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OF

COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY,

AT HARVARD COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE, MASS.
jFountietr hv pvfbate subscrfptfon, fn 1861.

The gift of ci^ ^^OJCOcSrv^ttctlL

No. ^1^9

BULLETIN

ESSEX INSTITUTE,

volumh: IX.

1877.

SALEM, MASS.
PRINT EI) AT THE SALEM PRESS.

1878.

CONTENTS.

Regular Meetinc:, Monday, January 1, 1877, .... 1

On the Commemorations of the Centennial Year; especially the Cen-
tennial International Exhibition. Kemarlis by tlie President, 1;
Hon. George B. Loring, 3; Kev. E. S. Atwobd, 12; Rev. E. C.
Bolles, 15.

Tuesday, January 9, 1877, . 19

Lecture by Major J. \V. Powell, On the North American Indians, 19.

Monday, January 15, 1877, 19

Lecture by Major J. W. Powell, On the Canons of the Colorado, 19.

Monday, January 29, 1877, 20

Lecture by Prof. Henry Carniichael, On Flame, 20.
Regular Meeting, Monday, February 5, 1877, .... 21

Meeting, Monday, February 12, 1877, 21

Lecture by Prof. A. G. P.ell, On the Telephone. 21.

Regular Meeting, Monday, February 19, 1877, .... 28

A Communication, by Mr. .John McNeil, of Winchester, On Artificial
Fish Breedii g. 28;"Mr. F. W. Putnam, Observations on the Lam-
prey Eel, 29; Resolutions in relereuce to Prof. Bell's lecture on tel-
eplione, 30.

Notes upon the Birds observed in Southern Illinois, between

July 17, and September 4, 1875, by E, W. Nelson, . . 32

Regular Meeting, Monday, March 5, 1877, 67

Mr. James H. Emerton, Communication on Cobwebs, 67; Mr. F. W.
Putnam, On a Piece of Me.\ican Sculpture f ., nd near Acapulco, 09.

Regular Meeting, Monday, March 19, 1877, .... 71

Mr. John Robinson's Lecture on the Fertilization of Flowers by Wind
and by Insects, 71; Announcement of the death of Mr. E. Bickuell
at Lynn, 72.

Notes on the Hirudinei observed in Michigan, by A. Sager, . 73

Regular Meeting, Monday, April 2, 1877, 76

Resolutions on Mr. E. Birknell, 70; Mr. F. \V. Putnam, Remarks on
the Development of the Ceramic Art and Oinamentatiou among the
American Nations, 77.

Regular Meeting, Monday, April 16, 1877, 77

Dr. A. S. Packard, Remarks on Grasslioppers' Egirs taken from Prai-
rie Soil in Iowa; Lecture by Mr. J. S. Kuigsley, On Crustacea, 78.

Regular Meeting, Monday, May 7, 1877, 79

Lecture by Rev. II. W. Foote, of Boston, On the Church and State
under Andros, 79.

(iii)

IV CONTENTS.

Annual Meeting, Monday, May 21, 1877, 79

Retrospect of the year: Members, 80; Meetinprs, 81; Lectures and
Concerts. 82; Centennial Exhibition, 83; Art Dei)artnient, 84; Mu-
senm, 81; Horticultural, 85; Liljrary, 87; Publications, 94; Financial,
94; Officers elected, 90.

Adjournment of Annual Meeting, Monday, May 28, 1877, . . 97

Regular Meeting, Monday, June 4, 1877, 97

Additions to the Ferns of Essex County, by Mr. John Robinson, 98

Field Meeting at Boxford, Tuesday, June 26, 1877, ... 99

Ramble, 99; remarks by Mr. W. P. Upham, 99; Rev. E. C. Bolles. 100;
Ancil Dorman. 100; Mr. James H. Emerton, 101 ; Dr. G. A. Perliins,
101; Mr. John Robinson, 101; Rev. S. D. Gammell, 102; and others.

An Examination of Types of some recently described Crustacea,

by Dr. T. Hale Streets and Mr. J. S. Kingsley, . . .103

Field Meeting at Lanesville, Wednesday, July 18, 1877, . . 109

Remarks by the President, Messrs. James H. Emerton, Charles H.
Sargent. Granville P. Putnam, D. B. Hagar, Rev. Fielder Israel and
Prof. Edward Hitchcock.

Contril)utions to the Myology of Tachyglossa hystrix. Echidna

hystrix (Auct.), by J. W. Fewkes, Ph.D., .... Ill

Regular Meeting, Monday, August 6, 1877, .... 138

Communications from Messrs. G. D. Phippen, and Robert R. Endi-
cott, 138.

Field Meeting at Asbury Grove, Hamilton, Wednesday, August

8, 1877, 139

Remarks by the President, 1.39; Mr. James H. Emerton. 140; Mr. J.
P. JIagee", 140; Prof. Geoige H. Di.xon, 141 ; Mr. (ieor^-e D. Phipiien,
141; Rev. E. C. Bolles, 142; Hon. Allen W. Dodge, 142; Mr. James
F. Almy, 143.

Regular Meeting, Monday, August 20, 1877, .... 144

Field Meeting at Marblehead Neck, Wednesday, August 22, 1877, 144

Ramble, 144; Remarks bv the President. 14.5; Mr. James H. Emerton,
145; Prof. George H. "Dixon, 148; Rev. A. P.. Hervey. 149; Hon.
•James J. H. Giegory. Hev. Joseph Banvard, Hon. VV. D. Nortliend,
and others.

Excursion to the White Mountains, Monday, September 10, 1877, 151
The .Tourney. 151 ; Visit to Mt. Washington and other objects of inter-
est, I'y.i; Meeting .-it the Crawford House. 154; Remarks of the Presi-
dent, lot: Extracts tVom the Old Rc<'()i-ds oi Pennycook and Rum-
ford, 158: Remarks of Prof. Charles H. Hitchcock. 163; Poem by
Rev. Charles T. Hrooks, Kill; Remarks of Dr. G. A. Perkins, 17(;;
Visit to the Profile House, 177; Return, 178.

Regular Meeting, Monday, October 1, 1877, .... 179

Report of the Connnittee on the commemoration of the 250th anniver-
sary of the lamliiig of Gov. Endicott at Salem, 180; the invitation to
Hon. Wdliam C. Endicott to deliver the address on theoccaffion, ISO.

Regular Meeting, Monday, October 15, 1877, . . . .180

Regular Meeting, Monday, December 3, 1877, .... 181
Kesoliitions on the death of Mr. John C. Lee, 181.

Meeting, Monday, December 31, 1877, 183

Prof, E. .S. Morse, Account of his recent visit to Japan, 183,

u

>> ,4

BULLETIN

ESSEX IlsTSTITTJTE

Vol. 9. Salem, Jan., Feb., Mar., 1877. Nos. 1, 2, 3.

Regular Meeting, Monday, January 1, 1877.

Meeting this evening at 7.30 o'clock. The President
in the chair. Records read.

The President stated that the occurrence of this meet-
ing on the evening of the first day of the year, suggested
the propriety of omitting the customary duties, and of
devoting the time to the consideration of the results, and
the influence on the cause of education and social culture,
of the leading commemorations of the centennial year
now closed. The principal and all absorbing event was
the Centennial International Exhibition at Philadelphia,
which was opened on Wednesday, the tenth of May, and
closed on Friday, the tenth of November, the President
of the United States, members of his Cabinet, and other
distinguished individuals being present on both of these
occasions.

The interest that has been given to this exhibition by
the Institute claims a passing notice.

The early part of the last 3"ear, and the closing of the
one preceding, were marked by an earnest eiFort of the

ESSEX INST. BULLETIN. IX 1

ladies of Salem to raise a fund to this end. Recourse
was had to several available means. The most prominent
was the Exhi])ition of Antique Relics in these rooms, in
December, 1875, which Avas opened for several days and
excited great attention. The display of articles was large,
and the arrans-ement in o-ood taste, illustratino- the furni-
ture, household utensils, and costumes of the several
epochs in our history ; also portraits and miniatures of
several of those who in their day and generation acted
well their part in the great drama of life. This was a
financial success. Later in the season, after a lapse of a
few months, a series of photographs, specially taken for
this purpose, with letter-press accompaniment, "An Ex-
hibit of Salem," its houses, industries, public buildings,
and other noteworthy views and objects, were arranged
in a portfolio, and contributed to the Massachusetts Edu-
cational Department in the Main Building, where it elic-
ited many commendations. The expense was defrayed
by the Ladies' Centennial Committee of Salem.

About the same time the Institute, aided by several
friends, contributed a series of articles, including por-
traits, dresses, old papers, documents, and photographs
illustrating the period of settlement of Salem, to be
placed in the Historical Department of the Exhibition,
which was arranged in rooms in the Philadelphia Academy
of Fine Arts.

At the close of the exhibition, through the kindness of
our associate, Hon. J. Leonard Hammond, one of the
Chinese Commissioners, the Institute received a large and
valuable collection of Chinese drugs, specimens of paper,
cloth, tools, and other material illustrative of Chines"e life.
Also many photographs, catalogues, and other papers
from the officials connected with the other comiAissions.

Four excursions were arranged to Philadelphia ; thereby

some 250 persons, members and friends of the Institute,
were enabled to visit the exhibition under very favorable
conditions.

The President alluded to the coincidence that this cen-
tennial year was also the 250th anniversary of the settle-
ment of Salem by Roger Con ant and his companions, an
event well worthy of our notice, and concluded by an-
nouncing that he should call upon Hon. G. B. Loring,
the Massachusetts Commissioner, and Rev. Messrs. E. S.
Atwood and E. C. Bolles, to address the meeting upon
topics suggested by the occasion.

REMARKS OF THE HON. GEORGE B. LORING.

Mr. President: — The scope of the work assigned
me since I reached this hall is somewhat startlinof. I did
not anticipate being called upon to open the discourse of
the evening, and I certainly had no expectation of being
asked to give an extended and elaborate account of the
proceedings of the Commission in whose hands the work
of conducting the Centennial International Exhibition at
Philadelphia in 1876 was placed, and in Avhose delibera-
tions I took part from 1872 to the close of the great
event, as the representative of the Commonwealth of
Massachusetts. The details of that work would be by no
means interesting to an audience like this, and on an oc-
casion when we have met for congratulation and rejoicing
rather than for investigation or instruction. It was as a
striking representation of the progress of the American
people during the last century that the Exhibition was
full of interest and importance, and not merely as an ex-
ample of careful and successful detail in managing such
an enterprise ; and it is for such significance and meaning
as this that it is entitled to the admiration of the world,
and to the special attention of an institution like that

which you represent. The highly creditable part per-
formed there by the Essex Institute, exhibiting as it did
the most interesting collection of historical matter pre-
pared for that occasion, has connected it intimately with
this first centennial celebration of the birth of the Amer-
ican nationality, and renders it peculiarly appropriate that
the meaning of the celebration should be carefully con-
sidered in this place and at this time.

The universal desire of the American people to cele-
brate in a suitable manner the declaration of their national
existence was a natural and proper impulse. However
interesting may be the ordinary current of life to the
careful observer, it is to the striking and startling events
that we owe the great attraction of human history, and it
is upon them that we depend for the inspiring force which
makes man's career in the past attractive, and in the pres-
ent and future strong and vital and effective. The his-
tory which we love, and from which we draw our lessons,
is the record of the startling and surprising events which
lie along man's pathway in the world. It is indeed the
surprises which we love, and it is by the surprises that
we make our great strides towards accomplishment and
perfection. Man prides himself on his deliberate wis-
dom, and on his power of accomplishing a great end by
calm purpose and by high design. But his great deeds
are too often unpremeditated, his great thoughts too often
unexpected, his great achievements too often unprepared,
for him to boast of his power, or to forget that to an un-
expected accident he often owes more than to carefully
orfauized intention. To the surprising and brilliant re-
sults of great conflicts, unforeseen and unthought of, to
the sharp turns in diplomacy, to the sudden establishment
and growth of national existence, we owe the charms of
national and popular record. To the unexpected burst of

sunlight upon a difficult problem in science we owe some
of the most remarkable inventions. The great discov-
eries have astonished even the discoverers themselves.
Newton, upon whose mind the law of gravitation was
suddenly impressed by the most trivial accident; Morton,
whose discovery of antesthesia, for which he and he alone
is entitled to the gratitude of man in all coming time,
could have told a delighted and startled world how even
to themselves the rising of the great curtain when the
mysteries were revealed, was an event full of surprising
joy. The marked incidents in science, in history, in art,
in every day life, are the surprises which attract and charm
us, and the startling steps which man takes in his advance-
ment. The world is full of people, — the history of the
world is full of striking events ; but while the steady cur-
rent of commonplace flows calmly on, the great surprises
attract, and develop, and form, and create, and instruct.
The ordinary course of national life has its lesson and its
accomplishment ; but it is out of an unusual and unex-
pected uprising that the world receives its greatest im-
pulse. The nation whose career is anticipated and steady
from step to step may be useful and powerful ; it is the
nation whose birth is a significant surprise, and whose
course is full of new vigor and new experiment, which
fills the heart of man with hope and promise, and his
mind with progressive thought and design.

We have been told by one of our acutest thinkers that
the American nationalty is a phenomenon, an unexplained
curiosity ; to my view sir, it is a surprise, entitled to the
same high rank in the history of civil endeavor, that is
accorded to great discoveries in the records of science.
In its colonial settlement and organization, in the process
by which it secured its foothold on this continent, in its
preliminary endeavor, in its birth and in its growth and

experience, the American national ty is an unparalleled
and unrivalled surprise, and a» such holds its place in
history, not as an eccentric phenomenon, not as a doubt-
ful curiosity. Its settlement was by no means imposing.
A few bands of unsuccessful adventurers, a chartered
land-company, a feeble and flying body of dissenters,
compose the fundamental elements of our national birth
to the casual observer. The planting of the great uni-
versal principle of our republic was unobserved, its exist-
ence was almost unknown and unheeded for a century.
The passage of the May Flower to these shores was an
event of so little importance at the period of its occur-
rence that it hardly received the notice equivalent in our
day to a paragraph in a weekly newspaper. Jamestown
furnished but small attractions as an event to the thought-
ful men of its times. He would have been looked upon
as wild and visionary, who had congratulated John Carver
and John Smith, and John Winthrop, and John Endicott
that they were laying the foundations of a great over-
shadowing empire whose majesty should be upheld by
the might and dignity of a free and educated people.
The century however which followed this simple and ob-
scure work, witnessed the most remarkable growth of all
the fundamental and preliminary work of national estab-
lishment and development which the world has ever wit-
nessed. In these rapidly rolling hundred years the scat-
tered and struggling people of the American colonies,
accomplished what had before been done only in almost
as many centuries. The long period of preliminary life
during which England was toiling on to a position worthy
of national recognition — a period whose beginning is lost
to us in darkness and gloom — was as familiar to our fath-
ers as their own contemporaneous history. They knew
that during a hundred generations of men, the nations of

antiquity striigglecl to emerge from darkness into light —
and often struggled in vain. The weary and gloomy way
travelled by France and Spain and Italy, before they had
risen high enough in arts or arms or culture or power to
entitle them to national recognition, they did not forget.
And directed as they were by the best principles of gov-
ernment laid down in the past, strong in that remote iso-
lation which protected them against all foreign interfer-
ence, feeling the weight of responsibility which rested
upon them as the founders of a new empire on whose
success depended their own welfare and almost their own
existence, they advanced with a vigor unknown before in
the business of laying the foundations of the great social
and civil temple which they and their children were des-
tined to erect. In a century and a half the great prepar-
atory work was accomplished. Our foothold as a nation
was established on this continent. Our position was con-
firmed. We had a record of war of which the most mar-
tial people might be proud. We had thought out great
problems of state ; had solved to our satisfaction some of
the most difficult questions of theology ; had surrounded
ourselves with the comforts and luxuries of life ; had de-
veloped a civilization as high as any known on earth ; and
had perfected a social and civil organization whose health
and strength arrested the attention of the thoughtful as a
surprise, and are as superior to the eccentric and unusual
operation of a phenomenon or a curiosity, as the grand
march of the stars in their courses, is more majestic than
the erratic career of a meteor flashing across a midnight
sky.

Brought then as we were through this amazing period
of vigorous infancy, we proclaimed to the astonished
world that the life of a nation had begun, and so pro-
claimed it, that the declaration marks a period of time as

8

distinctly and unequivocally as does the rising of the sun
or the going down of the same. To the United States,
the American Republic, is it given of all nations to so
date the hour of its birth as to celebrate its Centennial
Anniversary. To us alone belongs that one initial event
in history, so important, so accepted, so recognized, as to
fix the time when a nation was born, and mark the hour
when all the career of greatness began. Can this be said
of any other? The significance and promise of the Dec-
laration of our Independence, crowned with the accom-
plishment of the first century of national life, constitute
a chapter in history which entitles us to the admiration of
the world, and gives entire propriety to an international
jubilee on our own soil. Summon before you the other
nations of the earth, and where in all their annals will
you find an event like this? Shall England be called on
to celebrate the invasion of William the Conqueror, or
the beheading of Charles I, or the restoration, as events
out of which her very existence sprang? Shall France
be expected to fix her International Exhibition upon the
centennial year of the great revolution, or upon the pro-
mulgation of the Code Napoleon, or upon the return of
the Bourbon, as the date of her national power and glory?
The event is ours and ours alone ; and we may never
grow weary of contemplating that "brilliant and happy
moment," when full armed the American people sprang
into existence, and gave promise of what a hundred years
might bring forth. I call this a surprise in history. It
was a surprise to those who witnessed the event, it is a
surprise to us who contemplate it. Not readily has its
full significance been understood even by ourselves. By
long-continued and persistent endeavor alone, have our
minds been brought to a thorough understanding of the
true intent and meaning of an international interchange

9

of thought and experience, and accomplishment, iUustrat-
inof what has been done and said on our soil during? the
last hundred years. To our people, to Congress, to those
who rule over us, the event appeared only as a holiday
sport. To us who look back upon it, it stands out as the
world's rejoicing over the progress of a free people in all
those mental and material accomplishments, which consti-
tute so much of national greatness. And I doubt not we
shall date from it another century of progress and devel-
opment, in which all our hopes, as sons of our colonial
and revolutionary sires, will be more than fulfilled.

I cannot discharge my duty at this time with any degree
of satisfaction to myself, or with any measure of justice
to the event which has called us together, without allusion
to the vital and inspiring force which gave unwonted
strength to our inftmcy and vigor to our growth into man-
hood. Our very existence as a nation was the outgrowth
of most earnest purpose, and most lofty thought and con-
viction. We turn back to this with gratitude and pride.
Our fathers brought with them all the fundamental prin-
ciples upon which they could build the structure of soci-
ety,— a church upon freedom of conscience, a state upon
the sacredness of individual rights, — and they proceeded
to build wisely and well. Their theories were the matured
thought of centuries. "Nothing came from Europe but
a free people," says Bancroft. They came with the doc-
trine of suifrage and self-government thoroughly infused
into their minds. They took their rulers from the ranks ;
and they who elected John Carver as the first governor of
their colony, stand out conspicuous as those who taught
the people how to govern themselves. They had been
taught to believe the truths laid down in Magna Cliarta,
and they read in its immortal lines, that a free people
were entitled to a representative government, and that

10

"the regal authority could not suspend the execution of
laws, except by the consent of Parliament." They had
learned that great law of the State, which, in 1G40,
Pym laid down when he spoke for the privileges belong-
insf to the hiffh court of Parliament, and which Lord
Keuyon still later announced, when he claimed that the
Houses of Parliament protected the liberties of England.
It was doctrines like these, which were brought to these
shores not by the ignorant and adventurous, but by
the wisest and most thoughtful scholars of that age,
by the graduates of Oxford and Cambridge, by those
who brought from the banks of the Cam and the Iris
that free and independent culture which for more than
two centuries has made the banks of the Charles as
sacred in the New World as those classic rivers are in
the Old. The principles of free government, which
the Englishman had proclaimed for generations, against
the overshadowing power of the throne, and which had
served in his native land as the vital force of a revo-
lution, found here a genial soil, and became at once,
in the entire absence of all civil organization, the strong-
est and most useful system in the laud. Not then as
theorists, not as investigators, not as mere inquirers,
but as the custodians of a mature and well organized
system, did the colonists commence and carry on their
work. They were the heirs of careful culture, powerful
intellects, and firm and defiant will. They had been
taught in the best schools of industry and enterprise.
They were good merchants, good mechanics, good fiirmers,
good manufacturers, in a homely fashion. They were
thoughtful theologians, and laid down the plan of salva-
tion with as much definiteness and method as they fixed
the boundary lines of their possessions and planted their
sacred land-marks. They were neither crude nor iuex-

n

perienced. Let no man suppose that they entered blindly
upon then* work. They advanced to their duties with
perfect understanding, and with a well-defined purpose
and strong determination. For a century and a half they
gathered all knowledge together, which might guide them
in their labors. And when the business of orsfanizins: a
new government came upon them they found their minds
fully enlightened for the great occasion. It is not surpris-
ing that at the end of the first century of their national
existence, a people thus prepared in the beginning should
have exhibited a degree of maturity in all the affairs of
life which filled the minds of older nations with astonish-
ment. It is not surprising that in all material endeavor
such a people should excel. It is not surprising that the
product of American ingeuuity and skill should have
arrested the attraction of the world, at the International
Exhibition, and that in arts, in literature, in machinery,
in manufactures, in the general management of the Ex-
hibition itself, the American people should have proved a
powerful rival in the great world-wide competition. The
appeal here is constantly to the wisdom of the people —
to that wise instinct which education and responsibility
for many generations, have made a ruling characteristic
in the American mind, and which has thus far been equal
to all necessities, and has guided us through every trial
which has hitherto shut down with threatening danger
upon the republic.

In this Great Exhibition, Massachusetts, I am happy to
say, performed her part well. She stood foremost in the
IDroducts of her industry and skill. Her educational sys-
tem was admired by the careful observer and scholar.
Her historical exhibit, thanks to this institute, was entirely
worthy of her radiant record. Her building, erected by
the liberality of her citizens, and designed by me as the

12

Massachusetts Commissioner for the accommodation and
entertainment of the people of our state, was the admired
resort of multitudes from all quarters of the Union. To
myself, as I am sure it is to you, the record of our Com-
monwealth on this centennial occasion, is a source of pride,
and satisfaction. I trust the new era upon which she has
now entered, will be still more radiant than the past, and
that she may advance in moral excellence, in intellectual
culture, in material prosperity, until the desires of the
fathers are all fulfilled, and the law of national life laid
down by them shall be supreme among the nations of the
earth.

Rev. Mr. Atwood then addressed the meeting :

I am reminded that there are elsewhere than in history
surprises, changes from high to low, from low to high.
We were notified that we were to have a double subject,
the outcome of the Centennial year, and the Centennial
Exhibition. We have had plenty of fireworks, and I do
not know how much will come out of it. The foreigners
must have got the impression that we have not abated in
our self esteem. If we are so great as a people no one
knows it so well as ourselves. One of the ablest of the
modern English thinkers said to me there was nothing
that startled him so much as the journalism of our coun-
try, and among other things the newspaper accounts of
the great Exhibition at Philadelphia. It would have been
a vast exhibition anywhere. I saw that at Sydenham, that
at New York, and that at Paris ; but all together were
not so great in space as this. It was indeed a surprise in
consideration of the newness of our country.

I have heard some people, since its close, argue that it
was a very foolish undertaking, that it was too expen-
sive, etc. I believe one newspaper (in Rutland?) com-

13

plained that it had been a great damage to their town, so
many people had gone from there to see it ; that fifty
thousand dollars were spent by their people outside of the
toion. I need not take the trouble to argue the folly of
such a proposition. The simple contact with the people
of foreign countries was a great benefit to us. The Ex-
hibition was an industrial school for the whole people.
A party of men or women who could go through those
buildings without having their minds instructed would be
an anomaly and a wonder.

What interested me most was the effect which this ex-
hibition was to have upon the standing of our country in
the estimation of the world. Our calicoes, for instance,
are preferred over those of England. We already have
begun to reap practical results in the effect upon our ex-
ports. Some of you have doubtless seen that speech of
the most noted of the Swiss watchmakers. He found a
case of Waltham watches at Philadelphia and borrowed
one of an inferior grade. Upon examination of it he
declares to the Swiss people that there is not in Switzer-
land a manufactory that could produce such a watch. I
have been informed by one firm that their exhibit at Phil-
adelphia has been of untold value to them in their busi-
ness.

We had there also the evidence of the progress of art-
culture in America. Of the visitors, nine out of ten have
preferred devoting their time to the Art Gallery. When
the French artists made up their exhibit to send here,
they collected nothing but second and third-rate art pic-
tures. It so happened that in coming over some of these
pictures became somewhat mouldy. It was reported in
Paris that our people, when the pictures arrived, were so
in despair with envy that they bespattered them with mud.

As an instance of the natural taste and judgment of

14

our people it may be mentioned that the best pictures at-
tracted the most attention. The "Railway Station" was
found out at once, and admired, although the spectators
did not know that the painter was a master artist.

Another thing to be considered is the increased value
that will be put upon brain labor. The great industrial
interests have hitherto been favored, and have been the
source of wealth. Science has not had so much opportu-
nity, as witness the difficulties that even Agassiz had to
contend with. The highest processes, the refinements of
the ceramic art, are more valued. There is more appre-
ciation of the worth of the intellect as a power in society.

The contrast there exhibited between the results of free
labor and of slave labor was remarkable. Where were
the Gulf States in the Exhibition ? The only things to
be seen there from the Southern States were the work of
the freedmen. Mexico, Brazil, entirely overshadowed
the South.

The results of missionary labors were evidenced in
many things. In the Chinese Department were books
published directly or indirectly through that influence.
Reliijious thought has borne its fruit.

The outcome of all this must be a wonderful impulse
to immigration of the best characters. English and
French skilled workmen, seeing what America is doing,
"what are the prices for labor and the opportunities for
employment, must be more than ever induced to come
here. This of itself will pay for all.

Finally, the good behavior of the visitors at the Exhi-
bition, and the order and propriety of conduct of all in
attendance, were worthy of the highest commendation.

15

Rev. Mr. Bolles, being called upon, spoke as follows :

I feel both pleasure and regret on rising to say the last
word to-night. The gentlemen who have already spoken
have had, as they deserved, our close attention ; but in
one way and another they have so covered the field of
discourse assigned to me that my own remarks seem su-
perfluous. I may also express the thought that the list of
topics should not have ended here. It would have been
pleasant and profitable to us to hear Prof. Hagar on the
educational, or Prof. Morse on the scientific, results of
the Centennial Exhibition.

The addresses to which we have listened have done no
injustice to the part of the United States itself in the
honors of the Exhibition. But perhaps even the great
American people will be modest enough to confess that it
had something to learn there from less inventive and rapid
foreigners. It should especially have had such a feeling
toward the Art-displays of other nations. You have heard
that France and Germany were discourteous enough to
send us, as to an ignorant and uncritical land, only their
second-rate works of art. But England did not scamp
her work in the Art-Building ; nor did China and Japan
neglect to do their best. To England in particular we owe
a debt of gratitude. Beside our century of accomplish-
ment in practical science and invention, she placed her
last hundred years of art. She asked, "What have my
painters done from 1776 to 1876? Who have they been,
and where can I find characteristic canvases of each?"
And she generously placed on view at Philadelphia, what
was the illustrated history of this century of her growth
in Art. It must have been in a spirit of genuine enthu-
siasm and friendship that the Queen and the noble owners
of these paintings were .willing to expose them to the

16

dan""ers of the voyage, that we might see, in even a more
complete collection than can be fomid in any one gallery
in Great Britain, the record of what England has been
doing in Art since we left the old leading strings of her
rule. There were paintings there which travellers remem-
ber to be cherished beyond price as examples of their
peculiar style in the country to which they belong. And
one could learn at Philadelphia those things concerning
British Art, which would require much studying and jour-
neying over sea to understand as well.

Nor can we easily discharge our obligation to China
and Japan. "What marvellous things they showed us in
porcelain and bronze ! Macaulay, in the third volume of
his History, sneers at the fancy for Chinese ware which
Queen Mary introduced at Hampton Court, as a "frivolous
and inelegant fashion." But Miss Martineau, in her later
History, shows that this love of Oriental art did not then
have more than a limited range or existence, since she
alludes to the Chinese productions to be seen in the early
part of this century, in the homes of our Salem merchants,
as one of the things talked about by those who were ear-
nest for the free opening of the Eastern seas for trade.
They wanted Oriental objects. Art-objects among the
rest, more common ; and Philadelphia showed us how
vast were the resources of those nations so recently joined
to the western world by the bands of commerce. I un-
derstood that the most ancient and" precious things in the
Chinese Court were to return to China, as they were the
property of wealthy connoisseurs, and worth more at home
than here ; but the readiness with which the rest, even the
most expensive, were sold, illustrated the increasing Art-
culture of our own people. It is neither frivolous nor
inelegant to admire those works ; and after the passion of
the day has thrown off a few of its bubbles, we may look

17

for a steady and intelli2:eiit demand for the rich colors
and ex(jnisite materials which the far East sends us.

It is well known that the most popular exhibits at Phil-
adelphia were those in Art, and that the most constantly
crowded buildins: was Memorial Hall. The throns: of
slight seers was of course larj^ely made up of those to
whom the meaning of a picture or statue was as a Greek
letter, and many were the odd speeches and queer mis-
takes Avhich W'Cre noted among them. One spectator in-
terpreted the enormous and unpleasant picture of "lliz-
pah" to be the "Goddess of Liberty scai-ing away the
American Eagle from the vanquished South." Another
stopped in the Russian Court before a line work in re-
jjoussc silver, wdiich represented figures in violent action.
"E-e-p-o-s-e," she slowly read it; "there don't seem to
be much repose about that !" A man and his wife were
examining the malachites in the same section. "They
are beautiful, Charles, these amalel'iies, are they not?"
"No, my dear," he answered, proud of his superior knowl-
edge, "not amaleki(es, but amcdgamitesf" Still the peo-
ple saw and enjoyed all these things ; and unless they
are more obtuse than the last century seems to have made
them, they must have gained a vast amount of instruction
from their visit.

Our household art, in particular, must be very much
advanced as one result of the Exhibition. It is not so
very long ago that England, which had so much to teach
us in this department at Philadelphia, was herself a
scholar to the older art of the continent. In the brief
lull of the war with the first Napoleon there was a great
rush of English visitors to France; and when hostilities
suddenly recommenced, it is said that twelve thousand of
them were caught and kept in Paris. They brought back
new tastes and refinements ; and English Art from that

ESSEX INST. BULLETIN. IX 2

18

day made a striking advance. Bnt Art in Great Britain
owes most perhaps to Prince Albert. It has been the
fashion to decry him as only the imported husband of a
queen. But he brought to England a delicate and grace-
ful culture and a generous patronage of Art, which did
much to give a beautiful drapery to the rugged English
life, just as the ivy makes her old gray walls more pictu-
resque. We shonld not forget that he was the originator
of the Great Exhibition of 1851 in Hyde Park, where his
JNIemorial now stands ; and in consequence he may be
■considered in close relation to all the International Expo-
sitions which have followed ; in some sense, indeed, the
cause and suggestion of ours in 1876. The original
Crystal Palace still remains, the attraction of holiday
visitors to Sydenham ; and in the London International
of 1874, more than four thousand pictures were on the
walls. And one result of this culture of Art has been
to make the English home more beautiful. The exhibits
of Minton's tiles, Daniell's porcelains, Elkington's elec-
trotypes, Doulton & Watts' ceramics, showed us this ;
while the buildings of the English Commissioners, wnth
their simple but eifective decorations, w^ere a pleasure and
surprise to all who w'ere fortunate enongh to gain admit-
tance. Long 1)ef()i'e the close of the Exhil)ition, Doul-
ton & Watts' entire display of fire-place and wall orna-
ments was sold ; and each one will become a missionary
of Art in some corner of our land. No one could have
failed to see how the strong home instinct of the English
race entwined itself with new art in the production of
those charming fireplaces which were such attractive cen-
ters for admiration at our Exhibition. They were copied
many times in prints and photographs ; and many were
the remarks made about the beauty which a genuine New
England wood fire Avould have in them, a grace which in

19

Old Eiiglaml they could seldom know. Now the English
did not imitate all this slavishly from other nations ; they
made an art for themselves and their own homes. Once
on the road to apply art principles they found their inspi-
ration and their models in the scenery and life of their
own land.

I believe that this Exhibition will give exactly the
needed impulse and direction to American Art. We
ought to realize our [)rivilege — to incorporate with the
vigorous and successful life of our republic the refining
and helpful infiuences which Art culture can give. But
we must have education for this. We must see and know
what others have done, and then transmute foreign Art
into that which shall be characteristic of America. Then
over the centuries to come will bend this serene sky of
Art, in which more than one shining star shall bear our
national name.

Tuesday, January 9, 1877.
Major J. W. Powell, the U. S. Geologist in charge
of the Exploration and Survey of the Colorado Region,
oave an intcrestins; lecture on the North American In-
dians, with whom he has an extensive acquaintance and
of whose philosophy and myths he has made an especial
study. He alluded to their ideas of creation, their Gods,
their religion, their mythology and their tales, interspers-
ing his remarks with many impressive incidents and In-
dian stories.

Monday, January 15, 1877.
Major J. W. Powell ijave this eveninir the second

20

lecture in the Institute course. Tlie subject was "The
Canons of the Colorado." The lecturer spoke of his ex-
ploring expedition in that wild, uninhal)itable region of
the Rocky Mountains, undertaken at the request of the
Government, and briefly described the natural features
and scenery of the country, which are grand rather than
beautiful. The valley of the Rio Colorado is a vast natu-
ral bed of rock, mostly bare of vegetation, a mile in thick-
ness, and covering as large a surface as the whole of New
England and the Middle States combined. He concluded
the lecture in narrating the adventures of his party in
their peuilous but romantic voyage down the river. This
was accomplished through great hardships and without
any fatal accident, though they had many narrow escapes
with their lives, and three of his men who deserted in tlie
face of great danger were captured and killed by the In-
dians. The lecture was profusely illustrated with views
of the scenery on the Colorado, including its principal
canons and cataracts, by the calcium light.

Monday, January 29, 1877.
Prof. Henry Carmichael, of Bowdoin College, fa-
vored the Institute Avith an instructiA^e lecture on "Flame,"
which was fully illustrated by experiments that were sin-
gularly successful, though he was removed from the spec-
ial facilities of the laborator3^ The more prominent of
these were the placing of phosphorus and gunpowder in
the interior of the flame, the musical and sensitive flame,
the efiect of various chemicals upon the color of a flame,
and the monochromatic flame, which gave to everything
a ghastly and cadaverous appearance.

21

Regular Meeting, Monday, February 5, 1877.

Meeting this evening. The President in the chair.
Records read.

P. P. Bielhy and George A. Pnrbeck, both of Salem,
were elected resident members.

J. W. Powell of Washington, D. C, G. W. Levette
of Indianapolis, Ind., and Benjamin J. Lang of Boston,
were elected corresponding members.

Monday Evening, February 12, 1877.

LECTURE ON THE TELEPHONE.

The evening was devoted to a lecture on the telephone
by Prof. Alexander Graham Bell, being one of the
Institute course of lectures. The meeting was held at
the Lyceum Hall for tlie purpose of more easy connection
with telegraphic lines. It was the first public exhibition
of the telephone invented by Prof. Boll, and the experi-
ments were eminently successful, and were greeted with
enthusiastic applause by an audience which completely
filled the hall. A wire of the Atlantic and Pacific Tele-
graph Co. was placed at the disposal of Prof. Bell, and
was connected with the Lyceum Hall in Salem, and with
the office in Exeter Place, Boston, where were present
]Mr. Thomas A. Watson of Salem, the Professor's assis-
tant, and Messrs. B. Bridden, the electrician. Prof. E.
B. Warman, and A. B. Fletcher of the "Boston Globe."

The President, Dr. Wheatland, introduced Prof. Bell,
who opened his lecture with an allusion to the pleasure it
gave him to exhibit the Telephone for the first time
before a public audience, here at Salem ; not only on

22

account of its being the place of his residence and Avhere
he had conducted his experiments for some years, but
because it was here that the science of Telephony had its
rise. The first attempt to produce musical sounds by
electric currents was by Prof. C. G. Page,^ a Salem man,
who discovered, in 1837, that whenever a magnet was
affected by an intermittent current a sound was trans-
mitted. This led observers in all parts of the world to
take up the subject. The discovery was also made by
Prof. Page that whenever a current is passed through a
coil a sound is emitted by the iron surrounded by the coil.
It had been imagined that a molecule of iron had changed
its place. Prof. Page reasoned in this way: — if we can
make this sound rapidly we shall have a musical note ;
and this can be done by making and breaking the circuit.
These suggestions excited a great deal of attention al)road.
Keis constructed a telephone by which a musical note
was produced, by making and breaking circuit, in an iron
core surrounded by a coil. By singing into a transmit-
ting instrument a membrane is made to vibrate, thereby
producing the musical sound by intermittent contact with
the vil)rating medium. Pels' telephone has never been
brought into practical use. It is a very beautiful instru-
ment theoretically, but it gives merely the pitch and
nothiuir more.

