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COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY,

AT HARVARD COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE, MASS.
jFounDeti bn prfbate subscription, fn 1861.

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^J&UJLlC (Usti^L*u£a^-*L

No. ?/ f /

BULLETIN

ESSEX INSTITUTE,

VOLUME VI.

1874.

SALEM, MASS.

PRINTED AT THE SALEM PRESS.

1875.

C O N T E X T S

Regular Meeting, Monday, January 5, 1874, 1

Adjourned Meeting, Thursday, January 8, 1874, .... 1

Byron Groce, Natural History in the Schools. 3. — F, \V. Putnam. Re-
mark- on the same ubject, 8 — J. Robinson, Donation of a Collection
of Presidential Medals, and Remarks on them, 10.

Regular Meeting, Monday. January 1'.), 1874, .... 10

F.W. Pntnam, Rare Fishes taken in Salem. Beverly and Marblchead
Harbors [Cryptacantkodes inornatus, Liparis lineatus and Plutessa
glabra), 11.— A. Peabody, On the Earlv bays of California, 13. — F.
W. Putnam, Remai k.* on the same subject. IT. —J. Robinson, On the
Condition and Extent of tne Collection of Continental Paper Cur-
rency in the Rooms of the Institute. 19.

Regular Meeting. Monday, February 2, 1874, .... 20

J. Robinson, On Donation of Paper Money from W. S.Vaux, of Phila-
delphia, 21. —P. W.Putnam, On Black Fish taken in Salem Harbor,22.

Quarterly Meeting, Wednesday, February 11, 1874, ... 25

Regular Meeting, Monday, February 10, 1874, .... 25

Charles Kingsley's Lecture on Westminster Abbey noticed. 25. — His
Reception at the R >omsofthe Institute, Addresses by the President,
Mayor Cogswell, Mr. King-ley, and other-. •_' i.

Adjourned Meeting, Friday, February 27, 1 s 7 4 , .... 30
Walter Smith's Communication on Art Studies. 31. — Remarks on the
subject by the President, Messrs. Putnam and Hagar, 32.

Regular Meeting, Monday, March 2, 1874, 33

James Kimball. Notes from the Diary of William Russell, prior anil
chiefly during the Time of his Imprisonment in Mill Prison, Eng-
land, during the Revolutionary War, 35.

Regular Meeting, Monday, March 16, 1874, 36

G. M.White, On Copper-plate Engraving, 37 — James Kimball's Commu-
nication on the Journal of the Rev. [). Shute in 17.">s. 4.;. — Agassiz
Memorial Fund noticed, 43.— J A. Allen. Note- on the Mammals of
Portions of Kansas, Colorado, Wyoming and Utah, 43.

Regular Meeting, Monday, April 6, 1874, 67

Regular Meeting, Monday, April 20, 1874 67

E. S. Morse, On the Various Modes of Illustration, 69.— F. W. Putnam,

Notice of a skull from Shell-bed on Hock l-l ind, to. F. W. Putnam,
On Teeth of a Large Shark, probably Carcharis ( I'rionodtm) lamia,
from near St Peter's Bank, 70.— Notice of the Late Alpheus Crosby.
and Resolutions adopted, 73.

Regular Meeting, Monday, May 4. 1874, ..... 75

E. A. Sil»bee. Familiar Talk on Art Matters, 77.

Annual Meeting, Wednesday, May 13. 1874 86

Retrospect of the Year. Member-. B6; Meetings, B9; Lectures and Con-
certs,92; Horticultural, 94; Library.9B; Museum, 97; Financial, £8;

Publications, 'J9; Officers i lected, 140.

(ill)

IV CONTRNTS.

Regular Meeting, Monday. May 18, 1874, 102

Charles C. Perkins. Talk upon Art. hi:.

Field Meeting at Ipswich, Wednesday, June 2, 1874, . . . 105

Rumble ;unl Notice. 102.— E.S. Morse. On the Fertilization of Flower.*,
109.— F.W. Putnam. On the Shell Heaps at Eagle Hill; also an account
of the Chavliorlua Sloavi. from George's Banks, in. — T. Morong, An
Historical Account of the Public Library, 112.

Regular Meeting, Monday, June 15, 1874 115

A < omniittce appointed to report on the Propriety of Taking Suitable
Notice of tin' Centennial Anniversary of the Meeting of the Legisla-
ture in Salem. Oct. 7, 1774, 115.

Field Meeting at Topsfield, Thursday, June 18. 1874, . . .116

Ramble and Historical Notices, lie — Opening Remarks by the Presi-
dent. 119; .1. II. Pitts. Account of Thomas Almanacs, 119; Remarks
bv N A. Horton. J. Spofford. S. Tocld, F. W. Putnam. 15. P. Adams,
Charles J. Peabody and others. 120.

Adjourned Meeting, Friday, June 111, 1874, 122

Regular Meeting, Monday, July 0, 1874, 123

Committee on the Centennial Anniversary report favorably to the Ob-
servance of this Amiiersarv bv an Historical Address", and A. C.
Goodell. Jr., Esq., was invited "to deliver the Address. 123.— W. H.

/Dull, Notes on an Examination of Four Species of Chitons, 124.

Field Meeting at West Newbury, Thursday, July 16, 1874, . . 125

The Ramble and Historical Sketches. 12."); Opening Remarks bv the
President. 134; G. D. Phippen, on Plants Collected, and especially
on "Weeds," 135. — Remarks bv John Robinson, I), li Jfagar, Abner
<;. Phipps, J. Spofford, Hayden Brown, S. M. Allen, W. H. II. Marsh
and others, 135.

Regular Meeting, Monday, August 3, 1874, 138

Field Meeting at Rockport, Thursday, August 6, 1874, . . 139

The Ramble. 138.— A. Osgood, Notes on the Lead Mine at Rocky Hill,
West Newbury, 142. — F. W. Putnam. Notice of the Anderson school
of Natural History. 143; Remarks by A. W. Dodge. A. II. 'futile. A.
R. Hervey, 144. — J.B. Wardwell, Description of an Indian Relic, 145.

Regular Meeting, Monday, August 17, 1874, .... 147

Regular Meeting, Monday, September 7, 1874, .... 148

E. ( . Bolles, Notice Of Some Relics collected at ( 'he-ter, Fngland, 150.
Notice, and Resolutions on the Decease, of J. Wyman, 152.

Regular Meeting, Monday, September 21, 1874 153

Field Meeting at Manchester, Friday, Oct. 2, 1874, . . . 155

The Ramble, 155.— K. S. Morse. Remarks on Glaciers, r>7; John Robin-
son, Account of tlie Agassiz Bowlder. l.">s. — E. c. Holies, On the
Change of Color in Leaves in Autumn, 169.

Regular Meeting, Monday, October 5, 1874, 100

Commemoration l-t Centennial of the Revolution, 160. — < >de adapted
to the Occasion 161 ; A. C. Goodell, Jr., Address, 162.

Regular Meeting, Monday, October 19, 1874 165

K. S. Morse, on the Theory ol Evolution, 167; E. C. Bolles. Account of

the Various Scienti lie in -him bo!" 1 Ion, 168; R Rldgway, Lists

of Birds observed from Sacramento to Sail Lake City, al vaiioua
Localities < loutiguous to < leutral Pacific Railroad. 168.

CONTENTS. V

Regular Meeting, Monday, November 2, 1874, .... 175

J. Kimball, Notice of Petition for the Preservation of FishinSti
and Ponds In 1728, 176.— E. 8. Morse. On the Habil of Trap Door
spiders, 179.

Regular Meeting, .Monday. November 16, 1874, .... 180
Remarks on Uu- Indian Skeletons found at Marblehead, by A. ('.(.nod-
ell, Jr.. 182; W. P. Upham, 183; !•.. 8. Atwood, 184 : Caleb Cooke. 185;
E.S. Morse, 187, A. II. Johnson, 188; E. C. Bollea, 189.

Special Meeting, Wednesday, November 25, 1874. . . . 190

Notice of James Steele Mackaj e's Lecture on F. l>e] iarte, 190.— I . W.
Pntuam, Remarks on a Collection of Living Specimen) ol Pi
and Crayfishes from Mammoth Cave, 191.

Regular Meeting, Monday, December 7, 1874, .... 200

H. K. Oliver, On a Recent Donation from the Heirs of Gen. B. F. Ed-
mauds, 202; J. Robinson, Familiar Talk on the Mi nufacture of
Gbxss, 203.— H. K. Oliver, Remarks on the Transil of V< nu

Regular Meeting, Monday, December 21. 1874, .... 203

V . W. Putnam, Notice of Some Important Discoveries of the Hayden
Exploring Expedition. 204; — A.. Osgood and Mr. Knowlton, Remarks
on t lie Lead Ore of Weal Newbury, 205.— F. W. Putnam and G. B.
Loring, In Relation lo ilie Proposed stale Survey, 205.

Letters Announced, 1, 10. 20, 33, 36, 67, 76, 107, 117, 181, 140, 148
166, 175, 180, 200, 203.

Additions to the Library, 2, 11, 20, 33, 36, 68, 75, 107, 118, 132, 141,
148, 153, 166, 175, 181, 201, 204.

Additions to Museum, 10, 146, 148, 150. 151, 154, 180, 181.

BULLETIN

OF THE

ESSEX! IITSTITTJTE.

Vol. 6. Salem, Mass., Jan., 1874. No. 1.

One Dollar a' Yearjn Advance. 10 Cents a Single Copy.

Regular Meeting, Monday, Jan. 5, 1874.

Meeting this evening at 7.30 o'clock. Adjourned to
Thursday, the 8th.

Adjourned Meeting, Thursday, Jan. 8, 1874.

Meeting this evening at 7.30 o'clock, adjourned from
Monday, the 5th. The President in the chair. Records
read.

The Secretary announced the following correspon-
dence : —

From John J. Babson, Gloucester, Dec. 8; Samuel A. Drake. Boston, Dec. 4;
G. L. Gleason, Manchester, Dec. 23; J. L. Hawley, Brooklyn, N. Y., Dec. 1; Frank
E. Hotchkiss, New Haven, Dec. 4; J. F. LeBaron, Lynn, Dec. 1, 13; H. M. Meek,
Dec. 2; J. L. Robinson, Wenham, Dec. 1, 8; A. C. Goodell, Jr., Dec. 9; Sampson,
Davenport & Co., Boston, Dec. 5; Wisconsin State Historical Society, Dec. 2; John
M. Bradbury, Ipswich, Dec. 20, 2G; Oliver Carlton, Dec. 18; George W.Clark,
Newburyport, Dec. 25; X. Cleaveland, Westport, Conn., Dec. 18, 29; Henry Dexter,

Essex Inst. Bulletin. vi 1

Cambridge, Doc. 18; Joseph P. Fessenden, Deo-. 22; Lucian n. Frary, Middleton,
Dec. 20; Byron Groce, Peabody, Dec. 28; P. A. Hanaford, New Haven, Conn.,
Dec. 10; J. C. Holmes, Detroit, Mich., Dec. 20; A. H. Hoyt, Boston, Dec. 9; J.
L. LeBaron, Charlestown, Dec. 17; Marshall Pierce, Saco, Maine, Dec. 20; Samp-
son, Davenport & Co., Boston, Dec. 31; Augustus D. Small, Dec. 19; J. Wingate
Thornton, Boston, Dec. 17; B. Westermann & Co., New York, Dec. 12, 31; Charles
K. Whipple, Boston, Dec. 19; William C. Wood, Wenham, Jan. 1; Ashbel Wood-
ward, Franklin, Conn., Dec. 19; Buffalo Historical Society, Dec. 18; Cincinnati
Public Library, Dec. 21; Davenport Academy of Natural Science, Dec. 27; New
England Historic-Genealogical Society, Dec. 17; New York Historical Society,
Dec. 17 ; New York Lyceum of Natural History, Dec. 22; Ohio Historical and Phil-
osophical Society, Dec. 19, 20; Rhode Island Historical Society, Dec. 19.

The Librarian reported the following additions : —

By Donation.

Adams, C. F., of Boston. Address on the Life, Character and Services of Wm.
H. Seward, delivered at Albany, Apr. 18, 1873, by donor.

Almy, James F. Salem Journal of Fashion for Sept., Oct., Nov., Dec, 1873.

Appleton, W. S., of Boston. Description of Medals of Washington in the col-
lection of the donor. Boston, 1873.

Barker, John G., of Lynn. Transactions of the New York State Agricultural
Society for 1843-18G2 inclusive. 20 vols. Svo. Catalogue of the New York State
Cabinet. 1 vol. 8vo.

Brigham, Wm., of Boston. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 10.

Butler, B. F., of U. S. House of Reps. Report of the Commissioners of the
Sutro Tunnel, 1872. 1 vol. Svo.

Hotchkiss, F. E., of New Haven, Conn. Report of the Board of Education of
Conn, for 1872, 1873. 2 vols. 8vo. New Haven City Year Book for 1871-72, 1872-73.
2 vols. 8vo.

Humphreys, Brig. Gen. A. A., of Washington, D. C. Professional Papers of
the Corps of Engineers of U. S. Army, No. 12. 1 vol. Svo. Washington, 1873,
Report of the Chief of Engineers for 1873. 1 vol. 8vo. Washington, 1873.

Lee, John C. Commercial Bulletin for Aug. 23, 30, Sept. 3, Nov. 22, 29, Dec. 6,
13, 20, 27, 1873.

Robinson, John. American Naturalist, 18 numbers. The Agriculturist, 23 nos.
Miscellaneous pamphlets, 75.

Sampson, Davenport & Co., of Boston. Lynn Directory, 1873. 1 vol. 8vo.
Providence and Rhode Island Business Directory and Register, 1873. 1 vol. 8vo.
Albany Directory, 1873. 1 vol. 8vo. Manchester Directory, 1873. 1 vol. 8vo.
Lawrence Directory, 1873. 1 vol. 8vo. Salem Directory, 1872. 1 vol. Svo. Fall
River Directory, 1872-3. 1 vol. Svo. Taunton Directory, 1872. 1 vol. Svo. Chailes-
town Directory, 1874. 1vol. Svo. Gloucester and Rockport Directory, 1873. 1vol.
8vo. Newburyport, Amesbury and Salisbury Directory, 1S73. 1 vol. Svo. Boston
Directories, 1S72, 1873. 2 vols. 8vo. Troy, West Troy and Cohoes Directory, 1873.
1 vol. 8vo.

Stone, Henry R. Vocabulario De La Lengua Tagala. 1 vol. 8vo. 1835.

U. s. Patent Office. Official Gazette, Nov. 18, 25, Dec. 9, ic, 1873.

Verkiix, A. E., of New Haven, Conn. Eighth Annual Report of the Sheffield
Scientillc School of Yale College, 1872-3.

Waters, Henry F. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 35.

By Exchange.

Rihliotiieqee Univeeselle et Revue Seisse. Archives des Sciences physi-
ques et naturelles. ^oyi.. Oct., Nov., 1873.

Canadian Institute. The Canadian Journal of Science, Literature and His-
tory. Vol.xiv. Nov., 1873.

Conn. Academy of Auts and Sciences. Transactions of. Vol. ii, Pt. II. 1873.

Historical and Philosophical Society of Ohio. Col. May's Journey to
the Ohio Co . 1788-89. 1 vol. 8vo. Cincinnati. 1S73. Geological Survey of Ohio for
18G9. 1870. 187:5. i vols. 8vo. Maps for 1873.

Literary and Historical Society of Quebec. Transactions of the. Session
of 1872-3.

New Jersey Historical Society. Proceedings of the 2d Series. Vol.iii,
No. 3, 1873.

PEABODY Institute of Peabody. Twenty-first Annual Report of the Trustees
of the Peabody Institute. 1873.

Wisconsin State Historical Society. Private and Local Laws of Wis-
consin, 1867, 1808. 1S70. 1871, 1872. 6 vols. 8vo. Senate Journal of Wisconsin, 1867,
is s. is.;-), is.70. 1871. 1872. 1S7.!. 7 vols. 8vo. Governor's Message and Accompanying
Documents of Wisconsin, 18(56, 1867, 1869, 1870, 1871, 1872. 11 vols. 8vo. Assembly
Journal of Wisconsin, 18G7, 1838. 1869, 1870, 1871, 1873. 6 vols. 8vo. Transactions
of the Wisconsin State Agricultural Society, 1861-8, 1869, 1870. 1871, 1872-3. 5 vols.
8vo. First Annual Report of the State Board of Charities and Reform of Wis-
consin. 1871. 1 vol. 8vo. Laws of Wisconsin, 1867, 1868, 1869, 1870, 1871, 1872, 1873.
7 vols. 8vo. Catalogue of the Wisconsin State Library, 1872. 1 vol. 8vo.

Publishers. Bossange's Catalogue. Forest and Stream. Gardener's Monthly.
Gloucester Telegraph. Hardwick's Science Gossip. Haverhill Gazette. Ipswich
Chronicle. Lawrence American. Lynn Reporter. Lynn Transcript. Medical
and Surgical Reporter. Nation. Nature. Peabody Press. Salem City Post.
Salem Observer.

David Coggiu, of Salem, was elected a resident mem-
ber.

Mr. Byron Groce, master of Peabody High School,
Peabody, Mass., read a communication. Au abstract is
here annexed.

NATURAL HISTORY IN THE SCHOOLS.

The speaker stated his purpose to be to speak of the state of
thiugs regarding natural history in the schools as it is at present, to
tell what he thought it ought to be, and to give some brief sugges-
tions as to how the desired end might be brought about.

The present may be described by the brief but fair statement that
there is no natural history in our schools, for, while it is true that
botany has a place in the printed programme of most of our high

schools, and is accompanied by mineralogy in others, two consider-
ations make this fact consistent with the original statement. First,
the number of pupils in high schools, as compared with the number
in the lower grades, is extremely small. Second, even in high
schools, the method of study is such as to indicate the light esteem
in which it is held ; and the few good results from the study are not
seldom quoted to the discredit of the study itself. As an illustration
of "how not to do it," the method of teaching in a college, with
which the speaker was familiar, was cited.

A genial, well-informed gentleman of mature years and fine culture
occupies the position of instructor in the department of natural
science in this well endowed, vigorous and flourishing New England
college. During the fifteen or twenty weeks given to botany, with
three or four recitations weekly, in one year less than half a dozen
plants were examined by the pupils, in the class-room, and, worse
than this, the time was spent instead, in committing to memory, ver-
batim et literatim, the glossary of technical terms at the end of the
book, with the definitions, on the ground that if these were first
learned the things corresponding could be easily recognized on occa-
sion.

This was the introduction to nature, and this is not a solitary ex-
ample. There are hundreds of high schools and academies, as well
as colleges, where thus the method curses the subject. This means a
great deal. What a plea against such methods was the whole life of
Prof. Agassiz !

There are being made well directed efforts, in some of our cities and
towns, to have the subject introduced into the common schools, and
this fact, with the other fact that the subject is in our high school pro-
grammes, permits us to estimate the condition of natural history in
the schools to-day. The reason for the present state of things is
perhaps unimportant, but it is not because educators for half a cen-
tury have not been agreed as to the principles which govern the
case. It is curious to observe that in the face of this agreement, and
the fact that the statement of the principles has become so frequent
in convention as to be almost stale, few in authority have essayed to
take the first logical step in the indicated direction.

The speaker prefaced his remarks upon the condition of natural
science as it ought to be in the schools, by saying that he was not a
prolicient in the subject, and in no sense a specialist, being person-
ally more interested in other subjects.

As it was shown to be true on the one hand that natural history
is not in the schools, the speaker maintained on the other hand that
it ought to be there. First, for the knowledge It offered, which an-
swered one aim of education. Second, because the knowledge is

more valuable and practical than much now given. Third, it answers
the purpose of a right training of faculties, according to natural and
acknowledged laws. This answers a second aim of education ; it
answers the demand for a method which shall be in accordance with
the natural development of the mind. Attention, observation, per-
ception, discrimination, comparison, deduction, induction. Attention
is first culled to sensible objects. To train the senses then is impor-
tant. What studies do it? Do we not need keen senses? Prof.
Chadbourne says, "the material world is the means which God has
appointed first to arouse the mind of man to action, and the only
foundation for the highest processes of thought in the boundless field
of mental speculation. It is only through the senses that this out-
ward world can reach the mind, to excite its action or furnish it with
materials." Here, then, is the first work of natural history in educa-
tion, to educate the senses. Is not the introduction of drawing into
our schools a testimony to the demand for educated senses as well as
educated tastes ?

Not only do natural history studies educate the senses to observe,
but to compare and lead the mind to judge, and in other ways train
the highest mental powers. As the matter now stands much of our
work is a pyramid set upon its apex; we deal with babes in intellect
as with grown men and women. To ring the changes upon percep-
tion and observation and then assign abstruse problems in induction
is too common. To sharpen razors on a grindstone and wonder they
will not shave is no worse. Nature kicks at it, scholars don't like it
and rebel, mothers and fathers wonder what's the matter and worry
because children are oi-owded so.

A part of the trouble is due as much to bad methods in arithmetic,
grammar and geography as to the wrong position of those studies,
or the expectation that they will do the work for the young mind that
is not suited to them and is suited to natural history.

The speaker disavowed any claim for natural history as a panacea
for all the ills the educational flesh is heir to, but thought that fresh
air from the natural world was a necessity for healthful lungs and
minds, and that this subject put naturally into the primary schools
would remedy much of the difficulty in our foundation work.

The movement of education is evidently in the direction more
favorable to natural history. Sup't Harris' masterly scheme of study
in this department for the St. Louis schools, from lowest to highest,
was an early wave, and the recent introduction of books on nature
into the Boston schools and into those of other progressive cities
and towns is significant.

It will soon be quite the fashion to study natural history. Salem
will come to it, and Peabody and Beverly and Wenham and Essex

Will sooner be out of the world than out of the fashion, and we shall
all study it.

Look out then that it doesn't swamp us. The book-makers will
enter the field, and we shall not lack for book instruction, and since
that is so easy to give, the spread of natural history will be rapid as
it will be killing, for, mark just here, that it is not arithmetic, nor
geography with which we are dealing, — it is Nature, and every unnec-
essary remove from herself in the study, is a move toward dulling
faculties instead of quickening them, is a move toward death, not
life. Nature herself should be the study if it is possible, and it
almost always is, even in cities.

The nearest approach to nature in the shape of pictures, models
and dried specimens should be the only permitted plan in lieu of the
former. To recite from a text-book alone, here, even the interesting
glossary, is to kill enthusiasm, dull perception, blind observation,
and make an added routine, where it was to be especially avoided.
The speaker said that the brief half-hour did not permit an exhaus-
tive statement of the reasons for his second proposition, viz., that
natural history ought to be in the schools, but trusted that with the
following from Mr. Chadbourne he had given some answer to those
who asked the educational value of natural history.

u It gives problems for the deepest thought; it has power to make
the earth yield her mineral treasures and to bring forth more abun-
dantly every desirable form of vegetable and animal life. It is a
volume ever open, ever inviting the mind to activity without weari-
ness. It. saves from the confinement and wear of other studies, and
makes the hours of physical exercise the most profitable in storing
the mind. It gives standards of the beautiful, and. by developing a
true taste, gives to the student the highest type of mental cultivation
and secures to him unfailing sources of enjoyment, so long as sight
and hearing remain.

It goes deeper still, and, revealing the divine nature, leads to the
sublimest contemplations, elevating the moral nature, thus ennobling
the whole man, and strengthening the only sure foundation of all that
is truly noble in our natures. Shall such a study be ignored in our
systems of education? Shall it be left like a beggar to find here a
hearty welcome and there to be driven from the door?"

The final question is, then. What are we going to do about it? The
speaker said his answer to this third point would be as brief as his
propositions regarding the lirst two. 1. Natural history is not in the
public schools. 2. It ought to be there. 3. Put it there. If two
bodies or studies cannot occupy the same space at the same time,
something must give way, If the school curriculum is full. The
speaker was ready to accept the logic of the situation. If primary
schools cannot 11ml time for it, those in authority must be shown how

it may be reading, spelling, writing, and almost arithmetic lesson, and
these will at once become more agreeable. Some would find time and
place in one way, some in another. Prof. Thompson, of Worcester,
says there is a chance for it as a substitute for much of present
English grammar.

The speaker thought that a good teacher would find the easiest way
to prepare a scholar to pass a high school admission examination
would be to give him through his earlier years arithmetic, geography,
etc., with natural history, rather than without, and that he could be
better prepared in this way for his future studies. So the logic of
the matter will not abide the objection that it interferes with curric-
ulum,— remodel the curriculum is the stern necessity.

The question of time may be partly solved by considering that the
routine of daily school work needs frequent breaks and " it is often a
gain to lay aside common studies and spend an hour in natural his-
tory." Even an hour a week would be of good advantage if the
method were in harmony with the topic.

The objection regarding lack of knowledge on part of teachers was
also considered and answered. The speaker said that if the thing
was a necessity, all the lions in the way must yield. He thought
teachers were more alive to the matter than school committees. In
conclusion he offered as an illustration of how something might be
done, an account of a plan he had tried, partly on the suggestion of
Dr. Ebell, of New York. It had not been tried long enough to per-
mit him to speak much of the results, but it at least offered a begin-
ning. We find in the "Massachusetts Teacher" for July an account
of the plan, which we give in place of an abstract of the speaker's
remarks.

"Natural history finds no place in the curriculum of study in our
schools (in P.), except in the high school, in the subject of botany.
The high school teachers are not specially scientific in their tastes,
and natural history furnishes to none of them the attractiveness or
congeniality that literature or mathematics would afford.

Yet, moved by many motives which space forbids mentioning, we
have organized a society of natural history. It is a voluntary or-
ganization. It has its by-laws, drawn up by a committee of members,
crude but satisfactory. It admits anybody, in school and out, who
will pay ten cents and siljn its rules. Its object is. primarily, to col-
lect and preserve specimens of all the plants in the limits of the
town. But secondarily, exercise and pleasure are its objects. The
observation and collection of minerals, insects, etc., furnishes a fur-
ther attraction.

It has a president, vice-president, treasurer, two recording and one
corresponding secretary, an executive committee, a cabinet com-
mittee and a librarian: and thus far all except the librarian have had
employment. It requires an excursion every Wednesday afternoon,
for which the executive committee arrange, and in which every mem-

8

ber must unite or present some specimen of real value to the cabinet
or pay a small fine. It keeps a careful record of all its doings and
excursions, and means to get help wherever it can.

It has not yet attracted many persons of mature years to its ranks,
but it has called in members from outside the school, and its influ-
ence is just beginning.

All will recognize the difficulties attending such a society, but the
result is worth the care. We hire a large team, or use the horse or
steam cars, or go on foot, to reach our fields of work. We take
bottles, knives, baskets, a hammer, and other implements for collec-
tion, botany cases if convenient, a book for pressing, or whatever
can be easily obtained, — to be carried by different members, or by
each member; rubbers and old clothes for all.

We laugh and talk, and hammer stone walls, and dig roots and
search meadows ; we climb hills, struggle through brambles and find
rich reward for our search. We hunt for crabs on the beach and
chase butterflies in the field, and drink fresh water from the springs.
In short, we have a good time, and study natural history. We carry
text-books sometimes, we read in the library at others ; what one
learns is common property. If the afternoon of Wednesday is rainy,
we spend it in the school-room examining and studying specimens.
The town gives us a cabinet, and the scientific society in the neigh-
boring city loans us a box of representative insects and other speci-
mens of interest.

The society has collected but little except in botany. But every-
thing is fish that comes to our nets. We have several crabs in alcohol,
star-fish, sand-skippers, a lizard, a frog, shells and sea-weeds, butter-
flies and insects, minerals, and some last year's bird's nests — we are
too pitiful to take the new ones. The cabinet has had some gifts of
minerals and curiosities, and it asks and expects more.

Its members get tired and do not feel like listening to lectures
after their long tramp, but they hear patiently a few7 words from their
president, and ask and answer many questions. But they have rosy
cheeks and broadening chests, and they know there is a world to
observe, more clearly than they have ever known it before. They all
like it; and, although not so scientifically inclined as born natural-
ists would be, answer, we think, every reasonable expectation. If
they will learn to observe, compare, and classify, we think it may
help them to buy sugar and cotton cloth, coffee and ribbons, when
they become merchants ; and likewise to keep these things in order.
And wlio knows but that one of our uneasy boys, or meek and gentle
girls, may find a life path open from among the hills of our excur-
sions?

We could write much more of what we have seen and what we see
ahead; of what we have done and what we intend to do. We have
not tried to make the whole operation clear in these pages, but to us
our experiment looks like a success. We do not think it more par-
ticularly suited I'm- trial in High than in Grammar, or even Primary
Schools. And we are very sure that in the latter something of the
sort might be an invigorating auxiliary to the study of the alphabet,
which is the alternate horror with folded arms and stiffened necks, in
so many of our primary schools."

Mr. F. W. Putnam said that he had listened with

9

great pleasure to the paper by Mr. Groce, and he con-
gratulated the Institute that at last a teacher in our public
schools had taken the platform of the Iustitute, and de-
clared that, though no naturalist himself, he had become
convinced that the judicious teaching of natural history
in the schools would do more good to the pupils than
some of the studies they now pursue. This being the
stand that the Institute has taken for years, it has done
all it could to bring about such a feeling on the part of
the teachers, but with one or two exceptions the teachers
themselves would not be taught, and they consequently
did not appreciate the value of the study of nature. He
felt confident that the day was not far distant when a
teacher, before being considered qualified to take charge
of a school would have to convince its committee that he
at least was acquainted with the general structure of ani-
mals and plants, and the leading principles of mineralogy
and geology, as well as with the rules of grammar and
algebra, and now that natural history was no longer
mainly the learning of the names of objects, the old plea
that to study it meant simply to commit a list of names
to memory would not hold. The study now consisted in
reading the great principles and laws of nature, and
though a naturalist was all the better able to study them
by being familiar with an immense number of forms,
which he must classify and have names for in order to
make his knowledge easily known to others, yet it was
not necessary for the pupils to know more than a few of
the leading and common types and to be taught the gen-
eral principles of nature, in order to lay a foundation
which, as Mr. Groce had so well said, would be one that,
throughout all walks of life, would prove of far greater
value than much of the routine instruction now given, if,
indeed, the word instruction can be used to express that

10

which is forced into the young mind to-day, to be for-
gotten, or put aside as useless, on the morrow.

Mr. Putnam hoped that this was only the commence-
ment of a series of similar papers to be brought before
the Institute by our teachers, and he assured them that
all true naturalists would <nve their aid in bringing about
so desirable a result as the proper teaching of natural
history in our schools.

Vice President, A. C. Goodell, related some of his
experiences at school, and said that these had taught him
the importance of knowing things rather than terms ; in
other words, that scientific education was the only real
learning.

The Secretary, Mr. John Robinson, presented a co -
lection of presidential medals of 1860, Lincoln, Bell,
Douglass, Breckenridge ; of 1864, Lincoln and McClellan ;
and many specimens of the tokens of 1837 to 1841. He
gave a very interesting historical notice of the several
issues, and spoke of the desirableness and importance of
making a complete series of these memorials of the dif-
ferent presidential campaigns.

Adjourned.

Regular Meeting, Monday, Jan. 19, 1874.

Meeting this evening at 7.30 o'clock. The President
in the chair. Records read.

The Secretary announced the following correspon-
dence : —

From P. E. HotohkiBS, New Haven, Conn., Jan. '12; V. B. Hough, Lowville, N. Y..
Jan. r>; Charles i>. Smith, Goshen, N. 7., Jan. 8; William c. Wood, Weaham, Jan.
10; w. II. Yoiunan.s, Colombia, Couu., Jan. 5; Belfast Naturalist's Field Club,

11

Oct. 1G; Soci<?te National des Sciences Naturellcs de Cherbourg, Sept.; Societe" d'
Agriculture. Sciences et Arts de la Sarthe, Nov. 27; Literary and Philosophical
Society Of Liverpool, Dec. 1 ; New York Genealogical and Biographical Society,
Jan. 6; Vale College, New Haven, Jan. 11.

The Librarian reported the following additions : —

By Donation.

Bollks, E. C. Miscellaneous pamphlets, c,.

Brooks, Mrs. H. M. Woman's Journal for 1873.

BUTLER, B. F., of U. 8. H. R. Speech in the U. S. H. R., Jan. 7, 1874, by donor.
Speech of Eon. R. B. Elliott in the U. S. II. R., Jan. 6, 1874.

Crosby, A. The Commonwealth for 1873.

IIai.l, E. W., of WatervUle, Me. Historical Discourse at the Fiftieth Anniver-
sary of Colby University, Aug. 2, 1870, byJ.T. Champlin. Catalogue of the Colby
University, 1873-74. Obituary Record, with Supplement, 1S22-73.

Harris, D. L., of Springfield. Mass. Annual Report of the City Library Asso-
ciation of Springfield. May 6, 1873.

National Association of Wool Manufacturers. Bulletin, Oct.-Dcc., 1873.

Richardson, W. A., of Washington, D. C. Annual Report on the State of the
Finances to the Forty-Third Congress, 1st Session, Dec. 1, 1873. 1 vol. 8vo.

U. S. Patent Office. Official Gazette, Jan. 6, 13. 1874.

Waters. J. L. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 15.

Wilder. M. P., of Boston. Address of donor at the Annual Meeting of the
New England Historic-Genealogical Society, Jan. 7, 1874.

Williams, Mrs. C. F. Miscellaneous Log Books, 31.

By Exchange.

Boston Pitslic Librarv. Bulletin, Jan., 1874.

Harvard College. Forty-eighth Annual Report of the President. 1872-73.

Iowa State Historical Society. The Annals of Iowa, Oct., 1S73.

New Yore Genealogical and Biographical Society. Genealogical and
Biographical Record, Jan., 1874.

PUBLISHERS. Forest and Stream. Gloncester Telegrapb. Haverhill Gazette.
Ipswich Chronicle. Lawrence American. Lynn Reporter. Lynn Transcript.
Medical and Surgical Reporter. Nation. Teobody Press. Salem Observer.
Salem Post.

Mr. F. W. Putnam exhibited several rare and inter-
esting fishes from the harbors of Marblehead, Salem and
Beverly, as follows : —

Cryptacanthodes inornatus Gill. The Ghost-fish. A
fine specimen of this very rare species was taken in Mar-
blehead harbor by Mr. Tucker of that town, while spear-
ing for eels through the ice in December last, and pre-
sented to the Peabody Academy of Science by Mr. Wm.

12

Goodwin, 4th, of Marblehead. This species was first
described by Dr. Gill from a specimen obtained on the
coast of Maine by Dr. Stimpson, and now in the collec-
tion of the Smithsonian Institution. Two other speci-
mens, a male and a female, are also in the Museum of
Comparative Zoology ; one was taken on the coast of
Maine, and the other at Swampscott, Mass. The only
other specimen known is the one now exhibited.

Liparis linealus Kroyer. Sea Snail. One of the most
interesting additions to our county collection of fishes was
made by Mr. J. H. Sears in October last, when he found
adhering to a root of kelp in about six feet of water near
Baker's Island, a fine specimen of the striped variety of
this fish. While living, the stripes were red, with lighter
lines between. This is the first instance of the capture of
the striped variety of this species in our New England
waters, though several specimens of the brown and mar-
bled variety have been obtained. It is therefore a very
important addition to our fauna, as it proves that both
varieties occur in our waters, as well as in the northern
waters of Europe. As there has been some question as
to the Liparis Uneatus being the same as L. vulgaris,
I will state that from an examination of a number of
specimens from European waters, embracing both vari-
eties, and several from our own waters, I have been
unable to separate the two forms specifically, and even
the markings of the varieties, though so distinct in some
specimens, run into each other. The name of "sea snail"
was given to this fish by the old writers from its sluggish
habits and its soft, slimy body. It never attains a size of
more than four or five inches, and is allied to the lump-
fish of our waters.

JPlalessa glabra Storer. Smooth Flounder. For a long
time this fish was known only from the description and

13

figure of the single specimen obtained in Massachusetts
Bay by Dr. Storer, but during the last season it was
found in numbers on the coast of Maine by the United
States Fish Commission under Prof. Baird, and on re-
cently looking over the collection of fishes in the Museum
of the Academy, I found several specimens, including a
very young one, taken in our harbor, which have been pre-
sented to the Academy at various times during the past
six years by Mr. Walker, the well known fisherman of this
city, who has added so many interesting specimens to our
collections.

Mr. Alfred Peabody, one of the pioneers in the Cali-
fornia enterprise, read a very interesting paper on the
early days and rapid growth of California. After a brief
review of the acquisition of the territory and the discovery
of the gold fields, he proceeded to the narration of his
personal experience. Immediately after the announcement
of the discovery, and the knowledge that a large immi-
gration from the neighborhood had set in, Mr. Peabody
applied to John Bertram, Esq., of Salem, who, with his
usual energy, engaged in the enterprise. With five others
Capt. Bertram fitted out the barque "Eliza," which sailed
from Salem for San Francisco, Dec. 23, 1848, under com-
mand of Capt. A. Stamford Perkins, with a cargo of provi-
sions, clothing, mining tools, lumber, etc., and a scow for
dredging. She took as passengers, Messrs. Alfred Pea-
body, who was part owner and supercargo, John Beadle,
Jr., Dennis Hideout, Geo. R. Butifum, Geo. W. Kenny,
and Jona. Nichols, of Salem, and J. H. Parker, of Boston.

The "Eliza" was the first vessel from Massachusetts
fitted expressly for California with such a cargo, although
Capt. Eagleston had actually cleared the brig "Mary &
Ellen" for the Sandwich Islands via California, and sailed
Oct. 28, changing his first destination on account of the

14

fever having set in. The circumstances of the sailing of
the "Eliza" were vividly narrated, including the singing
of the famous California ditty, with the refrain : —

" Oh ! California ! That's the land for me !
I'm going to Sacramento with m}7 wash-bowl on my knee — "

composed by Mr. Jonathan Nichols, well remembered as
a humorist of rare poetical and musical talent.

The "Eliza" arrived at San Francisco, June 1, 1849,
after a passage of one hundred and sixty days, landing at
a wharf forty feet long, the only one in the place. They
afterward took the barque up the river to Sacramento,
paying a pilotage of one thousand, seven hundred and
twenty-five dollars for one hundred and twenty miles, the
feat having been successfully performed in six days by
the best pilot upon the river. The vessel was for a long
time used as a store house, boarding house, wharf, etc.
Mr. Peabody traced the gradual rise and growth of the
city, the prevalence of lynch law, the custom which had
grown up of disregarding the Sabbath, the gambling
places, the rough ways, and the disposition of everybody
to do something in the way of work to make money, re-
gardless of previous social position.

Mr. Peabody gave some very interesting details re-
specting the disposal of the cargo and the prices then
prevailing. In one instance the sum of eighty-five dol-
lars was paid for a bag of onions (two bushels) which
passed through his hands.

Mr. Peabody's knowledge of the development and
growth of business was of necessity closely connected
with his personal experience in the house of Flint , Tea-
body & Co., begun Dec. 1, 1850. The trade was pur-
sued with energy, and three vessels, sent out by Capt.
Bertram, arrived in the spring of that year. Capt. Per-
kins sailed for home in .June, 1850, and was the first to

15

verify the song about returning with "a pocket full of
rocks."

At about this time the need of quick passages and
clipper ships became apparent. In September, 1850, a
contract was made with East Boston parties to build a
clipper of eleven hundred tons, and she was built, rigged
and fitted so as to sail on Jan. 10 following, with a full
cargo. She was one of the Glidden & Williams line, and
the freight was one dollar per foot. She was named for
Capt. John Bertram, who had manifested so much energy
and spirit in this new trade. The croakers said the vessel
was "thrown together," and would not last long; but she
was sold eighteen years ago and has been running ever
since. On the 12th of last month she was in New York,
and the captain, her present owner, wrote to a gentleman
in this city, asking for a portrait of Capt. Bertram to hang
In her cabin. This was the first clipper built for the Cal-
ifornia trade; but she was soon followed by the "Witch
of the Wave " and four others, averaging fifteen hundred
tons each.

In 1853, Messrs. Bertram and others, with Flint, Pea-
body & Co., established the ice trade ; but afterwards this
article was introduced from Sitka (Russia) at lower cost
than from Boston, and so this trade was destroyed.

In June, 1851, a great fire occurred, destroying prop-
erty to the amount of four million dollars, and burning
out Messrs. Flint, Peabody & Co., who lost heavily,
having no insurance.

As illustrating the changes which have taken place in
the commerce of San Francisco, the San Francisco alma-
nac for 1859 gives a statement of the amount paid as
freight to, and the number of tons of cargo carried by,
and the vessels consigned to, a single house, Messrs. Flint,
Peabody, & Co., agents for Messrs. Glidden & Williams'
line between Boston and California, commencing with the

16

arrival of the first ship of that line, the J. Bertram.
During six years there were two hundred and seven ships,
three hundred and forty-five thousand, three hundred and
ninety-eight tons of goods — the amount of freight being
$5,965,802.14. In one year, four ships arrived in a
single month. In 1859 Messrs. Flint, Peabody & Co.
received a full cargo of flour from Boston, six thousand,
five hundred barrels, which paid a fair freight. In 1869,
during the six months from July to December 31. the
shipments from San Francisco of wheat and flour were
equal to one million, six hundred thousand barrels. The
same year the wool clip of California was fifteen million
pounds, all of fine quality. The value and destination of
treasure shipped from San Francisco in sixteen years,
from 1854 to 1869, are as follows : —

Eastern ports,

$462,088,066

England,

167,703,292

China,

68,050,250

Pauama,

9,053,526

Other ports,

17,598,824

§724,493,958

The duties on imports in 1859 were $8,339,384.14.
The value of mining stocks sold at the broker's board at
San Francisco the same year was thirty millions. During
the past year only two ships loaded in Boston for San
Francisco.

In 1854 the amount of gold mined had been $15,000,-
000 ; sixteen years later, it had increased to nearly
$725,000,000.

In 1859, sixty-five hundred barrels of flour were im-
ported into San Francisco from Boston; in 1869, wheat
and flour equivalent to one million, six hundred thousand
barrels were exported from San Francisco, and in 1873
the wheat crop of California was equal to eight million
barrels of flour.

BULLETIN

OF THE

ESSEX IITSTITTJTE.

Vol. 6. Salem, Mass., Feb., 1874. No. 2.

One Dollar a Year in Advance. 10 Cents a Single Copy.

Eegular Meeting, Monday, Jan. 19, 1874.

[ Continued. J

Mr. John Robinson, after expressing his pleasure at
the reading of the foregoing paper, moved that the thanks
of the Institute be presented to Mr. Peabody, and that a
copy be requested for printing in the Publications of the
Institute — adopted.

Mr. F. W. Putnam followed, and alluded to the sailing
of the barque "Eliza" in 1848, and his presence on the
wharf on the interesting occasion, he being then a boy
and entering iuto all the enthusiasm of the crowd that
had there assembled, and said that he had listened with
great interest to the paper by Mr. Peabody, from its
bearings on archaeological facts. Here was a case illus-
trating the sudden rise of numerous and large towns,
embracing extensive works, during his own boyhood, and
in less than a quarter of a century many of their well

Essex Ixst. Bulletin. vi 2

18

known and thriving towns and settlements had been
deserted and left to decay ; the agencies of nature had
been at work, and now the sites of many once extensive
mining towns could only be made out by researches simi-
lar to those by which prehistoric cities were re-discovered.
Such facts should certainly teach us to be careful in our
deductions regarding the time required for the rise and
fall of more ancient cities.

After remarking on the older and prehistoric races of
men that had once inhabited our country, he alluded to
the probably more recent Indian race found in New Eng-
land at the time of its settlement by our forefathers, and
passing in review some of the more ancient relics from
the graves of the departed race, he exhibited a small col-
lection of articles and two human skulls which he consid-
ered as possessing great interest in connecting the past
with the present, and as illustrating the transition period
in this country, when people of the stone age were
brought suddenly face to face with the highest civilized
race.

The collection referred to consisted of two well pre-
served Indian skulls, two fish spears cut out of bone,
quite a number of shell beads, or wampum, a pair of iron
scissors very much rusted and corroded, and a brass han-
dled pocket knife of very old style. These had all been
found in a few Indian graves that had been discovered in
digging away a gravel hill at Saugus, on the farm of
Joseph Ballard, Esq., who presented them to the Insti-
tute. The association of the various articles found in
the graves shows that the habit of depositing the choice
possessions of the departed with the body in the grave
was continued after the Indians had come in contact with
the whites.

Mr. Putnam then alluded to tho probably universal

19

custom with uncivilized races, of depositing articles of
various kinds in the grave with the body, or of making
offerings at the grave, a custom that, more than all others,
has enabled us to discover so much in the history of what
would otherwise be indeed the lost races of the world ;
and he thought that our own tender offerings of flowers,
at the graves of our loved and gone, were but a civilized
method of expressing the same feeling that induced the
savage and barbarian to place with the body the articles
that had been cherished while living, or to offer sacrifices
at the grave. Though with the savage the cause of the
act is to provide for the future and unknown life, while
with us it is a tribute to the life that has passed.

The Secretary spoke of the good condition and extent
of the continental paper currency in the rooms of the
Institute, and mentioned that the exchange of specimens
which he was arranging with William S. Vaux, Esq., of
Philadelphia, if consummated, would add very materially
to its interest and value. He moreover solicited contri-
butions to this department of our collections while the
same may be found in many of our old houses before
being irrevocably lost.

Harriet E. Carlton, Frank N. Chapman, Andrew Fitz,
Horace S. Perkins, Octavius B. Shreve, John P. Tilton,
all of Salem, and Albert S. Rowell, of Lynn, were elected
resident members.

20

Regular Meeting, Monday, Feb. 2, 1874.

Meeting this evening at seven and one-half o'clock.
The President in the chair. Records read.

The Secretary announced the following correspon-
dence : —

From A. A. Agge, Jan. 22; Mary J. Safford Blake, Boston, Jan. 26; E. P. Boon,
New York, Jan. 20; Francis N. Chapman, Jan. 28; Andrew Fitz, Jan. 20; G. L.
Gleason, Jan. 20, 29; James J. H. Gregory, Marblehead, Jan. 27; Edward W.
Hall, Waterville, Maine, Jan. 24; O.B. Shreve, Jan. 21; A. A. Scott. Sangus, Jan.
28; Walter P. Willett, New York, Jan. 19; Boston Society of Natural History. Jan.
22; Buff.ilo Historical Society, Jan. 20; New York Mercantile Library Associa-
tion, Jan. 28; New England Historic-Genealogical Society, Jan. 27.

The Librarian reported the following additions : —

By Donation.

Appleton, Francis H., of Boston. Bulletin of the Bussey Institution, 1874.

Busavell, E. W., of Boston. Transactions of the Mass. Horticultural Society
for 1873.

Cutter, Abram E., of Charlestown, Mass. Annual Report of the School Com-
mittee of Charlestown for 1873.

FlTTS, James H„ of Topsfleld. Manual of the Congregational Church in West
Boylston, by donor. Genealogy of the Fitts or Fitz Family in America, by donor.

Hanaford, P. A., of New Haven, Conn. Historical Sketch of the First Univer-
salist Church and Society in New Haven. 1873. Constitution, By-laws and Reg-
ister of the First Universalist Church in New Haven. 1874.

Holmes, John C, of Detroit, Mich. Second Annual Report of the Michigan
State Pomological Society for 1872. 1 vol. 8vo. Lansing. 1S73.

Packard, A. S., Jr. Our Common Insects, by donor. 1 vol. 12mo. Salem, 187'!.
Catalogue ol the Phakenidas of California. No. 2. Boston, 1874.

Seventh-Day Adventist tract Society of New England. The Constitu-
tional Amendment, a Discussion. 1 vol. 12mo. Battle Creek, Midi. 1873.

Stevens, Caroline. Sermons at Salem on the Death of Gen. Geo. Washington.
1 vol. 8vo.

Ti OKEB, Jona. The Autobiography of an Octogenarian, by D. N. Prime. 1
vol. 12mo.

Upton1, E. W., of Peabody. The Upton Memorial by John A. Vinton. 1 vol.
8vo. Bath, Me. 1871.

Upton, James. The Upton Memorial, by John A. Vinton. 1 vol. 8vo. Bath.
Me. 1874.

U.S. Patent Office. Official Gazette for Jan. 20, 27, 1874.

\\ EBBEB, I'll vs. II. Laws of North Carolina. 1797.

Wheatland, S. G. American state Papers. Svols. 8vo. Adjutant General's
Report for 1863, 1864. 2vols.8vo. Railroad Returns, 1864. lvol. 8to. .Manual
for the General Court, 1861, 1862, 1887. 8vols.l2mo. Twenty-First Annual Report

of the Board of Eduoation. i vol. 8vo. Salem Directory, 1869. l vol. 12mo.
Boston Almanac, 1S.">S. 1 vol. l8mo. .Miscellaneous pamphlets, 206.

