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OF

COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY,

AT HARVARD COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE, MASS.
jFounHeti ui? pvfbate subscription, fix 1861.

No. y~/?9.

BULLETIN

xji ^y- i" ^j" c

O JCj -A. JL±

VOLUME III

187

SALEM. MASS.

PRINTED AT THE SALEM P R E S S .

1872.

CON T E N T S

Page.
Regular Meeting, Monday, January 2, 1

A. S. Packard's remarks on Catopterus gracilis at Sunderland, Mass.,
1. — A. E. Vcrrill on Marine Fauna of Eastport. Me., 2. — Report of
the Treasurer, on the Donation from the Ladies' Fair and Resolu-
tion of Thanks, 7.

Letters Announced, 8, 11, 21, 23, 30, 31, 38, 41, 59, 76, 79, 100,

120, 132, 145, 155, 161, 1G3

Additions to Library, 8, 12, 22, 24, 30, 32, 38, 41, CO, 76, 79, 100,

120, 132, 146, 155, 162, 164

Additions to Cabinets, 165

Additions to Historical Department, .... 147, 156, 162

Deficiencies in Library. 12, 13, 96, 132

Publications of Institute, 14, 96

Regular Meeting. Monday, January 16, ....'. 9

J. Kimball, on the Early Mills in this Vicinity, 0.

Regular Meeting, Monday, February 6, 17

J. H. Emerton. on the Flying Spiders, 17.— M. A. Stickney's commu-
nication "on Nathaniel Ames and his Almanacs.'' 18. — Autographic
passes by H. T. Brasmahe, John Winslow and B. Arnoldin 1775-U. 23.

Regular Meeting, Monday, February 20, 23

Regular Meeting, Monday, March 6, 25

The Ancestry and Birthplace of Hawthorne, communication from the
President, 25.— F. W. Putnam on Tetraodon and Diodon. 29.

Regular Meeting, Monday, March 20, 31

J. S. Cabot's communication, "Genealogy of the Cabot Family," 31.—
Remarks of A. W. Bodge on the Habits and Customs of our Anci
tors, 31.

Regular Meeting, Monday, April 3, 33

J. L. Russell's communications on The Salem Female Anti-slavery
Society, 34. — Remarks of the President, 34.— Paper Money, by -i.

Robinson, 35. — Eggs of the Daddylonglegs, by J. H. Emerton, 37.

Regular Meeting, Monday. April 17, 39

F. \Y. Putnam, on the New Australian Fish, Ceratodus, 40.

Semi-centennial Anniversary, Friday, April 21, ... 42

Remarks ofthe President, 42.— Original Hymn^by J. Very, 15.— Ab-
stract of the Address, by A. C. < ioodell, Jr., 40.

Regular Meeting, Monday, May 1, 49

The Geological Survey ofEssex County by A. Hyatt, 49.— Note bvDr.
T. Sterry Hunt. 53. — Geology of the Phosphate Beds of South Caro-
lina, by A. S. Pacfcard, Jr., 55. — r. 11. Emerton's Remarks mi Flow-
ers, found i'i >>>uth Salem and Swampscott, 58. — A Committee ap-
pointed to nominate officers for election, at tin' Annual Meeting, 60.

(iii)

IV CONTENTS.

Annual Meeting, Wednesday, May 10, Gl

Reports of Recording Secretary. 61. — Superintendent of Museum, 65.
— Treasurer, 66. — Librarian, 67. — Communication of the President,
on Public Library, Memorial Hall, 68. — Officers elected, 7L.

Regular Meeting, Monday, May 15, ...... 72

Mementos from the Recent Franco-German War. by A. H.Johnson, 72.

Field Meeting at North Beverly, Thursday, June 15, . . 77

Notice of the Excursion, 77. — Tornado, or Cyclone, at Wentaam, by
1). II. Johnson, si. — liemarks of Mr. Dodge, on the Cyclone, 81 . — F.
W. Putnam, on the Alewives anil other Fishes collected in the
Lake, 88. — Cominunic; tions from the President on Rev. John Chip-
man, 90. Rev. Enos Hitchcock, 92. Rev. Daniel Oliver, 93. Rev.
Moses Dow. 94. — Remarks of Henry Wilson, 94.

Adjourned Meeting, Friday, June 20, 95

Field Meeting at East Gloucester, Thursday, June 29, . . 97

Notice of the Ramble, 97. — G. D. Phippen's remarks <>;i Botanical
Specimens collected, 101. — Chrysopa, and it - Eggs, by J. il. Emer-
ton, 106. — History of the Baptist Church in East Gloucester, by
Rev. J. il Gannett, in.;.— Mr. Gannett, on Geology, 110. — Remarks
of \.. H. Johnson, on "The Study of the Lower Forms of I. if'". 110.
—Remarks of Rev. E. C. Bolles, on •• Helix Hortensis, or Garden
Snail.'' ill.— on "lininae columella," 115.— Remarks l>\ i.V\ . R. Eddy
of Gloucester, 116. — of Wm. I'.. Trask of Boston, 116.— of E.N.
Walton, l hi. —ami .Tame- Davis of Gloucester, 116.

Field Meeting near "Ship Rock" in Peabody, Wednesday, Aug. 2, 117

Notice of the Excursion, 117.— Remark of the President, 121.— Indian
Relics from Beverly, by P. W. Putnam, 123. — Remarks of. I. II.
Emerl in, on Plants Collected, 125. — W. B. Trask's remarks on the
did "Trask House" in Salem, 126. — "Phaeton Rock»by F. W.
Putnam, 12S. — Wigwam Rock, by Jones Very, 129.

Special Meeting, Tuesday, September 5. 131

Remarks of the President, 131.- Lord's Memorial Address on A.
Huntington, 131.— Remarks of A. W. Dodge, 132.

Regular Meeting, Monday, Oct. 16 132

President's remarks mi ■• The Chicago Academy of science," 135. —
Remarks of F. W. Putnam, 136. — Resolutions of Sympathy and
Tender of Aid to the Chicago Academy of Science Adopted, 138. —
R marks ol the President on the ■' Chicago Historical Society," 138.
— Resolu tupathy, and Tender of \i>

Historic tl - • ty Adopted, 139. — Communication from W'.ll. Fos-
ter, on the Salem and Boston Stage Company, 139.

Regular Meeting, Monday, November 1, 1871, .... 145
F. W. Putnam, Remarks on Bos Americanus, 117. — F. W. Putnam.
on the Ancient Foi tiflcation, on the Wabash River, lis.

Quarterly Meeting, Wednesday, November 8, . .... 155

Regular Meeting, Monday. Nov. 20, 155

Little Auk. 156.— \. C. G 1. 11. Jr . Sketch of the Legislation of Mas-
sachusetts (The Provincial Period . 157.

Regular Meeting, Monday, December 4, 161

Remarks of E. S. Atwood, 1C3.

Regular Meeting, Monday, December 18, . . 1G3

Remarks of V. W. Putnam on the Mammoth Cave and it- Inhabi-
tants,165.

BULLETIN

OF THE

ESSEX INSTITUTE.

Vol. 3. Salem, Mass., January, 1871. No. 1.

One Dollar a Year in Advance. 10 Cents a Single Copy.

Regular Meeting, Monday, January 2, 1871.

The President in the chair. Records of preceding
meeting read.

Dr. A. S. Packard, Jr., referring to the fine specimen
of Triassic fossil fish Catopterus gracilis Redfield, presented
this evening by Mr. Russell, stated that he had during
the past autumn visited the locality at Sunderland, Mass.,
which is exposed at low water. The fine blackish slates
were in nearly horizontal beds and the fish remains were
quite abundant. At Turner's Falls, about ten miles north
of Sunderland, he had visited a large and very complete
collection of bird tracks belonging to Mr. T. M. Staugh-
ton. The collection included some fine fossil tracks, and
plant and insect remains, the latter occurring in nodules
at a locality three miles north of Turner's Falls. The
insect remains were of one species of an aquatic larva,
which had been referred to the Ephemeras by Dr. J. L.
Leconte, and called Palephemera mediceva, by Hitchcock.
On an examination of specimens showing well the head
and extremity of the body, Dr. Packard thought they
were rather aquatic coleopterous larva?, belonging perhaps

Essex Inst. Bulletin. hi 1

near the family Heteroceridse. Among the fossil plants
were sprigs of a supposed coniferous tree, Vbltzia, a
characteristic Triassic plant in Europe.

Dr. Packard also gave an account of the discovery of
organs of special sense in the abdominal appendages of
Ghrysopila, a fly allied to Leptis. He thought they were
possibly olfactory organs, like those he had discovered in
the jointed abdominal appendages of the cockroach. He
referred to similar little sacs situated in the palpi of Perla
next the mouth, and thought they were perhaps organs of
smell.

Prof. A. E. Vekkill, of Yale College, gave a brief
sketch of the marine fauna of Eastport, Me., and spoke
of the unusually favorable opportunities for collecting.

MARINE FAUNA OF EASTPORT, ME.

Eastport Harbor is somewhat quadrangular in form, about one and a
half miles wide and three long, partially bounded on the east and south
by the Island of Campo Bello, which is about nine miles in length, and
on the west by Moose Island, on which Eastport is situated, while on
the north-east it is protected by Deer Island. Indian Island, and numer-
ous smaller islands. It has four outlets. The largest and deepest is tin-
broad channel between Campo Bello and Indian Island, which is 40
to 70 fathoms deep and communicates directly with the Bajr of Fund}^.
In this channel the tides flow with great velocity and power, and the
bottom is stony and, ledgy throughout, in some cases consisting of
smooth, nearly clean, round stones, like paving-stones, on which only
a few Foraminifera. Bryozoa, Ascidians, and Actiniae can maintain a
permanent home. Between Deer Island and Indian Island on the
east and Moose Island on the west, there is another broad and
deep channel, in some places 50 to GO fathoms deep, with a rough,
rocky bottom. This channel is several miles in length and communi-
cates with the Bay of St. Audrews at the mouth of the St. Croix
River. This bay is about 15 miles across, and consequently an im-
mense volume of water must pass through the channel during every
ebb and flow of the tide, which produces so powerful a current that it
is useless to attempt to row a boat of any kind against or across the
current, except when it slacks near high or low water. Dredging in

this channel is somewhat difficult, on account of the swift current and
rough bottom, and can hardly be attempted with safety when the tide
is flowing with its full force. The fauna is, however, very remarkable
as showing the influence of physical conditions on animal life, for
here, at the depth of 40 to 60 fathoms, we dredged nearly the same
assemblage of animals that are found on the opposite rocky shores,
between high and low water mark, together with many of the same
forms of sea-weeds. Among the more abundant species were Mytilus
edulis, Modiola modiolus, J///" arenaria, Saxicava arctica, Buccinum
undulatum, Ascidia complanata Fab. (A. callosa St.), Cynthia piri-
formis, Boltenia rem' for mis, various species of Bryozoa and Hydroids.
Ophiopholis aculcata, Asterias vulgaris, Cribrella sanguinolenta, Eury-
echinus Drobachiensis, Pentacta frondosa, Cancer irroratus, Thelphusa
dreiniiata (Lumara flava St.), etc. There was, in fact, scarcely any-
thing in the dredgings brought up from the deepest parts of this
channel that would have indicated a depth of more than one or two
fathoms below low water mark, along the shores, and most of the
species can readily be obtained at low Avater of ordinary tides. This
is doubtless due to the powerful current which rushes through the
channel like a rapid river, and flowing over the rough and irregular
bottom, completely mixes up the water from top to bottom, so that
there is really no appreciable difference in the tempei'ature or other
conditions of the water of the bottom and surface. A third channel,
which is narrower and quite shallow, connects the southern end of
the harbor with the Bay of Funcly. passing between Campo Bello on the
east and Treat's Island and Lubec on the west. This channel is suffi-
ciently deep for the Boston steamers and large vessels at high water,
but after half-tide is not safe except for small craft, and sometimes,
at extremely low tides, it becomes nearly bare. The bottom is mostly
muddy and soft. A fourth, narrow, but deep, rocky channel, passing
between Treat's Island and the southern end of Moose Island, com-
municates with the extensive bodies of water known collectively as
Cobscook Bay, but consisting, practically, of several distinct bays.
or fiords, which have received local names. The southern branch,
kuown as South Bay, was pretty fully explored with the dredge.
These bays receive and discharge great volumes of water at every
tide, nearly all of which passes into and through Eastport Harbor, and
together with that which supplies St. Andrews Bay, it mostly comes in
and goes out through the channel first described, between Campo
Bello and Deer Island. As a result of this arrangement, Eastport
Harbor is characterized by a powerful and somewhat complicated
system of tides, which can be best understood by examining a chart
of the harbor, with the soundings indicated, and comparing the re-
spective channels to river valleys, when it will be found that, as a

matter of course, the most powerful currents will follow the deeper
and broader chanuels, while the smaller aud shallower channels will
be tributary to them. Counter currents exist along the shores, and
areas also exist where opposing currents meet or counteract each
other, causing the water to be thrown into violent commotion, or else
to be comparatively quiet, according to circumstances. At one point,
in the central part of the harbor, Ave found a large bank, formed where
the two principal tide-currents meet, consisting of a nearly uniform
mass of comminuted shells and sand, which was almost destitute of
life; but where the currents slack, or produce eddies, banks are
formed which are very favorable for the development of a great variety
of marine animals. Such a bank, covered by 10 to 15 fathoms of
water, exists between Treat's Island and Friar's Head. This is com-
posed of broken shells and gravel in most parts, and is a very rich
dredging ground. Some of the most common and interesting species
found here are Alcyonium carneum, Urticina crassicomis, in many
beautiful varieties, Astrophyton Agassizii, Ophioglypha Sarsii, 0. ro-
busta, Amphiura squamata, Asterias Stimpsonii, and several other
species, Cribrella sanguinolenta, of many colors, Solaster endeca, Cros-
saster papposns, Pentacta frondosa, a great variety of Hydroids and
Bryozoa, Terebratulina septentrionalis (very abundant), Cynthia pyri-
formis, C. carnea, etc., Astarte undata, A. lens (Stimp. Mss.), Entails
striolata, Sipho Islandicus, S. pygmceus, Scalaria Gronlandica, Acirsa
Eschrichtii*, Margarita undulata, and many other interesting shells,
with numerous worms and Crustacea. Nearer Campo Bello, towards
Welch Pool, the bottom becomes muddy and abounds in mud-loving
shells and worms. In the broad, shallow channel or bay west of
Treat's Island, in 10 to 15 fathoms, a similar assemblage of animals is
found, together with some additional ones of great interest. Among
the species found here are Acaulis primarius St. (attached by a pedi-
cle), Pteraster militaris, Alcyonium rubiforme, Lucernaria quadri-
cornis, Aphrodite aculeata (very large), numerous Ascidians, Pandalus
annulicornis, several species of Hippolyte, etc. Another very prolific
bank of a similar kind, but composed of coarser gravel, broken shells,
sponges, &c, is found at the entrance of South Bay, between Razor
Island and the Lubec shore, in 8 to 10 fathoms of water ; most of
the species already mentioned (including Pteraster) are found here,
together with numerous other species, many of which are ordinarily
found only in much deeper water, showing that depth, of itself, has
very little to do with the distribution of marine animals, and that
temperature and other local conditions are the main causes which

* This species has not been recorded before from New England. It is not un-
common at Eastport.

affect them. Dredgings were also made in the Bay of Fundy, off the
northern end of Campo Bello, where at the distance of four or Ave
miles from Head Harbor, we reached the greatest depth which we
could find anywhere within many miles of the shore. There appears
to be at this place a depression of the bottom, or a valley somewhat
parallel with Campo Bello, in which the depth is 100 to 125 fathoms,
with a bottom of fine, soft, sticky mud and broken shells, in most parts.
At this place we found Alcyonium carneum, Astrophyton Agassizii, Opk-
iopholis aculeata, Ophioglypha Sarsii, 0. robusta, Ophiacantha spinulosa,
Terebratulina septentrionalis, Astarte lens, Pecten teniae ostatus, Apor-
rhais occidentalis, etc. There were, however, very few species not to
be found in 10 to 15 fathoms on the banks in Eastport Harbor. On a
patch of hard bottom, near this place, in about 100 fathoms, we ob-
tained a few rare and interesting species, amoug them a new species
of a creeping Halcyonoid polyp allied to Telesto and Cornularia, with
comparatively large, white tentacles. Farther out the water becomes
shallower all the way to the " Wolves." Since the shores are diversi-
fied and the tides very extensive at Eastport (the extreme rise and fall
of spring tides being about 28 feet), the opportunities for shore collect-
ing are also excellent. The best localities for this are on the rocky
shores at the southern end of Moose Island ; north of the village
at and near Dog Island ; and also on Treat's Island and most of the
other small islands in the vicinity ; while many mud-loving creatures
can be dug up from their burrows in the mud and sand on the exten-
sive flats of Broad Cove, Prince's Cove and other localities. The
number and variety of marine animals that can be collected at low
water within a few minutes' walk of Eastport is really surprising to
persons accustomed to collect on other parts of the coast. Even
under and among the lofty wharves a very respectable collection may
be made, including at least 200 species, and representing nearly all
the classes.

Among the shore species are. ofRadiata : UHicina crassicornis (mostly
of the variety mottled with green and red), Banodes stella (in crevices
and under rocks), Metridium marginatum, Edwardsia, three species,
Peachia parasitica, Alcyonium carneum, many Hydroids, Ophiopholis
aculeata, Ophioglypha robusta, Amphiura squamata, Astrophyton Agas-
sizii (young), Asterias vulgaris, A. littoralis, A. Stimpsonii, Stephanas-
terias albula V. (Stimpson sp.), Cribrella sanguinolenta, Solaster endeca,
Crossaster papposus (i\tre), Echinarachnius parma (in sand), Eury echi-
nus Drobachiensis (very abundant on rocky shores at extreme low
water), Pentacta frondosa, Thyonidium productum, rare. Chirodota leve
(under stones, like the last), Psolus phantapus, young, adult rare,
Lophothuria Fabricii (young common, adult rare, on ledges). Of the
Mollusca: Cynthia piriformis, C.carnea, C.echinata, Molgula retoxtifor-
mis and several other species, Ascidia complanata, very abundant, ( 'iom

6

tenella, Boltenia reniformis, and several other Ascidians, numerous Bry-
ozoa, Terebratulina septentrionalis, a large number of bivalve and
univalve shells, among which Buccinum undulatum, &;>/io Islandicus,
Chrysodoraus decemco status, Lunatia hems, Purpura lapillus, Chiton
marmoreus, C. ruber, and C. albus, Mya truncata and M. arenaria, Saxi-
eava arctica, Mmliubiria ui'jra, and Pectcu Islandicus are conspicuous.
Of Annelids and Nemerteans there are a large number of species, main'
of which have not yet been identified; among the most interesting of
the former are Ner< is grandis St., abundant and large, found in the mud
of Broad Cove at low water, with many other species of Nephthys,
Spio, etc., Areuicola piscatorum, living in the same way at Prince's
Cove; Thelphusa circinnata forming coarse tubes under stones; Myxi-
cola Steenstrupii, forming a loose, soft, jelly-like tube; a blood-red
species of Torquea (V), remarkable for the brilliant blue phosphores-
cence of its numerous long tentacles: several fine species of Sabella,
Terebellidce, Glycera, Eunice, Phyllodice, Lumbriconereis, etc. Among
the larger Crustacea are Cancer irroratus, Crangon boreas, C. vulgaris.
The harbor also abounds in Jelly-fishes and many other forms of
pelagic animals. Of the former Cyanea arctica, Aurelia flavidula,
Oceania languiiia, M,lin rtum eant/iannla, Slaumphora laciniata, Bo-
Una alata, and Tdya roseola are very abundant, while other species,
such as ( 'alii in ma ornata V .. and M, rh nsia ovum, are occasionally seen.
Night collecting would doubtless reveal many other species. Among
the other pelagic forms are species of Thysanopoda and Mysis, known
to the fishermen as '•shrimp,'" which go in vast, "schools" and are
the favorite food of herring, young pollock, and other species of
fishes, as well as of large flocks of gulls. We also saw, on one oc-
casion, immense numbers of a species of Sagitta, besides many minute
species of Entomostraca, etc. The fish-fauna is also rich and diver-
sified. The principal fisheries in the vicinity of Eastport are, how-
ever, for the common herring (Clupea elongata), the hake, haddock,
and pollock, while in deeper waters, outside, halibut and cod are also
taken. During the time that I was at Eastport last summer, three large
specimens of the basking shark {Cetorliinns maximus) were taken in
the vicinity of Eastport and Lubec, having been left in shallow water
by the ebbing tide. These were from 25 to 30 feet in length, and very
thick in proportion, and were all males, as was a still larger one,
about 35 feet loug, caught near Eastport in 1868. This shark, although
very powerful, is quite harmless and rather sluggish. The teeth are
small and slender, shaped something like shoe-pegs, and the mouth
and throat are comparatively small. The liver is very bulky and
often yields two or three barrels of oil. Four or five other species of
sharks are also not uncommon. The wolf-fish, Anarrhicas vomerinus,
is frequent on the rocky shores, feediug largely on the sea-urchin
(Euryechinus Dr'obachiensis) and Buccinum undulatum.

The Treasurer reported an addition to the funds of
sixteen hundred and fifty-four dollars and seventy-eight
cents (SI, 654. 78), one half of the net proceeds of a fair
recently held for the benefit of the Salem Oratorio Society
and Essex Institute, by the ladies of Salem, Beverly, Pea-
body, and other towns in the vicinity. The fair was held
in Mechanic Hall, and was opened for the sale of useful
and ornamental articles, on Monday evening, October 31,
1870, — and continued through Tuesday and Wednesday,
and till 1 P. M. of Thursday. The managers were for-
tunate in being the first occupants of the hall since the
enlargement and reconstruction. The convenience in its
several appointments and the beautiful and appropriate
decorations added much to the comfort of the managers
and assistants, and to the general interest of the occasion.
Five numbers of a paper entitled " To-Day, " were issued,
ably edited and finely printed, containing a full account,
in detail, of the organization and proceedings, and also
many interesting and valuable communications from the
pens of some of our literary and scientific writers.

Several members offered appropriate remarks, and ex-
pressed their deep sense of gratitude to those ladies who
so generously gave their services on this occasion which
was so eminently successful.

The following resolutions were proposed and unani-
mously adopted.

Resolved, That the sincere and grateful thanks of the
Essex Institute be presented to the Board of Management
and all others who assisted in the Salem Oratorio and
Essex Institute Fair, for the liberal contribution to its
funds, reported by the Treasurer this evening.

Resolved, That the Treasurer be requested to communi-
cate a copy of these resolutions to Mrs. E. D. Kimball,
the President of the Board.

8
The following correspondence announced : —

U. S. Dept. of Interior, Dec; New York Secretary of State, Dec. 21, 24; New
York State Library, Dec 21 ; Alnwick, Berwickshire Naturalists' Field Club, Oct. 10 ;
Berne, Naturforschende Gesellschaft, Nov., 1869 and Aug., 1870; Cambridge, Cor-
poration of Harvard College, Nov. 28; London, British Archaeological Association,
Dec. 6, Geological Society, Dec; St. Petersburg, Societe Entomologique de Itussie,
Oct. 6; Zurich, Naturforschende Gesellschaft, May 10; Hamlin, Robert D., Ben-
nington, Vt., Dec. 20; Higginson, Thos. Wentworth, Newport, E. I., Dec. 27;
Hotchkiss, Frank E., New Haven, Conn., Dec. 21 ; Perry, William Stevens, Geneva,
N. V., Dec. 14,20.

The following- additions to the Library reported : —

Historical Papers of the Church in Virginia edited by William Stevens Perry, 1
vol. 4to, privately printed, 1870. Connecticut Church Documents, edited by Fran-
cis L. Hawks and William S. Perry. 2 vols., 8VO, New York, 1803-4; Documentary
History of the Protestant Episcopal Church in Vermont, 1 vol., 8vo, New York,
1870; Debates of the House of Deputies in the General Convention of Protestant
Episcopal Church, 18fi8, 1 vol.,4to, Hartford, 1808; Reports of General and Diocesan
Conventions and various other publications; 11 volumes and 146 pamphlets.

By Donation.

U. S. Dept. of the Interior. Document^ 3d Sess. Wth Cong., 2S volumes.

U. S. Treasury Department, Finance Report tor is;o. l vol. 8vo.

HARVARD COLLEGE. Treasurer's Statement. lsTo. 8vo pamph.

Butler, B. F., M. C. Drake's Speech in U. S. Sen., Dec. 16, 1870.

Cole, Mrs. Nancy D. File of the Salem Gazette for 1870.

Green, S. A., of Boston. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 7">.

Hart, Charles H., of Philadelphia. A Necrological Notice of the Hon. R. S.
Field. LI.. D.. of Princeton. N. ,J., Oct. 6, 1870.

Hotchkiss, Frank E.,of New Haven. Year Book of the City of New Haven
for 1870.

Lee. John c. Commercial Bulletin for Dec. 24, 1870.

Palfray, Charles W. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 40.

STICKNEY, Miss Li cv W. Cincinnati Directories for 1855, '59, '07. ■'! vols. 8VO.

Sumner, Charles, U. S. S. Report of the Commissioner of Agriculture for
1869, 1 vol. 8vo. Acts and Resolutions of U. S., 1 vol. 8vo, 1870. Message and
Documents, 4 vols. 8vo. Paraguayan Investigation, 1870, l vol. 8vo.

Tate, Geo., of Alnwick, England. The History of Alnwick, Vol. ii., Parts 1 and
2, 1868-69, 2 vols. 8vo. Proceedings of the Berwickshire Naturalists' Club, 1S;;7, ."it.
'62, '63, '64, '05. '60, '67, '68, '69, 8vo.

Waters. J. Linton, of Chicago, 111. The Press, Jan. 1, 1871.

By Exchange.

Boston Society of Natural History. Proceedings of, Vol. xiii, Sigs. 20, 21.

Leeds Philosophical and Literary Society. Report of the Council, May
4th, 1870, 8vo. Leeds. 1870.

Berne, Naturforschende Gesellschaft. Mittheilungen aus dem Jahre,
1869, 8vo.

Zurich, Naturforschende Gesellschaft. Vierteljahrsschrift Redigirt von
Dr. Rudolf Wolf. Vierzehnter Jahrgang, 1869, 1 vol. 8vo.

MOSCOU, SOCIETE Imperiale DES Naturalistes. Bulletin Amiee, 1870, No. 1,
Svo pamph.

Publishers. Christian World. Eclectic. Essex Banner. Gloucester Tele-
graph. Haverhill Gazette. Lawrence American. Literary World. Little Giant.
Lynn Semi-Weekly Reporter. Medical and Surgical Reporter. Nation. Nature.
Peabody Press. Quaritch's Catalogue. Salem Observer. Silliman's Journal. Soth-
eran's Catalogue.

Augustus P. Hamblet of Salem, was elected a resident
member.

Regular Meeting, Monday, January 16, 1871.

The President in the chair. Records of preceding
meeting read.

Mr. James Kimball read an interesting communication
on the early Mills in this vicinity, which contained
many citations from the records and affidavits on file in
the county offices of Essex.

In the formation of a new settlement, attention is
immediately directed to secure a regular and sufficient
supply of bread stuns, and every facility in that direction
is regarded of the highest importance ; hence the erection
of Grist Mills is necessarily the first movement in the in-
troduction of the manufacturing industries. It appears,
therefrom, that within four years from the landing of
Roger Conaut and his companions, and two after the ar-
rival of Endicott, Capt. "William Trask, one of the orig-
inal planters, was the first person who applied our water
power to economic use, in the erection of a mill, on a
small brook running into the North River, near the
crossing of the highway in the vicinity of the Railroad
Station in Peabody, called Gardner's Brook. Here upon
the narrow outlet of this stream a rude dam was con-
structed of logs with a power only sufficient for the most

Essex Inst. Bulletin. hi 2

10

primitive kind of mill. The first machinery was Im-
pounding or beating corn, a mortar mill, as it was after-
wards called.

Various changes were made at different times in the
construction and uses of the building or buildings on this
foundation; in 1692 it was rebuilt for a Fulling Mill —
several mills of this character were erected on the small
streams in this county during the colonial and provincial
periods in our history. It further appears, that, at an
early date, several families located in this neighborhood,
which was considered a desirable place for a settlement,
hence the necessity of erecting and maintaining the bridge
at the "Town's End," alluded to in the records of that
period. In 1640, Capt. Traske* obtained permission,
and some years after erected a mill about half of a
mile lower down the river, and opposite his house (in
the rear of 158 Boston street) ; not liking that place, in a
short time, he moved it again half of a mile further down,
making it one mile from the location of the first mill.
This was used by himself and his descendants for many
years, when it passed into other hands. During the latter
part of the last and the first half of the present century
it was under the direction of William Frye, father and
son, and was familiarly known as "Frye's Mills."

July 12, 1633, a grant was made by the town of Lynn
to Edward Tomlins for a mill ; this was the second in
this colony, and was erected on Strawberry brook, flow-
ing from Flax Pond, a few rods west of the junction of
Franklin with Boston Street. In 1663, 6 mo. 22, per-

* Capt. William Trask was born in Somersetshire, England, probably in 1587,
died in 106G. The house which he built and in which he resided, was situated a
few rods in the rear of the present old mansion. No. 158 Boston Street. The pres-
ent house was built by his son, about 1(580. This is the only part of the original
estate that is now and has been owned by members of the family in successive
generations.

11

mission was granted to Walter Price, Henry Barthole-
mew, John and Samuel Gardner, for building a mill on
the South River near Mr. Ruck's. This "New Mill" was
completed in 1664, and in 1666 the town incorporated
this dam into the public travelled way and continued it
from the Mill Dam through the South Fields to the little
gate in the fence, where it joined the old road to Marble-
head. This was on the site of the "South Mills," so
called, and now occupied by the Eastern Railroad com-
pany for the new Engine House. The town in remun-
eration for the injury done to the Pickerings (John and
Jonathan) by the erection of the dam, and the laying
out of the way over the same, which run through their
shipyard, granted them a site at the Town's End, or in
Hardie's Cove, if they should find it most convenient.

A general discussion followed the reading of the paper,
participated in by Messrs. W. P. Up ham, James Kimball,
the chair, and others. Several suo-o-estions were made
having a reference to the subject of priority of the differ-
ent mills ; allusion being made to Saltonstali's Mill in
Ipswich, granted in 1635 ; a description also was given
of the early mode of grinding, probably on the principle
of the trip hammer, the use of stones having been intro-
duced at a later date. The building of various mill dams
and bridges in this vicinity, that of the North Bridge in
1764, was specified. A vote of thanks was passed to
Mr. Kimball for his interesting and valuable communica-
tion and he was requested to prepare the same for publi-
cation in the "Historical Collections."

The Secretary read the following correspondence : —

William S. Elwell, Springfield, Jan. 10; Frank E. Hotchkiss, Xew Haven. Dec.
30; William Stevens Perry, Geneva, N. Y., Dec. 28, Jan. 7; Geo. Henry Preble,
Charlestown, Jan. 14.

The Librarian announced the following additions : —

12

Natural History of New York. Paleontology, vol. 3, pts. 1 and 2: vol. 4;
3 vols. 4to; Albany, 1864, '07.

By Donation.

Butler, Benj. P., M. C. Report of tlie Department of Agriculture for Nov.
and Dec, 1870. Bingham's speech in U. S. H. R., Dec. 20, 1870.

Foote, Caleb. Files of several County Papers for 1870.

<;reen, S. A., of Boston. Three pamphlets.

Kimball, James. Rules of the Supreme Court of Mass. for 1870, 1 vol. 12mo.
Eulogies on Guliau C. Verplanck, 1 vol. 8vo.

Lee, Francis II. Boston Directory for 1805. Bombay Directory for 1863.

Lee, John C. Commercial Bulletin for Dec, 1870, Jan. 7, 1871.

Ropes, Nath'l. a description of Types. i2mo pamph.

Sumner. Charles, U. S. S. Report of the Dep. of Agriculture for Nov. ami
Dec, 1870.

Waters, J. Linton, of Chicago, 111. Four pamphlets.

By Exchange.

American Antiquarian Society. Proceedings at Annual Meeting, Oct.. 1*70.

Boston Numismatic Society. American Journal of Numismatics Jan.. 1871.

New England Bistohii -Genealogical So< iktv. The New England Hist.
Geneal. Register, Jan., 1871.

Publishers. American Literary Gazette. American Naturalist. Essex Ban-
ner. Gardeners' Monthly. Gloucester Telegraph. Haverhill Gazette. Historical
Magazine. Land and Water. Lawrence American. Little Giant. Lynn Semi-
Weekly Reporter. Medical and Surgical Reporter. Nation. Nature. Peabodj
Press. Quaritch's Catalogue. Salem Observer. Sotheran's Catalogue.

DEFICIENCIES IN THE LIBRARY.

Tt is intended from time to time, to publish lists of deficiencies in the Library,
hoping that the friends of the Institute, who may notice the same, will be induced
to aid in completing the sets. Any number or volume, not designated (within
brackets) under any title, will be acceptable.

deficiencies in directories.

[Continued from volume ii. page 128.

Carthage, N. Y., by J. C. Kimball [1867-8].
Cayuga County, n. Y., by H. Child [1807-8].

13

Chemung and Schuyler Counties, X. Y., by H. Child [1868-9].

Chenango County, N. Y.. by H. Child [1869-70].

Cortland County. X. Y., by H. Child [1869].

Elmira. X. Y.. by W. H. Boyd [I860].

Fishkill Landing. X. Y. [1^ 14-5].

Genessee County, by H. Child T1869-70].

Hudson. X. Y., by Parmenter & Van Antwerp [1851-2]; by H.Wilson [1856-7] ;
by W. V. Hackett [1882-3].

Jefferson County, X. Y.. by H. Child [1860 and 1861].

Kingston & Rondout. X. Y., by Fitzgerald, Webb &Co. [1866].

Lowville, X. Y., by J. C. Kimball [1867-8].

New York. X. Y.. by David Franks [1786. reprint] ; by David Loiigworth [1796-
7. 1799-1800, 1809-10] ; by Thomas Longworth L1825-5, 1826-7, 1827-S, 1831-2, 1832-3,
1833-4, 1831-5, 1835-6, 1838-9, 1839-40, 1840-1, 1S42-3] ; by John Doggett [1S41-2, 1842-3,
1843-4. 1844-5, 1845-6. 1846-7, 1847-8, 1848-9, 1849-50, 1S50-1] ; by Charles R. Rode [1850-
51] ; by Doggett & Rode [1851-2] : by C. R. Rode [1852-3. 1853-4. 1S54-5] ; by H. Wil-
son [1852-3, 1853-4, 1854-5, 1855-6, 1856-7, 1857-8. 1858-9, 1S59-60, 1860, 1861, 1862, 1863.
1864. 1865, 1866, 1867] ; Business Directory, by H. Wilson [1862-3, 1866-7. 1853-4].

Niagara County, X. Y., byH. Child [1869].

Oneida County. X. Y., by A. Boyd [1832-3] ; by Waite Brothers & Co. [1866-7] :
byH. Child [1869].

Onondaga County. X. Y., by H. Child [1868-9].

Orleans County. X. Y.. by H. Child [I860].

Oswego, X. Y., by W. Hancock [1856-7] : by John Fitzgerald [1861, 1864-5].

Potsdam. X. Y., by J. C. Kimball [1668].

Poughkeepsie, X. Y., by J. Underhill [1856-7] ; by David B. Lent, Jr. [1859-60] ;
P. & Fishkill Landing [1864-5].

Rensselaer County, X. Y., by H. Child [1870-1].

Rochester. X. Y.. by Ehvood & Dewey [1844]; by Jerome & Brother [1847-8] ;
by D. M. Dewey [1853-4, 1S55-6] ; by Curtis, Butts & Co. [1861].

Rome. X. Y., by W. H. Boyd [1857, 1859-60] .

Saratoga Springs, X. Y., by A. Boyd [1868-9].

Schenectady, X. Y.. by H. Y. Bradt & Co [1864] ; by W. H. Boyd [1857] ; by H.
Y. Bradt [1862-3].

Tompkins County, X. Y., by H. Child [1868].

Troy, X. Y., by John F. Prescott [1850-1] ; by George Adams [1S57] ; by Adams,
Sampson & Co [1858, 1859, 1860, 1861, 1862].

Syracuse, X. Y., by W. H. Boyd [1857] ; Daily Journal [1862-3, 1864-5, 1866-7] ; by
Andrew Boyd [1868-9, 1809-70].

Watertoavn, X. Y., by J. P. Fitch [1840].

Wayne County. X. Y., by H. Child [1867-8].

Wyoming County, N. Y.. by H. Child [1870-71].

14

PUBLICATIONS OF THE ESSEX INSTITUTE. 1871.

JOURNAL OK THE ESSEX COUNT V NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY. 1 vol.

8vo. 1836-1852. pp. 135. In paper $0 50

Bound 1 00

Proceedings usd Communications. 8vo. 6 vols. 1848-1868. [The Pro-
ceedings close with the sixth volume.] The series, in numbers, . . 18 00

Bound in cloth 24 00

Vol. I. 1848-1856 pp.275, 2 00

" II. 1856-1858. pp. 138, 1 plate, 2 no

" III. 1858-1863. pp- 301 2 00

" IV. 1864-IS'm. pp. Its. I.", plate-, 500

" V. 1866-1867. pp.569; l " and Naturalists' Directory, . .0 00

" VI. 1868-1871. pp. 259, 2 plates and 31 cuts 3 00

[These volumes contain a large number of descriptions and figures of
ne\i species, espe >ially of Corals, rnsects and Polyzoa ; and many valuable
papers on Natural History. The flrsl three volumes also contain main- im-
portant Historical papers. In addition to the papers on special Subjects, the
volumes contain the proceedings of the meetings of the Institute, the records
of additions to the library and museum, and many important verbal com-
munications made at the meetings, etc. The Naturalists' Directory is also
issuedunderthesamecoverwithvols.lv. and V. Vol. VI. cio.se.- 1 lie series.

Bulletin. Svo. Issued in monthly part- of about 16 pages each.

Subscription per annum, 1 00

Single numbers. ]o

Vol. I. 1869. pp. L64, 1 00

,; II. 1870. pp. ITS 1 on

" III. 1871. Subscription, i 00

[The Bulletin lakes the place of the Proceedings of tin Institute which
close at the date of the commencement of the Bulletin. Tins publication
will contain all the short communications of general interest: both of an
Historical and Scientilic character, made at the meetings of the Institute,
and the record of the meetings and business of the Institute. Occasional
lists of the deficiencies in the library of the Institute, and of the duplicate
books offered for sale or exchange will also be given ]

15

NATURALISTS' Directorv. Issued with Proceedings Vol. V, 1867.

[This work contains the addresses and departments of study of the Nat-
uralists, Collectors and Taxidermists, in North America at the date of pub-
lication.]

Separate from Proceedings, paper covers, $1 00

" " •' bound and interleaved, 2 00

Historical Collections. First series, Vols, l-s, small 4to,

•• " Second series in 8vo, commencing with Vol. 9,

The 10 vols, in paper covers, 20 00

•• 10 •' '• cloth binding, 30 00

Vol. I. 1859. pp. 206. Steel plate, 3 00

" II. 1SG0. pp. 310, 3 00

" III. 1801. pp. 298, 3 00

" IV. 1662. pp. 289, 3 00

" V. 1863. pp. 289. Steel plate 3 00

'• VI. 1804. pp. 274, 3 00

'• VII. 1805. pp. 287, 3 00

•' VIII. I860, pp.267, 3 00

" IX. 1868-9. (Vol. 1 of 2d series. Svo.) pp.374. 3 00

,; X. 1869-70. pp. 319. Steel plate, . 3 00

•■ XI. 1871. Subscription, 3 00

The Historical Collections contain papers wholly of an Historical and
Genealogical nature, and are most valuable to the student of early Ameri-
can History. Many important manuscripts and public and private early
records are printed in these volumes for the first time, as well as papers
specially prepared on topics relating to the early history of Massachusetts.
Several Genealogies of leading families connected with the carl}- settlement
of the country are also contained in the volumes.]

The Weal-Re \f. Published for Institute fair in 1860. Small 4to. pp. 56, 30
To-Day. Published for the Institute and Oratorio fair. 1870. pp.38. .