1 Charles Grafton Page, son of Capt. Jere. L. & Lucy D. (Lang) Page, born in
Salem, Mass.. Jan. 25, 1812, preiiared for college in the Grammar School, Salem,
under tlie charge of Theodore Eanies, entered Harvard College in 1S2S, graduating
in 1832, studied medicine with Dr. A. L. Peirson of Salem, and the Harvard Medi-
cal School, receiving the degree of M. D. in 1836. In 183S he went to Virginia and
practised his profession two years. In 1840 he was called to a position in the U. 8.
Patent Office and was one of the Examiners from that time until his death, which
occurred at Washington on Tuesday, May 5, 18G8.

In early youth he developed a tnste for the study of electricity and the kindred
sciences, and continued tlirough life a diligent and successful student in these
fields of observation and enquiry. He was a frequent contributor to "Silliinan'a
Journal of Science," and was tlie author of several treatises on tlie subject of elec-
trical science and discovery. In 1839-40 he was Professor of Chemistry in Colum-
bia College, D. C.

23

I have followed out the experiments of Page and of
lieis. All investigators have followed the idea of Page.
I found that his theory of the cause of the sound was a
mistake. An empty coil will produce the same effect.
When you pass a current of electricity intermittently
through an empty coil musical notes are emitted. When
passed through a lead pencil a very pleasing note was
emitted through the plumbago ; also through an iron
wire, and curious results are caused by induced electric-
ity through the fore arm.

In the course of experiments by a number of persons
joining hands with Ruhmkorff's coil a sound from the
clasped hands was produced. Whenever the current
through the persons joining hands was made or iM'oken,
a sound was produced. A piece of paper placed between
the hands produced a still more curious effect.

These are effects produced directly by the currents of
electricity. Still more interesting effects are produced
by placing an iron coil near the magnet ; by placing it
nearer and nearer, the sound is louder and louder. This
happens from every piece of iron placed near the magnet,
and the effect is still greater when it is expanded into a
thin membrane.

I hope I shall be able to exhibit some of these effects
to-night. This, however, is the first attempt to do this
before an audience, and it is possible the experiments
may not succeed so well as I desire. The first thing is
the pnjduction of a musical note in the way I have first
described by intermittent currents. My friend, Mr.
Thomas A. Watson, is at this moment creating an inter-
mittent current in Boston. [Loud and distinct sounds,
followed by an audible message, are heard.]

I believe I am the first person who has adopted the
practice of using a metal diaphragm in the telephone.

24

Also I have discovered that a telegraphic message may be
sent by means of using musical notes. Some of these
discoveries which I have described were made simultane-
ously by three persons : Ward of Chicago, Lecourt, and
myself.

All the entanglements of sound come through the air.
We perceive all the varyiug tones, etc., without difficulty.
Prof. Wheatstone and afterwards Prof. Henry demon-
strated the fact that a solid substance, tor instance a wooden
rod or bar, would conduct an infinite number of vibrations
simultaneously. Pianos on the opposite sides of a street
ma}^ thus be made to answer to each other. The same
eflect may be produced in a wire also by the use of the
battery. You can send as many musical notes as you
please along a wire by using the means I have described.

I shall ask INIr. AVatson to send two sounds at once.
[One sound heard.] The notes are not simultaneous.
The trouble is Mr. Watson is repeating the tirst experi-
ment, through my mistake in sending the wrong signal.

[An intermittent current was then sent from Boston
by Mr. Thomas A. Watson, Professor Bell's associate.
This caused a noise from the telejihone very similar to
that of a horn. The Morse telegraph alphabet was then
sent by musical sounds, and could be heard throughout
the hall. The audience burst into loud applause at this
experiment. A telephom'c oi-gan was then put into oper-
ation in Boston. "Should xVuld Acquaintance be Forgot,"
"America," and "Yankee Doodle" were readily heard
through the hall and heartily recognized. At this point
Prof. Bell then explained how he learned to transmit the
tones of the human voice, and paid a grateful tribute to
Mr. Watson. Prof. Bell asked Mr. Watson for a song,
and "xVuld Lang Syne" came from the mouthpiece of the
instrument almost before his words w^ere ended. Mr.

25

Watson was then asked to make a speech to the audience.
He expressed himself as having more confidence eighteen
miles away than if he were present. His speech was as
follows : "Ladies and gentlemen : it gives me great pleas-
ure to be able to address you this evening, although I am
in Boston and you in Salem." This could be heard thirty-
five feet distant; that is, all over the hall, and brought
down the house with applause. A system of questioning
was then carried on and Mr. Watson was asked if he
heard the applause. The answer was, "I was not listen-
ing. Try again." The applause was given and its
receipt at once acknowledged in Boston.]

A number of musical notes can be sent simultaneously
on the same circuit, which gives a great advantage. We
did not get exactly the same effects as when the musical
notes are heard in the air. The cause is not far to see ;
for in the intermittent current the vibrations are not in
the exact ratio of the vibrations of the air.

Other experimenters have been trying, Avith myself,
to bring to practical effect the principle of multiple elec-
tricity. I discovered that when a great number of in-
termittent currents were being transmitted one breaks
while the other makes, so that there Avas really no break
at all. There are six kinds of electrical current. [This
subject was then further illustrated by the lecturer upon
the blackboaid ; the different forms of the electrical wave ;
and the differences between positive and negative elec-
tricity ; "direct" and "reversed" "intermittent, pulsatory
and undulatory currents" were shown; and how the
sound of musical notes may be produced by such currents
together.]

The idea occurred to me of a new kind altogether, and
that the current might be made to vary exactly as the air
varies. [This idea was then further explained and illus-

26

trnted by drawings on the board.] I used a common
battery and instead of breaking the current I used a con-
stant current, and a vibrating membrane. I found that
by placing a membrane before the magnet and speaking
before it, the sound was transmitted.

It was my good fortune to meet with another person
interested in simihir studies, jNlr. Watson of Salem. It
is chiefly due to his assistance that the invention is pro-
ceeding to a successful issue.

[The lecturer then explained the construction of the
magneto-electric telephone on the blackl)oard.]

Though the sounds are at present feeble and heard with
difficulty at a distance, I hope in the future to be able to
have them more audible. Soft articulation is more intel-
ligible than loud. A whisper is perfectly a\idil)le.

Messages' have been transmitted through this instru-
ment between Boston and Conway, a distance of 143
miles. I have passed the messages through the human
body and through water, which has a million times more
resisting power than a wire. The result of these experi-
ments seemed to demonstrate that the resistance retard-
ing the magneto-electric current was vastly less than the
resistance to the galvanic current, and encouraged me to
believe that it will, in time, be possible to converse across
the Atlantic hy means of international telephony. These
experiments we are now conducting are made over a dis-
tance of twenty miles; and there is no battery, only a
wire.

rCouohing and sini>;in2: were then heard, and a varietv of
questions was then asked from the Salem end and among
them: "What news from the Electoral Connnission?" fol-
lowed by the distinct answer of "I don't know of any."
But the news came fieetiiiij along that the eniiineers of
the Boston and Maine Railroad had struck. General

27

Cogswell then asked if trains were running ; the ans^ver
was clear and distinct that they "were not at 5.30 o'clock.
Prof. Bell introduced the Rev. E. C. Bolles, who said :
"I shake hands with you cordially in imagination twenty
miles away." The Rev. E. S. Atwood asked, "Does it
rain?" "It does not in Boston," was Mr. Watson's an-
swer. Prof. Gage, the electrician, then spoke through
the telephone, endeavoring to have his voice recognized.
This could not be done, as Mr. Watson was not familiar
with the voice. Mr. Shuje Isawa was recognized, Mr.
Watson being perfectly familiar with his tones. One of
the assistants in Boston then said that "Hold the Eort"
would be sung in Boston, and the tune which followed
was readily recognized.] Prof. Bell closed his lecture
by briefly stating the practical uses to which he was confi-
dent the telephone could be applied. Private dwellings
may be connected Avith a central office, and messages
transmitted by the voice. Merchants can conveniently
transact their business by its aid. Hearty applause was
afiurded the lecturer as he finished, and people flocked
about the stage in large numl)ers to more closely examine
the wonderful instrument that had placed them in audible
communication with people nearly twenty miles away.

The lecture and experiments were an unqualified suc-
cess. Vice President Goodell of the Institute offered an
order, which was adopted, to draft a series of resolutions
to express the satisfaction of the Institute and audience
for the instructive and interesting entertainment offered
by Prof. Bell. A vote of thanks was also extended to
Mr. AVatson and sent to him by telephone. A vote of
thanks was passed to the Atlantic and Pacific Telegraph
Company for their kindness in allowing the use of their
wires for these experiments. A vote of thanks w^as also
tendered to Miss Molloy, operator of the Atlantic and

28

Pacific Telegraph Company at Salem, for her assistance
during the evening. The telephone was then taken apart
and explained to a few ladies and gentlemen, to their
great wonder and satisfaction. A report of the meeting
was transmitted to the "Boston Globe" by the telephone
in the presence of about twenty, who have thus been
witnesses to a feat never before attempted — that is, the
sending of a newspaper dispatch over the space of eigh-
teen miles by the human voice, and all this wonder being
accomplished in a time not much longer than would be
consumed in an ordinary conversation between two people
in the same room.

The President appointed Rev. E. S. Atwood, Rev. E.
C. Bolles, A. C. Goodell, Jr., D. B. Hagar, and Wm. D.
Northend, as the comnnttee to draft and report a series
of resolutions as above.

Monday, February 19, 1877.

Regular meetini? this evenins:. The President in
the chair. Records read. Donations and correspon-
dence announced.

Caroline Baldwin, of Salem, was elected a resident
member.

Mr. John McNeil, of Winchester, formerly of Hillsbo-
rough, N. H., who has great interest in the restocking
of the rivers and ponds of New England with fish, gave
a familiar and instructive talk on artificial fish breeding
and collateral topics. The people of Salem, who have
an abundance of various excellent sea fishes at their very
doors, do not, perhaps, appreciate the importance of the
inland fisheries and the present efforts to restock with the

29

finny tribes tlie depleted rivers and ponds of the country,
as do the residents of the interior, but they cannot help
feeling an interest in the subject when presented as it was
on this evening.

]Mr. McNeil stated that a quarter of a century ago,
two-thirds of the food, — beef, mutton, pork, etc., — con-
sumed in New England was produced in New England ;
now, the production has fallen to abtnit one-third of the
consumption. The fisheries have been nearly destroyed
on the great rivers by the erection of factories and other
causes, and the ponds have been in a large measure
dep()[)nlated of their fishes; hence the necessity of re-
stocking by artificial means, and the efforts of the Legis-
latures of the various States to encourage this purpose.

Mr. ]MeNeil presented many interesting facts in relation
to artificial fish-breeding, explained the process of spawn-
ing, hatching, transportation and restocking, and spoke
most positively of the assurances of success resulting
from the plans no,v in progress. He described the habits
of fishes and spoke particularly of the lamprey eel, the
alewives, the shad and the salmon, the four varieties of
the most importance for the rivers ; explained the fish-
ways on the Merrimac and Connecticut, and gave an
account of the success that had already been achieved on
those rivers and (jf the hopeful promises for the future.
In conclusion he stated that he should be glad to answer
any inquiries that the audience might suggest, and several
questions were asked and satisfactorily answered.

He had started from home with some eggs of the salmon,
but they had hatched on the way and the young fishes were
exbibited.

jSIr. F. W. Putnam added some observations in regard
to the lamprey eel, illustrating his rcmaiks on the black-

30

board, niul concliicled by offering a vote of thanks to Mr.
IMoNeil, in behalf of the Institute, for his interesting and
instructive lecture, which was unanimously adopted.

A. C. GooDELL, Jr., Esq., in behalf of the Committee
appointed on the previous INIonday evening, reported the
following resolutions in reference to Prof. Bell and the
telephone, viz. : —

RicsoLVKD, Tliat we tender our cordial tlianks to Professor Alexan-
der Graliani Bell, and to his associate, Mr. Thomas Augustus Watson
of Salem, for the wonderful and profoundly interestini;' experiments
so successfully performed by them at Lyceum Hall on the evening of
the 12th inslaiit; and to the Atlantic and Paciflc Telegraph Company,
Mho generously permitted the use of their wires between 8alem and
Boston; and to Miss Anastasia L. MoUoy, who operated the telegraph
ou that evening.

Rksoi.ved, That the experiments we have witnessed satisfiictorily
demonstrate the feasibility of conveying articulate sounds by means
of magneto-electricity: and we liiul that this metliod ])()ssesses advan-
tages over the ordinary electric telegraph in the following particulars :

First, in the simplicity and cheapness of the mechanism employed.

Second, in dispensing entirely with batterries.

Third, in avoiding the necessity of employing skilled operators.

Fourth, in the apparently great motive force of the magneto-electric
current employed, and (according to the evidence exhibited by Prof.
Bell) in the fact that resistance is, by this means, so far overcome or
avoided as to encourage the belief that, practically, no difficulty may
be expected, from that source, in the longest circuits.

F.fth, in the rapidity of communication by the teleplione, and in the
■ease with which it insures accuracy by admitting of iustantaiieous
vocal repetition from either end of a telephonic line.

Rksolved, That the discpvery that the vibrations of a conducting
memi)rane or plate set in motion by the human voice can be so deli-
cately and forcibly communicated to a corres[)ondiug membrane at the
opposite end of an electric circuit, as to produce articulate sounds of
exactly the same timbre, quality, pitch and relative strength, appears
to us one of the most marvellous discoveries of the age; and the prac-
tical embodiment of this discovery, in the telephone, constitutes a
most curious and remarkable invention; and we deem it especially
noteworthy that these were not accidental, but the result of profound
study of the science of acoustics, and a consequent inference tliat
currents of electricity might be made to vary in intensity in the exact
ratio that air varies in density when aflected by sound.

Rksolved, That we deem it a signal honor to have been privileged

31

to witness the first public operation of this wonderful instrument, at
a meeting, a report of tlie proceedings of which was sent abroad as
the first public message by the tdephune.

Resoi.vkd, Tliat we are gratified to learn that these experiments
are to be repeated in Salein ; and to them, as at once instructive and
astonishing, we invite tlie attention of the public.

Kksoi.vkd, That these resolutions be communicated to Prof. Bell
and to Mr. Watson by the Secretary ; and offered to the press.

The committee who reported these resolutions consisted
of Rev. E. S. Atwood, Rev. E. C. BoUes, A. C. Goodell,
Jr., D. B. Hagar, and A.Vm. D. Northend.

Before putting the question President Wheathmd, after
alhiding to Prof. Bell's recognition of our late townsman,
Dr. Page, as the discoverer of the transmission of sound
by the electric current, related some very interesting
reminiscences of his school and college classmate, Dr.
Page, and of those other Salem gentlemen, the late Jona-
than Webb, Thomas Cole and Francis Peabody, who had
many years ago distinguished themselves by their investi-
gations and experiments in relation to electricity and elec-
tro magnetism.

The resolutions Avere then unanimously adopted.

Mr. F. W. PuTi\AM presented a communication enti-
tled "Notes upon the Birds observed in Southern Illinois,
between July 17 and September 4, 1875, by E. ^Y . Nel-
son." Referred to the Publication Committee.

32

KOTES UPON BIRDS OBSERVED IX SOUTHERN ILLINOIS,
BETWEEN JULY 17 AND SEPTEMBER i, ISTo.

B\- E. W. NELSOX.

The following observations were made daring a collecting trip
through the southern portion of the state at a season Avhen but few
species other than the summer residents were to be found. One of
the main objects of the trip was to learn as far as possible what spe-
cies were to be found in the southern extreme of the state during
summer. For this purpose two main points were chosen. Mt. Car-
mel on the Wabash, and Cairo at the junction of the Ohio and Missis-
sippi. From each of these places short trips were made into the
elevated country away from the rivers, the results of which will be
given in a supplementary list after each of the main lists.

3It. Carmel and Vicinity.

The obsei'vations at this place extend over the entire time of our
sojourn in Southern Illinois, as my companion, Mr. F. T. Jencks, — to
whom I am indebted for many of the Mt. Carmel notes, — remained
here during my trip to Cairo and vicinity.

At this place our collecting was mainly confined to the heavily
wooded bottom-lands along the Wabash and White Rivers, with short
excursions to the slightly hilly and well wooded country back of the
town. This we found would scarcely repay us for our trouble, and
our attention was turned to the rich fauna of the bottoms. Here in
dense thickets about ponds and lagoons and especially in the under-
growth in portions of a cypress swamp on the W^hite River, a few
miles above the town, we found our most attractive field.

In such places Protonotaria citrea, Helminlhaphaga pinns, Dendroeca
ccervlea, Oporornis formosus and Mijiodioctes mitralus with other inter-
esting species were more or less numerous.

From Mt. Carmel an excursion was made to Fox Prairie about
thirty-five miles to the north-west. The observations there will be
given in an additional list.

As my friend Mr. Ridgway has discussed the faunal and floral rela-
tions of the Wabash Valley' I would refer the render to this excellent
paper, and proceed to the results of our field work.

1 Proc. B. S. N. H., VoL XVI, Feb. 18, 1871, pp. 30i.

33

Family TTJRDID^.
Genus Turdus Linn.

1. T. mustelinus Gmel. Wood Thrush. Abundant in the bot-
toms and common in poi'tions of the more elevated woodlands.

2. T. migratorius Linn. Kobin. Apparently not common. A
few were seen about the town.

Genus Harporhynchus Cab.

3. H. rufus Cahan. Brown Thrush. Not common. A few
observed along the roadsides.

Genus Galeoseoptes Caban.

4. G. carolinensis Caban. Cat Bird. Common. Usually found
about the farms west of the town.

Family SAXICOLID^.
Genus Sialia Sw.

5. S. sialis Hald. Blue Bird. Abundant, especially about the
trees and fences on the wide flat between the town and the river.

Family SYLVIIDJE.
Genus Polioptila Scl.

6. P. cserulea Sclat. Blue-gray Gnatcatcher. Very common.
Found in the tops of the tall oaks in the bottoms with Dendroeca coeru-
lea. Half-fledged young were taken the last of July.

Family PARID^SI.
Genus Lophophanes Kaup.

7. L- bicolor Bonap. Tufted Titmouse. Very numerous every-
where in the woods, although more abundant in the bottoms.

Genus Parus Linn.

8. P. carolinensis And. Carolina Titmouse. Less abundant
than the preceding and more confined to the damp bottom-lands.

Genus Sitta Linn.

9. S. carolinensis Lath. White-bellied Nuthatch. Found
rather commonly throughout the woods.

3

34

Family TROGLODYTID^.
Genus Thryothorus Vieill.

10. T. ludovicianus Bonap. Carolina Whkn. Common every-
where ill open woods .and about brush-piles or logs in clearings. The
males sang through July and until well into August. Mr. Ridgway
has since informed me that this species sings throughout the year.

A double nest of this species was given me by Mr. John Ridgway of
Mt. Carmel, which was obtained by him in the bottoms. The two
nests were of about equal size and composed principally of moss and
grass. The contiguous sides were slightly united. Both nests were
constructed the same season and when found one side contained half
fledged young.

11. T. bewicki Bonap. Bewick's Wrex. Not very numerous.
A few were observed about the yards in town, and a few specimens
were obtained along a ruinous hedge fence by the roadside near Fox
Prairie.

Family SYLVICOLID^.
Genus Mniotilta Vieill.

12. M. varia Vieill. Black and White Creeper. Common
throughout the bottoms, and in damp woods on the uplands.

Genus Protonotaria Bd.

13. P. citrea Baird. Prothonotary Warbler. Common in
the button-bushes bordering the lagoons in the bottom-lands. Usu-
ally found in small parties of from five to six individuals contain-
ing the parents with their young. The middle of July the latter
were in many cases but just able to follow the old birds. The sudden
inundation of the bottoms the last of July drove all the bush-frequent-
ing birds away, and the water not falling until the middle of August
they did not return. I did not hear a note from these birds, and were
it not for their bright color they would be very difficult to collect.

Genus Helmitlierus Baf.

14. H. vermivorus Bonap. Worm-eating Warbler. Not com-
mon. Found in localities similar to those frequented by the preced-
ing.

Genus Helminthophaga Cah.

15. H. pinus Baird. Blue-winged Yellow Warbler. Rather
common in the most densely wooded portions of the bottoms. We
found it more numerous about the borders of the cypress swamp than

35

elsewhere. It was usually found upon the lower branches of tall trees
or the tops of saplings searching the twigs on the tips of the branches,
its movements strongly suggesting a titmouse as it hung head down
or searched the under side of a branch for insects. A faint "cheep"
was the only note heard.

Genus Parula Bon.

16. P. americana Bonap. Blue Yellow-backed Waebler. Not
common. A few breed.

Genus DendroBca Ch-ay.

17. D. sestiva Baird. Yellow "Warbler. Common in the cul-
tivated portions, principally away from the bottoms.

18. D. maculosa Bd. Black and Yellow Warbler. The only
one seen was a migrant taken in the bottoms August 30. (Jencks.)

19. D. cserulea Bd. Cerulean Warbler. The most abundant
species of the Sylvicolidce. Found everywhere in small parties, but
much more numerous in the bottoms.

20. D. dominica var. albilora Baml. Western Yellow-
throated Warbler. First noted August 30, when they were found
to be abundant in a group of elm trees on the river bank near town.
During the succeeding three days they were plentiful and thirty-six
specimens were taken and many more seen. After September 2nd not
a specimen was to be found, though diligent search was made. While
here they showed great preference for the elm trees before mentioned,
none being found elsewhere. They uttered the faint "cheep" com-
mon to most warblers, and one was heard delivering a low song from
the top of a tall elm. The notes were so low that even when stand-
ing under the same tree the song could only be distinguished by care-
fully listening.

The movements of these birds while in the trees were rather slow
and quite nuthatch-like. Among the specimens taken were some
having the lorul line almost immaculate white and others with a bright
yellow line in front of the eye. (Jencks.)

Genus Siurus Sw.

21. S. auricapillus Swains. Golden-crowned Thrush. Abun-
dant in heavy woods.

22. S. motaeilla Bonap. Large-billed Water Thrush. Not
uncommon, but so shy that they were very difficult to obtain, always
flitting from tree to tree well in advance, and uttering a sharp metallic
note.

Genus Oporornis Bd.

23. O. formosus WiU. Kentucky Warbler. Abundant in the

36

bottoms and occasionally straying into the more elevated wood-lands.
Its habits closely resemble those of iSiurus auricapillus. A young
bird barely able to follow its parents was taken the last of July in the
cypress swamp.

Genus Geothlypis Cab.

24. G. triclias Cuban. Maryland Yellow-throat. Common
in suitable places about fields.

Genus Icteria Vieill.

25. I. virens Baird. Yellow-breasted Chat. Very common
in dense brier patches in the bottoms, but owing to their skulking
habits were very difficult to obtain. Several young unable to fly were
obtained July 19th.

Genus Myiodioctes Aud.

26. M. mitratus Aud. Hooded Warbler. Common through-
out the heavily timbered bottoms but most abundant in the dense
under-growth about the border of the cypress swamp. Frequently
found in small bushes close to the ground, though generally keeping
in the taller bushes or small trees.

27. M. canadensis And. Canada Flycatcher. Two specimens
were obtained in the bottoms the first of September. (Jencks.)

Genus Setophaga Sw.

28. S. ruticilla Sw. Red-start. Very common in the bottoms.

Family HIRUNDINIDiE.
Genus Progne Bote.

29. P. subis Baird. Purple Martin. Abundant along the river
near town until about August 25th, when they disappeared.

Genus Petroehilidon Cab.

30. P. lunifrons Bd. Cliff Swallow. Very common.

Genus Hirundo Linn.

31. H. horreorum Barton. Barn Swallow. Abundant until
about August 28th.

32. H. bieolor Vieill. White-bellied Swallow. A few strag-
glers were seen the last of July.

Genus Stelgidopterjrx Bd.

33. S. serripennis Bd. Rough-winged Swallow. Common
along the river.

37

Genus Cotyle Boie.
34. C. riparia Boie. Bank Swallow. Abundant with the pre-
ceding, both species disappearing about the middle of August.

Family VIREONID^.
Genus Vireo Vieill.

35. V. olivaceus Bonap. Red-eyed Vieeo. Abundant every-
where in the woods.

36. V. gilvus Cassin. Wakbling Vireo. First seen August
27th ; after this date they became common in the bottoms. (Jeucks.)

37. v. flavifrons Bd. Yellow-thkoated Vireo. Rather com-
mon in the bottoms, frequenting the tops of the tallest trees.

38. V. noveboracensis Bonap. White-eyed Vireo. Common
in swampy thickets.

Family LANIID^.
Genus CoUurio Vigors.

39. C. ludovicianus var. ludovicianus. Logger-head Shrike.
Not conunon during our stay, but said to be numerous during the
breeding season.

Family TANAGHID-2E.
Genus Pyranga Vieill.

40. P. rubra Vieill. Scarlet Tanager. Abundant everywhere
in the bottoms and in every stage of plumage from olive-green to
bright scarlet.

41. P. sestiva Vieill. Summer Red Bird. Rare in the bottoms,
but not uncommon about the borders of woods on the uplands. More
retiring than the preceding, and in consequence likely to be over-
looked, at this season at least.

Family FEINGILLID^.
Genus Chrysomitris Boie.

42. C. tristis Bon. Gold Finch. Common about the farms and
roadsides.

Genus PoCECetes Bd.

43. P. gramineus Bd. Grass Finch. Rather uncommon, fre-
quenting the fields near town.

38

Genus Coturniculus Bonap.
"" 44. C. passerinus Bonap. Yellow-winged "Sparrow. Rare in
the vicinity of Mt. Carmel. A single specimen was taken in a grain
field.

Genus Chondestes Sio.

45. C. grammaca Bonap. Lark Finch. Not uncommon along
roadsides.

Genus Spizella Bonap.

46. S. pusilla Bonap. Field Sparrow. Abundant in fields and
along roadsides. •

47. S. soeialis Bonap. Chippixg Sparrow. Abundant in all
suitable places.

Genus Peuesea Aud.

48. P. aestivalis Ca&. Bachman's Finch. Rather common. Those
obtained were found about the fences or brush piles in half cleared
fields. They were shy and quite difficult to secure from their habit of
diving into the nearest shelter when alarmed, or skulking, wren-like,
along the fences, dodging from rail to rail. One was observed sing-
ing from a fence stake, but seeing the intruder it stopped abruptly
aud darted into a patch of weeds.

Genus Euspiza Bonap.

49. E. americana Bonap. Black-throated Bunting. Quite
common about the borders of cornfields and along hedges.

Genus Gyanospiza Bd.

50. C. cyanea Bd. Indigo Bird. Exceedingly common every-
where except in the densely wooded bottoms. Several could often be
heard singing at once.

Genus Cardinalis Bonap.

51. C. virginianus Bonap. Cardinal Grosbeak. "Very com-
mon everywhere ; more numerous than I observed it anywhere else.
Its clear whistle was heard from the top of tall trees in the gloomiest
portions of the bottoms, as well as from the border of the woods
near the farm houses.

Genus Pipilo Vieill.

52. P. erythrophthalmus Vieill. Towhee Finch. Not uncom-
mon about partly cleared fields.

39

Family ICTERID^.
Genus Molothrus Sio.

53. M. ater Gray. Cow Buntixg. Several large flocks were ob-
served the last of July, but none were seen singly, nor after the first
of August were any to be found.

Genus Agelseus Vieill.

54. A. phoeniceus Vieill. EED-w^NGED Blackbird. Not com-
mon.

Genus Sturnella Vieill.

55. S. magna Sw. Meadow Lark, Abundant about fields. About
the last of July they united into large flocks.

Genus Icterus Auct.

56. I. spurius Bo7i. Orchard Oriole. Common during July
and the first of August.

57. I. baltimore Daud. Baltimore Oriole. Not common. A
pair, with young, the only specimens observed, were seen the 2ud of
August.

Genus Quiscalus Vieill.

58. Q. pupureus Bartr. var. seneus Fddg. Purple Grakle.
Very abundant. Gathered into immense flocks, in the more open por-
tions of the bottoms, the last of July.

Family COIlVID.aB.
Genus Corvus Linn.

59. C. amerieanus And. Crow. Very plentiful in large flocks.
Not so shy as is usually the case with this species.

Genus Cyanizra Sw.

60. C. cristata Sw. Blue Jay. Very common everywhere.

Family TYRANNID^.
Genus Tyrannus Cuv.

61. T. carolinensis Bd. King Bird. Common about farms.

Genus Myiarchus Cab.

62. M. crinitus Cab. Great-crested Flycatcher. Very abun-

40

dant everywhere in the woods and common about the trees on the
flat between the river and tlie town. About the first of September
they left for tlie soutli.

Genus Sayornis Bon.

63. S. fuscus Bd. BijiDGE Pewee. Common about the out-
sliirts of the town and along the river, on the flat.

Genus Contopus Cab.

64. C. virens Cab. Wood Pewee. Abundant everywhere in
woods.

Genus Empidonax Cab.

65. E. pusillus var. trailli Bd. Traill's Flycatcher. Found
in the bottoms, but in smaller numbers than the following.

66. E. acadicus Bd. Acadian Flycatcher. Usually found in
the gloomiest portions of the bottoms, where it was common.

Family ALCEDINID^ai.
Genus Ceryle Bote.

67. C. alcyon Boie. Kingfisher. Very common about the ponds
in the bottoms and along the rivers.

Family CAPRIMULGID^.
Genus Chordiles Sw.

68. C. popetue Bd. Night Hawk. Not observed until about
September first, when it became abundant. (Jencks.)

Family CYPSELID^.
Genus Chsetura Steph.

69. C. pelagica Bd. Chimney Swift. Exceedingly abundant.
About dusk they would pour forth from their hiding places by hun-
dreds and come swooping and darting over the town in such count-
less numbers that the air seemed filled with them in every direction.

Family TROCHILID-E.
Genus Trochilus Linn.

70. T. colubris Linn. Ruhy-throated Humming Bird. Plen-
tiful about the bottoms. Fully developed eggs were taken from the
females the last of July.

41

Family CXJCULID^.
Genus Coccyzus Vieill.

71. C. americanus Bonap. Yellow-billed Cuckoo. Common.

Family PICID^.

Genus Picus Linn.

72. P. villosus Linn. Hairy Woodpecker. Common.

73. P. pubescens iiun. Downy Woodpecker. Abundant. Found
in the woods everywhere with the preceding.

Genus Hylotomus Bd.

74. H. pileatus Bd. Pileated Woodpecker, Rare. Said to
have been formerly common.

Genus Centurus Sw.

75. C. carolinus Bonap. Red-bellied Woodpecker. Very abun-
dant everywhere in the bottoms. Much less frequent in the more
elevated timber.

Genus Melanerpes Sw.

76. M. erythrocephalus Sio. Red-headed Woodpecker. Very
abundant about the borders of clearings and in open woods.

Genus Colaptes Sw.

77. C. auratus Sw. Golden-winged Woodpecker. Rather com-
mon.

Family STRIGID^.
Genus Syrnium Sav.

78. S. nebulosum Gray. Barred Owl. Common. Although
their notes were heard nightly, the species was rarely seen.

Genus Scops Sav.

79. S. asio Bon. Screech Owl. A single specimen observed
the first of September. (Jencks.) Their notes were occasionally
heard in early evening. Fully 90 per cent, of these birds in this local-
ity are of the rufous phase. (Ridgway.)

Genus Bubo Dum.

80. B. virginianus Bonap. Horned Owl. Not common.

ESSEX INST, bulletin-. IX 3*

42

Family FALCOWID-aS.
Genus Palco Aiict.

81. P. sparverius Linn. Sparrow Hawtv. Common. More
numerous about clearings in tlie bottoms than elsewhere.

Genus Nauclerus Vig.

82. N. forficatus Bidg. Swallow-tailed Hawk. Eare. Said
to be common some years. A single specimen was observed over the
river July 20th.

Genus Ictinia Vieill.

83. I. mississippiensis Gray. Mississippi Kite. Eare. Two
specimens were observed about a clearing in the bottoms. I am in-
formed by Mr. Eidgway that two of these birds were observed by
him September 25th, 1876, sailing in company with turkey buzzards
near the town.

Genus Buteo Cuv.

84. B. lineatus Jard. Eed-shouldered Hawk. Common in
the bottoms, about the borders of clearings. Geuei-ally two adults
with their young were found together.

85. B. borealis Vieill. Eed-tailed Hawk. Much less common
than the preceding. Generally observed soaring over the farms back
of town.

Genus Haliaetus Sav.

86. H. leucocephalus Sav. Bald Eagle. One specimen ob-
served near the river September 4th. (Jencks.)

Family CATHARTIDJE.
Genus Rhinogryphus liidg.
87. R. aura Bidg. Turkey Buzzard. Very common. Two
pairs of unfledged young were found the last of July. The first pair
were standing on a large fallen tree, beside which they had probably
been hatched. The others were found standing in the entrance to a
large and deep cavity in the side of a leaning sycamore. Upon being
approached'they scrambled back to the extremity of the hole. When
they were drawuforth one commenced to disgorge the contents of its
crop, while the other made iuefl"ectual attempts to use its bill, and
when released ran off into the undergrowth.

43

Family COLUMBID-2E3.
Genus Zensedura Bonap.

88. Z. carolinensis Bonap. Carolina Dove. "Very abundaut
everywhere except iu the densely wooded portions of the bottoms.

Family MELEAGRIDiE.
Genus Meleagris Linn.

89. M. gallopavo Linn. Wild Turkey. Very common in the
bottoms.

Family TETRAONID^.
Genus Bonasa Steph.

90. B. umbellus Steph. Ruffed Grouse. Not common. A few
were observed iu the bottoms. Mr. Ridgway informs me that all the
ruffed grouse from this locality possess rufous tails.

Family PERDICID-aj.
Genus Ortyx Steph.

91. O. virginianus var. virginianus Bonap. Quail. Very nu-
merous ou the uplands and remarkably tame. This form is also found
in the clearings in the bottoms to some extent, but it is far less
numerous than the following. A nest containing fourteen eggs was
found in the border of the woods near town August 2nd, and Mr.
Ridgway informs me that he has taken the eggs of this species as
late as the 2-ith of September, and that the young are frequently
hatched so late that they are killed by the cold weather before they
become fully feathered.

91a^ O. virginianus var. floridanus Cones. Florida Quail.
The prevailing form in the bottoms, where the typical virginianus is
comparatively rare. The specimens obtained are typical of the vari-
ety, some having even larger bills than any Florida examples seen,
while the other proportions are equally small, and the colors fully as
dark. A remarkable characteristic of this form in southern Illinois is
its arboreal habits. The males were repeatedly fouud uttering their
song from the tops of tall trees in densely wooded portions of the
bottoms, and when a flock became scattered its members would
almost invariably take to the trees, and soon their call notes would
resound through the forest. Mr. Ridgway's observations regarding
the habits of this form in the vicinity of Mt. Carmel coincide with
mine and in his collection also are extremes of the var. floridanus.

44

Uufortunatelj' no specimens of quail were preserved from the Mis-
sissippi bottoms, so tliat wlietlier this form is represented there or
not is undecided.

Family CHABADRIIDJS.
Genus Charadrius Linn.

92. C. pluvialis var. virginicus Bore. Golden Plover. A few
were seen the first of September. (Jenclis.)

Genus ^gialitis Boie.

93. ^. vociferus Cass. Killdeer Plover. Rare during July;
became abundant about the middle of August.

94. ^. melodus Cass. Piping Plover. A specimen observed
the last of August. (Jencks.)

Family SCOLOPACID-aE5.

Genus Philohela Gray.

95. P. minor Gray. Woodcock. Abundant in a piece of boggy
ground near town the last of July ; none seen there later.

Genus Ereunetes llUg.

96. £. pusillus Cass. Semi-palmated Sandpiper. A large flock
observed August 20th. (Jencks.)

Genus Totanus Bedi.

97. T. flavipes Gmel. Yellow Legs. Specimens seen the first
of September. (Jencks.)

98. T. solitarius Wils. Solitary Sandpiper. Not uncommon
about secluded pools during our stay.

Genus Tringoides Bonap.

99. T. macularius Gray. Spotted Sandpiper. Abundant along
the rivers. They would frequently alight upon floating logs and feast
upon insects, larvae, etc., that had taken refuge upon the exposed side
as the current carried them swiftly down stream.