21

By Exchawjr.

Boston Public Library. Bulletin of the, for Dec, 18G7, Feb., 18G8, Dec, 18G9.
Second and Fourth Annual Reports of the, 1854, 185G.

Extomologischen Yereine zr STETTIN. Entomologische Zeitung. Jahrg 34.
1 vol. Svo. 1st;.

Kongliga Vetenskaps-Societetex zu Ufsala. Nova Acta, Vol. viii. Fasc.
ii, 1S73. Bulletin Meteorologique Mensuel, Vol. iv, Nos. 1-12, 1871-72. Vol. v, Nos.
1-6, 1872 73.

Koniglichex Akademie GemeixnCtziger Wissexschaften zu Erfurt.
Jahrbucher, Neue Folge, Heft. vii. 1873. 1 vol. 8vo.

Literary and Phtlosophicax Society of Liverpool. Proceedings, No.
xxvii. 1872-73. 1 vol. Svo. 1873.

Naturhistoriscuer Yerein per preussisciie.v Kheixlaxde und West-
PHALexs in Bonk. Verhandlungeu, Jahrg, 29,30. 3d Folge, ix and x. Bd.,
1872-73. 2 vols. Svo.

Naturwissexsciiaftlichen Gesellschaft zu Chemnitz. Vierter Bericht,
1871-72.

New England Historic-Genealogical Society. Proceedings of the, at the
Annual Meeting, Jan. 7, 1874.

New York Lyceum of Natural History. Annals, Nos. 6, 7, 8, 9. 1872-1873.

PlIYSIKALISCH-MEDICINISCHE GESELLSCHAFT IN WUKZBURG. VerhandllingeD.

Neue Folge, Bd. iv, Heft. 2-4. 1873. Bd. v, Heft 1, 2, 3, 1873.

Public Library of Indianapolis. Catalogue of the, for 1873. 1 vol. Svo.

Senckenbergischer naturforschende Gesellschaft zu Frankfuri a M.
Bericht, 1872-73. 1 vol. Svo.

Societe de Physique etd' Histoire Naturelle, Geneve. M^moires, Tome
xxiii. 1 vol. 4to.

Publishers. American Journal of Science. American Naturalist. Forest
and Stream. Gardener's Monthly. Gloucester Telegraph. Hardwicke's Science
Gossip. Haverhill Gazette. Historical Magazine. Ipswich Chronicle. Lawrence
American. Lynn Reporter. Lynn Transcript. Medical and Surgical Reporter.
Nation. Nature. Peabody Press. Sailor's Magazine and Seaman's Friend.
Salem Post. Salem Observer.

John E. Lyon, of Salem, was elected a resident mem-
ber.

Richard A. Proctor, of London, England, was elected
a corresponding member.

The Secretary, Mr. John Robinson, stated that the
donation of paper money from W. S. Vaux, Esq., of
Philadelphia, had been arranged in the collection of the
Institute.

He gave a very interesting account of the continental

22

paper currency, and alluded especially to the recent very
valuable addition of some one hundred and fifty speci-
mens of the currency of the colonies of New Jersey,
Pennsylvania, Delaware and Maryland, and also of the
United States issue. Many of these specimens are very
rare and interesting.

Mr. F. W. Putnam gave an account of the Blackfish
shot in Salem harbor in October last by Capt. Charles
Osgood, and now on exhibition. He also exhibited a
stereoscopic view of the animal, and stated that a large
photograph was to be taken.

Unless this species proves on comparison to be the
European Globiocephalus melas, it will be known under
the name of G. intermedins , given it by Dr. Harlan,* who
first described the American animal from a specimen cap-
tured in our harbor in September, 1823. Dr. Harlan's
specimen was sixteen and one-half feet in length, and his
description applies to the present specimen, though the
figure which he gives is very poor and would mislead in
several particulars.

Mr. Putnam then gave an account of the several fam-
ilies of cetaceans and the general structure of the order,
and stated that while the blackfish was more closely
united to the grampus and dolphins than to the large and
true whales, yet, in the general acceptance of the term,
the blackfish was a whale. He then gave the following
notes, taken soon after the specimen was captured.

Head very blunt. A slight protuberance of the upper
jaw beyond a line dropped from the top of head, which is
slightly rounded. Line of back to the dorsal fin, straight ;
posterior to the fin the outline is slightly descending to

♦Journal Academy Nutunil Sciences of Philadelphia, vol. vi, part i, p. 51, pi. 1,
3 (1820).

23

near the tail fin, where it drops suddenly to the base
of the fin. The abdominal outline is flat from tip of
under jaw to the pectorals, thence slightly bulging for the
length of the pectorals, thence ascending to the tail fin.
Body rounded ; sides of head and tail compressed. Jaws
nearly straight. The teeth in front of jaws had been
dropped, leaving but ten teeth on one side of upper jaw
and nine on the other, while the under jaw had ten on
one side and eight on the other. The teeth small and
bluntly pointed. Upper jaw fourteen inches in length ;
under thirteen inches. Pectoral fins long, narrow and
pointed. Blow hole in centre of top of the head, directly
over the eye ; width of the opening three and three-
fourths inches.

Eye three and one-half inches distant from angle of
mouth, small, one and one-quarter inches long and one-
half an inch in transverse diameter. Height of head
from tip of upper jaw to top of forehead, one foot. Dis-
tance from forehead to blow hole, one foot, seven inches ;
from blow hole to base of dorsal fin, two feet, nine and
one-half inches ; length of dorsal fin, three feet, one inch ;
distance from anterior base of dorsal to its point, meas-
ured along the curve of the edge of the fin, two feet,
eleven inches ; distance between the same points measured
across the fin, two feet, eight inches ; from the point of
the fin to its posterior base, measured along its back edge,
one foot, four inches, and on a vertical line, one foot.
Distance from anterior base of dorsal to base of tail fin,
nine feet ; to tip of flukes, eight inches more. Expanse of
flukes, three feet, four inches. Distance from tip of
under jaw to anterior base of pectoral fin, two feet, two
inches ; width of pectoral at base, eleven inches ; at about
its anterior third, eleven inches ; length of pectoral, four
feet. Distance from tip of under jaw to base of penis,

24

seven feet, six inches ; to anus, nine feet, one inch ; to
centre of flukes, fourteen feet, two and one-half inches.
Total length measured over the surface of the body, four-
teen feet, five inches. Penis slender, six inches long,
enclosed in a sheath. Greatest circumference of body at
anterior base of dorsal, six feet, eleven inches. Circum-
ference at penis five feet, ten inches ; at anus, four feet,
eight inches. Distance between pectorals, one foot, two
and one-half inches.

Color lustrous black above, lighter on sides, under
parts with a broad white band, heart-shaped forwards on
the throat, extending backwards, gradually narrowing to
the anus.

The stomach contained a number of bones of codfishes
and several large pieces of kelp. The intestine meas-
ured one hundred and eighty-nine feet in length.

Mr. C. H. Higbee, of the curators on the Arts, reported
that arrangements had been made with Prof. Walter Smith,
principal of the State Normal Art School in Boston, to
deliver a lecture on " Art Studies " at the next meeting
of the Institute, arid that several persons had expressed
great interest in this object and would aid in sustaining
meetings for the discussion of subjects on art matters and
contribute to occasional exhibitions of paintings, draw-
ings and other specialties in this department, that may
be held under the auspices of the Institute.

25

Quarterly Meeting, Wednesday, Feb. 11, 1874.

Meeting this afternoon at three o'elock. The Presi-
dent in the chair.

William S. Vaux, of Philadelphia, was elected a corres-
ponding member.

After the transaction of the ordinary business of the
meeting, adjourned.

Regular Meeting, Monday, Feb. 16, 1874.

The meeting was devoted to a lecture by the Rev.
Charles Kingsley, the distinguished canon of Westmin-
ster, which was followed by a reception. This was the
introductory lecture of the supplementary course of en-
tertainments under the auspices of the Institute, and was
Mr. Kingsley's first public lecture in America. He was
introduced to the audience by Vice President D. B.
Hagar, who said : —

Ladies and Gentlemen :

I am sure that it is with no common pleasure that we
welcome to our platform, to-night, the distinguished lec-
turer. We welcome him not only as one whose works
have been read by us with delight, but as our personal
friend ; for surely he is a friend to us who has contributed
so much to us, and we, from admiring gratitude, certainly
are friends of his. I have the honor of introducing to
you Charles Kingsley, Canon of Westminster, and Chap-
lain in ordinary to Her Majesty the Queen.

Mr. Kingsley, after a few prefatory remarks, pro-
ceeded to discourse of Westminster Abbey, from what he

26

termed a puritan and international standpoint. His pres-
entation of the subject was masterly, and one soon for-
got the peculiar style of delivery in the great thoughts,
the glowing periods, and the inspiring earnestness of the
speaker.

THE RECEPTION.

At the close of the lecture a reception was given in the
rooms of the Institute, where many ladies and gentlemen
were assembled to greet and welcome the lecturer. After
a period of social intercourse the company were invited
to partake of refreshments which were provided in Cas-
sell's usual style ; a profusion of flowers from the green-
houses of Francis Putnam being conspicuous ornaments
gracing the tables. The divine blessing was invoked by
Eev. E. S. Atwood, and at the conclusion of the feast,
the President of the Institute, Henry Wheatland, ad-
dressed the company as follows : —

Ladies and Gentlemen :

We are assembled to welcome the distinguished gentle-
man, whose eloquent lecture we have listened to with
such pleasure this evening. And it is highly fitting, sir,
that Salem should extend to you a cordial welcome — the
oldest municipality in the colony of Massachusetts ; set-
tled in 1626 by Koger Conant and his companions; the
sites of several of their dwellings are passed in going from
this place to the railroad stations ; many of their descend-
ants are daily in our streets, and some are with us this
evening. Several of the sons of Salem have, in the past,
as well as recently, had peculiar relations with the mother
country. Two instances may bo cited : In 1638 Emman-
uel Downing of the Inner Temple, London, came to
Salem, and had his residence on this spot ; his son
George, a lad of fourteen summers, was fitting, under the

27

tuition of the Rev. John Fisk, for the college, where he
graduated in 1642, and is the first on the roll of the
Salem alumni of Harvard. Afterwards, he went to Eng-
land, entered the service of Cromwell, became his Min-
ister to the Hague, which office he retained after the
restoration, and, from Charles II, received a baronetcy.
Marrying Frances, sister of the first Earl of Carlisle, he
became united with "the blood of all the Howards," and
consequently took a high position amo'ng the leading fam-
ilies of the realm. Two centuries pass ; another son of
old Salem, born in that part now within the township of
Peabody, goes to London, eugages in business, is emi-
nently successful, distributes his money by millions in
founding a noble charity in London and institutions in
this country for the promotion of education and general
information among the people, and has tendered to him
by the Queen a baronetcy, which he respectfully declines,
preferring to remain an American citizen. After his
death, two nations, by their representatives, two state
governments, several municipalities and various literary
and scientific societies and other institutions, united in
doing honor to his memory. A parallel probably cannot
be found on the pages of history. His remains for a short
time were deposited in your Westminster Abbey, but now
rest in yonder cemetery, within the limits of this city,
and in the immediate proximity to the place of his birth
and all the associations of his, early life.

Notwithstanding, sir, this building and the portraits,
books and various relics therein deposited have each a
history, and many of the incidents connected therewith
have an important historical value, yet the site on which
it is erected is not devoid of interest, and is noted not
only as the place where Downing lived in early life, but
where Prescott first saw the light of day ; and in the

28

immediate vicinity, a few rods in one direction, is the
birthplace of Bowditch, and about the same distance in
another that of Hawthorne — three brilliant constellations
in the fields of history, science and letters.

Aside from these considerations there is one, which
cannot be passed over in silence, that should induce us
on this occasion to tender to you our most grateful ac-
knowledgment, and to express to you the pleasure we all
feel in having you as our guest, this evening. The
nucleus of the Institute, around which cluster the various
departments, as now constituted, was the Natural History
Society, organized some forty years since by a few per-
sons, some scarcely out of their teens, devoted and
humble workers in the cause of natural history, and de-
sirous that a taste for its study should be diffused
throughout the community, and that a complete record of
all the natural productions of this section of our state
should be made and printed. Many of these early pio-
neers have now passed to the better land ; a few remain —
a connecting link between those daj^s of small things and
the present. Your writings, having contributed so much
to the promotion of those objects which we have so long
been striving to accomplish, will always make us your
debtor, and for which we cannot cease to extend grateful
acknowledgments.

Dr. Wheatland next called up Mayor Cogswell, who
said : —

It gives me great pleasure, Mr. President, to unite with
you in doing honor to the distinguished guest of this
occasion, and in behalf of the inhabitants, and in their
name, to bid him welcome to the city of Salem, where he
comes not as a stranger, but only to find that here as else-

29

where his fame had long since preceded him. Whether
he comes as the peerless divine, the vigorous, gifted and
sympathetic author, or, better still, as the man of broad
and generous sympathies with all struggling for a higher,
better level of humanity, he is alike welcome to our hos-
pitality and good cheer. That he has chosen this city in
which first to present himself in person to the American
public is a matter of congratulation for us, and I feelthat
I can assure him a cordial welcome wherever he may go ;
and that his experiences in this country may be as agree-
able and useful as his recital of them hereafter will be
frank and honest is the best wish I can express for him or
for you who have come to know him. Again, sir, I bid
him welcome to Salem.

Mr. Kingsley replied as follows : —

I thank you and the gentlemen who have just sat down
for all your kindness. I will not trespass on you with a
long speech. I think you have heard enough of my voice
this evening, but I cannot sit down without expressing
the conviction which has already ripened, that my stay in
America is to be, by the blessing of God, a very pleasant
one. I have met with nothing but kindness ever since I
touched the shore of this land. My highest desire is to
be able to interest such Americans as may listen to what
I have to say, and that at some time upon the other side
of the water I may meet some of those who have been my
kind hosts here, and try to repay in my humble way the
obligation under which they have laid me. I do feel it
an honor to me that Salem should have been the point at
which I made my debut in this new world, and I shall
always cherish most grateful recollections of that which
has to-night brought me to feel that this is one of the
great little spots of the earth. Ladies and gentlemen of

30

Salem, I thank you most heartily for your hospitality,
and I wish your city may prosper for many years to come
as it has prospered already.

The President of the Massachusetts Senate, Hon.
George B. Loring, was next called upon, and made an
eloquent response, concluding with the sentiment : —

Hawthorne and Kingsley, the two men of thought,
culture and feeling whose duty and privilege it has been
to teach Englishmen and Americans that they are of one
nationality.

Other interesting addresses were delivered by Vice
President F. W. Putnam, Rev. E. C. Bolles, Vice Pres-
ident A. C. Goodell, Jr., and Rev. E. S. Atwood, who
were successively called upon, and the company separated
at a seasonable hour, after an evening of great intellectual
and social enjoyment.

After the reception the meeting was adjourned to Fri-
day evening, Feb. 27, at 7.30 o'clock.

Adjourned Meeting, Friday, Feb. 27, 1874.

Meeting was held this evening, according to adjourn-
ment, at 7.30 o'clock. The President in the chair.
Records read.

Henry J. Pratt, Abraham Towle, Nathan P. Cutler,
Anna C. Cutler, all of Salem, were elected resident
members.

Stephen M. Allen, of Boston, was elected a corres-
ponding member.

31

Prof. Walter Smith, of the State Normal Art School,
of Boston, occupied the hour of the meeting with some
interesting remarks on "Art Studies." The subject was
treated under four heads. First, art museums. In this
connection he explained their advantages in any city,
giving as it would an opportunity to those who have ar-
tistic ability to display their own productions, or grati-
fying the people by exhibiting the art treasures of the
favored few. He advocated the collection of antiquities,
as a great desire was expressed by many people to know
what had been going on in past ages in that particular
line of enquiry. A museum of antiquities not only aided
this interest, but enabled one to see the progress of man-
ufacture. A picture gallery in connection was of course
a most valuable adjunct. Secondly, occasional exhibi-
tions of specialties aided very much in awakening a gen-
eral interest in this object. Thirdly, a studio, with the
requisite facilities, where members can pursue their work
under the most favorable advantages. Fourth, lectures
and discussions.

Mr. Smith, in the course of his instructive lecture,
gave an account of some of the art schools in England,
especially of that at South Kensington. He showed the
important and intimate connection which exists between
art and the great industries of a country, illustrating the
subject by a reference to the advance made, of late years,
in England, in various departments of labor.

Mr. Smith also alluded to the subject of drawing as a
common school study. " He strongly favored the teaching
of drawing, as affording a useful preparation for many
industrial arts, and as being, therefore, of great practical
use.

The lecture afforded much valuable instruction, and
was highly appreciated.

32

The President expressed his pleasure in listening to
the communication of Mr. Smith, and suggested some
plans by which the objects proposed could be accom-
plished ere long ; it would require, however, the untiring
industry and perseverance of some two or three interested
and zealous persons, to produce the desired results. He
mentioned that the adjoining estate of the late Col. F.
Peabody was for sale, and spoke of the desirableness to
obtain the same ; this, in connection with the Plummer
Hall estate, would afford a fine site for the erection of
suitable buildings for scientific and art museums, libraries,
reading and lecture rooms, and for other purposes.

Vice President F. W. Putnam followed, and expressed
his interest in this movement. He alluded to the success
that had attended the department of Natural History, and
considered that a like success would undoubtedly attend
the art department if the same labor should be given to
the furtherance of that object.

Vice President D. B. Hagar, after some preliminary
remarks, moved that the thanks of the Institute be ten-
dered to Prof. Smith for the interesting and valuable sug-
gestions which he had presented to our consideration this
evening on the subject of art studies.

Unanimously adopted.

Mr. Hagar also moved that the subject that had been
introduced this evening be continued at the meeting of
the Institute on Monday evening, March 16.

Adjourned.

BULLETIN

OK THE

ESSEX UsTSTITUTE.

Vol. 6. Salem, Mass., March, 1874. No. 3.

One Dollar a Year in Advance. 10 Cents a Single Copy.

Regular Meeting, Monday, March 2, 1874.

Meeting this evening at seven and one-half o'clock.
The President in the chair. Records read.

The Secretary announced the following correspon-
dence : —

From Charles II. Bell, Exeter, N. II., March 2; John Batehelder, Lynn. Feb. 10
Phillips Brooks. Boston, Feb. 16; Charles T. Brooks, Newport. 11. I.. Fob. 14; I)
P. Corey, Boston. Feb. 27; W. C. Endicott, Feb. 10; J. II. Fitta, Topsfield, Feb. 5
( . i- >i-Lre L. Gleason* Manchester, Feb, 2, 7, 9. 2:!; William Graves, Newbnryport
Feb. 7; Byron Groce, Peabody, Feb. 19,24; J. C Holmes, Detroit, Mich., Feb. 6
M. L. Huntley, South Lancaster, Feb. 12; Robert Manning, Feb.; J. Munsell
Albany, N". Y., Feb. 10; Daniel A. Rogers, Chicago, 111., Feb. 28; N. A. Very, Feb
16; Rose S. Whiting, Boston. Highlands, Feb. (5, 10. 20; Naturforschende Gesell
schafl in Emden, Oct. 15; Societe de Physique et D' Histoire Naturelle de Geneve
Sept. 15; Society of Antiquaries of London, Feb. 3; Societe des Sciences Natu
relies <le Xeuchatel, Oct. 2; New York State Library, Feb. 9; New York Genea
logical and Biographical Society, Feb. 14; New York Historical Society, Jan. 20
Societe Royale des Sciences a Upsal, Nov.

The Librarian reported the following additions

History of Lewis County, by F. B. Hough,
of the State of New York, by F. B. Hough.

Essex Inst. Bulletin. vi

1 vol. Svo. Albany, 18C0. Gazetteer
1 vol. Svo. 1872. Memories of the
3

34

Death of Washington. 2 vols. 8vo. Siege of Charlestown, 1780. 1 vol. Svo.
Siege of Savannah, 1779. 1 vol. Svo. History of the Bills of Credit, by J. II.
Hitchcock. 870 pamph.

By Donation.

Appleton, W. S., of Boston. A Rough Sketch of the Appleton Genealogy. 1873

Buswell, E. W., of Boston. Schedule of Prizes offered by the Mass. Horticul
tural Society for 1874.

Green, S. A., of Boston. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 15.

Hawkins, Dexter A. Report on Compulsory Education, Dec. 30, 1873.

Hough, F. B., of Lowville, N. Y. Meteorology of Ne-.v York, 1850-18G3. 1 vol.
4to. Transactions of the American Institute, 1853. 1867. 2 vols. Svo. Transac-
tions of the New York State Agricultural Society, 1866, 1867. 3 vols. 8vo. Assem-
bly Documents, 1843-41. 2 vols. 8vo. Digest of Claims, 1810-1858. 1 vol. 8vo.
William's Register, 1834, 1835, 1843. 3 vols. 12mo. Manual for the Legislature of
New York, 1854, 1858, 1871. 3 vols. 12mo. Report of the Secretary of State on the
Criminal Statistics of New York, 1854, 1857. 2 vols. 8vo. Report of the Canal
Commissioners of New York, 1860. 1 vol. Svo. Buffalo City Directory, 1855. 1
vol. 8vo. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 32.

Lee, John C. Commercial Bulletin for Dec. 30, 1873. Jan. 3, 10, 17, 1874.

Northend, W. D. British and American Register for 1774. 1 vol. 16mo.

Perkins, Henry VV. Report of the Commissioners on the Great Fire in Boston.
1 vol. Svo. Boston. 1873.

U. S. Patent Office. Official Gazette for Dec. 23, 30, 1873.

By Exchange.

American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Proceedings of the. Vol. iii.
May, 1868-May, 1873. Boston, 1873.

Belfast Naturalist's Field Club. Tenth Annual Report of the, 1872-1873.

Crosse et Fischer. Journal de Conchyliologie, tome xiii. Oct. 1873.

Institut Historique in PARIS. L' In vestigateur 39 An nee. Mai-Juin. 1873.

L' Institut Royal Grand-Duchal de Luxembourg. Publications, tome xiii.
1873. 8vo.

Naturwissenschaftlichen Gesellschaft zu Chemnitz. Bericht, 1871-1872.

New England Historic-Gene ALOGICAL Society. The Historical and Genea-
logical Register, Jan.-Mch., 1874.

Societe d' Acclimation in Paris. Bulletin Mensuel, tome x, 2me series,
Nos. 6, 7, 8, 9, 1873.

Societe d' Anthropologie in Paris. Bulletins., tomes vii, viii, 1872-73. 2
vols. 8vo.

Societe Nationale des Sciences Naturelles in Cherbourg. Memoires,
tome vii, 1873. 1 vol. 8vo. Catalogue de la Bibliotheqne. Dec. 31, 1878.

Pi BLI8HER8. American Naturalist. Forest and Stream, (iardener's Monthly.
Gloucester Telegraph. Hardwick's Science Gossip. Haverhill Gazette. Histori-
cal Magazine. I pswich Chronicle. Lawrence American. Lynn Reporter. Lynn
Transcript. Medical and Surgical Reporter. Nation. Nature. lValmdy Press.
Salem Post. Salem Observer. Silliman's Journal. The Commonwealth.

Adelaide M. Putnam, S. Elizabeth Hunt and Mary E.
West, all of Salem, were duly elected resident members.

35

The Secretary, Mr. John Robinson, exhibited two
finely grown plants from Mr. David M. Balch, the Ama-
ryllis venusta, having ten flowers on three flower stalks
from one bulb ; and the Imantqphyllum miniatum twelve
flowers on one stalk ; also a forced Trillium grandiflorum
which had flowered twice from each bulb.

The paper of the evening was communicated by Hon.
James Kimball, consisting of notes from the diary of
his grandfather, William Russell, prior to and chiefly
during the time he was confined in Mill Prison, England,
in the war of the Revolution. The extracts read were
very interesting, and embodied a vast amount of infor-
mation relative to the character and condition of the
prison, the treatment of the prisoners, when and where
captured, their places of residence, previous occupation,
etc.

After the reading, remarks were made by several per-
sons, a vote of thanks passed, and a copy was requested
for the publications of the Institute.

The paper is a valuable contribution to the history of
the period of the revolution, and will be printed in the
twelfth volume of the "Historical Collections of the In-
stitute."

Adjourned.

36

Regular Meeting, Monday, Maech 16, 1874.

Meeting this evening at 7.30 o'clock. The President
in the chair. Records read.

The Secretary announced the following correspon-
dence : —

From Stephen M. Allen, Boston, March 3; Edwin Bicknell, Cambridge, March
2; E. P. Boon, New York, March 5; Nehemiah Cleaveland, Westport, Conn.,
March 9; A. C. Goodell, Jr., March 5; Daniel A.Rogers, Chicago, 111.. March 7;
J. Sabin & Sons, New York, March; Leeds Philosophical and Literary Society,
Feb. 26.

The Librarian reported the following additions : —

By Donation.

Baker, Dr. H. B., of Lansing, Mich. First, Second, Third and Fourth Regis-
tration Report of Michigan, 1867-8, 18G9, 1S70. 3 vols. 12nio.

Cross, H. J. Genealogy of the Wells Family, of Wells, Me. Milwaukee. 1874.

Cutter, Abram E., of Charlestown, Mass. Annual Report of the School Com-
mittee for 1873. Address of Jona. Stone to the City Council, Jan. G, 187.!. Fare-
well Sermon by Charles E. Grinnell, Dec. 28, 1873.

Forbes, It. B. Lifeboats, Projectiles, and other Means for Saving Life. By
donor. 1872.

George, W. S., of Lansing, Mich. Directory of Lansing for 1873. 1 vol. 8vo.
Directory of Saginaw Valley for 1874. 1 vol. 8vo. Journal of the Proceedings of
the Convention of Delegates of the .Stale of Michigan. Sept. 26, 183G.

Green, S. A., of Boston. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 28.

Kimball, James. Journal and Documents of the Valuation Committee, 1860.
1 vol. 8vo. Annual Report of the Board of State Charities, 18G5. 1 vol. 8vo.
Agriculture of Massachusetts, 1856. 1 vol. 8vo. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 7.

Mack, Esther C. Dwight's Journal of Music. 4to. 20 volumes in 10. Boston.

Osgood, Alfred, of Newburyport, Mass. Annual Report of the School Com-
mittee of Newburyport for 1873. Eighteenth Annual Report of the Directors of
the Public Library of Newburyport. 1873. The Mayor's Address and the Treas-
urer's Annual Report, etc. 1873.

IT i nam, GEO. G. American Almanac for 18:50, 1S32. 2 vols.l2mo.

Smith, Nath'l, Pembroke. Annual Report of the School Committee of the
Town of Pembroke for 1873-74.

STONE, E. M., of Providence, R. I. Thirty-Second Annual Report of the Min-
istry at Large. Feb. 1, ls71.

Stone, Mart O. The Nation. 52nos.

si i ion, \V\, 1'eabody. Records of the State of Rhode Island and Providence
Plantations in New England, 1784-1792. l vol. 8vo.

Tutiiill, P. EL, Kalamazoo, Mich. History and Directory of Kalamazoo for
1889-70. 2 vols. 8vo.

37

U. S. NAVAL OBBEBVATORT ok Washington, D. C. Astronomical and Meteor-
ological Observations for 1971. l vol. 4to. Washington, 1873.

U. S. PA i in i < »kfice of Washington. D. C. Official Gazette for Feb. 17, 1874.

WH3TIHG, U.S., Boston. Memoir of Rev. Samuel Whiting, D.D. ByW.G.
Whiting. lvol.Svo. Boston, 1873.

By Exchange.

American Philosophical Society of Philadelphia. Proceedings of, June-
Dec 1>7:;. No. m. 8vopamph.

l'i BLI8HERS. American Naturalist. Forest and Stream. Gardener's Montlily.
Gloucester Telegraph. Haverhill Gazette. Ipswich Chronicle. Lawrence Amer-
ican. Lynn Reporter. Lynn Transcript. Medical and Surgical Reporter.
Nation. Nature. Feabody Press. Salem Observer. Salem City Post. Silli-
man's Journal.

William W. Kellett of Peabody was duly elected a res-
ident member.

Agreeably to the suggestion offered at the meeting on
Feb. 27th, the evening was devoted to the discussion of
subjects relating to art.

Mr. George M. White gave a description of the
trious
follows

various modes of engraving — an abstract of his remarks

COPPER-PLATE ENGRAVING.

The art of engraving on copper and taking impressions
from the engraved plates, is ascribed to a native of Flor-
ence, named Finiguerra, who flourished in the fifteenth
century. He was a successful workman in an art then
largely practised, namely, the engraving of church orna-
ments, vases, sword-blades, and other articles, and tilling
the engraved lines with a black composition of silver and
lead. This was called working in niello, and had a very
fine effect. One day Finiguerra wished to try the effect
of an engraving he had been working upon, and for that
purpose cast some melted sulphur into the hollows of the
lines ; on removing the sulphur he noticed that some dust
and charcoal which had gathered in the engraved portion

38

of the plate gave an impression of his design. After this
he tried the effect of moistened paper pressed down on
the engraving with a roller, and met with complete suc-
cess. For some time he used the discovery to make
copies of his designs. Finally other engravers and gold-
smiths penetrated his secret, and soon the important dis-
covery was widely diffused.

Copper and steel-plate engraving, as now practised, is
subdivided into five branches, viz., line, stipple, mezzo-
tint, aquatint and etching. Pure line engraving is one of
the most difficult and tedious methods used for the pur-
pose of illustration, and has given place, of late years,
to more expeditious and less costly modes of work. A
plate of copper or steel, the latter metal being preferred
on account of its greater durability, comes from the man-
ufacturer ready for the engraver's use. The plates are
prepared with a perfectly sound texture and even grain
throughout, and the surface is perfectly smooth and very
highly polished. For copper plates the price asked is
about twenty-five cents per square inch, so that the first
cost of the plate alone is sometimes a considerable
amount. The engraver, having received the plate ready
for use, must trausfer to it a careful outline of the picture
he proposes to engrave. To this end, the plate is first
heated until it attains a sufficient uniform heat to melt
white wax, a piece of which is rubbed over it, and allowed
to spread in a thin layer till the whole surface is equally
covered, after which the plate is left in a horizontal posi-
tion, until the wax is cold. In the interval a careful
tracing of the original design is made with black load
pencil upon thin tracing paper, and this is afterwards
spread over the surface of the waxed plate, with the lead
lines in contact with it, and of course reversed. The
tracing being secured in this position, heavy pressure is

39

applied, which transfers the lead lines from the paper to
the wax. The engraver now takes a fine steel point, and
(the tracing paper being removed) goes over the subject
lightly, so as to penetrate the wax, and touch the steel-
plate. By this means a perfect and delicate outline is
drawn upon the plate, and, the wax being melted off, the
subject is ready to be proceeded with, and finished. The
instrument used in line engraving is called the (/raver, or
burin, and is made of highly tempered steel, ending in
an unequal sized pyramidal point. This instrument is
held in the hand at a small inclination to the plane of the
copper, and is pushed forward in the direction required
to cut the lines on the plate. As the burin cuts the line
it raises on each side a ridge of metal, technically known
as the bur. To remove this, the engraver has recourse to
the scraper, a triangular instrument of steel about six
inches long, and having the angles ground down to sharp
cutting edires. After removing the bur he uses a third
instrument, also of steel, called the burnisher, to soften
down the lines, and remove accidental scratches from the
plate. There are few mechanical inventions used in line
engraving, for the engraver depends upon the burin only
for his effects, and by the different depths, lengths, or
widths of line he produces all the various lights or
shades of the original picture. There are inventions,
however, to lighten the labor of the line engraver, and
where a series of parallel lines are wanted, in architec-
tural subjects, or in skies, a ruling machine is substituted.
Those engravers who work for reputation seldom employ
these artificial helps, and the older engravers never used
them, for they were not then invented.

Next to line engraving comes engraving in stipple,
which is nearly as difficult as the first named art. It is
used in representing the flesh in portraits, for delicate

40

transitions of light and shade, and for drapery, or in
textile fabrics, such as silk, satin, or laces. In stipple
engraving the effect is produced by the cutting of small
dots, the shadows being made by increasing the number
and size of the dots. This process is often combined
with line engraving. Sometimes a small mallet is used
to strike lightly upon the plate, and beat down the im-
pressions to the right depth, producing the same effect as
the use of the burnisher in line engraving.

Mezzotint engraving is a more recent invention than
line, and the process is entirely different. A mezzotint
plate prepared for a design presents a surface entirely
roughened by minute indentations in the metal, and by
a bur raised by the tool with which they are made. To
lay a mezzotint ground the engraver uses an instrument
called the cradle, a piece of properly tempered steel, with
a spherical face cut into sharp points, and fitted to a
handle, by which the pointed face is worked over the sur-
face of the plate until the needed bur is obtained. A
proof taken from the plate in this state would present an
intensely black tint ; if the slightest portion of the ground
be scraped off it would be marked in the proof by a
lighter tint, a pure white only being obtained by entirely
removing the ground and burnishing the metal. The
work of the artist, therefore, consists in availing himself
of the nature of the ground to scrape out his picture from
black to white, which is effeeted by lancet-shaped scrapers
and burnishers of various forms and sizes. To prevent
accidental encroachment upon portions of the ground
desired to be kept black, the engraver touches such parts
with a brush tilled with asphaltum or india ink, removing
it again when the work is sufficiently advanced to allow
of it.

A plate for aquatint engraving is prepared by pouring

41

a solution of Burgundy pitch, or mastic made in alcohol,
over the plate; the solution, when evaporated, leaves a
granulated ground. A proof from a plate so prepared
and subjected to the action of acid, would present under
a lens the appearance of an elaborate network of lines.
As the plate may have been more or less subjected to the
action of the acid, these lines will be more or less deep
and broad, and producing tints, in printing, from the
faintest stain or wash of india ink, to black. To arrest
the action of the acid at the proper moment, so as to
secure certain gradations of tint by means of "stopping
out" with an acid resisting varnish, and at the same time
to give these tints their proper form, comprises the motive
and effective application of aquatint.

Etching is peculiarly a painter's art, requiring less
technical knowledge and more artistic capacity in the
practioner than any other branch of engraving. A plate
is prepared for etching by rubbing the burnished surface
with willow charcoal and water. The charcoal leaves an
infinite number of tine lines' or scratches in the plate,
which show the same appearance in the proof as a deli-
cate wash of india ink, and serve to tone down the obtru-
sive whiteness of the paper. After using charcoal the
plate is heated to a temperature sufficient to melt a com-
position of white wax, Burgundy pitch and asphaltum,
technically called the etching ground, which is rubbed
over the plate in a thin, even coat and allowed to harden.
The ground is then smoked to a dull, deep black, over the
flame of a wax taper. The artist now prepares his design
on thin paper, tracing the outline with soft red chalk ; he
then places the design face to the smoked surface of the
plate, and again traces the outline of the subject with a
sharp point of ivory or wood, and on removing the paper
the chalk lines are transferred to the wax ground, re-

42

versed. An instrument is now used called the etching
needle, to score the lines through the wax and lay bare
the surface of the copper. The pressure used is just
sufficient to remove the etching ground and slightly
scratch the surface of the metal beneath. The artist
works stroke by stroke, much the same as when drawing
with a pen, only in this case every mark shows white on
a black ground, just the reverse of pen drawing, and the
deepest shades show as patches of white. After the draw-
ing is completed the back of the plate is covered with a
varnish and immersed in a bath composed of equal parts
of nitric acid and water, the copper is attacked in those
parts laid bare by the etching needle, and after a sufficient
depth of line is obtained for the lightest parts, those
portions are stopped out with varnish, and the plate is
ajrain bitten until the darkest shades are obtained.

To print well from copper or steel plates requires
great care. The press used consists of two great rollers,
between which travels a solid flat plate, called the bed,
on which rests the plate. The copper-plate is first heated
until it is as hot as the hand can bear, then it is inked all
over with a clabber and some force is used to drive the ink
well into the lines ; next the whole of the superfluous
ink is removed with a coarse muslin rag, and the palm of
the hand, and the copper margin of the plate cleansed
very carefully with whitening ; having marked the place of
the plate on a sheet of zinc, the printer lays it on the
zinc in its measured place, and over it spreads a sheet of
damp paper ; over this he places a number of thicknesses
of cloth, and the whole is forced between the rollers of
the press ; the pressure forces the paper into the lines of
the engraving, and, removing the ink, produces the pic-
ture. Usually the first hundred impressions of a choice
engraving are printed upon india paper, and are some-

43

times signed with the name of the artist ; in this case
they are called "autograph proofs," and are much more
costly than an ordinary impression. After the artist
proofs are printed it is customary to cut the artist's name
in the right hand lower corner of the plate, while the
engraver's name occupies the left hand portion, bringing
them, of course, in just the opposite position in the
printed proof; then another series of proofs are struck
off, and called "proofs before the letter." Finally the
title of the plate is engraved, and then the ordinary series
of the plate is printed.

Mr. James Kimball communicated a paper on the
"Journal of Eev. Daniel Shute, D.D., chaplain in the
expedition to Canada in 1758."

Referred to the committee on publications.

Vice President F. W. Putnam spoke of the Agassiz
Memorial Fund, and urged the necessity of aiding, even
if in a small way, the promotion of its objects.

The subject was referred to the curators of the Depart-
ment of Natural History.

Vice President Putnam presented the following paper :

NOTES ON THE MAMMALS OF PORTIONS OF KANSAS,
COLORADO, WYOMING AND UTAH.

BY J. A. ALLEN.

The following incomplete lists of the mammals of four quite widely
separated localities in the Middle Province of North America are
based on observations made by the writer while on a recent collecting
tour to the Great Plains and the Rocky Mountains, for the Cambridge
Museum of Comparative Zoology. Meeting everywhere with intel-
ligent hunters, some of whom had spent many ye^rs in the vicinity
of the localities I visited, I was able to obtain from them much val-

44

uable information in respect to the occurrence and relative abundance
of the larger species, testing of course the accuracy of their accounts
by the independent observations and reports of different observers,
and by my own experience and general knowledge of the subject.
Respecting some of the smaller rodents, and the insect Lvores gener-
ally, I could obtain no satisfactory information, and they are conse-
quently omitted from the lists.

Every naturalist is of course aware of the difficulties that one meets
with in seeking to learn something of the mammalian fauna of a
locality, and how inadequate a few weeks' reconnoissance is for its
satisfactory exploration. Owing to the nocturnal habits of some
species and the reclusiveness of others, only a comparatively small
proportion of the whole are readily observed or obtained, patience
and strategy and much time being requisite for the discovery and cap-
ture of the others. While a few weeks of diligent collecting may be
sufficient to afford one a tolerable idea of the character and variety of
the bird life occurring at a particular season at a given locality, many
months are necessary to give one an equal familiarity with its mam-
malian life. On the other hand, one can learn at second hand much
more respecting mammals than birds, the species of the former being
so much fewer and in the main so diverse with each other, but more
especially because all the larger mammals are objects of special in-
terest to the hunter and trapper, either for their furs, their flesh, or
as enemies, and whose pursuit is attractive and meritorious in pro-
portion to its dangers and difficulties. Hence not only is the travel-
ling naturalist compelled to consult those skilled in woodcraft for
much information he has not time himself otherwise to obtain, but
he can do so with a certainty of results attainable in respect to
scarcely any other class of animals.

The collection of mammals obtained on this expedition contains
much valuable material for special investigation, including, as it
does, large series of skeletons of nearly all the ruminants and of sev-
eral of the rodents and carnivores. As the results obtained by the
examination of this and other collections of the mammals of the West
arc reserved for a series of special papers already in preparation (in-
cluding monographic revisions of the families Leporida and Sciuridce),
it has not, been deemed advisable to make the following lists in any
degree revisionary, the nomenclature adopted being essentially that
of the author's previous papers.

45

TAUT I.

On the Mammals of Middle and Western Kansas.

The observations which serve as the basis of the following list
were made chiefly in the vicinity of Fort Hays. Kansas, in the summer
of 1871, supplemented, however, by others made during two weeks
spent in the field in northwestern Kansas during the following win-
ter. All the larger and more common species are probably duly
chronicled, while not a few of the rarer or more obscure species es-
caped notice, as I am unable to include in the list a single insectivore.
The general character of the locality has been already indicated.*

Feiidh,

1. li.yiox rsifais. " Wild Cat." Bay Lynx. Rather frequent.
Occasionally met with on the prairies remote from timber.

2. Canis lugms. Gray Wolf. "Buffalo Wolf." Formerly very
abundant, but during the last few years their numbers have greatly
diminished, thousands having been killed for their skins every winter
by means of strychnine. Comparatively few now remain.

3. Canis S*af rails. Prairie Wolf. "Coyote." Still quite
common, but far less so than they were a few years ago. While their
dismal cries are still familiar sounds on the plains of the western part
of the state, especially in winter, hunters with their destructive
poisons have reduced their numbers till comparatively few remain.

4-. Vilifies vclox. Kit Fox. " Swift." These graceful little
animals are still moi*e or less abundant.

ISassariiia:.

». ISassaris astnta. Texas Civet Cat. Of occasional oc-
currence. Although I did not meet with it, an animal was described
to me by different persons that so accurately agrees with the Texas
civet cat that I have no doubt of its being this species. It is appar-
ently rather rare, however, as none of my informants had seen more
than two or three individuals in the region under consideration. The
northern boundary of Kansas probably forms its ordinary northern
limit of distribution on the plains.

*See Bull. Mob. Com. Zool., vol. iii, pp. 122, 123. July, 1S72.

46

O. MepIlitiS mepllitica. Common Skunk. Abundant.
One of the most common of the smaller mammalia. The few speci-
mens I had an opportunity of examining presented the usual wide
differences of color seen in those from other parts of the country.

7. IiUtra Canadensis. American Otter. Occasional along
the streams.

8. Taxidea Americana. Badger. Not frequent.
Other species of this family that probably occur here are Putorius

ermineus, P. pusillus, P. hdrcolus and Mephitis bicolor.

lTBSID,K.

©. Ursus arctos, var. Aiuciicanus. Black Bear. Said
to be more or less common along the streams. We observed its
tracks in June along the Saliue.

I^JlOCYOUriOvE.

1©. Procyon lotor. Raccoon. Common along the streams,
where we frequently observed its tracks.

BOTIDJI.

11. Bison Auierieanus. American Bison. "Buffalo."

Abundant.

The great '"buffalo country" of the United States is now mainly
restrie'ed to Western Kansas and Eastern Colorado, between the
Arkansas and Platte Rivers, — a region extendiug about two hundred
miles in a north and south direction and nearly three hundred miles
in an easterly and westerly direction, over much of which territory
they still range in countless hordes. They are, however, partially
migratory, moving eastward in summer and westward in winter. In
the northern part of the state their summer range, in 1871, extended
eastward from the western boundary of the state to the vicinity of
Fort Harker. In winter their eastern limit scarcely extended east of
Ellis, on the Kansas Pacific Railway, while they ranged westward into
Eastern Colorado. These movements of the buffalo are evidently in-
fluenced by the climate, the prairies of Kansas west of Ellis being
rarely long covered by snow, while to the eastward of this point the
snow is much more constant, and the country hence much less favor-
able for the existence of the buffalo there in winter than it is more to
the uesi ward. Every year, however, their range is becoming more cir-
cumscribed, owing to the rapid reduction of their numbers by hunters,
and, in consequence also of constant persecution, their movements are

47

much more uncertain than formerly. Although the number of buffalo
to be met with in this portion of Kansas is still almost beyond con-
ception, the country sometimes seeming alive with them as far as the
eye can reach, their diminution is rapid, and at the present rate of
destruction a few years will suffice to exterminate them wholly.
Since the completion of the Kansas Pacific Railway, some four years
since, this line of communication with the east lias not only opened
up an unlimited demand for the products of the buffalo, but has af-
forded to the hunters a most convenient base from which to carry on
their operations. The result is already apparent in the diminished
and demoralized state of the herds in northwestern Kansas, which
already so much affects the success of the hunters that they have of
late in great part abandoned this portion of the country for the more
promising field newly opened up to them along the line of the Atchisou,
Topeka and Santa Fe Railroad.

Aside from the tens of thousands killed in winter for shipment in a
frozen state to the eastern markets, other thousands are killed merely
for their hides, which scarcely repay the labor of gathering, their car-
casses being left to decay on the ground where they are killed. Hun-
dreds, and probably thousands, are also killed in mere wantonness,
or to gratify the ambition of eastern sportsmen and tourists. The
buffalos are thus perpetually harassed, and driven from place to place
throughout the year. All ages are alike destroyed, those too old to be
of any value for their flesh being slaughtered for their hides, and the
younger animals for their "saddles." The younger animals, and par-
ticularly the young cows, are especially sought for their meat. The
latter being mostly with young, two animals are thus destroyed instead
of one, which, with the destruction of yearlings and two- and three-
year-olds, greatly checks the natural increase of the herds, and greatly
hastens their extermination. Unless vigorous government interfer-
ence shall put a check upon this wholesale, shortsighted slaughter,
much of which is really heedless, the buffalo will soon be known here
only as a thing of the past, as it now is in the vast region east of the
Mississippi, where this animal once lived in countless numbers.

Respecting the whole number now annually killed in Kansas, it is
almost impossible to obtain reliable statistics. Through the kindness
of Mr. W. T. Bowcu, General Superintendent of the Kansas Pacific
Railway, I have learned that the meat and hides shipped to eastern
cities over this road during the year 1871 represented about twenty
thousand individuals. In the fall of 1872 forty-three thousand hides
are reported to have been shipped from Fort Dodge alone, besides
about a million and a half pounds of meat. The grand total killed in
the season of 1872-3, in the immediate vicinity of Fort Dodge, is
stated to be not less than one hundred thousand!

48

AXTIEOCAMIIDJE.

13. Antiloc<l2>rsi Asuericiaim. Pronghorn. "Antelope.*
Common in summer as far east as the middle of the state, and for-
merly ranged much further eastward. Not observed in winter much
to the eastward of the Colorado boundary, at this season they mostly
abandoning this portion of the state for the milder portions of the
country to the southward and westward. We observed them in June
about Fort Hays in small parties of six to a dozen. They were, how-
ever, exceedingly wary and difficult to approach. Fawns a few days
old were frequently brought in to the Post during the first two weeks
of June, but they usually soon died, even under the most careful
treatment. The fawns, even when but a few days old, were often
more wary and even fleeter than their dams, frequently taking flight
first and leading the herd.

The fawns, when lakeu very young and without injury, are easily
reared, and become thoroughly domesticated, making very graceful
and interesting pets. The Indian method of capturing them by creep-
ing up to them stealthily when they are asleep and throwing a blan-
ket over them is the most successful, as they are then taken without
experiencing an excessive shock of fright or bodily injury. When
run down with horses, the common way of taking them, they gener-
ally die in three or four weeks, from the effects of the chase and the
fright, not more than one in eight or ten, it is said, surviving.

Although tolerably frequent in northwestern Kansas in summer,
they are far less numerous here than in eastern Colorado, or on the
plains of southern Wyoming. .

CJE It V !!>.«.

13. C^rvus C»il««l«'iiMis. Elk. More or less common near
the streams, especially on Paradise Creek, and occurs as tar east at
least as Fort Harker.

11. Cerviis miicrotis. Mule Deer. "Blacktail." More or
less common along the wooded portions of the streams, especially on
the Smoky and the Paradise.

Venp i: h t t i.io> ■ i» /E.

Bats were frequently observed Hying about at Fort Hays, but as
none were obtained the species were not determined.

.73 I II* II» K.

15. 7IilA iiliiK«'lilu*. Common Mouse. Common in the
houses at Hays City.

49

1©. 7Ius lleoiliiiailllK. Brown Rat. Abundant, and a great
pest about the governmenl storehouses at Fort Hays.

IT. 11omi»i>i*«imj'M fli'iaeoim*, var. MeiKOi'ionsis (Coues
MS). Whitefooted Mouse. A single specimen was picked up dead
in the yard at our quarters at Fort Hays. Probably more or less
common. (Also obtained at Cheyenne.)

IS. Xeotonia Cinerea. Wood Rat. Apparently common
along the timbered portions of the streams. A complete skeleton
was found on the banks of Big Creek, near Fort Hays.

lO. Mber zibetliicus. Muskrat Occasional along the
streams.

CrEOKITIDJ!.

2©. Oeoiiiys f A gopher (some species of Geomys or Thom-
omys) was more or less common in the moist bottom lands near the
streams, but none were captured.

Castohukx.

