::>^^.:> rnD^^j^ jliu^:^^.^ zjm .^^ ^w^d:^-' ^^i> :>^:b»:s > :> J3 t^J»> J> ^. 3 3>5>>.::>_2 ^.®^ \^4S*> ii>>..j •;C:ii> .-\i>>vZ»> 32> .2 ^^^^ y^T^ mi^' 3> : isl* . '.,T>_>,>. > ,3 .S»T> i> -^^?^ ^0 3 ^MXT'- ^' -/' cirn of the ffluscum OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY, AT HARVARD COLIECE. CAMBRIDGE, MASS. jFounHetr bij pvfbale sul)scrfption, fn 1861. No. ^/?9. i BULLETIN ESSEX INSTITUTE, VOLU^VIE II. 18T0 SALEM, MASS. ESSEX INSTITUTE PRESS, 1 -S 7 1 . CONTENTS An Abstract of Remarks upon the Plants of Scripture, bj- Geo. D. Phippen, 1 Regular Meeting, Monday, January 3, . ^ 9 Fifth Musical Entertainment, Wednesday, Januai'y 5, . . 9 Regular Meeting, Monday, January 17, 10 Subscription paper for the Isle of Slioals, 12. — Letter from Dudley A. Tyng, 13. Letters Announced, 10, 21, 40, 45. Gl, 63, 66, 68, 87, 106, 118, 158, 165, 170. Additions to Library, 10, 21, 40, 46, 61, 63, 67, 68, 88, 107, 118, 159, 166, 170. Additions to the JVIuseum, . . 11, 40, 47, 61, 90, 109, 119, 171 Deficiencies in the Libraries, . . ' . . . .14, 128 Hybrid Grapes, by Charles H. Higbee, 17 Regular Meeting, Monday, February 7, 21 Resolutions on the de.a'th of Charles Davis. '2-2. — Notes on the History of Horticulture in Salem. '22. Quarterly Meeting, Wednesday, February 9, .... 27 Regular Meeting, Monday, February 21, . . . . .26 The Indians of California, by E. E. Chever, 28— Notice of an old Revo- lutionary musket, .'52. First Houses in Salem, by W. P. Upham, . . . . 33. 49 Regular Meeting, Monday, March 7, 40 Notice of a portrait of Wm. Orne. 13. — Paclcard's account of a trip to Florida, U. Regular Meeting, Monda}', Marcli 21, 45 Upham's account of original laying out of Salem, 47. — Atwood's remarks on some of our marketable lishes. IS. — Putnam's communication in relation to Capt. Hall's tliird expedition to the Arctic regions, 48. Regular Meeting, Monday, April 4, 61 An act to amend the charter of the Essex Institute, (i2. Regular Meeting, Thursday, April 21, 63 Vocabulary of Familiar Words used by the Indians of California, by Edward E. Chever, 65 Regular Meeting, Monday, May 4, 66 Annual Meeting, Wednesday, May 11, 68 Reports of Recording Secretary, Oil. — Treasurer, 72. — Superintendent of Museum, 73. — Librarian, 74. — Curator of Manuscripts, 75. — Amend- ments to By-Laws, 7(>. — Officers elected, 77. (iii) IV CONTENTS. Social Meeting, Tuesdaj', May 24, 78 Opening remarks bv the President, 78. — Remarks of A. C. Goodell, 79; of George I). Phippen, 79: of C. M. Tracy, SO. — Programme of Music. 80. Notice of Acts and Resolves of the Province of Massachusetts Bay, 81 Notice of a Genealogical Memoir of the Sticlcney Family, . . 84 Notice of Packard's Guide to the Study of Insects. ... 85 Field Meeting at Eradford, Thursday, June 16, . . . .80 Xotice of the e.xOursion, Sii.^P. W. Putnam's remarks on zoological specimens collected, 91. — .V. Hyatt's remarks on Eozoon in Essex County, 93.— A. S. Packard's account of the Currant Saw Fly, 93.— Specification of items from the old Records of the Town, 96. — G. D. Phippen's notice of the Flora, 104. — .\ccount of Bradford Academy, • 105. l')ark Lane, with allusions to other localities of Wild Plants in Salem, by George 1). Phippen, 97 Field Meeting at Swampscott, Wednesday. July 21, . . . lOG Notice of the excursion. IOC. — F. W. Putnam, notice of Fislies, 110.— E. s. Morse on some of tlie common forms of life on the sea shore, 111. — A. Hyatt's remarks on the Geolojjy, m. — c. F. Winslow, on the dynamics of geohigy, il'2. — W. P. TIpham on the ancient topog- raphy, 110. Giles Corey and Goodwife Corey, a l>alla(l of 1(;!»2, . . .113 .Vdjoiirncd Meeting, Friday, July 22, . . . • . . . 117 Field Meeting at West Peabody, Thursday, August 4, . .117 Notice of the excursion. 117. — (J. I). Phippen's Xotice of the Flora, 120. — J. H. Kmerton, on some habits of the Si)iilers. 120. — E. S. .Morse, on Ihc (irasshoppcrs, 1-20. — W. P. I'pham, on the Historical associations of the placi; (farm of Giles Corey), I'.'l. — W. F. Poole's remarks on tlic same subie<'t. 123. — W. P. Upliam's rejily. 127. Quarterly Meeting, Wednesday. August 10, 127 Notes and Queries on Salem Harbor, ...... 129 Excursion to Plymouth, Thursday, September 1, 1870. . . 13G Notice of the excursion, 130, 143. — Albert Mason's address of welcome, 137. — Reply of the President of the Institute, 139. — G. U. Loring's address. 140. — Thomas Russell's remarks, 143. Old Channels of Trade, by Robert S. Rantonl 145 Regular Meeting, Monday, Septeml)er 5, .... . 154 Notice of the death of A. Iliiniington, Pi-esident of Institute. 1801-0."). l.")4. — liesolutions to the ni<'nii>ry ol' .Mr. Huntington adoi)ted, 1.5."). Field Meeting at Methuen, Thursday, September 15, . . . 15fJ Notice of the excursion. l.')0. — Remarks of F. VV. Putnam. Kil. — N. M. Williams, 101.- E. S. Morse, lf;i. — T. (i. (irassie, 102. — C. M.Tracy, on Sarracenia and Fungi, 102. Reguhir Meeting, Monday, October 3, 1G4 Regular Meeting, Monday, November 7, 1G5 Quarterly Meeting, Wednesday, November 9, . . . . 1G5 Regular Meeting, Monday, December 5, 1G.'> .1. Kimball, on ancient topogi-aiihy of Salem, 109. Regular Meeting, Monday, December 19, 170 F. W. Putnam on Hemirampluis, and on abnormal growth of incisor teeth of woodcluick. 171.- \V. >laynard's lecture on tanning, 172. BULLETIN OF THE ESSIBX IIsrSTIT'TJTE. Vol. 2. Salem, Mass., January, 1870. No. 1. One Dollar a Year in Advance. 10 Cents a Single Copy. AN ABSTEACT OF REMARKS UPON THE PLANTS OF SCRIPTURE. BY GEORGE D. I'HIPPEN, The lectures, of which this was a condensation, were prepared for an entirely different purpose than presenta- tion before a scientific association. There is much greater obscurity in our version regarding these plants, than would be the case were a new one now made which should in- clude a better knowledge of the productions of Pales- tine and the neighboring countries, than was then pos- sessed. The copiousness of allusions to the vegetable kingdom, throughout the Hebrew Scriptures, impresses with an interest, amounting to astonishment, all those whose attention has been called to the subject. A large portion of the rich and glowing passages, from both the greater and lesser prophets, that have chimed their measured cadences into our ears from earliest child- hood, are of this class, examples of which are here cited. So marked is this quality of Hebrew poetry, as seen in the Bible, that it was declared, by a learned man of the last century, to be botanical poetry, and who states that EssKX Inst. Bulletin, 1 upw rtls of two hundred and fifty botanical terms can be found therein. The glory of Lebanon, the excellency of Sharon, and the waving forests of Carmel have lent their aid to illus- trate sacred themes. The Lord is described as riding upon the wind, but his more gentle going is heard in the tops of the mulberry trees. The righteous shall cast his roots as Lebanon — they shall flourish like the palm tree — they shall sit under their own vine and tig tree. The thorn shall give place to the fir tree, and the myrtle grow instead of the briar — and all the trees of the fields shall clap their hands. The New Testament is not so rich in metaphor. The lily of the field, the grain of mustard seed, the wild and good olive tree, the seed sown in weakness but raised in power, are familiar examples. The remarkable range of temperature of the land of Palestine, from the snow-clad summits of Lebanon and Hermon, to the coast plains and to the deep and almost tropical valley of the Jordan, is productive of a more varied vegetation than can be found anywhere within the same territory upon the surface of the earth. On her heights are to be found natives of the colder zones, while in the Jordan valley grow plants not to be found nearer than India. The mountains abound in oaks, cedars and pines ; w^hile the palm, the fig and citron find a congenial home in the plains or lower declivities. Our familiar garden bulbs flourish along the water courses, and numerous spe- cies of Legumes and Labiates render the sandy regions less desolate. Its anciently terraced and artificially watered hills were capable of a luxurious cultivation, and though now com- pavatively desolate, once supported a uumerous popu- lation. The region of ancient Jericho with its palms — the enchanting valley of Sechem — the gardens of Engedi — % and olive groves and vineyards in great numbers, altogether impress us with its former wonderful fertility. Immense ijrain fields and ffardens of cucumbers and melons, each with its hut or lodge for the abode of a watchman, who remained during the ripening season to guard the fruit, were numerous and in some parts are still to be seen. Isaiah compares Zion "as desolate as a lodge in a garden of cucumbers." The plants represented might be divided into plants ornamental ; plants used for perfume or incense ; fruits, grains, woods, &c. Of ornamental plants, the Rose, strange as it may ap- pear, is not found in the Scriptures. The tw) solitary cases, in Isaiah and the Song of Solomon, where our ver- sion has the word Rose are thouo;ht to indicate a bulbous plant — an Amaryllis or Narcissus. The Rose of Sharon is therefore supposed to be the JS^arcissus Tazzeta, a plant that freely abounds in the wilds of Sharon. The Rose of the Apochrapha is supposed to refer to a shrub, extremely common around the Sea of Gallilee and the water courses of that country generally, that is the JSferium Olean- der, well known and cultivated among us. Our native ApocynesB are of the same order with it, and all of them, though so beautiful, are more or less poison- ous ; indeed most milky-sapped plants should be regarded with suspicion. The sap of the Oleander is most viru- lently poisonous, and has even caused death. The poAv- dered wood is sometimes used as a rat exterminator. The Lily is the ornamental plant of Scripture ; its flowers adorned, in relief, the brim of the Moultou 4 sea ; and furnished Solomon in his wonderful song with one of its choicest images. The Lily of the Old Testa- ment differs from that of the New. The Hebrew word "Shusan" (hence our name Susan) is thought to mean the JVelumbium Speciosum, a species of the Lotus, sacred and venerated by the Egyptian, Hindoo and Chinese. It is a water plant and once common in the rivers of Egypt and Syria. It is the most l^eautiful of all the Nymphsea, examples of which we have in our native water lilies and the famous Victoria Regia. The Lily of the New Testa- ment, the Greek " Krina," is now understood to be the Liliuni Chalcedonicum, a scarlet martagon, and not the Crown Imperial, as formerly supposed, which latter is a Persian plant, and never common in Palestine. The im- ported bulbs of this Lily [once compared to the scarlet robes of Solomon], can occasionally be purchased at the seed stores in Boston. " Camphire with Spikenard." •' My beloved, is unto me a duster of Camphire in the vineyard's of Eugedi.'' The plant thus rendered Camphire, is believed to be the Henna plant of Egypt and Palestine, the Lmvsonia inermis, a most beautiful and deliciously fragrant shrub, whose flowers have been used both in ancient and mod- ern times as an article of luxury and adornment. It belongs to the Loosestrife family, types of which we have in our cultivated and native Ly thrums. The Balm of Gilead and that rendered Myrrh, are the exuded sap from two species of Bahamodendron, i. e. the B. Gileadense and B. Myrrha, belonging to the order Amyriclacse, the plants of which abound in balsamic juices and yield frankincense, olybanum, balsam copaiba and other fragrant resins and gums. This order belongs exclusively to tropical India, Africa and America. It has some alliance to the Orange tribe, but differing greatly in its dry nut-like fruits. The Balm of Gilead is believed to be one of the earliest articles of commerce known, even as far back as the time of the patriarch Ja- cob, as the Midiauite merchantmen, to whom Joseph was sold, were then on their way to Gilead to complete their camel loads with a choice supply of that costly balsam for the Egyptian market. It often sold for twice its weight in silver. It was cultivated only in the King's garden in Judea, the revenue from which belonged exclu- sively to the Crown. Strabo speaks of it. Titus carried some of it to Rome. Pompey exhibited one of the trees in a triumphal entry. When Alexander visited Judea, one teaspoonful per day and seven gallons per year was the entire product. Frankincense, so often mentioned in Scripture, is a gum from a tree of this same order with the last. It has been used from the remotest times by the Hebrews and Egyptians in their sacrifices. It exudes from the straight trunk of the BosweUia-serrata, a lofty tree, native of the mountains of Central India. Frankincense is still used as incense in Catholic churches, and somewhat as a med- icine. The LiGNALOE, Aquilaria Agallochum, or Eagle-wood, is found only in Asia. It grows sometimes to the height of one hundred and twenty feet. The heart-wood is loaded with aromatic properties, and is one of the most grateful of perfumes. It has been held more precious than gold. "All thy garments shall smell of myrrh, aloes and cassia." This was one of the drugs, one hundred pounds of which Nichodemus brought after the Crucifixion, in which, with the linen clothes, was wrapped the body of our Lord ; it was therefore a very costly preparation. We have no plant of more approximate affinity than our 6 hedge buckthorn. The aloe of the apothecaries is an entirely different article, and obtained from a plant of the lily tribe. Spikenard, of the Valerian family has a most rare and agreeable perfume. Our garden Heliotrope and the Cen- tranthus are of this order. Several of them yield a fra- grance which intoxicates the cat tribe, and that from one of them is said to be sufficiently powerful to throw even man into convulsions. The jSTardostachys Jatamansi^ of the mountains of upper India, seems conclusively proved by Sir William Jones and Dr. Royle, to be the plant which furnished the "Ala- bastar box of Spikenard very precious," with which Mary anointed the feet of Jesus, and which Judas declared might have been sold for three hundred pieces of silver ; which price, among other unguents, is given by Pliny, who remarking on the extravagance of such preparations, says, " We have known the very soles of the feet sprink- led therewith." He also intimates the form of the ala- bastar ointment boxes. . "Spikenard and Saffron, Calamus and Cinnamon. — S. of S. Saffron is the yellow Stigma of the Crocus sativus, or fall Crocus, belonging to the well known Iris family, very common in cultivation among us. Saffron was and still is used as a perfume, spice, confection, dye and medicine. Its collection required great patience, four thousand flowers yielding but one ounce, and the entire product of an acre for the season averaged but about ten or twelve pounds. It was formerly extensively cul- tivated at Welden in Essex, England, which hence has borne the name of Saffron- Welden. A totally different plant, the Carthamus tinctoria, once familiar under the name of Saffron in our gardens, has been successfully used to adulterate the true Safiron. Calamus aromaticus " the Sweet cane from a far coun- try," is allied to our sweet vernal grass. Cassia and Cinnamon, well known spices, were in the time of Ezekiel common articles of trade with the mer- chants of Tyre. They belong to a family of which our Sassafras and Laurus benzoin are examples. Camphor of commerce is from a tree of the same tribe. The Hyssoj) and Mustard of Scriptures, around which mauy inquiries cluster, are not so satisftictorily identified by modern investigation as would seem reasonable to ex- pect. The former is declared by the best authorities to be the Capparis Egyptica, or Caper plant, and not the officinal herb. Hyssop ; the latter, the Salvadora Persica, a tree-like plant, sufficiently large for birds generally to lodge in its branches. Some still adhere to the common Mustard as that alluded to on two occasions by our Sa- viour. The uses of Mustard were well understood and described by Pliny, who was nearly cotemporary. The Fruits were identified and described. Among them the Palm tribe, a family acknowledged by botan- ists to be the princes of the vegetable kingdom, and to Avhich, in Scripture, the righteous are most fitly com- pared. " They shall flourish like the Palm tree ; they shall bring forth fruit in old age." The whole Palm tribe are of immense importance to the countries in which they grow. The Date Palm yields, year by year, an even crop of perhaps three or four hundred pounds, and that for a century together, scarcely ever materially failing. The Apple of Scripture is, without doubt, the Citron, Citrus medica. " A word fitly spoken is like apples of gold in pictures of silver," might be rendered, " like golden citrons in silver baskets," in allusion to a custom of the Jews of presenting that fruit in this manner at their sacred feasts. 8 The Fig, Sycamore-fig and Mulberry, of the Mo- rads, a family peculiar for the manner in which their fruits are formed, being an aggregation of calices consol- idated into round, succulent heads. The manner of the flowering of the fig, inside of the fruit, but having all the requisite organs of true flowers, was satisfactorily ex- plained. The Olive and Vine are among: the most sisrnal of the bountiful gifts of Providence, and would in their history and economy exhaust volumes, yielding as they do such indispensable products, as fruits, wine, oil, molasses, &c. The Almond and Po3IEGRANAte, with the numerous texts in which they are mentioned, received a share of attention and were found full of interest and instruc- tion. The Carob-tree, Ceratonia siliqua, with its sweet pods or husks, furnished food for the poor ; but the copious crops of the tree were generally fed out to mules, asses aud swine. No doubt this fruit is referred to in the par- able of the prodigal son, upon which he was obliged to feed, "the husks that the swine did eat." Cucumbers and Melons are invested with great histor- ical interest on account of the extent of their ancient cul- tivation and the great place they filled in the diet of the ancient Hebrews and Egyptians. The Lintel of Jacob and Esau ; the Papyrus, from which paper was made, and which is alluded to in the epistles of John ; the Zysyphus, the plant from which the "Crown of Thorns" was probably made, have each an interest peculiarly their own. The Timber Trees of the country, and such as were used in the building of Solomon's temple, received a passing notice. Jonah's Gourd, Elijah's Juniper, the mythical Ap- PLES of Sodom, and the Eose of Jericho, received sev- erally their share of explanation. The foregoing plants were illustrated by colored repre- sentations, which served to fix their identification in the mind, and added greatly to the interest of the subject. KEGULAR MEETING, MONDAY, JANUARY 3, 1870. The President in the chair. Records of preceding meeting read. Mr. George D. Phippen occupied the hour with an account of the Plants mentioned in Scripture, identifying them with those known at the present day, and showing the affinities to our familiar native and cultivated species. [Printed on page 1.] Hon J. G. Waters made some remarks expressive of his great interest in what had been said by Mr. Phippen, and moved that the thanks of the Institute be presented to him for his interesting and instructive communication. Unanimously adopted. Charles A. Farnum of Salem, and George E. Emery of Lynn, were elected members, and Mrs. Eleanor Forrester Condit of Newark, N. J., a corresponding member. FIFTH IvnjSICAL ENTERTAINMENT, WEDNESDAY, JAN. 5, 1870. 1. Duett — Piano and Violin. Selections from " Semiramide." 2. Trio — "Ave Verum." .... 3. Songs — Baritone, a. "Romanze," h. "A Red Red Rose,' 4. Part Songs, a. "The Curfew," b. "Waiting for the May," 5. Song — Soprano. "Bid me to live," 6. Quartette — "A te o cara," "from Puritani," 7. Symphony No. 7 — Piano and Violin, Allegretto — Presto. 8. Duett — "Da che tornaste," .... 9. Song — Soprano, "Across there at the window," 10. Male Quartette — a. " Spring Night," . b. "Slumber Soft," . 11. Duett — "What makes the Spring," 12. Skstette — "Chi mi frena," from Lucia," Essex Inst. Bulletin. 2 De Beriot & Facounier. Kreutzer. Franz. Schuman. H. Smart. H. Biles. Eatton. Bellini. Beethoven. Donizetti. Mohring. Fischer. Mohring. Aft. Donizetti. 10 REGULAR MEETING, MONDAY, JANUARY 17, 1870. The President in the chair. Records of preceding meeting read. The Secretary i-epoi'ted the following correspondence. J. F. A. Adams, Pittsfleld, Jan. 12; Jacob Batchclder, Lynn, Jan. 16; John A. Battis, Salem, Jan. 13; T. Apoleon Cheney, "Watkins, X. Y., Jan. 6; George E. Emery, Lynn, .Jan. 15; G. L. Goodale, Brunswick, Me., Jan. 12; A. C. Ilamlin, Bangor, Me., Deo. 21, 21; P. A. Hanaford, Reading, Jan. 12; Leeds Philosophical and Literary Society, Aug. 21, 18G9; Mannheimer Verein fur Natm-kunde, August, 1809; Museum, Bergen, Norway, Nov. 18, 1809; Hussell and Erwin Manufacturing Co., New York, Dec. 20, 1809; South African Museum. Cape TowTi, Dec; Soci<5t^ de Physique and d'Histoire Naturelle de Geneve, Sept. 8, 1809; W. Hudson Ste- phens. Lowville, X. Y., Jan. 14; C. M. Tracy, Lynn, Jan. 12; Cliarles Vose, Boston, Jan. .'>; J. K.Wiggin, Boston, Nov. 30, 1869; George D. Wildes, Kiverdale, N. Y., Jan. 13; John Wilson & Son, Cambridge, Jan. 7. The Librarian announced the following additions. By Donation. Bkmis, Luke, of Boston. Pennant's Arctic Zoology, 4 vols. 4to, London, 1792. Bi'TLEU, Benj. P., M. C. Report of the Commissioner of Agriculture for 18G8, 1 vol. 8vo. Monthly Report of th(! Department of Agriculture for Nov. and Dec, 1809, 8vo pamph. CoLC.MBiAN Associates. Portland Transcript for 1808, 1869. New York Mer- cury for 1809. Garfield. J.- A., M. C. Report of the Librarian of Congress for 1869, 8vo pamph. GuEES, Samuee a., of Boston. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 14. GuovESNOR, Daniel P. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 29. Kimball, James. Jewett's Lectures and Writings on Temperance, 1 vol. 12mo. Boston, 1849, The Trojan Sketch Book, 1 vol. 12mo, Troy, 1840. LanCtWortiiy, 1. P., of Boston. Reports of Brili-^h and Foreign Bible Society, 13 pamphlets, 8vo London, 1814, etc. Reports of American Tract Society, 10 pamphlets, 8vo, Boston, IS.'iO, etc. Bible Society Records, 61 numbers. Miscella- neous pamphlets, 59. Lee. John C. Commercial Bulletin for December, 1809. Lincoln, Solomon, of ITingham. Transactions of the Ilingham Agricultural and Horticultural Society for tlic year 1869. « Palfray, Charles W. Miscellaneous pamphlets, .TO. RiCHAKDSOs, E. S. L., of Oswego, 111. The Chicago Tribune, 7 numbers. Stone, Benj. W. Joseph H. Ramsey against the Erie Railway Company and others, 8vo pamph.. New York, 1869. Veruill, a. E., of New Haven. Conn. Synopsis of the Polyps and Corals of the North Pacific Exploring Expedition, 8vo pami)h., 1869. Waters, J. Linton, of Chicago, 111. Parks in the West Division of the City of Chicago. Second Annual Report of Chicago Relief and Aid Society. Peregrine Pickle and Polinto's Christmas Papers, 3 pamphlets, Svo, Chicago, 1869. By Exchange. ACADEMIA della Scienze DELL' INSTITUTO Di BoLOGNA. Universalita dei mezzi di previdenza, difesa, e salvezza per le Calamity degli Incendi. Opera Pre- miata in Concorso dalla Accademia della Scienze dell Instituto di Bologna. Scritta da Francisco del Giudice, Royal Svo, Bologna, 1848. 11 Boston Societt of Natural History. Proceedings, vol. xiii, sig. 10, 11. Leeds Philosophical axd Literary Society. Forty-uinth Kepoit of the Council at the Close of the Session, 18()S-9. Massachusetts Charitable Mech.\xic Association*. Eleventh Exhibition at Faneuil and Quiucy Halls, Boston, September and October, 1869. Xaturwissenschaftlichen Gesellschaft zu Chemnitz. Erster Bericht der naturwissenschaftlichen Gesellschaft zu Chemnitz, 1859-1868, 2 pamphlets, 8vo, Chemnitz, 1865, 1868. Xew York Historical Society. Historic Progress and American Democ- I'acy ; an address by J. L. Motley, 8vo pamph., Xew York, 1869. New York Lyceum of Natural History. Annals for December, 1869. Publishers. American Journal of Numismatics. American Literary Gazette. American Publisher and Bookseller. Book Buyer. Canadian Naturalist. Clu'is- tian AYorld. Cosmos. Eclectic. Essex Banner. Gardener's Monthly. Glouces- ter Telegraph. Hardwick's Science Gossip. Haverhill Gazette. Journal de Con- chyliologie. Land and Water. Lawrence American. Lynn Reporter. Medical and Surgical Reporter. Nation. Peabody Press. SociETE DE Physiqute et d'Histoire Naturelle DE GENEVE. Memoires de la Societe de Physique et d'Histoire Naturelle de Geneve. Tomes, xix, xx, 1868-69, 4to. Terein fur Naturkunde zu Mannheoi. Funfunddreissigster Jahresbericht des Maunheimer Vereins fur Naturkunde. Erstattet in der General- Versammlung vom 20 February, 1839. The Superintendent announced the Donations to the Museums of the Institute aud Academj'. Prof. F. H. Bradley. Fossils of the Clintons, from Lidiana. Edward E. Cheter. Fossil wood, from near Colorado (the place is kno^vn as the Petrified Trees). Wm. S. Cook, Salem, Chinese Copper Coin of the new Hong Kong currency; value one mill, Dr. EASTM.4.N. Washington, D. C. Larva of a Wood Boring Beetle, from a de- cayed Chestnut stump near that place. J. P. Leavitt, Beverly. A Water Jar. from Palermo. B. W. Patch. Hamilton. Stone Axe and An-owhead, from Hamilton. Henry W. Peabody, Salem. Musk Deer, from Java. L. H. P., Portsmouth, N. H. Two dried plants, from San Francisco, Cal. J. L. Russell, Salem. Hottentots Figs (Fruit of the Mesembryanthemum aci mifolium) . The President stated that Mr. Charles Davis of Beverly, an asso- ciate member, died very suddenly at his residence, on Friday last, and that several officers and members of the Institute had attended the funeral this afternoon. The deceased having always taken a deep interest in the objects of the Institute, and having been for several years an active member, and one of its officers, it is highly proper that suitable notice should be taken of this sad and melancholy event. On motion of Mr. James Kimball, a committee of three, consisting of Messrs. W. P. Upham, James Kimball and R. E. Endicott, was ap- 12 pointed to prepare appropriate resolutions, and to recommend such fartlier action as may be required. Mr. F. W. Putnam exhibited a fish, Hemirhamphiis Inngirostris, taken oft' Nantucl^et. This specimen was captured by Mr. Augustus Welcome of Nantucket, and given to Francis Gardner, Esq. of Boston, by whom it was presented to the Museum. It possesses great interest, being the first specimen of this. species, heretofore known, beyond the limits of the Indian Ocean. Mr. W. P. Upham exhibited a map of the " Common Lands of Sa- lem in 1720," which was found in *he Old Lyude House, corner of Liberty and Essex streets, Salem (taken down iu 183G), and presented to the Institute by Mr. Robert Peele. He spoke at some length on this subject. Several others also made remarks. Mr. W. P. Upham also exhibited an original subscription paper, accompanied by a letter from Dudley Atkins Tyng, soliciting aid to educate and improve the condition of the inhabitants of the Isles of Shoals, after their sufferings caused by the Revolution. An added value is given to these papers, by the very interesting article on the Isles of Shoals, that has recently appeared in the Atlantic Monthly. S^ihscription Paper for the Isle of Shoals. Boston, Sept. 17, 1801. The people on the Isles of Shoals, having by the humane exertions of Dudley Atkins Tyng, Esq. and others, been recovered from a state of the most deplorable ignorance, vice and wretchedness, and the Society for propagating the Gospel having employed Mr. Josiah Ste- vens as a missionary aim schoolmaster upon these islands, for whom and his successors iu oflice it is absolutely necessary to erect a small dwelling house which will cost about one thousand dollars : The subscribers, desirous of promoting the cause of virtue, reli- gion and humanity, and commiserating the unhappy people on the Isles of Shoals, especiallj' their children, do agree to pay the sums annexed to their names for the purpose of building a dwelling house for the use of the minister or missionary residing on the Isles of Shoals forever. Mr. Tyug's letter accompanies this subscription paper. The money to be paid to the treasurer of the Society for propagating the Gospel to be appropriated to the object. [SIGNED BY] William Phillips, Jr., Samuel Salisbury, Stephen Higginson, Stephen Higginson Jr., K. Boott, S. K. Jones, N. Lee, William Pratt, Francis Amory, Gard. Greene, Adam Babcock, Joua. Davis, N. Frazier, Benja- min Bussey, Jr., Samuel G. Perkins, James Perkins, Joseph Coolidge, S. Salisbury, Jr., I. P. Davis, Samuel Parkman, Thomas C. Amory, John Amory, T. H. Perkins, S. P. Gai'dner, P. C. Brooks. [Whole amount subscribed, .$706.] Mr, Tyng will collect the remaining sum at Newburyport. 13 Letter from Dudley A. Tijng. Nkwburyport, Sept. 1, 1801. My Dear Sir : — You are not ignorant of the interest I liave taken in the reformation and civ^ilizing of the people inhabiting the Isles of Shoals. It is impossible by words to convey any idea of the ex- treme poverty, ignorance and vIcl' these people had sunk into. The islands had been deserted hj all who had means to leave them. No one cared for the instruction or comfort of those that remained. The children were growing up without one virtuous or religious senti- ment. Druukenness, profanity :niil idleness overwhelmed the Avhole community. The liberality of well disposed persons furnished means for erecting a commodious stone house, to serve them as a school house and as a place of worship. It also serves, by means of a tower on its top, as a very useful beacon for vessels arriving on the coast. The Society for propagating the Gospel have employed the Rev. Josiah Stevens since April last, as a missionary, to teach the children and to lead in the exercises of the Sabbath. His piety, patience, mild- ness and industry, have already wrought wonders. Children wlfo did not know their letters, now read intelligibly in their Bibles, and those who never held a pen before, now write a legible joining-hand. Clean- liness and decorum have kept pace with their improvement in their school exercises. They are delighted with their new state, and their ambition is kindled. Their language has, in a good measure, lost its proftmeuess, and there is a consoling prospect of their recovery to decent and virtuous habits, should attention be still continued to them. You need not to be told how great satisfaction I derive from this state of things, nor how much anxiety I feel for its continuance and improvement. Mr. Stevens is precisely the man to be desired for this situation. He perceives it himself, and this has reconciled him to the idea of continuing in it, notwithstanding his extreme disgust from the dirt and vice of the people amongst wliom he is placed, on condition only that a small house can be provided for his accommodation. He has hitherto resided on another island than that on which the meeting house is, and where almost all the people live. The passage across is always inconvenient, and at some seasons hazardous. There is a pub- lic lot near the meeting house, on which such a house could be built. Less than .SIOOO would complete it. Charity never found a more in- viting or a more promising object. Say, then, if such a sum cannot be raised from the wealth, the piety and the benevolence of those with whom you associate. You may assure them that in a very short time, they shall receive accounts of the improved condition of these ■wretched people, which shall make their hearts thrill with pleasure. Your affectionate servant, Dudley A. Tyng. John O'Donnell and Charles A. Shepherd, both of Salem, were elected resident members. 14" DEFICIENCIES IN THE THE LIBRARY. It is intended to publish from time to time, lists of deficiencies in the library; hoping that those friends of the Institute who may notice the same, will be induced to aid in completing the sets. Any number or volume, not designated (within brackets) under any title, will be acceptable. DEFICIENCIES IN ALMANACS. The Clergyman's Almanac, Boston [1809-1822]. Unitarian Register, Boston [184(!-ia58l. Unitarian Congregational Year Book [1856-1858, 1807] . Almanac and Bavtist Register, Philadelphia [1841-1852]. American Baptist Almanac, Philadelphia [18(>0]. Thomas' (R. B.) Farmer's Almanac, Boston [1703-1803]. Methodist Almanac, Xew York [1K)8, 1800, I8(il]. George's (Daniel) Cambridge Almanac or Kssex Calendar, Salem and Newburyport [1770, 1778-1781, 1783, 1784]. Russell's (E.) American Almanac, Danvers and Boston [1780-1782]. Carlton's (Osgood) Almanac, Boston [17'.)0-l7it7]. BiCKERSTAFE'S BOSTON ALMANAC [1708, 1709, 1773-1775, 1777-1779, 1784-1788, 1791, 1792, 1795] . Webster's Calendar, or The Albany Almanac [1829, 1832, 1847-1806. 1808]. New England Far.mer's Almanac, by Dudley Leavitt, Exeter and Concord, N. II. [1819-1821, 1823, 1820-1827, 1830-1807]. Universalist's Register, Comp.vnion and Ahlvnac, Utica, X Y., Boston [1839-1842, 1849, 1852, 1855, 18.57-1800]. WiHG Almanac, New York [1844-18.53, 1855]. TRiitUNE Almanac, Xew York'[18.-.7. 1859-1800]. Low'.s (Nathaniel) Almanac, Boston [1770, 1772-1821, 1824, 1825, 1827]. Churchman's Almanac, New York [18.30, 1834. 1837]. The Church Almanac, New York [1841, 1843, 1846, 1848-18G2, 1864, 1866, 1807]. The Protestant Episcopal Almanac, New York [ISOO, 1802, 18G3, 18G4]. Sword's Pocket Almanac, New York [1831, 1839]. Thomas' (Isal\h) Almanac, Worcester [1788-1791, 1793, 1796-1808, 1811-1816, 1818-1822]. Spofford (Thomas) Almanac, Haverhill, Exeter, Boston [1817-1824, 1820, !fe29, 1831-1838, 1841, 1842, 1844, 1840]. DEFICIENCIES IN DIRECTOIilES. BANGOR, by S. S. Smith [1843, 1848. 1855, 1859] ; by Synionds, Chase & Co. [1869]. Lewiston and Auburn Directory, by Stanwood [1800, 1804]. Portland Directory, by S. Colman [1831] ; A. Shirley [18.34] ; Reference Book and Directory, by Becket [1846, 1847-8, 18.50-1, 1852-3, 1856-7, 1858-9, 1863- 4, 1860-7] ; Al.manac and Register, by C. A. Dockham [I860]. Saco and Biddeford Business Directory [1849, 1856-7]. Concord, N. H., Directory, by Hoag and Atwood [1830] ; D. Watson [1856] ; Dover, N. H., Directory, by Stevens [18.33] ; by J. S. Hayes [1859-00]. Manchester, N. H., Almanac and General Business Directory [1850]; Directory [1854, 18.58, I860, 1804, 1803, 1869]. Nashua, N. H., Directory-, by Greenough [1864-5]. Portsmouth, N. H., Directory, by Penhallow [1821]; by Brewster [1851]; by Greenough [1804]. 15 Burlington-, Vt., Directory, by Hart [ISGo-G, 1S66-7, 18(i7-8]. Boston, Mass.. Directory, by John West [1796] ; by E. Cotton [1S05, 1807. 1810, 1813, 1816, 1818] ; by Frost and Stimpsoii [18-2-i, 1826, 1827] ; by Hunt and Stimpson [1828); by Charles Stimpson, jr. [182!), 18:}1, 1832. 1833, 1834, 183.5, 1836, 1837, 1838, 1839, 1810. 1841, 1842, 1843, 1844. 1845, 184ii] ; by George Adams [1846-7, 1847-8. 1848-9, 1849-.i0, 18.10-1, 1851-2, 1852-3, 1853-4. 1S54-5, 1856. 1857]; by Adams, Sampson & Co. [1858, 1859, 1860, 1861, 1862. 1863. 1864, 1855, 1866, 1867, 1868] ; by Damrell and Moore [1857] ; by Dean Dudley [1863-4]. Of ENVi:tONS, by G. Adams [1848, 1849]. Bristol County, Mass., Almanac, by G. Adams [18.52]. Cambridge, Mass., Directory, Ijy G. Adams [1847] ; by J. Ford [1848, 1849, 1850, 1851, 18.53, 1854, 1856] ; by J. D. Baldwin [18.59] ; by D. Dudley [186.5-6, 1866-7]. Charlestown, Mass., Directory, i)y A. Quimby [18.34] ; by Fletcher [1848] ; by Adt'ims, Sampson & Co. [1860, 1862. 1864, 1866]. Chelsea, Mass., Directory, by John Dent [18.52, 1858. 1860]. Essex County, Mass., Directory, by Briggs, & Co. [1866, 1869-70] ; by C. A. and J. F. AVood [1870]. Fall River, Mass., Directory, by George Adams [1853, 18.55, 18.57] ; by Adams, Sampson & Co. 1859, 1864, 1869]. FiTCHBURG, Mass., Almanac ant) Directory, by Shepley and Wallace [1857]. Glouce.ster and Rockport, Mass., Directory [1869]. Haverhill and Bradford, Mass., Directory, by A. K. Hill [1860-61]. Lawrence, Mass., Directory, by W. Filmer [1848. 1851, lS53-'4] ; by G. Adams [1857] ; by Adams, Sampson & Co. [1859, 1864] ; by Sampson, Davenport & Co. [1866,1868-9]. Lowell, Mass., Directory, by B. Floyd [1832, 1836] ; by G. Adams [1851, 1853J ; by Adams. Sampson & Co. [1858, 1861] ; by S. A. McPhetres [1864-5] ; Sampson, Davenport & Co. [1866]. Lynn. Mass., Directory, by C. F. Lummus [1832] ; by B. F. Roberts [1841] ; by A.Lewis (1851]; by George Adams [1854, 1856, 1858]; by T. Herbert [1858]; by Adams. Sampson & Co. [1860, 1863, 1865, 1867]. New Bedford, Mass., Directory, by H. H. Crapo [1836, 1849, 1852] ; by Dudley and Greeuough [18Q7-8]. Xewburyport, Mass., Directory, by Wooster Smith [1849. 1850] ; by John E. Tilton [bsol] ; by George Adams [1852] ; by Dockham and Brown [1853] ; by C. N. Haskell [1858. 1860] ; by Sampson, Davenport & Co. [18GG]. Newton. Mass.. Directory, by C. C. Drew [1868]. Northampton, Mass.. Business Directory, by Trumbull and Grere [1850-1]. Plymouth County, Mass., Directory, by S. B. Pratt & Co. [I867j. Plymouth, Mass., Directory [1851]. RoxBURY. Mass., Directory, by G. Adams [1848, 1854, 18.56] ; by Sampson, Davenport & Co [1860, 1862] . Salem, Mass., by H. Whipple [1837, 1842, 1846]; by G. Adams [1850, 1851, 1853, 1855, 1857, 18.59, 1861, 1864, 1866, 1869] . Springfield, Mass., Directory, by Valentine W. Skiff [184s] ; by J. M. New- comb [1858-9] ; by S. Bowles & Co [1860-1, 1862-3. 1834-5]. Taunton, Mass., Directory, by G. Adams [1857] ; by Adams, Sampson & Co. [1859,1861,1864,1869]. Worcester, Mass., almanac and Directory, by H. J. Howland [1844,1845, 1846, 1847. 1848. 1849, 1850, 1851, 18.52. 18.53. 1854, 1855, ia56, 1857, 18.58, 1859. 1860, 1861, 1862, 1863, 1864, 1865, 1866, 1867, 18C8, 1869]. , I>UBLIC^TIOI^S OF THE ESSEX INSTITUTE, AND PEABODY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE, SALEM, MASS., 1870. PROCEEDINGS of the Essex Institute. 8vo :— Vol. I. 1848-56. Paper covers, $2 00 ; in cloth, . $3 00 " II. 1856-58. " " 2 00; " " .3 00 " III. 1858-63. " " 2 00; " " . 3 00 " IV. 1864-65. (15 plates.) In numbers, $6 00 ; in cloth, 7 00 " V. 1866-67. (4 plates.) " " 6 00; " " 7 00 " VI. 1868. (Now printing.) " " 3 00; " " 4 00 (Ten per cent, discount allowed on an order for the whole set.) [These volumes contain a large number of descriptions and figiu-es of new spe- cies, especially of Corals, Insects and Polyzoa; and many valuable papers on Natural History. The first three volumes also contain many imi)ortant Historical papers. In adclition to the papei-s on special subjects, the volumes contam the proceedings of the meetings of the Institute, the records of additions to the library and museum, and many important verbal communications made at the meetings, etc. The Knturalist's 'Dircctnry is also issued under the same cover with vols. rv and V. Vol. VI. now j)7-inti)ic/, will close the sei'ies.] THE BULLETIN OF THE ESSEX INSTITUTE. 8vo. Monthly parts. Commenced Jan., 1869. Per annum, . $1 00 [The Bulletin takes the jilace of the Proceedings of the Institute, Avhich close at the date of the commoncement of the Bulletin. This i)ublication will contain all the short conniiunications of general interest, both of an Historical and Scientific cliaracter. made at tlic meetings of the Institute, and the record of the meetings and l)usiness of the Institute. HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS of the Essex Institute: Vol. I. 1859. Stnall 4to. In numbers , $3 00 ; in cloth. f 4 00 II. 1860. 2 00; " 3 00 III. 1861. 2 00; " 3 00 IV. 1862. 2 00; " 3 00 V. 1863. 2 00; " 3 00 VI. 1864. 2 00; " 3 00 VII. mi. 1865. 1866. 2 00; " 2 00; " 3 00 3 00 IX. 1868. (Vol. l.of 2dser.) 8vo. ( Paper covers, I In cloth. 3 00 4 00 X. 1869. " C Paper covers ( In cloth. 3 00 4 00 MEMOIRS of the Peabody Academy of Science. Imperial 8vo, tinted paper. First Memoik, Bevision of the Large, Stylated, Fossorial Crickets, by S. H. Scudder. Steel plate. 1869. . $1 25 [These ISIemoirs will contain papers of the highest scientific character, and will be issued from time to time as occasions offer. Each Memoir will be separately .paged, complete in itself, and sold separately.] ANNUAL REPORTS of the Peabody Academy of Science. 8vo. First Report of the Trustees and Council, 1869. . . $0 50 [These reports will contain a full account of the executive work of the Academy in carrying out its objects. The record of additions to its museum and library; the condition of the various collections, etc. They will also contain papers of sci- entific importance, such as catalogues and descriptions of specimens received at the Academy, and short papers of a character not suitable for the Memoirs.] THE AMERICAN NATURALIST. Monthly. Subscription per annum, ....,,.,.. $4 00 BULLETIN ESSEX IlsrSTITTJTEl. Vol. 2. Salem, Mass., February, 1870. No. 2. One Dollar a Year in Advance. 10 Cents a Single Copy. HYBEID GEAPES. BY CHARLES H. HIGBEE. There are three species of the grape indio-enous to New England, viz. : — Vifis Labrusca (Northern Fox Grape) ; Vitis cestivalis (Summer grape) ; and Vilis cor- difolia (Winter Grape) ; as classified by Gray. Prob- abh^ they have not changed much, if any, in their pecu- liar characteristics for centuries, or since that unknown distant time when species were first so constituted. Although these species have innumerable varieties, that have slight differences of fruit, foliage or habit, yet the great points of semblance are always preserved, and any one familiar with these points, can easily tell to which species any specimen belongs. By the laws of nature they are maintained, aijd an}' change from her standard she looks upon with aversion. The whole life and en- ergy of a plant is devoted to reproducing its kind, and it gives to its offspring the predisposition for its oum cpialities. Until lately the wild kinds have been somewhat culti- vated, and almost every garden, twenty years since, con- EssEX Inst. Bulletin. 3 18 tainecl one or more. The kind nsually grown was the Labrusca, and is familiarly known by every one. It has' a peculiar flavor, that is pleasant in the early stages of its ripening ; but at maturity, is strong and disagreeable to most persons. This strong flavor is called by the fruit growers "foxy," and by others "grapey." The La- brusca bears the most palatable fruit of the three named species. At the present time, we rarely find the native kinds in cultivation, but they can be found along our country road-sides, pastures and swamps. The varieties of the V. vinifera (European Grape), have been frequently tried in various places in this country, have not flour- ished and likewise have been discarded. But a race of good grapes has appeared, one by one, beginning with the Isabella, which was first circuhited in 1818. With all the plants and animals tiiat man has domesti- cated, he has developed those qualities and parts most necessary to his wants and desires, and he can do this by selection, and giving to the subject all the conditions that make it flourish. When th(> Avild grapes were do- mesticated, a change began, and having induced a vine to take one step forward in its fruit, according to the theory of Darwin, by sowing the seed, selecting the most im- proved seedling and continuing the process, at last, we would have a perfect grape, excellent in every particular. This process is very slow. The experiments of Mr. George Haskell, of Ipswich, are very interesting on this point, and from them we learn how very slow is the pro- cess of imi)roving by selection. He has raised thousands of seedlings of the wild grape in an open field, where they could not have any influence from other kinds, and raised several generations without any perceptible im- provement. 