that the bow-puller was a kind of screw- driver, for it seems impossible that any implement for drawing or pulling out any fixed object could remotely resemble the bow-puller. {\ Pellegrino Strobel under the title Anellz gemint Problematica (Bulletin di Palet- nologia Italiana xv1, 1888), presents the results of his study of a number of speci- = “S mens preserved in the Museum at Parma. FIG. 9. His material consisted of fourteen bronze ones and two of iron. The larger number of these were three pointed but as the double spines were in some cases united nearly to their tips he regarded them as bicuspid. These, as I have already shown, should be regarded as tricuspid, and in a later paper Strobel so regardsthem. Of the fifteen speci- mens described, twelve had three spines, and three had four spines. In two of the implements the front spine was bent inward and was also slightly longer than the paired ones. ON THE SO-CALLED BOW-PULLER OF ANTIQUITY. 155 In this memoir Strobel advances the idea that the object was designed for a snaffle or nose-band to be used as a curb for horses. He says that in the Iron Age some pro- gress must have been made in the training of horses and in this training a curb or snaffle must have been evolved, and he therefore expresses the belief that this enigmatic object was used for that purpose. He believes that it was held against, or upon the nose of a horse in such a way that the spines could be forcibly pressed against the flesh, the two spines being below, while the longer single spine was above, and hence this side of the object was ornamen- ted. (1 have already shown that there is no constancy in the relative length of the spines in the tricuspid ones. In forty-two specimens, for example, the single spine is longer in fourteen, shorter in thirteen, and of the same length as the others in fifteen. In some of them the single spine is only half the length of the other two.) He ex- plains the phallic emblem which is found on some of them to indicate the soundness and virility of the horse in training. In a second paper in the same bulletin (xv, 1889), he had examined sixty specimens of which five were of iron, the rest of bronze. Of these sixty specimens the origin of thirty were known, and in some of these the method of burial and associated objects were also known. In this paper Strobel states that there are three theories in regard to the probable use of this puzzle: First, to assist in drawing the bow; second, for stretching the cord of the cross-bow (which was not used for a thousand years after!) ; third, to aid in restraining horses not only as a snaffle, but as a curb. Dr. Charvet, in the Bulletin of the Anthropological Society of Lyons (1889, p. 70), has a communication on this subject which he calls Gourmet de Répression. In this paper he adopts the views of Strobel in regarding it as a 156 BULLETIN OF THE ESSEX INSTITUTE. snaflle, though he thinks the instrument was worn under the nose instead of above, and he says this opinion is based on a daily experience in training horses by ordinary cavecon (curb), which ought not to operate except at the will of the trainer. In Strobel’s conception of its use it would always be pressed against the horse’s nose whereas it should be under the chin or throat ; the trainer then pulls it with greater or less force at will. Strobel figures two of these instru- ments with a large eight link chain passing through the rings (see Fig. 10), and Charvet says this chain was simply to hold the implement in place. Charvet further expresses the belief that from N ND this object the curb ST \ / originated when ; lw UF bits were rigid and not jointed in the middle. Strobel in reply cites the quadridentate type as being curved to adapt itself to the curve of the horse’s nose when pressed down. ‘The rings were big enough to allow the chain to pass through and yet leave room for a rope to be tied to each ring. In his second paper Strobel figures a snaffle of two centuries ago and one used at the Fic. 10. Reproduced fro. Strobel’s Memoir. ON THE SO-CALLED BOW-PULLER OF ANTIQUITY. 157 present time. I fail to see any relation between these two forms and the enigma under discussion. Charvet urges that the implement worn in the way suggested by Strobel would wound and ruin the horse. Strobel says that in any case the chain did not press down the implement ; the rein or cord which he believes was attached to it was pulled at the will of the trainer. He believes that his first idea of the use of this object is correct, though it might have been used under the nose as suggested by Charvet. Strobel says that no object preceding the bit has been found in pre-historic times. He contends that there must have been an evolution of the bit, and if this object is not a stage in that development then nothing has been discovered to fill the gap. He finally expresses the opinion that all the twin rings were similar in function and that was the controlling of horses. I have quoted the views of these authors at some length as the object certainly suggests an association with harness and possibly with that of a curb or snafile. (In Fig. 10 some of Strobel’s figures are reproduced half-size.) Opposed to this idea may be properly urged the great variation in the length of the spines. In some we find long, sharp points, in others short, square knobs. Nothing would be effected by forcing such short blunt knobs against a horse’s nose either above or below, and as to the long-spined ones it would be impossible to hold the object in place ; the object would be tipped or pulled over on its side however it were worn. As to its forming a stage in the evolution of the bit we find the linked bit in Etruscan tombs associated with this object. If this were a curb or snaffle of any kind it would certainly appear on some one of the many ancient bronzes, marbles or vase paintings of horses. Now an extended examination of these various representations has failed to reveal any ESSEX INST. BULLETIN, VOL. XXVI 20 158 BULLETIN OF THE ESSEX INSTITUTR. object remotely resembling this implement. If it had been used as a curb in the way suggested it would have been, of all objects, the most conspicuous in those exam- ples in which men are represented as leading or holding a rearing horse, and there are many representations of this character. Had it been worn inside the mouth as a bit the elaborate ornamentation seen on some of them would have been useless. The ponderous weight of some com- pared to the light weight of others would also be against this supposition. For these reasons we cannot accept this interpretation of its use. Knowing the ingenuity of Mr. Frank Hamilton Cushing, the distinguished ethnologist, in puzzling out enigmas of this nature, I placed in his hands one of these objects for study ; he also had access to a very beautiful long-spined specimen in the collections of the Museum of Archeology of the University of Pennsylvania, a figure of which I am permitted to publish through the courtesy of the offi- cers of the museum. In an exceedingly instructive paper on the origin of the bow published in the proceedings of the Anthropological Society of Washington (the same be- ing Mr. Cushing’s address as presiding officer of the An- thropological Section of the American Association for the Advancement of Science), Mr. Cushing has advanced a most ingenious idea of the use of the bow-puller by con- ceiving that it was originally developed from a spear- thrower. Indeed he goes so far as to assert his belief that it was really used functionally for that purpose, and, to support this contention, he gives a graphic figure of an ancient Roman soldier in the attitude of throwing a spear with the aid of this implement. Were all the bow-pullers similar to the two he had in his possession one might be inclined to regard his surmise as having the same degree of probability as the various guesses that have already ON THE SO-CALLED BOW-PULLER OF ANTIQUITY. 159 been offered. The ancient spear-thrower of the Romans has long been known from numerous figures of it in clas- sical drawings. It was simply a leathern strap—amentum —secured to the middle of the spear or javelin to assist in giving force to the act of throwing. The amentum is so often figured on ancient vases that the method of spear- throwing is beyond question. The bow-puller shows by its signs of wear no such use as would be indicated by Mr. Cushing’s supposition. The single spine, against which the end of the spear is supposed to rest, is, when bent at all, always bent inward and not outward ; furthermore the two spines, between which the end of the spear is supposed to pass, are usually too close together to permit the pas- sage of even a narrow spear-butt. In many cases, as we have seen, the two spines are united nearly to their tips (Plate V, Fig. 12) ; in one instance only the double spines are present (Plate II, Fig. 9); in a considerable number there are four spines in pairs. This attribution of its use, therefore, may be dismissed with the other conjectures. Other suggestions occur to me as to its probable use, though I confess they have no greater degree of probabil- ity than that of the screw-driver conception. The Japanese, and probably the Chinese, are accustomed to use a device of metal for holding down the long pith wicks in the saucer-shaped lamp. This object is in the form of a ring with a single spine rising from one side, or the ring may have a transverse bar from which springs the metal spine. Figures of these two forms are here given (Fig. 11). After this idea occurred to me I became acquainted with Friederichs’ catalogue of bronzes in the Berlin Museum already referred to. In cataloguing the specimens of Bo- genspanner he describes one upon which is a steer’s head, flanked by two phalli, and adds parenthetically “a con- nection that has already been found in the lamps.” The 160 BULLETIN OF THE ESSEX INSTITUTE. phallus, as we know, was to guard the object against evil influences, and one may find representations of this symbol not only on lamps, and other objects, but even painted on lL the kitchen range as at Pompeii. This remote surmise, however, is not at all weakened by a curious object in <= SS Fig. 12. the British Museum, for a sketch of which I am indebted to Mr. Dwight Blaney, and which is here pro- duced (Fig. 12). In this a steer’s head rises from the body between the two rings, while the two horns curve back and unite with the outer rim of one of the rings. It does not seem possible that this object has any relation to the bow- puller unless it bea lamp wick-holder. If it is related, then all other attributions of its use are vitiated by this unique ON THE SO-CALLED BOW-PULLER OF ANTIQUITY. 