Genus Limosa Briss.

100. L. fedoa Ord. Marbled Godwit. A single specimen seen
the first of September. (Jencks.)

45

Family ARDEIDJE.
Geuus Ardea Linn.

101. A. herodias Linn. Great Blue Heron. Abundant. Breeds
in the cypress swamp. lu a "rookery" visited by us the nests
were placed in the tops of tall sycamores, one tree containing nine
nests. Although it was the last of July and the young were able to
fly, they still kept in the nests and were fed by the old birds. When
driven from the nests by the reports of our guns as some of them
were shot, they would fly to some adjacent tree and when we were
quiet would return. One old bird made her way to the tree, and
alighting beside her nest in full view commenced feeding her young.
A charge of No. 9 shot with which she was saluted' caused her to turn
her head sidewise and gaze down at us with a most ludicrous air of
amazement, and then she proceeded with her task, and not until she
had filled every gaping mouth did she condescend to seek safety in
flight.

102. A. egretta Gmel. White Heron. Became common in por-
tions of the bottoms about the last of July.

103. A. candidissima Jacquin. Snowy Heron. Found with the
preceding, but less numerous. •

104. A. virescens Linn. Green Heron. Common in the bot-
toms. Became very abundant after the first of August.

Genus Ardetta Grmj.

105. A. exilis Grmj. Least Bittern. One specimen seen the
last of July.

Genus Botaurus Steph.

106. B. lentiginosus Stei:)h. Bittern. A single specimen ob-
served September 4th. (Jencks.)

Family BALLID^.
Genus Rallus Bech.

107. R. elegans A^td. King Rail. A specimen shot July 7th,
was in the collection of Prof. Stein of Mt. Carmel.

Family ANATIDiEl.
Genus Aix Boie.
108. A. sponsa Boie. Wood Duck. Abundant about the lagoons
in the bottoms.

46

Family GRACULID^.
Geuus Graculus Linn.

109. G. dilophus var. floridanus Aud. Florida Cormorant.
A single specimen observed the last of August. (Jencks.)

Family LARID^.
Genus Sterna Linn.

110. S. regia Gamb. Koyal Tern. A large tern supposed to be
this species was seen over the river the last of August. (Jencks.)

111. S. antillarum Goues. Least Tern. One specimen obtained
and others observed the last of August. (Jencks.)

112. S. fissipes Linn. Short-tailed Tern. Became common
along the river about the first of September. (Jencks.)

Family PODICIPIDJE.
Genus Podilymbus Less.

113. P. podiceps Laicr^ Carolina Grebe. Not common. A
pair with half grown young were found in a pond in the bottoms.
The female and two young were obtained.

In addition to the above, Mr. Ridgway furnishes the following list
of species which he has ascertained to breed at Mt. Carmel : —

1. Ilimus x>olyglotUis. Common some seasons.

2. Telmatodytes palustris. Common.

3. Cistothorus stellaris. Common?

4. Dendroeca piniis. Eare. Found in bottoms, among deciduous
trees !

5. -Collurio ludovicianus excubitoroides. Common?

6. Fasserculus sandwichensis savanna. Rare?

7. Guiraca cceridea. Rare?

8. Eremophila alpestris. Rare.

9. Coccyzus erytliroptlialmus. Rare. [Nest of this species and one
of C. americanus found on adjoining trees in an orchard.]

10. Antrostoimis vociferus. Abundant.

11. Antrostomus carolinensis. Rare?

12. Ectopistes migratoria. Perhaps not now breeding there.

13. Nisus cooperi. Rare ?

14. Nisus fuscus. Rare ?

15. Pandion haliaetus carolinensis. Rare ?

16. Elanus leucuncs. One pair.

47

17. Balhis virginianus. Eare ?

18. Porzana Carolina. Common.

19. Porzana noveboracensis. Eare ?

20. Porzana jamaicensis. Eare?

21. GalUnula galeata. Eare.

22. Fulica americana. Eare.

23. Nyctiardea grisea ncevia. Eare?

24. Nyctherodias violaceus. Common ?

25. J.was boschas. Eare.

26. JErismatura rubida. Eare.

27. Lophodytes cucullatus. Eare.

Besides the species named above, tlie following have been observed
during the breeding season, though they have not been defluitely
ascertained to nest in the neighborhood : —

1. Hehninthophaga chrysoptera. [Breeds in Eichlaud Co.]

2. Dendrceca pennsylvanica. [Breeds in Eichland Co.]

3. Cyanospiza ciris. One specimen, a female, June, 1871.

4. Catharistes atratus. Eare.

6. Himantopus nigricollis. Eare.

6. Becurvirostra americana. Eare.

7. Tantalus loculator. Common, some seasons.

8. Falcinellus igneus. Eare.

9. Florida ccerulea. Eare.

10. GalUnula martinica. Eare.

11. Chrmcoceplialus atricilla. Eare.

12. Pelecamis erythrorhynchus. Eare.

13. Plotus anhinga. Eare.

Two species, CampepMlus principalis and Conurus carolinensis, the
former once rarely found, and the latter so abundant thirty or forty
years ago as to be at times a nuisance, have both apparently entirely
disappeared.

Fox Prairie, Eichland County.

From Mt. Carmel a short trip was made to Fox Prairie, about thirty-
five miles northwest of the town. "We found the prairie to be partly
wild and of a slightly rolling character, crossed by a small stream bor-
dei'ed by banks usually covered with bushes or trees. About the out-
skirts of the prairie were more or less extended pieces of woodland.

The most striking difference between the avian-fauna of this local-
ity and the vicinity of Mt. Carmel, as would be expected, was in the
absence of most of the species found in the densely wooded bottoms
and the presence of the prairie frequenting species. In the woods

48

about the prairie the species found were about the same as those
observed in the elevated woods at Mt. Carmel.
The following woodland species were found : —

1. Turdus mustelinus Gm. Common.

2. T. migratorius L. Eare.

3. Galeoscoptes carolinensis Gray. Not common.

4. Harporhynchus rufiis Cab. Not common.

5. PoUoptila cmrulea Sclat. Common.

6. Loplioplianes bicolor Bonap. Common.

7. Mniotilta varia Vieill. Not common.

8. Helmitherus vermivorus Bon. One specimen.

9. Siunis auricapillus Sw. Common.

10. Oporornis formosus Bd. Rather common.

11. Setophaga ruticilla Sw. Abundant.

12. Pyranga cestiva Vieill. Common.

13. Vireo olivaceus Vieill. Abundant.

14. V. flavifrons Vieill. Not common.

15. Cardinalis virginianus Bonap. Common.

16. Cyanurus cristatus Sw. Common.

17. Myiarchus crinitus Cab. Common.

18. Contopus virens Cab. Common.

19. Coccyzus americanus Bon. Not common.

20. Picus villosus L. Eather common.

21. P. pubescens L. Common.

22. Hylotomiis pileatus Bd. Eather common.

23. Centuriis caroliniis Bon. Common.

24. Melanerpes erythrocephalus Sw. Not common.

25. Colaptes auratus Sw. Not common.

26. Syrnium nebulosum Gray. Common.

27. Scops asio Bon. Not common.

28. Nisus cooperi. One specimen.

29. Meleagris gallopavo L. Common.

The species found upon the prairie and about its outskirts were as
follows : —

1. Geothlypis trichas Cab. In the bushes along edge of fields or
woods.

2. Vireo belli Aud. Eather coiumou in the dense patches of bushes
on the prairie. The males would appear on the top of a tall bush aud
utter a queer song entirely peculiar, but so shy were they that at the
first alarm they would disappear. Although repeated eflbrts were
made to obtain specimens during the week we were there, only two
were shot.

49

3. CoUurio ludovicianus Bel. Loggerhead Shrike. Eathcr com-
mon about the outskirts of the prairie.

4. Chrysomitris tristis Bou. Common.

5. Pooecetes gramineus Bd. Rather common.

6. Ammodromus passerimis Gray. Common on the prairie, but
less numerous than in similar situations in the northern portion of
the state.

7. A. hensloioi Gray. Very common, much more numerous than
in the northern portions of the state.

8. Chondestes grammaca Bonap. Not very common. Most numer-
ous along roadsides.

9. Spizella pusilla Bon. Abundant about the borders of the prairie.

10. Feuccea cestivalis Cab. This species was rather common in a
half-cleared field between Mt. Carmel and the prairie.

11. Euspiza americana Bon. Not very common.

12. Cyanospiza cyanea Bd. About the borders of the prairie.

13. Pipilo erythrophthalmus Vieill. A nest containing three eggs
situated in a bush about three feet from the ground was taken on the
border of the prairie.

14. Eremophila alpestris var. leiicolcema Cs. Common upon the
prairie.

15. Ilolothrus pecoris Sw. A few seen about the farms.

16. Sturnella magna Sw. Eather common.

17. Corvus corax var. carnivorus Bartr. A raven was killed in a
field on one side of the prairie the week before we were there.

18. Tyrannus carolinensis Bd. About the border of the prairie.

19. Empidonax pusillus var. trailli Bd. Quite numerous along the
sides of a shallow ravine intersecting the prairie.

20. Trochihts colubris L. Common about the borders of the prairie.

21. Nauderus forficatus Eidgw. Five specimens were observed
passing over the prairie one of the first days of our stay ; after this
only one or two single specimens were seeu, although in years previ-
ous to this my friend Mr. Eidgway has found these birds abundant
here at this season.

22. Ictinia mississippiensis Gray. Only a few specimens were ob-
served. They were usually found circling over a herd of cattle which
caused grasshoppers and other large insects to rise, thus giving the
kites a good opportunity to procure their food with little labor.

23. Buteo horealis Vieill. A few specimens were observed soaring
over the prairie.

24. Buteo sivainsoni Bonap. During our first day upon the prairie
a pair of the Swainsou's hawks were secured, and the following day
a boy guided us to a tree on the outskirts of the prairie, where he
Stated the birds we had killed had raised young that season. This we

50

found to be true, as two young of the year were obtained from the
very tree, and in which could be seen the remains of a poorly con-
structed nest.

25. Hhinogryphus aura Eidgw. Abundant.

26. Zenccdura carolinensis Bonap. Very common. A nest contain-
ing two fresh eggs was found on a knoll on the prairie. The wheel of
our wagon nearly ran over the female as we were driving by.

27. Citpidonia cupido Bd. Not very numerous.

28. Ortyx virginiamis Bonap. Not as numei'ous as in the bottoms
near Mt. Carmel.

29. ^(jialitis vociferus Cass. Common.

30. Totanus solitarius Wils. A few specimens were seen about small
ponds of water on the prairie.

31. Actiturus bartramius Bonap. Very numerous on the prairie.

32. Tringoides macularius Gray. Several observed about the small
ponds.

33. Ardea herodias Linn. Two specimens kept about the prairie
ponds.

34. Ardea egretta Gmel. One specimen observed with the preceding.

35. Ardea virescens Linn. A few specimens observed.

At this locality, Mr. Ridgway observed in June, 1871, Mimus poly-
glotttis (hot rare), Vireo gilvus (common), Helminthophaga chrysoptera
(rare), Dendrceca pennsylvanica (rare), Geothlypis Philadelphia (rare),
Passerculus savanna (rare), Biiteo lineatus, Falco sparverius, and Nisiis
fziscus; while in August, of the same year, a specimen of Asturina
plagiata Licht. was seen.

Cairo and Vicinity.

The observations in this vicinity extended from August 17th to 31st.
A portion of the time was passed either at Cairo or six miles above at
IMouud City, but an excursion to Anna, Union County, was made
between the 19th and 26th, the results of which will be given in a
supplementary list.

The country near Cairo, along the Illinois side of the Ohio to the
mouth of the Cache River and several miles up the Mississippi, with
the included country, is very low and, near the rivers, interspersed
with swampy lagoons and marshy openings in the woods. These
form favorite haunts for herons and other water birds, while the heavy
woods of the bottom lands, which at this place are situated back from
the river, are frequented by nearly the same species as occur in the
bottoms at Mt. Carmel. Above the point where the Cache flows into
the Ohio, as well as on the opposite shore in Kentucky and across the
Mississippi into Missouri, the woods end abruptly on the river banks.

51

In the immediate vicinity of Caii'o the country is open and treeless,
but about a mile back from town a growth of bushes commences
which extends back to the heavy forests of the bottoms. It is in this
bushy belt that many of the lagoons are situated. Opposite Mound
City, six miles above Cairo, is a large cypress swamp and cane brake.
As the bottoms had been flooded a short time before my visit, the
small woodland species were present in much smaller numbers than
would otherwise have been the case, while to this cause may be partly
accredited the immense numbers of herons I found there.

Family TUEDID.a3.
Genus Turdus Linn.

1. T. mustelinus G-m. Wood Thrush. Common in the higher
portions of the bottoms.

2. T. migratorius Linn. Eobin. A few were observed near
Mound City.

Genus Mimus Bote.

3. M. polyglottus Boie. Mocking Bird. Eare. Only observed
at Mound City. A specimen of Collurio ludovicianus was pointed out
as one of these birds by one of the inhabitants who could not be con-
vinced to the contrary.

Genus Galeoseoptes Cab.

4. G. carolinensis Gab. Cat Bird. Not common. A few were
seen near Mound City.

Family SAXICOLID^.
Genus Sialia 8w.

5. S. sialis Bd. Blue Bird. Common near Mound City.

Family SYLVIID^.
Genus Polioptila 8cl.

6. P. cserulea Sclat. Blue-gray Gnatcatcher. Abundant in
the elevated portions of the bottoms.

Family PARIDiE.
Genus Lophophanes Kaup.

7. Ii. bicolor Bonap. Tufted Titmouse. Everywhere common
in the woods.

52

Genus Parus Linn.

8. P. carolinensis And. Cauolina Titmouse, Not uncommon

in the bottoms about the borders of ponds and lagoons.

Genus Sitta Linn.

9. S. carolinensis Gm. White-bellied Nuthatch. Not so

numerous as at Mt. Carmel.

Family TROGLODYTIDJS.
Geuus Thryothorus Vieill.

10. T. ludovicianus Bonap. Carolina Wren. Not common.
A single pair were observed near Mound City.

Family SYLVICOLIDiE.
Genus Mniotilta Vieill.

11. M. varia Vieill. Black and White Creeper. Common
throughout the woods.

Genus Protonotaria Bd.

12. P. citrea Bd. Prothonotary Warbler. Very uncommon,
probably owing to the late high water. Only a few were observed
about the borders of lagoons in dense bushes.

Genus Dendrceca Gray. /

13. D. sestiva Bd. Yellow Warbler. Not common. A few
observed in bushes along roadsides near Mound City.

14. D. cserulea Bd. C^erulean Warbler. Numerous in low
woods back of Mound City and in Cache River bottoms.

Geuus Siurus Sw.

15. S. auricapillus Sw. Golden-crowned Thrush. Common

in the bottoms.

16. S. motacilla Coiies. Large-billed Water Thrush. Not
common ; found in low situations near Mound City and in the Ken-
tucky and Missouri bottoms.

Genus Oporornis Bd.

17. O. formosus Bd. Kentucky Warbler. Common in heavily
timbered bottoms on both sides of the rivers.

53

Genus GeotMypis Cab.

18. G. trielias Cab. Maryland Yellow-throat. Not common.
A few were seen in the weeds along tlie railroad track near Cairo.

Genus Setophaga Sio.

19. S. ruticilla Sio. Red-start. Abundant in low woods near
Mound City and in the Missouri bottoms.

Family HIRUNDIWID^.
Genus Progne Boie.

20. P. subis Bd. Purple Martin. During the first half of my
visit but few martins were to be seen, but the last of August they
appeared in immense numbers about the towns and over the rivers.

Genus Petrochelidon Bd.

21. P. lunifrons Bd. Cliff Swallow. Abundant with the pre-
ceding.

Genus Hirundo Linn.

22. H. horreorum Barton. Barn Swallow. This and the two
preceding species, in company with the chimney swifts, towards the
last of August would appear over the rivers in immense numbers
about an hour before sunset and until dark would circle and dart back
and forth over the smooth surface of the water in pursuit of their
prey.

Genus Stelgidopteryx Bd.

23. S. serripennis Bd. Rough-winged Swallow. Rather com-
mon along the river banks, usually found perching in groups at mid-
day on dead branches overhanging the river.

Genus Cotyle Boie.

24. C. riparia Boie. Bank Swallow. Very abundant.

Family VIREONIDJE.
Genus Vireo Vieill.

25. V. olivaeeus Vieill. Red-eyed Vireo. Abundant through-
out the bottoms.

26. V.flavifrons Fia7Z. Yellow-throated Vireo. Rather com-
mon near Mound City and in the Kentucky and Missouri bottoms.

54

27. V. noveboracensis Bonap. White-eyed Vireo. Abundant
in swampy thickets near tlie river in Missouri and not uncommon
near Mound City.

Family LANIIDJE.
Genus Collurio Vig.

28. C. ludovicianus Bd. Loggerhead Shrike. A few pairs
observed near Mound City.

Family TANAGRID^.
Genus Pyranga Vieill.

29. P. rubra Vieill. Scarlet Tanager. Very few observed.
Only seen near Mound City.

30. P. sestiva Vieill. Summer Red Bird. Like the preceding,
not common.

Family FRINGILLID^.
Genus Chrysomitris Bote.

31. C. tristis Bon. Goldfinch. A few observed near Mound City.

Genus Spizella Bonap.

32. S. pusilla Bonap. Field Sparrow. Common along roadsides
and on the outskirts of the towns.

33. S. socialis Bonap. Chipping Sparrow. Rather common with
the preceding.

Genus Cyanospiza Bd.

34. C. cyanea Bd. Indigo Bird. A few were observed near
Mound City.

Genus Cardinalis Bonap.

35. C. virginianus Bonap. Cardinal Grosbeak. Not common.
A few were observed about clearings in the bottoms.

Genus Pipilo Vieill.

36. P. erythrophthalmus Vieill. Towhee. Not common. A
few specimens observed near Mound City.

55

Family ICTEEIDJE.
Genus Molotlirus Sio.

37. M. pecoris Sw. Cow Bunting. A few were observed along
the levee near Mound City.

Genus Icterus Auct.

38. I. baltimore Daud. Baltimore Oriole. A single pair were
seen in an old orchard in Kentucky, opposite Mound City.

Genus Quiscalus Vieill.

39. Q. pupureus Bartr. var. seneus Bidg. Purple Grakle. A
few specimens were seen along the Ohio levee.

Family CORVID^.
Genus Corvus Linn.

40. C. americanus Aud. Crow. Only observed near Cairo,
where they were not common. They were usually found in company
with turkey buzzards along the river banks. , ,;;/ -

Genus Cyanurus Sio.

41. C. cristatus Sw. Blue Jay. Common everywhere in woods.

Family TYRANNID^.
Genus Tyrannus Cuv.

42. T. carolinensis J5c?. King Bird. But few observed; found
along the levees aud the borders of the woods near Mound City.

Genus Myiarchus Cab.

43. M. crinitus Cah. Great-crested Flycatcher. Abundant

in the bottoms.

Genus Sayornis Bonap.

44. S. fuscus Bd. Bridge Pewee. Common along the levee
near Mound City.

Genus Contopus Cah.

45. C. virens Cab. Wood Pewee. Abundant in the woods near
Mound City.

56

Genus Empidonax Ccib.

46. E. pusillus var. trailli Bd. Traill's Flycatcher, A few
observed ijear Mouucl City.

47. E. acadicus Bd. Small Green-crested Flycatcher. More
plentiful than the preceding. Found in the bottoms.

Family ALCEDINID^.
Genus Ceryle Boie.

48. C. alcyon Boie. Ivingfisher. Common along the rivers.

Family CYPSELID^.

Genus ChsetTH'a Steph.

49. C. pelagica Bd. Chimney Swift. Very abundant. I ob-
tained a nest of this species from an immense hollow sycamore stub
in the Missouri bottoms opposite Cairo. It was about ten feet from
the ground and attached to the interior of the cavity in the usual
manner.

Family TKOCHILIDJE.
Genus Troehilus Linn.

50. T. colubris Linn. Euby-throated Hummixg Bird. A few
observed near Mound City.

Family CUCTJLID^.
Genus Coccyzus Vieill.

51. C. americanus Bonap. Yellow-billed Cuckoo. A single
specimen observed on a timbered island in the Ohio.

Family PICIDJE.
Genus Pious Linn.

52. P. villosus Linn. Hairy Woodpecker. Not common.

53. P. piibeseens Linn. Downy Woodpecker. More numer-
ous than the precediug. Found throughout the woods.

Genus Hylotomus Bd.

54. H. pileatus Bd. Pileated Woodpecker. Not uncommon in
the bottoms. Frequently observed flying across the Ohio and Missis-
sippi.

57

Genus Centurus Sio.

55. C. carolinus Bonap. Eed-bellied Woodpeckek. Common
in the bottoms.

Genus Melanerpes Sw.

56. M. erythrocephalus /S'w. Ked-headed Woodpecker. Com-
mon in clearings in the bottoms.

Genus Colaptes Sw.

57. C. auratus Sw. Yellow-shafted Flicker. Two specimens

observed near Mound City.

Family FALCONID^.
Genus Palco Axict.

58. F. sparverius Linn. Sparrow Hawk. Common everywhere
about clearings and the borders of woods.

Genus Nauelerus Vig.

59. K". forfleatus Bidg. Swallow-tailed Ivite. Numerous in
the immediate vicinity of Cairo, where I was informed it had been
abundant the week previous to my arrival.

At the junction of the Ohio and Mississippi Elvers is a long point
bearing a growth of cottonwoods. The river was so high during my
visit that the land was submerged, thus causing a great many grass-
hoppers to take refuge in the tree tops. This afforded the kites a fine
opportunity for capturing their prey, of which they were not long in
taking advantage. The kites would first appear about ten o'clock and
in a small flock would proceed to work in the following manner : The
trees were situated in an oblong patch and the kites would hunt
around the border, making a complete circuit. They kept but a few
feet above the tree-tops and when a grasshopper was observed, by a
turn of the long tail and a sweep of the wings, the bird would dart
towards its prey until within reach, when with a sudden upward turn
it would reach forth its feet and, grasping the insect, proceed with
outstretched wings to feed upon the remains of its victim while pass-
ing slowly along with its companions. As each grasshopper was cap-
tured the bird's abdomen and tail would brush against the leaves with
aloud "swish;" inconsequence the feathers upon the abdomen and
under tail coverts were badly worn and discolored.

Their hunting usually continued until about one o'clock, p. m., when
they would leave to return at the usual time the next morning.

ESSEX INST. BULLETIN. IX 4

58

Genus Ictinia Vieill.

60. I. mississippiensis Graij. Mississippi Kite. Abundant.
This species would appear at the same time in the morning as the
preceding, but would remain until late in the afternoon. Instead of
choosing the same hunting ground as the swallow-tail, this bird kept
about the open, marshy piece of land between Cairo and the woods
and about the border of the latter. They were also more numerous
than the other species ; nearly fifty were counted at one time, all cir-
cling about over the marshy land just outside the town.

Their power of sight is truly wonderful. I saw them repeatedly
dart with unerring aim upon some luckless grasshopper, from an ele-
vation of at least one hundred yards.

No less remarkable is their power of flight, in force and rapidity far
excelling that of the preceding. Near Mound City they were common
about the border of the woods and here their power of flight was
exhibited to a better advantage. I repeatedly saw them dart down
from a great height with such velocity that it would seem an impossi-
bility for them to escape being dashed to pieces on the ground, but
instead, when within a few feet of the earth, they would suddenly
spread their wings and the reaction would lift them with almost equal
rapidity to about one-half their former elevation. They were so shy
that it was impossible to get within gunshot of them.

Genus Buteo Cuv.

61. B. lineatus Jard. Red-shouldered Hawk. Common every-
where about clearings containing dead trees or on the borders of
woods.

62. B. borealis Vieill. Eed-talled Hawk. Only two or three
specimens observed.

Family CATHARTIDJE.
Genus Rhinogryphus Bidg.
63. R. aura liidg. Turkey Buzzard. Very numerous and much
more familiar than at Mt. Carmel.

Family COLUMBIDiEI.

Genus Zenaedura Bonap.
64. Z. carolinensis Bonap. Carolina Dove. Not common,
few were seen along the railroad tracks and the levees.

59

Family MELEAGRIDJE.
Genus Meleagris Linn.

65. M. gallopavo Linn. Wild Turkey. Abundant in the wilder
portions of the bottoms, especially in Kentucky and Missouri.

Family PERDICID^.
Genus Ortyx Steph.

66. O. virginianus -Bo?i«p. Quail. But fewwere seen, although
they were reported to be common.

Family CHARADRIIDJE.
Genus ^gialitis Boie.

67. JS. vociferus Cass. Killdeer. Not common. A few were
observed on sandbars along the Ohio.

Family HiEIMATOPODID^.
Genus Strepsilas Illig.

68. S. interpres III. Turnstone. A single specimen, in winter
plumage, was observed August 30th, on a sandbar near Mound City.

Family SCOLOPACID.a].
Genus Tringoides Bonap.

69. T. macularius Gray. Spotted Sandpiper. Common along
the rivers.

Family CICONIID-ZE.
Genus Tantalus Linn.

70. T. loculator Linn. Wood Ibis. Very common about Mound
City. A large flock containing about fifty individuals frequented a
sandbar at the mouth of a creek near Mound City. They would com-
mence fishing early in the morning and by seven or eight o'clock
would be comfortably gorged, when they would gather in small groups
on the sandbar and stand dozing in the sun until about noon or aftei-,
when some of the number would rise high overhead and soar about
with motionless wings in company with the buzzards. When stand-
ing upon the sandbar I found them not easily approached, but becom-
ing alarmed they would fly back a short distance and alight in dead

60

trees, Afhen I did not have much difficulty in procuring several speci-
mens. Those killed early in the morning wei'e so gorged that when
they fell the fish would protrude from their bills, and they presented
a most filthy appearance. One specimen, which was brought down
with a broken wing, fought viciously, making a spirited but inefi"ectual
charge when approached. These birds are known to many of the
inhabitants as "Black-winged Pelicans." I was informed that they
made their appearance in large numbers every year about the first of
August, and remained until the last of September.

Family ARDEIDiE.
Genus Ardea Linn.

71. A. herodias Linn. Gkeat Blue Heron. Common about the
lagoons.

72. A. egretta Gm. White Heron. Very numerous about
streams and lagoons.

73. A. cserulea Linn. Little Blue Heron. Exceedingly abun-
dant evei'y where through the bottoms along streams and about lagoons
and ponds. Not a pool was visited in the bottoms that did not have
from one to a dozen of these birds about it, and along the Cache River
they were found by hundreds, and they were equally abundant about
all the larger bodies of water. During the day the various species
of herons were generally distributed through the bottoms, but towards
evening they commenced passing toward a common roosting place,
which was in a large opening in the Mississippi bottoms about six
miles from Cairo, known as the "deadening." At first, about an hour
before sunset, a few straggling parties would be seen passing over and
just before sunset they were fiying in full force, often a dozen or more
flocks, numbering from two or three to fifty or more individuals, could
be seen at once. Often one of the larger species would start alone
and be joined by small parties of the little blue and snowy herons
until quite a company was formed.

74. A. candidissima Jacquin. Snowy Heron. Far less numer-
ous than the preceding. Found in the same locations.

75. A. rufa JBodd. Eeddish Egret. This species was quite com-
mon about the borders of lagoons and open marshy situations. They
were exceedingly shy and rather solitary, being generally found away
from the other species and when startled from a feeding place, instead
of going ofl* in company with the others, they usually took another
direction.

76. A. virescens Linii. Green Heron. Numerous along the
Cache and about lagoons.

61

Family ANATIDiE.
Genus Aix Boie.

77. A. sponsa Boie. Wood Duck. Common about ponds in the
bottoms.

Family PLOTID^.
Genus Plotus Linn.

78. P. anhinga Linn. Snake Bird. Not common. A few were
observed percliiug on dead sycamores over a lagoon near Cairo.

Family LARIDJE.
Genus Sterna Linn.

79. S. antillarum Coues. Least Tern. Not uncommon in small
flocks along the rivers.

Vicinity of Anna, Union County.

My visit to this locality extended from August 19th to 26th. In the
immediate vicinity of Anna the country is hilly and well wooded.
About eight miles west the surface changes abruptly to the flat Mis-
sissippi bottoms. The bottoms here were somewhat difi'erent from
any hitherto visited. The ponds were considerably larger and shel-
tered several species not before noted during the summer.

The species found on the wooded hills about Anna wei'e as follows :

1. Turdus niustelinus. Common.

2. Galeoscoptes carolinensis. Not very common.

3. Harporhynchus riifiis. Not very common.

4. Sialia sialis. Not common.

5. Polioptila ccerulea. Common.

6. Lophophanes bicolor. Abundant.

7. Sitta carolinensis. Common.

8. Mniotilta varia. Common.

9. Dendroica ccstiva. Not common.

10. SUzmis auricapillus. Common.

11. Geothlypis trichas. Not common.

12. Setophaga ruticilla. Common.

13. Progne sxihis. Not common.

14. Fetrochelidon lunifrons. Common.

15. Hirundo horreorum. Common.

16. Vireo olivaceus. Abundant.

17. Vi7-eo flavifrons, Kather common.

62

18. Collurio ludovidanus. Rare.

19. Pyranga rubra. Not common.

20. Chrysomitris tristis. Common.

21. Spizella pusilla. Common.

22. Spizella socialis. Not common.

23. Melospiza melodia. Two or three seen.

24. Euspiza amei~icana. Not common.

25. Cyanospiza cyanea. Not common.

26. Cardinalis virginianus. Not common.

27. Fipilo erythrophthalnms. Rather common.

28. Molothnis pecoris. Common.

29. Icterus haltimore. Several pairs seen.

30. Quiscalus purpureus. Common.

31. Corvus americanus. Not common.

32. Cyanurus cristatus. Common.

33. Tyrannus caroUnensis. Rather common.

34. Myiarchus crinitus. Rather common.

35. Sayornis fuscus. Not common.

36. Contopus virens. Common.

37. Chordiles popetue. Migrating August 24.

38. Choetura pelagica. Few seen.

39. Trochilus colubris. Not common.

40. Picus villosus. Not common.

41. Picus pubescens. Common.

42. Hylotomus pileatus. Abundant.

43. Centxtrus carolinus. Numerous.

44. Melanerpes erythrocephalus. Not common.

45. Colaptes auratus. Not common.

46. Falco sparverius. Not common.

47. Ictinia mississippierisis. One specimen seen.

48. Buteo borealis. Not uncommon.

49. Bhinogryphus aura. Not common.

50. Zencedui-a caroUnensis. Abundant.

51. Ortyx virginianus. Very common.

During a day passed in the Mississippi bottoms about ten miles
west of Anna, the following species were noted :

1. Turdus mustelinus. Abundant.

2. Galeoscoptes caroUnensis. Not common.

3. PoliopUla ccerulea. Numerous.

4. Lophophanes bicolor. Very common.

5. Parus caroUnensis. Common.

6. Thryothorus ludovidanus. Not common.

63

7. Mniotilta varia. Numerous.

8. Protonotaria citrea. Common.

9. Dendrceca ccerulea. Common.

10. Siurus auricapillus. Very common.

11. Siurus motacilla. Common.

12. Oporornis formosus. Not common.

13. Geothlypis trichas. One or two seen.

14. Icteria virens. One specimen seen.

15. Setophaga ruticilla. Very numerous.

16. Cotyle riparia. Abundant.

17. Stelgidopteryx serripennis. Common.

18. Vireo olivaceus. Abundant.

19. Vii'eo flavifrons. Common.

20. Vireo noveboracensis. Common.

21. Pyranga rubra. Not common.

22. Pyranga mstiva. Not common.

23. Cyanospiza cyanea. Numerous.

24. Cardinalis virginianus. Not common.

25. Pipilo erythrophthalmus. Not common.

26. Agelceus phceniceus. Several seen.

27. Icterus baltimore. Not common.

28. Quiscahis purpureus. Abundant.

29. Corvus americanus. Not common.

30. Cyanurus cristatus. Common.

31. Tyrannus caroUnensis. Common.

32. Myiarchus crinitus. Abundant.

33. Contopus virens. Common.

34. Empidonaz acadicus. Common.

35. Ceryle alcy»n. Rather common.

36. Chcetura pelagica. Not common.

37. Trochilus colubris. Common.

38. Coccyzus americanus. Common.

39. Picus villosus. Rather common.

40. Picus pubescens. Numerous.

41. Hylotomus pileatus. Common.

42. Centurus caroUnensis. Numerous.

43. Melanerpes erythrocephalus. Not common.

44. Syrnium nebulosum. One seen.
45-. Buteo lineatus. Not common.

46. Bhinogryphus aura. Common.

47. Zenoedura caroUnensis. Abundant.

48. Meleagris gallopavo. Said to be common.
49 Ortyx virginianus. Common.

50. ^giaUUs vociferus. Common.

64

51. Tringoides maeulariiis. Numerous.
62. Tantalus loculator.

53. Ardea herodias. Common.

54. Ardea egretta. Not common.

55. Ardea candidissima. Not common.

56. Ardea virescens. Common.

67. Botaurus lentiginosus. One seen.

58. Gallinula galeata. Several pairs with full-grown young were
seen in a large pond.

59. Branta canadensis. A number were observed, and I was in-
formed by a farmer that they nested about the ponds every year.

60. Anas discors. A few observed.

61. Aix spo7isa. Very abundant in the ponds.

62. Mergus cucullatus. Several pairs with full-grown young were
found in a pond and one specimen obtained.

63. Sterna fissipes. Several were seen about the ponds.

A COMPLETE LIST OF THE BIRDS OBSERVED IN SOUTHERN ILLINOIS,
BETWEEN JULY 19TH AND SEPTEMBER 4TH, 1876.

Hirundo bicolor.
Cotyle riparia.
Stelgidopteryx serripennis.
Vireo olivaceus.

" gilvus.

" flavifrons.

" noveboracensis.

" belli.
CoUurio ludovidaniis.
Pyranga rubra.
" cestiva.
Chrysomitris tristis.
Pocecetes gramineus.
Ammodromus passerinus.

" henslowi.

Chondestes grammaca.
Spizella x>usilla.

" sociaUs.
Melospiza melodia.
Peuccea oistivalis.
Ezispiza americana.
Cyanospiza cyanea.
Cardinalis virginianus.
Pipilo erythrophthalmus.
Eremophila var. leiicoloima.
Dolichonyx oryzivorus.
Molothrus pecoris.
Agelceus ph<xniceus.
Sturnella magna.
Icterus baltimore.

" spurius.
Quiscalus purpureus.

1.

Turdus mustelinus.

33.

2.

" migratorius.

34.

3.

Galeoscoptes carolinensis.

35.

4.

Mimus polyglottus.

36.

5.

Harporhynchus rufus.

37.

6.

Sialia sialis.

38.

7.

Polioptila cmrulea.

39.

8.

Lophophanes bicolor.

40.

9.

Farus carolinensis.

41.

10.

Sitta carolinensis.

42.

11.

Thryothorus ludovicianus.

43.

12.

" bewicki.

44.

13.

Ifniotilta varia.

45.

14.

Protonotaria citrea.

46.

15.

Helmitherus vermivorus.

47.

16.

Eehninthophaga pinus.

48.

17.

Panda americana.

49.

18.

Bendrceca cestiva.

50.

19.

" maculosa.

51.

20.

" ccerulea.

52.

21.

" var. albilora.

53.

22.

Siurus auricapillus.

54.

23.

" motacilla.

55.

24.

Oporornis formosus.

56.

25.

Geothlypis trichas.

57.

26.

Icteria virens.

58.

27.

Myiodioctes mitratus.

59.

28.

" canadensis.

GO.

29.

Setophaga ruticilla.

61.

30.

Progne subis.

62.

31.

Petrochelidon lunifrons.

63.

32.

Hirundo horreorum.

64.

65

65.

Corints corax.

100.

66.

" americanns.

101.

67.

Cyanurus cristatus.

1U2.

68.

Tyrannus carolinensis.

103.

69.

Myiarchus a-iitUus.

104.

70.

Sayornis fusciis.

105.

71.

Contopus virens.

106.

72.

Empidonax var. trailli.

107.

73.

" acadicus.

108.

74.

Ceryle alcyon.

109.

75.

Chordiles pnpetue.

110.

76.

ChcKtiira pelagica.

111.

77.

Irochilus colnbris.

112.

78.

Coccyziis americanus.

113.

79.

Picus viUosus.

114.

80.

" pubescens.

115.

81.

Hylotomiis pileatus.

116.

82.

Centurus carolinus.

117.

83.

^lelaneipes erythrocephalus.

118.

84.

Colaptes nuratus.

119.

85.

Syrniinn nebulosum.

120.

86.

Scaps asio.

121.

87.

Bubo virginianus.