21. Castor filler. Beaver. Still quite frequent along the
timbered portions of the streams.

22. Scilll'US ciliefl'OUS, var. !K,ii<loviciailliS. Western
Fox Squirrel. Said to be common on some of the wooded streams,
but we did not meet with it.

2:*. fts»ca*moi>»iliis tridecem-lineatus. Striped Prai-
rie Squirrel. More or less common generally, but most numerous near
the streams and damp hollows.

2-4. Cynoniys laMlovifiaims. Prairie Dog. Exceedingly
abundant, their villages frequently covering areas of several square
miles in extent, and embracing hundreds of families. Occasionally a
few pairs of burrowing owls (Speotyto cunicularia, var. hypogoea) in-
habited the "dog-towns." 'Rattlesnakes are occasional, and in one
or two instances were seen in holes about the mouths of which were
fresh tracks of the dogs. The theory that these three animals, the
dogs, the snakes and the owls, inhabit the same hole at the same
time, receives little credit among people thoroughly conversant with
their habits, and the idea that they live harmoniously together as
" happy families " finds still fewer supporters. The owls appear to
occupy only the abandoned holes, and probably never habitually live in
the same holes with the dogs. The owls are far from abundant, as
often several large villages may be passed in a day's ride without meet-
ing with a single owl. The owls may, to some extent, prey upon the

Essex Inst. Bulletin. vi 4

50

young dogs, but the stomachs of those dissected were almost invari-
ably filled with grasshoppers, and the debris found about their holes
indicated that these and other insects, with a large kind of crawfish,
constitute at this season of the year their chief food. That the rattle-
snakes prey upon the dogs is sufficiently established by the frequent
capture of the snakes with young dogs in their stomachs. I have my-
self taken three young dogs from the stomach of a single snake. The
entrances to most of the holes in which the snakes were seen were
worn smooth by the friction of the snake's body in passing in and
out, they apparently appropriating certain holes which they occupy
permanently; but they doubtless enter holes occupied by the dogs.
When this occurs the dogs not only immediately abandon the holes,
but are said to fill them up, and thus fasten the snake in. It certaiuly
happens that the dogs do thus frequently abandon and solidly fill the
entrances to their burrows, as I have myself observed, and I do not
doubt that what the old "plainsmen" thus affirm is correct.

The dogs usually select a level tract for the site of their towns, and
seem to a great extent to avoid the ridges and the more broken parts
of the country. In regard to their habits, or voice, there is little or
nothing to suggest the name of "dog," as of course there is nothing
in their structure to imply such affinities as the name "Prairie
Dog" might be supposed to indicate. They are simply large ground
squirrels or marmots, and their voice is quite like the so-called bark-
ing of various kinds of Sciurus, varied at times with a shrill whistle,
not unlike that of some of the true marmots. We found them gen-
erally exceedingly shy, retreating to their holes almost invariably
long before the intruder gets within sure rifle range, whether ou foot,
mounted, or in a wagon. They behaved differently, however, on dif-
ferent days and at different localities, sometimes permitting a near
approach. They usually scamper to their holes at the first approach
of danger, but as soon as they reach them they seem conscious of
safety. From the entrance of their burrows they will salute the
object of their alarm, at times almost incessantly, with their Imperti-
nent, squirrel-like bark, either seated upright on their haunches, or
stretched at full length across the opening. Their combined air of
Confidence and impudence is at such times often highly amusing; and,
thus sure of a hasty retreat from danger, they will often allow a
person to approach within a few yards of them, but if approached
too closely suddenly drop Into their holes, from which their subdued,
twittering, half whistling bark can be faintly heard after they have
disappeared. Being excessively tenacious of life, they are difficult to
procure, because even if mortally wounded they almost invariably
fall into their holes. If shot through the head, or through the heart,
unless knocked backwards away from their holes (which not often hap-

51

pens) they are then rarely obtainable, and even when thus knocked
over by the force of the missile, they will often wriggle into their
holes before they can be secured. Their holes usually descending
nearly vertically for several feet, they commonly slip down out of
reach, though killed instantly. Occasionally, however, the holes slope
sufficiently to allow them to lodge a few feet from the entrance, when
they may be reached by means of a common gun-rod, and drawn out
by twisting the wormer of the rod into their tough hides. In this
way .Mr. Bennett and myself one day secured seven in the space of a
couple of hours at Fort Hays, though we had been many times
assured it would be impossible to get them by shooting them. But
this was unusual success, as ordinarily not more than one in six of
those killed could be secured.

The prairie dogs are easily tamed, and make amusing, though at
times rather mischievous, pets. A variety of food seems to please
their palates, and whenever they can get at some delicacy in the
pantry or storehouse they are sure to carry away large quantities.
They also have a propensity to carry away articles for which they
have no use. The mode of capturing them is usually to "drown them
out"' by filling their holes with water. This method is always labo-
rious, requiring often many barrels of water, which has to be trans-
ported with teams, and is not always successful, owing to the exten-
sive ramifications or intercommunication of their burrows. Occa-
sionally advantage is taken of temporary pools of water left standing
after heavy rains, the water being conducted into the holes by means
of trenches. A more effective and ingenious way, however, has of
late been adopted. This consists in placing a barrel, from which
both heads have been removed, over the entrance of an inhabited
burrow, and partially filling it with straw. When the animal comes
out he burrows up through the straw, which he unwittingly presses
so compactly behind him that he cannot descend through it, and thus
remains a prisoner in the barrel above the straw.

A gentleman whom we met at Cheyenne, by carefully studying the
habits of the prairie-dog, had discovered a method of capturing
these animals alive by the use of water with comparatively little
trouble. Their burrows usually have two entrances, one of which
descends almost vertically and the other by a considerable slope.
Often a single bucket of water poured suddenly into the vertical end
of the hole, causes the animal to rush out in great surprise at the
other entrance, where it is captured in a bag held over the hole. When
the railroad first reached Cheyenne, and for some time after, these
animals were in great demand by the passengers as objects of curi-
osity, and sold readily for ten dollars a pair. The prairie dogs being
very numerous on the plains about Cheyenne, the gentleman in qucs-

52

tion soon realized quite a large sum from the sale of these little
animals, which he captured in the manner above described.

Many of the burrows of prairie dogs have a raised, funnel-shaped
entrance, varying in height from a few inches to a foot or more.
These have been called their "forts," and the dog sitting in the en-
trance defiantly barking has been compared to a sentinel on guard.
The object, however, of these raised entrances is sufficiently obvi-
ous, these embankments being formed to keep out the water, which
in violent rains soon covers the whole surface of the ground. Often
the holes are situated in very slight depressions, and would hence be
filled by the drainage into them, were they not thus protected; and
under these circumstances the embankments are generally higher than
when the holes are in this respect more favorably situated. They are
formed of earth scraped up from the surface outside the hole, and are
symmetrical in shape, very hard and smooth. These embankments,
or "forts," are seen in greatest perfection when the site of the " vil-
lage" is on low or very flat land; they are always kept in excellent re-
pair as long as the burrows are inhabited. In the excavation of their
holes the earth is all disposed of without bringing it to the surface.

In winter, during fine weather, the prairie dog villages present as
active and populous an appearance as in summer, the do^s only retir-
ing for a few days at a time during the continuance of the severest
weather.

Htstricidd.

25. EretlBBZWii (loj'.tatus, var. 4>l»izantlD3is. Porcupine.
A few are reported still to occur on the Paradise. Formerly more
or less frequent ou all the wooded streams.

XjEPORIDJE.

52<». JLoimi* N.TlvifitacitKi. Gray Rabbit. Abundant, not only
near the streams but quite distant from timber. Many were seen
about the military post at Fort Hays, making their homes in the piles
of wood in the woodyard at the post.

2?. JLejUIS <*«UBI]><kNtri!ti. Prairie Hare. A few seen in sum-
mer on the plains north of Fort Hays, and in winter from the western
border of the state as far east as Bunker Hill station. They were
quite often met witli ill December and January near the northwestern
border of the state. About half of those obtained during these
months still retained their summer color.

2!>*. lLeptuM t'iilllcn'ii*. Jackass Rabbit. We obtained this
species at Cheyenne, and 1 have good authority for its occurrence In
Eastern Colorado and the western part of Kansas.

[ To '"' continued. ]

BULLETIN

ESSEX INSTITUTE.

Vol. 6. Salem, Mass., ArRiL, 1874. No. 4.

One Dollar a Year in Advance. 10 Cents a Single Copy.

Eegular Meeting, Monday, Maech 16, 1874.

NOTES ON THE MAMMALS OF PORTIONS OF KANSAS, COL-
ORADO, WYOMING AND UTAH.— By J. A. Allen.

[ Continued.]

PART II.

On the Mammals of Park County, Colorado.

The following notes are based on observations and inquiries made
during four weeks spent in and about South Park, Colorado, in the
summer of 1871. They refer not only to the Park itself, but also em-
brace a part of the Snowy Range. A week was spent in the vicinity
of Montgomery, near the timber line, from which point excursions
were made to the snow region. A few facts were also obtained from
miners and hunters.

Felidj:.

1. Felis concolor. Panther. Not uncommon. Well known
under the name of Mountain Lion. Its cry was once heard near our
camp at Montgomery.

'£. I.tiix <r»tm<l<'ii*i«>. Represented as common. Saw skins
of this species in the possession of hunters, taken in the vicinity of
Mount Lincoln.

3. lynx nifiis. "WildCat." Not uncommon.

Essex Inst. Bulletin. vi 5

54

4. €ani$ Dupus. Gray Wolf. Formerly abundant, but now

comparatively scarce.

5. Cailis En friars*. Prairie Wolf. Formerly exceedingly
numerous, but now greatly reduced in numbers, though still more or
less troublesome.

4>. Vailpes vniHgrsii'is, var. fulvus. Common Fox. Common.
The color is generally grayer than in the eastern form, and the
"black" and "cross" varieties are more frequent. In a series of
some thirty-five or forty skins, taken in the winter at Montgomery,
which I had an opportunity of examining, none were as brightly col-
ored as the red fox of the Eastern States. One was entirely black,
and nearly half of the others were more or less well-marked "cross"
foxes, some of them typically so, but they graded almost insensibly
into the ordinary type. The V. macrourus seems to represent only a
common phase of the "cross" fox, a type so much more common in
the western and elevated parts of the continent than at the eastward.

MrsiELiD.i:.

7. Musfcla nisirtcs. Marten. Common.

8. Mustela Pesinailti. Fisher. Said to be more or less
common.

S>. Piltoi'ins ermineus. Ermine Weasel. Common.
1©. Putorius lutreoHiis, var. vison. Mink. Common
along the streams up to about ten thousand feet, above which I could
not obtain evidence of its occurrence.

II. ti~*iilo flnsj'«is. Wolverene. Said to be not uncommon.
Saw the skin of one taken near Montgomery.

IS. Mephitis nit'pliifica. Common Skunk. Common,
ranging to above timber line.

III. Taxidea AiBJU'H'ieaiia. Badger. Common In South
Park.

iKSIID.E.

11. TU raus arctos, var. Bear. Common. Roth the black and
cinnamon varieties occur in about equal numbers. The cinnamon vari-
ety is represented as averaging the larger, and as being the more dan-
gerous to encounter. Both vary greatly in color and size, and appear
evidently to intergrade. The cinnamon is often quite gray, when it
often passes for the grizzly, though not generally regarded as the
•' true" grizzly.

ItOVI B».K.
15. EB5S1H1 JLmerlOanilS. American Bison. A few still
remain in the southern portion of South Park, chiefly near Buffalo
Springs. A small baud came up the valley of the Platte from the

55

eastward into the Park in June, 1S71. They moved rapidly, and a
calf accompanying the herd becoming fatigued and lagging behind

was captured. This I saw in the following August, at a ranch fifte< n
miles below Fairplay. It was apparently some ten or twelve wicks
old, and had already begun to turn dark colored. As recently as I8G2
the buffalo are said to have been abundant throughout South Park,
where their skulls and other bones are still everywhere frequently
met. with, as well as thence eastward throughout the smaller parks
and mountain valleys. It seems also to have wandered in summer to
above timber line on the Snowy Range, to feed on the grassy slopes
that occur above the limit of trees. We found its bleached skulls in
the Valley of the Platte, up to the extremest sources of the stream,
and Mr. Bennett met with them on Mt. Lincoln, far above timber line.

The buffalo of the Parks and mountain valleys is said to differ from
the buffalo of the plains, and is hence generally distinguished as the
"Bison," or "Mountain Bison." Although this opinion is widely
entertained, the reports respecting the differences that distinguish
these two varieties are extremely varied and conflicting. Persons
claiming familiarity with both hold opposite opinions as to their
diversity, some failing to perceive any essential differences, while
others maintain that they differ so widely that they must be different
species. I found, however, that those whose experience with both
seemed to render them the most competent to judge were those who
placed the lowest estimate on their differences, while those who mag-
nified them most belonged to a class more or less prone to exaggera-
tion in matters of even trivial importance. The alleged differences
varied with almost every individual whose opinion in the matter was
consulted. The mountain buffalo is, however, generally regarded as
smaller than the buffalo of the plains, slenderer behind, but provided
with a larger hump, and with darker, finer and more abundant wool.
I found, however, that the skulls met with in South Park, and in the
valley of the South Plalte above Fairplay, averaged larger, by actual
measurement, than those of the plains, with stouter and considerably
longer and more spreading horns. The "mountain bison" is said
never to mix with the "buffalo" of the plains, the former being con-
fined exclusively to the mountains, and the latter to the plains. One
of my informants assured me that the mountain bison occurs in New
Mexico, and that the Mexicans and Indians recognize it as different
from the buffalo of the plains, with which they are also familiar, and
that they call it by a different name.

lO. <JM is monfama. Rocky Mountain Sheen. Occasional,
but found chiefly on or near the Snowy Range, retiring in summer to
the most inaccessible parts of the mountains. Fresh "signs" were

56

noticed by Mr. Bennett on one of the spurs of Mt. Lincoln, while
here and there a weathered skull attested their former greater fre-
quency.

iXIIIOCAFRIDi:.

1.7. Aiitiflocapra Americana. Pronghorn. "Antelope."
Not uncommon in South Park.

Cervio.e.

18. Cervus Canadensis. Elk. Becoming rare ; formerly
common. In summer keeps near the upper limit of timber, descend-
ing occasionally into tbe valleys in winter.

J.©. Cervus roiacrotis. Mule Deer. More or less common,
but in summer is said to be most frequent near the timber line, though
occurring more or less generally throughout the mountains.

Vesfibtilioxidj;.

2©. Xiasiwrus ? A small bat was a few times seen flying about
camp soon after sunset, which was probably Lasiurus Noveboracensis.

MUIIEI>JE.

551. HJeotoma cinei'CUS. Wood Eat. Common. It freely
enters houses and storerooms in quest of food, and is sometimes ex-
tremely troublesome.

22. Hesperomys fleucopiis, var. sonoriensis (Coues
Ms.). White-footed Mouse. A species of Hesperomys, probably II.
leucopus, var. sonoriensis is quite common.

23. Arvicola ? Field Mouse. An undetermined species

of short-tailed field mouse, undoubtedly an Arvicola, is said to be
more or less frequent.

2-4. Fiber zibetliicus. Muskrat. More or less common at
favorable localities.

GlOKTIDJI.

2;>. Tliomoniys i'iifescen§. Fort Union Gopher. Com-
mon almost everywhere, in moderately dry soil. Observed their
burrows on the Snowy Range, nearly up to the limit of vegetation.

CAST01tI»JE.

2©. Castor fiber. Beaver. Quite common on the South
Platte and its tributaries. Saw their last dam on the Platte a few
miles below Montgomery, above which point they are said not to
occur.

57

ftCICRIDJE.

27. Sciurus Hudsoiiius, var. Fremonti. Fremont's
Squirrel. Not abundant.

28. Tamiu* lateralis. Say's Striped Squirrel. Common.
Ranges up to timber line.

'29. Taniias quadrivittatus. Missouri Striped Squirrel.
Abundant from about seven thousand feet up to the extreme limit of
vegetation.

3©. ttpcrmopliilus tridcccm-lineatus. Striped Prai-
rie Squirrel. Everywhere common, especially in South Park.

31. Crnomys 4* liilllisoni. Gunnison's Prairie Dog. Com-
mon in South Park, and thence eastward to the plains, where it is
immediately replaced by Cynomys Ludovicianus.

32. Arctomys flaviventer. Yellow-footed Marmot. Abun-
dant about Montgomery, ranging from the valley of the Platte up to
the limit of vegetation. Most numerous at and above the timber-line,
where often quite a number were visible at the same moment, basking
on the rocks. Specimens entirely black are of frequent occurrence.
Their sharp call, in character somewhat between a clear whistle and
a short, sharp bark, well entitle them to the name of "whistling
marmot." They seem to be almost restricted to the alpine district,
none being met with below ten thousand feet.

II VSTRH II) j:.

33. Ererliizon dorsatus, var. epizantlius. Porcu-
pine. Common, ranging from the foot-hills upward to the timber line.

LACiOMTIDi).

3-4. Lagroniys princepg. Little Chief Hare. "Cony."
Very abundant on the Suowy Range about the sources of the Platte.
Are first met with but a few hundred feet below the timber line, rang-
ing thence upward to the limit of vegetation. Mr. Bennett observed
them on the top of Mt. Lincoln, and we often found them above
timber line, in places almost entirely destitute of vegetation. Their
favorite haunts are taluses, and are seen almost exclusively among
the bare loose rocks that cover so much of the higher slopes. They
are very unsuspicious, allowing a near approach. When seated among
the rocks, or when running about among them, they make known
their presence by the frequent utterance of their feeble call note,
which may sometimes be heard from a dozen individuals at once.
They were often very abundant where there was scarcely any vegeta-

Essex Inst. Bulletin. vi 6

58

tion within a hundred yards. In other instances their warrens were
met with in the upper edge of the timber, where grass and small
plants were abundant, of which they had carried large quantities into
the rocks, in some places filling almost every crevice for many yards
around. As they crept slowly about over and among the loose stones,
they looked like large, tailless rats. Their note is a feeble squeak,
and very deceptive as to distances, seeming to be far away, when
really but a few feet distant.

lEPOBIDJ!.

35. Lepus campestris. Prairie Hare. Common in the
parks.

3G. lepus sylvaticus, var. artemisia. Sage Rabbit.
Common.

37. liepus Bairdii. Another species, said to be white in
winter and confined to the timber, is also mentioned as common;
doubtless the Lepus Bairdii, the common alpine form of our L. Amer-
icanus of the east.

PART III.

On the Mammals of Carbon Co., Wyoming Territory.

The following list is based on observations made and information
obtained during a residence of about two months in the vicinity of
Percy, a station on the Union Pacific Railroad, about six miles north
of the old Fort Halleck, in southwestern Wyoming. My constant in-
tercourse with hunters of long experience in this section of the
country enabled me to gather much information I could not otherwise
have obtained without a long residence here. Specimens of nearly
all the species mentioned below were either obtained by ourselves or
purchased in a fresh state of the hunters. The area to which this
list refers embraces a portion of the Medicine Bow range of moun-
tains, Elk Mountain being one of the prominent landmarks of the
locality, as well as the adjoining " sage plains " which form so promi-
nent a feature of this section of the country.

1. IV! i* concolor. Panther. " Mountain Lion." More or
less common in the timber of the Medicine Bow Range, as it is also
throughout the timbered portions of the Rocky Mountains.

2. Lynx Canadensis. Canada Lynx. Frequent in the
mountains, and occasionally met with on the plains.

3. lynx rufits. Bay Lynx. Not common.

59

1. Canis lupus. Gray Wolf. The "Mountain Wolf" and
"Timber Wolf" of the hunters. Abundant in the timber.

5. Canis latrans. Prairie Wolf. "Coyote." Abundant on
the plains and prairies.

©. Vulpes vulgraris, var. fulvus ct niacrourus.
Fox. Common.

MlSTEtlUD.

7. Mustela martes. Marten. Not common.

8. Putorius ermincus. Ermine Weasel. Abundant.
O. Piitorius lutreolus, var. visoil. Mink. Common.

10. Gulo luscus. Wolverene. "Carcajou." Rather com-
mon, and reported to be quite numerous at particular localities.

11. 71epliitis niephitica. Common Skunk. Abundant.

12. Taxidea Americana. Badger. Common.

The Fisher (Mustela Pennanti) does not appear to occur in this
immediate region.

13. UrstlS arctOS, var. Bear. The black, brown and cinna-
mon varieties are all frequent. The hunters not only recognize them
as distinct and permanent varieties, but in addition to these, some of
the more observant of them distinguish subvarieties, based on the
shape of the head, the general form, size or color. Some of those with
whom I conversed made three varieties each of the brown and cin-
namon bears, as the " large," the "small," and the "real" brown or
cinnamon bear, respectively. The black form is represented as being
similarly variable in size. From the reports of hunters, there seem
to be endless varieties, especially in respect to size and color, with-
out a very sharp demarcation of either varieties or races.

The Raccoon (Procyon lotor) was unknown to the hunters as an
inhabitant of this region.

BOTIDJE.

The Buffalo (Biso7i Americanus) existed here abundantly not many
years since, but is not now found south of the Black Hills, or nearer
than sixty to eighty miles. But their skulls and skeletons, partially
decomposed, are still common.

11. Ovis moiltana. Rocky Mountain Sheep. "Big Horn."
Small herds are still more or less frequent in the mountains, but they
are materially decreasing in numbers every year. They now occur
only at distant points and in the most inaccessible places, and the
professional hunters start in pursuit of them with far less confidence

GO

of success each year. Although very wary and difficult to approach,
the " professional," through au intimate knowledge of their habits
and the skilful use of breechloading rifles, often succeeds in destroy-
ing a whole baud when once he has satisfactorily chosen his point of
attack. Our hunters brought us in thirteen obtained on a single ex-
cursion for them, and killed from a band of fifteen. The other two
were killed, but could not be got at.

Amtilocaprid.e.

15. Antilocapra Americana. Pronghorn. Antelope.
Abundant. Found everywhere on the plains in large herds. Their
extermination, however, seems to be rapidly approaching, from the
rate at which they are at present slaughtered. Thousands are killed
within the radius of a few miles, every year, for the eastern and
western markets, a large proportion of those killed here being sent to
Utah, Nevada and California. The best of the antelope season occurs
in October and November, the elk and deer being the more profit-
able game later in the season. The hunters select the most favor-
able points along the railroad for their headquarters, and for weeks
together the more successful of them take from five to eight or ten
saddles each per day, for which they find ready sale. One party
whose camp I visited averaged over fifteen dollars a day each, during
the best of the season, from the sale of their antelope saddles. Prob-
ably the antelopes occur at present in no greater numbers anywhere
than in southern, and especially in southwestern, Wyoming, where
bauds of hundreds are often visible, and the smaller herds are innu-
merable. They arc, however, already perceptibly decreasing in
numbers in consequence of this wholesale slaughter.

Cerviue.

1©. Cervus Canadensis. Elk. Abundant, particularly
about Elk Mountain, and neighboring portions of the Medicine Bow
liange.

17. Cervus niacrotis. Mule Deer. Abundant.

IS. Cervus Beucurus. White-tailed Deer. Not common,
and appears not to associate generally with the C. macrotis, which is
here far more numerously represented. We obtained a single speci-
men from our hunters, who reported it to be the only example they
had met with for many mouths.

Jacvlise.

lO. Jaeulus lludsonius. Jumping Mouse. Said to be
common.

01

JIiniDX

20. Willis nilisculus. House Mouse. Abundant in the houses,
from which it drives the native vesper mice.

21. Hesporom;* » loucopiis, var. sonoriensis Coues'
MS. White-footed Mouse. Abu .dant.

22. Scotoma cincrca. Wood Rat. "Mountain Rat."
Common.

23. Fiber zibctUicus. Muskrat. Common.

Geo»yid.e.

2-4. Tliomoniys rufc§cens. Fort Union Gopher. Com-
mon.

Castobidje.

25. Castor fiber. Beaver. Abundant.

SC'IURIDJE.

SO. Taniias lateralis. (Spermophilus lateralis Baird.)
Say's Striped Squirrel: Said to be common.

JM. Tamias qiiadi'STittatus. Missouri Striped Squirrel.
Abundant.

28. S2»ernioi»nilus Richardsoni. Tawny Gopher.

Hystricidje,

20. Hrethizon dorsatus, var. ei»izantlius. Porcu-
pine. Common in the timber.

Lepokidje.
3t>. Kiepus cailll>est ris. Prairie Hare. More or less com-
mon everywhere, but exceedingly abundant at certain localities.

31. Xepias solvations, var. arfcniisia. Sage Rabbit.
Very numerous everywhere.

32. Lepus Ameilcanus, var. Ruirdii. A rabbit which
is white in winter occurs in the timber in considerable abundance,
and is doubtless the Lepits Bairdii Ilayden.

PART IV.

On the Mammals of Great Salt Lake Valley, Utah.

The following notes are based mainly on information kindly commu-
nicated to me by Mr. E. 1) Mectiam, of Ogden, Utah. Mr. Mecham
was formerly an agent of the American Fur Company, and has spent
twenty years as a trapper, hunter and guide in the Rocky Mountains.
His expeditions have extended from the Saskatchewan on the north

62

to Texas and Mexico on the south, and from the Missouri River to the
Sierra Nevada Mountains. Not only are most of the notes respecting
the relative abundance of the species of the following list given on his
authority, but I have thought it worth while to incorporate also some
general facts relative to their range, which he has had the kindness
to communicate to me. The list proper refers more directly to the
northern portion of the Great Salt Lake Basin, and more especially
to the immediate vicinity of Ogdeu. The notes hence refer in part to
the neighboring portions of the Wahsatch Range as well as to the
valley itself.

Felidc

1. JFeliS COllCOlor. Not common, but quite generally dis-
tributed.

3. Lynx Canadensis. Canada Lynx. "Bull Cat." Com-
mon in the mountains as far south as Southern Utah.

3. Lynx rilf US. Bay Lynx. Common, but chiefly confined to
the mountains.

Canxdje.

4. Canis lupus. Gray Wolf. Common.

Respecting the color varieties of the Gray Wolf and their distribu-
tion, Mr. Mecham's observations are as follows : The gray wolves
occur everywhere. The black variety he had never met with south
of the Salmon River, nor had he seen any skins obtained south of
that point, but to the northward this is the most prevalent color.
The red wolf he had met with only in Texas and the adjoining plains.
The white wolf he had not found south of northern Utah, except to
the eastward of the main chain of the Rocky Mountains, where it
occurs as far south as Texas. The white wolves he considered the
largest, the black the next in size, the gray being generally a little
smaller.

5. Canis latrans. Prairie Wolf. More or less common
throughout the plains and deserts of the interior.

O. Vulpcs vulgaris, var. marroura. Fox. Common,
running into the usual varieties. The red fox, according to Mr.
Mecham, is much less plentiful now than formerly. The "silver-
gray," "cross," and " black " varieties prevail to the northward, but
are rarely met with in the Great Salt Lake Valley. These are rather
larger than the ordinary red fox, and their fur is liner and more
plentiful. Among these varieties is of course included the so-called
V. macroura.

MrsTriinK.

'7. Putoi'ius ermincus. Ermine Weasel. Common.
H. PiltoriilN lutroolu*. var. visoil. Mink. Common
in Salt Lake Valley, and in the adjoining mountains along all the

63

streams. Has not been met with by Mr. Mechara south of the Ar-
kansas. Respecting the fur, he says it is not more than one-third as
thick at the south as it is far north, where it is also nearly jet black
in color, while at the extreme south it is nearly roan.

O. 4«iilo lnscns. Wolverene. Not common. Obtained from
Mr. Mecham a specimen killed by him near Ogden, in June, 1871.

1 0. tiiitra Canadensis. Otter. More or less frequent in
Salt Lake Valley, and in the adjoining mountains.

11. Mephitis niephitica. Common Skunk. Common in
Salt Lake Valley and throughout the plains and mountains generally.

12. Mephitis hicolor. Striped Skunk. Mr. Mecham gives
its northern limit as about one hundred miles south of Ogden.

13. Ta.videa Americana. Badger. Of common occur-
rence everywhere, as well in the mountains as on the plains.

J»it<>« * o\iii i;.

14. Procyon lotor. Raccoon. Mr. Mecham gives it as rare
in the mountains bordering the valley, but was not aware of its oc-
currence in the valley itself.

Ursii>je.

15. Ursns arctos. Bear. Common in the mountains every-
where, in its principal varieties, as the black, brown, cinnamon and
grizzly. In common with most hunters, he regards these forms as
distinct species. The cinnamon bear he gives as the smallest, with
an average weight of one hundred to one hundred and flfty pounds.
The brown bear is next in size, the black third in size, and the grizzly
the largest. Has killed grizzlies weighing fourteen hundred pounds.
Black bears sometimes weigh four hundred pounds, but their more
common weight ranges from two hundred to three hundred. At a
menagerie in Salt Lake City I had an opportunity of observing alive
and side by side specimens of the black, brown and cinnamon vari-
eties. The only essential difference seemed that of color, and this
is slight between the so-called brown and cinnamon varieties. The
maximum differences in physiognomy and proportions were between
two specimens of the "brown" bears, in which the length of the nose
and the facial expression generally was markedly different.

BOVID.E.

The buffalo (Bison Americanus) appears to have been abundant at
some remote time in the Great Salt Lake Valley. Fragments of their
skulls are still here and there visible, but unless partially buried in
the marshes they have crumbled and nearly disappeared. I met with

64

several well preserved skulls on the marshes just north of Salt Lake
City, which had been exposed in throwing up the earth for the railroad
bed. It is stated that as late as 183G, large numbers of buffalo existed
in this valley, but that a winter of remarkable severity immediately
following, when the snow is said to have fallen to an average depth
of ten feet, nearly exterminated them, and that the few that survived
soon after disappeared. They seem also to have formerly extended
much to the westward of the Great Salt Lake Valley, Mr. Mecham
assuring me that he has not only seen their skulls bleaching on the
plains to the westward, but also on the eastern slope of the Sierra
Nevada Mountains, on the so-called Hastings trail. I have also re-
ceived substantially the same report from others, these accounts being
wholly independent and from persons unknown to each other. They
have, however, scarcely been seen west of the Green River for thirty
years.

Mr. Mecham, alluding to his experience with the buffalo, says he
saw "millions "of them on the Laramie Plains in 1846. When the
emigrants began to cross these plains they slaughtered the buffalo
recklessly, killing thousands for which they had no use. This whole-
sale butchery alarmed the Indians for the fate of these, to them, in-
dispensable animals, and to save them from destruction and perhaps
to annoy the whites, they drove them away from the regular emigrant
trail, endeavoring to keep them as much as possible out of the reach
of the emigrants. But this precaution seems to have availed little, as
they continued to decrease rapidly in numbers. A few still straggle
to the northern edge of these plains, from their range farther north,
but over vast areas in Wyoming and Nebraska, where twenty to
twenty-five years ago they existed in abundance, they have now be-
come wholly extinct.

lO. Oris moiltana. Rocky Mountain Sheep. Found here
and there in the Wahsatch Range, but are rapidly decreasing in
numbers.

The Rocky Mountain Goat (Aplocerus montanus) occurs about two
hundred miles north of Ogden, whence specimens have been received
at the Museum of Comparative Zoology, collected by Mr. Mecham.
This is the most southerly point of their occurrence known to Mr.
Mecham.

Amikm 4 1-1111(1.

12. 4 ntilocapra Americana. Pronghorn. "Antelope."
Occurs about forty miles west of Ogden, and was formerly more or
less numerous throughout the Valley. Captain Stansbury, in his Ex-
pedition to the Great Salt Lake, speaks of finding them on Antelope
and Stansbury Islands, during his survey of the lake in 1850.

65

Cervid.e.

18. Cervus Canadensis. Elk. More or less common in
the mountains bordering the valley. Mr. Medium has seen them as
far south as the Mexican boundary, and speaks of having met with
droves of two thousand individuals in southern New Mexico.

lO. Cervus inacrotis. Mule Deer. Common at favorable
localities.

2©. Cervus leueurus. White-tailed Deer. Found in the
valleys, but less plentiful thau the preceding.

Jacflid.h.

21. JTaculus Hudsonius. Common.

IflVRID.i:.

22. 7Ius niusculus. House Mouse. Common. Lives
chiefty in the houses, but also frequents the fields. It arrived here
many years since, but neither M. rattus nor M. decumanus seems to
have yet appeared.

23. Hesperoniys leucouus, var. sonoriensis. White-
footed Mouse. Abundant.

2-4. Xeotoma einerea. Wood Rat. Common.

Another wood rat {X. Mexicana?), with the tail hairy only at the
base, is said by Mr. Mecham to occur two or three hundred miles
farther south.

2». Arvieola ? A large dark-colored Arvicola, of the size

of A. riparius, is represented as common.

20. Fiber zibetliicus. Musk rat. Common in the Great
Salt Lake Valley and ranges five or six hundred miles farther south.

CcEOBtYIDJE.

27. Tiiomomys rufescens ? The mounds of a species of
Thomomys are common, but I had no opportunity of examining speci-
mens of the animal.

Castohide.

28. Castor liber. Beaver. Common at favorable localities.

ICIURIDJ!.

20. Seiurus Hudsonius, var. Fremonti. Fremont's
Squirrel. Common everywhere in the pineries. Said to be the exact
counterpart of the eastern red squirrel in notes and habits. I could
learn of the occurrence of no other species of Sciurus in this region.

66

30. Sciuropterus vollicella. Flying Squirrel. Common.

31. Tamias lateralis. Say's Striped Squirrel. Common.
3*4. Tuiuias quadrivittatus. Missouri Striped Squirrel.

Common.

33. Sperniophilug Ilarrisi. Harris's Striped Squirrel.
Abundant.

3-4. Spermopliilus g raiimiiia rus. A second and larger
species of Spermophilus is also represented as abundant. This is un-
doubtedly S. grammurus, specimens of which, collected in this vicin-
ity have been brought in by Dr. Ilayden's parties.

35. Cynomys Columbiamis. (C. Gunnisoni Baird.)
Short-tailed Prairie Dog. According to Mr. Mecham, this animal is
found as far west as the Sierra Nevada Mountains, but is not of
common occurrence in Salt Lake Valley. Smaller than C. Ludovici-
anus, and unfit for food; the other is regarded as excellent eating.
The C. Columbianus lives in more desert regions and feeds so much
upon the different species of Artemisia as to be thoroughly impreg-
nated with their peculiar flavor.

30. Arctomys flavi venter. Yellow-footed Marmot. Com-
mon in the higher parts of the mountains, living among the rocks.

Ilvstitin ini:.

37. Eretliizon dorsatus, var. epizaiitlms. Porcu-
pine. Not common. Ranges southward to the headwaters of the
Arkansas, Red, Gila and Del Norte rivers. Much smaller and lighter
colored southward.

LAGoniiDi:.

38. liagromys princeps. Little Chief Hare. Under the
name of "Mountain Rat," this species is well known to Mr. Mecham,
who has often met with it, both to the northward and southward,
near the tops of the higher snow-capped peaks of the Rocky Moun-
tain Ranges. He described to me the animal and its habits so accu-
rately as to leave its identity beyond question.

KlPOBIDJBi

3©. XrepiiS callotis. Jackass Rabbit. Common.

40. liepus campestris. Prairie Hare. Common.

41. Ei«'i»ii* sylvatieus, var. artemisia. Common.

42. liepns 1 merieailtiM, var. llairdii? In addition to
the three .species of Lepus above named, of which we obtained speci-
mens, a fourth was described to me as Inhabiting the higher parts of
the mountains. It is probably the L. Bairdii Ilaydeu and is said (per-
haps erroneously) to remain white the whole year.

G7

Eegular Meeting, Monday, April 6, 1874.

Meeting this evening at 7.30 o'clock. The Presi-
dent in the chair. Records read.

Henry C. Hewitt, George A. Bates and Olney "W.
Brooking, all of Salem, were duly elected resident mem-
bers.

The reading of the paper assigned for this evening was
postponed.

Adjourned.

Eegular Meeting, Monday, April 20, 1874.

Meeting this evening at 7.30 o'clock. The Presi-
dent in the chair. Records read.

In the absence of the Secretary, Mr. Maurice H. Rich-
ardson was elected Secretary pro tern.

The Secretary announced the following correspon-
dence : —

C. D. Bradley, Boston, March 30; E. W. Buswell, Boston, March 9; J. W. Chad-
wick, Brooklyn, New York, March 30; N. Cleaveland, Westport, Conn., March 16;
Henry B. Dawson, Morrisania, New York, Nov. 21, Jan. 1G; S. G. Drake, Boston,
April 7; J. A. Gillis, Salem, Oct. 13; George L. Gleason, Feb. 25, March 2G; A.
Gray, Cambridge, April 14; S.A.Greene, Boston, Feb. 20; John P. Minkler, Albany,
New York, March 21; N. Paine, Worcester, April 14, 16; Daniel A. Rogers, Chi-
cago, 111., March 16; J. L. Sibley, Cambridge, Feb. 17; A. S. Tiffany, Davenport,
Iowa, March 19; S. V. Summers, New Orleans, La., March 26; American Sweden-
borg Printing and Publishing Society, New York, March 19; Naturforschende Ges-
ellscliaft in Basel. Feb. 13; Die Naturforschende Gesellschaft in Bern, May, 1873;
Boston Public Library, Feb. 20, March 27; Naturwissenschaft Verein zu Bremen,
Jan. 6; Buffalo Historical Society, March 23, April 15; Geological Survey of India,
Calcutta, Dec. 1 ; Die K. Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Gottingen, Jan. 21 ; Lit-
erary and Philosophical Society of Liverpool, Feb. 23; Die K. Bayerischen Akad-
emie der Wissenschaften, Munchen, Dec; New England Historic-Genealogical
Society, April 16; New Jersey Historical Society, March 23; New York Historical
Society, March 24, April 15; New York Lyceum of Natural History, March 23;
Ohio Historical and Philosophical Society, March 24; Rhode Island Historical
Society, March 23; Societe Eutomologique de Russie, Sept 8.

G8

The Librarian reported the following additions : —

By Donation.

Boardman, Samuel L., of Augusta, Maine. The Wealth and Industry of Maine
for 1873, by W. E. S. Whitmore.

Book, E. P., of New York, N. Y. The Corwin Genealogy, by E. T. Corwin. 1
vol. 8vo. New York, 1872.

Bradlee, Rev. C. D., of Boston, Mass. " Death and the Resurrection," a Ser-
mon preached Sunday, March 15, 1874, by donor.

City of Boston. City Documents for 1873. 4 vols. 8vo.

Cutter, Abram E., of Charlestown, Mass. Annual Reports of the Trustees of
Charlestown Free Schools. 1874.

Devereux, Geo. II. Key to North American Birds, by E. Coues. 1 vol. 8vo
Salem, 1872.

Emerton, James. Salem Directory for 1872. 1 vol. 8vo.

Foote, Rev. H. W., of Boston. Sermon at King's Chapel in Memory of Charles
Sumner, March 22, 1874, and Services at the Funeral, March 10, 1874.

Green, S. A., of Boston. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 27.

Hill, Wm. M. Manual of the Common Council for 1874.

Holden, N. J. The Commonwealth for 1873.

James, Mrs. Thomas P., of Cambridge. The Potts Memorial, by donor. 1 vol.
small 4to. Cambridge, 1874.

Mack, E. C. The Daguerrotype and Foreign Miscellany. 3G numbers. The
Radical. 30 numbers.

Massachusetts Horticultural Society. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 50.

Mouse, E. S. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 31.

Nutting, Miss M. O., of South Hadley, Mass. Catalogue of the Mount Holyoke
Female Seminary. 1873-4.

Phillips, W. P. Annual Report of the Mass. Charitable Eye and Ear Infirm-
ary, 1874.

Putnam, F. W. Manual of Instruction and Check List of the Birds of North
America, by E. Coues. 1 vol. 8vo.

Silsbee, Mrs. B. II. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 200.

State Board of Health of Mass. Fifth Annual Report, Jan., 1874.

Stephens, W. II., of Lowville, New York. Memorial of Dr. J. M. Sturtevant.
1 vol. 8vo. New York, 1874.

Sticknkv, M. A. Christian Observer, 1815, 181G. 2 vols. 8vo.

U. S. Patent Office. Official Gazette for Feb. 24, March 3, 10. 17, 24, 1.^71.

Whitaker, A. E., of San Francisco, Cal. Annual Report of the President,
Treasurer and Librarian of the Mercantile Library Association of San Francisco.
1873.

Williams, II. L. The Fiji Gazette, Oct. 11, 1873.

By Exchange.

Aucniv per Anthuopologie. Braunschweig. Band vi. Ilcft S, 1873.

BlBLIOTHEQUE Universellf. bt REVUE Suisse. Archives des Sciences Physi-
ques et Naturelles. No. 192. Dec, 1873. Genfcve.

Botamsk Tidssickiit in K.iohemi a vs Tidsskrift, Anden R:okke, A inlet and
Tredje Binds, Fredje and Forste Baefte, 1872-78. 2 pamphlets 8\-o.

Geological Survey of Im>ia. Memoirs of the, Palwontologia India. Vol.1,
pt. l, Vol. iv, pts.8, 4, is?.;. :; pamphlets, «o. Records of the, Vol. vi. pts. 1.2,3,
4, 1873. 4 pamphlets, 8vo. Memoirs of the. Vol. x, pt. 1, 1873. 8vo pamphlet.

GO

Gesellsciiaft Naturforschender Freunde in Berlix. Festschrift zur
Feier dea llundertjiihrigen Bestehena der Gesellschaft. 1 vol. 4to. Berlin, 1873.
Institdt Historique in Paris. L' Investigateur, 39 Annce Juillet-Dec, 1873.

2 pamphlets, 8vo.

Issittit National GENEVOIS. Bulletin, tome xviii. 1S73. 1 vol 8vo.
KONIGLICHE GESELLSCHAFT DER Wissensciiaften Gottingen. Nachrich-
ten, 1873. 1 vol. l2mo.

KONIGLISCH BAYERISCHEN AKADEMIE DER Wl-SENSCHAFTEN IN MUNCIIEN*.

Sitzangsborichte, der Philoa. Claese. Heft iv, v, 1872, Heft i, ii, iii. iv, 1873. 6
pamphlets, 8vo. sitzungsberiehte, der Math. C'lasse, Heft iii, 187-2, Heft i, ii, 1873.

3 pamphlets, 8vo.

Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab in Kjobentiavn. Oversigt,
No. i, is? '..

Minnesota Historical Society. Annual Report of. 1873.

Natural History Society of Montreal. The Canadian Naturalist, Vol. vii.
No. iv. 1-71.

New Hampshire Historical Society. Proceedings of the. 1872-73, including
the Semi-Centenni.il Exercises, May 22, 1873.

Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences. Proceedings of the. Pt. iii,
Oct., Nov., Dec, 1873.

Societe d' Accli.matation. Bulletin Mcnsucl, 2me series, tome x, No. x, xi,
Oct., Nov., 1873. 2 pamphlets, Svo.

SOCIETE I)' AGRICULTURE, SCIENCES ET ARTS DE LA SARTHE. LE MANS. Bul-
letin, tome xxi, 4e Trim, 1871-72, tome xxii, ler, 2e and 3e Trim, 1873-74. 2 pamph-
lets, 8vo.

Societe LntomologiQUE de Russie in St. Petersbourg. Horae Societatis
Entomologies Russicae, tome viii, Nos. iii, iv, 1871-72, tome ix, Nos. i, ii, 1872. 2
pamphlets, 8vo.

state Historical Society of IOWA. The Annals of Iowa for Jan.. 1-71.

Publishers. American Justifier. Forest and stream. Gloucester Telegraph.
Haverhill Gazette. Ipswich Chronicle. Lawrence American. Lynn Reporter.
Lynn Transcript. Medical and Surgical Reporter. Nation. Nature. Salem
Observer. Salem Post. Peabody Press.

Daniel A. Varney, of Salem, was elected a resident
member.

A committee, consisting of Messrs. James Kimball,
W. P. Upham, John Robinson, Caleb Cooke and William
Neilson, was appointed to nominate a list of officers to
be presented for election at the animal meeting.

Prof. E. S. Morse, of Salem, presented some inter-
esting and highly instructive remarks on the various
modes of illustration, with brief historical sketches of
the same. He first alluded to some of the earlier forms
known to have been used, and specified several books

70

printed at that period, with appropriate and apt illustra-
tions.

He then spoke of wood engraving, the kind of wood
used, the manner of preparing the same, the peculiar
tools, etc. ; also the process of electrotyping, which is
now so universally adopted. Copper plate and steel
engraving were next described ; then the process of litho-
graphy ; and he alluded briefly in conclusion to the heli-
otype, albertype and woodburytype. Mr. Morse stated
that he would like to speak more fully at some future
meeting on the last named processes of illustration. He
exhibited several striking specimens of the various styles,
and illustrated his remarks by sketches on the black-
board.

Vice President F. W. Putnam thought that perhaps
the printing by uncivilized races, by the use of hand
stamps for the impression of designs in color upon various
materials, especially the several kinds of "cloth" made
from wood-tibre, really involved all the principles of the
arts of engraving and printing, and, like many other
things common in our daily life, proved that the prin-
ciples involved were discovered or gradually developed
under various circumstances and in various ways by the
wants and desires of man, showing a uniform working
of the human intellect, though of course modified by sur-
rounding conditions.

A brief discussion followed, participated in by Messrs.
G. A. Perkins, F. W. Putnam, E. S. Morse and others.

Mr. F. W. Putnam exhibited a photograph of a skull
received from the Davenport Academy of Natural Sci-
ences, as that of a Moundbuilder. The description

71

printed on the back of the photograph reads, "Skull of
'a Mound Builder' from shell-bed on Rock Island." Mr.
Tiffany, in his letter accompanying the photograph, states
that there were six other skulls found in the "shell-bed,"
and also a plate of mica and several other articles. The
following description of the locality in which the skull
was found accompanied the photograph : —

"The skull known as the shell-bed skull was discov-
ered by A. S. Tiffany in Nov., 1871, and contributed by
him to the Davenport Academy of Natural Sciences, with
description.

On the Rock Island Arsenal grounds, near the western
extremity of the island, there had been an excavation
about three hundred feet long and eight feet deep. Three
feet from the top there was a deposit of shells, mostly
species of Unio, Melania subsolida, and two or more
species of Helix. The shell-bed at this place varies from
six to sixteen inches thick.

In this shell-bed the skull and bones belonging to one
individual were found ; all the covering above the bones
was an aqueous deposit ; above the shells, as well as with
them, there were water-worn pebbles and sand, the mate-
rial becoming finer towards the top, the last foot being
fine alluvium and vegetable mould ; the sedimentary lines
were perfect and unbroken. The excavations had made
the means of observing all that could be desired.

The place was visited by many members of the Society
and by Prof. Alexander Winchell, while some of the bones
were in place, and all agree that the soil covering this
prehistoric man was a sedimentary deposit.

Accurate levelling proves the top of this deposit to be
eighteen feet above the highest water known in the Mis-
sissippi since Fort Armstrong was established on the
island."

Mr. Putnam thought that the indications were that the
relics were those of the ancient Indians rather than
Moundbuilders. He did not know of any shell-beds

72

formed by the Moundbuildcrs, though common as Indian
refuse heaps, and the fact that large pieces of mica had
been found in Indian graves here in Massachusetts proved
that the Indians as Avell as the Moundbuilders placed a
special value on that substance.

Mr. Putnam also exhibited a large tooth of a shark,
presented by Rev. D. P. Noyes of Pigeon Cove, who ob-
tained it from Mr. Andrew Johnson, one of two men who,
while in a dory deeply laden with fish, near St. Peter's
Bank, had been fiercely attacked by a large shark, which
bit at the dory, leaving the marks of one jaw on the
bottom of the boat and of the other on the side. The
boat was tipped by the shark to such an extent as to spill
part of the fish and take in water, and was kept afloat
only by vigorous bailing. The fragments of several
teeth were found in the wood. The perfect specimen
was from the front of the under jaw, and was 1*8
inches in length from the centre of its root to its point,
and from the extreme end of its root, 2-1. Its extreme
width at base, across the root, was 1*5 inches. On com-
parison with specimens of large sharks in the Museum of
Comparative Zoology, made by Mr. Garman, it was esti-
mated that a tooth of this size would indicate a total
length for the animal of more than thirteen feet. Judg-
ing from the single tooth, the shark was probably a speci-
men of the Carcharias (Prionodon) lamia, or a closely
allied species, and is a very interesting addition to the
fauna of our eastern coast.

^v V2y

BULLETIN

ESSEX INSTITUTE.

Vol. 6. Salem, Mass., Mat, 1874. No. 5.

One Dollar a Year in Advance. 10 Cents a Single Copy.