19 It is very reasonable to suppose that the fine grapes of the Old World, and the Muscats, Black Hamburgs of our graperies, have attained to their present standard by this method, and it must have taken ages. No doubt from the earliest time they have constantly progressed, A quicker way of improving our native kinds, than by "successive selection," and one that I think has been the means of producing most of the various sorts now grown, is, by hybridizing, and in this way at once adding the accumulated excellence of the foreign kinds to our own. To Edward S. Rogers of Salem, belongs the credit of tirst artiticiully hybridizing the grape. The idea first sug- gested itself to him in 1848, but was not acted upon until the spring of 1851. He crossed several varieties of pears, and hybridized the V. Labimsca with V. Vin- ifera.* The vine taken was that of the kind called Mammoth Globe (a variety of the V. Lahrusca), which he bought of a person from Lowell, in 1846. It stood at the end of his garden, bordering on Federal street, and may be seen now climbing over an old pear tree. The pollen was taken from some Black Hamburg and Sweetwater vines that were growing in the same garden. These were obtained of Samuel G. Perkins of Brookline, in 1834, and were grown for several years in the open air, and had l^orne several fine crops. The mildew began to trouble them, and in 1844 ]Mr. Rogers built the grape- house over them for their protection. On account of the smallncss of the grape flowers and the peculiarity of the corolla in opening at the base and remaining united at the toi3, forming a cap, which often * I hereby make a distinction between a cross and a hybrid. The flrst is the oil- spring of two varieties of the same species, while jthe latter is from the union of two sejiarate species. 20 fertilizes as it expands, the grape was supposed beyond tlie reacli of any interference in regard to its reproduc-" tion. Tliese did not prov^e to be obstacles to Mr. Rogers. His account of his work is found in the Horticulturist, Vol. 8, Nos. 2 and 3, pp. 86 and 119. I will not repeat it here. At first he was laughed at for the attempt, and our most learned horticulturists and botanists declared it to be an absurdity. But ])y the time the young hybrids began to fruit, he had several believers. In 1856, the vines that had grown in the original place, fruited ; the rest the following year. This year he recrossed the hybrids with the V. Vinifera, bringing vines bearing fruit, nearly identical with the foreign kinds. The fruit of ^o. 4 of the first lot crossed with the Muscat, has the peculiar flavor of the Muscat. It seems very remarkable that so large a number oT fine grapes have appeared within the last fifteen years, and particularly within the last twenty. And as shown by the experiments of Mr. Haskell, and by the laws of reproduction, as far as they are known, it seems that the cultivated kinds arc not simply improved seedlings, but are natural hybrids. Then, too, we do not find the gradually ascending scale of excellence that might be expected, if they came by progression. Between the wild Labrusca and the Isabella, Catawba, &c., there is a very wide difier- euce. The seedlings of these kinds all tend back towards the original, and are much inferior to their parents, who have been elated by a favorable alliance. Again, the hy- brids of Mr. Rogers' raising, resemble the "improved seedlings." No. 15 is frequently compared with the Ca- tawba. Now all the attempts to cross the "improved seedlings" has resulted in producing grapes, so near the foreign kinds, as to be nearly or entirely worthless for 21 open air culture in our climate, and closely resembling them in ever}^ particular. This was the same with Mr. Rogers' second crosses, as he calls them. The introduction and dissemination of the European grapes has brought together the two species, and the result is, that every year we hear of a new grape spring- ing up in some old garden. There has always been an uncertainty as to the origin of the common varieties, and I can find nothing in their history that conflicts with the views herein given. KEGULAE MEETING, MONDAY, FEBRUAEY 7, 1870. The President iu the chair. Eecorcls of preceding meeting read. The Secretarj^ announced the following correspondence. Academia delle Scieuze, Bologna, ]\Iay 15, 18G9 ; C. M. Barton. Worcester, Jan. 19, 21; W. T. Brifr'iam. Boston, Jan. 20, 24; A. C. Hamlin. Bangor, Me., Feb. 1, 2; Ferdinand D. Ilsley, Newark, X. J., Jan. ol; Linnrean Society. London, Sept. 25, 18(59; X. H. Morrison, Baltimore. Md., Jan. 19; E. Steiger, Xew York, Jan. 10. The Librarian reported the following additions to the Library. By Donation. Andover Theological Seminary. Catalogue of the Officers and Students for 1869-70. Svo jjamph. Butlek, Bex.T. F.. M. C. Speech of Hon. H. L. Dawes in U. S. H. R., on Econ- omy of Public Expenditures. Speeches of Hon. B. F. Butler in theU. S. H. R., on Public Expenditures of Grant's Administration. C0TTS, Mary P. S. Life and Times of Hon. William Jarvis, of Weathersfleld, Vt., 1 vol. Svo, Xew York, 18(!9. Harvard University. Medical Department. Eighty-seventh Medical Course, Svo pamph., Boston, 1870. Lee, John C. Commercial Bulletin for January. 1S70. Sumner, Charles, XJ. S. Sen. Speecli of Hon. Charles Sumner in U. S. Sen., Jan. 12, 1870, Svo pamph. Truair & Smith, of Syracuse. Syracuse and Onondaga Directories for 18G8, 1870, 2 vols. Svo. Waters, J. Linton, of Chicago. The Weekly Mississippi Valley Review and St. Louis Journal of Commerce, Jan., 1870, 4to pampli. Fifteenth Ann. Rep. of Board of Education, of Chicago, Svo pamph., 1869. Illinois Central Directory for 1869, 1 vol. Svo. Wood, C. A. & J. F. Directory of Essex County for 1870, 1 vol. Svo, Boston, 1870. Woodward, R., of Worcester. Worcester Directory for 1866, 1867, 1SG8, 3 vols. Svo. 22 By Exchange. American Antiquarian SociETr. Proceedings !tt the Annual Meeting. Oct. 21 1860. Svo panipli. American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia. Proceedings, Vol. xi, Xo, 82, Svo pamph. Arciiiv rcR Anthropologie. Zeitschrift fur Xaturgeschichte und Urges- chichte des Meuschen, tto paraph., Braunschweig, 18(i9. Biuliotiieque Universelle kt liEvrE Sm.s.SE. Ai-chives des Sciences Phy- siques et Xaturelles, Nov. 1.5. 18(il), 8vo pamph., Geneve. Boston Public Library. Seventeenth Annual Keport of the Trustees, 1869, Svo pamph. Boston Society of Natural History. Proceedings, Vol. xiii, sig. 12. Mokavian Historical Society'. Transactions 1857-1869,3 pamphlets 8voi Bethleliem. New E\(;land Historic-GIenealogical Society. Addiess of the Hon. M. P. AVilder, at the Annual Meeting, Jan. 5, 1870, Svo pamph. PuiSLiSHERS. American Literary Gazette. Book Buyer. Christian AVorld, College Revievr. Cosmos. Eclectic. Essex Banner. Gloucester Telegraph. Haverhill Gazette. Historical IMagaziue. Lawrence American. L'lnvestigateur. Lynn Keporter. Medical and Surgical Reporter. Nation. Nature. Peabody Press. Sailors' Magazine and Seaman's Friend. Silliman's Journal. Vermont State Hi.storical Society. Proceedings, Svo pamph., Montpclier, 1888. Oration by \V. AV. Grout, Nov. 4, 1869, Svo pamph., Rutland, 1869. Address before Vei-mont State Agr. Society at Burlington, Sept. IG, 1869, Svo pamph. Mr. W. r. Upham, in behalf of the committee previously appointed, reported tlie following resolutions, wliicli were unanimouslj' accepted. Resolved, Tliat in the recent and sudden death of Charles Davis, Esq., of lieverl}', the Essex Institute recoirnizos the loss of one of its most efliciciit members. His earnest devotion to its interests, his constant attendance at its meetings, the important aid he has often rendered by ol)taiuing new members, and in other ways, and finally the liberal bequest by which he has laid a new foundation for the pro- motion of its objects, will cause his memory to be held in grateful and all'ectionate regard by this societ3^ His constant and never fail- ing fidelity was a marked" feature of his life, as a member and officer of this and other societies; and his thoroughly honest and ingenu- ous character and genial disposition made him an agreeable associate and companion. liesolved. That Robert S. Rantoul, Esq., be requested to prepare a memoir of Mr. Davis, to be read at some future meeting of the So- ciety, aud published in its Collections. Besolved, That these Resolutions be entered upon our Records, and that a copy be sent to the family of the deceased. The President alluded briefly to the history of horticulture in Salem, and expressed the hope that some person, ere long, would un- dertake the investigation of this subject and present the results at a future meeting. Pear trees of great age in several gardens indicate that our ances- tors, at an early period, were not unmindful of fruit culture. George Heusler, a native of Landau, in the Province of Alsace, Ger- 23 many, may be cousidered as the first professional gardener in tliis vicinity. He came from Amsterdam to tliis country in 1780, bringing professional diplomas and recommendations. Soon after his arrival he commenced his horticultural pursuits in the employment of John Tracy of Newburyport. where he married. In 1790 he removed with his family to Salem, and continued the same avocation on the farm of E. Haskett Derby, in Danvers (now Peabody), and in many of the gardens of Salem, Danvers, and other towns of the county, until nearly the time of his decease, w^hich occurred April 3, 1817, at the age of 66 j-ears. He was highly esteemed as an intelligent, upright, kind hearted and religious man ; and to him our people are indebted for the introduction of man}' valuable fruits, and for largely develop- ing a taste for an occupation which has, from that time to the present, received much attention. Ezekiel Hersey Derby was the third sou of E. Haskett Derby, above mentioned, a name distinguished in the commercial annals of Salem as pioneers in the trade to the East Indies, which has contributed so largely to the wealth of this place, and opened a new field to the ever ready enterprise of its citizens. He was a graduate of Harvard, in 1791, and not having the family love of adventure on the ocean, marked out a new path for himself ou land, in the pursuits of agricul- ture. Inheriting an ample fortune, he took possession of the family estate in South Salem, and about the year 1802, began to trans- form it, under his improving hand, into a delightful residence ; the extensive garden and grounds, with the ponds, green-houses, borders of flowers, shrubbery, orchards and belts of forest trees, many of choice imported varieties, soon became one of the most agreeable features in our landscape, and will be pleasantly remembered long after the waves of an increasing population have destroyed every ves- tige. Here he passed the greater part of his active years in advancing his favorite studies and the objects of the Massachusetts Society for the Promotion of Agriculture, having been one of the founders and for many years a trustee. In our own Count}' of Esses, his name holds a permanent and honorable place. He died October 31, 1852, aged fourscore years less one day.* The Salem Gazette of Friday, July 13, 1810, contains an interesting account of the opening of a flower of the Night Blooming Cereus (Cereus grandifiora) in the garden of E. H. Derby, on the Monday evening previous, and that several of the citizens were gratified with a sight of this rare, beautiful and magnificent flower, undoubtedly its first appearance in Salem. The next flowering of this plant which we *See obituary notice in Salem Gazette, Tuesday, Xov. 2, 1852. — Genealogy of Derby Family in Essex Institute Historical Collections, Vol. iii, page 287. 24 have on record, is in the garden of J. F. Allen, in July; 1888. This specimen is now in a good state of preservation in the Museum. On Thursday evening, June 25, 1840, Francis Putnam exhibited three flowers at the rooms of the Essex County Natural History So- ciety. Since that time, every year several have expanded in the houses of Messrs. F. Putnam, C. Hoflman, and perhaps others. Robert Manning* commenced his Pomological Garden in North Sa- ]era, in 1823. At the time of his death, it was unrivalled in the va- riety of fruits then cultivated, containing nearly one thousand varieties of pears, besides of apples, peaches, plums, cherries, some hundreds more: no precise number having been obtained ; probably, including all kinds of fruits, not far from two thousand varieties. His principal object in the formation of this garden was rather to collect together tlie several varieties in order to identification, to test their qualities and to correct the nomenclature which had been in confusion, than to grow fine specimens or to originate new varieties ; these did not much occupy his attention, although several varieties, particularly of cher- ries, are his seedlings and bear his name. He died October 10, 1842, aged 58, in the midst of his labors and usefulness. He was an enthu- siastic and most accurate and disci'iminating pomologist, and so very familiar with the names and habits of the trees and the qualities of fruits, that he could readilj" identify at sight even the most rare kinds. He Avas one of the original members of the Massachusetts Horticul- tural Society,! and a regular attendant, with liberal contributions almost always labelled, at its earlier exhibitions. He was a man of great simplicity of character and liberality of disposition, freely im- parting to others information which cost him much study and re- search. His labors in the cause of pomological science bj' the iutro- * Robert Manning yr&s boru at Salem, July 19, 178i; m. Dec. 20,1824, Kebecca Dodge Burnham of Ipswich. Ilis principal bu(^iness in file, aside from lii.s horti- cultural pursuits, -was that of a stage agent; in this ocu-upation several members of his fiimily were largely interested. His sister Elizabeth was the mother of Nathaniel Hawthorne, who had such a brilliant and sxiccessliil literary career; b. at Salem, July i, 1804; gr. Bowdoin College, K^i.T ; died at Plymouth, N. H., on a journey for his health, :May 19, 18(J4. His father. Richard Manning, b. at Ipswich, May 29, 1755; m. ^Miriam Lord, May 30, 1776, and soon after removed to Salem; a blacksmith, stagekeeper and landholder; d. at Xewbuiy while on a journey, April 19, 1813. His grandfather, John Manning, b, March 16, 1703, was the son of Thomas, b. in England. Feb. 11, 1664; admitted an inhabitant of Ipswich, Feb. 10,1684-5; and d. May 11, 1737. Thomas Manning was the son of Richard Manning, M'ho was baptized at St. Patrick's Parish, Dartmoor, England, in 1622; married Anstice Gal- ley, and had seven children. The father died in England. The mother came over (a widow) with the children, who settled principally in Salem. t See a series of articles on "Reminiscences of Massachusetts Horticultural So- ciety.-' now being printed iu Tilfon's Joiirnal of Horticulture, from the pen of John B. Russell, an original member. 25 ductiou iuto general use the best of varieties of fruits, fairly entitle liim to be ranked aiuoug the public benefactors. His example seemed to inspire others and to awaken a new interest in this pursuit. The ueighborhood soon became famous for its gar- dens, in which his ma.v be considered as the centre, around which the others crystallized and took form. The operations in the garden were not suspended in consequence of his death, but were continued many years afterwards ; the mantle having seemed to fall naturally upon his eldest son, Robert Manning, who inherited the horticultural zeal and tastes of the father; and, having such a prestige, and such an accumulation of experience, was enabled, though a young man, to advance greatly horticultural knowledge and to take a high rank among the horticulturists of the country. John C. Lee commenced operations in the spring of 1831 ; John M. Ives in 1836, on the estate now owned by George F. Brown ; Charles F. Putnam and brothers in 1841 ; Pickering Dodge, Francis Peabody, James Upton and others in succession. From these gardens many valuable and important contributions to the horticultural exhibitions in years past were received. Besides the culture of fruit trees, Messrs. Eben and Francis Putnam were successful in the cultivation of the rose, and of this flower no less than five or. six hundred vari- eties bloomed in the month of June, constituting one of the chief attractions of the city some twenty and twenty-five years since. At the same period, and for manj' years before and since, the garden of Joseph S. Cabot was conspicuous for the magnificent display of tulips, comprising some six or seven hundred varieties, and for a large col- lection of choice herbaceous plants which kept a succession of blooms during the season. On the 28th of July, 1853, flowered in the green-house of J. Fiske Allen on Chestnut street,, a plant of the Victoi'ia Regia, the great water lily of the Amazon, the seed having been obtained of Caleb Cope of Philadelphia, and planted in the early part of the December previous. The following season, 1854, Mr. Allen enlarged his house and tank, and flowered several plants of this lilj' — the seed of some were obtained from England and planted in March previous, the others from the American plant. The climate in this house being so modified by the surroundings that it was admirably fitted for the growth of other tropical plants ; and Mr. Allen arranged a collection of fine orchids, amarylUs, calla, nelumbium and other species of lilies which grew well and produced beautiful flowers, and thus adding greatly to the attraction of this structure, which was for several weeks thronged with many visitors to witness the first blooming of the Victoria in the New England States. Mr. Allen has published the Essex Inst. Bulletin. 4 26 results of his observations ou tliis plant in a beautiful folio volume, finely illustrated by W. Sbarpe, from specimens grown at Salem. In 1843, Mr. Allen commenced the erection of liis graperies on Dean street, wliich soon were greatlj' extended, so as to embrace sev- eral hundred feet of glass, and in which were grown about three hundred varieties of grapes, including several valuable seedlings; also peaches, cherries, and other fruits. Charles Hoffman, William F. Gardner, William Dean, Eichard West, Kichard S. Rogers, William D. Pickman, and others, erected houses for the cultivation of flowers or the grape. The Natural History Society, soon after its organization in De- cember, 1833, opened its rooms for exhibitions of fruits and flowers. The first was held at the rooms on Essex street opposite Central street, ou Friday, JuW 11, 1834, and was very creditable to our florists, many beautiful and some rare plants and flowers having been shown. The contributors were Stephen Driver, Jr., J. S. Cabot, Charles Law- rence, John M. Ives, Thomas Spencer, Mrs. G. S. Johonnot, the Misses Ashton and John Bertram. These exhibitions were continued on every Friday during the season, and among the contributors, besides those previously mentioned, were the names of Francis Putnam, George D. Phippen, Benjamin Creamer, W. F. Gardner, John C. Lee, N. Silsl)ee, Jr., B. II. Ives, E. H. Derby, Mrs. J. D. Treadwell, Robert Manning, William Dean, W. P. Richardson, and others. The success attending these first eflbrts, induced a continuance tlie following and successive seasons, with greater or less frequency, as circumstances would per- mit, until that of 1866, when from unavoidable reasons they were omitted, and since that time none have been held. May thej^ be re- sumed the coming season with increased interest, and the horticultu- ral department again take it« former high position among the doings of the Institute. In every exhibition special attention had been directed to have properly arranged a collection of the native plants of the county, then in flower, particularly those that are rare and curious, and are only found in the most inaccessible localities, thus attbrding all an opportunity to observe that portion of our flora not usually noticed in the ordinary walks. The exhibitions, humble and unpretending in their origin, gradually Increased in interest and attracted much attention, and undoubtedly have been the means of developing a moi'e general and extensive taste for horticultural pursuits in this community. At the earlier ex- hibitions the contributions were small, afterwards gradually became more extensive, and at the one in September, 1850, one hundred and ninety-one individuals contributed two thousand dishes or baskets of fruit, consisting of six hundred aud sixty-nine varieties. 27 In reviewing the several lists of contributions, a gradual change is perceptible by the introduction of new and the disappearance of old familiar species and varieties. The dahlia, once so conspicuous and exciting so much interest among cultivators, who numbered the vari- eties by hundreds, no longer holds that sway in the floral world. The plums, among our fruits, are scarcely seen, some tweuty-flve years since so fine and luscious in flavor, so attractive in appearance and in great variety. The opening of communication with China and Japan have intro- duced, mainly through Mr. Fortune, the botanist, many beautiful shrubs and other plants, which add largely to the attractions of our gardens and lawns. An interesting and very valuable paper could be written on this subject, giving an account of the garden and its flow- ers during the first years of the exhibitions, and contrasting the same with those of the present day. Having briefly noticed a few incidents in the history of horticul- ture in Salem, a theme so prolific in interesting materials, I now in- troduce to you our associate member, Mr. Charles H. Higbee, who will give some account of the experiments of Mr. Edward S. Eogers of this city, in the hybridization of the grape, which have resulted in the introduction of several choice and fine new varieties. It is a cause of gratulation that we have among us those who are now ac- tivelj' engaged in advancing this science, which in the past has en- rolled so many names distinguished for their zeal, learning and gen- eral culture. The remainder of the evening was occupied in the reading of an interesting paper by Mr. Charles H. Higbee, on the "Hybridization of Grapes," referring especially to the method adopted by Mr. Edward S. Kogers of Salem. (See an abstract of this paper on page 17.) A discussion followed the reading of this paper, which was partici- pated in by several members. QUAETEELY MEETING, WEDNESDAY, FEBEUAEY, 9, 1870. The President in the chair. Eecords of preceding meeting read. Nathaniel Eopes of Cincinnati, and Frank A. Fielden of Salem, were elected members. The Secretary mentioned that Mr. Eantoul had given a favorable answer to the request of the Institute to read the memoir of the late Charles Davis, provided that he could have sufficient time to prepare the same. 28 REGULAR MEETING, MONDAY, FEBRUARY 21, 1870. The President introduced Mr. Edward E. Ciievek of Chicago, 111., a native of Salem, -who gave an interesting account of the Indians of California, an abstract of which is here annexed. The Indians of California.* The name " Digger," which Fremont gave to the Indians that he found on the eastern slope of tlie Sierra Nevada, has been applied by the readers of Fremont's work to all the Indians in California. f Tlie name was really applicable to those whom he first met with, but not to the Indians living on the other side of the mountains, who spoke a diflerent language and were more provident than those living on the great plains east of tlie Rocky Mountains. The Indians of California, in 1849, were the more interesting to the ethnologist froui the manner in which that country had been settled. The .Jesuits, it is true, had been in Lower C-'aliforuia for many years, and had established mission schools there, and a few Europeans had a short time before made scattered settlements in the Sacramento Valley, but the whole country was so remote from our frontiers, and in- closed by the intervening barriers of the liocky ^lountains and the snows of the Sierra Nevada Range, that it had been but little changed from its first discovery by the whites. Many Indian tribes were liv- ing in a perfect state of nature as the elk, deer or antelope that fur- nished them food. The children had their ears bored when quite j-^oung and small sticks inserted; these wei-e exchanged from time to time for larger sticks, until a bone ornament, made from one of the larger bones of a pelican's wings carved in rude style, and decorated at the end with crimson feathers, could be worn permanentlj'. This bone was about five or six inches long and larger in size than my lit- tle finger. The back hair of the men was fastened up in a net, and this was made fast by a pin of hard wood pushed through both hair and net, the large end of the pin being ornamented witli crimson feathers, obtained from the liead of a species of woodpeckei', and sometimes also with the tail feathers of an eagle. The women used no nets for their hair, nor wore feathers as ornaments, excepting in the end of the bones used by both sexes for the ears, which I have already described. An Indian could no more remember when he learned to swim than when he first stood on his fe(;t. When the children were disposed to be good natured tlie girls i)etted them as kindly as our children tend dolls, but if they were cross, in spite of their caresses, they threw cold water in their fixces until their tempers cooled. The girls fully *It is but justice to our aulhor to state that his tamiharity with the language of the tribes cluniig Ave years of frieadly personal intercourse has given him a rare opportunity of forming a correct judgment of what these Indians really were be- fore they were demoralized by contact with the whites. The author's remarks will be found published in full in the American Katuralist for May. 1870, with several illustrations. — Eds. fThe Indian tribes of the section I am describing, called themselves respectively, Sesum, Hocktem, Vubum, Hololipi, Willeni, Taiikum, and inhabited the valley of northern California, between the Sierra Nevada and the Coast Kange. 29 equalled the boj^s in swimming or diving, and also used the paddle with skill sometimes even beating the boys in their canoe or foot races. Their winter quarters are dry and warm, Ijut are rarely free from smoke, which the Indians do not seem to regard as an incon- venience. The outside is covered with earth and at least a half of the hut is below the surfiice of the ground. The inside shows strong- posts supporting an arched roof made of poles bound with grape- vines, aiad these covered Avith reeds and coarse grass secui-ed by cords. A small hole in the roof serves as a cliimney, and a low door, usuallj'' on the south side, is kept open excepting in stormy weather. A raised platform of poles and reeds holds the skins and blankets used for bedding. The hunting and Ashing were done wholly by men, and some of the fishing was done at night when the women were sleeping at home. Much of the drudgery came to the women and seemingly with their consent. Tliey said that a hunter needed a keen eye, a firm hand and a fleet foot; if he became stitt' from hard work or lost his skill, his wife must sufier with him in his misfor- tunes, and it was best for each to do what each could do best. An Indian to be judged fairly must be regarded as an Indian. Cus- tom with them, as with civilized people, is law, and many of their customs have probably been transmitted with, but little change from remote ages. Their religion is probably little changed from that of an earlier age. A Good Spirit is invoked to provide food and give prosperity, and evil spirits are to be propitiated. The oldest chief prays at certain seasons, morning and evening, outside of the council lodge, and sings in a monotone a few sentences only. . This is not in words taken from their language, but is supposed to be intelligible to the Great Spirit. When special prayers are made for success in tishing or hunting the request is made in plain Indian. Although he prays constantly for success, he uses wonderful craft and skill to en- sure it. To illustrate the ease with which an Indian can provide food for himself. I saw one come to the bank of Feather River one afternoon and start a fire. Turning over the sod and searching under the logs and stones he fountl some grubs. Pulling up some light dry reeds of the last year's growth he plucked a few hairs from his own head and tied the grubs to the bottom of the reeds, surrounding the bait with a circle of loops. These reeds wei'e now stuck lightly in the mud and shallow water near the edge of the river, and he squatted and watched the tops of his reeds. Not a sound broke the quiet of the place now; the Indian was as motionless as the trees that shaded him. Presently one of the reeds trembled at the top and the Indian quietly placed "his thumb aud linger on tiie reed and with a light toss a tish was thrown on the grass. The reed was then pnt back, another reed shook and two fish were thrown out; then still another and the fellow was soon cooking his dinner. The Indians hunt for one kind of game only at a time, and each kind at a time that they can I)e taken most advautigeo isly. When X saw every kind of game represented together at the Indian encamp- ment in Bierstadt's painting of the Yosemite, I knew the camp had been introduced for effect, from the evident ignorance or disregard for the habits of the Indians. It would consume too much space to describe all their implements, and many of them do not ditt'er materially from those that were used by Indians iu this section; among them were awls of bone, thread 30 of deer sinews, and cord which they used for their nets, bird traps, and bhmkets; this cord was spun from the inner fibre of a species of millv-weed. Their cookins; utensils were made from the roots of a coarse grass. Tliesc roots grew near the surface of the ground, and in sandy soil can be pulled up in long pieces. The pulpy outside skin is removed and the inside is a woody libre, extremely tough when green, and durable when made into articles for daily use. The Indian women split these roots into thin strips and keep them in water when they are making baskets and take out one at a time, as needed. The water basket is lirst started from a centre at the bottom, and is added to stitch by stitch, without a skeleton frame to iudicat the intended size. A loose strip of grass root is added constantly as a new layer to the last rim, and this is sewed on with another strip of the same fibre to the finished \Vork beneath, a l)one awl being used to bore holes through the basket portion. Tlie water baskets were durable and would hold hot water.* Water was made to boil in them by dropping in stones heated pi'eviously. The women skilfully used two sticks in handling hot stones or coals as we would tongs. In bread making the women poundi^d the a(;orns between two stones, a hollowed one serving for a mortar, until it was reduced to a powder as fine as our corn meal. Th(\v removed some of the bitter- ness of the meal bj' scra])ing hollows in the sand and leaching it, by causing water to percolate slowly through it. To prepare it for cook- ing the dough was wrapped in green leaves and these balls were cov- ered with hot stones. It comes out dark colored and not appetizing, but it is nutritious and was eaten with gratitude by Fremont's men in 184:4. Fish and meat were sometimes cooked in this way. A salmon rolled in graix; leaves and surrounded with hot stones, the whole cov- ered with dry eartli or ashes over night and taken out hot for break- fast, does not need a hunter's appetite for its appreciation. Marriage among tlie California Indians was similar to that of other tribes in other parts of the country. Presents of sullicient value wei'e given by the men to the girl's parents, and the bride might be given away without her knowledge or consent. They were naturally cheer- ful and attachetl to eacli otlier, and although polygamy was permitted. I knew only one cliief who had two wives. These seemed to agree, altjiough Wakelo said of his family tliat it had "too much tongue." In earlier d:iys dancing among them was confined to ceremonies of difi'ercnt kinds. In some of these the women joined, forming them- selves into a circle; but. as only one step was used in a solemn way, accompanied by a half turning of the body, a stranger might be in doubt wlietlicr it was rejoicing or mourning. AVithin tliis circle the men danced with great activity, leaping across a fiie burning in the centre, and yelling and singing wliilst the women continued their solemn dancing, singing a low monotonous chant. The Indians were inveterate gami)lers and parties from one tribe would visit another for several days at a time and play day and night. The game, was a sort of an "odd and even," as played by white chil- dren, the parties guessing as to the number and position of the sticks used in tlie game. The playing was accompanied by singing and beads were principally used for stakes. In the treatment of diseases the Indians succeeded in a certain class of them, but failed altogether in others. The pain from a sprain or *A sliallow basket of then- work, which htis been ia the Mui^euni for several years, now holds cold water as perfectly as when it was made. 31 rheumatism would be drawn to the surface by burning- the skin with fire. I can testify to a cure from this remedy. For headaches they pressed their hands on the head of the suflerer and sometimes cured it by gentle pressure. For other diseases they tried steam baths, es- pecially for colds. When any internal disorder defied their treatment tliey immediately begged medicine from the whites. In burying the dead a circular hole was dug and the body placed in it, in a sitting posture, with the head resting on the knees. If a man his nets were rolled about him and his weapons by his side. If a woman, her blanket enclosed her body, and a conical shaped basket, such as they carrj" burdens in, was put into the grave also, with the peak upwards. The language of the California Indians is composed of gutteral sounds, difficult to separate into words when spoken rapidly and hard to pronounce or remember. The counting is done, as with all primi- tive people I have met, bj' decimals. Children in reckoning call oil" the tingers and toes of both hands' and feet as twenty, when wishing to express a large number. In counting ten the following words are used : Weekum, Paynay, Sarpun. Tchuyum, Marctem, Suclvanay, Pen- imbom, Penceum, Peleum, Marchocom. If eleven is to be expressed it is Marchocnm, Weekum or Ten one; Marchocum, Paynay, ten two, and so on to twenty which is Midequekum. The general term for man is Miadim, and for woman Killem, aud for a child CoUem. A boy is Mi- adim collem and a girl Killem collem. Although this seems' to indi- cate a poverty of distinctive terras, yet wlien it is found that every animal, bird, insect aud plant has its own name, it will be seen that there is no want of materials to supply a stranger with words for book making, if his tastes lead liim in that direction. After many years passed with these Indians, and having ever3- op- portunity to' study their customs aud character, I entertain pleasant recollections of their friendship which was never broken, and feel sadl.y when I realize that the improvements of the white men have been at the sacrifice of Indian homes aud almost of the race itself. It has been customai*y to attribute certain general qualities to whole tribes of Indians, and this has been done to those of whom I have written. I can only say, that no two Indians of my acquaint- ance were alike, and their mode of life would naturally develop indi- viduality of character. The charges of lying and stealing, as urged against them, have some foundation in fact, although the Indian might make some such defence as our soldiers made to the accusation of theft of honey and chickens while marching through tlie South during our war. They did not steal, they tool- what they wanted and expected to live on the enemy. No Indian can steal from his tribe, however, without losing his character, and their desire to have position in the trit)e makes both men aud women as careful of their reputations as those of civ- ilized life. Indian cunning even has not proved equal to the duplicity of the while man. You may have heard of the Indian who ottered his beaver skins for sale to a trader in olden times in one of our Puritan villages, when the trader was on his way to church. The trader would not purchase then, but iu a wliisper stated a price. When the churcli was dismissed the Indian followed the trader home and de- manded payment for his skins, but was forced to accept a less price than was fii'st named. The Indian took the money but told an ac- 32 quaintauce that he had discovered the use of the big meeting at the chiu'ch, — "it was to lower the price of beaver slvins." As a white man I take the side of the pioneer in defence of his fiim- ily, bnt I wish the Indians could have been spared much of the degra- dation brought upon them b}' bad white men that must eventuall}^ end in complete subjection, or extermination. On motion of Mr. Hyatt a vote of thanks was iiassed for the very intei'esting paper, and referred to the publication committee. Mr. EoBKKT Peele presented a musket, an interesting relic, with the following statement: — "Muskets of this pattern were formei-ly used by the non-commissioned officers of the Englisli army, in addi- tion to side arms ; the breach is made more ci'ooked than the com- mon musket or the King's-arm, and is formed to fit the back of the soldier, where it was carried by a strap. This musket was brought to this country by an officer of the English army dui-ing the French war of 1755-6. The militia connected with the regular ti'oops were drafted by the Governor's orders, from the several towns. Among those from Charlestown was a Mr. Graves, who, duriug the campaign, formed the acquaintance of one of the non-commissioned officers of regular troops, and from him obtained this piece, which he brought to Charlestown on his return and soon after sold it to his brother-in-law, Nathaniel Chamberlain, then living in Charlestown. Mr. Chamber- lain, was a bricklayer by trade, came to Salem in 1773, and died about 1837, over ninety years of age. On his first removal to Salem he lived in the house of my grandfather, Robert Peele, and during that year sold to him this musket, which has been in the family to the present time, ninety-seven years. It had no baj'onet when first owned by my grandfather; to meet the reqnii'ements of the militia law one was fitted. During the Revolutionary war mj^ grandfiitlier carried it to Lexington under Col. Timothy Pickering; to Rhode Island under Captain Flagg, and on all occasions required by law. My father, (Robert Peele, Jr.) in discharging the duties of a citizen soldier under the laws of the State; and by myself during the war of 1812 and 1813, in the discharge of guard duty on Salem Neck, and other occasions when required. It is in good condition although somewhat antiquated, having a flint lock. At your request, Mr. President, I have named all the facts known to me in the histor}^ of the above named musket, and would mention that the_v were often cited by my father, and that Mr. Chamberlain, who first brought it to Salem, had several times, in my presence, made the same statement." Mr. Caleb Cooke stated that Mr. Luther Clapp of Salem, had shot on the 12th of February (1870), a female of the Lynx rufus (Bay Lynx) in the woods of Essex. Length of head and body twentj-uiue inches ; weight seventeen pounds. lltB. BULLETIN OF THE Vol. 2. Salem, Mass., March, 1870. No. 3. One Dollar a Year ia Advance. 