122.

88.

Fulco sparverius.

123.

89.

Nauclcrus forficatus.

124.

90.

Ictinia mississijypiensis.

125.

91.

Nisus conperi.

126.

92.

Buteo lineatus.

127.

93.

" borealis.

128.

94.

" sivainsoni.

12!).

95.

HaliaUus hiicoceplmlus.

130.

96.

lihinogryphus aura.

131.

97.

Zpiiredura cnmlinensis.

132.

98.

Melengris galloimvo.

133.

99.

Banana ximbellus.

Cupidonia cnpido.
Ortyx rirgini'Dius.
Charadrius virninicus.
^yialitis vocifervs.
" mdodus.
Strrpsilas interpres.
Philohela miner.
Ereu7ietes pusilhis.
Totnnus flavipes.

" suHtarius.
Tringoides macidarius.
Actiturus bariramius.
Lirnosa fedoa.
Tantalus Inculator.
Ardea herodias.

" egrctta.

" caudidissima.

" coirulea.

" rufa.

" virescens.
Ardetta exilis.
Bntaurus lentiginosus.
BaUus elegans.
GaUinula gali'Uta.
Brantn canadenais.
Anas discors.
Aix sponsa.
Ilergus cucidJatus.
Graculus var. floridanus.
Flotns anhinga.
Sterna rcgia?

" antillarum.

" Jissipes.
Podilytnbus ptodiceps.

' /

w >\^ C-

BULLETIN

ESSEIIX: Il^STITTJTE

Vol. 9. Salem, Apr., May, June, 1877. Nos. 4, 5, 6.

Regular Meeting, Monday, March 5, 1877.
Meeting this evening. The President in the chair.
Records read.

Mr. James H. Emerton gave a very interesting com-
munication on cobwebs. He mentioned that :

The only kinds of web made by all spiders are the e^g
cocoons, which in their simplest form consist of two sau-
cer-shaped pieces fastened together at the edges. These
are not made of a single thread like those of caterpillars,
but of a great number of very fine threads drawn out at
once, so that the cocoon cannot be unwound.

Like the cocoons are the bags which many spiders
make to protect themselves during the winter or while
moulting or laying eggs. A bag of this kind is made by
the water spider, Argyronata, under water, attached to
plants. The air which remains among the hairs and spin-
nerets when the spider comes down from above the surface
collects in this bag, aijd finally fills it, so that the spider
lives as in a diving bell.

ESSEX INST. BULLETIN. IX 5 (67)

68

Almost all spiders have the habit of lining their holes
with silk. Some Lycosidge dig holes a foot deep in sand,
linins: them with threads and fastenino^ round the rim a
ring of sticks and rubbish to prevent caving in. The
trap door spiders go a step farther and make a door of
web and earth fastened to the tube by a hinge at one side.

The simplest form of web for catching insects is an
extension of the margin of a tube into a flat sheet made
of strong threads crossed by others finer and more numer-
ous. Of this kind are the webs of Agalena which cover
ffrass fields and become visible when wet with dew. Of
this kind also are the large webs of Tegenaria in cellars,
where they are often a foot in width and remain for years.

Another kind of flat web is made by Linyphia. Here
a thin sheet of web is hekl in place by threads from above
and below and the spider stands underneath, holding on
by its claws. L. marginata makes its web in the shape
of a dome and stands under the highest part. The webs
of Theridion consist of irregular threads without the flat
sheet, but with a more closely woven portion as a little
tent under which the spider shelters itself.

The most complicated cobwebs of all are those which
consist of threads regularly arranged, part of which are
adhesive. Among these we must place the webs of Dic-
tyna and Amamobius, the adhesive threads of which are
curled by a comb on the hind legs and attached to other
threads previously spun. Allied to these is the web of
Hyptiotes which consists of four radiating lines crossed
by several independent adhesive threads. From this we
pass to the web of Uloborus, the adhesive thread of which
is made in the same way, but arranged in a spiral on
threads radiating like the spokes of a wheel and at first
held in place by a spiral of simple thread, which is taken
out as it is replaced by the adhesive oue.

69

The webs of the Epeu'idfe differ from these last odIj in
the structure of the adhesive thread, which has when spun
a viscid coating which soon collects in drops along the
thread. These webs are not always complete circles,
many species making a number of looped threads ex-
tending only part way round, and some, as Nepliila plu-
7mjjes, always leaving a segment of the web Avithout
adhesive threads.

Vice President F. W. Putnam called the attention
of the Institute to a very interesting relic which had re-
cently been received by the Peabody Museum of Archas-
ology and Ethnology at Cambridge, and of which he
exhibited a plaster cast. This important piece of Mexi-
can sculpture was found about twenty years ago, in a
cave near Acapulco, by Dr. Sharp, and given by him to
Commodore Parker, now in command at the Charlestown
Navy Yard. Within a few weeks Commodore Parker
had presented it to the Peabody Museum. It is carved
from a hard rock, dolerite, and has had two coats of
paint, the internal of which is red and the external black,
so that the natural surface of the stone is seen only on
such parts as have been exposed and greatly rubbed, as is
the case with the posterior surface.

The image now represents the head and neck of a man
broken off just above the shoulders. That it was broken
is shown by the uneven fracture and slight chippings from
some of the projecting points, as if this interesting work
of probably ancient Mexican art had been roughly han-
dled either at the time of finding, of which, unfortunately,
a record cannot be secured, or at an earlier period.

The great interest in the relic will be seen, at once, to
centre in the peculiar manner in which this human head
is dressed with the skin of the puma, or "American lion,"
and the remarkable resemblance which it has to the head

70

of the Hercules found by Cesnola at Cyprus and believed
to be an Ass^^'ian representation of the god. In each the
animal's head has been drawn over the human head in
such a manner as to represent the upper jaw of the lion
resting on the forehead of the human head. The mere
fact that an ancient Mexican god, or distinguished person,
should be represented with a head-dress of the skin of the
puma, or of any other animal, would in itself be of little
moment, as it is well known that the skins of animals have
been and still are used by several American peoples in
this way ; but there is in this Mexican relic an additional
resemblance to the Assyrian specimen in the long, four-
sided pendant hanging from the top of the head down to
the shoulder just behind the left ear. AVhat this pendant
represents is difficult to say, and in the Assyrian Hercules
there is one on the right side of the head also. This
coincidence, added to the general resemblance in the man-
ner in which the animal's head is drawn over the human,
is certainly interesting, and seems to indicate the possi-
bility of the origin of the idea involved and expressed
one from the other, while at the same time the distinc-
tively Mexican features are as well preserved in the one,
as the Assyrian in the other, showing that while the idea
may possibly have had a common origin, or have been in
some way transmitted, the work of the Mexican was not a
copy in very recent times. This singular coincidence is,
possibly, of some importance when taken in connection
with several other resemblances between old and new
world productions, and the many little things which, from
time to time, have been observed as indicating resem-
blances between the ancient nations of America with those
of Egypt and Assyria, and with the oft recurring mention
of the white man in the old myths of the new world.

From what I have said I beg not to be misunderstood
as conveying the impression that I think there are facts

71

sufficient to establish a connection of the more advanced
nations of America with the early civilizations of the old
world, either by migration or direct or indirect inter-
course, but that I simply wish to call your attention to
some of the resemblances between these old peoples,
which may be merely the necessary coincidences of simi-
lar periods of development of man in all places, at par-
ticular periods of the growth of nations.

Mr. James Kijiball presented, in behalf of Mr. John
Conway of Marblehead, several old papers written during
the period of the Revolution. Adjourned.

Eegular Meeting, Monday, March 19, 1877.

Meeting this evening at 7.30 o'clock. The President
in the chair. Records read.

Mrs. J. F. Machado, of Salem, was elected a resident
member.

Mr. John Robinson gave a lecture on the fertilization
of flowers by the wind and by insects.

He commenced his remarks by alluding to Sprengle,
Miiller, Darwin and Lubbock, and said he should confine
his lecture to what these and other botanists and investi-
gators had observed and written upon the subject.

The lecture was divided as follows : —

Definition of close, self, and cross-fertilization, and
hybridization ; close-fertilization considered ; how close-
fertilization is prevented in many plants ; fertilization by
wind ; fertilization by insects ; observations by diflferent
persons, particularly Mr. Darwin, on the effects of close
and cross-fertilization.

Summary — That self-fertilization in many i^lants is

72

possible, unci in a fev; hioion cases is the usual mode of
reproducing the species.

That cross-fertilization is the prevailing means by which
species are reproduced, and is almost absolutely necessary
once in a while, to reiuvigorate the species, and to keep
down vagaries.

Mr. Robinson's remarks were illustrated by diagrams
and blackboard sketches. A mammoth model of a pink,
taken to pieces, exhibiting the various parts of the flower
magnified to great size, served well to make the subject
easily understood.

Mr. Robinson alluded to the kindness of Prof. Goodale
of Cambridge on this and other occasions, and closed by
saying the enormous reproduction of plants by seed con-
tinually going, on, with the comparatively few examples
of self-fertilized plants, and the overwhelming number of
cross-fertilized species which have thus far been observed,
proves beyond a doubt the great extent to which cross-
fertilization predominates.

This renders the aid of the wind and of insects imper-
ative ; for without their agency only a small portion of
our vegetation would produce healthy and abundant fruit.

Rev. E. C. BoLLES presented specimens of the new
"crayontype" from crayon drawings on paper, by the
photo-electrotype process invented by W. H. Mumler.

Rev. Mr. Bolles announced the death of our associate
member, Mr. E. Bicknell, who died at Lynn this morning,
one of our most promising raicroscopists, and a very skil-
ful preparator of microscopic specimens. On his motion
a committee was appointed, consisting of Messrs. E. C.
Bolles, G. A. Perkins and T. L. Perkins, to prepare a
series of resolutions and to report at the next meeting.

73

NOTES ON THE HIRUDINEI OBSERVED IN MICHIGAN.
By a. Sagek.»

But two of the genera of this family have hitherto
been observed in this vicinity, viz. : Nephelis and Clep-
sine ; the former representing the subfamily with red
blood, and the latter comprising all those that possess
blood either transparent or having a slight yellow tint.

The following species of the genus Clepsine have been
observed, most, if not all, of which appear to be nonde-
script, viz. :

Clepsine mannorata s. n. sp. ? Body above straw-
colored, marbled with brown, a mesial longitudinal band
of the former extending the whole length of the body,
with seven abrupt dilatations of unequal size and form,
the first distinctly triangular ; the margins on the dorsal
surface marked with short transverse brownish bars on
every third segment ; numerous warty tubercles on the
dorsum, somewhat in five longitudinal series. Ventral
surface marked with twelve longitudinal green stripes,
the margins with short transverse green bars on every
third segment ; margin of the posterior sucker also marked
with fourteen or fifteen bars. Eyes two. Length at rest
1^ inches, width 6 lines. Found on the Emysaurus, of
Dum., and also Emys marginata.

Cle2:>sine sex-jnincto-Iineata n. sp. Length from 6 to
8 lines; width from 3 to 4 lines. Color above olive
brown, with the surface marked with six rows of yellow
or white dots covering elevated points or tubercles, the
outer rows being marginal. Beneath flesh-colored, mi-
nutely dotted with brownish or greenish points ; generally

1 Published first in the Peninsula Journal of Medicine and the Collateral Sci-
ences in July, 1856.

74

a central clear stripe and two lateral dark ones ; corre-
sponding dark lines on the dorsum passing through or
connecting a series of yellow spots. Eyes six. Ova
yellow, enclosed in transparent membranous ovisacs, of
which five or six were collected together, but not coher-
ing, nor adhering to the ventral surface, but deposited on
dead leaves and covered by the body of the leech. Num-
ber of ova in each ovisac varying from eight to fifty.
Found May 3d, and probably deposited a few days pre-
vious.

Clepsine minima n. sp. Body flesh-colored, translu-
cent ; above delicately lined with black or dark green
points. Beneath minutely and irregularly dotted with
points that, under the microscope, present the usual radi-
ated appearance of pigment cells. Length 6 lines, width
1^ lines. Eyes two. Eggs in several ovisacs attached
to the venter and carried about by the leech ; color pale
red. Body of leech contracted so as to enclose the ovi-
sacs.

Of the genus Nephelis but one clearly defined species
was observed. This we believe to be the Hirudo lateralis
of Say ; of which a marked variety having numerous
fawn-colored blotches on the dorsal surface, and also
nearly a uniform fawn color beneath, was observed.

The ova of both genera, but especially of the Clepsine,
afford to the embryologist a fine opportunity for studying
the segmentation of the yolk, the gradual histogenic trans-
formations, and the final development of organs, the sev-
eral stages of the process occupying three or four weeks.

Not only as a process of animal building by the various
stages of histogenetic and morphological transformation
is the embryology of these animals peculiarly interesting,
but it furnishes also an opportunity of studying the com-
pleted structure, in consequence of the transparency of

75

the tissues at early periods, obviating to some extent the
necessity of the more difficult anatomical investigations.

In the newly completed organism of the Nephelis the
character and course of the circulation can be distinctly
traced, the wave-like contractions of the vessels being
indicated by their colored blood ; in the lateral vessels
proceeding from behind forward on one side and down-
ward on the oj^posite. I have not been able to discover
the irregular movements described by some writers, now
advancing and again retreating in the same vessel, at
different times.

In the embryo of the Clepsine sex-puncto-lineata the
histogenic transformation distinctly occurs at first in the
superficial strata of cells, which as they change become
translucent, while the interior is still composed of the
minute yellow cells of the original yolk. At an early
period also the number of segments of the body is but
twenty-one or twenty-two, corresponding with the num-
ber of pairs of ganglia that at a little later period can be
rendered visible by moderate compression. The earliest
traces of the lateral coeca of the stomach appear when the
yolk substance is reduced to an elongated central mass,
as short yellow tubercles produced apparently by the
constriction of the rudimentary stomach ; they then elon-
gate and gradually acquire the branching character of
maturity. The embryo is born before the completion of
the alimentary canal and without an oral orifice, but the
posterior sucker is already fully developed for attachment
to the body of the parent. It remains in that position
until, through a more complete development, it becomes
capable of an independent existence. In short the entire
process of development which has been minutely traced
by Grube, Weber, v. Rathke, Leuckart and others admits
of more facile examination than the embryology of the

76

fresh-water gasteropod molluscs, and therefore to be pre-
ferred for early studies.

According to Dujardin and Owen sexual contact occurs
in the warm season, especially in August, the ova being
deposited in from fifteen to thirty or forty days afterwards.
In Michigan the ova are deposited by both genera about
the fii'st of May and as before stated are incubated in three
or four weeks. Are there not, then, at least two broods

in one season

Regular Meeting, Monday, April 2, 1877.
Meeting this evenins^ at 7.30 o'clock. The President
in the chair. Records of last meeting read.

Rev. E. C. BoLLES, from a committee appointed at a
previous meeting, reported the following resolutions : —

Whereas : Mr. Edwin Bicknell, for many years associated with the
Essex Institute, has recently been removed by death from his labors
in the cause of science ; and it thereby becomes the appropriate duty
of that body to place on record its appreciation of the skill and char-
acter of its lamented member ; it is therefore

Sesolved, That the Essex Institute has long recognized with pleas-
ure, the merited distinction which Mr. Bicknell has attained by his
profound acquaintance with the theory and practice of the micro-
scope, and his unrivalled skill in the manipulation of that instrument,
as well as in the preparation of specimens for its use; — a distinction
which was as widely spread as the employment of the microscope
itself, and which will always place his name among the most success-
ful laborers in microscopic investigation.

Besolved, That his valuable services have been known and honored,
not only in the Essex Institute, but also in other eminent societies of
Natural History ; while it was his peculiar worth which gave him a
place with the first scientific teacher of our country, at the Cambridge
Museum of Comparative Zoology and the Anderson School of Natural
History at Peuikese.

Besolved, That his unexpected decease must be regarded as a great
misfortune to the practical science of our day ; and that sorrow at the
close of a life in the full course of such usefulness must extend beyond
the immediate circle of specialists in Microscopy to all who are occu-
pied in studying the forms of Natural History or investigating their
development.

77

Besolved, That a copy of these resolutions be entered upon tlie Rec-
ords of the Essex Institute at Salem, Mass., and that they be also
transmitted to Mrs. Clara B. Walker of Lynn, the only surviving rela-
tive of Mr. Bicknell.

Prof. E. S. Morse and Eev. Mr. Bolles spoke of the
late Mr. Bicknell and of his untiring devotion to sci-
ence, and the resolutions were unanimously adopted.

Vice President F. W. Putnam offered remarks on
" The Development of the Ceramic Art and Ornamentation
among the American Nations."

By means of blackboard drawings, specimens of pot-
tery, and numerous photographs, Mr. Putnam illustrated
the several lines of development of pottery and its orna-
mentation, from the earliest times to a comparatively
modern period in North, Central and South America.
Several early styles of ornamentation, showing similarity
of design, were traced through corresponding periods of
different nations, not only of America but of other parts
of the world as well. He also particularly showed how
the development of the "key" or "fret," which is a com-
mon pattern of ornamentation in the later period of bar-
barism in Central and South America, was evidently a
development of the earlier "coil" pattern of South Amer-
ica, and not, as has been generally stated, an early form
of the "curved" and "wave" pattern. He showed how
much easier it was to make the coil pattern in several of
its forms than the straight lines of the fret, and exhibited
specimens to prove that his statement was true to the
fact.

He also called attention to the interesting fact of the
owl being often copied on South American and Missis-
sippi valley pottery, as it was on that of the Old World,
especially on old pottery from Etruria, and from the ex-
cavations at Hissarlik, as shown in the work of Schlie-

78

man. These similarities gave rise to a most suggestive
discussion. Some of the specimens (belonging to the
Peabddy Museum, in Cambridge) shown by the lecturer
were very curious and valuable. The various questions
proposed by Prof. Morse, Rev. Mr. Bolles and others,
which were promptly answered by the lecturer, gave a
very pleasant variety to the evening, and were very in-
structive.

Eegular Meeting, Monday, April 16, 1877.
Meeting this evening. The President in the chair.
Records read. Correspondence and donations to the
Library and to the Museum were announced.

There were also exhibited collections of grasshopper
eggs, taken from prairie soil in Plymouth Co., Iowa, three
hundred miles west of Dubuque, received from Gen.
Horace Poole of Dubuque, who thought that some of the
members of the Institute would desire to observe the
development of these insects, now that the matter has
become of such importance as to enlist the attention of
the National Government, which has just appointed a sci-
entific commission to investigate the grasshopper pest.
The President called on Prof. A. S. Packard, recently
appointed a member of this commission, who briefly de-
scribed the hatching of the eggs, and spoke of the habits
and the great size of the swarms as they fly through the
air. He jilso replied to several questions which were pro-
posed.

The remainder of the evening was occupied by Mr. J.
S. Kingsley in a lecture on the Crustacea, illustrated by
blackboard drawings.

Miss Ella Farman was elected a member.

79

Eegular Meeting, Monday, May 7, 1877.
Meeting this evening. The President in the chair.
Records read. Correspondence and donations announced.

Eev. Henry W. Foote, of Boston, gave a very inter-
esting and vahiable historical lecture, descriptive of the
church and state untler Sir Edmund Andros. He first
described the chief town in the colony, Boston, in those
early days half a century after the first settlement of
Massachusetts, and pictured the every day life and some
characteristic manners and customs of the people. He
then spoke of the influence and power of the clergy, drew
vivid pictures of the five Boston ministers who took a
prominent part in the proceedings of the period, viz. :
James Allen and Joshua Moody of the First Church,
Increase and Cotton Mather of the Second, and the Rev.
Samuel Willard of the South Church ; also of Sir Ed-
mund Andros and others of the court party, as well as
of Judge Sewall, who was spoken of as the Pepys of
New England, and whose diary is soon to be published
by the Massachusetts Historical Society ; and closed with
a description of the arrest and imprisonment of Andros,
188 years ago on the 18th of April, and imagined one of
the old Puritans coming back to find the face of every-
thing changed.

Annual Meeting, Monday, May 21, 1877.
Meeting this evening at 7.30 o'clock. The President
in the chair. Records read. The annual reports of the
Secretary, Treasurer, Curators and Standing Committees

80

were read and accepted, and from them the accompany-
ing

RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR

has been compiled, presenting the work of the Institute,
in the various departments, since the last annual meeting.

Members. — Changes occur in the list of pur associates
by the addition of new names and the withdrawal of some
by resignation, removal from the county or vicinity, or by
death. Nine resident members have died, and we have
received information that two of our correspondents have
passed away in a serene and happy old age.

James A. Smith, of Salem, son of William and Lydia
(Norwood) Smith, carpenter, died May 15, 1876, aged
58. Admitted a member March 11, 1858.

Simeon Flint, of Salem, son of Benjamin and Eunice
(Stowell) Flint of North Reading, mason, died July 12,
1876, aged 59. Admitted a member April 4, 1855.

Joseph Osgood, of Peabody, sou of Joseph and Mary
(Beckford) Osgood of Salem, physician, died Sept. 30,
1876, aged 71. Admitted a member Jan. 29, 1851.

John Fiske Allen, of Salem, son of E.dward and Ann
(Fiske) Allen, merchant, died Oct. 18, 1876, aged 69.
Admitted a member 1834.

John G. Felt, of Salem, son of Nathaniel and Hannah
(Reeves) Felt, painter, died Nov. 14, 1876, aged 70.
Admitted a member Feb. 15, 1854.

Joseph H. M. Bertram, of Salem, son of Joseph and
Clara (Macintire) Millet, merchant, died Feb. 3, 1877,
aged 41. Admitted a member, July 6, 1864.

WilUa7n Maloon, of Salem, son of William and Abi-
gail (Allen) Maloon, tanner, died March 13, 1877, aged
64. Admitted a member Jan. 10, 1855.

81

Edwin Bichnell, microscopist, died at Lynn, Mar. 19,
1877, aged 47. Admitted a member Nov. 5, 1866.

Ephraim Emmeyion, of Salem, sou of Jeremiah and
Elizabeth (Newhall) Emmerton, merchant, died. March
22, 1877, aged 85. Admitted a member 1834.

Thomas Spencer, died at Bransby, England, Sept. 4,
1876, aged nearly 84 years. A resident of Salem from
1820 to 1839.

NeliemioJi Cleaveland, son of Nehemiah Cleaveland of
Topsfield, died at Saugatuck, Conn., April 17, 1877,
aged 80.

Short biographical notices of the above will be pre-
pared for the Historical Collections.

Meetings. — During the summer, two Field Meetings
were held. First, at Beachmont, on the line of the Bos-
ton, Eevere Beach & Lynn Railroad, July 22, which was
attended by about one hundred persons. Messrs. E. S.
Morse of Salem, George Dixon of North Carolina, F. W.
Putnam of Salem, George A. Otis of Washington, D.C.,
and D. M. Balch of Salem, addressed the meeting. Sec-
ond, at Manchester, August 10, 1876, about one hundred
and thirty present. This meeting proved to be of more
than usual interest. The following gentlemen took part
in the afternoon session : the President, F. W. Putnam,
John Eobinson, E. S. Morse, Rev. George Gleason of
Manchester, Rev. James F. Clarke, R. H. Dana, jr., and
Rev. C. Bartol of Boston.

Regular Meetings, twenty-five, usually on the first and
third Monday evenings of each month. The following
communications received and lectures delivered may be
specified : — J. A. Allen, "List of Birds collected by Mr.
Charles Linden near Santarem, Brazil;" E. W. Nelson,
"Birds of North Eastern Illinois;" William P. Upham,

82

"History of Stenography, with a proposal for a new sys-
tem of Phonetic Short-hand Writing;" John McNeil,
"On Artificial Fish-breeding and Collateral Topics;" E.
W. Nelson, "Notes upon Birds observed in Southern Illi-
nois between July 17 and Sept. 4, 1875;" A. Sager,
"Notes on the Hirudinei observed in Michigan ; " F. W.
Putnam, "On the Development of the Ceramic Art and
Ornamentation among the American Nations ;" J. H. Em-
erton, "On Cobwebs;" F. W. Putnam, "Remarks on a
specimen of Mexican Sculpture found in a Cave near Aca-
pulco;" J. S. Kingsley, "On the Crustacea;" H. W.
Foote, a lecture descriptive "of the Church and State un-
der Andros;" F. W. Putnam, "Remarks on a Number of
Gold Images, principally from graves near Bogota, New
Grenada ;" John Robinson, "On the fertilization of Flow-
ers by Wind and by Insects."

Lectures and Concerts. — A course of seven lectures
under the direction of the Lecture Committee were as fol-
lows : 1st, on Tuesday, Dec. 5, 1876, by Charles Wyllys
Elliott, "How the Pilgrims lived at Plymouth," illustrated
by lantern pictures. 2d, on Monday, Dec. 11, 1876, by
C. Pfoundes, "On Japan and the Japanese." 3d, on Tues-
day, Jan. 9, 1877, by Major J. W. Powell, the U. S.
Geologist in charge of the Exploration and Survey of
the Colorado Region, "On the North American Indians."
4th, on Monday, Jan. 15, 1877, by Major Powell on "The
Canons of Colorado." 5th, on Monday, Jan. 29, by Prof.
Henry Carmichael of Bowdoin College, "On Flame."
6th, on Monday, Feb. 12, 1877, by Prof. Alexander Gra-
ham Bell "On the Telephone." 7th, on Monday, Feb. 26,
1877, by S. G. W. Benjamin, "The Theory and Practice
of Art."

Under the personal direction of the curator of Music,

83

seven concerts have been given. 1st, on Monday, Nov.
27, 1876, by the Mendelssohn Quintette Chib. 2d, on
Monday, Dec. 18, 1876, the Csecilia Quartette of Boston.
3d, Monday, Jan. 8, 1877, by Mr. B. J. Lang and Miss
Grace Sampson and Mrs. C. H. Goss. 4th, Monday, Jan.
22, 1877, by Miss Clara L. Emilio, Messrs. George W.
Sumner, August Fries, and Wulf Fries. 5th, Monday,
Mch. 12, 1877, by Miss Ita Welsh and others. 6th,
Wednesday, Mch. 21, 1877, by Mr. H. G. Tucker and
others. 7th, Wednesday, Mch. 28, 1877, by Miss Lilian
Bailey and Messrs. Wulf Fries and Arthur W. Foote.

The lectures proved exceedingly instructive and com-
pared favorably with the courses of previous years. The
concerts were a very creditable series of musical enter-
tainments of a high order of merit.

Centennial Exhibition. — By a vote of the directors,
and in response to an invitation from a committee of the
Historical Department of the Centennial Exhibition, an
historical exhibit of the settlement of Salem was made in
June last in Philadelphia, six portraits and many other
articles of historical interest were sent. In the commis-
sioners' report of the Historical Exhibit, the Institute is
credited with having made one of the best and most care-
fully arranged collections in the Exhibition. The col-
lection remained in Philadelphia, at the urgent request of
the gentlemen interested, until March, when it was safely
returned to Salem.

Four excursions to the Centennial Exhibition were made
under the auspices of the Institute, during the months of
June, September and October, and over two hundred of
our citizens, including many members and friends of the
Society were enabled to visit the Exhibition under fiivor-
able conditions, and at a comparatively small expense.

ESSEX mST. BUI.LBTIK. IX 6

84

These excursions were under the personal direction of the
Secretary and the Rev. E. S. Atwood, who took the
entire charge of the last one and rendered efficient aid in
carrying out the arrangements.

A pleasant gathering of members and their families was
held at the rooms on the evening of the first of January.
Short addresses were made by Messrs. Loring, Atwood
and Bolles, on the general effect of this international
exposition on the scientific and educational interests of
the country. After the speaking an hour was pleasantly
spent in social intercourse.

Art Department. — A large number of instructive and
very valuable books in the various branches of art have
been deposited in the rooms. Many of these volumes are
rare and finely illustrated with engravings, etchings, water
colors, etc. This department is receiving increased atten-
tion, and the books now on the shelves must prove of great
value to the lovers of art and students who are privileged
to consult them.

Museum. — Many valuable specimens in Natural His-
tory, including those in Ethnology and Archasology, have
been given during the year, and are on deposit with the
trustees of the Peabody Academy of Science, in accordance
with previous arrangements. These have been reported
at our meetings, and have been duly acknowledged to sev-
eral donors. The following may be specified : Royal M.
Shute, Mrs. Anstiss T. Bowditch, Mrs. T. Hunt, J. L.
Hammond, Miss Caroline Follansbee, Alfred Peabody,
W. R. Cloutman, Miss Ann Smith, Alfred S. Peabody of
Cape Town. In addition to these several interesting
specimens of an historical character have been arranged
in the rooms, and contribute very much of interest and

85

value to the antiquarian and historical portion of the Mu-
seum. The following donors may be specified : J. F.
Wood, Geo. A. Perkins, W. R. Cloutman, Mrs. G. W.
Estes, T. F. Hunt, Mrs. Lewis Titcomb, W. J. Foster,
W. P. Upham, James Kimball, David Pingree, M. A.
Stickney, S. G. Henderson, Daniel C. Bowditch, Miss
Martha Whipple, Mrs. N. D. Cole, Miss Kate Johnson,
John J. Dennis of Beverly, Miss Mary Ellen Briggs, Miss
E. Wheatland, F. Lamson, Miss Rebecca Wallis, James
A. Chamberlain, Miss Martha G. Wheatland, S. B. Ives,
C. C. Perkins, and Miss Harriet King. To the collection
of the fine and industrial arts many contributions have
been received, some of exceeding value from the complete-
ness of the series, especially that from J. L. Hammond
and Edward L. Wilson of Philadelphia, the former of the
textile manufactures of China, the latter some 700 un-
mounted Photographs of the Centennial Exhibition. E.
C. Bolles, J. W. & J. S. Moulton, James C. Stimpson, J.
J. Latting of New York, George Perkins, J. H. Emerton,
Thomas A. Taylor, Mrs. J. P. Cook, J. P. Peabody, and
John Robinson were also contributors.

The Eastern anteroom, in which many of the above col-
lections are arranged, has been thoroughly renovated, the
walls neatly tinted, the portraits and historical pictures
have been cleaned and hung, the cabinets rearranged and
the various specimens labelled. The room is now in good
order.

Horticultural. — The annual exhibition opened on
Tuesday evening, Sept. 12, 1876, and continued to the
Friday evening following. The display was much better
than had been anticipated, considering the season. The
vegetables from the Plummer School Farm and from Ba-
ker's Island were worthy of particular mention. The hot

86

house plants from Mrs. C. Hoffman, the ferns, from Mr.
John Robinson, the gladioli from Mr. C. A. Putnam, the
floral exhibit from A. H. Dunlap of Nashua, and many
others, attracted great admiration.

The contributors were as follows : — Apples, Charles A.
Ropes, C. H. Buxton, Charles M. Richardson, George
Chambers, Mrs. E. H. Valentine, James P. Cook, Caleb
Foote, Andrew E. Elliott, Miss Belle Leavitt, John G.
Waters, and Aaron Nourse. Pears, James P. Cook, Miss
E. P. Richardson, W. H. Dennett of Beverly, George
Bowker, Aaron Nourse, Andrew E. Elliott, T. P. Sy-
monds, Charles A. Ropes, Joseph A. Goldthwaite, Charles
M. Richardson, Caleb Foote, Miss Martha G. Wheatland,
David Roberts, George Chambers, C. H. Buxton, Dorcas
Nourse, Mrs. W. F. Gardner, Mrs. Walter Leavitt, and
Miss Belle Leavitt. Peaches, George Bowker, C. M.
Richardson, Miss Lizzie Goldthwaite, and Mrs. John Bar-
low. Grapes, T. P. Symonds, Miss E. P. Richardson,
George Russell, Joseph A. Goldthwaite, Andrew E. Elli-
ott, Charles B. Fowler, J. Fiske Allen, Thorpe Fisher,
Jos. T. Fuller, A. Nourse, George A. Perkins, Mrs. Wal-
ter Leavitt, George Bowker and Miss Belle Leavitt.
Plums, Mrs. Wm. G. Kilham. Vegetables, J. H. Sears
of Danvers, C. A. Johnson of Plummer Farm School, T.
G. Gilbert of Baker's Island, and W. H. Dennett of Bev-
erly. Pot Plants, Mrs. Charles Hoffman, John Robin-
son, and George F. Sheldon. Floivers, A. H. Dunlap &
Son of Nashua, N. H., Mrs. L. P. Weston of Danvers,
Charles A. Putnam, Miss Martha Horton, Mrs. W. F.
Gardner, Miss Bessie Safford, Miss iLizzie Sanborn, Miss
A. W. Kimball, John Robinson, Mrs. Charles Osgood,
Miss Mary A. Ropes, and John Webster. Miscellaneous,
Mrs. W. F. Gardner, Orrin Weston, Miss Anna Frye,
Miss Dorcas Nourse, Mi-s. C. Osgood, and George Russell.

87

Library. — During the year the following additions have
been received : —

By Donation.

Folios, 30 Pamphlets and Serials, . . 10,995

Quartos, 46 Almanacs, 15

Octavos 379

Duodecimos 229 Total, 11,010

Sexdecimos, 21 Total of bound volumes, . 705

Total of bound volumes, . . 705 Total of Donations, . . . 11,715

By Exchange.

Quartos 3 Pamphlets and Serials, . . 1,371

Octavos, 87 Total of bound volumes, . 97

Duodecimos, 7

, — Total of Exchanges, . . . 1,468

Total of bound volumes, . . 97 Total of Donations, . . . 11,715

By Purchase, 18

Total of Additions, 13,201

Of the total number of pamphlets and serials, 7,930
were pamphlets, and 4,436 were serials.

The donations to the Library for the year have been re-
ceived from 129 individuals and fourteen societies and de-
partments of the General and State Governments. The
exchanges from 113 societies and incorporate institutions,
of which sixty-six are foreign ; also from editors and
publishers.

The library has been carefully examined and found in
good order and condition. The work of preparing the
material for a catalogue is being carried on by the Assis-
tant Librarian. A printed catalogue would be a very great
convenience and is very much needed, but would require
a greater expense than can at present be afforded.

Donations or exchanges have been received from the
following : —

Vols. Pam.

Abbot, F. E., Boston, Mass., 3

Agissiz, A. E. R., Cambridge, Mass., .... 14

Allen, S. M., Boston, Mass., 1

88

Vols. Pam.
American Association Advancement of Science, . . 1

Anagnos, M., Boston, Mass., 1

Andover (Mass.) Theological Seminary, ... 1

Appalachian Mountain Club, 2

Atkinson, Miss L. D., 6

Atwood, Kev. E. S., 52

Augsburg Naturhistorischer Verein, .... 1

Baker, C. H., Annapolis, Md., 1

Baltimore, Peabody Institute, 2

Batavia, Societe des Arts et des Sciences, .... 7

Belfast Naturalist Fiefd Club, 2

Bemis, Luke, West Chester, Pa., 1

Berlin, Gesellschaft Naturforschende, .... 1

Berlin, Verein zur Beforderung des Gartenbaues, . . 1
Berlin, Zeitschrift fur die gesammten Naturwissenschaften, 2

Bern, Naturforschende Gesellschaft, 2

Berwickshire Naturalist Club, 1

Boardman, S. L., Augusta, Me., 3

Bolles, Rev. E. C 9 82

Bologna, Reale Accademia delle Scienze 1

Bonn, Naturhistorischer Verein der preussischen Rhein-

lande uud Westphalens, 2

Boston, American Academy Arts and Science, . . 1

Boston Athenaeum, 1

Boston, City of, 13

Boston, Congregational Library Association, ... 63

Boston Public Library, 4

Boston Society of Natural History, 9

Boynton, N., Estate of, 6

Braunschweig Archiv der Anthropologie, .... 2

Brazil Centennial Commission, 3

Bremen, Naturwissenschaftlichen Vereine, ... 2

Briggs, Daniel C, 1

Briggs, Miss M. E., 4

Bristol Naturalist Society, 1

Brooks, Henry M., 6

Brooks, W. G., Boston, Mass., 15

Brown, A., Boston, Mass., 2

Briinn, Naturforscheuder Verein, 1 1

Bruxelles, Academie Royale des Sciences, des Lettres et

des Beaux-Arts de Belgique, .... 5

Bruxelles, Soci^t^ Entomologique, 2

Bruxelles, SociSte Malacologique, 8

89

Vols.

Buffalo Historical Society, 13

Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences, ....

Buffalo Young Men's Association, 2

Caen, Academic Royale des Sciences, Arts et Belles-Lettres, 1
Cambridge, Museum of Comparative Zoology, .

Canada Geological Survey, 1

Canadian Institute,

Cassino, S. E., 1

Chamberlain, J. A., • . . . 2

Chaney, Rev. G. L., Boston, Mass., ....