Eegular Meeting, Monday, Apeil 20, 1874.

[ Continued. }

Previous to the adjournment the President alluded
to the recent death of Prof. Alpheus Crosby, who during
his residence in Salem had been an interested member,
held several offices, and taken an active part in some of
the operations of the Institute. He had also been Presi-
dent of the Salem Athenaeum, and from 1858 to 18G4
Principal of the State Normal School in Salem.

Dr. George A. Perkins, after some appropriate re-
marks, introduced the following resolutions : —

Whereas, in the providence of God, the earthly life
of our associate and friend, Professor Alpheus Crosby,
has reached its close :

Resolved, That, with profound sorrow at the loss we
sustain in his lamented death, we place on record our sin-
cere testimony to his eminent talents and -exalted worth.

Essex Inst. Bulletin. vi 7

74

Resolved, That, with honorable pride and reverent re-
gard, we shall remember our departed friend as a distin-
guished Scholar, whose works were a blessing to the stu-
dent and an honor to his country ; as an Educator, whose
zeal inspired all that came within the broad circle of his
influence, and whose wisdom guided many in the paths of
true knowledge; as a Philanthropist, who kindly, but
fearlessly, labored for the relief of the suffering and the
oppressed of every race ; as a Citizen who was always
ready to perform the duties which every man owes soci-
ety ; and as a Neighbor and Friend, whose genial spirit,
tender sympathies and kindly acts will long be cherished
in grateful memories.

Resolved, That, while we proffer our heartfelt sympathy
to the family of our friend, we rejoice with them in the
full assurance that his death is but his entrance into im-
mortal life.

Mr. F. W. Putnam seconded the resolutions, and in
his remarks alluded to the interest Prof. Crosby had
always taken in the Natural History Department of the
Institute, and his appreciation of Science. He also spoke
of the formation of the Cabinet of Natural History at the
State Normal School in this city as clue to Prof. Crosby,
who, while principal of the school, had greatly encouraged
the study of the Natural Sciences and commenced the
museum. At that time and for many years after he took
an active interest in the encouragement of the study, and
it was most fitting that the Institute should do honor to
his memory, and thus acknowledge his great scholarship,
his sympathy in its work and his worth as a valued mem-
ber.

The resolutions were then adopted, and the Secretary

was requested to enter them upon the records and to Bend
a copy to the family of the deceased.
Adjourned.

75

Regular Meeting, Monday, May 4, 1874.

Meeting this evening at 7.30 o'clock. The Presi-
dent in the chair. Records read.

In the absence of the Secretary, Maurice H. Rich-
aim »o.\ was requested to act.

The Secretary announced the following correspon-
dence : —

From George H. Allen. May 1 ; Samuel Dawson, Montreal, April 23; R. R. Endi-
cott, Beverly, April 29; Oscai Faulbaber, Haverhill, May 2; II. W. Lowry, Lane
Seminary, Walnut Hills. Ohio, April 2; Robert Manning, April 21; George H.
Preble, Boston, April 23; E. A.Silsbee, Boston, May 2; William II. Yeomans,
Columbia, Conn.; Buffalo Historical Society. April 27; Iowa stale Historical
Society, April 1G, 23; Minnesota Historical Society, April 20; New Jersey Histori-
cal Society. April 2ii; New York Lyceum of Natural History, April 27; Ohio His-
torical and Philosophical Society, April 17; U. S. Department of Interior. April
29; Smithsonian Institution, April 18,21.

The Librarian reported the following additions : —

By Donation.

Atpletox, Francis H., of Peabody. Bulletin of the Bussey Institution. P.
II. L874.

DAWSON, Sameel, of Montreal, Ca. The Canadian Naturalist and Geologist,
Vol. v. Vol. iii, i). s.. No. 4. Jan., 1808. Vol. vi, n. s.. No. 2. 1871.

Department oe the Interior, Washington, B. C Report of the Com-
mittee, 2d Session, 42 d Congress, 1871-72. 3 vols. 8vo. British Counter Case and
Papers. Arbitration at Geneva, 2d Session, 42d Congress, I s 7 1 - 7-2 . 1 vol. 8vo.
House Journal, 2d Session, 42d Congress, 1871-72. 1 vol. 8vo. Treatise and Con-
ventions since July 4, 1776, 3d Session, 41st Congress, 1870-71. lvol. 8vo. British
' lase and Papers Arbitration at Geneva. 2d Session, 42 Congress. 1S71-7-J. ;; vols.
8vo. Patent Office Reports, 2d Session, 41st Congress. 1 809-70. 3vols.8vo. Ex-
ecutive Document.-, lsi Session, 42d Congress, 1871. 2vols.8vo. House Miscel-
laneous, 1st Session, 42d Congress, 1871. 1 vol. 8vo. House Journal. 1st Session
42d Congress, 1S71. 1 vol. 8vo. Senate Reports, 1st Session, 42d Congress. 1871,
lVOl. 8VO. Senate Documents, 1st Sc.--i.ui. I2d Congress. 1871. 1 vol. 8vo. Senate
Journal, 1st Session, ,42d Congress, 1871. 1 vol. 8vo. Senate Miscellany, 161 Ses-
sion, I2d Congress, 1871. l vol. 8vo. Senate Journal. 2d Session. (2d Congress,
ls7i-7-i. i rol.8vo. Senate Documents, 2d Session, (2d Congress, L871-72. 2 vols.
8vo. Senate Miscellaneous, 2d Session, I2d Congress, 1871-72. ivol.8vo. Senate
Reports, 2d Session, 12 Congress. 1*71-72. 5 vols. 8vo. Executive Document-, 2d
Session. 42d Congress, 1871-72. 7 vols. 8vo. Report of the Secretary of 'War, 2d
in, I2d Congress, 1871-72. 2 vol-. 8vo. Report of the Secretary of the Inte-
rior, 2d Session, i_M Congress, 1871-72. 2 vols. svo. Report of the Comptroller of
the Currency and Commissioners of Internal Revenue, 2d ses.-ion.42d Congress,
1871-72. 1 vol. 8vo. Affairs in the late Insurrectionary States. 2d Session. (2d
Congress. 13 vols. Svo. Camp Mohave, Commerce and Navigation Customs Tariff

76

Legislation, 2d Session, 42d Congress, 1871-7-2. 1 vol. 8vo. Explorations and
Surveys for a Ship-Canal Isthmus of Tehuantepec, 2d Session, 42d Congress. 1871-
72. 1 vol. 4to. Report of the Department of Agriculture, 2d Session, 42d Congress,
1871-72. 1 vol. Svo. Message and Reports of Department, Foreign Relations of
the United States, 2d Session, 42d Congress, 1871-72. 1 vol. svo. Annual Reports
Secretary of the Treasury, Postmaster General, Secretary of the Navy, '2d Ses-
sion, 42d Congress, 1871-72. 1 vol. 8vo.

Hodges, Maky O. The Boston Fire, by T.E.Frothingham. lvol.l2mo. Plan
of Greenwood Cemetery.

Lee, John C. Commercial Bulletin for March, April. 1874.

Mekkitt, LUCINDA F. The Shanghai Budget, Dec. 31, 1873, Jan. S, 15, 22, 29,
Feb. 5, 12, IS), 1874.

MORSE, E. S. Forty-fourth Annual Report of the Common Schools of Cincin-
nati, 1874.

PALFRAY, C. W. The American Law Register, 14 numbers. The Mining Mag-
azine, (i numbers. The Republic, 4 numbers. Blackwood's Edinburgh Magazine.
8 numbers. Miscellaneous Reviews, 1(3 numbers. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 25.

POOLE, W., Wenham. Annual Report of the School Committee of Wenham.
March, 1874. Annual Report of the Selectmen of Wenham. Feb., 1S71.

Wai.i.is, Mrs. C. A. The Naval Gazetteer. 1 vol. 8vo. London, 1871. Massa-
chusetts Register and Military Record, 1862. 1 vol. 8vo. Public Documents for
1838, 1839, 1846. 4 vols. Svo. A Treatise on the Plague and Yellow Fever. 1 vol.
8vo. 1799. The Hierophant. 1 vol. Svo. United States Weekly Telegraph, 1831,
2 vols. Svo. Patent Ohice Report, 1848, 1850-51, 1852-53, 1857. 4 vols. Svo. Twent]
third Annual Report of the Board of Education, 1SG0. 1 vol. Svo. Political Woi ks
of Thomas Paine. 1 vol. Svo. Mitchell's United States. 1 vol. svo. Illustrations
of the Divine Government. 1 vol. Svo. Sermons by O. Dewy. 2 vols. 12mo. Tri-
umph, by Rev. Samuel Hutchinson, l vol. Kimo. History of Charles the Twelfth.
1 vol. I2iuo. 1833. Dictionary oi Thomas Sheridan. 1 vol. IGnio. 1796. Names
and Titles of Jesus, l vol. Svo. The Principles of Grammar. 1 vol. 12mo. A
Geological Reconnoissance of the State of Tennessee. lvol.8vo. 18D6. Memoir
of Philip LindsJey. 1 vol. 8vo. 1859. Life of Bonaparte, l vol. 12mo. Inquiry,
by W.Balfour. 1 vol. 12mo. Memoirs of Lafayette. I vol. 12mo. Messages of
General Andrew Jackson. 1 vol. 12mo. Election Sermon by W. E3. ('banning. 1
vol. svo. American Almanacs, 1831, 1833. 2 vols. 12mo. Public and Private
Economy. 1 vol. l2ino. Capital Punishment. 1 vol. svo. The Heavenly Union,
by W. H. Porter. lvol.l2mo. The Constitution of the Fifteen Stales, l vol.
l2mo. Memoir of Rev. E. Payson. i vol. 16mo. ( hesterneld's Letters to his Son.
:; vols. 16mo. Manual for the General Court for 1857, 1858. 2 vols. 12mo. Mrs.
Chapone's Letters. 1 vol. 18mo.

\Y ati:i;s, ,J. L. Arnold's First Greek Book. 1 vol. 12mo. Adjutanl General's
Report of Illinois, 1861-62. 1 vol. Svo. Report of the Committee on Accounts,
1871. i vol. svo. Report on Insanity and Idiocy in Mass. lvol. 8vo. Commerce
and Navigation, 1854. lvol.Svo. Transactions of the Illinois state Agricultural
Society, 1867-8. I vol. svo. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 37.

Un.i.son, E. B. Record of Unitarian Worthies for April, l>7i. 8vo pamph.

By Exchange.

American Antiquarian Soi iety. Proceedings of the Annual Meeting, Oct.
21. is;;.
Boe TON Pi blic i.ii:i; \v.\ . Bulletin for April, 1874.
Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences. Bulletin of. Vol. i, No. 4. 1873-74.

77

( w \m w I-.- 1 1 1 1 1 1 or Toronto. The Canadian Jonrnal for April, 1874.

New Km. i \mi Historic-Gen] \ ical Soci: \\ . Hi torical and Gi

for A pril- I iiiii-. 1874.
Ni.w Fore Genealogu m. a.nd Biographical Society. Record of the.
Vol. v. No. J. April. 1874.

Pi blishers. American Naturalist. Forest and Stream. Gloucester Tele-
graph. Haverhill Gazette, tpswich Chronicle. Lawrence American. Lynn
Reporter. Lynn Transcript. Medical and Surgical Reporter. Nation. Nature,
idy Press. Sa rver. Salem Post. Silliinan's Journal.

Edward Thompson, of Salem, was elected a resident
member.

Edw. A. Silsbee, nt' Salem, gave a familiar talk on art
matters. The following is an abstract of his remarks : —

We must go to Europe to see art in its greatness and
extent. Driven through a hundred galleries, we come
to know something at last. One day we wake and find
ourselves connoisseurs. We grow confident. We go
alone. But time is needful to mature taste. It grows by
lying fallow, and is a constant revision of previous judg-
ments. It is an induction like science, and should he
wide as the subject.

Art is a double sense, an eye behind the natural eye.
Artists look upon nature with subtler vision. They inter-
pret it for us. We must look with their eyes to enter
into their work. They multiply our senses and give us
enjoyments undreamt of before. Poets do the same.
"Without being artists or poets we can get from them their
key of vision, as families and friends grow alike by nat-
ural imbuing and like atmosphere. Thus we have the
genius of the world at command, and live on the top of all
the ages. Goethe went-far to realize this. It is culture
in its ideality and entirety. Emerson would do it with
more artistic temperament. Artistic sense differs from
the poetic. The one is general, emotional; the other
professional. They should play into each other. Artist
should be poetic: poet artistic.

78

Poetiy, painting, music, sculpture, architecture, are
varying phases of one sense of the beautiful. Criticism
is interchangeable in these arts. Feeling, execution, we
speak of in either. Feeling is genius; execution, talent.
The comprehension of feeling is a great way in art.

American art is scenic, external, no quick sympathy
with nature in her every-day mood. It must fty to moun-
tains, Niagaras, icebergs, as if the miracle of nature were
not lying around us every day, to hold us with wonder or
thrill us with enthusiasm ; the ineffable significance in
common things, complexity in simplicity, simplicity in
complexity ; the infinite as conspicuous in a weed as in a
world. Zoologists might as well only study elephants,
botanists trees, or geologists mountains. Church, Bier-
stadt, do the whole of nature at a blow. Snow moun-
tains, middle distance, foreground, waterfalls, Indians,
encampments, — enough for a dozen pictures in one. They
seem to say, "walk up, gentlemen, so much for your
money." One cannot take in so much at a time. You
might as well put tragedy, comedy, elegy, pastoral in one
poem. Turner is open to the same criticism ; but he had
an epic genius, sympathy, imaginative power, great ar-
tistic sensibility and expression. He is florid in taste, not
simple — Byronic, the same unquiet impulses and arti-
ficial associations in subject, tourmentie — surfeited with,
embarras de richesse.

The French school is simple, does not attempt rashly
tin: sublime, nor do too much in one composition. They
paint the nearness and intimacy of nature, her every-day.
Nothing sensational, belittling, conventional or hackneyed
comes into their work. Nature is endless, and they know
it and cling to it. We, when we are not grandiose, are
pretty, never subtle. They arc sincere, meet nature face
to face, need nothing local, romantic, trite or obvious to

79

inspire them. Nature is revealed to them. You -walk
into their pictures as into a garden or a field, every
minute part is felt and well given. Our art is thin, dis-
tant objects are faint, not far ; modelling, linear perspec-
tives, relations of tint, tone, texture, color ; sense of form,
reflected lights, aerial perspectives ; are ignored or not
known. The whole is flat. These relations are "values,"
an inestimable word. The French level spaces, shrubs,
trees and ground, shy pools and furtive grasses or weeds,
carefully rendered as they are, are worth legions of rocky
mountains and hearts of the Andes done in this shallow,
conventional way. With its blended outline, French art
gives us what we feel when we see, not what we see
without reeling, which is our key, and that with half an
eye. Our landscape is optical, theirs mental.

Japanese art has the same integrity, never opens its
ej^es but it sees a picture ; more through a window pane
indeed than another can see in a whole life ; for art is not
the seeing, the physical sense, but the significance every
object bears to the artistic eye. The Belgians, Dutch,
are where the French are, one with nature as she is with-
out adornment. Constable, an Englishman, originated
the school but left no following in England. The English
are painstaking but unideal ; metallic, positive, over bril-
liant in color. No subtle harmony, or subdued feeling,
or gray tones. Wordsworth is yet to be grown up to in
art there. German art is stilted when not influenced by
the French school. Like English or American painting,
it is lost without a subject, a factitious element or motive
in the composition other than nature. • It must have inci-
dent or association, as if nature were not enough. Art
in these countries is where poetry was in the last century,
artificial or uninspired. It studied form, we study feeling.

In visiting galleries we must watch the mood, not have

80

our eye full of the flaring colors of the street, be patient
and wait for the object to glide into our mind, which one
day it will do. It cannot be forced, and art is too deli-
cate a thing to be captured coup de main. Our knowledge
shifts, and taste winnows. It is a step, a gradation.
Judgment at last becomes secure, and perception rapid.
Coleridge said, "every great artist creates the taste by
which he is appreciated." He brings something new into
the world, his genius. He must instruct us, not we him.
He can teach us to see what we did not see before.

The Greek mind drew all nature into itself, distilled it
in the alembic of its imagination, and gave it forth sim-
ply as form. Hence the perfection of that form. The
northern, Christian, and later mind, feels nature mysti-
cally, sympathetically, and does not attempt to embody,
personify, reduce to form. Gothic architecture is the
greatest fruit of this feeling. It represents the infinite,
strives after it, is tilled with it. It is unending, flexible,
emotional, spiritual. It is a life and literature in stone.
For three centuries all that men felt and knew went to it.
It created the grotesque. A gray mist of stone, it grows
into marvellous life under our eye. It is peopled with
Calibans and Midsummer Night's Dreams. It suggests
something beyond itself. The Greek did what he felt,
the Goth felt what he could not do. The Greek is one
intense concentration, tired with the beauty of the world,
drawn from all experience, the genius of nature made
manifest. The Roman arch expresses dominion, security,
serenity, beauty. The Gothic emotion, restless but as-
piring, ever pointing upward. The Roman arch, law,
the Gothic, religion. Hence the sublime impulse of the

northern churches.

St. Peter's fails of effect from this cause. It is prosaic,
though huge. You have to accustom yourself to it to

81

feel it. Then it is like a new world by itself, it has en-
closed so much of space. It should have been a Greek
cross. In that form all mass contributes to unity and
impressiveness of effect. Now the facade fritters the
dome. One should enter it by the short arm of the cross,
then outside and in are one, and we get the grand impres-
sion at once.

The great expressions of northern art are Gothic,
Michael Angelo, Shakespeare, and, as Herbert Spencer
added, Beethoven. Dante was one with Gothic, and not
to be separated from it.

The great artists in modern times are Michael Angelo,
who created types, and pried into the unknown ; Raphael
the great musical genius, endless in invention, composi-
tion, symphonious and ever graceful, feeling form as a
Greek almost, and making it sensuous as Titian did color ;
Leonardo, who did the inscrutable ; Correggio, who
played with flame and softness, archness and grace, sweet
as a child ; Velasquez, who needed nothing but the fact
to inspire him, who dignified realism by power and artistic
apprehension into ideality; Titian, the great poet, in-
tense in romantic depth of color, who brought back sen-
suousness without license into the world ; Rubens and
Rembrandt in the north, and Albert Durer. All other
men are to be ranked below these.

Titian includes the Venetians, a noble company. He
has. almost alone among moderns, the serenity of the
Greek. His pose is unique. lie is the Phidias of portrait
painting. Tintoret with his fiery power is less than his
depth. The "Sacred and Profane Love" is as if dropped
out of the sky, and is without effort. As mere painting,
it is the greatest picture in the world. Paul Veronese
was frank and healthful; a subtile, ingenuous, delightful
master, but more external than Titian. Vandyke comes

82

after Rubens and Rembrandt. Rembrandt was a main-
eian, and discovered the poetry in light and shade. Rubens
was robustious, splendid, healthful, restored enjoyment
of life to men, painted up to nature more than any man,
and could do so, and had the largest scope and facility.
His st}de is not searching, or classical, but romantic and
perfectly unconfiued. Albert Durer was mystical, Gothic,
natural, and felt the significance of things. Murillo, more
of a poet, must be placed below Velasquez for power.

In sculpture there are few transcendent things, but
these are superhuman, and would be incredible if they
were not seen. The relics of the Parthenon, the Venus
of Milo, a few other Greek fragments — these are heroic.
They look as if they had grown, not been made. As in
the old Italian pictures the company have happened there,
not been placed, Gothic has grown not been built. It is
an organic thing, a thing of nature. The Greek temple
is the crystallization of all the influences for beauty of
the world distilled in one form and object. Even the
Belvidere torso, the Laocoon, the Apollo do not attain to
this sublime repose, they are tourmentees in the compar-
ison.

English art has but few names, but these are unequalled
in their kind. Hogarth, Reynolds, Gainsborough, Flax-
man, Stotherd, Wilkie, Turner, Constable, Morland,
Leslie and Newton, "Old Crome," Blake, a prehistoric
man, an artistic mystic, and a few others. The English
mind expresses itself in poetry.

Kaulbach, who has just died, had a stilted, academic
manner. Grandiose and imposing, full of talent, but like
all the Germans, a bad colorist, he was not a genius.
They are schoolmasters in art, excogitated, pedantic. If
their claim were allowed according to the amount they
have done, the old Italians would be dwarfed. Kaulbach's

83

illustrations are obvious, line-y in style, poseedt\ lack
mystery, imagination, suggestiveness.

Three things make sculpture, feeling for form, feeling
for life, feeling for character. The Greeks are unap-
proached in the first two. If the moderns have done any
thing it is in the last. Sculpture should take apart like
literature, and every fragment should show mastery,
vitality, organism. A line of Shakespeare, a passage of
Milton, a square foot of Rubens, Veronese, Velasquez
proves the master. Modern sculpture will not bear this
test.

American organization is finer for art perhaps than the
English but lacks robustness. Hunt is the best exempli
fication of this, and does things not equalled there for
artistic sensibility, or indeed on the continent. Puri-
tanism was not an artistic cast of mind or character. We
need temperament. The Irish will give us this, and
Germans intellectual industry. Puritanism chilled the
blood which needs enrichment. Hawthorne, a subtle im-
aginative genius, was morbid, not enough flesh and blood
in him. Emerson, a great teacher, is not creative. We
are forty millions in a continent. Nature s'.bdues man
here, and makes him a mercantile animal. It will be so
for a century or more, till the continent fills in. Meantime
best forces, the outcome of forty millions, do not keep
each other in countenance, are too scattered. No capital
exists, school of art, literature, manners.- New York is
a mart, Washington a galvanized capital for six months in
the year.

Wo lack passion in poetry. We describe nature, are
not near to her. The only sensibility we know of is in
Jones Yery's sonnets, and Emerson's early essays. The
sonnets are Hebraic in their siugle-mindedness and eleva-
tion. They are like voices of nature, purling of brooks

or robins* notes: innocent and carolling, study no

form, but have the best, and are Saxon and monosyllabic
in style and structure.

e community does not reflect its intelligence in criti-
It is the merest commonplace. Lit-
erature, the drama, m iticised liscriminatii ig .
impatient of criticism in painti _. ad think
their asg I as a -. This is an art that requires
and delicate judgment as the other arts.

. ation of painting, the reason of its being
_:ive what we feel. Otherwise photography
would be the greatest artist, and dispense with all other.
^ce knows. Art feels. It is the interchange of the
soul with th' b affectii _ :her, that makes

art. Goethe said art iter than nature,

the t j the greir

and summons nature to its throne and makes use of it.
it living art. No gi I picture has been
paii. and red year-.

.* two or three L presses itself in

or painting, or architecture, and - -

_ - ive works

been explained. At any rate it seems we b

ind have had

: try since. A - 'a. No new

magi li ng.

Ci judge of art more fairly than . for

ituted to feel on

2 inst other kinds of i The

crit! impartial and universal it he has

tion, and
_
live. What
not not univ art

-: render itself to the world and not .-or

mysl

It cannot be too much insisted on, art does not depend
upon subject. Rembrandt saw subjecl . and

transmuted the dust to gold. W getting near

nature in all things, lite, literature, law. art, mar/
ligion, sloughing off the - f centuries.

is lending a powerful hand.
ican loves adornment, which is a kind of art. and is wil

-tend tor it. American s* ins ss -

conspicuous while the E re clumsy at it. Our

houses are more neatly constructed than in the Provio 3.

Allston was the greatest artist we have produced, a man
cast in the mould of the old masters but miss _ ^.is time.
leridge as he was potentially great. Land-

seer, the greatest English artist of our generation, and
the only one of genius, - si - in in pri 5J
ing is chalky and thin. _ -'.. live among animals

and should do them well as the Gi - I the human
form which they constantly saw. and the Venetians }
inspired by the .round ti. . I the vicinity

intercourse of the East.

The aesthetic is horn in man as early as the religi
or intellectual. The savage 1 - er begins to beat his
neighbor's brains out but he can 3 - lub. lie p
his own body tor beauty or terror, but it requires a new
birth to know beauty intimately as Wordsworth,

:e, knew it. We must go behind the conventional,
ver the "innoeeney of the eye." *strip the wil of
familiarity from things." Artists interpret, poets make
us know it. But among poets and artists there are
supersensuous, and the describers mere
have insight and ideality, and spiritual imagination, and
those who never get at the heart, the core, the soul of

84

or robins' notes; innocent and carolling, they study no
form, but have the best, and are Saxon and monosyllabic
in style and structure.

The community does not reflect its intelligence in criti-
cism of painting. It is the merest commonplace. Lit-
erature, the drama, music, arc criticised discriminatingly.
People are impatient of criticism in painting, and think
their eye as good as another's. This is an art that requires
study and delicate judgment as the other arts.

The justification of painting, the reason of its being
is, that we give what we feel. Otherwise photography
would be the greatest artist, and dispense with all other.
Science knows. Art feels. It is the interchange of the
soul with the object, each affecting the other, that makes
art. Goethe said art was greater than nature, because, of
the two factors, soul is the greatest and most important,
and summons nature to its throne and makes use of it.
Music is the great living art. No great picture has been
painted for two hundred years. WI13' genius rises in tides
every two or three hundred years, and expresses itself in
poetry, or painting, or architecture, and leaves the suc-
ceeding ages barren of great creative works, has never
been explained. At any rate it seems we have not ex-
hausted the dispensation of fifty years ago and have had
no hurst of poetry since. All is an after-math. No new
phase of imaginative feeling.

Critics may judge of art more fairly than artists, for
artists arc constituted to feel one thing intensely. This
prejudices them against other kinds of excellence. Tin'
critic may be more impartial and universal it he has
sensibility, not being swayed by any predisposition, and
not himself gifted with any originating power. He
should be sympathetic and interpretative. What he can-
not discover must be (eclinique and not universal, for art

85

must render itself to the world and not be of a caste or
mystery.

It cannot be too much insisted on, art docs not depend
upon subject. Rembrandl saw subject everywhere, and
transmuted the dust to gold. We arc getting nearer to
nature in all things, life, literature, law, art, manners, re-
ligion, sloughing off the accretions of centuries. Science
is lending a powerful hand. The age is her's. The Amer-
ican loves adornment, which is a kind of art. and is willing
to spend for it. American ladies' instinct for dress is
conspicuous while the English are clumsy at it. Our
houses are more neatly constructed than in the Provinces.

Allston was the greatest artist we have produced, a man
cast in the mould of the old masters but missing his time.
Like Coleridge as poet, he was potentially great. Land-
seer, the -greatest English artist of our generation, and
the only one of genius, is best seen in prints for his paint-
ing is chalky and thin. The English live among animals
and should do them well as the Greeks did the human
form which they constantly saw, and the Venetians were
inspired by the lagune around them, and the vicinity and
intercourse of the East.

The aesthetic is born in man as early as the religious
or intellectual. The savage no sooner begins to beat his
neighbor's brains out but he carves his club. lie paints
his own body for beauty or terror, but it requires a new
birth to know beauty intimately as Wordsworth, Shelley,
Blake, knew it. We must go behind the conventional,
recover the "innocency of the eye," "strip the veil of
familiarity from things." Artists interpret, poets make
us know it. But among poets and artists there are the
supersensuous, and the describers merely. Those who
have insight and ideality, and spiritual imagination, and
those who never get at the heart, the core, the soul of

8G

things : the imaginative significance of the universe, but
dwell in the superficies. That it is the province of all
art to discover and give. In measure of the revelation
of it is it great.

Annual Meeting, Wednesday, May 13, 1874.

According to the notification, the meeting was held at
3 p.m. The President in the chair. Records read.

The annual reports of the officers and of the curators
were read and accepted, and from them the accompanying

RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR

has been compiled. The placing before large and inter-
ested assemblages a series of superior entertainments,
consisting of instructive lectures and essays, brilliant
concerts and exhibitions of flowers, fruit and vegetables,
of a high order, has been attended with eminent success.
In other directions a like degree of vigor and zeal has
been noticeable : thus the library and museum have been
largely increased, by purchase, donations, and by ex-
change ; the field, evening and other meetings have been
well attended and at these meetings many valuable com-
munications were presented and referred to the appro-
priate committee for publication.

Members. — Changes occur in the list of our associates,
by the addition of new names, and the withdrawal of
some by resignation, removal from the county or vicinity,
or by death. In this connection, notices of six of the
resident members who -have deceased within tin1 year are
inserted.

87

1. William Oliver Thayer. Son of Oliver and Rachel
(Bancroft) Thayer, of Salem. He had from his youth
been an interested member, although his business avoca-
tions prevented him from taking an active part in the
meetings ; he was engaged in the lumber business with
his father. Died June 9, 1873, aged thirty-nine.

2. Iilchard Saltonstall Rogers, well known to those of
a past generation as an active merchant in the firm of X.
L. Rogers & Brothers, who were pioneers and founders,
in the United States, of the Zanzibar and New Holland
trades ; for many years previous to 1842 were actively
engaged in foreign commerce, mainly with the East
Indies, and were among the most distinguished merchants
of Salem. Died June 11, 1873, aged eighty-three years.

3. Benjamin F. Browne, known as a druggist and
apothecary for many years in this city, and latterly for
his interest and zeal in the study of our local history.
The results of many of his investigations and researches
have been printed in the first volumes of the "Historical
Collections" of the Institute, contributing largely to the
importance and historical value of this publication. He
was the son of Benjamin and Elizabeth (Andrew) Browne
of Salem, and was born July 14, 1793. Died November
23, 1873, aged eighty years and four months.

4. John Jewell, for many years established in the cabi-
net making business, and later a partner in the firm of
Prime, Kenney & Co. Son of John and Elizabeth
(Hodgkins) Jewett, born at Ipswich, Dec. 24, 1795,
came to Salem a young man and has since that time been
a resident of this city. He was an enterprising and use-
ful citizen ; for many years a director in the Commercial
(now First National) Bank, a member of the city govern-
ment, representative to the legislature, and served effi-
ciently in other local capacities. He died Feb. 28, 187 1 .

88

5. Robert Peele, son of Robert and Elizabeth (Smith)
Peele ; had during a long life been engaged in the hard-
ware business until a few years since, when he retired.
He was always much interested in antiquarian lore and in
collecting materials for our local history. He died April
7, 1874, aged eighty years.

6. Alpheus Crosby. Widely known as a distinguished
scholar and educator ; died at his residence in this city,
April 17, 1874. He was son of Dr. Asa Croslvy, and was
born in Sandwich, N". H., Oct. 13, 1810, a graduate of
Dartmouth in the class of 1827, and for many years a
tutor and professor in that institution. In October, l<s.">7,
he became principal of the State Normal School at Salem
and continued in that office until July, 1865, and since
that time has resided in this city engaged in literary pur-
suits. Prof. Crosby was one of the most accurate and
thorough Greek scholars that our country has produced.
He has published several Greek text books that are held
in high repute, besides other valuable educational works,
and his exhaustive labors upon a new Greek dictionary
which he was preparing probably induced the disease of
which he died.

Prof. Crosby had always been a valuable citizen. For
ten years he had been president of the Salem Athenaeum,
and had been one of the officers of the Institute, in whose
welfare he took a deep interest and whose cause he has
advanced by his donations and efforts in other ways.

Two of our corresponding members have deceased,
Prof. L. Agassiz at Cambridge, Dee. 1."), L873, and Col.
J, W. Foster al Chicago, Illinois, June 29, 1873. Also
Prof. 'I. />• Russell, an early member of the Natural Ilis-
tory Society, June 7, L873. At special meetings held for

the purp086 resolutions of respect were passed.
1 To be continued.]

BULLETIN

ESSEX UsTSTITTJTE.

Vol. 6. Salem, Mass., June, 1874. No. 6.

One Dollar a Year in Advance. 10 Cents a Single Copy.

Annual Meeting, Wednesday, May 13, 1874.
retrospect op the year.

[ Continued. J

Meetings. — During the summer and early autumn
Field Meetings and Horticultural Exhibitions occupied
the attention of the Institute. The meetings were four in
number, first at Amesbury, on Thursday, June 19, 1873,
by invitation of the Amesbury and Salisbury Natural
History Club, who were very courteous and attentive
during the visit. At the meeting in the Uuiversalist
Church the recent decease of Messrs. ^R. S. Rogers, J.
L. Russell and W. O. Thayer was noticed. Mr. Allen
W. Dodge, after a few general remarks, alluded to some
of the habits and customs of our ancestors gleaned from
the records in the registers of probate and of deeds. Mr.
F. W. Putnam alluded to some Indian relics belomrinf
to the museum of the Natural History Club, particularly
specifying an interesting carved stone rudely representing
a porpoise, or better still, a white whale or Beluga.
Essex Inst. Bulletin. vi 8

90

Among the other speakers were Messrs. James H.
Emerton, of Salem, Homer B. Crane, William C. Binney,
Rev. Messrs. Eaton and Dinsmore of Amesbury.

The second meeting was at Lynnfield, Wednesday,
July 30, 1873. The principal points of interest were vis-
ited during the forenoon. At the afternoon meeting in
the church the recent decease of Col. Foster at Chicago
was noticed. Mr. F. W. Putnam, Rev. E. C. Bolles,
John Robinson, Rev. S. H. Taft, of Humboldt College,
Gen. Josiah Newhall, of Lynnfield, and others, reported
on the findings of the day, and made such observations as
were suggested thereby.

The third field meeting was at Chebacco Pond, Tues-
day, Aug. 12, 1873, by the kind invitation of Messrs. J.
Whipple & Sons. The meeting was held on the platform
in the grove, and was very largely attended, several dis-
tinguished persons being in the vicinity were present, and
among the speakers were Hon. A. W. Dodge of Hamil-
ton, George D. Phippen of Salem, Prof. Asa Gray and
Prof. George L. Goodalc of Cambridge, J. J. H. Gregory,
Esq., of Marblehead, Mr. F. W. Putnam and others.

The fourth meeting was at Danvers Centre, formerly
Salem Village, the seat of the witchcraft delusion in
1692. The afternoon session was held in the church.
Messrs. F. W. Putnam, John Robinson, E. C. Bolles,
C. B. Rice, David Stiles, Jeremiah Spoftbrd, Augustus
Mudge, W. P. Upham, George Tapley and others ad-
dressed the meeting. A communication was presented
from Philip P. Carpenter, of Montreal, "On the Generic
Affinities of the New England Chitons." (See Bulletin,
Vol. v, p. 152.)

Evening meetings have been held at the rooms usually
on the first and third Monday evenings of each month.

91

At these meetings an increasing interest was manifested,
and several valuable communications were presented,
abstracts of which have been printed in the Bulletin
or reserved for the "Historical Collections." The fol-
lowing may be specified: — "On the Mechanism of the
Flight of Birds," by C. J. Maynard, "Notes on the
Bird Fauna of the Salt Lake Valley and the Adjacent
Portions of the Wahsatch Mountains," by Robert Ridg-
way, "The Birds of Colorado," by Robert Ridgway ;
"On Some New Forms of American Birds," by Spencer
F. Baird and Robert Ridgway; "Natural History in the
Schools," by Byron Groce ; "Notices of Several Rare and
Interesting Fishes from the Harbors of Marblehead,
Salem and Beverly," by F. W. Putnam ; "On the Early
Days and Rapid Growth of California," by Alfred Pea-
body ; "Notice of the Black Fish shot in Salem Harbor,
October, 1873," by F. W. Putnam; "On Art Studies,"
by Walter Smith ; "Notes from the Diary of Wm. Rus-
sell, prior to and chiefly during the Time of his Confine-
ment in Mill Prison during the War of the Revolution,"
communicated by James Kimball; "On Copperplate en-
graving," by Geo. M. White ; "Journal of Rev. Daniel
Shute, D. D., Chaplain of the Expedition to Canada in
1758," by James Kimball; "Notes on the Mammals of
Portions of Kansas, Colorado, Wyoming and Utah," by
J. A. Allen ; "On Various Modes of Illustration," by E.
S. Morse; "Description of a Skull of a Mound-builder,
from Shell Bed on Rock Island," by A. S. Tiffany ; "A
Familiar Talk on Art Matters," by Edward A. Silsbee.
A special meeting was held on Thursday evening, in the
Whitfield church, Newburyport, for the reading of the
memorial address upon the late Henry Coit Perkins,
M. D., an esteemed member of the Institute, by Rev.
Samuel J. Spalding, D.D. A special meeting was also

92

held on Tuesday evening, Dec. 16, 1873, to celebrate the
destruction of the tea in Boston Harbor, Dec. 1G, 1773.
On this occasion a paper was read by James Kimball.
On Monday evening, Feb. 16, 1874, a reception was given
to Rev. Charles Kingsley, the distinguished Canon of
Westminster.

Lectures. — The series of lectures alluded to in the
last annual report,* in course of delivery, by Rev. E. C.
Bolles, at Danvers, "On the Microscope and its Teach-
ings, and at the rooms of the Institute "On the Micro-
scope," were delivered according to agreement. During
the latter part of the autumn and early winter a course of
six lectures was delivered in Wenham, two by Rev. E. C.
Bolles, two by Mr. F. W. Putnam and one each by Rev.
E. S. Atwood and Rev. J. Coit. Also a course of eight
lectures at Ipswich, three by Mr. Bolles, two by Mr.
Putnam, and one each by Messrs. Atwood and Coit and
C. M. Tracy of Lynn. Mr. Bolles has also delivered
two lectures each at Gloucester and Manchester and one
at Peabody. Richard A. Proctor of London, Hon. Sec'y
of Roy. Astron. Soc, gave three lectures at the rooms of
the Institute in November, "On Planets," "On Comets
and Meteors," and "On the Moon and Stars." Rev. E.
C. Bolles gave four lectures on the microscope in the
rooms of the Institute on Wednesday evenings, March
25, April 1, 8 and 15 of the present year.

Lectures and Concerts under the direction of the
curators of the department of arts. A scries of eight
entertainments, with an extra and a supplementary course
of three were given in the Mechanic Hall to large and
appreciative audiences. 1st, Mon., Oct. 27, Richard A.

* Sec Bulletin of Essex Institute, Vol. .0, p. 45.

93

Proctor, of London, Hon. Sec. Roy. Astron. Soc, sub-
ject, "The Sun." 2d, Wed., Nov. 12, concert by the
English Glee Club, of New York City. 3d, Mon., Dec.
1, Readings by Prof. George W. Blish. 4th, Mon., Dec.
8, Rev. Newman Hall, of Surrey Chapel, London, sub-
ject, "Reminiscences of Mountain Rambles." 5th, Mon.,
Dec. 22, Prof. W. H. Niles, of Cambridge, subject, "The
High Alps." 6th, Mon., Jan. 5, Charles Bradlaugh, M.P.,
of England, subject, "Republicanism in England." 7th,
Wed., Jan. 14, concert by Mr. B. J. Lang, of Boston,
with assistants, and the Essex Institute Chorus. 8th,
Mon., Jan. 2G, concert by Harvard Glee Club of Cam-
bridge. Extra, Fri., Jan. 30, Wilkie Collins of London,
reading of "The Dream Woman." Supplementary course,
1st, Mon., Feb. 16, Charles Kingsley, Canon of West-
minster, subject, " Westminster Abbey," his first lecture
in America. 2d, Wed., March 18, concert by Adelaide
Phillips. 3d, Mon., March 30, a concert by the Essex
Institute Chorus.

Horticultural. — The operations of this department
have been very successfully conducted during the past
season. Six exhibitions have been held, three devoted
to the show of special flowers, the others more general in
their character. 1st, on Friday evening, June 13, for
the exhibition of several magnificent specimens of Cereus
grandijiora, Lilium auratum, Philocactus crenatus (white
cactus) and other species of cacti. 2d, Monday and
Tuesday, June 23 and 24, the rose show, one of marked
excellence. The conservatories also contributed many
choice plants. 3d, Monday, July 28, special exhibition, a
tine plant of EucJtaris grandiflora, also Gloxinias, Lilium
auratum, night blooming ccrcus and other plants. 4th,
Thursday, Aug. 14, continued on Friday on account of

94

the weather, Caladium argyrites from D. M. Balch, white
oleander from F. Putnam, varieties of Coleus and ferns
from Mrs. C. Hoffman. 5th, Wednesday, Sept. 3, a very
large and beautiful display of German and French asters
from the garden of John Robinson, and a flower of the
AntJieoliza prealla from the Cape of Good Hope, by Alfred
Peabody. 6th, the annual, from Tuesday, Sept. 16th to
Friday, the 19th, was decidedly fine in every respect,
and fruit, flowers and vegetables were exhibited from all
parts of the county, though by far the largest portion
from Salem and its vicinity. The main hall and the two
anterooms on the first floor were used, and all the tables
were filled to overflowing. The hall was tastefully ar-
ranged and the bright tints of the beautiful flowers and
the bold broad or pinnated points of the tropical palms
placed at the entrance and down the centre of the hall,
produced a highly pleasing effect, which was materially
aided by the gentle stream of water from a miniature
fountain rippling over a bed of shells and stones, among
which were growing ferns and several aquatic plants.
This exhibition was, in many respects, the finest ever
attempted in this city or its vicinity, and for the beauty
of the articles shown it was superior to, and in the attend-
ance it exceeded, any before held under the direction of
the Institute.

There have been in some previous years larger displays
of fruit, but rarely a show which combined so much that
was interesting and attractive, and never one where there
had been gathered so fine a collection and variety of
plants. The fruit exhibited, especially of pears, was
characterized by general and uniform excellence of qual-
ity and appearance rather than by mammoth growth or
other exceptional peculiarities. Some very fine speci-
mens of the St. Michael pear suggested the possibility of

95

:i revival of this variety, the pride of the Salem gardens
a half century ago. The show of vegetables was also
quite extensive.

The following prizes and gratuities were awarded : —

FLOWERS.

Pot-plants.— First, D. M. Balch; second, Hugh Wilson.

Coleus •' Chameleon."— Kernwood.

Hanging Basket.— First, W. II. Gardner; second, John Meiklejohn.

Stand, growing plants.— W. H. Gardner.

Basket cut flowers.— First. W. II. Gardner; second. Miss Alice Beckford.

Gladioli.— First, Francis Putnam; second, D. M. Balch.

Bouquets. — \V. II. Gardner.

Floral Design.— John Meiklejohn.

Gratuity.— Mrs. Horner, Georgetown, native plants; Hugh Wilson, and Mrs. J-
D. Hammond, garden stands; J. H. Hill, Amesbury, collections; John Meikle-
john, well grown plants.

FRUIT.

Collection pears.— First, Wm. Maloon ; second, Charles A. Ropes.

Best plate.— Seckel, T. P. Symonds; Bartlett, G. P. Rust; Beurre Hardy, B.
R. Symonds; Duchesse and Louise Bonne, A. H. Hubbard; Flemish Beauty,
James Donaldson.

Collection apples.— First, A. B. Woodis, Ropes Farm; second, D. P. Carpenter.

Single Dish.— Baldwin, Charles E. Symonds.

Native Grapes. — First, D. M. Balch; second, C. Higbee.

Best Rogers, Xo. 15, W. P. Locke: Hartford Prolific, Edwin Verry; Delaware,
T. P. Symonds; Foreign (single dish) Chas. R. Waters.

Collection peaches.— First, Geo. Bowker; second, C. M. Richardson.

Single Dish. — Fred. Lamson.

Gratuity. — Peaches, to Mrs. G. W. Downing; Figs, Aaron Smith; collection,
H. F. Skerry.

VEGETABLES.

Collection.— First, David Wentzell; second, Geo. W. Rogers; third, City of
Salem (farm).

Early Rose potato.— C. S. Emmerton ; other varieties of potato, C. S. Emmcrton ;
marrow squash, E. C. Larrabee ; tomato (best 12) trophy, E. C. Larrabee ; cabbage,
F. W. Lyford; tomato (sort not trophy), Plummer Farm School; Beets, A. B.
Woodis; Beets (mangels), A. B. Woodis; water melons, Plummer Farm School;
Mammoth squash (102 lbs.), David Wentzell, who had two on one vine weighing
together 174 pounds, and a fourth S7 pounds.

The prizes awarded on the first day for " cut flowers " were, first, Francis Put-
nam; second, John Meiklejohn ; third, Charles A. Beckford; gratuity to Miss Alice
Glover for ''tasteful arrangement of flowers."

The contributors were as follows : —

Flowers, Pot Plants. Ferks, Baskets, etc.— D. M. Balch, Hugh Wilson,
Francis Putnam, George W. Rogers, John Robinson, John Meiklejohn, C. A. Beck-
ford, John Doig, Mabel Emery (Lynn), J. Henry Hill (Amesbury), John Webster,
Mrs. Horner (Georgetown), Miss Annie Bancroft, Mrs. J. B. Osborne, Mrs. Jamea

96

O. Safford, Mrs. W. F. Gardner, Miss C. A. Neal, Miss Grace A. Glover, Mrs. Mil-
ler, Miss Alice Beckford, Henry D. Johnson, Miss S. W. Chandler, Mrs. S. II-
Smith. William II. Gardner, Mrs. It. Winn, William P. Parker, B. D. Hill (Peabody),
Miss MaryT. Ropes, Mrs. Clough. Mrs. David Pingrce, C. A. Ropes, Clifford Burnes,
C. n. Pulsifer, S. Killani, Dr. G. A. Perkins, Mrs. J. D. Hammond, E. S. Atwood,
Mrs. E. D. Kimball.

Peaks, Peaches, Apples, Plums, Grapes, etc.— A. J. Hubbard (Peabody)
Mrs. John Goldsmith, W. II. Nichols, Mrs. Walter Leavitt, S. P. Fowler, Mrs.
F. L. Ward, V. C. Stowc, J. B. Osgood, Miss Richardson. C. M. Richardson, B.
Ballard, J. W. Goldthwait, D. P. Carpenter, George D. Glover. Charles E.
Symonds, Sirs. Kimball, R. C. Manning, G. P. Rust, Wm. Maloon, Jona. Davis,
George Merrill, Mrs. Edward Eamson, A. P. Weare, Jno. Daniels, Miss H. Short,
Thorp Fisher, E. Emmerton, C. R. Waters, Alfred Peabody, Mrs. E. Moore, W. H.
Rice, Benjamin Edwards, S. P. Walcott, C. Higbee, Alfred Whalen. L. D. Pettin-
gell, S. W. Bancroft, N. A. Horton, B. R. Symonds, K. Babbage, Mrs. P. English,
George A. Newhall, Geo. Bowker, W. B. Aiken, Charles Creesy, T. P. Symonds,
Frederick Lamson, J. P. Cooke, James Donaldson, C. H. Buxton, H. F. Skerry. J.
Margati, J. R. Chase, C. Harrington, C. A. Ropes, S. G. Jones, Samuel Newman
(Peabody), Wm. Hill, J. F. Dodge, M. P. Locke, Aug. Very, G. F. Putnam, F. L.
Ward, Thomas Symonds, B. H. Silsbee, D. M. Batch, Mrs. George Downing. Mrs.
Henry Webb, C. H.Webber, Mrs. J. Pierce, Mrs. G. A. Newhall, J. Goldsmith,
Mrs. Wilkinson, E. H. Dodge, Aaron Smith.

Vegetables.— David Wentzell, George W. Rogers, City of Salem, Plummer
Farm School, H. W. Lyford, C. S. Emmerton, E. C. Larrabee, L. D. Pettingill, A.
B. Woodis, Mrs. Ward, Alfred Ware, W. S. Messervy, B. H. Silsbee, George A.
Newhall, John Meiklejohn.

Honev.— George D. Glover, B. R. Symonds.

Library. — The additions during the year now closed
are as follows : —

Donations.

Folios, 1 Pamphlets and Serials, . . . 4,511

Quartos, 2!) Almanacs, 39

Octavos, 333

Duodecimos, 110 Total, 4.r>.">0

Scxdecimos, G7 Total of bound volumes, . . 540

Total 510 Total of douations, 5,0C0

Exchanges.

Quartos, 3 Pamphlets and Serials, . . . 807

Octavos, 110 Total of bound volumes, . . . 115

Duodecimos, 2

— Total ot Exchanges 1,012

Total 115 Total of Donations 5.0D0

Total, C,102

Of the total number of pamphlets and serials, 1,324
were pamphlets and 4,084 serials.

The donations to the Library for the year have been

07

received from one hundred and fifteen individuals and
seven societies and public bodies.

The exchanges have been received from ninety-nine
societies and incorporate bodies, of which sixty-nine are
foreign.

From the editors of the "American Naturalist" fifty-
one serial publications.

In this connection the Librarian would state that there
is a box or shelf catalogue of the books in the upper hall ;
an accession catalogue, being a full list of the additions
to the library, chronologically arranged, and an alpha-
betical catalogue of a large portion of the library. A
full alphabetical catalogue of all the books and pamphlets
would be a great desideratum and would facilitate very
much the duties of the students and all others who may
have occasion to consult the library. The early attention
of the Institute is particularly requested to the consider-
ation of this subject.

