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COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY,

AT HARVARD COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE, MASS.
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No. V-fpf.

B U L L E T IN

ESSEX INSTITUTE,

VOLUME X.

1878.

SALEM, MASS.

PRINTED AT THE SALEM PRESS.

1879.

CONTENTS.

Page.

Regular Meeting, Monday, January 7, 1878, 1

Dr. George A. Perkins, Remarks on Liberia, 1.— A List of the Birds of
Massachusetts with Annotations, by J. A. Allen, 3.

Regular Meeting, Monday, January 21, 1878, .... 38

Prof. E. S. Morse, Lecture upon Japan, 38.
Regular Meeting, Monday, February 4, 1878, .... 38

Remarks on the subject of commemorating the 250th anniversary of the
Landing of John Endicott, 38.— Rev. G. D. Wildes, on Gen. Abbott's
military journal, 39.

Regular Meeting, Monday, February 25, 1878, .... 40

Mr. D. Waldo's Lecture on "Telling the Time," 40.— J. S. Kingsley's
" List of the North American Crustacea,'? 53.

Regular Meeting, Monday, March 18, 1878, 72

F. W. Putnam's Archaeological Explorations in Tennessee, 72.

Regular Meeting, Monday, April 1, 1878, 85

Notice of the death of Francis Putnam, 85.— Rev. E. C. Bolles, on Salis-
bury and a Day at Stonehenge, 86.

Regular Meeting, Monday, April 15, 1878, 86

G. D. Phippen, Impressions on the Flora of Texas, 86.

Annual Meeting, Monday, May 20, 1878, 93

Retrospect of the year: members, 94; meetings, 96; lectures and con-
certs, 97; art department and museum, 98; library, 99; financial, 107;
horticultural. 109; publications, 109; excursions, 109; resolutions on
the death of Francis Putnam, 111; officers elected, 112.

Regular Meeting, Monday, June 3, 1878, 113

Field Meeting at Centennial Grove, Essex, Monday, June 24, 1878, 113

J. H. Emerton, Remarks on Arachnida, 114.— S. B. Buttrick, List of
Plants Collected, 114.— John Robinson's paper on the Life of a Pine
Tree, 115.

Field Meeting at Juniper Point, Salem Neck, Wednesday, July

10, 1878, 125

Visit to the Zoological Laboratory of Messrs, Emerton and Minot, 126.
The proposed celebration of Endicott's Landing noticed, 127.— G. D.
Phippen, Notes on the History of the Neck, 127. — J. H. Emerton, on
the Development of the Common Starfish, 128.— J. S. Kingsley, on the
Anatomy and Development of the Tunicates, 129.

Regular Meeting, Monday, July 15, 1878, 130

Notice of the death of Hon. J. G. Waters, 130.

Regular Meeting, Monday, August 5, 1878, 131

Field Meeting at West Newbury, Thursday, August 8, 1878, . 131

Visit to the residence of Ben Perley Poore, 132.— Notice of the Poore
Family, 133.— Remarks of Haydn Brown, 135; James Parton, 135;
J. H. Emerton, 136; George Dixon, 136.

(II!)

IV

CONTENTS.

153.—

Regular Meeting, Monday, September 2, 1878, ....

Resolutions on the death of J. G. Waters, 144.— J. Robinson, Additional
Notes on the Pine, 145.

White Mountain Field Meeting, September, 1878,

Prof. J. H. Huntington, on the Signal Service on Mt. Washington, 146.
G. D. Phippen, on the Flora of the Mountain Region, 150.

The 250th Anniversary of the Landing of John Endicott at Salem,

Wednesday, September 18, 1878, ....

Field Meeting at Ipswich, Friday, October 4, 1878,

Prof. I. J. Osbun, on Some of the Chemical Products of the Sea,
Charles Derby, Remarks on the Sandwich Islands, 156.

Regular Meeting, Monday, October 7, 1878,
Regular Meeting, Monday, October 21, 1878,

Notice of bequests of Miss Caroline Derby, 157.
Regular Meetings Monday, November 4, 1878,
Regular Meeting, Monday, November 18, 1878,

Notes on the Pacific Coast Crustacea, by Wm. N. Lockington, 159.
Regular Meeting, Monday, December 2, 1878,

Charles Derby, Remarks on the Palms of Sandwich Islands, 180.
Regular Meeting/ Monday, December 16, 1878,

Prof. Alpheus Hyatt, on Heredity, 181.

143

145

151
152

157

157

157
158

180

181

BULLETIN

ESSEX INSTITUTE.

Vol. 10. Salem, Jan., Feb., Mar., 1878. Nos. 1, 2, 3.

Monday, January 7, 1878.
A regular meeting was held this evening. The
President in the chair. Records of last meeting read.
Correspondence and donations announced.

Mr. J. W. Thyng, of Salem, was elected a member.

Dr. George A. Perkins, of Salem, made some remarks
on Liberia, particularly of the region about Cape Palmas,
where he had resided for nine years prior to 1848, con-
nected with the Episcopal Missionary Station at that place.

After defining its geographical position he spoke of the
peculiarity of that part of the western coast of Africa
in having no harbors, — ships being obliged to anchor
in the open roadstead, and all goods are landed either
through the surf or in rivers which are entered over bars
of sand at their mouths.

The country, though flat, was beautified by extensive
forests of high trees, tangled with immense vines ; the tall
plumelike palms form a striking feature in the landscape,
are very abundant and give the name to Cape Palmas.

Dr. Perkins gave an extended list of the productions
of the country, which included those that are common to

ESSEX LNST. BULLETIN. X 1

sAioQAA <L J, J<i~J

tropical climes, coffee, cotton, and sugar being specially
noticed, — remarking that, in a region where scarcely any
clothing is required, and very little is to be expended for
houses, if colonists from the United States did not thrive,
the trouble was to be traced to the habits of the colonists,
who desired to live by trading rather than by work ; a bet-
ter class of men, he was confident, would grow rich there.