Chemnitz, Naturwissenschaftlichen Gesellschaft,

Cherbourg, Societe Nationale Sciences Naturelles, . 1

Childs, E. v., Newton, Mass., 1

Cloutman, W. R., 1

Colby University, Waterville, Me.,

Cole, Mrs. N. D.,

Connecticut Academy Arts and Sciences, ....

Crosby, Mrs. M. K., 22

Currier, John J., Newburyport, Mass., . . ' .
Cutter, A. E., Charlestown, Mass., ....

Dale, T. Nelson, Jr.,

Danzig, Naturforschende Gesellschaft, ....
Davenport, Iowa, Academy Natural Science, ... 1

Dawson, C. C, New York,

Dresden, Naturwissenschaftliche Gesellschaft "Isis,"

Durrie, Dan'l S., Madison, Wis., 2

Emdem, Naturforschende Gesellschaft, .... 1
Emilo, L. F., San Francisco, Cal., . . Newspapers.

Emmerton, James A.,

Erlangen, Physikalisch-medicinische Societat, . . 1

Falmouth, Eng., Royal Cornwall Polytechnic Society,

Farley, E. W.,

Fitch, O. H., Ashtabula, O., . . Newspapers.

Follansbee, Miss C. L., 12

Foote, Caleb, Newspapers, 1

Foster, William H.,

Frankfurt, Zoologische Gesellschaft,

Georgia Historical Society, 3

Geneve, Institut National Genevois, 1

Geneve, Societe de Physique et d'Histoire Naturelle, . ,

Goodell, A. C, Jr.,

Goss, E. H., Melrose,

Gottingen, Konigliche Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften, . 1

Pam.

2
4

3

5

23
2
2

1

12

382]

250
1
1
1

168
5
3

1

139
2

90

Vols. Pam
Gravenhague, Entomological Society, .... 2

Green, S. A., Boston, Mass., 13 170

Hale, R. S., 1

Hamburg, Naturwiasenschaftliclier Verein, . . . 2 1

Hart, C. F., Philadelphia, Penn., ..... 15

Hartranft, John F., Philadelphia, Penn., .... 1

Harvard College, 2

Haskell, Geo., Ipswich, Mass., 2

Hay ward. Rev. S., Gllsujn, N. H., 1

Hewes, Rev. J. T., Fitchburg, Mass., .... 1 2

Hunt, Mrs. T., 3 1

Hunt, T. F., 93 91

India Geological Survey, 9

Indiana Geological Survey, 1

Ives, H. P., 1

Ives, S. B., 27 78

Jameson, P. H., 2

Jenison, O. A., Lansing, Mich., 12

Johnson, Rev. Sam'l, 14

Johnson, Thos. H., 3

Kansas Historical Society, 1

Kimball, James, Newspapers, x, 8

Kingsley, J. S., Newspapers, 2

Kjobenhavn, Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab, . 3
Konigsberg, Konigliche Physikalisch-Oekonomische Gesell-

schaft, 2

Lander, Miss E. B., 8

Lausanne, Societe Vaudoise des Sciences Naturelles, . 1

Lawrence, Abbott, Boston, 1

Lee, John C, Newspapers.

Leeds Philosophical and Literary Society, ... 1

Le Mans, Societe d'Agriculture, Sciences et Arts de la

Sarthe, 1 2

Lincoln, F. H., Boston, 6

Liverpool, Literary and Philosophical Society, . . 1

London, Royal Society, 11

Lyon, Soci^t^ d'Agriculture, d'Historie Naturelle et des

Arts utiles, 2

Lyon, Societe Linneenne, 2

Mack, Miss E. C., . 6

Mack, William, 39 83

Madrid, Observatorio, 8

Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society, . . 6

91

Mannheim, Verein fur Naturkuude,

Manning, K. C, .... Newspapers, xc, 7

Manning, Kobert,

Marburg, Gessellschaft zur Beforderung der Gesammten

Naturwissenschaften,

Massachusetts Historical Society, 2

Massachusetts Horticultural Society,

Maryland Historical Society,

Mecklenburg Vereins der Freunde, 1

Merritt, Mrs. L. F., Newspapers.

Miller, Misses, iSs

Mills, Rev. R. C,

Minnesota Historical Society, 1

Morse, Edward S.,

Munchen, Koniglich Bayerischen Akademie der Wissen-

schaften,

Munsell, Joel, Albany, N. Y., 3

Nelson, H., Georgetown, Mass., . . Newspapers.

Neuchatel, Societe des Sciences Naturelles,

New England Historic-Genealogical Society, .

Newhall, Thomas A., Germantown, Penn., . . • . 6

New Haven Historical Society, 1

New Jersey Historical Society, ......

New York, American Geographical Society, .

New York Chamber of Commerce, 1

New York Genealogical Biographical Society,

New York Mercantile Library, 1

Norris, Chas. H.,

Northey, Wm.,

Nourse, Miss D. C, 5

O'Donnell, John,

Ohio Historical and Philosophical Society,

Oliver, S. C, 3

Orange, N. Y., New England Society, ....

Osgood, Chas. S., 3

Ourt, A. J., Harrisburg, Penn., 1

Packard, A. S., Jr.,

Packard, P. W.,

Palfray, C. W., Newspapers, 1

Paris, Institut Historique,

Paris, Journal de Conchyliologie,

Pai'is, Societe d' Acclimation, 1

Paris, Societe d'Anthropologie,

Peabody, Alfred,

Vols. Pam.
4

20

2

196
9
3

286

25

40

2
6

1
1

3
1
1

49

36
1

2
1

59
6
4

3
1

92

Vols. Pam.

Peabody, Peabody Institute, 1

Pennsylvania Historical Society, 1 1

Perkins, A. C, Exeter, N. H., 1

Perkins, A. T., Boston, Mass., 1

Perkins, Geo., 49

Perkins, Geo. A., 2

Perkins, Samuel C, Philadelphia, Penn,, .... 2

Perley, M. V. B., Springfield, Mass., .... 1

Perry, Rev. W. S., Geneva, N. Y., 7

Philadelphia Academy Natural Science, .... 1

Philadelphia, American Philosophical Society, ... 3

Philadelphia Carpenter's Company, .... 11

Philadelphia Zoological Society, 1

Phippen, Geo. D., . . 24 19

Pool, W., Wenham, 2

Portuguese Centennial Commission, .... 4

Putnam, Rev. A. P., Brooklyn, N. Y., .... 2

Putnam, Mrs. E, A., and F. W., 62 714

Putnam, H. W., ' 8 83

Quincy, Edmund, Quincy, 1

Eegensburg,*;onigliche Bayerische botanische Gesellschaft, 1

Rhode Island Historical Society, 2 22

Robinson, John, 177

Sacken, C. R. O., Newport, R. I., 1

Salem, City of, 1

Salem, Ladies' Centennial Committee, .... 6
Salem Young Men's Christian Association, Newspapers.

Saltonstall, L., Boston, Mass., 10

Sanborn, Geo., . . " 5 75

Scudder, Samuel H., Cambridge, 2

Sewall, Rev. C. C, Medfleld, Mass., 1

Skinner, Mrs. R., 1

Smith, G. W., 1

Smith, Mrs. S., Pembroke, Mass., 1

Smithsonian Institution, 6 3

Smucker, Isaac, Newark, Ohio, 1

Spoflford, A. R., Washington, D.C., 1 1

St. Gallen, St. Gallische Gesellschaft, .... 1

Stickney, M. A., 1 11

St. Louis Academy Science, 1

Stockholm, Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademien, . 3

Stone, B. W., 2

Stone, Rev. E. M., Providence, R. I., 1

Story, Augustus, 48 95

93

Vols. Pam.

Story, Miss E. A., 1

St. Petersburg, Imperat Akademya Nauk, .... 13

Tasmania Royal Society, 1

Tenuey, Mrs. H. A., Lansing, Mich., 1

Thompson, C. P., Gloucester, 13

Trowbridge, Thos. R., New Haven, Conn., ... 1

Tucker, Jona., 6

Upham, Wm. P., . 1

Upsal, Kongliga Vetenskaps-Societeten, ... 2

U. S. Bureau of Education, 11 88

U. S. Bureau of Statistics, 12

U. S. Dept. of Interior 38 2

U. S. Dept. of State, 5 1

U. S. Engineer Dept., ........ 3

U. S. Navy Dept., .....'... 3

U. S. Patent Office, 36

U. S. Treasury Dept., 1

Vermont Historical Society, . . . . . . 2

"Very, Miss L. L. A., 1

Victoria Centennial Commission, 3 5

Waterbury, Conn., Bronsou Library, .... 2

Waters, E. Stanley, 65

Waters, Joseph Linton, 6

Watson, Miss C. A., . ; 1

Welsh, Wm. L., 2 15

Wheatland, Miss M. G., . 20

Wheatland, Stephen G., ...... . 22 48

White, Rev. W. O., Keene, N. H., . . . . . 1

Wien, K. K. Zoologische botanische Gesellschaft, . 1

Williams, Henry L., 80

Williams, James, Columbus, 0., 1

Willson, Rev. E. B., 1

Winthrop, Robert C, Boston, Mass., .... 3

Wisconsin Academy of Science, Arts and Letters, . . 1

Wisconsin Historical Society, 1

Wisconsin Natural History Society, 1

Woodbridge, W. E., 1

Woods, Mrs. K. T., 1

Worcester, American Antiquarian Society, ... 2

Worcester Free Institute, 1

Worcester Society of Antiquity, 1

Wurzburg, Physikalisch-medicinische Gesellschaft, . . 4

Zurich, Naturforschende Gesellschaft, .... 1

94

The followiug have been received from editors or pub-
lishers : —

American Journal of Education.
American Journal of Science.
American Naturalist.
Beetle and Wedge.
Boston Globe.
Bradford New Era.
Dexter Smith's Paper.
European Mail.
Forest and Stream.
Gardener's Monthly.
Hardwicke's Science Gossip.
Haverhill Gazette. ■
Ipswich Chronicle.
Lawrence American.
Lynn City Item.

Lynn Eeporter.

X<ynn Transcript.

Nation.

Nature.

Peabody Press.

Peabody Reporter.

Quaritch's Catalogue.

Sailors' Magazine and Seamen's

Friend.
Salem Gazette.
Salem Observer.
Salem Post.
Salem Register.
Turner's Public Spirit.
Vox Humana.

Publications have been issued as heretofore, — the
Bulletin, vol. 8, and the Historical Collections, vol.
xiii, Nos. 3 and 4. The exchange list, with few excep-
tions, continues the same as last year. A new price list
of the Publications has been printed and distributed to
the prominent libraries, historical societies, colleges, and
also to booksellers throughout the country. The By-
Laws, adopted at the close of the preceding year, have
been printed in a convenient form for reference and the
use of members.

Financial. — The Treasurer's Report shows an increase
in the annual income, yet additional means are requisite to
perform the various duties, which are reasonably expected,
in a fitting manner.

DEBJTS.

' General Account.

Athenaeum, for Kent and Librarian, $350 00

Salaries, $745.00; Coal, $140.00; Gas, $51.96, . . . . 936 96
Lectures, $87.87; Publications, $1,134.20, 1,222 07

95

Express andPostage, $81.46; Insurance, $40.00; Binding, $22.00, 143 46
Excursions, $4,902.38; Sundries, $144.85; Stationery, 25 .08, . 5,072 91
Secretary, 1875 to 1877, 1,690 00

Balance in hands of Treasurer

Historical.
Books ' . . . ,

Ditmore Fund.
Deposited in Five Cents Savings Bank, .... $1 000 00

Note receivable, 1,100 00

Paid F. S. Perkins, 128 64

1,415 40
7 85

52 00

2,228 64
$11,703 89

CREDITS.

General Account.

Dividends Webster Bank,

Assessments, $1,112.00; Publications, $430.05,
Sundries, $1.00; Life Memberships, $60.00, .
Athenteura, proportion of coal and janitor,
Excursioas, $5,540.65; Lectures and Concerts, $319.63,
Subscriptions for Secretary's Salary, ....

$20 00

1,542 05

61 00

158 44

5,860 28

1,225 00

By Balance,

$8,866 77
65 85

Historical.

Dividends Naumkeag Bank,

16 00

Natural History and Horticulture,

Dividends P. S. & P. R. R., $12 00

Dividends Lowell Bleachery, 32 00

Horticultural Exhibition, 32 63

Davis Fund,
Coupons Burlington and Missouri R. R.,
Coupons Dixon, Peoria and Hannibal R. R.,

140 00
240 00

Ditmore Fund.

Coupons Chicago City Bonds, 70 00

Executor of Miss Ditmore's Estate, ...... 2,096 70

Interest received 131 88

$76 63

380 00

2,298 64

$11,703 89

96

The routine work of the Institute has prospered favor-
ably, and considerable amount has been done in preparing
a large quantity of printed matter relating to the Centen-
nial Exhibition for binding. The Ladies' Centennial
Commission of Salem, by a generous money contribution,
has enabled the society to purchase and place in the li-
brary, for reference, many valuable books, pamphlets,
photographs, maps, catalogues, etc.

The following officers were then elected, until others
shall be chosen in their stead : —

PKESIDENT:

HENRY WHEATLAND.

Vice-Presidents :

Abner C. Goodell, Jr. William Suttok.

Frederick W. Putnam. Daniel B. Hagar.

/Secretary : Treasurer :

George M. Whipple. Henry M. Brooks.

Auditor : Librarian :

Richard C. Manning. William P. Upham.

CUKATORS :

History— James Kxmball,
Manuscripts— W . P. Upham.
ArchcBology—F . W. PUTNAM.
Numismatics— M. A. Stickney.

y— Alpheus S. Packard, Jr.

JSoteMj/— George D. Phippen.
Zoology— Euw x-RD S. MoRSK.
Horticulture— CAL,TS.\i Cooke.
Painting cf Sculpttire—T. F. Hunt.
Tecknology—EDWi^ C. BoLLES.
Music— AuTHvn W. Foote.

COMMITTEES :

Finance .•

John C. Lee. Jasees Upton. James 0. Safford. II, M. Brooks.

Library .•

Chas. W. Palfrat. Joseph G. Waters. Henrt F.King.

George F. Flint. Wm. Neilson.

97

Publications .• •

Abner C. Goodell, Jr. Edwakd S. AnvooB.

Edwin C. Bolles. James Kimball. T. F. Hunt.

Lectures .•
William D. Noethend. A. H. Johnson. F. W. Putnam. A. L. Huntingtos.

Field Meetings!
Geo. Cogswell, Bradford. Lewis N. Tappan, Manchester.

George D. Phippen, Salem. Francis H. Johnson, Andover.

George Perkins, Salem. R. S. Spofford, Newburyport.

B. N. Walton, Salem. N. A. Horton, Salem.

Francis H. Appleton, Peabody.

Messrs. Fielder Israel and Joshua Phippen, jr., both
of Salem, were elected resident members. The President
read a letter from Rev. P.. M. Chipman of Lisbon, Conn.,
suggesting the propriety of a celebration in Sept., 1878,
the 250th anniversary of the landing of Gov. Endicott.
Referred to the President and Messrs. Kimball and Upham.

Monday, May 28, 1877.
An adjournment of the annual meeting was held this
evening. The President in the chair. The unfinished
business was considered and acted upon.

The Secretary read a letter from Mrs. Anna C. Warren
of Boston, donating to the Institute an oil painting of
Daniel Webster. Mr. Hunt mentioned that he had seen
the painting, which was a fine copy, by Miss Jane Stuart,
from the original. The thanks of the Institute were ten-
dered to Mrs. Warren for her liberal donation.

Regulae Meeting, Monday, June 4, 1877.
Meeting this evening. The President in the chair.
Records read. Correspondence and donations announced.

98

»

Messrs. George E. Merrill, James A. Emmerton and
Charles H. Flint, of Salem, and H. B. Craiue, of Ames-
bury, were elected members.

The Pkesident mentioned that Mr. James Kimball had
found among the papers in the Court House a map of
Merrimack River from Haverhill to the source, drawn by
John Gardner, supposed to be original. A paper for the
Historical Collections, giving a full account of the
same with accompanying documents is in preparation.

ADDITIONS TO THE FERNS OF ESSEX CO.,. MASS.
(Bulletin, March, 1875, and Addenda, Oct., 1875.)

NEW LOCALITIES.

WooDWARDiA ANGUSTiFOLiA Sin. Magnolia Swamp, June, 1877.
J. H. S,ears and J. Robinson.

Phegopteris hexagonopteua Fee. Chebacco woods, Aug., 1876.
J. H. S. and J. R.

Ophioglossum vulgatxtm L. Bosford, 187G-7. J. R.

Lycopodium inundatum L. Plum Island, and near CoflSn's Beach,
Gloucester (very flue).

SPECIES NEW TO LIST.

BoTRYCHiuM lanceolatum Angs. Near Georgetown, Aug. 11, 1876.
Mrs. Horner.

AspiDiuM CRiSTATUM var. Clintonianum Eaton. Danvers, June,
1877. J. R. and J. H. S.

CORRECTION.

For Isoctes echixospora var. Braunii read the same species var.

MURICATA.

We have now in the herbarium of the Peabody Acad-
emy of Science the completed collection of Ferns, Equi-
aetums and Lycopods of the County.

John Robinson.
Salem, June 30, 1877.

///

BULLETIN

OF THE

ESSEX insrSTITTJTE

Vol. 9. Salem, July, Aug., Sept., 1877. Nos. 7, 8, 9.

Field Meeting at Boxford, Tuesday, June 26, 1877.

The members and their friends assemljled at the chapel
of the village church in Boxford about 10.30, a. m., and
after a cordial welcome from a committee of the citfzens,
dispersed in groups for the ramble in search of plants, in-
sects and other objects of interest. A gentle rain at noon
interfered with the collecting of specimens, yet several
w^ere obtained.

The afternoon session was called to order at 2 o'clock,
the Secretary reading the records of the last meeting, and
the President opening the proceedings with a general state-
ment of the objects of the Institute, particularly that fea-
ture of the institution which treasures facts and papers
pertaining to the civil or natural history of the county.

Mr. William P. Upham, of Salem, gave some account
of the old elm tree on the James M. Hubbard place in
North Andover close to the Boxford line, which measured
this day, six feet from the ground, 18 feet lOJ inches iu
circumference, having increased since 1858 [at that time

ESSEX INST, bulletin. IX 7 (99)

100

measured by him], fourteen inches. The ordinary esti-
mate of the age of a tree of this kind is about an inch of
circumference for a year, and upon this basis, this elm
must be over 200 years of age. Mr. Upham also spoke
of the elm tree at Mrs. Isaac Hale's in Boxford, which six
feet up rheasured in circumference 12 feet 8 inches, and
the spread 107 feet 6 inches in diameter, and is probably
not surpassed in general beauty and symmetry by any in
the county. He also alluded to other trees and exhibited
drawings of several.

Some further remarks upon large trees were made by
Mr. John Kobinson, Rev. William S. Coggin and others.

Rev. E. C. BoLLES, of Salem, had made no collections,
and was consequently not prepared to offer anything in
his own particular department of scientific investigation.
He, however, had something to say growing out of the
thought that often in the most limited things in nature are
revealed the wonders of a world, and abou-t specialty in
science with particular reference to enforcing the idea
that there is not a person in any of these towns who is
not capable of contributing something to the world's store
of knowledge.

Ancill Dorman, Esq., one of the selectmen, on being
called upon to say something pertaining to the history of
the town, said the original settlement dated back as- far as
1650. In 1680 there were twenty or thirty families. It
was incorporated in J 685, the land being previously a part
of Rowley, the early settlers coming from Topsfield and a
part from Ipswich. At the time of the Revolution there
were about 1000 inhabitants, and this is about the present
population. The church in this parish was founded in
1702 ; and that in the west parish in 1736.

101

Mr. James H. Emerton, of Salem, spoke of the man-
ner in which the cocoons of spiders are made, and de-
scribed the methods followed by Ejpehxi strix and Attus
mystaceus. The first makes a ball of loose wrinkled silk,
lays its eggs in it and covers the whole thickly with strong
threads. The Attus makes first a large silken bag in
which it lives for some time. Finally it discharges the
eggs against the npper surface of the bag, where they
adhere and are immediately covered by fine silk. Mr.
Emerton showed a cocoon of Epeira caudata found on a
berry bush in the pine woods ; also several female Lycosa
carrying their cocoons fastened to their spinnerets.

Dr. George A. Perkins, of Salem, described the sun-
dew (drosera), and spoke of several other plants of the
same habits.

Mr. John Robinson, of Salem, followed with a* more
detailed account of these plants, including the pitcher
plant, with habits similar to those of the drosera. The
peculiarity of this class of plants which receiveck particular
attention were those trap-like appliances by which they
catch and hold insects which die, decay, and serve as a
fertilizer to nourish the plant. Mr. Robinson described a
number of plants that had been collected by Mrs. Horner
of Georgetown.

Mr. John Robinson, in reply to a question which was
proposed on the subject of planting pine trees, explained
the structure of the pine cone, the p-osition of the seed
therein, time and manner of sowing, alluding briefly to
the diminution of our forests. On this latter subject a
discussion followed, Mrs. C. H. Dall and Mrs. Mary S.
Blake of Boston and the Rev. Messrs. Israel and BoUes
of Salem and others taking part.

102

Eev. Seeeno D. Gammell, of Boxford, in this con-
nection, called attention to the consideration that pines
when arrived at matnrity ought to be cut. There are citi-
zens here in Boxford who have tilled land where there
are trees now growing. There are more trees in Boxford
than there were some years ago ; and with us the evil of
cutthig dow^n trees carries its own remedy. There are
not so many acres of large timber, but more of wood
growth.

After some additional remarks, Mr. N. A. Horton, of
Salem, spoke of the spirit of hospitality which character-
ized the Boxford people, and ofiered a resolve "that the
cordial thanks of the Essex Institute be tendered to Rev.
Mr. S. D. Gammell and wife, to Rev. William S. Coggin,
to Miss Coggin and to other citizens of the town of Box-
ford, for many kind attentions received this day ; and
also to the proprietors of the congregational church, for
the use of the church and chapel."

This resolution was unanimously adopted and the meet-
ing adjourned.

Regular Meeting, Monday, July 2, 1877.
Meeting this evening. The President in the chair.
Mr. John Robinson was elected Secretary j9ro tern. Rec-
ords read.

Isaac J. Osbun, of Salem, was elected a resident mem-
ber.

AN EXAMINATION OF TYPES OF SOME EKCENTLY
DESCRIBED CRUSTACEA.

By T. Hale Streets, M. D., and J. S. Kingslet.

The Peabody Academy of Science havins^ received
from Mr. W. N. Lockingtou, of Sau Francisco, some of
the tj'pes of the Crustacea described by him iu the "Pro-
ceedings of the California Academy of Sciences," we have
thought it best to place on record the results of our study
of the specimens, especially since many of his new genera
and species would be, without his labels, impossible to
identify. We have only "Author's extras," and so can-
not quote the volume and page of his descriptions.

Microphnjs platysoma A. M. Edw. Milnia platysoma Stimpson, Annals
N. Y. Lyceum Nat. Hist., vii, p. 180. Fisoides? celatus Locking-
ton, Proc. Cal. Acad., July 17, 1876.

Of this species we have two specimens. The two spines
on the branchial reofioii are close too'ether.

Slidrophrys depressa Streets & Kiugsley. Fisheria depressa Lockiugton,
1. c, July 17, 1876.

This species differs from M. platysoma in having the
digits excavate at the extremity, in being more granulated,
in having the laminiform process on the branchial region
somewhat imbricated. There is a spine between and be-
low the processes on the branchial and hepatic regions and
three spinous tubercles beneath the hepatic process, on the
infero- lateral portion. The posterior margin of the cara-
pax has a row of bead-like tubercles as in M. jplatysoma.
The laminiform processes on the propodal joints of the

(103)

104

ambulatory feet are as in M.pJatysoma. ISIr. Lockington
was apparently led to separate this from his Pisoides? cela-
tus by working with the synopsis of genera given in Dana's
Crustacea of the U. S. Exploring Expedition where the
Maiidte are divided into two groups according as the digits
are acuminate or excavate. Mr. Lockington's generic
description would totally mislead one in this instance, but
his specific is tolerably" good. In the specimen sent (a
male), however, the chelipeds are not "enormously long,"
but are fully as short proportionally as in Ilicrqphri/s
hicornuta of Florida.

Thoe sulcata Stm., Aun. Lye, vii, 177. Platypes edentata Lockington,
1. c, JMarch 20, 1876; id., July 17, 1876.

The specimens sent are plainly Thoe sulcata. Contrary

to the generic diagnosis given by Mr. Lockington, the

rostrum is bilid and the preorbital is prominent.

Othonia Fkteti(\e Saussure, Revue et IMagaziu de Zoologie, 1853, II, v,
357, pi. XIII, f. 2; Stimpson, Journal Boston Society Nat. Hist.,
vi, p. 455. Micippa orata Lockington, 1. c, July 17, 1876.

The specimens sent agree exactly with Saussure's de-
scription and figure > and certainly do not belong to the
genus Micippa.

2Iithracnhis areolatiis? S. & K. Mithrax areolatits Lockington, 1. c,
July 17, 1876.

This is plainly a 31ithraculus, but whether it be new or
not we cannot say, as we have not Bell's description of
31. (lenficulatus at hand. It is not AT. corouatus Stm. nor
3Ii(Iimx annatus Saussure.

Inachodes HemphilU Lockington, 1. c, Feb. 7; id., July 17, 1876.

The specimens sent are very near /. Icevis, but differ
from Stimpson's description in having a spiniform tubercle
on the gastric region ; the dactyli are flattened and curved

105

but not enough to call falciform ; the rostrum is regularly
tapering. The proportions of the carapax are also differ-
ent, the length being to the breadth as three to two. The
modification of the diagnosis of the genus proposed by
Mr. Lockington cannot be allowed, as the postocular is
present though small.

Jnachodes brevirostrum Lockington, 1. c, July 17, 1876.

A single dry specimen of this apparently good species
was received.

Epialtiis minimus Lockington, 1. c, July 17, 1876.

This apparently new form differs greatly from the other
species of the genus with which \f$ are acquainted.

Anaptychus cornutiis Stm., Ann. Lye, vii, 184, pi. II, f. 1. Ala spinosa
Lockington, 1. c, July 17, 1876.

The specimens in no way differ from the description and

figure quoted above.

Atergatis rotundatus Stm., Ann. Lye, vii, p. 202. Atergatis cristatissimo
Lockington, 1. c, March 20, 1876; id., Sept. 4, 1876.

One specimen received.

Xanthodius Sternberghii Stm., Ann. Lye, vii, p. 52. Actceodes mexica-
nus Lockington, 1. c. May 20 and Sept. 4, 1876.

The two specimens sent agree with Stimpson's descrip-
tion and with specimens in the Museum of the Academy
from Panama. Mr. Lockington had the paper of Stimp-
son's quoted above.

Xanthodes Taylori Stm., Ann. Lye, vii, p. 208, pi. V, f. 3. Xantho
spini-tuherculatus Lockington, 1. e, Feb. 7 and Sept. 4, 1876.

The single specimen agrees perfectly with Stimpson's
description and figure.

Fanopeus purpureus Lockington, 1. e, Sept. 4, 1876.

Is very near JP. validus Smith, but the front is not as

106

prominent and less sinuate than in specimens in the Pea-
body Academy identified by Prof. Smith. There is also a
crest on the upper portion of the propodus while in P.
validus this crest is obsolete. The ambulatory feet are
also less hairy and more nearly cylindrical.

Panopevs affinis Streets & Kiugsley. Panox>eiis transversus? Locking-
ton, 1. c, Sept. 4, 1876 (non Stimpsou)

Is very near P. transversus Stm. and P. crenatus Edw.
& Lucas, but has the rostrum more nearly rectangular than
in either, and as prominent as in the latter. The front is
bilobed, the lobes being slightly arcuate, truncate, not
sinuate. A sulcus on the rostrum near the orbits. Orbits
with two obsolete fissures above. The notch between front
and orbits as in transversus. The surface of the carapax
is uneven near the antero-lateral teeth, being crossed by
grooves running inward from the emarginations between
the teeth. There is also, as in P. crenatus, slight indica-
tions of a separation of the angle of the orbit from the
second normal tooth. The sub-hepatic regions are granu-
late as in P, transvei^sus. The spine on the inner margin
of the carpus occupies a median position instead of being
near the distal extremity as in both species with which
this has been compared.

Chlorodius Fisheri Lockington, 1. c, Sept. 4, 1876.

This species is probably new, but as the specimens are
somewhat mutilated we cannot positively say. It difiers
considerably from Stimpson's short diagnosis of 0. occi-
dentalis.

Pihminus lunatus Edw. et Lucas, D'Orbigny, Voy. dans I'Amer. Meri-
diouale, Crust., 20, pi. IX, f. 2; Stimpson, Ann. Lye, vii, 216.
Heteractcea pilosus Lockington, 1, c, Sept. 4, 1876.

The single specimen we have agrees with the short de-

107

scription given by Stimpson, but we have not had access
to the work of Edwards & Lucas.

Pilumnns spino-hirsutus Streets & Kiug'sley. Acanthus spino-hirsutus
Lockiugton, 1. c, Feb. -7 and Sept. 4, 1876.

This species is phiinly a Pilumnus and contrary to the

description given by Mr. Lockingtou of his proposed "new

genus" the pre-labial ridge is quite pUiin.

Callinectes hellicosits Ordway, Jour. Boston Soc'yNat. Hist., vii, p. 577.
LnjM hellicosa (Sloat MS.) Stm., Ann. Lye, vii, 57; Lockingtou,
1. c, Sept. 4, 1876.

Thfe specimen sent, a male, agrees well with the various

descriptions quoted above. \

Achelous panamensis? Stimpson, Annals Lye, x, 112. Amphitrite pmi-
cisjnnis Lockingtou, 1. c, Sept. 4, 1876.

The specimen sent agrees well with Stimpson's descrip-
tion, except in having no spine on the meros joint of pos-
terior feet. There is in this form a spine on the upper
margin of the propodus of the first pair, as in Achelous
Gibbesii, two-thirds the distance from the base to the
articulation of the dactylus. Stimpson makes no men-
tion of such spine. The proportions of length to breadth
are closely similar. Stimpson gives it as 1 : 1-87. In
this case it is 1 : 1*82.

Pinnixa longipes Streets & Kiugsley. Tubicola longipes Lockingtou,
1. c, Apr. 17, 1876.

This is a Pinnixa, but differs from the only species (P.
faha Stm.) hithertp described from the Pacific coast in the
greater breadth of the carapax. Mr. Lockingtou speaks
of this as the oulv case known of a crustacean being com-
mensal with an annelid, but Stimpson (Annals N. Y.
Lyceum, vii, 68 and 236) reports similar habits of Pin-
nixa choetopterana and P. cylindrica.

108

Crangon nigrimuda Stm., Proc. Cal. Acad., i, 89; Jour. Bost. Soc, vi,
496. Crangon vulgaris Owen, Zool. Beechey's Vo3'age, p. 87;
Dana, U. S. Ex. Ex. Crust., i, 536. Crangon nigromaculata
Lockiugton, 1. c, Feb. 7, 1876.

Nothing but a color variety of C. nigricauda.

In addition we have received types of the four following
species, but reserve them for further study : Mithraculus
triangulatus, Xantho novem-dentatuSy Xanthodes? angus-
tus, and Xanthodes leucomanus.

In the five papers by Mr. Lockiugton, quoted above, he
describes fifty-eight supposed new species and institutes
eight new genera. His Libinia setosa is a valid species
and has since been redescribed in "Bulletin No. 7" of the
National Museum by Dr. Streets as L. semizoncde. Mr.
Lockington's name, however, will hold. Idotea jpulchra
Lockiugton, is, we are informed by the describer, /. hi-
cuspida Owen. Idotea marmorata Packard (Memoirs
of the Boston Society, Vol. i, p. 296, pi. viii, f. 6) also
appears to be the same.

Concerning the other species described by Mr. Lock-
iugton, we have nothing to say. Only by a study of his
types can one be sure of what species he had before him.
His work, as will be seen by our review of the few of
his types that have come under examination, has been
extremely careless and untrustworthy. With so little
access to the literature of the subject, he should uot have
attempted systematic work.

109

Field Meeting at Lanesville, Wednesday,
July 18, 1877.

The second field meeting the present season was held
at Lanesville, a precinct in Gloucester, this day. The
place of gathering was at the Congregational Church,
which was placed at the disposal of the Institute for the
day.

The afternoon session was commenced at 2 p. m. The
President in the chair. Records of preceding meeting
read.

The President remarked briefly on the former meet-
ings held in Gloucester, and of the interest manifested in
the objects of the Society by the people of the place,
speaking particularly of the late Rev. S. Barden, the min-
ister of Rockport, and an indeftitigable student of the
mineralogy and geology of this section of the county.

Mr. James H. Emerton, who during the forenoon had,
with the party under his direction, found many specimens
of marine animals, and had arranged them on the tables,
explained the structure and habits of several of the spe-
cies, illustrating his remarks by blackboard drawings.
He also showed by the microscope, after the adjournment
of the meeting, the eggs of the Monk fish (Lophius) , and
the worms (Sjnrorbis) which make the spiral shells on sea
weed.

Mr. Charles H. Sargent, of Gloucester, exhibited sev-
eral specimens of minerals which he had found while
making a survey near by. He gave the localities where
found and other information.

Rev. Fielder Israel, of Salem, and Rev. Byron G.
Russell, of Rockport, spoke briefly in regard to the ob-

110

jects of these meetings and the benefits accruing therefrom.
Mr. Russell expressed the hope that the Institute would
hold another meeting in Rockport at an early day ; he said
that the jieople would extend a cordial welcome.

Mr. Granville P. Putnam, of Boston, a summer resi-
dent at the Cape, mentioned some of the minerals he had
found in his rambles. He also spoke of the algas of the
Cape, and was followed by Mr. John Robinson, who
continued the subject of the marine plants, alhiding par-
ticularly to the fructification and growth of the common
al2;8e.

Prof. Edward Hitchcock, of Amherst, explained some
of the Indian relics which were brought in for examina-
tion, and made some interesting remarks upon the habits
of the aborigines.

Mr. D. B. Hagar, of Salem, said that one of the chief
objects of an Essex Institute field meeting was to awaken
a local interest in natural history, and that wherever such
a meeting was held, the people of the place ought to get
new ideas, and that any man or woman, boy or girl,
might, by giving attention to the subject, be the means of
starting a Natural History Society. Mr. Hagar spoke in
complimentary terms of the hospitality of the Lanesville
people who had furnished such ample refreshments, and
oflered the following vote :

Voted, That the very cordial thanks of the Essex Insti-
tute are hereby tendered to j\Ir. George Barker, Rev. Mr.
Toulman, Mr. Lane and other gentlemen of the place,
and to the ladies who had arranged so nicely the dinner
of the day ; also to the proprietors of the Congregational
Church for the use of the church and chapel for the vari-
ous exercises of the day.

The vote was unanimously adopted.

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE MYOLOGY OP TACHYGLOSSA
HYSTRIX, ECHIDNA HYSTRIX (AuCT.).

BV J. W. Fewkes, Ph.D.

I HAVE enjoyed the opportunity of dissecting a single
specimen of that rare and highl}'" interesting mammal,
Tachi/r/lossa hystrix. The specimen was given to me
by the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Cambridge.
Especial attention has been paid in this dissection to the
myology of the head and neck, as it is my impression that
the descriptions of the muscles of these parts by others
are more or less unsatisfactory. I add a more detailed ac-
count than has yet appeared of the more important deeper
layers of that complex cutaneous muscle, the Panniculus
carnosus. A description of these muscles is all the more
interesting, considering that they play such an important
part in the movements of the fore-leg.

To this is added a new interpretation of certain muscles
of the fore and hind limbs, and a description of muscles
of the tail, and digits of the fore and hind legs, which
appear to have been thus far unnoticed.

MUSCLES OF THE HEAD.

The descriptions which we have of the muscles of the
head of this abnormal animal are very meagre and few
in number. The work of Duvernoy, "De la langue con-
sideree, comme organe de prehensicsi, &c." (Mem. de la
Societe d'Hist. Nat. de Strasbourg, 1830), seems to be
the first attempt to figure and describe the muscles of the

(HI)

112

head and tongue of this animal. This author gives three
figures of the tongue, and the lingual muscles, but does
not make mention of other important muscles of the
head, as those of the jaw, the Masseter, the Pterygoid,
Temporal and the Digastric.

From the similarity in function of the tongue, in the
Ant Eater and Tachyglossa, it would be a cause of won-
der if the myology of the head of the Ant Eater by
Owen did not prove of the greatest value. Although the
difference in systematic position between these two animals
is great, the muscles of the tongue, at least, are in many
respects quite alike.