10 Cents a Single Copy. FIRST HOUSES IN SALEM. BY W. P. TJPHAJI. [Continued from Vol.1, p. 150.1 APPENDIX. The only place in Salem which is associated, by name, with the Old Planters of 1626, is the large open field on the right of the northerly end of Bridge street, which was for many years known as the "Planters Marsh." This has naturally led some to suppose that the first settlement of Salem, in 1626, was in that vicinity. We fail, however, to find anything in published accounts, or in the records, to support such a belief, except in the following statements by Rev. Dr. Bentley, and by Hon. Robert Rantoul, Sen. Bentley, in his Description of Salem (Mass. Hist. Coll. Vol. 6, p. 233), says: — "Salem, considered as within its present bounds, was first settled upon North River. Shallop Cove (now Collins Cove), open to Bev- erly harbour, was then much employed." Again, p. 231, "When Francis Higginson arrived, in 1629, there were only six houses, besides that of Gov. Endicott, and these Essex Ixst. Bulletin. ii 5 34 Avere not on the land now called Salem." He also says (p. 228), "The first fort was on Beverly side, and erected b}^ Conant's men, before Endicott arrived. It was called Darbie or Derby fort." This latter statement, that Darb}' fovt was on Beverly side, and was bnilt by Conant before Endicott's arrival, explains why he thought the first houses were not where Salem is now ; and proves that in this part of his history he must have relied upon false tradition or incorrect information, for there is abundant evidence which shows conclusively that Darl)y fort* was on Marblehead side ; and the depositions of Eichard Brackenbury and Humphrey Woodbury, in 1681, made for the purpose of proving an early possession of the land on Beverly side, in opposition to Mason's claim, show us that when the Old Planters removed from Cape Ann (Gloucester), they came "to the neck of land since called Salem," and Iniilt their fii-st houses there ; and that they took possession of the land on Cape Ann side (Bev- erly), sometime after the arrival of Endicott. (See Thornton's Cape Ann, Appendix) . In the Account of Beverly by Mr. Eantoul (Mass. Hist. Coll. 3 Ser. Vol. 7, p. 254), he states that "Koger Conant, John Baleh, John Woodbury and Peter Pal- frey, first settled, in 1G2G, on the neck of land be- tween Collins Cove on the south, and the North River on the north, in Salem." "Their first houses were near to the margin of the river, and their lots running from the river, across the neck to Collins cove." No authority is given for this statement, and it is most likely that it rests upon some tradition derived from the name "Planters Marsh." We have carefully traced the history of the house-lots on the neck of laud above described, and * Thomas Oliver, in 1G58, convej-ed to John Bradstreet ten acres -'ou Marblehead Xeck, butting upon Forrest Elver, and having in the south end an old Indian Fort." though we can show who owned and occupied them l3ack to a very early date, we lind no evidence that any of them were ever owned by the Old Planters. Let us now see whether any of the descriptions by the early writers will throw any light upon this question. In "New England's Plantation," written by Kev. Fran- cis Higginson, and printed at London in 1630 (see Force's Tracts, Vol. 1), the writer describes the soil as being sandy "all about our Plantation at Salem, for so our Towne is now named, Psal. 76, 2." "When we came first to Xeihum-kek, we found about halfe a score houses and a faire house newly built for the Governour. We found also abundance of corn planted by them very good and well likeing." Li Wm. AYood's "Xew England Prospect," p. 50, we find, "Four miles north-east from Saugus.lies Salem, which stands on the middle of a neck of land very pleas- antly, having a South River on the one side, and a North River on the other side ; upon this neck where most of the houses stand, is very bad and sandy ground, yet for seven years together it hath brought forth exceeding good corn, it being fished but every three years ; in some places is very good ground, and good timber, and divers springs hard by the sea side." Wm. Wood left New England, Aug. 15th, 1633, there- fore corn had been planted on the sandy nech of land in 1626. His description would seem to apply to the central portion of the present city. In "Planter's Plea," London, 1630 (Force's Tracts, Vol. 2), we find it stated that the first planters removed from Cape Ann (Gloucester) "to Nahum-keike, about foure or five leagues distant to the south-west from Cape Anne." In the "History of New England" (Mass. Hist. Coll. 2 36 Ser. Vol. 5, p. 102), written by AVm. Hubbard, who was well alsquainted with Roger Conant, he says, "After they had made another short trial there (Cape Ann), of about a year's continuance, they removed a third time a little lower towards the bottom of the bay, being invited by the accommodations which they either saw, or hoped to find on the other side of the creek near by, called Naum- keag, which afibrded a considerable quantity of planting land, near adjoining thereto. Here they took up their station upon a pleasant and fruitful neck of land, invi- roned with an arm of the sea on each side, in either of which vessels and ships of good burthen might safely anchor. In this place (soon after by a minister that came with a company of honest planters) called Salem, from that in Psal. Ixxvi, 2, was laid tlie first foundation on which the next Colonies were built." He also says that Roger Conant had previously examined this place, "secretly conceiving in his mind, that in following times (as since is fallen out) it might prove a receptacle for such as upon the account of religion would be willing to begin a foreign plantation in this part of the world, of which he gave some intimation to his friends in England." As Collins Cove is almost dry at low tide, it would be impossible for "ships of good burthen to safely anchor" there. Indeed it seems to us quite evident that the neck of land which these early writers refer to, must mean that upon which the main part of the town now stands, between the North River and the South River. We propose now to show who were the occupants of the land near what is now Bridge street, at the earliest date to which we have been able to trace its history. Where the Gas Works are now, was called Neal's Point ; the Cove south of it was called Waller's Cove, and that to the north of it Massey's Cove. 37 On the north-west side of Bridge street, and south- west of Skeny street, was the homestead of Francis Skerry, and adjoining it on the north-east, was the home- stead of JeiFry Massey, both of whom were for many years prominent in town aflairs. Between that and Rob- bins Lane, which was where the school house is now, was a two-acre lot on which lived Richard Brackenbury, be- fore he removed to Beverly, which was before the year 1G40. On the land north-east of Robbins Lane, lived at about the year 1640, James Smith, Michael Sallows, Thomas Read, John Tucker, Thomas Robins and George Ropes ; and near them also Francis Nurse, Wm. Bennett, [Wm.] Waller, Thomas Edwards, and George Wathen. At the point just east of the Salem end of Beverly Bridge was the Ferry landing place, and there lived John. Stone, who, in 1G36, was appointed to keep the ferry from that point across to Cape Ann side, as Beverly was then called, John Massey, who kept the Ferry after 1686, lived on the same site. On the south-east side of Bridge street, and extending from where Pickman street is, nearly to Barton street, w^as the Ship Tavern Pasture, so-called, which was owned by John Gedney, who kept the Ship Tavern where the Mansion House lately stood. It consisted of twelve acres, six of which he bought of George Emory, before 1649, and two of Richard Graves, in 1650, and the other four of Margaret Rix, in 1655. This land was conveyed by the heirs of John Gedney to Deliverance Parkmuu, in 1698, and by the widow of his grandson, George Curwen, to Benjamin Pickman, in 1749. Deliverance Parkman, in 1714, was allowed four rights "for Josiah Rootes, Edward Giles, [Philemon] Dickenson and John Borne's cottage rights in the Great Pasture, formerly Mr. Gedney 's." Where Barton street is now was a lot of four acres conveyed by Robert Goodell to Francis Skerry, in 1653. Francis Skerry left it to Henry Lunt, who conveyed it to John Higginson, jr., in 1005. John Gardner conveyed it to Lydia Barton, in 1811. By the depositions of Nathaniel Felton and John Massey, recorded in our Reg- istry, B. 11, L. 254, it appears that this was originally two two-acre lots, on which lived Robert Goodell and Peter Woolfe. Next north-east of this, and including where Osgood's wharf is, was a lot of three and a half acres, which was owned by Jetfry Massey, in 1653, and on which Capt. Thomas Lothrop had previously lived, as appears by the depositions of Samuel Ebourne, Nathaniel Felton and John Massey (See Registry, B. 21, L. 251). John Massey conveyed it to Philip Cromwell, in 1680. The heirs of John Cromwell sold it to Benjamin Gerrish, in 1700, and his heirs to Samuel Carlton, in 1736. Next north-east was a lot of about four acres, which extended nearly to where Osgood street is now. This was owned ])y Gcrvais Garford, and is one of the few lots in Salem which we can trace back to the ori:rant. The to^vn granted to him and his daughter, Mrs. Ann Turland, Dec. 7, 1635, each "a two-acre lot upon the north side of [Burley's] Cove," "both abutting upon Michael Sallowes and James Smyth's lots, provided they both build upon them and soe be ready to sell his house in the towne." This language would seem to in- dicate that the locality was at that time considered as being "out of town." The lots of Sallowes and Smith were, as already stated, on the other side of the ferry lane, and north-east of Robbins lane. Garford sold his lot, with three acres of marsh adjoining, to Henry Bar- tholomew, in 1650, and he assigned it to John Browne, in 39 1653, who gave it to his sons, John Browne and James Browne, in 1675. In 1654 the town also granted to John Browne "all that land enclosed as well medow as upland which was latelie in the possession of Mr. Garford," and it remained in his fomily for many years, and was con- veyed to Samuel Carlton, in 1734. Gervais Garford was living on this land in 1640. Next north-east was another lot of three acres, owned and occupied very early by [Joseph] Young, and which was afterwards owned by John Robinson, Avho conveyed it, in 1694, to Bartholomew Browne, whose administrator conveyed it, together vrith a part of the Garford lot, to James Lindall, in 1720, and Timothy Lindall conveyed it to Benjamin Pickman in 1758. Next was a three-acre lot owned in 1658 by Daniel Rumball, and conveyed by his son-in-law, Wm. Curtice, to Samuel Browne, in 1710, it being described in the deed as "the Potter's field," and bounded south by "Pot- ter's lane leading down to Planters Marsh." This lane can still be traced, ruunino- along near the south side of where the old Ropewalk was. It was leased by the town to Francis Skerry, in 1680, and was sold in 1740, to Wm. Browne. The name of this field has given rise to the impression that it was originally used as a burial place; and from this, probably, has originated the tradi- tion that the Lady Arbella Johnson was buried there, the remains of a monument even, it is thought, having been found near there.* But this shows how little reli- ance can be placed upon mere tradition, unsupported by other evidence ; for it seems quite clear, from the facts which we shall now state, that this name, "the Potter's field," was derived from the occupation of the person who first lived there. [To be continued.] * See Felt, Vol. 2, p. 446, also 1st edition, p. 522. 40 REGULAR MEETING, MONDAY, MARCH 7, 1870. The President in the chair. Records of preceding meeting read. The Secretary reported tlie following correspondence. .J. F. A. Andrews, Pittsfield, Mass., Jan. 27, Feb. 5, 7; Bowdoin College, Bruns- wick, Me., Feb. 5, 3t; British Archasological Association, London, Nov. 20, 1809; BiifTalo Hist. Soc, Buffalo, Feb. 7, 23; Mrs. E. F. Condit, Newark, N. J., Feb. IC; B. A. Gould, Cambridge, Mass., Feb. 15, 18; A. C. Hamlin, Bangor, Me., Feb. G, 11; P. A. Hanaford. Reading, Mass., Feb. 15; E. V. Jameson, Salisbury, Mass., Feb. 15; Iowa State Hist. Soc, Iowa Citj-, Feb. 15; I). W. King, Boston, Feb. 12; Konigliche GesellschafC der Wissenchafteu, Leipzig, Aug. 13, 18G9; Kouigliche Sachsische Gesellschaft der Wisscnchaften, Leipzig, Aug. 13, 18G9; Maryland Acad. Science, Baltimore, Bee. 10. ISG!); ^Moravian Hist. Soc, Nazareth, Pa., Feb. 12; Naturg. Gesellsch. of Bazel, Sept. 11, 1SG9; Natur. Vercin du Bremen, Aug. 29, 18G9; New England Hist, and Gen. Soc, Boston, Feb. 7, 22; Oberhessische Gesellschaft, Gies.sen, Sept. 2, 1839; Public Library of Boston, Feb. 8; Soc. Royale des Sciences, Christiania, Dec. 15, 1809; Soc. Koyale du Zoologie, Amsterdam, May 31, 18G9; W. Hudson Stephens. Copenhagen, N. Y.. Feb. 13; J. H. Stickney, Baltimore, Feb. 7, 10; Universite Royale de Norvege, Cliristiania, Nov. 29, 1869; Universite Lugduno-Batavre, July 22, 1869; Yale College, New Haven, Feb. 7. American Entomologist, St. Louis, Feb. 2i; W. V. Andrews, New York, Dec. 20 and 17; Jacob Batcliclder, Lynn, Feb. 25; Chicago Hist. Society, Chicago, March 3; City Library, Lowell, Jan. 21; Department of Interior, Washington, Feb. 22; Chas. Hamilton, New York. Feb. 21; Hist. Pliil. Society of Ohio, Cincinnati, Feb, 24; Ferd. I. Ilsley, Newark, Feb. 22; New York Hist. Society, N. Y., Feb. 23; New York State Library, All)any. Jan. 20; Mass. Institute of Technology, Boston, Feb. 22; A. E. Vcrrill, New Haven, Conn., Feb. 24; William Wood, E. AVindsor Hill, Conn., Feb. 22. The Superintendent reported the following Donations to the Mu- seums of the Institute and the Academy. Lieut. Asa T. Abbott, U. S. A. Two species of Fish from Tortugas. M. A. Allen, Key West. Coral from Tortugas. Rev. C. J. S. Bethunb, Credit, Canada. Sixteen Indian Relics from vicinity of Credit; four specimens of Fos.sils from the same place. Elam Burnuam, Hamilton. Gos-liawk from Hamilton. Edw. E. Chevek, Chicago. Two Stone Arrowheads from Twin Lake, Colo- rado; Fossil Wood, from Colorado. Thomas Clemens, Key West. Fla. Coral from Tortugas. John L. Cochrane, Peabody. Hawk from Peabody. Miss Caroline Follansbee. Minerals of the Hot Springs of California; Paper made from the Red VYood of California; two Japanese Coins. Thomas Geragutt, Key West, Fla. Collection of Coral from Tortugas. John Gould, Ipswich. Two Stone Arrowheads and a very small Stone Sinker found at Ipswich. Col. Chas. Hajulton, U. S. A. Crustaceans, from Tortugas, Fla. Robert Howell, Nichols, N. Y. A collection of Indian Relics from the vicinity of that place. Charles Lawrence, Danvers. Stone Arrowheads from that place. 41 A. S. Packard, Jr., Salem. A collection of Reptiles, Fishes, MoUusks, Articu- lates, Radiates, etc., from Key West and Tortugas, Fla. Lieut. Albert S. Pike, F. S. A. Crustacea from Tortugas. W. T. Phillips, Marbleliead. A finc specimeu of Solemyia borealis, and other Mollusks and Crustaceans, from Marblehead. JOHX B. Ro-WELL, Tortugas. Shell of Green Turtle, Shells and Hermit-Crabs, from Tortugas. Theodore Sampson. A collection of Plants collected in the vicinity of Hong Kong, in 18G8-9. Smithsonian Institution. A collection of European and British Shells, con- tainiug three hundred and forty-four species. Dr. S. A. Storrow, U. S. A. Several specimens of Gorgonia from Tortugas. W. Strobel, Baltimore. Two specimens Nerite pleloronta from Key "West, Fla. Charles Veach. Alcoholic Mollusca from Chariton, Miss. Miss M. G. Wheatland, Salem. Specimen of Radiates from the Isles of Shoals. The Librarian reported tlie following additions to the Library. By Donation. Bethune, Charles J. Canada Directory for 1857-58, 1 vol. 8vo. Toronto Cen- tral Directory for 1856, 1 vol. 8vo. Bctler, Benj. F., M. C. Monthly Report of the Department of Agriculture for January, 1870, 8vo pamph. Speech of Hon. Z. Chandler, in U. S. Senate, on "Pope's Campaign," 8vo pamph. Dreer, Ferdinand J., of Philadelphia. Centennial Celebration by the Annin Family, at the Old Stone House in Somerset Co., N. J., 1 vol. 8vo, Philadelphia. Goodell, Abner C, Jr. Bangor, Lawrence, Manchester, Fall River, and Taiiuton Directories for 1869, 5 vols. 8vo. Hammond, Charles, of Monson. Jubilee Discourse at the Celebration of the Semi-Centennial Anniversary of the Linophilian Society in Monson Academy, by C. C. Carpenter, 8vo pamph., 1869. Lincoln, Solomon, Jr. Early Settlers of Hiugham, New England, 4to pamph., Boston, 1865. LoRiNG & Atkinson. Cotton Culture and the South Considered with Refer- ence to Emigration, 12mo pamph., Boston, 1869. Noble, Edward H. Views selected from the Malta Penny ^lagazine, Vol. I, 4to pamph, 1845. Paine, Nathaniel, of Worcester. Worcester Directory for 1869, 1 vol. Svo. Perlet, Jonathan. Essex County Directory for 1866, 1869-70, 2 vols. 8vo. Prendhomme, M. Alf., de Borre. Description d'une Nouvelle espece Ameri, caine du Genre Caiman, Alligator, 8vo pamph. Description d'une espece Ameri- caine de la Famille des Elodites, Svo pamph. Salem Water Works. Account of the Proceedings upon the Transfer of the Salem Water Works to the City Authorities, 1 vol. 8vo, Salem, 1869. Stone Edwin M., of Providence, R. I. Twenty-eighth Annual Report of the Ministry at Large, 8vo pamph.. Providence, 1870. Sumner, Charles, U. S. Sen. Report of the Commissioners of Agriculture for 1868, 1 vol. 8vo. Message and Documents, 1868-69, 1 vol. 8vo. Speech of Hon. C Sumner in U. S. Senate, on '' Financial Reconstruction and Specie Payments," Svo pamph. Uphaji. J. Baxter, of Boston. Dedication of a Soldiers' Monument at Clare- mont, N. H., Oct. 19, 1869, Svo pamph. Essex Inst. Bulletin. n 6 42 Waters, J. Lintox, of Chicago. Report of the Superintendent of Public In- struction of Illinois, 18(j5-1SGS, 2 vols. 8vo. Trea-^urer's Report, Illinois, 18G7, 1 vol. Svo. MisceIlaueou.s pamphlets, 10. History of the Chicago River Tunnel, Svo paniph. Twelfth Annual Report of the Trade and Commerce of Chicago, for 1869, Svo pamph. Williams, William O., Dartmouth College. The ^Egis, 1807, Svo panipli. By Exchange. ^Yjierican Entomological Society. Transactions, Vol. 2, Jso. 1, Svo pamph., Pliiladelpliia. Bekgexske MU.SEUM. Astraud om Bredde og Laengda, Ito pamph., 18G4. Reretning om dcu Internationale Fi.skeriudstilling, ISGo, 1 vol. 4to. Catalog, over de til den internationalo Fiskcriudstilling, 12mo pamph. Baars Les Peclies de la Norwege, Svo pamph., Paris, 1SG7. Koren med Danielsseu's Pectinibranchiernes Udviklingshistorie, nied Supplement, Svo paniphs., 1851. Danielsseu's Syphilisa- tionen, Svo pamph. Danielsseu's Zoologisk Reise, Svo pampli. B0.STOX Society of Natural History. Proceedings for Feb., ISG'J, Vol. xiii, sig. 13, Svo pamph. Buffalo His . < )RICAl Society. Buffalo Directory for 1867, 1868, 2 vols. Svo. Bidhagex tot de dierkuxde. Uitgegeven door het Genootschap Natura Artis Magistra, te Amsterdam, 18G!), 4to pamph. DouciiESTER AxTiQUARiAX AXD HISTORICAL SOCIETY. Taxable Valuation of the Town of Dorchester, 18G9, 1 vol. 8vo. Sermon by Rev. James H. INIeans at Dorchester, Svo pampli., Boston, 1870. KoxGELiGE NORSKE UxiVERSiTET. Dct Kongclige Norske Videnskabers-Sels- kabs Skrifter, 1SG5, 1SG8, 3 pamplilets Svo, Throndhjem. Norsk Mcteorologisk Aarbog, 1SG7-1SGS, Christiania. Le Glacier de Bovum en Juillet, ISGS, Ito pamph. En Auatomisk Beskrivelse af de paa Over-og Uuderextremiteterne forekommcnde BursjE Mucosa;, 4to pamph., 18G9. Index Scholarum, ]S(i9, 4to paniph. La Nor- vegc Litteraire, 18G8, Svo pamph. Beretning om Lungegaardshospitalets, Virk- somhed, 1SG5-1SU7, Svo pamph. Frederiks Universitets, 1SG8, Svo pamph. Forhand- linger i Videnskabs-Selskabet, Svo pamph. Tliomas Saga Erkibyskups, Svo pamph., 19Gy. Danielssen Om Spedalskhedens Therapie. Massachusetts Houticultuhal Society. Transactions for the year 1869, Svo X>amph. M.\ssACHUSETTS IxSTiTUTE OF Techxology. Fifth Annual Catalogue of tho OJlicers and Stud^ts, 18G9-70, Svo pamph. MiCHiGAX State Agricultural College. Address before the Board of Agriculture, Faculty and Students, by G. Willard, at Lansing, August 25, 1S69, Svo pamph. Peabody Institute, Baltimore, Md. Report of Adj. General of- Maryland, 1SG9, Svo pamph. Address of the President of Peabody Institute to the Board of Trustees, Feb. 12, 1870, Svo pamph. Phil.vdelphia Academy of Natural Sciexces. Proceedings for August to December, 1869, Svo paniph. Naturwissensciiaftliche Gesellschaft. Sitzungs-Bei-icht der naturwis- seuschaftlichen Gesellschaft Isis in Dresden, Svo paraph., 1869. New Bedford Public Library'. Eighteenth Annual Report of the Trustees, Svo pamph. SociETE DBS Sciences Naturelle de Neuchatel. Bulletin. Tome viii, Svo pamph. Publishers. American Literary Gazette. American Journal of Numismatics. Book Buyer. Bowdoiu Scientiflc Review. Christian World. Cosmos. Eclectic. Essex Banner. Gardener's Monthly. Gloucester Telegraph. Haverhill Gazette. Historical Mag-azine. Land and AVater. Lawrence American. Lynn Reporter. Mason's Monthly Coin and Stamp Collector's Magazine. Medical and Surgical Reporter. Nation. Naturalist's Note Book. Nature. Pavilion. Peabody Press. Quaritch's Catalogue. Sailors' Magazine and Seamen's Friend. The President called attention to a portrait of William Orne of Salem (a reversionary gift from the late President of the Institnte, D. A. White). This portrait was given by Judge White, some years since, to Mrs. Theresa Norris, wife of Charles Norris of Exeter, and daughter of Dr. Joseph and Theresa (Emery) Orne of Salem, on condition that it should ultimately come into the possession of the In- stitute. This lady died at Exeter, N. H., January 1, 1870, at the age of eighty-seven years ; and the portrait has accordingly been sent to the place of destination, and is a valuable contribution to the collection of historical portraits. William Orne was a successful and distinguished merchant of Salem during the close of the last and the beginning of the present century, and was eminent for his integrity aud attention to business. His numerous virtues, his liberal hospitality, his thousand acts of charity, his ardent attachment to his family and friends, secured to him the affection and veneration of his family and the esteem and respect of his fellow citizens. His contemporaries were William Gray, E. Hasket Derby, George Crowninshield, Joseph Peabody, and others, who were the merchant princes of that day, when Salem commerce was in the ascendancy. He was born Eeb. 4, 1751, and died Oct. 14, 1815. His wife was Abigail, daughter of Nathaniel Popes; she died May 20, 1813. Their children were William "Putnam, died unmarried. George died in infancy. Eliza married, 1st, William Wetmore, Esq. ; 2d, Hon. D. A. White ; and had a son, Kev. W. O. White, who is a settled clergyman in Keene, N. H. Samuel lived in Springfield, died leaving issue. Charles Henry died in 1814, without issue. Joseph died Sept. 1, 1818; married Sarah F. Ropes, who is now living in the old homestead on Essex street. The name of Orne has been a familiar one in oitr annals from the earliest settlement. In the records of the First Church the first bap- tism recorded was Recompense, dau. of John Horn, bapt. 25, 10, 1C3G (name variously spelt). This John Orne died at an advanced age, in 1684. He probably came to Salem in 1630, in the fieet with Win- throp, but may have been here earlier; a freeman 18 May, 1651 ; "was deacon," and Bentley says, "in 1680 required the assistance of a col- league, as he had been in that office above fifty years." His second son, Symonds, was the ancestor of the Marblehead family, of whom was Hon. Col. Azor Orne, who was a leading and prominent citizen 44 and died June 6, 1796. Jonathan H. Orne of Marblehead, who has taken an active part in the temperance movement, is also of this family. His third son, Joseph Orne, married Anna Tomson, and had Jo- seph, who died without issue. Timothy mai-ried Lois Picliering; Anna the wife of John Cabot. Josiah married Sarah Ingersoll ; and Mary, wife of Joseph Grafton. Timothy was the father of Timothy, who died July 14, 1767, a dis- tinguished and successful merchant. Josiah Orne was the father of Jonathan Orne, who died January 2, 1774, aged 51, and grandfather of Dr. Joseph Orne, who deceased in 1786 (a good physician and a man distinguished for his attainments in literature and science), and of William Oi'ue, the subject of the present notice. Eemarlcs ^\ore then made bj' the Secretary, Mr. Jonx Robinson, upon some manuscript books that had been given to the Institute by Mr. William A. Lander, and jottings were read from them. They were a diary, principally of maritime events that occurred in and about Salem during the war of 1812-15, and consequently contain a large amount of valuable, as well as entertaining, details of our his- tory during that time. Dr. Packaud gave an account of a recent trip to Key West and the Tortugas, Florida, describing in general terms the marine fauna, comparing it with that of New England and the Arctic Ocean. He alluded to the poisonous nature of corals, especially of the madre- pores, stating that his hands after handling them for a few hours became very sore, much swollen, with considerable local fever ; this state of things lasting for several days. The application of glycer- ine was made with good results. The living coral should be gath- ered with the hands protected by gloves or mittens, or anointed with glycerine or grease. The poisoning was caused by the poisonous microscopic darts contained within the lasso cells of the coral polyps. The "Pepper Coral," or Millepora, was still more distressing in its poisonous qualities and should never be handled unless the hands are thoroughly protected. He also described the efiects on marine life of an intensely cold period on Dec. 24, 25, 1856, when the thermometer went as low as 44°, very unusual for the latitude of Key West. As described to him by several gentlemen at Key West, multitudes of fish were killed and cast ashore. On Dec. 25, 1868, there was another frost, ice was found and quantities of fish was strewn along the beaches. He compared such a wide spread desolation among the marine animals of the 45 riorida reefs, dnriug such a period of iutense cold for a tropical cli- mate (where the mean of wiuter temperature is 60°), to the death of fishes and other marine animals bj^ local earthquakes and volcanic eruptions, and thought a much greater devastation was wrought by the former cause. He was accompanied by Prof. II. H. Goodell of the State Agricultu- ral College, and with his aid had made very large collections, especi- ally of crustaceans, worms, and corals. While at Ft. Jefferson they had enjoyed the hospitality of Colonel Charles Hamilton, during the war in command of the Florida coast, who had done much for the success of the trip; to Colonel Gibson, U. S. A., Commandant of the Fort, and to many of the officers and men they were much indebted for various specimens and the use of boats and aid in dredging, &c. While at Key West they were under constant obligations to M. A. Allen, Esq., for aid in furtherance of their explorations ; so that a large and valu- able collection was made in departments in which the Museum of the PeabodyAcademy had been hitherto sadly deficient. Dr. Packard's remarks elicited several interesting queries, after which, Mr. C. H. Higbee being called upon by the Chair, alluded briefly to the subject of horticulture, and suggested the proprietj- of taking into consideration the expediency of having the rooms opened at stated intervals for the exhibition of fruits, flowers, and vegeta- bles, as was the practice some years since, during the coming season, and the necessity of making early arrangements for the same, if deemed advisable. Many new varieties, especially of flowers, have been recently introduced into our gardens, and with a corresponding eflbrt displays can be made that would compare favorably if not sur- passing those of former years. The horticultural department, the past few years, has been in a quiescent condition ; he perceived an awaken- ing interest in its behalf and hoped that exhibitions now contemplated would be held at least monthly during the season, commencing with that of the rose and strawberry in the latter part of June. He then exhibited some crocuses, and a coliseum ivy growing in combination self-watering pots, and described the construction of these pots which were invented by Benj. W. Putnam of Jamaica Plains, and are well adapted for growing bulbous and other plants that require much water. EEGULAE, MEETING, MONDAY, MARCH 21, 1870. The President in the chair. The Secretary reported the following correspondence. Acad. Wissenschaften, Munchen, Feb. 18; Charles H. Bell, Exeter, X. H., March 8; "W.B.Brown, Marblehead, March 18; Boston Public Library, Boston, March 10; 4G 11. J. Cross, Salem, March 19; J. H. Emerton, Albany, March 11; J. .7. H. Gregoi-y, Marblehead, March 14; B. H. Hall. Troy, N. Y., March 7; Willinger Hoben, Wurt- embiirg, Xov. 1,18(50; X. A. Horton, Salem, March 17; Moses How, HayerhlU, March 10; John P. Jones, Keetesville, Mo., March 1; Natnrforschende Gesell- scliaft, Emden, Dec. 24, 1869; William Prescott, Concord, N. H.. March 17; Moses "\Y. Putnam, Haverhill, T-larch 17; A. H. Quint, Kew Bedford, March 15, 19; T. A. Tellkampf, Xew York, March 14; J. Linton Waters, Chicago, 111., March 3; Chas." A. AYood. Hudson, N. Y., Feb. 24. The Librarian reported the following additions to the Library. By Donation. Barlow, John. Report on tlie Invertcbrata of ^lassachusctts. 1 vol. 8vo, Bos- ton, 1870. BuTLEK, Bexj. F., M. C. Speech of Hon. W. Lawrence in U. S. H. R., March 5, 1870, on " Admission of Georgia." 8vo pampli. Chase, Geokge C. Friends' Review, 33 numbers. Crosby, Alpheus. Memorial of the Class of 1827, Dartmouth College, by J. F. Worcester, Svo pamph., Hanover, 1SG9. Memorial of College Life, by A. Crosby, 8vo pamph., Hanover, 1869-70. Haxaford, J. H., of Reading. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 59. Haxsox, J. H. Life and Coi-respondence of John Paul .Tones, 1 vol. 8vo, New York. 1830. IvIJIRAEL, JA5IES. Proceedings of the Grand Royal Arch Chapter of Massachu- setts, 8vo pamph., Boston, 1870. Godey's Lady's Book, 9 numbers. Petersons's Ladies National Magazine, lo numbers. Lincoln, Solomon, Hingham. Hill's Meteorological Register, 1 vol. Svo. Ply- mouth, 18G9. Palmer, .John, of Detroit, Mich. Tliirtcenth Annual Rei^ort of the Board of Control of the State Reform School of Michigan, Svo pamph., Lansing. 18G9. ROEINSON, .TOHN. Journal of the Korth-China Brancli of the Royal Asiatic Soci- ety, 1859, 18G4, 2 pamphlets, 8vo, Shanghai. Report of the Council of the North- China Branch, for 1864, 8vo pamph. Stearns, R. E. C. First, Second, Third and Fourtli Annual Reports of the Board of State Harbor Commissioners, 4 pamphlets, 8vo, San Francisco, 18G4-69. IJPHAJr, Charles W. General Report of the Commissioners of Public Works for 1SG7, 8vo pamph., Ottawa, 1868. Waters, J. Linton, of Chicago. Fifteenth Annual Report of the Board of Ed- ucation, 1 vol. 8vo, Chicago, 18G9. Sixth and Eighth Annual Reports of the Board of Public Woi'ks, 8vo pamphlets, 1868-9. jyieghany Observatory Attached to the Chair of Astronomy and Physics of the Western University of Pennsylvania, Svo pamph. Weinland, D. F. Beschreibung und Abbilduug von drei neven Sauriern, 4to pamph., Frankfurt, a-M., 18C2. By Exchange. Boston Public Library. Catalogue of the Books in the Prince Library, Svo pamph., Boston, 1S70. Boston Society of Natural History. Proceedings, vol.xiii, sig. 14, March, 1870. Svo pamph. Iowa State Hist. Society. Annals of Iowa for Jan., 1870, Svo pamph. L'Acad±mie Lmperiale des Sciences, Belles-Lettres et Arts de Bor- deaux. Actes de, 3e Sevie. Annee, 1868, 3me Triniestre, Svo pamph., Paris, 1868. National Association of Wool Manufacturers. Bulletin of, vol. 1, No. 1, January, 1870, 8vo pamph. 47 Naturfoeschexde Gesellschaft in Emden. Vierundfuufzigster -Tahres- bericht der Xaturforschenden Gesellschaft iu Emden, Svo pampli, 1SG8-9. Das Gesetz der Winde abgeleitet aus dem Auftreteu derselben iiber Xordwest-Europa. Von Dv. M. A. F. Prestel, 4to paraph., Emden, 1869. New York Ltceuji of Natural History. Annals for March, 1870, Svo pamph. Nova Scotia Institute of Natural Sciexce. Proceedings and Transac- tions, vol. ii, part 3, 1868-69, 8vo pampli. Wisconsin State Historical Society. Annual Address before Wisconsin State Hist. Society, by Hon. M. M. Strong. Svo pamph., Madison, 1870. ZooLOGiSCHEN GESELLSCHAFT. Der Zoologische Garten. Zeitschrift Beobach- tung, Pilege und Zucht der Thiere, Jahrg, x. Nos. 7-12. 8vo pamph., Frankfurt, a.-M., 1869. Publishers. American Journal of Numismatics. American Journal of Sci- enceandArts. American Literary Gazette. Canadian Naturalist. Cosmos. Essex Banner. Gloucester Telegraph. Haverhill Gazette. Historical Magazine. Jour- nal de Conchyliologie. Lawrence American. L'Investigateur. Lynn Reporter. Medical and Surgical Reporter. Monthly Record. Nation. Nature. Peabody Press. Sotheran's Catalogue. The Superintendeut reported the following Douatious to the JIu- seums of the Institute and Academy. Samuel Carlex, Salem, Great Horned Owl shot in Salem. "Wesley Clark, Panama. Scyllarius (a cmstacean), from fifteen fathoms; Bay of Panama. Hexry Edwards, San Francisco. Large collection of Insects from California. N. L. Newcoiib, Salem. Parasites from Larus marinus. M. C. Miller, U. S. A. Insects from Fort Reynolds, Colorado Terr. George A. Perkins, Salem. Parasites from Human Subjects. S. H. Scudder, Boston. Insects from Florida. Major William Stoxe, U. S. A. Insects from Aiken, S. C. Mr. W. P. Uph^oi gave a very interesting account of the original laying out of Salem, pointing out on a map, which he had constructed for the occasion, the places where several of the old Planters built their houses. It appears probable that the early pioneers settled iu different parts of the town. The Planter's Marsh was pointed out on Bridge street, and also the Potter's Field in the same vicinity. My. Upham also showed very satisfactorily that the house now owned and occupied by G. P. Parrington, on the corner of North and Essex streets, was owned and occupied by Roger Williams. It was after- wards sold to Jonathan Corwin, and until a few years since has been kept in that family. Such being the case, another interesting remin- iscence is connected with this old historic mansion. [See page 33.] Eemarks were made by Messrs. James Kbiball, George D. Phip- PEN, A'. C. GooDELL, Jr., and others, alluding to these investigations and their value in elucidating our early history. 48 Hou. N. E. Atwood of Provincetowu, a member of the State Sen- ate, was present, and by invitation from the Chair presented some remarks on tlie habits of several of onr marketable fishes, with especial reference to their respective abundance or scarcity in our markets. He stated that in reference to the petitions sent to the Legislature remonstrating against the over-fishing in our bays, he did not agree with the facts set forth by them, and that in his opinion the diflerent species of fishes decrease and increase without regard to the methods practised for their capture, citing as instances the haddock which had steadily increased, and the halibut which had decreased. In the case of the haddock he considered it probable that the troll took not only the haddock but a great number of fish which fed upon their spawn, therebj' giving the haddock greater chances to increase. He also spoke of the change in the habits of some of our fishes and the methods of capturing them. In regard to the mackei'el, the former method used in catching them was by dragging hooks on lines twenty fathoms long and constantly raising and lowering them ; now they are caught at the surface Avith bait, large quantities of which are strewn alongside to attract them. Formerly all the cod on the Banks of Newfoundland were caught on board of the vessels while lying at anchor, each man using two lines ; when the fish were abundant all the men would fish, but usually not more than half of the crew; at times, when no fish could be taken, all the lines but one Avould be drawn in, and they would begin to be taken abundantly; but let two or more begin to drop their lines, and not an individual would be taken ; while, should all the lines but one l)e again taken in the cap- tures would once more be frequent. This suggested the idea of car- rying small boats with them so that each man could fish apart from the others, and in this they met with perfect success. Votes of thanks Avere passed to Messrs. Upham and Atwood for their interesting communications. Charles H. Miller of Salem, was elected a resident member. Mr. F. W. Putnam read a communication in relation to Capt. C. F. Hall's third expedition to the Arctic Eegions, expressing the opinion that the proposed voyage and sledge journeys, if undertaken upon a proper and extended basis, would prove of vast importance in obtaining the solution of sevaral scientific problems and establishing beyond doubt many important points relating to the geography of these regions; — and concluding with a series of resolutions; which were adopted. ^^ 1^ & . BULLETIN Vol. 2. Salem, Mass., April, 1870. No. 4. One Dollar a Year in Advance. 10 Cents a Single Copy. FIRST HOUSES IN SALEINI. APPENDIX. I Concluded from page 39.] We learn from the Commoners Records that the origi- nal occupants of "the Potter's field," were William Vin- cent (or Vinson) and the widow Isabel Babson, both of whom removed about the year 1642, to Gloucester. This William Vincent is said by Babson, in his History of Gloucester, to have been " a pot-maker," or potter. We also find, in the "Waste Book" of the County Court Records, that Mr. William Pester of Salem, was pre- sented for certain misdemeanors "at the Potter's house," Jan. 31, 1641. Mr. Pester acknowledged that he was "a^ the Potter's house,''' and says in defence, "I was invited by Pride and wife ; and John Stone and his wife, and was at Stone's house, from whence we were fetched to ye Pot- ter's." [John] Pride testifies that Pester "was invited by Vincen.'' "Goody Hardy" also testifies that " Wm. Yln- cen and [Hardy] weare gone out of the house," and- that "this was about the second day of November, miscalled Essex Inst. Bulletin. ii 7 50 Alhollantyde." Joseph Young also was a witness in this case. Thus the locality where this afiair occurred is iden- tified as being the ''Potter's field," where Wm. A^incent, the potter, lived, by the names of the persons mentioned as concerned in it. John Stone was the next neighbor, and lived at the ferry. Joseph Young lived on the other side of "the Potter's lane," and "Goody Hardy," was per- haps living with, or near, the next neighbor, Gervais Garford, for she afterwards purchased of him a house and land in Beverly. The traces of Vincent's potter's oven may have re- mained there for a long time, and have been mistaken for the ruins of a brick monument. This is all that the rec- ords tell us as to the first occupants of house-lots in that vicinity. We now come to the Planters Marsh itself, which con- sisted of about twenty-five acres, being low ground, part upland and part marsh, and was bounded by the ferry lane (now Bridge street) on the west, and by the river, or cove, on the east, and extending from "the Potter's field" on the south, nearly to where the bridge is now. Seven acres of this was conveyed by Peter Palfrey to his son-in-law, Samuel Pickman, and by him to Wm. BroAvne, in 1662. This appears, as nearly as we can judge from the imperfect description in the deeds, to have been on the westerly side of the field. The easterly part of the field, next the water, seems to have been divided into three parts of about six acres each, the northern one owned by John Woodbury, and afterwards by George Emery, and the middle one by John Balch, and after- wards by Walter Price ; the southern one was owned by Francis Skerry, and perhaps had been purchased by him of Eoger Conant. The whole field came finally into the possession of Wm. Burnett Brown, who, in 1766, con- 51 veyed it, together with "the Potter's field," to Dudley Woodbridge. No claim was ever made for any cottage right as appurtenant to this field, as there undoubtedly would have been if there had been any house on it before 1661. In a lawsuit, in 1680, concerning the six acres in Planters Marsh, which had been owned by John Balch, "lying betwixt Francis Skerry on the south side and Mr. George Emery on the north side," Capt. Wm. Dixie, aged seventy years, testifies that "above forty years past of my own knowledge, John Balch, Sen., had in his pos- session about five or six acres of land in ye marsh called ye planter's marsh, near the north ferry in Salem." Fran- cis Skerry, aged about seventy-four years, testifies that thirty-five years before, it was known to be John Balch's ; and Humphrey Woodbury, aged about seventy years, testifies that "about fifty years past, of my knowledge, John Balch, Sen., had an interest in ye marsh called ye ould planter's marsh, near ye north ferry in Salem, with ye other old planters." It is a significant fact that among all the papers in this suit there is nothing to indicate that any of the Old Planters ever lived near there. It seems that the town claimed certain rights in the Planters Marsh. An order was passed, Nov. 26, 1638, "that the meadow that is in common amongst some of our brethren, Mr. Conant and others, shall be fenced in the first day of April, and left common again the last of September every year." In the Index of the Book of Grants is written by Jeff'r}^ Massey "ould planter's marshe for fencing and opening is in the old booke anno 1638." April 15, 1639, there was "granted for the year to Mr. Fisk and Mr. Fogg the hay grass of the salt marsh meadow at the side of the Old Planter's fields." In 1653 the town granted to George Emery "the herbage of that 52 parcel of land wliich was John AVooclbiiry's in the old planter's marsh, and all right of commonage the town might have claimed, to him and his heirs forever ;'' and, in 1658, to Wm. Hathorue "the town's right and privileges in the planter's marsh," and he gave a deed of release to Francis Skerry in 1659, and to Walter Price in 1666; This interest which the town disposed of, may have been acquired when that peaceful settlement of con- flicting rights was made between Endicott and Conant, which gave the name of Salem to the town. We have thus brought together all that we have been able to learn as to the early history of this locality ; and we think these facts all tend to show that the Old Planters did not build their first houses there, but, proba- bly before the arrival of Endicott, had made use, in com- mon, of the marsh land there, as a convenient place for r{iadily obtaining salt hay, at that time of great import- ance to them ; the town reserving the right to use it also for that purpose, at certain seasons of the year. At al)out the time when Koger Conaut removed to Beverly, they seem to have divided it among themselves, subject to the rights of the town. AVe are inclined to think that the land in that vicinity was not appropriated for house- lots till after Beverly and Ipswich were settled ; that is, about the year 1634, or 1635. The manner in which the house-lots in the central part of the town were originally laid out, seems to indicate that the earliest settlement was made in the vicinity of Elm street and Washington street upon the South River. Between these streets the lots were small, irregular, and not in conformity with the plan upon which the rest of the town was laid out. East of there, all along the South Kiver to the Neck, house-lots were laid out running back from the river ; and along the North River, west of 53 North street were larger house-lots, also running back from that river. Essex street was probably a way that came gradually into use along the ends of these lots ; and, as they were all of the same depth from the river, this street acquired, and has retained the same curves that the rivers originally had. Between Elm street and Central street was the ancient burying ground ; and on the corner of Elm and Essex streets lived Wm. Allen, one of the old Planters. We do not think, however, that the Old Planters all lived close together, for we tind Wm. Traske locating himself at the head of the Xorth River, Richard Xorman at the foot of the rocky hill since called by his name ; Thomas Gardner near Dean street, and John Woodbury, Roger Conant and Peter Palfrey on the north side of Essex, and between Washington and St. Peter streets. If we may indulge in conjecture as to the place of the first landing, all the probabilities seem to point to the cove which then existed at the foot of Elm street. Nothing could have been more inviting to those early colonists, after leaving the bleak and rocky Cape Ann, than this inlet of the sea, protected from the main harbor by Jeg- gles Island, and beautiful as it must then have appeared surrounded by pine groves and gently sloping shores, plentifully provided with '' divers good springs hard by the sea side." Gov. Winthrop, describing his arrival here in 1630, says, June 12th, we "came to an anchor a little within the islands." June 14th, "in the morning we weighed anchor, and the wind being against us, and the channel so narrow as we could not well turn in, we Avarped in our ship and came to an anchor in the inward harbour." And in a sketch which he made at the time of the shore, while Collins Cove and Winter Island are hardl}' distin- guishable, the South River is fully delineated. 