The arrangement of the manuscripts has been com-
pleted during the past year. All the manuscript papers
are now carefully assorted and placed either in bound
volumes or in packages, labelled on the back so that any
one can ascertain whether any desired manuscript is among
them without removing them from the shelves. It would
be a great advantage if this arrangement could be kept
up with all manuscript papers as they are brought in, for
nothing seems more useless than to keep them packed
away in closed drawers and in obscure corners out of
sight. Our manuscripts are now often consulted by gene-
alogists and others, and much gratification has been ex-
pressed at the manner in which a portion of them have
thus been made available.

Museum. — Many valuable specimens in Natural His-

98

tory have been given during the year and are on deposit
with the Trustees of the Peabody Academy of Science, in
accordance with previous arrangements. Several of these
specimens have been mentioned at our meetings as con-
tributing to the knowledge of the natural history of this
county. All have been duly acknowledged to the several
donors. In addition to the above several interesting speci-
mens of an historical character have been deposited in the
rooms of the Institute, and contribute very much to the
interest and value now attached to the antiquarian and
historical portion of the museum.

Several paintings of considerable merit and other works
of art have been presented. These, in addition to those
previously in the room of the Institute, will form a
nucleus around which ere long it is hoped that a museum
of fine arts will be formed, and that the requisite addi-
tional accommodations will be furnished by the friends of
culture and of art, to enable the Institute thus to accom-
plish in a fitting manner this long cherished object, or at
least to make good progress in this direction.

Financial. — The Treasurer's Report shows an increase
in the annual income ; yet additional means are requisite
to perform in a fitting manner the various duties which
the community may reasonably expect.

DEBITS.

General Account.

Athenaeum for rent and Librarian, $ 350 00

Salaries, $813 04; Coal, $178 00; Gas, 110.86, 1402 60

Lectures and concerts, . . - 4,0!)7 45

Publications, 1,816 93

Express, $54.88; Postage, $18.58, 73 46

Insurance, $10; Gas Fixtures, $68.50, 108 50

Stationery, $20.04; Printing, $13.92; Collecting, $4.05, 38 Gl

Sundries, 13 52

Cash to balance 182 68

Amount carried forward, • • • $7,183 04

99

Amount brought forward, $7,183 C4

Historical.

Books, $41.50; Binding. $GG, 107 50

Natural ffistory and Horticulture.

Binding, $50; Horticultural exhibitions, $295.47, 345 47

$7,036 Gl
CREDITS.

General Account.

Dividends Webster Bank $35 00

Assessments, $1,275; Publications^ $447.22, 1,722 22

Miscellaneous, $35.70; Life Memberships, $60, 95 76

Athena:um, proportion of coal, and janitor, 1G4 CO

Lectures and concerts, 4,594 74

Cash at beginning of year, 202 43

Historical.
Dividends Naumkeag Bank, 20 00

Natural History and Horticulture.

Div. Port., Saco and Ports. R.K., $20; Lowell Bleachery, $72, .... 9200
Horticultural Exhibitions, 330 47

Davis Fund.

Coupons Burlington and Missouri River R. R. Bonds, 140 00

Coupons Dixon, Peoria and Hannibal R. R. Bonds, 240 00

$7,630 61

Publications. — The Bulletin has been continued in
monthly numbers, giving full reports of the doings of
the Institute and abstracts of the papers read at the meet-
ings ; this makes an annual volume of from one hundred
and seventy-five to two hundred pnges. Vol. xii, Nos. 1
and 2 of the "Historical Collections" have been printed;
it is expected that Nos. 3 and 4, completing the volume,
will be issued during the present year, 1874.

During the year two schools from one of the townsr of
the county have visited the city for the purpose of ena-
bling the scholars to see the valuable and instructive col-
lections that our cabinets contain. This certainly carries
out one of the first objects of the society, the dissemi-

100

nation of scientific and useful knowledge in the county of
Essex, and it is desirable that this method be continued.
Hastily running over the year's work, we find the soci-
ety in as prosperous a condition as ever before, and a
decided success has attended the duties of each of the
departments, divided among more persons and giving
each the opportunity to do their part greater justice.
But diverse as are the departments of the society, it
must not be forgotten that there is underlying a grand
object to be consummated by the operations, that besides
working to make any department a success, or to form a
great library or collection, we arc to do our share towards
keeping up the standard that is expected of every New
England city, morally, socially and scientifically.

OFFICERS ELECTED

for the year ensuing and until others shall be chosen in
their stead : —

President.
II E N E Y W II EATLAND.

Vice Presidents.
Of History— A. C. Goodell, Jr. Of Horticulture — William Sutton.
Of the Arts—T). B. Hagar. Of Natural History— F. W. Putnam.

Recording and Home Secretary.
John Robinson.

Foreign Secretary.
A. S. Packard, Jr.

Treasurer.
Henry Wheatland.

Librarian.
William P. Utiiam.

Superintendent of the Museum.
Calicb Cooke.

101

Curators of Ilistorical Department.

W. P. I'pham, M. A. Stickuey, Jolni Robinson.

Curators of Natural History Department.

II. F. King, G. A. Perkins, William Neilson.

Curators of Horticultural Department.

Caleb Cooke, D. M. Ealch, W. P. Andrews.

Curators of Department of the Arts.

C. H. Iligbee, James A. Gillis, George M. Whipple.

Lecture Committee.

James Kimball, George Perkins, William Northey, E. C. Bolles,

A. H. Johnson.

Finance Committee.

John C. Lee, Jas. Upton, Geo. D. Phippcn, Jas. 0. Safford.

Field Meeting Committee.

A. W. Dodge, E. N. Walton, Caleb Cooke, N. A. Horton,

Alfred Osgood.

Library Committee.

J. G. Waters, E. B. Willson, Geo. F. Flint.

Publication Committee.

A. C. Goodell, Jr., F. W. Putnam, R. S. Rautoul,

Henry M. Brooks, E. S. Atwood.

William Agge, of Salem, was choseu a resident mem-
ber.

Mr. F. W. Putnam exhibited a fish spear found in a
field in Dan vers and presented to the museum by Mr. W.
A. Bi'ookhouse, of Danvers.

Rev. E. B. Willson announced his memoir of the late
John Lewis Russell as ready for publication ; referred to
the committee on publications.

Adjourned.

102

Regular Meeting, Monday, Mat 18, 1874.

Meeting this evening at 7.30 o'clock. The Presi-
dent in the chair.

Charles C. Perkins, Esq., of Boston, after an intro-
duction by the President, said that he cheerfully responded
to an invitation from the Essex Institute to give

a talk upon art.

He was glad that the society had entered into this field,
and that exhibitions were in prospect and that an art
museum was contemplated. After a few introductory
remarks, he contrasted the technically perfect, but priest
controlled and conventional art of Egjrpt, with the free,
outspoken, ideally beautiful art of Greece; pointed out
the undoubted influence of the east upon early Greek art,
and traced its history from rude beginnings to the per-
fect-conclusions of the Periclean period. After Greece
was enslaved and despoiled by the Roman generals, art
took up its abode on the banks of the Tiber, and height-
ened the splendors of the imperial city. A Greco-Roman
school flourished there for a time, and after gradual decay
died out altogether in the fourth century, when Constan-
tine transplanted the seat of the empire to the shores of
the Bosphorus, taking with him the best artists, artificers
and builders to embellish his new Capitol. Oriental in-
fluences, working at Constantinople upon Greco-Roman
traditions, brought thither by the followers of Constan-
tino, produced the Byzantine school. This reacted upon
Italy through Ravenna, the capital of the Exarchs, and
through the Greek artists who took refuse there from the
rigors of the Iconoclastic war in the eighth century, and
those who followed them in the twelfth.

The successive invasion of the Italian peninsula by the

103

Goths (who had no art of their own, but who, through
their king, Theodoric, protected the remains of ancient
art from destruction), and of the Lombards (whose queen
Theodelinda employed Italian architects, sculptors and
painters to build and decorate the Basilica and Royal
Palace at Monza), kept art traditions alive. These were
further sustained by the Comacine masters, a body of
Free Masons to whom the Lombards granted special privi-
leges, and by the patronage and encouragement given by
Pope Hadrian, and his friend the emperor Charlemagne,
at Rome. During the Lombard period, Italian art, such
as it was, was influenced by the east through Ravenna,
where Byzantine artists built and decorated the splendid
Basilicas of San Vitale, S. Apollinare, etc., etc., with
mosaics ; by Rome, which asserted her never dying power
through the permanence of those classical traditions which
continued all through the dark ages to assert their strength,
in the architectural style known as the Romanesque or
debased Roman, a style that yielded only partially to the
Gothic (which never got a firm foothold in the Italian
peninsula) and in that revival of classic elegance in the
arts and letters called theRennaissancc, which began about
the middle of the fourteenth century, and culminated in
the fifteenth.

Before the year 1000 the end of the world was antici-
pated, the arts had declined to the lowest pitch of degra-
dation. From this they were raised in the thirteenth
century by Niccola Pisano, the true father of the revival
of architecture and sculpture, by Cimabue, who began
the emancipation of painting from Byzantine thraldom,
and by the great Giotto, who died in 1336, after having
founded a school of religious art whose mystical element
was developed to the highest degree by the saintly Fra
Angelico in the early part of the succeeding century.

104

The recovery of the long buried art treasures, the forma-
tions of collections of ancient gems and marbles, by the
Medici and their contemporaries, the passionate love of
the antique in all forms which distinguished the Rennais-
sance period, then combined to produce a golden age,
which found its chief centre at Florence. Here Brun-
elleschi, Ghiberti, Donatello and Masaccio lived and
worked, and produced masterpieces of architecture, sculp-
ture and painting. These artists shed a lustre upon the
reign of Cosmo de Medici, as did Leonardo de Vinci and
Fra Bartolomeo and Michel Angelo upon that of Lorenzo
the Magnificent.

To Michel Angelo and Raphael, in whom the glories
of Italian art culminated, the lecturer could only allude
in the brief time at his disposal, but he concluded with an
offer to speak of them at fitting length at some future
time, if desired.

Many of the illustrations were of the world famous
pictures, statues, frescoes, bronzes, sarcophagi, etc., in
the renowned art museums, churches and other deposi-
tories of art in Italy and Germany, and wrcre very pcr-
feetly presented by the aid of the calcium light under the
skilful manipulation of Mr. J. W. Black, of Boston.
The progress of art from the earlier of the great masters
to Raphael and his compeers were traced very instruc-
tively, and the characteristic differences of the masters
of the several schools and periods were briefly but com-
prehensively described.

Adjourned.

B U L L E T 1 N

OF THE

ESSEX! INSTITUTE.

Vol. 6. Salem, Mass., July, 1874. No. 7.

One Dollar a Year in Advance. 10 Cents a Single Copy.

Field Meeting at Ipswich, Wednesday, June 3, 1874.

The first field meeting, the present season, took place
this clay in the town of Ipswich, most of the party going
in the first, and others taking some of the later trains.
It is now several years since a field meeting has been held
in this old shire town, formerly the place where several
of the courts held their regular sessions each year. The
county buildings arc now confined to the house of correc-
tion and the county insane institution, on the banks of
the Ipswich river — the old court house having been
taken down, and the old probate court house having since
been given over to Odd Fellowship and the public postal
service. Some forty years since, when the old stacc
coach was the only public conveyance, the town had two
public houses, with one or two of lesser note, which is
more than can be summed up at the present day. Ipswich
has a public library, the gift of the late Mr. Augustine
Heard. Though this one is a comparatively modern in-
stitution, semi-public libraries are not altogether new to
Esskx Inst. Bulletin. vi 9

106

the town, which possessed a "social library" as early as
1791, and later a few others of less importance. The
Ipswich Female Seminary,* for thirty years under the
care of Rev. and Mrs. J. P. Cowles, has been long a cele-
brated and well known educational institution. One of
the most substantial public works in the town is the
Choate Bridge across Ipswich river, which was built of
stone in 1764, and cost one thousand pounds, one-half
paid by the town, the other by the county ; named for
Hon. John Choate, who was on the committee and super-
intended the erection. It is strong and neat, having two
arches, with one solid pier in the bed of the river.

Among the churches in the main part of the town are
two Orthodox Congregational, one Methodist, and an
Episcopalian. The woollen and hosiery business is the
leading industry of the town (at least of a mechanical
nature) and all appear to be prosecuted with success.

* The Ipswich academy commenced in 182G. A company of gentlemen erected
the building, who became incorporated in February, 1828. The flrst teacher was
Rev. Ilervey Wilbur, who continued about one year, and was succeeded by Mr.
James W. Ward, who was the instructor from May, 1S27, to March, 182S. During
the above period the school was open to children of both sexes.

Miss Zilpah P. Grant, assisted by Miss Mary Lyon, previously in charge of an
academy in Perry, N. II., took the school and by their joint and indefatigable
labors soon built up one of the most nourishing and popular female seminaries in
New England. Miss Lyon left Ipswich in 1834 to found a permanent academy for
females, with buildings, library, apparatus and endowments. After three years
of unsurpassed effort she succeeded in establishing the school at south Hadley,
now known as the Mount llolyoke Female Seminary, which was opened Nov. S,
I "•:;:, and Miss Lyon was in charge until her death, which occurred March 5, 1849.

Mis- Grant retired in April. 1839, and two and a half years later was married to
William 15- Banister, a lawyer in Newburyport. she is still living at Newburyport,
a widow, aged v<>. in good health.

Mis- Mary E. Ellison, a teacher in Prof. Abbot's school in Boston, and for some
time previous principal of a seminary at Plj mouth. N. II., was appointed to suc-

ceed Miss Grant, she afterwards married Rev. Dr. Dimmick, of Newburyport,
:,i,,i is still living, a widow, at Newburyport. Miss Little at first was substitute
and afterwards Miss Vcaton succeeded Miss Grant in the direction of the BChool,
,il(. n,,, ,. together were there only three yen,-. The Bchool was then closed until
May lsii.whcn the present principals, Rev. John P. and Mr-. Cowles, entered
upon their duties. Mr. Cowles, Jan. 29, 1849, purchased the land and buildings,
.iu,i n,,. corporation was soon after dissolved. The school is a private institution

under the corporate name.

107

The party found something to interest them in the gen-
eral characteristics here mentioned, and various groups
wandered forth in different directions, some in rambling
over the hills in search of flowers, in visiting the library
and the old burying ground ; a few went down the river
in boats to explore the shell heaps near the light-house
and in the marshes adjoining.

Lunch was served in the town hall at half-past one, at
which the young ladies of the seminary kindly and grace-
fully volunteered their services.

At 3 p. m. a meeting was held in the First Church.
President in the chair.

In the absence of the Secretary, Mr. F. W. Putnam
was requested to act. Records read.

The acting Secretary announced the following corres-
pondence : —

From P. E. Abbot, Boston, May !>, 15; William P. Andrews, May 16; George L.
Balcom, Claremont, N. II., May 21; N. Uleaveland, Westport, Conn., March 24:
Henry B. Dawson, Morrisiana, X. Y.. Feb. 23; Samuel E. Dawson, Montreal. May
6; D. C Oilman. Oakland, Cal., May 21; Frank E. Hotehkiss. New Haven, Conn.,
May 4, IS; Rufus King, New York. May 26; Thomas Morong, Ipswich. May 27;
William Neilson. May 15; William Northey, May 14; Ogden & Brooks. New York,
May 2G.

The Librarian reported the following additions : —

By Donation.

ABBOT, Francis E., Boston: The Index for 1870, 1871, 1872, 1873. 4 vols, folio.

Ai'i'i.irroN, W. S., Boston. Genealogy of the Appleton Family. Svo pamph.
Boston. 1^71.

Brooks, W. G., Boston. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 14.

Gilman, D. C., Oakland, Cal. Biennial Report of the Regents of the University
of California, 1872-73. Proceedings of the Agassiz Memorial -Meeting, Dec. 22, ls7;s,
at Mercantile Library Hall. Remarks of I'rof. D. C Gilman on Louis Agassiz as
a Teacher of Science in America.

Greene, Sam'l A., Boston. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 23.

Hunt, T. F: Christian Family Casket, 1846. Ivol.Svo. Family Circle, 1849. 1
vol. Svo. Miscellaneous volumes, 4. Overland Monthly, 47 numbers. Miscella-
neous pamphlets, 11.

JOHNSON, Samuel. A Discourse delivered at the Parker Memorial Meeting
House, March 15, 1871, by donor.

MASS. SocrETTOF the Cincinnati. Memorials of the. 17S3-1S73. By Francis
S.Drake. Ivol.Svo. Boston, 1S73.

108

Morse, E. S. Miscellaneous pamphlets, G.

Pickering, Charles, of Boston. U. S. Exploring Expedition for 1S38. 1839,
1810, 1811, 1812. 1 vol. Ito. Boston, 1863.

U. S. Surgeon General's Office. Catalogue of the Library of the Surgeon
General's Office. 3 vols. Ito. Washington, 1871.

Waters, J. Linton. Miscellaneous pamphlets, C.

U. S. Patent Office. Official Gazette, Apr. 11, 21, 28, May 5, 12, 1871.

By Exchange.

Boston Public Library. Superintendent's Monthly Report for April, 1871.

Bowdoin College. Seventy-second Annual Catalogue for 1873-74.

Minnesota Historical Society. Collections of. Vol. iii, Pt. ii, 1871.

N. E. Historic-Genealogical Society. Memoir of Hon. Edmund P. Tiles-
ton. By E. Holden. Boston, 1871.

Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences. Journal of. New Series,
Vol. viii, pt. I. April, 1S71.

PHVSIKALISCH-MEDICINISCHE GESELLSCHAFT IN WURZBURG. Vei handluilgetl,

Neue Folge, v Bd. 4 Heft. 1871.

Socierii Malacologique de Belgique. Annals, Tome vi,vii. 1871-72. -2
vols. 8vo. Proces-Verbaux Des Seances de la. Tome ii, 1873. 1 vol. 8vo.

Somersetshire Arcii.eological and Natural History Society. Proceed-
ings for the year 1872. Vol. xviii. 1 vol. 8vo. Taunton, 1874.

Publishers. Forest and Stream. Gardener's Monthly. Gloucester Telegraph.
Hardwicke's Science Gossip. Haverhill Gazette. Ipswich Chronicle. Lawrence
American. Lynn Reporter. Lynn Transcript. Medical and Surgical Reporter.
Nation. Nature. Peabody Press. Salem City Post. Salem Observer.

The President, in alluding to the pleasant rambles
about this ancient town and the several places of interest,
some to the student of nature and others to the local
historian and antiquarian, said that many Salem people
had sprung from Ipswich, and consequently were always-
gratified in revisiting the old homesteads where their an-
cestors had resided years long since, and whose remains
are in the old cemeteries. He mentioned several dona-
tions to the museum, specifying a fine specimen of Pec-
ten magellanicus taken at Beverly Bar a few days since
by Laban S. Osborne, of Salem, and called upon

Prof. E. S. Morse, of Salem, who gave an account of
this pecten, a rare species on the shores of Essex county,
describing the anatomical structure and comparing the
same with other mollusks. 'flic special subject of Mr.
Morse's remarks was

109

THE FERTILIZATION OF FLOWERS,

particularly upon the aid afforded by insects to the pro-
cess. The bee seeks the flower for honey, which it is
commonly supposed is placed there merely to afford him
his food. On the contrary, the honey, or rather nectar —
for honey, correctly speaking, is the nectar of the flower
taken into the stomach of the bee, where it undergoes a
change and is then regurgitated — is a sort of reward for
the help the bee has rendered the plant. Many, indeed
recent investigations show that most flowers could not be
fertilized, hence could produce no seeds, and consequently
the species would cease to exist without the help of
insects. The floral orgaus and their functions were shown
and illustrated by drawings upon the blackboard. The
stigma, or top of the central organ, the pistil, must re-
ceive the fine fertilizing dust, the pollen, from the stamens,
or the fruit or seed at the bottom of the flower cannot bo
perfected. This dust fertilizes the ovaries in which the
seeds form. In some flowers the stamens and pistils are
quite near together, in others the pollen placed in such
a. position that it could never reach the pistil without the
help of insects. The bee or insect is attracted by the
odor of the nectar, and in searching for it, brushes rudely
against the stamens and carries the pollen away upon its
body, and going to another flower chances to touch the
stigma, and so leaves it where it will fertilize the seed.
In the laurel the stamens arc pressed within the petals
and only dislodged by force, when they spring out with
a snap and touch the pistil in the centre of the flower.
Insects supply this force. In some flowers the pistil, or
fruit-bearing organ, makes its appearance one day, and
withers away, and the pollen does not come until the day
following, quite too late to be of any use in fertilizing.
If all the plants of this species flowered on the same day

110

it would speedily become extinct, but they blossom upon
different days, and insects convey the pollen of one to
the pistil of another. In some plants the relative size of
the organs varies in different individuals so much that
they almost seem to belong to different species, and this
facilitates the work of the insects. An example of an
orchid was given, which has a nectary like a tube five or
six inches long, with a drop of nectar at the bottom ; at
the top, upon a broad petal, are two small button-like
projections, which are the pistils, but the stamens are
nowhere visible. The pollen is found in little pockets on
the opposite side of the petal, connected with the button
by a thread running through. This flower could never
be fertilized without the action of insects. The nectary
is long and narrow and it is only a certain large and bril-
liant species of moth, which uncoils its long tongue and
in reaching the nectar strikes with its head the little but-
tons at the top of the tube, and as they are covered with
a sticky substance, bears them away upon its head, with
the thread and packet of pollen attached. As these
threads dry they bend forward, and are just in position to
touch the stigmatic surface upon the next flower he visits.
The help of insects is necessary even where the organs are
near each other in the same flower, for Darwin has found
by investigation that in many flowers self-fertilization is
impossible ; the pollen to be efficient must be carried to
the pistil of another flower. All flowers having a bright
colored corolla, or fragrance, arc fertilized by insects.
Others, and those like the pine, having staminate and
pistillate flowers on different trees, arc fertilized by the
action of the wind. The insects visit only the most
brightly colored and perfect flowers of a species, hence
these only bear seed and so the principle of natural
selection is constantly operating.

Ill

Prof. Morse gave some facts concerning what might be
called carnivorous plants, those which absorb and assimi-
late the juices of insects, and even of pieces of meat.
The leaf of the fly-trap has a row of spines on the edge,
and some fine hairs at the centre, with a substance attrac-
tive to insects upon them. As soon as an insect touches
these hairs the leaf closes, the spines interlock and hold
him a prisoner. The same action is observed on touching
the hairs with a piece of meat. Other plants present
similar phenomena. This was a new field of investiga-
tion and might lead to important results.

For the above facts he gave full credit to Darwin
and Gray, referring also to the observations of Mrs.
Treat.

Vice President F. "NY. Putnam was next introduced,
and gave an account of the shell heaps at the light-house
and at Eagle Hill, and alluded to the remains of the
various animals that had been found in these deposits.
He appealed to the residents of Ipswich who perhaps
may explore the heaps, to be watchful for human bones,
as the late discoveries by Prof. Wyraan in the shell heaps
in Florida had proved that cannibalism existed there, and
perhaps it may be found that our Xew England Indians
also were given to feasting on human flesh, though, as
yet, it had not been proved that they were guilty of that
practice.

Mr. Putnam then gave an account of a singular fish
that had recently been presented by the Proctor Brothers
of Gloucester. This fish, which had been named by
Bloch, Chauliodus Sloani, heretofore had been found only
in the Mediterranean. The present specimen was taken
from the stomach of a cod caught on George's Banks,
and was a most interesting addition to our fauna.

114

By this timely endowment the means are supplied for the
indefinite increase of the library, or the establishment of
a natural history collection or for any other literary or
scientific object which may be advantageous to the intel-
lectual growth of the town.

Already the benefits of the library arc beginning to be
manifested, as on the average eight thousand volumes are
yearly drawn out and read by the inhabitants.

Historical documents, and books connected with family
and town records, are finding their way into the library ;
and it is hoped that deposits of this kind will multiply
until all those invaluable treasures, which are in the pos-
session of old families and liable to perish, will be placed
where they will not only be safe, but accessible to future
historians.

Mr. Morong in the course of his remarks alluded to
other funds held in trust for educational purposes, the
availability of which is much lessened in consequence
of the terms and conditions of the same.

Dr. Wheatland followed Mr. Morong and spoke of
the importance of inserting a clause in instruments of
trust created cither by bequest or otherwise, for public
uses, prescribing the terms for modifying the conditions
so as to meet the wants of those to whose uses the same
may have been established, and cited several instances
corroborative of the statement of the previous speaker,
on the impaired usefulness of several trust funds for edu-
cational purposes.

The following vote of m thanks was offered by Mr.

Putnam, and after bring seconded by Mr. Kimball, was
unanimously adopted : —

Voted, That the thanks of the Essex Institute be ten-

115

dered to tho proprietors of the First Congregational
Church for the use of their building, in which to hold
this meeting, to the selectmen of the town of Ipswich
for the use of tho town hall, to the Rev. Mr. Morong, the'
young ladies of Mrs. Cowles' school, and to other friends
for their kind attentions and courtesies shown to the
Institute this day.

Remarks were then made by Mr. Morong, after which
the meeting adjourned to meet on the next day at noon,
in the rooms of the Institute.

Regular Meeting, Monday, June 15, 1874.

Meeting this evening at 8 o'clock. The President
in the chair.

The propriety of taking suitable notice of the centen-
nial anniversary of the meeting of the legislature of
Massachusetts in Salem, Oct. 7, 1774, and resolving
themselves into a provincial congress was brought to the
notice of the meeting, and, after some discussion, on
motion of Mr. James Kimball it was

Voted, That a committee of three be appointed to con-
sider the subject and to report at the meeting on Monday,
July G.

Messrs. James Kimball, A. C. Goodell, Jr., and W.
P. Upiiam were appointed. The President was after-
wards added.

James W. Lyon, of Salem, was elected a resident
member.

Adjourned.

116

Field Meeting at Totsfield, Thursday,

June 18, 1874.

The second field meeting of the season was held this
day. The shower of the early morning induced many to
infer that the meeting would be postponed, and for this
reason the number in attendance was not so large as
usual ; but in that respect only was it inferior to the cus-
tomary gatherings on such occasions. An extra train
was courteously furnished by the Eastern railroad to take
the party to Danvers, at which place a connection was
made with the Danvers and Georgetown (under the man-
agement of the Boston and Maine) railroad, and upon
arrival at Topsfield a cordial welcome was extended by
the citizens. Several carriages were in waiting to convey
parties to the various points of interest, and guides were
in readiness to direct attention to such localities as would
be attractive to visitors. The village is situated upon a
level plain, entirely surrounded by hills, and the views
from any one of them are beautifully picturesque and
charming. There are many ancient buildings in the town
that were the homes of historical characters, or were the
scenes of prominent events of more or less historical
importance. Hood's pond is a lovely sheet of water, and
its shores attracted considerable attention. Ipswich river,
which passes through the town, is a beautiful stream, and
upon its waters or borders one small party spent all the
time devoted to the rambles. The old Capen House was
an object of interest, and its old style of arrangement
and finish was examined as a curiosity. Also the old
Gould house (now a barn) owned by Frederick Elliott,
which is probably more than two hundred years old,
older, even, than the one previously named. Its huge

117

oak timbers (13 by 16 and 8 by 15 inches), the brick
lined walls and the old-fashioned lathing were 'well pre-
served. A passing call upon Mr. Francis Curtis, whose
store of skulls, skeletons, skins and Indian relics was
interesting ; and a visit to the old copper mine, worked
experimentally but not successfully, were among the
attractions noticed by the party, who made a circuit
through the edges of Boxford and Danvers. The old
cemetery was visited by many ; in this enclosure lie the
remains of a large number of men who are distinguished
in our annals. The grave of Hon. Asahel Huntington,
ex-prcsident of the Essex Institute (1861-1865) is in
this cemetery, and the members felt a deep interest in it
on that account. The new town hall, when completed,
will be a most convenient municipal building, and a great
ornament to the town.

The several parties, returning by noon, partook of their
collation in Union Hall, where an abundant supply of tea
and coffee was furnished by the good people of the town.

The afternoon session for the reports and addresses was
held in the Methodist church, and the citizens attended
in goodly numbers. The President, H. Wheatland, in
the chair. In the absence of the Secretary, Mr. Rob-
inson, Mr. N. A. Horton was elected secretary pro tern.
Records read.

The Secretary announced the following correspon-
dence : —

From Charles H. Baker, Annapolis, M<1., June 15; C. J. P. Floyd, Topsfield,
June 15; Rufua King, New York, July 10; II. W. Lowry. Cincinnati, Ohio, June !);
( >gd< d & Brooks, New York, June !); I). Pel kins, Cleveland, Ohio, June 1 ; Charles
W. Richardson, June 10; George Russell, Boston, June 12 anil l:J; Jacob II.
Studer, Columbus, Ohio, June 5; Augsburg, Naturhistoricher Verein, Feb. 20;
Buffalo Historical Society. June 10; Boston Athenaeum, June G; Danzig, Die Natur-
forschende Uesellschaft, Jan. 1'.); Darmstadt, Verein pers Brdkunde, April l;
Hague, The Entomological Society of the Netherlands, Sept. 26, 1873; New Jersey
Historical Society, June.").;); New York Historical Society, June 10; New Fork
State Library. Albany, June 15; < >hi'> Historical and Philosophical Society, June 8,
11; Rhode Island Historical Society, June G; Rega, Der Naturi'orsher, Verein, Oct.

118

31, 1873: U. S. Department of Agriculture, June 11; Washington Smithsonian In-
stitution, April 18, May 2; Worcester Lyceum and Natural History Association,
June U.

The Librarian reported the following additions : —

Columbus, Ohio, its History, Resource's and Progress. By J. II. Studer. 1
vol. Svo.
The Symmes Memorial. By John A. Vinton. 1 vol. Svo.

By Donation.

Boston Athen.eum, Catalogue of the. 1807-1871. Pt. I. 1 vol. 4to. Boston,
1S74.

Kimball, James. Columbian Centinel for 1703, 1791, 1794-5, 17S5-G, 179G-7. 1707-8,
1798-9. 7 vols, folio.

Office of the Chief of Engineers. Report of the Sea-Water and Expo-
sure upon the lion Pile Shafts of the Brandywiue Shoal Light House. By John
D. Kurtz and M. R. Brown.

Palfray, C. W. The Phila. Inquirer, 1871, 72, 73. The Knickerbocker Maga-
zine, 52 numbers. New England Magazine, 37 numbers. U. S. Service Magazine,
V'i numbers. Miscellaneous Serials, 12.

Small, A. D. Boston Journal of Chemistry. Vols. 3. 4,5. 18GS-71. Annual
Reports of the Redwood Library and Athenaeum, 1870. 1871, 1872.

U. S. Naval Observatory. Instructions lor Observing the Transit of Venus.
Dec. 8-9, 1874.

U. S. Patent Office. Official Gazette for May 2(1, 1S74.

Milder, M. P., Boston. Proceedings of the Fourteenth Session and Quarterly
Centennial Celebration of the American Pomological Society held in Boston, Sept.
10, 11, 12, 1873.

Williams, Mrs. C. F. U. S. Coast Survey, 1852, 1S54. 2 vols. 4to. Subscribers
to the Life of Geo. Washington. 1 vol. 4to. Remarks on the Navigation to the
China Sea. 1 vol. 4to. Grammar. of the Malay Tongue. 1 vol. 4to. London, 1800.
Columbian Centinel, 1797, 1801, 1802, 1805, 1801, 1805,1806,1807. Christian Register
for 1821. 1vol. folio. American Pilot. 1 vol. folio. Maps. 3 vols, folio. Mari-
ner's Guide. 1 vol. 12mo. London. 17(15. The Sepoy Revolt. 1 vol. 8V0. The
Shipowners' and Shipmasters' Directory. 1 vol. Svo. London, 1847. Directory t<>
the Port Charges of Great Britain and Ireland. 1 vol. 8vo. Weston's Complete
Merchant's Clerk. 1 vol. 8vo. London, 1762.

By Exchange.

American academy of aims and Sciences, Boston. Proceedings of the.
New Series. Vol. i. May, 1873-May, 1874. 1 vol. Svo.

Historical Societi op Pennsylvania. History of New Sweden. By Israel
Acrelius. Translated from the Swedish by Win. M. Reynolds) l>.l>. l vol. 8vo.
Phila., 1874.

Publishers. American Journal of Science. American Naturalist. European
Mail. Foresl and Stream. Gardener's Monthly. Gloucester Telegraph. Hard-
wicke's Science Gossip. Haverhill Gazette. Ipswich Chronicle. Lawrence
American. Lynn Reporter. Lynn Transcript. Medical and Surgical Reporter.
Nation. Nature. Peabody Press. Sailors' Magazine and Seamen's Friend. Salem
City Post

119

The President, in his opening remarks, alluded to
previous visits to this place, the tirst in April, 1834. The
meeting was held in the Topsfield hotel, which stood on
the Newburyport turnpike and was of considerable im-
portance in the days of the old stage coach. On this
occasion the organization of the Natural History Society,
the parent society of the Institute, was completed, and
may thus date the commencement of its active duties.
The second in June, 185G, in the Topsfield Academy,
and this suggests the propriety of having an historical
account of this institution prepared and printed in the
publications of the Institute. Is there not some one who
will undertake this work? The third in 1860 and the
fourth in 1868 in the church in which we are now assem-
bled.. In coming to Topsfield we therefore come under
peculiar relations, somewhat as a graduate from one of
our educational institutions returns to his alma mater.

In mentioning the recent donations to the museum,
several having an historic interest, he also suggested the
importance of collecting all relics which illustrate the
characteristics of earlier times, and particularly pamphlets
and manuscripts.

Rev. James II. Fitts, of Topsfield, was then called
upon, and read some extracts from a paper which he had
prepared, and which will be presented to the Institute,
giving an account of "Robert- B. Thomas, the maker of
the Farmer's Almanac."

Mr. Fitts was formerly a resident of West Boylston,
the home of Mr. Thomas, and the paper gave many inter-
esting incidents of the Thomas family and of the profes-
sion of almanac making. He alluded to the competition
existing between the publishers of Isaiah Thomas's New
England Almanac and R. B. Thomas's Old Farmer's,

120

showing that the publishers in the last century were not
impervious to personal claims to popular favor.

" How sad to think that now as then,
The printers quarrel just like men ! "

Mr. Fitts exhibited a complete file of the almanac from
1793 to the present year, remarking that several of the
earlier numbers are exceedingly rare, and that of the year
1793 commands as high a price as ten dollars per copy.
Isaiah's last number is dated 1803, although the series
was continued by successors until 1822. Robert B. had
been a school teacher and a book-binder previous to 1793,
but from the commencement of his almanac he devoted
almost exclusive attention to that. He died May 19,
1846, aged eighty years, and the work he had carried on
for half a century is still continued in his name, Messrs.
Brewer & Tileston being the present publishers. Mr.
Thomas was a man of generous impulses ; a hall erected
by his bounty bears his name, and West Boylston people
are proud of inviting strangers to visit Thomas Hall as
one of the local "lions" of their town.

Mr. N. A. Horton was reminded of a little stoiy, and
related the incident. During a long period of drought one
season, people complained that the weather predictions
of the Old Farmer's Almanack were not reliable, when
one of the advocates of the old favorite explained that
Mr. Thomas merely said, "Rain may be expected about
this time," and he claimed that that was the fact, thus
flooring the impudent detractor.

Dr. Jeremiah Spofford, of Groveland, gave some
curious personal recollections of the Old Farmer's Al-
manack, dating back to his childhood, fourscore years
airo.

121

Mr. Samuel Todd, of Topsfield, wa> called upon, and
he described a neighboring high ridge of red gravel,
bowlders and clay, bringing forward additional proofs
( besides what he had advanced on a previous occasion)
to the effect that this was a deposit brought hither on
drifts of ice, and not a deposit in place.

Vice President F. W. Putnam described the fishes
taken from Ipswich river, all representing one great
group, including the pickerel, the sucker, the shiner, and
the chub, and pointed out the characteristic differences of
the several forms. He also described the wasp, and its
habits in building nests and propagating and feeding the
voting, illustrating his remarks by nests collected. *

Several Indian implements were placed upon the table,
and Mr. Putnam also spoke upon that subject. A tine
Indian mortar made of stone and found in Topsfield was
presented by Mr. Samuel Todd.

Mr. B. P. Adams, of Topsticid, presented a curiously
wrought specimen of stone, recently discovered at the
town farm, remarking that it differed materially from the
more common specimens in this vicinity, and requested
Mr. Putnam's opinion of its origin.

Mr. Putnam said it seemed probable that this was an
ornament or insignia of official position among the abo-
riginal dwellers of our continent, but this peculiar form
is more frequent at the west, among the relics of the
Mound-builders, than here at the east.

Mr. Charles J. Peabody gave a brief history of
Topsticid. whose Territory was once in possession of the
Agawam Indians. He narrated incidents from the early
settlement here by whites in 1639, down to modern times,
alluding to the organization of the town Under its present

Essex Inst. Bulletin. vi in

122

name, copied from the Topsfield of England. Several
disputes had arisen relative to the boundary lines by
which Topsfield was divided from Boxford, Wenham and
Ipswich, with curious incidents growing out of those dis-
putes. In one instance the boundary passed directly
through a house whose owner refused to pay his rates in
either Topsfield or Ipswich, but when dunned by either
town, would claim that he belonged in the other; Tops-
Held finally got rid of him by a change of the line so that
the house was all in Ipswich. Mr. Petibody alluded to
the spirit of liberty which had always been cherished by
the people of Topsfield, whether in the days of the revo-
lution, "when all the fighting men of the place were off
to Charlestown," during the war of 1812-15, or in the
dark days of the recent conflict.

After further remarks by Messrs. Phillips, Todd,
Holmes and others, the following resolution, offered by
Mr. E. N. Walton, was unanimously adopted : —

liexolved, That the thanks of the Essex Institute be
tendered to Messrs. Richard Phillips, C. T. P. Floyd,
Thomas W. Pierce, Capt. Morgan, Charles Herrick, B.
P. Adams, Bcnj. Poole, C J. Peabody and other citizens
of Topsfield for kind attentions during this visit, and
also to the proprietors of the Methodist Church for the
use of the meeting house.

Adjourned to meet at the rooms to-morrow (Friday) at
noon.

Adjourned Meeting, Fbiday, June ID, 1874.

"Was held this day at noon.

J. A. Allen of Cambridge, and James Coolidge of
Salem were elected resident members.

BULLETIN

esses: htstittjtb.

Vol. 6. Salem, Mass., August, 1874. No. 8.

One Dollar a Year in Advance. 10 Cents a Single Copy.

Regular Meeting, Monday, July 6, 1874.

Meeting this evening at 8 o'clock. The President
in the chair. Records read.

The committee appointed to consider the propriety of
commemorating the centennial anniversary of the meeting
of the Provincial Congress in Salem, Oct. 5, 1774, re-
ported : —

That they deem it proper and advisable to notice the
event by an historical address, to be delivered on that
day before the society.

Voted, That Abner C. Goodell, Jr., Esq., be invited
to prepare and deliver the address.

After a discussion on this subject participated in by
Messrs. E. B. Willson, C. Cooke, F. W. Putnam, W. P.
Upham and others, it was

Voted, That the President be requested to appoint a
committee of arrangements on the celebration.

Philip G. Skinner was elected a member..
Essex Ixst. Bulletin. vi 11

124

NOTES ON AN EXAMINATION OF FOUR SPECIES OF
CHITONS, WITH REFERENCE TO POSTERIOR ORIFICES.

By William H. Dall.

1. Stimpsoniella Emersonii (two specimens).

The large and fine specimen from the Gulf of St. Lawrence pre-
sented a posterior and terminal anus of large size, but with the edges
not elevated into a papilla. The head of an ordinary pin could be in-
serted into it without violence.

The orifices of the ovaries, bilaterally symmetrical, were situated
just behind, and, as it were, under the shadow of, the last branchia
on each side. There were two fenestras on each side of the anterior,
a little further towards the girdle, and a little larger than the poste-
rior.

This species resembles in most particulars the Symmetrogephyrus
Pallasii of Middendorf, and it would seem as if his ungainly subgen-
eric or generic name should be adopted. The hairs are precisely
similar in both species, as are the branchia?. The insertion plates
also agree, according to Dr. Carpenter, who examined a series from
a specimen obtained by me in the Aleutian Islands. The principal
difl'ereuces, beside the larger size of Pallasii, are as follows : In the
latter the hairs are more closely set, the texture of the epidermis is
thicker and harder, the points of the valves are more nearly covered,
and the skin is smoothly rounded over the back, not showing any-
thing of the form of the valves, as is the case in Emersonii. I think
also the valves are smaller, in proportion to the size of the animal, in
Pallasii than in Emersonii.

2. Tonkella marmorea Fabr.

This species showed a clearly defined posterior and terminal vent.
The fenestra? of the ovaries were symmetrical on each side, but the
branchiae pass behind them and conceal them; They are very small,
and I could not detect more than one on each side, though fresh
specimens, not hardened and contracted by alcohol, might show more.

3. Trachydermon albus Lin.

The same remarks apply to this species. The vent was terminal,
and on a papilla.

4. Trachydermon ruber Lin. Three specimens examined.

These specimens were much hardened by alcohol. Removing the
plates from above and then the inner lining membrane, beneath the
large and well tilled ovaries the intestinal canal is seen, terminating
in the median Hue posteriorly. From the outside the anus was not

125

perceptible in the smaller specimens. By carefully turning back the

outer edge of the girdle in the largest specimen, after removing the

posterior plates, but without touching the animal with the dissecting

knife, the anus was perceptible, with a pellet of fasces impacted in the

opening. It is exactly in the median line behind as in the annexed

sketch, very small, and "not on a papilla. It is also a little higher up

than in the other species. The "cancellated space" noticed by Mr.

Emertou (as per notice in Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Mar., 1874) on each

side behind the branchiae is a fold or groove containing the ovarian

fenestra?. There were in this specimen

three fenestras on each side, but according

to Dr. Carpenter the number is variable,

Prof. Verrill having counted from four to

six in some specimens. These fenestras in

this species are more complicated than in

most chitons which I have examined. I

have never been able to satisfy myself that

there is a true oviduct, and it may be that

,, ... . . ., . . , a, a, fenestra; b, anus: c,

the ova are dehiscent in the perivisceral branchiie;/, foot; ^.girdle.

cavity and may be expelled through the

fenestras, as they are through the analogous "oviducts or segmental

organs " of brachiopods.

The fact that the ovarian openings are not simple apertures, was
noticed by me in dissecting chitons in 1869, but I am not aware that
attention had been previously called to this fact in print. Their posi-
tion had been previously known, but it is not uniform in all chitons.
In some the fenestras are close to the anus and single on each side,
and it has been stated that the ovary of one side is sometimes abor-
tive. This last I have not yet observed in any species which I have
dissected.

Field Meeting at West Newbury, Thursday,
July 16, 1874.

The meeting this day was very pleasant, and in many
of its features different from the usual routine adopted on
similar occasious. The forenoon rambles were not exten-
sive, and the excursion on the river proved an accept-
able substitute.

126

The 8.13 morning train from Salem took a goodly
number of excursionists to Newburyport, who there em-
barked on board the barge "Queen of the Merrimack,"
which was towed by the powerful steam tug "Mattie Sar-
gent " up the river to West Newbury, the place of meet-
ino-. The freshet had made a strong current, and the wind
was ahead, hence the passage was not rapid ; this seeming
disadvantage was rendered acceptable, however, by afford-
ing an opportunity to get better views of the picturesque
scenery on either hand. The banks of the river and the
surrounding hills and slopes are characterized by sym-
metry and beauty. The river is navigable as far as
Haverhill, which is about eighteen miles from Newbury-
port; and very attractive scenery is between these points.
The Eastern Railroad bridge ; the Amesbury chain bridge ;
the fine residence of Mrs. Huse, built and improved at
great cost by Rev. Mr. Fletcher, the lecturer and writer
on Brazil ; the castle-like mansion on the eastern bank
owned by Henry W. Moulton ; the village at Salisbury
Point, famous for hats and dory boats ; the laurel grounds,
which have furnished so much annual enjoyment to people
of a philanthropic and progressive turn ; the village at
South Amesbury, and the Rock's Bridge, connecting East
Haverhill with West Newbury, were among the more
prominent objects which engaged attention, and elicited
numerous inquiries.

West Newbury, as seen from the river, presents the
appearance of a clean and thrifty farming town. It con-
tains some good farms, and ..has always furnished an in-
telligent representation in the Essex Agricultural Society.
The shoe business is carried on to some extent in the
town, but the principal manufacturing element is in comb
making.

In literature this town has sent forth one shining light,

127

second to few in this or any other country, Professor
Cornelius Conway Felton * who was so long an ornament
to Harvard College. He was born in "West Newbury,
and the old house in which ho first saw the light is yet in
existence, on the left of the road to Newburyport, not,
as "Appleton's Cyclopedia" erroneously says, "now New-
bury." Old Newbury has honors enough of its own,
without borrowing anything from neighboring towns.
Prof. Felton achieved much in the department of Greek
literature, and prepared both text books for preparatory
schools and editions of classic Greek for colleges. Many
of our readers owe much to him in the acquiring of a
knowledge of the beautiful tongue of the Greeks. He
was a man of wide literary culture, publishing a history
of Greece ; Poets and Poetry of Europe (with the aid
of Prof. Longfellow) ; a translation of Prof. Guyot's
work on Physical Geography, and an edition of the Birds
of Aristophanes. He also wrote numerous articles for
the "North American Review," and edited several articles
for "Appleton's Cyclopedia." Indeed, the world owes
something to this town for such a man.

In theology, Harvard College owes much to the Second
Parish of West Newbury, who gave up their pastor from
1774 to 1792, Rev. David Tappan, D. D.,f to fill the chair
of Divinity in that institution. Andover Theological
Seminary also came to this Second Parish of ^'est New-
bury to find its first Professor of Theology, Rev. Leonard

*Pres. Felton, son of Cornelius Conway and Anna (Morse) Felton, was born
Nov. 6, 1807. lie entered Harvard College in 1823, having studied at the Academy
at Bradford, with Joshua Coffin, the historian of Oil Newbury, and at the Acad-
emy in North Andover under Simeon Putnam. Graduated in 1827. was connected
With the Livingston County High School, Geneseo, N. Y., two years, appointed
tutor in Harvard in 1S2',' : Professor of Greek in is;; 1 and President in 1860. He
died Fell. •-'';, L862.

fProf. Tappan was son of \ifv. Benjamin Tappan, of Manchester, gr. Harvard
College 1771. ord. at West Newbury, April, 1771. and inaug. Hollis Professor of
Divinity in Harvard, Dec. 26, 1792; d. at Cambridge, A.Ug -27, L803, ageil 51.

128

Woods, D. D.,* who was its pastor from 1798 to 1808.
Whatever soundness in the faith that Seminary has pre-
served may be truthfully said to be largely due to the
pioneer toil of Dr. Woods. He was also a layer of foun-
dations in several of the great benevolent societies, or-
ganized in his day, having been a member of the Pru-
dential Committee of the American Board for about
twenty-five years. What this town has given to the
world in the other departments of medicine, law and
civil affairs, further research might be able to show some-
thing. Let it suffice to name Major Ben. Perley Poore,
a journalist of some fame and the genial Washington
correspondent of the "Boston Journal." During the in-
tervals of leisure from his duties in Washington he re-
sides on his farm in West Newbury, which is one of the
most celebrated in the county.

The homestead comprises a collection of buildings ar-
ranged in a somewhat crescent form, with the ends flanked
with stone circular buildings, one of which contains a
portion of his unique and valuable library, the other de-
voted to the culinary department of the establishment;
in the centre a rustic porch, surmounted by a noble pair
of antlers and gracefully covered by creeping vines — the
whole presenting a very pleasing and unique appearance.
The large hall bespeaks the character of the establish-
ment, being ornamented with paintings and curious old
armor. There are also a series of rooms furnished in the
revolutionary period ; one a parlor, with its buffet filled
with curious old crockery, the ancient chairs, tables, fire-
place, etc. Another, the old kitchen, with the large
fireplace, pot hooks and trammels, andirons and spit,

♦Leonard Woods, son of Samuel and Abigail Woods, of Princeton. Mass., b.
19th June, 1774, gr. Harvard College, L796, ord. atWest Newbury, Nov. 1 7ns, Pro-
fessor ol' Theology in the Theological Seminary at Andover, 18US-1SK!; d. at Ando-
ver, Aug. 24, 1854.