161 form. If any grounds exist for believing it to be a lamp utensil then the spines might be supposed to assist in hold- ing the wicking material whatever it might be. The upward bending of the rings might be supposed to fit the curving surface of the oil saucer. Roman saucer-lamps are common and would seem to necessitate some device for keeping the wick submerged. The great variety in the objects which are supposed to be bow-pullers, or related to them, suggests the idea that they were not all used for the same purpose. Whatever the first one was designed for it is possible that objects for entirely different purposes were made in imitation of the first form. Thus in our times a paper-weight may be seen in the form of four cannon balls, an inkstand in the form of a mortar, a bronze pen-rest in the shape of a cavalry saddle, or a horseshoe turned up on end (a remarkable Greek vase in the British Museum is beautifully modelled in the form of a horse’s hoof) and so on. Thus it may be that some of these objects may have been used as a weight to hold down the lamp wick.! It is possible that the long-spined ones were strapped or bound to a horse or man to keep a load from shifting or swinging. This use is suggested on account of their manner of wear and breakage. A friend of mine has suggested that the object might have been bound to the hand to enable a chariot driver to hold the reins more firmly in driving ; a curb, in fact, but held in the hand and not attached to the horse’s head. This idea is strengthened by the uniform length of the ob- ject, and the upward inclination of the rings corresponding respectively with the width of the palm and its hollowing shape. Nearly all the bow-pullers fit naturally into the palm of the hand ; the occasional bending of the spines and 17 have already called attention to the evidence of, at least, two distinct types of bow-pullers, not including such forms as those shown in Figs. 10 and 12. With sufficient material these types may be found to run into each other; but with the objects thus far examined the differences seem to hold good. 162 BULLETIN OF THE ESSEX INSTITUTE. the points being sometimes broken, the signs of wear on the sides of the spines, and the manner of breaking of the rings just where a strain would come when great force was used, all support the idea. So impressed was Lieut. W of the United States Navy of the correctness of this supposition that he bound a bow-puller to his hand by means of a handkerchief, and then held a leathern strap so firmly that three men dragged him about the room but could not loosen his hold upon the strap. If this suggestion has any value then one can easily understand why the ob- ject has not been revealed in ancient sculpture or painting. The object being grasped in the closed hand would be con- cealed from view. It has been suggested that possibly the spines were made to be driven into some object. This could hardly be so, as the openings in the rings were evidently to be left free for the passage of a cord or strap. In this connection, however, it may be remarked that the bronze figurines illustrated in Gozzadini’s memoir have spines springing from the feet below, for the purpose of attaching the object to some base of support, and these spines strongly resemble the spines of many of the bow-pullers, in being broad at the base, pointed at the end and strong and clumsy in ap- pearance. The possibility of the spines being inserted in any object is further negatived by the ornamentation extend- ing along the front spine as in Fig. 3, Plate I, which would not have been added if the spine were intended to pene- trate anything. The head shown in high relief on the spines of Fig. 2, Plate III, and Fig. 14, Plate V, would prevent their insertion for the purpose of fixing the object. In Japan a curious device is used to hold a pot at vary- ing heights above the kitchen fire. These devices are shown in my work on Japanese Homes and their Surround- ings (Figs. 173, 175). The device shown in Fig. 173 is ON THE SO-CALLED BOW-PULLER OF ANTIQUITY. 163 often depicted in old Dutch paintings and is doubtless in use in Holland to-day. In Gozzadini’s final memoir on the ancient Etruscan cemetery at Marzabotto, 1870, are fig- ured two bronze pots to which are attached chains (links 8-shaped) terminating in a large circular ring and identi- cal with one of the chains figured by Strobel as passing through a bow-puller, a reproduction of which is given in this paper in Fig. 10. If the various forms regarded as bow-pullers are for dif- ferent purposes, and there can be no question that some of them are entirely unrelated, then we may conceive that some of them might have been used for holding the reins. The bow-pullers if representing a single purpose (as Stro- bel is inclined to believe they do), invalidate by the va- rying length, character and number of spines, every attribution assigned to them. As an evidence of the uncertainty in regard to the uses of the bow-puller one may turn to the comprehensive Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities, by Darem- berg and Saglio, in course of publication, and he will there find on page 473, under matters pertaining to the bow, a very poor figure of a bow-puller with a brief note of its supposed use, signed by Saglio. Later on under horses’ bits, curbs, etc., under the sub-title Siquette, page 1336, the figures of Strobel are reproduced and his inter- pretation of the bow-puller as being a snaffle is indorsed. The article is signed G. Lafaye. SUMMARY. 1. Asa Bow-Puller. It is simply impossible to draw a bow with it, and if a bow-puller it would appear in an- cient sculpture and painting. 2. Asa Cross-Bow Implement. The cross-bow was unknown to the ancients. 164 BULLETIN OF THE ESSEX INSTITUTE. 3. Asa Caltrop or Tribulus. The spines are too short and blunt in many of them and the long-spined ones would - not remain in position ; they would show no signs of wear ; furthermore the Tribulus is known and has no resemblance to this object. 4. Asa Screw-Driver. The idea is unthinkable. 5. As a Spear-Thrower. The varying character of the spines and signs of wear are against the idea ; further- more the amentum used by the ancients for spear-throwing is well known as a leathern strap attached to the middle of the spear. 6. Asa Snaffle or Curb. Again the variation in the length of the spines, and the fact that in no case has any device of this nature been represented on a horse’s head in ancient sculpture, are sufficient to disprove the idea. 7. As a Bit inside the mouth. The jointed bit was -co-existent with it, and the ponderous character of some of the bow-pullers, and the lightness of others, would mil- itate against this conception of its use. 8. Asa Lamp Wick Holder. The signs of great wear and its manner of breakage renders this supposition val- ueless. 9. Asan object to prevent a load from slipping. The small tubercles which take the place of long spines in some of them would render it useless for that purpose. 10. Asa Curb to hold in the hand for grasping reins or anything else. The great length of the spines in some specimens would preclude its use in that way. EXPLANATION OF PLATES. PLATE I. Natural size. Figs. 1,2. Bow-puller. Plain type, front and top view. Collection, author. ON THE SO-CALLED BOW-PULLER OF ANTIQUITY. 165 Figs. 3,4. Bow-puller. Ornamented type, front and top views. Collection, Museum of Archeology, University of Pennsylvania. PLATE II. Plain type. Natural size. Collection, Prof. Henry W. Haynes, Boston. 4 C. W. Longman, Esq., London. From Perugia. Fig. 66 66 oe 66 ¢ C6 i. 2 3 4. fe E.S. M. eC Be ae Antiquarian Museum, Zurich. 6 a Louis Richard Zschille. 7 oh nS Ly by (cast iron). 8 ee The late William Hammer, Copenhagen. 9 Louis Richard Zschille (no trace of front spine). PLATE III. Ornamented type. Natural size. Fig. 1. Collection, C. W. Longman, Esq., London. Sa ae ee Louis Richard Zschille. ae: 4 Museum of Archeology, University of Pennsyl- vania. a, Section of ring. Rough sketch of the one shown on Plate I, Figs. 3, 4. ee British Museum. ee Louis Richard Zschille. 