/;. sides the above publications, the following works are offered for sale .•
Allen". J. P. Victoria Kegia, or the Great Water Lily of America. Royal

folio, six colored plates, 1854, 10 00

Allen, J. A. Foray of a colony of Formica Sanguinea upon a colony of

Black Ants. 1868,*

Balcii. D. M. On the Sodalite at Salem. 1S64,*

Balch, D. M. Analysis of Grapes. 1865,*

BRIGGS, G. W. Memoir of T>. A. White. Pamphlet, 8vo, 1864,* .
fori;-. ELLIOTT. List of the Birds of New England, with critical notes

Pamphlet, 8vo, 1868,*

10
10
II
30

16

Derby. Perley. Hutchinson Family. 1 vol, 8vo. 1S70,* . . . . $2 00

Endicott, C. M. Account of Leslie's Retreat. Pamphlet, Svo, 1856, . . 25
Exdicott. C. M. Account of the Piracy of the ship Friendship of Salem

in 1831. Pamphlet, 8vo, 1858,* 15

Essex Institute. Historical notice of, with the Constitution, By-Laws,

and lists of the Officers and Members. Pamphlet, Svo, 18GG, ... 25
Fowler. S. P. Account of the Life, Character, etc., of Rev. Samuel Parris,

and of his connection with the Witchcraft Delusion of 1692. Pamphlet,

Svo, 1857,* 15

Gill, T. Prodrome of a Monograph of the Pinnipedes (seals). 1866,* . 25
HYATT, A. Observations on Fresh-water Polyzoa. 103 pages, 9 Plates and

25 Cuts, 8vo, 1888,* 2 50

Kimball's Journey to the West in 1817. Pamphlet, 8vo,* .... 15
MClLWKAITH, T. List of Birds of Hamilton, Canada West. Pamphlet,

Svo, 1S66,* m. 15

Pi. i rjiMEK Hall, Dedication of. Pamphlet, 8vo, 1857, 30

Preble, George Henry. The First Cruise of the United States Frigate

Essex. Pamphlet, Svo,* 100

Putnam's and Packard's Notes on Humble Bees, etc. Wild Bees of X ew

England, their Parasites, etc.. with a plate. Pamphlet, Svo, 1865,* . . 75

Salem, Town Records of. 1631 to 1659. 8vo, 1868,* 2 50

Shurtleff, C. A. Report on the Army Worm. 1862,* 10

Streeter, G. L. Account of the Newspapers and other Periodicals pub-
lished in Salem. Pamphlet, 8vo, 1856,* 15

UriiAM. c. W. Memoir of Francis Peabody. Pamphlet, Svo, 1869,* . . 50

UPHAM, C. W. Memoir of D. P. King. Pamphlet, 8vo, 1869,* ... 30
Upiiam, W. P. Memoir of Gen. John Glover of Marblehead. Pamphlet. svo

1863,* 50

Weinland, D. P. Egg Tooth of Snakes and Lizards. Pamphlet, 8vo.

with a plate, 1857,* 16

WHEATLANDjH. Notice of the Pope Family. Pamphlet, Svo, 1867,* . . 25

White. D. A. Covenant of the First Church. Pamphlet, 8vo, 1856,* . . 10

White, D. A. New England Congregationalism. 1 Vol. 8vo, 1801, . 1 00

Wilder, B. G. Researches and experiments on Spider's silk. 1S66. Cuts,* 50
WOOD, Horatio C. Phalangeal of United states. 1808. Cuts of most of

the species,* 1 50

* Those marked with a star are extra copies from the Proceedings and Historical
Collections.

BULLETIN

ESSEX INSTITUTE.

Vol. 3. Salem, Mass., February, 1871. No. 2.

One Dollar a Year in Advance. 10 Cents a Single Copy.

Regular Meeting, Monday, February 6, 1871.

The President in the chair. Records of preceding
meeting read.

Mr. James H. Emerton read a paper on the Flying
Spiders, illustrating his remarks by drawings on the black-
board.

Some spiders, he said, have a habit of rising into the
atmosphere by the help of currents of air acting upon
threads of cobweb attached to their bodies.
The threads before rising are often tangled
together, covering the grass and bushes,
and floating in the air in large pieces.

In Europe large flights of this web often
take place, particularly in the tall of the |§
year. The web rises usually in the morn-
ing, when the weather is clear and calm, and descends
again in the afternoon, as the day becomes cooler.

Travellers on the coast of South America have several
times seen the rigging of their vessels covered with cob-
webs, blown otf from the shore. Mr. Darwin, in his
journal of the voyage of the Beagle, gives an account of
Essex Inst. Bulletin. iii 3

18

a case of this kind when the vessel was sixty miles from
land. A letter from an officer on one of the IT. S.
vessels, says that last autumn, when near Montevideo,
after a wind, the rigging was rilled with cobwebs, and
little spiders fell down all over the deck.

In our own country such showers have seldom been
noticed, although the bushes and grass are often covered
with web, which float out in the air to the length of
several feet. One calm, warm morning in June, 1858, I
was watching some little spiders, about one-tenth of an
inch long, on the top of a fence in Bridge street, Salem.
Occasionally one would stop and turn up its abdomen, at
the same time straightening up its legs as if to get as
high as possible. A thread then passed upward from the
spinnerets at the end of the abdomen, increasing in a few
seconds to a yard in length, when the spider and thread
rose slowly upward, until the thread was entangled in the
branches of the trees above. Mr. K. P. Whitfield tells
me that once, near Utica, N. Y., while crossing a field of
stubble, he saw a multitude of spiders running up and
down the stalks, and when they found one to suit them,
letting a thread pass upward from their bodies, and when
enough had passed, rising with it into the air. Most
experiments tend to show that currents of air are the
cause of the spinning of these threads, but others have
believed that they could be better accounted for on electri-
cal principles. Some also have believed that the spiders
can fly without the help of web or currents of air.

The President read a communication from Mr. M. A.
Stickney, "on Nathaniel Ames and his Almanacs."

The almanac, one of the first productions of the New
England press (1639), always held a prominent place
anions; the essentials of a New England home in the

19

olden times, and was the usual appendage to the large
lire-places, around which cluster so many pleasing associ-
ations. These annual sheets being sewed together and
thus preserved with scrupulous care, in a continuous
series, formed a diary of the domestic circle. On the
margin of the pages, or on the inserted leaves, were
frequently noted the principal events of the family, some-
times of the neighborhood, and occasionally those of a
more general interest.

The small number of these old memorials that have
escaped from the ravages of time, are considered very
valuable by the antiquary and the student of local his-
tory. From these time-worn and dingy leaves many im-
portant facts may be gleaned, or at least a careful perusal
will not be time misspent.

Mr. Stickney commenced some thirty years since to
preserve almanacs, and has been very successful in his
efforts in this direction. His collection is very extensive,
and several of the series are perfect and in good condi-
tion. From the abundant resources at his command, he
has been enabled to prepare a series of valuable and
interesting articles on almanacs and their authors. Four
numbers have been printed in Vol. VIII of the "Historical
Collections of the Institute ;" others are in preparation.

1. Nathaniel Low, 1762 to 1827, inclusive (none
printed in 1766), sixty-four numbers. Mr. Low, the
eldest child of Nathaniel and Sarah Low, was born in
Ipswich, Dec. 23, 1740 (O. S.). He was a physician,
and settled at Berwick, Me., continuing there the publi-
cation of the almanacs which he had commenced at Ips-
wich, in 1762. These almanacs may be considered one
of the most important series ever published in New Eng-
land, both on account of the period in which they were
issued, that of the Revolution, and for the number of

20

years they were printed. After his decease in September,
1808, this publication was continued by his son, Na-
thaniel.

2. Amos Pope was born Feb. 22, 1771, in the first
Parish of Danvers. He was the son of Nathaniel and
Mary (Swinnerton) Pope, and his ancestors were among
the first settlers of Salem. At the age of twenty he
undertook to prepare an almanac for the year 1792, which
under great disadvantages he accomplished. He also
prepared almanacs for 1793, 1794, 1795, 1796, and 1797,
these were all printed except the one for 1796. After
1797, with the exception of a few winters devoted to
school keeping, he resided upon the ancestral farm, where
he died January 26, 1837.

3. Samuel Hall, son of Jonathan and Anna (Fowle)
Hall, was born in Medford, Mass., Nov. 2, 1740. In
1768 he was persuaded by Capt. Richard Derby to re-
move to Salem, and under the patronage of the Derbys,
and other patriotic citizens, established the Essex Ga-
zette : the first number was issued Aug. 2d of that year ; —
the first paper in Salem. He printed the Essex Almanac
from 1769 to 1773, inclusive. He removed to Cambridge
in 1775, and soon afterwards to Boston. He returned to
Salem in 1781 and commenced printing the Salem Ga-
zette, and in 1785 he again removed to Boston, where he
died, Oct. 30, 1807.

4. Daniel George, of Haverhill, 1776 to 1787, inclu-
sive, except for 1785 ; none printed that year. He re-
moved from Haverhill to Falmouth (now Portland), Me.,
previous to 1783 and was the publisher there, for a time,
of the Gazette of Maine. He died suddenly, Feb. 4,
1804, aged 45.

This communication, the fifth in the series, contains a
brief notice of Nathaniel Ames and his series of alma-

21

nacs of thirty-eight successive years, with extracts from
the different issues and the various jottings on the mar-
gins and interleaved pages, the whole forming a valuable
contribution to our local history.

Nathaniel Ames was born at Bridge water, July 22,
1708, he was the son of Nathaniel, grandson of John,
and great grandson of William, the immigrant ancestor,
born at Bruton, Somersetshire, England, Oct. 6, 1605,
and settled in Braintree, Mass., as early as 1640. He
was a distinguished physician and mathematician, and
removed to Dedham in 1732. At the age of seventeen
he calculated his first almanac, which was published in
1726. His almanacs were superior to those of his con-
temporaries, and obtained a great circulation ; 60,000
were annually sold in the New England colonies. He
died July 11, 1764. The almanacs were continued for
several years by his son Nathaniel, a graduate of Har-
vard in 1761, a physician, and died at Dedham in 1822.
The celebrated Fisher Ames "one of the most brilliant
men this country ever produced," was his third son, born
April 9, 1758, graduated at Harvard 1774, and died July
4, 1808. "In the old church yard at Dedham, is a plain
white monument, on which is the simple inscription
Fisher Ames."

This communication was referred to the Publication
Committee, and will probably be printed in the "Histori-
cal Collections."

The Secretary announced the following correspond-
ence : —

From New England Historic-Genealogical Society. Feb. 2; Pennsylvania Histor-
ical Society, Feb. 2; Throndhjem Kongelige Korske Videnskabernes-selskab, Sept.
28, 1870; Boardman, S. L., Augusta. Me.. Jan. 25; Brigham, W. T., Boston, Jan. 25;
Hotchkiss, Frank E.. New Haven, Conn.. Jan. 17, 23; Mann, Mary. Cambridge,
Dec. 1, 1870; Paine, N., Worcester, Jan. 24, 25, 28; Preble, George Henry, Charles-
town, Dec. 18, Jan. 31; Perry, Wm. Stevens, Geneva, X. Y., Jan. 20; Stephens.
Wm. Hudson, Copenhagen, X. Y., Jan. 27; Trippe, T. Martin, Alexandria, Minn.,
Dec. 30; Williams, X. M., Methuen, Jan. 26.

22

The Librarian announced the following additions.

By Donation.

Butler, Ben.t. F., M. C. Kelly's Speech in U. S. H. R., Jan. 10, 1871. Maynard's
Speech in U. S. H. R., Dec. 15, 1870. 8vo.

Cloutman, W. R., of Charleston, S. C. Memorial Addresses on Wm, Pitt Fes-
senden, Dec. 11, 1809. 1 vol., small 4to.

Dodge, Allen W. Regulations of Foreign and Domestic Commerce. 1 vol.
8vo. Miscellaneous pamphlets. 20.

Green, S. A., of Boston. The Tariff Question, by E. 15. Bigelow, 1 vol. large
4to. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 17.

Holden, N. J. Massachusetts Legislative Doc. I'm- 1865. Miscellaneous pamph-
lets, 75.

Huntington, A. Five pamphlets.

Kimball, James. Three pamphlets.

Lee, John C. Commercial Bulletin. Jan'y, 1871.

Stone, John O.. of New York. Keport of the Metropolitan Board of Health for
18G0. 1 vol. 8vo.

Sumner, Charles. U. S. S., U. S. Coast Survey for 1867. l vol. 4to.

Palfray, C. W. The Manufacturer and Builder for March, April. 1S70. Files of
the Philadelphia inquirer for 1866-7-8-9-70. Files of the Commonwealth, 1866 to
1870.

Peabody. John P. The Fireside Favorite lor 1870.

PEABODT, S. E. Littell's Living Age from 1849 to 18(19 inclusive.

RorES, WM. L., of Audover. Catalogue of Andover Theological Seminary,
1870-71. 8VO.

Walker, Fr incis. < haracters ofundescribed LepidoteraHeterocera,8vo, 1869.

Waters, J. Linton, of Chicago, 111. Message of John m. Palmer, Gov. for 111..
Jan. I, 1871.

By Exchange.

BlBLiOTHEQUE 1 tttVERSELLE ET Revue Si [SSE. Archives des Sciences Phys-
iques et Naturelles, Nouvelle Periode. Tome Trente-huitieme (38) Nos. 151-2-3-4-5,
8vo. Geneve, Lausanna. Paris. 1870.

Boston Public Library, Bulletin for Jan., 1871.

Boston Society of Natural Histort. Proceedings. Vol. xiii. sigs. 22,23,
1870.

Entomological Soci it v of Russia. Horse Societatis Entomologies Russicas.
Tome VI, No. 1, Tome VII. Nos. 1, '2. 3, Tome VIII, Xo. 1, 8vo, Petropoli, 1870.

Harvard College. Annual Report of the President. 1869-70.

Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Annual Catalogue of the Offi-
cers and students, 1870-71, 8vo.

Boston Mercantile Library association. Index to the Catalogue of
books, 1 vol., small 4to, 1869.

Neuchatel Societe des Sciences Naturelles. Bulletin. Tome VIII. 1870.
8vo,

Somersetshire Archaeological and Natural History Society. Proceed-
ing for 1868-9. Vol. XV. 8vo. Taunton, 1870.

Publishers. American Literary Gazette. Canadian Naturalist. Christian
World. Eclectic. Essex Banner. Gloucester Telegraph. Haverhill Gazette.
Historical Magazine. Lawrence American. Literary World. Little Giant. Lynn
Reporter. Medical and Surgical Reporter. Nation. National Farmer. Nature.
Peabody Press. Quaritch's Catalogue. Sailors' Magazine. Salem Observer. Silli-
man's Journal.

23

Among the donations to the Department of Manu-
scripts, the following may be specified as a donation from
Mrs. N. D. Cole.

Permit Mr. Jonathan Cole to pass on or before Sunday next out of
Quebec, and on or before Thursday next out of the District, with his
wearing apparel, Bedding, and a case and small keg of Liquor, with-
out hindrance or molestation, he behaving as besemeth.
Given under my hand & seal at
[Seal] Quebec this 24th Novem'r 1775

By His Excellency's
command

H. T. Brasmahe.

Camp before Quebec May 2, 177G. Received of John Peirce Jim..
Esq., assistant Paymaster for the Northern Department by the hands
of Mr. Jonathan Cole the sum of twenty-five Thousand Dollai's, for
which sum I promise to account with the Paymaster General on
settlement.

John Winslow. Assistant Paymaster.

25,000 Dollars.

Permit the bearer Jonathan Cole to pass from home to Boston on

his lawful Business.

Head Quarters

Montreal 10th May 1776

To all concerned. B. Arnold B. Gen.

Mrs. Edward D. Kimball was elected a resident mem-
ber. Adjourned.

Regular Meeting, Monday, February 20, 1871.

The President in the chair. The Records of the pre-
ceding meeting1 were read.

The Secretary announced the following correspond-
ence.

From Boston Public Library, Feb. 7: Hall, B. H., Troy, N. Y., Feb. 9; Hotchkiss.
Frank E., New Haven, Feb. 7, 18; Norton, Charles, Janesville, Wisconsin, Feb. 1;
Tracy, C. M., Lynn. Feb. 11: Verrill, A. E., New Haven, Feb. 15.

24
The Librarian reported the following additions.

By Donatio)!.

Butlek, Bexj. P., M. C. Report of Agriculture, Jan., 1871. Hoar's Speech in
U. S. H. R., Feb. 7, 1871.

Gaffield, John* V. Report of the Librarian of Cougress for 1870.

HOTCHIUSS, Frank E., of New Haven, Conn. New Haven Directories for 1840,
41-2, '2-3, '3-4, '4-5, '6-7, '7-8, '9-50, '05-68. Cleveland Directory, 1837-38. Commer-
cial Directory, 1823. Connecticut Register 1847, '8, '52, '•">. '4, '5, '8, '9, '61, '62. Beck-
with's Almanac. 1852, '9, '61, '2, '3, '8, '70, '1. Prindles' Almanac. 1826, '40. '7, '8, '51,
'5, '60. Middlebrook's Almanacs, 1810, '11, '13, 'J:!, '6, '7, '34. Beers'a Almanac
1805, '12, '19, '22, '23. Boston Municipal Register for 1867. Miscellaneous pamph-
lets, 65.

Kimball, James. Illustrated Circular, " The National Bridge and Iron Works."
Svo. Boston, 1869.

Lee, Ik VNCIS II. Catalogue of the Free Public Library in Worcester. Miscel-
laneous pamphlets, :s.

Lee, John C. Commercial Bulletin. Feb.

Preston, Charles P. .Miscellaneous pamphlets, 8.

Stone. Edwin m . of Providence, R. I. Report of the Ministry at large. Jan.
8, 1871 .

Charles Sumner, U. S. S. Schurz's Speech in United Mates senate, Dec. 15th,
1870, on •• Political Disabilities." Report of Agriculture for Jan., 1871.

( nkmiw \. History of Illinois and Life of Ninian Edwards. 1 vol. 8vo. Trans-
actions of the Wisconsin State Agricultural Society for 1869. 1 vol. 8vo. Report
of the Board of Education of Chicago for 1869, L870. •-' vols. Svo. Report of the
Board of Trustees of the Illinois Industrial University for 1868, 1869. 2 vols. 8vo.
Miscellaneous pamphlets, 13.

Waters, J. Linton, of Chicago, 111. Report of the Board of Health of Chicago
for 1867, '8, ".». and a Sanitary lli.-tory of Chicago, from 1833 to ls70. 1 vol, 8vo.

By Exchange.

American Philosophical Society, Phila. Proceedings, vol. xi, No. 85, 1870.

New York Mercantile Library Association. Officers and Members for
1S70-71. svo pamph.

national Association of Wool Manufacturers. Bulletin. Vol. II, No.
4. 8 vo pamph.

Publishers. American Booksellers. American Naturalist. Essex Banner.
Gardener's Monthly. Gloucester Telegraph. Haverhill Gazette. Land and Water.
Lawrence American. Little Giant. Lynn Reporter. Medical and Surgical Re-
porter. Nation. National Farmer. Nature. Peabody Press. Salem Observer.
sothcran's Catalogue.

Charles E. Fabens and Benjamin H. Fabens were
elected resident members. Adjourned.

BULLETIN

ESSEX IITSTITUTE

Vol. 3. Salem, Mass., March, 1871. No. 3.

One Dollar a Year iu Advance. 10 Cents a Single Copy.

Regular Meeting, Monday, March 6, 1871.
The President in the chair. Records of preceding
meeting read.

The President read a communication on

THE ANCESTRY AND BIRTHPLACE OF HAWTHORNE,

whose writings have imparted a degree of interest to
many places in this city, and whose successful career in
the held of letters, has added a brilliant star to the glori-
ous galaxy of Salem worthies. Here much interest
centres ; foreign tourists and others come to visit the
scenes which he has so well described in his writings, and
to repeople them with those characters which he has so
vividly portrayed. This interest is on the increase, each
year adding to the number of those who thus show their
respect and admiration of the man and his writings.

It is proposed only to allude briefly to his ancestry in
America ; very little is known of the family iu the
motherland. Hawthorne, when in England, devoted much
time, fruitlessly, to search out the residence of any of
them, and wrote to a friend, " of all things, I should like
to find a grave-stone in one of these old church-yards
Essex Inst. Bulletin. hi 4

26

with my own name upon it ; although for myself I should
wish to be buried in America."

The name has been prominent in our annals from the
first settlement, and has been variously spelt, eight differ-
ent modes having been noticed.

The emigrant ancestor, Major William Hathorue, came
over in the Arabella, with Winthrop, as stated by Savage
in his Genealogical Dictionary. He went probably, first
to Dorchester, having had grants of land there in 1634;
made freeman May 14, 1634, and was one of the ten men
in 1635. In 1636 Salem tendered him grants of land if
he would remove hither ; he came in that or the year
following. From that time his name appears on our
records, as holding important positions, Commissioner,
Speaker of the House of Representatives, Counsel in
cases before the Courts, Judge on the Bench, soldier
commanding important and difficult expeditions, and in
innumerable other cases.

Johnson, in his "wonder working Providence," thus
says of him, " yet through the Lord's mercy we still
retaine among our Democracy the Godly Captaine Wil-
liam Hathorn, whom the Lord hath indued with a quick
apprehension, strong memory, and Rhetorick, volubility
of speech, which hath caused the people to make use of
him often in Publick Service, especially when they have
had to do with any foreign government." He died in
1681. His son John seems to have inherited many of his
prominent traits of character, and to have succeeded in
all his public honors, was freeman in 1677, Representa-
tive in 1683, Assistant, or Counsellor, 1684 to 1712, ex-
cept the years of Andros' government ; a Magistrate in
the prosecution of the witchcraft trials, afterwards of the
Superior Court ; Colonel of a regiment and commander
of the forces in the expedition of 1696, on the retire-

27

ment of Church. He died in 1717. The name appears,
thus far, to have been as prominent in the civil history of
that period, as it has been in the elegant literature of the
present.

Joseph Hathorne, the next in descent, married, June
30, 1715, Sarah, daughter of William Bowditch, and
a sister of Ebenezer, the grandfather of Hon. Nathaniel
Bowditch, the eminent mathematician. He was occupied
principally with the quiet and retiring duties of the farm,
and did not take that leading part in publick affairs which
his father and grandfather had been called upon to assume.

He died in 1762, having had among other children,
Daniel, who, during the period of the Revolution, was in
command of several Privateers, and noted for his courage
and bravery ; died April 18, 1796, at the age of 65. His
contemporaries speak of him in high terms of commenda-
tion, and his funeral was attended with that respect which
real worth ensures. No descendants are now living in
Salem who bear his name. The eldest son died young:
the second, Daniel, died at sea, unmarried, in 1805, a
master-mariner; the third, Nathaniel, was the father of
the subject of this notice. The eldest daughter, Rachel,
married Simon Forrester, one of the Pioneers in the East
India trade, who died in 1817, leaving a large fortune,
the results of his successful commercial enterprises.

Nathaniel Hathorne, son of the preceding, born in
1776, married Elizabeth Clarke Manning, daughter of
Richard Maiming, and sister of Robert, the distinguished
pomologist of Salem. Mr. Hathorne, after his marriage,
continued to reside in the family mansion, now numbered
21 Union street, and in the northwest chamber of this
house, Nathaniel, the author, was born, July 4, 1804.
This house was built about two hundred years since by
Benjamin Pickman, some additions and alterations having

28

been made by the several owners ; the land, on which it
stands, was, originally, part of the grant to Joseph
Hardy, who conveyed it Aug. 7, 1685, to his son-in-law,
Benjamin Pickman ; B. Pickman's wife, Elizabeth, was
daughter of Joseph Hardy ; Joshua Pickman, a son of
Benjamin, conveyed the same to Jonathan Phelps, June
22, 1745, he with his wife, Judith, transferred it to their
son-in-law, Daniel Hathorne, Sept. 28, 1772. Rachel,
the wife of the grantee, being the daughter of the
grantors. This estate remained in the family until 1850,
when it was sold by the heirs to Isaac Gushing.

Soon after the death of Capt. Nathaniel Hathorne,
which took place at Surinam, in the spring of 1808, the
mother went with her children to the family of her father,
Richard Manning, at the Manning house, No. 10 Herbert
street — this estate extended through to Union street,
adjoining that of his birthplace. There they lived till
October, 1818, when they went to Raymond, Me., where
his grandfather, in connection with his uncle Richard, and
others of the family, had made very extensive invest-
ments in lands. Hawthorne lived here about a year in a
large house built near the shore of Sebago Lake, by his
uncle, Robert Manning, in the expectation that the Man-
ning family would remove from Salem to Raymond.
Hawthorne returned to Salem to attend school, in the
autumn of 1819, living again in the family of his grand-
mother Manning, and during the vacations, whilst a stu-
dent at Bowdoin College, also after his graduation. In
December, 1828, he and his mother removed to North
Salem, to a house built and owned by Robert Manning,
adjoining his own residence on Dearborn street. In De-
cember, 1832, they moved again to the ancestral man-
sion in Herbert street. About 1836 he went to Boston
to edit a magazine, and after a short residence, returned

29

again to the same old house, but not long after he went
again to Boston, where he stayed until he took up his
residence at Brook Farm. He was married in Boston,
July, 1842, to Sophia A., daughter of Dr. Nathaniel
Peabody of Salem, and lived for some time at the "Old
Manse," in Concord, Mass. In October, 1845, he came
to Herbert street with his family, as boarders, remaining
there six months, when he removed to Boston. In
August, 1846, he came back to Salem, and lived at No.
18 Chestnut street. In October, 1847, he removed to
14 Mall street, in this place he lived until April, 1850,
and then left Salem for the last time, as a resident.

We have thus given some account of the paternal
ancestry of Hawthorne in this country, his birthplace and
other residences in Salem, where he passed many years
of his life, and where many of his choicest productions
were written — leaving to others the delineation of his
character and of his writings.

This communication, of which the above is only a brief
abstract, was referred to the Publication Committee for
insertion in the Historical Collections.

Mr. F. W. Putnam exhibited several specimens of the
peculiar fishes belonging to the genera of Tetraodon and
Diodon which had been recently presented to the Museum.
He called attention to the singular structure of the teeth,
which, while appearing simply as one large tooth on each
jaw in Diodon, and as two on each jaw in Tetraodon,
really consisted of a large number of teeth so closely
cemented together by the deposit of dentine as to form
the solid compound teeth characteristic of the family. He
also pointed out the peculiar structure of the scales, modi-
ried so as to serve as spiny organs of defence, which in
connection with the power these fishes have of inhaling

30

air to such an extent as to enable them to float on the sur-
face of the water like an inflated balloon, rendered it al-
most impossible for any other fish to swallow them. The
flesh of many species of this family are well known to be
poisonous, and an old sailor will seldom risk eating them.

The following correspondence was announced, —

New England Society of Orange, Feb. 26; Smithsonian Institution, Feb. 15; E.
W. Buswell, Boston. Feb. 28; G. F. Choate, Salem, Men. 6; J. Colburn, Boston,
Feb. 20; Wm. Graves, Newburyport, Men. 2; M. How. Haverhill, Feb. 25; Mrs. E.
D. Kimball. Salem, Feb. 22; D. Webster King, Boston, Feb. 20; W. S. Perry,
Geneva, N. Y., Feb. 23; William Prescott. Concord, X. H., Feb. 25; A. H. Quint,
New Bedford, Feb. 23, 27; J. K. Wiggin, Boston, Feb. 21.

The following additions to the Library were reported.

Donations.

ABBOTT, A., Of Newburyport. Moore's Almanack for 1778. An Act for Regu-
lating and Governing the Militia of Massachusetts in 1793. The New England
C our ant printed in 172.;.

Blake, C J., of Boston. Late contributions to Aural Surgery by donor. Bead
.May 24, 1870.

BOTLER, 15. F.. M. C. Speech in H. R. Feb. 14. 1871, on Expulsion of Wesl
Point Cadets.

Garrison, W. P., of New York. Constitution and By-Laws of the New Eng-
land Society of Orange, as adopted May 12th, 1870.

Lee, Johx C. Commercial Bulletin for Feb.

Lincoln. Solomon. Memoir of Mrs. Rowson by Blias Nason. l vol.. small
Ho, Albany. 1870.

Si mner, CHARLES, U. S. S. Drake's Speech in U. S. Senate, Dec. 10, 1870.
Congressional Directory. 3rd Sess., 41st Cong. Schurz' Speech in U. S. Senate,
Jan. 27, 1871. Hoar's Speech in U. S. H. R., Feb. 7. 1871. Eulogies delivered in
U. S. Cong.. Feb. 9, 10, 1871, on Death of Hon. John Covode. Report of the U. S.
Commissioners to the Paris Exposition. 6 vols. 8vo. Washington, 1870. Reports
of the Total Eclipse of August 7. 1809, 1 vol., large 4to. Message and Documents.
2d Sess., 41st Cong. 1869-70. 1 vol. 8vo.

HlNGHAM PUBLIC LIBRARY. Address delivered at the Dedication. July 5th,
1869, by Hon. Thomas Russell.

WATERS, J. Linton, of Chicago. 111. Free Labor the first condition of Free
Trade. By C. W. Felt.

By Exchange.

Buffalo Historical Society. Proceedings for 1869-70.

Iowa State Historical Society. Annals of Iowa for Jan., 1871.

Maryland Historical Society. Account of the Settlement of Ellicott's
Mills, read before the Society, Nov. 3., 1870.

Publishers. American Naturalist. Christian World. Eclectic. Essex Ban-
ner. Gloucester Telegraph. Haverhill Gazette. Historical Magazine. Land and
Water. Lawrence American. Literary World. Little Giant. Lynn Reporter.
Medical and Surgical Reporter. Nation. National Farmer. Nature. Peabody

31

Press. Quaritch's Catalogue. Salem Observer. Sillirnan's Journal. The New
Carpet.

Win, A. Ireland and Wm. H. Kilvert were duly
elected Resident members.

Regular Meeting, Monday, Maech 20, 1871.

The President in the chair. Records of preceding
meeting read.

The President presented a copy in manuscript of the
Genealogy of the Cabot family, prepared by Hon. Joseph
S. Cabot of this city, and which he had recently received
from him, a donation to the manuscript department,
and made some remarks upon the history of this family
in this county. Two brothers came to Salem about 1700,
John and George, from the Island of Jersey — John
married Anna Orne and was the ancestor of the family in
this vicinity and this record refers especially to an ac-
count of his descendants. George married Miss Mars-
ton, daughter of Benjamin Marston of Salem, died in
1715, leaving a son Marston, who graduated at Harvard
college in 1724, and was settled in the ministry at Kil-
lingly, Conn. He married Mary, daughter of Rev. Josiah
Dwight and died April 8, 1756, leaving many descend-
ants.

Mr. Allen W. Dodge made some interesting remarks
on some of the habits and customs of our ancestors as
gleaned from an examination of the wills and inventories
of estates on file in the Probate office. This subject will
probably be alluded to again at some future meeting.

The Secretary announced the following correspondence :

Boston Athenaeum, Mch. 10; Boston Public Library, Men. 13; Corporation of
Harvard College, Mch. 13; Mass. State Board of Health. Mch. 18; Mass. .Mate

32

Library. Mch. 14; New York State Library. Mch. 14; Peabody Institute. Peabody,
Mch. 13; R. I. Historical Society. Mch. 15; George W. Duncan. Haverhill. Mch. 4.
7; Mrs. A. T. Endicott, Boston. Feb. 28, Mch. 15; B. H. Hall, Troy. Mch. is; Mrs.
P. A. Hanaford, New Haven, Mch. 17; F. G. Hastings, New York, Mch. IS: Z. A.
Mudge, Marblehead, Mch. IS; Josiah Newhall, Lynnfleld, Mch. 1. S; G. II. Preble.
Charlcstown, Mch. 16; John C. Ropes, Boston. Mch. 17; Henry White. New Haven,
Conn., Mch. 18.

The Librarian reported the following additions :

By Donation.

Butler, B. F., M. C. Patent Office Reports. Vols. 2, 3, 4, 1868. 3 vols. Bvo
Report of the Department of Agriculture for 1869. lvol. 8vo. Acts and Resolu-
tions of IT. S. at the 2d Sess., 41st Cong. 1 vol. isvo. Message and Documents
for 1869-70. 1 vol. 8vo. Eighth Census of the U. S. for 1860. 4 vols. 4to. Con-
gressional Globe, 2d Sess. 41st < longress, with Appendix. 7 vols. 4to. 1869-70.

Green, S. A., of Boston. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 71.

Phippen, Geo. D. A Treatise of Prayer, lvol. 12mo. London.

Randall, Stephen, of Providence, R. I. Publications of the Narragansetl
Club. Vol. IV. 1 vol. small 4tO. Providence, 1870.

Sumnee, Charles, U. S. S. Land Office Report for 1868. lvol. 8vo. Finance
Report for 1870. lvol. 8vo. Mining Statistics Westof the Rocky Mountains bj
R. w. Raymond, 1 vol. 8vo. Report on the Commerce and Navigation of U. 6.
Fiscal Year ended June 30, 1870. lvol. 8vo.

WORTHEN,Prof. A. H., of Springfield, I1L Geological Survey of Illinois. Vol.
IV. 1 vol.. small It... 1870.

By Exchange.

Minnesota Historical society. Report of, to the Legislature of Minnesota
for 1870. 8vo. pamph.

Vermont Historical Society. Proceedings. Oct. and Nov.. 1870. Bvo.
pamph.

Pi blishers. American Literary Gazette. Essex Banner. Gardner's Monthly.
Gloucester Telegraph. Haverhill Gazette. Lawrence American. Little Giant.
Lynn Reporter. Medical and Surgical Reporter. Nation. National Farmer.
Nature. Peabod; Press. Quaritch's Catalogue. Sotheran's Catalogue.

Henry W. Moulton of Newbury port, and Dirk Teup-
ken of Salem were elected Resident members.

BULLETIN

ESSEX IITSTITTJTE.

Vol. 3. Salem, Mass., April, 1871. No. 4.

One Dollar a Year in Advance. 10 Cents a Single Copy.

Regular Meeting, Monday, April 3, 1871.

The President iu the chair. Records of preceding
meeting read.

THE SALEM FEMALE ANTI-SLAVERY SOCIETY.

The President mentioned that the Records, Correspon-
dence and other papers of this society had recently been
deposited with the Institute, and read the following com-
munication from Rev. John L. Russell, accompanying the
same.

To the Historical Department of the Essex Institute:

The Abolition of Slavery in the United States of Amer-
ica has become an illustrious fact in the History of this
Country. By very small beginnings, and by little springs
and rills, the mighty stream of events which rolled on-
ward to the ocean of universal freedom has been nour-
ished and fed. Of one of these, the Records of the
"Salem Female Anti-slavery Society," may be mentioned
with honor. By a vote of the Society, at the closing
meeting of its existence, the records have been entrusted
to the historical department of the Essex Institute. To
Essex Inst. Bulletin. hi 5

34

these the correspondence and business details have been
added. To the future historian of the ancient town of
Salem, they will present subjects of intense interest and
earnest thought. In minimis maximus is no less true of
man's advancement than of God's operations. In address-
ing to the historical department these few words by being
honored with the duty of presenting the gift, I subscribe
myself, Respectfully,

John L. Russell.

The President remarked that early in the spring of
1834, a few ladies having carefully examined the subject
of slavery for the purpose of ascertaining what duties
may devolve upon the female portion of the community
in relation thereto, called a meeting on the 4th of June
following, and formed an organization under the name of
the Salem Female Anti-slavery Society. Mrs. Cyrus P.
Grosvenor was elected the first President. She was suc-
ceeded in 1835 by Maria A. Driver, in 1838 by Lydia
Dean, in 1843 by Lucy G. Ives, who continued the pre-
sidiug officer until Jan. 3d, 1866, when its dissolution was
deemed advisable ; the legal abolition of slavery having
been accomplished, it was thought that more good could
be effected by working with the Freedman's Aid Society,
or some similar organization.

During the thirty-two years of the existence of this
society, the members were very assiduous in the promo-
tion of its objects; no exertions were spared, despite of
obloqu}', and at times great unpopularity, to advance the
cause for which they were striving, and which for several
years appeared to be almost hopeless.

Frequent meetings were held to receive and impart in-
telligence on the subject of emancipation ; also to devise
means to aid kindred associations, and the efforts of zeal-

60

ous co-laborers ; and by means of the press, of lectures
and occasional addresses, to diffuse information and awak-
en a more general interest and cooperation. From 1844
to 1860 inclusive, animal courses of lectures, consisting of
some six or eight each, were delivered. Scholars, who
rank high in the field of letters, and the leading spirits in
this movement were enlisted and took part in these vari-
ous exercises.

In this connection may lie mentioned the names of
Wm. L. Garrison, George Thompson, George TV. Curtis,
T. W. Higginson, Wendell Phillips, Theodore Parker,
Edmund Quincy, John Pierpont, Caleb Stetson, Samuel
J. May, T. T. Stone, James F. Clarke, Samuel Johnson,
O. B. Frothingham, E. B. Willson, Wm. H. Charming
and others.

The course of events, however, during the past decade
of years, has led to the realization of so many of their lono-
cherished plans and aspirations that the continuance of the
organization is no longer necessary. The record of their
doings, now closed, has become historic. An impartial
future will, doubtless, give due credit to the part which
they have performed in this great movement ; and do
ample justice to the zeal, industry and self-sacrificing
spirit that have characterized all their actions.

The Institute, grateful for this mark of confidence, will
carefully preserve this valuable donation to the depart-
ment of manuscripts.

PAPER MONEY.

Mr. John Robinson, having arranged the collection of
paper money in the possession of the Institute, was re-
quested to give some account of the same. He stated
that until its arrangement the past year, it was seldom
seen. This arrangement is now completed and in such

36

manner that at any time more can be added without de-
ranging in any way the systematic order.

We have two volumes, the first containing the earlier
colonial issues, those of the Continental Congress and
the State Banks prior to 1864. The second volume con-
tains the various issues during the recent war and foreign
bills of all sorts. In Vol. I. the New Hampshire and
Massachusetts bills are particularly tine, some being very
rare and valuable, especially one of Massachusetts of
1690. Of the Middle States we have some rare and
many fine ones ; two, from the press of Benjamin Frank-
lin, are now much esteemed. North Carolina, of the
Southern States, is the- best represented, having a very
fine series. Those of the Continental Congress are nearly
perfect, from one-third of a dollar to eighty dollars ; these
were issued at many different dates, some of the bills of
which are extremely rare.

In examining the few works we possess relating to this
old currency, I find several quite interesting facts which
are worthy of notice. In the distribution of the amount
of the loan, which, according to wealth and population,
was divided among the States the following order was
adopted.

Virginia 819(5.000 Maryland, $310,000

Massachusetts, 434,000 Conn.. N. C, ) . . . 07s 0(M.

Pennsylvania, 372,000 S. C, and New York, j . . . -'°>"w

New York, now so high in the scale, was then only
a fifth rate State, while Massachusetts was second.

Another fact— in 1778 and 1779, an army of 40,000
men was kept and national expenses met, by the issue of,
in '78, $63,000,000 and in i79, $72,000,000, with only
$153,000 in coin in the treasury for the entire two years.
Thus we see how our revolution was sustained by an ac-
tive printing press.

The depreciation of these bills wTas so gradual that in-

stead of the great loss which some believe our ancestors
met, it is evident from the best authority that this was
the easiest system of taxation that could be imposed for
so great an undertaking and result.

The second volume contains a valuable and an exten-
sive collection of the war issues, nearly all in fine order ;
also a quite large series of foreign bills, those of China
being the most perfect and curious.

It is hoped that, since this collection is so well arranged,
it will receive attention and considerable additions : this
is always the reward of placing specimens in a form
where they can readily be seen, and thus far it has been
very apparent to this society. Many of these bills would
here make a valuable addition, while separately, in private
possession, they are of little consequence.

EGGS OF THE DADDYLOXGLEGS.

Mr. James H. Emertox exhibited some drawings
which he had made, illustrating the development and
growth of some species of insects and gave the progress
of his investigations on this subject. He remarked, that
three times in the neighborhood of Albany, N. Y., he had
found eggs of a Phalanginm (Daddylonglegs), probably
P. formosum Wood. April 3, 1870, he found four eggs
on the under side of a damp, rotten stump. The eggs
were near together, but not attached to each other or to
the rotten wood. The eggs were nearly mature, and April
17 the young came out. April 10, 1870, five eggs were
found under rotten wood about three miles from the first
place. These eggs were also near together, but not at-
tached or enclosed. The young were nearly ready to
hatch, and closely resembled adults except in size and
color. March 5, 1871, he found about twelve esfffs under
the damp bark of a rotten stump not far from the place
where eggs were found April 10, the year before. In

38

loosening the bark, all but three of the eggs were unfor-
tunately lost. These eggs were nearly mature. March
18, the young moved in the egg when disturbed. The
eggs were very transparent, especially when wet with
water. The legs of the first and second pairs were folded
sideways around the body, the third and fourth pairs were
turned under the body and forward near the middle line,
their extremities coming up each side of the head. The
basal joints of the mandibles seemed shorter in propor-
tion than in the adult. While examining two of these in
water in a cell they were cracked by too much pressure
of the cover. The next day the young spiders were out
walking about the bottle. They were .04 of an inch in
length. The number of joints of the tarsi was much less
than in the adult P. formosum, being seven or eight in
the first pair of feet, seventeen or sixteen in the second,
eiffht in the third and ten in the fourth.

Charles II. Webber of Salem was elected a Resident
member.

The Secretary announced the following correspon-
dence : —

Buswell, E. W., Boston, Men. 20. 24; Crowninshield, F. B., Boston. Men. 20;
Hall, B. II.. Troy. X. Y.. Men. 22; Verrill, A. E., New Haven, Conn.. Men. 21 ; Haw-
erman, A. D., Chattanooga, Tenn., Men. 20; Higginson, T. W.. Newport, R. I..
Men. -'1; II. .lines, ,1. c, Detroit, Mich., Mch. 30; Lunt, W. I*.. Boston, Men. 24;
Moulton, Henry W., Newbin-ypori, April :; : Perkins, A.T., Boston, Mch. 24; Pre-
ble, Geo. Henry, Charlestown, .Mch. 27, 31 : Waite, Otis F. B., Concord, X. II., Apr.
l; Westermann, B., New York, Mch. 21; Bowdoin College, Mch. 20; Buffalo His-
torical Society, Mch. 21; Maine Historical Society, Mch.; Moravian Historical
society, Mch. 20; New Hampshire Historical Society, Mch. 20; New Jersey Histor-
ical Society, Mch. 22; New York Historical Society, Mch. 20; Providence Athe-
na'Lim. Mch. 24; Rhode Island Historical Society, Mch. 21.

The Librarian reported the following additions :

By Donation.

American Colonization Societv. Annual Report for 1870.
Boston Gynaecological Society Animal Address for 1871, by Winslow
Lewis.
BrOoks, Mrs. H. M. The Woman's Journal for 1870.

39

Butler. Hon. B. F.. M. C. Report on Agriculture for Feb., 1871. Ames's
Speech in the U. S. S.. March 21. 1S71.