54 Roger Conant's House. It would be a verv iuterestino; item of local history if we could know where the house of Koger Conant stood, for, according to his own statement, it was the first house erected in Salem. The town records mention, in 1639, "Mr. Conant's house at Cat Cove." This was probably only a small house used for fishing purposes, to which pursuit, the Neck and Winter Island were devoted during the first century, lots being first granted there in 1636 ; and many of the more wealthy inhabitants had besides their houses in toAvu a "fishiui? house" at the Neck or Island. The only other reference to a house belonging to Roger Conant, in Salem, is a vote of the town Aug. 21, 1637, that "Mr. Conant's house situated next unto Mr. John Fisk, wuth half acre of ground," should l)e bought for the benefit of Wm. iPlase, a blacksmith, and it seems to have been intended that it should Ijelong to his heirs, or assigns, after his decease. The purchase appears to have been completed, for receipts for the sum of 10£ 16s, 8d., paid to Roger Conant soon after, are entered on the record. Wm. Plase died April 15, 1646, and his estate was settled by Thomas Weeks, who presented to the town a claim for expenses and for care of the deceased during his sickness. It is possible, if not probable, that the house bought of Roger Conant for Wm. Plase came into the possession of Thomas Weeks in accordance with the agreement of the town. We find that Thomas Weeks owned, before 1655, a house and half an acre of land on the north side of Essex street, opposite where the Market, or Derby square, is now. The site is at present occupied by the dwelling house of Hon. Richard S. Rogers. Here, we believe, 55 stood the house of Roger Conant, built iu 162G ; aucl this belief is confirmed by the evidence that two others of the Old Planters, John Woodbury and Peter Pal- frey, lived close by ; and also by the probability that the house, which is mentioned as next adjoining, where John Fisk lived, who was then acting as minister of the church, would be in the vicinity of the meeting house. The House of Roger Williams, 1635. On the western corner of North and Essex streets stands the old house well known as the AMtch House. We have already given in a former article (Historical Collections Vol. VHI, p. 257) the history of this house so for as it was then known, showing that it was originally owned by Roger Williams, in 1635-6, and afterwards by Captain Richard Davenport, whose administrators sold it to Jonathan Corwin, in 1675, and that it was then thoroughly repaired by him, and was again altered in 1746, a new roof being built and the back part of the house raised to two stories and the porch taken away. Since that article was written we have obtained, through the kindness of Mr. E. M. Barton, Assistant Librarian of the Antiquarian Society of Worcester, a complete copy of the original contract between Jonathan Corwin and Daniel Andrew, in 1675, as to the repairs to be made upon this house, which we here present. "Articles and Covenants made, agreed upon, and confirmed be- tween Mr. Jonathan Corwin, of Salem, merchant, and Daniel An- drews of , of the other part concerning a parcell of worke as followeth, viz. : Imprimis, the said parcell of worke is to be bestowed in filling, plaistering and finishing a certaine dwelling house bought by the said owner of Capt. Nath'U Davenport of Boston, and is situate in Salem aforesaid, towards the west end of the towue be- 56 tweene the houses of Rich. Sibley to the west aucl Deliverance Park- man on the east ; and is to be performed according to these following directions, viz. 1. The said Daniel Andrewes is to dig and build a cellar as large as the easterly room of said house will aflbrd (and in the said room ac- cording to the breadthe and lengthe of it) not exceeding six foot in height; and to underpin the porch and the renuiiuiug part of the house not exceeding three foot in height ; also to underpin the kitchen on the north side of the house, not exceeding one foot ; the said kitchen being DO foot long and 18 foot wide ; and to make steps with stones into the cellar in two places belonging to the cellar, together with stone steps up into the porch. 2. For the chimneys he is to take down the chimneys which are now standing, and to take and make up of the bricks that are now in the chimneys, and the stones that are in the leanto cellar that now is, and to rebuild the said chimneys with five flre places, viz., two below and two in the chambers and one in the garret; also to build one chimney in the kite4ien, with ovens and a furnace, not exceeding five feet above the top of the house. 3. He is to set the jambs of the two chamber chimneys and of the eastern- most room below with Dutch tiles, the said owner finding the tiles ; also to lay all the hearths belonging to the said liouse and to point the cellar and underpinning of sd. house and so much of the 3 hearths as are to be laid with Dutch tiles, the said owner is to find them. 4. As for lathing and plaistering he is to lath and siele the 4 rooms of the house betwixt the joists overhead and to plaister the sides of the house with a coat of lime and haire upon the clay ; also to fill the gable ends of the house with bricks and to plaister them with clay. 5. To lath and plaister the partitions of the house with clay and lime, and to fill, lath, and plaister with bricks and clay the porch and porch chamber and to plaister them with lime and hair besides ; and to siele and lath them overhead with lime ; also to fill lath and plaister the kitchen up to the wall plate on every side. G. The said Daniel Andrews is to find lime, bricks, clay, stone, haire, together with labourers and workmen to help him, and generally all materials for the efiecting and carrying out of the aforesaid worke, excepte laths and nailes. 7. The whole work before mentioned is to be done finished and per- formed att or before the last day of August next following, pi-ovided the said Daniel or any that worke with him, be not lett or hindered for want of the carpenter worke. 8. Lastly, in consideration of all the aforesaid worke, so finished and accomplished as is aforesaid, the aforesaid owner is to pay or cause to be paid unto the said worke- mau, the summe of fifty pounds in money current in New England, to be paid at or before the finishing of the said worke. And for the true performance of the premises, we bind ourselves each to other, 57 our heyres, executors and administrators, firmly by these pres- ents, as witnesse our hands, this nineteenth day of February, Anno Domini 1674-5. Jonathan Corwin. Daniel Andrewe." Thus it appears that this house was so old in 1675 that the chimneys had to be taken down and new ones built. Previous to that time it seems not to have had any plas- tering- or ceilings, the "sides of the house" only being filled with brick and covered or "daubed" with clay. A picture of this house, as it was before the second alteration was made in 1746, is in the possession of the Institute. It shows the underpinning "not exceeding three feet in height," and the porch with the stone steps up into it. The side gables were perhaps an addition at some intermediate period. By the favor of Dr. G. P. Farrington, who now owns the house, and Mr. W. T. Servey who occupies the upper part of it, we have been enabled to obtain the following minutes of the present appearance of the interior. The western side of the house still retains, behind the plaster- ing, the bricks with which it was originally filled, covered over with clay. The original rooms measure nearly as follows : eastern room below 21|^ by 18 feet ; room over it 21^ by 20 feet; western room below 16^ by 18 feet ; room over it 16^- by 20 feet. The chimney is about 12 by 8 feet. In each of the eastern rooms three, and in the western rooms two, stout hewn timbers of solid oak cross the ceiling. The line of the old roof is now plainly visible on the eastern face of the chimney in the garret, and shows that the pitch of the roof was very steep. The only part of the outside of the house which retains its original appearance is the western part of the front towards Essex street with its projecting upper story . Essex Inst. Bulletin. ii 8 58 The evidence that this was the house of Roger Wil- liams will be seen in the article referred to at the begin- ning of this notice ; but since that was written we have found two additional items of proof. In a deed of land on the east side of North street, in 1671, from the heirs of Samuel Sharpe to John Turner, North street is de- scribed as "formerly called Williamses Lane." After Jonathan Corwin bought the house, the same street was called " Corwin's Lane," or as the name was after- wards spelt, "Ciirwen's Lane." Again it appears upon the County Court Records that, in 1650, the Grand Jury presented as being defective the "way between Roger Morey and Mr. Williams his house that was." Roger Morey, lived on the western corner of Essex and Dean streets. It may be well here to briefly recapitulate the history of this house. In a letter written from Providence in 1670, by Roger Williams to Major Mason (Mass. Hist. Coll., Vol. 1, p. 276), he says "when I was unkindly and unchristianly, as I believe, driven from my house and land and wife and children (in the midst of a New Eng- land winter, now about 35 years past) at Salem, that ever honoured Governour Mr. Winthrop privately wrote to me to steer my course to the Nahigonsct Bay and Indians for many high and heavenly and publike ends, incourag- ing me from the freenes of the place from any English claims or patents. I took his prudent motion as an hint and voice from God, and waving all other thoughts and motions, I steered my course* from Salem (though in winter snow which I feel yet) unto these parts, wherein I may say Peniel, that is I have scene the face of God." He also wrote in a letter to Gov. Winthrop, in 1638, *The compass which he used to '• steer his course" through the pathless wilder- ness, is still preserved at Providence. 59 that he had "made over his house" at Salem, to Thomas Mayhew, and afterwards John Jolliffe, as security for a debt to Matthew Craddock. The proof that this house we have described was the one he referred to, is as fol- lows. First, the town records, in 1640, mention a house in this same locality as the house of Mr. Williams. The title (Mr.) shows this must have meant Roger Williams. Secondly, that part of Essex street is mentioned in the Court records, in 1650, as "the way between Roger Morey and Mr. Williams his house that was." Thirdly, North street was described, in 1671, as "formerly called Williamses Lane." Fourthly, the deeds of land next west in 1662 and 1665, show that this was then owned by Capt. Richard Davenport ; and it was conveyed, in 1675, by the administrators of his estate to Jonathan Corwin, being described in the deed as "formerly belong- ing to Capt. Richard Davenport ; " and by the same deed was also conveyed a ten-acre-lot in the Northfield, and this ten-acre-lot is described in a deed of adjoining land, in 1650, as "Mr. Williams' lot." This, by the way, shows conclusively that the statement that this house was built by Capt. George Corwin, in 1642, and given by him to his son, Jonathan Corwin, must be a mistake. We have not been able to find in the records any evidence that Capt. George Corwin ever lived there or had any in- terest in that estate. Finally, in 1714, when every one who owned a house which was built before 1660, was allowed by a law of the Colony what was called a "Cottage right," and also a "right for 1702," by virtue of a town vote that year al- lowing a right for every house then standing, each of these rights was allowed to "Jonathan Corwin, Esq., for his house and Mr. Williams Cottage right." The following is the law of the Colony passed May 30, 60 1660. "It is ordered, that hereafter no cottage or dwel- ling place shall be admitted to the privilege of common- age for wood, timber, and herbage, or any other the privileges that lie in common in any town or peculiar, but such as already are in being or hereafter shall be erected by the consent of the town." These facts bring us to a conclusion that hardly admits of a doubt, that this house, which has so long been an object of attraction for visitors from all parts of the world, on account of its connection with the AYitchcraft tragedy of 1692, and as the residence of one of the judges, must now acquire an added interest as having been once the home of Roger Williams. Here then, within these very walls, lived, two hundred and thirty-tive years ago, that remarkable and truly heroic man, who in his devotion to the principle of free con- science, and liberty of religious belief untrammelled by civil power, penetrated in midwinter the depths of an unknown wilderness, to seek a new home : a home which he could only tind among savages, whose respect for the benevolence and truthfulness of his character made them then and ever afterwards his constant friends. From this spacious and pleasant mansion he fled through the deep snows of a New England forest, leaving his wife and young children to the care of Providence, whose silent "voice," speaking through the conscience, was his only support and guide. The State which he founded may ever look back with a just pride upon the history of Roger Williams. 61 EEGULAR MEETING, MONDAY, APRIL 4, 1870. The President iu the chair. In the absence of the Secretary, Mr. Charles H. Higbee was re- quested to act. Records of preceding meeting were read. The following correspondence was announced. J. F. A. Adams, Pitfcsfield, Mass., March 1 ; Hon. B. F. Butler, Washington, D. C. Mai-ch25; Henry J. Cross, Salem, March 19; Det Kongelige Danske, Copenhagen, Dec. 31; E. Deyrolle flls. Paris, .Jan. 27; Wm. Gossip, Institute Nat. Science, Halifax, March '2U; E. E. Chever, Chicago, March 12; B. A. Gould, Cambridge, Feb. 18, March 21, 24 and 29; J. C. Holmes, Detroit, March 23; Public Library, Bos- ton, March 24; J. F. LeBaron, Boston, March 24: Mary Mann, Camln-idge, March 4, 21 and 26; Charles H. Miller, Salem, March 26 ; Moravian Hist. Society, Nazareth. Pa., March 21; H. Roundy, Beverly, March 31 ; Henry F. Shepard, Boston, March 24; Smithsonian Institute. Wasliiugton, March 18; C. M. Tracy, Lynn, March 31; Wm. H.Woods, Eockport, March 25; T. Spencer, Lincoln, Eng., March 9. The Librarian Reported the following additions. Bij Donation. Baker, Nathaniel B. Reports of N. B. Baker, Adjutant and Inspector Gen- eral and A. Q. M. G. of the State of Iowa, to Hon. S. Men-iU, 8vo pamph., Des Moines, 1870. Butler, Bexj. F., M. C. Speeches of Hon. B. F. Butler in U. S. House of Rep- resentatives, March, 1870, on " Admission of Georgia," 8vo pamph. Lee, Johx C. Commercial Bulletin for March, 1870. Leavis, Winslow. America, Past, Present, and Retrospective; a Lecture by E. R. Humphreys, 1 vol. 12mo, Newport, 18()9. Stone, B. W. Catalogue of the University of Virginia. 1869-70. 8vo pamph. Treasury Department, Washington, D. C. Report of the Secretary of the Treasury on the State of the Finances for 1869, 1 vol. 8vo, Washington, 1869. Waters, E. Stanley, of Chicago. Diocese of Illinois. Journal of the Thirty- Second Annual Convention. 1869. 8vo pamph. Waters, J. Linton, of Chicago. Report to the Directors of the Illinois Central Railroad Company for 1869, 4to pamph. By Exchange. Publishers. American Journal of Numismatics. American Literary Gazette. Book Buyer. Christian World. Cosmos. Eclectic. Essex Banner. Gardener's Monthly. Gloucester Telegraph. Haverhill Gazette. Land and Water. Law- rence American. Little Giant. Lynn Reporter. Medical and Surgical Reporter. Nation. Nature. Pavilion. Peabody Press. Sotheran's Catalogue. The Superintendent reported the following donations to the Museums of the Institute and the Academy. .TosHUA P. Haskell, Marblehead. Twenty-three unfinished Arrowheads in all stages, from Mai-blehead. Charles Howard, Salem. Apiece of "What-cheer" Rock, from Providence. Robert Howell, Nichols, Tioga Co., N. Y. A box of Indian Relirs.from Tioga Co., N. Y. 62 G. M. Miller, TJ. S. A. Reptiles, from Fort Reyuolrle, Colorado TeiT. E. S. 3IORSE. Salem. Arrowhead, from Swampscott Beach. R. L. Newcojib. Salem. Specimens of Cedar and Canary Birds. Phillips, Marblehead. Mollusks and Crustaceans from Marblehead. B. A. West, Salem. Skull of a four-horned Ram. fi-om Africa. The Cdair presented for consirteratiou the following act recently passed by the Legislature, to amend the Charter of the Institute, which, after some explanatory discussion, was unanimously adopted on motion of A. C. Goodell, Jr. COMMONWEALTH OF MASSACHUSETTS. In the Year One Thousand Eight Ilundred and Seventy. AN ACT TO AMEND THE CHARTER OF THE ESSEX INSTITUTE. Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Bepresentativos, in General Court assembled, and by the authority of the same, as follows : Section 1. The Essex Institute shall have for its objects the ad- vancement of the arts, literature and science, in addition to the ol)jects for which the Essex Historical Society and the Essex County Natural History Society wore incorporated. Sp:ctiox 2. The third section of chapter five of the acts of the year eighteen hundred and forty-eight, is hereby repealed. Section 3. This act shall take efl'ect upon its acceptance by said Essex Institute, at a meeting duly held for that purpose. House of Representatives. February 11, 1870. Passed to be enacted. HARVEY JEWELL, Speaker. In Senate, February 12, 1870. Passed to be enacted. H. II. COOLIDGE, President. February 12, 1870. Approved: WILLIAM CLAFLIN. Secretary's Depart.ment, Boston, March 20, 1870. A true copy. Attest : OLIVER WARNER, Secretary of the Commonwealth. A committee consisting of W. P. Uphain, W. Ncilson, C. H. Hig- bee, F. W. Putnam and Caleb Cooke, was appointed to report at the annual meeting such amendments to the by-laws as may be required to conform to the amendatoiy act ol incorporation, now accepted; also to report a list of officers to be presented as candidates for elec- tion at the same meeting. Lincoln F. Brigham of Salem, was elected a resident member. 63 REGULAR MEETING, THURSDAY, APRIL 21, 1870. Adjourued from Monday evening, April IS. President in tlie chair. Records of preceding meeting read. The following correspondence was announced : X. E. Atwood, Boston, April 20; Howard Challen, Philadelphia, Penn., April 11 ; A. C. Hamlin, Bangor, Me., Dec. 21; S. Henshaw, Boston, April 18; George J. Laighton, New York, Dec. 20; F. H. Lee, Boston, April 9, 14; Lyceum of Natural Histoiy, New York, April 11; Sarah A. Lynde, Stoneham, April 18; Maine Histor- ical Society, Brunswick, Me.; E. Mayard, Cape Town, Dec. 9; Moravian His- torical Society, Nazareth, Penn., April 11; New England Historic-Genealogical Society, Boston. April 6; Pennsylvania Historical Society, Philadelphia, Penn., April 8; Public Library, Boston, April 9; Charles Reed, Montpelier, Vt., April 16; Rhode Island Historical Society, Providence, R. I., April 7; A. A. Scott, Sau- gus Centre, April 19; Henry F. Shepard, Boston, AprU IS; George D. Smith, Boston, March 15. The Librarian, in reporting the following additions, spoke of the generous exchanges that had been received from George H. Moore, Esq., Librarian of the New York Historical Society, which had en- abled him to nearly complete the Laws and Resolves of Massachu- setts from 1775 to the present time, the series of laws being now complete with the exception of eight leaves, and these, he trusted, would soon be received. He also alluded to other valuable exchanges and donations to the Library. By Donation. Barxard. J. M. The New Guide to the City of York, 1 vol, 8vo. Black'.s Pic- turesque Tourist of Scotland, 1 vol. 12mo, Edinburgh, 1841. Statistical Almanac, 1S43, 1 vol. 18mo. Handbook for Switzerland. 1 vol. 16mo, 1811. Versailles et sou Musee Historique, 1 vol. IGmo. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 8. Bennett, James. Annual Report of the School Committee of Leominster, 1869-70, 1 vol. 8vo. Butler. Benj. F., M. C. Monthly Report of the Department of Agriculture for February, 1870. Speeches of Hon. J. S. Witcher and Hon. B. C. Cook, in U. S. H. R., March, 1870, on '• The Tariff." Speech of Hon. W. Lawrence, in U. S. H. R., April, 1870, on "National Debt, Taxation, Currency, Labor." Speech of Hon. J. A. Logan, in U. S. H. R., March, 1870, '-In Answer to Letter of General "W. T. Sherman." GooDELL, Abner C, Jr. New Bedford, Cambridge, Portland, Charlestown, Lowell, Providence City and Rhode I.sland Business Directories, 7 vols. 8vo. Green, Samuel A., of Boston. Barnaby Rudge, 15 numbers. Taxable Valua- tion of Dorchester, 1869, 1 vol. 8vo. Lacroix Elementary Treatise on Arithmetic, 1 vol. 8vo, Loudon, 1823. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 121. Holmes. John C. Twenty-fifth Anniversary of the Organization of the First Congregational Church of Detroit. Mich.. 8vo pamph., 1870. HoYT, Albert H. Report on Cheap Railway Transportation between Boston and Lake Ontario, 8vo pamph., 1870. Huguet-Latour, L. a. Re])ort of the State of the Militia of the Dominion of Cana. Iowa State Historical Society. Seventh Biennial Report of the Board of Curators for 1869, 8vo pamph., Des Moines, 1870. Long Island Historical Society. Sixth Annual Report of the Board of Di- rectors, 8vo pamph., Brooklyn, 1869. New England Historic-Genealogical Society. The New England Histor- ical and Genealogical Register for April, 1870. New Jersey Historical Society. Proceedings, vol. ii, No. 1, Second Scries, 8vo pamph., 1870. New York Historical Society. Annotated Constitution, S. N. Y., 1846, 1 vol. 4to, Alb.iny, 1867. Revision Documents, 1867-68, 1 vol. 8vo, Albany, 1868. Collec- tions of the New York Historical Society, 1868-69, 2 vols, 8vo, New York. Pro- ceedings and Debates, 5 vols, 8vo, Albany, 1868. Convention Documents, 5 vols. 8vo, ^Ubany, 1868. Journal of the Convention, S. N. Y., 1 vol. 8vo, Albany, 1867. Laws and Resolves, 1775-1787. Pamphlets, 8. Pennsylvani.a. Historical Society. Correspondence between William Penn and James Logan, 1 vol. 8vo, Philadelphia, 1870. Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences. Proceedings, Dec, 1869, 8vo pampli., Philadelphia, 1869. Publishers. American Literaiy Gazette. Book Buyer. Cosmos. Essex Ban- ner. Fireside Favorite. Gloucester Telegraph. Haverhill Gazette. Journal of the Quekett Microscoi)ical Club. Lawrence American. Little Giant. Lynn Re- porter. Medical and Surgical Reporter. Nation. Nature. Peabody Press. Sa- lem Observer. BULLETIN Vol. 2. Salem, Mass., May, 1870. No. 5. One Dollar a Year in Advance. 10 Cents a Single Copy. VOCABULARY OF FAMILIAR WORDS USED BY THE INDIANS OF CALIFORNIA. BY EDWARD E. CHEVER The following vocabulary contains some of the familiar words, with their sisfnification, in use amono; the Indians of California, which Mr. Chever was able to recall after the lapse of several years from the time of his residence among them. No-to-um, North; Co-win-ue, South; Pue-ne, East; Tawi-de, West ; Tocom, red ; Cok-ok-om, white ; Cat- cat-im, black; Cut-cut-im, blue; Pocom, head; Il-lim, hair ; Hin-nim, eye ; Sumum, nose ; Tcha-wam, mouth ; Ma-cher-wim, chin; Mu-sum, cheek; Bo-nom, ear; Yim- mhn, arm; Piem, foot; Pit ti-ta-tim, heel; Nan-nam, breast ; Kus-kus-se, strong ; Ha-na-na, handsome ; Win- nem, good ; Was-sun, bad; Pit-tu, mean ; Nim, large; Ne-de-qun, very large ; Tehid-i-ku, small ; Te-hid-i-kn- wit-te, very small ; Ween, none ; Ilip-pe-ne, high ; Hon- de, low; Lam-de, far; Lam-de-qun, very far ; Hrau-pu-e- de, outside; Ah-e, five; Su-kian, smoke ; Mu-mc, water; Mum-de, river or pond ; Hol-chim, grass ; Utim, acorn ; Ma-te, bread ; Holtim, sturgeon ; Mi-em, salmon ; Petch-u, Essex Ixst. Bulletin. ii 9 66 perch ; Lack-lack-em, goose ; Shik-ku, dog ; Tin-cim, cat ; Mia-dim, man ; Killem, woman ; Collem, child ; Hol- pam, village ; Hodis-pam, people ; Ya-wom, run ; Yo- wis-se, swim; Ha-to-to, fight; Wa-uot-te, kill; Hen- nop, yell ; Sed-dem, blood ; Ku-tim, meat ; Dom, ante- lope ; Ich-al-im, dry; Ta-dis-se, rain; Baa, salt ; Om, stone ; Ich-ou hungry ; Isco-nim, old ; Eppin, afraid ; Ho-ue-ea, angry ; Ich-tu, sick ; Wa-no, die ; Tue, sleep ; Cub-bu, alone; Neh, me; Min, you; Ha-e-wa-na, yes; Doh, no; Yal-lem, talk; Wase, stop; Ho-mar, be still; Ba-e-dim, now ; Top-pe, bring ; Meh, give ; Hu-leen, much ; Ha-kup-pe, bitter ; Suy-en, sour ; As-sa-ke-ma-a^ na, know ; A-ke, time ; Ish-ke-teen, live ; Upin-ke-teen, come; Echun, go; Echo-fi-na-ne, going; Echo-a-dean, gone ; Ha-mod-de, where ; Ha-mo-a-na-ne Echon, where are you going ; Ha-awk-we-teeu, after ; Plim-ma, before ; Hed-em, here ; Hod-om, there ; Pok-om, sun ; Pok-om puene, sunrise (Akim-hom-Pokomto-do), noon; Puk- om-ti-e-ne, sundown ; Po, night ; Mi-kawda, friend ; Pa-r cfd-tim, pay; Mu-e-dfi, deaf; Hes-e-a-na, what; Tchi- e-de, other; Yim-me-a-na, full ; We-dem-pow, wonder- ful; Epte-ka, frightful ; Moon, shoot; Ta-wal-im, work ; La-wa-e-krina, tired ; Be-nik-men-te, wish ; Hon-bono, forget ; Do-se, bite ; Na-ha-ha, break ; Mip, hold ; Ich-tu- te, pain; Pik-e-le, hot; Cow-im, earth; A-la-we, coun- try; Hu-kum, chief; Heum, house; Lo-le, blanket; Tcham, wood ; Tak-kan-im, white man ; Hed-em-a-ke, to-day ; Ka-a-no, yesterday ; Li-a-da, to-morrow. RE(;ULAR MEETING, WEDNESDAY, MAY 4, 1870. The President in the chair. The records of preceding meeting read. The Si'X'iiETAUY announced the following correspondence : From .T. S. Armstrong. Cleveland, Ohio, April 25; H. F. Bussett. Waterlmiy, Conn.. Aiiril '20; B iston Public Library, Aiirll21; Boston Society Xat. fflstory, 67 April 21; E. A. Brigham, Lewiston. Me., April 20; Cambridge Museum Comp. Zoology. April 20; G. L. Chaudler. Salem. April 29; E. D. Cope, Philadelphia, April 26; H. B. Dawson. Morrisania. New York. April 11; J. W. Foster, Chicago, 111., April 27 ; Dr. .S. Green, Easton, Pa., April 21 ; W. J. Hays, New York, April li) ; R. C. Ingraham. New Bedford, April 20; Iowa State Hist. Society, April 23; J. Kidder. Phil.adelphia, April 20; A. Lackey. Haverhill, April 21; Isaac Lea, Phila- delphia, April 22; Marburg, Gesellschaft zu Beforderung, Jan.; Massachusetts Hist. Society, April 20 ; Geo. Metzger, Circleville, Ohio, April 25 ; K. Michener, Ber- lin, Conn., April 21; New York Genealogical and Biographical Society, April 21 ; New Y'ork Hist. Societj', April 30; New York Lyceum of Natural History, April 2."); Peabody Institute, Baltimore, April 28; C. T. Robinson, New York. April 20; Frank Springer, Burlington, Iowa, April 21; C. Stodder, Boston, April 22; U. S. Dep't Interior, April 29. The Librarian announced the following additions : B>j Donation. Atwood. E. S. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 38. Butler, Bexj. F., M. C. Bennett's Speech inU. S. H. R.. April 1, 1870, on '■ Na- tional Defence of the Lakes." Cox's Speech in U. S. H. R., March 28, 1870. on '•The Tariff." Cole. Mrs. Naxcy D. Account Books. 2 vols, folio. Adams' Lectures on Natu- ral Philosophy, 4 vols, 8vo, London, 1791. Johnson's Dictionary, 1 vol. 8vo, Lon- don, 1792. Also, 22 volumes and 03 pamphlets. Cole, Thomas, Estate of. Annals of Scientific Discovery, 3 vols. 8vo. Hum- boldt's Cosmos, 2 vols. 8vo. Dammii Novum Lexicon Gra;cum, 2 vols. 8vo. :Mil- lers's Foot Prints of Creation, 1 vol. 8vo. Also, seventeen volumes of valuable scientitic works. Cook, George H. Annual Report of the State Geologist of New Jersey for 1869. 8vo paniph.. Trenton, 1870. CURWEX, George R. Church Almanacs, lSG.5-1869, 12mo pamph.. New York. Memorial of Rev. II. VT. Ducachet. D. D., 8vo pamph.. Philadeliihia, 1867. Dahxey, Miss E. P. Scriptural Interpreter, 21 Nos. Monthly Journal of Amer- ican Unitarian Association. .51 Nos. Hoe, R. & Co. The American Enteipri^-e, folio pamph. HuxTiXGTOX. George C. Annual Report of the Secretary to the Governor of the State of Ohio for 1869, 8vo pamph., Columbus, 1870. Lee, Johx C. Commercial Bulletin for April, 1870. jMoore, W. H. Minutes of the General Association of Connecticut, at tlie An- nual Meetings. June, 1867-9, 8vo pamphlets, Hartford. Ri)Bix.sox, JoHX. Boon, Catalogue of Books aud pamphlets,! vol. Svo, New York. 1870. Pamphlets, .3. Salem, City f)F. Salem City Documents, 1869-70, 1 vol. Svo, Salem, 1S70. Sticknet, Miss Haxxah. Flavel's Works, 2 vols, folio, London, 1701. Life and Character of J. Edwards, 1 vol. 12mo, Bosttoiiia asplenifolia. And i( Pineda p:uii(;ulata. Andronu'da lignstrina. Alnus .seri'ulata. "Salix erioccphala. Robinia pseudacacia. Prunus Virginiana. Prunus serotma. Cratasgus Crus-galli. Spiraea opulifolia.. Spiraea salicifolia. Spira'a tomento.sa. Species of Prunus and Pyrus. OF VINES. Clematis Virginiana. Vitis Labrusci. Celastrus scandeus. Apios tuberosa. Solanum dulcamara. Smilax rotundifolia. Rhus Toxicodendron. 103 OF HERBACEOUS PLANTS OF THE COARSER SORT. Phytolacca decandra. Leonurus Cardiaca. Nepeta Cattaria. Urtica gracilis. Urtica dioica. Sonchus arvensis. Lacluca elongata. Nabalus albus. Inula Holenium. Chelone glabra. Eupatorium purpureum. Eupatorium perfoliatum. Verbena ha.stata. Verbena urticifolia. CEnothera biennis. Epilobium angustifolium. Epilobium lineare. Baptisia tinctoria. Riidbeckia laciniata. Helianthus divaricatus. Tauacetum vulgare. Ambrosia artemisiaefolia. Asclepias Cornuti. Asclepias pulchra. Verbascum Thapsus. Erigeron sp. Aster Nova; Anglias. Aster corymbosua. Aster Radula. Aster la; vis. Aster simplex. Aster longifolius. Aster cordifolius. Diplopappus linariifolius. Diplopappus umbellatua. Solidago bicolor. Solidago ca!sia. Solidago stricta. Solidago neglecta. Solidago odora. Solidago Canadensis. Solidago lanceolata. HERBACEOUS PLANTS OF MORE HUMBLE GROWTH. Impatiens fulva. Galium asprellum. Galium trilidum. Liatris scariosa. Campanula glomerata. Lysimachia stricta. Lysimachia quadrifolia. Convallaria racemosa. Uvularia sessilifolia. Uvularia perfoliata. Ranunculus sp. Aquilegia Canadensis. Hypericum perforatum. Anemone nemorosa. Anemone Virgiuiana. Hypoxis erecta. Houstonia cerulea. Hepatiea triloba. Agrimonia Eupatoria. Violia rotundifolia. Viola pubescens. Cistus Canadensis. Antennaria margaritacea. Antennaria plantaginifolia. Giiaphalium polycephalum. Polygonum sagittatum. Polygonum Persicaria. Polygonum hydropiperoides. Centaurea nigra. Maruta and Achillea. Arum triphyllum. Trillium cernuum-. Xyris bulbosa. Linaria Canadensis. Linaria vulgaris. Pedicularis Canadensis. Osmunda regalis. Osmunda cinnamomea. Gentiana Audrewsii. Saxifraga vernalis. Thalictrum dioicum. Thalictrum anemonoides. Lilium Canadense. Gerardia flava. Gerardia purpurea. Geum rivale. Geranium maeulatum. Geranium Robertianum. Aralia trifolia. Apocynum androsaimifolium. Polygala sanguinea. Equisetum arvense. Cuscuta Americana. Most of these plants grew in great profusion, and not as scattered specimens. So true was this of the shrubs and coarser herbaceous plants that on several occasions entire arbors were built of them in years long past at autumnal exhibitions of this institution. Clematis and Apios could be gathered in wreathing festoons of flowers, and large quantities of the colored 104 fruits, of species of Cornus, Viburnum, Crataegus, and Sambucus in their season, added not a little to the dis- play. Of the above plants, once so common in Dark Lane but now lost from the suburl)s, or yearly growing more distant, may be mentioned Campanula glomerata. Gentiaiia Andrewsii, Oeataurea nigra. Geuni rivale, Xyris bulbosa. Sp. of (ialium, Species of Bellworts and of Sp. of Orcliis, Solomon's seal, Kluis venenata. Trillium cernuum, Apios tuberosa, and others. The foregoing list of plants of this remarkable locality, is very imperfect and could l)e much increased by men- tioning the naturalized and more common plants which were also abundant. If, however, we have maintained the claim so justly due this noted locality, we shall not have given these facts in vain, and therefore close this article by expressing the wish that the more recent disci- ples and amateurs of this interesting science, would note down and preserve in durable form, the plants that still occupy the individual localities that remain to us undis- turbed, in the suburbs of our city. FIELD MEETING AT BRADFORD. {Continued from p. iKJ.) The time having been entirely occupied b\' the speakers already mentioned, there was no opportunity for the botanists to present their collections of rarities, which was much regretted by all. Mr. George D. Phippeu has liindly presented the following report of his fore- noon's excursion. The botanical part}% who dispensed with carriages, probably bore more of the heat and burden of the day than any other of the several extempore organizations, in their three or four mile tramp of mead- ow and woodland, liuished ofl' by skirting a poi-tion of the banks of the Merrimac River. Among the forms met with and collected there seemed to be an unusual absence of Ericaceous plants ; no Kalmias, Vacciuiums, Andromedas or Pyrolas were brought in, and but a speci- 105 men or two of the Azalea viscosa ; though a few others may have been passed on the route. Very fine specimens of Poi/onia ophioglos- soides, remarkable for its delicate and peculiar fragrance were col- lected, also an Orchis or two, alike denizens of the bog. Numerous blossoms of the starry Hypoxis twinkled low among the thin shrubbery ; interesting to the botanist, but to the superficial ob- server scarce distinguishable from a Potentilla or Ranunculus, genera peculiarly abundant at this time. In the low lands where the party, including several ladies, all damped their feet, were fine plants of Geum rivale and Saxifrag a Fennsylvanica just passing out of flower; also the obtrusive Green Hellebore with its large plaited leaves and abundant green flowers. To a majority of our party the most novel plant seen was a brilliant patch of CastiUcia coccinea or painted cup, though not considered uncommon is yet rare in the vicinity of Salem. The great heat of the day, and the hour high noon, rather deadened the usual and peculiar zeal of collectors. The last object of interest remembered being the Betula lenta, or black birch tree, whose branches overhung the river's bank. A hasty glance at the grounds of the residents as we listlessly passed to the shaded seats and wel- come tables, provided upon the Common, demonstrated a refined taste. Among the trees and shrubs were noticed the Magnolia tripe- tala and other rare shrubs and plants. As there was no opportunity given the botanical party to report, and as the collected flowers before the meeting closed had become limp and undistinguishable, we must guess at what they might have said. The meeting then took a recess to enable the members and their friends to visit the building. Bradford Academy is the oldest seminary for young ladies in the State. Founded in 1803, and incorporated in 180-t, it has been in oper- ation ever since. A new building has just been erected for the use of the school, bringing the boarding and school departments under the same roof. This new building is delightfully situated in the cen- tre of an area of about twelve acres of land. The location is elevated and commands a large extent of country on every side, giving fresh invigorating air, with unsurpassed beauty of prospect. The health- fulness of this location has been abundantly proved during the past years of the school. The structure is in the form of a cross, four stories high, and is built of brick, with underpinnings and facings of granite. Corridors run through the building from east to west, a dis- tance of two huudred and sixteen feet, aflbrding delightful and health- ful promenades Avhen inclement weather forbids exercise out of doors. A parlor and two bedrooms constitute a suite of rooms for four pu- EssEX Inst. Bulletin. ii 14 106 pils. These rooms are twelve and eleven feet high, newly furnished, and receive a full supply of pure air and sunlight. The school halls, recitation rooms, parlors, rooms for business, bathing rooms and closets, are all on a most generous scale, whether for convenience, health or comfort. The entire building is heated by steam, and lighted by gas. No effort or expense has been spared to make this a model establishment. After going over the building the party again met in the Hall and listened to some elocutionary exercises conducted in flue style, show- ing great proficiency on the part of the pupils and efficiency on the part of the teachers. The meeting then adjourned. At 5 o'clock the visitors took the train for home, much delighted with their visit and the hospitable manner in which they were wel- comed by the citizens of Bradford. FIELD MEETING AT SWAMPSCOTT, WEDNESDAY, JULY 21, 1870. Tiir. second field meeting, the present season, was held at Swamp- scott this day. The morning was not auspicious for a large attendance, the sky being overcast by clouds, which, however, disappeared as the day advanced, and the later trains brought a large addition, so that the afternoon session was fully attended. After leaving the baskets at the Town Hall, which was the place of rendezvous for the day, all were quickly dispersed about the town; some went to the woods, and roamed over the forest hills and dales in search of wild flowers and rare specimens of plants ; others to the seashore, and sought the shells and other wonders from the briny deep. Those who had an eye to the beauties of art took a quiet walk through the streets and admired the beautiful suburban residences and neat cottages embowered in ivy and other vines. At 1 p. M. the various parties returned to the Hall, where the bask- ets had been stored for the collation. At 3 p. M. the session for dis- cussion, etc., was held, the President in the chair. The records of preceding meeting read. The following correspondence was announced by the Secretary : From American Antiquarian Society, Worcester. .June 19; Aiken, William E. A., Baltimore, Md., June 25; Arnold, George, Boston, July 5; Bronson Libraiy, Waterbury, Conn., June 28; Barton, E. M., Worcester, July 1; Boyd, W. H., Washington, D. C, Jime 12, IG, 27, July 2, 12; Buffalo Historical Society, June 16, July 11; Challen, Howard, Philadelphia, July 1; Cook, George H., New Bruns- wick, N. J., June 27; Duncan, M. W., Haverhill, June 27; Greene, S. A., Boston, 107 June 23; Harlman, W. H., Louisville, Kv., June 22; Historical and Philosophical Society, Cincmnati, Ohio, June 21,27; How, Joseph, Methuen, July 8; lUsley, F. J., Newark, N. J., June 25; Lunt, William P., Boston, July 11; Morris, Robert, Chi- cago, Illinois, July — ; Moravian Historical Society, Bethlehem, June 19; Niven, James, Saugus, July S; New England Historic-Genealogical Society, Boston, June 16, July 9; New York Historical Society, New York Citj-, June 16, July 9; Ohio Mechanics Institute, Cinciunati, O., Jime 10; Phippen, George D., Salem, June 16; Public Library, Boston, June 24; Preble, George H., Mare Island, June 21; Rhode Island Historical Society, Providence, R. I. ; Smithsonian Institute, Wash- ington, D. C, July 20; Thompson. Waldo, Lynn, July 13; Tracy. C. M.. Lynn, July 6, 8, 18; Upham, W. P., Providence, R. I.. July 18; Vincent,' Frances, Wil- mington, Delaware, June 28. The Librarian reported the following additions : By Donation. Addition to Directories. Washington and Georgetown, 1834-'70, 18 vols. Svo. Baltimore City, 1 vol. 8vo. Richmond and Fifty Counties of Virginia, 1 vol. 8vo. Cleveland, 3 vols. Svo. Susquehanna Railroad, 1 vol. 8vo. Trenton. 2 vols. Svo. Columbus, 1 vol. Svo. Atlanta, 1 vol. 13mo. Paterson, 2 vols. Svo. Boyd's Business, 2 vols. Svo. Jersey City, 3 vols. Svo. Newark Business, 2 vols. Svo. New Jersey State, 1 vol. Svo. Camden, 1 vol. Svo. U. S. Druggists, 1 vol. 12mo. Merchants and Bankers, 1 vol. Svo. Boston and Albany Railway, 1 vol. Svo, Northern Railroad Business, 1 vol. Svo. New York State Business, 1 vol. Svo. New York City, 3 vols. Svo. Poughkeepsie, 2 vols. Svo. Oneida Couhty, 1 vol. Svo. Syracuse, 1 vol. Svo. Auburn. 1 vol. Svo. Elmira, 1 vol. Svo. Binghamton, 2 vols. Svo. Syracuse and Onondaga County, 1 vol. Svo. Rome, 2 vols. Svo. Schenec- tady, 1 vol. 12mo. Saratoga, 1 vol. Svo. Brooklyn Business, 1 vol. 12mo. Wil- mington, 2' vols. Svo. Delaware State, 1 vol. Svo. Indianapolis, 7 vols. Svo. Chicago, 2 vols. Svo. Milwaukie, 2 vols. Svo. New Orleans, 3 vols. Svo. National Calendar, 2 vols. r2mo. Bridgeport, 1 vol. 12mo. Norwich, 1 vol. Svo. Hartford, 1 vol. Svo. Philadelphia, IS vols. Svo. Philadelphia Business, 1 vol. Svo. Pitts- burg and Allegheny, 1 vol. Svo. Lancaster, 1 vol. Svo. Harrisburg, 1 vol. Svo. Williamsport and Lock Haven, 1 vol. Svo. Erie, 1 vol. Svo. Louisville, 1 vol. 8vo. Railway Business, 1 vol. Svo. Kentucky State Gazetteer and Business, 1 vol. Svo. Butler, Benjamin F., M. C. Causes of the Reduction of American Tonnage. Chandler's Speech in U. S. S. on " Proposed Annexation of Winnipeg. Hoar's Speech in U. S. H. R., on ''Universal Education." Butler's Speech in U. S. H. R., on "Independence of Cuba." Ambler's Speech in U. S. H. R., on "Belligerent Rights of Cuba." Monthly Report on Agriculture for May and June, 1870. But- ler's Address at Woodstock, Conn., on " Suggestions of the Effect of an Imported Laboring Class upon American Institutions." Bellevue Hospital, Medical College. Annual Circular and Catalogue, 1870 -'71. Cogswell, George, of Bradford. A Memori.al of Bradford Academy. 1 vol. Svo. Boston, 1870. Cole, Mrs. Nancy D. Monthly Journal American Unitarian Association for June, 18G9. Duncan, Mrs. M. W., of Haverhill. In Mcmoriam, James H. Duncan, 1 vol. 4to, Cambridge. Farnu.m, Joseph. White's Dental Catalogue, 1867. 1 vol. Svo. Gaffield, Thomas, of Boston. Waterston's Address on the Life and Charactei' of Thomas Sherwin. 1 vol. Svo. Boston, 1870. Green, Samuel A., of Boston. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 28. 108 Howard, J. J. Miscellanea Genealogica et Heraldica, April, 1870. Ilsley, Ferdinand I., of Newai-k, N. J. Augusta City Directory, 1 vol. 8vo. Newark Directories, 5 vols. 8vo. St. Paul Directory, 1 vol. 8vo. New Orleans Di- rectory. 2 vols. 8vo. Portland. Oregon, Directory, 1 vol. 8vo. Mobile Directoiy. 3 vols. 8vo. Austin Directory. 1 vol. 8vo. Richmond Directory. 1 vol. 8vo. Mem- phis Directoi-y, 1 vol. 8vo. New Haven Directory. 1 vol. 8vo. Virginia City. Gold Hill. .Silver and American City Directory. 1 vol. 8vo. James, Thomas P., of Philadelphia, Proceediug.s of American Pomological Society for ISfJ-l and 1867, Lee, John C. Commercial Bulletin for Jime, 1870. MUN.SELL. Joel, of Albany. N. Y. Miscellaneous pamphlets, l.S. Palfrat, C. W. Anderson's Memorial Address at Antietam National Cemetery, May 30, 1870. Parsons, C. W., of Providence, R, I. Miscellaneous pamphlets. 22. Rhode Island Historical .Society. Rhode Island Colonial Records, 177(>-'8;?, 2 vols. 8vo. Miscellaneous pamplilets, 86. Rhodes, Edward S., of Providence, R. I. City Documents, 45 pamphlets. Snow, Miss ^I. P. Forty-seven volumes of School Books. Stickxey, M. a. Seven Miscellaneous volumes. Snow, E. M., of Providence, R. I. iliscellaneoue pamphlets, i;5. Sumner, Hon. Charles, U. S. S. Navy Register of the U. S. for 1870. Official Army Register for 1870. Butler's Speech in U. S. H. R. June 3, 1870, on '• Internal Tax." Commerce and Navigation, lS68-'69, 2 vols. 8vo, Finance Report, 1809, 1 vol . 8vo. Report on Retrenchment, 1870, 1 vol. 8vo. Report on Heavy Ordnance, 18(!9 1 vol. 8vo. U. S. Geological Survey of Colorado and New Mexico, 1809, 1 vol. 8vo. Sumner'^; Speech in U. S. S. June 10, 1870, on " Abolition of Franking." Paris Ex- pedition. Report on Weights, Measures and Coins, 18(i7. Scott's Speech in U. S. S. June 22. 