6é 6 SP op 66 6¢ 6é ce PLATE IV. Figures natural size. Fig. 1. Collection, Louis Richard Zschille. Clays os ae aS ue This section shows the form adapted for rope or strap to pass through rings and under body in the manner already described. ae British Museum. ae Louis Richard Zschille. William Hammer. ch Prof. Henry W. Haynes. 6 66 6 66 6 pig ee The last three figures are given to show man- ner of breakage. ESSEX INST. BULLETIN VOL. XXVI 20* 166 BULLETIN OF THE ESSEX INSTITUTE. Fig. 8. Sections at base of spines of some of the bow-pullers already figured. PLATE V. The Figures are reproduced half size from rough sketches made through museum cases, etc. The exact dimensions are not known. Bigs; 1, 2, °8,.4,. 0: Collection, Museum Porte de Hal. Brussels. Fig. 6. a Museum of Archeology, Florence (Etruscan). Sketch by Mr. Dwight Blaney. Coe e Collection, British Museum. Sketch by Mr. Dwight Blaney. Figs. 8, 9, 10, 11, 12,18. Collection, Museum of Archeology, Florence: Sketch by Mr. Dwight Blaney. Fig. 14. From Strobel’s Memoir referred to in text. Bigs. 15, -16,. 17. From Photographs Etruscan Collection, Museum of Archeology, Florence. oo 18,19. The Louvre. Hasty sketches by E. S. M. ae” 20, 21. From Gozzadini’s Memoir referred to in text. BULLETIN. ESSEX INSTITUTE, VOL XAVE PEATE: FIC. 3. FIC. 4. MORSE ON SO-CALLED BOW-PULLERS OF ANTIQUITY. Se Wier Weary erg thie Be |’ - Pe ah ry en eee ey A aU ar LAs yee A. Sates oy A) Se) OZO } er a. «, a O ee Be oV) 1 | ly Ce 5 Gee | c - ‘ -, 5 Js et ee ee ee": ¢* 2 Nee =e | 2 e BUPEETIN ESSEX INSTITUTE, VOE. OOViie PEATE Y. MORSE ON SO-CALLED BOW-PULLERS OF ANTIQUITY. ESSEX COUNTY DIALECT. BY HELEN MANSFIELD. The object of this paper is to awaken interest in the di- alect of Essex County, to comment a little on some mate- rial found there, and to speak of the method of collecting material for the use of the American Dialect Society. So much has been done in Salem to preserve all that is old, the rest of the county should bow down in gratitude : and no doubt there is much dialect-matter scattered about in your collections awaiting a patient gleaner. That will keep however, since it is already recorded ; while a more urgent matter is the dialect and pronunciation fast vanish- ing from current speech, and it is very important that at- tention to the matter should be roused in the county as soon as possible, and that people should be put on the alert to notice and record what comes in their way. Words come out when no one is thinking of the matter, which could not be extracted from people by asking them if they know any queer words, and then we want one of our watchmen at hand to snap up the prize. The older members of the community can tell us of words which were already passing out of use when they were young, and some quite recent usages seem almost incredible. Fifty years ago Sayward was Soward in Gloucester : (always written ay, always pronounced ow, as Judge Mitchell says Hayward wasin Bridgewater). Goldthwaite was Goothright; Greenleaf was Grriindluf, (a true umlaut, (167) 168 BULLETIN OF THE ESSEX INSTITUTE. suggesting a translated name) ; Tristram was 7’rustram; Tomlinson was Tumpleson, (earliest form, Tomlins) : and people said to each other, “ Are you going to the vandue?” The causeway at Essex is still the cossey to some of the “ old stand-bys.” The matter of pronunciation is important. I find in Gloucester records, in the older Gloucester speech, and elsewhere, a tendency to sharpen d into ¢, b into p, v into J, ng into nk, and so on :—traces, as I think, of ancestors who spoke a more Teutonic tongue than English, namely Dutch or Flemish, (there is little difference) ; and in gen- eral the sounds we have been trying to banish, as uncul- tivated, seem likely to prove relics of an alien speech. Instances: Hutson for Hudson (Concord 1677), secon for second ; Bapson for Babson, popple-stones for pebbles ; (we have a beach, High Popples, once a steep terrace of pebbles) ; #enson for Vinson, Medzfer for Madiver ; Sprinkfield for Springfield on Boston records, 1684 ; and Ihave heard natives of that town teased for saying Sprink- jield, as [have heard New Yorkers teased for Hutson, man- ifestly a Dutch relic there. L, and n were interchangeable, (m with them, to some extent; Tomlinson, Zumpleson, Tumblesome). Inger- soll was long /nkerson on Gloucester records, and seventy years ago the two forms were co-existent. “ Aunt Becky Ingersoll,” a barber with a famous parrot, used to say, “Between Capt. Jack Ingersoll’ and the Jnkersons about, there’s a difference.” (They were all of the same stock. ) Any man now would sit on the capson of the wharf, in- stead of the capsill. Final e often served for y; Luce and Stace, for Lucy and Stacy,—(another Teutonic trait, to understand final e as a separate syllable.) Becca, Doratha, etc., for Becky and Dorothy, was common here, and still prevails in parts ESSEX COUNTY DIALECT. 169 of New Hampshire, settled by Concord and Watertown people. To spell Frothingham and Hildreth ffrodingham and Hildred shows a Danish strain. (Charlestown and Middlesex. ) This county affords two interesting variations in gut- tural forms: 1. Mighill for Michael among the Cressys and Hop- kinsons of Rowley. (Gaelic, an Irish friend says. ) 2. A Scotchman, early in Lynn, was written Arzbell Anderson, and the historian of Lynn says, “ Arzbell is right ;” but there is no such name. For the ch in Archi- bald they substituted the Teutonic z, (sounded tz) ; they left the i to be understood; they flattened the a with an umlaut into our short e; and dropped the d after a liquid, like the Danes. The long Teutonic sound of 00 was freely used in this county. Different methods of producing our long o sound :—Rhodes, Rodes, Roads, Foods; rode-line, road- line, rood-line ; Coates, Cootes :—all equivalent. In 1836 and later a booby-hut was running between Sprinkfield and Ludlow. Worcester assigns this word to the “ East of England,” as he does several Essex County words. This is not strange, since two-thirds of all the early settlers are estimated to have come from those parts, but I fancy some of our words had been domesticated there from beyond the channel. Authorities unite in three statements :— 1. London and the southeast counties were full of refu- gees from the Netherlands and descendants of refugees.! 2. London and the southeast counties were always hot-beds of non-conformity. 3. London and the southeast counties furnished two- thirds of the settlers of New England. 1May not this very large contingent, with a French habit of pronunciation, be responsible for the ‘*‘ cockney ” propping of the h? 170 BULLETIN OF THE ESSEX INSTITUTE. But they do not seem to have connected these facts very closely, or to see that the sudden prosperity of London after the downfall of Antwerp was largely due to the actual presence in its midst of the men who had made Antwerp, with their greater enterprise and broader views.! Weavers, in particular, are always mentioned in con- nection with Lollardism in earlier times ; and weaving was introduced into England by Walloons from Brabant in 1330, although England long continued to play into the hands of Flanders in this important respect. The so-called Huguenots, to whom Queen Elizabeth allowed chapel and workshops in the crypt of Canterbury, were not Hugue- nots at all, but French-speaking Walloons, silk-weavers from the country round Brussels. Any connection with cloth I begin to regard with sus- picion. Leven suspect the Winthrops, “ clothiers of Nor- wich,” of being Van Throops or Van Tromps in disguise. Such a descent is quite as honorable as the English, for these were the men who led the world in their time. Eng- land rose only on their ruin, and the Dutch Republic still remained far greater than England until William the Third dragged it at the tail of England’s kite. Old Flemish point is very like Honiton ; it was Flemish lace-makers who setup the manufacture in Devon. People seem never to have remembered that any one spoke French outside of France, or the Channel Islands. In fact, the Dukes of Burgundy must have introduced much Flemish blood into France in their trains and armies. Barante mentions a representative of the well-known Boston name, Sohier, in the the service of the Duke of Burgundy at Paris in 1391, “the son of a weaver of Malines.”! The 1N. E. Hist. Gen. Reg., vol. XLIX, pp. 24-28. ‘‘The Grasshopper in Boston.”— p. 28. “‘ Before Elizabeth, almost impossible for the city to raise a loan of £10,000. Before she-died it was advancing her loans of £60,000.” Ibid. p. 27. The Gresham crest, a grasshopper, puzzled the experts. The Thach- ers also bear it. I believe it Flemish, one of the quaint conceits of that fun-loving people. ESSEX COUNTY DIALECT. Ai argument for French answers very well for Flemish, for many of them had the two languages, and the Walloon language would seem to be a compound of the two: * French, with Teutonic elements.” I wanted to approach the subject of dialect with you to-day as I approached it myself. About three years ago I became tired of purring my eyes out over German text, and took to Dutch, because it was printed in Roman text. Eighteen months later I took to genealogy ; and looking over old records and lists of freemen, I found names changing under my eyes according to certain laws which presupposed a Dutch element in the population. Changes, very perceptible to the eye, were no changes at all to the ear of a person who knew ever so little of the sound of Dutch diphthongs, the odd habit of not pronouncing a final syllable in n, and of introducing a vowel-sound be- tween consonants where no vowel is written. Here, I consider, is the cause of the “absurd perversion of proper names which has taken place in this country.’” An Englishman, taking down names given him by a Dutch- man, would certainly write a vowel where the Dutchman speaks but does not write it,? and would not write the syl- lables which the Dutchman writes but does not speak. The Dutch scribe naturally would, and actually did make equal havoc with English names, and he had his oppor- tunity too—(“ Clark Vargoose,”4 Boston 1679, and doubt- less others earlier.) The English rapidly assimilate foreign names to their own, and I infer that many Flemish names were anglicized before reaching this country, and the Flemings then went on distorting these names according 1Barante. ‘‘ Histoire des Ducs de Bourgogne.” Vol. II, p. 130. 