The natives of that coast go by the name of Krumen
among Europeans, the young men acting as sailors on
board ships while on their voyages to this coast. Their
conical huts, which were in many cases large and comfort-
able, and kept in good order, were grouped into towns or
villages, each surrounded by a strong fence. The people
were well formed, straight and muscular, wearing little
clothing.

The religious ideas of the people take the form of Feti-
chism, with its accompaniments of witchcraft, devil wor-
ship, etc. Farming is the chief occupation of both sexes.
Kice and cassada are extensively cultivated, and, with the
fruit of the oil palm and fish, constitute their entire food.
The men, when not engaged on the farms, build or exca-
vate canoes, some of large dimensions ; these are made
from the cotton wood tree, which is abundant in their
forests ; others are of smaller size, for fishing. The trade
upon the coast is altogether barter. The wealth of the
natives consists in cows (which they exchange for wives,
three cows and a few smaller articles being the price of a
wife), sheep, goats, cloth, iron, brass rods (to be made
into ornaments), powder and guns. The women are fond
of beads, looking-glasses and other trinkets. Both sexes
wrash quite often, and paint themselves with white clay
and often bright colors. Many curious customs were
alluded to as common among this interesting tribe of Afri-
cans.

A List of the Birds of Massachusetts, with Annotations.

By J. A. Allen.

During the last ten years not less than thirty-four spe-
cies have been added to the avian fauna of Massachusetts.
A few included in the earlier lists are now currently
recognized as merely nominal, and a few others prove to
have been inserted on erroneous identifications, or on
unsatisfactory evidence. In view of the many additions
and other changes made since the publication of the
last general catalogue of the birds of the state, a new
list seems desirable. In the present attempt to supply
such a list I have endeavored to distinguish rigidly be-
tween such species as have been either actually taken,
or observed under circumstances that render an erroneous
identification almost impossible, from those of merely
probable occurrence. I have hence separated the species
below enumerated into several categories, namely: (1)
species authenticated as birds of the state; (2) species
of probable occurrence; (3) extirpated species; (4)
species introduced, or probably introduced, by man's
agency; (5) hypothetical and doubtful species.

The thoroughly authenticated species number three
hundred and sixteen, besides several additional varieties.
Of these about one hundred and thirty-five are known to
breed within the limits of the state ; some of them, how-
ever, somewhat sparingly and irregularly, or only in the
more elevated portions of Berkshire County. About
seventy fall into the class of accidental or extremely rare

(3)

4

visitors, and hence form, numerically, so far as individ-
uals are concerned, no very important part of our fauna.
The recorded instances of their capture, however, prob-
ably by no means fairly indicate the frequency of their
occurrence.

The species indicated as of probable occurrence number
twenty-four. One-fourth of these have already been taken
on the very borders of the state (Suffield, Conn.), so
that it seems almost finical to exclude them from the list
of those known to occur in Massachusetts. Several
others are southern species that have been taken in New
Hampshire and Maine, to reach which points they in all
probability passed through Massachusetts. The remain-
der are largely pelagic, and since they are of no interest
or value to the sportsman, and are rarely accessible to the
collector, the fact that we have no positive record of their
capture within the state scarcely outweighs the strong
probability of their occurrence here, as indicated by their
known o'eneral range and habits. Hence at least seven-
eighths of the species placed in the list of those probably
occurring may certainly be considered as fairly entitled
to be ranked as birds of the state. Addinsr to these
four that have become extirpated raises the total number
of species for the state to about three hundred and forty.

Several other species more or less commonly recognized
as birds of the state I have considered as having no, or
only very slight, claims to be so considered. Two of
these (Myiodioctes minutus and Empidonax pygmmis)
I regard as hypothetical ; another ( Thaumatias linncei) ,
as of doubtful record as taken in the state ; another
(Passer domesticus) is a well known introduced species,
and two or three others may have escaped from cages.

The ornithology of the eastern portion of the state
may now be regarded as pretty thoroughly known ; that

of the central portion, though less well known, can
scarcely differ much from that of the eastern. The
region west of the Connecticut valley still offers an inter-
esting field for investigation. Owing to the elevated,
mountainous character of a considerable part of this area
many species must regularly breed there that do not com-
monly pass the summer in the more easterly portions of
the state. This, in fact, is known to be the case with a
few, and is inferred for others. What is needed now to
complete our knowledge of the ornithology of Massachu-
setts are exhaustive lists of the birds of at least two
localities in Berkshire County, — one near its northern
boundary and the other near its southern. It is to be
hoped that not many years will pass before these desid-
erata will be supplied.

Within the last ten years three new species have been
described from specimens, first taken in Massachusetts.
While it is hardly probable that others yet remain to be
discovered, quite a number of stragglers from the far
West and South, and possibly from the Old World, will
doubtless yet be added to the already long list of acci-
dental visitors.1

At the risk of extending these preliminary remarks
somewhat unduly I append a brief historical summary of
the literature of the subject under consideration. The

1 In this connection it ma}' be interesting to note, as an indication of how rap-
idly our knowledge of the distribution of our birds is increasing, that of twenty-
nine species withdrawn scarcely two years since from the list of New England
birds, by one of our most eminent authorities, because he could find no satisfac-
tory evidence that they had ever been taken in New England, over one-third have
since been reinstated in consequence of their actual capture within these pre-
scribed limits having been made known within this short period. Out of foui'teen
"challenged" land birds (Passeres and Waders) nine have already been placed on
the record as actually taken, in some instances at several different localities, and
in numbers ranging from three to Ave and even eight individuals. I mention this
not in the spirit of criticism, but simply as an interesting fact, for I agree with the
author in question that their previous record as birds actually taken in New
England was, in nearly every instance, open to serious doubt.

first formal list of the birds of the state was prepared by
Dr. Ebenezer Emmons, and published in 1833 in Prof.
Hitchcock's "Report on the Geology, Mineralogy, Botany,
and Zoology of Massachusetts" (pp. 545-551). This
contained one hundred and sixty species, all but two of
which were valid. Excluding the two synoiryms, all but
one (Rhyncliops nigra) have since been confirmed as
inhabitants of the state. The list was only very spar-
ingly annotated, but symbols were employed to indicate
whether the species were rare or common, resident or
migratory, or whether known to breed in the state. This
list, so far as it goes, is remarkably free from errors.