23, 1870. on "Income Tax." Monthly Report of Agriculture for May and June, 1870. Congressional Directory. 2d Session 41st Congress of U. S. A. TiiouNTOX, J. WiNGATE. of Boston. Sprague's Discourse Commemorate of Rev. Wm. Allen, 8vo pamph., Albany, 1808. Turner, Alfked S., of Boston. Boston Municipal Register. 1870. 1 vol. 8vo, Boston, 1870. Auditor's Report of Boston and County of .'Suffolk for 1868-9, 1 vol. 8vo, Boston, 1869. Upham. J. Baxter, of Boston. Boston Medical and Surgical Journal, 8 Nos. Miscellaneous ijamphlets. 90. Upton, James. Harper's Family Library, Vol. 1-157, 157 vols. 12rao, New York, 1837-1842. Walton, E. N. Minutes of the Boston North Baptist Association, 1869. 8vo pamph.. Boston. U. S. War Department. Letters from the Soutli, relating to the Condition of the Freedmen, 8vo pamph., 1870. Waters, H. Fitz. Miscellaneous pamphlets. 60. Wheatland, M. G. Miscellaneous vols. 81. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 286. AVilder, Marshall P.. of Dorchester. Sheppard's Memoir of M. P. Wilder, pamph. Boston, 1867. Past and Present, 8vo pamph., Boston, 1870. By Exchange. Albany Institute. Manual, March, 1870, Svo pamph. Bibliotheque Universelle et Revue Suisse. Archives des Sciences Phys- iques et Naturelles, No. 149, Mai 15, 1870, Svo pamph., Geneve, 1870. Boston Public Library. Bulletin for June, 1870. Fire Lands Historical Society. The Fire Lands Pioneer for June, 1870. 109 K. K. ZooLOGISCHE-BoTA^^SCHE Gesellschaft. Veiliandlungeii der, Jahrg. 18(59, 8vo paniph.. Wieu. ISfiO. CommelinaceK Indicre, Imprimis Archapelagi In- dici, adjectis nonnullis hisce terris alienis auctore Carolo Hasskall, 8to painph., Yindobonae, 1870. Massachusetts Historical Society. Catalogue of the Private Libi-aiy of Thomas Dowse, 8vo pamph., Boston, 1870. Mercantile Libkakt Association. Forty-ninth Annual Report of the Board of Directors. 8vo pampli., New York. 1870. 3IUSEU3I of Comfak.vtiv'e Zoology. Annual Report of the Tru.stees, 1869. Naturwissenschaftlichen Yereine zv Brejiex. Alhandluugeu lier aus gegeben, 8vo pamph., Bremen, 1870. Xatdrwisseschaftlicher Yereix flr Sachsex und Thurixgex. Zeit- sclirift fur die gesammteu Xaturwissenscliaften Jahrg. 1869, 2 pamplis. 8yo, Berlin. Xew Exglaxd Historic-Gexealogic vl Society. The >'ew England Histor- ical and Genealogical Register, July, 1870. Xew York Lyceum of Natural History. Annals, Vol. ix. sigs. 21, 22. Ohio Mechaxics' Ixstitute. Forty-second Annual Report of Directors. Peabody Ixstitute. Baltimore, Md. Mr. Peabody's Letter of September. 1869. Third Annual Report of the Provost. 1870, 8vo pamph. Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciexces. Proceedings, Januarj' and April. 1870. Publishers. American Journal of Science. American Literaiy Gazette. American Naturalist. Book Buyer. Christian "World. Cosmos. Eclectic. Essex Banner. Gardner's Monthly. Gloucester Telegraph. Haverhill Gazette. Histor- ical Magazine. Journal de Conchyliologie. Lawrence American. L' luvesti- gateur. Lippincott's Monthly Bulletin. Land and Water. Little Giant. Lynn Reporter. Medical and Surgical Reporter. Nation. Nature. PaviUion. Peabody Press. Semi-Monthly Visitor. Sotheran's Catalogue. The Tocsin. Sji1thsoxl4.x" Ixstitutiox. Smithsonian Contributions to Ivuowledge. Vol. xvi, 1 vol. Ito, "Washington, 1870. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, Vols, viii, ix, 2 vols. 8vo, "Washington, 1869. Yereix zur Beforderuxg des G.^rtex-baues. "Wocherschrift des Yereins zur Beforderung des Gartenbaues in den Konigl. Preuss. Staaten fur Gartueri und Pflanzenkuude. 1869, 52 Nos., 4to pamphs. Yereix fur Erdkuxde uxd Yerwaxdte "Wissexchaft. Notizblatt des Yer- eins fur Erdkunde imd verwandte "^'issenchaften zu Darmstadt und des mittel- rheinischen geologischen vereins 8vo, pamph., 1869. The Superintendent of the Museum reported the following additions to the Museums of the Institute and Peabody Academy of Science. Clevelaxd H. R. Skin of a Toucan, Skulls of Cavea Capybara and Alligators. Portions of Lower Jaw of Mastodon. Seeds, Nuts, etc. From the vicinity of Honda, on the Magdaleua Rivers, U. S. A. CoLCORD, Mrs. H. M.. of Peabody. Insects. Galls, etc.. from Peabody. Harrixgtox, C, of Salem. Collection of Nests of Native Birds. Holmes. A., of San Francisco, Cal. Bark. Cones, and Seeds of Sequoia gigantea. Lichens growing on dead wood, and the Nest of Tarantula (Mj'gale) from California. Johxsox. W. C, of Newburyport. White-tailed Remora (Echineis albicauda) taken at Newbuiyport. LeBarox, J. F. Several specimens of Plants from Florida. MUDGE. S. A. Fossil Shells. Newcomb, R. L. a mounted specimen of Lai'us Sniithsonianus roni vicinity Salem., 110 Osgood, J. B. F. Specimen of Sarcodes sanguinea (Snow Plant) from Lake Tahoe, 6,024 feet above sea-level. Peterson, G. W. Young of Liranlus polypliemus from Salem. Smithsonian Institution. Collections of Birds' Eggs from various localities, principally Arctic. Valentine, Miss Margaret P. Several pieces of Roman Pavement from Bransby, England. Waliceu, S.\muel L. Specimen of Rhombus maculatus from Salem Harbor. Waters, W. C, of Boston. Kangaroo from Australia. The Presicleut opened the meeting with a few general remarks upon the history of the place, mentioning that Swampscott in 1852 had a separate organization, having been previously a part of Lynn. The Indian name was Wannasquomskut, signifying at the cliff or rock sum- mit, and hence modified into Swampscott. He then invited Rev. James T. Hewes to preside over the discussions of the afternoon — a vote having first been passed, that when this meeting adjourned it adjourn to 4 o'clock to-morrow (Thursday) afternoon, in the rooms at Salem. Rev. Mr. Hewes was brief in his preliminary remarks, saying that he came here "to learn how to see," and giving utterance, among other things, to the truthful idea that it is not necessary to go away from home to get recreation, instruction, or pleasure. Mr. F. W. Putnam was requested to report on several fishes which had been placed on the table. These he stated were specimens of the Rock Cod and of the Pollock. He said that it was like "bringing coals to Newcastle " to come to Swampscott and talk about Codfish, but still there might be some points in the structure of the fishes now before him that might prove interesting to the meeting, and he would therefore call attention to them. He then gave a general account of the structure of the family of fishes of which the Cod and Pollock were members, stating how it differed from the families of which the Salmon, and Sea Perch, or " Conners," were representatives. In this connection he called attention to the structure and position of the fins in the .several orders of fishes, and their value as characters in distin- guishing the orders and families. He also spoke of the peculiar modi- fication of the fins of fishes, some serving as aids to the movements of the body in swimming. Some fishes swim entirely by their dor- sal fins, others by the pectorals, while in still others the pectorals and ventrals were so modified as to be organs of locomotion through the air or on land. He then called attention to the peculiar structure of the ventral, by which means a sucking disk or cup was formed, giving the fish the power of attaching itself with great strength to rocks or other materials ; and to the peculiar structure of the dorsal fin of the Remora, or Shark sucker, which fin was so modified as to form a suck- ing disk on top of the head, enabling the fish to make itself fast by Ill the top of its head to the under side of sharks, or other large fishes, or to the bottoms of vessels, etc. He would take this occasion to record the addition of two species of fishes to the fauna of Essex Couuty waters. One of these was a Remora, having the peculiar structure of the head just alluded to. This species now added to the list of county fishes was the White- tailed Remora, the Echeneis alhicauda of Mitchell. The specimen was taken at the mouth of the Merrimack River last month, and presented to the Peabody Academy by \V. C. Johnson, Esq., of Newburyport. The other addition to the county fishes was that of two specimens of the Spotted Plaice, Pleuronectes macidatus of Mitchell, as given in Storer's last report, p. 204. This fish is very common at Cape Cod and the south, but the two specimens presented to the Academy by Mr. Samuel L. Walker of Salem, were the first that had been recorded as taken inside the bay, and having been caught in Salem harbor they form an interesting addition to the county fauna. Mr. Putnam also stated that a gentleman present had placed a bottle on the table containing the Saw flies developed from the Current worm, of which so much was said at the last meeting. These Saw flies had gone through their transformations in the bottle in nine days. There was no earth in the bottle and it was an interesting fact to know that they could transform without it. Prof. E. S. Morse described some of the more common forms of animal life as we find them in our rambles along the shore, sliowing the distinctive features of the difl'erent species of moUusks, with great clearness. A bottle of marine worms was exhibited and de- scribed in this connection, showing the wonderful order and system which characterizes even these lower animals, and also that common animal the barnacle, which was formerly included among the moUusca before their organization was fully understood, and is now placed among the articulates. Mr. Hyatt made some remarks upon the generally accepted views of the upheaval and subsidence of continents, and mentioned that he lately found a raised beach on Marblehead Neck, some eight or ten feet above the present limit of. high tide. This was a smooth water worn porphyry cliflT. The extreme friability of this porphyry, and its rapid disintegration, as well as the form of the neighboring clifl's, show that the elevation must have been comparatively recent. The speaker then suggested that Dr. Wiuslow, who was present, should explain his views with regard to the subsidence of continents, which although very diflerent from those commonly received, had been matured after many years of travel and study, and would undoubtedly be interesting to the Institute. Dr. C. F. WixsLOW, of Boston responded to the call of the chair 112 upon a topic by which the attention of the Institute was called by Mr. Hyatt. This was upon the dynamics of geology, a subject to which Dr. WinsloAV, in the coui'se of his extensive travels, had given special attention. The Dr. stated that his views of the causes of the general geographical features of the globe, as they at present existed, diflfered from the common theories of geology. He was compelled by his ob- . servations to believe in sudden subsidences of vast continental areas rather than in the slow upheavals of hills, mountain chains and con- tinents. His attention was specially called to this subject when visit- ing the island of St. Paul's, in the Indian ocean. This is an island many hundred feet high, constituting an extinct crater, one side of which has sunk lower than the general subsidence of the land, leaving a channel of seventy feet wide, through which the sea flows with a depth of nine feet. The depth of water in the crater is two hundred feet, and is the same depth outside the bar, and for several miles on the south eastern side of the island. The ocean also pi'esented a dis- colored appearance for one or two days sail to the south east, indica- tive of soundings with no very great length of line. That a great continent once occupied the Indian Ocean is the inference. Continu- ous observation of the various coasts of continents and great islands, and the various aspects of declivities and dislocated strata in high mountainous regions, as of the Atlas, Sierra Nevada, Andes, and Alps, and appearances even among some of the South Sea Islands, had slowly but strongly convinced him that the present theory ought to be carefully examined h\ geologists, with a view to its correction. He had presented two memoirs on this subject to the Boston Society of Natural History, in years past ; and has subsequently found his obser- vations and opinions sustainefl.by those of DeLuc, a Swiss naturalist, whose observations upon the appearances of the Jura, led him (about the middle of the last century) to declare that these mountains re- sulted from subsidences rather than from upheavals. This question of subsidence, however, led to other geological con- siderations of a very important character. It involved the necessity of vast caverns between the crust and molten nucleus of the planet, into which the crust, from cycle to cycle, has been rent or plunged- He had shown these to exist, as might be seen by his memoirs, under the northern part of the South American continent, under the Gulf of Mexico and Central America, into which all that area of the planet might at any moment fall, and the oceans be changed. The planet, when life first appeared, must have been five hundred miles larger in all its diameters. This view would comport well with the knowl- edge recently attained, relative to the consideration of physical force. It would also extend this knowledge in cosmical directions. [To be concluded.] BULLETIN Vol. 2. Salem, Mass., August, 1870. No. One Dollar a Year ia Advance. 10 Cents a Single Coijt. GILES COREY & GOODWYFE COREY, A BALLAD OF 1692.* Come all Xew England Men, And hearken unto me, And I will tell what did befalle Upon ye Gallows Tree. In Salem Village was the place, As I did heare them saye, And Goodwyfe Corey was her name Upon that paynfull daye : This Goody Corey was a Witch The people did believe. Afflicting of the Godly ones Did make them sadlie Greave. There were two pyous Matron Dames, And goodly Maidens Three, *Thi3 ballad was "handed in for "preservation " to the Salem Observer, and ap- peared in the issue of April 13, 1850. It has since been extensively copied in other publications, and is inserted here as appropriate in connection with the .subject of debate at the Field Meeting at West Peabody. The perfect correspondence witli the style of that period has caused it to be considered a veritable production of the Witchcraft times ; and a copy of it which appeared some years since in a west- ern paper, was headed ''An amusing relic of Puritanism, written during the Witchcraft Mania in Salem." It was written by Fitch Poole, Esq., of Peabody- — Editors. Essex Inst. Buli.imin. ii 1"» 114 That cryed upon this heynons witch, As you shall quicklie see. Goochvyfe Bibber she was one, And Goodwyfe Goodall two, These were ye sore afflicted ones By Fyts and Pynchings too : And those Three Damsels fair, She worried them full sore. As all could see upon their Arms The divers Marks they bore. And when before the Magistrates For tryall she did stand. This Wicked Witch did lye to them While holding up her hand : " I pray you all Good Gentlemen Come listen unto me, I never harmed those two Goodwyfes Nor yet these Children Three : " " I call upon my Saviour Lord," (Blasphemously she sayd) " As Witness of my Innocence In this my hour of need." The Godly Ministers were shockt This Witch-prayer for to heare, And soone did see ye Black Man* there A whispering in her eare. The Magistrates did saye to her " Most surely thou doth lye, Confess thou here thy hellish deeds Or ill death thou must dye." She rent her Cloaths, she tore her Haire, And lowdly she did crye, " May Christe forgive mine Enimies When I am called to die." This Goodwyfe had a Goodman too, Giles Corey was his name. In Salem Gaol they shut him in AVith his blasphemous Dame. 115 Giles Corey was a Wizzard strong-, A stubborn wretch was he, And titt was he to hang on high Upon ye Locust Tree : So when before ye Magistrates For tryall he did come, He would no true confession make But was compleatly dumbe. " Giles Corey," said ye magistrate, " What hast thou hear to pleade To these who now accuse thy soule Of crymes and horrid deed." Giles Corey — he sayde not a "Word, No single Word spake he : " Giles Corey" sayth ye Magistrate, ■" We'll press it out of thee." They got them then a good wide Board, They layde it on his Breast, They loaded it with heavy Stones, And hard upon him prest. " More weight," now sayd this wretched man, "More weight," again he cryed. And he did no Confession make, But wickedly he dyed. Dame Corey lived but six dayes more, But six dayes more lived she. For She was hung at Gallows Hill Upon ye Locust Tree. Rejoice all true New-England Men, Let Grace still more abounde. Go search ye Land with myght and main, Till all these Imps be founde : And that will be a glorious Daye, A goodlie Sight to see. When yoa shall hang these Brands of fyre Upon ye Gallows Tree. 116 FIELD MEETING AT SWAMPSCOTT, WEDNESDAY, JULY 20, 1870. [Cont imed fi-om jyage 112.1 TuF, appropriation of the force (radiated in the form of heat, magne- tism and electricity from a contracting globe, formerly in a state of general fusion) by matter on the surface, and under the guidance of an intelligent and creative Providence, would end in the vast accumula- tion of organic forms deposited in times past, in the countless strata of the planet's crust. Meclianical force was absoh)tely necessary to the production, growth, and multiplication of all organisms, whether plant or animals. On present theories all heat is, and has been, radiated into space. This has been going on for infinite cycles, from all cosmical masses, and still the cold of space is intense. The lowest estimate makes it more than L50° below zero. Dr. Winslow thought the Pi'ovidence of the universal mind could not permit such waste of the very force which is so necessary for the creation of the organic objects that cover the land and All the seas of the globe. This was the working power of nature, and must be conserved and never exhausted nor wasted. Space, in accordance with his investi- gations and reasonings, was a vacuum and not a plenum. All force radiated from the surface of the globe was employed in the work going on incessantly' in tlie surface molecules, in order to embellish the planet and perpetuate the fluctuating changes which occur upon it. He hoped the investigations of others would be directed toward this subject, w'hich to naturalists, in an especial manner, was of the highest importance, as destined to throw light on many phenomena heretofore obscure. Mr. Hy.vtt, who had been referred to as an advocate of the theory of upheaval, .said he did not know that Dr. Winslow's process of rea- .soning was not quite as satisfactory as that of those who advance the opposite view, and though he was rather inclined to the latter, he had in his explanations simply explained a theory that was generally ac- cepted by geologists as a correct one. Other questions incidental to the topics, were raised, which caused Mr. Ilewes to suggest that the orators appeared to differ in geology as well as in theology. Mr. S. li. BuTTincK of Salem, presented a list of twenty-four species of native plants, which he had found in flower during the forenoon's excursion. Mr. W. P. Upii.vm of Salem, was next called upon to give-some facts in reference to the history of the town. He stated that what is now Swampscott, was originally a grant to John Humphrey, in 1635. In 1G41 it was sold by him to Lady Deborah jNIoody, and occupied by her 117 . until her removal to Long Island a few years afterwards. It was then leased to Daniel King, who, in 1G51, took a conveyance of the farm, wliich consisted of twelve hundred acres, with the buildings. Mr. Upham read a copy of a letter from the agent of Lady Moody to Mr. King, in 1649-50, relating to the purchase of the farm then known as Swampscott — the original still being preserved among the old papers in the Court House. In this letter was given a list of articles which Lady Moody wished Mr. King to send to her in part payment for the farm. This list was valuable, as showing the needs of the time, in the way of household furniture and farm utensils, etc. A vote of thanks was passed to the Selectmen of Swampscott, for the use of this hall; to Mr. E. R. Mudge, and other citizens, for kind attentions. ADJOURNED MEETING, FRIDAY, JULY 22, 1870. John D. Eaton, Edward C. Cheever, William P. Andrews, J. Lyman Silsbee, all of Salem, wei'e duly elected members. FIELD MEETING AT WEST PEABODY, THURSDAY, AUGUST 4, 1870. Thk meeting was held at the spacious hall in the new school-house ; thither the excursionists wended their way on alighting from the cars at the station near the crossing of the Salem and Lowell, and the Danvers and Georgetown Railroads, under the guidance of several of the leading citizens who wei'e in attendance, and who extended to them a cordial welcome. After depositing their baskets the company divided into parties in search of objects for the gratification of special tastes. Some were interested in the historical associations connected with this spot, which is on the original farm of Giles Corey, who was pressed to death, and whose wife was executed in the witchcraft prosecutions in 1 692 ; his house was situated about one hundred yards from the station, on land now owned by Benjamin Taylor. The com- munity in this vicinity are firmly fixed on their paternal acres, many of the estates having come down to their present owners through a lineal descent of six generations. Some of the residences are very ancient; one built about two liundred and thirty years ago was visited by many who were heartily welcomed by the present proprietor. In this school district, comprising an area of some three square miles, there are one hundred and sixteen voters, and this number has not materially changed during the past one hundred years. The old cus- . 118 torn of burying their dead on their own premises here prevails, and within^these three square miles are twenty-three burial places. The magnificent flora attracted several to the edges of the woods and ponds, and numerous beautiful specimens were collected. The animal kingdom also furnished some rare contributions to the findings of the day. Many ascended an elevated point of land and enjoyed a widely extended view of the surrounding country and the ocean in the distance. Some visited the Winona Mills, and were interested in examining the different varieties of cassimeres, ladies' cloth, etc., there manufactured, and inspecting the various processes through which the material passes, from the bale to the beautiful cloth. The mills are owned by Messrs. Train & Pollock, who employ about seventy-flve operatives. The motive power is an overshot wheel of about forty horse power. At 1.30 P. M. the company re-assembled at the school house, which is a fine building, eligibly situated, with two large school rooms on the first floor, one department under the charge of a male principal and the other of a female assistant ; and in the second story is a commodious hall, used not only for school purposes but also as a lecture and concert room for the neighborhood, and for religious services on the Sabbath. Here the collation was partaken and at 3 o'clock the meeting for the reports and speaking was called to order by the President, who requested Mr. James H. Emerton to act as Secretary, in the absence of that officer. The records of the preceding meeting were road. The following correspondence was announced : — Robert Brown, Jr., Cincinnati, July 22; J. C. ilolmes, Detroit, July 30; A. H. Johnson, Bradford, Aug. 2; Kaiserliche Akademie der Wissenscliaften in VVieu, Dec. 28, 1861); Xassuasischen Verein fiir Xatiirlvunde. Wiesbaden, Dec. 1, 18i9; A. J. Phipps, Boston, Aug. 2; G. H. I'reble, San Francisco, Cal., July 18; Boyal Physico-Econoniical Society at Koulgsburg, 9, 1, 1870; C. M. Tracy, Lynn, July 30; C. A. Walker, Chelsea, July 20. The Librarian reported the following additions to the library : By Donations. Andrews, Edmund, of Chicago, 111. The North America Lakes, considered as Chronometers of Post Glacial Time, 8vo pamph., Chicago, 1870. Bronson Library, of Waterbury, Conn. First Annual Report, 1870. Chase, Miss Maria, Chinese Repository, 52 numbers. White's Eulogy on Bow- ditch, 8vo pamph. Congress Library, Washington, D. C. Catalogue of Books added in 18p9, 1 vol. 4to, Washington, 1870. Cook, Wm. S. Massachusetts Business Directory lor 185G. Business Directory of the Principal Southern Cities, 18G6-7. Holmes, J. C, of Detroit, Mich. Hand Book and Guide Map of the City of Detroit, 1870. Lea, Isaac, of Philadelphia, Pa. A Synopsis of the Family Unionida;, 1 vol. 4to. 119 Lee, Francis H. Westminster Review, 18 numbers. Edinburgh Review, 17 numbers. London Quarterly Review, 19 numbers. Lee, John C. Commercial Bulletin for July. 1\La.nning, Robert. Boston Directory, 18G9, 1 vol. 8vo. Rastoul, R. S. Miscellaneous pamphlets 150, and 38 volumes. Ropes, Rev. Wm. L. Triennial Catalogue of the Theological Seminary, An- dover. 1870. Sticknet, M. a. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 6. Waters, J. Linton, of Chicago, 111. Third Annual Report of the Brainerd Free Dispensary of Chicago for 1870, 8vo pamph. Edward's Chicago Directoiy, 1 vol. 8vo, Chicago, mj^. Young Men's Christian Association, Worcester. Annual Report, 1870. By Exchange. American Antiquarian Societt. Proceedings at Annual Meeting, April 27, 1870. Boston Public Library. Eighteenth Annual Report, 1870. BowDOiN College. Catalogus CoUegii Bowdoinensis, 1870, 8vo pamph. KONIGLICHE PHrSIKALISCH-OEKONOiUSCHE GESELLSCHAFT ZU KoNIGSBERG. Schriften 1807, 1808, 4to pamphlets. Naturwissenschaftliche Gesellschaft Isis, in Dresden. Sitzungs-Benchte, von Carl Bley, Jahrg., 1870, 8vo pamph. * Naturhistorische Verein der preussischen Rheinlande und West- phalens. Verhandlungen des Herausgegeben von Dr. C. J. Andrii. Bogen 1-14,2 pamphlets, 8vo, Bonn, 18B9. Publishers. Book Buyer. Christian World. Cosmos. Eclectic. Essex Ban- ner. Gloucester Telegraph. Haverhill Gazette. Historical Magazine. Land and Water. Lawrence American. Literary World. Little Giant. Lynn Reporter. Medical and Surgical Reporter. Nation. Nature. Pavilion. Peabody Press. Semi-Monthly Visitor. Royal Society, of London. Proceedings, Vol. xvii, No. 110-113, Vol. xviii, 114- 118, 1869. Verein fur Naturkunde Wiesbaden. Jahrbiicher des, Jahrg., 21 and 22, 1867-8. Tale College. Statements of Yale College in 1870, 8vo pamph. Obituary Record of Graduates of Yale College, 1870. Supplement to the Obituary Record of Graduates of Yale College, 18(30. The Superintendent announced the following donations : — Frank Butler, of Salem. Pectens from the Grand Banks, and Ducks' Eggs. Robert Brookhouse. An Albino Sand Martin from Rowley. William Gardner of Salem. Eggs of the CanaiT Bird. Joshua P. Haskell of Marblehead. A large collection of Insects of Essex County. James Kimball of Salem. Several Insects from Florida. Annie Langdell of Salem. Specimen of Dragon Fly (Aeschnaheros). Mr. Lewis of Salem. Specimen of Brown Bat. Robert Manning of Salem. Specimens of Black Walnuts grown in Salem. J. A. Paine of Salem. Specimen of Tomato AVorm (Sphinx quinquemaculatus). Joseph Stickney of Salem. Partial Skeleton of the Skate. Samuel Walker of Salem. Smooth-back flounder. 120 The President requested Mr. A. C. Goodeli-, jr., to take the chair, who, with a few words of introduction, in which he alluded to some of the historical associations of the place, and to the fact that this was the first time that a field meeting had been held in this immediate locality, proceeded to introduce the several speakers. George D. Phippex spoke at some length on the importance of the study of Botany and the use of plants in the great economy of nature. He then gave particular accounts of many of the plants collected dur- ing the forenoon's excursions, of which there were a goodly number, both in quantity and variety. Among those which he specified, may be enumerated Lobelia cardinalis, the beautiful cardinal flower, which with its varieties may be easily transplanted into our gardens, and become one of the most attractive flowers in the parterre; the several species of Spiraea, the Orchis, Eupatorium, Gerardia, Rliexia, and others. A specimen of the common teasel used by woollen manufac- turers was presented, and the question was raised as to the feasible- ness of its cultivation in this vicinity. Those used at Winona Mills were brought from a distance. It was stated that Richard Crowuin- shield, Esq., many years ago raised it in considerable quantities in this town, and supplied several mills. Mr. James H. Emertox, of Salem, showed some very beautiful and varied specimens of galls, upon the leaves of the Walnut tree, and explained the habits of the insect which produces them. He depicted upon the blackboard some of the forms of the architecture of the webs of several species of spiders, as that of the Agelena ncevia and Epeira riparia, and in reply to some queries he described their mandi- bles and the manner of biting. The bite, he said, was poisonous, but they seldom or never poisoned anybody, for the reason that they have no jaws of sufficient power to puncture the human skin ; he had handled all sorts of spiders for years, with perfect freedom, and was never bitten. Prof. E. S. Morse spoke of the common grasshoppers, and ex- plained wherein their growth diflered from that of other insects which undergo a thorough metamorphosis; and Avhy they are plentj' in dry, and scarce in wet seasons. The eggs are deposited in the ground. In dry weather they all hatch, while continued moisture is fatal to them. He concluded with some general remarks in advocacy of a better knowledge of the rudiments of natural history, alluding to popular errors currently entertained, and which creep into the news- papers with a singular ignorance of the facts. The poisonous nature of spiders and snakes then became a topic of debate, participated in by Messrs. Morse, Emerton, Banci'oft, Cooke, Spofibrd, and others. At this time the intense lightning and loud peals of thunder, ac- companying a verj' heavj' shower which had suddenly come up, inter- 121 fered somewhat with the proceedings of the raeetiug. In a few moments, however, quiet was restored, and the Chairman, after giv- ing some account of the church founded here in 1672, called upon Mr. W. P. Uphani for information as to the historj^ of Giles Corey, upon whose homestead this meeting was held. Mr. Uphaji stated that though he feared he should not be able to present much that would be specially interesting, the principal facts in the history of Giles Corey being probably well known to all pres- ent, yet, as he had some years ago carefully studied the history of this region for the purpose of ascertaining the true site of Corey's dwell- ing house, he might be able to give some information on this point. In strolling over these fields and pastures to-day he had found pleasure not only from the contemplation of the quiet and peaceful scenery of hill and dale, and the alternate views of forest and cleai-ing, so charm- ing to the eye, but from the associations that cluster round the place. Names are called to mind of men who lived here long ago, men of strong character, pioneers in the civilization of that day. To them these scenes were rendered familiar and dear through long years of toil and honorable endurance. Our place of meeting to-day is at the very centre of what was once the homestead farm of Giles Corey, one of the martyrs of the Witch- craft Delusion of 1692. His first home in Salem was in a house which vpas situated near the Town Bridge, as it was called, a little to the northwest of the corner of Boston and Federal streets. There are indications that the western part of the town was first settled by a class of persons specially inclined to differ in religious affairs from those having the control of the church ; possibly this may have first taken place under the leadership of Koger Williams, who lived, in 1635, in the house now standing on the west corner of Essex and North streets. However this may be, investigations recently made, show that among the families living during the earliest years between North street and the Town Bridge, were those of Verren, Phelps, Trusler, Kitchen, Cotta, Keeves, Morey, Pease, Shattuck, Gardner, Needham, Byshop, Moulton, Bufi'um, Alderman, Flint and Southwick; all of them more or less conspicuous as conscientious opponents of some of the religipus doctrines of their time, and some of them well known in history as fearless defenders of their own peculiar faith. Giles Corey's nearest neighbor, before he removed to this farm, was Lawrence Southwick, whose daughter has been immortalized by Whittier for her heroic exhibition of that same spirit of unyielding devotion which afterwards cost poor Giles Corey his life. In 16G0 Corey purchased of Robert Goodell, fifty acres of land, which had been originally granted to Edward Giles, and also about sixty acres more of the heirs of John Alderman. In the fall of the prece- EssEX Inst. Bulletin. ii 10 122 ding year he had made a contract by which John Norton was to build him a house "twenty foot in length, lifteeue in breadth and eight foot stud ;" and here he lived from that time till his death in 1692. This farm extended on both sides of the road which passes in front of this school-house where we hold our meeting. Coi-ey gave it to his sons- in-law, Wm. Cleeves and John Moulton, who divided it between them. Cleeves conveyed his share, which was on the west side of the road, to Nathaniel Hay ward, who, in 1702, conveyed the northern part of it to Wm. Curtice. This is still known as "the Curtice Held," and the old well and house-place, just north of tbe school house, marks the spot where Curtice lived. That part of the farm on the east side of the road was conveyed by John Moulton to Humphrey Trench, in lGt)5, together with the house in which Giles Corey had lived. French's heirs conveyed it to Nathaniel Gould, and from him it descended to John Clammons, who, in 1773, conveyed it to Andrew Curtice, who conveyed it to Jacob Goodale. In 1792 it was conveyed to Samuel Taylor, who, in 1847, gave it to his son Benjamin Taylor, who now owns it. The spot where Corey's house stood is on the south side of the Sa- lem and Lowell Kailroad, about twenty rods west of the West Pea- body Junction. All traces of it were removed a few years ago, but the site is identified both by the record history and by tradition. The deed by which Giles Corey passed this farm over to his sons- in-law, Cleeves and Moulton, was probably first drawn up and signed in the jail at Salem, where he was confined under the accusation of witchcraft, as it is dated April 24, 1G92, and one of the three witnesses to the deed, which also had the character of a will, was Wm. Doun- ton, keeper of the prison at Salem. It was finally executed at the jail at Ipswich, being acknowledged there July 25, 1G92, before "Thomas Wade, Justice of the Peace." The property is described as follows, "all my land and meadow lying and being in ye bounds of Salem town," and " all my neat cattle and all other my stock upon the said farm or elsewhere, as likewise all my houseiug." He speaks of himself as "lying under great trouble and affliction through which I am very weak in body but in perfect memory, knowing not how soon I may depart this life." It is not unlikely that Giles Corey had already made up his mind to that determination to which he afterwards so firmly adhered, to re- fuse to plead either "guilty," or "not guilty," to the indictment for witchcraft, which had been brought against him. According to the ancient theory of English law, it was necessary that a person accused of a capital felony should voluntarily "put himself upon the country," by pleading to the indictment, before a trial could be had; probably this was required in order to give a kind of sanction to the subse- 123 quent conviction and execution. AYhere the accused party refused to plead, he was placed in close confinement (ere la prisone fort et dure) ■with hardly any sustenance there to be kept "till he answered," "as those who refuse to be at the common law of the land." Afterwards the practice of pressing to death by loading with heavy weights, was introduced as a sort of mercy to the prisoner, shortening the duration of his torture. As no conviction or judgment could be had in such a case, the forfeiture of property, w^hich would result from a conviction of a capital felony, was avoided ; and numerous cases have occurred in England where the forfeiture of estates has been thus prevented. It was generally supposed, during the witchcraft trials of 1692, that confiscation would follow conviction, and this would probably have been the case had the delusion maintained its sway long enough for such a principle to take eflect. We may therefore believe that Giles Corey in enduring the pro- tracted torture of being pressed to death.,'was actuated not by mere obstinacy, which would be wholly unaccountable and incredible, but by the determination to save his property from forfeiture, that it might be enjoyed after his death by his faithful sons-in-law, who alone had befriended him in this great emergency, while others of his family had desei'ted him. The generous magnanimity and sentiment of gratitude which could prompt such a design, and the indomitable will and energy of purpose which could enable him to pass, unshrinking, through the terrible ordeal which a cruel and barbarous law required, excites our admira- tion and renders him worthy of being classed with those martyrs of history who have died in a cause which seemed good to them. Mr. Upham then referred to Mr. William F. Poole, who was present, and who, he believed, could give some information as to the means taken to induce Gyles Corey to change his determination not to plead to the indictment for witchcraft. Dr. Jeremiah Spofford of Goveland, sp'oke of some deeds of meadow land near here by Giles Corey, which had formerly been in his possession, but had been lost. He also said that fifty j^ears ago he had heard a fork of the roads near by, spoken of as the place where Corey was buried. Mr. William F. Poole was then called upon by the chairman, with some complimentary remarks on his historical writings, and an allu- siorr to his article on "Cotton Mather and Salem Witchcraft," in the North American Review for April, 1869, as containing views which were different from those generally accepted in this communit}\ Mr. Poole remarked that though born and reared in w^hat was then Salem, but since Danvers, South Danvers, and Peabody, and having been specially interested in the subject of witchcraft, he had never be- 124 fore visited this spot. In reply to the question propounded, he stated that measures were taken to cause Giles Corej' to relent and plead. By the courtesy of the Massachusetts Historical Society he had re- cently the privilege of examining the manuscript Diary of Judge Sewall, who was a member of the court that tried the alleged witches. Judge Sewall made an entry on the 19th of September, 1692, stating that this day, about noon, Giles Corey was pressed to death at Salem for standing mute, or refusing to plead "guilty," or "not guilty." The Judge further states that much pains was used with him for two days by the court, one after another, and Capt. Richard Gardner of Nantucket, who had been his acquaintance, but all in vain. No other instance of the infliction of this dreadful peualty has ever occurred in New England. Why did it occur in this case! No law permitting such a barbarity was ever on a New England statute book. There was no New England law in force at the time, by which witch- craft or any other capital crime could be punished. The government of Massachusetts Bay was in a transition state. The old charter of the colony had been taken away by the British Crown. For nearly six years the colony had been under ihe despotic rule of Sir Edmund Andros, or a temporary " council for the safety of the people." It was understood that the repeal of the charter vacated the laws enacted under it. The witchcraft excitement at Salem Village broke out in February, 1091-2, and when Sir Wm. Phips, appointed Governor under the new charter, arrived in Boston in May, 1G92, the jails of Salem, Ipswich and Boston, were filled with persons committed for the crime of witchcraft, and awaiting trial. Many of them were the heads of families; their farm work was neglected, and. according to the custom of that period they were obliged to pay tlieir own jail fees and ex- penses. Gov. Phips arrived on Saturday, the 14th of May. On Monday the 16th, the government was organized. The council sat from day to day. and proceeded as rapidly as possible to appoint justices, sheriffs, coroners, and other olBcers for the several counties. On the 27th of May a special court was appointed for the trial of persons under arrest "for all manner of crimes and offences had, made, done or per- petrated within the counties of Suffolk, Essex, and Middlesex." Noth- ing was said in the commission about witchcraft. Under what law should the court act? There were no laws in force for the punish- ment of crime. The commission states under what law they were' to act. They were instructed "to enquire of, hear and determine, for this time, according to the law and custom of England, and of this their Majesty's Province." As there were no Province laws, the latter clause of the sentence had then no meaning. A Province code, for the punishment of capital crimes, was not passed till October 29. The 125 judges therefore went into the trials for witchcraft under the English statute of James I. Giles Corej^ was not tried for witchcraft, but he came to his horrid death under the provisions of another English statute, for refusing to plead. It was English, and not New Eng- land barbarity which inflicted this dread penalty. Those judges were not inhuman men. The diai\y of Judge Sewall shows that they tried to save him from this ordeal. We know the personal character of these judges in other relations. They were under a delusion as to the phenomena and theory of witchcraft ; but they were conscientious and honest men, and represented the temper and spli'it of their times. Gov. Hutchinson, in an unpublished manuscript which I have recently found, says he cannot understand whj'^ they did not burn their witches, as was done in England, and as the statute, under which they acted, required. The public sentiment of that period was not shocked, at the time, by the penalties inflicted by the Court. Chief Justice Stoughton, who was the controlling mind in these transactions, re- ceived everj^ vote for the same position when the Superior Court was i-egularly organized, on the 7th of December following. His associ- ates, Richards, Winthrop, and Sewall, who also sat with him in the witch trials, were also reelected, together with Danforth. but only by a majority vote. Their contestants w'ere Hathorne and Gedney, who were as deeply implicated in the witch trials as they. But the special court itself, we are told, was an illegal body, and this is, technically speaking, a correct statement. The new charter did not give the Governor and Council authority to appoint a special court to try criminal cases. That power was vested in the General