2N. E. Hist. Geneal. Register. 3A Dutchman says Delluft and mel-luck, for Delft and milk. 4Sewall’s Diary, vol. I, pp. 53,108. ‘‘ Vergoose, Vertigoose, Goose,’* (properly Vergoes.Dutch c=English 00.) ‘‘Nurse Goose had another son, Peter, in Nor- wich, England, and the family was probably not of English origin.” 1732 BULLETIN OF THE ESSEX INSTITUTE. to their command of English. The effect on names of the struggle between two languages is always the same, and to be observed every day in a town like Gloucester, where an ordinary notice in the Post Office must be posted in five or six languages. The Portuguese Pereira and Rodriguez become Perry and Rogers. The Swede, Konstanz Mattson, became Constantia Madison by accident of deafness in her first mistress. (Later she was Lena). Carlsen became Charl- ton by a mistake in shipping papers in England. Clevin- hausen became Hawson for convenience. If the Virginia name Tagliaferro were spelt Tolliver, as pronounced, it would be disguised to the eye; and I suspect a good deal is hidden under many an innocent-looking English name, while Savage and the early freemen’s lists show an im- posing contingent of foreign blood.! But I did not go into genealogy with a bias, although I had read Douglas Campbell’s book ; for he did not go so far as to say that any of that blood came over here. The first hint came from a Bethiah Leach of Manchester, who married in Gloucester in 1685. Bethiah seemed a Bible- name, but it was singular in Gloucester. Looking across the line for relatives, I noticed a Bethia Rea of Salem Village, and Rea recalled the Spanish-Dutch names in Motley. “ Js Bethya a Bible-name?” Two concordances failed to give it, and I began to suspect a corruption of Betje (Bate’-ya. Dutch for Betty), later mispronounced in three syllables, Be-thy’-a. This single inference may prove a delusion, but it led to observations which are confirmed by Mr. Waters, the experienced searcher, on page 118 of Vol. L, of the New England Historical and Genealogical Register. 1John Heard of Dover is John Hoord on freemen’s list. Hoorn may have be- come Horne and Orne. Curtis of Boxford was Curthout; Grover of Beverly was Groyvwand, 1734. ESSEX COUNTY DIALECT. hea And now we can stick more closely to our point ;— my first specimen of dialect, (as I suppose it to be), serv- ing to bind the two parts together. In the year 1714 the inhabitants of Salem Raia for help in manning a fort, because, they say, they “have con- siderable Lott and Scott in carrying on the government.”! In 1687 Gloucester, petitioning against abuses under Andros, complains she has to “ pay the Shott for the Jus- tices at the Tavern.” In Van Lennep’s “ Tales of our Ancestors ” (Dutch), a crusader says, “it is hard on free citizens who have always paid schot and Jot, to be bandied from one master to an- other,” etc. NOTE. Sch. hard in Dutch, softin German; so that the German rendering would be Shot, and the Dutch Scot. Ido not know if scoé and lot has been in use in England, but scot-free seems to belong to it. The same volume con- tains “donderkoppen,” the thunder-heads of New Eng- land; and “schmerzengeld,” corresponding to the smart money sometimes allowed by General Court to wounded Indian-fighters. Other phrases I neglected to mark :—one is always sorry later for an omission of that kind. About eighteen months ago the Secretary of the Dialect Society wrote a letter to the New York Nation, and spoke of wanting reports from “hill-towns where the pop- ulation had remained stable, preserving their habits of speech intact.” They ran about like ants on their way to the hill-towns, however, as the genealogist soon discovers. It is a task to follow the course of a family from Concord or Watertown, through Sudbury, Grafton, Framingham, Chelmsford, (picking up wives all the way), to a New Hampshire hill-town where it may join another Concord 1Kssex Institute Collections, vol. v, p. 259. 2** De Reisgeuooten,” pp- 244, 345. ESSEX INST. BULLETIN VOL. XXVI 21 174 BULLETIN OF THE ESSEX INSTITUTE. stock, which has almost certainly taken in a Scotch-Irish strain on its way through Worcester, Rutland or London- derry ; and it is hardly perched in New Hampshire before it is off for the West. All these things affect the family speech, and I really think that we of Essex County are stability itself compared with them, especially on the sea-board. The dialect of Marblehead or the Shoals remained the same, I suppose, until it died out; and having just found a few words of it in the Marblehead History, I sent them to the Secretary with some Gloucester words, and referred to the account of the word schooner in Worcester’s Dictionary. You know the rig and the name are said to have been invented in Glcucester; but even I find it hard to believe that the verb scoon was used in Gloucester in 1740, unless it were « Marbleheader who stood by and said, “ How she scoons” which is quite possible. I have heard scoot used to ex- press haste without grace, but never scoon. I could see no Dutch element in the few Marblehead words I found, unless pixilated, (bewildered in the dark), could be connected with pekzwart, (pitchdark), which it may not be at all. There wasa French element, and I - suppose the Cornish strain, manifest there in names be- ginning with 7’re, might account for anything. The Mar- blehead pronunciation quoted by Mr. Chadwick,! darn in a born for born in a barn, reads like the dialect of Gwenny, the little Cornish maid in “Lorna Doone.” John Fisk says Cornish is allied to Geelic and Welsh, and the last person who spoke it in England died in 1770. Think of carrying a language out of the world in your own per- son | The Haskells, who left a numerous progeny in Glouces- ter, Salem and Marblehead, are said to have hailed from 1** Warper’s Monthly,” Vol. XLIx, p. 189. ESSEX COUNTY DIALECT. 175 the Isle of Man. Can it be they who have flooded an in- nocent country-side with the Americanisms of that Geelic population! Hall Caine’s “* Manxman” says, “Ifa man has done wrong, the next best thing he can do is to say darned little about it,” and the Manx song about hunting Jenny Wren! I wonder if that song has been as familiar everywhere as in this county? On receiving rave, (the rail of a cart), from Sewall’s Diary, the Secretary said he had heard it in Eastern Con- necticut, but had forgotten to record it. You see we all have valuable words hidden away in our memories; it is a great point gained if we can be on the watch and seize them as they come to the surface. And the older members of tae community are invaluable store-houses of pure New England usage ; (safer guides than the younger generations, whose heads are full of phrases from all quarters of the earth), and then they may remember words used long ago by only a few old persons, and they had a comprehensive view of a place, too. It would not be possible now to say confidently, “ He is the only person in the community who says that,” as some one said the other day, speaking of a man who used to come from West Gloucester to sell vegetables in 1825, perhaps. He always said, “Do you want to buy any whortleberry-plums ?” and everybody else in town said “huckleberry ;” but Iam told whortleberry was not uncommon in Deerfield about that time, and the persons who used it were not trying to be fine. But in 1810 Gloucester plus Rockport numbered not quite 6,000 souls; now Gloucester minus Rockport num- bers nearly 30,000, and all these arrivals tend to “swamp” the native speech. My chief quarrel with them is that they have totally obliterated the auxiliary shall. In my young days nobody said well for shall in Gloucester. It 1See *“*Vinton Memorial.’’ 176 BULLETIN OF THE ESSEX INSTITUTE. was New England’s boast that she always had it right with- out thinking of the matter. It is sono longer. Speaking broadly, none of the young people say shall at all now. They use we// in all cases, and their speech is the speech of the future. I hold the schools responsible for a thing like that. They should not permit a pure usage to be driven from one ofits strongholds. I had a strong impression that this county, and particu- larly the sea-board, had never been very thoroughly looked up by collectors of “Americanisms,” and that we should soon have a fine feather in our caps in the shape of a long list of uncollected words. I still hope so, if we can awaken an interest ; although a hasty glance into the “Cen- tury Dictionary ” showed numbers of my words, but not always treated ina satisfactory manner. The much-prized dun jish, for instance, is there a compound word: “ dun’- fish ” and the “ process of dunning” is mentioned. No such verb is known in Gloucester, and we object to the hyphen and the accent for the noun. Guy of Warwick did not kill the Dun'cow—he killed the Dun Cow, and Glouc- ester makes a dun fish. An objection to Worcester’s and Webster's definition of killick is in the Collections.!. I sent an abstract of it to the Society, (with proper reference to the Collections. ) If l remember rightly, the Century definition was not much better than the other, and to “come to killick” was men- tioned as a current phrase. It sounds like Governor Brad- ford, or Christopher Wood. We of Essex County say, * [threw my kallick over.” A subject I should like to see investigated, and which seems to me connected with dialect, isthe name Dogtown, applied to a high, rolling common in the middle of Cape Ann, which, (the Cape), was never settled except around 1 Vol. VII, page 36. ESSEX COUNTY DIALECT. 