The same year (1833) Mr. Thomas Nuttall published
a paper (written, it appears, in 1831) in the "Memoirs of
the American Academy of Arts and Sciences" (2d Ser.,
I, pp. 91-106), entitled "Remarks and Inquiries concern-
ing the Birds of Massachusetts," in which he added six
valid, and three nominal, species to those mentioned by
Dr. Emmons.

Four years later (in 1837) Dr. T. M. Brewer contrib-
uted to the "Boston Journal of Natural History" (I, pp.
435-439) a paper having the title "Some Additions to
the Catalogue of the Birds of Massachusetts in Prof.
Hitchcock's Report, etc." These additions comprised
nominally forty-five species, about one-third of which
were given on the authority of Audubon and Nuttall, and
a number of others were included inferentially or on evi-
dence of a somewhat traditional character. Three had
been given (under other names) by Dr. Emmons, and
two still lack confirmation as birds of the state. Only
thirty-four were thus added to the number previously
recorded by Nuttall and Emmons, raising the number
at this time known to inhabit the state to one hundred
and ninety-seven.

In 1839 appeared Rev. W. B. O. Peabody's "Report
on the Ornithology of Massachusetts" (Rep. on Fishes,
Reptiles and Birds of Mass., pp. 259-404),. in which
were enumerated two hundred and eighty-four species as
occurring or probably occurring in the state. Of these,
twenty prove to have been wrongty included (more than
this number were given inferentially), and thirteen others
are synonyms, leaving only two hundred and fifty-one
valid and properly included species.

The next enumeration is that of Mr. F. W. Putnam's
"Catalogue of the Birds of Essex County" (Proc. Essex
Institute, I, pp. 201-231), published in 1856, in which
two hundred and forty-five species are given as found in
Essex County, while the Appendix adds forty-eight others
as found in the state, making two hundred and ninety-
three in all. The Essex County list includes but a single
nominal species and only four that have not been con-
firmed by subsequent capture, or that can be considered
as in the least degree open to doubt, while only two can
be regarded as beyond question erroneously included.
The supplemental list is compiled mainly from Peabody,
Nuttall, and Audubon, and contains a dozen or more spe-
cies that are either merely nominal, or that still lack con-
firmation as birds of Massachusetts, leaving about two
hundred and seventy-five as the number of satisfactorily
authenticated species.

In 1864 Mr. E. A. Samuels published his "Descriptive
Catalogue of the Birds of Massachusetts" (Agric. of Mass.,
Sec'y's Rep. for 1863, App., pp. xvii-xxix), numbering
two hundred and sixty-nine species. Of these, three are
now regarded as nominal, and five or six others have not
been confirmed as occurring in the state, although given
by Peabody and some other previous authors. Deducting
these leaves about two hundred and sixty, or eighteen less

8

than were correctly included in Mr. Putnam's list eight
years earlier.

Almost simultaneously with the appearance of Mr.
Samuel's list appeared my "Catalogue of the Birds found
at Springfield, Mass., with Notes on their Migrations,
Habits, etc. ; together with a List of those Birds found
in the State not yet observed at Springfield" (Proc. Essex
Institute, IV, July, 1864, pp. 48-98). In this paper I
gave one hundred and ninety-five as found at Springfield,
and two hundred and ninety-seven2 as inhabitants of the
state. The Springfield list included one species (Empi-
clonax acadicus) given erroneously, but which has since
been taken within the area covered by the list, and some
others have since been added. In the supplemental list
three species were given that I now regard as synonyms,
and some eight or ten others were included on the author-
ity of Nuttall, Peabody, Audubon, Cabot, Bryant, and
Brewer, of which there is no recent record of their cap-
ture, but which (with perhaps two, or possibly three,
exceptions) are very likely to occur. Excluding, how-
ever, all these there still remain two hundred and eighty-
two thoroughly authenticated as birds of the state. ' Of
fifteen others mentioned as likely to occur, over one-half
have since been added.

In 1868 was published a "Catalogue of the Birds of
New England," by Dr. Elliott Coues, in which nearly all
the species previously attributed to Massachusetts were
included. The Great Auk (AIca impennis) was here for
the first time recognized as a former inhabitant of Massa-
chusetts, and the Barn Owl (Strix pratincola) and the
Varied Thrush (Turdus ncevius) were added in the Ap-
pendix from notes furnished by the present writer.

2 Squartar ola helvetica was accidentally omitted from the Springfield list, though
given in the classified list at the end of the paper; hence in my " summary " (p. 97)
" 2915 " should stand 297.

9

During the winter of 1869-70 I published additional
"Notes on some of the Rarer Birds of Massachusetts"
(Amer. Nat.., Ill, Dec., 1869, Jan. and Feb., 1870), in
which ninety-two species were formally referred to, and
eight for the first time recorded as captured or observed
within the state (exclusive of one included by error of
identification, and four others perhaps not properly to be
regarded as indigenous or naturally occurring species).
Several species given in my previous list were now with-
drawn. The number of species then stood nominally at
three hundred and five, but in reality (or as judged by
the standard I have adopted for my present list) two hun-
dred and ninety-five.