129

pots, tinder box, etc., a variety of chairs; the dressers
with the pewter plates, mugs, etc. ; the chamber with the
bedstead, and its linen actually woven in the house, the
chest of drawers tilled with the clothing of the olden
times, the cocked hat, breeches, waistcoat, brocade
dresses, etc. Other rooms contain a large quantity
of ancient implements, as spinning wheels, loom, flax
breaker and comb, etc. ; a plough of the last century,
and other tools, uot only those used on the farm but by
the mechanics of that period ; an old printing press with
the stands, cases and types used by a brother of Dr.
Franklin. In fact, the result only of a rapid glance at
the collection of antique and historical materials in this
old museum could not be euumerated short of a larsre

o
volume.

There is also a very large collection of autographs,
engravings, specimens of newspapers and newspaper clip-
pings and other historical materials gathered here in rich
profusion.

The garden contains many fine flowers, and there are
also groves of oaks, pines and other forest trees planted
years since by the present proprietor ; from the hill an
extensive view is obtained for miles in every direction ;
the Isles of Shoals and towns of the Merrimac Valley
and others far and near.

At the landing we found Mr. Hay den Brown, one of the
leading citizens, ready to give us a cordial welcome and
escort us to the Second Congregational Church, which
had been tendered for the use of the Institute for the day.

This church was gathered by Rev. John Tufts, of
Newbury, and organized Sept. 1, 1731, under the name
of the Fourth Church in Newbury. Under date of Feb.
12, 1821, it assumed the name of the West Church, of

130

West Newbury, and soon after the Second Church in
West Newbury, the last being its present corporate name.
It has therefore existed one hundred and foi»ty-three
years, and has had nine pastors, of whom all save one
were ordained here, beginning their ministry with this
church. The following have been the pastors: 1, Wil-
liam Johnson, ord. Sept. 15, 1731, died Feb. 22, 1772;

2. David Tappan, ord. Apr. 18, 1774, dis. Sept. 6, 1792 ;

3. Leonard Woods, ord. Dec. 1798, dis. Sept. 28, 1808;

4. John Kirby, ord. June 12, 1816, drowned Dec. 5,
1818 ; 5. Elijah Demond, ord. Mar. 7, 1821, dis. Sept. 3,
1826; 6. Paul Couch, ord. Mar. 27, 1827; 7. J. Q. A.
Edgell, ord. Sept. 17, 1832, dis. Oct. 27, 1853 ; 8. Davis
Foster, ord. Nov. 4, 1855, dis. Sept. 24, 1867; 9. Sen-
eca M. Keeler, installed June 13, 1872.

The first meeting house was erected on Sillowav Hill,
and the first meeting of the parish was held June 5, 1731.
The second house was built in what was then known as
Woodman's Lane, in 1815, and was dedicated Jan. 5,
1816. The third house (the one in which the church
now worships) was removed to its present site, remodelled
and enlarged into its present form in 1856 and 1857 ;
corner stone laid Sept. 24, 1856, dedicated March 12,
1857.

The sun was pouring down its hottest rays as we walked
up the hill from the shore to the church, and we felt the
heat in striking contrast to the refreshing breeze on the
river. At the northwest the black storm clouds were ris-
ing rapidly, the lightnings were flashing with scarce an
interval, and the thunders were incessantly reverberating
among the lofty hills and val^-s. Soon the rain poured
down in torrents for a short time, the party having in the
meantime obtained shelter in the vestry of the church.

131

Rev. Seneca M. Keeler, the present pastor of the church,
was present with several others who were active in ren-
dering all possible attention to the visitors, and the re-
freshments brought by the party were augmented by a
bountiful supply of tea, coffee and ice water. The col-
lation was served in the commodious vestry, and at its
close the rain had ceased. The air was greatly relieved
of its oppressiveness and the weather was delightful.

The rain prevented any extensive rambles, and the only
excursion upon land at West Newbury was between the
landing and the church, and a short visit to the extensive
comb manufactory of Messrs. S. C. Noyes & Co., but a
few rods from the church. "While the combs from this
establishment are known almost everywhere in the country,
there were many of the visitors who had never before
seen the manufacture, and their ideas of the process re-
quired to transform a cow's horn into the beautiful and
useful utensil so necessary to the comfort and happiness
of every civilized being, were about as crude as some of
the burlesques on agriculture would suggest about farm-
ing. Thousands of finished combs are produced weekly
at these works, but it is a long time before the material
gets through the various stages of preparation, which
were explained by those in attendance.

»

At the hour for the afternoon session the company
reassembled in the church. The President, Henry
Wheatland, occupied the chair. The records of the
last meeting were read by the secretary.

The Secretary announced the following correspon-
dence : —

From J. A. Allen, Cambridge, June 21 ; E. P. Boon, New York, June 10, 26, July
13; J. W. Brown, West STewbury, July 11; V. Carpenter. Montreal, June 6; James
Coolklge. July i: W. c. Folger, Boston, June 29; Edward EJerrick, Athens, Penn.,
June 25, 29; G. B. Loring, July 2; Thomas Moroug, Ipswich, July 9; Allied

132

Osgood, Newburyport, June 19, July 3, 11, 15; George H. Peirson, June 26; Charles
C.Perkins, Newport, R. I., July 10; Charles B. Rice, Danvers Centre, June 18;
Jacob) H. Stiuler, Columbus, Ohio, June 15; Grosvenor Library, Buffalo, N. Y.,
July 14; Buffalo Historical Society, June 16; Liverpool Literary anil Philosophical
Society, June 18; Corporation of Yale College, New Haven, July 13; New Jersey
Historical Society, June 20, 26; Virginia State Library, Richmond, June 25.

The Librarian reported the following additions : —

By Donation.

Allen, J. A., Boston. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 4.

American Swedenborg Printing and Publishing Society. Arcana Celesti a.
10 vols. 8vo. Heaven and Hell. 1 vol. Svo. Four Leading Doctrines. 1 vol. 8vo.
True Christian Religion. 1 vol. 8vo. Divine Love and Wisdom. 1 vol. 8vo.
Apocalypse Revealed. 2 vols. Svo. Conjugal Love. 1 vol. 8vo. Divine Provi-
dence. 1 vol. Svo. Miscellaneous Theological Works. 1 vol. 8vo.

Brown, Henry A. Proceedings of the National Board of Trade. 5 vols. Svo.
18G8-1S73.

Cabot, J. S. The Horticulturist, 1846-1866. 20 vols. Svo. Gardener's Monthly,
1826-1843. 19 vols. 8vo. Pomological Magazine, 1828, '29, '30. 3 vols. Svo. Florist's
Guide, 1827-32. Journal D' Horticulture Pratique, 1857, '58, '59. 3 vols. Svo.
Annates De Pomologie. 8 vols. 4to. Album De Pomologie, 1S50. 2 vols. 4to.
Gardener's Monthly, 22 numbers. Magazine of Horticulture, 39 numbers Tilton's
Journal of Horticulture, 22 numbers. The Horticulturist, 106 numbers.

Conant, W. P., St. Louis, Mo. Reports of the St. Lonis Public Schools for
1SG0-61-62, 1863-4, 1864-5, 1865-6, 1866-7, 1867-8, 1872-3. 7 vols. 8vo. Catalogue of
the University of St. Louis, 1872-73. 8vo pamph. Catalogue of the Washington
University, 1S72-3. 8vo. pamph.

Dorr, Eben P. Sketch of the First Monitor, and its Inventor. Svo pamph.
1871.

Folger, W. C, of Hingham, Mass. Miscellaneous Town Reports, 7.

Green*, S. A., Boston. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 7.

Griffin, L. F., Andover. Catalogue of Phillips Academy, Andover, 1873-4.

Kimball, James. Boston Weekly Magazine, 1804-5. 1 vol. 4to. Proceedings
of the Supreme Council for the Northern Masonic Jurisdiction, 11 numbers.

Lee, Harriet P. Documents relating to the Sanitary Commission, 112. Dwight's
Journal of Music, 45 numbers. The Saturday Review, 15 numbers. The Specta-
tor, 13 numbers.

LOSING, Geo. B. Report on the Statistics of Labor in Mass. 1874. 1 vol. 8vo.

Massachusetts Medical Society. Medical Communications of the. Vol.
vii, pt. viii. 1874.

MORSE, E. S. Portland and East Portland Directory for 1873. 1 vol. 8vo.
Nevada Directory for 1868-9. 1 vol. 8vo. San Jose Directory for 1870. 1 vol. 8vo.
Portland Directory, 1873. 1 vol. Svo. Sacramento Directory, 1870. 1 vol. Svo,
Salt Lake City Directory, 1869. 1 vol. Svo. Oakland and Brooklyn Directory.
1873. 1 vol. Svo.

OSGOOD, CHA8. 8. Public Documents of Mass., 1871. 1 vol. Svo. Acts and
Resolves of Mass., 1871, 1872. 2vols.8vo. Registration Reports, 1865, 1868, 1869, 1870,
1871, 1872. C vols. 8vo. Reports of the State Board of Charities. 1868-70, 1870-71,
1873-78. 8 vol-, svo. Mass. Lile Insurance Reports, 1871, 1872, 1878. 8v6ls. 8vo.
Fire and Marine [nsuranoe Reports, 1869, 1872, 1878, isTi. t vols. Bvo. Railroad
Commissioners Reports, 1872-73. 2 vols. Svo. Railroad Returns, 1806, L868, 1869.

133

3 vols. 8vo. Journal of the Mass. House of Representatives. 1872, 1873, 1874. 3
vols. 8vo. Journal of the Mass. Senate, 1872,1873, ls7l. :! vols. 8vo. Report on
the Board of Education, 1869, 1872-73. 2 vols. 8vo. Manual for the General Court
of Mass., 1805, 18U8, 1869, 1870, 1872, 1873, 1874. 7 vols. 12ino. Miscellaneous
pamphlets, 94.
U. S. Patent Office. Official Gazette, June 2, 9. 1G, 23. 1874.

By Exchange.

Arciiiv fur Anthropologie. Band vi, Heft iv, 1874.

Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences. Bulletin of. Vol. ii, No. 1, 1874.

Crosse et Fischer. Journal de Conchyliologie, Tome xiv. 3e Serie. No. i,
ii, 1ST*.

Geological Survey of Canada. Report on the Fossil Plants of Canada, by
J. YV. Dawson. LL. D.. F. R. S., F. G. S. Montreal, 1873.

Gesellschakt Naturforsciiender Freunde in Berlin. Sitzungs-berichte,
jahrg, 1873. 1 vol. 8vo.

Institut Historique in Paris. L' Investlgateur, 40s Annee. No. ii. Feb.,
Mar. 1874.

K. K. Zoologisch botanische Gesellschaft in Wien. Verhandlungen,
Band, xxiii. jahrg. 1873. 1 vol. Svo.

Konigliche Gesellschaft in Regensburg. Flora, 1873. 1 vol. Svo.

Naturforscuenden Gesellschaft in Danzig. Shriften, Band iii, Heft ii,
1873.

Naturforscuenden Gesellschaft in Zurich. Vierteljahrsschrift, jahrg,
xvii, 1872.

Naturhistorischer Vereins in Augsburg. Bericht, 1873. 1 vol. 8vo.

Naturwissensciiaftliciie Gesellschaft "Isis" in Dresden. Sitzungs-
berichte, jahrg, 1872. Oct., Nov.. Dec. Jahrg. 1873. Jan.-Dec. Dresden. 1873-4.

Naturwissenschaftlichen Vereine zu Bremen. Abhandlnngen, Band iii,
iv (Schluss). Heft, Band iv, Heft i. 1873-4. Beilage, No. iii, zu den Abhandlnngen
des. 4to pamph.

Peabody Institute of Baltimore. Seventh Annual Report of the Provost
to the Trustees of, June 4, 1S74.

Phila. Academy of Natural Sciences. Proceedings of. Parti. Jan., Feb.
Mch.. 1S71.

Physikalisch-medicinische Gesellschaft in TTurzburg. Verhandlungen,
vi Band iii and iv (Schluss) Heft.

Royal Asiatic Society. Journal of the North China Branch of the. New
Series, No. viii, 1874.

Royal Society' of London. Proceedings of the. Vol. xxi, Nos. 146, 147. Vol.
xxii. Nos. 148, 149, 150.

Royal Society of Tasmania. Monthly Notices of Papers and Proceedings
of the, for 1S72.

SociSte d' ACCLIMATATION in Paris. Bulletin Mensuel De La. 3me Serie,
Tome i. No. 2, 1874.

SOCIETE D' ANTHRoroLOGiE de Paris. Bulletins de La. Tome viii, He Se>ie,
Mai, Juillet, 1873.

SOCIETE V.Vt DOISE DES SCIENCES NATURELLES IN LAUSANNE. Bulletin. 2e
Serie. Vol. xii. No. 71. Feb., 1871.

Verein deb Freunde deb Naturgeschicute in Meklenburg. Archiv, 27
Jahrg. 1873. 1 vol. 8vo. Neubrandenburg. 1873.

Vereins fOr Eudkunde in Darmstadt. Notizblatt, iii -Folge, xii Heft, Nos.
133-144.

134

Vereixes zor Beforderuxg des Gartexbaxes ix Berlix. Monatsschrift
des. 16 Jahrg. Jan. -Dec. 1873.

Yale College. Catalogue of, 1874. 8vo pamph. Obituary Record of the
Graduates of, 1874. Yale College in 1874.

Zeitschrift fDr die gesammtex Naturwissexschaftex ix Berlix. Band
vii, viii, 1873. 2 vols. Svo.

Zoologische Gesellschaft ix Fraxkfurt, a-M. Zoologische Garten, Jahrg.
xiv. No. 7-12. Juli-Dec, 1873.

Publishers. American Naturalist. Forest and Stream. Gardener's Monthly.
Gloucester Telegraph. Haverhill Gazette. Ipswich Chronicle. Lawrence Amer- .
ican. Lynn Reporter. Lynn Transcript. Medical and Surgical Reporter. Nation.
Nature. Peabody Press. Sailors' Magazine and Seamen's Friend. Salem City
Post. Salem Observer. Silliman's Journal.

The President made a few remarks, in which he men-
tioned that this was the first meeting of the Institute at
West Newbury, and that now every municipality in
Essex County had been visited except Lawrence, and in
accordance with the custom observed at the meetings at
new places, he gave a brief statement of the histoiy and
objects of the society. Some of the facts stated are as
follows: — As early as 1832-3, several young men dis-
cussed the propriety of organizing a society to promote
the study of natural history. In the December following
such an organization was partially effected, and at Tops-
field, in April, 1834, it was perfected. The Natural
History Society and the Essex Historical Society were
united in 1848, and incorporated under the name of
Essex Institute, and the sphere of its labors has from
time to time been enlarged, until now it embraces his-
tory, natural history, horticulture, and the fine arts. The
first field meeting of the society was held in 1849. At
that time only a few persons attended, and the meetings
were held in the farm houses or other convenient places,
but they did not assume the present character until the
summer of 1850. Since then meetings have been held
in thirty-two towns or cities in Essex County, and four
beyond the limits, and in fifty-eight different parishes or
districts, from one to five in the same townships.

135

Mr. George D. Phippen, of Salem, gave an interesting
discourse on the few plants that had been gathered, and
also on the familiar plants of the field and the garden,
particularly on that unwelcome class known as weeds.
For convenience he divided them into three classes, wild,
cultivated, and intrusive. Among the many referred to
he spoke of "woodwax," the seed of which was first sent
to this country in 1(529, to Gov. Endicott, and it was
described as eminently useful for coloring purposes. The
"white weed," with its traditional fame, is a common plant
with our early history. "Chickweed" is referred to by
the earliest botanists as suitable food for birds, has been
long known, and is wonderfully diffused throughout the
globe. The "nettle plant," from which good linen can be
made, was first introduced into England by the Romans,
and it is said, with more humor than truth, was used for
the purpose of thrashing each other to keep themselves
warm in cold weather, to which they were unused. Purs-
lain, charlock, ambrosia and others were referred to. He
also spoke of milkweed, the fibre of which has been
used for textiles ; and of the raising of hybrids and the
success that has attended the efforts in this direction in
the great variety of beautiful flowers and fine fruits, the
result largely of human agency, ensuring hopes of never
ending novelty and satisfaction.

Mr. John Robinson praised the arrangement of ferns
which were placed in front of the pulpit, and spoke of
the kindness of the people in furnishing them.

Prof. D. B. Hagar, of the State Normal School in
Salem, spoke of the pleasure which he experienced when
he saw men who, like a previous speaker, had some intel-
lectual pursuit in addition to his ordinary business life.

136

The work of the Essex Institute in the way of cultivating
a taste for scientific pursuits, is an excellent one ; and one
of the best things we can do for young people is to en-
courage them to select some one branch of science and
make it their study in their leisure time. Such pursuits
are especially valuable in lifting men above the low life
which regards dollars and cents as the chief object to
strive for.

Mr. Abner G. Phipps, agent of the State Board of
Education, whose present visit to the town was the first
since he had taught school there, before he entered Col-
lege, spoke in support of the sentiments uttered by the
previous speaker.

Dr. Jeremiah Spofford referred to the medicinal
qualities of the milkweed spoken of by Mr. Phippen,
and also to a theory entertained by him in regard to
the ancient course of the river in the vicinity of New-
bury, which he thought must have been some distance
south of the present stream, and fifteen or twenty feet
higher.

Mr. Hayden Brown, of West Newbury, talked of the
various matters relating to the history of the town, and
the work of the Institute. He spoke of the people of
the town as an honest, hard-working class, without a
beer-saloon, a bowling alley, or a place where rowdies
can congregate.

Hon. Stephen M. Allen, of Boston, made some in-
teresting statements relating to the construction of dams
and reservoirs.

137

Rev. W. H. H. Marsh, of Salem, in response to a
call from the chair, said he regretted he had not the
opportunity of attending more frequently the meetings of
the Institute, the several objects of which are of such
great practical importance. The age is marked by scien-
tific investigation, and as science has so vastly enlarged
her domain, and has thus disclosed the interdependence
of the several branches of scientific investigation, the
successful prosecution of any single department of sci-
ence requires a knowledge of several of the others. The
true scientific spirit aims at the largest comprehension
possible of facts, and receives hypotheses with caution,
if not with distrust. For this reason the correct inter-
pretation of nature and the true interpretation of revela-
tion at those points where it touches science, will cer-
tainly harmonize. Science interrogates nature and nature
reveals God, and so scientific study should be promotive of
virtue, morality, high-toned character, reverence and faith.

On motion of Mr. N. A. Horton

Voted That the sincere thanks of the Institute are due
to the proprietors of the Second Church in West New-
bury for the use of their building1 to hold this meeting :
also to Mr. Hayden Brown, Mr. Gilman W. Brown, Rev.
S. M. Keeler, and other citizens of West Newbury, for
courtesies extended during this pleasant excursion.

An adjournment was had at about four o'clock, and it
became necessary for the company soon to take their
departure on the homeward trip.

The people of West Newbury had given the visitors a
very favorable impression of the town and its inhabitants,
and it is hoped the acquaintances formed under such
pleasant auspices will be long continued.

138

Personally we desire to express our grateful apprecia-
tion of attentions from Rev. Mr. Keeler, a gentleman of
high attainments and culture ; Mr. Hayden Brown, of the
firm of S. C. Noyes & Co., and his son, Mr. Gilman W.
Brown, to whom we were indebted for valuable informa-
tion in collecting material for this sketch. The elder Mr.
Brown seems to be ready to every good word and work
tending to benefit the community in which he resides.
He has furnished a fine room for the Library Association,
just organized on a plan of individual membership under
a law of the State for such purposes, and we hope at our
next visit to find its shelves groaning with their weight
of wisdom. The nucleus is already inaugurated, and it
will not be allowed to remain undeveloped.

The passage down the river was quite rapid, as wind
and tide were now in our favor. Vocal music did its
part in aiding the general enjoyment, and it was with a
feeling of regret that we parted company with the Mer-
rimac and its beautiful "Queen." The 6.23 train soon
transported us to the good old City of Peace, after a day
of rare pleasure and much profit.

Regular Meeting, Monday, August 3, 1874.

Meeting this evening at 8 o'clock. The President
in the chair.

Richard Harrington, of Salem, and Gilman W. Brown,
of West Newbury, were elected resident members.

BULLETIN

esses: institute.

Vol. G. Salem, Mass., September, 1874. No. 9.

One Dollar a Year in Advance. 10 Centstt Single Copy.

Field Meeting at Rockport, Thursday,
August 6, 1874.

The fourth field meeting the present season was held
this day. The weather was very propitious for an excur-
sion, the temperature cool and refreshing. The party,
numbering about two hundred and fifty, was made up of
delegations from Lynn, Salem, Beverly, Manchester and
other towns in Essex County, a large proportion being,
however, from Salem. The railroad ride was pleasant,
affording a passing view of interesting sections of Beverly,
Manchester and Gloucester, with occasional glimpses of
the ocean and of some of the beautiful sea-side villas that
have within the past few years been erected on this shore.
The striking characteristics of the scenery on entering the
precincts of Cape Ann are the many bowlders to be seen
upon the hills on every side.

On arrival at the place of destination a committee of

the Rockport Agricultural Association met the party and

proceeded to the Town Hall, which was the rendezvous

for the day, and where a cordial reception- was extended.

Essex Inst. Bulletin. vi 12

140

Then the party separated into groups, each wending their
way to visit the various objects of interest, as inclination
dictated.

Some went to Pigeon Cove, which always offers many
attractions ; some visited the quarries, where the process of
getting out huge blocks of beautiful granite was watched
with interest ; and some took general rambles along the
shore and noticed the artificial harbors constructed by the
erection of solid granite breakwaters built at great cost ;
some went to Long Beach, which is in view of Thatcher's
Island, where, Aug. 19, 1635, twenty-one persons were
cast away and only Mr. Thatcher and his wife were saved ;
while others visited the extensive and fine cabinets of Dr.
Barden and Mr. Knowlton, which contain many choice
mineralogical and geological specimens. Bears' Skin
Neck and the delightful woods claimed a fair share of
attention. There are a number of fine residences in the
town proper and at the Cove. Among those that attracted
notice was that of John D. Sanborn, Esq., which is most
pleasantly situated and commands a charming view.

At 2.30 P. M., after all had lunched in the dining room
at the hall, or in little knots on the rocks or in the woods,
the company gathered in the large audience room, where
the afternoon session was held. The meeting Avas called
to order by the President, Henry Wheatland.

In the absence of the Secretary, Mr. N. A. IIouton was
requested to act. Records of preceding meeting read.

The Secretary announced the following correspon-
dence : —

From M. M. Carpenter, Montreal, Canada, Aug. 3; I. W. Fielder, Everett, July
10; F. E. Hotchkiss, New Haven, Conn., July 27; F. I. Haley, Newark, N. J., July
18; 8. M. Keeler, West Newbury, July 17; W. J. Knowlton, Boston, July 35; T.
Morong, Ipswich, July 18; Stuart Rogere, Providence, H. I., July 18; George Rus-
sell, Boston, July 89 j K.T. Woods, Aug. 4; lowa State Historical Society, July
15; heeds Philosophical and Literary Society, July '25; New York State Library,
Aug. L

141
The Librarian announced the following additions: —

Ihj Donation.

Brooks. Henry M. Reed's Apology. 1 vol. 12mo. Essex County Directory,
18 ifi-70. i vol. 8vo. Conversations on Infant Baptism. 1 vol. lGmo.
Butler. B. V., of U. S. Cong. Speech in 17. S. II. It.. June 19, 1871.

Cornell University. Bulletin of. Vol. i. Nos. 1,2, 1874.

HOTCHKISS, F. E., of New Haven, Conn. New Haven Directories for 1S70, 1871,

1872, 1873. I vols. 8vo. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 16.

IL8LEY, V. I., of Newark, New Jersey. Newark City and Business Directory,
1873-74. 1 vol. 8vo. Miscellaneous almanacs, 64.

Kimball, James, freemason's Monthly Magazine for 1873.

KlNGSLET, Mrs. . Federal Republican and Commercial Gazette for 1873. 1

vol. folio.

LORING, Geo. B. Agriculture of Mass., 2d Series, 1873-74. 1 vol. 8vo. Thirty-
fifth Registration Report. l»72-78. 1 vol. 8vo. Report of the Insurance Commis-
sioner of Mass., 1874. 1 vol. 8vo. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 17.

Maine Board of Agriculture. Report of the Secretary of the, for 1873-74.
1 vol.Svo.

Mason. Albert, New York, N. Y. History of Barman, by Rev. F. Mason. 1
vol. 8vo. 18(10. The Story of a Working Man's Life, by F. Mason. 1 vol. 8vo. 1870.

MERRITT, L. F. The Shanghai Budget, Mch. 26, Apr. 2, 9, 18. 25, May 2, 9, 10, 23,
30, June G, 13, 1874. Essex County Mercury, May 27, June 17, 24, July 1, 15, 23, 1874.

Office of the Chief of Engineers. Report of a Reconnaissance in the Ute
Country made in 1873, by Lieut. E. II. Bnffuer. 8vo pamph. Washington, 1874.

Perkins, Albert C, of Exeter, N. II. Catalogues of Phillips Exeter Acad-
emy, 178.1-18 ii), 1873-1.

Quint, A. II.. of New Bedford. Mass. Minutes of the Seventy-Second Annual
Meeting, Lynn, June 16-18, 1871, with the Reports and Statistics. Boston, 1871.

Swallow, Geo. C. Report of the Curators of the University of the State of
Missouri', Catalogue, etc., for the year ending June 24, 1871.

U. S. PATENT Office. Official Gazette, July 11, 1871.

Worcester Lyceum and Natural History Association. Officers of the,
for 1871-5. Worcester, 1874.

Young Men's Christian Association of Worcester. Report for 1S71.

By Exchange.

Berwickshire Naturalist Cluu. Alnwick. Proceedings. Vol. vii, No.l, 1873.

Boston Public Library. Bulletin of. July, 1874.

BOTANISK Tidsskrift IN Kjoheniiavn. Tidsskrift. Vol. ii, pts. 2, 3. Journal
De Botanique, 1872-3. 2 pamphlets, 8vo. 1874.

Imperials AcadEmie des Sciences de St. Petersbourg. Memoires, Tome
xix, Nos. viii, ix. x, 1873. Tome xx, Nos. i. ii. iii, iv, v, 1873. Tome xxi. Nos. i, ji,
iii, iv, v. 1878. 13 pamphlets, 4to. Bulletin, Tome xviii, Nos. iii, iv, v, 1S73. Tome
xix. Nos. i, ii, iii, 1873-1. 6 pamphlets, 4to. »

Iowa STATE Historical Society. The Annals of Iowa. April. 1874.

KONGBLIGB DANSKE VIDENSEABERNES SELSRABB IN KJOBENHAVN. Oversigt,

1873. No. ii.

Manchester Scientific Students' Association. Annual Report for 1873.
Natural History Society of Montreal. Canadian Naturalist and Quar-
terly Journal of Science. Vol. vii. No. 5. 1871.
New Jersey Historical Society. Proceedings. Vol. iii, 2d Series, No. 4, 1S71.

142

New York Genealogical and Biographical Society. Record of, Vol. v,
No. 3. July, 1874.

Publishers. American Journal of Science and Arts. American Naturalist.
Forest and Stream. Gardener's Monthly. Gloucester Telegraph. Hardwicke'8
Science Gossip. Haverhill Gazette. Ipswich Chronicle. Lawrence American.
Lynn Reporter. Lynn Transcript. Medical and Surgical Reporter. Nation.
Nature. Peabody Press. Salem City Post. Salem Observer.

The President, in introducing the exercises, took occa-
sion to refer to the memory of the lute Rev. Stillman
Barden,* who, on previous visits to Rockport had been
unremitting in his attentions. Mr. Barden had been the
minister of the Universalist Society of this place for sev-
eral years, and during his residence here had, by his in-
defatigable labors, contributed largely to our knowledge
of the mineralogical treasures found occasionally during
the excavations in the extensive quarries.

Mr. Alfred Osgood, of Newburyport, read the fol-
lowing notes, concerning the

"LEAD MINE" AT ROCKY HILL, WEST NEWBURY.

In the early part of last year a farmer of Newbury, at
or near a place called "Rocky Hill," discovered a piece
of lead ore on the surface of the earth, and, incited by
records or traditions of former discoveries of the metal
in the same region, he purchased the lot of land, con-
taining twelve acres, and commenced digging, finding
pieces of the size of one pound and upwards to some of
two or three hundred pounds in weight, distributed among
the drift, which in this region consists largely of angular
fragments not much worn, and a loamy soil. The amount
of ore realized up to date being about three tons. The
dimensions of his pit are thirty feet by five and six feet
in depth ; the deposit of ore, however, was not more than

* For a biographical and obituary sketch of Rev. Mr. Barden, by Rev. Mrs. P.
A. Hanaford, sec Historical Collections of Essex Institute, Vol. vii, page 213.

143

twelve feet in length and lying on the northwest side of
a bowlder, containing small veins of lead, antimony, and
sulphuret of iron. (The ledges in that region are what
Professor Hyatt calls Dioritcs.)

Other prospective diggings disclosed only bowlders
much worn and rounded by glacial action, and of the
same character as the large one.

All of the pieces of lead ore were much worn, and the
iron in contact decomposed.

Mr. F. W. Putnam made some further observations,
not only on this mine, but in explanation of the process
by which the bowlders seen standing alone on the high
hills arc brought hither on the ancient icetields from the
North.

He also gave a very interesting account of

TIIE ANDERSON SCHOOL OF NATURAL HISTORY ON

Penikese Island, where he, with others, had spent several
weeks past as an instructor. This island, situated some
twelve miles south from New Bedford, one mile in length
by a half a mile in width, was donated by Mr. Anderson,
of New York, a year or two since, to Prof. Agassi?,, as a
location for a scientific school during the summer months.
Mr. Anderson also gave the sum of fifty thousand dol-
lars to be expended for the necessary buildings, etc. The
school was in operation for the first time last season, under
the direct superintendence of Prof. Agassiz, who gave to
it his accustomed zeal and vigor to establish it upon a firm
and enduring basis. Mr. Alexander Agassiz, son of the
late Prof. Agassiz, is the present director, and the pupils,
who come from all parts of the country, are composed of
Normal teachers and professors, principally from the
western colleges. There are over fifty pupils and from

144

ten to twelve instructors, each instructor having charge of
a special department. He described the several buildings
and the method of instruction pursued. Text books are
abolished and the studies are directly from the specimens
by dissection and from life. A tug boat visits the island
from New Bedford three times a week. The expenses of
the students are about eight dollars per week. He antic-
ipated the best results from this school in the dissemina-
tion of scientific knowledge, and certainly hardly greater
facilities could be offered.

Hon. A. W. Dodge followed Mr. Putnam and quoted
Ajjassiz .to the effect that a great error in our mode of
teaching is that we rely too much upon text books ; yet he
thought there was danger that those who made a specialty
of certain studies would attach too much value to their
particular study in comparison with others. He then
made some very important remarks upon horticultural
pursuits, and described the process of growth by which
certain common fruits are developed.

Prof. Albert H. Tuttle, of the Ohio Agricultural
and Mechanical College, Columbus, who has been visiting
in Salem for some weeks for the purpose of dredging on
the coast and collecting the marine fauna and flora, among
other remarks spoke of the great variety of marine plants
and animals found along the coast, and the opportunities
thus afforded to students in zoology and botany for inves-
tigation and research.

Rev. A. B. IIeuvey, formerly of Peabody, now of Troy,
N. Y., who is spending his summer vacation near tho
Clifton House, in Marblehead, gave a description of some
of the curiosities seen during his trip to the shore, with a
humorous narrative of his conveyance thither.

145

Mr. F. W. Putnam then described certain specimens
which were placed upon the table, consisting of the egg
case of a species of Buccinum ; a stone bored by a Pholas ;
a sponge found on the shore ; and a mass of clay in the
form of a tube, which was probably the case of a large
marine worm.

Hon. James Kimball read the following commnnica-
tion from Mr. J. B. Wardwell, of Methuen,' Mass., giving

A DESCRIPTION OF AN INDIAN RELIC

Recently found on the farm of Mr. Win. Ilntchins, in
Methuen, and near the Xew Hampshire line. A rock of
gray, compact sandstone, with a broad, flat surface, and
estimated to weigh nearly half a ton, was dug up in rising
ground bordering meadow land, where, no doubt, once
existed a small pond. Mr. Hutchins was di spins' lanre
stones from this pasture for building purposes, which led
to its discovery. The rock was bottom up, and so bedded
that but a small portion of it was visible above ground,
and this part was covered with a close, filmy, gray moss.
It was hauled to the road (an eighth of a mile) where it
was to be used in a cellar wall, and on removal of the
dirt from the flat side, about three-fifths of a circle was
discovered. To the eye this appears to be a perfect
circle. It measures twenty inches in diameter, and from
a half inch to three-quarters of an inch in depth. It was
accomplished by drilling holes as near together as pos-
sible, and then removing the intervening portions. The
instrument, or drill, appears to have been between a
quarter and three-eighths of an inch in diameter, and the
markings number one hundred and twenty, and are sug-
gestive of the use of the bow, as a means of moving the
drill. These markings bear the impress of great age.

14G

The missing part of the relic will be sought after, from
time to time, though I think with but little prospect of
success, as the fracture has also the appearance of age,
and the fragment may have been destroyed or carted off
years ago. A small portion of the surface within the
circle and near the line of fracture has been removed,
and suggests the idea of its having been broken and aban-
doned, when it had reached its present stage of comple-
tion. The relic is now in my possession, and I regret to
add, that in splitting it off from the main body, it was
broken into several pieces, although fourteen holes were
drilled for its accomplishment. The fragments are now
joined, and the whole embedded in plaster.

A reasonable conclusion is, that it was intended for a
large mortar, but ruined in the process. It is particularly
interesting as a relic, on account of showing plainly the
method adopted in hollowing out these vessels, as also,
its remarkable size and correctness of outline. The sur-
face in which this circle is wrought was originally coated
with a silicious Him, a large portion of which still remains.

Moulds will immediately be prepared, for furnishing
casts of this relic at reasonable prices.

Mr. Putnam remarked on the importance of this relic
as showing how the large stone vessels, or "mortars," as
they are generally called, were made.

Mr. Caleb Cooke announced the donation of several
interesting historical relics to the cabinets, including a
pair of antique andirons and a dialing dish from Mr.
William Russell, of Salem.

Mr. Cooke also mentioned that Mr. Charles IT. Foster,
of Salem, during his recent visit to Australia, had, with
much care and attention, made a very valuable collection

147

of the animals illustrative of the peculiar fauna of that
country, comprising the skins of twenty mammals and
one hundred and twenty-one birds, besides several rep-
tiles, fishes, etc. These he has kindly presented to the
Institute, and they have been accordingly deposited in
the museum.

A vote of thanks to Mr. Foster for this very acceptable
addition to the museum, and for the interest he has thus
expressed in the promotion of the objects of the Insti-
tute ; also to the other friends whose liberal contributions
have been announced at this meeting, -was unanimously
adopted.

On motion of Mr. Kimball it was

Voted, That the thanks of the Institute are due to the
Selectmen of Rockport for the use of the town hall to
hold this meeting ; and to the members of the Rockport
Agricultural Association for courtesies extended to the
members and their friends during this pleasant visit to
Rockport.

Adjourned.

Regular Meeting, Monday, August 17, 1874.

Meeting this evening at 8 o'clock. Vice President
A. C. Goodell in the chair.

Mrs. E. S. Metcalf, Charles T. Jenkins, Frederick
Porter and George G. Putnam, all of Salem, were duly
elected resident members.

Mr. C. H. Higbee presented specimens of the An-
threnus varius, and made some interesting remarks upon

148

the history and habits of this insect, so injurious to
woollen fabrics.

The chair presented to the Institute an old cartridge
box, the gift of Hon. William Fabens, of Marblehead.
This old box, with its belt and covers, was found in the
walls of an ancient farmhouse, recently taken down, upon
the Neck, in Marblehead. As it bore the monogram of
George the Second it may have been secreted previous to
1760 by some deserter from one of the many ships of
war that sailed to our shores before the revolution. Re-
marks suggested by this subject were made by Messrs.
W. P. Upham, Henry Hale, and others.

Adjourned.

Regular Meeting, Monday, September 7, 1874.

Meeting this evening at 8 o'clock. The President
in the chair. Records of last meeting read.

The Secretary announced the following correspon-
dence : —

From M. Anagnos, Boston, Aug. 27, Sept. 7; Oilman W. Brown, West Newbury,
Aug. 12; C. 0. Carpenter, Andover, Sept. .3; John I). Champlin. Jr., Now York,
Aug. 27; Joseph Cummings, Middletown, Conn.. Sept. 14; Samuel lint. 1 1 art lord,
Conn., Aug. 17; A. Lackey, Haverhill, Aug. 31; R. Ridgway, Washingtqp. D. C,
Aug. 12; \V. Hudson Stephens, Denver, Col., Aug. 27; Charles A. Walker, Boston,
Aug. 25; Yale College, Aug. 24.

The Librarian reported the following additions : —

By Donation.

BRTOOB, Daniel B., of Lansing, Mich. Report of the Superintendent ol Public
Instruction of the State of Michigan, 1S7.J. 1 vol. 8vo.

BCTB GAD ot" Educ.vtiox, WASHINGTON, D. C. Circulars of Information of the.
No. I,. 1874.

149

Butler, TV F.. M. (J. Memorial Addresses on Charles Sumner, Apr. 27, 1874.
lvol. Svo. U. S. Coast Survey for 1870. l vol. 4to. Report of Explorations and
Surveys for a Ship-Canal, Isthmus of Darien. I vol. 4to.

Cabot, J. s. The Life of John Phillips. i vol. i2mo. Tariff of r>ut:es, by P. P.
i> rand. lvol. 12mo. Grammar of the Greek Language. lvoL12rao. Adam's
Latin and English Grammar, l vol. ISmo. Poetical works of Lord Byron, l vol.
12mo. Patriotic Addresses, l vol. l2mo. Butler's Analogy. 1 vol. 12mo. Watt's
Logic. 1 vol. 12mo. Anecdotes, lvol. 12mo. The Taller. lvol.T2mo. History
of Bonaparte. 1 vol. Svo. Lecture on Astronomy. 1 vol. Svo. Burlamaqul on
Laws. 2 vols. Svo. Martin's Gazetteer of Virginia. 1 vol. 8vo. Moore's Univer-
sal Geography, l vol. 8vo. Millot's General History. 5 vols. 8 vo. Duncan's
Cicero. lvol.8vo. Guthrie's Grammar, lvol. Svo. Conquest of Mexico. 2 vols.
8vo. DuflePs Nature Displayed. 2 vols. 8vo. Treatise on the Vine. 1 vol. Svo.
The American Gardener. 1 vol. 12mo. Hewcy's Meditation. 1 vol. 12mo. The
Female Spectator. lvol.l2mo. Poetical Works by T. Pindar. 1 vol. 12mo. Jack-
son's Messages. 1 vol. 12mo. Essays by John Locke. 2vols.8vo. Siamese Tales,
lvol. Minn. The Death of Abel. 1 vol. Kimo. The Works of Horace. 1 vol. Iiimo.
Rural Sports. 1 vol. 12mo. History of Rasselas. 1 vol. 12mo. Young's Diction-
ary, lvol. Svo. History of the Heathen Gods. Ivol.lSmo. Saville's Miscellanies.
1 vol. 12mo. Practical Grammar of the English Tongue. 2 vols. 12mo. Vicar of
Wakefield. Ivol.lSmo. Homer's Iliad. lvol.l6mo, Evenings at Home. .'{vols.
12mo. Method of Teaching and Studying Belles-Lcttres. 4 vols. I2mo. Milot'a
History of England. 4 vols 12m 0. Florist's Guide. 2 vols. 8vo. Pomological
Magazine. 3 vols. 8vo. Greek Testament. 1 vol. 12mo. Miscellaneous pamphlets,
40.

CUMMINGS, Rev. Joseph, Pres. of Wesleyan LTniversity. of Middletown, Conn.
Annual Catalogues of the Wesleyan University. 15 pamphlets. Svo. The Wes-
leyan Olla Podrida. 3 pamphlets, 8vo. Ceremonies and Speeches at the Laying
of the Corner Stone and Dedication of Orange Judd Hall of Natural Sciences, May
5, 1870.

Department of the Interior. U.S. Coast Survey. isns-fiO. lvol.4to. Diseases
of Cattle in U. S., 18'59-70. 1 vol. 4to. Compendium of the Ninth Census of U. S.,
1870-71. 1 vol. 8vo. Commercial Relations, 1S7I-72. 2 vols. 8vo. Senate Miscel-
lany. 2d Sess., 42d Cong.. 1871-72. 1 vol. Svo. Report of the Department of Agri-
culture. 1872. 1 vol. Svo. Affairs in the Late Insurrectionary states, 1872. 13 vols.
Svo. House Miscellaneous. 2d- Sess., 42d Cong., 1871-72. 4 vols. svo. Foreign
Relations of the United States, 1872-73. 6 vols. 8vo. Report of the Secretary of
War. 1872-73. 2 vols. Svo. Report of the Secretary of the Interior. 1872-73. 2 vols.
8vo. Annual Reports, 3d Sess., (2d (Jon?., 1872-73. 1 vol. Svo. Executive Docu-
ments. 3d Sess., 42d Cong . 1872-73. 4 vols. Svo. Estimates of Appropriations.
ls;:-74. is:-.'-;;!. 1 vol Svo. List of Private Claims from 32-41 Cong. 1 vol. 4to,
1872-73. Reports ol Explorations and Survey lor a Ship-Canal. Isthmus of Darien,
1872-75. 1 vol. Ito. House Journal. 3d Sess.. 42.1 Cong., 1872-73. 1 vol. 8vo. House
Miscellaneous, 3d Sess.. 42d Cong., 1872-73. 3 vols. Svo. Senate Miscellaneous. 3d
Boss., 12(1 Cong., 1872-73. 1 vol. Svo. Senate Documents, 3d Sess.. 42d Cong.. 1872-
73. lvol. Svo. Senate' Reports, 3d Sess., 42d Cong., 1872-73. 3 vols. 8vo. Senate
Journal. 3d Sess.. 42 1 Cong., 1872-73. 1 vol. 8v*o. Report of Committees, 3d Sess'.,
42d Cong.. 1872-73. 3 vols. Bvo.

PEABODY, Mrs. K. Horticultural Register. 27 numbers. Annals of Electricity,
31 numbers. Putnam's Monthly, 14 numbers. European Agriculture and Rural
Economy. 10 numbers. The Monthly Miscellany, 12 numbers. Western Quarterly
Review, 26 numbers. American Repertory, 24 numbers. Christian Examiner, 93
numbers. American Journal of Science. 26 numbers. Gardener's Monthly, 00
numbers. Journal of Science and the Arts, 17 numbers. The Horticulturist, 54

150

numbers. The Farmer's Cabinet, 45 numbers. Monthly Religious Magazine, 71
numbers. American Quarterly Review, 33 numbers. The Chemist, 42 numbers.
Magazine of Horticulture, 135 numbers. Magazine of Domestic Economy, 23
numbers. Hunt's Merchant's Magazine, 33 numbers. The Mechanic s Magazine,
27 numbers. Library of Useful Knowledge, 17:5 numbers. New England Maga-
zine. 8 numbers. The Knickerbocker Magazine, 7 numbers. London Journal, 17
numbers. E linburgh Journal of Science, 12 numbers. Salem Directories, 1855,
1857, 185:), 1861, 18G4, 1SGG. Mass. Register, 1823, 1825. English Exercises. 1 vol.
12mo. Beleke's German Grammar. 1 vol. 8vo. Burns' Poems. 1 vol. lGmo. Ad-
dick's French Elements. lvol.Svo. Live and Learn. 1 vol. 12mo. Miscellaneous
pamphlets, TOO.

Taft, S. II., of Humboldt, Iowa. Catalogue of the Officers and Students of
Humboldt College for 1873-74.

U. S. Patent Office. Official Gazette, July 21, 28, Aug. 4, 11, 1874.

WATERS, J. G. Boston Almanacs, 1S50, 1S51, 1852, 1853, 1854, 1855, 185G, 1S57, 1S59.
Salem Directories, 1850, 185.5, 1859.

Williams, II. L. The International Railway Guide, 11 numbers. Miscellaneous
pamphlets. 37. Miscellaneous almanacs, 7.

Willsox, E. B. Record of the Unitarian Worthies, Aug., 1874.

By Exchange.

Bostox Public Library. Twenty-second Annual Report, 1S74.

Geological Survey of Canada. Palajozoic Fossils. Vol. ii, pt. 1, Aug., 1874.

Institut Historique in Paris. L' Investigateur, 40c Auuee, No. iii, Avril-
Mai, 1874.

Literary and Philosophical Society of Manchester. Memoirs of, 3d
Series, Vol. iv, 1871. 1 vol. 8vo. Proceedings of, Vols, viii, ix, x, xi, xii. 18 'J-73.
C vols. 8vo.

Naturforsciiexder Verein in Riga. Correspondonzblatt, xx Jahrg.

Senckenbekgische Natueforschende Gesellschaft in Frankfurt. Ab-
handlungen, Bd. ix, No. 1-2, 1873.

SOCIETE D' Acclimatatiox IN Paris. Bulletin Mcnsuel, 3me Serie, Tome i,
Avril, 1ST I.

Publishers. American Journal of Science. Forest and Stream. Gardener's
Monthly. Gloucester Telegraph. Haverhill Gazette. Ipswich Chronicle. Law-
rence American. Lynn Reporter. Lynn Transcript. Medical and Surgical Re-
porter. Nation. Nature. Peabody Press. Sailors' Magazine and Seamen's
Friend. Salem Observer. Salem Post.

Mr. Caleb Cooke mentioned that among the recent
additions to the cabinets may be speciiied the donation
from Samuel Emery, of Salem, — a Franklin medal.
This medal was adjudged as a reward of merit, by the
Boston school committee, to Stephen Emery, 17D9. Also
a longitude and azimuth compass made by R. Walker.

Rev. E. C. Bolles presented some interesting relics,
collected by him, from Chester, in England, consisting in

151

part of pieces of pottery, human bones, etc., of the
Roman period; also stereoscopic views of the Salisbury
cathedral and other sites of historic interest in that vicin-
ity, including Old Sarum and Stonehenge, the supposed
ruins of an old Druidical temple. He described the
Blackmore Museum in Salisbury, and exhibited a stone
implement from one of the mysterious "barrows" or
burial mounds on the plain about Stonehcnge. These
mounds are of different forms, and probably different
ages, and arc the most conspicuous objects in the melan-
choly scenery of Salisbury Plain. The soil is chalk, over-
laid by a thin, crispy turf. Some of the barrows have
been opened; and by searching in the half filled excava-
tion in one of these diggings, Mr. Bolles found this
spearhead, roughly chipped from flint, and exhibiting in
its weathered surface the marks of great antiquity. It is
about five inches long and two wide. Mr. Putnam, to
whom it was submitted, was uncertain whether to con-
sider it a complete implement of the rudest stone age, or
an unfinished one of a later period. Mr. Bolles made
these relics the subject of sonic unpremeditated remarks
of great interest, and we hope that he may be induced at
some future meeting of the Institute to give a more ex-
tended account of his recent researches amid the ancient
haunts of the Druids and the Romans in England.

The Pkesident alluded to the recent donation from a
few friends of a valuable cast of the "Rosetta Stone."
The stone of which this is a cast was discovered near
Rosetta, in lower Egypt, in August, 1799, and is now
deposited in the British Museum. The inscription is in
three languages, Hieroglyphic, Demotic, or the language
of the country, and Greek. Being counterparts, or repe-
titions of each other, they give the main key and help in

152

deciphering the hieroglyphics of ancient Egypt. The
event recorded by the Rosetta stone, the decree issued at
the coronation of Ptolemy Epiphanes, took place at Mem-
phis in March, 193 B. C. This cast is one of Ward's
series, and was made at Rochester, N. Y.

The President called the attention of the meeting to
the decease of Prof. Jeffries Wyman, of Cambridge, a
valued corresponding member, which occurred at Bethle-
hem, N. 11., on the 4th inst., in his sixty-first year. He
spoke of the great loss which the Institute and science
had sustained in his death, and alluded to the very promi-
nent positions which he had held, and his worth both as
a man and a scientist.