77 the edges. Mrs. Emery! mentions a Dogtown in the out- skirts of Newbury, “a hamlet beyond a belt of trees ;” and it seems evident that the name has a common origin, not local. I do not think it has any connection with dogs. I have thought it more likely to be a corruption of sylla- bles no longer understood, and assimilated to something familiar. * Dialect-Notes ” refer to the verb fudge used in playing marbles. One writer says it means to cheat; but it seems a particular form of cheating, for another says fudge means to push the marbles out of place. In Squam River is a shoal over which boats have to be fudged along with a pole, and the place where deep water begins was called Done Fudging.2 The name extended to the region around, and as a child I supposed it was Dunfudgeon. Thus do things get mixed. It is not easy to decide whether a word is dialect or not, and luckily it is not necessary for us to do so. It is much safer to report peculiarities, and let the experts decide. They throw out ieeler, because the word is used wherever the thing is used, but the thing is not used everywhere. No doubt they will throw out quarrel, but it will do no harm to report that Judge Sewall used it in Boston 1685- 95: “480 quarrels of the Front broken by the Hail.”3 He says a “house was broken up,” instead of broken into: (Dutch, op gebroken). His booby-hui was a coach on runners, while that mentioned above was a clumsy coach on wheels. It might be of importance to the Society to know one was used as late as 1840, and where the word survived. And inall cases of doubt, I should say, report rather than risk losing anything. 1“ Reminiscences of a Nonagenarian.”’ 2 History of Gloucester, page 150. % Diary, I, 402. 178 BULLETIN OF THE ESSEX INSTITUTE. At the annual meeting of the Society, “local pride ” was mentioned as an incentive to the work. Essex County is well-entitled to an honest local pride, and Salem before all, for the lead she has taken in all other branches of archeology. She is sure to have a hand in this; and then her fine libraries fit her to be the headquarters of this work ;—the last circular having expressed a wish for “local branch-circles at places where the reference-books are ac- cessible.” The Society very much wants “ more members, more co-operation, and more money for printing,” and the Essex Institute’s appeal to the county would carry much weight. Practical: A thin ledger-index, about thirteen inches by four, two pages to a letter, procured of any stationer, is very convenient forrecording words. If a word is taken from a book, note volume and page on entering it. If from a person, enter the name, and the sentence in which you heard it. These precautions save much trouble. Give date of use, if possible—7z. e.—the time whena word went out of use, came into use, or simp- ly how far back you can trace it. Classes of various kinds, especially of Local History, can without trouble collect much material, by simply saving what comes up naturally in the course of their researches. A new meaning, be it remembered, is as good as a new word. on 2 A A I I TE LE CCL CETTE EEC NEY ANNE "SLLAISNHOVSSYW ALNNOO XdSSA JO STVAANIW FHL Seanseenshibninine ‘IAXX “IOA ‘NILATING 3LNLILSNI XdSSd “OO XASSA 30 STVAANIW “SUVdS ae GEOLOGICAL AND MINERALOGICAL NOTES, NO. 9. BY JOHN H. SEARS, Curator of Mineralogy and Geology, Peabody Academy of Science, Salem, Massachusetts. LIST OF THE MINERALS OF ESSEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. Tue following list of the minerals of Essex County has been prepared after a careful examination of the work of the earlier mineralogists and dilligent search in almost every portion of the county for species not previously noticed. With so few persons devoting themselves to the study of mineralogy or collecting specimens in this region, it is not possible to present an absolutely complete list. Of the minerals here enumerated nearly all are represented by excellent specimens in the County collection in the mu- seum of the Peabody Academy of Science in Salem. As early as 1821, Prof. J. W. Webster discovered the minerals epidote and fibrous prenhite at Nahant and made analyses of them (American Journal of Science, Vol. m1, page 364), and in 1823 he discovered the green feldspar and zircon crystals at the hill on the south side of the common in Beverly. In the analysis of the green feldspar he mentions the metallic particles in the compound, which, he writes, are probably oxide of titanium (Boston Jour- nal of Philosophy, Vol. 1, pp. 390-599). In the Amer- ican Journal of Science (Vol. xxxiv, p. 402, 1838), is (179) 180 BULLETIN OF THE ESSEX INSTITUTE. recorded the discovery by Prof. C. U. Shepard, of twelve- sided crystals of columbite and hemitropic crystals of tin ore in the green feldspar rock at Beverly. From exam- inations of the minerals in the green feldspar rock of Beverly, [am inclined to think that the crystals of tin ore may have been titanite or titaniferous magnetite, as this mineral is quite abundant in the rock,—in fact, it is abundant in all of the varieties of the nepheline and ele- olite-zircon-syenite rocks of the region,—and especially as titanite was not found by Professor Shepard in the analysis of the rock. In the Essex County Journal of Natural History of 1839, Rev. William Prescott communicated a paper on the mineralogy and geology of the southern part of Essex County. In this paper Mr. Prescott enumerates twenty- nine different minerals and gives the localities in which they were found and their mode of occurrence. On Jan- uary 14, 1856 (Proceedings E. I., Vol. 1, pp. 151-153), Rev. A. P. Chute read a paper and mentioned cancrinite (this so called cancrinite proved later to be sodalite), py- rite and zircon, collected by Gilbert A. Streeter in Salem. In the proceedings of the Institute (Vol. mu, p. 47), Mr. Chute gives a list of the minerals of Lynnfield, enumeraté ing fourteen species. This would be a good list from that town at the present time, fora large portion of the bed rock is a Cambrian quartzite, in which there are very few minerals sufficiently conspicuous to be detected without a compound microscope. In the Proceedings of the American Academy (Vol. v1, 1863, p. 167), Dr. Charles T. Jackson gives the analyses of the green feldspar, fergusonite and rhodonite, and men- tions the discovery of minute crystals of topaz in the green feldspar by Mr. Francis Alger of Boston: the min- erals were collected at Rockport by the Rev. Stillman Barden of that town. GEOLOGICAL AND MINERALOGICAL NOTES. 181 The rocks from which the minerals recorded in the fol- lowing list were taken represent twenty-nine distinct rock formations, with several thousand outcropping ledges, in all portions of Essex County. The greater number of these ledges have never been broken into except to collect the few specimens required to determine the character of the rock. They will, therefore, without doubt furnish many mineral species new to the county, as they are worked into and studied, and an extremely interesting field is thus offered to the mineralogist in the future as it has proved in the past. I desire to acknowledge the kind assistance which I have received in determining many of the minerals here enumerated, from Prof. H. Rosenbusch of the University of Heidelburg, Germany; Prof. 5S. L. Penfield of the Sheffield Scientific School, New Haven, Conn.; Prof. J. E. Wolff and Messrs. Charles L. Whittle and T. A. Jag- | gar of Harvard College; Prof. W. O. Crosby of the Bos- ton Society of Natural History; to Mr. John Robinson of the Peabody Academy of Science for other aid, and to the many friends in all parts of Essex County who have so kindly assisted me in procuring specimens, I especially desire to express my thanks. Peabody Academy of Science. Salem, July, 1896. CATALOGUE. Nae 1. \Gold. The gray copper, galena and quartz, from the Chipman silver mine at Newbury, contains gold, and gold has been reported from various other mines in the neighborhood, and also from Boxford, Topsfield, Lynnfield Centre and Saugus. The analysis of the gray copper from the Chip- man mine made by Prof. R. H. Richards of the Mass. ESSEX INST. BULLETIN VOL. XXVI. 21* 182 BULLETIN OF THE ESSEX INSTITUTE. Institute of Technology (Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. History, Vol. xvur, pp. 200-204), gives: silver, $1,422. per ton; gold, $145.12 per ton and 27 per cent of copper. The galena (30 pounds) from the Chipman mine analyzed by Prof. Richards, yielded 25 lbs. of refined lead, 436.32 grains of silver and 4.19 grains of gold. An analysis of this galena made by myself at the Lawrence Scientific School gave silver at the rate of 27 ounces per ton. Thus it is seen that gold, silver, lead and copper occur in Essex County. The gray copper of the quality above indicated is very rare even in Newbury and I do not be- lieve that it is to be found in the county in sufficient quan- tities to be mined at a profit. No. 2. Graphite. This occurs in minute foliated scales in the granitic rocks of Peabody and Danvers, and in the slaty, carbon- iferous shales of Topsfield, Middleton and Lynnfield Centre. No. 3. Stibnite:. Gray Antimony. Found associated with galena at the Newbury and New- buryport silver mines. No. 4. Molybdenite. Found in foliated masses of considerable size at the Pomeroy granite quarry at Gloucester, in the augite- syenite at Salem Neck and some good specimens have been found in the diorite at Marblehead. No.5.. Silver Ore. Newbury, Newburport, Amesbury, Rowley, Boxford and Lynnfield Centre. No. 6. Galena: Lead Ore. Found in the same places as the last named. No. 7. Bornite: Variegated Copper Ore. Luther Noyes copper mine and the southern part of Kent’s Island, Newbury. No. 8. Chalcopyrites: Copper Pyrites. GEOLOGICAL AND MINERALOGICAL NOTES. 