Croset. Nathan, of Lowell. Speech on Inebriate Asylums.

Crowninshield, Francis B., of Boston. Reports on the Finances from 1790 to
1814. 1 vol. Svo. Executive Journal 1815 to 1829. 1 vol. Svo. Journals of Con-
gress, 1778 to 1788. 2 vols. 8vo.

Cutter, Abram E., of Charlestown, Mass. The Works of Anne Bradstreet.
1 vol. «o. History of The Cutter Family of New England. 1 vol. Svo. Miscel-
laneous pamphlets, 16.

Fowler, Charles B. The Pilgrim"* Prayer. 1 vol. lGmo. An Inquiry in the
Worship of the Primitive Church. 1 vol. 12mo. Juvenile Letters by C. Bingham.
1 vol. 16mo.

Hanaford, Rev. Mrs. P. A., of New Haven, Conn. From Shore to Shore and
other Poems, by donor. 1 vol. 12mo. The Life and Writings of Charles Dickens,
by donor. 1 vol. 12mo. Belshazzar's Feast, a Sermon by donor.

Lee, Johx C. Commercial Bulletin for March. 1871.

Peabody Academy of Science. Annual Reports of the Trustees for ] -

Stephens. W. H.. of Lowville. N. Y. The Oxford Academy Jubilee, held at
Oxford in 1851. 1 vol. Svo.

Scmner, Hon. Charles, of U. S. S. Report on Agriculture for Feb.. 1871.

Tate, Geo., of London. Proceedings of the Berwickshire Naturalist's Club.
Vol. vi. No. II. 1870.

Walton, Eben N. Semi-centennial Celebration of the North Baptist Church in
Randolph. Mass.. Nov. 7, 1869. 1 vol. Svo.

Wenham, Town Clerk of. Reports of the Town of Wenham for 1870.

By Exchange.

New England Historic-Geneaological Society. New England Historical
and Geneaological Register. April, 1871.

New Bedford Free Public Library. Annual Report of the Trustees. 1870.

Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences. Proceedings of. Sept., Oct.,
Nov., and Dec, 1S70.

Wisconsin state Historical Society. Address before the. By Hon. C. I.
Walker, Jan. 31. 1871. Svo pamph.

Publishers. American Literary Gazette. American Naturalist. Book Buyer.
Christian World. Essex Banner. Fireside Favorite. Gloucester Telegraph.
Haverhill Gazette. Land and Water. Lawrence American. Literary World.
Little Giant. Lynn Reporter. Medical and Surgical Reporter. Nation. Nature.
Peabody Press. The Book Seller's Guide. Quaritch's Catalogue.

Regular Meeting, Monday, April 17, 1871.

The President in the chair. Records of preceding
meeting read.

A letter was read by the President from H. M. Gout-
kin, fellow of St* John's College, Cambridge, England,

40

requesting an exchange of lingual ribbons of the Marine
Mollusca ; also in Protozoa or Diatornacea. The letter
was referred to Rev. E. C. Bolles.

THE NEW AUSTRALIAN FISH.

Mr. F. "W. Putnam gave an account of the interesting
and very important discovery of a fish, by Hon. Wm.
Forster, in the fresh waters of Australia, that seemed to
combine characters of the Ganoids with those of Chime-
roids, which were an order of the subclass to which the
sharks belonged. This fish has been referred by Mr.
Krefft, on account of the resemblance of the teeth, to the
genus Ceratodus, known only from teeth found in the
Devonian period, and Dr. Gunther, who has lately made
an examination of specimens, confirms Mr. Krefft's opin-
ion, and is also led from its peculiar structure to unite the
subclasses of Ganoids, Dipnoi and Selachians together as
one subclass, which he calls Palseichthyes.

Mr. Putnam thought that, while we only knew the fossil
Ceratodus from its teeth, it was venturing too far to refer
the Australian fish to the same genus, especially as the
fossil teeth have characters that have heretofore associated
the genus more intimately with sharks than with Ga-
noids ; and as we are apt to be misled by any single char-
acter, teeth being by no means an exception.

In relation to the new classification proposed by Dr.
Gunther, Mr. Putnam, while agreeing with him in uniting
the Ganoids with the Dipnoi, as both Mr. Gill and him-
self * had previously done, and while admitting that the
Chimeroids have affinities with them, was yet doubt-
ful about placing the Selachians in the same subclass
without uniting the Marsipobranchiates with them, for

*In a review of the classification of the Vertebrates, in "Huxley's Classification
of Animals." — American Naturalist, Vol. 3, p. 610.

41

he thought that this last group was as closely allied to
some forms of the Ganoids as were the Chimeroids to
other forms ; and in fact the bony fishes were also so
closely united with the Ganoids as to make any of the pro-
posed subclasses very difficult if not impossible to define.
So loug as living fishes alone were considered, the several
subclasses seemed to be well defined, but now that fossil
fishes are receiving more attention, we find that many of
the proposed groups must be modified.

John S. Carter of Salem was elected a Resident mem-
ber.

The Secretary announced the following correspon-
dence : —

From Basel, Naturforschende Gesellschaft, Dec. 10; Bremen Naturwissenschaft
Verein, Dec. 7; Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences, April 7; Edinburgh Royal
Society, Oct. 7; Leipsig, Die Koniglich Saehsiche Gesellschaft der Wissenschaf-
ten. Dec; Meklenburgh. Verein der Freunde der Naturgesichte, Dec. 17; Minne-
sota Historical society, April 11; Ohio Historical and Philosophical Society. April
1; Stettin Entomol., Verein, Sept.; Western Reserve Historical Society, April 11;
Yale College, April 5; Bartlett, W. S., Boston, April 4; Hotchkiss, Frank E., New-
Haven. Men. 29; Piper, W. H. & Co., Boston. Apr. 3; Preble, G. H., Charlestown,
April 6, 17; Westermann & Co., New York, April 14.

The Librarian reported the following additions :

By Donation.

Almon, A. B. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 250.

Butler, B. F.. M. C. Howe's Speech in U. S. H. R., March 27, "28, 1871. Sum-
ner's Speech in U. S. Sen., March 27, 1871.

Cook, Geo. H., of New Brunswick, N. J. Report of the State Geologist of New
Jersey for 1870.

Green, S. A., of Boston. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 25.

Higginson, T. W., of Newport, R. I. Army Life in a Black Regiment. 1 vol. 12mo.

Poole, Wm. F.. of Cincinnati. O. Report of Cincinnati Public Library, 1870-71.

Sumner, Hon. C, U. S. S. Sumner's Speech in U. S. S., March 27, 1871. Out-
rages in the Southern States. 1 vol. Svo.

Williams. J. O.. of Boston. Mammoth Trees in California. 8vo pamph.

Winthrop, R. C, of Boston. Proceedings of the Trustees of the Peabody Ed-
ucation Fund. Feb. 15. 1871. Oration on the Two Hundred and Fiftieth Anniver-
sary of the Landing of the Pilgrim Fathers. Svo pamph.

By Exchange.
Boston Numismatic Society. Amer. Journal of Numismatics for April, 1871.
Essex Inst. Bulletin. hi 6

42

Connecticut Academt of Arts and Sciences. Transactions. Vol. I, Part
II. 1 vol. 8vo.

Massachusetts Historical Society. A Dialogue written by Gov. Wm .
Bradford of New Plymouth. 1 vol. 8vo. Boston, 1870.

Moravian Historical Society of Nazareth, Pa. The Moravian Episcopal e
by Edmund De Schweinitz. 8vo pamph.

Nova Scotian Institute of Natural Science, Halifax. Proceedings and
Transactions of. 1809-70. Vol. II, Part IV.

Publishers. American Literary Gazette. American Naturalist. Essex Ban-
ner. Gardener's Monthly. Gloucester Telegraph. Haverhill Gazette. Lawrence
American. Little Giant. Lynn Reporter. Medical and Surgical Reporter.
Nation. Nature. Peabody Press. Salem Observer.

Semi-centennial Anniversary, Friday, Apr. 21, 1871.

The Semi-centennial Anniversary of the Essex Histori-
cal Society, or what is known as the Historical Depart-
ment of the Institute, occurred this day, and was observed
by appropriate exercises in the afternoon and evening', at
the rooms in Plummer Hall. The exercises were opened
by prayer by the Rev. E. S. Atwood.

The President, Henry Wheatland, made the follow-
ing introductory remarks :

At the close of this half century in the history of our
society, it was deemed meet to mark the date by some
suitable observance ; accordingly at a meeting; in Decem-
ber, votes were passed confirmatory of the expression of
this opinion, and the appointment of a committee to make
the necessary arrangements.

An historical sketch of the Institute has been printed
and widely distributed, and notices have appeared in
several publications of a complimentary character. It
would therefore seem unnecessary to give a detailed
account of our history, but merely to allude briefly to the
most salient points in the record.

Some fifty years since Salem had residing within her
limits many eminent scholars, scientific and literary —

43

also those who took leading positions in commercial and
other enterprises that tend to the prosperity of a commu-
nity. At this time the Salem Athenaumi had collected
many valuable works, and the East India Marine Society
a museum of natural history and ethnology — the latter
especially rich in those specimens that illustrate the
habits and customs of the people of India and the Pacific
Isles. These institutions had acquired a merited celeb-
rity, and were attracting the attention of scholars, tour-
ists, and the general public. The ample material for the
organization of an active society of history was waitiug
for some exciting cause to put in motion the crystallizing
process.

Soon after the death of the Rev. Dr. Bentley, which
occurred in December, 1819, much regret was expressed
that the valuable and large mass of historic material,
books, etc., which he had collected during a successful
ministry of nearly forty years, should be removed from
Salem. There being then no place of deposit, of course
the tendency was to go elsewhere. To prevent a similar
occurrence in the future, at the suggestion of Hon. J. G.
King and George A. Ward, a meeting was convened on
the afternoon of Saturday, April 21, 1821, just fifty years
since, Judge Story presiding. This meeting organized
under the name of the Essex Historical Society, and ap-
pointed a committee to prepare rules and orders, also a
petition to be presented to the Legislature for an act of
incorporation. The act was obtained in the June fol-
lowing, and on the 27th of that month the first corporate
meeting was held, and an organization was effected with
the venerable Dr.- E. A. Holyoke as President, who
continued its presiding officer until his decease in April,
1829, at the advanced age of 100 years and 7 months.
In 1847 the union with the Natural History Society was

44

discussed, and in February following, the act was passed
constituting the members of the two societies members of
the Essex Institute. It was then organized into three
departments, that of History, Natural History, and Hor-
ticulture— Horticulture having been a leading object of
the Natural History Society, and to the horticultural ex-
hibitions held under its auspices that society was largely
indebted for its success.

The bequest of Miss Caroline Plummer in 1854, of a
sufficient sum to erect this building, to the proprietors of
the Salem Athenaeum, and the removal of the library and
collections of the Institute to the same, in 1857, formed
a memorable epoch in its history. The endowment of a
fund of $140,000, by George Peabody, the great philan-
thropist, for the promotion of science and useful knowl-
edge in this his native county, which was placed in the
hands of nine trustees who were incorporated as "Trustees
of the Peabody Academy of Science," the purchase of the
East India Marine Hall, the refitting of the same for the
deposit of the valuable museum of the East India Marine
Society, and the extensive scientific collections of the In-
stitute, deserve a passing notice. Though the Institute
was thus relieved of the care of its scientific collections,
yet the growth of the library and the increase of specimens
illustrating the other departments of which the Institute
takes cognizance, require constant vigilance to provide
the requisite means to have the same properly arranged
for consultation and use by the members and students in
quest of information in their special line of inquiry.

The last subject to which I shall allude is the amend-
ment of the charter in 1870, which provides that the In-
stitute shall have for its objects the promotion of the Arts,
Literature, and Science, in addition to those for which
the Essex Historical and the Essex County Natural His-

45

tory Societies were incorporated. A fourth department
was thus added, that of Fine Arts — so that the organiza-
tion consists of four departments, that of History, Nat-
ural History, Horticulture, and the Fine Arts. Initiatory
steps have been taken to the formation of an art museum ,
which, if properly cared for, would do much to the pro-
motion of culture and refinement among the people.

An excellent select choir, under the direction of Gen.
H. K. Oliver, then sang the following Original Hymn,
written for the occasion by Kev. Jones Very :

Amid the swift, onrushing years,

We hear a voice, that bids us stay ;
Back to the storied Past we turn,

And reverently its call obey.

For not dissevered, weak, alone,

Do we amid the Present live ;
But to our lives the by-gone days

Their knowledge and their virtues give.

Made wise by wisdom of the Past,

We for the Future shall prepare ;
Sharing our Fathers' noble aims,

We shall their fame and glory share.

But soon forgotten, or destroyed,

The records of that early age ;
Had not their sons, with loving care,

Memorials left for History's page.

Honor we give to those, who here

Recorded for our use their lore :
Whose names and virtues we revere,

Though seen with us their forms no more !

Inspired by their example high,

May we their chosen path pursue ;
Alike to pi'esent, and to Past,

In all our thoughts and acts be true.

46

Abner C. Goodell, Jr., the Vice President of the
Historical Department, then delivered an address of which
the following is an abstract :

In commencing, he said that the commemoration of the
fiftieth anniversary of the foundation of the Essex His-
torical Society, naturally suggested as a theme befitting
the occasion, a consideration of the interdependence of
history and the other sciences. The steps in the forma-
tion of the society had been so often traced that a fresh
treatment of so familiar a topic, would not be expected.

Returning to pursue the theme first proposed, he insti-
tuted a brief comparison of some salient features of
every day life, now and fifty years ago, in order to appos-
itely illustrate his argument. No doubt the American
citizen of 1821 felicitated himself that he was born in an
age so auspicious. It was a generation after the Ameri-
can Independence had become an accomplished fact.
The telescope wras then an old invention, and among the
actual achievements of that age was the mariner's com-
pass, the art of printing, the use of logarithms and the
true principles of chemistry, the discovery of the circula-
tion of the blood, and other important facts — all inven-
tions which seemed to complete the busy progress of
civilization. Yet, viewed from the stand-point of the
present day, there was a vast difference in physical com-
fort and luxury. The speaker pictured the comforts and
conveniences of the present day, and said for all this im-
provement they were indebted to the progress of science.
The discovery of the planet Neptune was an illustration
of the perfection, the almost prophetic power of the science
of Astronomy. The improved microscope and spectro-
scope were also among the mechanical triumphs of mod-
ern science. He alluded to the advantages derived from
the perfection of the science of chemistry. Within fifty

47

years geolog}^ and palaeontology had overcome great ob-
stacles. History ceased to be history when it foiled to
recognize the power of science. The interdependence
of the sciences was everywhere apparent. The closest
relations exist between geology, palaeontology and arch-
aeology on the one hand, and history on the other.
The science of human physiology had also a direct bear-
ing upon history. The history of science should not be
confounded with history written upon a scientific basis.
The conclusion of the scientific man should be induc-
tions. The use of statistics affords an instance of a
purely scientific plan applied to history. Carried still
farther this science might be useful in solving the prob-
lems of political economy. Every part of science which
is not learned from original discovery, was learned from
history. The best scientific treatises were purely histori-
cal. The whole tendency of modern science went to
prove that there was a still higher province for this
blended history and science, and that was the develop-
ment of a system of ethics, with all the certainty and
regularity of mathematics. The speaker then referred
particularly to the society, its history and its work.
What existed in the day of its founders only in name,
now afforded for public use a large and commodious
building, a library of 26,000 bound volumes, more than
100,000 pamphlets, and 2,500 volumes of newspapers,
bound and unbound, including duplicates. On the other
side of the library table the Athseneum displays nearly
14,000 volumes more, in every department of literature.
The publications of the Society embrace the three num-
bers of the Journal of the Natural History Society, six
volumes of Proceedings, ten volumes of Historical Col-
lections, and an eleventh volume commenced, some occa-
sional publications, two volumes of the Monthly Bulletin,
and five of the Naturalist, this last though afterwards

48

transferred to the Peabody Academy of Science was inau-
gurated by the Institute. In 1866 the cabinets contained
about 55,000 classified specimens in the various branches
of Natural History, and with those in the East India
Marine Hall, they now numbered several hundreds of
thousands. The Peabody Academy of Science have these
in charge, and they are available for use to the mem-
bers of the Institute and all other students of science
on the most liberal terms. In numismatics, ethnologi-
cal specimens, and manuscripts, there are also consider-
able collections, and the line arts, especially the art of
music, are beginning to receive special attention. The
public have always been invited to participate in the
studies, and enjoy the advantages offered by the Insti-
tute, upon almost equal terms with members. Finally
a printing office has been established which performs
typographical work in a style not excelled by any other
press in the country.

The address occupied about forty minutes, and was lis-'
toned to with the deepest interest and warmly applauded
at the close. It is printed in the Historical Collections of
the Institute, vol. xi, No. 1.

"America" was sung by the choir, after which remarks
were made by Rev. George D. Wildes of New York,
Gen. Henry K. Oliver, J. Wingate Thornton, Esq. of
Boston, and Dr. George B. Loring.

The observances of this anniversary were appropri-
ately concluded by a social gathering of the members
and friends of the Institute, in the evening, at Plummer
Hall, which was entirely informal and conversational.

Mr. David Pulsifer, of the Secretary of State's office,
Boston, presented a certified copy on Parchment of the
Act of Incorporation of the Essex Historical Society —
which was gratefully received.

BULLETIN

ESSEX INSTITUTE.

Vol. 3. Salem, Mass., May, 1871. No. 5.

One Dollar a Year in Advance. 10 Cents a Single Copy.

Regular Meeting, Monday, May 1, 1871.
The President in the chair. Records of preceding
meeting read.

ON THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF ESSEX COUNTY.

Prof. Alpheus Hyatt showed a series of specimens
illustrating, in part, the geology of this county, also a
geological map of Marblehead Neck, and offered some
interesting remarks in relation thereto, of which the fol-
lowing is an abstract.

This society has had in view for many years past the
thorough exposition of the history of this county, both
political and physical.

The political history has been well advanced by the
numerous papers and essays of prominent members ; so
also has the Natural History. No attempt could be made
however to organize a survey which would strike directly
at the accomplishment of this object until funds were
provided for the employment of a corps of men and the
publication of the results in a systematic manner.

When the Peabody Academy was founded and the col-
lections of this society handed over to its keeping, the

Essex Inst. Bulletin. hi 7

50

idea of a general Natural History Survey was for the first
time definitely announced and provided for in its plan of
organization. The Geology fell to my share, and since
my acceptance of a position in the Massachusetts Insti-
tute of Technology, I have, with the assistance of the
fourth year's class of Mining Engineers from that Institu-
tion, been able to continue the work.

The first fruit of this labor is exhibited here to-night
in a map of Marblehead Neck. The ground- work of the
whole is a copy of the Plane Table sheet of the United
States Coast Survey, which has been given to me espec-
ially for this work through the kindness of Prof. Pierce.
The wonderful accuracy of this map is shown by the test
to which these investigations have subjected it. The
copy before you has been enlarged three times, and is on
a scale of .3000 or about eighteen inches to the mile.
Notwithstanding this enlargement I have been able to
identify every small indentation in the coast-line, and the
outline of every projection ; as a topographical map for
the foundation of a geological survey it is perfect.

The principal intention has been to map out in detail
the actual outcrops of rock which project above the sur-
face. These are painted in solid colors. Dark bluish
purple shows the porphyry, which occupies the upper
two-thirds of the neck and a strip on the harbor-side,
reaching to the east end of Devereux beach ; dark drab
mica-schists and fine-grained gneiss, which fill out the
southeastern portion ; while patches of vermilion scat-
tered over both indicate the presence of an eruptive
granite.

The precise outline of each outcropping or exposed
rock was not attempted, but the general direction of the
longest axis of each mass is given, and such an approxi-
mation to the precise outlines as could be obtained by a

51

sketch taken on the spot. These are connected by
ground shades of the same color, but lighter hue, which
indicate to the experienced eye the character of the rock
lying under the soil. Thus the theoretical conclusions
are separable from the observed facts, and every person
can see the face of the country as it is, the conventional
signs and colors being readily translated by the table at-
tached to the sheet.

Marblehead Xeck was selected as the initial point, be-
cause it is one of the three porphyry outcrops within the
limits of this county, and from these it is convenient to
lay our courses in order to meet the regularly stratified
rocks which lie to the westward.

It would be premature at this stage of the investiga-
tion to endeavor to forestall the results which may be
finally worked out, but it is possible to make certain
statements of considerable interest.

The porphyry of our vicinity whether Lynn, Marble-
head or Xewburyport is a recomposed rock, a conglom-
erate composed of more or less rounded pebbles of more
ancient banded porphyry. Taking our departure from
these points we meet in the neighborhood of Xewbury-
port with a transition rock made up partly of porphyry,
and then with stratified diorites and slates, which surround
the porphyry outcrop on the sea-face, and stretch up to
the north and south of Kent's Island, and are lost in the
marshes.

The northwesterly dip, and northeasterly strike of
these diorites and slates, and the presence of slate rocks
in Topsfield and Middleton, are difficult to account for
unless we imagine the porphyries to be interstratified
with them. The succession of the strata in this part of
the county then would be Eozoonal limestones and serpen-
tines, then slates, then the porphyries of Kent's Island

!/

52

and Lynn, then slates and diorites, and lastly, the por-
phyries of Marblehead Neck. Either this is the expla-
nation or else we have several anticlinal axes or folds in
the porphyry. In either case all the porphyries are
probably older than the Eozoonal rocks of Newburyport,
and underlie them. The porphyry of Marblehead Neck
has the stratified micaceous rocks, mentioned above, lying
upon its southeastern face, with dip and strike precisely
conformable to the more ancient shore-line formed by the
porphyry itself.

The porphyry of Lynn has upon its eastern face the
outcropping edges of an enormous overflow of igneous
granite, which anciently filled the valley between Peabody
village and Swampscott, but which is now only repre-
sented by Prospect Hill and others on the west, and
patches which still remain plastered against the western
sides of the hills to the east.

The farther or westerly side of this porphyry, as also
of the Newburyport exposure, is occupied by a series of
rocks with a regular northwesterly and southeasterly
trend. These overlie the series of serpentines and lime-
stones which crop out so abundantly at Newburyport and
Lynnfield. At this last locality the relation of these lime
rocks to the porphyries is obscured by masses of what I
am disposed to consider an eruptive granite. In fact, all
the ditficulties of the survey have arisen from the enor-
mous sheet, or rather, sheets of igneous rocks, for there
seems to have been several which overspread the surface
of the country.

The principal seat of one of these eruptions, and per-
haps two of them, can be traced to a large part of Mar-
blehead and the whole of Salem township. The rock
underlying these localities is a dense, dark hornblendic,
often micaceous granite, varying in many places to lighter

53

colored and more crystalline. This is, accurately speak-
ing, shivered to pieces by eruptive forces, Avhich have at
the same time filled the numberless crevices and hollows
between the fragments with one form of the igneous gran-
ite alluded to. This is always lighter colored, and often
reddish on account of its flesh-colored feldspar. There
are perhaps eight or ten square miles of this broken rock,
and yet in many places, if the injected granite were
removed, every dissevered piece of the dark granite
would fit together edge to edge like a consolidated block-

O O c

puzzle.

It is only fitting here to say that the successful prose-
cution of the survey must be largely attributed to the en-
couragement and assistance of Dr. Sterry Hunt. The
communication made by this gentleman at the Salem
meeting of the American Association, upon the rocks of
this region, incited Mr. Bicknell to renew his formerly
unsuccessful search at Newburvport for the Eozoon. The
subsequent discovery of this fossil and the beginning of
the field work were the indirect consequences of this and
of his subsequent visits. The President and Directors of
the Eastern Railroad have also substantially assisted in
the progress of the survey and I have personally received
aid from others to Avhom my indebtedness will be duly
acknowledged in more formal publications.

Note by Dr. T. Sterry Hunt. In a communication
to the Boston Natural History Society on the 19th of
October last, and subsequently in' the American Journal
of Science for February and March, 1871 (pages 84 and
182), I have expressed the opinion that the porphyries
of the eastern coast of Massachusetts, are stratified rocks,
belonging together with their associated diorites and
slates (greenstones, chloritic and epidotic rocks), to the

54

Hurouian system, or Green Mountain system. As re-
gards the limestones with Eozoon, from eastern Massa-
chusetts, which in the American Journal for Jan., 1870,
I referred to the more ancient Laurentian system. I
have in that same journal for July, 1870, pointed out the
fact that the Eozoon of Hastings coumVy, Ontario, occurs
in a series of crystalline schists which I consider newer
than the Hurouian, and the equivalent of the White
Mountain gneisses and mica-schists, so that, as I there re-
mark, "the presence of this fossil can no longer serve to
identify the Laurentian system. It will be remembered
that the Eozoon Bavaricum of Gumbel occurs in Bohe-
mia, in a series of crystalline schists above the Lauren-
tian, occupying probably the position of one or the other
newer systems just mentioned. I have in the American
Journal for last March (page 183), moreover, called at-
tention to the fact that the ciystalline limestones which
arc associated with the White Mountain or Terranovan
system in Maine, closely resemble in mineralogical char-
acters those of the Laurentian. It will therefore remain
for farther study, to determine how far the crystalline
limestones of eastern Massachusetts belong to the Lau-
rentian, and whether some of them are not included in
one or the other of the newer systems of crystalline
schists. The porphyry conglomerate noticed by the late
President Hitchcock and described by Prof. Hyatt, are
referred to in my paper of last October, mentioned
above. This rock is, I conceive, to be distinguished from
the old Hurouian porphyry, on which it often reposes,
and from the ruins of which it is derived. Similar con-
glomerate porphyries along the shores of the Bay of
Fundy appear to be of Upper Silurian age.

55

GEOLOGY OF THE PHOSPHATE BEDS OF SOUTH CAROLINA.

Dr. A. S. Packard, Jr., made some remarks on the
geology of the phosphate beds of South Carolina. Dur-
ing a recent visit to Charleston, he had observed the
phosphate diggings on the Ashley river, and at a locality
on the northeast railroad eight miles from Charleston, but
through the courtesy of C. C. Coe, Esq., Superintendent
of the Marine and River Phosphate Mining and Manu-
facturing Company, and Dr. C. U. Shepard, Jr., he had
enjoyed special facilities for studying the Quaternary, or
Post Pliocene formation in which the phosphate bed
occurs, having made two excursions in company with
these gentlemen on the Company's steamer Gazelle. He
was also indebted to Prof. C. U. Shepard, St., for
much valuable information regarding the chemical as well
as geological history of these interesting beds. Analo-
gous beds have been discovered in the later tertiary of
England near Cambridge, but they are becoming ex-
hausted, and manufacturers of superphosphates are now
importing large quantities of the crude phosphate rock
from Charleston, S. C, as well as the phosphate, or apa-
tite, rock from the Laurentian formation of Canada, which
Dr. T. Sterry Hunt, the distinguished chemist of the
Canadian Geological Survey, believes to have resulted
largely from the decomposition of shells, especially those
of Lingula.

The phosphate beds of South Carolina are spread over
an area alone; the coast one hundred miles alona-, and
about twenty miles in breadth ; the formation is not con-
tinuous, being sometimes, as stated (in conversation) by
Prof. C. U. Shepard, Jr., replaced by ferruginous sand.
It has already been largely used as a fertilizer for worn
out lands of the sea island cotton region, and promises
from the unlimited supply of the rock, to become a large

56

industrial interest pf the state, six million dollars having
already been invested in lands and mining and manufac-
turing materials by northern capitalists alone.

The relation of the phosphate beds to the Quaternary
formation of the state and of the latter to the glacial beds
of sand and clay of the northern states, were, however,
the principal points he would allude to. At a celebrated
locality of Quaternary fossils at Simmon's Bluff on Wad-
malaw Sound, about thirty miles by steam from Charles-
ton, he made with the kind and generous aid of Dr.
Shepard, Jr., a large collection of fossils, from a bed of
sand and mud about four feet in thickness. This bed
corresponded with the marine clays of New England and
Labrador, and the ancient sea bottom with its multitude of
shells, which remained just as they had died in their holes,
reminded him of an ancient raised sea-bottom at Hope-
dale, Labrador.

These clay beds graduated into clay and sand, contain-
ing a ferruginous layer, supposed by Dr. Shepard, Jr., to
be the horizon of the phosphate beds. These beds cor-
respond to the beds of clay at Gardiner, Maine, where Sir
Charles Lycll discovered the bones of the Bison and
Walrus, and contains bones of the Megalonyx, Mastodon,
Elephant, Tapir, two species of Horse, Peccary, Rhi-
noceros and Manatee. The sands graduate into the beach
sands of the close of the Quaternary, just as do the Bison
and Walrus beds of the Kennebec river. The phosphate
beds, then, were probably rolled masses of Eocene rock
crowded with shells, mingled with the bones of the ani-
mals above mentioned, deposited and arranged by the
waves of a shallow sea a few feet deep. This sea was
much shallower even than that which covered the ancient
sea bottom beneath, which must have been only from one
to five or ten fathoms deep, as the same shells are at the

57

present clay thrown up on the neighboring beaches in
great abundance, and he had dredged some of them at a
depth of from five to thirty feet at Beaufort, N. C.

After their deposition the carbonate of lime of the shell
marl of the Eocene rocks had been replaced by phos-
phate of lime. How this had been effected, and whence
the phosphate of lime was derived, was a question still
unsettled by chemists. He alluded to the theory of Prof.
Shaler that this phosphate deposit had been formed at the
bottom of the Gulf Stream, which, according to that geol-
ogist had probably flowed over the site of the present
phosphate beds ; and in opposing the theory suggested
that the phosphate beds were deposited in shallow water,
perhaps lagoons as suggested by Prof. Holmes, as they
rested in a shallow water deposit above alluded to. There
was no apparent evidence, as well shown by the facts pub-
lished by Tuomey in his geological survey of South Caro-
lina, of a depression of the coast. On the other hand there
is no apparent evidence of glacial action on the coast,
since the Quaternary sands are marine or aerial, and
Tuomey states that he has nowhere in the state of South
Carolina seen any angular blocks, nor a pebble a foot in
diameter. Moreover, the life of the Quaternary in this
state indicated even a warmer climate than at present
obtains.

Since these remarks were made, he had met by acci-
dent with the paper by Desor, than whom no one can speak
with greater authority, in which he has made a compari-
son * between the glacial marine beds of the North and
the marine coast deposits of the Southern states, parallel-
izing the deposits in a masterly manner. His remarks

* Post Pliocene of the Southern states and its relation to the Laurentian of the
North and the deposits of the valley of the Mississippi. By E. Desor. American
Jour. Sciences and Arts. 1852. Vol.14, p. 49.

Essex Ixst. Bulletin. hi 8

58

entirely confirm the views given above. One difficulty
Desor had in parallelizing the Laurentian beds of the
North with those of the South containing the remains of
land animals, was the apparent absence of the remains
of land animals in the clays of the North. But since then
teeth of the bison have been found at Gardiner, Maine,
in the upper part of the clays. It may also result from
farther investigation that the phosphate beds were laid
down at a later period than we have supposed ; at the time
when the great mammals found in the cave at Phcenixville
by Mr. Wheatley flourished, perhaps during the earlier
portion of the river terrace period when the mammoth
and mastodon lived both in the northern and southern
states.

Thus, the parallelism between the Quaternary beds
North and South would seem to be even more exact than
Desor could with his data make it twenty years ago. The
climate gradually grew wanner from Labrador to Florida ;
the Gulf Stream did not apparently change its bed during
the Quaternary period ; the oscillations of level of the
coast of South Carolina were slight and involved but a
few feet, where in Canada and Labrador the rise and fall
involved several hundreds ; and the denudation effected
in the North by land ice, was caused in the South by
oceanic currents, waves and atmospheric agencies. There
are apparently no facts to show that while the glaciers
lined the coast of New England, the waters of South
Carolina were not as warm, if not warmer, than at the
present day, from the effects of the Gulf Stream.

Mr James H. Emertox exhibited the following species
of plants in flower which he had collected this afternoon
in South Salem and Swampscott, and made some appro-
priate remarks in relation to them.

59

Ranunculus sp., near the outlet of Legg's hill ponds.

Ranunculus fascicularis. hillside west of Forest River near Lynn road.

Calthapalustris.

Anemone nemorosa.

Hepatica triloba, Swampscott near Salem line. Sepals dropping from most of
the flowers and new leaves half grown.

Aquilegia Canadensis, great pasture, very few flowers open.

Saxifraga Virginiensis.

Sanguinaria Canadensis, Swampscott near Salem line. Leaves as high as the
flowers and many flowers without their petals.

Fragaria Virginiana, roadside near Forest River.

Houstonia ccerulea.

Violfl, cucullata.

Viola blanda.

Acer rubrum, roadside, Swampscott.

Salix, two species on the Eastern Railroad.

Benzoin odoriferum, meadow north of Legg's hill.

Gnaphalium uliginosum, pastures and roadsides.

Erythronium Americanum. near Legg's hill.

Ariscema triphyllum, near Legg's hill.

Carex Pennsylvanica, and another species, great pasture.

Equisetum arvense, Marblehead Railroad near Lynn road.

Equisetum sylvaticum, near Legg's hill with Erythronium Americanum.

The Secretary announced the following correspon-
dence : —

From Smithsonian Institution, April IS: Francis H. Appleton, Boston. April 29;
Joseph Banvard, Patterson. N. J., April 20; James S. Bryant, Hartford, April 18;
A. Crosby. Salem. April 19; Asa Gray, Cambridge, April 19; S. A. Green, April 4;
Richard M. Hodges, Cambridge. April 19; J. C Holmes, Detroit, Mich., April 21;
O. W. Holmes. Boston, April 20; Frank E. Hotchkiss, New Haven, April 21; La-
burton Johnson, Bradford, April IS; Nathaniel Paine, Worcester. April 20; A. P.
Peabody, Cambridge, April 20; G. H. Preble, Charlestown, April 21; W. Hudson
Stephens. Lowville, N. Y., April 1 ; E. M. Stone, Providence, April 22 ; J. AVingate
Thornton, Boston, April 18; B. Westermann & Co., New York. April 19; W. O.
White, Keene, N. H.. April 28; M. P. Wilder, Boston, April 21.

Mr A. C. Goodell, Jr. alluded briefly to the plan, for
some time in contemplation by the Essex Institute of a
survey of the Natural History of the county. He con-
gratulated Mr. Hyatt upon the results of his labors in
this direction auguring favorably for the completion ere
lono- of this desirable work.

Remarks were made by Mr. James Kimball and others
on the papers presented at this meeting.

60

The Librarian reported the following additions :

By Donation.

Anthony, H. B., of Washington, I). C. Congressional Directory by B. P. Poore.

Butler, Hon. B.F., M. C. Hoar's Speech in U. S. H. R., March 29, 1871. Ed-
mund's Speech in U. S. S. April 14, 1871. Harlin's Speech in U. S. S.March 29,
1871. Land Office Report for 1868. 3 vols. 8vo.

Connecticut River Railroad Company. Annual Report. 1870.

Greene, S. A., of Boston. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 11.

Lei:, John C. Commercial Bulletin for April, 1871.

Packard, A. S. Annual Report on the Injurious and Beneficial Insects of
Mass.

Peabody Academy of Science. Memoirs, Vol. I, No. 11.

Perry. Rev. W. S., of Geneva, N. Y. Memorial of Rev. Benjamin Dorr, D. D,
by Geo. Lewis.

Poore, Alfred. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 20.

Preble, Capt. George II., U. S. N. Memoir of William P. Fessenden.

Snow, E. M., of Providence, R. I. Report of the Births, Marriages and Deaths
in Providence for 1868.

Stone, Robert. Commerce and Navigation lor 1850-54. 2 vols. 8vo. Report
on the Finances for 1856. 8vo. Compendium of the U. S. Census for 1850. 8vo.
II yinns lor the Sanctuary. 12mo. Psalms and Hymns. lvol.l2mo. The Christian
Examiner, 1826 to 1860. Quarterly Journal of the American Unitarian Association.
L854 to L859. The Monthly Miscellany, is 1 1 to 1843. Year Hook of the Unitarian
Churches, 1S56 to 1870. Monthly Journal of the American Unitarian Associa-
tion. i860 to 1869. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 25.

StTMNER, Charles, U. S. S. Sumner's Speech in U. S. S. March 27, 1871.

Waters, J. Linton, of Chicago. 111. A Western Enterprise. 1871. 8vo pamph.
Catalogues of Medals, Tokens.

Young Men's Association, of BUFFALO, N. Y. Annual Report, Feb. 20, 1871.

By Exchange.

Boston Society of Natural History. Proceedings of. Vol. Ill, sigs. 24, 25.

P.owdoin College. Catalogue. 1870-71.

Massachusetts Historical Society. Proceedings of. 1869-70. l vol. 8vo.

New Jersey Historical Society. Proceedings of. Vol. II. No. 3. 1871.

St. Gallische Gesellschaft. Bericht Vereinsjahres, 1868-69.

Publishers. American Naturalist. Canadian Naturalist. Essex Banner.
Gloucester Telegraph. Haverhill Gazette. Lawrence American. Literary World.
Little Giant. Lynn Reporter. Medical and Surgical Reporter. Nation. Nature.
Peabody Press. Sailor's Magazine and Seamen's Friend. Sotheran's Catalogue.
The Book Buyer.

A committee consisting of Messrs. James Kimball, W.
Neilson, C. Cooke, W. P. Upham and J. H. Emerton,
was appointed to nominate officers for election at the an-
nual meeting.

61

Annual Meeting, Wednesday, May 10, 1871.

The President in the chair. Records of preceding
meeting read.

The following reports on the condition of the Institute
were read and accepted.

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY.

In looking back through the record of the year, it be-
comes the duty of the Secretary to arrange and relate
briefly the doings and progress of the Society since
the last report. For that purpose it has been found
more convenient to dispose of the matter under various
heads with the exception of Finance, Library and Mu-
seum, which will receive full notice in the reports of the
officers of those departments.

Membership. — Twenty-eight persons have been elected
and have accepted resident membership, while the loss
during the year by death is smaller in numbers than
ever before since our society has been so large. Thomas
Hunt, died at Salem, May 21, 1870, aged 64 years, 9
months. Daniel Perkins, died at Salem, June 25, 1870,
aged 59 years, 4 months. Asahel Huntington, died at his
sea side residence in Beverly, Monday, Sept. 5, 1870,
aged 72 years. Stephen D. Poole, died at his residence
in Lynn, Sept. 22, 1870, aged 53 years, 10 months.
Samuel R. Curwen, died at Salem, Nov. 11, 1870, aged
49 years, 10 months.

Correspondence. — This in character and multiplicity
continues as extensive as ever.

Publications. — Historical Collections, Vol. X.
Parts 2 and 3 ; and of the Bulletin, twelve numbers
have been issued ; also the long delayed and final parts of
the Proceedings.

62

The Bulletin, taking the place of the Proceedings,
is now well up to time, and for the coming year arrange-
ments have been made to secure its prompt appearance.
This is a very important measure, as it renders the pub-
lication more profitable by increasing the number of sub-
scribers and bringing the subscriptions in more promptly.

Meetings. — There have been held of business and pub-
lic evening meetings, twenty-two ; Special, one ; Field
Meetings, four; at Bradford, Swampscott, West Peabody
and Methuen, where the usual courtesy and attentions
were extended to the Society by the residents.

At the public evening meetings various valuable and
interesting papers have been presented during the win-
ter, to an audience often numbering less than twenty-five
persons, yet :it other times, when the subject of discus-
sion had been announced in the papers, a fair, and, at
times, a large number have attended: this leads to the
conclusion that the attendance can be materially aug-
mented by a little previous arrangement, and a notice of
speakers and subject in the papers a day or two before
the meeting. When we consider the character of these
meetings, well repaying the two hours spent at them,
it is to he regretted that more do not avail themselves
of these free lectures and discussions, the variety of
subjects being so great that each must interest some,
while none can fail to gain information from all. There
have also been a social meeting at Hamilton Hall, and an
excursion to Plymouth by steamer, under the auspices of
the Institute. The fiftieth anniversary of the formation
of the Essex Historical Society was celebrated at the In-
stitute rooms on the twenty-first of last month. An able
address was delivered in the afternoon by Mr. A. C.
Goodell, and in the evening a company viewed the collec-
tions and partook of a collation.

63

Horticulture. — Three free exhibitions took place in the
summer, one each in June, July, and August, the fall ex-
hibition in September lasting three clays. These exhibi-
tions were attended by a fair number of visitors. The
collection of fruit and flowers, the latter especially, con-
sisted of choicer specimens than were perhaps ever be-
fore exhibited at the rooms, showing a more refined taste
as well as a greater number of persons interested in Flo-
riculture, the collection being from a larger number of
exhibitors than at any previous year, not comprised, as
often before, of large showy flowers from a few gardens.
By very little effort these exhibitions can be brought to
far greater notice in the county and made very much
larger, and the society might gain from them a yearly
profit, in lieu of barely paying their expenses, as they
have every convenience for successfully carrying them
forward.

Fair. — During the latter part of October, and the first
of November a large fair was held at Mechanic Hall, by
the ladies of Salem and vicinity, for the benefit equally of
the Salem Oratorio and Essex Institute. It being the
opening of the remodelled building, and gotten up with
taste, filled with attractive articles, and with many per-
suasive ways of raising money, the success was such that
each society received upwards of sixteen hundred dollars,
a sum greatly needed and gratefully received by the
Essex Institute.