Court which was to convene on the 8th of June. Why not postpone the organization of the courts till after the General Court had met. This would have been the regular, and hence the better proceeding. The preamble of the judges commission gives reasons, and reads thus : " Upon consideration that there are many criminal offenders now in custody, some whereof have lain long, and many inconven- iences attending the thronging of the jails at this hot season of the year, there being no judicatories or courts yet established ; ordered," &c. These reasons, though technically insufficient, may on the score of humanity, have had more weight on the minds of the Governor and Council, than they have on ours to-day. The 27th of May the hot sea- son of the year ! we must consider that the calendar has been changed, and that the 27th of May, old style, is the same as the 6th of June in our calendar. Shut up in close, inconvenient and crowded prisons, and conscious of their own innocence, the wi*etched prison- ers doubtless clamored for a speedy trial ; and it was charity to grant them this boon. The organization of the special court, and the ap- pointees named in the commission, met with general approval. Xot a 126 complaint was uttered, and not a breath of suspicion can be found in any contemporaiy writing against the character or personal integrity of any member of the court, and yet their course during the trials was severely criticised and condemned. The General Court acquiesced in the early action of the Governor aud Council, and for nearly six mouths took no measures to organize a regular court of judicature. It hardly becomes us to lay too much stress on the irregularity per- taining to the organization of the special court, when there is so much to condemn in the blind and illegal proceedings at the trial. In this, again, the judges followed English precedents, the opinion of Sir Matthew Hale, and of English lawyers, rather than the advice of the leading clergymen of Boston and the vicinity. But time will not suffice to discuss this point. My friend Mr. Upham, has said but little of the life and personal character of Giles Corey, while he has indulged in terms of eulogy which befit only a noble character. I have made no special study of Giles Corey's life, aud hence the little I know of him is that common information which is open to you all. My impression is that, though ^ an exemplary citizen and a church member in his latter days, he bore through life the reputation of anything but a saint. He had the mis- fortune to be continually in quarrels and disputes with his neighbors. He was a rash and impetuous man. He was once on trial for his life, for killing one of his farm laborers named Goodell; and though ac- quitted of that charge he was fined for cruelly beating the man. He was accused of stealing wood, of setting John Proctor's house on fire, and whatever mischief happened in the neighborhood it was thought safe to charge it upon Giles Corey. His rash nature may have brought him under suspicion when he was innocent. He sometimes turned upon his accusers, prosecuted them for slander, and recovered dam- ages. On the whole he must have lived a disturbed and troubled life, and where there was so much smoke it is safe to conclude there was some fire. When the witchcraft troubles broke out he was eighty- one years of age. He believed in punishing witchcraft, attended the trials, and entered into the spirit of the prosecutions. When his wife was accused he hedged, and became himself involved. He was ex- amined by the local magistrates, April 19, and committed to jail. At this examination he answered all questions, and manifested none of that resolute silence which five months later cost him his life. There was a rugged heroism in his manner of meeting death, which is pic- turesque ; but it fails to inspire in me that respect which I feel for the calm faith and resignation of Martha Corey and Rebecca Nurse. I will not detain you further by incidents in his life, which must be familiar to you all. Mr. S. C. Bancroft, thought that what Mr. Poole had said gave a 127 different view of the character of Giles Corey, and made it appear that Mr. Upham's suggestion as to the motives which actuated him in refusing to plead could not be the true one. If Corey brought his misfortunes upon himself why should he deserve sympathy or re- spect? He believed that some had thought of erecting a monument to the memory of Giles Corey, but for his part he would not con- tribute to such a monument to one who had obstinately defied the laws. He was inclined to think that Corey died a fool's death. Mr. Uphaji i-eplied to this at some length, defending Corey as one possessing many good traits, although he had not intended to claim for him a perfect character in all respects. His eccentricities made him often during his life the object of slander, but no serious charge was brought against him which was not disproved. When he was accused of setting John Proctor's house on fire he was proved to be innocent beyond question, and was acquitted. The fact of his owning and carrying on successfully for more than fifty years, so large and valu- able a farm as this, is greatly to his credit. But besides this his hav- ing been admitted to full membership in the old church at Salem when eighty years of age, and from that time at least, leading a wholly blameless and religious life, should relieve his character from the reproach of any former defects that may have existed. It seems very strange that here, in this enlightened age, and on the very spot where this victim of a terrible delusion had lived for so many years, the same calumnies that were made use of at the time by those in power, to shield themselves against the odium which even then attached to this cruel proceeding, should be again brought up to blacken his character. As to the monument to his memory, Mr. Upham said that he had not known that it had been proposed, but he was rejoiced to think that here on the very homestead of Giles Corey, the victim of the barbarism and superstitions of a past age, had arisen a most ap- propriate monument, the best that could be erected — a beautiful school house where the mind shall be educated, and an influence be spread abroad by which men shall be raised above the errors and delusions of ignorance, and freed from the darkness of superstitious beliefs. WEDNESDAY, AUGUST 10, 1870. A quarterly meeting was held at the rooms this day at 3 P. M. The President in the chair. Records of preceding meeting read. The proposed amendment to the Constitution, reported at the an- nual meeting, had its second reading. 128 Thomas Flint of Peabody, Francis H. Appletou of Peabody, and David Pingree of Salem, were elected Resident Members. DEFICIENCIES IN THE LIBRARY. It is intended, from time to time, to publish lists of deficiencies in the Library, hoping tliat thefriends of the Institute who may notice the same, will be induced to aid in completing the sets. Any mimber or volume, not designated (within brackets) under any title, ■will be acceptable. DEFICIKXCIES IN DIKECTOIJIES. [Continued from page 15.] Puo\nDENCE, by H. H. Brown [1838-9, 1841-2. 1844-5, 1817-8. lS.50-1. 1852-3, 1853-4, 1855-6, ia5G-", 1857-8] ; by Adams, Sampson & Co. [18G1. 1862, 1863, 1865] ; by Samp- son, Davenport & Co. [1866, 1867] ; by W. F. Bartlett [1859-60]. Bridgeport, by Andrew Boyd [1865-6]. Hartford, by Melzar Gardner [1838, 1&39, 1840, 1841] ; by Y. N. Bolles [1842,1844, 18451; by Elihu Geer [1846, 1847, 1848, 1849, 1850, 18,51, 1852-3, ia'53-4, ]a54-5, 18.55-6, 1&56-7, 1857-8, 1858-9, 18;J9-60, 18G0-1, 18G1-2, 1862-3. 1863-4, 1864-5, 1865-6, 1867-8]. New Haven, by James M. Patten [1845-6] ; by J. H. Benham [1848-9, 1850-1, 1851-2, 1852-3. 1^53-4, 1854-5, 18.55-6, 1856-7, 1857-8, 18,58-9, 1859-60, 18G0-1, 1861-2, 1862-3, 1863-4, 1364-5, 1866-7, 1867-8, 1869-70], Np:w London, by Starr & Co [I&i5-G]. Norwich, by W. H. Boyd [1857. 1860] ; by John W. Stcdman [18(;5]. Alisant, byWm. Cummeyer. Jr. [1829-30]; by Edmund B. Child [1&32-3, 1833-4, 1834-5, 1835-6] ; by L. G. Hoffman [1837-8, 1838-9, 1839-tO, l&lO-l, 1841-2, 1842-3, 1843-4, 1844-5, 1845-6, 1846-7, 1847-8, 1848-9, 1819-50, 1850-1]; by Hoffman & Munsell [1851-2]; by J. iMunseU [ia52-3, 1853-4, 1854, 1855, 1856] ; by George Adams [1857, 1858, 1859, 1860,1861,1862,1863], Auburn, by W. H. Boyd [1859-60], BiNGHAMPTON, by W. H. Boyd [1&59-60] ; by A. Boyd [1869-70]. BooxviLLE. by J. C. Kimball [1868]. BROOKLYN, by Henry L. Ogden [18.39-40] ; by H. R. & W. J. Heame [1848-9. 1849-50, 18.50-1, 18.51-2, 1852-3; by W. H. Smith [1854-5, 185.5-6, 1856-7]; by Hope & Henderson [1856-7] ; by J. Lain [ia57-8, 1858-9, 1859-60, 1860-1, 1861-2, 1862-3, 1863-4] ; by W, H. Bo}'d[lS60]. BUFFALO, by L. P. Crar>- [1828, 1832, 1835. 1837, 1838] ; by Faxon & Graves [1839, 18^0,1841]; by Horatio N. Walker [1842,1844]; by Thomas S. Cutting [1848-9]; by Jewett, Thomas & Co. [1850-1. 1851-2, 1852, 18.53. 1854] ; by Thomas Lathrop [1&55, 1&56] ; by E. R. Jewett [1857, 18,58, 1859, 1860] ; by R. "Wheeler & Co. [1861] ; by C. F. 8. Thomas [1862, 1863, 1864, 1865, 1866, 1867, 1868]. BULLETIN -Vol. 2. Salem, Mass., September, 1870. No. 9. One Dollar a Yeai- in Advance. 10 Cents a Single Copy. NOTES ^ AND QUERIES ON SALEM HARBOR. The harbor of Salem, which has floated so many ships famous in commercial annals, is deserving of some notice. A comparison of some of the entrances to the deepest harbors on the Atlantic coast will show that our own occupies a prominent position in the facilities oflered for navigation. The following table exhibits the depth of water in the ship channels of various ports, only the deepest being given. The figures in the columns, in feet and inches, are the depths at mean low water and mean high Avater. SALEM, MASS. Northern Ship Channel, between Baker's and Misery Islands 52 — 61.2 Southern Ship Channel 28 — 37.2 Inside of Salem Neck 19 — 28.2 PORTLAND, MAINE. rrom Cape Elizabeth to Portland Light 45 — 53.9 From Portland Light to Breakwater 36—44.9 From Breakwater to end of Munjoy Point 30 — 38.9 From Breakwater to Anchorage 16 — 24.9 PORTSMOUTH, N. H. From Whale's Back to Fort Constitution 42 — 50.6 From Fort Constitution to Narrows 51 — 59.6 Essex Ixst. Bulletin. ii 17 130 NEW YORK, N. Y. Gedney's Channel 23 — 27.8 Swash Channel 17 — 21.8 Old South Channel 21 — 25.8 Main Ship Channel, passing Sandy Hook, to S. W. Spit Buoy 31 —35.8 Main Ship Channel, after passing S. W. Spit Buoy on N. E. Course, one mile up the bay for New York 23 — 27.8 The depth of water inside of Winter Island, in Salem Harbor, is considerably greater than opposite the Neck. Taking all things into consideration, such as protection from the force of the sea by Islands, the Northern shore, and Naugus Head ; freedom from liability to change in the channels (the bottom being hard and the shores rock}'-, without shifting sands) : accessibility from and to the open sea, and all the local advantages of the position, why is not Salem a desirable place for a naval as well as a military station? As such it was strongly recom- mended by Dr. Bentley more than half a century ago. bowditch's ledge. This ledge did not derive its name from Dr. Nathaniel Bowditch, as is generally supposed, but from his great- grandfather, William, born in 1G63, died in 1728. He was the son of William who was Collector of the port of Salem under the Colonial government — born 1640, died 1681. The son William was a shipmaster and mer- chant. About the year 1700 he commanded the vessel called the Essex Galley, which struck upon this ledge, and hence the name Bowditch's Ledge. The Indian des- ignation was Tena])oo, and as such it has been known to the pilots of our day. A EELIC OF DR. BOAVDITCH. There is preserved in the Salem Custom House a Mani- fest of the cargo laden on board the Ship Putnam, whereof 131 Nathaniel Bowditch was master, from Sumatra aud the Isle of France, dated December 27, 1803. The ship was of the burthen of two hundred and sixty-six and forty ninety-fifths tons ; she was the only ship that Dr. Bow- ditch ever commanded, and this was his last voyage at sea. The Manifest is entirely in his own handwriting and is made out with his characteristic neatness and accu- racy. It also bears the autograph of Col. William E. Lee, then the Collector. An interesting incident is related of this voyage, in the Memoir of Dr. Bowditch, by his son, Nathaniel IngersoU Bowditch, viz. : "In his last voyage. Dr. Bowditch arrived ofi'the coast in mid-winter, and in the height of a violent northeast snow-storm. He had been unable to get an observation for a day or two, and felt very anxious and uneasy at the dangerous situation of the vessel. At the close of the afternoon of December 25, he came on deck, and took the whole management of the ship into his own hands. Feel- ing very confident where the vessel was, he kept his eyes directed towards the light on Baker's Island, at the en- trance of Salem harbor. Fortunately, in the interval between two gusts of wind, the fall of snow became less dense than before, and he thus obtained a glimpse of the light of which he was in search. It was seen by but one other person, and in the next instant all was again impen- etrable darkness. Confirmed, however, in his previous convictions, he now kept on his course, entered the har- bor, and finally anchored in safety. [Upon this occasion he had given his orders with the same decision aud pre- ciseness as if he saw all the objects around, and thus in- spired the sailors with the confidence which he felt him- self. One of them, who was twenty years older than his captain, exclaimed, 'Our old man goes ahead as if it was 132 noon-day ! '] He immediately went on shore, and the owners were very much alarmed at his sudden appear- ance on such a tempestuous night, and at first could hardly be persuaded that he had not been wrecked. And cordial indeed was the welcome which he received from one who had been listening to the warfjire of the elements with all the solicitude of a sailor's wife." The Manifest is an interesting and valuable relic, and should be carefully preserved. THE ISLANDS. Baker's Island was so called as earl}' as 1630, probably from one Baker, a ship-carpenter, as is sui^posed. This and the other islands were long covered with the primi- tive forests, and complaints were frequent that the woods sutfered from depredators. In 1670 the town authorities issued the following order : That " Francis CoUinse haue liberty to fell twenty trees for to build his son, John Brown, a house, and himself a house, vpou Baker's Hand, and ther to take what he wanteth, and is apoynted to take care, that not any cutt timber or wood without leave of Selectmen." In 1673 a committee was empowered to have wood, illegally cut down there and on Moulton's Misery, brought away, and to use suitable means to prevent similar oifeuces. Baker's Island was leased to John Turner, and the Miseries to George Cur wen, in 1678, for a thousand years and a day. In 1731 a son of the first lessee pur- chased the fee of Salem in the premises thus let to him. The price paid for Baker's Island was one hundred and thirty pounds, in bills of credit, at eighteen shillings and sixpence for an ounce of silver. A like sum was paid for Misery Islands. In 1783 Baker's Island was described 133 as of the best soil for grass ; great quantities of superior butter and cheese had been made there from the milk produced on its fodder ; always had a supply of fresh water, and was "never known to be infested with flies, musketoes, or other insects to disturb " the cattle. The Light Houses were erected in 1797, and the lights first shown January 3, 1798. The following article by Dr. Bentley, which was pub- lished in the Essex Eegister of August 9, 1817, is of in- terest in this connection : — " Our Islands are not in the high cultivation they read- ily admit, and are the only part of our soil which is de- privecl of its former reputation. They are not so exten- sive as the Boston Islands, but they are recovering the share of favor they have lost. The excellent crop of grass this year, on Gat Island, has rewarded the labor of our neighbors from Marble- head, who gathered it. The provident keeper of the Light House on Baker's Island has restored a garden to that spot, and has re- newed some of the labors which rendered that island delightful, while it was the property of Col. Turner and his heirs, above a century. The Moulton Misery Isles had as early attention, and were an object to the family of Capt. Cur wen, the great- est merchant of Salem. The House, which was demol- ished during the war of the Revolution, has not yet been restored, but the Islands promise to reward the diligence of any worthy inhabitant and cultivator. The romantic scenery of Eagle Island remains the same, losing only its trees. Coney Island was purchased by the family of Sewall, not long after the former purchases we have mentioned, and has yielded its harvests in our own time, and been 134 memoral>le for its festive scenes, and Avill again invite the same guests who once blessed it. Within the Islands, upon Beverly shore, and above West Beach, is the farm long possessed by the venerable Barmird, of Marblehead, whose praise is in all our churches. Along the shores are to be seen the houses raised on the same favorite spots which were chosen ])y the first planters of Salem, and near the central settle- ments of Beverly, opposite to the bar from Salem Neck, once the landing of the first ferry, is to be seen the place of the palisadoes which were in the rear of Fort Derby, of which the front is on the sea." Cat Island (now Lowell Island) was granted, in 1655, by the General Court, to Gov. Endicott and his heirs. Its proper designation was Cotta, probubl}^ from an early inhftl)itant of that name, Robert Cotta, but it is also called in some documents Catta, subsequently contracted by the popular phrase to Cat. It was bequeathed in 1684, by Zerubbal)el Endicott, to his daughters, under the name of Cotta. The grant to the Governor was as follows : — "1655 — May 23. At the request of our present hon- oured Gouernor, John Endecott, Esquire, the iland called Catta Island, being about two acors, lying neere to ^Nlar- ble Head, shall & hereby is graunted to him & his heires foreuer, provided it be not giuen to any towne or person already." The Misery Islands were early called Moulton's Misery, from a disastrous shipwreck there. They appear under that name in 1658-9, and probably earlier. House Island was so called from a rock on it resem- bling a building. In 1660, May 31, the General Court Eecord reads : " In answer to je petition of ye selectmen of Salem, 135 humbly crauing the favor of this Court to grauut them the propriety of the ilands called the Miserjes and Baker's Island, the Court judgeth it not meete to graunt theire request." On the 16th of October, of the same year, 1660, how- ever, the Court acceded as follows : — " Vpou a motion made in the behalfe of the inhabitants of Salem, this Court judgeth it meete to graunt to them certaiue islands knowne by the name of the Miserjes & Baker's Island, lying in the mouth of theire harbor : pro- vided, that it shall be lawful for any fishermen to make vse of them in making of fish, & whateuer conduceth thereto, as building houses, stages, &c., as also wood & flaking in all fishing seasons." The subsequent proprietorship can be easily traced from the public records. The Names of ledges, shoals and rocks present a curious theme for study and inquiry. Who, for instance, can state the ori- gin and significance of the terms Satan, Pope's Head, the Brimbles, the Endeavors, the Triangles, Kettle Bottom, Great and Little Haste, Great and Little Aqua Vitae, Cutthroat Ledge, House Ledge, Pilgrim Ledge, and nu- merous rocks that might be mentioned ? The Haste was called Johnson's Haste before 1697, and probably from one John Johnson of Salem, who, in 1693, prays redress for what he considered oppressive Custom House charges, the said petitioner " having for nigh three years followed the trade of boating goods " to and from Boston. Rising States Ledge was probably so called from a ves- sel of that name touching upon it, but can any of our old commercial men tell when and under what circumstances ? 136 III the latter part of the last ceutuiy, aud early in the present there was a ship Rising States, still remembered by some among us, and the name of the ledge may be in some way connected with an incident in her history. There was also a brig of the same name. The ledge was so called previous to 1806, for Dr. Bowditch thus records it in his chart of the harbor, published in that year. There is a rock now called Gray's rock, but it was for- merly styled the Gray rock, and Satan was called the Black rock, as if to designate the color. Might not many interesting events in our commercial annals be revealed by endeavoring to trace out the origin of these terms? Some of them undoubtedly date back to the earliest settlement of Salem, and have as memor- able a significance as those of Thacher's Island, Avery's Rock, and Norman's Woe — the first two recorded in Mather's Magna! ia, and the last immortalized in Long- fellow's Wreck of the Hesperus. EXCURSION TO PLYMOUTH, THURSDAY, SEPTEMBER 1, 1870. The members of the Institute aud their friends, numbering about seven hundred, spent a most delightful da\' on an excursion to Ply- mouth in the steamer " Escort," which was chartered for the occa- sion. The smoothness of sea, the brightness of sunshine and com- fort of temperature were all that could be desired. A more auspi- cious da)' could not have been selected. The boat left Phillips wharf, Salem, at 8.30 A. M., and after skirting along the shores of Marblehead and Swampscot struck across the bay in a direct line to Minot's Ledge ofi' Cohasset. The breakers were dashing around the light- house and the white foam was discernible for a considerable distance. This lighthouse is a firm, substantial, and massive work, and is not likely to experience the fate of its predecessor, which was destroyed in the great gale of April 16, 1851, with its inmates. The people at the light waved their handkerchiefs in recognition of the excursion party, the steamboat blew its whistle, and the fog bell at the light- 137 house was struck several times iu response. This, with music from the'band, constituted the interchange of courtesies usual on such occa- sions, and the event was, on the wliole, one of considerable interest. From Minot's Ledge to Plymouth the boat kept near the shore, thus affording an opportunity to observe its peculiarities as contrasted with the North Shore. South of Cohasset, few rocks or ledges wei'e to be seen. Steep sandy bluffs rose to the view with much frequency. The straggling houses which dotted the hills and slopes, and the vil- lages which occasionally came into view, were objects of interest and elicited frequent inquiry as to the names of the different towns, which are, — Cohasset, Scituate, Marshfield, Duxbury, Kingston, and Ply- mouth. Duxbury is due west of Provincetown ; the extremity of Cape Cod and that toAvn, with Kingston and Plymouth, form the western shore of Cape Cod Baj'. These towns cover considerable territory, and generally have more than one village. Thus there are Cohasset and North Cohasset, Scituate and North Scituate, North Marshfleld, East Marshfield and South Marshfield, Duxbury and West Duxbury, etc. The old lighthouse at Scituate was an object of some interest, having a very primitive look, while Marshfield attracted special attention as having been the home of Webster whom Massa- chusetts loved to honor. The harbor of Plymouth is shallow, and good pilotage seems essential. The pilot boats appear to be numerous, and the captain secured the services of a pilot fi'om one of them ; and the steamer, in making her way slowly in, once grounded, even with this precau- tion. She entered by a winding and circuitous course, running close to a long, low sand bar, which extends a mile apparently, into the bay and across the mouth of the harbor, and upon which the attempt has been made to construct a long line of breakwater, which still stands with varying degrees of permanency. Rounding the headland at the north of the harbor, which contains the Gurnet lighthouse, the excur- sionists had a view of Clark's Island, where the Pilgrims spent their first Sunday, and of Captain's Hill, where Captain Miles Standish lived and died, and where, it is said, vestiges of his house, and the well dug upon the premises, still remain. At 2 P. M. the boat reached her destination; the company was met at the lauding by a committee of the selectmen, who conducted them to Plymouth Rock, wliere a cordial welcome was tendered by the chair- man, Albert Mason, Esq., as follows : — • Friends of the Essex Institute : — I am happy in behalf of the oldest town in New England, to extend her greeting to so distinguished a company, from her next oldest sister. Two hundred and fifty years ago, Samoset, with the little English Essex Inst. Bulletin. ii 18 138 which he had learned from fishermeu, made, near the spot where we now stand, the most impressive reception speecli which history pre- serves. While I trust the Pilgrims before me have not that fear of hostile intent from the natives, which gave to the auditors of Samoset such peculiar interest iu his words of welcome, I should esteem my- self especially fortunate to have learued enough of the language in which antiquarians think, to be able to give to you the timely aid in the purpose of your pilgrimage that his brief words gave to them in the sublime object of theirs. As Samoset had need to employ Squauto, who had leaimed English in England, to communicate fully his kindly purposes, so to interpret in detail all the ancieut relics of historic interest which we wish to show you, I shall need to call to my aid the society which has ac- quired a readier speech by studies in the same school with yourselves and I kuow the resident members of the Pilgrim Society will assume this office with gi'eat pleasure. It will sulfico for me to give the gen- eral words of welcome which shall assure you that Plymouth is right glad to see you ; that she has not forgotteu the intimate blending of her early history with that of Salem. Indeed so close were the rela- tions of the two colonies that histoi-y has somewhat confounded the record of the two, and has not unusually given to Plymouth the honor which belongs to Salem, of being the first home of the Puritans in New England, and — pardon me for the I'eminder — has yet more commonly charged upon us the particular shortcomings of those ex- cellent men in which the Independents of Plymouth did not share. Salem and Plymouth are no longer in their youth, and many changes have been wrought in each since Roger Williams, the beloved assist- ant pastor of the church at Salem, first preached absolute freedom of conscience, and defined the dividing line of jurisdiction between church and state so clearly, that he had need to .make Plymouth an asj'lum for two years. Both towns are now what the Boston Adver-' User says " seem like stray locks of gray hair upon the forehead of the nation ;" but I say for the older of the two, what I doubt not the younger will endorse, that the nation itself is yet young, and her old- est towns are yet in the prime of life, with so much yet to achieve that two hundred and fifty years are but a preparatory course to what is before them. The visit of to-day may be gathered from your records by somQ industrious historian of centuries hence, and serve an im- portant purpose in perpetuating the intimacy that should ever be cherished between the oldest towns of New England. We thank you for this call, and regret that you cauuot prolong it. I am requested, in behalf of the Pilgrim Society, to invite you to visit Pilgrim Hall and spend as much time with the relics there as you may be able. The Rock is here ; Cole's Hill is before you ; Burial Hill just 139 beyond. Our town is open to your study ; its every hill and every val- ley, every pond and every stream has a story that carries the mind back to the time when your fathers and ours were drawn to each other by common perils and common hopes. May not the memory of those perils and the realization of those hopes bring Salem and Ply- mouth together as pleasantly to-day? As the family of our fathers' friends we bid you again a most hearty welcome. Dr. Hexuy "Wheatland, President of the Essex Institute, replied as follows : — Mr. Chairman : — In behalf of the members and friends of the Essex Institute, I tender their sincere thanks for your cordial recep- tion this day, and for the opportunity to examine the intei'esting memorials of this ancient town, the early home of the Pilgrims. It is appropriate that the descendants of the companions of Roger Conant, who formed the first permanent settlement on the North Shore of Massachusetts Bay in 1626 ; of Governor Endicott and his associates, who landed in 1628; of Rev. Francis Higginsou and his .friends, in 1629," and who organized the first church in the colony, should make a pilgrimage to this sacred spot, and revive the incidents of that early period in our history. A few months since I received a letter from a former resident of Salem, now residing near Lincoln, England, giv- ing a very interesting account of two visits to Scrooby, the first in 1849, the second in 1869 ; he described the old manor house, and nar- rated many interesting reminiscences of William Bradford and his friends in the organization of the pilgrim church, which, after a re- moval to Leyden for a few years, came to America in 1620, and lauded . on this spot. The Essex Institute was formed in 1848 by the union of the Essex Historical and the Essex County Natural History Societies, the former organized in 1821, the latter in 1833. Objects, to collect and preserve materials to elucidate the civil and natural history of the County of Essex, and for the promotion of art, literature and the sciences. A leading feature is the plan of holding field meetings, which were first instituted in 1849, and have since been annually held with the excep- tion of some two or three years — usually about five each season in the several towns in the county. Four have been held beyond the limits. This slight sketch may perhaps be desirable to inform you of our objects and aims. I trust that we may ere long have the pleasure of receiving a visit from the Pilgrim Society and the citizens of this town, and again thank you for this reception. 140 Dr. Wheatlaud iutroduced Dr. George B. Loiung, who spoke as follows : — Ladies and Gentlemen : — I cannot assume the honorable position which the President of our Institution has assigned me. without call- ing to your minds the associations which gather around a visit of the historical explorers of Essex County, to tlie renowned locality where the Puritans planted their genius on this continent, after vain, and I think, heaven-thwarted endeavors to plant it elsewhere. We are reminded of the early relations which existed between the great men of Essex and Plymouth. When, in compliance with a promise to Roger Conant, who, as early as 1626, was found nursing the infant Massachusetts Colony on tiie headlands of Cape Ann, and who, with his companions, has been called " the sentinels of Puritanism on the Bay of Massachusetts," John Endicott, a "Puritan of the sternest mould," embarked in the Abigail, for the settlement of Naumkeag. Plymouth was his guiding star, and the God of tlie Puritan was his "sta}"- and stafi"" through all his trial. Disease attacked these first settlers of Salem, and " being destitute of a physician, Dr. Fuller of Plymouth went to their relief; and in the interview with Mr. Endi- cott, the religious views of the Pilgrim were discussed, which led to a correspondence between Mr. Endicott and Govei'nor Bi'adford, then personallj'^ strangers, and, a friendship commenced which lasted till death." Then it was that tlie Woodburys, and Balchcs, and Palfreys of Essex County learned the earnestness and fidelity and power of the Carvers, and Brewsters, and Winslows, and Aldens, and Standishes of Plymouth ; and now we, in whose veins the blood of both colonies has commingled, are here to view the sacred relics and tread the sacred soil of our ancestors. The same sun which lighted their watery pathway, has shone for us ou our journey hither; upon the bosom of these watei's their humble shallops floated ; the soft land breezes cheer, and the fierce gales vex the voyager, as they did when the Mayflower and the Abigail bore their precious freights ; here is the same "stern and rock bound coast;" here are the islands and the low line of shore, and here, let us piously and gratefully believe, is the same defiant spirit, the same earnest faith, the same trust in God and humanity, which gave the Puritan immortal force, and which have stood as firm against all attacks, as have these promontories against the assaults of the raging seas. I have no time here to discuss the genius, or recite the history of the Puritans of Plymouth and Naumkeag ; but, while as a citizen of Essex County I can congratulate the men of Plymouth that upon their name, and not upon ours, has the mantle of immortality fallen, I congratulate the world that the Puritan spirit of our common ances- 141 try still endures, and holds triumphant sway over the social and civil institutions of our laud. We admire the spirit of adventure Avhich settled the other American colonies ; but we bow before the stern re- solve which settled Plymouth. We may envy the " calm and monoto- nous ease" which Wouter Van T wilier secured for the Dutch colonists of New York; we may repose for a time in the liberal indiflereuce which opened the mouth of the Hudson to the flying Swedes, and Walloons, and Waldenses, and Huguenots, and English, and Holland- ers, and converted the harbor of Xew York into a I'efuge and not a nationality; we may study with interest the jealousy and suspicion which created for the Dutch colonies a dislocated unity, and perhaps sowed the seed, from which a noxious crop of reservations and dis- tractions has sprung up in our couutrj'; but we admire and believe in that faith in God and a good government, which inspired the Puri- tan to establish a popular civil system upon a substantial foundation, and gave us in reality " a church without a bishop, and a State with- out a kiug." Morally and physically the Puritan grew strong, and it has been well said of the early colonial period of New York that •' it served but iudiflerently to prepare the (Dutch) colonists for their im- pending contentions, with men whose frames and spirits had been braced by the. discipline of those severe trials that befell the first planters of New England." Compared also with the various other American colonies, how vital and enduring Plymouth appears ! Of their settlements hardly any- thing remains which would call forth a pilgrimage ; of their govern- ments no valuable principle has been handed down to us ; of their religious fervor and devotion, we have no record to command our ad- miration or reverence. Not to Jamestown, not to New York, not to the Carolinas, do men turn their steps in adoration. Not in this day can the long repose of the Hollander be broken, and men be taught that New Amsterdam is a rival of Plymouth in histoi'ic greatness, sig- nificance and renown. History provides its most brilliant pages to those events which operate as causes, not to those which follow as a consequence. And so in the annals of popular representative govern- ment, the compact made on board the Mayflower outshines the Union of the Dutch colonies, and the blows struck at Concord and Bunker Hill, amid trial and disaster, have a significance unknown to the suc- cessful endeavor at Saratoga, which owes its name and its fame to the fact that the Puritan of Massachusetts would not submit to oppres- sion and wi'ong. While the Puritan believed in civil freedom and individual rights, he also believed in a, definite form of religion and government, to aid man in resisting temptation and developing his moral nature, and to aid him also in discharging his civil service wisely and faithfully. In- 142 fidelity and anarchy bad no charms for him. The solemnity and fer- vor with which he started forth in his career, impatient alike of the restraints of England, and of the sluggish materialism of Holland, have never been equalled either in peace or in war. Casting aside the temptations of mercantile adventure, ho called his poverty-stricken band about him, and set forth upon an enterprise whose value can never be measured. The "tender last farewell" of John Robinson, filled with a spirit of inquiry and liberality, and warm with religious faith, inspired at once the thought and sentiment of advancing Chris- tianity. "We are now, ere long," he said, " to part asunder; and the Lord only knoweth whether ever I shall live to see your faces again. But, whether the Lord hath appointed this or not, I charge you, be- foi-e God and his blessed angels, to follow me no further than I have followed Christ : and if God shall reveal anything to yo'u by any other instrument of his, be as ready to receive it as ever j^ou were to re- ceive any truth by my ministry : and I am confident that the Lord hath more light and truth yet to break forth out of his Holy Word. * * * Remember, also, your church covenant, especially that part of it whereby you promise and covenant with God and one another, to receive whatsoever light and truth shall be made known to you from his written word. But take heed what you receive for truth, and examine, compare, and Aveigli it well with the Scriptures." This was the Puritan's religion, his inheritance from a long line of protest- ing ancestors, his support, too, in those hours of trial which attended the severe and solemn service to which he was born. The Puritan's civil organization was founded upon the same ele- ments as his religious — loyalt}', faith, self-reliance and the largest freedom. The compact made on board the Mayflower, the result of social and civil necessities which had not been provided for by that government Avhich they had left, but which they still recognized as their own, is remarkable above all things in this — that it was en- tirely adapted to the occasion, and laid the foundation of the govern- ment on the consent of the governed. The hard experience of the Puritans under oppressive and arbitrary rule, had taught them the value of that civil S3'stem which springs from the wisdom of those who constitute society and the state, and which turns for its support to the loyal hearts and moral energies of those who made it. How inferior to this great principle is anj^ mere machiner}- of power — any mere superstructure, which is exposed to the storms of popular pas- sion, and can only supply a temporally necessity. Theories of finance, and of the relations of the states to the general government, and of taxation, and of charity and education, may change, but for popular government, the theory and practice of the Puritans cannot change. And the instinct of mankind, in all great popular endeavors, turns to 143 this spot for an example of those great virtues which caa alone give stability to the state, and which are as immortal as human aspirations, and man's highest desires. No wonder that the American mind has erected here one of its great temples of worship. The high purpose and the immortal thought of the Puritan have imparted to our nationality a greatness, which shall endure through all decay and change, as the inspiration of the prophets and wise men of old has outlived the temples and groves which echoed to their divine words. The great American poem was written here — the great American anthem was sung on these shores. The spiritual sublimity which hovers over this spot — what has it not done to give the American name glory and honor and power in all the realm of thought ; what has it not done to give man- kind new courage in all heroic effort. Let us then with large and liberal hearts thank God for this great inheritance, and find here that divine light, which, streaming across our laud, warms and irradiates, and vitalizes all names and events that are dear to the American peo- ple. Let then Plymouth stand as she has always stood, the central figure around which the nobility of our land may cluster. Not as rivals, but as compauious, let the sister colonies be called into her presence ; and her glory shall be theirs also. And let us remember that historj' has assigned the Puritan his position, from which he can- not be dethroned ; and that the annals of America and the world could better spare any other colony than that planted at Plymouth. The Hox. Thomas Eussell of Boston was introduced as Judge Eussell, and came forward and said, he would rather be introduced as Mr. Kussell of Plymouth. He then made some brief and very appro- priate allusions to the localities of historical interest and closed his re- marks in extending an invitation to all to accompany him on a tour of inspection ; the limited time before the departure of the boat only permitting a cursory view. At Plymouth Rock near the lauding, a handsome granite monument is nearly completed ; a portion of the rock was removed some years since ; placed in the area in front of Pilgrim Hall, and enclosed within an iron fence, on which are inscribed the names of the signers of the compact on board of the Mayflower, Nov. 21, 1G20. Cole's Hill is near by, where fifty-one of the Pilgrijns who died the first winter were buried, and where the ground was sowed with grain, that the Indians might not know the number of their dead. A short distance beyond is Burying Hill, originally called Fort Hill (the first defensive structure having been erected on its summit), an eminence rising one hundred and sixty-five feet above the sea, which commands 144 an extensive view ehlbraciug the harbor and the sliores of the bay for miles around ; the visitor cannot fail to recall the time when the May- flower sailed into the harbor, laden with men, women- and children, the founders of a mighty empire, and reflect upon the great changes that have occurred during the lapse of two and one-half centuries. The whole extent of this hill is covered with the symbols of mortality -^the sepulchres of these venerated fathers. The oldest stone marks the grave of Edward Gray, and bears the date of 1681. The remains of Gov. Bradford and many of his descendants here repose. The Court House contains many old documents and papers of great value and interest. Pilgrim Hall, a monumental structure of rough granite, has many old relics, a library and some paintings. On entering the Hall, the painting of the -Landing of the Pilgrims," presented by Henry Sar- gent, Esq., of Boston, attracts attention; size, thirteen by sixteen feet. All the prominent characters in the colony, arc represented in the costume of their time, wath the friendly Indian, Samoset, in the foi'eground. There are also portraits of Edward Winslow, Josiah Winslow, Gen. John Wiuslow, Major General Benjamin Lincoln, Hon. John Trumbull and others. Among the antiquities are noticeable : a chair which belonged to Gov. Carver; the sword, pewter dish, and ii-on pot that once belonged to Miles Staudish; the gun-barrel with which King Philip was killed; deeds bearing the signatures of Miles Standish, Josiah Winslow, Peregrine While, John Alden, and many others of the old notables ; chairs belonging to Elder Brewster and Gov. William Bradford; the "Fuller Cradle," besides many other curious and interesting relics. This bird's eye view has awakened a desire to revisit these interest- ing localities Avhen sufficient time will permit a more extended ex- amination. The Hon. Jacob H. Loud, Collector Russell, Albert Mason, Esq., Charles C. Doieu, Esq., and other prominent citizens, were active in rendering this visit agreeable and profitable. To these gentlemen the Institute hereby tenders its sincere thanks. Promptly at the ap- pointed hour the party reerabarked for home, and the "Escort'' again steamed towards Salem, and at 8 P. M. reached Phillips' wharf, the sail as pleasant and enjoyable as the outward trip had been. BULLETIN ESSIEUX: UsTSTZTTTTIE. Vol. 2. Salem, Mass., October, 1870. No. 10. One Dollar a Tear in Advance. 