183 Found at the Luther Noyes copper mine, the Chipman silver mine and at Kent’s Island, Newbury, the Stephen Osgood mine in South Georgetown and the old Governor Endicott copper mine in Topstield. No. 9. Sphalerite: Zinc Blende. This occurs in considerable masses at all of the mines in Newbury, Newburyport and Rowley, and also in much larger quantities in the John Pettingale mine at Ames- bury. No. 10. Pyrrhotite: nickel Ore. From the Luther Noyes nickel mine in Newbury and in a small vein exposed in the augite-syenite at Poor House hill in Beverly. No. 11.. Pyrite: Iron Pyrites. This occurs in large masses near the Harriman mine at Boxford, and in Newbury in connection with the galena and silver ores. This is also common in small quantities in nearly all of the bed rocks of the county. No. 12. Marcasite: White Iron Pyrites. Found in large masses at the Luther Noyes nickel mine, Newbury. No. 13. Arsenopyrite: Mispickle. This occurs in thin sheets or veins at the John Pettin- gale mine, Amesbury, and good specimens were found at an old mine near the River Parker, Rowley. No. 14. Tetrahedrite: Gray Copper. Good specimens of this mineral were found in the dump heaps of the Chipman silver mine, Newbury, and at the Stephen Osgood mine, South Georgetown. No. 15. MHalite: Salt. Found as incrustations and in acicular crystals on rocks and the borders of tide pools at the sea shore. No. 16. Fluorite: Fluor Spar. In irregular, crystalline masses in the granitite at the 184 BULLETIN OF THE ESSEX INSTITUTE. quarry of the Rockport Granite Co., Rockport, and asso- ciated with galena at Lynnfield Centre. No. 17. Hematite: Specular Iron. Found on the surfaces of the slickensides of diorite, Salem, in amphibolite at Putnamville, and in hornblende granites, Peabody. No. 18. Hematite, var. Micaceous Hematite. Found in the bed rock of the Tophet hill lost gold mine, Lynnfield, Centre. No. 19. Hematite, var. Red Ochre. Beverly Cove, Danvers, Topsfield, etc. This is the common anhydrous form. No. 20. Menaccanite: Ilmenite: Titanic Iron. Seen in microscopic patches in nearly all of the eruptive rocks, especially in the augite-syenites, diorites and mica schists. No. 21. Lieucoxen. This mineral, a decomposition product of the titanite, is usually seen surrounding the titanite or entirely re- placing it. No. 22. Magnetite: Iron. This occurs in masses in the elzolite-zircon-syenite at Great Haste ledge, Salem harbor, and is common in crys- tals and small grains in all of the eruptive rocks of the county. No. 23. Chromite: Chromic Iron. In octahedral crystals in the limestone and serpentine at the Devil’s Basin, Newbury. No. 24. Rutile. Common in microscopic crystals in the metamorphic Cambrian rocks in all parts of the county. Larger crys- tals occur in the granites at Swampscott, West Wenham, etc. No. 25. Turgite: Red Ochre. GEOLOGICAL AND MINERALOGICAL NOTES. 185 An earthy form of this mineral occurs in a hillside, northwest of the old meeting house, at Beverly Farms. No. 26. Limonite: Brown Hematite: Bog Iron Ore. Found in the beds of brooks and small ponds in nearly all of the townsin Essex County. This was the ore used at the Saugus Iron Works, the first iron casting works in America, in 1643.: No. 27. Limonite: Brown Ochre. Mineral paint mine, Georgetown. No. 28. lLimonite: Yellow Ochre. Danvers, Topsfield, Newbury, etc. No. 29. Limonite: Clay Iron Stone. Good specimens of this mineral are found in pockets in the granite at the Pomeroy quarry, Gloucester. No. 30. Xanthosiderite. Found in segregated masses, stalactitic and botryoidal in form, in crevices of the granitite at the quarry of the Rockport Granite Co., Rockport. No. 31. Brucite. A mineral belonging to the magnesia group, found as- sociated with serpentine at the serpentine ledge, Lynnfield Centre. No. 32. Wad: Bog Manganese. Found in large masses in a meadow and brook at Put- namville, and in the form of rounded concretions in small ponds and spring holes at Peabody and Topsfield. No. 33. Quartz. Massive vein quartz occurs at North Beverly, Danvers, and various other places in the county. No. 34. Quartz: Rock Crystal. Found in large masses and crystals in pegmatite veins at Andover, Nahant, Rockport, etc. No. 35. Quartz: Drusy Quartz. In minute crystals, Danvers, Nahant, West Newbury. 186 BULLETIN OF THE ESSEX INSTITUTE. No. 36. Quartz: False Topaz. Light yellow color, Rockport. No. 37. Quartz: Smoky Quartz. The massive vein form is found in the rhyolites of Marblehead and in the granitite of Gloucester and Rock- port. No. 38. Quartz: Cairngorm Stone. Found in nearly black crystals at the Pomeroy quarry, Gloucester, and at Rockport. No. 39. Quartz: Milky Quartz. ‘Massive veins occur at South Georgetown and Grove- land. No. 40... Quartz: Ferruginous Quartz. In the carboniferous slates of Topsfield. No. 41. Quartz: Rose Quartz. Occasionally found in the glacial drift. No. 42. Prase: Actinolitic Quartz. A vein occurs at Bass Point, Nahant. No. 43. Chalcedony. Good specimens occur at Prospect Hill, Beverly, and it is also found filling the amygdules of the amygdaloidal melaphyre at Saugus. No. 44. Basanite: Chert. Found in the Cambrian rocks at Peabody, Middleton, Rowley and Nahant Head, Nahant. No. 45. Jaspelite. Saugus Centre and Nahant. This is the so called red jasper as popularly known. No. 46. Quartzite. Saugus, Lynnfield Centre, ete., forming large beds in the lower Cambrian rockmass. No. 47. Opal, var. Silicious Sinter. Found as segragated, granular, stalactitic masses at the contact of the augite-syenite and granite in Beverly. GEOLOGICAL AND MINERALOGICAL NOTES. 187 No. 48. Opal, var. Tripolite: Infusorial Earth. Found in beds of brooks and meadows in Danvers. At West Boxford beds occur two feet or more in thickness. No. 49. Hypersthene. In irregular, cleavable, crystalline grains and masses in the hypersthene-gabbro at Misery Island and Salem Neck. No. 50. Wollastonite: Tabular Spar. A bladed variety of this mineral is found at the Devil’s Den, Newbury. No. 51. Diallage. Found in large crystalline masses at the Luther Noyes nickel mine, Newbury. No. 52. Pyroxene, var. Augite. In irregular crystals in the augite-nepheline-syenite at Salem Neck, Beverly and Manchester. No. 53. Diopside, var. Brown Augite. This occurs as irregular, microscopic crystals in the augite-nepheline-syenite on the Pickman estate, Beverly Cove. No. 54. Acmite. This occurs as small acicular erpatalis in the augite- syenite at Powder House hill in Essex, ii at Lanesville in Gloucester. No. 55. Atgirine. Typical bent crystals, sometimes three inches long, are found in the egirine-syenite at Gale’s Point, Manchester. (Sears Bull. Essex Institute, Vol. xxur, Min. and Geol. Notes, No. 3, p. 5.). It is also seen in thin sections of the eleolite-zircon-syenite of Salem Neck and Beverly when studied with the microscope. No. 56. LEnstatite. In micro-crystals in the olivine-gabbro of Salem Neck. No. 57. Bronzite. 188 BULLETIN OF THE ESSEX INSTITUTE. Found as the last and also in a coarse pegmatitic mass on Misery Island, Salem harbor. No. 58. Hornblende. Irregular crystals are abundant in the hornblende-gran- ite of Peabody and, microscopically, it is common in the diorite, syenites and the dyke rocks. No. 59. Tremolite. The Devil’s Basin, Newbury. No. 60. Actinolite. Long crystals are found at Bass Point, Nahant, and it is also found ina large pegmatite boss in the quarry of the Rockport Granite Co., Rockport. No. 61. Asbestus, pseudomorph of Actinolite. A vein, six inches wide, in the diabasie norite, at Bass Point, Nahant. No. 62. Arfvedsonite: Alkali Hornblende. Irregular crystals are found at Salem Neck and larger masses on Coney Island, Salem harbor, in the elezolite- zircon-syenite. No. 68. Ainigmatite. Rare, in microscopic masses in the elaeolite-zircon-syen- ite, Great Haste ledge, Salem harbor. No. 64. Cossyrite. Microscopic crystals in the augite-syenite at Magnolia. No. 65. Glaucophane. A deep blue hornblende. Massive forms in the augite-hornblende-granite at Pick- ering’s Point, Salem, and in the granite-porphyrite at Marblehead Neck, ete. No. 66. Chrysolite: Olivine. Found in porphyritic crystals in olivine basalt dyke rocks, Salem Neck, etc. No. 67. Fayalite. A large mass, at a depth of sixty feet, in the quarry of the Rockport Granite Co., Rockport. (See Penfield and = “ssyW “OO X3SSd ‘LNOdHOOU “OO ALINVYD LYOdNYOOU JHL JO AUAVNAO TAXX “IOA ‘NILAVING SALOLNISNI KASSA “OO XASSI JO STVYANIW “SUVAS GEOLOGICAL AND MINERALOGICAL NOTES. 