In General we find the society has improved its time
by carrying out its objects and adding to its collections.
Many minor improvements have been made during the
year and everything kept to the previous standard.
There are many things which those immediately inter-
ested in the society desire to have done, one — which our
President has had in his mind and heart for several years

64

— the establishing of a Memorial Hall and "Public
Library." Here is a grand foundation, which with pri-
vate and civil cooperation, might easily accomplish the
result, and meet a great want in our city ; another that,
perhaps, might be accomplished at the same time, is
the building of a lire-proof room or hall, where the more
valuable and unreplaceable portions of the collections
might be safely kept ; this would also be the means of
enlarging our collections by the great amount of valuable
documents and paintings that would at once be given or
deposited, if we had the facilities for properly guarding
them against fire. However, it is not well to be too
aspiring, we must be satisfied with our present condition,
and when we think of the entire working income of the
society for the past ten years as averaging less than
fifteen hundred dollars, and never reaching two thousand,
while not many years ago it was mere nothing, the
amount that has been accomplished is most surprising,
and reflects credit on the, head of this society, who has
since its formation made a frugal allowance do a great
amount of work.

Mr. President: — In retiring from the position of Sec-
retary, I desire to call to mind that a year ago to-day we
were regretting the absence of our former Secretaiy, who
had left us during the year for a European tour ? his re-
turn a few weeks since is opportune, in giving us just time
to replace his name on the ballot, where we see it to-day,
a position that I am heartily glad to have him fill again
and feel great satisfaction in handing the Secretary's rec-
ords over to one whose experience renders him so well
fitted to perform the duties of the office.
Respectfully submitted.

John Robinson,

Sec'y Essex Institute.

BULLETIN

ESSEX IITSTITUTE.

Vol. 3. Salem, Mass., June, 1871. No. 6.

One Dollar a Year in Advance. 10 Cents a Single Copy.

Annual Meeting, Wednesday, May 10th, 1871.

[Concluded.]
REPORT OF THE SUPERINTENDENT OF THE MUSEUM.

As the report of the Curators of the Historical Depart-
ment will cover all that has been clone in the Museum
during the year, there is little for me to report except
to state that the collection of antiquities and manuscripts
has received the continued care of Messrs. Robinson and
Upham, and that their arrangement has been satisfacto-
rily advanced. The many specimens received by the
Institute in the Natural History Department have been
sent to the Peabody Academy of Science, in accordance
with the agreement between the two Institutions, and
have been duly acknowledged and cared for by the Acad-
emy.

I may be permitted in connection with this report to
call attention to the importance of having a person who
is thoroughly identified with the Historical Department of
the Institute for Superintendent of the Museum, as it is
to that department the Museum under his charge is now
principally confined, and as my duties at the Academy

Esskx Inst. Bulletin. hi 'J

66

render it impossible for me to give the time necessary for
the performance of the important duties devolving upon
the Superintendent, I must respectfully request that some
other person be elected to the office which I have had for
so many years the honor of holding.

F. W. Putnam,

Supt. Mus. E. I.

TREASURER'S REPORT.

It will be perceived by the following exhibit that valu-
able additions have been made to the treasury during
the year. The legacy of the late Charles Davis of Bev-
erly, of five thousand dollars ($5,000) ; and donations from
friends of fourteen hundred and eighty-two dollars and
seventy-two cents ($1482.72), a nucleus of a publication
fund, have been received and invested under the direc-
tion of the Finance Committee ; the income arising there-
from to be appropriated in accordance with the request of
the donors. The receipts from the Ladies' Fair in No-
vember of sixteen hundred and sixty-four dollars and
eighty-one cents ($1664. 81) were expended for a piano,
settees and other fixtures for the lecture and concert room.

DEBITS.

Athenaeum, for rent and Librarian $350.00

Salaries, 688.00; Gas, 49.21; Coal. 156.87, 894 .08

Sundries, 151.36 ; Social meetings and Excursions, 806.80, 958.16

Publications, 1800.00; furnishing Lecture Room, 1465.02, 3265.02

Deposit in Savings Bank, 30.00; Loans, 1642.72, 1672.72

Investment of Davis Legacy, 5000.11

Concerts and Musical Library, 886.62

Balance Account of last year, 160.23

Historical.
Binding, 134.62; Books, 35.00, 169.62

Natural History.
Binding, 100.00; Books, 11.10; Sundries, 16.70, 127.80

13,484.36

67

CREDITS.

Dividends of Webster Bank. 40; Social Meetings and Excursion, 1207. . 1247.00

Life Membership, 30.00; Donations, 1521.72; Sundries, 24.32 1570.04

Oratorio and Institute Fair, 1664.81; Concerts (two seasons) 1005.38, . . 2670.19

Sale of Publications, 762.91; Assessments, 1330.00 2092.91

Athenaeum, proportion of coal, janitor, etc., 139.38

C. Davis Legacy, 5000.00; Interest, 190.00, 5190.00

Balance, 335.97

Historical.
Dividends Naumkeag Bank, 26; Michigan Central. B.B., 50.00, .... 76.00

Natural History.
Dividends Lowell Bleachery, 80.00; P. S. & P. R. R., 12.S7, Horticultural .

Exhibitions, 04.00 156.87

13,484.36

Henry Wheatland,

Treasurer.

LIBRARIAN'S REPORT.

The condition of the Library is good. Attention has
been directed to completing the serials, more especially
the reports and other publications of the various institu-
tions and corporate bodies, and commendable progress
has been made.

As the additions by donations, exchanges and other-
wise, have been reported at the regular meetings and
printed in the Bulletin, it is only requisite to present
at this time the following statistics : —

Donations. — Folios, 20; Quartos, 46; Octavos and
lesser folds, 879 ; Pamphlets and Serials, 4,449 ; Alma-
nacs, 62; Total, 5,456.

Exchanges. — Quartos, 5; Octavos and lesser folds,
227 ; Pamphlets and Serials, 1,791 ; Total, 2,023.

The Donations have been received from one hundred
and forty-seven individuals, and sixteen societies and in-
corporated bodies ; the Exchanges from eighty-five differ-
ent societies and incorporate bodies of which thirty-nine
are foreign.

W. P. Urn am,

Librarian.

68

The President made the following communication :

The subject of erecting a Monument, a Memorial Hall,
or of testifying by some murk of* esteem to those who
took part in the recent war for the Union, has been dis-
cussed in the newspapers and in the social circle. The
City Government has also had at different times several
plans under consideration, but no definite action has thus
far been taken.

It has also been frequently stated with much regret
that Salem has no Public Library, and that in this respect
she is far behind her neighbors, Lynn, Peabody, Dan-
vers, Beverly, Ipswich, Georgetown, Xewburyport and
other places, which each have a well sustained Library.
In most of these cases the liberality of one or more of its
citizens, or of some of its sons, who have been fortunate
in commercial or other enterprises elsewhere, remember-
ing the places of their birth and childhood with grateful
feelings, gave the first impulse. Thus, Mr. George Pea-
body founded those at Peabody, Danvers, and George-
town, and contributed a liberal fund to the one in Xew-
bnryport, which owes its origin to the generosity of Mr.
Little. Mr. Heard erected a building, furnished a collec-
tion of books and a fund, for at least its partial support, in
the town of Ipswich. The Public Library in Boston was
indebted largely, in its incipient stages, to Mr. Joshua
Bates. Mr. Albert Fearing followed the example of Mr.
Heard, and founded a library for his native town of
Hinghatn. Mrs. Eben Sutton founded a reference library
in Peabody, in connection with the Institute ol that place.
The Messrs. Smith and Dove contributed liberally to one
in Andover, and also built at their own expense a beauti-
ful building for the library of the Theological Seminary
there located. Many instances of a similar character can
be cited.

Let us look at the condition of things in Salem. The

69

Salem Athenaeum, founded many years since by the wis-
dom of those far seeing people who resided here in the
early part of this century, possesses some fifteen thousand
volumes in the various departments of the arts, litera-
ture and science, and a building erected from funds be-
queathed by Miss Caroline Plummer. This lady, presum-
ing that the Athenaeum Library might at some future time
be thrown open to the public, provided in her will that
if the said library should ever become a public one, her
bequest should not be forfeited.

The Essex Institute has accumulated a library of some
twenty-five to thirty thousand volumes and about one
hundred thousand pamphlets systematically arranged for
reference and consultation ; also a goodly collection of
portraits of the old worthies of Salem ; manuscripts,
specimens of currency, historical relics, etc., which are
deposited in Plummer Hall. The scientific collections,
which are very extensive, having been deposited with the
Trustees of the Peabody Academy of Science in East
India Marine Hall.

Cannot some arrangement be made so that these two
libraries, with that belonging to the Salem Charitable
Mechanic Association, and perhaps others, be united, and
thus form a basis for a noble public Library? Are there
not some Maecenases to furnish the amalgam that will
cement the union, and thus bring about this glorious re-
sult?

Furthermore, on the land in the rear of Plummer Hall,
a safe and fire-proof building could be erected, which
might be a Memorial Hall, consecrated to the memory
of those who have devoted their lives to the preservation of
the Union during the crisis through which this nation has
recently passed. Let this building be a place of deposit
for the portraits and other memorials of those who first

70

laid the foundations of this place ; of those who have con-
ducted the affairs during the several periods of her his-
tory ; and, above all, of those who took part in the recent
war for the preservation of the Union. This building
would also be a suitable depository for an Art Museum,
which now is becoming an essential aid to the proper edu-
cation of the people.

The care and management of the library and the
Memorial Hall, could devolve upon a board of Trustees,
selected by the city and the various institutions that may
contribute to this object.

To this end it is necessary that not only the City Gov-
ernment, but the people, one and all, should aid in this
undertaking to the extent of their respective means,
and work with the determination that success shall
crown their efforts. Let us make a beginning, and wo
shall .soon have a Public Library that will compare favor-
ably with those of other places in the Union, material
which will be a good nucleus for a valuable Art Museum,
and a very rare collection of antiquarian relics.

Thus, while we shall be doing honor to those to
whom we owe so much, we shall provide a suitable
depository for works of art and historical relics, for the
education and improvement of the people.

This communication was referred to a committee, con-
sisting of the President, Vice Presidents and Secretary,
with the request to report whenever a plan for the realiz-
ing of any of the suggestions therein contained should
be sufficiently matured for the action of the Institute.

George H. Perkins of Salem and George Haskell of
Ipswich were elected resident members.

71

The following officers were elected for the ensuing
year, and until others shall be chosen in their stead : —

President.

HENRY WHEATLAND.

Vice Presidents.

Of History — A. C. Goodell, jr. Of Horticulture — Wm. Sutton.

Of the Arts— Geo. Peabody. Of Natural History — F. W. Putnam.

Becording and Home Secretary.
Amos H. Johnson.

Foreign Secretary.
A. S. Packard, Jr.

Treasurer.

Henry Wheatland.

Librarian.

W. P. Up ham.

Superintendent of the Museum.

John Robinson.

Curators of Historical Department.

W. P. Upliam, M. A. Stickuey, John Robinson.

Curators of Natural History Department.

H. F. King, C. M. Tracy, William Neilson.

Curators of Department of Horticulture.

John Robinson, Caleb Cooke, James H. Emerton.

Curators of Department of the Arts.

James A. Gillis, F. H. Lee, H. F. G. Waters.

Lecture Committee.

James Kimball, George Perkins, Wm. Northey, Wm. Neilson.

Finance Committee.

J. C. Lee, R. S. Rogers, James Upton.

Field Meeting Committee.

A. W. Dodge, C. M. Tracy, E. N. Walton, Caleb Cooke, A. B. Hervey.

Library Committee.

J. G. Waters, Alpheus Crosby, H. M. Brooks.

Publication Committee.

A. C. Goodell, Jr., F. W. Putnam, R. S. Rantoul, H. M. Brooks.

72

Regular Meeting, Monday, May 15, 1871.

Mr. James Kimball in the chair, after the reading of the
records and announcement of recent donations to the
Historical departments and the Museum, the Secretary,
Dr. A. H. Johnson, presented some

MEMENTOES FROM THE RECENT FRANCO-GERMAN WAR.

These were collected by the donor in the vicinity of
Paris from the battle field of Mt. Avron, from Fort
Rosny, and the grounds about St. Cloud. They included
pieces of German bombs, a fragment of a gun carriage,
and a portion of marble from the ruined Palace of St.
Cloud. In his narrative of the circumstances under
which these mementoes were obtained, the secretary stated
that at the time the German troops made their triumphal
entry into Paris, the French expressed their aversion to
their conquerors with a childish sulkiness. The faces of
the public statues were concealed with black veils. The
shops and restaurants accessible to the Germans were
closed. Some adventurous dealers who furnished food
and drink to Prussian soldiers speedily found their gains
cancelled by the demolition of their windows and coun-
ters. At night the streets were unlightcd, not because
there was no gas, but in order that the hated invaders
mijjht not see the magnificent city which lav at their
mercy. It was an aggravating circumstance that the pale

liiHit of the moon revealed in some measure the mag-
es o

niticent buildings and Boulevards. By day, many of the
Parisians avoided the quarters of the city occupied by
the Germans, avoided even looking upon the marching
columns of their foe, and shrunk in turn from being
seen by them. The stranger from a neutral power en-
joyed at this time unusual facilities for visiting localities
which had acquired peculiar interest during the recent con-

73

flicts. If provided with a proper passport, he was allowed
to cross the French lines, although not unchallenged,
yet unmolested, and after a drive of a few hundred yards,
would find himself in a district occupied almost exclu-
sively by Germans. Hardly a villager belonging to the
small villages outside the city walls, had ventured to re-
main by his property. The triumphant Germans were
filled with content, and good nature, and cordially cour-
teous to the few Americans who came to inspect the
obstacles which had been overcome, and to learn the dan-
gers German heroism had faced and survived.

It was owing to this condition of the troops, that a
common travelling pass bearing the official seal and en-
dorsement of the foreign department at Berlin, dated
four days previous, secured for its bearer admission to
forts Valerian and Rosny, and past German sentries to
the heights of Mt. Avron.

With the exception of such relics of the late battles as
the German troops had removed, the Held of conflict
seemed ungleaned. Although it was well known that
terms of peace had been signed ; during a day's ramble
among the forts and over battle fields but a few miles out-
side Paris, not a Frenchman was met. Fragments of shell
of which those exhibited were specimens, lay thickly
strewn over the heights of Mt. Avron, and showed at a
glance, how untenable the Germans, by their concentrated
fire, had made this advanced position of the French.

The effect of the German fire upon Fort Rosny, one
of the most severely bombarded of the works about
Paris, showed the impracticability of large barracks in
the interior of forts. For such buildings furnish an ex-
cellent mark for the enemy, and precarious shelter for
troops. The large stone buildings in Rosny had been, as
it were, eviscerated by exploding bombs, and converted

Essex Inst. Bulletin. hi 10

74

into heaps of ruins within bare stone enclosures, while
the external walls of the forts seemed to have sustained
no injury which could not be quickly repaired by night
work.

On driving over to the grounds about the Palace of
St. Cloud, it was surprising to find the ruins of the Palace
so little frequented by curious visitors. Amid the ruins
there were many things worth removal for curious keep-
sakes, and the ornaments about the Palace gardens broken
by shot and shell offered many a tempting fragment to
the visitor. It is not to be wondered at, that at a later
day, foreigners visiting this unprotected property, should
yield to the demoralizing influence of the surrounding
ruin, and almost with the feeling that they were saving
from oblivion some precious relies, bring away with them
portions of broken statues, and even break portions from
others already hopelessly disfigured, by the iron rain
which had fallen about them.

With the mementoes above enumerated, Dr. Johnson
also presented some specimens of the "Erbs wurst" or
Pea-sausages, so largely used as rations by the Prussian
army, and commemorated in the verses of Hans Breit-
mann when describing "Breitmann in Bivouac'" —

■'lie sits in bivouacke,

By Are, pen eat' <le drees;
\ pottle of Champagner

Held shently on his knees;
His lange Uhlan lanze

Stuck py him in de sand ;
I'hiU' a goot peas-poodiri' sausage adorns his oder hand."

These sausages were invented by a German cook by
the name of Grunberg who sixteen years ago furnished
similar ones for a marine expedition to Japan. Since that
time having improved his invention, Counsellor Engelhard
at the beginning of the late war, recognized the impor-
tance of the production — tested it with the third army

75

Corps and the Guards, and soon contracted for one million
of these sausages, assuring to the inventor a premium of
thirty-five thousand thalers. Before the needs of the
government were supplied, Engelhard's manufactory pro-
duced about nine million pounds of "Erbs wurst." They
are made from ground peas and fat pork intimately mixed,
and compressed into a large intestine. They are in size
from five to eight inches long and three inches in diameter.
A section three inches long from one of these cylin-
drical masses, when dissolved in boiling water, furnishes
a hearty meal for one man, containing as it does a suita-
ble proportion of vegetable and animal food.

These specimens presented to the Institute were given
to the donor by Fraulein von Bismarck, a cousin of
Prince Bismarck, who with self-denying patriotism im-
itated by many German ladies of noble family, had left
her comfortable home to watch over the interests of the
wounded soldiers at the hospital barracks at Berlin.
There she took charge of the cooking department which
was a pattern of system and cleanliness. From the stores
she presented these specimens of condensed food, which
are now, according to a pledge to her, deposited in the
historical collections of the Institute.

The manufactory which furnished the "Erbs wurst"
employed two thousand men at one time, produced one
hundred and twenty thousand pounds of "Erbs wurst,"
and two hundred thousand pounds of other conserves,
and worked over the flesh and bones of six thousand oxen.

The secretary presented also specimens of silver ore
from the mines of Saxon Freiberg, giving at the same
time an account of a descent into these mines.

F. W. Putnan gave a very clear and instructive de-
scription of the process of manufacturing type.

76

The President presented a map of Hawaii exhibiting
the volcanic eruptions of 1822-1840-1852-1855-1859,
and 1868, given to the Institute by Stephen H. Phillips,
Esq.

The Librarian announced the following additions
since the meeting of the 10th inst :

Donations.

Beaman, Charles C, Jr. The Alabama Claims, lvol. 8vo.

Butler, Hon. 15. F . M. c. Porter's Speech in U. S. H. 1! .. April 4. 1871. But-
ler's Speech in IT. S. II. K ., April 20. 1871. 8vo pamph.

City of Boston. Boston City Documents for 1870. 3 vols. 8vo.

Department of tub Interior, r. s. Geological survey of Wyoming and
Contiguous Territories. 1870. 1 vol. 8vo.

Foote, Caleb. Files of several county papers for Feb., March and April, 1871.

Green, s. a., of Boston. Miscell tneous pamphlets, 14.

Hyatt, a. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 25.

Johnson, Samuel. The Worship of Jesus. I2mo pamph.

Perkins. Geo. A. The Spirit of Missions, 19 Sos. The Schoolmate, 4 Nos.
History of the Worcester Family. 1 vol. 8vo. The Court and City Kalendar of
London for 17M. 1 vol. lOmo. Farmer's Almanacs from 1804 to L862 inclusive.
Miscellaneous pamphlets, 13.

Exchanges.

Bibliothkque Cniversei.le et Revue Suisse. Archives des Sciences Phys-
iques et Naturelles, No-. 15 ;, '7. '8. 1870-71. 3 pamphlets. 8vo.

Boston Public Library. Bulletin for April, 1871.

Iowa State Historical Society. Legislative Documents for 1870, 2 vols.
8vo. Legislative Supplement, 1870, 1 vol. 4to. Laws of Iowa, 1870. 1 vol. 8vo.
House Journal, 1870. 1 vol. 8vo. Iowa Insurance Reports, 18B8, '09. 2 vols. 8vo.
Iowa Agricultural Report, 18(59, l vol.8vo. ( ensus of Iowa, 18 ;;». l vol. 8vo. Geol-
ogy ol Iowa, 2 vols. 4t0. Senate Journal. 1870. 1 vol. 8vo. The Annals of Iowa
for April, 1871. 8vo pamph.

MASSACHnSETTS Historical Society. Collections of. Fourth Series, Vol.
IX. 1 vol. 8vo.

New York State Library. Annual Report of the Trustees, 1871.

New York Lyceum of Natural History. Annals. Vol. IX. No. 13.

PUBLISHERS. American Literary Gazette. Christian World. Eclectic. Essex
Banner. Gardener's Monthly. Gloucester Telegraph. Hardwicke's Science
Gossip. Haverhill Gazette. Lawrence American. Little Giant. Lynn Reporter.
Lynn Transcript. Nation. Nature. Medical and Surgical Reporter. Peahody
Press. Salem Observer.

The Secretary announced the following correspond-
ence :

Boston Society of Natural History, May5; Iowa State Historical Society. May4;
Charles C. Beaman, -Ir.. New York', May ti; John T. Carter, Salem, May 15; A. L.
Huntington, Beverly. May 14; A. Lackey. Haverhill, May 1; W. Neilson. Salem,
May 12; J. Pearson. Schenectady, N. Y, May 4; Geo. H. Preble, Charlestown,
May 1 ; A. A. Scott, Saugus, May 8.

77

Field Meeting at North Beverly, June 15.

THE RAMBLE.

The Institute, with her ripe experience in Field Meet-
ings, was not to be allured, by the almanac announcement
that spring was present, into rambles over fields doubt-
fully released from the dominion of winter — wet, cold,
and showing only at wide intervals, the green of some
venturesome plant pitifully striving for life; it might
find its own predicament too exactly typified in some of
the stunted plants, which, alternately cheered by days
of sunshine and disheartened by nights of frost, seemed
repressed and discomforted. Young enough to be enthu-
siastic, the Institute is now far enough removed from
extreme youth to have her enthusiasm tempered by good
judgment, therefore she selected a day in the middle of
the first month of summer, to lead her disciples and
friends for the first time this year, into fields well stored
by nature with forms of life. But

"The best laid schemes o'mice an' men
Gang afl a-gley."

The morning which should have proved inviting, threat-
ened to drench all who should venture from shelter, and
these threatenings kept so many cautious persons at
home, that not more than one hundred ladies and gentle-
men presented themselves for the start.

The region selected for examination, was in North
Beverly. To reach it, the excursionists from Salem took
an early train at the Eastern Railroad depot. On dis-
mounting, after a brief ride, Mr. Daniel Welch appeared
and greatly lightened the cares, and added to the com-
fort of the party, by taking the provisions and all super-
fluous bairsaae to Mystic Hall, where in due time the
collation was to be served.

78

The chief objects of interest in this locality are Wen-
ham Lake and the Salem Water Works upon its shore.
To these more permanent features, nature, but four days
previous, had added the fortunately rare spectacle of the
path of a tornado, clearly defined by uprooted trees, and
houses demolished or twisted from their foundations.

Wenham Lake, by reason of the picturesqueness of its
situation and the quiet beauty of its shore, has long
allured innumerable visitors, who have widely spoken its
praise. The selection of its waters to supply the city of
Salem, and the consequent construction of the necessary
reservoir and machinery upon its border, have greatly
added to its local reputation. But the purity of its
waters have1 lone; sriven it a transatlantic fame. About
the streets of Loudon, and other English cities, one fre-
quently sees upon carts and signs, the words, '' Wenham
Lake Ice." Probably not one-half of the ice thus adver-
tised, has really crossed the seas. We are suspicious
that the genuine value of the word Wenham, prefixed to
ice as indicative of excellence, has proved too great a
temptation to dealers who would affix some superlative
term to their productions.

The reservoir on Chipman's Hill, and the engine and
pumping machinery, together with all the apparatus of
the Salem Water Works, received the first attention of
the Institute party. For here was not only one of those
proofs of human power, which make one more pleasingly
conscious of the possibilities of manhood, but enhancing
the beauty of the machinery, more than the floral decora-
tions, was the sense of partial ownership, which each
citizen of Salem might rightly feel.

Capt. Daniel H. Johnson, the superintendent of the
works, by his clear and patient description of their de-
tails, Avon the gratitude of the entire party.

79

A few of our number visiting the outlet of the lake,
were fortunate in witnessing' the passage of the clam by
thousands of Alewives, on their way to the ocean. Mr.
Putnam directed attention to a peculiar manoeuvre of the
fish, and stated that it was a habit of all species, to turn
the head up stream and to pass over falls tail foremost.
By this means they escape two clangers ; one, that of
strangulation, which might otherwise occur from the
water coming violently in contact with the delicate mem-
brane of their gills, the other that of fracture of their
scales, the latter by no means a light injury, since the
place of the broken scales soon becomes the site of a
fungous disease which is quite generally fatal.

Other interesting localities were not neglected by our
ramblers. Several old buildings and landmarks were duly
inspected by those especially interested in antiquities;
at half past one o'clock all repaired to the hall, where the
collation stood in waiting and received due attention.

At 3 P. M. the meeting for discussions and reports wa?
held in the church, and Hon. Allen W. Dodge, was in-
vited to preside. Records of preceding meeting read.

The Secretary announced the following correspond-
ence :

Boston Public Library. May 26; Buffalo Historical Society, May 22; Buffalo So-
ciety of Natural Sciences, May SI; New York Historical Society, May -20; New
York Mercantile Library Association, May 23; New York State Library, May 30;
Ohio Historical and Philosophical Society, May 25; Quebec Literary and Historical
Society, May 30; Western Reserve and Northern Ohio Historical Society, June 12;
William Clagston, Springfield. May 23; J. Colburn, Boston, June 8; E. H. Dalton.
Taunton. June 2; Frank E. Hotehkis-. New Haven. May 19, June 2; Andrew W.
Morgan, New York, May 24 ; Edwin Noyes. Waterville. Me., Juue 12; J. Prescott,
Boston, June 8; M. A. Stickney, Salem, May 24; Westerman & Co.. New York.
May 26.

The Librarian reported the following additions :

By Donations.
Allen. J. F. Patent Office Reports, 1848 to 1854. 4 vols. 8vo. Report on Agricul-

80

ture, 18^>5 to 1818, 5 vols. 8vo. Christian Examiner, 95 Nos. Journal of Foreign
Literature, 8 Nos. Boston Cultivator, 48 Nos. Christian Register, 53 Nos. Journal
of the American Unitarian Association, 126 Nos.

Almox, A. B. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 75.

Benson, L. B. A Dissertation on Geometry. 12m o pamph.

Board of Purlic Charities of Pennsylvania. Report for 1870, 1 vol. 8vo.

Brooks, C. T.. of Newport, It I. Roman Rhymes, 12mo. Cambridge, 1869.

Canadian GEOLOGICAL survey. Geology or Canada, 1866 to 1869, 1 vol.8vo.

City of Salem. City Documents, 187fl-'7l, 1 vol. 8vo.

Cleveland, Mrs. W. S. Miscellaneous volumes. 1 43. Columbian Sentinel, 37
Nos. Essex Register. 71 Nos. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 25.

Essex Agricultural Society;. Transactions. 1870. 8vo.

Green, S. A., of Bo>ton. Report of the Boston Provident Association, 18Gl-'(>7.
l vol 8vo. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 13.

Hewks. James T. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 21.

LEE, John C. Commercial Bulletin for May, 1871.

Morse, E. S. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 21.

National Association op Wool Manufactures. Bulletin, April, 1871.

Paine. Nath'l, of Worcester. Worcester Directories for l868-'69-'70, 3 vols. 8vo.

Putnam, Mrs. Eben. Andrews against Universalism, 1 vol. 12mo. Dictionary
of sell' Knowledge, l vol. 8vo.

SUMNER, Ch VRLES, U. S. S. Report on Agriculture for March and April, 1871.

Walker, Fuanois. Notes on Chalcidiae, l2mo pamph., 1871.

Wheatland, Stephen G. American Law Register, 28 Nos. Miscellaneous
pamphlets, J.">.

Exchanges.

Archiv i i i: Anthropologie. Vierter Bind, 4to. Braunschweig, 1871.
BiBLioTHEQi'E UniveksellE et Revue .Suisse. Archives des Sciences
l'li\ siques el N t irelles. No. l.v.i.
Bos i os Society of Natub m. Bistort. Proceedings, Vol. xili. Bigs. 26,27,28.
Georgia Historical Society. Constitution. By-Laws, and List of members.

Savannah. 1871.

Hotchkiss. Frank E., of New Haven, Conn. New York Fanner, 1 vol. 4to,
New York Directory, is;i, l vol 8vo. Ohio Statistics, I vol. 8vo. History of the
North Church in Sew Haven. 1 vol 8vo. Memoirs Of the Connecticut Academy,
Vol. I, Part I Talc- of ihc Puritans, l vol. l2mo. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 133.

Komulich Bayeuischen Akademie dki; Wissenschaften, in Munchen.
Sitzungoberichte, II licit l-l. 1870; Denkschrifl auf C. E. H. von Meyer, von C. A.
Z.ttel, 1870.

Maryland Historical society. A Lost Chapter in the History of the Steam-
boat. By J. H. B Latrobe. 8vo pamph.

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. Contributions to Knowledge, Vol. XVII. 4to, 1870.

sik iii. de Physiques et d'Histoire Naturelle, in Geneve. Memoires,

Tonic XX.

Tain ids PUBLIC LlBRART. Report Of the Trustees, 1870.

Vi.ki.ins FUlt Kkdkundb, in Darmstadt Notiz blatt, III Folge, IX Heft, 1870.

ZooloGISCHE GKSELLSCHAPT. Zoologische Garten, XI Jahrg., Nos. 7-12, 1870.

Publishers. Amen an Literary Gazette. American Naturalist. Christian
World. Eclectic. Fireside Favorite. Gardener's Monthly. Gloucester Tele-
graph. Haverhill Gazette Historical Magazine. Land and Water. Lawrence
American. Literarj Win Id. Little Giant. Lynn Reporter. Lynn Transcript.
Medi :al and su -gical Reporter. Nation. Nature. Peabody Press. Sailor's Mag-
a/.iue. Salem Observer. Silliman's Journal. Sotheran's Catalogue.

BULLETIN

ESSEX UnTSTITUTB.

Vol. 3. Salem, Mass., July, 1871. No. 7.

One Dollar a Year in Advance. 10 Cents a Single Copy.

Field Meeting at North Beverly, June 10th, 1871.

[Continued.]
TORNADO, OR CYCLONE, AT WENHAM.

Mr. Dodge said, that since the appointment of the
meeting, there had occurred in this immediate neighbor-
hood, an event so rare in New England and of a char-
acter so fearful and destructive, he would make it the
sul ject of his remarks. He alluded to the tornado or
cyclone of the Sunday previous, which passed within a
mile of his own residence, and the effects of which he had
himself witnessed. The first we heard of it in this vicin-
ity was just before five o'clock P. M., at or near Swan's
crossing in Danvers, where it was seen by two men as
they were riding by, to whom it had the appearance of a
column of vapor and dust rushing past in a north easterly
direction, but doing no damage. It was next seen by
Daniel H. Johnson, the Superintendent of the Salem
Water Works, whose duties called him that day to
Wenham Lake. From him is the following graphic
description.

" It was my good fortune last Sunday afternoon at a few

Esskx Inst. Bulletin. hi 11

82

minutes past live to be at the ice houses, near the north-
erly side of the lake, and see the cyclone come towards
me across the lake, pass by within two hundred feet, in
its course of destruction through Wenham, Hamilton and
Essex.

My party were awaiting a shower to pass over, and
were standing in a sheltered spot admiring the beauties of
the thick heavy black clouds, passing over our heads in
an easterly direction while a lower stratum of air near the
earth was moving in a north easterly direction as indicated
by a vane on the ice houses. The clouds kept shutting
in closer, it was growing darker and darker, the wind
blowing a gale, when across the lake comes a water-spout,
as I supposed, in the shape of a tin tunnel such as is used
in tilling Imttles, the broad mouth being thousands of feet
in diameter away up in the clouds, the small end but fifty
to one hundred feet in diameter touching the water.

The water-spout in its passage across the lake was
taking up water all the while; the wind increased in vio-
lence; bringing a wave nearly three feet high along with it,
which washed well up on to the road near where we were
standing. A large dory anchored a short distance from
us was lifted into the air, twisted around like a top and
fell bottom upwards into the lake. We ran so as to be
as near as possible, and were but two hundred feet dis-
tant, when it struck a gravel-bank and orchard just to
the west of the highway which offered considerable resist-
ance, when up go the gravel, large stones, rail fences,
hundreds of feet into the air appearing like ribbons, —
twisting trees right out of the ground by the roots,
and branches fly in every direction. We watched it
move on until in three or tour minutes it was out oi
sight, when it strikes a plowed field — the tunnel being
black with loam from the earth away into the clouds —

83

then strikes a barn while the timbers and boards fly in
every direction.

Its course was a remarkably straight line a few points
to the north of east. The whizzing noise of the cj'clone
was terrific, ten times louder than the hum of our cotton
factory, and the whole scene was peculiarly grand, wild
and fearful."

Mr. Dodge resumed his remarks :

Continuing its course over fields, hills and valleys, here
and there uprooting trees, it struck upon the road that
leads from Wenham Centre to the Neck, where it made
sad havoc of an orchard belonging to Abraham Dodge,
demolishing his barn, as also a barn of Simeon Dodge in
which was a valuable horse that escaped harm as if by a
miracle. Passing on with fearful speed, it was seen to
uproot large trees and even to whirl them along in the
air, to overturn stone wall removing portions of it to
some distance. It next struck the house, barn and out-
buildings on the farm occupied by Asa W. Trout, on the
easterly spur of Brown's hill in Hamilton, and here it
seems to have spent its fury. The roof was lifted from
one side of the house and deposited in fragments on the
ground and the windows were smashed in on the side
most exposed. The barn was made a total wreck and the
pieces strown in all directions, large oak timbers being
carried to some distance. An orchard on the side of the
hill consisting of a large number of stalwart trees that had
defied the storms of nearly a century, were twisted up by
the roots and their branches and leaves coated with dirt
that had been caught up by the cyclone as it crossed a
neighboring corn-field. Even a horse that was feeding
near the barn, was taken up bodily and dropped in a field
some ways off and has not got over the injuries caused by
his involuntary jaunt in the air. Thence, the cyclone

84

took its course towards Chebacco pond, levelling some
pine and other trees, till it reached Essex doing but
slight damage there and so passed out to sen.

What is not a little remarkable, is the occurrence the
same afternoon in the interior of the State of a similar or
the same cyclone, of which the following account appears
in the newspapers.

" A terrible tornado passed through the towns of I 'ax-
ton, Holden and West Boylston, Sunday afternoon, de-
molishing every building in its track and tearing np trees
by the roots. In the town of Paxton it demolished the
barn of L. X. Parkhurst and blew off one gable of his
dwelling house. From there it wenl in a northeasterly
direction, and blew down the buildings of Mr. Bigelow,
on the old town farm. Thence it went through the woods
sweeping all before it and striking the house and barn of
Lewis Martin, in Holden, entirely demolishing both.
The village of Holden was next taken in its destructive
march, and here five barns, three houses, and one car-
penter shop were blown down. Three persons were in-
jured, one, Charles Burrett seriously. A strip of heavy
stone wall, some twenty rods in length, was completely
blown over, and large trees were blown thirty rods, with
upward of a ton of earth upon their roots. The tornado
appeared to move at the rate of seven miles an hour and
was not more than ten rods in width."

Mr. Dodge then stated that in his opinion these cyclones
were one and the same, that at the interior being the be-
o-innino- of that which ended at Essex, and for this opinion
he gave the following reasons.

1st. The direction in which they passed was the same.
By drawing a straight line on the large map of the
State published by the Legislature a few years since,
through Paxton, Holden and West Boylstou, it would

85

also pass in a north easterly course through Swan's cross-
ing over Wenham Lake, to Brown's hill and that part of
Essex where the cyclone was last seen.

2d. The time of the occurrence of the cyclones was the
same, allowing for the time it would take in its travelling
between the two termini, at the rate of seven miles an
hour, as it was estimated to have travelled, beginning at
four and one half o'clock P. M. and finishing at a little
past live o'clock of the same day.

3d. The width of the track — or in other words, the di-
ameter of the cyclone — was the same in both cases from
one hundred and fifty to one hundred and sixty feet ;
wherever there was any means of measuring the track,
it varied but little from this width.

4th. As cyclones are of so rare occurrence in New Eng-
land, it is more probable that this occurring not only
on the same day but at nearly the same hour, moving
in the same direction at the same rate of speed and
of the same width, should be one and the same rather
than that there should be two cyclones, separate and
distinct in their origin and yet each combining all these
elements.

But it may be said that if this be so, why was not its
pathway across the country as distinctly marked as it was
at both ends ? To this it may be replied that the face of
the cyclone may have been more or less intensified by cir-
cumstances or causes unknown to us, or the tunnel-
shaped volume of vapor or other matter of which it was
composed, may have been so drawn up at intervals as to
do no damage. But it would be presumptuous for him to
attempt a satisfactory solution of the question proposed,
when the books that treat of the subject of cyclones, tor-
nadoes, whirlwinds and other similar phenomena, leave
the reader quite in the dark upon many points of enquiry.

86

The lines of demarcation between them seem to be some-
what confused. But the following points seem pretty
clearly established.

Tornadoes over the sea are accompanied often with one
or more complete water-spouts and over the land with
partial water-spouts or with columns of dust. There is
a close similarity of these phenomena. Tornadoes fre-
quently bursl forth upon the land suddenly, perhaps first
on the side of a mountain and moving forward along a
straight or curved track, with dark clouds moving to-
wards the sea, while a breeze may be blowing in an
opposite direction. They show their terrific force by over-
turning, uprooting, breaking or twisting off trees; by
demolishing buildings or lifting these and other heavy
bodies into the air to scatter their parts around at great
distances, or sometimes to set them down again nearly
unharmed; by lifting other objects, such as the beasts,
persons, and sometimes even large cannon, and trans-
porting them to considerable distances, destroying crops
and farm improvements of all kinds in their course. As
a rule the energy of the wind and the havoc it produces
are greatest near the circumference of the whirl, and
places over which at any moment its centre is situated
may experience for the time an almost total lull of
wind, to be renewed however in all its violence as the
posterior margin of the whirl reaches them. This whirling
motion is universal, and shows that the1 phenomena are in
all cases associated with, or dependent on some form of
whirling wind. Abundant facts prove that very heavy
objects can thus be elevated and suspended for a consid-
erable time before they are allowed to fall, though we are
as yet unable to understand exactly in what manner so
great a lifting power is exerted on those objects.

Hurricanes prevail more particularly, and with the

87

greatest fury in the torrid zone, always however at some
distance from the equator, which they never touch or
cross. In the polar regions they are unknown, but they
occur occasionally in the temperate zones. In 1831,
Win. C. Redfield published in the "American Journal of
Science" the first of a remarkable series of papers upon
the phenomena of storms, in which he clearly established
the fact that storms are progressive whirlwinds of a
large diameter, and, what is remarkable, as is now well
ascertained, those in the southern hemisphere rotate in an
opposite direction from those in the northern, the former
turning in whirls with the hands of a watch placed face
upwards, the latter in the contrary direction to the move-
ment of the hands of the watch. Mr Redfield subse-
quently suggested, what is now an accomplished fact,
that the telegraph was likely to prove a most valuable
instrument in giving notice of the approach of storms
and hurricanes, and that to the United States it would
prove more specially valuable when extended to the
West India Islands.

From the accumulation and induction of facts in the
domain of nature, are often deduced with absolute cer-
tainty the great laws — laws uniform and fixed — that
control and regulate every department of that vast do-
main. The humblest observer and worker in our own
Essex Institute — may her shadow never be less ! —
helps to this discovery by patient waiting and knocking
for a response from the great mystery within, not growing-
weary or discouraged because it cometh not in a day, in
a year, or in a series of years, but recording well ascer-
tained facts for those who may afterwards take his place
and so keeping up the line of waiters and watchers till
the darkness flee away, and the bright light of morning
gild the horizon.

Mr. F. W. Putnam was the next speaker. After a
few remarks on the Cyclone and the track it had left, he
alluded to the dust storms and the importance of collect-
ing dust from such storms, when they occur, for micro-
scopical observations, as the dust often contains, in
abundance, interesting diatomes, etc., brought from a dis-
tance and from unknown localities. He then spoke of

THE FISHES COLLECTED IX THE LAKE.

There were two species of pickerel, two of sun fish,
the perch, three of the shiner family, a sucker, the eel,
the little darter, the horned pout and the alewife. The
last was very abundant at the outlet as the water com-
missioners had kept the dam closed for a day in order
that the members of the Institute should see the descent
of the fish on their way to the sea. lie then explained
why it was that the fish all went over the dam tail first, as
the water in the rapid current would otherwise he forced
under the gill covers and destroy the delicate gills, while
at the same time suffocating the fish, as the structure of
the gills is adapted for allowing the water to he taken
in at the mouth passing over the gills and out under
the gill cover. It is owing to this fact that a fish, when
quiet in the water, always keeps its head up stream if
there is the slightest current, and the Whole structure of
the fish, including shape, scales and fins, is perfectly
adapted to this purpose.

The alewives, which were now on their way to the sea.
were all adult fishes that had entered the lake about the
middle of May and had deposited their spawn along the
shore. They were now returning to their winter quarters
in deep water off our coast (for he did not believe that
they migrated far south, as was generally supposed),
and would return to the lake each season for the same

89

purpose, until their work and short lives were done.
Young alewives, transparent little fellows about an inch in
length, and not long hatched, were noticed swimming in
small schools along the edge of the lake. These were
the young from the eggs laid by the very fish that were
now so anxious to return to the sea. and these young-
would follow in three or four months, when they would
be about four inches in length, and they would return to
the place of their birth, as full grown fish, in their third
year.