10 Cents a Single Copy. OLD CHANNELS OF TRADE. From a Paper read before the Essex Institute Feb. 4, 1867, BY HOBERT Political Economy tells us that cost of traDsportation is as legitimate an element of value, as is labor expended in the production of merchandise, or fixed capital in- vested. Facilities for transportation, therefore, aftect directly and sensibly the cost of all that we use and the value of all that we have. Thus the coal of Pennsylva- nia has but little worth to the limited population near enough to reach it without pul)lic focilities for transporta- tion, while a very large fraction of what we pay for the fuel in our grates is paid to the carriers of this exhaust- less treasure. Li 1817 coal could be had at Pittsburg at six cents per bushel. Again, wheat is worth about one dollar and a half per bushel or fifty dollars per ton. To move a ton of it on common roads costs fifteen cents per mile. Three hundred and thirty miles of transportation, then, will cost as much as the wheat will sell for. But transportation by rail is computed at one and one-half cents per ton, and now wheat may be moved thirty-three Essex Inst. Bulletin. ii 19 146 hundred miles before the freight equals its marketable value. Thus the economic limit of transportation is ex- tended tenfold by the application of steam power, and Chicago becomes great, while without this means of gar- nering in the golden harvests of the prairie, she might be an Indian trading post and little m(5re. Water has been, in modern times, the great carrier of products. To the interchange of products by water, the term "commerce" has been applied, almost exclusively. For commerce, thus understood, high claims have been advanced. Commerce has been held to be the civilizer of the world. Hovering on her wliite wings from sea to sea, she has been likened to the dove of Peace. She has been called, too, the dispenser of the world's wealth — the arbiter of the destiny of princes. Let us examine these claims for a moment. Nothing contributes so much toward keeping alive the unholy fires of prejudice, alienation and hate as geograph- ical separations among men. Bring human beings to- gether and they at once perceive — and tliat, too, by instinct and without persuasion — that their fellows are more like themselves and less ill-disposed than they had fancied them to be. Thus commerce, being the great carrier of persons, has been the great pacificator, and rec- onciler,— and, among human agencies, the master-educa- tor and civilizer of mankind. But commerce has also been the dispenser of wealth! The East has been the historic, as it has been the fabled source of the world's riches. Pactolus of the an- cient poet enriches, with its golden sands, the India of the modern statesman, and the glowing "wealth of Ormus and of Ind " are not more the revel of Milton's fancy than the record of the Rothschilds' ledger. To this result circumstances of soil and climate conspire with an ancient 147 civilization, a unique social condition and a population so redundant as to make labor almost without value, and life without a higher aspiration than to live. It has long been a favorite theory with political specu- lators that the nation which, for the time being, controls the trade of the East, practically controls the world. Sir Walter Raleigh reduced this principle to a formula, thus : "Whosoever commands the sea, commands the trade of the world, — whosoever commands the trade of the world conniiands the riches of the world, and consequently the world itself." "He who possesses Constantinople gov- erns the world," said Napoleon I. This theory that the carrying trade of the East is the key of modern empire, has had the countenance of Dr. Robertson and other Eng- lish writers to some extent, and has guided many of the conspicuous acts of the Bonaparte family in France. This was the star that lured the first Napoleon into Egypt, and it has so far influenced the career of Napoleon III., that a moment will not be misspent in considering the form assumed by the theory in the mind of that Emperor. It will be remembered that Charles Louis Napoleon Bonaparte, before his election to the Revolutionary as- sembly of 1848, and his later election as President of the Republic, had made two several armed attempts upon the throne of France, each one of them as ill-advised as John Brown's raid into Virginia, though I never heard that the wily Frenchman was esteemed a madman on account of them. The first of. these took place at Strasbourg, Oct. 30, 18^5. And instead of dealing vigorously with it, the kiiig, not feeling very firm upon his throne, and anxious to conciliate the enthusiasm which the name of the adventurer still roused throughout France, for he was about to bring back from St. Helena, with pomp, to Paris, the ashes of the mighty founder of that name, excused in rj 148 part the foolhardy adventure of the nephew, and sent him, in an armed vessel, to America. In May, 1838, the banished Bonaparte left this country for England, but not before thoroughly acquainting himself with the geogra- phy and civil polity of the States of America. At Bou- logne, Aug. G, 1840, he made his second attempt to seize the throne, having eml)arked by steamer from England with a written proclamation, a few followers, and a tame eagle, which was to typify the French Empire in this fee- ble melodrama. For this act he was incarcerated for life in the castle at Ilam, from which he escaped in disguise six years later. It will be seen, then, that the destined Emperor of the French enjoyed, between 1840 and 1846, six years of leisure in which to ponder upon his future, — his pre- conceived ideas of policy and war, and the knowledge he had obtained of the Western Continent. During this period he was in constant receipt of communications call- ing his attention to the brilliant future of the Central American States, and urging him, upon eftecting his es- cape, to undertake the prosecution of public works, for connecting, by a ship channel at this point, the Pacific ocean with the Caribbean Sea. Immediately upon his flight from Ilam in 184G, he put forth over the letters "L. N. B.," a pamphlet now included in his published works, — in which he shows that certain countries, "situated," as he says, " on the high-road of commerce, are destined, from their geographical position, to a high prosperity." He cites, for examples, Tyre, Carthage, Constantinople, Venice, Liverpool and London, as exhibiting "the aston- ishing spectacle of powerful states, springing suddenly from unwholesome swamps." Constantinople he de- scribes as "the central point between Europe, Asia and Africa, — situated between two seas where she might have 149 fleets and dominion," and adds, "this is what the city of Constantine might he, but is not, because, as Montes- qiiieii says, God permitted the Turks to exist, possessing uselessly a great empire." Xapoleon III. then develops the correlative proposi- tion, as follows : "A State exists in the new world as admirablj' situa- ted as Constantinople, and as uselessly occupied — Nicar- agua. As Constantinople is the centre of the old world, so is the town of Leon of the new ; and if the tongue of laud which separates the two lakes from the Pacific were cut through, she would command, by her central position, the entire coast of North and South America. "Here is the shortest route for the United States to China and the East Indies, and for England and Europe to Xew Holland and the South Pacific. * » « * * England will see with pleasure Central America become a flourishing and powerful State, which will establish a balance of power by creating in Spanish America enter- prise powerful enough to prevent, by backing Mexico, any further encroachment from the North." As late as 1858, and probably up to the time when the French designs upon Mexico began to unfold themselves, the Imperial mind still clung to the project of a Nicar- agua Canal, to bear the name of Napoleon, and to be commanded at its mouth by French ships of war. Polit- ical as well as physical focts seem to have set their fiat against the fruition of his dream, and the adventurer turned his attention, after the failure of his Mexican and Central American designs, to the completion of the Suez Canal, by which he hoped to bring the largest Indiameu into the Mediterranean through the Gulf of Aden and the Ked Sea. Should this plan succeed, and it has, I believe, the endorsement of the elder Stephenson and every pros- 150 pect iu its favor, the wealth of the Indies may resume its ancient channel for a time, and Napoleon III. may yet live to see a share of the commerce of the East restored, by the successor of Charlemagne; to the Latin countries of Southern Europe. Commerce among the ancients Avas a wholly different thing from the commerce of the modern world. It was confined mainly to the shores of the Mediterranean and rarely ventured beyond the pillars of Hercules. To the ports and cities of these shores it drew, to some extent, the wealth of the interior. To how limited an extent will be obvious, when we reflect that road- ways for trans- portation by carriages were unknown except in the imme- diate environs of the great cities, — and that the pro- ducts of the country were brought for export to the sea, and the products of exchange returned, on the backs of camels, asses, oxen and men. Just so in Arabia to-day is brought out from the back country to Mocha that delicious coffee with which our townsman, Capt. Bertram, regales so many of the breakfast tables of the Union. Of course, under such a system, only articles of small bulk and great value can be advantageously transported. The staples of modern commerce were then unheard of. Neither cotton, tobacco, sugar, coal, nor iron, were then subjects of freight, and breadstuff's only in limited and intermittent quantities. Trade was made tributary to the luxuries rather than the comforts of life, and gold, ivory, spices, marble for building and the arts, gums, jewels, silks and ornamental woods outranked in consequence the staple commodities. Thus Tyre, Carthage, Athens, Cor- inth, Corey ra, Byzantium and lihodes grew great in turn upon the overland traffic of Asia and Africa which they carried across Europe, even at last so far as to barter for 151 the furs of Scaucliiiavia and the tin of Britain. Thus Alexandria, planted by the Conqueror at the month of the Nile, controlled, under the Ptolemies, the trade of Africa. Thus Babylon under Alexander, and Palmyra under Solomon, both inland cities, but planted in the highway of Asiatic commerce, rose to the chief place among- nations and again declined under the enervating influences of wealth and conquest. The causes of commercial greatness operative among the ancients, continued to operate during the middle ages, and produced, in turn, the Italian Republics. Venice, Genoa, Florence, Pisa, held the carrying trade of the East, until the end of the fifteenth century, at which period they had introduced Public Banking, — Book- keeping by double entry, — Bills of Exchange, and a system of Funded Debt, — and the coins of Venice circu- lated from Iceland to Cathay. Two momentous events signalized the close of the fifteenth century. Spain had found her way to America in search of a new path to India, — Portugal had found a new path to India by doub- ling the African Cape. From this date the Mediterra- nean ports sunk in importance, and the vigorous peoples of northern Europe grasped their share of Eastern traffic, by following the Portuguese pioneers around the Cape of Good Hope. During the sixteenth and seventeen cen- turies the Dutch were carriers for the rest of Europe, and the English superseded them in the eighteenth. And now the ambitious formula of Sir Walter Paleigh was by no means forgotten. In 1787 Sir John Dairy mple, un- easy that Spain should hold, — still more uneasy lest the United States mio'ht thereafter hold — the Isthmus of Darien, wrote thus on the subject in a work whose signifi- cant motto was : Regique hoc dicite vestro, — Non illi iiiii)eriiim pelagi 1 152 a prototyj)e, it would seem, of that familiar refrain to which, at last, Americans can listen with composure : Rule, Britaunia ! Rule the waves ! Britous never will be slaves. The Englishman writes as follows : "But if neither Britain singly, nor the maritime ports of Europe jointl}^ will treat with Spain for a passage across Darien, it requires no great gift of prophecy to foresee, that the period is not far distant when, in order to procure the precious metals at once, the States of America will seize upon that pass with ease, wresting it from the feeble violence of Spain. ***** Their next move Avill be to take possession of the Sandwich Islands, discovered by the immortal Cook. "Stationed thus in the middle and on the east and west sides of the new western world the English-Ameri- cans will form not only the most potent but the most singular empire that has ever appeared ; because it will consist in the dominion not of a part of the globe but of the whole ocean. For, on the one side of the new continent, from the Sandwich Islands, tliey may, by turning a little to the south, run on the trade wind to the East Indies, or, by turning less than twenty degrees north, run on the great west wind, which blows here ten months out of the twelve every ye^jr, to the coast of Mexico, by Avhich the gold of tlie East and the silver of the West will be within their reach. " From Darien they will sail to China ; from China to India; from India to Chile, and from Chile by the south land wind, which never varies, to Darien ; that is, they will make the tour of the Indian and Southern seas, everywhere collecting wealth by trade, in a little more time than it takes for tlie vovao'e from London to Venice. 153 * * * On both sides of the continent, dnring the wars of Europe, they will enjoy as neutrals the carrying trade from Europe to the one side, and from India to the other side of the new world ; even in peace they may engross the India trade." * * * Without recourse to that violence which Sir John Dalrymple so much appre- hended, the dreaded Americans will soon have accom- plished all that he foresaw. We now enjoy the free passage of the Isthmus of Darien by rail, and silks from China as well as the precious metals of Australia and California have come that way. Recently a treaty has been concluded securing to us the long coveted ship-canal through the Isthmus of Darien. We already reap the benefit of commercial treaties with China and Japan, — of friendly relations with Mexico and Spanish America, and of growing intercourse with all these states in every department of exchange and trade. Protections were issued at this port, some years ago, to several Essex County fishermen, who were on their way to the Sea of Japan, to establish there with schooners to be built at San Francisco, that nursery of wealth and enterprise which has contributed untold millions to our material prosperity, — the New England Fisheries. Steam whalers from Xew England ports are ploughing the icy currents of the iS^orth Pacific. By the timely acquisition of the Russian Possessions in America, we have done much to protect ourselves against the jealousy which the pos- session of so extraordinary a naval station as the Bay of San Francisco, and the completion of a railroad across the continent will soon excite. Steam mail communi- cation is alread}^ established upon the Pacific, and we hardly anticipate events in declaring that the East India Trade, as known to the Derbj^s and to the Marine Society — that mighty impulse which built up the cities of Hol- EssEX Inst. Bulletix. ii 20 154 land and Eii2.-laiid and America, and Salem amons; the number, is dead, and that the products of the East will hereafter find their way to Europe and America, not by the Cape of Good Hope, but through other channels. REGULAE MEETING, MONDAY, SEPTEMBER 5, 1870. The Presid(Mit iu the cliair. Recovds of preceding meeting read. After adopting a plan of arrangements for the annual Horticultural ExhilMtion, and the transaction of some other business, the President announced the death of our Ex-President, the Hon. Asahel Hunt- ington, of Salem, which occurred at his sea-side residence in Beverly, this forenoon, after a brief illness. Mr. H. was the second son of the Rev. Asahel Huntington, the much respected pastor, for manj' j^ears, of the church in Topsfleld; in that town the subject of our notice was born, Jul}' 23, 1798. He was descended from the old Puritan stock which settled iu Connecticut in the early period of our histor}^ both on the paternal and the maternal side. His father was born' in Franklin, Conn., where the family re- sided for several generations and tilled the same acres, and took a prominent position in the church, performing the duties of some of its most important offices. His mother, Alcthea, was the daughter of Dr. Elislia Lord, a celebrated physician of Abingtou, Conn., and a grand-daughter of Rev. Hezekiah Lord, a noted preacher of his time. Inheriting the traits of character peculiar to these worthies of the olden times, he became a very useful member of the Tabernacle soci- etj^ in this city; to them his loss must be very great. He was fitted for college at Phillips Academy, Audover, and was a graduate of Yale College in the class of 1819. He always took a lively interest in those two institutions, frequently attending the annual commencements, and ready to cooperate in all measures tend- ing to the extension of their usefulness iu ever}^ direction. He commenced his legal studies in Newburj-port and completed them in Salem, being admitted to the bar in March, 182i. He com- menced pi-actice iu this citjs and his appearance in the courts has alwaj's been marked by distinguished energy and abilitj\ He held the offices of County Attoruej' and of District Attorney for many years, and, since 1851, lias been the Clerk of the Courts for Essex County. He was always ready for every good cause, and shrank from no 155 duty imposed upon him by liis fellow citizens. As early as 1827 he was chosen a Eepresentative to the General Court, long served as School Committee, was a member of the Constitutional Convention in 1853, Mayor of the city one year, President of the Essex Institute from 1861 to 1865, and President of the Xaumkeag Steam Cotton Company. He was always an advocate of the Temperance Eeform, and was frequently called upon to take a prominent part in measures of public policy, political, moral, educational and local, that are brought to the notice of the people. We shall miss his genial pres- ence and his hearty greeting in the walks of life : his active habits and the frequent occasions in which he has been called upon to give his services have made him generally known to our citizens, and ver}' widely throughout the county and state. After remarks from several members it was Voted: That Messrs. Allen W. Dodge, Abner C. Goodell, Jr., and James Kimball be a committee to report at an adjournment a series of resolutions in respect to the memory of the deceased, and what other action it is appi'opriate to take. Adjourned to meet on Fridaj^ next (Sept 9), at 3 P.M. ADJOURXED MEETING, FPJDAY. SEPTEMBER 9, 1870. The President in the chair. Hon. A. W. Dodge of the Committee on Resolutions, reported the following, which were adopted after suitable expressions of respect to the memory of our deceased friend. Besolved, That the Essex Institute receives the tidings of the death of AsAHEL HuNTixGTOX, a former President of this society, with emotions of grief and surprise. The suddenness of the event, which even if his illness had been of longer duration would have been un- looked-for because of the general good health and strength of the deceased, is as impressive as the knowledge of the loss of a member of society so useful, so widely known and respected. Besolved, That this society acknowledges' its indebtedness to the deceased for the interest he manifested in its success, and for the ser- vices rendered by him while chief presiding oflScer ; and that as his fellow citizens, the members of the Institute bear testimony to his uniform urbanity, his great industry and his devotion to so many objects conducive to the public good. Besolved, That the Hon. Otis P. Lord be invited to prepare a memorial address upon the life and character of the deceased, to be read at a meeting of the Institute. 156 Besolvcd, That this society express its s}n'npathy for tlie family of the deceased in their bereavement, b}' communicating to them a copy of these resolutions ; and that the same be recorded by the secretary. FIELD IMEETIXG AT METHUEN, TIIUUSDAY, SEPT. 15, 1870. TiiK last Field Meeting of the present season was held at Methiien, this day, and was well attended. An extra train at 9.15 a.m., from Salem to Lawrence, carried the principal portion, and others went by the regular 11.35 train. From Lawrence to Methuen the street rail- way cars were the means of conveyance. Methncn is a pleasant and flourishing town on the north bank of the Merrimack River, and was formerly comprised within the limits of Haverhill. In 1725, on petition of the inhabitants, an act of incorporation was passed constituting the west part of Haverhill a distinct township under the name of Methuen. The name is presumed by some to, be derived from Lord Methven, and is the only town in the United States, and probably in the world, bearing this name. The origin of this name, and why it should have been adopted, arc interesting subjects for the local historians to investigate. There is a parish of Methven in Perthshire, Scotland, in which Methven castle and the estates of the Lords of Methven are, or were, located. The surface of the township is undulating, with a pleasing variety of hill and dale. The soil is gen- erally very good. The Spicket Eiver flows through the town and has a fall of thirty feet which furnishes a good supply of water power for manufacturing purposes, and around which has grown up a thriv- ing and active village. Like many of the flourishing towns of the Commonwealth, it commenced on a small scale, but among the first things upon which action was taken at the original town meeting were the interests of religion and education. And the town has al- ways since been noted for its libei'al support of the church and the school-house. The High School, now under the charge of Mr. H. C. Ilallowell, is maintaining an excellent standing, and the common schools of the eight districts are doing a good work in educating the young. There are four churches in the town : Congregational, Rev. M. G. Grassie, pastor; Baptist, Rev. N. ]\1. Williams; Universalist, Rev. C. A.Bradley; and Methodist, Rev. James Noyes. One of the principal industrial interests of the town is the manufacture of hats ; three large factories are devoted to this enterprise, and daily produce from sevent3--flve to one hundred and t\vent3'-flve dozen hats each. The Methuen Cotton Mill is being considerabl}' enlarged, and is an 157 importaut item in the material prosperity of the town. The addition M'iien completed will give employment to some hundreds more opera- tives than the present number. Other productive industries are also well sustained, and the stranger, on his first visit, will be favorably impressed with the general busy aspect preA'ailing throughout the town, .whether in passing the extensive and well cultivated farms on the outskirts, or the ^vorkshops and stores in the business centre. The people are intelligent, active and enterprising. Hence the visit on Thursday was highly enjoyed bj' the Institute party. On the arrival of the company at the Town Hall, a cordial welcome was extended by Messrs. Joseph How, William M. Rogers, Charles Ingalls, and other citizens, who were active in promoting the objects of the meeting, and in extending other courtesies. Little parties were made up to visit the various points of special interest. Many ascended Currant's Hill to obtain an extensive vi6w of the Merrimack Valle}'. Fi'om this elevated spot the prospect is grandly majestic; we see the distant mountain ranges stretching far off until the eye loses its power to trace even the shadow}' outlines, and nearer, the many villages nestling in the valleys, between the heights covered with giant trees ; and almost at our feet the beautiful Merrimack rolls-along, and we look up on the right and see a ravine view with its arched bridge, unsurpassed in beautj^ ; on the left the busy city of Lawrence, with its extensive manufacturing establish- ments, its numerous churches and other public buildings, all lending a peculiar charm to the whole scene. The Lawrence and Manchester Railroad track runs directly through this hill, and at the time it was constructed, the several strata of which the hill is composed were plainly traceable. A few of the visitors, through the kind attention of Charles Ingalls, Esq., were taken to Tower Hill, and visited the farm of Mr. Levi Emer}', with its observatory, from which a still more extended view may be enjoyed. Mr. Emery is actively interested In the Essex Agri- cultural Society, and' the members of that society will not be sur- prised to see it stated that from a few acres of land which were almost valueless ten years ago, Mr. Emerj' now raises squashes inferior to none, grapes of finest flavor and beauty, strawberries in great quan- tities, cabbages of excellent size and quality, lettuce whose fame has attracted the first-class hotel proprietors of New York, and indeed almost every variety of vegetable, of superior quality; all on this lately barren hill, nearly three hundred feet above the level of the Merrimack River. Mr. Emery has seventeen hundred grape-vines now loaded with ripe fruit, and two thousand more vines not yet come to bearing. He has introduced a system by which he can furnish let- tuce in Eebruar}^ as fine and nice as at any other season of the year. His farm is well worth a visit from all interested in that spirit of en- 158 terprisc wliich enhances the value of hind and makes practically use- ful something that Avas before of no real benefit. He is conferring a vast good on the coramunitj', and we wish him continued prosperity. Others of the partj' visited the hat factories of Messrs. Bowen & Emerson, Teuuey& Co., and Chas. Ingalls & Son. We were indebted to Mr. Emerson, of the first named firm, for an escort through their extensive manufactory, and were much interested in the successive processes through which the material passes, from the wool to the finished hat. First the wool is scoured or washed; it then goes to the carding machines, Avhence it is delivered on cones, each cone con- taining the germ of two hats ; the next process hardens them ; the next is technically called planking or felting, but we should call it shrinking, and here they begin to assume the appearance of wearable hats, while before this process an outsider would have no suspicion of the use intended for them ; they^re then blocked, colored, blocked again, dried, stifi'ened, finished and trimmed, ready for boxing and sending to market. Difl'ereut sets of operatives are engaged in the diflerent processes, and about ten days ar« generally required to com- plete a "batch." As all parts of the work are going on at a time, each day dcveloi)es about one hundred dozen of the finished hats. Methiien and its mother town of IlaveriuU both have a good name for their manufactures in this department. Many of the visitors went into the elevated tower of the Congrega- tional Church, and the pastor pointed out the many objects comprised in the extensive prospect from that position. The Falls atti-acted others, but the severe drought of the season had robbed this '-lion" of his flowing mane, and they were disap- pointed ; a member of the local committee of reception assured them, however, that if they would call next spring, they could staud hei-e and think of Niagara. Other features of the town were also visited and enjoyed, and the time was well employed in various interesting rambles and researclies. At 1.30 P.M. all met at the Town Hall for the collation, and the excur- sionists were happy to find that many of the townspeople had brought their provision baskets to unite in a common, social 'lunch. They had also provided an abundance of hot coflee and tea, fruit, &c., and the collation proved one of the most agreeable features of the day. ' At 3 o'clock, Henry Wheatland, the President of the Institute, called the meeting to oi'der, and Mr. F. W. Putnam was requested to act as Secretary, in the absence of that officer. The records of the preceding meeting were read. The Secretarj^ announced the following correspondence : — Abbot, T. C, Lansing, Mich., Aug. 2G; Allen, B. E., Mai-blehead, Sept. 12; An- drews, W. v., Ke«- York, Aug. 10; Banvard, Joseph, Boston, Aug. 31; Buffalo His- 159 torical Society, Aug. 14th; Felt, X. H., Salt Lake City, Utah, Aug. 2; How, Joseph, Methueu, Aug. 23, Sept. 8; Johnson, A. H., Bradford, Aug. 2; Lander B. ^y., Pea- body, Aug. 23; Lord, Otis P., Salem, Sept. 12; Loring, Geo. B., Salem. Sept. 6; Morgan, Geo. E., Beverly, Aiig. 29; Morissey, John, Plymouth, Aiig. 23; Nelson, S. A., Georgeto^yn, Mass., Sept. 13; New England Historic-Genealogical Soci- ety, Aug. 13; New York Historical Society, Sept. 1; New York State Libraiy, Al- bany, N. Y., Sept. 7; Poole, W. ¥., Melrose. Aug. 10, 30; Proctor. Thomas E., Pea- body, Aug. 29; Robinson, John, Boston. Sept. 12; Eoss, A., Boston, Aug. 31; Rouudy, H., Salem, Aug. 25; Schouler, Wm., Boston. Sept. 8; Steiger, E., New York, Aug. 9; Tracy, C. M., Lynn, Aug. 12. The Librariau reported the follo^yillg additious to the Library : — By Donation. Allen. B. R., of Marblehead. Address before the Mugford Fire Association of Marblehead, May 17, ISUG, by the donor, Svo pamph. Chambers of Commerce of New York. Annual Report, 1S69-70, l vol. Svo. N. Y., 1870. Child. Hamilton, of .Syracuse, N. Y. Orleaus County Directory, 1SG9, 1 vol. 8vo. Cayuga County Directory, 1869, 1 vol. 8ro. ^Yayne County Directory, 1867-8, 1 vol. Svo. Oneida County Directory, 18G9. 1 vol. 8vo. Rensselaer County Directory. 1870-71, 1 vol. Svo. Chenango County Directory, 1869-70, 1 vol. Svo. Onondaga County Directory, 1SG8-9, 1 vol. Svo. Chemung aad Schuyler County Directories, 186S-9, 1 vol. Svo. Genesee County Directory, 1SG9-7D, 1 vol. Svo. Wyoming County Directory, 1S70, 1 vol. Svo. Tompkins County Directory, 1868^9, 1 vol. Svo. Niagara County Directory, 1869, 1 vol. Svo. Cortland County Directory, 18G9, 1 vol. Svo. Felt, N. H.. of Salt Lake City. Bird's Eye View of Salt Lake City. Utah Terri- tory, 1870. FOOTE, H. W., of Boston. A Sermon, May 29, 1870, by donor, Svo paiuph. A Discourse on tlie death of George Peabody, by donor, Svo pamph. FORSTER, Edward J., of Charlestown, Mass. The Pedigi-ee aud Descendants of Jiicob Forster, Sen., of Charlestown, Mass., 12mo pamph., 1870. Hart, Hiram S.. of Burlington, Yt. Burlington City Directory, including Win- ooski Falls, from July, 1866, to July, 1868, and July, 1809, to 1870, 3 vols. 12mo. Hathewat, S. ay., of Boston. The Church and the World, 12mo pamph. Hotchkiss, Miss Susax v., of New, Haven, Conn. New Haven Directory, 1867, 1 vol. Svo. Johnson, Henry D. Trans-Continental E.YOursion, Boston to San Francisco, May 23 to July 1. 1870, 1 vol. smaU Ito. Lee, John C. Commercial Bulletin for July and August, 1870. Mack, Miss Esther C. Salem Register from 1S61 to 1868 inclusive, 8 vols, folio. Manning, Robert. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 34. Miller. Harrison v., of Syracuse. N. Y. Syracuse Directories, 1862-3. 1864-5. 1866-7, 1868-9, 1870, 5 vol. Svo. Pool, Wellington, of Wenham. Valuation of the town of Weuliam, 1860. Report of the Selectmen of Wenham from ISGO to 1870, inclusive. Report of the School Committee of Wenham from 1857 to 1870 inclusive. PUTNAii, F. W. History of Essex County, N. Y., 1 vol. Svo, Albany, 1869. SCHOULER, Wm., of Boston, Mass. Congressional Globe, 1S65-6G, Parts 1, 2. 3. 4. 5, 1S66-7, Parts 1, 2, 3 and appendi-X. 9 vols. 4to. Seymour, Charles J., of Binghamton, N. Y. Miscellaneous pamphlets. 7. Silas Bron.son Library of Waterbury, Conn. Catalogue. 1 vol. Svo, 1870. IGO Sticknet, M. a. " The Sunrise," Presque Isle, Me., 1809, 1 vol. folio. Sumner, Charles, Washiugton. Monthly Agricultural Report, July, 1870. Thayer, Oliver. Miscellaneou.s pamphlets, 1.5. Unknown. Annual Report of the State Geologist of New Jersey for 18G9, 8vo pamph., Trenton, N. J., 1870. Catalogue of Rutser's College, Svo pamph. New Brunswick, New Jersey, Agricultural College Reports and Ainiual Lectm-e, 1809, 2 pamphlets, 8vo. Valentine, Miss Maggie. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 11. Waters, H. F. Boston Directory, 1865, 1 vol. 8vo. Waters, J. Linton, of Chicago, 111. Pamphlets. 5. WiLLARD, John II., of Troy. N. Y. Catalogues of the Troy Female Seminary, 1850 to 1870, inclusive, 16 paiTjphlets, 8vo. Worcester County Mechanics' Association. Annual Reports, April, 1870. By Exchange. American Entomological Society, Transactions of. Vol. 3, No. 1. Bibliotiieque Universelle et Revue Sui.sse. Archives des Sciences Phys- iques et Naturelles. No. 150, Juin 15, 1870. Boston Numismatic Society. American Journal of Numismatics and Bulletin of, for July, 1870. Boston Purlic Library. Class List fgr Poeti^ and Miscellaneous Works. Boston Society of Natural History, Proceedings of. Vol. xiii, Sig. 18, August, 1870. Iowa State Historical Society. The Annals of Iowa for July, 1870. Sev- enth Biennial Report of the Curators, 8vo pamph., 1870. Kongelige Danske Viijenskahernes Selskab. Ovei'sigt over det Kongelige danske Videnskabernes Selskabs Forhandlinger og dets Medlemmers Arbeider i Aarene. 1809. KCENIGLICIIE PHYSIKALISCH— OEKONOMISCHE GESELLSCHAFT ZU KONIGSBERG. Schrifteu der Ka;niglichen Pliysikalisch, CEkonomischcn Gesellschaft zu Konigs- berg 18G9. 2 pamphlets, -Ito. Michigan state Agricultural College, Catalogue of the Officers and Stu- dents of. 1870. Michigan St.vte Boarb of Agriculture. Eighth Annual Report of the Sec- retary, 1 vol. Svo, Lansing, Mich., 1869. ' Natukfohschenden Verein in Bkunn. Verhandlugen des Naturforschenden Vereines in Briinn, Baud vii, 1868. Naturhistoriche (Gesellschaft. Achtzehnter und Neunzehnter Jahresbe- richt der Naturhistorischen Gesellschaft zu Hanover von Michaells, 1867, bis dahin 1869. Society Vandoise des Sciences Natikelles. Bulleti.n dc la Societe Van- doise des Sciences Naturelles, vol. x, No. 63. Verzeichniss Ausgewahlter. Werke Aus dem Verlage von F. C. W. Vogel iu Leipzig, 1870. PuHLiSHERS. American Literaiy Gazette. Araei-ican Naturalist. Book Buyer. Canadian Naturalist. Christian World. Cosmos. Eclectic. Essex Banner. Gard- eners' Monthly. Gloucester Telegraph. Haverhill Gazette. Historical Magazine. Land and Water. Lawrence American. Literary World. Little Giant. Lynn Reporter. Medical and Surgical Reporter. Nation. Nature. Peabody Press. Salem Observer. Semi-monthly Visitor. Silliman's Journal. Sotheran's Cata- logue. The American Chemist. The Lecture Season. The Weekly Public Spirit. Quaritch's Catalogue. BULLETIN Vol. 2. Salem, Mass., Nov. and Dec, 1870. Nos. 11, 12. One Dollar a Year in Advance. 10 Cents a Single Copy. FIELD MEETIXG AT METHUEN, THURSDAY, SEPT. 18, 1870. [Concluded from page IGO.] After a few general remarks from the Pkesidext, alluding to this first visit of the Institute to tlie town, Mr. F. W. Putnam was called upon as the first speaker. lie spoke of the dry time as illustrated b}' the present state of the Spicket River, and the swamps about the pond. He selected as the theme of his remarks some Indian stone im- plements which some one had placed upon the stand, lie urged the importance of making collections of these aboriginal relics as a means of tracing the progress and movements of the several Indian tribes. Their line of migration could be traced by finding the partic- ular kind of stone of which the articles were made, and then compar- ing a large number of these relics gathered in different sections of the country. He then described the several implements which were either donated or placed on the table for exhibition, as hatchets, arrowheads, sinkers for nets, knives and grain pestles. Rev. N. M. Williams, of Methuen, made a short speech, in which he spoke of the pleasure with which the people welcomed the Insti- tute to that town ; and, alluding to the name of the place, said it was supposed to be named after a certain Lord Methven, which easily became Methuen. Prof. E. S. Morse, of Salem, compared tlie manufacture of hats, which had been witnessed by most of the party, to the formation of the egg, and traced, iu his usual happy manner, the modification or change of condition which each had undergone in its development. Essex Inst. Bulletin. ii 21 162 He took up and described some fresh water clams, which had been found during the forenoon, and explained their difference from the common salt water clams. Rev. T. G. GuASSiE, of Methuen, alluded to the reputation of Essex County, and spoke of the necessity of the meetings of the Institute being held in the same place often, and the oftcner the more success- ful. He thought that these meetings were just what was needed. He alluded to science and religion, and said that as a religious man he did not fear science, for if there was anything in religion that science could correct, it should be corrected. He mentioned a new machine now in operation in this town for making wheels, and spoke of its great utility. . Mr. C. M. Tracy, of Lynn, in speaking of the pleasure it gave him to visit Methuen, said that he was convinced that a plain, unpretend- ing New England town often had more of comfort and thrift in it than many other places which were dignified by the name of cities. Proceeding to examine the botanical specimens on the table, he re- marked that the Sarmcenia, or Pitcher Plant, fine samples of which lay before him, was one of the most remarkable things to be found among our vegetation. Differing so largel^y from all other plants as to constitute a separate family of its own, it included only one or twQ genera and a few species, real eccentrics of the floral world. One species is with us, another in the South, a third, of a different genus, in South America, but there are not many more. The vasi- form leaves are a constant character, and it is no small problem among the scientific, to find how it happens that they are always sup- plied with water even in the severest drought. Such a drought is now raging, almost without precedent, yet the friend who brought these found them half full, while the peat moss around them was so parched as to crackle under the feet. It is alwaj'S so. It is plainly no catching and saving of rain, for none has fallen. Some have thought it a secretion from the plant itself; but the speaker inclined to as- cribe it to the condensation of dew on the upper part of the leaf, run- ning down to supply the tank below, which is kept cool for the pur- pose by the slow evaporation through the permeable sides. But any way considered, it is a beautiful and curious plant, wholly American, . and fitly known as the Huntsman's or Forefather's Cup. In exploring about the Falls to-day he had found some good speci- mens of the Blue Gentian (G. Andrevmi or saponaria). This is not the lovely Fringed Gentian of Bryant's well known poem, though it comes at the same season and is almost as beautiful. This species, as well as one or two others, is remarkable for never expanding its flowers ; so that what appear here as full grown buds are rarely per- 163 feet blossoms, never exposing the interior organs. All our Gentians are blue, but in other lands there ai;e red species, and a splendid yel- low one ((?. lutea) in Central Europe, whose root is an important medicine, intensely bitter in taste. Perhaps the most remarkable thing brought forward in this line to- day, was a huge cluster of orange-colored fungi, detached in one mass from the decayed wood, where thej- grew, and served up in a dish like a pile of tempting cream cakes. The speaker disclaimed the critical knowledge of those that would enable him to give the exact name ; but as to their general character there could be no question. These are plants of exceeding simplicity of structure, whose proper frame- work and growth consist of mere tubular, branching cells, running every way through the decaying substances where they seat them- selves, and interlacing to a plexus little inferior to the felt of a Me- thuen hat. From this living felt, or mycelium, rises, here and there, a bud-cell, growing often to a great size, and developing, for floral and reproductive purposes, to such strange and curious forms as we see in the mushrooms of the table, and in these fungi of to-day, and ten thousand others beside. We generally suppose the toadstools we see are the whole plants ; but really they are only the flowers or what answers therefor. Thus will be seen the real explanation of another botanical puzzle. Fungi having been found to evolve carbonic acid, while plants in general give off oxygen, it was infei'red that their economy was of the reverse order, and that they were peculiarly deadly in their character, and nourished by decay and corruption. But when we look at them as ouly the flowers of a concealed vegeta- tion, we remember that all expanded flowers thus yield carbonic acid, while the oxygen is oulj^ thrown ofl' by tlie green leaves, and only very slightly where there are none of these, as in broomrapes and parasitic- dodders. So the anomaly vanishes and the constitution of these sin- gular things is found to be much the same as in other vegetation. To any one at all conversant with vegetable chemistry, it would be a mystery indeed, how a plant with greater power of development than we see anywhere else, built up of just such cells, and these of the same chemical substance as in other plants, should not show the same results from its vital processes in other respects as they. And thus, also, very much disappears from that character of gloom aud deadliuess that so many have been prone to ascribe to these innocent plants. It is not, indeed, true, that they feed more than others upon decay; the farmer nourishes his choicest crops with as corrupt matter as ever fed a fetid toadstool, and we think no harm of it. The glossy gold- thread and the fragrant twinflower prefer as deep shadows as these, but no one thinks them deadly. The whole of this talk about asso- ciating fungi, aud death, and charnel-houses, is but a relic of the old 164 time superstition, and of that ignorance wliich it is the blessed mission of " Star-eyed Science" to coimterworli; and dispel. The President alluded to this town as the birthplace of Judge White, the first President of the Institute, who held the office from its organization in 1848 to his decease in 1861, and who was one of its most liberal contributors, having donated, at several times, nearly 8000 volumes to the library ; he called upon Eev. T. T. Stone, formerly of Salem, who made a brief response, bearing testimony to his excel- lence and worth. Mr. Putnam exhibited a dress, presented to the Society by Mrs. Tyrrel of Methueu, which probably had been made by the Indians of the Northwest coast of America. He read a circular from Prof. C. H. Hitchcock, of Hanover, N. IL, soliciting aid from all friends of scientific research and mountain explorations, to enable Prof. J. H. Huntington, Assistant Geologist of the State of New Hampshire, and his associates, to spend the next winter (1870-1) upon the top of Mount Washington, with all the needed comforts of life, the proper instruments, and the means of communicating by telegraphic cables dailj' reports of their observations. He remarked upon the impor- tance cf the proposed expedition, and commended its claims upon the public. Brief remai-ks were then made by Messrs. Chas. Ingalls, Joseph How, and others of Methuen. After unanimously adopting the following resolutions, the meeting adjourned. BesoJvcd, That the thanks of the Essex Institute be tendered to the Selectmen of Metliuen for the use of the Town Hall; also to Messrs. Joseph How, Wm. M. Rogers, Charles Ingalls, Samuel G. Sargent, John Low, Ebenezer Sawyer, E. A. Archibald, Albert Dame, liev. Messrs. C. A. Bradley, James Noyes, T. G. Grassie and N. M. Wil- liams, Mrs. Williams, Mrs. Grassie, the Misses How and the Misses Barker, and other ladies and gentlemen who have aided in giving iu- terest to the meeting this day. REGULAR MEETING, MONDAY, OCTOBER 3, 1870. President in the Chair. T. P. Abell and David Wentzell, both of Salem, were elected resident members. 