189 Forbes, American Journal of Science, Vol. 1, 1896, page 129.) The specimens which I collected in 1890 were the first observed in New England. No. 68. Danalite. In irregular masses and microscopic blebs scattered through the hornblende-biotite-granitite at the quarry of the Rockport Granite Co., Rockport, and at the Pomeroy quarry, Gloucester. No. 69. Garnet. Garnet occurs plentifully in a garnet schist outcrop be- tween Powder House hill and White’s hill in Essex, and elsewhere in the county. No. 70. Almandite Garnet. Abundant in the biotite-muscovite—granite, Andover. No. 71. Grossularite Garnet: Cinnamon Stone. In a drift, boulder, Nahant. No. 72. Massive Garnet. Devil’s Den, Newbury. No. 73. Zircon. Crystals with double terminations are abundant in the eleolite-zircon-syenite, Salem Neck, Beverly, etc. No. 74. Vesuvianite. Specimens from a vein in the serpentine at the Devil’s Basin, Newbury, analysed by Prof. W.O. Crosby, were determined as vesuvianite, but the mineral, however, is isotropic and identical with No. 72 above, massive garnet. No. 75. Enpidote. Veins with fine drusy crystals are found at Ege Rock near Nahant, in the diabase at East Point, Nahant, and also in the rhyolites at Marblehead, Clifton, etc. No. 76. Allanite. Radiated crystals are found in the diorite at Beverly, and long slender crystals are found in the augite-syenite at Beverly and West Gloucester and in the granite at Swampscott. The specimen determined as orthite by D. ESSEX INST. BULLETIN VOL. XXVI 22 190 BULLETIN OF THE ESSEX INSTITUTE. M. Balch and described in the American Journal of Sci- ence and Arts, Vol. xxxiu, p. 198, should undoubtedly be referred to Allanite. No. 77. Orthite. Found in radiated crystals in the hornblende-biotite- granitite at the quarry of the Rockport Granite Co., Rock- port. No. 78. Zoisite. This occurs in fine blue crystalline masses in the zoisite- gneiss and the hornblende-epidote-gneiss at Andover, Georgetown and Newbury. No. 79. Iolite. Found in corderite-gneiss at Marble Ridge, North An- dover. No. 80. Phlogopite Mica. In granitite, Rockport. No. 81. Biotite Mica. In augite-syenite, Salem Neck and Beverly, and also in eranitite at Rockport. No. 82. Lepedomelane. Found in hexagonal plates of a bronze color in the Pomeroy quarry, Gloucester. No. 83. Astrophyllite. In the quarry of the Rockport Granite Co., Rockport. No. 84. Muscovite Mica. Common in the biotite-muscovite-granite at Andover, Methuen and Rowley. No. 85. Lepidolite: Lithia Mica. In mica schist at Ballardvale, Andover, Bradford and Methuen ; in the mica schist at Ward’s Hill, Bradford. No. 86. Cryophyllite. In the hornblende-biotite-granitite at Rockport. No. 87. Annite. Found, as the last. No. 88. Sericite. EEE EEE EEO EOE eSV7m-77 "SSVW OD XdSSad SOAN Wa TVS SLINAAS-NOOUIZ-JLIIO#W lad JO dOWOLNO "IAXX “TOA ‘NILATING ALNLILSNI XdSSH ‘OO XdSSd JO STVYINIW ‘SUVs GEOLOGICAL AND MINERALOGICAL NOTES. 191 This occurs in irregularly banded plates in the jaspelite at Saugus Centre, etc. No. 89. Scapolite: Wernerite. In 1890 I found microscopic grains of scapolite in thin sections of the hornblende-granite collected at a quarry on Humphrey street, Swampscott, which is, I believe, the only record of this mineral being detected in granite. No. 90. LEleeolite. This occurs in large irregular crystalline masses in the eleeolite-zircon-syenite at Beverly, Salem Neck, etc. No. 91. Nephelite: Nepheline. Found in small micro-crystals in the augite-nepheline- syenite at Salem Neck, Beverly and Gloucester (See Bull. it, Vol. xxv, No. 6, p. 5, 1893.) No. 92. Cancrinite. This occurs in minute irregular masses in the eleolite- zircon-syenite at Salem Neck where it is lemon yellow in color. It is more abundant at Great Haste ledge and the Ram Islands, Salem harbor, where the color is grayish to brown. No. 93. Sodalite. In coarse pegmatetic masses in the eleolite-zircon-sye- nite at Salem Neck, Great Haste ledge and Beverly shore. No. 94. Hydronephelite. In radiated crystals in the elseolite-zircon-syenite at Salem Neck. No. 95. Anorthite. A large mass of this feldspar occurs at East Point, Na- hant, near the residence of Hon. H. C. Lodge. No. 96. Labradorite. This occurs in large crystals, some of which are three inches long by one and one-half inches wide, in the gabbro at Bay View, Davis Neck and Lanesville in Gloucester, also in porphyretic dyke rocks in various localities. 192 BULLETIN OF THE ESSEX INSTITUTE. Noy 97.» wAlbite. Fine, glassy, multiple twinned crystals are found at the Pomeroy quarry, Gloucester. No. 98 Orthoclase. Simple and twinned crystals are found in pegmatetic masses in the granitite at Rockport. Common in the granite. No. 99. Microcline: Amazon Stone. Specimens of a bright verdigris green color are found at Briscoe hill, Beverly, and at Gloucester and Rockport. No. 100. Microcline-microperthite (Soda Microcline of Brogger. ) Found in coarse crystalline masses in the eleolite-zir- con-syenite at Salem Neck. No. 101. Orthoclase-microperthite (Albite and Ortho- clase intergrowths. ) In the elolite-zircon-syenite Coney Island, Salem harbor. No. 102. Sanadin. Crystals from the Bostonite porphyry (Rosenbusch), a dyke rock on Coney Island, Salem harbor. No. 1038. Anorthoclase. Crystals in the keratophyre at Marblehead harbor (See Bull MC. Z., Geol. Ser., Vol. 1, No. 9, p. 167.) No. 104. Prehnite. Rare, in reniform or globular masses in the diabasic nor- ite at Nahaut. No. 105. Natrolite. This occurs as a secondary pseudomorph of eleolite on Salem Neck and in amygdules in the amygdaloidal mele- phyre at Rowley. No. 106. Steatite: Soapstone. In a massive bed associated with the serpentine at New- buryport. 7a ene 6 aan eS A a Pe ‘SSVW “OO XaSSd SAUNGMAN (“NIG SAIC ,, FHL ‘IAXX “IOA “NILATING JLALILSNI XdSSAa "OO XdSSd JO SIVYANIW ‘SYVAS * GEOLOGICAL AND MINERALOGICAL NOTES. 193 No. 107. Talc. The fine granular variety known as French chalk is found at Newburyport near the silver mines. No. 108. Serpentine: Noble Serpentine. Rich oil green color, Devil’s Den, Newbury. No. 109. Serpentine: Common Massive Serpentine. Devil’s Den, Newbury. No. 110. Serpentine: Foliated Serpentine: Marmolite. The same station. No. 111. Serpentine: Picrolite. _Devil’s Basin, Newbury. No. 112. Serpentine: Picrosmine. Devil’s Basin, Newbury. No. 113. Serpentine: Baltimorite. Devil’s Basin, Newbury. No. 114. Serpentine: Chrysotile: silky fibrous. Devil’s Basin, Newbury. No. 115. Serpentine: Massive Serpentine, dark colored variety. Lynnfield Centre. No. 116. Kaolinite. Kent’s Island, Newbury, and at “ Little Niagara river,’ Bradford. No. 117. Tourmaline. Long accicular crystals, some of which are in finely ra- diated groups and black in color, are found at South Grove- land. No. 118. Andalusite. In veins of andalusite slate at Nahant, and near Flax pond, Lynn. No. 119. Andalusite: Chiastolite. Crystals are found in glacial drift at the Castle, Castle river, Ipswich. No. 120. Fibrolite. ’ 194 : BULLETIN OF THE ESSEX INSTITUTE. In the corderite gneiss at Marble Ridge, North Ando- ver. : No. 121. Titanite: Sphene. Micro-crystals are found in augite-syenite at Salem Neck, Beverly, Magnolia, etc. No. 122. Bastite: Schiller Spar. Resulting from the alteration of pyroxine-diallage in the diabasic norite, Nahant. No. 123. Pinite. Pseudomorph of orthoclase,; Eagle Island, Little river and Kent’s Island, in Newbury, etc. No 124. -Jeffersite. , In broad crystalline plates resembling biotite mica, northwest side of Powder House hill, Beverly, and in the old lime pits near Stevens’ pond, Boxford. No. 125. Pennenite. Pomeroy quarry, Gloucester. No. 126. Delessite. This occurs as thin folia in seams of diorite at Salem, and in diabase dyke rock in Bradford, etc. No. 127. Uralite. A paramorph of hornblende after pyroxene. This min- eral is abundant, microscopically, in the quartz-augite-di- orite of Newburyport, Carr’s Island, ete. No. 128. Fergusonite. Found in the granitite at the quarry of the Rockport Granite Co., Rockport. No. 129. Apatite: Phosphate of Lime. Microscopic crystals occur abundantly in diorite, augite- syenite, and many dyke rocks. No. 180. Apatite: var. Guano. Found incrusting the rocks, Great Haste ledge and Half way rock, Salem harbor. No. 181. Calcite: Cale Spar. I nO GS ST GEOLOGICAL AND MINERALOGICAL NOTES. 195 Often found in good rhombic crystals in the amphibolite- gneiss at Putnamville. No. 1382. Calcite: Dogtooth Spar. Near the Tri—Mountain house, Bass Point, Nahant. No. 133. Calcite: Massive Granular Limestone. Found in large masses at the Devil’s Den and Devil’s Basin, Newbury, and at the old lime pits in Boxford. No. 134. Calcite: Massive Blue Limestone. Interstratified with quartzite-sandstone and slate in the carboniferous rocks at Topsfield. No. 135. Calcite: Statuary Marble. Specimens, pure white and fine grained, occur at the Devil’s Den, Newbury. No. 136. Calcite; Silicious Limestone. This belongs to the Olenellus, Lower Cambrian period and occurs at Archelaus hill, West Newbury, and at Row- ley and Nahant. No. 137. Dolomite: Magnesian Limestone. Found in veins in the serpentine at the Devil’s Den, Newbury. No. 138. Ankerite. Good rhombohedral crystals are found in the granitite in the Pomeroy quarry, Gloucester. No. 1389. Magnesite: Brown Spar. Found in the old serpentine ledge, Lynnfield Centre, and at Boxford and Newbury. No. 140. Siderite: Spathic Iron. Massive crystalline forms are found associated with the iron pyrites and galena at the Chipman mine, Newbury, and (rare) in small compound scalenohedrons and rhom- bic crystals incrusting the albite feldspars at the Pomeroy quarry, Gloucester. No. 141. Siderite, bronze var. In the Newbury mining region. The usual form is granular in structure. 