The alewives are very prolific, each female laying about
one quarter million of egg^, and though, possibly, not
over one tenth of these eggs results in the production of
full grown fishes, yet this tenth would give an immense
number of young fish developed in such a body of water
as Wenham Lake — say twenty-five million young for
every thousand adult females that enter the lake. ' There
was a time when the alewives must have swarmed into the
lake by the hundreds of thousands, but their free run to
and from the sea has been cut off by the erection of
dams, the using of water and the excessive fisheries, to
such an extent that now but comparatively few enter the
lake, though, thanks to the noble work of our State Com-
missioners of Fisheries, in connection with the commis-
sioners of the other New England States, the alewife with
its cousin the shad, and the brilliant trout and silvery
salmon, are fast becoming plenty in our rivers and lakes,
and if the work of the commissioners continues to receive
the well earned support of the people, and every one
helps to enforce the laws providing for the free passage ot
fish over all our dams and preventing excessive fishing at
the time of spawning, we shall have no cause of com-
plaint about the want of good fishes and good fishing.
For it is now7 wrell demonstrated that fishes can be made
Essex Ixst. Bulletin. iii 12

90

a regular and as sound a source of income as stock rais-
ing and farming, and fish farming, as it has been called,
now takes its place among the regular resources of our
country and state.

Mr. James II. Emerton exhibited several specimens
<>f native plants collected during the forenoon and made
some remarks in relation to the same.

Dr. Henry Wheatland alluded briefly to some his-
torical associations connected with this parish of Beverly,
which was organized in 1714. and was for some years
known as the " Precinct of Salem and Beverly." The
first minister,

REV. JOHN CHIPMAN,

son of Deacon Samuel Chipman of Barnstable, born Feb.
16. 1690-1, a graduate of Harvard College in the class
of 1711, ordained over this parish, Dec. 28, 1715, and
after a pastorate of nearly sixty years, the longest in
Beverly, was gathered to his fathers, on the 23d of March,
177"). at the advanced age of eighty-five years. During
this long period, nothing transpired to disturb the harmo-
ny that prevailed; he was faithful in the discharge of
every duty incumbent upon his ministerial office; and was
the honored and beloved pastor, who, on each returning
sabbath, gave words of counsel, sympathy and wisdom to
his people, who were wont to assemble within these vener-
able walls; uninterrupted prosperity followed, the church
enlarged her borders, and the society flourished in all its
interests.

A correspondent in the "Essex Gazette" says : —

"Beverly, March 29, 1775.
On Thursday last died, the Rev. John Chipman, in the
85th Year of his Age ; and Yesterday was decently in-

91

terred. He was born at Barnstable, educated at Harvard
College, and settled in the North Parish in this Town,
Dec. 28, 1715, being their first Minister. It pleased the
Father of Spirits to indue him with superior natural Pow-
ers, which he greatly improved, by a close Application to
his studies, and making Divinity his principal Study. He
was well qualified for the important Work to which
he was called ; and was a great Blessing in his Station.
He had many Children ; whom he educated and governed
with great Wisdom and Prudence. His Family has been
called a School of useful Knowledge and Virtue. And as
he knew how to govern his own House, so he did also
know how to take Care of the Church of God. The Peo-
ple of his Charge had happy Experience of his Ability in
this Respect, while he presided over them ; particularly
when (some years past), this Country swarmed with
itinerant Preachers and ignorant Exhorters, who threw
these Churches in general into great Disorder and Confu-
sion, propagated pernicious Errors, excited wild Enthu-
siasm, and promoted unchristian Divisions and Separa-
tions ; by the Blessing of God on Mr. Chipman's wise
Conduct, Peace and Order were preserved in his Parish,
and solid, rational Religion flourished. As he was well
furnished for the great Work of the Ministry, with Respect
to the natural Powers of his Mind, his Knowledge and
Learning, and Wisdom and Prudence, so he was also with
Respect to Piety and serious Godliness. It pleased God,
in his younger Years, to impress his Mind with a lively
Sense of the important Things of Religion ; and this he
preserved through Life. By this he was excited to great
Fidelity and Care in the Discharge of the Duties of his
important Office. He watched for Souls, as knowing he
must give Account, praying with and for his People with
Fervency and Affection, and many Tears. It may per-
haps be said, his Speech was contemptible, but this was
said even of St. Paul, and yet he was not a whit behind
the very chief of the Apostles, either for Abilities or
Usefulness. His Preaching, in Imitation of that great
Apostle's, was not with enticing Words of Man's Wisdom.
He did not seek the Applause of Men, but the eternal

92

Welfare of immortal Souls : And he chose that Method
of preaching which he thought would he most likely to
answer this important End ; and he was not deceived
herein, for his preaching was attended with much Success.
His People were highly favored of the Lord, in being
directed to so able, faithful and successful a Minister, and
in having: him continued with them for such an unusual
Length of Time; and it is hoped they remember it with
Gratitude. lie performed the Duties of his Office, with
very little Intermission, almost "><; Years, when, being
about 80 Years of Age, by the usual Infirmities of such
an Age, and a distressing Asthma, he was taken off from
his public Labours, and another Minister, the Rev. Mr.
Hitchcock, settled as a Colleague with him; whom God
preserve, and make a like Blessing to them. The four or
live last Years of his Life he was almost entirely confined
to his House, still honouring the Religion lie professed
and preached, by his Patience and cheerful Resignation to
the Will of God under all his Sufferings. And when the
Days that were assigned him here were finished, (bid gave
him a very easy Passage into a better World. His De-
parture, it is said, seemed more like falling asleep than
dying. May his numerous Offspring, and all that knew
him, especially Ministers of the Gospel, follow the excel-
lent Example he has left us. For blessed is that Servant
whom his Lord, when he comet h, shall find so doing."

The house occupied by him on the road to the principal
settlement in Beverly is still standing and is the residence

of some of his descendants.

REV. ENOS BITCHCOCK.
The second minister was ordained as colleague in 1771
and the two pastors lived together in great mutual affec-
tion and harmony, the younger exerting himself for the
interests of the people, spiritual and temporal, enjoying
their esteem and acquiring the friendship of neighboring
societies and ministers. Mr. Hitchcock was a native of
Springfield, Mass., and a graduate of Harvard College in

93

1767. He warmly espoused the cause of his country,
imbibing deeply the principles of the American Revolu-
tion, and, in 1777, entered the army as chaplain and con-
tinued until the close of the war. On the 1st of Oct.,
1783, he was installed over the Benevolent Congregational
Society in Providence, R. I., his connection with the
church in Beverly' having been amicably dissolved in
1780. Soon after he was elected into the Fellowship of
Rhode Island College and for many years was one of its
most enlightened and efficient directors. He was a good
preacher, a learned divine, a man of active benevolence
and deeply interested in the cause of popular education.
He early turned his attention to the establishment of pub-
lic schools for the instruction of the children of the poor,
as well as those of the wealthy, visited these school fre-
quently and made such suggestions as tended to aid the
efforts of the teachers and at the same time to awaken
the energies of the pupils. He also addressed parents
and others on the importance of education and published
several books that were replete with useful information
on this subject and highly esteemed. He died at Provi-
dence, Feb. 27, 1803, in the fifty-ninth year of his age.

REV. DANIEL OLIVER

the third minister, ordained Oct. 3, 1787 ; the pulpit,
since the retirement of Mr. Hitchcock, having been tem-
porarily supplied by several persons. Mr. Oliver was
the son of Nathaniel and Mercy (Wendell) Oliver, and
father of Gen. H. K. Oliver of Salem. He was born at
Chelsea, April 4, 1753, and graduated at Dartmouth
College in 178.'). He dissolved his connection with this
church in August, 1797, and was for several years engaged
as a missionary to the Indians in the Genesee River coun-
try and in the Eastern parts of Maine. He died at Rox-

94

bury, Mass., Sept. 14, 1840, aged eighty-seven years.
For two or three years after the dismission of Mr. Oliver,
the pulpit was again temporarily supplied by Messrs.
Story, Alden, and Micah Stone, until the ordination of

REV. MOSES DOW

on the 18th of March, 1801, as the fourth minister. Mr.
Dow was born in Atkinson, N. H., Feb. 4, 1771, and a
graduate of Dartmouth College in the class of 1796. He
retired from this pastoral office in April, 1813, with the
highest testimonials of the council that granted his dis-
mission as "an able, faithful, discreet and devoted minis-
ter of Jesus Christ." He was afterwards installed at
York, Me., Nov. 9, 1815, and resigned the position,
Feb. 17. L830. He died at Plaistow, X. II., in 1837-,
aged sixty-six.

Rev. F. M. Stone, for many years a pastor of this
church, the author of the history of Beverly and now the
devoted and able minister at large in Providence, and
others were mentioned. ■ ■

Allusion was also made to Hugh Hill, the distinguished
commander of one of the privateers from Beverly during
the revolutionary war, whose country seat is within the
limits of this parish, and where he resided from 1803 till
his decease, which occurred Feb. 24, L829. [See Hist.
Coll. of Essex Institute, Vol. IV, page 181.]

Mr. Henry Wilson of Beverly, mentioned some in-
teresting facts respecting the church in which the meeting
was held, the frame of which was the identical one erected
one hundred and fifty-five years ago, although the exterior
and interior have both been considerably modified, in
adaptation to the present wants of the community. In

95

1837 the parish adopted resolutions to remodel the house,
this was accomplished in about five months, and on the
first day of February, 1838, it was reopened with appro-
priate services.

Remarks were also made by Messrs. Timothy Ropes,
E. N. Walton, E. W. Harrington, C. Cooke, and others :
and after passing a vote of thanks to the proprietors of
the Church and of Mystic Hall, and to all others who had
extended courtesies to the party, the meeting adjourned
to Friday afternoon, at the Institute rooms.

Adjourned Meeting, Friday, June 20, 1871.

In Plummer Hall, at 4 P. M.

Daniel H. Johnson and Edwin C. Bolles both of Salem
were elected resident members.

NOTICE.

ESSEX INSTITUTE HISTOKICAL COLLECTIONS,
VOLUME XI. PARTI.

CONTENTS.

Address at 'jhe Semi-centennial Anniversary, by Abner C. G lell, Jr.;

Some Notes on Old Modes of Travel, by R. S. Rantonl; Gleanings from
the Files of the Court of General sessions of the Peace. No. 1. cpmmti-
nicated by James Kimball.

HAS BEEN" PRINTED AND IS FOR SALE BY

Assistant Librarian at Plummer Hall; the Naturalist Agency;

A. K. Boring's Bookstore, corner of Washington and Brom-

fielcl Streets, Boston; and the Bookstores in Salem.

9n

Deficiencies in the Library.
It is intended from time to time, to publish lists of
deficiencies in the Library, hoping that the friends of the
Institute, who may notice the same, will be induced to
aid in completing the sets. Any number or volume, not
designated (within brackets) under any title, will be
acceptable.

DEFICIENCIES IX DIRECTORIES.
Mined from Vol. III. pagi i I

Camden, N. J., bj W. II. Boyd | !-

l.i rzABI hi. N..I.. by A. 1?.

Essi \. Hudson \m> Unios < opnties, n. •>., by W. II. Boyd I

Boboken, \. J., by Gavil [ 1854-5] : by Gopsill [1801-2].

I!i DSON, N. j.. by I). E. Ga\ ii 1851-5] ; by James Gopsill [1861-2].

Jersey Citt, X. J. bj D '• : James Gopsill [1858-9] ; by James

Gopsill, [1861-2].

Plainfii i.i'. v.r.by A. Boyd [1868-9].

Kaiiway. N..I.. by A. Boyd

NEWARK, X. J., by B. T. Piersou, [1835-6, 1836-7. 1837-8 IS38-9, 1839-40, 1840-1,
! 1842-3, 1843-4, 1844-5, 1845-3. 1846-7, 1847-8, 1848-9,5184!
.;, L853 1, 1854 ... I-:.. 6, 1856-7, 1857-8, 1858 9. I-:.!' 10, 1860-1, 1861-2, 1862-3] ; by C H.
Polwell [1863 1,1864-5]; by James Gopsill [1865-6, 1867, 1868] ; by A. S. Bolbrook
; , 9]; Business Directory, by W.H.Boyd [1857-8, 1858-9].

Paterson, N.-l.. by W. II. Boyd i 1857, 1859].

Trenton, V J., bj Clark, Mo i e .'. i. mm ! 1854-5] ; by W. II. Boyd [1857; 1859],

A.LLENTOWN, PENN., bj W. H. B

A i .i.i .< ; u \n v, Penn., bj Geo. II. Thurston ! i-

Easton, Penn., by W. Ii. Boyd 1 1

Erie, Penn., by J. n. Lanl ; 1865-0].

Barrisburg, Penn., by W. Divine [1867-8]; by W. II. Boyd [I860].

i.ancas i ee < Iountv, Penn., bj W. II. Boyd 1 1859-60].

Lebanon, Penn., bj w. n. Boyd [I860].

Mi. w vii. i.i;. Penn., [186

Philadelphia, r ., b; James Robinson [1807]; by B. &T. Kite [1814]; by
J. A. Paxton, [1819] ; by Edward Whitely [1820]; by M'Carty A Davis [1821]; by
Robert Desilver (1824, 1828, 1835-6] ; byA.M'Elroj [1837,1839, ism, 1842, 1843,1844,
1845, 1846, IsiT. isis. 1849, 1850, 1851, 1854, 1855, 1858, 1857, 1858, IJ59] ; by S. E. Cohen
[I860]; by M'Elroj [1860, 1861, 1862, 1864, 1865, i 66, r- 17]; City and Business Direc-
tory, by James ( ropsill j 1868-9 Din utory by W. II. Boyd [1858],

Pittsburg, Penn., by G. H. Thurston 1 1868-9].

Pottsville, Penn., by W. n. Boyd [I860].

Reading, n sn., bj W. B. Boyd [I860].

West Chester, Penn., [1857-8].

mi. \w u:i. St vit.. by W. II. and A. Boyd [ 185!

Baltimore, Md., by u. J. Matchetl [1824, 1833, 1837-38]; by John Murphy,

[1845]; by R. J. Matchett [1847-8, 1853-4]; by John W. W 1- [1856-7] by W. II.

Boyd [1858]; bj John W.Woods [1864, 1865-6]; by Bouston [1867].

BULLETIN

ESSEX INSTITUTE.

Vol. 3. Salem, Mass., August, 1871. No. 8.

One Dollar a Year in Advance. 10 Cents a Single Copy.

Field Meeting at East Gloucester, Thuesday,
June 29th, 1871.

THE RAMBLE.

Coming from its first Field Meeting at Wenham Lake
and its shores, to the ocean about Cape Ann, from the
placid waters of an inland lake, surrounded by woods
and fertile fields, to look upon the restless Atlantic, send-
ing its waves against a rocky coast, the disciples of the
Institute were subjected to a contrast whose influence
even if unrecognized must have been beneficially felt.
The morning threatening rain had suggested disappoint-
ment, so the reappearance of a clear sky added its exhil-
aration to the ramblers.

Of the two hundred and more who came from Salem
and vicinity to participate in the day's search for instruc-
tion, all seemed more than usually interested in the natu-
ral features of the region visited.

From the rendezvous at the Baptist church the party
proceeded in different directions on their explorations.
Some accepting the courteous invitation of Thomas Niles,
Esq., went to the inner side of the Point, visiting what

Essex Inst. Bulletin. hi 13

98

is known as Eastern Point Farm, the adjacent beach, and
the light house, the beauty of the locality abundantly
rewarding the pedestrian effort. Others passed over the
ridge of the promontory to the seaward side, where
rugged rocks echoing the beat of the waves, and sur-
rounded by the foaming surf, contrasted sharply with the
quiet wash of the waters upon the beach at the inner
shore.

At this spot, known as "Bass Rocks," was much mate-
rial to weave into entertaining fancies. The sheltered
ledges formed here a cave worthy of, and naturally fitted
with, some thrilling legend. The waves which broke at
its entrance sounded as from some distant sea, hinting
that concerning this cavern they had a tale to tell of
events far remote in the past ; there a marvellous passage-
way through solid granite, with irregular steps of trap
rock from the water's edge to the summit of a granite
boulder, suggested ascending and descending Indian
braves, or smugglers bending beneath the weight of mys-
terious bundles, or more picturesque pirates with wild
faces, untrimmed beards, and a small arsenal of horrify-
ing weapons worn at their belts, each using at times this
flight of natural steps as their ladder to fortune. If such
events were realities instead of fancies, the name "trap"
rock might have a moral as well as a mineralogical signif-
icance. At another point was a natural stone basin,
whose picturesque interior, massive setting, grand sur-
roundings, clear water, large number and variety of liv-
ing occupants, constituted a royal aquarium — one of
Neptune's adornments of the approaches to his territory.
In most aquaria one thinks of the peril of the animals
from the owner's lack of skill, or his negligence to keep
the waters clear, or to observe the conditions of marine
life. You fear lest the beautiful form of life you see to-

99

day, may mysteriously take on the repulsive appearance
of death to-morrow. But here where twice each day the
whole Atlantic lifts her waters, enfolds this nursling sea,
washes its sides with sparkling water, and resupplies its
wants with nourishing streams from her own bosom, one
always expects to find vigorous life, refreshing to look
upon. Nor is the expectation disappointed. Bright col-
ored shells pave the floor of the basin with a rich mosaic.
Sea anemones cover the roughness of the rocks with their
base, unfold their soft tints, and wave their tufted crown
of tentacles gracefully to and fro. Branching sea-sponges
spring from the interstices of the rocks. The rays of the
star-fish peep through the sea-plants, beneath whose
growth lie many marine animals in partial concealment.
Through the meshes of the weeds one can see the hermit-
crabs dragging their second-hand houses across the minia-
ture highways of this marine township, reminding one of
the frequent migrations of the ancient buildings of Salem
when they fall into the hands of speculators. Now and
then a crab bustles actively across an open space, then
disappears beneath a thick growth of conferva?, which he
agitates by his continued movements, and makes you
think that the concealed regions of this watery district
must be even more densely populated than that which lies
open to the sun.

The party spent much time in studying this beautiful
assemblage of representatives of ocean's inhabitants
which here in so rare a manner presented themselves for
examination.

Some of the residents of East Gloucester whose means
enabled them to give visible form to the ideas of beauty
which such natural features must suggest, invited some of
our party to visit their residences along the shore, where
the combination of tastefully kept grounds about a coun-

100

try house both in keeping with the surrounding country,
together with a magnificent sea-view, gave the visitors
great pleasure.

The time for the ramble seemed too brief. The differ-
ent sections of the party came tardily together for the
collation, appointed at the church vestry at one o'clock.
But the zest for active labor begotten by the morning's
enjoyments enabled all to perform the duty of the hour.

The meeting was called to order at 2.30 P. M., the
President in the chair.

Records of preceding meeting read.

The Secretary announced the following correspon-
dence : —

From Frankfurt. .1. M., Senckenbergische Naturforschenrte Gesellschaft. Dec, 31,
1870; New Brunswick Natural History Society, June 15; Now York Lyceum of
Natural History, June 26; Smithsonian Institution, June 22; Wien, K. K. Zool, Bo-
tan. Gesellschaft. Feb.; James S.Bryant, Hartford, Conn., June 15; W. II. Yeo-
mans. Columbia, ('inn., June 14.

The Librarian reported the following additions : —

By Donations.

Kki \n 1. W. S., of Hartford, Conn. Hartford Directory, 1828. 1 vol. 16mo.

Clogston, Wm.. of Springfield. Directories— Kingston and Rondout, 1869-70,
lvol. 8vo. Utica, 1865, l vol. 8vo. Schenectady, L865, l vol. 8vo. Koine. 1870,
I vol. 8vo. Oswego, 1866-7, l vol. Svo. Boonville, 1868, l vol. 12mo. Malone and
Franklin County, 1868-9, 1 vol. 12mo. Lowville, 1867-8, 1 vol. limn. Carthage,
L867-8, l vol. L2mo. Rome and Oneida County, is.v.1-00, l vol. 12mo. Watertown,
1867-8, l vol. l2mo.

Folger, W. C, of Nantucket. Reports of the towns of Cohasset, Scituate and
Marshfield for 1870-71. Svo pamphlets.

GREEN, S. A., of Boston. Revised Gospel of St. Mark. lvol. 12mo. Miscella-
neous pamphlets, 24.

TUCKER., W.P. Diocese of California. Svo pamphlets. 1871.

By Exchange.

Botaxisk Tidsskrift Kjobeniiavx. Tidsskrift, Fjaerde Binds, Andet and
Forste Haefte. 2 pamphlets, Svo. 1871.

Koxgelige Daxske Videxskaberxes Selskabs. Oversigt, 1S70. Xo. II. 8vo
pamph. Kjobenhavn,

K. K. ZOOLOGIS< 11 — BOTANISCHE GESELLSCHAFT IX Weix. Verhandlungen,
Band XX. Ileft 1-4 1870. Svo pamphlets.

101

Massachusetts Historical Society. Collections. Vol. I. Fifth Series, l
vol. 8vo. Boston. 1871.

Mercantile Library Association, Boston. Fifty-first Annual Report. 8vo
pamph. 1871.

Naturhistorische Gesellschaft in Hannover. Bwanaigfter, 4to pamph.
1869-70.

New England Historic-Genealogical Society. Register and Journal, July.
1871.

Peabody Institute, Baltimore, Md. Fourth Annual Report of the Provost to
the Trustees, June 1, 1871.

Royal Society of Tasmania. Monthly Notices of Papers and Proceedings
for 18(58-9.

Senckenbergesche naturforschende Gesellschaft. Abhandluugen.
Siebenter. Bd. 1869-70. 4to pamph. Bericht, June, 1869. June, 1870.

Verein zuk Verbreituxg naturwissenschaftlicher Kenntnisse in Wien.
Schriften, Vols. IX, X. 1868-70.

Yeomans W. H., of Columbia, Conn. Report of the Connecticut Board of Agri-
culture for 1869. 1 vol. Svo. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 37.

Publishers. Gloucester Telegraph. Haverhill Gazette. Land and Water.
Lawrence American. Little Giant. Lynn Reporter. Lynn Transcript. Medical
and Surgical Reporter. Nation. Nature. Peabody Press. Salem Observer.

The President referred briefly to the connection be-
tween Gloucester and Salem in their early history, and
said that this town was of historical interest to many
present, in the fact that the early settlers at Salem came
first to Gloucester, and resided about two years before
taking up the more permanent abode with which they be-
came subsequently identified. He called upon Mr.
George D. Phippen of Salem to speak upon

THE FLOWERS COLLECTED.

Mr. Phippen commenced by saying that he was re-
minded of a former officer of the Institute, who, when
called upon to speak on an occasion similar to this, com-
menced his remarks with the familiar quotation, "What
went ye out into the wilderness for to see ? " While we
may not designate this region by such an appellation, it
is always our desire on occasions like this to visit the
wildest locations of the neighborhood, in order that our
collections may be the more rich and rare ; even a " reed

102

shaken by the wind " becomes an agreeable sight to one
coming from the dusty streets of the city.

The flowers upon the table, not collected by my own
hand, suggest the shady coppice, as well as the rocky
promontory, and the sandy shore. Among which are the
arethusa, the dwarf laurel, the iris, the cranberry, the
anagallis, the calestegia or wild morning glory, and
many others which under specific names were assigned to
their proper group in the natural arrangement, the only
classification at this late day worthy of consideration.
The most peculiar specimens presented were the full
blown heads of the yellow thistle, Cirsium horridulum,
new to most of the party, but not uncommon in many
sandy localities near the sea. Notwithstanding its for-
bidding prickles, which gave rise to its specific name,
several ladies present, impressed with its novel beauty,
plucked large bunches of its showy blossoms with which
to embellish their vases at home, hitherto filled with the
more delicate products of the green house and flower
border.

It is presumed to be generally understood that all the
beautiful plants of our gardens and conservatories were
once wild, — the cultivated offspring of ruder and more
simple types ; our own country meanwhile furnishing to
other nations many an exotic of rare worth and beauty,
and quite as highly prized as any of theirs are to us.

This splendid array of ornamental plants now so acces-
sible, and with which many of our gardens are richly
stocked, is the result of many long years of cultivation,
with changes and mutations induced or retained by the
hand of man, and generally at the expense of what may
be called the integrity of the plant, that is, more or less
to the sacrifice of its vital and generative forces. Many
plants with such an origin, though extremely ornamental

103

or useful to us, are most carefully propagated by cuttings,
and are in fact but the assiduous multiplication or rather
prolongation of the same individual life, which is not the
case with plants of a more primitive type, that conse-
quently are freely propagated by their own prolific seed.

This we understand to be one phase of the high mis-
sion of man while a denizen upon the earth, to exercise
the noble privilege of subduing all things unto the best
wishes and purposes of his race, having this promise ever
before us taught by science as well by our sublime reli-
gion, that by seeking we shall find, by knocking it shall
be opened unto us ; a sure reward sooner or later always
repaying the patient investigator.

It therefore becomes not irreverent to declare that in a
certain sense and in a delegated manner man is a creator,
calling into being forms that without his aid might never
exist.

The grains and edible roots so indispensible to man and
the lower animals are so few as to be "almost counted upon
the fingers" but in their varieties are almost endless ; while
many of them in a primitive wild state can no longer be
found upon the earth. Much the same is it with the fruits
proper, and while this has been so long true, there still
remains unknown and unappropriated hundreds of plants
capable of yielding both food and ornamentation, that
still remain in the wilds of the earth just as they came
from the great Creator's hand, simple and undeveloped.

When we allude to the plants of the garden and green-
house, how few of the large number do we find Avell un-
derstood in their possible modifications and whose mani-
fest changes scarcely ever weary us. If this developed
few in their numerous varieties were taken from their
places on the shelves and in the borders, our gardens
would be bare indeed.

104

The botanist and the florist, though sometimes com-
bined in the same individual, possess severally elements
of knowledge and taste of great divergency, the former
always looking with jealousy upon the labors of the lat-
ter ; knowing well that the doubling of flowers and the
variegation of the foliage of plants are accidents or inno-
vations more or less destructive to plant vitality and the
purity of the species.

The tendency of reversion to primitive types is so well
understood that no florist can keep a fine selection of rar-
ities without the most careful destruction of rogues among
his plants, and the most diligent strain of his seeds.
Upon a cessation of this care these varieties fall back year
by year with considerable rapidity to their primitive spe-
cies or type.

In our day, varieties seem to be almost manufactured
to order, be the caprice of the market what it may. Who
has not been surprised as well as delighted by the rapid
increase of plants of different genera and species, adorned
with particolored foliage, some of which, like the zonale
geraniums, taking on hues like the rainbow, and vicing
even the plumage of birds. The rapidity and seeming
spontaneity of these changes must to the ordinary obser-
ver be puzzling indeed.

Though we have claimed these as the product of the
hand of man, it is more nearly like retaining the angel
till he blesses us, rather than calling him from the skies.

It is not uncommon to find similar accidental forms
even among wild plants in their native abodes, as we can
bear witness, having found double mountain laurel,
striped cardinal flower, yellow columbine, quilled white-
weed, linear petaled Oenothera, double saxifrage and many
others not readily called to memory.

Albinos and stripes among the green spray of the natu-

105

ral foliage often occur, which might be retained and made
permanent by bud grafting. From such accidents as
these it is, that the florist moulds his novelties, being
careful to intensify the derivation by grafting, by slipping,
or by seeding the plant and watching its offspring.

Much might be said of the numerous hybrids that may
be produced by a judicious crossing of near affinities,
and pressing each novel tendency till it becomes intensi-
fied and fixed by breeding, requiring perhaps several gen-
erations.

Deviations are much more likely to occur among plants
under cultivation than those in a natural state.

The readiest change for a plant to make is in the color
of its blossom, otherwise plants vary chiefly in the direc-
tion of their prominent peculiarity, or that of prospective
usefulness ; selection, both natural and applied, tending
to the same end. With the edible roots, we may expect
improvement in that direction, with fruits, in their en-
largement and the luscious quality of their flesh, with
flowers, in the multiplication of their petals, or in changes
of their hues. Neither the fairest apple nor the richest
pear has yet been attained ; and the most fragrant rose
and most gorgeous lily are still in reserve for the gratifi-
cation of the taste of man.

When we remember the almost endless changes that a
few years since were produced from the simple scarlet
eight-petaled dahlia of Mexico, or with the kingly robes of
the lily and tulip, with multiplications of the rose, the
peony, the fuchsia, the petunia, the verbena, etc., we are
apt to feel in their abundance, that the climax has been
achieved ; but to all whose taste seeks continued gratifica-
tion we may say with confidence, and that without tread-
ing upon ground appropriated by Darwin or hastening to
his conclusions, that there is absolutely no end to the de-

Essex Inst. Bulletin. hi 14

106

velopment and mutability of all that is excellent for food
or gratifying to our taste of the beautiful, among the vast
array of the species that compose the Vegetable King-
dom.

Mr. James H. Emerton of Salem spoke of the insects
collected in the morning's ramble, among them some
specimens of the lace winged fly ( CJirysopa) and its eggs,
which had been found attached to grass leaves from a field
near the shore, each egg raised upon a hair-like stem.
The young larvte of this fly and the structure of their
mouths, by which they are enabled to suck the juices of
insects without eating the solid parts, were described, with
illustrations on the black-board.

He then passed around among the audience some sixty
spiders and several cocoons of spider's eggs, which had
been collected in the morning, and made some remarks
on them, and the growth of spiders in the egg.

Rev. J. H. Gannett of East Gloucester alluded to the
appearance of this village as he saw it from the deck of a
vessel in the harbor some twenty-four years since, and
gave a very interesting sketch of its growth, and of the
church in which this meeting was held.

HISTORY OF THE BAPTIST CHURCH IN EAST GLOUCESTER.

The first Baptist meeting of which there is any recol-
lection in East Gloucester, was held about thirty years
ago, the Rev. William Lamson, pastor of the Baptist
church in the town of Gloucester, and now pastor of the
Baptist church in the town of Brookline, Mass., preach-
ing to a very few persons in a small building used for a
school house.

From this date it appears that they continued to hold

107

meetings from time to time, convening with the various
families and members who worshipped on the Sabbath
with Bio. Lamson's church.

East Gloucester at this time was very sparsely settled,
but as business increased, dwelling houses w7ere rapidly
erected, stores wrere opened, school houses were built.
The friends of Zion feeling called upon to make an or-
ganized effort for the moral and spiritual good of their
growing village, a union sewing circle was formed ; but
it being ascertained that the prevailing sentiment was
Baptist, it was decided to erect a chapel.

In the year 1858 a small building was erected 50 feet
by 36. It was dedicated the fall of the same year, the
sermon being preached by William Lamson, D. D., text,
Joshua, v : 15.

Previously (in 1855) there had been a small Sabbath
school organized in the village and held in the hall of the
engine house, and also one on what is known as Rocky
Neck. This school met in the house of Bro. David Smith,
and Avas under the charge of Sister Susan E. Wonson.

As soon as the chapel was dedicated and opened for
meeting, these schools were transferred to this place and
given in charge to Bro. Geo. Parsons, who is still the
superintendent.

At first the people were supplied with preaching by dif-
ferent persons occupying the desk. In 1858 Father Lisle
was invited to become their preacher (we cannot say
pastor, for this enterprise was nothing more than a branch
interest — a mission of the first Baptist church.)

In 1861 Bro. Cheever of Manchester was invited to
assist Bro. Lisle in a series of meetings. A powerful
reformation followed, but there being no church organ-
ization most of the converts joined other churches.

Father Lisle left, and in the spring of 1863 the society

108

invited the Rev. Andrew Dunn to supply the desk. In
Ju\y of the same year (63) a council was convened to
consider the propriety of organizing a church (an inde-
pendent society). After a satisfactory examination a
church was constituted, composed of fifty-six members.
Two deacons were chosen, viz. : Brethren Geo. Parsons
and Herbert Stanley who still serve the church. Bro.
Dunn stayed with them as their pastor for four years,
then resigned.

The infant church in the spring of 1867 sent to the
Theological Institute at Newton, for a candidate, where-
upon a .young man by the name of J. H. Gannett was
sent them, to whom the church and society extended a
call to the pastorate. He accepted, and entered the work
August 1st, 1867, receiving ordination the 22d of the
same month, Rev. G. Cole of Weymouth preaching the
sermon.

The church for years had been in a low condition, and
was still, the Sabbath school few in numbers, sadly in
want of efficient teachers, and entirely destitute of library
books. During the following winter (1867-68) one hun-
dred dollars expended in books supplied the school with
a good library. This seemed to be the only movement
manifested for the better — the meeting continuing dull,
the preaching powerless. Our village had increased in
population and now numbered about 1500, and it seemed
expedient to have a larger place for worship.

The building was raised ten feet, lengthened about
twenty-five, a vestry was finished under the entire length,
and a spire of seventy-five feet added. Eighty pews
were placed in the auditorium, the settees being moved
into the vestry below. The entire expense was about
$5,000. About $3,000 of it was raised, leaving the
society in debt $2,000; the following year 81,000 of this

109

was paid and the remaining $1,000 now stands as a debt
against the society. On the 3d of Feb., 1869, the house
was dedicated to the service of Almighty God, William
Lamson D. D., of Brookline, preaching the sermon. Text
"The tree is known by his fruit."

The pews were rented to pay the necessary running
expenses (all monies being formerly raised by subscrip-
tions) and instead of $500 or $600, as in previous years,
the rentals amounted to $1,600. The congregation was
very much increased, and the whole enterprise received a
stimulus.

In January, 1870, a series of meetings were com-
menced, Bro. Needham, the Irish Evangelist, preaching
a few times — which resulted in a powerful awakening.
The large vestry was tilled to overflowing, night after
night — souls were constantly inquiring "what shall I do
to be saved?" — others were rejoicing in a newly found
Redeemer.

This interest lasted till late in the spring, when the pas-
tor had the joyful privilege of leading into the baptismal
waters seventy-four happy converts — ten others were
received by letter and experience.

The present number is one hundred and forty-eight.
The church has two deacons. Only two pastors have
ministered at her altar, Bro. Dunn and the present incum-
bent.

The ladies of this society have assisted very largely in
the support of this enterprise. They have furnished the
house throughout, besides placing a good organ in the or-
chestra.

Our village now numbers 2,100, and we need a still
larger house for worship. May the Lord furnish one in
his own good time. The church will be nine years old
July 13th, 1872.

110

Mr. Gannett also spoke of the geology of the Cape,
and expressed the hope that if there were any present
interested in that direction they would open these hard
leaflets and read the tables written there by the hand of
God. We have on Massachusetts' southern shore a long,
sandy beach called Cape Cod, and here on the other side
of the bay is a rocky cape. The southern shore is
changed by the waves, but these rocks for years have re-
mained the same.

The President stated that the geology of this county
was a problem not yet satisfactorily solved. The atten-
tion of Prof. T. Sterry Hunt of the Canadian survey and
other geologists has been directed to this subject, and
these irentlcmen will give it a careful consideration.
Prof. A. Hyatt, a member of the Institute, is collecting
materials for a report on this subject. At a meeting of
the Institute, a few weeks since, he exhibited a beauti-
fully executed map of Marblehead Neck, and gave the
results of his observations in that locality and its imme-
diate vicinity. It is intended to continue these observa-
tions each successive season, until the whole county has
been examined ; thus we may expect, ere the lapse of
many years, to have the materials for the long desired
report on the geology of the county read}' for the press,
with correct maps illustrating the same.

THE STUDY OF THE LOWER FORMS OF LIFE.

Concerning the plate containing sixty varieties of spi-
ders, captured and commented upon by Mr. James H.
Emerton, Dr. A. H. Johnson remarked, that as it had
passed from baud to hand through the audience for inspec-
tion, possibly the thought had arisen, that to catch and
study these little animals is frivolous business — amusing,

Ill

perhaps — but hardly profitable. To meet this idea the
speaker said that many are unaware that it is through
laborious study of the organism and development of the
lower animals, that data are obtained to interpret the more
complex organization of the human system. Facts ob-
tained by such study, as another has said, "furnish the
alphabet which we must learn in order to read the more
intricate compositions of nature."

Thus, the human lungs present to the eye a very intri-
cate structure, difficult to explain. But the simpler lungs
of the frog, or the transparent lungs of the turtle, show
at a glance the general plan upon which the respiratory
organs of the higher animals are formed, viz. : — that of
a sack or pouch, divided by partitions into numerous
chambers or cells, upon whose walls the minute blood
vessels form a mesh work, while these cells, by means of
a system of tubes, are open to the external air, which
they can alternately receive and discharge.

So concerning the circulation of the blood through the
capillaries, the transparent web of the frog's foot under
the microscope has furnished demonstrations and taught
lessons which one might seek in vain in the human sys-
tem.

One of the lowest forms of animal life is the micro-
scopic amoeba, an animal which appears like a mere struc-
tureless drop of jelly. Yet it has been seen to assume a
great variety of forms by alternate expansions and con-
tractions, to fold itself around and to take into its cavity
other animalcules or portions of plants, parts of which
it consumed, and other parts rejected as indigestible.
Curiously enough, the white corpuscles of the human
blood have been seen to imitate the amoeba so closely that
they have been named amoeboid cells. They were first
studied by being removed from the circulation, and placed

112

under the microscope in au artificial serum, while the or-
dinary animal temperature was preserved as well as pos-
sible. But the mesentery of the frog has been found to
furnish the best opportunity to watch their movements,
and revealed very novel and startling facts concerning
their behavior. Here they have been seen to take
granular pigment, purposely injected into the veins, into
the interior of their bodies, and after bearing it to a
greater or less distance through the circulation, to again
eject it. Or they have been seen to pass through minute
apertures in the capillaries bearing the pigment with them
into the surrounding tissues. Owing to these free move-
ment^ they have been called wandering cells. They sug-
gest an explanation of the agency by means of which
diseased action in one portion of the system is sometimes
transferred to remote portions of the human frame. It
would be impossible to ascertain these facts from an ex-
amination of the opaque tissues of the body. Yet they
are of immense practical importance. Hence it is a phi-
lanthropic work to study the tissues of the smaller ani-
mals by means of which such information is obtained.

It has been recently suggested that the Society for the
Prevention of Cruelty to Animals should make exertions
to [nit an end to physiological experiments upon the
lower animals. Such action will be deprecated by all
who would act for the prevention of cruelty to men.
For such experiments are still necessaiy to furnish the
knowledge requisite to proper action for the relief of
human suffering.

BULLETIN

essex: htstitutb.

Vol. 3. Salem, Mass., September, 1871. No. 9.

One Dollar a Year in Advance. 10 Cents a Single Copy.

Field Meeting at East Gloucester, Thursday,
June 29th, 1871.

[Continued.']

Rev. Mr. Bolles of Salem said he supposed all had
heard of ministers who went to church, leaving their ser-
mons at home, and had to send for them, sometimes get-
ting the last Sunday's sermon from the messenger. In
the same way he had lost his text, and a boy of sixty-
years who volunteered to go for it had not returned.
In other words he had left his box of specimens upon a
rock near the ice houses.

Mr. Bolles spoke of two specimens of considerable im-
portance. He had found near the water side two speci-
mens of a land shell, one of the largest in Massachusetts,
about the size of a walnut, of a yellow color, banded by
about six or eight bands of dark brown. Their interest
does not lie in their color or size, but depends upon the
fact that this is an English shell, supposed by some to

Essex Inst. Bulletin. hi 15

114

have been transported upon this coast from the gardens of
England. It is called the

HELIX IIORTENSIS OR GARDEN SNAIL.

In England, the species is a very brilliant shell, the
varieties of banded ones (bright yellow on brown, or
brown on yellow), being much more numerous than plain
brown or yellow shells. But in the eastern part of this
country the land mollusks have shells which are mostly
uniform in color and somewhat dull — brown being the
prevailing hue. And these specimens of the garden
snail which Ave find here are mostly of a uniform yellow
— the banded ones being scarce and when found not very
bright in color.

The question is, how did these shells come upon the
American coast? We might say that they came over
from Europe in the Mayflower or subsequent vessels.
As so many trace their ancestry, we might say that three
brothers of them came over a great many years since and
settled here, and all these snails were derived from that
stock. But this theory is upset by the fact that these
shells are found upon islands far out to sea, uninhabited
and seldom visited. We cannot suppose the hand of man
placed them there. Upon the coast of Maine, eight miles
out from land, nearly off Harpswell, is an island, — we
call it an island by courtesy, although it is very small,
the sea side but a mass of rocks, and the inside a gentle
slope with a few stunted cedar trees and a profusion of
the plants of the wild morning glory. Turn over almost
any shelving stone and you will find the nest of the stormy
petrel. There we find immense quantities of these shells,
which you may gather by the quart. The island is almost
unapproachable. The day I landed I had to employ a
boatman to keep the boat off the rocks by rowing while I
explored the island. On that little strip no man planted

115

these shells, and yet you will scarcely find a spot in
Maine yielding a richer harvest to the conchologist.

Helix albolabris, Helix alternata with its curious albino
variety, two of the three species of Sticcinea in Maine,
many species of the minuter Helices with Zua and vari-
ous Pupidcz literally cover, in places, the ground and
the rank stems of the weeds which luxuriate in the guano-
enriched soil. Could the Helix hortensis have been im-
ported from the gardens of England to mingle Avith these
native shells?

LIMNJEA COLUMELLA.

The second point of interest Ave found was a deposit of
fresh water shells at the pond on the top of the hill.
Bodies of fresh water in this country exhibit a large num-
ber of shells, several of the genus called Limnnea. The
kind frequenting this pond is the Limnosa columella, a
shell which does not exceed one-half inch in length, and
is often much smaller. While exploring the shores of
the pond we saw what seemed to be a deposit of seeds,
but on stopping to examine it we found it to be a com-
plete mass of very minute shells. There was not one
that was one-eighth of an inch long. They seemed like
little yellow grains of glass. I never saw such immense
quantities of them as you may find along the margin of
that pond. You might gather millions of them. Every
stick and rock "was covered with them. There they lie,
millions of them, dried up upon the margin of that water.
We could not get a single specimen that was grown up.
They reach their highest state of development early in
the spring, and after leaving their eggs, the business of
their life being concluded, they die. We found a num-
ber of dead adult shells there. Thus this mollusk follows
the law of progress. Having fulfilled its function it
leaves the rising generation to carry on the work. I never

116

tire of looking upon the pictures and legends we have
written upon the created things of this world. One
brother spoke of the lessons written upon the rocks.
Every other thing in nature is a similar page written in
divine love. Upon every fibre of animal life, every graiu
and seed, every leaf, and everything we can see and un-
derstand, the same mystery of life is written. There is
an invisible, infinite world, whose wonders our eyes may
sometime be sharp enough to observe.