Later in the same year appeared Mr. Maynard's excel-
lent "Catalogue of the Birds of Eastern Massachusetts''
(Naturalist's Guide, 1870, pp. 81-167), comprising nomi-
nally two hundred and ninety-nine species, but adding no
new ones. Applying the same rules of exclusion that
have been used in respect to the other before-mentioned
lists the number becomes reduced to about two hundred
and eighty-nine. Five or six were withdrawn as birds of
JEastem Massachusetts, but otherwise the list includes all
of the at that time authenticated indigenous birds of the
state except four, known at that date as occurring only in
the western part of the state.

Since 1870 about twenty-five species have been added,
mainly through the investigations of Messrs. Brewster,
Purdie, Deane, and Maynard, including three first de-
scribed from birds taken within the state. No new
separate enumeration of the birds of Massachusetts has,
however, been since made, but in 1875 Dr. T. At.
Brewer published a new "Catalogue of the Birds of New
England" (Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist,, XVII, July,
1875, pp. 436-454), in which, of course, those of Massa-

10

chusetts were included, embracing nearly all the additions
made between the years 1870 and 1875, but generally
without giving the date of capture or place of record.
Of this list of three hundred and thirty-six species twelve
are either explicitly or inferentially given as not found in
Massachusetts ; fourteen others are regarded in the fol-
lowing list as either purely nominal or as merely varietal
forms of other species also occurring here ; one is an
introduced species, and another (" Thaumatias linncei") I
regard as improperly included ; leaving three hundred and
eight that may be regarded as birds of Massachusetts,
though not of course always necessarily so implied by the
phraseology of the list.

The folio wing tabulated summary shows at a glance the
number of species attributed to the state at different
times since 1833, together with the number authentically
recorded, the number still unconfirmed, and the number
of merely nominal ones : —

HISTORICAL SUMMARY.

Whole
number.

Syno-
nyms.

Unconfirmed or

not legitimately

included.3

Fully
authenticated.

Number
added.

1833,

Emmons,

160

2

1

157

—

1837,

Brewer,4

205

5

3

197

40

1839,

Peabody,

284

13

20

251

54

185G,

Putnam,

293

7

11

275

24

1864,

Samuels,

269

3

5

261

—

1864,

Allen,

297

3

12

282

7

1870,

Allen,

305

2

8

295

13

1870,

Maynard,

303

3

11

289

—

1875,

Brewer,5

322

3

11

308

13

1878,

Allen,

340

—

246

3167

8

3 Embracing, among others, varietal forms here regarded as improperly ac-
corded full specific rank.

♦Inferentially, through additions to Dr. Emmons's list.

6 Inferentially determined.

6 Given as probably occurring, but not as yet fully confirmed.

Tins four extirpated = 320.

11

I. Species of Authentic Occurrence within the State.

[Note.— The asterisk (*) at the left of a name indicates that the species is known
to breed within the state. For the sake of brevity, the annotations are restricted
to simply indication of season of occurrence and relative abundance, except in
the case of the extremely rare or accidental visitors, respecting which the record
of captures is brought down from 1S64 to January, 1878. Only the original notice,
however, is cited. My former catalogue gives the record of rare captures down to
1864 (see also Coues's ''Catalogue of the Birds of New England" in Proceedings
Essex Institute, vi, pp. 253-314, for the early record), so that my former paper, and
the present, form together a full record in this respect.]

*1. Tardus migratorius Linn. Robin. Abundant summer resi-
dent; a few remain during winter at favorable localities.

2. Turdus nsevius Gmel. Varied Thrush. Accidental. As yet
the only authentic record of its occurrence is its capture at Ipswich,
in December, 1864 (Allen, Proc. Essex Inst., V. 18G8, 312; Amer. Nat.,
Ill, Jan., 1870, 572; see further, on its supposed earlier occurrence in
Massachusetts, Proc. Essex Inst., IV, 18G4, 82).

*3. Turdus musteliuus Gmel. Wood Thrush. Common sum-
mer resident except in the higher portions of Berkshire County.

*4. Turdus pallasi Cab. Hermit Thrush. Spring and fall mi-
grant, except in the mountainous portions of the state west of the
Connecticut valley, where it is a common summer resident; occasion-
ally breeds in other parts of the state.

5. Turdus swainsoni Cab. (= T. sicainsoni et alicice auct.)
Olive-backed Thrush. Common spring and autumn migrant; prob-
ably breeds in portions of Berkshire County.

*6. Turdus fuscescens Steph. Veery; Wilson's Thrush. Com-
mon summer resident.

*7. Mimus polyglottus Boie. Mocking Bird. Rare summer
visitant, occasionally breeding, particularly in the Connecticut Valley.

*8. Mirnus carolinensis Gray. Cat Bird. Abundant summer
resident.

*9. Harporhynchus rufus Cab. Brown Thrush. Abundant
summer resident.
*10. Sialia sialis Hald. Bluebird. Abundant summer resident.

11. Regulus calendula Licht. Ruby-crowned Kinglet. Abun-
dant spring and summer visitant.

12. Regulus satrap a Licht. Golden-crested Kinglet. Chiefly
a winter visitant, occurring in variable abundance in different years,
but usually more or less common. Perhaps breeds in portions of
Berkshire County, as it has been reported to do in the Catskills
(Trippe, Am. Nat., VI, 47).

13. Polioptila caerulea Scl. Blue-gray Gnat-catcher. Acci-

12

dental. One instance (Chatham, Nov.* 18, 1877, Deane, riull. Nutt.
Orn. Club, III, Jan., 1878, 45). Several recent instances of its capture
near Providence, R. I. (Purclie, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, II, Jan., 1877,
20; Merriam, Rev. Bds. Conn., 1877, 8.)

♦14. Parus atricapillus Linn. Chickadee. Common resident.
15. Parus hudsonicus Forst. Hudsoxiax Chickadee. Acci-
dental. (Concord, Oct. 30, 1870, Brewster, Am. Nat., VI, 306. Also
given as a bird of the state by Peabody, Rep. Orn. Mass., 402.)

♦16. Sitta caroliaensis Gmel. White-bellied Nuthatch. Rather
common resident.