165 EEGULAR MEETING, MONDAY, NOVEMBER 7, 1870. President in the Chair. Edward D. Ropes and William G. ^Yebb, both of Salem, were elected resident members. QUARTERLY MEETING, WEDNESDAY, NOVEMBER 9, 1870. President in the Chair. The following amendment to the constitution having been submitted at the annual meeting in May, and the quarterly in August, was unauimousl}' adopted. Instead of Article 1, substitute the following: — " Article 1 :— The objects of the Essex Institute are the collection and preservation of materials for the Civil and Natural History of the County of Essex, and the advancement of Science, Literature, and the Arts." Miss Lucy Larcom of Beverly, Charles H. Goss, Isaac M. Gattmau and George R. Harris, all of Salem, were elected resident members. REGULAR MEETING, MONDAY, DECEMBER 5, 1870. The first evening meeting of the present season was held at the rooms in Plummer Hall. The President in the Chair. Records of preceding meeting read. The Secretarj' announced the following correspondence : — Abell, T. P., Salem; Ames, James T., Chicopee, Oct. 1; Ames, R. W., Boston, Oct. 14, JJ; Andrews, Win. P., Salem, Aug. 18; Appleton, Francis H., West Peabody, Oct. 7; Ball, Mary F., Presidio, Oct. 15; Bergen Museum, Oct. 1; Bolles, E. C, Brooklj-n, Sept. 30; Boston Public Library, Nov. 29; Brooks, II. A., Salem, Oct. 21; Brooks, W. G.. Boston. Nov. 17; Buffalo Historical Society, Oct. 28, Nov. 14; Calkins, W. W., Chicago, 111., Oct. 20; Cliamberlain, James A., Salem, Oct. 9; Chipman, 11. M., Ware, Mass., Oct. 11; Cboate, Abby P., Salem, Nov. II; CogsweU, Geo., Bradford, Nov. 2«; Edgerly, Albert W., Lynn, Nov. 12; Eudicott, Robert R., Beverly. Oct. — ; Emery, Geo. E., Lynn, Oct. IS; Gattman, J. M., Salem, Nov. i8; Goss, Clias. H.. Salem, Nov. 14 ; Higbee, Clias. H., Boston, Sept. 22 ; Iowa Historical Society, Nov. 19; Johnson, A. H., Bradford, Oct. 13, 19; Kougelige Uanske Viden- skabernes Selskab, Nov. 5; Larcom, Lucy, Beverly Farms, Nov. 5, 21; Lincoln, S., Jr., Salem, Oct. 13; Loring. A. K., Boston. Nov. 2, 4, 7, 17 ; Lath, M., Cincinnati, Nov. 2, 3; Maine Historical Society, Nov. — ; ]Massachusetts Historical Society, Nov. 26; Minnesota Historical Society, Sept. 30, Oct. 20; jlovavian Historical Society, Nov. 18; Munsell, Joel, Albany, N. Y., Oct. 24; New England Historic- Genealogical Society. Oct. 27, Nov. 21! ; New York Genealogical Society, Nov. 14; New York Lyceum of Natural History, Oct. 4; New York State Library, Sept. 7, 19, 166 22, Nov. 5: Pickering, Mary O., Salem, Oct. 15; Pingree. David, Salem, Sept. 9; Preble, Geo. H., Charlestown, Nov. 21; Rhode Island Historical Society, Nov. 3; Kopes, Edward D.. Salem, Nov. 17; Silliman, B., New Haven, Oct. 28; Silsbee, J. L., Salem, Sept. 5; Simonds, J. R., Salem, Sept. 24; Seymour, C. J., Biughamton, N. Y., Sept. 9; Upham, W. P., Worcester, Mass., Nov. 17; White, W. O.. Keene, N. H., Sept. l.i; Wiggin, John K.. Boston, Oct. 15; Woolsey, Theodore D., New Haven, Nov. 23; Woodward, A., Franklin, Conu., Nov. 10. The Librarian reported the following additions : — Donations. Api'letok. Wm. S., of Boston. Aucesti-y of Prlscilla Baker, 1 vol. small 4to, Cambridge, 1870. Genealogy of the Collin Family in New England, 8vo. pauiph. Description of a Selection of Coins and Medals in America, 8vo pamph. Barlow, John, Legislative Documents of Mass. for 1870, 3 vols. 8vo. Miscella- neous pamphlets, 41. Brooks, Henry M., Medical and Agricultural Register, 1 vol. 8vo. Letters on American Slavery, 1 vol. Kimo. Miscellaneous pamphlets. 3. Browne, Alhert G., Miscellaneous pamphlets, 120. Broavn, Edward, Lynn Weekly Mirror for 1825-(;, 1 vol. folio. Caller, .James M., Thirty-two Guide Books to places in Eui-ope. CUAMBERLAIN, James A., Miscellaneous pamphlets, 215. Flint's Geogi-aphy, 1 vol. 8vo, Boston, 1833. New York Gazetteer,- 1 vol. 12mo. Albany 1842, Mis- cellaneous vols., 13. Chambers, Robert B., of Providence, R. I. Connnemorative Discourse in Providence, Oct. 18, 1SG8, by James G. Vose, Pastor, 1 vol. 12mo. CiTV OF Providence. Providence City Documents, 18G9-70, 1 vol. 8vo. Cloutman, Wm. R., of Charleston, S. C. Report on Agriculture, for 1868, 1 vol. 8vo, Washington. 1869. United States Coast Survey for 1867, 1 vol. 4to, Washington, 18G9. Land Oftlce Report for 1868, 1 vol. 8vo. Report of the Select Committee on the Memorial of Davis Hatch, Juno 25, 1870, 1 vol. 8vo, Washington. Also several pamphlets. Emery, Geo. E., of Lynn. Almanac and Register for 1757, 1 vol. 12mo, Dublin. Farmer's Almanacks from 1833 to 18.J8, and several Manuscript Papers. FooTE, Caleb. Files of several County papers for Aug., Sept., 1870. Geeen, S. a., of Boston. Report of the School Committee of Boston for 1869, 1 vol. 8vo. Miscellaneous pamplilets, 105. Hall, B. II., of Troy, N. Y. Daily Programme of the 19th Meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science held at Troy, N. Y., 1870, 12mo. pamph. Hammond, Charles, of Springfield, Mass. Catalogue of Monsou Academy for 1870, 8vo. pamph. Hawkes, N. M. Water Report of Lynn for 1870, 1 vol. 8vo. HOBART, Mrs S. Cox's View of America, 1 vol. 8vo. Phila., 1795. Hyatt, A. Texas Almanac for 1870. Jliscellaneous pamphlets, 70. Knights, B. R. The Independent for 1855-6-7, 18i;0-6l and 1862-63, 3 vols, folio. Lee, John C. Commercial Bulletin for Sept. and Oct., 1870. Lincoln, Solomon, of Boston. Centennial Anniversary of the Town of Cohas- set. May 7, 1870, 8vo. pamph. Mack, Wm. Miscellaueous pamphlets, 18. Moulton, Henry P., of Beverly. Legislative Documents of Mass., for 1870, 4 vols. 8vo. Munsell, Joel, of Albany. Transactions of the Albany Institute, vol. iii, vi, 2 vols., Albany, 1855, 1870. Troy Directory for 1860, 1 vol. 12mo. Schenectady 167 Directory for 1860-Gl, 1 vol. 12mo. Hudson Directoi-i.' for lSol-52, 1 vol. IGmo. New Yoi-k City Directory for 18.53-54, 1 vol. Ifimo. Fall River Dii-ectory for 1859, 1 vol. 16mo. Taunton Directory for 1861, 1 vol. IGmo. Packard, A. S. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 12. Parsoxs, C. W., of Providence, R. I. Memoir of Usher Parsons, M. D., of Providence, by the donor. 1 vol. 12nio, 1870. Perki.vs, Geo. A. Address of Mr. Everett, and Poem of Dr. O. W. Holmes, at the dinner given to H. I. H. Monseigueur, the Prince Napoleon. Sept. 25, 1861. 1 vol. 12mo, Cambridge, 1861. Miscellaneous pamphlets. 108. PETToy, JoH.v Lewis , of London. Over the Alleghanies and across the Prairies. 1 vol. 12mo, London. 1869. Pickering, Mary O. Almanacs from 1733 to 1811. PiERSOX, G. n. Legislative Documents of Mass. for 1867-68, 4 vols. Poole, Wh. F., of Cincinnati, Ohio. Tiie Witchcraft Delusion of 1692, by Gov. Thomas Hutchinson, with notes by the donor, small 4to, Boston. 1870. Forty-first Annual Report of the Common Schools of Cincinnati, June 30. 1870, 8vo paraph. Preble, G. H., U. S. N. Genealogical Sketch of the Preble Family in America, 1 vol. 8vo, Boston, 18;i8. Rice and Bell, of St. Paul, Minn. St. Paul Directory for 1869-70, 1 vol. 8vo. Rogers, Wm. M., of Methuen, Mass. Annual Report of Methuen, Feb. 1, 1870, 8vo pamph. Carleton's Lecture in Methuen, Feb. 9, 1833, 8vo pamph. Salem East India Marine Societv. Acts of Incorporation and By-Laws. 12mo pamph., Salem. 1870. Seymour, C. J., of Biughamton, N. Y. Manual of the Broome County Medical Society, 8vo pamph., 1870. SiLLiM.iN, B., of New Haven, Ct. Directory of Grass Valley for 1865, 1 vol..8vo. New Haven Directory for 1869, 1 vol. 12mo. Staniford, D., of Boston Highlands. Thirty Miscellaneous Numbers of Ju- venile Newspapers. Stone, E. M., of Providence. R. I. Annual Report of the School Committee of Providence, June, 1870, 8vo pamph. Tl'cker, Jonathan. Narrative of the Captivity and Removes of Mrs. Mary Rowlandson, written by herself, 1 vol. IGnio, Lancaster, 1828. Upham, J. Baxter, of Boston. Typhoid and Typhus Fever, as it occurred in the Boston City Hospital, by J. B. Upham, M. D., from June 1, IS'Jl, to June 1, 1869; 1 vol. 8vo, Boston, 1870. Upton, James. Christian Review. 28 vols. 8vo. Lemprier's Universal Biog- raphy, 2 vols. 8vo. Hay ward's New England Gazetteer 1 vol. 8vo. Sartain's Union Magazine for 1830, 1 vol. 8vo. National Almanacs, 1863-4, 2 vols. r2mo. Boston Almanacs, 1839 to 1838, 27 vols. 18mo. Salem Directory for 1864, 1 vol. 12mo. Manners and Customs of the Jews, 1 vol. 12mo. Putnam's Semi- .Monthly Library. 23 vols. 12 mo. The Crescent and the Cross, 2 vols. 12mo. Eleanor, 1 vol. 12mo. Home Influence. 2 vols. ]2mo. The Trials of Margaret Lindsaj% 1 vol. 12mo. The Mother's Recompense. 1 vol. 12mo. The Foresters, 1 vol. 12mo. Eothen, 1 vol. 12mo. Verrill, a. E., of New Haven, Ct. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 15. Waters, H. F. Report of the School Committee of Boston for 1S69. 1 vol. 8vo. Waters, J. Linton, of Chicago. 111. Transactions of the Illinois State Agi-icul- tural Society, vol. 7, 1867-8, 8vo, Springfield, 1870. (2 copies.) Whipple, George M. The Nightingale, 1 vol. IGmo. Portsmouth, 1804. Chants. 2 vol. 12mo. Hymn Book, 1 vol. 8vo, oblong. Woodward, A. Life of Gen. Natlianiel Lyon, by A. Woodward, 1 vol. 12mo. Hartford, 1862. History of Franklin, Conn., by A. Woodward, 1 vol. 8vo, New Haven, 1869. 168 By Exchange. AoAPfe.MiE DES Sciences, Belles-Lettres et Akts. Actes de 1' Acaikhnie Impeiiale des Sciences, Belles-Lettres et Aits de Bordeaux. 3e Serie. 30, 31 Aiinees 18!;8-18G9, 8vo, Paris, 18(58-9. Prix decernes par 1' Acadiimie, 8vo, Bor- deaux, 1870. ACADfilllE ROVALE DES .SCIENCES, DES LETTUES ET DES BEACX-ARTS DE Belgiqi'E. Bulletins 2nie Ser, Tome 27, 28, 38me Anroe 18i;9, 8vo, Bruxelles, 18G9. Annuaire de 1' Academie, 36nic Annee, 12nio, Bruxelles, 1870. Albany Institute. Transactions, vol. vi, Albany, 1870. Archiv fur Antiiropologie. Zeitschril't fiir Naturgeschichte und Urges- chichte des Menchen. Vierter. Band, 4to, Braunschweig, 1870. Connecticut academy. Transactions of. Vol. ii, Part i, 8vo paniph., New Ilaveu, 1870. Connecticut Historical Society, Collections of. Vol. ii, Hartford, 1870. Iowa State Historical Society. Annals of Iowa, for Oct., 1870, 8vo pamph. :Miciiigan State Agricultural College. Catalogue of the Ollicers and students, 1870, 8vo panii)h. Minnesota Historical Society. Collections, vol. iii. Part i, 8vo pamph. Moravian Historical Society. Transactions. Part iv, 8vo pamph. Museum of Comparative Zoology. Bulletin, vol. ii. No. 1, 8vo pamph, 1870. New England Historic-Genealogical Society. New England Historical and.Uenealogical Register, Oct.. 1870. New York Lvcei.m of Natural History. Proceedings, vol. i, Sigs. 1. 2, 3. Annals, vol. ix, Sigs. 23, 24, 25, 2G. New Yoric State Library. New York State Documents for 1861, 18(i5, 1866, 1S()7, 18G8, 1809, 121 vols. 8vo. Laws of New York for 18(14, ISO.'), 1866, 1867, 1868, 1869, 10 vols. 8mo. Regent's Report for 1865, '66, '67, '68, '69, 5 vols. 8vo. N. Y. Civil List, ■2 vols. 12mo, 1869-70. N. Y. Manuals from 1841 to '70, 12 vols. ]6mo. N. Y. State Register. 18:50, '4, '5, '40, '3, '5, 6 vols. 12mo. Royal Calendar, 6 vols. N. Y. Directories, 1857, '60, '67, 3 vols. 8vo. Rochester Directories, ia53, '.">4, '.55, '61, 3 vols. 12mo. Troy Directories, 18.57, '58, '.59, '60, 4 vols. 12mo. Schenectady Directories 1857, '.58, '02, '63. Albany Directories, 1860, '62 '6:5. Brooklyn Directories, 1856, '67 '68. Milwaukee Directories, 1851, '.52, '.56, '57, '.58. Oswego Directory, ISlJl. '65. Poughkeepsie Direc- tories. 18.56, '57, '59. '60. Hudson Directory 18.56, '.57. Documents relating to the Ciolonial History of N. Y., 1 vol. 4to, Albany, 1861. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 640. PiiiLADELi'HiA ACADEMY OF N.VTURAL SCIENCES, Proceedings of May, June, July, and Aug., 1870. PUBLISHERS. American Journal of Science. American Literary Gazette. American Naturalist. Book Buyer. Boys' Journal. Canadian Journal. Christian World. Cosmos. Eclectic. Essex Banner. Gardener's Monthly. Gloucester Telegraph. Haverhill Gazette. Laud and Water. Lawrence American. Literary World. Little Giant. Lyuu Reporter. Medical and Surgical Reporter. Nation. Nature. Peabody Press. Quaritch's Catalogue. Sailors' Magazine and Seamen's Friend. Salem Observer. Sotheran's Catalogue. The Weekly Public Spirit. SociETE LiNNftENNE DE BORDEAUX. Acts. Tome xxiv, 5 (18G8), 6 (1870). Tome xxvii, 1, 1870, 8vo. Vermont Historical Society, Collections of. Vol. I, 8vo. Montpelier, 1870. Vermont State Library. Twelfth Registration Report of Vermont for 1868, 1 vol. 8vo. Journal of the Proceedings of the Constitutional Convention of Vermont, 1 vol. 8vo, 1870. 169 The President meutioiied that the fiftieth anniversary of the organ- ization of the Essex Historical Society would occur on Friday, the 21st of April next, and suggested the propriety of having some notice taken of this event. After remarks from several members, on motion of Mr. James Kimball it was voted: That arrangements be made for an appropriate celebration, under the directions of the Lecture Com- mittee. Mr. James Kimball exhibited a map containing an outline of the Peninsula of Salem situated between the North and South Kivers, with the indentations and coves, as it was in 162G, when Roger Conant and his companions landed and formed the first permanent settlement in the Massachusetts Bay Colony, so far as it could be ascertained by consulting the records, and from other sources. He gave a brief description of the same, tracing the shore line from the northeastern point near the terminus of Beverly Bridge to the square in Peabody, thence around the neck which has undergone few changes, and on the southern side to the mill pond. The pliysical character was noted, the land on the Xorth Biver rising in some places somewhat abruptly from the river, especially on the western end, gradually tending to the south. The south side had also several abrupt hills with openings between, sloping down to the river. These elevations were no doubt covered with wood ; the pine on the sand hills on the north, and the harder woods on stronger lands in the centre and on the south. There were depressions of swampy lands (now clearly indicated) extending nearly the whole length; un- doubtedly shallow ponds at some early period filled in with vegeta- ble accumulations and by the denudation of the higher lands ; the eastern portion about sixteen feet and the western about twenty-two feet above mean high water. This irregularity of surface has been modified, the elevations furnishing materials for the depressions, so that at the present time we find it comparatively level. Many of our streets have been raised since the commencement of the present century, from one to three feet. The soil is light and sandy loam with gravel and sand underlying; in some places, with a substi-atum of clay. Those places that were originally swampy are clearly defined by the black muck underlying. After alluding to the ledges in the western section of the town, the surface rocks, and the character of the vegetation, he concluded his interesting communication with a brief resume of the principal changes that have occurred, especially those within the recollection of our older inhabitants. Mr. Kimball intends to speak on this subject, more fully, though perhaps in a somewhat modified form, at a future meeting of the Institute. Essex Ixst. Bulletin. ii 22 170 REGULAR MEETING, MONDAY, DECEMBER 10, 1870. President iu the chair. Records of preceding meeting read. The Secretary announced the following correspondence : — U. S. Dept. Interior, Oct. 31; Xew York, Secretary of State, Bee. 8; Bufl'alo His- torical Society, Dec. 1-2; Emden, Naturforscheiule Gesellscliaft, Oct. 1; Leeds Philosophical aud Literary Society, Sept. 5; London Society of Antiquaries, Nov. 23; Liiiieburg Naturwissenschaftlicbe vei-ein, July 21; Maine Historical Society, Dec; Muncheu Das Bibliothekariat der Konig. Bayer Akad. der Wissenschaften, Sept.; Xcw England Hist. Gen. Society, Dec. 12; Brooks, H. A.. Salem, Dec. 8; Hall, F. H., Chicago, Dec. 11; Leavitt, J. H., Salem, Dec. 12; Paine, Nath'l, Wor- cester, Dec. 2; Perkins, James, Boston, Dec. 13; Poole, \V. P., Cincinnati, Ohio, Dec. 14; Prescott, W., Concord, N. H., Nov. 29; Roberts, Adeline, Salem, Nov. 23. The Librarian reported the following additions to the Library : — By Donation. ]\L\SSACHUSETTS St.\te Depaktmext. Massachusetts Public Documents for 1SG9, 4 vols. 8vo, Boston, 1S70. Acts and Resolves of ^Massachusetts, 1870, 1 vol. 8vo. U. S. Surgeon General's Oefice. Annual Report of llie Surgeon General, U. S. A., 12mo pamph., 1870. FROM jVuthous. Address by B. F. Butler, in Music Hall, Boston, Nov. 23, 1870, 8vo panipli. Writings of Wm. G. Goddard, by his son, Francis W. Goddard, 2 vols. 8vo, Providence, 1870. Lecture by C. Sumner, "The Duel between France and Germany," 8vo panii)h. HOLDEN, N. J. IMassachusetts Legislative Documents, for 1809, 1870, 14 vols. 8vo. Lamson, G. W. Pliysical Media in Spiritual iManifestations, 1 vol. 12mo, Phila- delphia, 1S!J9. Lee, John C. Commercial Bulletin for Dec., 1870. Perkins, James, of Boston, Mass. Centennial Memorial of the Lodge of St. Andrew, 1 vol. small tto, Boston, 1870. Putnam, Mrs. Eben. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 37. Stone, Alfred, of Providence, R. I. Providence Daily Journal from January to June, 1870, inclusive. W.\TERS, J. LiNTON', of Chicago, III. Annual Report of the Board of Education of Chicago, for 1870. Biennial Report of the Treasurer of Illinois, I vol. 8 vo, Spring- field, 18(57. By Exchawje. Baltimore, Md., Peahody Institute. Proceedings, on llie Announcement of the death of Hon. J. P. Kennedy, who died Aug. 18, 1870; 8vo. Bologna, Acc.\demia delle Scienze dell' Istituto. Rendiconto delle Ses- sioni An. Accad., 1808-69. Boston Society of Natural History. Proceedings, Vol. 13, Sig. 19. Copenhagen, Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab. Oversigt over det Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskabs Forhandlinger og dets Medlem- mers Arbeider i Aaret, No 6, 1868, No. 4, 1869. and No. 1, 1870, 8vo, Kjobenliavn. Kongelige Nordiske Oldskrift-Selskab. Memoires dc la Societe Royale des Autiquaires du Nord, 1866, '67, '68, '69, 8vo, Copenhagen. Tilheg til Aarboger 171 for Nordisk Oiakyndighert og Histoiie, ISm, 'G7, '68 '69, Svo. Olduasdisk Ordlog al' Erik Jonsson, 8vo, Kjobenhavn, 1SG3. Dresden. Naturwissenschaftliche Gesellschait "-Isis." Sitzungs-Be- richte, April, Mai, Juni, Svo, Dresden, 1S70. Emdex, Naturforschexde Gesellschaft. Jahresbericht, 1868, Svo. Frankfl-rt. Zoologische Gesellschaft. Der Zoologische Garten. Zeil- schrilt fUr Beobachtung Ptlege und Zucht der Thiere. Herausgegeben von Dr. F. C. Noll, Jahrg. xi, 0 Ncs. 8vo, Frauklurt. A. M., 1870. LuxEBURG. Xaturwissensciiai-tliciier Verein. .Jahreshefte, 1868-9. 8vo. MUCHEX, KOXIGLICH BAIERISCHE AKADEJIIE DER WiSSENSCHAFTEX. Slt- znngsberichte. 1869, 1870. Moscou SOCIETE IJIPERIALE DES Xaturalistes. Bulletin, Annee 1869, No. 4, 8vo. New .Jerset Historical Society, Proceedings of. Vol. ii, Xo. 2, Second Series, 1870, Svo. Quebec Literary axd Historical Society. Transactions, Xew Series. Part 7, Session of 1869-70, Svo, Quebec, 1870. Publishers. American Naturalist. Christian World. Essex Banner. Gar- deners'ilonthly. Gloucester Telegraph. Haverhill Gazette. Historical Magazine. Lawrence American. Little Giant. Lynn Semi- Weekly Reporter. Medical and Surgical Reporter. Nation. Nature. Peabody Press. Quaritch's Catalogue. Sa- lem Observer. The foUowiug douatious to the Historical Departraeiit were an- nounced : — DOWNIE. Mrs. B. A. An old Memorial Pitcher— an engraving of the Boston Massacre, March 5, 1770. Flowers, William H. Fifty Dollar Bill of Confederate currency. HOBART, Mrs. Sarah. An old Spinning Wheel for woolen yarn. Tucker, Soxath.^x. An L^mbrella and a Parasol of the fashion of 1801. George F. Choate of Salem, Mary 0. Hodges of Salem, and Mary W. Bemis of Chicopee, were elected members. Mr. F. ^Y. PuTXA:\r made a few remarks on two specimens of in- terest which had recently been added to the Museum of the Peabody Academy of Science. One of them was a fish not before known in Massachusetts waters. This specimen was a species of Hemiramjjhus, a genus of tropical fishes belonging to the flying- fish family. The species represented by the specimen on the table was probably a West Indian fish that had strayed from its natural waters and fol- lowed the Gulf Stream until it neared the Massachusetts coast— had entered our North river, and followed it up until it reached the mill- pond at Danversport, where, in consequence of the water being too fresh, it died and had been washed ashore. The specimen was found on the shore of the mill pond and given to S.\.aiuel P. Fowler, Esq., of Danvers, who presented it to the Academy. This was the first instance of a species of the genus Hemiramphus having been found in Essex County waters, and though a straggler, and hence not a regular County fish, was still a most perfect and interesting addition to the large ichihyological collection of the Academy. 172 The other specimen of which he spoke was that of a woodchuck, presented to the Peabody Academy by D. W. Smead, Esq., who found it in the Adirondack region. This skull showed a singular abnormal growth of the two incisor teeth of the upper jaw. The right incisor had been forced somewhat from its proper line of growth, and was about three times its normal length, while the left incisor had con- tinued to grow in the line of the natural curve of the tooth, and had made a complete circle, passing through the bones of the roof of the mouth, and curving nnder the nasal bone, had passed through the premaxillary bone, penetrating it at the side of its original position, and had continued to grow in its circle until it had again penetrated the bones of the roof of the mouth and was just passing through the premaxillary a second time, when the animal died, probably from starvation. In explaining how this extraordinary growth had taken place, Mr. Putnam gave an account of the formation, structure and growth of the incisor teeth of the Kodents, and showed how by the constant wcai'iug away of the softer parts of the incisor teeth on the inside surfaces of the teetli of the upper and under jaws, the teeth were kept constantly sharpened, and their edges worn away as fast as the gi'owth took place, and how in case of injury or loss of the two opposing teeth in the under jaw, an abnormal growth would take place as in the case of the specimen in hand. The President then introduced Mr. William Mayxahd, o^ Montreal, stating that his lecture would be highly interesting to the tanners and curriers of the city, and referring in complimentary terms to the editor of "Tlie Hide and Leather Interest," who had spent some time in Salem last summer, and had published a considerable amount of in- teresting historical information with regard to the tanneries of Salem, which had been reprinted in the Salem papers. Mr. Maynard then addressed the audience as follows : — The earliest authentic account that we have of the employment of means for curing, preserving and tanning leather, is found in the his- tory of the Egyptian people. They, it seems, steeped the skins la a bath made of meal and water, for a few days. This softened the fibrine and gluten, as also the albumen of hide, and served also to expel the scrum, etc. The hides were then submitted to the influ- ence of a strong decoction, or more probably the expressed juice of the Periploca sycamone, generally known as the Devil's Weed, found in great abundance at the present day upon tlie plains of Arabia, and used by the people of those sections for a similar purpose at the pres- ent day, namely, to depilate and prepare the skin for preservation — which may be termed the combination process — as they use flour, oil, native kalium and a decoction made from a species of Quercus 173 Rhus and Acacia, aud thus hj'potheticall}' we are able to surmise the possible method employed by the Egyptians. That they had reached a state of perfection in the art is proved from the writings of Herod- otus, for the process of unhairing w-as performed by them in from four to five days; and as a further proof of their proficiency we will quote from the 36th chapter of Exodus, verse 19 : — "And he made a covering for the tent, of rams' skins dyed red, aud a covering of badgei's' skins above that." Tiie Jews having been in bondage in Egypt for many years, consid- ering the period to which this quotation refers, it is not unreasonatjle to suppose that the knowledge of tanning and dyeing skins which they then possessed had been acquired from the Egyptians; and so we find a similar system adopted by all the Eastern nations up to the present day — that is, the process called by us of the present daj^ leather-dressing, — aud employed particularly for the preparing and finishing of what is called Morocco leather. The very name implies its origin. The Greeks aud Eomans produced this description of leather in great abundance, as is proved by the writers of that day in describing the foot-gear of the wealthy. Athens excelled in the manufacture of dyed leather — purple and red, especially purple. The Moors and also the Turks were and are at the present dayexceedingly skilful in the art of leather dressing. I have seen an Eastern currier, a Turk, I believe, take a hog skin, and covering a slab of slate or marble with water, he strewed over it a sort of millet seed ; then commenced, at first gently, to set the skin firmly upon the seeds ; and having accomplished this, he then crushed them, as it were, into the skin; afterwards carefully taking it up, it was left to dry ; when dry, the seeds were brushed ofi", and behold, in addition to the indentations, each partook of some shade of prismatic color. Shagreen leather, in the manufacture of which the Eastera nations excelled, received its peculiar impressions by similar means, only the seed employed w^as harder, and thus we have the initial method of pebbling. It is amusing to note the difference between the parent and the progeny, namely, the pebbling machine of the present day. The probable improvements made by the Romans were doubtless utilitarian, inasmuch as during their northern conquests they would of course come among a people who, from sheer necessity, would have discovered a more serviceable covering for the feet than that in use among the nations of the East, and the Roman, with his knowledge of the arts, would to a certain extent remedy the defects. That the Romans knew much of the art of preserving and dressing leather may be inferred from the fact that Ovid and other writers make frequent mention of the covering for the feet and legs ; thus we are told of the sandal of the soldier, attached to the leg by straps of leather. 174 In Europe, and in the British Isles especiall.y, according to Ca3sar, there was a great quantity of cattle ; and furthermore we are informed that the natives sold the hides because they did not understand the art of tanning them. Therefore, when we find (a few years after the Roman conquest) the Britons employed in tanning operations along the banks of all the principal streams, we can come to no other conclu- sion than this — that the Romans taught them (the Britons and also the Irish) the art. In all probability their teachers were the early Christian Missionaries, or those enduring voluntary exile for the sake of religion, and we are supported in this hypothesis by the fact that the mountaineers of Wales, as also the people of Ireland, for many centuries monopolized the knowledge of the art of tanning and curry- ing; also that the peculiar shaped shoe called by the Irish, brogue, and by the Britons clog or clogue, were similar in every respect to the oc- rea of the Roman. Brogan leather, which is a sort of russet leather, unwhitened, evidently took its name from the brogue or brogan. The Saxons seem to have had very little knowledge of the art; indeed, we have no record that they knew it at all. After the Norman conquest various articles are mentioned as being made of leather, among which are the cuirass, a sort of armor, wox'n by the warrior of that day, and certainly of Norman origin, as its name implies. In fact, the reputed father of William the Conqueror (if we may give any credence to the history of such a remote. time) was a tanner. During the crusades there is abundant room for sup- posing that those who returned brought with them additional knowl- edge of the art of leather dressing, if not of tanning and currying; certain it is that the art, and, as it was also termed, mystery', of tan- ning and currying was conserved by the monks, as there were many towns in England that were founded by the monks ; the ancient doc- uments showing that they (the monks) were largely engaged in tan- ning and its auxiliary, currying, and doubtless considered it, as they described it, "ye art and mistirie," although long after their time it took the manipulator five, and in some instances, seven years before leather was considered tanned, and yet I hear some persons state that we have made little improvement. I hold in my hand a piece of cow- hide tanned in six days. This is tanned after the formula of Professor Zippi, who unfortunately died in this country some months back, before he had made himself known. Zippi's process is somewhat similar to that of Bordier's, the salt being a sub-sulphate of iron peroxidized, prepared from the proto-sul- phate of the same metal, by digestion in diluted nitric and sulphuric acid. It is then diluted; hydrated peroxide of iron is used to strengthen it; it must be frequently stirred. Skins are tanned in this way in from three to six days, and hides from eight to twelve days. There are other processes where the skins are prepared in chrome 175 salt and afterwards in a sesqui-oxide of iron or peroxide. Tliese are finished in bi-chromate of potash and alumina. Sulphate of potash has been recommended. I would pi-efer to use (if usins; salts metallic) the nitrate of sodium. The salt found in South America is preferable.. The combination tannages of England originated, I think, in the town of Warrington, and also in the neighborhood of Leeds. In War- rington the combination consisted of mixing potash and sulphuric acid together in the first liquors and finishing in divi divi, myrabolams and valonia. Vacuum tan-pits were also in use by some tanners of this place, which were, I think, eventually relinquished. At Joppa, in the vicinity of Leeds, the combination consisted of mixing term ja- ponica and sumac together in conjunction with sulphuric acid; the pelts which were chiefly E. I. kips, were also bated or drenched in a j)eculiar manner, the excrement of hogs being used as a drench, and before they were exposed to the action of the lime they were softened in an ammoniacal liquor made from nitre, blood, and the exuvia of dogs. There is to-day scarcely a pure oak-bark tannage in the country — all are combinations to a greater or less extent. We will commence with the LIMING PROCESS. Calcium is found in prolific abundance in almost every part of the world ; its uses are multifarious and the history of its usefulness is found in the oldest records — in the ruins of Pompeii as well as in the most recent buildings of modern times. As a caustic alkali it has the property of decomposing every descrip- tion of animal and vegetable fibre ; it is this property that renders it so serviceable to the tanner, inasmuch as it attacks the fibre of the hide, whilst its alkaline character saponifies the fatty and uitrogene- ous matter, therebj^ setting free the ammonia, which in its aflinity for sulphur attacks the hair bulbs and performs the depilatory process. It is soluble in water at about six hundred times its weight. The anatomy of the hide, the general formation of the hide, consists of a network of fusiform cells, divided into distinct parts, called by the physiologists the epidermis or scurf skin, the cuticle or true skin, and the fibrous membrane; its chemical constituents are nitrogeneous, with a modicum of sulphur. The latter is found principally in the hair; it may be described as gelatine, which is N. or nitrogen, fibrine, N. S., or nitrate of sulphur; hence when brought into contact with milk of lime, hydrogen forms an afiinity with nitrogen and lime, hence ammonia, X. H. 3 ; this attacks sulphur and thus the desired result is obtained. Old limes become Nitrate of Calcium, N. 05, and saponaceous, and as in this state it is very deleterious to the hide, you will therefore 17G avoid as much as possible the danger of allowing your limes to be- come too much saturated with nitrogenized matter; use only enough for the time ; sulphur will always assist the lime. I would have made ^evei-al experiments, only that I had not the apparatus. I propose the use of an apparatus for liming, such an one as I have had in pri- vate use for some time past. DREXCIIKS. The exuvia of fowls and reptiles yields upon exposure to a humid atmosphere oxylate of amuionia; in water, with considerable agita- tion, carbonate of ammonia; thus you perceive the intuitive process of agitating the drenches from time to time. The ammonia is taken up by the hide whilst the carbon is coml)ined with the lime, forming carbonate of lime, or chalk, which is very injurious to the hide, and when in excess prevents the necessary reduction. The test for the presence of chalk is to take up in a glass some of the suspected im- pure drench and drop into it a few drops of acetic acid. Efferves- cence or foaming will indicate the presence of chalk. In large tanneries a quantity of air may be blown into the drcncli until the lime is precipitated, when the supernatant liquor of ammonia may be drawn ott" and used again with a small addition of excrement. I have found that weak liquors, rich in acid produced by mucilagi- nous ferment are of great use in reducing the skin and expelling the lime. Baths of sulphurous acid are also as good (if properly man- aged) as drenches made from exuvia, especially if uric acid in proper proportions be held in intimate solution with the acid. SWEAIIXG PIIOCKSS. Sweat-houses are made, as you all know, by building a place almost air-tight, through w-hich water or steam is caused to pass. H. is evolved, affinity for N. is disengaged and ammonia is formed, first from water vapor; 2 vols. H., 1 vol. 0- form 2 vols, aqueous vapor, and 3 vols, of A. V. — 1 of N. form ammouiacal gas, and ammonia has a great afllnity for sulphur, ami the greatest quantity of sulphur is found in the mucous canal of the skin, consequently the roots of the hair are decomposed by the caustic action of ammonia, and thus dep- ilation is secured. This method is not to be recommended for upper leather, as the fatty portion of the hide is not by this means sufficiently decomposed, and to use acids strong enough for the purpose would injure the texture of the skin, it being too thin. I have seen a few days since, in the tannery of Mr. Kawlston of Bertheu, a compound process. The lime-house is part a sweat-room; he uses sulphur in the limes ; the hides are exposed to the action of the ammouiacal gas as well as the action of lime, and arc limed very low. They use no 177 drenches. A very fair description of leatlier is the result. This pro- cess might (if improved) answer very well for hides intended for buff leather, because time is saved and the hide is rendered thicker for the splitting operation. In tanning we have noticed the method of reducing the hide or skin employed by the Egyptian, the Arab, as also by the Indian of this country. The antiquity of the mode or method is beyond a ques- tion, as we find the process of smoking the hide resorted to by all of them as the final process, and this brings to my mind carbolic acid, since the creosote of smoke has the property of tanning the hide, and the two are so similar that it seems, surprising any one should consider the use of carbolic acid in the light of a new discov- ery. I remember some years since, while experimenting on some sheepskins, my surprise at finding that picric acid had completely tanned some of them, upon which it (a diluted solution) had acciden- tally fallen. If I had known then as much as I afterwards learned in relation to picric or carbozotic acid, there would have been no occa- sion for surprise, since the formula for it is with little diffei'ence the formula of carbolic acid. There is no doubt but that carbolic acid, if used in conjunction with a preparation similar to that adopted by the Egyptian, the Arab, and also the Indian of this country, would make an excellent description of soft leather, but it is decidedly injurious if used in combination with tannic acid. Indeed the French calfskins owe their peculiar softness to the method and the material employed, being somewhat similar in their character and effect upon the skin to that produced by the formula I have just mentioned; and here I would make a few remarks upon French tanning. The French tanners in general produce a very poor description of stock ; true it is that in the neighborhood of Strasbourg, Nantes, Tours and Bordeaux, as also Paris, a superior article is produced, but until within a few years past the art of producing stock, known in this country as French calf, was confined to only a few men. In fact, so late as 1824, the art was entirely unknown to the French, they having been taught the mys- tery by some enterprising Irishmen who found their way there about that time. Before I leave the tanning department I would state that in sole leather too great care cannot be taken in properly semi-drying and oiling before rolling. Oil and water, together with a little rosin, should be mixed together and lightly spread over the surface of the hide before it is placed under the roller; this will give a better polish, a higher color, and at the same time tend to obviate the objectionable property of cracking, which I am sorry to see some sole leather possesses. And now we will outer tlio 178 CUKRYING SHOP. Here I would earnestly impress upon j^our miiuls the necessity there is, first, for careful shaving, or skiving, more especially for calf-skins ; let the shoulders and shanks be left full; take nothing off more than you can take off with the back of the knife ; so that there may be some- thing left for the stuffing, without having the thin place disfigured by patches of oily supersaturation ; be careful, also, not to dry them in the sun! I had forgotten to mention the scouring. Let everything be well scoured in water at about ninety degrees F., if you want weight, color and surface ; do not grudge the labor of scouring upon both flesh and grain, and if any diflerence, let the flesh have the most of it. And now I must say a few words about the stulfing ingredi- ents. I am afraid that I have already taken more than the time al- lotted for the lecture, and have thus suppressed some portion of it; nevertheless, I would state that we should^ endeavor to have the hide when converted into leather, as tough, as soft and as fine as it was before we deprived it of its fatty matter in order to render it leather. We must learn how to put back all the elements we deprived it of. Oil and tallow will not do this ! The softness acquired in leather by saturation with stulling is similar to the lubrication of the hinges of a door — it softens it and causes rough parts of the fibre to slip; it in fact lubricates it ; but when it has evaporated, it leaves the hide as liard and as brittle as it was before it was stuffed at all. In conclusion, gentlemen, I would say something about extracts and tanning materials, only that I am interested in the manufacture of extracts. Yet if there is any one here who feels interested in the same branch of industry, I shall be very happy to speak with him about it when the lecture is over. We have all the materials for man- ufacturing every description of leather as good as it can l)e made in any country in the world! I myself will undertake to tan and curry a skin with materials to be found in tliis country, equal to any goods produced in France. We have sumac, the quercus of every kind, and last, though not least, the Ahies Canadensis, the hemlock tree ! With the extract of this and sumach, we can produce leather worthy of the country, and I think that is saying a good deal. I do not want to travel this I'oad alone, and I do not think a more appropriate place than this Salem can be found to commence classes for the study of chemistry in its application to tanning and currying. With this I will conclude, thanking you very much for your kind attention. After the close of the lecture, remarks were made by several mem- bers, and a vote of thanks was passed to Mr. Maynard for his inter- esting and instructive lectui'e. 3 2044 072 223 183 ^(Kiffijr "M*^ be: - «:< 'fic ^Cit C^^^T ^