Rev. Richard Eddy of Gloucester being called upon,
said that he had a very meat affection for the old time
people of Salem for the good care which they took of and
the sympathy they extended to the founder of his native
state, Rhode Island. AVhile the gentleman Avas speaking
of the fact that in some sense it is given us to be crea-
tors, I wondered if you had been favored with the sight
of some of the albums and scrap books which the ladies
of this place have made so beautifully from sea tlowers
which they gather here.

After brief remarks from Messrs. William B. Trask,
of Boston, E. N. Waltox, of Salem and James Davis
of Gloucester, the following resolution was unanimously
adopted.

Resolved, That the thanks of the Essex Institute
be extended to the proprietors of this church, to Rev.
J. H. Gannett, Messrs. Thomas Niles, Herbert Stan-
ley, J. Warren Wonson, Leander McFarland, George
Parsons, Mrs. Mary Wonson, Mrs. Julia Daniels, Mrs.
Gannett and all others who have contributed to render
this meeting at East Gloucester so agreeable and profit-
able.

Adjourned : —

117

Meeting near "Ship Rock" in Peabody,

Wednesday, August 2, 1871.

the ramble.

Contiguous to the northwestern boundary of Salem
is a considerable territory lying within the townships of
Lynn, Peabody, and Lynnfield, sparsely inhabited, diver-
sified in surface, and largely covered with a good growth
of forest trees, varieties of the pine and of the oak pre-
dominating, though specimens of the maples, ashes, wal-
nuts, elms, birches, etc., are found. Numerous boulders,
varying in size and position, are scattered around, giving
evidence of having been brought during the glacial
period. A careful examination of them, together with the
other rocks in situ, is worthy the consideration of the
geologists.

The southeastern portion of this region, formerly
known by the name of ''The Rocks," recently by the
more euphonious one of "Rockville," was selected for
the ramble this day. A small chapel near by, in part
sustained as a mission chapel by the First church in Pea-
bod}', was kindly tendered to the Institute as the place of
rendezvous and for the afternoon session.

This region is a favorite resort to the student of nature
and the lover of the picturesque. To them the varied
surface and diversity of soil furnish specimens to investi-
gate and views of great beauty to stud}' and admire. A
scramble up some of the hillsides among the lichen cov-
ered rocks, the gnarled trunks and the twining vines, is
well repaid by an extensive prospect, comprising the sur-
rounding country dotted with villages and isolated farm
buildings, and the distant ocean whitened with the sails
of numerous vessels and occasionally darkened by the
cloud of smoke from a passing steamer.

118

Among these hills are many secluded recesses and
shady nooks, the homes of some of our choicest floral
gems — here the botanist and zoologist can each find speci-
mens of interest in their respective lines of investigation.

To the older members of the Institute this locality has
a peculiar interest. The late Dr. Andrew Nichols, one
of the founders and the first president of the Natural
History Society, and a zealous student of nature, was
wont to ramble over these hills and dales, in quest of his
favorite objects for study and investigation, and became
very conversant with the many curious and interesting
forms there found. He contributed largely to the success
of the early field meetings, pointing out interesting local-
ities during the ramble, and communicating freely the
results of his observations at the afternoon session. No
object was too insignificant to his finely cultivated eye,
no fact too small to escape in its meaning and instruction
his noble and loving heart, but with a true and humble
faith he saw beneficence and wisdom in them all. He
passed away on the 31st of March, 1853, as the little
Draba vcrna, a plant which he detected many years pre-
vious in this vicinity, on some rocks moistened by the
later snows of spring, was opening its tiny petals to an-
other vernal season.

The party from Salem left that place in a special train
at 9 A. M. Soon after arrival, being reinforced by mem-
bers and friends from other towns, they divided into sev-
eral groups. Some spent the forenoon in wandering
about the fields and among the pine groves in the midst
of which "Ship Rock" is situated, some went to the
vicinity of Bartholomew's Pond and were successful in
collecting many choice specimens in botany and zoology,
whilst others took different directions as inclination
prompted.

119

The land in the region of which Bartholomew's pond
may be considered as the centre, comprising some two or
three hundred acres more or less, and extending from
Brown's Pond on the old Lynn road to the Lynnfield
road, combines many attractive features for a Public Park.
It seems desirable that measures should soon be adopted
to secure this land for this purpose. Cannot the citizens
of Lynn, Peabody and Salem, individually or in their
corporate capacity, make a movement in this direction.
Nature has already done much — a comparatively small
expenditure only will be required to render it one of the
most attractive places of resort by the citizens of these
several municipalities.

It may be appropriate in this connection to allude to
another subject of a similar import. In Salem and the
vicinity, comprising a circuit of some ten or fifteen miles,
are large tracts of pasture and woodlands, over which the
waves of an increasing population are gradually rolling.
If this movement should continue in the corresponding
ratio of the past twenty-five or thirty years, only a short
time will elapse ere this whole area will be occupied by
residences or for strictly private purposes. Would it not
be well to have portions of this land in different localities
secured, as opportunity may offer, to be appropriated,
when required, for public use?

At noon several little picnic parties were scattered
among the trees, enjoying the contents of their baskets ;
while the main body gathered at the chapel and there par-
took of the collation spread in the shade of the building.

The afternoon session was called to order at 3 o'clock,
the President, Henry "Wheatland, in the chair. In the
absence of the Secretary, Win. P. Upham was requested
to act.

Records of preceding meeting read.

120

The Secretary announced the following correspon-
dence : —

From Buffalo Historical Society, July 5; Chicago Academj of Sciences, May 26;
Maryland Historical Society. July 11; Munich R. B. Akademie der Wissenschaf-
ten, Feb.; New England Historic-Genealogical Society. June 28; Tasmania Royal
Society. Dec s. 1870; John Akhurst, Brooklyn, New York, July 21, 26; V E. At-
wood, Provincetown, July 17; S. C. Bancroft, Salem, An;. 1 ; Edwin C. Bell, Titns-
ville, I'enn , July .".1; George B. Blodgettc, Rowley, June :;i>: James P. Boyco,
Lynn. Jul> !-: John Ward Dean, Boston, July 7; H. W. Dutl >n, Boston, July.'.;
B. Groce, Peabody, July 10; T. Sterry Hunt, Montreal. June 28; E.H.Knight,
Salem, Julj 21; John W. Porter, Salem, July 15; E. S. Bantoul, Boston, July 10.
Aug. l ; W. E. Rogers, Paris, Tenn., June 30; E. A. Smith, Boston, July 7; CM.
Tracy. Lynn, Aug. 1.

The Librarian reported the following additions : —

Blf It", ■"timis.

U. S. Office of the < mi i of Engikeees. U. S. Geological Exploration
Vol. III. IS70, 1 vol. 4to. Atlas, 1 vol. folio.

Ni.w y/ork Chamber of Commerce. Annual Report. lSTO-l, l vol. 8vo.

BOLLES,E.C. BrooklynCit} Directories, 1866-7, 181)8-9, 1869-70. :; vols. 8vo.
Cincinnati Directory, 1856, lvol. 8vo. Syracuse Citj Directories, ls;2. 1864-5
L860-7. 3 vols. Svo. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 38.

Buswell.E., V. Chain of S.cripture, 1 vol. l2mo. London. 1659.

Clogston, Wm, of Springfield, Mass. Meadville Directory. 1869-70, l vol. Svo.
Steubenville Directory, 1858-7, I vol. 8vo. Lockport Directory, is;:--;, l vol. 8vo.
Steubenville, Wellsville, East Liverpool and Wellsburgh Directory, 1870-1, l vol.
Svo

Eddy, Harriet. Miscellaneous pamphlel :

Grees, S. Sl., of Boston. Cambridge Directories, 1857, 1866, 2 vols. 8vo. Corn-
well's Geography, 1 vol. l-2ino. Butler's Grammar, 1 vol. 12mo. Miscellaneous
pamphlel -. 5.

II w.i:, Henri . Atlas of Massachusetts, l vol. Folio. 1871.

Lee, John C. Commercial Bulletin r^r July, 1871.

Morse, Mrs. e. s. Constitutional Telegraph for isu2, 1 vol. Folio.

Perkins, Jonathan C, Eclectic Magazine. 27vols. 8vo. Edinburgh Review,
lvol. svo. The New World, 2 vols. Ito. Transactions of the Essex Agricultu-
ral Society, linos. London Quarterly Beview,9nos. North American Review,
6 nos. Miscellaneous pamphlel , 260 M issachusetts Documents, lsti-.r)-G-7-8.

saw fee, P. a.. ('. s. Senator. Congressional Globe, part- 2, i, 6, :; vols. 4to.
1839-70. Appendix to part 7, 1 vol., 4to. Land Office Report, 1869, 1 vol. Svo. Re-
port on Education. 1870, 1 vol. Svo.

Silsbee, Mrs. B. H. The Classical Library, 5 vols. 16mo. Dome-tie Verses,
l vol. I2mo. Acton, l vol. limn. Colman's Poems, 1 vol. 12mo. The Hugue-
nots. 2 vols. l2mo. smith's Poems, l vol. 12mo. Margaret, 1 vol. 8vo. Edith,
or the Light of Home. 1 vol. Svo. Boston Almanacs. 7 vols, lfimo. Cowper'fl
Poems, l vol. 12mo. Priestley's Discourse, l vol. svo. Priestley's Lectures,'.'
vols. Svo. Moore's Universal Geography, 2 vols. Svo. Hadad, 1 vol. 12m o. Blair's
Sermons, 5 vols. Svo. Akenside's Poems, 1 vol. Svo. Johnson's Dictionary, 1
vol. Svo. Man on History, 1 vol. 12mo. Night Thoughts, 1 vol. 12mo. Oberon, 2
vols. lGmo. Locke's Essays, 3 vols. 12mo. Mathilde, 6 vols. 12mo. Aikin's Let-

121

ters, 1 vol. 12mo. Historie Romaine, 2 vols. 16mo. Book of Fern.-. 1 vol. 4to. Atlas
of United Mate-, 1 vol. 4to. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 16.

Stickney, Matthew A.. Railroad Reports, 16nos.

IriiAM, J. Baxter, of Boston. Mass. Report of the School Committee of Bos-
ton for 1870. 1 vol. 8vo.

Walton, E.N. Report of the School Committee of Rockport for 1871. Svo
pamph. Minutes of the Salem Baptist Association, held in Beverly, June 6, 1871.
Svo pamph.

Ward, Mrs. James. Evenings at Home. 1 vol. 12mo. Scott's Kian Life. 1 vol.
12m o. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 13.

Wheatland, E. Life of Christ. 1 vol. 4to. Combe on Constitution of Man.
1 vol. Svo. Letters to Mothers. 1 vol. 12mo. Self Instructor. 1 vol. 12mo,
Memoirs of Josephine. 1 vol. 16mo. Brackenbridge on South America. 1 vol. Svo.
Barnaby Budge, lvol. Svo. Life of John Smith. 1 vol. 16mo. Ruth Hall. 1 vol.
linio. A Blind Man's Offering. 1 vol. 12mo. How to he a Lady. 1 vol. lUmo. Sci-
entific American. 234 nos. National Portrait Gallery, 30 nos. Journal of the
American Unitarian Association, 27 nos.

Wheatland, M. G. Atlantic Monthly. 7 nos. Galaxy. 12 nos. Old and New
13 nos. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 88.

Young .Men's Christian Association, Worcester. Mass. Annual Report.
1871. Svo pamph.

Exchanges.

American Antiquarian Society, Worcester, Mass. Proceedings. No. 50.
Svo pamph. 1871.

American Congregational Association. Boston. Mass. Annual Report.
May 30, 1871. svo pamph.

American Entomological Society. Transactions of. Vol. Ill, No. II. Svo
pamph. 1870.

Blackmore Museum, Salisbury, England. Flint Chips by E. T. Stevens. 1 vol.
8vo.

Bronson Library, Waterbury, Conn. Annual Report for 1S70-1. 12mo pamph.

Chicago Historical Society. Constitution and By-Laws. Svo pamph. 1871.
Report of Trade and Commerce of Chicago. Svo pamph. 1871.

Naturforschender Verein in Riga. Correspondenzblatt, 18 Jahrg, lS7o.
Denkschrift, 27 Marz, 1870.

New York Lyceum of Natural History. Annals, Vol. X. Feb.-March,
Svo pamph.

Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences. Proceedings of. Part I.
Jan.. Feb.. March. 1871. Svo pamph.

Publishers. American Literary Gazette. American Naturalist. Christian
World. Gardener's Monthly. Gloucester Telegraph. Haverhill Gazette. Ipswich
Advance. Land and Water. Lawrence American. Little Giant. Lynn Reporter.
Lynn Transcript. Medical and Surgical Reporter. Nation. Nature. Peabody
Press. Salem Observer. Sailor's Magazine and Seaman's Friend. Silliman's
Jo urn I.

The President, in his opening remarks, said that the
last meeting of the Institute in this place was held on
Thursday, Aug. 15, 18(31, and that our late worthy asso-
ciate, Rev. Stillman Bardcn, of Rockport, was present,
Essex Inst. Bulletin. hi 16

122

occupied the chair, and gave an interesting geological ac-
count of "Ship Rock and its Surroundings." This was
the last meeting of the Institute which our friend at-
tended. His health, not good at that time, soon began
to fail more rapidly, and after a lingering illness of sev-
eral months, he died on the 7th of August, 18G5, at the
ago of fifty-three. He was a devoted pastor, a kind
friend, and an active member of the Institute. He had
given considerable attention to geological pursuits, and
during his residence of a few years in Rockport, was, if
necessary assiduous in making collections of the minerals
of that locality, and had just entered upon a series of ob-
servations and research that would have resulted in ex-
tending largely our knowledge of the geology of the
region, when summoned to his final rest. A biographical
and obituary sketch prepared by Rev. Mrs. P. A. Hana-
ford has been printed in the 7th volume of the Historical
Collections.

It is meet that the Institute should occasionally visit
its property, the famous boulder known as "Ship Rock,"
and hold a meeting in some convenient place near by.
This boulder came into the possession of the Institute
through the instrumentality of the late Dr. Andrew Nich-
ols, in November, 1847, who was desirous that the society
should be the owner and guardian of this interesting and
valuable specimen. The late Mr. Pickering Dodge of
Salem obtained by subscription among several of his
friends the requisite funds to purchase the rock and ad-
jacent land and to make some improvements, including
an iron ladder to aid in ascending to the summit, from
which an extensive view is obtained. This purchase was
made of Caleb Osborne, who obtained the property of
Amos Trask, Jr., June 27, 1831, being part of the dis-
tributive share in the real estate of his father, Joseph

123

Trask, of Danvers, who died in 1813. This property
had undoubtedly been in the possession of the Trask family
for two or three generations. It would be an interesting
subject for the antiquarian to trace back the ownership to
the original grantee and also ascertain the origin of the
name " /Ship Hock" and the various traditions respecting
the same. Some of these are more or less fanciful.
The President stated that among the recent donations to
the Society was a photograph, from Mr. "W. B. Trask of
Boston, of the old Trask house on Boston Street, Salem,
that was built by one of his ancestors about 1680.

INDIAN RELICS FROM BEVERLY.

Mr. F. W. Putnam exhibited a small but very inter-
esting collection of stone relics found in Indian graves in
Beverly in July last, and presented to the Peabody Acad-
emy of Science by John Lovett of Beverly, and Messrs.
David Moore, John Felt, C. Cooke and himself.

These relics were of great interest, as their authenticity
as coming from graves was beyond question, Mr. Putnam
having taken some of them from the graves himself, and
having been shown the exact spot where the others were
found. The only regret is that the relics from the three
graves were mixed together so that the collection has to
be spoken of as coming from three graves without being
able to designate the particular article from each, except
that one of the graves contained two pipes, a second, one
pipe, while the third did not contain any. The three
pipes were of soapstone, of the same general size, charac-
ter and shape, consisting of a flat base about four and
one-half inches in length, narrowing at each end, and
about two inches in width at the central and widest por-
tion under the bowl. This base was perforated by the
hole for the passage of smoke from the bowl to the mouth

124

of the smoker, the base of the pipe thus answering for a
stem. The hole was about one-eighth of an inch in diam-
eter, and was evidently bored to the bowl before the thin
base of not over a quarter of an inch in average thickness
was finished off, as a small ridge was left over the hole
along the upper edge of the stem portion. About the
bowl are several holes through the flat portion, probably
used for fastening the pipe to a wooden holder or for the
attachment of ornaments. The bowl is smaller at its
base than at its top, and largest in the centre where the
diameter is one and one-half inches. The height of the
bowl is two and one-half inches, with a slight rim at its
edge This description answers to the two pipes exhib-
ited, and the third, which did not fall into the possession
of the Academy, was said to be of the same sh;ipc and
size. One of the pipes has two lines cut round the upper
portion of the bowl, and the bottom of the base is nearly
covered with transverse, longitudinal and cross lines. In
one of the graves was found a small piece of smooth sand-
stone about two and a half inches long by three-quarters
of an inch in width and one-eighth of an inch in thick-
ness, on which were several markings, which may have a
meaning, bill al present all that can be said is that they
consist of two or three lines sweeping from the left upper
corner to the bottom and then up to the right upper cor-
ner, with two lines drawn across the surface about a quar-
ter of an inch apart, connected by eight cross lines,
making such a picture as a child would draw to represent
a ladder, and at the side of this are two lines coming
together at the top, as a child would draw a tent, and two
other semicircular lines are crossed by several smaller
ones. The opposite surface of this stone is not finished
as smoothly as the one having the markings.

The other relics consisted of one well made spear

125

point, one partially made arrow point, two "skin dress-
ers" and three narrow, flat stones smoothly finished and
with a hole bored through one end. The smallest of
these stones is about twice as long as wide, and has a
blunt but sharpened edge. The other two are about half
as long again as the short one and are square edged, and
are also distinguished from the small one by the presence
of notches on the end where the hole is. One of them is
of a fine sandstone and was evidently used for the pur-
pose of sharpening other implements on.

There wrere also three flat pieces of sandstone well
worn and grooved by serving as sharpening stones, and
also another smooth oval stone.

Besides these stone implements and the pipes, there
were several quite large pieces of mica found in the
graves, and several of the implements, as well as the
earth taken from the bottom of the grave, are colored
quite red, evidently by red ochre being put in the graves.

The only remains of the skeletons consisted of a small
portion of the skull found in one of the graves, and the
enamel of one molar tooth. All else had been reduced
to dust. The graves were on the top of a large gravel
hill and had been scooped out, and after the body had
been put in the grave had been filled in with the surface
soil and not with the gravel taken out, as was distinctly
seen, as these graves were reached not by digging down
from the top but by coming on them from the side in dig-
ging away the hill, thus exposing them in section. A de-
tailed description of these relics, accompanied by figures,
will be given in the sixth volume of the American JVatu-
ralist.

Mr. James H. Emerton exhibited a large collection of
plants that had been made during the forenoon rambles,

12G

representatives from the different localities visited, and
specified among others several species of water plants
which were very interesting to the audience — thus the
(Bladderwort) Utricularia inflata with its leaves bearing
little bladders filled with air that float the plant at the
time of flowering, henee its name. The Limnanthemum
lacunosum, so called from the situation where it grows,
the JSTupJiar advena, and the favorite water lily of our
ponds, Nymphea odorata. He described two species of
native orchis, Platantltera psycodes, and lacera for the
purpose of showing the method of fertilization by the
help of insects ; first in spiranthes, and afterwards in
other specimens of the orchis family, particularly the
ragged orchis (Platanthera lacera). In the orchis the
stamens and pistils are united into one organ, the stamens
being above the pistils. In spiranthes a modified stigma,
projects between the true stigma and the stamen. As the
pollen ripens, it projects from the stamen and attaches
itself to the viscid surface of this modified stigma.
When an insect enters the flower, this viscid stigma be-
comes detached and adheres to it, so that the insect car-
ries it away ami the pollen with it. On entering another
flower the insect pushes the pollen against its stigma, and
thus it ensures the fertilization of one flower by the pol-
len of another. In other orehids, the same result is ob-
tained in different ways.

Mr. William B. Trask, of Boston, being called upon
by the President, made a few remarks in regard to the
old "Trask House," L>8 Boston street, Salem, which
was photographed in June last, and a copy of it presented
to the Institute. This house was built, it is supposed,
about the year 1680, by William, eldest son of Capt.
William Trask. It was occupied by him and his family,

127

and used in part, for many years, according to tradition,
as a public house, under the cognomen of the "Black
Horse Tavern." Mr. Felt, in his "Annals of Salem," in-
forms us that in the year 1690, Wm. Trask was recom-
mended as an innkeeper. Six generations of his descen-
dants were born, have lived and died there. Isaac Bul-
lock, who deceased Dec. 30, 1870, in the 71st year of
his age, "was the last of the descendants of C;ipt. Wm.
Trask, who drew their first breath within the walls of this
old mansion. Mr. B., in one of his illustrated books
that he has left behind him, showing his refined taste and
great genius, gives a colored view of the old house, his
home. He remarks that it was used as a tavern from
1690 until about 1740, which would be a period of about
fifty years. A part of the ancient bar remains in the lower
western room. The house of the father, Capt. Wm., is
mentioned in his will of 1666, written a few days before
his death. This house is supposed to have been about
one hundred feet in the rear of the present edifice. The
original well dug by the "old planter" as early it may
have been as 1627-8, nearly two and a half centuries a«-o.
is still used. It is quite deep. The water is superla-
tively good, and the supply abundant. It is said to have
been in the front yard of the former house ; it is in the
rear of the present one.

It will be remembered by those conversant with the
early history of Salem that Capt. Trask was an important
personage in the town and colony, in a civil and military
capacity. He was a particular friend and companion of
Governor Endieott, but came to this country before him,
probably with Roger Conant. From a document extant
in the Massachusetts archives, we learn that in 1648-9,
Wm. Trask exchanged two hundred and fifty acres of land
with the Governor for five hundred apple trees of three

128

years' growth. His orchard was just back of the old
burial place, where a number of his descendants are in-
terred. In his will before referred to, he especially ap-
points that his wife Sarah "shall have some of the fruit of
the orchard for her own use and a little spot for a garden
if shee desires it during the time of her life." We have
been told, on good authority, that a portion of the re-
mains of Capt. Trask's mill, behind the homestead, on
the Harmony Grove side of the river, was visible in the
early part of the present century.

Mr. Trask said that he had been highly gratified with
his visit to the "Old Ship Hock" to-day, and was glad to
think that this boulder, which, with the land adjoining,
was formerly in his family, had come into the possession
of the Institute, where it would be so well taken care of
and preserved. Had this massive granite rock been
found in the neighborhood of his own residence, he
thought it not unlikely that before this time that boulder
of many tons' weight would have been blasted and con-
verted into stones for underpinnings and for cellar walls.

Mr. F. W. Putnam mentioned another singular erratic
known by the name of " Phcelon Rock" which is said to
possess more interest geologically than Ship Rock, and
expressed the desire that measures should be taken to
have the same purchased by the Institute.

Alter remarks from several members, this subject was,
on motion of Mr. W. P. Upham, referred to a committee,
to consider and report.

After the transaction of some unimportant business,
and the passage of a vote of thanks to the proprietors
for the use of the chapel and to other parties who have
extended favors — the meeting adjourned.

BULLETIN

lESSZEIX INSTITUTE.

Vol. 3. Salem, Mass., October, 1871. No. 10.

One Dollar a Year in Advance. 10 Cents a Single Copy.

Meeting near "Ship Rock" in Peabody,
Wednesday, August 2, 1871.

[Continued.]
WIGWAM ROCK.

This communication from Mr. Jones Very on " Wig-
wam Rock" received since the Rockville meeting, is here
inserted as an appendix to the report of that meeting.

Dear Sir: — I wish to correct a statement of mine
in the first number of the second volume of the Histor-
ical Collections. I there stated "that Wigwam Rock was
probably the same as now called Ship Rock." A recent
ramble in that vicinity has convinced me that it is not.

Samuel Very's farm was much farther to the west of
Ship Rock. It was bounded on the west by Cedar Pond.
A cart road runs northeastward from this pond through
the woods to a public road, known on the old maps as
Putney's road, running from Lowell Street to Newbury-
port turnpike. Following this cart road from the pond,
about a sixth of a mile, I found a large rock, half as large
as Ship Rock, making a corner boundary stone of two
Essex Inst. Bulletin. hi 17

130

old stone walls, covered with lichens, and having every
appearance of having been built two hundred years ago.
This I believe to be the Wigwam Rock mentioned in the
deeds of Edmond Butler and Richard Way. The first,
in 1G52, is as follows: — "Edmond Butler, Salem, sold
to Richard Way, for twenty pounds, fourteen acres of
upland, lying next Thomas Goldthwait's land on the
north ; and ten acres lying on the south and a little below
Wigwam Rock ; and a piece of land running down to the
river." 1st Book, p. 15. The deed of Richard Way to
Samuel Very , 1656, runs thus: — "And one acre of land
which sometime was Edmond Butler's, where the house
of Philip Verren, deceased, formerly stood ; and a parcel
of land containing about one acre and a half, exchanged
with the town, on the south side of the brook near the
farm ; and also fourteen acres of ground, or thereabouts,
bounded with a parcel of ground of Thomas Goldthwait's
on the marsh ; and the ten acres on the east and to the
south, a little below a rock, known by the name of Wig-
wam Rock; and to the northeast on Thomas Antrim,
with a small strip of land running down to the river to
the south, containing about two roods; to have and to
hold." 1st Book, p. 74.

The ten acre lot described in these deeds was probably
that lying to the east and south of this corner boundary
stone. The land slopes off from this stone, and on the
other side of the cart road makes a steep descent of fifty
or sixty feet. Thus the words "a little below" would
correspond. It is a suitable place, too, for an Indian
camp, as my friend, the farmer, thought. Local tradition
is silent. There are a number of other very large boul-
ders, some as large as Ship Rock, a little to the left as
you follow this road ; but none so likely to be Wigwam
Rock as the one I have described. — Jones Very.

131

Special Meeting, Tuesday, September 5, 1871.
hon. otis p. lord's memorial address on

ASAHEL HUNTINGTON.

The meeting was called to order by the President at
7.30 P. M., with the following remarks.

Members and Friends of the Essex Institute : —
We are assembled this evening to pay a tribute of respect
to the memory of one who has been, for many years, a
prominent citizen in this community. His pleasing and
cordial greetings in our streets and the usual places of re-
sort will be long remembered. He had been called by
his fellow citizens to occupy several places of honor and
trust, and always discharged the duties incumbent thereon
to the satisfaction of his constituency. He always took a
lively interest in the various institutions of this city, hav-
ing for their objects the promotion of religion, benevo-
lence, literary or general culture, especially in this insti-
tution, which for four successive years (1861 — 1865)
elected him to its presidency.

It is therefore appropriate that we should assemble, on
this the first anniversary of his decease, to listen to the
reading of a memoir of his life and character, prepared
at our request by the Hon. Otis P. Lord.

Mr. Lord had long been one of his most intimate and
cherished friends, and his acceptance of this duty merits
our warmest thanks. Allow me to introduce to you Mr.
Lord.

Mr. Lord then delivered his memorial address, which
was listened to with intense interest and was a faithful
and correct delineation of Mr. Huntington's character.*
At its conclusion

♦This memoir is printed in the 11th volume of the Historical Col-
lections of the Institute.

132

Hon. Allen W. Dodge alluded briefly and in fitting
terms to the just and beautiful tribute to the memory of
our deceased friend which Mr. Lord had presented this
evening, and after narrating some reminiscences of the
early life of Mr. Huntington, especially when a law stu-
dent and residing in Newburyport, on his motion it was

Voted, That the thanks of the Essex Institute be pre-
sented to the Hon. Judge Lord for his memorial dis-
course on the late Asahel Huntington, so rich and accu-
rate in its facts, so felicitous and touching in its portrayal
of his character, and that he be requested to furnish a
copy for publication in the Transactions of the Institute.

Regular Meeting, Monday, October 16, 1871.

The meeting was called to order by the President at
7.30 P.M.

Records of preceding meeting read.

The Secretary announced the following correspon-
dence : —

From U. S. Department of Agriculture, Aug. 10, 14, 24, 30; American Antiqua-
rian Society, Sept. 19; Bergen Museum, June 30, July 27; Boston Public Library,
Sept. 14; Buffalo Eistorical Society, Aug. 16, Sept. 14; Leeds Philosophical and
Literary Society, Aug. 24; London Society of Antiquaries, Aug. -20: Massachu-
setts Historical S tciety, Sept. 14; Minnesota Historical Society, Oct. LO; Moravian
Historical Society, Sept. 18; Mount Holyoke Seminary, Oct. 12; New York Genea-
logical and Biographical Society, Oct. 14; Ohio Historical and Philosophical Soci-
ety, Sept. 28; Pennsylvania Historical Society. Aug. 28; Washington Young
Men's Christian Association, Aug. 3, 10; Vale College, Corporation of, Sept.
■21 ; C. A. Baker, Cambridge, Aug. G; George F. Browning, Salem. Aug. 11; D. A.
Chever, Denver, C. T., Sept. 24, 29; Henry Cook, Boston, Sept. 8, 13; J.H.Gan-
nett, East Gloucester, Sept. 19; P. A. Hanaford, New Haven, Sept. 8; James W.
Harris, Cambridge, Sept. 22; Daniel H. Johnson, Salem, Aug. 30; Noyes, Holmes
& ( o., Boston, Aug. IS. Sept. 16. Oct. 6; Jonathan Pierce, Boston, Aug. 12; T.
Prime, Rowley, Sept. S; B. T. Heed, Boston. July 29; J. Hammond Trumbull.
Hartford, Sept. 11.

The Librarian reported the following additions : —

By Donation.
Atwood, E. S. The Scotsman, Aug. 4, 7,8, 1871. Edinburgh Daily Review,
Aug. 5. 1871. Scott's Centenary, Aug. 15, 1871.

133

Baker. Conrad, of Indianapolis, Ind. Reports of the Adjutant General of In-
diana. 8 vols. Svo.

BEMIS, Like. West Chester, Pa. West Chester Directory. 1S57-8. 1 vol. 8vo.

Bolles. E. C. Catalogus Collegii Sanctissmae Trinitatis, 1871. Svo pamph.

Brown. Ammi. Boston Directories, 185:5, 4, 6, 7. S. 5 vols. 8vo. Patent Office
Reports. 185:5. 1856, 2 vols. Svo. Catalogue of Boston Public Library, 1854. 1 vol.
8vo. Light from the Spirit World. 1 vol. 12nio Boston Almanacs. 1857. 1865. 2
vols. 16nio. Miscellaneous pamphlets. 207.

Byricit, J. W.j of Indianapolis, Ind. Indianapolis Directories. 1858-9, 18(55, 0, 8.
9. 1870. (5 vols, svo. Amended Charter and Revised Ordinance of Indianapolis.
1 vol. Svo. 1859.

Cabot, Joseph S. Monographie des Melastomacees, 1 vol. folio. Londres,
18:5:5. Plantarum Icones, 1 vol. folio. Londini, 1789. Nicholson's Encyclopedia.
12 vols. 8vo. Domestic Encyclopedia. 3 vols. Svo. Say's Political Economy, I vol.
Svo. Young Mechanic. 1 vol. Svo. Abrege Du Dictionnaire De L Academie
Francoise, 2 vols. Svo. Historical Collections of LTnited States, 2 vols. 4to. Uni-
versal Dictionary, 1 vol. 4to. Italien Dictionaire, 1 vol. 4to.

Clogston, Wji.. of Springfield. Mass. Springfield Directories, 1854-5. 1866-7.
L8S7-8, 1868-V), l-';n-70. 5 vols. 12mo. Haverhill and Bradford, 1859, 1 vol. Svo.
Northampton, 18G8-9, 1 vol. 12mo. Norwich, 1860, 1 vol. 12mo.

Constant. G.. of Smyrna. Armenian Service Book. 1 vol. 16mo.

Cox, E. T.. of Indianapolis. Ind. First Annual Report of the Geological Survey of
Indiana, 1869. Svo pamph. Maps and Colored Section referred to in the Report of
State Geologist. 1869. 2 vols. Svo.

Devereux.G. H. Tides. NewTheorylty D.K. Chase. Svopamph. Boston, 1871.

Emerton. J. H. Indianapolis Journal, Aug. 2S, 29, 30, 31. Sept. 1. 2.

Gould of Topsfield. Baltimore Directory for 1824, 1 vol. 12mo. Johnson's

Dictionary. 1 vol. Svo. Miscellaneous pamphlets. 4.

Holmes, Thomas, of Merom, Ind. Catalogues of Officers and Students of
Union Christian College for 1864-5. 1865-6, 1866-7, 1867-8, 1869. 1870. 1871, 6 pamph-
lets, Svo. Rules and Regulations of U. C. College. Svo pamph. Course of Study
in U. C. College, 1860. Svo pamph. Constitution and By-Laws of U. C. College.
1859, Svo pamph.

Indianapolis State Board of Agricuture. Transactions of the Agricul-
tural Society of Indiana. 1853, 1 vol. Svo. Agricultural and Geological Reports.
1869, 1 vol. Svo. Agricultural Reports, 1S51-5, 1S70. 2 vols. Svo.

Johnson. Sam'l. Martin's Philosophy, 1 vol. Svo. Pike's Arithmetic, 1 vol. Svo.
Laporte's Exercises, 1 vol. Svo. Ferguson's Astronomy, 1 vol. Svo. Spanish
Grammar, 1 vol. 8vo. Kreb's Latin. 1 vol. 12mo. Morse's Universal Geography, 1
vol. Svo. Jacob's Latin Reader, 1 vol. 12mo. Arnold's Greek Exercises. 1 vol. 12mo.
Emerson's Arithmetic, 1 vol. 12mo. Parker's Philosophy. 1 vol. 12mo. Russell's
Elocutionist, 1 vol. 12mo. Fowle's Speller, 1 vol. 12mo. Smith's Arithmetic. 1 vol.
16mo. Worcester's Geography, 1 vol. 16mo. Emerson's Arithmetic. 1 vol. 16mo.
Bullion's Grammar, 1 vol. 12mo. Latin Tutor, 1 vol. 12mo. Paley's History, 1 vol.
16mo. Dwyer on Elocution, 1 vol. 12mo. Colburn's Arithmetic, 1 vol. 12mo.
Tower's Reader, 1 vol. 12mo. Parker's English Composition, 1. vol. 12mo. Bu-
gard's French Translator, 1 vol. 12mo. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 30.

Lee. John C. Commercial Bulletin. Sept., 1871.

Levette, G. M., of Indianapolis, Ind. Transactions of the Indiana State Horti-
cultural Society, 1867, 18(59, 1870, 1871. 4 vols. Svo.

Mason, Levant L., of Jamestown, N. Y. Soldier's National Cemetery at Get-
tysburg, Pa., 1863, 1 vol. Svo. Directory of the Oil Regions, 1 vol. 8vo.

Milton Public Library. Catalogue for 1871. l vol. svo.

Morse. E. S. Indian Almanac for 1864.

134

Nichols, W. F., Armenian Almanac, 1871. Collections of Monuments of the
National Museum. 4 vols., 4to. Naples, 1870.

Packard, A. S. Report on the University of the State of Missouri, June 28, 1871.
8vo pamph.

Palfrey, C. W., Steam Engineering by James Stewart, 1 vol. 12mo. Miscella-
neous pamphlets and serials, 361.

Pickering, John, Miscellaneous pamphlets, 57.

Rauch, John H.. of Chicago, 111. Report of the Board oi Health of Chicago for
1867, 8, 9. 8vo pamph.

U. S. Department of Interior. Ninth Census of the U. S. Statistics of Popu-
lation, Advance Sheets, 4to pamph.

Ward, Mrs. James, Blunt's Coast Pilot, 1 vol. 8vo. Cooper's Tactics, 1 vol.
12mo. Log Books, 7 vols, folio.

Waters. J. Linton, of Chicago, 111. Report of the Chicago and North Western
Railway Company. 8vo pamph. 1871. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 10.

Wili.ard, John H., of Troy, N. Y. Catalogue of Troy Female Seminary for
1871, 8vo pamph.

By Exchange.

American Philosophical society of Phila. Proceedings, Jan. to July,
1871. No. 86. 8vo pamph.

BergenSKE Mrs dim in Bergen. Indft i Dinger fra Bergene Formandlkab for 1867i
8, 9, 70, 4 vols. cSvo. Forhandlinger, 1869-70. 2 pamphlets, 8 vo. Smaakvede ar Hen-
rik Krolin, 12mo pamph. Bergenseren eller nogle < >rd of det Bergenske Folkesprag,
12ini) pamph. Gierftad Grand, 12mo pamph. Miscellaneous pamphlets. 13.

Bibliotheqde UNIVER8ELLE BT Revue Suisse. Archives des Sciences phys-
iques et Natu relies. No8. 160, 161, 162, 163. 4 pamph. Geneve, Lausanne, Paris, 1871.

Boston Public Library. Nineteenth Annual Report. 1871, 8vo pamph. Bul-
letin lor July, 1871.

Boston Society of Natlral History. .Memoirs. Vol. II. Part. 1, No. II.
4to pamph.

Cincinnati Public Library. Fourth Annual Report, June, 1871, 8vo pamph.
Catalogue for 1871. l vol. 8vo.

GEORGIA Historical Society. Wilde's Summer Rose; or the Lament of the
Captive, by Anthony Barclay, Esq. 12mo pamph.

GESELLSCHAFT NATURFORSCHENDER Frefnde in Berlin. Sitzungs-Berichte,
Jahre. 1870. 8vo pamph.

Iowa State Historical Society. Annals, July, 1871. 8vo pamph. Daven-
port, 1871.

Nati rwissf.nschaftlichen Vereine in Bremer. Al)handlungen, Bd. II.
Heft. III. 1871. 8vo pamph.

SocietE Imferiale des Natiralistes de Moscow. Bulletin, 1870. No. 2.
8vo pamph.

Vereines zur Beforderung des Gartenbaues, in Berlin. Wochenschrift,
Jahrg. xiii. Nos. 1-52. 1870.

Vermont Historical Society. Collections.Vol.il. 1 vol. 8vo. 1871.

Vermont State Library. General Statute of Vermont, 1862, 1 vol. 4to. Ver-
mont, 1862. 1 vol. 4to. Vermont Legislative Documents. 1870-1. 1 vol. 8vo.
House Journal. 1870. 1 vol. 8vo. Senate Journal, 1870. 1 vol. 8vo. LawB of Ver-
mont. 1870. lvol. 8vo.

Yale College Library. Report of the Sheffield Scientific School, 1870-71.
8vo pamph. New Haven, 1871. Yale Colllege in 1871. 8vo paraph.

PUBLISHERS. American Chemist. American Literary Gazette. American Nat-
uralist. Canadian Naturalist. Christian World. Church Register. Fireside Favor-

135

ite. Francis's Catalogue. Gardener's Monthly. Gloucester Telegraph. Haverhill
Gazette. Ipswich Advance. Land and Water. Lawrence American. Little Giant.
Lynn Reporter. Medical and Surgical Reporter. Nation. Nature. Pavilion.
Peabody Press. Quarritch's Catalogue. Sailor's Magazine and Seaman's Friend.
Salem Observer. Silliman's Journal. Sotherau's Catalogue. Tilton's Journal of
Horticulture.

The President mentioned the great loss which science
and history have sustained in the destruction of the build-
ings of the Chicugo Academy of Sciences and of the
Chicago Historical Society with all their valuable collec-
tions and libraries, during the great tire on the eighth aud
ninth of this month, which had laid in ruins so large a
portion of that great and beautiful city of the northwest.
He alluded to his recent visit to these institutions and was
impressed with the value of their collections, and with
the liberality of the citizens of that city in providing such
substantial buildings and generous endowments.

THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

In 1856 the formation of a society for the promotion of
the Natural Sciences was proposed, and in the following
year the Chicago Academy of Natural Sciences was or-
ganized. A room was taken and a museum commenced,
but owing to the financial crash that came upon the coun-
try, very little was done until the year 1859, when it was
organized as a corporation under the title of the Chicago
Academy of Sciences. In 1862 the lamented Kennicott
returned from his three years' exploration in the Arctic
regions, richly laden with specimens, a part of which
were to become the property of the Academy. In the
winter of 1863-4 advantage was taken of Prof. Asjassiz'
visit to Chicago to gain his opinion of the value of the
collections secured by Mr. Kennicott. His endorsement
of Mr. Kennicott's work, and his urging the importance
of the forming a great museum in the Northwest was so
strong an incentive that money was at once secured (a

130

large sum being given at an impromptu meeting, after-
wards greatly increased by the efforts of Mr. Scammou)
and the funds placed in the hands of trustees for the
formation of a museum, of which Mr. Kennicott was
appointed Director. In 1863 Mr. Kennicott, in order to
add to the materials of the museum, accepted the appoint-
ment on the Russian American Telegraph Survey. From
this ill-fated expedition he never returned. At this time
the charge of the museum was given to Dr. Stimpson.
On June 7, 1866, a large part of the collection of over
forty thousand specimens, and all the plates for the first
part of the "Transactions" were destroyed by tire. Soon
afterwards the text of the same volume while in the
hands of the printer met the same fate. The Academy
however started forward with renewed vigor, and erected
what in any ordinary tire would have been a fire proof
building. Its collections and library were rapidly in-
creased, until, at the date of the present calamity it had
within its walls one of the, in many respects, most valu-
able collections in the country, including the larger part
of the Crustacea and other invertebrates belonging to the
Government and Smithsonian collections, and the crusta-
ceans dredged by Pourtales, which had been sent to the
Academy for Dr. Stimpson to describe. The State col-
lection of insects made by the late Mr. Walsh, had also
been deposited at the Academy.