In the valuable paper on the Myology of the Echidna
Hystrix by St. George Mivart (Trans. Linn. Soc, 1866),
the muscles of the head and neck were only in part de-
scribed. The specimen, from which the dissection was
made, had its head destroyed in a trap, and on this ac-
count he failed to make out the myology of these parts.

From the character of the mouth and face of Tachy-
glossa, we should expect that the muscles of these parts
of the head would be wanting or very slightly developed.
I have been unable to discover any trace of the different
facial muscles. Orbicularis Oris, Depressor Angulis Oris,
Zygomaticus Major and Minor. In the tough skin, which
covers most of the bill, in advance of the orbital foramen,
there are muscular fibers, which may represent these, and
other facial muscles. To determine their homologies,
however, would be a very difficult task.

The muscles of the jaw are the Temporalis, the Masse-
ter, Pterygoideus Exteruus, and Pterj^goideus Internus.
To these may be added a Digastricus, Avhich, like the
same muscle in many other forms, passes directly from
its origin to its insertion, without passing under the slip
at the hyoid bone.

113

M. Temporalis.
This is small and fan-shaped, and arises from the whole
inner surface of the posterior part of the orbital foramen.
It is inserted into the coronoid process of the lower max-
illary bone. The front margin of this muscle may be seen
through the orbital foramen, just back of the eye. The
insertion at that part of the jaw, which corresponds to the
coronoid process, is directly above that of the most super-
ficial slip of the Myloglossus. The length of the muscle
is about 10 . Its function is similar to that of the Tem-
poralis in human anatomy.

M, Masseter.

The Masseter is a small muscle of almost quadrangular
shape, with a muscular origin and insertion. Its anterior
margin is slightly shorter than its posterior, which lies
directly under the curved tube of the ear (meatus audi-
torius externus) and the distal portion of the Sterno-
mastoideug. The muscle arises from what corresponds
to the lower edge of a zygomatic process. This origin
begins about half an inch in advance of the anterior edge
of the orbital foramen, and extends directly backward
for about an inch. It is inserted into a curved line cor-
responding with a sigmoid notch, extending from the
coronoid process to the angle of the jaw. The length of
the insertion is about the same as the leusfth of the ori-
gin.

There are two Pterygoid muscles, which are well
marked, corresponding with the Pterygoideus Externus
and Pterygoideus Internus.

M. Pterygoideus Externus.
The Pterygoideus Externus is a larger muscle than

114

those of the head, which has been already mentioned.
When the Temporalis is removed, the Pterygoideus Ex-
terniis at its npper part is plainly to be seen through the
orbital foramen. This is brought about by the fact that
the muscle extends forward, from its insertion to its ori-
gin, under the Temporalis.

The Pterygoideus Externus arises from a ridge on the
orbital foramen, just posterior to the orbit of the eye,
and beneath the Temporalis. It is inserted into the ante-
rior part of that portion of the condyle, where a little
projection is formed for that purpose, and also the whole
internal surfece of the condyle of the jaw. This latter
part of the insertion is muscular, while the former is ten-
dinous. The origin throughout is by muscular fibers.

M. Pterygoideus Internus.

The Pterygoideus Internus is of a quadrate form, and
shorter than the Pterygoideus Externus. It has both
origin and insertion by muscular libers. It arises in
advance of the origin of the Pterygoideus Externus, from
the walls of the skull. It is inserted into the inner side
of the lower maxillary bone, opposite the insertion of the
Masseter, extending from the angle of the jaw, to the
point directly under the coronoid process.

M. Digastrieus.

The homologue of the Digastrieus is very well shown
on a superficial dissection. It arises from the tenjporal
bone, directly in front of the opening of the meatus audi-
torius externus, on the under side of the skull. Its ori-
gin is by muscular fibres. From its origin it extends to
its insertion on the posterior aspect of the angle of the
jaw, posterior to the ridge, upon which the Masseter finds

115

its iusertion. The action of the muscle is to draw the
lower jaw backward, and perhaps to open the mouth by
the short lever, whose length is the interval between its
insertion and the glenoid fossa. There is considerable
doubt whether this muscle can be the homologue of the
Digastricus.

The muscles of the tongue are very complicated, and
of great size. This fact is directly connected with the
varied movements which the tongue has, together with
the prol)able motion of a peculiar structure at its base.
The posterior part of the tongue is armed with rows of
teeth-like bodies, which also appear on the roof of the
mouth above. Their function may be to clear the tongue
of the insects which adhere to it, or in a measure to
bruise the food before it passes into the ossophagus.

M. Sterno-glossus Superior.

The two Sterno-glossi are the most abnormal of all the
muscles of Tachyglossa. When the neck of the animal
is opened from the side, there appears a round muscle of
about the size of a pipe-stem, which is easily confounded
with the oesophagus. This round muscle is composed of
the Sterno-glossus Superior and Inferior united together.
The Sterno-glossus Superior arises on the under side of
the Sternum, and its fibres are continued into the tongue,
forming, with its fellow, the interior of that organ. Be-
fore it is prolonged into the tongue it is crossed by layers
of flat muscles, which extend over it, in front of the pos-
terior portion of the tongue. There is no tendinous part
to this muscle. Its width is uniform and about 5'"'". Its
len2;th from the origin to the base of the tongue is 70""".
The action of the muscle is to draw back the long tongue.
The muscular fibres, binding it down at the base of the

ESSEX INST. BULLETIN'. IX 8

116

tongue, change the action in a way which will be ex-
plained further on.

M. Sterno-glossus Inferior.

This muscle acts together with the Sterno-glossus Supe-
rior. They both also unite to form the round muscle
mentioned above. It arises with the Sterno-glossus Su-
perior, from the under side of the sternum, and is inserted
into the base of the posterior part of the tongue. It is
very small, with numerous slips of insertion. A slip from
the muscle, or a small one bound up with it and the
Sterno-glossus Superior, becomes a separate muscle, pass-
ing from the larynx to the tongue, and may be known as
a Laryngoglossus.

M. Myloglossus.

The Myloglossus is a very complicated muscle and may
conveniently be divided into two parts. The first and
most superficial part is very thin and arises from the raphe
in the middle line, midway between the rami of the lower
jaw.

The origin from the raphe is of course connected with
the deeper parts of the Myloglossus. The superficial por-
tion is inserted into the lower maxillary bone, just below
the Coronoid process, by means of a small tendon. This
part of the muscle is ftin shaped. A second part of the
Myloglossus is much larger, and more important than the
one already mentioned. It arises from a common raphe,
with its fellow of the opposite side, along the mid-line of
the throat, together with an M. Annulus Inferior. It is
inserted upon the under side of the skull, in a line extend-
u^y from the anterior portion of a styloid region, to a point
under the angle of the jaw. The length of the attachment
to the skull is 20°"°. In addition to these two parts of the

117

Myloglossus there is posterior to them all, a muscle quite
distinct, which may be a portion of the Myloglossus. I
have, however, described it as an M. Stylo-glossus.

The function of the Myloglossus muscle is to combine
with the annular muscle, yet to be mentioned, in pressing
the posterior part of the tongue, against the roof of the
mouth. The Myloglossus is mentioned by Duvernoy as a
Mylohyoid.

M. Stylo-glossus.

Intimately connected with the M. Myloglossus, more es-
pecially with its deeper and larger portion, is a Stylo-
glossus. It forms a distinct muscle from the preceding.
It arises from the stylo-hyal cartilage at its upper and prox-
imal end ; and forms with its fellow of the opposite side, a
loop extending to its insertion, in a median raphe behind
the Myloglossus, and, superficial to it.

Near its origin it is tendinous. It broadens and flattens
as it nears its insertion. Its origin is just back of the ear
tube (meatus auditorius externus) above the origin of the
Stylo-hj'^oideus. The length is about 35™™. The function
of this muscle is, in part to press the posterior portion of
the tongue against the roof of the mouth. In that it acts
with the Myloglossus ; it may also serve to draw the whole
dental portion of the tongue backward, combining its func-
tion with that of the Sterno-glossus. It is then an oppo-
nent of the Genio-glossi Postici, and the Genio-glossi.

M. Annulus Inferior.

The Myloglossus and Styloglossus act as circular mus-
cles of the throat. Just below the Myloglossus we find a
second circular muscle, the Annulus Inferior. This is a
broad, thin muscle arising from the raphe, in connection
with the more superficially placed muscles, and embracing

118

the Sterno-glossus. It is inserted by a strong attachment,
forming the back of the tongue. In front of the h^^oid
bone, the muscle has a loose, membranous portion, which
in advance of the stylo-hyal forms a part of the back of the
mouth. The ol)ject of this muscle, is to press the base of
the tongue against the roof of the mouth.

It also may, by binding against the Sterno-glossus, form
a firm attachment for the Sterno-glossus, on the posterior
part of the tongue. The Sterno-glossus may then act to
draw this part of the tongue backward. When the base
of the tono;ue is brou2jht aafainst the roof of the mouth,
the Genio-glossi and the Sterno-glossi act in diiferent di-
rections, drawing the tongue back and forth.

M. Annulus Intimus.

A second circular muscle below the Annulus Inferior
binds down the Sterno-glossus to the Pharyngo-glossus.
It appears to be simply a continuation and enlargement of
the proper circular muscles of the tongue. It has an ori-
gin from the lateral aspect of the back of the tongue, and
also from the base and median, ventral line. It forms a
loop, through which the Sterno-glossus acts, firmly bind-
ing it in place.

Three pair of muscles serve to draw that portion of the
base of the tongue, w^hich is arnted with teeth, forward.
They belong to the same laj'er as the Genio-glossi, and the
lower seems to be continued into them. Of these three
muscles one is inserted into the outer side of the base of
the tongue, above the Annulus Intimus. Two also are sit-
uated on the inner side of the origin of the same muscle.

To these muscles, I give the names M. Genio-glossus,
Posticus Externus, and M. Genio-glossus Posticus Inter-
uus.

Below the last mentioned muscle, there is a continuation

119

of the Genio-glossns, inserted on the inner side of the
Sterno-glossus, above the Annukis Intimns.

M. Genio-glossus Posticus Externus.
This is a small muscle without tendons, and has an ori-
gin a little in advance of a line drawn from the anterior
border of one orbital foramen, to the other. It originates
from the Genio-glossus, and in part from the inner edge of
the lower jaw, with the M. Genio-glossus Posticus luter-
nus. It is inserted into the outer side of the base of the
tongue, at its posterior margin, and just above the outer
part of the Annulus Intimus.

M. Genio-glossus Posticus Internus.

This muscle is thinner than the Genio-glossus Posticus
Externus. It arises from the same place, but is inserted
upon the inner side of the Sterno-glossus in a medial
position, just above the Annulus Internus at its inner
origin. It lies superficially to the Genio-glossus. Both
the Genio-glossi Postici blend so intimately at their ori-
gins, that they may both be simply a part of the true
Genio-o^lossus,

M. Rectus Capitis Posticus Major.
This is a very small muscle, which arises from the
anterior extremity of the spinous process of the axis,
and is inserted into that position of the skull, which cor-
responds to the inferior curved line of the human occi-
put. The insertion is more or less tendinous. The
muscle does not broaden as it nears its insertion, but its
width throughout is about the same. It lies in a groove
between the Rectus Capitis Posticus Minor, and the Obli-
quus Superior.

120

M. Bectus Capitis Posticus Minor.

This muscle is much larger and broader than the Rectus
Capitis Posticus Major. As in the human subject, it lies
in the triangle between the Rectus Capitis Posticus Major,
and the midline of the neck. It is a broad flat muscle,
with origin and insertion muscular. It has a curved origin
from the posterior rim of the atlas, and is inserted into the
occiput in a curved ridge, just back of, and below the in-
sertion of the Splenius. It is relatively much larger,
when compared with the Rectus Capitis Posticus Major,
than it is in man.

The Rectus Capitis Posticus Major is very small and, ex-
cept from its apparent homology to this muscle, does not
merit the name which has been applied to it.

M. Otoliquus Capitis Inferior.

This muscle is large and of irregular trapezoidal form.
It has a muscular origin from the side of the spine of the
axis, throughout its entire length, and also from the spine
of the third cervical vertebra. Its insertion is also mus-
cular into the lateral process, along its whole length, and
opposite the origin of the Obliquus Superior.

M. Obliquus Capitis Superior.
This muscle is smaller than the M. Obliquus Inferior.
It has a muscular origin from the transverse process of the
atlas, and is inserted just behind and above the opening of
the Meatus Auditorius Externus into the skull. This in-
sertion is just above that of the M. Rectus Capitis Anti-
cus Minor. Mivart says, "The Rectus Capitis Posticus
Major and Minor, as well as the Obliquus Capitis Supe-
rior and Inferior are all normal, but the Obliquus Supe-

121

rior is large, thick and strong," If I am not mistaken,
the Superior and Inferior Obliquus are not normal, and
the Superior Oblique, I should not designate as large,
thick and strono^.

MUSCLES OF THE NECK.
M. Sterno-Mastoideus.

The Sterno-mastoideus is a long muscle of uniform size,
nowhere of any great width. It arises, with its fellow,
on the midline of the outer surface of the manubrium. It
is inserted by a flat tendon, into the side of the skull,
in what may correspond to a mastoidal region. Its
length is about four inches, and its width about one half
an inch.

Owen says that in the Ornithorhynchus it is a double
muscle on both sides, one portion being superficial to an-
other, deeper seated part.

Each portion arises separately from the episterum and
is separately inserted into the mastoic region.

In Tachyglossa I find no such condition nor does Mi-
vart make mention of it in the specimen which he dissected.

M. Sterno-hyoideus.

I think that the M. Sterno-hyoideus and M. Sterno-
thyroideus may have been confounded by Mivart with the
M. Sterno-glossus, which is one of the most marked mus-
cles of the neck, and intimately connected with these two.
Such a mistake would be a very natural one, if the inser-
tions were destroyed, as they must have been in the spec-
imen, which he dissected. He says the Sterno-hyoid is
continued up, under the larynx, and appears to be contin-
ued on, into the Hypoglossus as in Ornithorhynchus. I

122

am also inclined to doubt such a condition, and it seems
highly probable to me that the Hypoglossus is in reality
a muscle, which I describe as M. JMyloglossus, not follow-
ing in that respect, Duvernoy, who calls it a Mylohyoid.

M. Stylohyoideus.
A Stylohyoideus muscle is largely developed. It arises
just behind the base of the tube of the meatus auditorius
externus, by means of a tendon, and s[)reads out forming
a flat muscle on the median line of the neck. Along the
median line there is a slight groove and raphe. In its
anterior portion, the muscle is simply joined, with its
fellow of the opposite side. Farther back it is joined to
the hyoid bone itself.

M. Stylothyroideus.
The Stylothyroideus is a small, delicate muscle, which
arises from the stylohyal bone and runs down back of
and parallel with the stylohyal and epihyal, and is in-
serted into the th3'rohyal on its posterior and upper bor-
der. This insertion is tendinous. The origin from the
stylohyal is muscular. The length of the muscle is 17""".

M. Hyothyroideus.

A broad flat hyothyroid muscle, of quadrangular shape
arises from the posterior edge of the thyrohyal and the
epihyal, and is inserted into the thyrohyal along the pro-
jection extending obliquely from the process, above the
insertion of the Stylothyroid muscle. It is from 8-10""".
long, and 6"™. broad.

M. Genio-hyoideus.
The Genio-hyoid is well marked and answers the de-

123

scription given by Duvernoy. It is seen upon turning
back the Mylohyoideus or Myloglossus, and the Annuliis
Inferior. It runs along above the Genio-glossus and is
inserted into the h^'oid bone.

M. Genio-glossus.

The Genio-glossus proper, or, as it might be known in
comparison with the Genio-glossus Posticus, the Genio-
glossus Anticus, has an extensive origin along the inner
edge of the ramus of the lower jaw, from the Genio-glossus
Posticus to within a short distance of the symphysis of
the jaw. The muscular anterior part of the origin ends
at a point SS"'"". distance from the tip of the snout. The
muscle also has a firm attachment to the thick membrane
which forms the floor of the mouth, and is attached firmly
to a large muscle that lies underneath it and in the inter-
val between the tongue and the lower maxillary bone,
from a little in advance of the condyle, to the end of tlie
jaw. The Genio-glossus is inserted into the median raphe
of the posterior part of the tongue, below the broad in-
sertion of the Genio-glossus Posticus Interns. The gen-
eral shape of the Genio-glossus is that of a very obtuse
angled triangle, whose larger angle is at a point of its
insertion into the inner side of the lower maxillse, under
the origin of what I have named a Genio-glossus Posticus
Interns, about 10""°. in advance of the coronoid process
of the lower jaw.

Mm. Splenius Capitis et Splenius Colli (?) .

The muscle which I identify as a Splenius Capitis is in
two parts, one superficial to the other, but so distinct are
they, that we might call them Splenius Capitis Inferior
and Superior. The most superficial arises from the lat-

124

eral parts of the fourth to the seventh cervical vertebrae,
and in part by fibres from the first dorsal vertebras . An-
other origin is tendinous from the midline of the neck
upon muscular fibres of the other side, and not from the
processes of the cervical vertebrae. This portion com-
bines with the other origin and is inserted by a broad
aponeurosis on the occiput on a line above the insertion of
the Trachelo Mastoid, extending forward obliquely to the
middle line of the top of the skull. The fibrous insertion
gets shorter and shorter, and on the medial line of the
head it becomes muscular.

M. Splenius Capitus Inferior (?).

Just below the preceding we find another large, flat
muscle which may be a part of the Splenius Capitis, or a
new muscle, Splenius Capitis Inferior.

It arises from the median dorsal process of the axis,
and is inserted directly below by a muscular and some-
what tendinous insertion into the occiput, from the median
line to the neighborhood of the insertion of the Trachelo-
mastoid, and a little behind it. Both muscles are large,
thin and well marked.

M. Laryngoglossus Superior.

The Laryngo-glossus Superior forms the back part of
the muscular mass just in advance of the hyoid bone
(base hyal, epi hyal) and also of the larynx. It extends
from the back of the base of the tongue to the larynx.
Its origin is intimately blended with that of the Laryngo-
glossus Inferior. The length of the muscle is about 20°^.

Larsmgo-glossus Inferior.
This muscle lies inside of the Laryngo-glossus Supe-

125

rior and just posterior to the Sterno-glossus Superior;
it is very easily seen when the neck is opened from the
ventral side. A thin superficial muscular layer covers
more or less of the inner part of the head between the
rami of the lower jaw and the front of the insertion of the
Sterno hyoid. It is inserted on the inner side of the lower
jaw below the insertion of the Temporal and in advance
of the Masseter.

DEEPER MUSCLES OF THE PANNICULUS CARNOSUS.

The whole back and sides of the animal are covered
with a thick cutaneous muscular mass, in which are em-
bedded the spines. This is known as the Panniculus
Carnosus. Its fibres are inserted into the bases of the
spines, and by this means the spines, are elevated or de-
pressed. The Panniculus is firmly united with the skin,
and is thickest upon the sides of the body. As it ap-
proaches the head and extremities the Panniculus becomes
much thinner, and the direction of the muscular fibres
more uniform. The Panniculus is firmly attached to the
head and ulna. Passing from the inner surface of the
Panniculus Carnosus to difierent parts of the fore-leg and
neck, we find certain deeper portions of the muscle, which
I have deemed worthy of a description, and name.

M. Dermo Dorsi Cervicalis.

The Dermo Dorsi Cervicalis is a long thin muscle,
forming, with its fellow of the opposite side, an irregular
ellipse upon the back. Its breadth is not uniform ; its
posterior and anterior ends are broader than the middle
portion. The muscle arises from the eighth, ninth and
tenth vertebrae and ribs, and from the Aponeurosis of the
posterior trapezius. The origin of the fibres nearest the

126

midline of the back, is about 20"™. from a median line,
and is by a slip which is joined to the eleventh rib.

The muscle is inserted into the Panniculus Carnosus of
the neck, spreading into a fan-shaped portion and also
united with its fellow of the opposite side.

Fibres of this insertion run down on the sides of the
neck. The width of the Dermo Dorsi Cervicalis is about
20'"™. Its length is 150'""\

This Dermo Dorsi Cervicalis is probably homologous
with those concentric fasciculi of muscles, which Owen
mentions in Erinaceus, and have the same function, only
more limited in nature.

M. Dermo Flexor Antebrachii.

The muscle which Mivart identifies as the posterior part
of the Latissimus Dorsi, I consider as simjDly one of those
deeper layers of the skin muscle.

I do this, because, although its origin is the same, or
nearly the same as that of the Latissimus of man, its in-
sertion is very different. Moreover at its upper edge it
is sliglitly separated from the anterior part of the Latissi-
mus, by the Dermo Dorsi Cervicalis already mentioned.
This muscle is of a triangular shape and quite long. It
arises by digitations from the eighth to the thirteenth rib,
and is inserted along the Antibrachium, w^here it unites
with the Flexor Carpi Ulnaris. The function of this
muscle is to help flex the fore-leg, and is thus an opponent
of certain other cutaneous muscles to be described. These
muscles which act as flexors of the fore-leg, are neces-
sarily large, considering the fossorial habits of Tachy-
glossa.

M. Dermo Brachialis Anterior.
This acts with the Dermo Flexor Antebrachii as a flexor

127

of the leg. It is quite conspicuous on a superficial dissec-
tion, at its dermal end, lying above the insertion of the
Dernio Flexor Antebrachii.

The muscle is fanshaped and has the wider part at its
dermal origin. It is inserted into the greater tuberosity
of the humerus above the insertion of the Pectoralis
Major. The width of this muscle is 15"™.

M. Dermo Brachialis Posterior.

This muscle is smaller than the former, and arises lower
down, on the under side of the Panniculus Caruosus. It
has the same insertion as the Dermo Brachialis Anterior.
The width of this muscle is about 10"™. The insertions
of both these muscles are tendinous. Their function may
be the same as that of the Latissimus Dorsi, or perhaps
they may help in the flexion of the fore-leg.

In addition to these two larger dermal muscles, which I
have called Dermo Brachialis Anterior and Posterior,
there are others situated very near them well marked, and
two in number, with an origin from the Panniculus Car-
nosus and an insertion, with the common insertion of the
Panniculus Carnosus, into the fore-leg. These lie just
below and behind the Dermo Brachialis Posterior.

The extensors of the fore-leg, opponents of the Dermo
Flexor Antebrachii, are Dermo Extensor Brachialis Inti-
mus, Inferior, and Superior. These three muscles lie one
above the other. They arise from the sides of the neck,
along the inner surface of the Panniculus Carnosus, and
extending downward, are inserted along the ulna, the
bones of the wrist and the Panniculus which covers them.
These muscles are all of about the same size, 10'"'". wide
and 100""". long. The lowest is the longest; its fan-
shaped insertion into the Panniculus, extends under the
Dermo Dorsi Cervicalis, and much hiiiher than the others

128

in the neck, even to the median line. The deepest of the
dermal extensors of the fore-leg, is the Dermo Extensor
Brachialis Intimus.

Above it, having a common insertion into the fore-arm
and an origin below the Dermo Extensor Brachialis Inti-
mus, about 15""". distance, are muscular fibres distinct
from the former. They form a flat muscle of about the
same width as, and shorter than the Dermo Extensor
Brachialis Intimus. It may be called the Dermo Extensor
Brachialis Inferior. Above this there is a third extensor,
shorter and broader than the others. Its origin extends
up under that of the Dermo Extensor Brachialis Inferior,
and it has a common insertion with the last mentioned
muscle, and may be known as the M. Dermo Extensor
Brachialis Superior. It is the most superficial of all the
layers of the skin muscles which act as extensors of the
fore-limb. Above it, however, the direction of the mus-
cular fibres of the Panniculus is the same as that of the
muscles already described.

M, Dermo Cervicis Triangularis.
This muscle is of a broad, thin, triangular shape, and
connected at its insertion with the Dermo Extensor Brach-
ialis. It arises from the midline of the back, above the
anterior part of the Trapezius, and joins its fellow of the
opposite side. Its connection over the neck is by means
of a thin aponeurosis. It is inserted along with the other
dermal muscles of the fore-limb, into the front edge of
the ulna. The longitudinal muscle of the Panniculus,
which covers the fore-arm, has the same insertion. From
it a well marked slip can be separated having an insertion
into the Panniculus, alongside another muscle which ex-
tends over the external tube of the ear. Its position is
such that it is easily confounded with the muscles of the

129

ear. All the deeper muscles of the Panniculus Carnosus
are quite large, and easily to be seen when the great su-
perficial covering of the animal is removed. On the hind-
leg there is a muscle, which, from its similarity to the M.
Dermo Flexor Antebrachii, both in its origin and inser-
tion, I have considered as a skin muscle. It is described
by Mivart as a M. Gluteus Maximus. I have called it
the Dermo Flexor Cruris.

M. Dermo Flexor Cruris,

This is quite a large, broad, and elongated muscle, which
arises from the aponeurosis, connected with the sacral and
last coccygeal vertebrae. Its posterior margin is uni-
ted with the under surface of the Panniculus Carnosus.
The muscle passes downward, narrows and thickens, and
ends in a broad, flat tendon, which is inserted into the
lower part of the posterior surface of the tibia, on the
peroneal aspect, and also into the anterior portion of the
same, where it blends more or less with the Tibialis An-
ticus, and other muscles of the leg.

The similarity of this insertion to that of the Dermo
Flexor Antebrachii into the ulna, is very marked. In a
part of the origin, too, it resembles the cutaneous muscle
of the fore-leg, since both arise from the Panniculus ; the
one wholly, the other in part. The muscle which Mivart
calls the Gluteus Medius, I think may be better known
as the Gluteus Maximus. He even indicates that this
muscle, the Gluteus Medius, may be a part of the muscle
which he calls the Gluteus Maximus, and which I consider
a cutaneous muscle and name the Dermo Flexor Cruris.
It certainly has many resemblances to the Gluteus Maxi-
mus, and if I am right in my interpretation of the muscle
which lies partly above it, the Dermo Flexor Cruris, is
the homologue of the Gluteus Maximus. If, as Mivart

130

suggests, that is the case, the muscle described by him as
a Ghiteus Miuimus is iu reality a Gluteus Medius aud
Minimus combined. I think there is every evidence that
such is the case.

My dissection of the manus of Tachyglossa differs con-
siderably from that which Mivart describes and figures.
In the first place, he states, that of the five smaller ten-
dons, formed by a division of the great tendon of the
Flexor Communis Digitornm, all, with the exception of
that to the thumb, are bound down by a ligament.

In the specimen which I dissected, the tendon of the
pollex passed under a ligament, similar to that of the
other diijits. The Abductor Pollicis, which Mivart de-
scribes as " Some muscular fibres " which " arise from the
Trapezius, and are inserted into the radial side of the
Pollex," was in my specimen a well developed muscle.

M. Flexor Brevis Pollicis.

A well developed muscle of uniform size, represents
in function a Flexor Brevis Pollicis. It arises from the
combined flexor of the wrist (Flexor Communis Digit-
ornm), on the radial side of the flexor tendon of the
pollex. It separates from this tendon, passes parallel
with it, and is inserted into the radial side of the pollex,
proximally placed to the insertion of the tendon of the
l^ollex, which comes from the Flexor Communis Digitornm.
Its origin from the tendon of the Flexor Commnnis Dig-
itornm, recalls to mind the origin of the same muscle in
human anatomy, from the annular ligament.

M. Flexor Brevis Digitorum.

The Flexoi* Brevis Digitorum is represented by a small
muscle below the plantar fascia. It arises from a bone

131

which corresponds wholly or in part to an os calcis, nnd
divides into four parts. The first of these divisions of
the Flexor Brevis Digitorum is inserted on the hallux
side of the distal end of the metatarsal of the index fin-
ger. The second is inserted on the hallux side of the
distal part of the metatarsal hone of the second finger,
and the third and fourth slips are inserted on both sides
of the distal extremity of the metatarsal bone of the third
finger. A small slip also goes to the little finger, and is
inserted on the hallux side.

M. Plexor Brevis Minimi Digiti and Abductor
Minimi Digiti.

A comparatively large mass of muscular fibres which,
perhaps, represents these muscles, arises from the tarsal
bone of the tibial side of the leg and is inserted into the
peroneal side of the digit of the little finger.

Mm. Lumbricales.

Mivart found only four Lumbricales in the manus : one
pair arising between the flexor tendons of the index and
middle digits, and going to the contiguous surfaces of those
digits ; another pair arising between the flexor tendcms of
the middle and fi.'urth digits, and passing to the contiguous
surface of those digits. In addition to these four there
were in my specimen, two more arising from the under
side of the common tendon, between the flexors of the
fourth and fifth digits, and inserted into the contiguous
sides of those digits. These three pair of Lumbricales
can best be found, by cutting the conmion flexor tendon
at the wrist, about an inch from the division into five ten-
dons, and turning the divided tendon backward over the
digits.

KSSIiX INST. BULLETIN. IX 9

132

By rnrofully dissecting out the Lumhricales, they may
be foiiiid, each pair with an origin on the under side at
the point of bifurcation of the tendons, to tlie a[)propriate
dii>its. Their size is uniform.

Mm. Interossei.

Tlie results of my dissection of these muscles differ
from those obtained by Mivart. Two small muscles arise
from the thick tendon of the Flexor (^aipi Radialis, and
pass to each side of the distal [)hahinx of the i)oIlex. They
arc inserted by small tendons ; one on the radial and the
other on the ojjposite side of the piialanx. Two nmscles
very nuich re.somblin<i: these, but larirer, arise from the
base of the metacar[)al bone of the index, and are inserted
in a similar manner to the former, into the distal phalanx of
the index. These insertions are also by small tendons on
the radial, and o[)p()site surl'ace of tlio index. Another
pair, ditfcrins; trom the precedin<^, by being more widely
separated, and not at all coimected at the base, as in the
case of those of the index and pollex, arise from below the
OS magnum, and have an insertion into the distal phalanx
of the thiid digit. A small inteiosseojis nuiscic arises
ou the radial side of a sti-ong tendon, passing obliquely
across tlu; palmer region of the manns. It is inserted
into tiie radial surface of the distal phalanx, of the fourth
diuit. The obliipie tendon, near which, this interosseous
muscle lies, is a conlinuatiiui of the Flexor Carpi Ulnaris.

INIivart mentions another interosseous muscle of the
fourth digit which I have been unai)le to make out. As
it lies tlircctly under the pair of Lmnltricalcs, which he
missed in his disst'clion, or at lea.>>t has not desciabed, I
suiigest that he mi>took a Lnml)ricalis, for an Interosseous
muscle. Situated superficially to the great tendon (jf the

133

Flexor Communis Diiritonim, there is a small bundle of
muscular fibres, not mentioned by iSIivart, which I am in-
clined to look upon as an anomal3\ It arises from the
surface of the common tendon, a short distance before its
division, and passes downward l)etween the tendons of the
index and middle digits where its insertion is lost in cou-
nective tissue and could not be made out by mc.

M. Teres Minor.

Mirait says this muscle a[)pears to bo wanting, unless V
represented by a portion of the Deltoid. I find it well
represented in a short thick nuiscle, which arises from the
outer surface of the scapula, just at its base and above the
glenoid cavity. Tliis origin is I)y muscular fibres. It is
inserted into the whole surface of the humerus, between
the insertion of the Teres Major, the ridge running down
from the lesser tuberosity of the humerus, and the head
of the humerus itself.

M. Levator Cloacse.
A small, thin muscle passes from the under side of the
cloaca, to the transvcj'sc processes of the coccyx. It
arises just back of the ischium and above the origin of
the Ischio Coccygeus, and passes downward and joins its
fellow of the opposite side, just behind the base of the
clitoris. Its function a[)pears to be to raise the clcKica,
which is about an inch in diameter and runs parallel with •
the caudal vertebrae, and beneath them.

M. Ischio Coccygeus Anterior.
Just in advance of the Ischio Coccygeus, we find a well
marked muscle, more or less tendinous at its insertion, and
muscular at its origin.

134

It arises from the transverse processes of the coccyx just
in advance of the Ischio Coccygeus, and is inserted on the
upper edge of the pelvis, on the posterior upper edge of
the base of the circular ridge, which encloses and forms
the acetabulum.

Tlie Rectus Capitis Articus Major, and the Rectus Capi-
tis Articus Minor, the Scalenus, the Complex and the an-
terior part of the Trapezius have all been correctly
described by Mivart. The same is true also of the Tra-
chelo-mastoid.

Constrictors of the oesophagus are well developed.
Two of these are well marked.

M. Constrictor Superior.

This constrictor is the largest of all. It is a broad, flat
muscle, which arises from the whole length of the hyal
bones above the thyrohyal. The muscle is inserted into a
median raphe along the front of the neck. Intimately
connected with this Constrictor Superior is a flat muscle,
which from its position and character, I have identified as
a Stylo-pharyngeal. It arises by a broad origin above
the Superior Constrictor, i. e., between this muscle and
the neck, and is inserted into the median raphe blending
with the same constrictor. The Superior Constrictor may
thus be regarded as representing both the Superior and
Inferior of Anthropotomy. Another constrictor of the
oesophageal region arises from the thyroid cartilage, just
above a Crico thyoid, and is inserted into the median
tendinous raphe of the back of the cesophagus. It is
smaller than the Superior which has been already men-
tioned.

Still lower down, below this constrictor, we have a
small muscle which arises from the same tendinous raphe
of the oesophagus, and extends downward under the pos-

135

terior lateral projections of the thyroid cartilage, and is
inserted into the cricoid cartilage. This njuscle is proba-
bly a portion of the lower constrictor, with a very difler-
ent insertion.

MUSCLES OF THE EAR.

The external Meatus of the ear is a long tube composed
of numerous rings reseml)ling very much the rings of the
trachefe. It ends in large flat cartilaginous plate or
pinna. The pinna is moved by cutaneous muscles. One
of the best marked of the cutaneous muscles of the ear
arises from the inner surface of the Panniculus, under the
Dermo Extensor Brachialis, and extending forward, passes
under the flat pinna of the ear. It then becomes fan
shaped and is inserted on the inner surface of the Pannic-
ulus of the neck. Another flat, deeper layer of this
muscle, with the same function passes over the pinna in a
manner similar to that in which the former passes over the
meatus auditorius externus. The function of both, seems
to be to close the ear. The one by pressing the pinna flat
upon the skin and the other by approximating the inner
walls of the tube of the ear. In addition to these mus-
cles, we have a set whose function is to move the ear.
They have an origin from the Panniculus and are inserted
on the projection of the lower part of the upper surface
of the pinna.

M. Attollens Aurem.

A very small muscle has for its function the elevation
of the ear. It has an insertion into the projection at the
lower part of the external surface of the pinna. It is of
triangular shape. Its origin is from the Panniculus Car-
nosus, where it interdigitates with fibres of the Panniculus
Carnosus which there have a lonjritudinal direction.

136

M. Depressor Aurem.
A Depressor Aiirem is nmch more developed than the
Attollens Aurcm. It arises from the Panniculus and ex-
tends upward to an insertion with the Attollens Anrem
on the pinna.
t

MUSCLES OF THE EYE.

The muscles of the eyes of the specimen which I dis-
sected were in a very poor condition. I was able, how-
ever, to distinsfuish two recti muscles and one oblique,
which was possibly an internal qi)lique. This last was of
much jrreater size and breadth than the others. Their
origins and insertions were normal, diflering but little from
those of ordinary mammals.

137

EXPLANATION OF TLATES.
Pl\tk I.

Fio. 1. View of the Pupevflr-iMl niiiscle-* of tlie \\e^r\ and ncfk.

«, Steriio-glossiis. 6. CE>o|ihafi:iis. c. Trachea, rf, Stei-niini. e, Styloprlossns. f,
Myliijjiossus. ff, Stylopharyniceus. h, St.ylohyal. i. Siiperlii-iil i)ortioii of the My-
liiglossiis. j, Tenipiiralis. Ic. Genio-fihtssiis itosticiis. /, (?) m, Sterno m:istoi-
deus. 7), Ear tube, o, Masscter. /), Annulu-i inferior, (j, Siil)linp:ii:il glanil. r,
Aorta, s, Genio-glossiis iio^^ticus Exlernii^. t, Geiiioglossus postiiiiis iiiternus.
u, f, CJenio giossus. w, Thyrohyal. x, Pharynx. 2/, Pterygoitleiis E.\teiniis.

Fig. 2. Palmar surface of tlie niiinuti wiili the coninion fle.Kor tendon cut and
lieiil Ijack over the toes.

a, .Adductor pollicis. bhb, Lumbricales. c, Tendon of the Flexor communis digi-
toruni. oouo, Interossei.

Fig. 3. Pterygojdous Externus.

rt, Coronoid process, o. Line nl' insertion of the Masseter. c, Angle of the jaw.
d. Condyle, e, Ptei-ygoideus Externus.

Fig. 4. Muscles ol the eye.

aa, Uecti. b, Longus palpebrarum, c, Obliquus internus. d. Levator palpebra-
rum.