Vice President F. W. Putnam gave an account of the
scientific work of Prof. Wyraan, alluding especially to
the "Teat care with which he conducted all his researches ;
his extreme cautiousness ; the remarkable thoroughness
of his work and the extraordinary modesty, but at the
same time amazing force, with which he advanced his
views. As an anatomist and physiologist he was without
a superior, and he was a most careful and profound inves-
tigator in archaeology, to which science he had devoted
the later years of his life. His work upon the ancient
shell heaps of Florida, which is now being printed by the
Peabody Academy of Science, will be a lasting monument
to him as an archaeologist, and will exhibit the care with
which he performed his investigations and deduced his
results.

Mr. Putnam then offered the following resolutions,
which were unanimously adopted: —

Whereas, the Essex Institute has learned with deep

153

regret of the death of its distinguished corresponding
member, Professor Jeffries YVy.man, therefore,

Resolved, That in the death of Jeffries YVyman, the
Institute acknowledges the loss of a most honored mem-
ber, and laments that science is deprived of the continued
labors of one of the most upright and conscientious of
men, most cautious of investigators, and most concise of
expounders in his chosen departments of physiology,
comparative anatomy, embryology and anthropology.

Resolved, That a copy of these resolutions be sent to
the bereaved family of our late member, as the expres-
sion of our condolence with them in their great atiiietion.

Adjourned.

Regular Meeting, Monday, September 21, 1874.

Meeting this evening at 7.E0 o'clock. President in
the chair. Records read.

The Secretary announced the following correspon-
dence : —

From James S. Bryant, Hartford, Conn., Sept. 12; Joseph Cummings. Middle-
town, Conn., Sept. 15; J. W. Fielder, Everett, Sept. 10; Samuel Hart. Hartford,
Conn., Sept. 16; C II. lligbce. Boston, Sept. 21; Allied M.Mayer, South Orange,
N. J., .Sept. 19; S. M. Watson, Portland, Me., Sept 12.

The Librarian announced the following additions : —

By Donation.

HART, Samuel, of Trinity College, Hartford. Address before the House of
Convocation of Trinity College, July 1. 1874, by Rev. Win. Payne, D.D.

Hoadlet, C. J., of Hartford, Conn. Legislative Documents of Conn., 1864, 1805
1866, 18U7, 1868, 1869, 1870. 1871, 1872; 1873, 1874. JO vols. 8vo. Catalogue of Conn!
Volunteer Organizations, 1861-65. 1 vol. 8vo. History of Conn, during the Recent
War, 1861-1865. 1 vol. Svo. Niw Haven Colonial Records, 1G.J8-17J:;. 7 vols. 8vo.
Genealogical Notes by N. Goodwin. 1 vol. 8vo.

U. S. Patent Office. Official Gazette, Aug. 15, 187i.

154

Wolcott, J. W., of Boston, Mass. Report on the Statistics of Labor, 1873. 1
vol. 8vo. Annual Report of the Board of State Charities, 1-9. 9 vols. Svo. Thir-
tieth Registration Report of Mass., 1871. 1 vol. 8vo. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 12.

WATERS, J. G. Chicago Directory, 1803-54. lvol.Svo. The Christian Inquirer,
60 numbers. Almanacs, 13. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 31.

By Exchange.

American Antiquarian Societt. Proceedings of the Semi-Annual Meeting,
held in Boston, Apr. 29, 1874.

Canadian Institute. The Canadian Journal of Science, Literature and His-
tory. Vol. xiv, No. 3., Aug., 1874. 8vo. Toronto, 1874.

Publishers. Forest and Stream. Haverhill Gazette. Ipswich Chronicle.
Lawrence American. Lynn Reporter. Lynn Transcript. Medical and Surgical
Reporter. Salem Observer. Salem Post.

Among the donations announced to the cabinets may
be specified several articles illustrative of the costumes
of central Turkey, presented through the Rev. E. S.
Atwood, from Miss E. M. Pierce, of the Mission Station
at Aintab, Central Turkey, formerly a resident of Salem,
and a teacher in one of the public schools. These con-
sisted of a pair of native boots, a pair of native shoes,
also of cobcob ; ink and penholder, knife, comb, and
specimens of native cloth ; and a Turkish telegram.

Mr. Robinson states that a new fern has been received
from Dr. C. C. Parry, collected by him in Southern
Utah. It is named by Prof. Eaton " JVbtholccna Parryi.

Caroline A. Watson, of Salem, was elected a resident
member.

13 U I, LET1 N

OF THR

ZESSEIX USTSTITTJTE.
Vol. 6. Salem, Mass., October, 1874. No. 10.

One Dollar a Year in Advance. 10 Cents a Single Copy.

Field Meeting at Manchester, Friday,
October 2, 1874.

The closing field meeting of the season was held this
day, at Manchester, by the kind invitation of Mr. Lewis
N. Tappan and other citizens of that town. Manchester
is one of the most attractive places in this county to hold
a meeting. It is a locality exceedingly rich in the various
objects which contribute to the enjoyment of the lovers
of natural history. The proximity to the woods, on the
one side, which abound with floral treasures, varying with
the different seasons of the year, and the diversified soil
and aspect : the rocky and craggy hills, the meadows and
the lowlands, each having its distinct flora; on the other
side the seashore, with its bold, rocky cliffs, and the in-
tervening beaches, cooled during the heated months by
the invigorating breezes from the ocean, offer to the
students of the marine flora and fauna much to study and
investigate.

The day was unpropitious, and the attendance was
accordingly smaller than usual. The party was welcomed

Essex Inst. Bulletin. vi 13

156

at the station by Messrs. Tappau, Merrill, Price and
others, and were conveyed to various points of attraction
in carriages provided for the occasion. Some went to
the seashore, where "Eagle Rock" and the several tine
beaches offered great attractions, more especially "the
musical sands" which are situated on part of what is
known as the "Old Neck Beach," and are alluded to in
the notice of the meeting on Thursday, Aug. 2, 1866;*
some to the woods, noticing especially the famous bowlder
named "Agassiz Rock;" also large and fine specimens of
the tupelo tree (JVyssa mulliflora) and of the sassafras
tree (/Sassafras officinale) ; others went in different direc-
tions, as inclination dictated.

Lunch was had at the Town Hall at about one o'clock,
tea and coffee being provided by citizens of the town,
and the afternoon session was held at the same place at
two and one-half o'clock.

In the absence of the President, Vice President F. W.
Putnam took the chair and made the opening address.

He stated that a field meeting was held at Manchester,
Au°r. 28, 1840, the first year of holding these meetings,
being the third of this series. The place of rendezvous
was at the point, on Burley Smith's farm. The adjacent
shore was dredged to procure the mollnsca and other
marine animals; the late Mr. William Stimpson was
present and made his first dredging ; the forerunner of his
extensive and valuable services in sea dredging, which
has so indelibly associated his name with the marine
zoology of New England.

In July, 1856, through arrangements made by Mr.
Jonathan French, jr., principal of the public high school,
another field meeting was held in the high school house,

* See Proceedings of Essex Institute, Vol. v. page 57.

157

a building placed upon the brow of an elevation, a short
distance from the thickest settlement of the town, and
from which is a most beautiful landscape and water view.
This meeting was memorable as the first of the meetings

attended \)y ladies, the excursions having previously been
confined to small parties of gentlemen, travelling in pri-
vate conveyances.

A meeting was also held in the town in the following
summer of 1857, and again on Thursday, August 2, 1866,
soon after the completion of the laying of the Atlantic
cable, and resolutions were passed on the successful result
of that undertaking. At this meeting the late Chief Jus-
tice Chase and other distinguished persons were present.

The chairman then called on Prof. E. S. Morse, of
Salem, who spoke at some length upon the cause of the
glacier scratches found on our pasture bowlders, illustrat-
ing his remarks by explanatory diagrams on the black-
board. The proofs of the glacial theory, the action of
the glaciers, the origin of moraines, the formation of ice-
bergs and incidental questions connected with the topic,
were ably presented. In the course of his remarks he
made a statement not generally known, that the Ameri-
can Indians were acquainted with the fact that the glacial
scratches on ledges and bowlders run north and south,
and that they used them as a guide. The fact is not
referred to in any work of science, or aboriginal history,
but Mr. Morse received it from an old gentleman, at
Portland, whose grandfather remembered that the Indians
sometimes found their way through the forests by scratch-
ing away the earth over the rock in order to note the
direction of the smooth scratches.

The speaker also alluded to the somewhat current im-
pression that water will wear away a rock, and showed

158

that instead of this the softer portions of rock are worn
away by the action of sand and gravel washing over it.

In reply to a call for an account of the large bowlder
in the Manchester woods which had been visited by the
party, the Secretary, Mr. John Robinson, stated that he
had taken great pleasure, during the morning, in visiting
the curious bowlder in the woods on the road to Essex.
After a pleasant but difficult walk through woods and
clearings, and finally by a scramble to the summit of the
hill upon which many bowlders rest they came to the rock
designated. It is about half the size of Ship Rock, so
justly celebrated, and in shape almost a cube, of perhaps
twenty feet on a side, one end resting upon the ledge
which forms the hill, and the other propped up about two
feet by a wedge-shaped rock, the sharp end downwards ;
the base of the thus inverted wedge is against the under
side of the bowlder. Beneath is room for two persons to
crawl, and the glacial scratches upon the ledge, being so
well protected, are nearly perfect, while a sidelong glance
shows the surface of the ledge to be quite smoothly pol-
ished. Mr. Robinson, after speaking of the importance
of such characteristic bowlders in demonstrating the gla-
cial theory, and of the interest expressed by the late
Prof. Agassiz while visiting this rock some years since,
made, at the suggestion of some residents of Manchester,
the following motion, which was unanimously accepted,
after being seconded by Mr. Lewis N. Tappan, who
offered some remarks on the subject, including reminis-
cences of Prof. Agassiz' visit to the spot : —

Voted, that the bowlder visited during the morning by
a party from the Kssex Institute Field Meeting, held at
Manchester, Oct. 2, 1874, be named and hereafter known
as "Agassiz Rock."

159

Mr. Putnam on announcing the acceptance of the vote
alluded to the marked propriety of attaching the name of
Agassiz to so Interesting a bowlder, and stafed that here-
after, in all the publications of the Essex Institute, this
bowlder would be known by the name now bestowed, and
that in due time the name would be incorporated in works
upon the subject of glacial action in New England.

Rev. Dr. Bolles, of Salem, was the next speaker, and
took as his theme the reason why leaves change their
color in the autumn, and why it is when the time has
come that they fall from the trees. He explained that
these things were not occasioned by frost, as so many
suppose. Frost congeals foliage, rendering it flaccid, and
it takes on the color of decay. Nor is it any process that
comes from outside the leaf, but the result of certain
changes that take place in the leaf itself. The leaf is a
living thing, the workman of the plant, from which it gets
its growth, blossom, and fruit. Dr. Bolles then entered
into a minute description of a leaf, its framework and
covering, the vegetable cells, from which it receives its
color, and showed how, from some change in these cells
the leaf ripened and took on the glowing colors of autumn
foliage. He spoke of the assistance received in the study
of this subject from the spectroscope, an instrument so
powerful that it reaches and penetrates the mysteries of
the planets, yet so delicate as to take cognizance of the
chemistry of a tiny leaf-cell, unknown save as we analyze
it through this wonder-working glass. The doctor also
explained how, at the ripening of the leaf, a cork-like
substance is formed at the junction of the stem with the
twig, until the leaf is ready to fall at the slightest breath,
without the bleeding and loss which would ensue from the
violent disruption of the foliage from the tree.

160

The Chairman gave a description of a salamander
which had been left by some one upon the stand. In
answer to questions he explained that it was not poison-
ous, and indeed could not be made to bite. He then
traced the distinctions between the salamander and the
toad and frog, and between various varieties of sala-
manders common to this vicinity, giving -an account of
their development and habits.

Dr. Bolles called attention to a new work undertaken
by the Institute, in the forming of a museum representing
the history of various manufactures, and said the Insti-
tute would be glad to receive contributions. The inten-
tion is to make a collection of pottery, types of different
kinds of stone, china and earthenware ; articles for kind-
ling fire, — antique specimens of matches, tinder boxes,
etc. ; old paper, — writing and printing. Articles which
possessors might deem worthless would perhaps be of
service in making a link of great value.

On motion of Dr. Bolles it was

Voted, That the thanks of the Essex Institute be ten-
dered to Messrs. John Price, Lewis N. Tappan, J. W.
Merrill, and Cheever, and the ladies of the town who had
so kindly aided in the arrangements of the day. Also to
the town authorities for the use of this hall.

Regular Meeting, Monday, October 5, 1874.

Tins evening was appropriated to the commemoration
of the first centennial of the revolution — the one hun-
dredth anniversary of the meeting, in Salem, of that

161

memorable body, which here formally and finally resolved
itself into a Provincial Congress, and therein- established
in Massachusetts "a government of the people, by the
people, and for the people."

The hall was well rilled. Henry Wheatland presided,
and a fine double quartette choir, under the direction of
M. Fenollosa, Esq., who played a piano-forte accompani-
ment, sang some patriotic pieces in excellent style, which
received warm applause. The exercises were opened
with the singing of the following words, adapted for the
occasion to the tune of "Scots wha hae wi' Wallace bled :"

Men that dare with wrong to fight ;
Men that battle tor the right;
Gird ye on your armor bright;

Hark the Tocsin's call!
Tyranny with latest breath,
Struggling onward to its death,
Still with frantic madness saith,

Liberty shall fall !

Right and wrong in desperate strife ;
Front to front, and life for life,
Reckless of the ruin rife ;

Meet in conflict dire !
Lighting up our western sky;
Harbinger of vict'ry nigh;
See ! the flames a-re mounting high ;

Kindles Freedom's fire !

What though King's strong arm assail;
This the light makes tyrants pale ;
God and .Justice will prevail,

Now ami evermore.
Every form of wrong shall die !
Perish every vaunted lie; —
Lo ! the radiance from on high

Lights Columbia's shore.

Men that dare with wrong to fight;
Men that battle for the right ;

162

Now is past Oppression's night ;

Breaks the coming morn !
Look, behold the morning star
Freedom's pathway gilds afar ;
While behind her conquering car,

See a Nation born !

Dr. Wheatland then introduced Abner C. Goodell,
Jr., Esq., Vice President of the Historical Department,
who proceeded to deliver an elaborate and most admi-
rable oration on the subject of the commemoration, which
was attentively listened to, and at various points emphati-
cally applauded. This valuable contribution to our his-
torical literature, in which was given a minute history of
the occurrences which led to the meeting whose one hun-
dredth anniversary the society had met to celebrate, will
soon be published in the "Historical Collections" of the
Institute, and be accessible to all who take an interest in
the great events here transacted and commemorated.

Mr. Goodell first drew from the Greek mythology a
parallel between the story of the Greek founder of Athens
and the genius of independence in creating the harmo-
nious confederation of States. He followed this with a
review of the relations existing between Great Britain and
the American colonies one hundred years ago, especially
what took place in Salem at that time — the removal of
the General Court, etc. Speaking of this court, he said,
When the whole Assembly met here in June, the upper
room was the hall of the representatives. The council
chamber may have been below, or more likely in the old
tavern opposite, on the site now covered by the Stearns
Building; while the governor, doubtless, had rooms not
far distant, or possibly he may have remained at his head-
quarters in Dan vers. On this occasion ; viz., in October,
the whole body of legislators, consisting of the assembled

103

ninety, found ample space in the court room, which was fifty
feet lon^i" and thirty feet wide. The Assembly organized ;
John Hancock was chosen chairman and Benjamin Lin-
coln, clerk. A committee was then appointed to consider

the governor's proclamation, and to consult on measures
to be adopted, and the Assembly again adjourned. On
Friday, Ihe 7th of October, the committee reported four
resolutions, concluding with the declaration that the
grievances which they set forth were such as "in all good
governments," had "been considered among the greatest
reasons for convening a Parliament or Assembly," and
that the proclamation was further proof of the necessity
of "most vigorous and immediate exertions for preserv-
ing the freedom and constitution" of the province. The
resolutions were immediately adopted. Having thus sol-
emnly renounced the authority of Parliament, and af-
firmed the fundamental right of the people to institute a
government, when, in their judgment the regular admin-
istration had overstepped the limits of the constitution,
they adjourned to more comfortable quarters at Concord,
to meet on the following Tuesday. Here they continued
their sittings, with a few weeks' intermission, until the
10th of December. At Concord they organized the Con-
gress by raising Hancock to the presidency, and made
Lincoln their secretary. Their progress toward practical
independence was now sure and speedy. Before the end
of October, all constables and collectors of taxes had
submitted to their order to withhold payment from Har-
rison Gray, the province treasurer, and to return their
collections to Henry Gardner, who soon after was ap-
pointed receiver general ; and with closed doors and
under a solemn pledge of secrecy, they had resolved
upon the momentous subject of "the most proper time"
to procure arms and ammunition by unanimously adopt-

164

ing a report that "now is the time!" By midsummer
three sessions had been held, had transacted business,
and finally dissolved. On the day of their dissolution
they again assembled, by the recommendation of the
Continental Congress, as an independent government
under the charter. Before this reorganization, the estab-
lished tribunals of justice, which had either ceased to
held sessions or were disregarded by the people, had
been replaced by a Court of Inquiry, to insure the pres-
ervation of order ; the establishment of a navy had been
favorably reported upon, and the great work of raising
and equipping an army had been accomplished. Under
the new style of government, the council and represen-
tatives removed the judges who had been appointed by
royal governors, and issued commissions to new magis-
trates of their own selection. Thus, in less than ten
months from the taking of their first bold step at Salem,
the new regime was in the full exercise of the three
great functions of government — legislative, judicial and
executive. While the Legislature was thus employed,
the people were busy arming and organizing the militia.
Through the fall and winter, colonels of regiments and
other military officers, who were not in known sympathy
with the popular movement, were either forced to resign,
or the men under their command voluntarily disbanded
and reorganized under other leaders. New companies
were started, beginning with an artillery company in
Marblchcad, for which subscriptions were opened early
in November. The expedition of Colonel Leslie, on the
26th of February, 1775, and the affair at the North
Bridge in Salem, when the first bloodshed of the revolu-
tion occurred, present a theme inviting discussion, when
the anniversary of that day arrives. Mr. Goodell reca-
pitulated the events of these nine months as follows : —

165

line, we have seen, were convened the last Provincial
Assembly and first Provincial Congress ; here were chosen
the lirst delegates to the Continental Congress ; here the
assembled province 6rst formally renounced allegiance to
the Imperial Legislature ; here was made the first attempt
to enforce the last oppressive acts of Parliament, and
here that attempt was resisted ; here, though no mortal
wound was given, was shed the first blood of the Ameri-
can Revolution ; here was first organized the nucleus of
an army ; and here the banner of independence first
spoke defiance, as it flapped and rustled in the wind.

The choir next sang a German National Hymn, from
Mendelssohn's four part songs, commencing,

"Thro' deepest gloom the night wind cold," etc.

In conclusion the choir sang Julius Eichberg's National

Hymn,

"To thee, O country."

The President then iuvited the company to partake of
a basket collation which had been provided in the ante-
rooms, and a pleasant season of social enjoyment termi-
nated this interesting commemoration.

Otis P. Lord of Salem, Lewis N. Tappan of Manchester
and J. W. Merrill of Cambridge were elected resident
members.

Regular Meeting, Monday, October 19, 1874.

Meeting this evening at 7.30 o'clock. The President
in the chair. Records of preceding meeting read.

The Secretary announced the following correspon-
dence : —

166

From E. P. Boon, New York, Oct. 15; James S. Bryant, Hartford, Sept. 21 ; C. II.
Dall, Boston, Sept. 21, 24; C. C. Dawson, New York. Oct. 15; Charles H. Higbee,
Boston, Oct. 13; F. E. Hotchki-s, New Haven, Conn., Oct. 3; G. M. Levette, Indi-
anapolis, Ind.. Sept. 2G; Alfred M. Mayer, Iloboken, N. J., Oct. 3; Daniel A. Rog-
ers, Chicago, Ind., Sept. 24; T. W. Silloway, Boston, Oct. 3. 7; Mary W. Towne,
Sept. 30; Bordeaux. Societe Linneenne, Sept. 14; Kjobenhavn, det Kongelige
Danske Videnskabernes Selskab, Sept. 7; New York Lyceum of Natural History,
Oct. 12; New York State Library, Sept. 25; Somersetshire Archaeological and Nat-
ural History Society, Taunton, Sept. 14; Trinity College Library, Oct. 6; Worcester
Public Library, Oct. 2, 7.

The Librarian reported the following additions : —

By Donation.

Anagnos, M., Boston. Reports of Blind Institutions, 46.

Bolles, E. C. Principles of Masonic Law, by Mackey. 1 vol. 8vo. Hymns
for the Sanctuary. 1 vol 8vo. Putnam's Phalanx. 1 vol. Svo. Gloria Patri. 1
vol. Svo. Portland Reference Book. 1852-53. 1 vol. 12mo. Autobiography of L.
Norton. 1 vol. 12mo. Life of Win. Pen n, by T.Clarkson. lvol. Svo. Mrs. Marsh's
Novels. 2 vols. Svo. The Widower. 1 vol. Svo. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 76.

Bryant, James S., Hartford. Mining Statistics west of the Rocky Mountains,
1870. 1 vol. Svo. American Sunday School Magazine, 1824. 1 vol. Svo. Burgh's
Dignity. 1 vol. 8vo. Bellamy's True Religion. 1 vol. 12mo. Willison's Medita-
tions. 1 vol. 12mo. Murray's English Grammar. 1 vol. 12mo. Butler's General
History. lvol.l6mo. An Autobiography by John B. Gough. lvol. 12mo. Adam's
Latin Grammar. 1 vol. 16mo. Memoir of Rev. M. Henry. 1 vol. 12mo. Blair's
Lectures. 1 vol. lOmo. English Reader. 1 vol. 12mo. Beauties of Creation. 1
vol. 12mo. Zion's Pilgrim. 1 vol. 16mo. Solyman and Almena. 1 vol. 16mo.
William's Sermon. 1 vol. Svo. Farewell Letters by W. Ward. 1 vol. 12mo. Web-
ster's American Selection. 1 vol. 12mo. History of Animals. 1 vol. 12mo.
Dwight's Geography. 1 vol. 12mo. The Battle of Bunker Hill; a Poem by R.
Emmons. 1 vol. 12mo. 1'ilkington's Historical Beauties for ■ oung Ladies. 1 vol.
12mo. Thoughts on Diviue Goodness. 1 vol. 12mo. Flint's Dictionary. 1 vol,
12mo. Dwight's Psalms. 1 vol. lGmo. The Widow of the Village. 1 vol. 16mo.
Nettleton's Village Poems. 1 vol. Kimo. Hartford Directories, 1837, L868, 1809.
1870,1871,1872,1873. Hartford City Guide, 1871. lvol. 12noo. Maogowan'e Life of
Joseph. 1 vol. 12mo. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 86.

Cooke, C. Rockford City Directory for 1869. 1 vol. Svo.

Dawson, Chas. C, New York. Dawson Family Records, by donor, lvol. 8vo,
Albany, 1874. Guide Books, 27. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 38.

Elliott, E. n., Washington, l>. C. Report on the Commerce and Navigation of
the United States, 1873. 1 vol. Svo. Report on Immigration, by E. Young, 1871. 1
vol. Svo. Monthly Reports of the Chief of the Bureau of Statistics, Treasury
Department, July-Dec, 1873, Jan.-May, isTi. 11 pamphlets.

GREEN, Dr. S. A., of Boston, Mass. Forty-Sixth Annual Report of the Con-
troller' of Public Schools of Penn.. ism. i vol. svo. Annual Report of the Bos-
ton City Hospital, 1873-74, l vol. svo. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 36.

HOTCHKI88, Frank E.,of New Haven. Conn. Year Book of the City of New
Haven, 1873. 1 vol. 8vo. Report of the Board of Ednoation of Conn., 1874. l
vol. 8vo. Report of the Board of Education of the New Haven City School Dis-
trict, 1874.

Lbb, k. h. Dexter Smith's Paper, s numbers. Folio, 16 numbers. Musical Bul-
letin, 9 numbers. Bramard's Bulletin, 17 numbers. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 15.

167

Lee, John c. Commercial Bull ■tin, Sept. 5, 12, 19, 1874.

Levettb, 6. M., Indianapolis, Ind. Geological Survey of Indiana. 1873. 1vol.
8vo. Indiana Agricultural Reports, 1-7.;. l vol.

Milks, W. a., New Fork. New York Directories, 1871, 1872, 1878. 3 vols. 8vo.

Merritt, Ij. B\ Shanghai Budget, June 20, 27, July I, 11, 18, 1874. Essex
County .Mercury, several numbers.

P \: i b w. c. \v. Mi pamphlets, J7.

Pi rNAM, P. W. Annual Beport of the Indianapolis Board of Trade, Jan., 1874.
Mineral. Manufacturing and Agricultural Resources of Indiana, by E. T. Cox, 1873.

i i n im, Geo. G. Democratic Review, 12 vols. 8vo.

Robin son, John. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 300.
DtTH, Prof. J. L., Louisville, Ky. Scientific Researches. Ivol.Svo. 1873.
::. K. II. Catalogue Cniversitatis Bvunensis, 1873. 8vopamph.

Stickney, M. A. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 150.

( . --. Patent Office. Official Gazette, Sept. l. 8, 15, 22, 29, 1874.

Waters, J. <;. Speeches on the Indian Bill, 18.;o. l vol. 8vo. Youth's Instruc-
tor. 1 vol. 12mo. Sermons by J.Flint. Ivol.Svo. The Seaman's Daily Assis-
tant. I vol.8vo. Mass. Regi ter, 1816. 1 vol. 12mo. Moore's Strictures, 1 vol-
l2mo. Bowditch's Practical Navigator. Ivol. 8vo. American Coast Pilot, lvol.
8vo. Moore's Navigation. Ivol.Svo. Coaster's Companion. Ivol.Svo. Miscel-
laneous pamphlet;

By Exchange.

American Philosophical Society of Phila. Proceedings of, Vol. xiv, No.
92. Jan.-June, 1874. 8vo pamph.

Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences. Bulletin of, Vol. ii, No. 2, 1874.
Svo pamph.

New York State LIBRARY. Eighty-sixth Annual Report of the Regents of
the University. 1 vol. Svo. ls7:). Twenty-third Annual Report of the New York
state Cabinet of Natural History. 1869. 1 vol. 8vo. Miscellaneous Reports. :;.

Somersetshire Archaeological and Natural History Society. Pro-
ceedings for 1873. 1 vol. 8vo.

PUBLISHERS. American Naturalist. American Journal of Science. Forest
and Stream. Gardener'- Monthly. Gloucester Telegraph. Ilardwicke's Science
Gossip. Haverhill Gazette. Ipswich Chronicle. Lawrence American. Lynn
Reporter. Lynn Transcript. Medical and Surgical Reporter. Nation. Nature.
Peabody I're.-s. 9alem l'o.-t. Salem Observer.

George H. Woods, of Salem, was duly elected a resi-
dent member.

Prof. E. S. Morse, being called upon, gave a very
interesting account of the theory of evolution, basing his
remarks principally upon the structural development of
birds and its relations to that of reptiles and other great
natural families, both geological and extant. It was diffi-
cult to decide which most to admire, the fluency and

168

earnestness of his utterance, or the wonderful facility and
rapidity of his illustrations with the pencil.

On motion of Rev. E. S. Atwood, it was unanimously
voted that an invitation be extended to the Massachusetts
Universalis!: Convention, now in session in Salem, to visit
the rooms of the Institute and examine the various col-
lections of the Association.

Rev. E. C. Bolles then gave a very interesting and
eloquent account of his observations among the various
scientific collections of London, during his recent Euro-
pean tour. He spoke particularly of the immense library
of the British Museum, the South Kensington and Bethnal
Green Museums, the National Gallery of Paintings, the
Jermyn Street Museum with which Huxley is connected,
the East India Museum and the Kew Botanic Gardens,
describing their collections, explaining their arrangement
and purposes, and expatiating eloquently on their influ-
ence upon the useful education of the public. The sums
spent for these collections by the government, the men
of wealth and the friends of science, seem almost fabu-
lous, and their perfection in the several departments is
wonderful.

Mr. Bolles concluded by moving that a new depart-
ment be added to the Institute, or put in charge of a
ciiratorship already established, viz. : a museum of Tech-
nology, or Applied Science. Such a collection had been
commenced on a small scale and arranged in the ante-
room in such a manner as to make the plan intelligible,
and the audience were invited to examine it after the
adjournment. The specimens illustrated the different
processes in the manufacture of porcelain and pottery,
from the crude clay to the highly ornamented and finished

169

article ; also the several processes in chromo lithography.
Mr. Holies likewise brought from Europe for this depart-
ment about a thousand specimens of fibres, including
those on which the British government has expended so
much experiment in India, which will be an important
and valuable nucleus for the new department.

The plan excited much interest and was regarded with
high favor. Several gentlemen announced that they al-
ready had, or could easily procure, suites of specimens
in various arts, which they would be glad to add to the
Institute treasures.

The subject was referred to the Directors, and there is
a fine prospect of commencing the new department with
valuable contributions, and under the most favorable
auspices for constant and large additions.

LISTS OF BIRDS OBSERVED AT VARIOUS LOCALITIES CONTIGUOUS

TO THE CENTRAL PACIFIC RAILROAD, FROM SACRAMENTO

CITY, CALIFORNIA, TO SALT LAKE CITY, UTAH.

By Robert Ridgwav.

The observations upou which the following notes are based were
made in connection with the field work of the U. S. Geological Explo-
ration of the Fortieth Parallel, in charge of Mr. Clarence King, U. S.
Geologist, during portions of the years 1867, 1868 and 1869.

The preseut paper is a mere abstract of that portion of the zoologi-
cal report* of the Survey relating to the character and distribution of
the local avifauna encountered along the route of exploration, and is
published in its present form in order to acquaint ornithologists, -as
soon as possible, witli the results of ornithological investigations made
by the Expedition.

The country traversed by the Survey in the course of its field work
is embraced chiefly between the parallels of 39° and-42° North latitude,

*In pi-ess.

170

and the meridians of 1110 and 122° West longitude. The localities
at which observations were made upon the fauna are classified as
follows: —

I. THE SACRAMENTO VALLEY.

a. Outskirts of Sacramento City.

b. Across the plains from Sacramento to the Sierra Nevada.

II. THE SIERRA NEVADA.

a. The western foot-hills. b. The pine region.

c. The summit of Donuer Pass. d. The eastern slope.

III. western Nevada {area of the eastern drainage of the
Sierra Nevada, or western Basin drainage).

a. Eagle Valley, b. Carson Valley, d. Washoe Valley.

e. Truckee Meadows (above the Virginia Mountains).

/. Truckee Valley (below " " "

g. Adjacent plateaux, h. Islands of Pyramid Lake.

IV. EASTERN NEVADA, SOUTHERN IDAHO AND NORTHWESTERN

utah (interior Basin drainage).

a. West Humboldt Mountains, b. Toyabe Mountains.

c. Ruby Mountains. d. East Humboldt Mountains.

e. Upper Humboldt Valley.

/. Lower Humboldt Valley, "Sink" of the Humboldt.

g. Soda Lake, Carson Desert, h. Ruby and Franklin Lakes.

i. Thousand Spring Valley. j. "City of Rocks," Southern Idaho.

k. Deep Creek, Northwestern Utah.

V. eastern utah ( Wahsatch and Uintah drainage,
or eastern Basin drainage).

a. Salt Lake valley, b. Islands in the Great Salt Lake.

c. Parley's Park (Wahsatch Mountains).

d. Pack's Canon (western spur of Uintah Mountains).

e. Kamas Prairie. /. Provo Canon (pass of the Provo River).

I. SACRAMENTO VALLEY.

a. Catalogue of birds breeding in the Immediate vicinity of
Sacramento City in June, 1807.

1. Thryomanes Bewicki spilurus. Common?

2. Dendroica Bsstlva. Abundant.

3. Geothlypis trlchas. Abundant.

171

4. Icteria vircns longicauda. Abundant.

5. Hirundo horreorum. Abundant.

6. Progne subis. Abundant.

7. Fetrochelidon lunifrons. Abundant.

8. Vlreo gilvus Swainsoni. Common.

9. V. puslllus. Common.

10. Collurio Ludovicianus (excubitoroldes ?). Common.

11. Carpodacus frontalis. Abundant.

12. Chrysomitris tristis. Abundant.

13. Coturniculus passerinus perpallidus. Common.

14. Chondestes grammaca. Abundant.

15. Melospiza melodia Heermanni. Common.

16. Spizella Breweri. Common.

17. S. socialis. Common.

18. Iledymeles melanocephalus. Common.

19. Guiraca cserulea. Common.

20. Cyanospiza amoena. Common.

21. 1'ipilo erytbropbtbalmus Oregonua. Common.

22. Agelaius phoeniceus gubernator. Very abundant.

23. A. tricolor. Very abundant.

24. Xanthocephalus icterocephalus. Very abundant.

25. Sturnella neglecta. Common.

28. Icterus Bullocki. Very abundant.

27. Tyrannus verticalis. Abundant.

28. Sayornis nigricans. Common?

29. Contopus Blcbardsoni. Abundant.

30. Empidonax pusillus. Abundant.

31. Coccyzus Americanus. Rare.

32. Calypte anna?. Common.

33. Trochilus Alexaudri. Common.

34. Colaptes auratus Mexicanus. Rare.

35. Otus vulgaris Wilsonianus. Common.

3G. Speotyto cunicularia hypugaea. Abundant.

37. Falco sparverius. Abundant.

38. Zenaidura Caroliuensis. Abundant.

i

39. iEgialitis vociferus. Abundant.

40. Ardea herodias. Common.

41. Herodias alba egretta. Rare.

42. Butorides virescena. Abundant.

43. Nyctiardea grisea nsevla. Common.

44. Gallinula chloropus galeata. Abundant.

45. Fulica Americana. Abundant.

46. Anas boschas. Abundant.

Essex Inst. Bulletin. vi 14

172

47. Chaulelasmus streperus. Abundant.

48. Querquedula cyanoptera. Abundant.

49. Aythya sp? Abundant.

50. Larus sp? Abundant.

51. Sterna Forsteri? Abundant.

52. Hydrochelidou fissipes. Very abundant.

6. List of species observed among the oaks of the plains

between Sacramento City and the foot-hills of the

Sierra Nevada, June and July, 1867.

1. Parus atricapillus occidentals ? Common.

2. Troglodytes aedou Parkmanni. Common.

3. Eremophila alpestris chrysolsema. Abundant.

4. Pica melauoleuca Nuttalli. Very abundant.

5. Corvus Americanus. Very abundant.

6. Myiarchus criuitus cinerascens. Common.

7. Picus Nuttalli. Common.

8. Melanerpes formicivorus. Abundant.

9. M. torquatus. Abundant.

10. Strix flammea pratincola. Common.

11. Scops asio. Common.

12. Buteo lineatus elegans. Common.

13. Rhinogryphus aura. Pare.

II. SIKRRA NEVADA.

a. Species seen among the western foot-hills, July, 18G7.

1. Polioptila ccerulea? Abundant.

2. Psaltriparus minimus. Abundant.

3. Certhia familiaris fusca. Common.

4. Troglodytes aedon Parkmanni. Common.

5. Dendroica a3Stiva. Abundant.

6. Chrysomitris Lawrencii. Common.

7. Pipilo fusca crissalis. Common.

8. Cyanocitta Floridana Californlca. Common.

9. Lophortyx Californicus. Common.

h. Species found in the pine forests of the western slope of the
Sierra Nevada, at an altitude of 5,000 feet, in July, 18G7.

1. Tardus migratorlus. Common.

2. T. Swalnsoni astulatus. Abundant.

3. Sialia Mexlcana. Common.

173

4. C'mclus Mcxicanus. Common.

5. Myiadestes Townsendi. Common.

6. Dendrolca Auduboni. Common.

7. Pyranga Ladoyiciana. Common.

8. Junco hyemalis Oregonus. Common.

9. Picicorvus Colambianas. Abundant.

10. Cyanara Stelleri frontalis. Abundant.

11. Picus albolarvatus. Common.

12. Sphyrapicus varius ruber. Rare.

13. Aquila chrysaetus Canadensis. Common.

c. Species breeding at an altitude of about 7,000 feet on
the Sierra Nevada, July, 18G7.

1. Zonotrichia leucophrys intermedia. Very abundant.

2. Junco hyemalis Oregonus. Abundant.

3. Sialia Mexicaua. Abundant.

4. Turdus migratorius. Abundant.

d. Species breeding on the eastern slope of the Sierra Nevada
(July, 18G7, and April and May, 1868).

1. Turdus migratorius. Abundant.

2. T. Swainsoni ustulatus. Common?

3. Sialia Mexicana. Common.

4. Cinclus Mexicauus. Common?

5. Regulus calendula. Common?

6. Certhia familiaris fusca. Common?

7. Parus moutanus. Abundant.

8. Sitta Caroliucnsis aculeata. Abundant.

9. S. pusilla pygmaea. Abundant.

10. Helminthophaga celata. Common.

11. Myiodioctes pusillus. Common?

12. Dendroica Auduboni. Common.

13. Geothlypis Macgillivrayi. Abundant.

14. Carpodacus Cassini. Abundant.

15. Chrysomitris piuus. Abundant.

16. Melospiza Lincolni. Common.

17. Junco hyemalis Oregonus. Abundant.

18. Zonotrichia leucophrys intermedia. Abundant.

19. Passerella iliaca megarhynchus. Abundant.

20. Pipilo erythrophthalmus Oregonus. Abundant.

21. Picicorvus Colambianas. Abundant.

22. Cyanura Stelleri frontalis. Abundant.

174

23. Cyanocitta Floridana Califoruica. Common.

24. Contopus borealis. Rare ?

25. Empidonax Hammondi. Common?

26. E. obscurus. Abundant.

27. E. flaviventris difflcilis. Rare?

28. Stellula calliope. Common ?

29. Picus albolarvatus. Common.

30. Sphyrapicus varius ruber. Rare?

31. S. thyroideus. Rare.

32. Melanerpes torquatus. Abundant.

33. Canace obscura. Common.

Of the species breeding on the eastern slope of the Sierra Nevada
(table "d"), only one — Picus albolarvatus — is peculiar to that range,
the remainder breeding on the mountains toward and beyond the
eastern limit of the Great Basin. Sialia Mexicana, Sitta aculeata, S.
pygmcea, Empidonax difficilis and Sphyrapicus thyroideus, have not yet
been found anywhere in Nevada to the eastward of the Sierra, but
they occur among the nearly equally dense forests of the Rocky Moun-
tain ranges,* — most of them being abundant in the Wahsatch range
of Utah. Several of these species thus repeated in the Rocky Moun-
tain system, are represented there by different geographical races,
as follows : —

SIERRA NEVADA. ROCKY MOUNTAINS.

1. Turdus Swainsoni ustulatus. T. Swainsoni.

2. Junco hyemalis Oregonus. J. hyemalis annectens.

3. Zonotrichia leucophrys intermedia. Z. leucophrys.

4. Passerella iliaca megarhynchus. P. iliaca schistacea.
6. Pipilo erythrophthalmus Oregonus. P. erythrophthalmus

megalonyx.

6. Cyanura Stelleri frontalis. C. Stelleri macrolopha.

7. Cyanocitta Floridana Califoruica. C. Floridana Woodhousii.

8. Sphyrapicus varius ruber. S. varius nuchalis.

•See Birds of Colorado, Bull. Essex Inst., v, Nov., 1873, p. 178.
{To be continued.]

BULLETIN

OF THE

ESSEX INSTITUTE.
Vol. 6. Salem, Mass., November, 1874. No. 11.

One Dollar a rear in Advance. 10 Cents a Single Copy.

Regular Meeting, Monday, November 2, 1874.

Meeting this evening at 7.30 o'clock. President in
the chair. Records read.

The Secretary announced the following correspon-
dence : —

From A. C Goodell, jr., Oct. 16; L.C. Herrick, Woodstock, Ohio, Oct. 28; C. II.
nigbep. Boston, Oct. 27; B. W. Leavenworth, Syracuse, N. Y., <>.-t. 18; J. W. Man-
ning, Reading. Oct. 20; John U. Rollins, Lawrence, Oct. 29; Buffalo Historical
Society, Oct. 30; Gottingen Die Konigliche Gesellschaft der Wissenchaften, Juli v>;
New York Historical Society, Oct. 31 ; New York state Library, Oct. 28. 29; Ohio
Historical and Philosophical Society, Oct. 3; Portland Institute, Oct. 20; Wore
Public Library, Oi

The Librarian reported the following additions to the
library : —

By Donation.

BOi.i.i.-. B.C. Miscellaneous pamphlets

Hatch, Lbmi el B. The Descendants of \\'m. Hatch, of Scituate, Mass., 1874.
The -> rian Protestant College, L874.

Leavenworth, B. W., of Syracuse, \. v. Genealogy of the Leavenworth
Family in the United States, by donor, l vol. 8vo. Syracuse, 1873.

Office of the Chief of Engineers, Report upon Ornithological Specimens
collected in 1871, 1872, 1873. Catalogue of Plants collected in 1871 . 1872, 1873.

SlLSBEE, !•:. A. The White Mountain Guide Book. 2 vols. 12mo. Lunar Obser-

Essex Inst. Bulletin. vi 1j

17G

vations, by E. C. Ward. 1 vol. Svo. Southern Quarterly Review, 2 numbers. The
Athenaeum, 10 numbers. Allen's Victoria liegia. 1 vol. folio.

U. S. Patent Office. Official Gazette for Oct. 13, 1874.

WATERS, J. &. Palestine and the Hebrew People. 1 vol. 16m o. The Books and
Characters of the New Testament. 1 vol. 16mo. Lesson on the Old Testament. 1
vol. 12mo. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 10.

WlLLSON, E. B. Kecord of Unitarian Worthies, May, July, Oct., 1874.

Wolcott, Mrs. S. B. Catalogue of Harvard College Library. 4 vols. 8vo. The
Mass. System of Common Schools. 1 vol. Svo. 1819. Abstracts of Mass. School
Returns, 1839-40, 1840-11, 1845-4'i. 3 vols. 8vo. Pitkin's statistics. 1 vol. 8vo.
Fisk's Greek Grammar. 1 vol. 12mo. Natural History of the Bible. 1 vol. 12mo.
Goodrich's Greek Grammar. 1 vol. IGnio. Hamel's French Grammar. 1 vol.
12mo. Elements of Euclid. 1 vol. Svo. Pelbam's System of Notation. 1 vol.
12mo. Sheridan's Grammar of the English Language. 1 vol. 12mo. Coleman's
Discourses. 1 vol. 12mo.

By Exchange.

Boston' Public Library. Bulletin for Oct.. 1874.

Crosse et Fischer. Journal de Conchyliologie, 3e Serie, Tome xiv, No. 3, 1874.

Geological Survey of Canada. Report of Progress for 1872-73. 1 vol. 8vo.

IN8T1TOT IIistokiql'E in Pahis. L' luvestigateur, 40 Annie, Juin-Juillet, 1^74.

Konoelioe Dansice Videnskabeiines Selskab i KjOBENHAVN. Oversigt,
1S73, No. :;. 1S74. No. 1.

New Yokic State LIBRARY. New York Legislative Documents for 1870, '71. '72.
'73 '74. Laws. 8 vols. 8 vo. Senate Journals. 4 vols. 8vo. Senate Documents.
22 vols. Svo. Assembly Journals. 8 vols. Svo. Assembly Documents. 32 vols.
8vo- Manual for the Use of the Legislature of New York. 1871. 1 vol. 12mo.

PEABOD1 Academy of Science. Sixth Annual Report for 187.!.

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge, Vol. xix.
lvol. 4tO. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, Vols, x, xi, xii. 3 vols. Svo.
Smithsonian Reports, 1871, 1872. 2 vols. Svo.

so< ii. n: l>' AcCLi.MATATiox. Bulletin Mensuel, 3me Serie, Tome i, No. 5, Mai,
1874. No. (5, Juin.

Societe d' Antiiuopologie in Paris. Bulletin, 2e Serie, Tome viii. Be, Be,
Fascicule, 1873. Tome ix. ler Fascicule. 1874.

Verein fur Ebdkunde zu Dresden, x Jahresbericht. 8vopamph. 1874.

V.w.i; COLLEGE. Catalogue of the Officers and students iii Vale College, L874-5.

ZEITSCHRIBT EUR DIE GESAMMTEN Nam i:\\ Ism.m 11 u'l'LN IN BERLIN. Baud
ix, N.'iie Folge, L874.

p, blishers. American Naturalist. Forest and Stream. Gloucester Telegraph.
Haverhill Gazette. Ipswich Chronicle. Lawrence American. Lynn Lleporter.
Lynn Transcript. Medical and Surgical Reporter. Nation. Nature. Peabody
i Salem City Post. Salem Observer.

Hon. James Kimball read two petitions, signed sonic
one hundred and fifty yours since, to the proper author-
ities, setting forth the necessity of preventing the con-
struction of dams or other obstructions to the tree passage
of fish from the sea to the inland ponds, to deposit their

177

spawn during the appropriate season ; giving the reasons

therefor, and urging the great value of the fisheries to our
people. It seems that at this early period in our history
there were persons cognizant of the importance of those

measures which are now receiving due attention from the
national and several of our State governments, commis-
sions having been appointed to take this subject into con-
sideration and to devise means to restock our rivers and
streams with food fishes, which in the early settlement fur-
nished an abundant supply. The preservation of fish re-
ceived the earliest attention of the colonists, as they were
one of the great "staples" of Massachusetts, being not
only a source of supply for their own wants, but of great
profit in their foreign trade ; a cargo of tish often procured
for them a return cargo of wines, spiecs, and other lux-
uries. In the construction of the first mills reservations
were made in the grants, "not to stop or hinder the ale-
wives from going up to the great pond." Many of our
older citizens may well remember the attention that was
given to the removal of all obstructions that would prevent
the free passage of the alewives and other fishes to and
from the spawning places, by our town authorities, in the
appointment of fish committees, whose duties were not
only to remove these obstructions, but prevent the taking
offish only on certain days in each week, and also to pre-
scribe I he manner that a due proportion may be preserved.

Previous to 1760 but few changes had been effected,
and it was not until the beginning of the present cen-
tury fhat the old landmarks, once prominent in our local
descriptions, began to disappear, and such has been the
rapid march of progress, that during the last three-quar-
ters of a century all of them are obliterated.

Improvements required by the progressive tendencies
of the age, have contributed in effacing places once

178

famous in our local history. The once beautiful North
and South rivers, so important to the first settlers of the
town as their principal and most convenient highway, and
which afforded ample accommodations to the early com-
merce of the town, are now reduced to sluggish streams,
hardly receiving the purifying influences of the ocean
tides, by reason of the obstructions required in the ser-
vice of trade and manufactures.

To the Justises of the Geuerall Seshious of the Peace to be liolden
at Salem for the County of Essex, the last Tuesday of June, 1725.

"The Humble Petition of Thomas Rich Humbly Sheweth. That
the North-River in the Town of Salem runs Southwesterly into Sev-
eral! Ponds, viz. Spring Pond, long Pond & Seder Pond where abun-
dance of Pisli passes in the Spring time of the year to spawn. Nev-
ertheless several waires have been made across the Brook, within this
few years, which have almost broke their usuall wonted Custom. I
have made application to the Selectmen who inform me that it is with
your Honours Consideration in that affair. I have this lour years
last past taken all the care I could in pulling clown all the Waires in
said Brooks to the severall Ponds once. I requested by a complaint
to Justice Sewall & Justice Wolcott for a warrant, hopeing to finde out
them that had erected sd waires & I took a Constable with me then
we found but one Waire. I have spent four days in the properest
time of every last four years abovesaid. Sometimes I have pulled
down seven Waires between .Mr. Trask' Millpond S5 the Butts Bridge,
this year I was hut two days up the Brook but did not find any.
but was informed that the fish were stopt in their Comeing down
from the ponds, and if your Hon" in your Wisdom Sec cause to order
that affair, or else their wonted custom will be broke, which will make
other fish as Cod & Haddock scarce with us, for such fish comes in
after the above small fish for bait ; and if such inconveniences could be
removed, fish might be as plenty as they were formerly, which would
be a great benefit to the Town & Country, for which your Petitioner
desires your Honors Consideration for his abovesaid trouble, and your
Petioner shall ever pray. Thomas Rich."

It seems that the labors of Mr. Rich were in his own
opinion of some service, for another petition was pre-
sented the' next year, which is here presented, verbatim.

"To the llonrball his maiesties Justses of in fear*' cort, and gene-
rail seshious of the peace to Be holden at Salem for the county of
Esex the last Tuesday of June, I7i'i>.