17. Sitta canadensis Linn. Red-bellied Nuthatch. Winter
visitant. Not generally common. The doubtfully supposed instance
of its breeding on the ground in Roxbury (May, 1877, recorded in Am.
Nat., XI, 565), proves to have been a mistake, the eggs taken proving
not to be those of that species.

♦18. Certhia familiaris Linn. Browx Creeper. Resident, but
most numerous in spring, autumn and winter.

*19. Troglodytes aedon Vieill. House Wrex. Rather common
summer resident.

20. Troglodytes parvulus var. hyemalis Cones. Wixter
Wrex. Winter visitant; not common. Perhaps breeds in the higher
mountainous portions of Berkshire County. (T. Martin Trippe gives
it as breeding in the Catskills, Am. Nat., VI, 47.)

*21. Cistothorus stellaris Cab. Short-billed Marsh Wrex.
Locally common.

*22. Cistothorus palustris Baird. Loxg-billed Marsh Wrex.
Common, like the preceding, at favorable localities.

The Carolina Wren (Thryothorus ludovicianus Bon.) has been re-
ported as occurring in Roxbury, in the summer of 1876, but no speci-
mens were taken (Minot, Bull, Nutt. Orn. Club, I, Sept., 1876, 76;
Land Birds and Game Birds of New England, 1877, 74).

23. Eremophila alpestris Boie. Shore Lark; Horxed Lark.
Winter visitant, chiefly along the coast, where it is generally common
and sometimes abundant.

24. Anthus ludovicianus Licht. Titlark ; Browx Lark. Spring
and autumn visitant, in small flocks.

*25. Mniotilta varia Vieill. Black-axd-white Creeper. Com-
mon summer resident.

*26. Parula americana Bon. Blue-yellow-backed Warbler.
Rather common summer resident.

*27. Helminthophaga ruficapilla Baird. Nashville Warbler.
Common summer visitant.

28. Helminthophaga celata Baird. Oraxge-crowxed War-
bler. Rare or accidental. Only three instances of its capture thus

13

far on record. (Springfield, May 15, 1863, Allen, Proc. Essex Inst.,
IV, 1864, 60; Lynn, Jan. 1, 1875, Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist.,
XVII, 439; Concord, Oct. 2, 1876, Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, I,
Nov., 1876, 94. The only other New England records are Hollis,
N. H., May 16, 1876, Fox, Forest and Strearh, VI, 354; Isles of Shoals,
Murdoch, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, III, Apr., 1878, — .)

29. Helminthophaga peregrina Cab. Tennessee Warbler.
Rare.

*30. Helniinthophaga chrysoptera Baird. Golden-winged
Warbler. Summer resident. Not generally common.

31. Helminthopliaga leucobronchialis Brewster. White-
throated Warbler. Rare. One instance of its capture in the state
thus far on record. Taken at Newtonville, May 18, 1870. {Brewster,
Amer. Sportsman, V, 33, Oct. 17, 1874 ; Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, I, 1876, 1.
Original type of the species.) Three other specimens have thus far
been recorded. {Trotter, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, II, 1877, 79 ; III, 1878,
79; Connecticut, Brewster, ibid, III, Apr., 1878, — .)

*32. Dendroeca sestiva Baird. Yellow Warbler ; Summer Yel-
low Bird. Abundant summer resident.

*33. Dendroeca virens Baird. Black-throated Green Warbler.
Common summer resident.

*34. Dendroeca caerulescens Baird. Black-throated Blue
Warbler. Spring and fall migrant. Has been observed in summer
in different portions of the state, and has been found nesting in Con-
necticut (two instances, June, 1874, Jones, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, I,
1876, 11). Also reported breeding in the Catskills {Trippe, Am. Nat.,
VI, 47).

35. Dendroeca coronata Gray. Yellow-rumped Warbler;
Myrtle Bird. Abundant spring and autumn migrant. A few known
to winter on Cape Cod. May breed in portions of Berkshire County.

36. Dendroeca auduboni Baird. Audubon's Warbler. Acci-
dental. (Cambridge, Mass., Nov. 15, 1876, Frazar, Bull. Nutt. Orn.
Club, II, 1877, 27.)

*37. Dendroeca blackburnise Baird. Blackburnian Warbler.
Common spring and autumn visitant, some remaining through the
summer.

38. Dendroeca striata Baird. Black-poll Warbler. Abun-
dant spring and autumn migrant.

39. Dendroeca castanea Baird. Bay-breasted Warbler. Com-
mon spring and autumn migrant, varying greatly in abundance in dif-
ferent years.

*40. Dendroeca pennsylvanica Baird. Chestnut-sided War-
bler. Common summer resident.
41. Dendroeca maculosa Baird. Black-and-yellow Warbler.

14

Common spring and autumn migrant. Has been observed a few times
in summer, and may breed in the higher parts of Berkshire County.
42. Dendrceca tigrina Baird. Cape May Warbler. Rather
rare spring and autumn migrant.

*43. Dendrceca discolor Baird. Prairie Warbler. Common
summer resident near the sea-board; less common in the interior.

44. Dendrceca palmarum Baird. Yellow Red-poll Warbler.
Abundant spring and autumn migrant ; a few have been observed at
favorable localities in winter.

*45 Dendrceca pinus Baird. Pine Warbler. Common sum-
mer resident.

*46. Siurus auricapillus Swain. Golden-crowned Wagtail;
"Oven-bird." Abundant summer resident.

47. Siurus nsevius Cones (S. noveboracensis auct.). Water
Wagtail; "Water Thrush." Rather common spring and autumn
migrant.