The Academy had published its first volume of "Tran-
sactions" and forty-eight pages of its "Proceedings."
The second volume of "Transactions'' was in a forward
condition, and many pages stereotyped and several plates
printed and stored at the Academy.

Mr. F. W. Putnam, after remarks on the great loss
which science had met, and an account of his visit to the

137

Academy's rooms in August with a description of the
character of the collections destroyed, read the following
abstracts from letters which had been received : —

Chicago, Oct. 10, 1871.
"Among the other buildings involved, was the Chicago Academy of
Sciences. It was considered fire-proof; but, in the fiery furnace, its
iron shutters warped like pasteboard, and let in the devouring ele-
ment, and a precious morsel it lapped up. There were the greater
portion of the invertebrata collected by numerous explorers and in
distant oceans, originally deposited in the Smithsonian Institution,
but transferred here for especial study and description by Dr. Stimp-
son; the collection of mammals and birds made by Dr. Vaille, which
cost him years of labor and travel; two skeletons of the masto-
don ; the collections of Kennicott in the Arctic region ; of Stimpson
on the Florida reefs and the Gulf Coast; the Cooper collection of
shells, purchased by George Walker; an interesting series of imple-
ments in pottery and lava — the work of a prehistoric race — exhumed
at San Jose, Mexico, presented by J. Y. Scammon; a large collec-
tion of minerals, rich in crystalline forms, which was secured through
the exertions of Mr. E. S. Chesboro; an extensive suite of the coals
and iron ores of the Northwest, and other objects of natural history.
The Academy had become the resort for Scientific men desirous of
studying not only the natural history of the Northwest, but of the
whole country. Dr. Stimpson's MSS. relating to the invertebrates
collected on the Japan Expedition, illustrated by numerous drawings
— the labor of years, and ready for publication — were also consumed.
But a short time ago Mr. J Gwyu Jeffreys spent several days in exam-
ining our collections in reference to deep sea dredgings. But all are
gone. The patrons through whose munificence the Academy was
built up have shared in the general calamity. Many of the specimens
cannot be replaced; but when the Academy shall arise like a Phoenix
from its ashes is a matter of doubt. The present is not a time for
consultation while the embers are yet alive, and while the smoke is
yet ascending." — J. W. Foster.

Chicago, Oct. 12.
" Please stop the sale of the books and papers in the agency. We
have not a copy left of any of them. The Academy building and
everything in it was utterly destroyed — not a scrap of paper or a
specimen saved. My own books, collections, MSS. and drawings —
twenty years' work all gone ! " — Wm. Stimpson.

Mr. Putnam then offered the following resolutions,
Esskx Inst. Bulletin. iii 18

138

which were seconded with remarks from Messrs. E. C.
Bolles and E. S. Morse, the president and others, and
unanimously passed : —

Resolved. That the Essex Institute tenders its sympa-
thy to its sister society, the Chicago Academy of Sci-
ences, in her second trial by fire, in which she has lost
not only her buildings, but all her specimens, books and
publications.

Resolved. That the Institute hereby promises to furnish
such of its publications as the Chicago Academy of Sci-
ences may desire, and to render such other assistance as
possible in the efforts of the Academy to arise for a
second time from the ashes.

The President stated that

THE CHICAGO HlsTOUICAL SOCIETY

Was organized in 1856 through the efficient efforts of
Rev. William Barry, formerly of Lowell, Mass., and was
chartered in 1857. It had accumulated a valuable library
of more than fifteen thousand bound volumes, a large col-
lection of pamphlets well arranged and catalogued, news-
papers and other historic data and memorials, a large part
of which is irrecoverable. It had a considerable collec-
tion of paintings, statuary, etc., also manuscripts and
other materials to elucidate the early history of Chicago
and of the late civil war.

The following may be specified, indicating the extent
of the loss, which not only this society but the students
of American History have sustained. The complete
journals of the father of the late Major J. H. Kinzie, ex-
tending from 1802 (before the construction of Fort Dear-
born) to 1826, containing nearly one thousand names of
residents and visitors during the earliest period (now tra-
ditionary), of the local modern history of that city ; com
plete files of the public journal of Richmond, as preserved

139

by the official head of the Confederate States ; and the
memorable proclamation of President Lincoln, in the
original draft, giving liberty to the enslaved.

By the liberality of the citizens of Chicago, who held
in high estimation the influence and labors of this society,
a building, supposed to be lire-proof, forty by fifty feet,
and designed to be the right wing of the future main
edifice, was erected a few years since at an expense of
over $60,000, including the land, for the depository of its
library and collections, and a fund was raised in addition
thereto, yielding an annual revenue of more than one
thousand dollars for their care and increase.

Mr. James Kimball proposed that a committee of three
be appointed by the chair to draft resolutions of sympa-
thy to be sent to the Chicago Historical Society.

The proposition was adopted and Messrs. James Kim-
ball, E. C. Bolles and the Secretary were appointed for
the purpose.

The committee retired, and after a short absence, re-
ported the following resolution, which was unanimously
adopted.

Whereas, the Essex Institute has learned with great
regret that in the late disastrous fire at Chicago the build-
ing, library and collections of the Historical Society of
that city were entirely destroyed, therefore :

Resolved. That the Essex Institute desires to assure
the Chicago Historical Society of the profound sympathy
and its earnest wish both to replace all the publications of
the Institute which were in that library, and to afford all
other aid which it may be in its power to give.

THE SALEM AND BOSTON STAGE COMPANY.

A communication from Mr. William H. Foster was
read, containing his reminiscences of the days of stage
coaches in Salem and of the Salem and Boston stage

140

company, during the period he was in the office of the
company. The scenes and incidents at the stables on
Union Street, and at the Old Sun Tavern then located
on the site of the present Bowker Building on Essex
Street, were very graphically described, alluding espe-
cially to the bustle, activity and stir attending the arrival
and departure of the coaches, the great events of the day.
Anecdotes and short notices of the drivers and other em-
ployes were interspersed, portraying vividly the characters
of those who were attached to the establishment. These
incidents occurred some forty-five or fifty years since, when
the turnpikes and the stage coaches were in the ascen-
dancy and had made great advance over the previous modes
of travel, displacing to a considerable extent private con-
veyances and the little wayside inns. A few years elapsed
and these in turn retreated before the advent of railroads,
which have now connected the whole country with a net-
work of iron bands and have contributed so much to the
rapid transportation of passengers and merchandise. At
that period this company was a great establishment, and
not inferior to any other line in the United States, in the
character of its agents and drivers, and in the superiority
of its teams and coaches; and perhaps in advance of
them, being the first to introduce the swing rack and foot
board, as it was termed; and after these the splendid
steel spring coaches. These coaches were mostly built
under its own supervision, in its own shops, and by its
own mechanics.

There were Stephen Daniels and Benjamin Bray, coach-
body makers ; Smith and Osgood Bradley, wheelwrights
(Bradley is now a ear builder) ; John McGlue and David
Harding, and a half a score of others, blacksmiths ; John
Chipman, John Mackie and John Frye, saddlers and car-
riage trimmers; Joseph D. Saddler and Daniel C. Man-

141

ning, painters. The gigs and coaches got up by the
company from 1821 (when it was incorporated) to 1834-5
and 6, were far superior in strength and finish to any in
present use. William Maiming, familiarly known as
r'Sir William," was the general superintendent, Henry
Cross the a^ent at Boston, and Samuel Manning had the
charge of the stable at the "Marlborough" in Boston, and
afterwards fitted out the stages with Mr. Lancaster and
ran the expresses to overtake the stages, etc.

The coaches for Boston left at 7, 8, 9, 10, A. M, 1.30
and o P. M., and arrived from Boston at 11 A. M., 1, 5,
(5, 7, 8, P. M. Any number of extras went over the
road at all times both day and night. There was also a
coach to and from Marblehcad, driven by Thompson, and
three times a week to Haverhill driven by D. Sanderson
and afterwards by Pinkham.

The drivers were James Potter, left at 7 A. M., the
first out in the morning; Woodbury Page at 8 A. M. ;
Charles Cross, afterwards Albert Knight, and then B.
Savory at 9 A. M. ; Moses Shaw at 10 A. M. on Monday,
Wednesday and Friday, and Albert Knight, afterwards
Jacob Winchester on Tuesday, Thursday and Saturday ;
Lot Peach at 1.30 P. M. The Major Shaw went out at
3 P. M., and this closed the outward or up trips to Bos-
ton for the day. Peter Ray afterwards drove this last
route.

The first coach in from Boston was at 11 A. M., the
one that left the afternoon previous at 3 o'clock ; the
Gloucester at 1 P. M., Potter at 5, Page at G, Savory at
7 and Peach at 8 P. M.

There were many extra drivers, Wm. Winchester,
Joshua Butman, Joseph Potter, Benjamin Lcavitt and
others. During the summer some of the regular and sev-
eral of the extra drivers were away on journeys. There

142

were between fifty and sixty men on the pay roll of the
company, all good and reliable.

To Potter was assigned the honor of driving Lafayette,
on his visit here in August, 1824, and on this occasion
had an open barouche and team of splendid horses, and
drove him through to Newburyport. When Henry Clay
made his visit in 1833, Page and his team of milk-whites
were in attendance and took him over the road from the
residence of Hon. Nathaniel Silsbee on Pleasant Street
to the Trctnont House, Boston, in sixty minutes. Joseph
Smith, who had been in the livery business for many
years was employed by the Committee of Reception dur-
ing Gen. Jackson's visit in 1833, and used on the occasion
an open barouche and had a team of four coal black
horses.

Mr. Daniel C. Manning first entered the service of the
company in 1823 as an office boy and carried round the
letters and bundles on the arrival of the stages. For
the small packages a horse and gig was always ready on
the arrival of each coach, and here began the first express
business of this county.

From here Daniel went into the company's paint shop,
then in charge of Joseph D. Sadler, where he served a
regular apprenticeship and became a first-class carriage
painter, in which business he continued for some years,
combining with it the letting of a few horses. The paint
shop was then abandoned and he went very extensively
into the livery business with Mr. Joseph Smith.

We see him driving, in that fearful storm on the 8th of
February, 1870, Prince Arthur to the Peabody funeral,
and for eight consecutive hours not leaving his box.
Like Mr. Peabody, he started a poor boy, but by his un-
tiring industry, and his natural resources, he is now rated
among the self made capitalists. He also had the honor

143

of driving (or running), President Polk through the city,
on the occasion of his visit here in 1847.

Before the incorporation of the Salem and Boston
Stage Co., in 1821, a line of stages had been run by Mr.
Richard Manning, and afterwards by his sons, William,
Robert and Samuel, and in 1810 or 1811 the Mannings
bought out the old Burrill line of stages. The Burrill
stables were in the rear of Court (now Washington
Street), and their office was in the rear of where Nourse's
fruit store now stands.

In 1815 or 1816 a company was formed of the Messrs.
Manning, Henry Cross and others. Holton Dale, who
will be remembered by many as the greatest whip in the
county, drove the first coach out at 7 o'clock A. M., and
Willis, a large and splendid looking man, drove the first
coach in from Boston, and afterwards Carpenter. Dale
always had elegant horses ; his team of sorrels were
square docked, and always trimmed and combed to a hair ;
his coach in order, and run very still, as about every
morning he went over it himself, and screwed up all the
nuts. Those who were in college from, say 1810 to
1816 will remember Dale, as he claimed as a right the
privilege of driving home the students at the vacations.

Instead of his coach he sometimes used an open basket
carriage which would hold fifteen or eighteen — but as
there was no convenience for baggage, that had to be
sent by another team. With the light basket carriage he
could spin oft* ten or twelve miles the hour, and land his
passengers from Cambridge, say seventeen or eighteen
miles, in an hour and thirty or forty minutes.

Once, about Christmas time, after he had started, there
came up a furious snow storm, and by the time they
reached Salem the basket was full of snow and students
closely packed together.

144

But those reminiscences are so far extended that I will
close. Many of the actors have paid the last debt of
nature, and those who are left are ffettinor to be anions:
the old folks. The following list of employees, so far as
can be recalled, is annexed.

DRIVERS.

Elolton D ilc,

Willis,

Carpenter,

James Potter,
Woodbury Page,
S imuel Shaw,
Moses Shaw,
Albert Knight,
Jacob B Winchester,
William Winchester,
Peter W. Hay,
Benjamin Savory,
Lot Peach,
« hii [e - Cross,
William Cross,
Daniel Moore.
John Hathaway.
Allien Earris,
John Lane.
J. C. Trask,
James Trask.
Addison Center.
Charles S irgent,

John Miller.
.Jonathan Cass,
Benjamin Thompson,
< lharles Dearborn,
Thomas Adams,
Joshua Bateman,
Joseph Potter.
Daniel Sanderson.
Thomas Dodge,
Benjamin Leavitt,
Isaac Pinkham,
Peter Stevens,
Thomas Adams,
J. U. Wheelock,
Noah Knox.

SADDLERS.

Joseph II. Saddler.
John Chipman,

.John \Iai-kie.
John Frye.

BLACKSMITHS.

John McGlue,

David Harding,
Peter McDermott.

WHEELWRIGHTS.

James smith.
I Osgood Bradley.

CARRIAGE-BODY

MAKERS.

Stephen Daniels,
Benjamin Bray.

PAINTERS.

Joseph D. Sadler.
Daniel C. Manning.

I LERKS.

Henry < Iross,
D. M. Lancaster,
Daniel L. Procter,
William II. Foster.

The character and time of the meetings of the Institute
were zealously discussed, most of the members present
taking part. All were earnest to have the meetings prove
more attractive to the public and to better meet the needs
of the community. It was then

Voted, That the next meeting be held on the first
Monday in November at 7£ o'clock, and that the matter
of the arrangement and order for meetings for the coming
winter be referred to the lecture committee, with instruc-
tion to report at the next meeting.

Adjourned.

BULLETIN

OF THE

ESSEX IE"STITTJTE.

Vol. 3. Salem, Mass., November, 1871. No. 11.

One Dollar a Year in Advance. 10 Cents a Single Copy.

Regular Meeting, Monday, November 6, 1871.

The President in the chair. Records read.

The Secretary read the following letter from Dr.
William Stimpson, secretary of the Chicago Academy of
Science, addressed to Vice President F. W. Putnam.

Chicago, Oct. 26, 1871.

I have just received your very kind letter of the 19th hist. Our
postal delivery is deranged on account of the lire, in which the post-
office did not escape. 1 have also received Packard's letter and that
of the Secretary of the Institute. I am on the point of starting for
the East, and have only time to write a line of thanks for them.
When I get to Maryland I will answer them in full. We have held
one meeting since the fire, and the copy of resolutions of the Essex
Institute arrived in time for it. The Academy is going on, although
we are obliged to commence at the very beginning again, but we are
greatly encouraged by the offers of aid received from all sides.

With many thanks for your own kind oilers I remain,

Very sincerely yours, Wm. Stimpson.

Letters were also read from the following : —

American Congregational Association, Oct. 21; Berlin Akklimatisations Verein,
June 20; Brunn, Naturforschende Verein, MayjJl; Buffalo Historical Society. Oct.
27; Chemnitz, NatnrwissenschaftlicheGesellschaft, June ; Danzig, Naturforschende
Gesellschaft, June 24; Freiburg, Naturforschende Gesellschafb, May 12; Kjoben-
liavn. K. Danske Videnskabernes Selskab, Sept. 14 ; Massachusetts Horticultural
Society, Oct. 28: New England Hist >ric-Genealogical Society, Oct. 28; New York
Genealogical and Biographical Society, Oct. 20. 21; New York Historical Society,
Oct. 28; New York Lyceum of Natural History. Oct. '30; Riga, Naturforschende,
Verein, May 19-31; Wiesbaden, Nassauischen Vereins fur Naturkunde, May 1;
Hanaford, P. A., New Haven, Oct. 25; Hough, F. B., Lowville, Oct. 25.

Essex Inst. Bulletin. hi 19

14(3

The Librarian reported the following additions : —

By Donation.

Boli.es, E. C. Catalogue of Officers and students of Tufts College, 1871-72.
Record of Lookwood's New Academy, Sept. L871.

Foote Caleb. Piles of several county papers for Aug., Sept., Oct. 1871.

Greble, Edwin, of Phil idelphia, Penn. Memoir of Lieut. Col. Johu T. Greble
iiff. s. Army. 1 vol. 4to. Phila. 1S70. (Printed for private circulation.)

Green, S. A., of Boston. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 16.

Holmes J. ( .. of Detroit, Mich. Constitution and By-laws of the Audubon
Club in Detroit. 16mo pamph.

Johnson, Thomas H. The Life of Joice Heth. 12mo pamph. New York. 1835.

Lee. John C. Commercial Bulletin tor Oct, 1S71.

Phillips, Willard P. Agriculture of Massachusetts, by C. L. Flint. 1 vol.
8vo. Boston. 1870-71. Reports on the Statistics of Labor. 1871. 1 vol. 8vo. Rail-
road Commissioners' Report, 1870. lvol. 8vo. Thirty-fourth Annual Report of
the Board of Education. I vol. 8vo. Manual for the General Couit, 1871. lvol.
12ino. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 4.

SMITH, Mrs. Geo. H. Martyrs,2 vols. 4to. New York, 1794. History of American
Missions, 1 vol.8vo. Christian Spectator, 3 vols. 8vo. Essays on a Congress of
Nation-, l v<d. 8vo. Missionary Herald, 1 vol. 8vo. Ely's Contrast, 1 vol. 8vo.
Christian Researches, I vol. l2mo. Indian Wars, 1 vol. 12mo. Missionary Gaz-
,1vol. 12 mo. Life of Whitefield, 1 vol. 12mo. I Geography, lvol.

12mo. Life of Philip Henry,] vol. 12ino. Life of Coustos, 1 vol. 12mo. History
of Andover, 1 vol. 12mo. The Assembly's Digest. 1 vol. l2mo. Anti-Slavery Man-
ual. 1 vol. 16mo. Salem Directories L842, 1846, 1850, 1851, L855, 1859. 6 vols. 12mo.
Flavius Josephus, l vol. folio. Missionary Herald, 74 nos.

Spooner, Thomas, of Cincinnati, Ohio. Memorial of William Spooner, and of
bis descendants, 1637 to 1871. I vol. 8vo. (Private Edition.)

Walker, Francis, of London. N"otes on Chalcidiae, l2mo pamph. List of Hy-
menoptera, 12mo pamph. List of Coleoptera, 12mo pamph.

By Exchange.

Akklimatisations Verein in Berlin. Zeitschrift fiir Acclimatisation,
Yahrg VIII, 1870. Nos. 1-12. Yahrg IX, 1871, Nos. 1-5. 3pamphs. 8vo.

Boston Public Library. Bulletin for Oct., 1871. 8vo pamph.

Crosse et Fischer. Journal de Conchyliologie. Tomel, No. 4. 1870.

Det Kongelige Norske Universitet i Christiania. Forhandlinger i
Vidensfeabs Selskabet i Christiania, Aar, 1869, 1870, 8vo pamphs. Det Kongelige
Norske Frederiks (Jniversitets Aars beretning for Aaret 1869, 1870. 8vo pamphs.
Index Scholarum, 4t0 pamph. Le Neve De Justidal et Ses Glaciers parC.de
Sene. tu> pamph. Lymphekjertlernes Anatomi af G. Armaner Hansen, 4to
pamph. Omeui Sommeran, 1869, foretagen entomologisk Reisse af H. Siebke. 8vo
pamph. Magnetiske Underspgelser foretagen i 1868 af E. A. II. Sinding, 8vo •
pamph.

Literary and Historical Society of Quebec, Transactions of, 1870-71. New
Series, Part VIII. Quebec, 1871. 8vo pamph.

Nassai ischen Vereins kit: Naturkunde of Wiesbaden. Jahrbiicher Jahrg
XXIII, XXIV. 1 vol. 8vo. Wiesbaden, 1869-70.

Natureorschende Geseeeschaft in Danzig. Schriften, Neue Folge, Band
II. Heft 3, 4. Danzig. 1871.

Natureorschende Gesellschaft in Freiburg, Baden. Berichte iiber die
Verhandlungen. Bd. Y. Heft 3. 4. 1871.

147

Naturforsciiende Verein in Brunn. Verhandlungen, Baud VIII, Heft 1-2,
2 pampfas. 8vo.

Naturforschender Verein in Riga. Arbeiten, Heft, 3, 4. 1S70-71.

Naturwissenschaftlichen Gesellschaft in Chemnitz. Dritter Bertrht,
186S-70. 8vo pamph.

New England Historic-genealogical Societt. Register for Oct., 1871.
. New York Genealogical and Biographical Societt. Genealogical and
Biographical Record. Vols. 1, 2. 1870-71.

Piitsikalisch-Medicinische Gesellschaft in Wurzurb. Verhandlungen
der Physikalisch Medicinische Gesellschaft in Wiirzurb, Herausgegebeu vou der
Redactions. Commission der Gesellschaft, Neve Folge, Band II. Heft 1-2. 8vo.

Societt Vatjdaise des Sciences Naturelles in Lausanne. Bulletin, Vol.
x. No. 63. 8vo. pamph.

Publishers. American Chemist. American Literary Gazette. American Nat-
uralist. Christian World. Gardener's Monthly. Gloucester Telegraph. Hard-
wicke's Science Gossip. Haverhill Gazette. Historical Magazine. Land and
Water. Lawrence American. Little Giant. Lynn Reporter. Lynn Transcript.
Medical and Surgical Reporter. Nation. Nature. Pavilion. Peabody Press.
Silliman's Journal. Quarritch's Catalogue. Salem Observer.

The following donations to the Historical Department
were announced : —

S. A. Chever, of Melrose, Engraving of the Pickman House on Essex Street as
it appeared in 1830.
T. J. Dreer, of Philadelphia, Fourteen engraved portraits of eminent Americans.
Thomas H. Johnson, Several engravings of Baptist ministers.
Charles Osgood, Picture of Capt. Billop's house at Bently, Staten Island.

Mr. F. "W. Putnam exhibited a fine head of a male
American Buffalo or Bison (Bos Americanus) , which had
recently been received from David Augustus Chever,
Esq., of Denver City, Colorado, a donation to the muse-
um; and offered some remarks upon its habits and range.
The Buffalo formerly roamed over nearly the whole area
of the United States ; more recently it has been limited
to the prairies between the Missouri and the Eocky
Mountains, where it is seen in herds of several thousands,
blackening the plains as far as the eye can view ; with
the advance of civilization, it will become yet more re-
stricted, and finally it will retreat to the fastnesses of the
mountains, where it may for some years linger.

Mr. F. W. Putnam occupied the greater part of the

148

evening with a lecture on the prehistoric inhabitants of
this country, known under the general name of the
" Mound Builders."

After stating the conclusions reached by Squier, Davis,
Haven, Wilson, Lubbock, Whittlesey, Foster, Newberry,
Jones and others, and his own views derived from a
careful comparison of the facts that had been gradually
ascertained, and calling attention to the different views
that had been presented relating to the origin, course
of migration, and decay of the mound building race;
he called special attention to the large number of for-
tifications and fortified towns that had been discovered
in various parts of the country, from New York and
Pennsylvania west to the Wabash River and in the Mis-
sissippi Valley south to Tennessee; and gave an account
of a recent examination he had made of an

\N( li:\T FORTIFICATION ON THE WABASH RIVER.

After the adjournment of the Indianapolis meeting of
the American Association for the Advancement of Sci-
ence in August last, it was his good fortune to be able to
take advantage of the kind oiler of Prof. Cox, State
Geologist of Indiana, to make an examination of an
ancient earth work at Merom, Sullivan Co., Ind., which
had been christened "Fort Azatlan" by Mr. John Col-
lett. Assistant of the Survey, and is so designated on the
geological map of the County. Accompanied by Messrs.
Cox,Collett, Cooke and Emerton, and provided with free
passes over the Terre Haute and Indianapolis, and the
Evansville and Crawfordsville Railroads, by the open-
handed liberality of the officers of the roads ; and cordially
entertained and greatly assisted by T. Kearns, Esq., Pres-
ident Holmes, the Doctors Harper and other kind friends
in Merom ; he was able to make a partial examination of

149

the earth work, of which the following engraving, pre-
pared from a large plan made by Mr. J. H. Emerton, from
plottings taken with the assistance of Messrs. Reams
and Collett, gives the outline and general character.

The fort is situated on a plateau of loess, about one
hundred and seventy feet in height above low water, on
the east bank of the river. On the river side, the bank,
which principally consists of an outcrop of sandstone, is
very steep, and forms the western line of the fortification,
while deep ravines add to its strength on the other sides :
the weak points being strengthened by earth works. The
general course of the work is from the north, where it is
very narrow (not over 50 feet) owing to the formation of
the plateau, south along the river bank about 725 ft. to its
widest portion (at H) which is here about 375 ft. east
and west. From this point it follows a deep ravine south-
erly about 460 ft. to the entrance end of the fort. The
bank traversed by the entrance road is here much wider
than at other portions, and along its outer wall, running
eastward, are the remains of what was evidently once a
deep ditch. The outer wall (A, B) is about 30 ft. wide
and is now about 1 1-2 ft. high ; a depressed portion of
the bank, or walk way, then runs parallel with the outer
wall, and the bank (C, D) is then continued for about 20
ft. further into the fort, but of slightly less height than
the front. Through the centre of these banks there are
the remains of a distinct roadway about 10 ft. in width.

From the northeastern corner of this wide wall the line
continues northwesterly about 350 ft. along the eastern
ravine to a point where there is a spring and the ravine
makes an indenture of nearly 100 ft. to the southwest.
The mouth of the indenture is about 75 ft. in width and
the work is here strengthened by a double embankment
(E, F). The natural line of the work follows this inden-

150

<V>

\

C\.

' 100 FT f 200 FT I

Fort Azatlan, on the Wabash River at Merom, Ind.

151

ture and then continues in about the same northerly course
along the banks of the ravine, to the narrow portion of
the plateau about 550 ft. to the starting point.

There is thus a continued line, in part natural and in
part artificial, which if measured in all its little ins and
outs would not be far from 2450 ft.

Besides the spring mentioned as in the indenture of the
eastern ravine, there is another spring in the same ravine
about 175 ft. to the north of the first, and a third in the
southwestern ravine about 125 ft. to the west of the south-
western corner of the work.

Looking at all the natural advantages offered by this
location it is the one spot of the region, for several miles
along the river, that would be selected to-day for the erec-
tion of a fortification in the vicinity, with the addition of
the possession of a small eminence to the north, which in
these days of artillery would command this fort. Having
this view in mind a careful examination was made of the
eminence mentioned, to see if there had ever been an
opposing or protective work there, but not the slightest in-
dication of earth work fortification or of mounds of hab-
itation was discovered. Though some five or six miles
up the river on the Illinois side, at Hutsonville, a large
group of some fifty-nine mounds of habitation were inves-
tigated, about which more will be said at another time.

The interior of this fortification contains much of inter-
est and its history may yet be in part made out by a
more. extended examination than it was possible to make
during the few days given to its exploration.

On crossing the outer wall a few low mounds are at
once noticed, and all around are seen large circular depres-
sions. At the southern portion of the fort these depres-
sions, of which there are forty-five in all, are most numer-
ous, thirty-seven of them being located south of a line

152

drawn from E on the northern side of the indenture of
the eastern ravine to the projecting extreme western point
of the fort at H.

These depressions vary in width from ten to twenty-five
or thirty feet, and are irregularly arranged, as shown by
the accompanying engraving, where they are represented
by the black circles. One of the six depressions oppo-
site the indenture of the eastern ravine is oval in shape,
and is the only one that is not nearly circular, the others
varying but a foot or two in their diameters.

Two of these depressions were dug into and it was found
that they were evidently once large pits that had gradually
been tilled by the hand of time with the accumulation of
vegetable matter and soil that had been deposited by nat-
ural action alone. In some instances large trees are now
growing in the pits and their many roots make digging
difficult. A trench was dug across one pit (J) throwing
out the soil carefully until the former bottom of the pit
was reached at a depth of about live feet. On this bottom
ashes and burnt clay gave evidence of an ancient tire,
and at a l\-\v feet on one side several pieces of pottery, a
few bones of animals, and one stone arrowhead were
found. A spot had evidently been .-truck where food had
been cooked and eaten, and though there was not time to
open other pits there is no doubt but that they would tell
a similar story, and the legitimate conclusion to be drawn
from the facts is that these pits were the houses of the
inhabitants or defenders of the fort, who were probably
further protected from the elements, and tin; arrows of
assailants, by a roof of logs and bark or boughs. The
great number of the pits would show that they were for a
definite and general purpose and their irregular arrange-
ment would indicate that they were not laid out with the
sole idea of acting as places of defence, though those near

153

the walls of the fort might answer as covers from which
to fire on an opposing force beyond the walls, and the six
pits near the eastern indenture, in front of three of which
there are traces of two small earth walls, and the two
commanding the entrance of the fort, would strengthen
this view of the use of those near the embankment.

In many of the ancient fortifications that have been
described by Mr. Squier and others, pits have been noticed,
but they have been only very few in number and have
been considered as places for the storage of food and
water. The great number in this small earthwork, with
the finding that one at least was used for the purpose
of cooking and eating food, is evidence that they were for
some other purpose here, though some of the smaller ones
may have answered for storehouses.

The five small mounds were situated in various parts of
the enclosure. The largest (G) was nearly fifty feet in
diameter and was probably originally not over ten feet in
height. It had been very nearly dug away in places, but
about one-fifth of the lower portion had not been disturbed.
From this was exhumed one nearly perfect human skeleton
and parts of several others that had been left by former
excavators. This mound also contained several bones of
animals, principally of deer, bear, opossum and turtles ;
fragments of pottery, one arrowhead, a few flint chips,
and a number of thick shells of unios, two of which had
been bored near the hinge. This mound has yielded a
number of human bones to the industry of Dr. H. Frank
Harper who has furnished a description of them which
will be included in an article to appear in the Naturalist.

The second mound (1) which was partly opened, was
some twenty-five feet in diameter and a few feet in height,
though probably once much higher. In this a number
of bones of deer and other animals were found, several

Essex Inst. Bulletin. hi 20

154

pieces of pottery, a number of shells and a few human
bones. The other three mounds, one of which is not
over ten or twelve feet in diameter and situated the fur-
thest to the north, were not examined internally.

The position of all the mounds, within the enclosure,
which are indicated by the white circles on the cut, is such
as to suggest that they were used as observatories, and it
may yet be questioned if the human aud other remains
found in them were placed there by the occupants of the
fort, or are to be considered under the head of intrusive
burials by a later race. Perhaps a further study of the
bones may settle the point. That two races have buried
their dead within the enclosure is made probable by the
finding of an entirely different class of burials at the ex-
treme western point of the fortification, indicated on the
engraving by the three quadrangular figures at II. At this
point Dr. Harper, the year previous, had discovered three
stone graves, in which he found portions of the skeletons
of two a lults and one child. These graves, the stones of
one being still in place, were found to be made by placing
thin slabs of stone on end, forming the sides and ends, the
tops being covered by other slabs, making a rough stone
coffin in which the bodies had been placed. There was no
indication of any mound having been erected, and they
were placed slightly on the slope of the bank.' This kind
of burial is so distinct from that of the burials in the
mound, that it is possible that the acts may be referred to
two distinct races who have occupied the territory succes-
sively, though they may prove to be of the same time and
simply indicate a special mode adopted for a distinctive
purpose.

The short time given to the examination of this inter-
esting work left many important points unsettled, and since
his return the relics discovered have not been looked at.

155

At a future meeting Mr. Putnam trusted to be able to give
a more decisive opinion on several points, after a careful
study of the specimens shall have told their story so far
as it can be read from old bones and broken pottery.

Quarterly Meeting, Wednesday, November 8, 1871.

President in the chair. Records read.
Rev. E. C. Bolles was added to the Lecture Commit-
tee, and Mr. G. D. Phippen to tlie Publication Committee.
S. W. Arrington, of Salem, was elected a member.

Regular Meeting, Monday, November 20, 1871.

The President in the chair. Records read.
The Secretary announced the following correspon-
dence : —

From Philadelphia Library Company, Nov. 11; Keene Natural History Society,
Nov. 10; J. EL Emerton, Providence. R. I.. Nov. 13; James P. Franks, Salem, Nov.
7; B. Perley Poore, Indian Hill Farm, Nov. 11 ; S. Salisbury, Worcester, Nov. 13.

The Librarian reported the following additions : —

By Donation.

BusWEtX, E. TV., of Boston. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 20.

COGSWELL, Wm. Report on the Statistics of Labor in Mass. 1S71. 1vol. 8vo.
Marine Insurance Report. 1870. 1S71. 2 vols. 8vo. Report on the Statistics of Labor
in 1871. 2 vols. 8vo. Ceremonials at the Unveiling of the Statue of Gov. John A.
Andrew, Feb. 14, 1871. 10 copies. Massachusetts State Documents for 1870,1871.
Report of the Commissioners on Inland Fisheries. Jan., 1671. 8vo pamph. Mis-
cellaneous pamphlets, 7.

Doechester, D. Catalogue of Officers and Students of Middlebury College,
1871-72. Catalogue of Officers and Students of Tufts College, 1870-71.

Franks, J. P. History of Pennsylvania Volunteers, by S. P. Bates. 4 vols. 8vo.

Gilla.v. John". Briti-h Shipmasters' Guide. 1 vol. 8vo. Bowditch Navigator.
1 vol. 8vo. Blunt's Coast Pilot. 1 vol. 8vo. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 14.

156

Kimball James. Salem Directories, 1866,r18G9. 2 vols. 8vo. Report on Prisons
and Prison Discipline. 8vo pamph. Report of the School Committee of Salem,
Jan., 1868.

Morse, E. S. Remarks on the Adaptive Coloration of Mollusca by donor. 8vo
pamph. Remarks on the Relations of Anomia, by donor. 8vo"pamph.

Palfkay, C. W. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 9.

Poore, B. Perley, Washington. D. C. Syracuse Directory, 1857. 1 vol. 8vo.
N. E. Mercantile Directory. ISi'.t. 1 vol. 8vo. Gazetteer of the St. Joseph Valley.

1 vol. 8vo. Cincinnati in 1851. 1 vol. 8vo. Boston Directory, 1817-8. 1 vol. 8vo.
Washington and Georgetown Directory for 1860. 1 vol. 8vo. Affleck's Calendar
and Annals forlS51. 1 vol. 12mo. National Calendar and Annals of U. S., 1831,
1832, 1833. •'! vols. l2mo. Register ofOfficers and Agents in U. S., 1820. l vol. 12mo.
Newburyport Directories, 1851, 1852. 2vols. 12mo. Boston Almanac. 18.">0. 1vol.
16mo. Almanacs, 75. Congressional Directories, 19 nos. Navy Register, 4 nos.
Army Register, 4 nos. Miscellaneous pamphlets. 7.

Walker, Francis L., of London. Notes on Chalcidiae. Parts III. IV.

2 paraphs. 8vo.

Wasiiingtoxian Home. Report for 1871. 8vo pamph.

Bif Exchange.

BiBLlOTHEQUB UNTVERSELLE BT Revue Suisse. Archives des Sciences phys-
iques et naturelles. Nos. 164, 165. 8vo pamph. Geneve. 1871.

Maryland Historical Soi iety. The First steamboat Voyage on the West-
ern Waters. By J. II. B. Latrobe. 8vo pamph.

Providence Athenxum. Report ofthe Directors of, Sept. 25, 1871. 8vo pamiih.

Somersetshire Archaeological and Natural History Society in Tauv-
ton, England. Proceedings or, 1870. 8vo pamph.

Publishers. American Literary Gazette. American Naturalist. Gloucester
Telegraph. Haverhill Gazette. Ipswich Advance. Lawrence American. Little
Giant. Lynn Reporter. Lynn Transcript. Our Dumb Animals. Nation. Nature.
Peabody Press. Salem Observer.

The following donations to the Historical Department
were reported.

BOLLES, E. C. Plan of Chicago, showing the burnt district.
Gillan, John. Miscellaneous Charts, 30.

Trask, W. B.. of Dorchester. View of the Trask House, Boston St., taken Oc-
tober, 1871. Miscellaneous Charts, 8.

LITTLE AUK.

The President mentioned that among the recent addi-
tions to the museum were several specimens of the Little
Auk (Mergulus alle) which were found at Middleton,
Hamilton, Salem and other places, driven inland by the
gale of the Wednesday preceding ; this storm was con-
sidered the most severe, and the tide the highest, of any
since April, 1851. Some of the above specimens were
exhausted by buffeting weather and fatigue, so that they

157

were easily taken by the hand. We learn by the news-
papers that specimens of this bird were found at Lowell,
Dracut, Lawrence, Haverhill, Gloucester, Rockport, Sud-
bury, Concord and many other localities. This little bird
known to the mariners as the "Greenland Dove," from
its quaint resemblance to that family of birds, is a dweller
in the Arctic Circle, seldom proceeding far from those
desolate and glacial regions except when accidentally
driven by severe storms. Occasionally, specimens are
found on the coast in the wintry season. It may be con-
sidered a rare occurrence to observe them in such num-
bers and extending over so large a territory.

Mr. A. C. Goodell, Jr., gave a sketch of the progress
of legislation, through the period between the arrival of
the charter of the province of Massachusetts Bay, in
1692, and the adoption of the Constitution in 1780.

After briefly alluding to the colonial charter, and the
laws and jurisprudence of the colony, and recalling the
prominent political events of that period as described by
Mr. Upham in his address to the Institute at the meeting of
April 5, 1869, he proceeded to show that a great change,
both in laws and manners, took place here shortly after
the new charter went into operation. Then fashions in
dress began to be copied from the French; music began
to be cultivated ; domestic comforts and luxuries were in-
creased ; assemblies for secular purposes and amusements
were more open and frequent ; the barriers of rank were
broken ; the current secular literature of England began
to receive general attention ; newspapers appeared, and
the printing press was put to more general use. The pub-
lic mind be^an to lose something of the absoAing interest
it had formerly manifested in theological speculations,
and was turned to the consideration of the problems of

158

trade, the right of liberty of conscience, freedom of
speech and of thought, and improvements in agriculture,
the mechanic arts and architecture: so that, in short,
the issues which had excited the warmest controversies,
and had drawn general attention in colonial times, were
nearly forgotten in the new and more practical differences
respecting matters of social and political economy, culmi-
nating finally in the one great issue of independence of
the British Crown.

Whoever supposes that the idea of American indepen-
dence, and the steps for securing that end were first de-
vised by the patriots of the revolutionary period, makes
a great mistake. The steps towards independence were
many, and can be traced throughout our provincial his-
tory back into colonial times; but, during the existence
of the Province charter they were firmly and openly
made long before most of the heroes of the devolution
were born.

The organization of the legislature under the Province
charter, which now consisted of two distinct bodies in-
stead of one general assembly, as formerly, led, natu-
rally, to the adoption of our present legislative system: —
the governor having the power by that instrument to neg-
ative any bill which had passed the house and council in
concurrence.

The rights and functions of these several branches,
under the charter, were; fruitful topics of discussion in
the assembly and among the people, and many important
points of our present constitutional law were developed
by these discus-ions, which led, also, to the elucidation of
and familiarity with parliamentary law and practice.

Some of Jhese points were then explained, including
the controversy respecting the right of the governor to
negative the choice of a speaker of the House, and the

159

right of the House to adjourn itself without the gov-
ernor's consent — which led to the explanatory charter of
1726 — and the right of the legislature to fix the amount
and the time of payment of the governor's salary, which
the assembly succeeded in maintaining against the long-
continued efforts of the Board of Trade and the Privy
Council.

The interference of the Home government in the affairs
of the province was next explained. By the terms of
the charter all acts were to be sent to England for the
Royal approval or disallowance, and under this provision
the Home government claimed and exercised a power
which, in the course of time, became intolerable to the
people of the Province. Many suggestions and decisions
of the Board of Trade and of the Privy Council were,
nevertheless, wise ; and to their interference avc are in-
"debted for much of the toleration that characterizes the
later laws and manners of provincial times, as well as the
defeat of some disastrous financial schemes, the checking
of bigotry and superstitious tendencies, the rejection of
some narrow and injurious commercial theories, and some-
thing of personal liberty.

The laws of the province being thus submitted to the
Crown for rejection or approval received the attention of
the best minds in England. As expounders of our con-
stitutional rights under the charter, and as critics and
guides of the legislation and political economy of this
little community, such names as Lord Chancellor Somers,
the father of the British Constitution, Locke, the philos-
opher, Joseph Addison, the English Atticus, and Mat-
thew Prior, the poet, appear in the list with Lords Ray-
mond, Hardwicke, Talbot and Mansfield, and the many
other eminent lawyers, statesmen and scholars who sup-
ported the throne as its ministers of state for the eighty

160

years or more before the Revolution : so that this prov-
ince was well prepared not only to be the cradle of Inde-
pendence, but to act as the guide and tutor of the young
Federal Republic, called into existence by the force of its
example, and nurtured by its care.

It is true that the witchcraft folly, one of the darkest
events in our history, occurred after the provincial gov-
ernment was established; but this happened so soon after
the old charter had been superseded, the actors in it
having come to prominence under the old order of things,
and being so wedded to the traditions of the past, that the
whole delusion may with propriety be considered as the
last terrible death-gasp of ancient superstition. One year
later, and the repetition of such a tragedy had become
impossible, and before that generation had passed away
we find the people in church and legislature seeking to
retrieve the injury done to the innocent victims of that"
mental epidemic

A contrast was also drawn between the intolerance of
the colonial government and the immunity from religious
tyranny which the province charter guaranteed ; but which
was not fully secured until after a severe struggle. The
efforts of the Quakers to bring about toleration were then
described, beginning with the resistance of the towns of
Dartmouth and Tiverton to taxation for the support of
another sect, and ending with the acts passed during Bel-
cher's term, and suggested by him, for which the Friends
were grateful. The address concluded with a rapid
sketch of the events which ended in the Revolution.