Pr.ATE IL

Fig. 1. Dermal muscles of the foreleg.

a. hernic) dorso cervicalis. b, Dermo Extensor brachialis inferior, c, Permo
Extensor brachialis intinuis. d, Dermo Extensor brac.lii.ilis superior, e, Dermo
brachialis posterior. /, Dermo-brachialls anteri )r. g. Dermo flexor anteb:ac,liii.
7i, Trajtezius. j, Panuiculus carnobus. j/, Coraco-brachialis. /j, Posterior portion
of trapezius.

Fig. 2. Deeper muscles of tlie neck and head.

«, Annuliis intimus. h, Myloglos>us. c, Stylo-i)haryngeus. d, Sterno nia.'=toi-
deus. e, Pharynx. /, Stvlohyal cartilage, jr, Diga^tricus. /t. Masseter. j, Super-
ficial portion of myloglossus. j, k, Geuio glossi postici. p, Amiulus inferior.

Fig. 3. Flexor muscles of tlie (oreleg.

a. Flexor brevis pollicis. h, Dermo flexor antebrachii. c, Flexor car|)i ulnaria.
d, Coraco-brachialis. e, Biceps. /, Flexor communis digitorum. q, Lalissiiuus
dorai. h, Aucoueus ( ?).

138

Rfgular Meeting, Monday, August 6, 1877.
Meeting this evening. In the absence of the Presi-
dent, Mr. James Kimball was requested to take the
chair. Records read.

Th.e following commnnications were presented by the
Secretary and ordered to be put upon record :

Salkm. June 19, 1877.
G. M. Whipple, Secretary of the Essex Institute.
Dear Siu :

Please make the following record in proper place in your manuscript
Journal.

Tiiat yesterday, Mondny, 18th June, 1877, I planted in three small
coves of the Ipswich River, at Hamilton, twenty-four seeds of the
Kelunibium luteum, the great water lily of our southern waters.

The seeds were sent to nie by our former townsman, and patron of
the Institute, John C. Holmes, Esq., of Detroit, and planted at his
suggestion. The seeds were soaked in water five or six weeks, then
filed on one or more sides, then imbedded in moist turf and dropped
in <leep and still water. They were lively seed, for three others of the
lot had been proved by sprouting.

Geohge D. I'iiippex.

Mt. Washington, July 18, 1877.
Dear Sir :

I send you by this afternoon's mail a copy of "Burts among the
Clouds," being the second copy sold. 1 was a moment late to secure
the first, which goes to Detroit, Michigan, and the third copy to S.
Legier prez Vevay, Switzerland. It is a novelty in its way, being ihe
first paper printed on the summit of Mt. Washington, and I trust you
will find a place for it in the Essex Institute, and oblige.

Yours respectfully,

IloBEirr R. Endicott,
of Beverly, Mass.

Voted, That the thanks of the Society be given to Mr.
Endicott for his kindness, and the Secretary was in-
structed to inform Mr. Endicott of the vote.

139

Field Meeting at Asbury Grove, Hamilton,
Wednesday, August 8, 1877.

The third field meotiiio; the pi'esent season was held,
this day, in this very pleasant grove, a place dedicated
by the Methodist denomination, a few years since, for
their yearly ont-door meetinirs. Some spent the forenoon
in roamiiio^ over these ^rounds and noticing? the imiirove-
ments in progiess, the heantifying of the cottages, the
erection of new ones, and the construction of avenues
and paths. There are now nearly 275 cottages built here,
and about 850, including the wooden frames which are
covered with canvas at the time of occupancy. Many
persons, owning or hiring cottages, occu[)y them during
the season, particularly duri ug the heated months of July
and August. There is (nie week of cani[)-meeting, nsu-
ally in August, and religious services on Sundays, which
are well attended.

Others visited the botanical places in the woods and
me:idows adjacent, and collected many interesting speci-
mens.

The afternoon session was called to order at 2.45
o'clock at the preacher's stand. The President in the
chair. The records of preceding meeting read.

The President referred to the fact that it was eleven
years since the Institute held a meeting in this i)Iace, and
on this occasion our associate member, James F. Almy,
gave an interesting history of the Association, the owners
of this grove, and paid a fitting tribute to the memory of
Francis Asl)ury, who came to this country in 1771, the
first Bishop of the Methodist Episcopal Church ordained
in America, and a zealous missionary for forty-five years
until his death, which occurred in Spottsylvania, Va.,

140

Mar. 81, 181 G. A more suitable name could not be se-
lected to desiiruate this place. He also called attention
to the desirai)leness of making a complete collection of
pi-inted matter pertaiuing to Essex county and invited
co-operation iu this direction.

Mr. James H. Emertox, of Salem, being first called
upon, said that he had found in the vv'oods between the
railroad and the grove two spiders of peculiar structure
and habits, Ci/llopodia cavala, whose Aveb is described by
Prof. Wilder in the Proc. Am. Assoc, for the Adv. Sci. for
1878, and Argyvodes tru/onum, which usually lives among
the outer threads of the webs of lai'ger spiders, several
individuals occupying the same web without interlering
with each other or with the owner. Tiiese spiders do,
however, sometimes live b}^ themselves, and one was
found in a w^eb appai-ently of her own make, between
two maple leaves. The s[)lder held herself partly hidden
under the upper leaf and below hung her two cocoons of
eggs. These si)iders resemble in color aud size the scales
which drop from the pine buds and hang in the webs and
are easily mistaken for them.

Several residents at the grove called attention to great
numbers of insects going up the trunks of the trees.
These were the young of a species of Psocus. They live
on mould and other microscopic plants and wander over
the trees after them in flocks of several hundred individ-
uals. Some persons l)elieved they had been stung l)y
them, but this is improbable, as the insects have no stings
and their jaws are short and not adapted for piercing the
skin.

Mr. J. P. Magee, Seci-etary of Asbury Grove Associ-
ation, who was next called upon, spoke of camp meet-

141

ings, M-hicli he said originnlcd by two brothers Miiiree,
one ii Presbyterian, the other a Methodist, in 1799, and
"vvhich have become one of the Institntions of Methodism.
The first permanent arrangement of these meetings in
New P2ngland was at Eastham on Cape Cod, where a
meeting was held in 1828. After this time to 1836 three
others were held. This year the gronnd and grove con-
taining ten acres was pnrchased by an association foimed
for that pnrpose, and an act of Incorporation was obtained
from the Massachusetts Legislature in 1838. It is called
Millennium Grove, and is a most beautiful and attractive
spot, and exceedingly well located and adapted for the
pui-pose.

Another was established in 1835 at Mai'tha's Vineyard.
It still continues and has grown to be a great city of cot-
tages. This Asbury Grove corporation was established in
1859 ; the first njeeting was held in August of that year
and these meetings have since been continued annually
in the month of August. During this month there will
bo no less than two hundred of these gatherings in the
diflerent parts of this country ; they will be in the interest
not only of religion but of temperance and science.

Prof. Gkouge H. Dixon, of Hampton, Va., alluded to
the introduced plants from Europe that hud been acclima-
tized here, some of which seem to thrive better in these
places of their adoption. He presented a collection of
the land and lluviatile shells of England, and made some
interesting remarks in relation to the hal)its and character-
istics of several of the species. He s[)oUe of the ditferent
strata of shell deposits with the view of showing the im-
portance of a knowlediie of the molluscato the jieolofjist.

Mr. Geouge D. Piiippen, of Salem, said that it gave

142

him pleasure to come here once more to visit these woods
where he had derived so much pleasure in the past. He
exhibited and described numerous plants that liad been
collected dnring the day; among them may be enumer-
ated the Clethra, the Viburnums and Cornel, several va-
rieties of the Orchis, Mikamia and several species of the
compositfB, and others. The introduced plants seem to
multiply more numerously than the native, and give the
agriculturists the most trouble as weeds.

Rev. E. C. BoLLES, of Salem, said that if Prof. E. S.
Morse was hero he could have his old enthusiasm aroused
at the sight of this collection of shells. He described
several of the specimens, and added a few words con-
cerning the transportation of shells, plants, etc., from other
lands, and of his own collection of shells of the English
coast. On the American coast he had found specimens
belonging to the same species as the land snails of Eng-
land, with certain variations showing that they have become
Americanized. The part of the country in which Mr.
Dixon hai)pens to be at the present time is particularly
barren of both land and fluviatile shells, but more will bo
found on the coast of Maine. In this world, life swarms
ahout us at every point, and from this fact he drew reflec-
tions upon the revelations of life and order, and said that
these scientific camp-meetings are intended to diffuse in-
formation of nature, just as the i-eligious camp-meetings
are intended to spread a knowledge of that Creator from
whom religion and all these natural wonders spring.

Hon. Allen W. Dodge, of Hamilton, gave some facts
concerning Rev. Dr. M. Cutler, and of his predecessor,
Rev. Mr. Wiggles worth, both of whom had long pastor-
ates in this town. Dr. Cutler was a remarkable man, not

143

only in scientific fittainments, but politicsil foresight. He
was the pioneer in the settlement of Ohio ; his influence
was conspicuous in the passage of the ordinance of 1787
which made the nortliwest Territory free forever ; and he
has conferred great distinction npon the town of Hamilton.
He spoke of natural historical pursuits as giving a better
idea of the wonders of the Creator.

Mr. James F. Almy, of Salem, made enquiries regard-
ing the peculiar formation of the land here, resembling
the dungeons (so-called) of South Salem, which are gen-
erally associated with the glacial period. He said that
there were several of these curious hollows between the
village and this place. He had somethiug to say about
the literature of the Methodists ; and gave statistics of its
"Book Concern," which begun in 1789, and has become
the largest publishing house in America; its seminaries of
learniug, numl)ering in 1874, twenty-seven universities
and colleges, sixty-nine seminaries and academies, also
five theological schools, one of which is in Germany and
one in India; and its periodicals, consisting of one quar-
terly, five monthly and thirteen weekly publications. He
spoke of the wide influence which has been exerted by
the ablest expounders of the faith. With Mr. Magee he
extended a hearty welcome to this society.

Dr. George A. Perkins, of Salem, moved the follow-
ing vote of thanks, which was unanimously adopted :

Voted, That the hearty thanks of the Essex Institute be
given to the Asbury Grove Camp Meeting Association
for their cordial rec('[)ti()n this da}', and to the ladies who
have so kintlly assisted in rendering the visit so pleasant
and a<rreeable.

144

Regular Meeting, Monday, August 20, 1877.

Meeting this evening, the President in the chair.
Rccoitls read. Correspondence and donations annonnced.

Dr. J. W. Goodell and Mr. E. L. Sargent, both of
Lynn, and Mr. George C. Poirce, of* Pcabody, were
elected resident members.

Field Meeting at Marblehead Neck, Wednesday,
August 22, 1«77.

The field meeting this day was very largel}' attended
by members and friends. It is ahnost twenty years since
the Institute held a meeting in this locality, and during
tbis interval many changes have taken place, the most
inii)ortant of which is the building of a veiy fine road
around tbis beautiful [)eninsula and the lading out of
the grounds ft)r sea-side residences, several having been
erected.

Mr. J. J. II. GiiEGORY took some of the part}' to visit
the most interesting of the liistoric localities of the town.
Undoubtedly every one of the party had heard more or
less of Marblehead, her hills, streets and ancient build-
ings, but very lew had probably before lealizcd the ex-
tent of the town's resmirces in that direction. The fol-
lowing may be specilied : the place where "Find" Iresoii
lived, his true character and mode of life ; where Moll
IMlcher was born ; the beach upon which the British sol-
diers landed from the Frolic when coming to Salem to be
rei)ulsed at the North Bridge ; where lived Vice President
Gerry, Gen. Glover, Col. Lee, and a host ot other celeb-
rities ; where the first house in town stood, and the beauty

145

of the location ; -wlicre may be found the coniparntively
"Nvoll preserved dwellinir given away as a marriajxe present
from a fond father to his daughter in l()l)(). JMany cour-
tesies were also rendered by Mr. William D. Northend
and Mrs. E. D. Kimball, who are spending the sunnner
at this cool and pleasant retreat. At the close of the
rambles lunch was s[)read in an unoccupied cottage owned
by Thomas Ryan, Esq.

The afternoon session was held in a small hall, recently
erected by the liberality of the summer residents and
friends, at 2.45 o'clock. After the reading of the records
of the i)rcceding meeting, the Pkesidknt opened the dis-
cussion with allusions to the manner of studying the
marine fauna and the various systems of classitication
based either upon anatoniical structure, geological peri-
ods or geographical distributions. He s[)oke of his own
cx[)erience in coUecting s[)ecimens some thirty or forty
years since, by an examination of the stomachs of tishes,
or i)y the hand dredge from a dory or sail boat, and con-
trasted the same with the present method, by which, with
the use of a donkey engine in a government steamer, ex-
tensive colleetions can be obtained and a vast amount of
information elicited.

Mv. James II. Emerton, of Salem, l)cing called upon,
said that durini:: the last month some interestinu: dredg-
ings have been made in this neighborhood for J-*rof.
Spencer F. Baird, United States Commissioner of Fish-
cries. In the year 1871 Prof. Baird was ai)p()inted
by Congress to collect information in regard to the sup-
ply of tish in the United States waters, to ascertain
tlie causes on which the tish supply de[)ends, and to see
"what can be done; to inerease its value and [)revent its
Avastc. Several state governments had already begun the

146

improvement of river fisheries which had been almost
destroyed by dams and over fi.shinir, and one of the prin-
cii)al duties of the U. S. Commissioner has been to aid
in this work by experiments in breeding and transporting
yonng fishes, and the introduction of new and prom-
ising kinds. In regard to the sea fisheries there exists
among interested persons the greatest variety of opinions.
Some consider them as praclically inexhaustible, while
others are equally sure the enlarged market and improved
methods of fishing are slowly reducing the supply on the
best fishing grounds. In order to collect what is known
on the sul)ject, printed lists of questions are sent to fisher-
men and other persons along the coast and the answers to
these are chissified and recorded, and tlie most useful i)ub-
lished in the commissioner's reports. Every summer Prof.
Baird and several other naturalists visit some town on the
coast, and make direct observations on the Hshes and other
marine animals. As com[)lete a collection as possible is
made of the fislies in the neighborhood. The stomachs of
fishes are examined to learn on what they feed and a gen-
eral collection made of all the marine animals and plants.
The shallower waters are explored between tides, and the
deeper l)y sounding and dredging. For the latter pur-
poses a government steatner is usually placed at the ser-
vice of the Commissioner t'ov a month or two.

The dredging is superintended by Prof. Verrill of Yale
College, and all the animals collected, excei)t the fishes,
are sent to him at New Haven for further study. The tirst
season was spent at Wood's Hole, and the results are pub-
lished in the Second Report of the Fish Conmiissioner.
The following seasons were spent at Eastport and Port-
land on the coast of Maine, and at Noank, Connecticut.
This year it was decided to explore the fi>heries of Mas-
sachusetts Bay, and for this purpose Prof. Baird, Prof.

147

Verrill and Messrs. Goode and Bean of the AYashinixton
Musenm spent part of Jnly and August at Salem. One
of the old stores on Derby wharf was used for the shore
work, and a steamer was sent by the Navy department to
carry on the dredging. The time was too short to spend
much of it on the shallow water animals, and every day,
when the weather allowed, the steamer was used for
dredging in the deeper water ten to twenty miles from
shore in depths of forty to one hundred fathoms. The
instrument usually employed is a dredge consisting of an
oblong frame of iron about two feet wide, behind which
drags a net protected by canvas. After ascertaining the
depth and temperature of the water and character of the
bottom by sounding, the dredge is lowered and the vessel
allowed to drift with the current, drawing the dredge
slowly over the bottom and scraping up whatever it
meets. After sufficient time, the dredge is hauled in by
the help of a steam windlass, and the contents tipped into
a sieve hung over the ship's side ; the larger animals are
picked out and the dirt is washed by a stream of water
until the finest part passes through the sieve and leaves
the shells and larger objects in sight. The contents of
the sieve are then carefully picked over and the animals
either put into vessels of clear water, to be carried ashore
living, or into alcohol. On smooth bottoms a larger kind
of dredge, called a trawl, is used. This consists of a
net fifteen or twenty feet wide at the mouth, the upper
half of which is attached to a beam supported at the ends
by runners, while the lower half is weighed down so as
to drag on the bottom. The net has, along the sides,
pockets in which fishes trying to escape find themselves
entangled. In the trawl not only the bottom fishes, but
all the animals that are not buried in the mud, are brought
up. Sometimes a stone weighing several hundred pounds

ESSEX INST. BULLETIN. IX 10

148

gets into the net and needs all the strength of the engine
and crew to get it on board, but it usually has quantities
of small animals attached to it that pay for the trouble.
On muddy bottoms a dredge is sometimes used with a
rake attached in front of the mouth, the rake stirs up the
mud, and the worms and moUusks are washed out of it
into the net. On a rocky bottom even, where it is too
rough for the dredge, a tangle is used. This consists of
bunches of untwisted rope fastened to chains, by which
they are drawn over the bottom, sweeping up the rough
echinoderms antl Crustacea as with a mop. The animals
hold on to the hemp and are so brought to the surface.

By these various methods, in the course of a fortnight,
over three hundred species of animals were obtained,
among them several rare fishes and many other animals
of entirely new species. A complete list of these is
promised by Prof. Verrill for the Society's Bulletin,
and we shall then have as complete a knowledge of the
deep-water fauna of our bay as before of the waters uorth
and south of it.

Prof. George H. Dixon, of Hampton, Va., described
some of the plants that had been collected, including the
Melilotus, which the English cattle are very fond of, though
the cattle here leave it intact. The Crataegus belong-
ing to the same family as the English Hawthorn was ex-
hibited, also several species of grasses. The Golden Rod
was held up as an object of admiration, there being in
England but one of the forty varieties that are known.
He then read a piece of poetry which he had picked up
that morning, giving an interesting description of the
manner in which sahnon go up the river to spawn. lu
England there is a very heavy tine for the taking of salmon
during the spawning period ; and he was glad to see an

149

effort for similar legislation in this country. He spoke of
the evidence of glacial action to be seen all around here,
and also of the history of our race, involving the origin
of the human species. He had no doubt, that when the
Mosaic chronology was better understood, it would be found
that revelation and science agree, notwithstanding the
evidence of man's existence goes back to so remote a pe-
riod as to frighten the theologians, who fear damao-e to the
Mosaic record.

Eev. A. B. Hervet, of Troy, N. Y., spoke of the ma-
rine flora of this vicinity. We have three kinds of rock-
weed here, and Marblehead is set down as having the
distinction of possessing one kind not found anywhere else,
though he had never succeeded in finding it. Mr. Hervey
had brought with him some pressed specimens, exhibiting
the striking beauty of their formation and expressing sur-
prise that so few people make collections in this depart-
ment of our flora. Some of the most beautiful of these
are parasitic varieties. He also exhibited the tools with
which he made his collections, with the view of aiding the
efforts of others in the same direction. He descril)ed the
process of pressing, substantially as follows : Float out
each specimen by itself in salt water, in a wide dish, like
a washbowl. Put the pnper under the plant in the water,
arrange the plant on the paper and carefully draw it out.
Lay the paper with the plant upon it on drying paper and
spread over it a piece of white muslin. Then spread over
this a layer of drying paper, then more plants, and then
more cloth, drying paper, etc. Put all under a board, and
weight it with forty or fifty pounds of stone or othei- heavy
substances. The next day, change the cloths and drying
paper, and in one day more the plants will be dry and
ready to go into the herbarium or the album for permanent
preservation.

150

Mr. James J. IL Gregory, of Marblehead, exhibited
geological specimens collected on the beach, to illustrate
the geology of Marblehead. There are here many varie-
ties of porphyr}'- rocks, the greenstone rocks, and the sie-
nite. He described the chasms along the shore, or the
trap dykes. We have here the old Indian quarry, from
which the aborigines constructed their implements. In
proof of this he described the appearance of the rock,
which had obviously been chipped and not so left by any
natural action. He spoke of the value of these rocks for
building purposes, and of the former agricultural produc-
tiveness of this neck, rendered so by the use of sea manure,
the soil being naturally as poor as any in Marblehead.

Rev. Joseph Banvard, of Nepouset, followed with
congratulations of the day, the place, and the presence of
ladies. Without professing to be a scientist, he gave ex-
pression to his love of nature and of the pleasure he had
derived from gathering, thirty or forty years ago, when
settled in the ministry in Salem, the little knowledge he
possessed upon these subjects. Even a little knowledge
of these things is good and pleasant.

After some pleasant and humorous remarks from Mr.
William D. Northend, of Salem, Mr. D. B. Hagar, of
the State Normal School, introduced the following resolu-
tion, which was unanimously adopted :

Besolvedf That the hearty thanks of the Institute are
hereby presented to the proprietors of the hall, for the
free use of the same on the present occasion. To Thomas
Ryan, Esq., for the free use of the cottage, and to all per-
sons who have in any way contributed to the pleasure and
usefulness .of this meeting ; and especially are thanks ten-
dered to Mrs. Edward D. Kimball, Messrs. W. D. North-
end, and J. J. H. Gregory, for their generous efforts in
behalf of this gathering of the Institute.

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BULLETIN

Vol. 9. Salem, Oct., Nov., Dec, 1877. Nos. 10, 11, 12.

Excursion to the AYhite Mountains,
Monday, Sept. 10, 1877.

After the numerous preliminaiy announcements of
this excursion, the Institute party, numbering more than
one hundred members and friends, left Salem this morn-
ing at ten minutes past seven by the Salem & Lowell
Railroad, and arrived at the Fal)yan House at a quarter
before five on the afternoon of the same day, under the
auspices of the Boston, Concord, Montreal & White
Mountains Railroad, a continuous and unbroken line,
without change of cars, though made up of four or five
distinct roads, the seat of management being at Ply-
mouth. On this occasion the party was accompanied by
Mr. I. A. Whitcomb, the travelling agent of the line,
who was unremitting in his attentions, cheerfully respond-
ing to all enquiries, and volunteering a good deal of infor-
mation as to localities and scenery.

Though this is not the shortest and quickest route to
the mountains, it is no disparagement to any to say that

ESSEX INST. BULLETIN. IX 11 (151)

152

there is no other which combines so many natural attrac-
tions. From Lowell up through Nashua, Hooksett, into
and beyond Concord, the ride is along the banks of the
beautiful Llerrimac, which Whittier has immortalized in
verse, and which finds its outlet into the ocean at New-
buryport, through the northern part of the county of
Essex. Very soon after, the region grows a few shades
more hilly, and attractive scenery is developed between
Northfield and Tilton ; thence to the western border of
Lake Winnipiseogee, passing and stopping at Laconia,
Lake Village, Weirs, and Meredith, a region whence
came a considerable number of thrifty and energetic New
Hampshire people who have settled in Salem within a
score of years past. The party dined at the Pemigewas-
sett House at Pljmouth. Advancing northward, the hills
grow bolder, but the soil appears indifferent till the valley
of the Connecticut is reached at Haverhill, where the ride
along the banks as far as Woodside presents a more luxu-
rious aspect of soil and vegetation. Thence ten miles to
Littleton, Avhere the stages connect with the Franconia
Mountains. Wing Road is a few miles farther on, and at
this point the course sharply diverges from the north
to an eastwardly direction over the Mount Washington
Branch Road, which runs along the valley of the Am-
monoosuc through scraggly woods relieved by frequent
clearings. The clear tracts are extremely picturesque,
and from the hotels dotted among them very fine views
of the mountains may be obtained.

In the immediate vicinity of Fabyan's, where the night
was passed, are a grave stone and monument to the
memory of Ethan Allen Crawford, who built and main-
tained the first house at the White Mountains. He died
June 22, 1846, at the age of fifty-two. He was born,
therefore, eighty-three years ago, and within that time

153

great changes have been witnessed in the travel of this
region.

Tuesday, Sept. 11. — The main portion of the party-
left this morning for the Crawford House, four or five
miles distant, and spent the day among its many attrac-
tions. This is one of the loveliest and most homelike
spots in the mountains. A large number rode to the
Willey House,^ and other places of interest were visited.

Some of the party ascended Mount Washington in the
forenoon, going to the Crawford House in the afternoon.
There was formerly a stage ride of a few miles from the
Fabyan House to the mountain railway station at the base.
Within a year or two, however, the inevitable railway-
train, with its puffing locomotive, has penetrated the
woods, and it now follows the Amonoosuck along its
winding way and in the direction of its source, the grade
at the last part of the distance being so very steep as
to render friction propulsion something to marvel at.
Among the curiosities at the summit is a daily paper,
well printed and full of mountain gossip. An edition of
from 400 to 1000 copies has been regularly issued and
sold. Every one visiting this region buys a copy to send
home. The temperature was very mild and comfortable

' Among the present Institute party, was Mr. S. P. Richardson, of Salem, ac-
companied by his brother-iudaw^ Mr. Bowker. It was a matter of more than ordi-
nary interest to Mr. Richardson, as he visited the Willey House, that his father.
Rev. Phineas Richardson, in the year 1826, vehile settled at Lower Gilmanton,
K. H., went through tliis section on liorseback, with saddle-bags, in the interest of
the Baptist denomination, and under the auspices of the New Hampshire Baptist
Convention, as a preacher in destitute iilaces. He stoppeil with the Willey family
just two weeks before they were destroyed by the avalanche, and read with tliem
out of the same Bible that is still preserved in the house. Every reader, we pre-
sume, knows that the Willey family, and two persons in Capt. Willey's employ,
were destroyed by a slide while trying to escape from their house, wliich proved
to be the only place of safety. There were other slides in the mountains at the
same time. They occurred during one of the most terrible storms that ever swept
through this region — one, probably, that has never since been equalled.

154

and the view good, though there was the common haze
lurking in the distance.

In the evening the Institute held a meeting in the
drawing-room of the Crawford's, commencing at eight
o'ck)ck. The usual preliminary business of the Institute
meetings having been suspended, the President said :

The Essex Institute seldom holds a meeting beyond the
limits of Essex County. It is a local institution, and its
objects are the collecting and preserving materials that
will elucidate the natural and civil history of the county
of Essex, and also the promotion of the arts, literature
and science, by its meetings, lectures, publications, exhi-
bitions, etc.

On several different occasions, it has deviated from the
usual course and held meetings elsewhere. In August,
1867, at .Kittery, Me., to visit, among other places of
interest, the mansion once owned and occupied by Sir
William Pepperell — a wealthy and enterprising merchant
of the middle of the last century, who aided by his means
and individual services in the raising of an expedition for
the taking of Louisburg. This enterprise was crowned
with success, and he was rewarded with a Baronetcy from
George II. He was the first person born in New England
who received this honorable distinction. Portsmouth and
its surroundings, Kittery and Newcastle, are rich in asso-
ciations connected with the Colonial and Provincial peri-
ods of our history. In 1870, a visit was made to Ply-
mouth, Mass., where was noticed the rock on which the
forefathers landed, and the interesting historical relics in
Pilgrim Hall. In 1875 a pilgrimage was made to Con-
cord, Mass., where life was first sacrificed in an open
resistance to British arms, — the opening drama in the
Kevolution ; and also where we could stand beside the

155

grave of Hawthorne, that brilliant star in the field of let-
ters, born and for many years resident in Salem, and died
near by, at Plymouth, N. H., in May, 1864.

The northern boundary of the colony of the Massachu-
setts Bay, as defined in the charter of 1628, is three
miles north of the northernmost part of the Merrimack
river. The General Court, on the 31st of May, 1652,
appointed Capt. Symon Willard and Capt. Edward John-
son a committee to ascertain this point. On the 1st of
August, 1652, Messrs, John Sherman and Jonathan Ince
were selected as the surveyors, who, with two Indian
guides, explored the river as far as the Great Fork. By
the advice of the Indians, they took the eastern branch,
and soon reached the Great Lake ; and here, near the
Weirs, they placed upon a large flat rock the following
inscription, which was discovered some time since, and
may now be seen : —

This is not the most northern point. The western
branch, which is the Pemigewasset river, takes its rise
from the southern slope of the White Hills, and the most

156

Dorthern of the sources of the numerous rivulets that form
so many of the beautiful cascades and waterfalls is the
true limit ; and three miles due north would not be far
from our place of meeting.

The several grants made by the General Court of Mas-
sachusetts, north of Haverhill, were considered as belong-
ing to Essex County.

The claims of New Hampshire, on a patent by Capt.
John Mason, in 1629, under the common seal of the
Council of Plymouth, which conveyed the land from the
middle of the Merrimack Eiver and thence northward
along the coast to the Piscataqua River, and up the same
to the farthest head thereof, and through the Merrimack
to the farthest head thereof, — were in conflict with the
grant of Massachusetts, and caused a long controversy as
to jurisdiction, not afl^ecting, however, individual rights.

Owing to the unsettled state of affairs, the two Prov-
inces were united from 1641 to 1680, and even afterwards
the same person would be frequently Governor of both
Provinces ; so that for many years no serious difficulties
arose. But afterwards it was deemed best to have the
northern line defined. In 1737 commissioners were ap-
pointed, and it was decided that the northern boundary
of the Massachusetts line should be a line three miles
from the mouth of the river at Newburyport, thence par-
allel with the river as far as the Pawtucket Falls, thence
west to the New York line. In 1740 His Majesty, by
the concurrence of the Council, adjudged and ordered this
boundary.

On this occasion it is meet that we should pay a tribute
of respect to the memory of William Oakes, the most
distinguished botanist in New England in his time, and
one of the founders of the Natural History Society, and
for many years a Vice President. A native of Dan vers, a

157

graduate of Harvard in the class of 1820, admitted to the
Essex bar in January, 1824 ; then removed to Ipswich to
practise the profession, from which, after some two years,
he retired, not finding the duties congenial to his feelings,
and devoted his time entirely to the study of natural
history, more especially to botany, which had been fos-
tered and developed during his collegiate life by Professor
Peck, the Massachusetts Professor of Natural History in
Harvard. Not long afterwards he confined his attention
almost solely to the New England flora, seldom, if ever,
herborizing beyond the limits. There is scarcely a New
England plant which he has not collected with his own
hands, and prepared an abundance of surpassingly excel-
lent specimens.

As early as the year 1830, he, in company with his
friend Dr. C. Pickering, had already explored these moun-
tains, and had projected a flora of New England. The
appearance of Dr. Beck's book, in 1833, caused him to
abandon this scheme, which he afterwards resumed with
increasing ardor, and upon a more elaborate scale. To
this end he had collected much.

In the autumn of 1842 he was solicited to prepare a
catalogue of alpine plants, to be appended to the final
Report of Geology of New Hampshire. Although he
had frequently visited and examined this flora, he again
went to the mountains. The sul)ject grew upon his hands,
— the geology, mineralogy, and zoology alike claimed
his attention. He employed artists to make drawings
not only of the plants, etc., but of the views and scenery,
of rare faithfulness and accuracy. He published, in 1848,
a volume which may be considered as the introductory
part of the work, entitled, "Scenery of the White Moun-
tains, with sixteen plates, from the drawings of Isaac
Sprague ; by William Oakes." Boston : Little & Brown,

158

1848. Small folio, 16 1-2 by 12 inches. Soon after the
last proof sheet of this work had been sent to the printer,
he suddenly died, on the 31st of July, 1848. He was a
man of great generosity, and never hoarded his immense
collections, distributing freely to those who would appre-
ciate them. Professor Edward Tuckerman has given the
name of Oakes to a highly interesting evergreen, detected
some thirty years since in several localities along our
eastern coast (Oakesia Conradi), Avhich is figured in the
memoirs of the American Academy.

Although he had collected much, he had done little
towards a final elaboration of the results of his observa-
tions, which is attributed to a fastidious taste, and an over
anxious desire to satisfy the ever increasing demands of
science, and to realize his own high standard of perfec-
tion. He published a catalogue of plants of Vermont
appended to Thompson's History of Vermont, and some
articles in magazines.

OLD RECORDS OF PENNYCOOK AND RUMFORD.

Since the adjournment of the meeting, the following
extracts from the first volume of the records of Concord,
N. H., have been copied and are here inserted as confirm-
ing that portion of the above remarks which relates to
the old New Hampshire towns. The General Court of
Massachusetts passed March 4, 1733-4, an act for erect-
ing a new town within the county of Essex, called Penny-
cook, by the name of Rumford. In 1765 this name was
changed to Concord, and is now the flourishing capital of
New Hampshire.

Pennycooh, January ye 9, 1732. — The Inhabitants of
the Plantation of Pennycook are hereby notified to assem-
ble and convene at the meeting-house in Pennycook on
the eleventh day of this instant January at nine of the

159

clock in the Forenoon, then and there to choose a town
clerk, selectmen and constables and all other ordinary
town officers, which officers when chosen are to stand to
the anniversary meeting in March next. — Benja. Rolfe^
by orders of the General Court. — A True Copy examined
by Benja. Rolfe, Town Clerk.

Essex, ss. Pennycooh, January 11, 1732. — By vir-
tue of the Order from the General Court have notified
the Inhabitants of the Plantation of Pennycook of the
within mentioned meeting by setting up the within notifi-
cation at the meeting, house in Pennycook. Benja.
Rolfe. A True copy examined by Benja. Rolfe, Town
Clerk.

January 11, 1732-3. — Voted, That one hundred and
ten pounds be raised for the support of Rev. Mr. Timothy
Walker.=^

Penny cooh, March 6, 1732-3. —Fo^ecZ, That there
should l)e twenty shillings paid for the encouragement of
killing of wolves, for the year ensuing, within the Town-
ship.

Voted, That there should be six pence paid for the en-
couragement of killino^ of Rattlesnakes within this Town-
ship, for the year ensuing, provided that the destroyers
of such snakes shall bring in a black joynt of the tail or
with the tail to the selectmen or any of them. A penny

"^ Benjamin Rolfe, who is referred to in the old New Hampshire records, was a
Bon of Henry Rolfe, Esq., of Newburj-, who was one of the original proprietors
of Pennycook. He was born in 1710, graduate of Harvard in 1727, chosen one of
the proprietors and grantees of Pennycook in 1731, and continued in the office
during the several changes of Rumford and Concoid, till 1770. He held every im-
portant office in the gift of his fellow citizens, and had acquired a large property.
At the age of sixty he married Sarah, daughter of Rev. Timothy Walker, some
thirty years his junior. He died Dec. 21, 1771. His widow, Sarah, married in 1773,
Benjamin Tliompson, afterwards distinguished as Count Rumford.

3 Rev. Timothy VVallier, the eon of Deacon Samuel Walker of Woburn, Mass.,
was born July 27, 1705, graduated at Harvard College in 172."), invited to settle at
Pennycook, Oct. 11, 17:^0. He married, Nov. 12, 1730, Sarah Burbeen, daughter of
James Burbeen, of Woburn. She was born June 17, 1701, and died Feb. 19, 1778.
He was a revered, faitliful and devoted minister to his people, served the town
as a wise counsellor on many important occasions, and was justly entitled to the
appellation of "the father of the town." He died Sept. 1, 17S2, aged 77.

160

voted for the encourafijement of the killing of Black Birds
within this Township, for the year ensuing, the head
being brought to the selectmen or any of them and burnt.

March 9, 1735,— Voted, That Henry Rolfe, Esq., be
chosen and desired to assist and joyn with others, that
are or may be chosen for to use proper means for to get
the county of Essex divided into two counties.

November 7, 1739. — Agreed and voted. That Benja.
Rolfe, Esq., be chosen to petition the General Court in
the name and behalf of the Inhabitants of the town of
Rumford, in order to get a country road laid out and
made from the town of Rumford to the town of Cliester
in New Hampshire.

At a legal meetins: of the Freeholders and other Inhabi-
tants of the town of Rumford on the eleventh day of
June, 1740. The Selectmen regulating said meeting,
Benjamin Rolfe, Esq., was elected and deputed to serve
for and represent them in the Great and General Court
or assembly now convened and held and kept his majes-
ties service at the Court House in Boston.

After the choice of Representative, Capt. Ebenezer
Eastman* was chosen Moderator of this present meeting.

Voted, That Benjamin Rolfe, Esq., be hereby desired
and impowered in the name and behalf of the Inhabitants
of the town of Rumford to prefer a petition to his Maj-
esty', that they may be quieted in their possessions and
remain under the jurisdiction of the Massachusetts Bay,
or for any other thing that may be thought proper and
convenient.

Voted, That Benjamin Rolfe, Esq., be hereby desired
and impowered in the name and behalf of the Inhabitants

< Capt. Ebenezer Eastman, son of Philip of Haverhill, and grandson of Rogers,
the first of the name, who settled in Salisbury, Mass., in 1640, was born Jan. 10,
1G89, married Sarah Peaslee, of Haverhill, March 4, 1710, a daughter of Col. Nath'l
Peaslee. He became an early settler in Concord, where he died .July 28, 1748, aged
50. The part he took in the first settlement of the town, the services rendered and
the offices of trust and honor which he held will cause his name to be held in grate-
ful remembrance. He went to Cape Breton, March, 1745, in command of a com-
pany and was present at the reduction and surrender of Louisburg, June 16 of
that year.