48. Siurus motacilla Bon. Large-billed Water Wagtail.
Rare or accidental. One record of its capture (Mount Tom, April 28,
1869, Allen, Am. Nat., Ill, 557). Was found breeding near Norwich,
Conn., by Mr. Ernest Ingersoll, in June, 1873 (Am. Nat., VIII, 238).
(The nest and eggs found by Mr. Ingersoll are in Mus. Comp. Zool.,
Cambridge.) Mr. Merriam gives it as "not rare in Southern Con-
necticut, where it breeds regularly, and probably in considerable num-
bers" (Rev. Birds Conn., 1877, 20).

49. Oporornis agilis Baird. Connecticut Warbler. Gener-
ally a rare spring and autumn migrant; sometimes abundant in au-
tumn in the vicinity of Cambridge. Probably more common in other
parts of the state in autumn than is generally supposed.

*50. Geothlypis trichas Cab. Maryland Yellow-throat. Abun-
dant summer resident.

51. Geothlypis Philadelphia Baird. Mourning Warbler.
Rare spring and autumn migrant.

*52. Icteria virens Baird. Yellow-breasted Chat. Rare sum-
mer resident. Several records of its nesting in the eastern part of the
state.

53. Myiodioctes pusillus Bon. Green Black-capped War-
bler. Rather rare spring and autumn migrant.

54. Myiodioctes canadensis Aud. Canadian Warbler. Com-
mon spring and autumn migrant. Occasionally seen in summer, and
probably breeds sparingly in Berkshire County.

*55. Setophaga ruticilla Swain. Redstart. Rather common
summer resident.

*56. Pyranga rubra Vieill. Scarlet Tanager. Common sum-
mer resident.

15

57. Pyranga sestiva Vicill. Summer Redbird. Accidental sum-
mer visitor. Several instances of its capture arc on record. Mr. N.
Vickary informs me that a specimen (hitherto unrecorded) was taken
in Swampscot in June, 1866.

*58. Hirundo horreorum Barton. Barn Swallow. Common
summer resident.

*59. Tachycineta bicolor Cab. White-bellied Swallow. Com-
mon summer resident.

*60. Petrochelidon lunifrons Cab. Eave Swallow; Cliff
Swallow. Common summer resident.

*61. Cotyle rip aria Bote. Bank Swallow. Common summer
resident.

*62. Progne purpurea Boie. Purple Martin. Common sum-
mer resident.

63. Ampelis garrulus Linn. Bohemian Waxwing. Acciden-
tal in winter. To the few previous records of its capture I here add
another, a female, taken by Mr. N. Vickary at Lynn, Feb. 18, 1877.

*64. Ampelis cedrorum Baird. Cedar Bird; Cherry Bird.
Common summer resident; frequently seen in winter in roving flocks,
and at localities where it finds food.

*65. Vireo olivaceus Vieill. Red-eyed Virko. Abundant sum-
mer resident.

66. Vireo philadelphicus Cass. Philadelphia Vireo. Very
rare. Only one instance of its capture thus far recorded. (Cambridge,
Sept., 7, 1875, Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, I, 1876, 19. For a record
of its occurrence in New England prior to Sept., 1876, see Deane, Bull.
Nutt. Orn. Club, I, 74; see further, Fox, ibid, II, 78.)

*67. Vireo gilvus Bon. Warbling Vireo. Common summer
resident.

♦68. Vireo flavifrons Vieill. Yellowt-tiiroated Vireo. Rather
common summer resident.

*69. Vireo solitarius Vieill. Solitary Vireo; Blue-headed
Vireo. Common spring and autumn migrant; a few pass the summer
here and breed.

*70. Vireo noveboracensis Bon. White-eyed Vireo. More
or less common summer resident at certain localites.

71. Collurio borealis Baird. Butcher Bird; Great Northern
Shrike. Rather common winter visitant.

72. Collurio ludovicianus Baird {C. hidovicianus et excubito-
roides auct.). Logger-head Shrike. Accidental. Several recent
records of its occurrence. West Newton, Oct. 21, 1872 (Purdie, Am.
Nat., VII, 1873, 115; first authentic record for the state); Newton-
ville, 1874 (Maynard, Am. Sports., V, 313, Feb. 13, 1875). A specimen
(now first recorded) was also taken in Lynn, Nov., 1877, by Mr. N.
Vickary.

16

73. Pinicola enucleator Vieill. Pine Grosbeak. Irregular
winter visitant, occurring sometimes in abundance, but generally not
common.

*74. Carpodacus purpureus Gray. Purple Finch. Rather
common summer resident; a few probably remain at some localities
during winter.

75. Loxia leucoptera Gmel. White-winged Crossbill. Irreg-
ular winter visitant.

76. Loxia eurvirostra var. americana Coues. Common Cross-
bill. Irregular winter visitor, but a much more frequent and abun-
dant visitor than the preceding species. A few often occur in summer.

77. iEgiothus linaria Cab. Ped-poll Linnet. An irregular
but often abundant winter visitor.

78. Linota flavirostris var. brewsteri Coues. Brewster's Lin-
net. Pare or accidental. One specimen taken in Cambridge by Mr.
W. Brewster (Bidgway, Am. Nat., VI, 433 ; see also Baird, Brewer and
Bidgioay, Hist. Birds N. Amer., I, 1874, 501).

*79. Chrysomitris pinus Bon. Pine Finch. Chiefly spring
and autumn migrant; occasionally remains through the winter, and
has been known to occur in summer. Marked as breeding by Dr.
Emmons.

*80. Chrysomitris tristis Bon. Yellow-bird; Goldfinch.
Common throughout the year, but of gregarious and nomadic habits
in winter.

81. Plectrophanes nivalis Meyer. Snow Bunting. Regular
and rather common winter visitant.

82. Plectrophanes lapponicus Selby. Lapland Longspur.
Winter visitant, mainly near the coast; not common.

83. Plectrophanes ornatus Towns. Chestnut-collared Bunt-
ing. Accidental. (Magnolia, near Gloucester, taken by Mr. C W.
Townsend, July 28, 187G, Bremer, Bull. Nutt. Om. Club, II, 1877, 78.)