It was considrd liy the llonrball cort holden at Salem on the last
Tuesday id' June 1725, that- Thomas Rich shuld lack care, and use all
proper meanes that the Law Be observed ami fulfllld with respect to

179

the fish being obstructed in tliare pasing up the several brakes that
leadeth to the several ponds. As spring pond, Long pond and -
pond. Acording to your honors order, 1 have taken All the cears I
coold And i hope to good efect P.v reason of the plenty of C<

'• that have Byn this year, this was the fifth year that I have
tacken cear concerning sd fish parsing ap sd Brucks four days pr
year I have Bin up sd Brucks And wherupon several weaves and
other in cumbranses one sd Brucks. I am informed that theare is a
brook that leadeth out of Ipswidg river to umphreys pond whar
Abundans of fish used to pas formerly And if your honors In your
wisdom see cas to order that afore it will Be A greal Benefit not only
to this town Bui allsoto the country. I haue tacken cear live years
lasl pasl the Select men toock.of my rates on year But that is too
small Amotes to four days waden np the Bruckes to the small ponds.
That if your honors in your wisdom sec tit to Alow Sunithng for the
managmnt in that mater your petitioner shall for ever pray.
Salem Jim y° 21. 172G.

Thomas Rich."

"Its Considered by the Court that the petitioner be
further Impowered and allowed for the year ensuing to
reraoue all obstructions in the Brooks as abovsaid."

(Endorsed) "partly granted."

Prof. E. S. MonsE gave some account of certain species
of ants which construct receptacles under ground for the
storage of their food, describing the manner in which
these were made; also the ingenuity and skill displayed,
and the division of labor adopted by these ants in the
procuring of the food and in the other arrangements in
the management of their domestic affairs.

He also described the habits of a family of spiders
known as the trap door spiders, who also construct their
domiciles under ground, which are tubular in shape and
composed of the web tilled in with the earth, and other
materials that are cemented together by a glutinous mat-
ter which they secrete. They have at the entrance a trap
door composed of fibres of the web filled with earth, bits
of leaves, lichens, etc., so as to be completely disguised.
The different species vary somewhat in the style iA' the

i

180

construction, though all are made upon the same general
principles.

Rev. E. C. Bolles reported progress in the formation
and arrangement of the collection of specimens illus-
trating some of the industrial arts, specifying a few of the
most interesting additions.

Mr. C. H. Higbee, with remarks relative to the arti-
cles, presented a series of Heliotypes from J. R. Osgood
& Co., Boston, and also the following donations to the
collections ; from E. C. Mack a fire frame and several
kitchen utensils of the olden times ; from J. C. Lee speci-
mens of pottery from Torquay ; from John Pickering a
cast-iron fire place back with the date of 1660, and the
initials I. A. P., for John and Alice Pickering, taken from
the Pickering house on Broad street, which was built sev-
eral years previous to the above date by John Pickering,
the ancestor of the present owner of the estate. Ad-
journed.

Regular. Meeting, Monday, November 16, 1874.

Meeting this evening at 7.30 o'clock. President in
the chair. Records read.

The Secretary announced the following correspon-
dence : —

From II. it. Dawson, Morrisania, X. Y.. Sept. 30; G. I.. Goodale, Cambridge, Nov.
0; c II. Higbee, Nov. 9; .i.e. Holmes, Detroit, Mich., Nov. 12; Stanislas Bleunier,
Paris, Feb. 21; Robert Ridgway, Washington, D. C, Nov. 7; George H. Woods,
Nov- 2; New York Lyceum of Natural History, Nov. 2,

The Librarian reported the following additions to the
library : —

181

By Donation.

Fun i , <.i ii. F. Essays on Peace, on War. I vol. 12mo. L827.

Gheen, Dr. 8. A., of Boston, Mass. Sweetser on Consumption. 1 vl. 8vo.
Thacher on Hydrophobia. I vol. 8vo. Brera's Treatise. lvol.8vo. 8weetseron
i ' je Won and Disorder. I vol. 8vo. Salsted's New Method of Curing Dyspepsia.
I vol. l-ui'i. Jackson on Fever. Lvol. 12mo. Constitution of the Mass. Charitable
Mechanic Association. L vol. 12mo. M lellaneous pamphlet

Holmes, J. ( .. of Detroit, Mich. Third Annual Report of the Secretary of the
Pomological Society of Michigan, 1873. l vol.8

Mack, E. C. The National Era, 1852-1859, 115 numbers.

Meuniek, St lnisl is, of Paris, Prance. Cours de < ieol gle I omparee, by donor.
1 vol. 8vo. 1874.

Office of the Chief of Engineers. Report of the Board oi Commissioners
on the Irrigation of the San Joaquin, Tulare and Sacramento Valleys of the State of
Cal. Report on the Compressive Strength, Specific Gravity, etc., bj Q. A. Gillman.

U.S. Patent Office. Official Gazette, Oct. 20, 27, 1874.

Walton, E. N. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 7.

Waters, if F. Calcutta Journal. 60 numbers.

By Exchange.

[owa State Historical Society. The Annals of Iowa, July, 1874.

N. E. Historic-Genealogical Society. Historical and Genealogical Register,
Oct.. Dec, 1874.

Phiia. Academy of Natural Sciences. Proceedings of the. Pt. ii. Apr.r-
Sept., 1874.

Society of Natoe u. Sciences of Buffalo. Bulletin of. Vol. ii, No. 3, 1874.

Publishers. Forest and stream. Gardener's .Monthly. Gloucester Telegraph.
Haverhill Gazette. Ipswich Chronicle. Lawrence American. Lynn Reporter.
Lynn Transcript. Medical and Surgical Reporter. Nation. Nature. Salem Post.
Silliman's Journal. Salem Observer.

The Secretary reported specimens of glass ware,
illustrating glass making, from W. Libbet, of the New
England Glass Company. Also the manuscript speech
of Charles Sumner, delivered in Faneuil Hall, Nov. 5,
18G0, after his return from Europe, whither he had gone
in search of health. It was received from Mr. Sumner's
executors, through the instrumentality of Mr. R. S. Ran-
toul.

M. McPherson, of Salem, was elected a resident mem-
ber.

The principal interest of the meeting centred in the
Indian skeletons and relies, recently discovered on the

182

land of Mr. Wyman, near the new cemetery in Marble-
head. A portion of the bones and the articles found
were placed on the table. After the subject had been
introduced by the President,

Mr. A. C. Goodell, Jr., said that from a conversation
with Isaac C. Wyman, Esq., the owner of the land where
the bodies were found, he was led to visit the locality
some two years ago, — in the hope of getting some further
light respecting the location of the ancient Fort Darby;
but upon viewing the premises he became satisfied that
the curious and irregular hollows in the surface of the
ground were not the marks of post holes or palisadoes,
as had been conjectured, but were, in all probability, the
work of Indians. His opinion was confirmed by a tradi-
tion in Marblehead that this spot was an Indian burying
ground, and he resolved to verify it whenever he could
make up a party including Mr. Putnam, the Director of
the Museum, whose interest in aboriginal archaeology is
well known. His illness in the summer of 1873 pre-
vented this excursion ; and no opportunity was afforded
until late this autumn, when, although Mr. Putnam was
absent at the west, a party was hastily got together in
order that the investigation might be made before the cold
season set in. The party consisted of fourteen persons,
including two experienced navvies, and the work was
commenced late in the forenoon.

Four holes were sunk without success ; but after lunch,
one of the party, in digging a fifth hole, came to what he
called a decayed root. The digging was instantly slopped
until an examination had been made by .Mr. Goodell, who
drew out a human arm bone, and carefully removing the
earth, uncovered a human skull. The other holes were
now abandoned, and the entire party set to work, in the

183

most careful manner, to remove the earth, which consisted
of a sandy loam, for a considerable spare, above and to
the north and west of the first skeleton. The result was
the discovery of four skeletons, in the condition and posi-
tion shown in the photographs.* So carefully was the
work performed, that not a bone or fragment was dis-
placed. One of the skeletons was removed entire, by
forcing a thin board, under it, horizontally, then placing
a frame around, it, and pouring iu plaster of Paris until
it was firmly held in place. Much credit is due to Dr.
Johnson, and to Rev. Messrs. Atwood and Bolles, and es-
pecially to Mr. Cooke, for the skill and care with which the
earth immediately about the skeletons was removed. The
last named gentleman found, with a fifth skeleton — which
is not shown in the photograph, as it was badly broken
and decayed — the pieces of pottery, the broken pot or
vase, a brass toy bell and two beads of European make,
which were exhibited at the meeting.

Mr. William P. Upham spoke of some references to
Indian localities in that neighborhood, found in early
deeds preserved among the records at the Court House.
He called attention to. a passage in Mourt's Relation,
narrating the particulars of a voyage of ten men sent out
from Plymouth in 1621, with Tisquantum and two other
Indian interpreters, to visit the Massachusetts Indians,
partly to sec the country, partly to make peace with them,
and partly to procure their truck. Mourt describes very
minutely their passage along the coast for some miles, and
then striking across the Bay and coming over to this
shore, where they landed, and marched into the country.
About four miles from the landing they came to where
Nanepashemet, the Indian King, had lived. Not far from

* These, prepared by . I. W. ami J. S. Moulton, may be had at the rooms of the
Essex Institute, and at the Naturalists' Agency.

184

thence, in a bottom, they came to a fort built by the
deceased King, described thus : —

"There were poles some thirty or forty foot long, stuck
in the ground as thick as they could be set one by an-
other, and with these they enclosed a ring some forty or
fifty foot over. A trench breast high was digged on each
side ; one way there was to go into it with a bridge ; in
the midst of this palisado stood the frame of an house,
wherein being dead he lay buried.

About a mile from hence, we came to such another,
but seated on the top of an hill ; here Nanepashemet was
killed none dwelling in it since the time of his death."

Mr. Upham's theory was, or, rather, he hazarded the
conjecture, that the old expedition landed, perhaps, at
Lynn ; that the palisade fort was that which has long
been known as the old Indian fort, on the Marblehead
and Lynn road, near the junction of the road cut through
from Salem a few years ago ; and that the hill on which
Nanepashemet was killed, was the very hill on which
these remains were found. The distances agree very well
with those in Mourt's Relation, and the remains of the
palisadoed fort still traceable conform to the description
of the fort which Mourt's people saw. Whether the
bones of either of the bodies were those of Nanepashemet
cannot, of course, be determined, but there are reasons
for supposing that they may have been. The theory is
certainly plausible.

Rev. E. S. Atwood gave some further particulars of
the digging operations, and complimented Mr. Cooke for
the exceeding care and skill which he exercised in uncov-
ering the remains, expressing the opinion that to his
patient labor the Institute was indebted for the perfect
state in which the bones were reclaimed and removed.

185

Mr. Caleb Cooke gave an interesting account of his
experience in examining Indian graves5 both in this county
and at the west, and stated that the place where these re-
mains were found was on the top of a hill overlooking
Salem harbor, west of the new cemetery, and known as
Bessom'a pasture. On the surface arc irregular depres-
sions marking the site evidently of the wigwams of a con-
siderable village of Naumkeag Indians. In the rear of
tin4 brow of the hill, at the other end of the pasture, as
he was informed by Mr. J.J. II. Gregory, may be seen a
ridge of earth, with a ditch in front, running in a straight
line across the pasture. This probably had palisades,
and formed the defence of the village. On digging into
these depressions, fragments of charcoal, as well as the
shells of the JVcdica, Peden, Mytilus^ Modiola and Mya,
also fragments and entire bones of mammalia and iishes,
were met with ; in the bottom of some of them a collec-
tion of stones was found, showing the evidence of having
been exposed to the action of tire; mixed with them were
fragments of charcoal and traces of ashes. It was just
outside of one of these cellars that the skeletons on the
table were found.

No. 1 of the photographs, in realitj7, consists of por-
tions of two persons, one of them of middle age, the
other, judging from the size and thinness of the pieces of
the skull, that of a young person. This csfti be seen near
the pelvis of the adult, and may have been a child buried
in tin; arms or lap of its mother. Some of the bones of
the legs of the adult are in a reversed position, showing
that in this case there was a reburial, or that they were
not buried until the body had decayed, and at the burial
of the others these were gathered up and placed with
them, being laid in as nearly a natural position as pos-
sible. This body was placed in the grave with the head

186

pointing in a northeast direction, while the rest were
towards the southwest.

No. 2 was found on its back, and had the frontal por-
tion of the skull badly crushed in. On the breast was
found a shell of Pyrula canaliculata, and under one side
of the jaw a small dark mass which on examination proved
to have been a pouch made of bear's skin, between the
folds of which two bones, of some small mammal, the
species of which has not yet been determined, were found.
Embedded in this mass, on the outside, were several small
copper tubes, one of them showing traces of the cord by
which they were fastened to the pouch. Behind the car
were found several more of these tubes, making in all,
eight. These relics are evidently the remains of a pouch
ornamented by these tubes, that was hanging at the neck
when the body was buried. The tubes were from two
inches and a half to three inches in length, and from an
eighth to a quarter of an inch in diameter; they were
made of very thin sheet copper, rolled up, witli the edges
just lapped, but not fastened.

Nos. 3 and 4 were facing each other, and with these
nothing was found.

No. 5, which is not shown in the large photograph,
but the position of which is seen in the stereoscopic pic-
ture, consisted of but a mere handful of bones, and was
a little out of \hc line to the northeast of the others, its
head about on a line with the pelvis of No. -1. Across
the top of the head of this was found a stone pestle, six
inches and three-quarters long, and at the side o\' the skel-
eton numerous pieces of pottery, consisting of a small cup
nearly whole, which by careful measurement was found to
contain just a gill when perfect, and the fragments of at
least two other vessels, a small bell of European make, of
a flattened globular form, thirteen-sixteenths of an inch

187

across by eight-sixteenths high, made of two pieces sold-
ered together, two small blue glass beads, and two small
polished jasper pebbles. The bell containing nothing to
produce a sound, and the fact that only two beads were
found, after a careful examination of the soil, lead to the
supposition that these heads were once contained in the
hell. With all of these bodies was found in varying
quantities a dark red substance like ochre, which com-
pletely covered some of the hones.

These remains were found at a depth of from twenty
to twenty-two inches, and had placed at both ends of each
body a large rock 14)011 which they were partly resting.
Two of the rocks are shown in the photograph.

Prof. E. S. Mouse spoke of the importance of these
relies in an archaeological point of view, and the especial
value of the skeleton upon the table, such carefully secured
specimens being exceedingly rare. lie also made some
remarks upon stone and other relics, contending that the
similarity of arrowheads wherever found was no indication
of a community of origin, but rather of a common neces-
sity which impelled to the fashioning of these implements
in the forms which practical experience proved the sim-
plest and most natural. Lie likewise complimented Mr.
Cooke for the care and skill which he had displayed in the
preservation of the remains.

Some conversation then took place about the custom of
depositing mementos in graves. A suggestion was made
that the worthless character of many of the relics found
in Indian graves, such as broken pottery, etc., indicated
the poverty of the Indians, but it was stated that the
negro tribes in Africa, although quite as poor, were in
the habit of burying really valuable articles with their

188

dead. Parkman says that the practice of burying treas-
ures with the dead is not peculiar to the North American
aborigines, and calls to mind the curious fact mentioned
in the "London Times" of Oct. 28, 1865, in describing
the funeral rites of Lord Palmerston, viz. : —

"And as the words, 'Dust to dust, ashes to ashes,' were
pronounced, the chief mourner, as a last precious offering
to the dead, threw into the grave several diamond and
gold rings."

Dr. A. H. Johnson called attention to the bones upon
the table, and, by means of a skeleton of the Caucasian
race, pointed out the anatomical peculiarities of the In-
dian bones, illustrating the differences by comparing and
contrasting the similar bones in the two races. The
bones exhibited were preserved whole, as they lay in the
oravc. Thev were not in their natural combinations, but
were laid together in a compact bundle, with some regard
to symmetry, although not according to their anatomical
structure.

Dr. Johnson regarded this collection of bones as a
reinterment of one of the tribe or family. It was a prac-
tice among the llurons, well known to the Jesuits, as
stated by Parkman, at intervals of ten or twelve years,
to collect together their dead and convey them to the
common place of sepulture, where the great Feast of the
Dead was celebrated with peculiar rites. From all quar-
ters of the Confederated tribes the mourners began their
march. The bodies remaining entire were borne on a
kind of litter, while the disjointed bones, bundled like
fagots, were wrapped in skins, and slung at the shoulders
of the relatives. Thus the procession slowly defiled along
the forest paths, uttering at intervals, in unison, a dreary,
wailing rvy, designed to imitate the voices of disembodied

189

souls, winging their way to the land of spirits, and be-
lieved to have an effect peculiarly soothiug to the con-
scious relies which each man bore. In conformity with
a kindred custom it is probable that this bundle of bones
was disinterred from their original grave and reburied in
the family or tribal lot.

Dr. Johnson made some further observations relative
to the characteristics of the Indians, and expressed the
opinion, founded on the statements of the most reliable
historians, that the popular impression in regard to the
number of aborigines in New England during the early
settlements was very much exaggerated.

Rev. E. C. Bolles gave a humorous account of the
remarks of the bystanders, and the impressions prevalent
among them, during the digging operations. He also
said that a microscopic examination of the hair and skin
found among the relics, revealed the fact that these were
the remains of the paw of a bear, which was an orna-
ment frequently worn by the red men. From the charac-
ter of the relics preserved it was evident that an Indian
of no little distinction was among those interred in this
grave.

Before adjourning a vote of thanks was passed to Mr.
Isaac C. Wyman, the owner of the ground, to Messrs.
Eoundcy, Dolliver and other citizens of Marblehead, for
the interest they had manifested and the aid they had ren-
dered in enabling the members of the Institute to con-
duct the examination which had produced such important
results.

190

Special Meeting, Wednesday, Nov. 25, 1874.

Meeting this evening at 7.30 o'clock. The President
in the chair. Records read.

The Secretary stated that James Steele Mackaye
delivered last evening for the benefit of the Institute his
lecture on Francois Delsarte. Mr. Mackaye is one of
Delsarte's most successful pupils ; and this lecture, the
recital of his master's life and a fitting tribute to his mem-
ory, was listened to with marked attention and pleasure.
Delsarte was born in the north of France, Nov. 11, 1811 ;
a descendant of the Delsartos of Italy. His mother was
a woman of remarkable refinement and intellectual cul-
ture, from whom he inherited his proud spirit, his love of
beauty, and his devotion to truth. A very graphic account
was given of the bitter struggles of his early days ; the
success that attended his first appearance on the stage ;
his subsequent brilliant career as a singer and actor,
until an impaired voice compelled him to retire at the
height of his fame ; and of the subsequent devotion to his
studies and the establishment of his "practical school of
aesthetics and art" in Paris, which was very celebrated.
He died July 20, 1871.

The Secretary also mentioned that Miss Anna Finkex-
stadt, of Newport, had rendered valuable assistance in
the Institute course of lectures and concerts at Mechanic
Hall on Monday evening, and on his motion it was

Voted, That the thanks of the Institute be presented
to Mr. James Steele Mackaye, and Miss Anna Finken-
stadt, for their very acceptable contributions thus rendered

in the promotion of the objects of the Institute.

Thomas High, of Marblehead, was elected a resident

member.

[To be continued*]

BULLETIN

OF THE

ESSEX IITSTITTJTE.

Vol. 6. Salem, Mass., December, 1874. No. 12.

One Dollar a Year in Advance. 10 Cents a Single Copy.

Special Meeting, Wednesday, Nov. 25, 1874.

[Continued.]

Br special request Mr. F. W. Putnam exhibited the
collection of living fishes and crayfishes which he had
brought from the Mammoth Cave, and occupied the eve-
ning by giving an account of the specimens and the for-
mation of the cave.

Mr. Putnam stated that his investigations were made
while acting as an assistant on the Geological Survey of
Kentucky, of which Prof. Shaler was the chief, and there-
fore he was able to work with great advantage, having
been aided by the proprietors of the Mammoth Cave,
through their courteous agent, Mr. Miller, aud his assis-
tant, Mr. Wilcoxson.

Mr. Putnam first made an allusion to the advanced
character of the Kentucky Survey, and the broad and
liberal principles upon which it had been based by the
legislature of the state, which, by providing for a biolog-
ical survey in connection with the geological, had thus

Esses Inst. Bulletin. vi 16

192

shown a far more advanced appreciation of the value of
science in all its departments, than had many an older
state which had simply looked with favor on geological
surveys so far as it was thought they would give imme-
diate returns in pecuniary value. He then proceeded to
give a general account of the geology of the region, em-
bracing the great cavernous country of which the Mam-
moth Cave and its vicinity form only a small part. He
traced the present drainage of the region, and showed
how a large part of the surface of the country was cut
up by sink holes, or large circular depressions, in which
the rain water accumulated and was then drained oft' by
subterranean streams, to unite with the water of the Green
River and its tributaries at a lower level, forming the
caves through the immense beds of subcarboniferous lime-
stone. Pie then explained how the caves, which exist in
immense numbers throughout this whole limestone region,
had been formed by the action of the carbonic acid in the
rain water, and also by the wearing away of the rock by
the sand and stones carried along by the streams. He
said that no one could examine the caves without being
convinced that their formation was wholly due to aqueous
action in this way, and that in those chambers where the
water was still at its work one could hardly fail to under-
stand the process. In this way the caves have been cut
for miles in extent, and to the depth, in some instances, of
nearly three hundred feet from the surface. The upper
chambers, or early river beds, become dry as the subter-
ranean streams cut their way lower and lower into the
limestone, just as the outside rivers cut their way deeper
and deeper into the valleys. Many of the caves near tho
surface have become entirely dry from this deeper drain-
age, while in others at a little lower level, or in situations
where the water from above has percolated through the

193

limestone, the dripping waters have formed the beautiful
stalactites by the deposit of the carbonate of lime as each
drop of water was freed from its carbonic acid. In such
places one beholds the beauties of the formations within
the cave, and there are to be seen the innumerable shapes
of stalactites, from small tubes to massive pointed forms,
and from delicate translucent curtains to immense tinted
pendants, while from the water that drops to the floor
below arise little hills of pure lime, or the immense pedes-
tals which, in some cases, uniting with the stalactites
above, form continuous columns, often fluted and corniced
like the most elaborately carved pillars. The upper and
dry chambers are left to stand until they shall be worn
away by gradual erosion or be destroyed by some great
convulsion of nature. The water action that is slowly
depositing the lime anew in the form of stalactites and
stalagmites is gradually closing the chambers that had
previously been formed by its more active operations
which are still going on in the passages below. Here the
river action is to be seen, and one soon understands the
formation of the beds of sand, the pits and the potholes
seen in many parts of the caverns.

The present caves are thus unquestionably traced to
the action of running water and the chemical action of
the carbonic acid which have been going on for thousands
and thousands of years. The denudation of the surface
of the rock by the same and other causes must not be
forgotten, and there is every reason to believe that this
denudation, or gradual wearing away of the surface of the
limestone, must have been immense. With this consider-
ation before us the suggestion that caverns may once have
existed in the upper part of this limestone, made when
the rock was in connection with the salt water which for-
merly extended over this area, may not be considered too

194

bold a one to make, especially as some forms of life are
found in these subterranean streams which, at present,
seem to indicate a marine origin, and brackish water ani-
mals of certain forms once enclosed in the cave, would be
very likely to survive under the peculiar conditions in
which they were placed, as we know to have been the
case under other, but somewhat similar, circumstances.
That many, or, with two or three exceptions, nearly all
of the thirty or forty species of vertebrates, articulates,
mollusks and still lower forms, including a few plants,
now discovered in the caves of Kentucky, are of com-
paratively late introduction, is probable from the fact that
they are so closely allied to forms living in the vicinity
of the caves, but that the blind fishes, the Chologaster
and a few of the lower forms of articulates, as the Ler-
mean, parasitic on the blind fish, may have been inhabi-
tants of the subterranean streams for a much longer period
is worthy of consideration on the following grounds : —

First, the blind fish family has no immediate allies ex-
isting in the interior waters,* the only species of the fam-
ily, in addition to the three found in the Mammoth Cave,
being known at present only from the rice ditches of the
low coast of South Carolina.

Second, the Lernsean parasite is much more common
on marine fishes than on strictly fluviatile species, and is
more decidedly a marine than a fresh water form. These
facts may therefore be taken as at least indicating the
probability of the early origin of some part of the great
cave system of the region of the Ohio valle}-, and while
there may be nothing in the present structure of the caves
to indicate their having been formed in part while in con-

* In common with others I have considered the Heteropygii as belonging to tho
same order with the Cyprinodonte*, but I now have, from further information of
their structure, doubts as to their close association with that group. This subject
will be presented on another occasion.

195

tact with salt water, the supposed erosion of the lime-
stone and the modification of the early formed chambers
by later action should be carefully considered before it
can be denied that the caves were not, in some slight part,
for a time, supplied with marine life. Until a specimen
of Chologaster, or some other member of the family, has
been obtained in the external waters of the Ohio valley,
it is hardly logical to regard the family to which the
blind fishes belong as one originally distributed in the
rivers of the Ohio valley, and afterwards becoming exter-
minated in the rivers and only existing in two such widely
different localities as the coast of South Carolina and the
subterranean streams of the southwestern states. That
marine forms of life are found in our fresh water lakes
and rivers is known to be the case. The specimen of a
shrimp exhibited was secured in the Green River near one
of the outlets of the Mammoth Cave. The fact that in
some of the waters of Florida fishes once marine are now
confined to the fresh water lakes of comparatively recent
formation, and that in the St. John's River, and others of
that state, many marine and fresh water species are found
associated, are evidence of the change that may take place
in the habits of some marine animals, while a recent
announcement of the Gobiosoma found in the Ohio River*
is another instance of a marine fish living in fresh waters.

Living specimens of both species of blind fishes (Am-
btyopsis speheus and Typhlkldhys suhterraneus) were ex-
hibited, and with them specimens of a fish never before
collected in the waters of Mammoth Cave.

This last proves to be the Chologaster Agassizii de-
scribed! from a young specimen obtained from a well in

•Putnam, notice of Gobiosoma molestum from the Ohio. Am. Nat., viii, Feb.,
1874.

fSee PUTNAM, Amer. Nat., vi, p. 22, flgs., Jan., 1872: Report Peabody Acad. Sci.,
1871. Both articles are reproduced in " Life in Mam. Cave," 1872.

196

Lebanon, Tennessee. This fish, which reaches a length
of nearly five inches, is of a delicate brownish tint, and
is provided with dark and well developed eyes. Five
specimens were secured by setting the seine over night
several times, and though every effort was made to cap-
ture them by ordinary methods of seining, it proved un-
successful, so shy and quick of movement is this singular
inhabitant of the dark waters of the cave.

Its habits are in marked contrast to those of the blind
fishes, for it lives at the bottom of the stream, darting
with the utmost rapidity, and swimming rapidly by very
quick lateral motions of its whole body, seldom coming
near the surface, even in the aquarium, unless disturbed.

The blind fishes on the contrary swim slowly about or
remain at rest near the surface of the water, and are very
readily seen and easily captured by a careful and quick
movement of the scoop net, though if, by means of the
peculiar tactile organs with which they are so liberally
supplied, they feel the least disturbance near them in the
water, they move off by a quick dart and then swim
slowly about; occasionally they drop to the bottom for a
short time, but it is seldom that they are so seen.

An interesting fact respecting the theory of the adapta-
bility of the color of an animal to its surroundings is
observable in the Chologaster ; they are so near the exact
color of the dark sand of the bottom of the river in the
cave that it is almost impossible to distinguish them as
they lie at rest, and yet this can hardly be supposed in
any way to add to their security, for as utter darkness
prevails they would bo equally safe, in that respect, if
they had all the colors of the rainbow displayed on their
bodies, and then probably their principal enemy is the
large species of blind fish.

This Chologaster also gives the most conclusive evi-

197

clence that light is not necessary for the existence of col-
oration in animals, for here in total darkness is this most
beautifully tinted fish.

From the present knowledge of the fauna of onr rivers
it can only be assumed, without a fact in favor of such an
assumption, that the Chologaster is a later comer into the
subterranean streams than its blind and colorless cousins,
and it cannot now be maintained with any reason that the
supposed peculiar adaptability to surface feeding was the
cause of the survival of the blind fishes of the caves, and
the want of the structure adapting the fish to surface feed-
ing the reason that other forms did not survive; for we
have in Chologaster a fish with just the same structure of
mouth as in Amblyopsis and Typhlichthys, provided with
an equally large air bladder (if that can be considered as
having anything to do with surface habits), and yet living
always at the bottom of the water.

Yet that many species enter the cave from the outside
waters is proved by the collection of the following species
of fishes in the same waters with the blind fishes and the
Chologaster : —

Two specimens of Amiurus cat us, half grown ; one
specimen of Vranidea (sp. ?), very large ; one specimen
each, of full size, of two species of Cyprinoids not yet
determined, but, as in the case of the cat-fish and bull-
head, of the same species as those collected in the Green
River just outside of the cave. All five of these speci-
mens were as highly colored and had their eyes as perfect
as their kin in the Green River. They were all in good
condition, and when captured were in every way appar-
ently as well off as if in daylight.

A large number of insects, small crustaceans, etc., were
obtained in the cave, and a few species of plants of the
lower forms were collected. The other living specimens

198

exhibited were a series of crayfish of two species. Of
one, the common blind species of the cave, Cambarus
pellucidus, several specimens were exhibited ; most of
them were white, but three were of a light drab color.
Of the other species, probably the Cambarus Bartonii,
there was a large specimen of the ordinary color, and
another quite small one that was very light colored, while
several others now in alcohol were also obtained from
the cave in company with the blind species.

In another cave, situated several miles down the Green
River from the Mammoth Cave, and on the opposite bank,
which was christened "Blind-fish Cave," a number of spec-
imens of the blind Typhlichthys and several blind cray-
fish were collected. The peculiarity of this cave consists
in the fact that from its entrance, under a shelving rock
which is considerably above the bed of the Green Iliver,
issues a small stream of water which can easily be fol-
lowed for a short distance, and by crawling along its
bed for some few hundreds yards farther. In this cave
the blind fishes and blind crayfishes were found not far
from its entrance, and, at times, they have been taken by
other persons quite out in daylight, yet they are identical
in every way with those of the Mammoth and other caves
where utter darkness prevails.

Certainly all these facts must be taken into considera-
tion if the attempt is made to account for the origin of
cave life, but until the present time many of them have
been unknown, and consequently only a very few were
used as furnishing proofs of the theories which have been
advanced. With these new facts before us it certainly
behooves us to be deliberate in drawing our conclusions.

Note. Having hinted on this and previous occasions that, from
the apparent continuance of marine forms of life in the subterranean
regions of the southwest, there may have been caves, of greater or

199

less extent, to which marine life may have had access at a period long
past, notwithstanding the present want of geological proof on the
spot by which such an idea can be substantiated, the following quota-
tions from the most eminent writers upon limestone formations and
upon the structure of caves in other parts of the world, will show
that the suggestion is within the limits of the probable.

Professor Dana, in his "Corals and Coral Islands," p. 3G0, writes
as follows : " The elevated coral limestone, although in general a hard
and compact rock, abounds in caverns. They may be due in part to
open spaces, or regions of loose texture, in or between the strata.
But in most cases they are a result of solution and erosion by the
fresh waters of the land, or the waves and currents of the ocean, subse-
quent to the elevation. On the island of Mesia, many caverns open
outward in the coral limestone cliff* and in some were large stalac-
tites." ,

In the very important work on caves by Mr. Dawkixs, recently pub-
lished under the title of " Cave Hunting," the learned author, under
the heading of "The Various Ages of Caves," states "It is very prob-
able that caves were formed in calcareous rocks from the time that they
xcere raised to the level of the sea, since they abound in Coral Islands."
After quoting some facts from Dana's work, he goes on to say :

" Calcareous rocks might therefore be expected to contain fissures
and caves of various ages. In the Mendip Hills they have been proved
by Mr. Charles Moore to contain fossils of Rhaitic age, the character-
istic dog-fishes Acrodus minimus aud Ilybodus reticularis, the elegant
sculptured Ganoid fish, Gryrolepis tenuistriatus and the tiny marsupials,
Micrulestes and its allies. This singular association of terrestrial with
marine creatures is due to the fact, that while that area was being
slowly depressed beneath the Rhretic and Liassic seas, the remains
were mingled together on the coast line, aud washed into the crev-
ices and holes in the rock.

The older caves and fissures have very generally been blocked up
by accumulations of calc-spar or other minerals, aud they are arranged
on a plan altogether independent of the existing systems of drainage.

It is a singular fact that no fissures or caves should, with the above
exception, coutain the remains of animals of a date before the Pleis-
tocene age. There can be but little doubt that they were used as
places of shelter in all ages, and they must have entombed the re-
mains of the animals that fell into them, or were swept into them by
the streams. Caves there must have been loug before, and the Eocene,
Palaeotheres and Auoplotheres met their death in the open pitfalls,

•On p. 194 this cliff is described as "a white and solid limestone, seldom pre-
senting any traces of its coral origin."

200

just as the sheep and cattle do at the present time. The Hysenodon
of the Miocene had, probably, the same cave-hunting tastes as his
descendant, the living hyajna, and the marsupials of the mesozoic age
might be expected to be preserved in caves, like the fossil marsupials
of Australia.

The chances of preservation of the remains when once cemeuted
into a fine breccia, or sealed down with a crystalline covering of sta-
lagmite, are very nearly the same as those under which the Pleistocene
animals have been handed down to us The only reasonable explan-
ation of the non-discovery of such remains seems to be, that the an-
cient suites of caves and fissures containing them, and for the most
part near the then surface of the rock, have been completely swept away
by denudation, while the present caverns icere either not then excavated or
inaccessible.

Such an hypothesis will explain the fact that, the non-ossiferous
caverns are older than the Pleistocene age, not merely in Europe but
in North and South America, Australia and New Zealand. The effect
of denudation in rendering the geological record imperfect, may be
gathered from the estimate, which Mr. Prestwick has formed, of the
amount of rock removed from the crests of the Mendips and the Ar-
dennes, which is in the one case a thickness " of two miles and more,"
and in the other as much as " three or four miles." Under these con-
ditions we could not expect to find a series of bone caves reaching
far back into the remote, geological past, since the caves and their
contents would inevitably be destroyed."

See also a quotation from the address by Mr. Prestwick before the
Geological Society, on p. 69 of Mr. Uawkins' work, in which the sur-
face denudation by the action of atmospheric water is discussed.

Regular Meeting, Monday, December 7, 1874.

Meeting this evening ut 7.30 o'clock. The President
in the chair. Records of preceding meeting read.

The Secretary announced the following correspon-
dence : —

From N. Cleavcland, Westport, Conn., Dec. 2; S. G. Drake. Boston, Dec. 3; G.
L. Goodale, Cambridge, Nov. 25; S. G. Gould, Manchester, N. U.. Nov. 19, Dec. 1,
Waldo Iligginson, Boston, Nov. 27; E. II. Hitchcock, Amherst, Nov. 14; Charles
J. Hoadly. Hartford, Conn., Deo. 8; M. v. Jacob, south Bingham, Nov. 27, Dec.
2; CharleB Phillips, Philadelphia, Nov. 26; Dec. 2; Willard P. Phillips, Deo. 5; U.

201

Ridgway, Washington, Nov. 29; M. W. Bbepard, Deo. I; T. N. Snow, Baker City,
Oregon, Nov. 18; Basel, Natorforschende Gesellschaft, Aug. 29; Brttnn Natnrfor-
schende Verein, .^i-i >t . 7 ; MUnchen, K. P> yeriBchen Akademie der WisBenBcbaften
Sept. 15; New York Genealogical and Biographical Society, Not. 16; New York
Historical Society, Deo. 5; Washington, Smithsonian Institute, Aug. H; WUrz-
bnrg, Phy8icalisch-Medicinl8che, Gesellschaft, Aug. -J-2.

The Librarian reported the following additions to the
library : —

By Donation.

Agassiz. A., of Cambridge, the following works by his father, Louis Agansiz.
Catalogns Systematicns Ectyporum Ecbinodermatnm. 4to pamph. Natural His-
tory of the Acalephae of North America. 2 parts. 4to. Monographic des Pois-
sons Fossiles DuVienx Grea Rouge. 3 parts, text and 40 plates. Monographic
d' EcbinodermiB. 4 Liv. and plates. Memoire Bur les Monies de Mollnsqnes. 4to
pamph. Etudes Critiques but les Mollusques FossileB. 4 Liv., 4to pamphlets. On
the Origin of Species. Svo pamph. Contemplations of God in the Kosmos. Svo
pamph. Primitive Diversity of Animals. 8vo pamph. Ichthyologies^ Fauna of
the Pacific Slope. 8vo pamph. Classification in the Animal Kingdom. Svo
pamph. Riu-kland's Geologie und Mineralogie. 2 vols. Untersuchungen iiber
die Gletscher. 1 vol., with plates. Histoire Naturelle des Poissons D' eau Douce
de L' Europe Centrale. 1 vol.. with plates. Nomenclatoris Zoologici Index Uni-
versalis. 1 vol. 12m o. Nomenclator Zoologicus, Continens Nomina Systematica
Generum Animalium Tarn Viventium Quam Fossilium. 1 vol. 4to. Iconographie
des Coquilles Tertiaires. 4to pamph.

Bolles, E.C. Salem Directory for 1872. 1 vol. Svo. Notes of Livcrmore. 1
vol. Svo. Miscellaneous pamphlets, (iO.

Brookhouse, Robekt. Patent Office Report for 1850-oL 1 vol. Svo. Hunt's
Merchant Magazine, 10 numbers. American Review. 7 numbers. The Cultivator,
100 numbers. N. E. Farmer, 105 numbers. Boston Patriot, 1811, 1S13, 1810. The
Yankee, 1812.

Miner. A. A., Boston. Catalogue of the Officers and Students of Tafts College,
1S74-5. and Triennial. Svo pamph.

PHILLIPS, W. P. Memorial of Chas. Sumner. 1 vol., email 4to.

Robinson, John. Coin Catalogues. 152. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 23.

U. S. Patent Office. Official Gazette, Nov. 10, 17, 1874.

Woodman. CYRUS, of Cambridge. Mass. Genealogy of the Woodmans of Bux-
ton, Me. By C. Woodman. 1 vol. 8vo.

By Exchange.

Archiv Fl'u Anthropologie. Bd vii. Heft I. 1874.

Natural History Society of Montreal. The Canadian Naturalist and
Quarterly Journal of Science. Vol. 7. No. 6. Nov., 1874.

Naturforschende Gesellschaft in Basel, Switzerland. Verhandlungen,
Sechster Theil. Er6tcs Heft. Svo.

Naturforschende Verein in BuCnn. Verhandlungen, xi Band. 1872. 8vo.

Naturwissenschaftliciien Gesellschaft "Isis" in Dresden. Sitzungs-
Berichte, Jabrg, 1874. Jan-Marz. Svo.

New York Genealogical and Biographical Society. Genealogical and
Biographical Record. Vol. v. No. iv, Oct.. 1874. '

Phvsikaliscii-medicinische Gesellschaft in Wlrzburg, Bavaria. ,Ver-
handlungen, Neue Folge Bd., vii. 1874. 1 vol. 8vo.

202

Societe Entomologique DE Belgique. Annales, Tome xvi, 1873. 1 vol. 8vo.

SocietE Vaudoise des Sciences Naturelles in Lausanne. Bulletin, Vol.
xii. No. 72. 1874.

Publishers. Forest and Stream. Gardener's Monthly. Gloucester Telegraph.
Hardwicke's Science Gossip. Haverhill Gazette. Ipswich Chronicle. Lawrence
American. Lynn Reporter. Lynn Transcript. Medical and Surgical Reporter.
Nation. Nature. Peabody Press. Salem Observer. Salem Post. Silliman's
Journal.

A. Graham Bell, of Salem, was elected a resident
member.

Gen. H. K. Oliver gave a brief resume of a recent
valuable donation from the heirs of the late Gen. Ben-
jamin F. Edmands, of Boston, of a large collection of
music, both printed and in manuscript, being part of the
library of the Boston Academy of Music, an organization
that nourished in Boston from 1833 to 1857, and did
much to promote the culture of good music in the metrop-
olis. Gen. Oliver spoke in high terms of commendation
of several of the early members, specifying more partic-
ularly the late Lowell Mason, for many years a leading
spirit in musical circles, and Gen. Edmands, a gentleman
well known for his zeal and interest in public affairs,
more especially in those that relate to the military.

Mr. John Robinson presented a large collection of
catalogues and pamphlets on coins and coinage.

Mr. F. W. Putnam presented from Mr. Albert W.
Edmands, of Charlestown, an interesting document con-
taining the signatures of the Hon. Anson Burlingame,
the ambassador from China, and the members of the
Chinese Embassy and suite, when on a visit to this coun-
try in 1868.

To the manuscript department Mrs. J. F. "Worcester
presented the genealogical papers of the late Dr. J. F.
Worcester.

203
Votes of thanks were passed to the several donors.

Mr. John Robixson gave an instructive and interesting
account of the processes in the manufacture of glass, in
all its varieties, tracing it from its origin to the elaborate
and skilful workmanship of the present day, exhibiting
specimens and illustrating the methods of mixing and
melting by drawings on the blackboard.

Previous to the adjournment, Gen. Oliver alluded to
the Transit of Venus, which was to occur. on the 8th,
and mentioned the plans that have been adopted by sev-
eral of the governments of Europe and of the United
States, in locating a line of observers in different places
to note the particular phases of this occurrence ; and the
importance of these observations in determining facts iu
astronomical science.

Adjourned.

Regular Meetixg, Moxday, December 21, 1874.

Meetixg this evening at 7.30 o'clock. The Presidext
in the chair, Records of preceding meeting read.

The Secretary announced the following correspon-
dence : —

From E. J. Attinelli, New York, Dec. 3, 10; Henry B. Dawson, Morrisania, N.
Y., Dec. 10; L. C. Herrick, Woodstock, O., Dec. 1 ; J. Warren Merrill, Cambridge*
port, Dec. 5; M. J. Peabody, Boston, Dec. i; Charles Phillips, Uermautown,
Penn., Dec. 9; Robert Rirtgway, Washington, Dec. 8; J. Henry Stickney, Haiti-
more, Md., Dec. 17; Henry White, New Haven, Conn., Dec. 7; W. C. Wood, Wen-
ham, Dec. 12; William II. Yeomaus, Columbia. Conn.. Dec. 13; Boston Society of
Natural History, Dec. 18; Brockton Public Library, Dec. 15; Buffalo Historical
Society, Dec. 7; New Hampshire Historical Society, Dec. 14; Rhode Island Histor-
ical Society, Dec. 10.

The Librarian reported the following additions to the
library : —

204

By Donation.

Barer. Chas. H., of Annapolis, Md. Annual Register of the U. S. Naval Acad-
emy at Annapolis, Md. 1874-5.

Boardman, Sam'l L., of Augusta, Me. The Ornamental and Useful Plants of
Maine, by F. L. Scribner. 8vo. paraph. Some Materials towards a History of the
Cattle of Maine, by S. L. Boardman. 8vo pamph.

Cogswell, Wsi. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 340.

Green, S. A., ot Boston. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 14.

Kimball, James. Cape Ann Advertiser, Nov. 13, 20, 28, Dec. 4, 11, 1874.

Lea, Isaac, Philadelphia. Index to Vol. i to xiii, Observations on the Genus
Unio. 4to pamph.

Lee, John C. Commercial Bulletin, Nov. 21, 28, Dec. 5, 1874.

Memorial Hall Library, at Andover, Mass. Catalogue of. 1 vol. 12mo.

Thompson', C. O., of Worcester, Mass. Fifth Annual Catalogue of the Worces-
ter Free Institute, 1874-5.

U. S. Patent Office. Official Gazette for Nov. 24, Dec. 1, 1874.

Warner, Oliver. Mass. Public Documents for 1873. 5 vols. 8vo.

Waters, J. Linton. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 14.

Yeomans, W. II., of Columbia, Conn. Report of the Secretary of the Conn.,
Board of Agriculture. 1873-4. 1 vol. 8vo. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 30.

By Exchange.

Academie Royale des Sciences, Arts et Belles-Lettres, Caen, France.
Memoires, 1872. 2 vols. 8vo.

Koniglich Baverisciien Akademie der Wissenschaften in MI'nchen.
Sitzungsberichte der philosophisch-philologischen and historischen Classe. Heft
v, vi. Heft, i, ii, iii. 1873. Sitzungsberichte der Mathematiseh-pliysikalischen
Classe. Heft. iii. 1873. Heft, i, ii. 1874. ITeber den Eintluss des Freiherrn Justus
von Liebig auf die Kntwieklung der Physiologic 4to pamph. 1874. Dr. Justus
Freiherrn von Liebig zum Gediichtniss. 4to pamph. 1874. Justus Freiherr von
Liebig Ala Begriinder der Agrikultur-Chemie. 4to pamph. 1874. Gedachtnias
Rede auf Konig Johann von Sachsen. 4to pamph. Ueber Deutschlands Weltstei-
lung. 8vo pamph. 1874.

Maryland Historical Society. The Lords Baltimore : by J. G. Morris, D.D.
8vo pamph. 1874.

Societe D' ACCLtmatation in Paris. Bulletin Mensuel, 3me Serie, Tome 1.
Nc^.7,8. Juillet-Aout. 1874.

St. Gallisciie Gesellsciiaft, St. Gallen. Bericht. 1872-73, 1 vol. 8vo.

PUBLISHERS. American Naturalist. Forest and Stream. Gloucester Tele-
graph. Hardwicke's Science Gossip. Haverhill Gazette. Lawrence American.
Lynn Reporter. Lynn Transcript. Medical and Surgical Reporter. Nation.
Nature. Quaritch's Catalogue. Peabody Press. Salem Observer. Salem Post.

Mr. F. W. Putnam noticed sonic of the very impor-
tant archaeological discoveries of the Hayden exploring
expedition, and made interesting mention of the cliff
dwellers of the Mancos Canon of the great Colorado re-
gion, describing briefly their habitations, as exhibited by
photographs which had been taken by the expedition and
from information furnished him by Mr. Ingersol, who was

205

of the part}' that had made the examination. He then
exhibited engravings of soinewhal similar dwellings of an
ancient race in France, and gave an account of several
recent investigations in archaeology, both in this country
and in Europe.

Mr. Alfred Osgood of Newburyport, gave an account
of the alleged lead or silver mines in the vicinity of New-
buryport. He leaned to the opinion that the accounts
were exaggerated ; that the ore found was simply float
ore, brought thither by glacial action, and that it was
doubtful if there were a vein or mine in the place. He,
however, thought that a scientific examination ought to
be made to ascertain the fact, and suggested that a party
should be detailed from the Institute to make a thorough
examination.

Mr. Knowlton, of Rockport, differed from Mr. Osgood
as to the ore being deposited by glacial action, and was
inclined to believe it a genuine vein.

Mr. F. W. Putnam suggested that the difference of
opinion on this subject indicated the importance of ;i
thorough scientific survey of the state, and he thought
that the Institute ought to take some action favoring a
survey, and present its views to the Legislature, which
would soon receive a report from the Board of Education
in relation to the subject.

Hon. George B. Lorixg expressed himself in favor of
such action, and presented many forcible arguments in
furtherance of such a course. He spoke of the practical
value of a thorough understanding of the natural re-
sources of a state. The work of agriculture cannot be

206

properly conducted until the condition and quality of the
soil are accurately ascertained, and that which is valuable
be improved, and that -which is useless avoided. In no
way can we avoid a wasteful expenditure of money in
exploring the mining and mineral wealth of the land, ex-
cept by such an investigation into the geological formation
where that wealth lies, as to reveal its exact condition.
To a scientific knowledge of the mineral deposits of one
section of our country, and to a scientific application of
enquiry to them, do we owe the most successful mining
enterprise of our day. In the early days of copper min-
ing at Lake Superior, vast sums of money were wasted
through ignorance, and large amounts of property were
abandoned from insufficient exploration of their true
value ; but in our day scientific research guides the miners
on to almost fabulous results. For the business prosperity
of our state, therefore, he was in favor of the proposed
survey, and doubted not that the Legislature would look
with favor upon the proposition. And remembering that
upon such enterprises, more than upon mere material
endeavor, depends the true reputation of a state, in the
eyes of all civilized people, he could not believe that
Massachusetts would be backward in taking her stand
among the most enlightened, as she long had among the
most energetic and thriving commonwealths.

After some further discussion, a committee was ap-
pointed, consisting of Messrs. F. YV. Putnam, A. S.
Packard and E. S. Morse, to prepare a memorial to the
Legislature, embodying the views of the Institute, and
to report the same for action at the next meeting.

Hugh Elder, of Salem, Francis H. Johnson and George
W.W. Dove, of Audover, were elected resident members.

1I1I11I1)II1)IH1hI

3 2044 072 223 191

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