BULLETIN

ESSEX INSTITUTE.

Vol. 3. Salem, Mass., December, 1871. No. 12.

One Dollar a Year in Advance. 10 Cents a Single Copy.

Regular Meeting, Monday, December 4, 1871.

President in the chair.

Records of preceding meeting read.

The Secretary read the following extract of a .letter
from Col. J. W. Foster, President of the Chicago Acad-
emy of Sciences.

November 15, 1871.
Our Academy meeting on Tuesday was well attended, and an ear-
nest feeling was expressed by all to work more faithfully in the days
of our adversity than in those of our prosperity. Mr. Walker on he-
half of the Trustees made an informal statement as to our pecuniary
condition. "We have about $60,000 to enable us to rebuild. He ex-
pressed a strong hope that the Academy would be able to secure a
donation of an entire block near the lake shore whereon to erect a
new building, and that before the expiration of two years, though he
did not speak positively, the members might reassemble under their
own roof. The action of the Essex Institute was prompt and gene-
rous, and was gratefully appreciated by us all.

Very truly, J. W. Foster.

The Secretary also announced the following correspon-
dence : —

From Joshua Coit, Salem, Nov. 25; D. Dorchester, Salem, Dec. 1; J. C Holmes,
Detroit, Mich.. Nov. 28; S. C. -T ickson, Boston, Nov. 2:;, 25, Dec. 1 ; William Stimp-
son, Ilch ester, Howard Co., Md., Nov. 13.

Essex Inst. Bulletin. hi 21

162

The Librarian reported the following additions: —

By Donation.

Austin, Col. F. Characters of .some new Hepatiae, 8vo pamph.

Bolles, E. C. Catalogue of Officers and Students of Trinity College for 1871-72.
Miscellaneous pamphlets, 9.

Clogston, Wm., of Springfield, Mass. R ichester Directories for L857, '59, 1863-4,
1864-5,1866-67,1867-68. 6 vols. 8vo. Wheeling Directory, 1868-9. lvol. 8vo. Direc-
tory of South Norwalk for 1871. lvol. 8vo. Oswego and Fulton Directory, 1862-3.
Lvol.8vo. Oswego Countj Directory, 1889-70. I vol. 8vo. Zanesville Directory.
1860, 1 vol. 8vo. Northern New York Business Directory, 1867-8. 1 vol. 8vo.
Xenia City and Greene Co. Directory, 1870-1. lvol. 8vo. Ohio State Register,
1857. l vol. 8vo. Springfield, Ohio, Directory, 1868-9, l vol. 8vo. Columhus
Directory, 1870-1. 1 vol. 8vo. Oneida County Directory, 1862-3. L vol. 12rao. Au-
burn Directory, 1863-4. l vol.8vo. Ctica City Directory. 1865-66. Lvol.l2mo.
Genesee Directory, 1869-70. I vol. Svo. Chillicothe Directory, 1869-70. i vol.8vo.
Schenectady Directory, 1868-9. Lvol. 8vo. Buffalo City Directory, 1869. lvol.
8vo. Columbus Directory. 1843-4. l vol. L2mo. Manchester Directories, 1846,
ims, 1852, L856. I vols. l6mo. Nashua Directory, 1857-8. l vol. L6mo. Massachu-
setts State Directory, 1850-1. L vol. 16mo. Treble Almanac of Dublin, 1829. i
vol. 12mo. Directory of Akron. Alliance, ( uyah >ga Falls, Middlebury, etc., 1870-1,
l vol. 8vo. Sermon preached inWesl Springfield, Mass., June 25, 1871, by Rev.
S. B. vermilye, D. D. Svo pamph.

Green, S. A., of Boston. Catalogue of Monson Academy. 1871-2. 8vo pamph.
Miscellaneous pamphlets, 13.

l.ii John< Commercial Bulletin for Nov. 1871.

\. ix, Theodore \ Boston Board of Trade, 1856, 1857, 1859,1860,

1862,1863,1834. 7 vols. svo. Land Office Report for 1867. lvol.8vo. Commercial
Agencj B I lvol. 4to. Rules and Orders of the Senate, l vol. Svo.

GuidcBooks, t. Umanacs, 3. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 27.

Smith, Ch wills C. Sen ices in memory of Rev. E. S. Gannett, D. D., Aug. :su.
L871. svo pamph.

Wallis, Mrs. James A. Manuscript Journals kept by the li on, 11

vols. Interleaved Almana : . 12.

By Exchange.

Vat.i: College Library. Catalogue of the Officers and students in Yale Col-
lege for 1871-72. svo pamph.

Pi blishers. Christian World. Gloucester Telegraph. Haverhill Gazette.
Land and Water. Lawrence American. Little Giant. -Lynn I Lynn

Tran cript. .Medical and Surgical Reporter. Nation. Nature. Peabody Press.
Sailor's Magazine and Seaman's Friend, shoe and Leather Journal. Silliman's
Journal. Sotheran's Catalogue.

The following donations to the Historical Department
were announced : —

Kimball, William. View of Es sex street from opposite the Market House to
Washington street, painted by Joseph Cloutman about 1834.

SHEPARD, M. W- Two portraits in crayon of David Ropes and his wife of
Salem. David Ropes, son of Benjamin and Hannah (Moses) Rope-, bapt. Apr. 14,
1739; variously st.vled "cooper," "trader," "gentleman," "innkeeper" and "mer-
chant;" married, Oct. 9, 1700, 1'riscilla, dau. of Jonathan and Elizabeth (Sanders)

103

Webb; died Dec. 20, 1793. The widow long survived him, preserving in her last
years a force of character and amiability which made her the object of constant
and grateful attentions from a large circle of relations. She died Oct. 5, 1S31, aged
91 years. (See Hist. Coll. of Essex Institute, vol. Ill, p. 125, and vol. VII, p. 162.)

Rev. E. S. At wood occupied the hour of the meeting
with an interesting and instructive communication on the
"Bemmiimi's and Growth of Lanouace." It contained
much curious and entertaining information and many valu-
able thoughts, and was listened to with great pleasure by a
lanrc audience.

Regular Meeting, Monday, December 18, 1871.

The President in the chair.
Records of preceding meeting read.
The Secretary read the following letter from the Secre-
tary of the Chicago Academy of Sciences : —

Ilchester, Howard Co., Md., Dec. 4, 1871.

Dear Sir — The Chicago Academy of Sciences will hold a meeting
on the 12th inst.. at which time the Resolutions of the Essex Institute,
communicated in your esteemed favor of the 17th of October, will be
acted upon and the result reported to you by the recording secretary.

Allow me to add my personal thanks for the kind sympathy with us
in our great misfortune, which the Institute has expressed through
you, as well as for the offer of your publications to replace those lost.

Any of these publications which you can conveniently spare will be
gratefully received. They may be sent to the care of Geo. C. Walker
Esq., corner of Peck Court and Michigan Avenue, Chicago.

Very sincerely yours, Wm. Stimpsox.

The following correspondence was also announced : —

From Albany Institute, Dec. II; Bonn, Naturhistorische Verein, July 5 ; Bor-
deaux, Soeiete Linneene. July 12; Buffalo Historical Society, Dec. 8; Chicago
Academy of Sciences, Dec. 4; Emden, Naturforschende Gesellschaft Sept. 22;
Geological Survey of India, June l: London Society of Antiquaries, Aug. 14; Lune-
burg, Naturwissenschaftliche Verein, Aug. 17; Miinchen, K. I!.. Akademie der
Wissenschaften, Sept. 30; Now York Historical Society, Dec.4; New York Ly-
ceum of Natural History, Dec. i; Strasburg Library, Appeal for (he Restoration

164

of, Nov.; Wiirzburg, Physicalisch-medicinische Gesellschaft, Aug. 11 ; II. M. Alden,
New York, li^c <>; Frank S. Sleeper, Galesburg, Mich., Dec. 7; E. M. stunt', Prov-
idence, R. I., Dec. 8.

The Librarian reported the following additions to the
library : —

l',[\ Donation.

Allen, Stephen M. Standish Monument. Exercises at the Consecration at
Duxbury, Aug. IT. 1871. 8vo pamph.

Chapman, George R. Annual Report or the A. B. C. F. M., presented at the
meel ing in Salem, < >ct. •')-';. 1871.

Preble Geo. H., of Charle (own, Mass. Note- of Early Ship-building in Mass-
achusetts. 8vo pamph.

sciiai 1 1 ss I-. of Dresden. Miscellaneous Catalogues, 12.

By Exchange.
Archtvfur Anthropologiein Braunschweig. Heft, lv. Band Iv.

B I rAXISK TlDSSKRIFT IN KjdBENHAVN TlDSSKRIFT. Vol. iv. Trcdje Heft, 1870.

Crosse ei Fischer. Journal de Conchyliologie. Tonic l. Nos. l-J-.i. Paris,
L871

Entomologische Zeitcng in Stettin. ETerausgegeben von dern cntomolo-
gischen Vereine zu Stettin. Jahrg. 31. Nos. 1*2. 1870.1 vol., 8vo. Stettin, 1870.

Geological Si tvEY of! di v. Memoirs of the, Vols. 1, II, III. IV, V, VI, and
part- 1,2, 3of Vol. VII. Records of the, Vol. II, III. parts I, ■>, <>r Vol. IV. Creta-
Cephalopoda and Cretaceous Castopoda of Southern India. 2 vols. 4to.
1868. Catalogue of the < (rganic Remains belonging to the Cephalopoda and Echin-
odermata. 8vo pamph. Cretaceous Fauna of Southern India. Vol. Ill, Nos. 1-8.
4to pamph. Calcutta, IS70. Fossil Flora of Rajmahal Series. 6nos. On Verte-
brate Panchol Rocks, Bengal.

Iowa State Historical Societt. The Annals of Iowa. Oct.,1871. 8vo
pamph.

K6XGELIGE DanSKK VlDENSKABERNES SELSKAS in KjOBENHAVN. Oversigt,

1870, 1871. '2 pamphlets. Svo.

I.rn . \ d Philosophical Societi <>: i r eedings, 18C8-

~> Vols. 23, 24. 2 vols Svo I.i.ca 1. ISO! 7c.

Nati <ve Gesellschaft is Emden. Jahresbencht, 1870. 12mo

h. 1871.

NATURHISTORISCHE VeRE] L'SSISCHES Hheinlande und Westpha-

lens is Bonn. Verhandlungen. 27, Jahrg. Hei't. 1, 2. -i vols. 8vo. Bonn.
1870.

Natcrwissenschaftlichen Gesellschaft "Isis" Dresden. Sitzungs-
berichte, Jan., Feb., Marz 1871. 8vo pamph. Dresden. 1871.

Reale Accademia delle Scienze in Bologna. Rendiconto, Anno Acca- '
demico. 1869-70, 1870-71. 2 pamphlets, 12mo. Universal ta dei mezzi di previ-
denza, defesa, e sabrezza per le Calamita degli Incendia. opera Premiata in Con-
corso dalla Accademia delle Scienze dell' Instituto di Bologna. Scritter da Fran-
cesco del Giudice. Bologna, 1848. Royal 8vo. Delia Instituzione de Pompieri
per grandi citta e terre minori di qualunque stato : Libri Tre, nc quali si tratta delle
regole general] perfondare Compagnie di Soccoritori contro gl'inoendi; .-i com-
pendiano, esaminano e paragonano tra laro molti rcgolamenti oggi in vigore in
Europa; e si propone una nuova forma di Statuto per quelli de essere dorunque

165

adatto. Opera Premiata in Concorso dalla Accademia tlelle Scienza doll' Institute*
di Bologna e scritter'dal Cavaliere Francesco del Giudice. Bologna. 1852. Royal
8vo.

Societa Reale i>i Napoli; Accademia delle Sciexze Fisiche e Mate-
MATTCHK. Atti dell' Accademia delle Scienze Fisiche e Matematiehe. Vols. III.
IV. X ipoli, ISM-US-O'J. 4to pamph. Renediconto, Anno VI, VII, VIII, 1SG7-S-9.
4to pamph.

St. Gallische Gesellschaft in St. Gallex. Bericht. Vereius jahres, 1SG9-
70. 1 vol. Svo. St. Gallen. 1870.

Vermont Historical Society. Vindication of Vol. I of the Collections from
the '-Attacks of the X. Y. Historical Magazine " by Hiland Hall. Svo pamph.
Montpelier, 1871.

Zoologisciie Gesellschaft Frankfurt a. M. Zoologische Garten, xn
Jahrg. Xos. 1-0. Jan-June, 1871. U pamphlets. Svo.

Publishers. American Literary Gazette. Gardener's Monthly. Gloucester
Telegraph. Haverhill Gazette. Lawrence American. Little Giant. Lynn Repor-
ter. Lynn Transcript. Medical and Surgical Reporter. Nation. Nature. Pea-
hody Press. Shoe and Leather Journal. The Academy.

The following donations to cabinets were reported.

A. B. C. F. M. Papers relating to X. A. Indian affairs formerly belonging to
Mr. John Pickering of Salem. Signatures of the members of the Board attending
the meeting held in Salem, Oct.. 1871.

Bolles, E. C. A picture of Brooklyn Orphan Asylum.

Constant. C, of Smyrna. Xo. I. Moule antique trouve. sur la route entre
Smyrna et Boudja. Xo. II. Teie cassee statuette antique trouvee dansl'ilede
Rhodes. Xo. III. Lampe on porte-lumiere antique trouva dans 1' ile de Rhodes.
Xo. IV. Petit vase on urne cineraira trouvi dans 1' ile de Rhodes.

NICHOLS, W. F., Cypress from Smyrna. Myrobalon from India. Unleavened
Bread of the Armenians from Smyrna. Oak for tanning .from Smyrna. A piece
of Mosaic work from Pompeii. A piece of Lava from Smyrna. Views of Interno
Cappella Palatina Palermo. Chiostro Morreale. Messina dai Cappriccini.

RAT mum). B. C, of Beverly. Pincers used by Major John Conant of Beverly,
who flourished about one hundred years ago. He made the fisherman's heavy
boots.

Mr. F. W. Putnam gave an account of the Mammoth
Cave and its inhabitants, with special reference to the fishes
of the cave and of other subterranean waters.* He called
attention to the varied conditions under which fishes ex-
ist, and especially to the structure and position of the
eye in different representatives of the class. He then
compared the blind fishes of the Mammoth Cave with
those of the Cuban Caves and with the blind catfishes

* Mr. Putnam's remarks will be given in detail in the American Naturalist for
January, 1872, and u ill be illustrated by plates on which the various species of the
family including the blindfishes of the .Mammoth Cave will he represented.

166

belonging to different families, and described the species
making up the family of Heteropygii, which contains the
two species of blind fishes of the Mammoth Cave and
two other species that have eyes. Giving a statement of
the various theories relating to the non-development of
eyes in the blind fishes of the cave, he asked why is it
necessary to assume that because fishes arc living in streams
where there is little or no light, that it is the cause of the
non-development of the eye and the development of other
parts and organs? If this be the cause, how is it that the
Chologaster from the well in Tennessee, or the "mud-
fish" of the Mammoth Cave are found with eyes? Why
should not the same cause make them blind if it made the
Amblyopsis and Typhlichthys blind? Is not the fact,
pointed out by Prof. Wyman, that the optic lobes are as
well developed in Amblyopsis as in allied fishes with
perfect eyas, .and, I may add, as well developed as those
of Chologaster cornutus, an argument in favor of the the-
ory that the fishes were always blind and that they have
not become so from the circumstances under which they
exist? If the latter were the case and the fishes have
become blind from the want of use of the eyes, why are
not the optic lobes also atrophied, as is known to be the
case when other animals lose their sight? I know that
many will answer at once that Amblyopsis and Typhlich-
thys have gone on further in the development and retarda-
tion of the characters best adapting them to their subter-
ranean life, and that Chologaster is a very interesting
transitionary form between the open water Cyprinodontes
and the subterranean blindfishes. But is not this assump-
tion answered by the fact that Chologaster has every char-
acter necessary to place it in the same family with Ambly-
opsis and Typhlichthys, while it is as distinctly and widely
removed from the C\rprinodontes as are the two blind
genera mentioned?

167

After reviewing the characters of the allied forms, he
concluded his remarks as follows : —

From this brief comparison of some of the prominent
characters of the genera of the Heteropygii with the Cy-
prinodontes, their acknowledged nearest allies, we can
only trace what could be regarded as a transition, or an
acceleration, or a retardation, of development, in simply
those very characters, of eyes and ventral fins, that are in
themselves of the smallest importance in the structure
(permanence of character considered) of a fish, and, as
if to show that they were of no importance in this con-
nection, we find in the same cave, blind fishes with ven-
trals and without ; and in the same subterranean stream,
a blindfish and another species of the family with well
developed eyes.

If it is by acceleration and retardation of characters
that the Heteropygii have been developed from the Cyprin-
odontes, we have indeed a most startling and sudden
change of the nervous system. In all fishes the fifth pair
of nerves send branches to the various parts of the head,
but in the blindlishes these branches are developed in a
most wonderful manner, while their subdivisions take new
courses and are brought through the skin, and their free
ends become protected by fleshy papillae, so as to answer,
by their delicate sense of touch, for the absence of sight.
At the same time the principle of retardation must have
been at work and checked the development of the optic
nerve and the eye, while acceleration has caused other por-
tions of the head to grow and cover over the retarded eye.

Now, if this was the mode by which blindness was
brought about and tactile sense substituted, why is it
that we still have Qhologaster Agassizii in the same waters,
living under the same conditions, but with no signs of any
such change in its senses of sight and touch? It may be

168

said that the Chologaster did not change because it prob-
ably had a chance to swim in open waters and therefore
the eyes were of use and did not become atrophied. We
can only answer, that if the Chologaster had a chance for
open water, so did the Typhi ichthys and yet that is
blind.

If the Heteropygii have been developed from Cyprino-
dontes, how can we account for the whole intestinal canal
becoming so singularly modified, and what is there in the
difference of food or of life that would bring about the
change in (lie intestine, stomach and pyloric appendages,
existing between Chologaster and Typhlirhthys in the
same waters? To assume, that under the same conditions,
one fish will change in all these parts and another remain
intact, by the blind action of uncontrolled natural laws,
is, to me, an assumption at variation with facts as I under-
stand them.

Looking at the case from the standpoint which the facts
force me to take, it seems to me far more in accordance
with the laws of nature, as I interpret them, to go back to
the time when the region now occupied by the subterra-
nean streams, was a salt and brackish water estuary, inhab-
ited by marine forms, including the brackish water forms
of the Cyprinodontes and their allies (but not descendants)
the Heteropygii. The families and genera having the
characters they now exhibit, but most likely more numer-
ously represented than now, as many probably became
exterminated as the salt waters of the basin gradually
became brackish and more limited, as the bottom of this
basin was gradually elevated, and finally, as the waters be-
came confined to still narrower limits and changed from
salt to brackish and from brackish to fresh, only such
species would continue as could survive the change, and
they Avere of the minnow type represented by the Hetcro-

169

pygii, aucl perhaps some other genera of brackish water
forms that have not }ret been discovered.

In support of this hypothesis we have one species of the
family, Ghologaster cornutus, now living- in the ditches of
the rice fields of South Carolina, under very similar con-
ditions to those under which others of the family may have
lived in long preceding geological times ; and to prove
that the development of the family was not brought about
by the subterranean conditions under which some of the
species now live, we have the one with eyes living with
the one without, and the South Carolina species to show
that a subterranean life is not essential to the develop-
ment of the singular characters which the family possess.

That a salt or brackish, water fish would be most likely
to be the kind that would continue to exist in the subter-
ranean streams, is probable from the fact that in all lime-
stone formations caves are quite common, and would in
most instances be occupied first with salt water and then
brackish, and finally with fresh water so thoroughly im-
pregnated with lime as to render it probable that brackish
water species might easily adapt themselves to the change,
while a pure fresh water species might not relish the solu-
tion of lime any more than the solution of salt, and we
know how few fishes there are that can live for even an
hour on being changed from fresh to salt, or salt to fresh,
water. We have also the case of the Cuban blindfishes
belonging to genera with their nearest representative in
the family a marine form, and with the whole family of
cods and their allies, to which group they belong, essen-
tially marine. Further than this the cattish from the
subterranean stream in Pennsylvania belongs to a family
having many marine and brackish water representatives.

Thus I think that we have as good reasons for the belief
in the immutability and early origin of the family of Het-

Essex Inst. Bulletin. hi 22

170

eropygii, as we have for their mutability and late develop-
ment, and to one of my, perhaps, too deeply rooted ideas,
a far more satisfactory theory ; for, with our present
knowledge, it is but theory on either side.

The following synopsis gives a summary of the charac-
ters of the family, genera and species.

HETEROPYGII Tkm.kampf, Muller's Arch. f. Anat.. p. 3fJ2,
1844: and New York Journal of Medicine, v, p. 84. 1845.

ipsi N. A. Fi-li. p. 435, 1846.

Brain of ordinary development in all its parts, similar to that of
Cyprinodontes and of about the same proportions. Cerebral lobes
r than the nearly round optic lobes. Cerebellum overlapping the
I - rior third of the optic lobes. Medulla oblongata broad, with
well defined righl and left side<. (On comparing the brains of the
three genera the only difference noticed was that in Chologaster the
cerebellum was not quite as large proportionally, but more elongated
and not quite as wide as in the other genera, while the optic lobes of
this genus with well developed eyes were no larger than in a Typh-
lichthys of the same si/.e.

Skeleton not studied. Giinther gives the vertebra' as thirteen ab-
dominal and nineteen or twenty caudal. The bones of the head are
thin and mostly flattened as in the Cyprinodontes. Occiput slightly
convex.

Body compressed posteriorly. Head and anterior portion of body
depressed, giving the form of a broad. Hat head, with a compressed
tail.

Branch six in number and but slightly covered by oper-

cular bones ; opercular opening large.

Fins. Dorsal and anal nearly opposite and posterior to centre of
body. All the fins except the ventrals well developed, with central
rays longest and first rays simple. Pectorals close to the head, about
in the middle of the sides, i Ventrals present in Amblyopsis, absent
in Typhliehthys and Chologaster.)

JLmtJt opening upwards, with lower jaw slightly projecting-. Mar-
gin of the upper jaw formed by the intermaxillaries. Maxillaries
placed behind the intermaxillaries, with lower third broad and below
the intermaxillaries. Several rows of fine teeth on the intermaxil-
laries and lower jaw. (Teeth on palatines in Amblyopsis and Typh-
liehthys. none on these bones in adults of Chologaster.)

171

Scales. Xone on the head. Body closely covered with small, par-
tially imbedded cycloid scales, irregularly arranged.

Lateral line absent.

Nostrils double. Anterior tubular and standing out from the end of
the snout.

Stomach well defined, ccecal.

Pyloric appendages present.

Intestine with two turns.

Amis situated under the throat and forward of the pectorals.

Ovary single. (Placed by the side of the stomach in Amblyopsis
and Typhlichthys and behind it in Chologaster.)

Viviparous. (Amblyopsis.)

Testes paired. (Amblyopsis.)

Air bladder with pneumatic duct. (Amblyopsis.)

Liver with the left lobe very large and partially enclosing the
stomach.

Amblyopsis Df.Kay, Fishes of New York, p. 187, 1842.

^ rudimentary and imbedded under the skin.

Head with numerous transverse and longitudinal rows of sensitive
papillae provided with nerve branches, many of the nerve branches
terminating as free filaments outside the papillae. Small granula-
tions on the spaces between the papillary ridges. Canals under the
skin.

Teeth minute, curved, and arranged in rows on the intermaxillary,
inferior maxillary and palatine bones.

Body with a prominent papilla just over the opercular opening, at
the base of a small papillary ridge similar to those on the head.
Papillary ridges on sides of body of same character as those on the
head, and arranged at nearly equal distances from opercular opening
to base of caudal tin.

Pyloric appendages, one on each side.

Ovary situated on the right side of the stomach.

Fins. Yentrals small and placed near the anal fin. Dorsal, 9.
Anal. 9. Pectoral, 11. Ventral, -i. Caudal, 2i.

Arnblyopsis spelseus DeKat. Large Blixdfish.

Craige, Procd. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., i. p. IT."). 1842. DeKay, Pishes X. T., p.

r_>. WTMAN, Amer. Jour. Sci., xlv, p. 94, 1843; Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., xii, p.

1843. Thompson-, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., xiii, p. Ill, 1844. Tellkampf, Miil-

Arch. f. Anat., p. 392, 1844; X. Y. Jour. Medicine, v. p. 84, with plate, giving

three figs, of the fish ; position of internal organs; brain; stomach; air bladder;

(profile view gives the fish without ventral fins, but ventral view shows them), 1845.

Stoker. Synopsis N". A. Fish, p. 435, 1846. Owex, Lect. Comp. Anat. Fishes, pp.

172

175, 202 (fig. of brain), 1816. Wyman, Procd. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., iii, p. 349, 1850.
"Dalton, N. Y. Medical Times, ii, p. 354, IS—." Agassiz, Amer. Jour. Sci. xi. p. 128,
1851. VVyman. Procd. Boston .Sim-. Nat. Hist., iv, p. 395 (1853), 1854; v, p. 18, 1854;
Amer. Jour. Sci., xvii, p. 259, 1854 (with figs, of brain, eye, and otolite). Girard,
Proc.X.it. Si. Philad., p. 63, 1859. Poet, Mem. de Cuba, ii, p. 101, Pis. 9, 11
(outlines of fish and of brain), 1858. Wood. 111. Nat. Hist?., iii, p. 314, figure,
18G2. Tennet, Nat! Hist., p. :U4. figure, 1865. Gunther, Cat. Pish Brit. Museum,
vii. p. 2, 1808. COPE, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., viii. p. 368, L871. PUTNAM, Amer.
Nat., vi. p. 6 et seq., with figs., Jan., 1872. Wtman, Mss. notes and drawings in
Putnam, Amer. Nat., vi. p. 16 et seq., 1872. PUTNAM, Amer. Nat., vi. p. 116.
Feb., 1872 (additional note on the young).

Plate 1 (American Naturalist, Vol. vi, Jan., 1872). Fig. 1. Brain, nerves and
organ of hearing of Amblyopsis spelceus; enlarged; a, olfactory lobes and nerves;
6, cerebral lobes; c, optic lobes ; d, cerebellum ; e, organ of hearing, showing the
semicircular canals, with the otolite represented iii place by the dotted lines; /,
medulla oblongata ; g, optic nerves ami eye specks. Fig. 2. otolite. enlarged.
Fig. 3. Eye, magnified (natural size one-sixteenth of an inch in length) ; a, optic
nerve ; 6, sclerotic membrane ; c, laj er of colorless cells ; d. layer of pigment cells
(iris?.; .. lens. Fig. t. Lens, enlarged and showing the cell-. Fig. 5. Eye, en-
larged, showing tiie muscular bands, n, a, a. a; h. the lens pressed out of place; c.
the optic nerve. FIG. 6. Top of head, Showing canals under the skin, natural
size. The two black dots and lines indicate the eyes and optic nerves in position.
Fig. 7. Top of head, showing the arrangement of the ridges or papillae, nat. size.
i cg 3. One of the ridges of papillae from the head, magnified. Fig.9. Three of
the papillae from the ridge, -t;ll more magnified, showing the cup-shaped summit
and projecting filament. Fig. lo. A portion of the ridge magnified, and treated
with acid, to show the arrangement of the nervous plexus supplying the papillae
with nervous filaments from a branch (a) of the fifth pair. Fig. 11. Epithelial cells
from the head. Fig. 12. Epithelial cells from the body.

Plate2. Fig. 1. Natural size; i lovic appendages, twice nat.

size; l/>, scale, magnified (nat. size represented by the small outline on the left
over the figure); Ic, abdominal cavity, showing position of stomach and single
ovary, nat. size.

Read more than half as wide as it is long. Length of head, from
tip of jaw to end of operculum, contained nearly twice in length of
body from operculum to base of caudal fin.

Dorsal and anal fins of equal size, rounded, anal commences under
third ray of dorsal.

Pec/orals pointed, reaching to commencement of dorsal.

Ventrals pointed, nearly reaching to commencement of anal.

Caudal broad, long and pointed, membrane, enclosing simple rays
above and below, continuing slightly on the tail.

Scales small, longer than broad, with quadrangular centre and from
8 to 12 concentric lines, which are broken and reduced in number an-
teriorly and crossed by numerous radiating furrows posteriorly.*

Colorless, or nearly so, with transparent fins.

*The scales described were in every instance taken from the 2d or 3d row un-
der the dorsal fin.

173

Measurements. Largest specimen, 4-5 inches total length. Smallest
specimen, 19 total length.

Geographical distribution. Subterranean streams in Kentucky and
Indiana.
Specimens examined : —

Prof. Wyman's Collection.
7 specimens. Half grown and adults. Mammoth Cave.
Museum of Comparative Zoologt.
7 specimens. No. 778. Half grown and tf $ adults. Mammoth Cave.

1 specimen. No.—. Two-thirds grown. Cave near Lost River, Orange Co., Ind.

Boston Societt of Natural Histort.

2 specimens. No. 810. Half grown. Mammoth Cave.

Peabodt Academy of Science.
1 specimen. No. 520. Adult?. Mammoth Cave. Presented to Essex Insti-
tute in 1851 by N. Sil~bee.

Other specimens. Dr. Giinther mentions six specimens and a skele-
ton in the British Museum. Mr. Thompson, an adult and newly born
young in the collection of the Natural History Society of Belfast.
Dr. Steindachner has recently sent an adult and eight young to
the Vienna Museum. The first specimen of which we have any
record was presented to the Academy of Natural Sciences of Phila-
delphia; the second is the one described by DeKay and then in the
Lyceum of Natural History of New York. Prof. Cope obtained three
specimens from the waters of Wyandotte Cave in Indiana. Dr. Tell"
kampf had several specimens from the Mammoth Cave, and it is prob-
able that specimens exist in nearly all the principal museums and in
many private collections, as about all that have been caught in the
Mammoth Cave for years have been sold by the guides to visitors.

Habits. But little is known of the habits of the large blindfish.
Dr. Tellkampf states that they are solitary; on the slightest motion
of the water they dart off a short distance, and that they are mostly
found near stones or rocks on the bottom, and seldom come to the
surface of the water. Prof. Cope states that if they are hot alarmed
they come to the surface to feed, swim in full sight, and can then be
easily captured if perfect silence is preserved. He also thinks that
they are principally surface feeders.

In the stomachs of several that I have opened the only remains
found were those of Crayfish In one specimen, opened by Dr. Wy-
man, a small fish with well developed eyes was found in the stomach.
(See Airier. Nat., vi, p. 13, PI. 1. fig. 13.)

The eggs are well developed in September, and the young are born
about the middle to last of October. The young when born are half
an inch or less in length, and are without external eyes. (See Ainer.
Nat., Feb., 1872. The young there mentioned may possibly be those
of Typhlichthys.)

174

Typhlichthys Girakd, Procd. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., p. 63, 1859.

Eyes rudimentary and imbedded under the skin.

Head. The same arrangement of rows of sensitive papillae as in
Amblyopsis, and the spares between the papillae with granulations as
in that genus. (The subcutaneous canals probably exist, but have
not yet been made out.)

Teeth, as in Amblyopsis, on the maxillaries and palatines.

Body with papilla over opercular opening, and with the papillary
ridges on the sides as in Amblyopsis.

Pyloric appendages one on each side as in Amblyopsis, but of
slightly different proportion and shape. (Stomach not so pointed
behind as in Amblyopsis.)

Ovary situated on right side of stomach, as in Amblyopsis. (Eggs
fewer in number and proportionately larger than in Amblyopsis.)

Fins. Ventrals absent. Dorsal, 7 or 8; Anal, 7 or 8; Pectoral, 12;
Caudal 24. (This formula is given after counting several specimens.
Girard gives, D. 7; A. 8; P. 11; C. 23.)

It will be noticed that the only characters separating this genus
from Amblyopsis are the absence of ventral fins, the shape of the
stomach and pyloric appendages, and larger eggs in less number.

Typblichthys subterraneus Girard. Small Blindfish.

Girakd, Procd. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., p. 63, L859. Gl nther, Cat. Fish T'.rit.
Museum, vii. p. 2, 1868 (as a syn. of Amblyopsis). PUTNAM, Amor. Nat., vi. p. 20
et seq., with figs., Jan., 1872.

Plate 2 (Amer. Nat., Vol. vi., Jan., 1872). Pig. 3, slightly more than natural size;
3a, stomach and pyloric appendages, twice nat. size; 3b, scale, magnified (nat.
size represented by small outline over the figure ,

Proportions and general appearance, want of color, arrangement of
papillary ridges, position and shape of fins as in Amblyopsis spelaeus,
with the exception that, owing to the jaws being more obtusely round-
ed, the head is slightly blunter and broader forward.

Membrane of caudal quite prominent and extending forwards to pos-
terior base of dorsal and anal fins.

Scales broader than long. Large quadrangular centre with from 6
to 8 concentric lines reduced in number and broken up on anterior
margin. Posterior portion with numerous radiating furrows.

Measurements. Largest specimen, 1-S5 inches in total length.
Smallest specimen, 1*45 inches in total length.

Geographical distribution. Subterranean streams in Kentucky, Ten-
nessee and Alabama.

Specimens examined : —

175

Museum of Comparative Zoologt.
7 specimens. No. 780. cf ?. Adults. Mammoth Cave. Collected and pre-
sented by Alpheus Hyatt. Sept., 18J9.
1 specimen. Xo. 7S1. Moulton, Alabama. Presented by Thomas Peters.
1 specimen. No. 782. Lebanon, Tennessee. Presented by J. M. Safford.

Other specimens. Dr. Girard described the species from a specimen
in the Smithsonian Institution, taken from a well near Bowling Green,
Ky. Dr. Giinther mentions a specimen, in the British Museum, from
the Mammoth Cave.

Habits. Nothing is known concerning the habits of this fish. It is
evidently much rarer at the Mammoth Cave than the large species, to
judge from the small number in collections. The fact that Mr. Hyatt
obtained seven specimens when he was at the cave in September and
did not get any of the other species, may indicate some peculiar loca-
tion in the waters of the cave where it is more abundant than in other
places. The eggs were fully developed in these specimens, but no
embryos could be detected. The fish is probably viviparous, and
Arery likely gives birth to its young in October.

Chologaster Agassiz, Araer. Jour. Sci., xvi, p. 135, 1853.

Eyes in normal position and well developed.

Head with small granulations on the surface of the skin. (No
papillary ridges.)

Teeth minute, curved and arranged in rows on the intermaxillary
and inferior maxillary bones. None on the palatines in the adults
(Of the four specimens examined, the two larger (C. cornutus) are
without palatine teeth, while the single specimen of C. Agassi&ii,
which is evidently a young fish, has a feAV minute teeth on the pala-
tine bones. In the smallest specimen of C. cornutus the mouth is
abnormal, the intermaxillaries being reduced to a small central portion
and there are consequently no teeth in the upper jaw, but the minute
teeth on the palatines are present.*)

*I believe this is one of those interesting cases where one set of organs, or one
portion of the animal structure, takes the place of another which from accident is
wanting, and that in all probability these palatine teeth, that under normal con-
ditions would be cast off as the fish attained maturity, would have continued to
exist in this specimen and answer all the purposes of the intermaxillary teeth.
But that in this accidental continuance of these palatine teeth, from the mere
mechanical use forced upon them, we have the first stages of the development of
a distinct genus, to be characterized by permanent teeth on the palatines, and
reduced upper jaw hones, as many of the developmental school would argue, I do
not think will bear the test of facts observed.

A not uncommon malformation of fishes consists in the entire or partial absence
of the maxillary or intermaxillary bones. I have specially noticed this among our

176

{Body without opercular papilla and papillary ridges on the sides.)

Pyloric appendages two on each side. Stomach rounded and turned
slightly on the side.

Ovary situated principally behind the stomach.

Fins. Ventrals absent. Dorsal, 8 or 9. Anal, 8 or 9. Pectoral, 12.
Caudal, 28.

This genus principally differs from Amblyopsis and Typhlichthys by
the presence of eyes, the absence of papillary ridges on the head and
body, by having two pyloric appendages on each side instead of
one, and by the posterior position of the ovary. It agrees with Typh-
lichthys in the absence of the ventrals, and the young further agree
by the presence of palatine teeth.

Chologaster corrmtus Agassiz.

AGASSIZ, Amrr. Jour. Sri., xvi. p. 135, [853. GlRARD, Procd. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Philad., p. 63, 1859. SilNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Museum, vii, p. ■_'. 1808. Putnam,
Amer. Nat., vi. p. i\ et seq., with figs. Jan., 1872.

Plate 2 (Amer. Nat., Vol. vi, Jan., 1872). Fig. 2. Natural size. 2a, stomach
and pyloric append iges, twice nat. size. 2i>. scale magnified (nat. size represented
by small outline over the left of the fig). 2c, abdominal ca\it> showing stomach

and single ovary behind the stomach, twice nat. size.

Head more thru half as wide as it is long. Length of head, from
tip Of under jaw to end of operculum contained twice in length of
body from operculum, to caudal fin. Width between the eyes equal to
distance from eye to tip of under jaw.

Eyes of moderate size, situated just hack and over the end of the
maxillaries.

Dorsal and anal .fins of nearly equal size, slightly rounded. Anal
with slightly longer rays and commences under fourth ray of dorsal.

Pectoral fins pointed, reaching to line of commencement: of dorsal.

Caudalfin pointed, aboul equal in length to the head. Membrane
above and below extending but slightly on the tail.

Scales very small and deeply imbedded in the skin. Circular with
small smooth space forward of the centre. From 15 to 20 con-
centric rings, cut by a few short radiating furrows on anterior, and
longer and more numerous ones on posterior margin.

Intestine is a little longer than in an Amblyopsis of the same size.

common fresh water trout (Salmo) and marine Conner or sea perch (Ctenolabras)
but there have never been recorded allied genera with these characters, while
the malformed specimens are hardly numerous enough to give support to the the-
ory that such malformations are hereditary, and it is probable that each ease was
caused by the non-development of the parts from special cause during embryonic
life, or by accident to the individual.

177

The two pyloric appendages on the left .side are close together and
broader than the two on the right side, which are wider apart,
longer and more slender than the others.

Color. Yellowish brown, much darker above, lighter on sides, and
light yellow on under part and sides of head, belly and under part of
tail. Three longitudinal very dark brown lines on each side: the
upper commencing near the middle of top of head and following
along the back to base of caudal fin; the middle one commencing at
the nostril and passing through the eye to upper portion of opercu-
lum, thence about in the centre of side to about the centre of base of
caudal fin; the lower commences under the pectoral fin and follows
the ventral curve of the body to the base of caudal fin. All three
lines are darkest and broadest forward, and terminate as a series
of nearly confluent dots on the tail. Central rays of the caudal dark
brown, outer rays uncolored. Dorsal, anal and pectorals not colored.

Measurements. The three specimens are respectively 1*5, 2, and 2S
inches in total length.

Geographical distribution. South Carolina.

Specimen^ examined : —

Museum of Compakative Zoology.

3 specimen.-;. No. 770. Rice Ditches at Waccamaw, S. C. Presented by P. C.
J. Weston, 1853. (Orig. of Agassiz.)

Habits. Nothing is known concerning the habits of this species,
the only specimens observed being the three mentioned. From the
fact of its having a single ovary containing a small number (about CO)
of large eggs it is probable that it is viviparous.

Chologaster Agassisii Putnam.

Putnam. Amev. Nat., vi. p, 22 et seq., with figs. Jan.. 1872.

Plate 1 (Amur. Nat., Vol. vi. Jan., 1872). Fig. 4. Natural size; !«, stomach
and pyloric appendages, twice nat. size; -lb, scale magnified (nat. size shown by
minute dot over left of the figure).

Head more than half as wide as it is long. Its length is contained
three times in the length of the body from the operculum to the base
of caudal tin.

Eyes proportionately large and placed over ends of maxillaries.

Dorsal and anal fins broken, but probably of about equal size. Anal
fin commences about under fourth ray of dorsal.

Pectoral fins pointed and reaching about half way to the dorsal.

Caudal fin pointed, not quite as long as the head.

Scales very minute, longer than wide, with 4 or 5 concentric

178

lines round a granulated centre. A few radiating farrows cut the
concentric lines on the posterior margin.

Pyloric apbt ndages and stomach about the same as in C. cornutus.

Color. Uniform light brown, without markings except that the base
of the caudal fin is rather darker than rest of fish. Fins uncolored.

Measurements. Total length, 1-4 inches.

Geographical distribution. Subterranean streams in Tennessee.

Specimen examined : —

Museum <>f Comparative Zoology.
l specimen. No. 777. From a well in Lebanon, Term. Presented by -). M.
Safford. Jan.. 1854.

This species principally differs from C. cornutus by having a longer
body and smaller head, by having the eyes proportionately larger, and
by its coloration. Nothing is known of its habits except the fact
of its subterranean life. The scales of the single specimen known
indicate a young fish, and it is probably not over half grown.

The four species given in this synopsis are all of the family
as yet known, but that others will be discovered and the range i' the
present known species extended is very probable. The ditches and
small streams of the lowlands of our southern coast will undoubtedly
be found to be the home of numerous individuals, and perhaps of new
species and genera, while the subterranean streams of the central
portion of our country most likely contain other species.

3 2044 072 223 183

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