84. Passerculus princeps Maynard. Ipswich Sparrow. Pare
winter visitant, occurring chiefly near the coast. Has been met with
from Prince Edward's Island and New Hampshire to Long Island.

*85. Passerculus savanna Bon. Savanna Sparrow. Abun-
dant summer resident along the coast; much less common in the in-
terior.

*86. Pooecetes gramineus Baird. Grass Finch; Bay-winged
Sparrow. Abundant summer resident.

*87. Coturniculus passerinus Bon. Yellow-winged Sparrow.
Common and even abundant summer resident at favorable localities,
especially in the Connecticut Valley and near the sea coast.

*88. Coturniculus henslowi Bon. Henslow's Bunting. Pare
summer resident.

17

*89. Ammodromus caudacutus Swain. Sharp-tailed Fixcn.
More or less common in the salt marshes along the coast, especially
in those of Charles River.

90. Ammodromus maritimus Swain. Sea-side Finch. Rare
or accidental in the salt marshes along the coast. Only one recent
record of its capture in the state. (Nahant, Aug., 1S77, taken by Mr.
G. 0. Welch, Brewer, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, III, Jan., 187S, 48.) Mr.
Merriam gives it as a common summer resident in the salt and brack-
ish water marshes of Connecticut (Rev. Bds. Conn., 38).

91. Melospiza lincolni Baird. Lincoln's Finch. Known only
as a rare or casual visitor in spring. Mr. E. I. Shores considers it as
not rare at Suffield, Conn., where he believes a few pairs breed (see
Merriam's Rev. Bds. Conn., p. 88).

*92. Melospiza palustris Baird. Swamp Sparrow. A not very
common summer resident, of rather local distribution.

*93. Melospiza melodia Baird. Song Sparrow. Abundant
summer resident; a few sometimes remain in winter in sheltered
localities.

*94. Junco hyemalis Scl. Snow Bird. Mainly a spring and
autumn visitant; a few are sometimes observed in winter. Breeds
abundantly in the more elevated parts of Berkshire County.

95. Junco oregonus Scl. Oregon Snow Bird. Accidental.*
(Watertown, March 25, 1S74, Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, I, 1S7G,
19.)

96. Spizella monticola Baird. Tree Sparrow. Common win-
ter visitant.

*97. Spizella socialis Bon. Chipping Sparrow. Abundant sum-
mer resident.

*98. Spizella pusilla Bon. Field Sparrow. Common summer
resident.

99. Spizella pallida var. breweri Cozies. Clay-colored Spar-
row. Accidental. (Watertown, Dec. 15, 1S73, Breioster, Am. Nat.,
V1H, 3G0.)

*100. Zonotrichia albicollis Bon. White-throated Sparrow'.
Abundant spring and autumn migrant. Marked as breeding by Dr.
Emmons.

101. Zonotrichia leucophrys Swain. White-crowned Spar-
row. Rather rare spring and autumn migrant.

102. Chondestes grammaca Bon. Lark Finch. Accidental.
Two instances only of its occurrence recorded. (Gloucester, about
1845, Putnam, Proc. Essex Inst., I, 185G, 224; Newtonville, Nov. 25,
1877, Furdie, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, III, Jan., 187S, 44.)

103. Passerella iliaea Swain. Fox-colored Sparrow. Abun.-
dant spring and autumn migrant.

ESSEX INST. BULLETIN. X 2

18

104. Calamospiza bicolor Bon. Lark Bunting. Accidental.
One instance of its capture. (Lynn, Dec. 5, 1877, taken by Mr. N.
Vickary. Allen, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, III, Jan., 1878, 48.)

*105. Euspiza americana/icm. Black-throated Bunting. Very
rare summer resident.

*106. Goniaphea ludoviciana Bowdich. Rose-breasted Gros-
beak. Common summer resident.

*107. Cyanospiza cyanea Baird. Indigo Bird. Common sum-
mer resident.

108. Cardinalis virginiana Bon. Cardinal; Redbird. Acci-
dental. Very few instances of its occurrence recorded. (Its most
northern record is Halifax, N. S., January 31, 1871. Jones, Am. Nat.,
V, 17G.)

*109. Pipilo erythrophthalmus Vieill. Ciiewink; Towhee
Bunting. Abundant summer resident.

*110. Dolichonyx oryzivorus Swain. Bobolink; "Skunk
Blackbird." Abundant summer resident.

"111. Molothrus ater Gray. Cowbird. Common summer resi-
dent.

*112. Agelseus phceniceus Vieill. Red-winged Blackbird.
Common summer resident.

113. Xanthocephalus icterocephalus Baird. Yellow-headed
Blackbird. Accidental. Two instances of its capture, the second
here for the first time recorded. First identified from the wings, tail,
and foot of a specimen shot by Mr. Frank Sawyer in Watertown, Oct.
15, 18G9. {Allen, Am. Nat., Ill, 1870, G3G.) Mr. N. Vickary, of Lynn,
informs me that two specimens were shot at Eastham, Sept. 10, 1877,
by Mr. Loud, of Salem, one of which is preserved.

*114. Sturiiella magna Swain. Meadow Lark. Common sum-
mer resident; a few sometimes remain in winter.

*115. Icterus spurius Bon. Orchard Oriole. Rare summer
resident. More common in the Connecticut Valley than elsewhere in
the state.

♦116. Icterus baltimore Daud. Baltimore Oriole. Abundant
summer resident.

117. Scolecophagus ferrugineus Swain. Rusty Grackle.
Rather common spring and autumn visitant.

*118. Quiscalus purpureus Licht. Purple Grackle. Common
Bummer resident.

119. Corvus corax Linn.. Raven. Very rare. Very few re-
corded instances of its capture within the state. (A recent record is

Williamstown [1870?]. Teimey, Am. Nat., XI, 243.)

*120. Corvus americanus And. Common Crow. Common resi-
dent.