161

of the town of Rumforcl, to prefer a petition to the Gen-
eral Court, that they would use their interest with his
majesty, that said Inhabitants may be quieted in their
possessions and remain under the jurisdiction of the
Massachusetts Bay or for any other thing that they may
thought proper or convenient.

At a meeting of the Inhabitants and Freeholders of the
town of Rumford, being legally warned and assembled
the twenty-sixth day of September, 1740.

Capt. Ebenezer Eastman was chosen Moderator of this
present meeting.

This Town being informed that by the determination
of his Majesty in council, respecting the controverted
bounds between the province of Massachusetts Bay and
New Hampshire, they are excluded from the Province of
the Massachusetts Bay to which they always supposed
themselves to belong, therefore unanimously voted, That
a Petition be preferred, to the King's most excellent Maj-
esty, setting forth our distressed estate and praying wo
may be annexed to the said Massachusetts Province.

Voted, That Thomas Hutchinson, Esq., be impowered
to present the said Petition to his Majesty and to appear
and fully to act for and in behalf of this town respecting
the subject matter of said Petition, according to his best
discretion.

Voted, That Benjamin Rolfe, Esq., Town Clerk, be
desired and impowered in the name and behalf of this
Town to sign the said Petition.

Voted, That Benjamin Rolfe, Esq., be desired and im-
powered to nominate or make choice of a suitable person
to present the said petition to his Majesty and to appear
and fully to act for and in behalf of this Town, respecting
the subject matter of said Petition according to his best
discretion. In case Thomas Hutchinson, Esq., shall re-
fuse the said service or otherwise be prevented doing the
same. — [Page 78 and 79 of Records.

Notice is here given to the Freeholders and other In-
habitants of the Town of Pumford that have an estate or
freehold in laud within this Province or Territory, of

162

forty shillings per annum at the least, or other estate to
the value of fifty pounds sterling to assemble at the meet-
ing house in said Rumford, on Monday, the twenty-ninth
day of June current at five of the clock in the afternoon
then and there to elect and depute a person (being a
Freeholder and resident in said town) to serve for and
represent them in a Great and General Court or assembly
appointe to be convened held and kept for his majesty's
service at the court house in Boston, upon Wednesday
the eighth day of July next ensuing the date hereof.
Also to grant such sum or sums of money as shall be
thought best to enable Thomas Hutchinson, Esq., further
to prosecute the affair of our being annexed to Massachu-
setts Bay, also to choose a surveyor of highways instead
of Joseph Hall who refuses to serve in said office. Dated
at Rumford aforesaid the 23d day of June 1741.
Joseph Hall,

Constable of Rumford.

By virtue of a warrant from the selectmen of Rumford.

— Page 85.

At a legal meeting of Rumford, 11 Dec. 1744. Voted

— That Benjamin Rolfe, Esq., be hereby desired and im-
powered in the name and behalf of said Inhabitants to
prefer a petition to his excellency our Captain General,
or to the General assembly of this Province for such a
number of soldiers which may be sufficient with a Divine
Blessing to defend us against all attempts which may be
made against us by our enemies.

Voted — That Benjamin Rolfe, Esq., be hereby desired
and impowered in the name and behalf of said inhabi-
tants to prefer a petition to his excellency our Governor
or to the General assembly of this Province that may be
impowered to make choice of some suitable person to
serve for and represent them in every session of the Gen-
eral assembly from time to time within this Province.

Voted — That Benjamin Rolfe, Esq., be hereby desired
and impowered in the name and behalf of said Inhabi-
tants to represent to his excellency the Governor and
General Court of the Province of the Massachusetts Bay

163

the deplorable circumstances we are in upon the account
of our being exposed to imminent danger both from
French and Indian Enemies and to request of them of
such aids as to their great wisdom may seem fit meet and
which may be sufBeient to enable us with a Divine Bless-
ing vigorously to repell all attempts of our said enemies.
—Pages 98 and 99.

Dr. Wheatland concluded his remarks by introducing
Prof. Charles H. Hitchcock, saying, — "Having thus
briefly alluded to the observations of a diligent explorer
of these mountains some forty or fifty years since, we
now introduce one who is engaged in a somewhat similar
occupation as the present accomplished head of the State
Geological Survey of New Hampshire."

Alludins: to Dr. Wheatland's reference to the Essex
County naturalist, Prof. Hitchcock said that William'
Oakes was one of the early explorers of these mountains,
and did his work in a very thorough and satisfactory way,
his preserved specimens of pressed plants being the best
prepared of any he had seen.

Prof. Hitchcock then spoke of the mountains in their
relation to other parts of the country, comparing the
White Mountains of New Hampshire with the Alps and
Jura Mountains of Europe. The Alps are a chain of
mountains runninoj east and west throuirh the south of
France, a part of Switzerland, and across to the Black
Sea — terminating with the Balkans (where the Russians
and Turks are now fighting), which are really a continua-
tion of the same ran^e. He described the formation of
the summits of these mountains and their varied heights,
they being also of the same material as our White Moun-
tains— gneiss and granite, chiefly. He also in a very
plain way described and illustrated the commonly ac-
cepted theory of the formation of mountains, which is by

164

lateral pressure caused by contraction of the crust of the
earth — this side pressure upon the original flat surface
pressing the surface upwards as a sheet of paper laid flat
upon a table would bulge upward from the centre on
being closed in from the opposite edges.

According to the manner and degree of pressure, the
appearance of the mountains and their summits is varied ;
and in reference to the Alps he spoke of their obtusely
pointed summits arranged en echelon. The same lateral
force that led to this form, also led to fracture in the
rocks ; and so, by inversions, what seem to be the newer
rocks are really the oldest. The Jura range of mountains
is not more than 3000 or 4000 feet in height, and often
as uniform and straight as a railway embankment. They
are composed of sedimentary substances, as sand and
gravel, and are full of graceful curves — the folds being
steepest on the side next to the Alps. From this it will
be seen that the Alpine mountains are difierent from the
Jura Mountains ; and these represent two systems, with
the Switzerland valley formed between.

Now we have these two systems of mountains in feast-
em America. One extends from Newfoundland to Ala-
bama, and the other from the Catskills in New York to
Alabama. Between them is a great valley beginning
with the Champlain, then the Hudson, Kittatinny, Shen-
andoah, Great Valley of Virginia and East Tennessee. In
referring to the general shape of the continent, he said
the elevated portions are next to the oceans, while the
interior parts are depressed. He then described the Al-
pine features of the eastern mountains, — first, the New-
foundland district with mountains rising 2000 feet; next,
the middle division like that in the midst of what we now
are, rising to 6291 feet; and, third, the mountains of
North Carolina, exceedinir 7000 feet in height. In the

165

course of his explanations, he said if the land should
sink 200 feet, the middle section would become an island.

Comiug to examine the structure of the mountains, we
find the characteristics of the Alpine and Jura mountains
well represented, and the material very much the same.
From the Catskills, away to Alabama, on the western side
of the. great valley he had spoken of, were the graceful
curves and that appearance as of steep embankments.
The highest of our Jurassic mountains is over 4000 feet.
The eastern range is composed of crj'stalline schists, with
inverted strata.

Prof. Hitchcock spoke of the relations of this moun-
tain mass to the water of the ocean. Probably ages ago
these xVtlantic mountains approached the Alps in altitude
more nearly than now — the sea having, within these
ages, encroached upon the land.

Our eJura mountains are properly called Appalachian ;
and our Alpine portion we can call the Atlantic system —
a name suggested forty years ago for that region, by
Featherstonehaugh, the geologist.

Dr. Wheatland alluded to his first visit to these
mountains forty-five years since. At that time a stage
coach in one direction every other day, — returning on
the intermediate days, — with a few small wayside inns at
intervals of some three or four miles, proved a suificient
accommodation for the summer travel. He stopped at
Tom Crawford's, a few rods on the other side of the road
near the entrance of the Notch. The foundation of that
house is now visible. The winter travel was very large — •
the farmers from northern New Hampshire and Vermont
coming in large numbers together in their sleighs with
produce to barter in cities on the seaboard.

Eighteen years after he again visited these mountains.

166

The tide of travel hitherwarcl had so uicreased that the
stages ran quite full from point to point at least once or
twice each day, and the Glen House in the Pinkham
Notch ; the Crawford House through the gateway of the
Crawford or White Mountain Notch ; and the Profile
House in that sequestered nook in the Franconia Notch, —
were all in full blast, having acquired a wide reputation.
These lovely spots in the mountains maintain the same
appearance that they did then, though the hotels liave all
been greatly enlarged and the railway has badly mutilated
the gateway at the Crawford. The nearest railroad con-
nections at that time, however, were at Gorham, Me., on
the Grand Trunk road, and Plymouth and Littleton on the
present Boston, Concord and INIontreal. Connections with
the Crawford House and North Conway were only by
stage, as is now the case at the Glen and Profile. The
nearest approach to easy connection with the summit of
Mount Washington, was a projected carriage road on the
Glen side — at that time completed for about a mile and
a half.

The President then introduced Rev. Charles T.
Brooks, of Newport, E.. L, as one of a party of three
Salem people, two of whom are now living and present
at the meeting, who visited these mountains in 1834, on
a pedestrian expedition. Mr. Brooks then read the fol-
lowing poem : —

A Mountain Amhle on Pegasus, with considerable Pre-amhie. Done for,
and dedicated to, the Essex Institute, of ISalera, 3Iass. Bead at
Craioford's White Mountain House, September 11, 1877.

The learned body gathered here to-day
Will uot be greatly startled if I say
Frequent experiment has proved the rule,
That when a stone is dropped into a pool,

167

The agitation of the surface talvcs

The forra of circular, concentric waives,

Say, rhythmic lorinkies, rippling on and on.

Till, by and by, the expansive force is gone.

Fainter and fainter grow the rings, and then

The last gives up the ghost — and stillness reigns again.

So was it, when, one day, 5'our summons fell

Ou the still bosom of my mental well,

To percli in your commodious travelling cage,

The song-bird of a mountain pilgrimage ;

The watery rhymes forthwith began to run —

But courage! — AVhat in time has once begun

(To us may Heaven a good deliverance send!),

In time (so science shows) will surely have an end.—

Tlie rifle ball revolves awhile, they say.
Ere from the gun it speeds its fatal way.
And I remember well — one frosty morning —
The tinkling engine bell had given its warning; —
The locomotive wheels slid round and round
Some moments, yet had gained no inch of ground.

Does not the sun himself take time to rise.
While a precursive glow lights up the skies?
And Ocean's gradual deepening floods begin
With shoals in which a child may wade and swim.
This means that Nature maJces no sudden leaps.
And Art, in this, faithful to Nature keeps.

The wary general, when he sits him down,
Prepared with patience to besiege a town,
With slow approach his parallels draws in.
Till Prudence says : now let the assault begin!

Shakspere exclaims, Shall then this wooden O

(Meaning the play-house called the Globe, you know)

Contain within its small circumference

The crowded camps of England and of France,

And fields with terrible helmets bristling o'er

That did affright the air at Agincourt?

But did he not a greater wonder know —

The mighty mystery of that bony 0 —

That more contracted space that can contain

Within the walls that fence the human brain

The very globe of earth itself and all

That doth inhabit this terraqueous ball?

ESSEX INST. BULLETIN. IX 12

1G8

Friends, I have mountains on the brain — and you
With patient sympathy must help me through.

A famed Dutch tumbler of antiquity

(Old Diedrich says) once made a bet that he

Would jump over a mountain — so, one day,

He started on the run three miles away,

To get a purchase by this mighty race ;

But when at length he reached the mountain's base,

He sat, to gain his breath, upon a rock,

And o'er the mountain then, at leisure, he could walk.

Scarce less presumptuous to myself I seem

Than that rash wight, before my mountainous theme.

Like him, I pause an instant here, and then

Gird up my loins and journey on again. —

(Friends, these remarks are nothing but the Proem;

Mistake them not, I pray you, for the Poem.

In Eastern lands the temple, as you know.

Is, sometimes, shorter than the portico.

The patient hearer hence some hope may win:

Pre-ambling then no more, we now begin :)

In good old times, ere yet Romance's land

AViis gridironed by rails on every hand ;

Or black, fuliginous clouds obscured the blue

And half the landscape's beauties hid from view ;

Or pipe of lark or eagle's pibroch scream

Were scared or drowned by shrieks of prisoned steam;

When Nature's quiet voice could yet be heard

In peaceful song of bee and brook and biixl.

Inviting man to the uuvexed recesses

Of her majestic sylvan wildernesses ; —

Then (as old Chaucer says) by easy stages

Did "lougeu folk to gon on pilgrimages."

In coach or carryall or "one horse shay"

They jogged along the quiet country way;

Or, better still, on horseback rode at ease

With forehead bared to woo the morning breeze.

So rode that pleasant troop whose forms repass

Forevermore in Fancy's magic glass.

Drawn by the spell of his exhilarant lay

(The morning-glory of Old England's day;,

Who dipped his brush in the enchanting hues

169

That play and sparkle on the moniing-dews ; —

True sons of merry England, hieing forth

Along those pleasant lanes o'er Kentish earth, —

Knight, Millei\ Franklin, Sumner, Palmer, Clark,

Good fellows all and each as gay as lark, —

Each mounted on his palfrey, mare or nag,

Good cheer behind in bottle and in bag,

And better cheer in story and in song, —

As thus in festal mood they jogged along,

"Was it not meet these wights, so blithe and merry.

Should canter leisurely to Canterburj'?

Loitering along the road, perchance, at times

(As strenuously slow as these, my rhymes).

For these blithe pilgrim-folk, I apprehend,

Were not in haste to reach their journey's end.

Though to a stately shrine their steps were bound,

Yet all the way was over pleasant ground ;

The holy martyr's tomb they went to seek,

That oft had holpeu them when sore and weak ;

Yet was there not a healing in the trees

That lined the road, and iu the balmy breeze?

Had Nature's living breath aud human tones

Less power to work a charm than dead men's bones?

But wherefore then do these my wayward rhymes

Wander to far off lands and distant times ?

One reason may have been — I am not sure —

That whilom I, in a White Mountain tour.

From Alton Bay passed down toward Londonden-y

And made a pilgrimage to Canterbury,

With two good fellows scores of years ago —

But that was not my only reason — no :

This was my thought — how, in these hasteful days,

We miss the healing touch of Nature's ways.

With what a gentle grace her guiding hand

Would lead us up through Beauty's magic land,

Up through the Majesty of solemn woods

To the Sublime of mountain solitudes.

By beautiful gradations she prepares

Both soul and sense to climb her heavenward stairs.

Alas ! we reach, in these degenerate days,

Her glorious shrines in too ignoble ways !

With snort of iron steed we wheel along,

The steam-pipe's fitful screech our only song ;

170

Old forest-pines, alarmed such sight to see,
Are startled from their staid propriety.
And far behind us, as we speed away,
Lo, how the "green-robed Senators" Chassez !
Birch-groves in whirling waltz go spinning round,
The grazing cattle in wild antics bound;
And the deep thickets, as our train sweeps by.
Send forth a scornful hiss or mournful sigh.
Will not one day the good old times come back.
And grass again o'ergrow the iron track?
Oh would but for one day some power restore
The aspect this enchanting region wore,
When, forty years ago, companions three, —
A small, select, congenial company, —
From sultry Naumkeag came on foot to take
Their fill of Nature's charms in wild Waumbeck.
Again those sweet and winding ways I tread,
Whei'e Saco rippled o'er his pebbly bed.
Or, lost from view awhile, anon was seen,
Twinkling like silver down some dark ravine.
Up through the valley's windings, day by day,
lu pleasant chat we sauntered on our way ;
(Haley, our spaniel, zig-zagging the while
A lively chase of leagues to every mile).

The morn and evening walk — the noon-day rest —

Day's parting salutation in the west —

"The breezy call of incense breathing morn" —

The locusts' hum — the rustle of the corn —

The swinging sign-board of the wayside Inn,

('Tis pleasant to remember such have been I) —

The weeklj' clothes' wash in the mountain brook,

Beneath the bridge in some sequestered nook —

The muttering thunder and the pattering rain —

The hurried fording of the stream to gain

Yon hospitable hut, and shelter thei-e.

Till the bright sun broke through the balmy air —

Then, as we take our onward way once more,

Earth's billows closing in behind, before.

The spectacle from some commanding height

Of such enchantment breaking on the sight.

That we too felt as if the first were we

"That ever burst into tliat silent sea"

Of mountain pines— these memories throng again

Upon the soul— a visionary train.

171

The mountains' great embrace enfolds me round,

As when I entered first that holy ground.

Have I not seen the genius of the place,

Old Abel, patriarch of that giant-race?

I see tliat grisly, grim old face once more,

I hear his welcome at tlie old inn-door!

That beetling brow — those stern and steady blinks —

Had scared full many a catamount and lynx.

I saw him and could well believe that he

Had shaken down like apples from a tree

The cubs, abandoned bv the old she-bear.

That in their fright had sought a refuge there.

To one who gazed on that old wrinkled face, —

Where many a mountain-storm had left its trace,

And age his crow's-foot tracks — seemed it not fit

That this old Jotun of the hills should sit

There, like a warder, at the mountain-door

That leads to yon weird valley, grim and hoar.

Whose blasted sides and rock-strewn bed had been

The scene of many a giant-battle din,

When, frighted by the elemental wrath,

Bewildered Saco fled his wonted path.

E'en as from that lone house, the inmates fled.

Which else had saved them in that night of dread,

Spared as it was, sole witness of the vale

To tell the passer by the tragic tale. —

Gone^ that memorial of a frightful fate —

And gone that sentry at the mountain-gate.

Gone all those giants of the elder days.

Gone are the good old times and sloio old tcnys,

When step by step the musing pilgrim wound

His quiet way up through the holy ground,

Found tongues in trees, songs in the running brooks,

And wisdom's whispers in the wayside nooks ;

Not, as to-day, by a steam-tempest hurled

Into the bosom of the mountain-world ;

At morn he sees the breakers with their white

And gnashing teeth leap up the rocks — at night,

Far inland hears, hundreds of miles from shore,

The giant mountaiu-pine-woods' sea-like roar.

«Not literally, but virtually, as it stands no longer in its sublime and affecting
eolitude.

172

How shall a man in these new-fanglecl days,

Go back to the pedestrian's homely waj^s ?

Where is the five-mile Inn to greet his sight

With promise of a home at noon and night?

The Inns are out to-day — their day is o'er —

That institution can return no more.

KoU back the tide of time — and haply, then.

You may get back the old Inn-life again.

Where railroads come the inns must disappear;

No man can stop to taste their homely cheer.

The old time-colored house whose aged frame

Leaned fondly to the earth from which it came, —

That oldest settler that might seem to be

Coeval with the soil and scenery —

Is gone ; the pilgrim will behold no more

The old stone fire-place and the sanded floor —

Will hear no more the well-sweep's cheerful creak —

No more the faded sign-board's rusty squeak —

Nor "cloy the hungry edge of appetite"

With berries, milk and brown bread morn and night, —

'Tis gone with the old times and the old men,

And could it, in this rushing age, again

In its old place and ancient form appear,

Its wayside welcome who could stay to hear?

No, I do not forget what Solomon says

To him who asks. Why were the former days

Better than these — O grumbler ! he replies.

Wilt thou the ways of Providence despise?

Pur-blind Imidator acti teinporis !

Rise to a better, broader view than this !

AU things are moving towards a blessed goal,

Descried afar by them of generous soul.

The rumble of the steam-car seems to say :

Make in the desert for the Lord a way ! ®

Bring down that which is high — exalt the low —

He to all flesh His wondrous works will show.

Well, since accept we must both speed and steam.
Enough to live old times an hour in dream.
Be thankful for the Present and the Past,
Nor vainly sigh for that which could not last ;

3 This thought is borrowed from a strikiug and sublime sonnet of Jones Very's.

173

Each blissful yesterda.v still lives to-day,
"A thing of beauty is a joy for aye."

And so, through all the rush and whirl of years,
The tranquil picture ever reappears —
Through Breton woods in August afternoons,
The crags are hung with raspberry festoons —
The Aninionoosuck, as we stroll along,
A fourth comp.auion, murmurs sweetest song —
In evening's glow far over Bethlehem's plain
Looks a farewell that glorious mountain train.

O what a chain of loveliest landscapes lie
Visioned in memory's calm unfading sky !
Forevermore through her mysterious glass
Franconia's green and graceful arches pass ;
Far through, the mountain walls on either side,
A soft, aerial apparition glide.
That strange stone face, so weird and yet serene.
Looks off" into the sky with mystic mien ;
Deep in the woods, hid from intrusive eyes.
The Silver Lake in virgin beauty lies,
A liquid mirror, set in frame of green,
O'er which the softly sighing birches lean.
And there, in beauty, the Great Spirit smiles
On the bright lake of the three hundred isles.
But above all these charms I feel the thrill
Of that mute mountain-salutation still ;
And standing at their feet once more would fain
Lift to the ancient hills a grateful strain.

Alps of New England ! I salute once more
Your august foreheads, as in days of yore :
Once more with youthful ecstacy I stand
Beneath 3'our spell, within this wonder-land :
Once more with child- like awe I rest my eyes
Where your bare brows salute the upper skies ;
Once more with child-like love and joy I greet
The murmuring streams that cling around your feet.
My heart bounds up to meet the cascade's leap
From crag to crag adown the dizzy steep :
Up to the mountain-top I lift my eye.
Where, like a silver thread, it hangs on high,
Anon, a shining snake, I see it glide,
Sinuous and swift o'er the green mountain's side ;

174

Down the rock-cavern roar — to plunge unseen

With muffled thunder through the dark ravine.

The murmuring music of a thousand rills

That gush unseen among these winding hills,

Fills all the region with a spirit's voice,

That makes the reverent listener's heart rejoice.

"Ye hills, near neighbors of the stars!" I, too,

With these a filial homage pay to you !

As these, in clouds, back from the ocean come.

And fondly cling around their mountain home,

So to your wooded heights and gushing springs

My heart a child's warm benediction brings,

And owns a blessing in the balmy breeze

That still breathes on me from your ancient trees.

O, brother giants of an elder world,

Whose mighty fragments round your feet are hurled,

With foreheads scathed by lightning and by blast,

With clouds for mantles round your shouldei-s cast;

Mute witnesses of immemorial time.

Ye look upon us from your heights sublime ;

Shoulder to shoulder, evermore ye stand.

Kings, priests, and benefactors of the land !

Old friends ! as I return at this late day,

My filial tribute at your feet to lay.

Though many a change has come and much is gone.

To memory's world forever more withdrawn.

Though the great world, with all its whirl and din,

On these, your holy haunts, comes thronging in ;

Though this our driving, levelling age invades

All sylvan solitudes and sacred shades.

Though fire and axe have marred the virgin woods.

Shattered the rocks, and cramped and choked the floods

(And though the peddler's paint-pot dare aflVont

The nymphs of wood and stream with " Sozodont !"),

Though often Echo's self, aflVighted grown.

Has held her breath, or from man's presence flown.

Yet oh, how much remains and will remain.

Which hand of ruthless man can ne'er profane.

Old battle scars on many a tall clifl"s face

Still show as lines of majesty and grace.

Untamed, the winds through mountain hollows sweep —

Untamed, the cataract makes its mountain leap ;

And though unawed by your dread heights sublime,

175

Above the clouds man's dariug engines climb,
Up to those bills his soul must lift its ej^es,
The eternal hills wherefrom life's rivers rise.
Above him still sounds the loud voice of God,
When peal on peal the thunder rolls abroad ;
And still the voice of God breathes soft below,
Where silver-lipped, melodious brooklets flow.
The glorious outline of yon mountain range
Shall bless men's eyes till the great final change.

And oh, that beauteous vision seen last night !

Snatched all too soon from our enchanted sight !

That rosy mantle o'er the mountains flung.

In evening's glow for one short moment hung, —

Was that transparent veil of amethyst

Woven of sunset hues and mountain mist,

A fleeting show for man's illusion given?

Was it a thing of earth, or air, or heaven?

Upon the mountain's cheek a spirit flush.

That held our spirits in a reverent hush?

The farewell of the mountains to the sun.

As in the West he sank — his day's-race run?

I know not — but it was a spirit's power

That touched our hearts in that transcendent hour!

O listen, man, and hear the psalmist sing,
Still as of old : The mountain heights shall bring
Peace to the people ! Come then ye who bear
With troubled hearts life's daily load of care,
Here in the grandeur of the hills baptize
Your jaded souls, and as ye lift your eyes,
Your hearts shall be uplifted, ye shall lay
Your burden down and bear a song away.

0 mountains ! is it your echoes that prolong
My endlessly reverberating soug?

But now my harp must cease the strain to pour,
Though in my heart the hymn can cease no more.
Hail and farewell ! though mine is not the wit
To read the runes upon your rock leaves writ, —
The runic rhymes ye whisper to the heart,
These I may haply, dimly guess in' part.
Though the heart's joy the tongue in vain would tell-
Thrice blest, I cry ouce more : Hail and Farewell!

Thus to the mountains having said adieu,

1 owe, good friends, one final word to you.

176

Mountains are more magnanimous than we,

And suffer all inflictions patiently.

But you are human, and I feel to you

A few explanatory words are due.

If then my song seems longer than was fit,

Think, that I had not time to shorten it;

And if the wagon of my rambling rhymes

Have seemed a little rickety at times,

My sole apology for this is found

In the uueveuness of mountain ground.

But if my work infirm and clumsy seem,

Then say, too poor a bard essayed too rich a theme.

Dr. George A. Perkins was uext introducetl. He
said it was his happy lot to be a companion, in this early
mountain experience, of his friend who had spoken and
given the poetry of this journey. Ou the occasion re-
ferred to, they started with their packs on their backs,
went to Boston, and there took a steamer to Portland,
sleeping, as he well remem1)ered, on the dining table, he
and his companion having their arms around each others'
necks to keep from rolling off. Arriving at Portland,
they came on foot through Gorham, Standish, Fry burg
and Conway, and up through the Notch, passing over the
range of mountains between the notch and the top of
Mount Washington, up the mountains and back. Their
e'uide told them he had met a bear the dav before, in the
road between the Notch and where the Fabyan house now
stands — the animal, fortunately, having been in a peace-
able frame of mind, and allowing him to pass unmolested.
As an illustration of the changed condition of things
between that day and the present, he said the bill at the
tavern in Conway where the three had partaken of sup-
per, lodging and l)reakfast, was only one dollar for the
three. He remembered stopping one night at the house
of a woman in the Franconia Notch, who, without keep-
ing a tavern, often put up travellers over night. In

177

aclclition to the lodging, the meals consisted simply of
bread, milk, and raspberries. On being asked the price,
the woman, with an apologetic air, said she did not wish
to be hard, but, considering that the berries were an
extra, not included in her usual fare, she hoped it would
not be considered unreasonable if she charged them eight
cents each instead of her customary price of six and a
quarter cents.

On leaving the Franconia Mountains, the party came
down through the Pemigewasset valley, through Ply-
mouth, sailing across Lake Winnipiseogee to Alton Bay,
then through Gilmanton to the Shaker Village of Canter-
bury. At the Shaker Village they met with a warm re-
ception at the "Office." An aged woman met them at the
door, saying she had been looking for them all day, with
the greeting, "Come in, the Lord has sent you ; I knew
you were coming, for the cock got upon the door-step
this morning and crowed three times." This was on a
Saturday evening ; they remained over Sunday and Mon-
day, and on Tuesday morning started for home by the
most direct road through Concord, Londonderry, Meth-
uen, etc., walking forty miles on one day. The whole
journey, with the exception of the steam-boating, was
performed on foot, and occupied nineteen days in July
and August of 1834.

The meeting then adjourned to listen to some excellent
music from several members of the party.

Thursday, Sept. 13. — Yesterday morning at about
nine, the party left the Crawford for the Profile House,
retracing their former course by rail, some leaving the
cars at Bethlehem and others goino; on to Littleton.
From both places stage connections were made. Among
the elevations of interest were the Agassiz Mountain,

178

with the house upon it, and the White and Franconia
Mountain ranges.

No visitor to the mountains needs to he informed of
the bewitching character of the location of the Profile
House in the Franconia Notch. While similar in its sren-
eral character to that of the Crawford, it is more closely
hedged in under the shadow of perpendicuLar mountains
and frowning cliffs. The cannon maintains its outlines
on the summit of Cannon Mountain, and though genera-
tions of men come and go, the "Old Man of the Moun-
tain" still keeps looking off down the valley as if to
watch the march of applied science as it Avorks its way
into these regions in the form of railways, and the prog-
ress of speculative science in its efforts to unfold the
mysteries which are hidden among the rocks and the
mountains. The attractions about here were abundantly
improved by the party, most of whom rode to the Flume ;
visited the lake at the base of the Old Man's mountain ;
and tested, with their own lungs and ears, the prime
quality of the echo at Echo Lake.

This morning full two-thirds of the party started for
home, a few remaining over till Friday. The larger part
of those who came away went back to Littleton in the
stage, and at that point took the Boston, Concord and
Montreal road for home, l)y way of Lowell. A fortunate
few, however, took the stage ride of thirty miles through
the Pemigewasset valley to Plymouth. The ride al)ounded
in scenes of magnificence and loveliness. The winding
road through the Franconia Notch is shaded by the dense
woods through which it passes, and at many points in its
delightful curves, could be caught, by looking up and
back, views of the steep rocky cliff Avhere the Profile
bangs, but the identity of the Old Man's face was lost in
the surrounding crags. All through the valley are lovely

179

intervales, through which tlie river glides gracefully on
its course towards the jNIerrimack, into which it flows.
The mountains rise in stately grandeur upon either side,
and, from time to time, on looking back, the traveller
is greeted with views of surpassing magnificence. The
finest of these views of the Franconia jNIountains is to be
seen at a high point in that section of the road which is
in the town of Lincoln. This is the view which Starr
King considered the finest, and, in this opinion, the ordi-
nary observer would readily concur.

Regular Meeting, Monday, October 1, 1877.

Meeting this evening. The President in the chair.
Records read. Donations and correspondence announced.

Dr. A. J. Thompson, of Salem, was elected a resident
member.

The President stated that an invitation had been re-
ceived from Newport, R. L, to visit that city. After
some remarks, it was voted to accept the invitation, and
the Secretary was requested to make the necessary ar-
rangements.

The President — in behalf of a committee appointed
at the annual meeting in May to consider the propriety of
commemorating the two hnndred and fiftieth anniversary
of the landing of Governor Endicott at Salem, which will
occur in September of next year — reported favorably to
a suitable notice of the event, and that the Hon. ^Villiam
C. Endicott, of Salem, be invited to deliver the address,
and to request the cooperation of the City Government

180

and the citizens generally. After a discussion of the sub-
ject, on motion of Hon. William D. Northend, it was

Voted, That it is expedient for the Institute to take the
initiative in the matter of the celebration, and that the
Hon. William C. Endicott be invited to deliver an oration
on the occasion. Also that the committee to whom was
referred the subject of the said celebration, at the meeting
of May 21, be authorized to make further arrangements.

Vofed, That the cordial thanks of the Institute are
hereby tendered to Prof. Charles H. Hitchcock, for his
interesting remarks made at the Crawford House, Sept.
11, on the "Geology of the White Mountain Ranges," and
to the Rev. Charles T. Brooks, of Newport, R. I., for the
original poem read by him at the same place and time,
and that copies of each be requested for publication.

Regular Meeting, Monday, October 15, 1877.

Meeting this evening. The President in the chair.
Records read. Correspondency and donations announced.

Messrs. Arthur L. Goodrich and W. S. Nevins, of
Salem, and Mrs. S. Towne, of Beverly, were elected
resident members.

On motion of Mr. W. P. Upham :

Voted, That the thanks of the Essex Institute be ten-
dered to the Rev. C. T. Brooks, Col. T. W. Higginson
and Mr. James E. INIauran, of Newport; to Capt. K. R.
Breeze and other officers of the Naval Station at Goat
Island ; to Moses G. Farmer and his assistants ; and to
the officers and members of the Redwood Library, for
their courtesies and civilities extended during the recent
visit to Newport.

181

Eegular Meeting, Monday, December 3, 1877.

Meeting this evenino^. The President in the chair.
Records read. Correspondence and donations announced.

Mr. E. B. George, of Groveland, was elected a resident
member.

The President spoke of the death of Mr. John C.
Lee, for many years a member and an officer of the In-
stitute, remarking npon the assistance given in its early
history, and of the zeal and interest he had always shown
in its ol)jects, especially in the department of horticulture.

Rev. E. B. WiLLSON followed and spoke of Mr. Lee
as a parishioner as well as a neighbor, and of his very
pleasant acquaintance in both relations. Mr. Willson
also alluded to his fondness for nature, particularly of his
love of trees, and said that his reading in the latter years
was very extensive.

On motion of j\Ir. C. Cooke :

Voted., That a committee of three be appointed to pre-
pare suitable resolutions of respect to the memor}^ of Mr.
Lee, the same to be entered upon the records, and a copy
sent to the family of the deceased by the secretary.

Eev. E. B. Willson and Messrs. H. M. Brooks and G.
M. Whipple were appointed. This committee was author-
ized to prepare a memoir of Mr. Lee, for the publications
of the Institute, if the same should be deemed desirable.

Resolutions on the death of Mr. Lee :

The undersigned, appointed a committee of the Essex
Institute to prepare resolutions expressive of the sorrow
with which the Institute has received the intellio^ence of

182

the death of John C. Lee, Esq., antl of the respect in
which his memory is hekl, offer the following resolutions
to be entered upon the records of the Institute.

Resolved, That the Essex Institute has heard the an-
nouncement of the death of John C. Lee with unaffected
sorrow : —

That by this event it loses one of its honored founders ;
a faithful officer bearing important trusts ; a true and con-
stant friend, who has rendered it valuable and continuous
service through the whole period of its existence : —

That by his many liberal gifts, by repeatedly procuring
liberal contributions from others, and by afibrding it the
benefit of his experience and judgment in the care and
management of its funds, he met its pressing need in
more than one exigency with a timely and substantial
support, placing it deeply in his debt : —

That by the interest he took in its proceed iugs, the
time and gifts he contributed to its collections and horti-
cultural exhibitions, especially in its earlier and forming
years, he stimulated a public interest in its objects and
its prosperity : —

That, holding in grateful remembrance his ijratuitous
hibors in its behalf, and his large and varied benefactions
as a generous and steadfast promoter of its peculiar aims,
the Essex Institute at the same time, in common with the
whole community, pays honor to his upright character,
his strong understanding, his public spirit, his ever ready
cooperation in whatever was to be done for the general
good of society.

Resolved, That we offer our sincere sympathy to his
family in their great bereavement.

E. B. WiLLSON,

Henry M. Brooks,
George M. Whipple.

183

Meeting, Monday, December 31, 1877.

Meeting this evening. The President in the chair.
Records read. Correspondence and donations announced.

Mr. E. W. Jacobs, of Peabody, was elected a resident
member.

The President called upon Prof. E. S. Morse, who
gave, in a familiar manner, a brief account of his recent
visit to Japan. He left for Japan on the 19th of last
May, and returned on Friday, the 30th of November.
The main object of this visit was to study the Brachio-
pods, which are found plentifully in Japanese waters. In
addition thereto he noticed many of the inside views of
Japanese life, from that of the peasant, in the little fishing
town, to the highest educated people in the empire. On
arrival at Tokio, formerly Yeddo, he was urged to become
a professor in the university, and a most liberal offer was ac-
cepted. The Government gave extended aid in establish-
ing a zoological station at the mouth of the Bay of Yeddo,
and excellent work was done in dredsjino:. Six weeks
were thus spent, two Japanese assistants engaging in the
researches. He found ample materials and his studies in
this direction had been most interestino-. He also made
careful observations of the Lingula and exhibited some
living specimens which he had brought from Japan.

He spoke of the shell-heaps which he examined, and
said that the discoveries there will attract attention. He
found one or two parts of a human jaw, a few stone im-
plements, and a large quantity of pottery. Some fine
photographs of the specimens found were exhibited.

He presented to the cabinet some one hundred and
thirty or more specimens of the paper of Japan, includ-

KSSEX INST. BULLBTIK. IX 13

184

ing the common kinds used in every day life, also the fine
grades of fancy paper, wall paper, writing and note paper,
etc. He concluded his remarks with brief allusions to
the character of the people, their dress and habits of life ;
also of the numerous beautiful temples and shrines that
are scattered throughout the country, many of them in
wild places remote from the cities and towns. Photo-
graphs of several of these buildings were exhibited.

A vote of thanks was then passed to Prof. Morse for
his interesting and instructive remarks.

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