196 BULLETIN OF THE ESSEX INSTITUTE. No. 142. Malachite: Green Carbonate of Copper. Found associated with gray copper at the Osgood mine, South Georgetown. No. 143. Azurite: Blue Carbonate of Copper. Osgood mine, South Georgetown. No. 144, Quartz. A quartz crystal an inch broad, a pseudomorph of fluor- ite, deep scarlet in color, was found in the granitite at the quarry of the Rockport Granite Co., Rockport. No. 145. Coal: Earthy Brown Coal. East side of Nahant, near the old iron mine. | No. 146. Bog-butter: Oxygenated Hydrocarbon ( ?) Three feet below the surface, Clifton, Marblehead. No. 147. Rhodonite: Red Bi-silicate of Manganese. “Rockport, Rev. S. Barden, collector.” (Dr. C. T. Jackson, Proc. Am. Acad. Vol. vi, p. 167.) No. 148. Topaz. “ Determined by Mr. Alger.” Same citation as above. Not represented in the collection of the Peabody Aen No. 149. Columbite. “Small twelve-sided prisms of columbite in the green feldspar rock at Beverly ” (Prof. C. U. Shepard, Ameri- can Journal of Science, Vol. xxxtv, p. 402.) Not repre- sented in the collection of the Peabody Academy of Science. No.150..:Tin-Ore. “ Hemitropic (twinned) crystals of tin ore.” Same ci- tation. Notrepresented in the collection of the Academy. In closing this list I would again call attention to the collection of the minerals of Essex County in the museum of the Peabody Academy of Science, which occupies sev- eral sections in the cases devoted to the natural history of the county, and which covers, with the few exceptions noted, all of the species enumerated in the list. A fewof al Po tet "IAXX “IOA ‘NILATING JLALILSNI X3SSA °OO X4ASSA 4JO STVYANIW “SUVAS GEOLOGICAL AND MINERALOGICAL NOTES. 197 the minerals are only to be seen with the aid of the com- pound microscope, although abundant in the rocks. The arrangement of the minerals follows the text book of Prof. E. S. Dana, tenth revised edition. In studying the rock formations more than six hundred thin sections were made for microscopic study and these may be seen by persons engaged in the study of the minerals by applying to me at the office on the lower floor of the museum building. In connection with the minerals will be found collections il- lustrating the rocks of the county and the geological for- mations, including photographs of the more interesting features. All of the specimens are clearly labelled and can readily be found by anyone who may care to examine them in connection with this list. INDEX. The references are to the numbers of the minerals in the list. Acmite, . “| 3 : P ; : F 54 Actinolite, : : ‘ ; 2 3 ‘ 60, 61 Actinolitic Quartz, E ; AKAN 2 E 42 /Xgirine, é 3 { ; , : 55 Ainigmatite, : 4 ; ! y ; 63 Alkali Hornblende, , , b : ; ; 62 Allanite, : - : : : é : 76 Albite, . : : ; ; s ‘ , oF Almandite Garnet, ; 5 ; : ’ : 70 Amazon Stone, . : ‘ : / ’ . 99 Andalusite, ; : : fi , 2 My On, PVG Ankerite, 188 Annite, 87 Anorthite, : : j ; 5 Anorthoclase,. 4 : A ; : : 103 Antimony, Gray, : ! 2 t . ; 3 Apatite, , : : 4 , : #”. Y29%" 180 Arfvedsonite. 62 Arsenopyrite, 13 Asbestus, 61 Astrophyllite, : 38 ESSEX INST. BULLETIN VOL. XXVI 22% 198 BULLETIN OF THE ESSEX INSTITUTE. Augite, Augite, Brown, Azurite, Baltimorite, Basanite, Bastite, Biotite Mica, Bog-butter, Bog Iron Ore, A Bog Manganese, ; : : ame Bornite, Bronzite, Brown Augite, Brown Hematite, Brown Ochre, Brown Spar, Brucite, Cairngorm Stone, Calcite, Cale Spar, Cancrinite, Carbonate of Copper, Blue, Carbonate of Copper, Green, Chalcedony, Chalcopyrites, Chert, Chiastolite, Chromic Iron, Chromite, Chrysolite, Chrysotile, Cinnamon Stone, Clay Iron Stone, Coal, Earthy Brown, Columbite, Copper, Blue Gurvorate of, Copper, Gray, Copper, Green farponate of, Copper Ore, Variegated, Copper Pyrites, Cossyrite, Cryophyllite, Crystal, Rock, Danalite, 122 81, 124 146 26 139 dl 38 131-136 131 92 GEOLOGICAL AND MINERALOGICAL NOTES. 199 Delessite, Diallage, Diopside, Dogtooth Spar, Dolomite, Drusy Quartz, Elzeolite, Enstatite, Epidote, False Topaz, Fayalite, Fergusonite, Ferruginous Quartz, Fibrolite, Fluorite, Fluor Spar, Foliated Serpentine, Galena, Garnet, . : Garnet, Almandite, Garnet, Grossularite, Garnet, Massive, Glaucophane, Gold, Graphite, Grossularite Garnet, Guano, Halite, Hematite, Hematite, Brown, Hematite, Micaceous, Hornblende, Horbiende, Alkali, Hydronephelite, Hypersthene, Ilmenite, Infusorial Earth, Iolite, Iron, Iron, Bog Ore, Iron, Chromic, Iron Pyrites, Tron Pyrites, White, Iron, Spathic, W127, 20,2223) 26.29.) 240 126 51 5 132 137 35 90 56 GS 36 67 128 40 120 16, 144 16 110 1,6 69-72, 74 70 GL , 74 65 1 2 71 130 15 be foe, 26 18 58,:62)') 32 94 49 20 48 79 =I bo 26 23 11 12 140 200 BULLETIN OF THE Tron, Specular, Iron Stone, Clay, Iron, Titanic, Jaspelite, Jasper, Jeffersite, Kaolinite, Labradorite, Lead, Lepedomelane, Lepidolite, Leucoxen, Lime, Eheephate of, Limestone, Massive Granwlir, . Limestone, Magnesian, Limestone, Massive Blue, Limestone, Silicious, Limonite, Lithia Mica. ‘ Magnesian Limestone, Magnesite, Magnetite, Malachite, Manganese, Bog, Manganese, Red Bi-silicate aa Marble, Statuary, Marcasite, Marmolite, Massive Blue Timiestone: Massive Garnet, Massive Granular Limestone, Massive Serpentine, Menaccanite, Mica. Mica, Biotite, Mica, Lithia, Mica, Muscovite, Mica, Phlogopite, Microcline, Microcline- Mi eroperthite. Microperthite, Milky Quartz, Mispickle, Molybdenite, 147 135 12 110 134 72, 74 133 109, 115 : 20 80, 81, 84, 85 81, 124 85 84 80 99 100 100, 101 39 13 3 GEOLOGICAL AND MINERALOGICAL Muscovite Mica, - Natrolite, Nephelene, Nephelite, Nickel Ore, Ochre, Brown, Ochre, Red, Ochre, Yellow, Olivine, Opal, Orthite, ‘ Orthoclase, : ; Orthoclase-Microperthite, Pennenite, Phlogopite Mica, Phosphate of Lime, Picrolite, Picrosmine, Pinite, Prase, Prehnite, Pyrite, . : Pyrites, Copper, Pyrites, Iron, Pyroxene, Pyrrhotite, Quartz, Actinolitic, Quartz, Drusy, Quartz, Ferruginous, Quartz, forms of, Quartz, Massive, Quartz, Milky, Quartz, Rose, Quartz, Smoky, . Quartzite, Red Ochre, Rhodonite, Rock Crystal, Rose Quartz, Rutile, Salt, Sanadin, . Scapolite, Sericite, . Serpentine, NOTES. 201 84 105 91 91 10 27 19, 25 28 66 47, 48 COUT 98, 123 101 125 80 129 111 112 123 42 104 11 8 tt 52, 127 10 49 35 , 40 33-42, 144 33 39 4] 37 46 19, 25 147 34 41 24 15 102 89 88 109-115 202 BULLETIN OF THE ESSEX INSTITUTE. Serpentine, Foliated, . ; : ‘ : F 110 Serpentine, Massive, . : : : : ». LOOPS Shiller Spar, j , : é : : ‘ 122 Siderite, ; é 5 : : : ~) 40a Siderite, bronze var., . ‘ : 3 : : 141 Silicious Limestone, . ; .* ; : : 136 Silicious Sinter, ; : : . A : AT Silver, -.. : ; ' 3 ; . : Ts) Sinter, Silicious, : ; ‘ ‘ : , AT Smoky Quartz, . : ; : ; ‘ 37 Soapstone, : : : ‘ : : 2 106 Sodalite, . : : é ; : Z : 93 Spar, Brown, . 5 : ; : : ‘ 139 Spar, Calc, ‘ : : : , ‘ : iol Spar, Dogtooth, : : ; : ; : 132 Spar, Shiller, . : : : ; 5 : 122 Spar, Tabular, . i ; : : : : 50 Spathic Iron, . , : ; ; ‘ : 140 Specular Iron, . 5 : : : : ; alee Sphalerite, , : : : : s : 9 Sphene, . 4 : : : ; j : 121 Statuary Marble, : : : : : : 135 Steatite, : : : ; ; ; : 106 Stibnite, . : : , ; : : ; 3 Tabular Spar, . : , : ; : ; 50 Talc, , i : : : : : : 107 Tetrahedrite, ; : : : ; A : 14 Tin Ore, . : : : : ee : ‘ 150 Titanic Iron, : : ; ; : - P 20 Titanite, . d ; : : : : : 121 Topaz, - : ; , : : : ; 148 Topaz, False, . ; : : ; : ; 36 Tourmaline, , : ; A ; : , LET Tremolite, : : ; : ; : ; 59 Tripolite, : : : : : ; : 48 Turgite, . : ; ; 5 : : : 25 Uralite, . : P ; , ; ‘ ‘ 127 Vesuvianite, : : : ; : : , 74 Wad, , F , : : ; : ; 32 Wernerite ; ; : ; : : . 89 Wollastonite, ‘ ‘ : ; ; , : 50 Xanthosiderite, . “ ; ; ; ‘ ; 30 Yellow Ochre, . ; : ‘ , , : 28 Zinc Blende, : ; : : : : ; 9 ZAtecon, <. : , : : : : : 73 Zoisite, . : ; . Z ‘ : , 78 NOTES AND ADDITIONS. NOTES AND ADDITIONS. NOTES AND ADDITIONS. DULL iN OF THE meocxX, INSTITUTE, VOLUMN XXXVI. 1894. SALEM, MASS. PRINTED BY THE ESSEX INSTITUTE. 1896. AYLWARD, HUNTRESS & DENNIS. The Salem Press. 4 CENTRAL ST., SALEM, MASS. 1896. CONTENTS. A Preliminary List of the Vertebrate Animals of Kentucky, by H. GARMAN, Mineralogical and Geological Notes, No. 7, by JOHN H. SEars, Geological and Mineralogical Notes, No. 8, by Joun H. Sears, Annual Meeting, Monday, May 21, 1894, Officers elected, 78; secretary’s report 78; librarian’s report, 84; treasurer’s report, 87; auditor’s report, 88; report of publication committee, 88; lectures and meet- ings, 90; necrology of members, 99; additions to library, 100; donations to cabinets, 115. Report on the Geology of Essex County, Massachusetts, to accompany Map, by JoHN H. SEars, On the So-Called Bow-Puller of Antiquity, by Epwarp S. MORSE, Essex County Dialect, by HELEN MANSFIELD, Geological and Mineralogical Notes, No. 9, by JOHN H. SEars, (iii) 74 77 118 141 167 179 i fire mS wr ag) ‘ ay > S 7 7 Sunes Week Ary Jeb Sali Mek eeaiany i a is nwAY “ Sa ar | a SN J Biles OS 4 1 | i ti 7 i | | ial —<<——_ | ————S— mn 3 a SS | wn. de Bee SSveseeeesaii «sn cs | f ————s—Ceasa le 2 the oe ae 2 oe ee ee oe ee oe ee oe ee oe ee we eee ee ee