19

*121. Cyanurus cristatus Swain. Blue Jay. Common through-
out the year.

*122-. Tyramms carolinensis Baird. Kingbird. Common sum-
mer resident.

123. Tyramms dominicensis Rich. Gray Kingbird. Acci-
dental. Taken in Lynn early in October, 18C1). (Allen, Am. Nat., Ill,
Feb., 1870, G45.)

*124. Myiarchus erinitus Cab. Great crested Flycatcher.
Rare summer resident.

*125. Sayornis fuscus Baird. Pucebe; Bridge Pewee. Com-
mon summer resident.

*126. Contopus borealis Baird. Olive-sided Pewee. Rather
uncommon summer resident.

*127. Contopus virens Cab. Wood Pewee. Common summer
resident.

*128. Empidonax minimus Baird. Least Pewee. Common
summer resident.

*129. Empidonax trailli Baird. Traill's Flycatcher. Chiefly
a spring and autumn visitant; not common. A few remain in summer
and breed.

130. Empidonax flaviventris Baird. Yellow-bellied Pewee.
Not uncommon in spring and fall.

*131. Antrostomus vociferus Bon. Whip-poor-will. Com-
mon summer resident.

*132. Chordiles virginianus Bon. Night Hawk. Abundant
summer resident.

*133. Chsetura pelasgia Steph. Chimney Swift. Abundant
summer resident.

*134. Trochilus colubris Linn. Ruby-throated Humming-bird.
Common summer resident.

*135. Ceryle alcyon Boie. Belted Kingfisher. Common sum-
mer resident. Occasionally met with in winter.

*136. Coccyguserythrophthalmus Bon. Black-billed Cuckoo.
Common summer resident.

*137. Coccygus americanus Bon. Yellow-billed Cuckoo.
Rather frequent summer resident. Somewhat irregularly dispersed,
and very variable in respect to numbers in different years.

*138. Hylotomus pileatus Baird. Pileated Woodpecker.
Nearly or quite extirpated from most parts of the state, but still more
or less frequent in Berkshire County, and of occasional occurrence in
other well wooded portions of the state.

*139. Picus villosus Linn. Hairy Woodpecker. A not common
resident. More numerous in winter than in summer, when it is gen-
erally rare.

20

*140. Picus pubescens Linn. Downy Woodpecker. Rather
common resident.

141. Picoides arcticus Gray. Black-backed Woodpecker. Very-
rare winter visitant. A recent record of its capture in "Middlesex
County, fall of 1871." (Purdie, Am. Nat., VII, 1873, G93.)

142. Picoides americanus Brehm. (P. hirsutus of most Massa-
chusetts lists.) Banded-backed Woodpecker. Very rare or acci-
dental winter visitant. Very few instances are on record of the cap-
ture of either species of this genus in the state. P. arcticus has been
more frequently recorded than P. americanus. (See Allen, Am. Nat.,
Ill, 572.)

♦143. Sphyrapicus varius Baird. Yellow-bellied Woodpecker.
Not very uncommon in spring and fall, and a few probably breed, more
especially in Berkshire County. (Marked as breeding by Dr. Em-
mons.)

144. Centurus carolinus Bon. Red bellied Woodpecker.
Accidental. Not to my knowledge yet taken in the state, but ob-
served by me at Springfield, May 13, 1863, under circumstances that
would render a mistaken identification almost impossible (Proc. Essex
Inst., IV, 53). It has since been taken by Mr. Shores within a few
miles of this locality (at Sufiield, Conn., Merriam, Rev. Birds of Conn.,
1877, 65).

*145. Melanerpes erythrocephalus Swain. Red-headed Wood-
. pecker. Rare summer resident, occasionally breeding. Most fre-
quently observed in fall, usually in immature plumage.

146. Colaptes auratus Swain. Golden-winged Woodpecker.
Abundant summer resident. Occasionally seen in winter.

147. Strix flanimea Linn. Barn Owl. Very rare or accidental.
Only two specimens as yet known to have been taken in the state, —
one at Springfield, May, 1868 {Allen, Proc. Essex Inst., VI, 1868,
312) ; the other at Lynn, in 1865 {Allen, Am. Nat., Ill, Feb., 1870, 646).

*148. Bubo virginianus Bon. Great Horned Owl. A not un-
common resident.

♦149. Scops asio Bon. Mottled Owl. Common, resident.

♦150. Otus vulgaris Flem. Long eared Owl. Not common,
resident.

♦151. Brachyotus palustris Bon. Short-eared Owl. Rather
common resident.

152. Syrnium cinereum Aud. Great Gray Owl. Accidental
or very rare winter visitant. I have no record of its capture in the
state since 1866 (Salem, Nov. 10, 1866, Allen, Am. Nat., Ill, Jan.,
1870, 570).

*153. Syrnium nebulosum Gray. Barred Owl. Rather com-
mon resident.

21

*154. Nyctale acadica Bon. Saw-whet Owl; Acadian Owl.
Rather common and probably resident. (See Deane, Bull. Nutt. Orn.
Club, IT, 8-L)

155. ISTyctale tengmalmi Bon. (iV. richardsoni auct.) Teno-
malm's Owl. Rare winter visitor. Recent records of its occurrence
are: Lynn, 1SG3 (Allen, Am. Nat., Ill, Feb., 1S70, G4G); Cambridge,
Dec, 18C5 (Maynard, Nat. Guide, 1870, 133).

156. Nyctea scandiaca Newt. Snowy Owl. A more or less
regular winter visitant. Very abundant during the winter of 1876-77.
(See Deane, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, II, 9, 1877.)

157. Surnia ulula Bun. Hawk Owl. Very rare winter visitor
in most parts of the state; probably of rather frequent occurrence in
the more elevated parts of Berkshire County. (For the record of its
occurrence see Am. Nat., Ill, Dec, 1SG9, 5G9.)

158. Speotyto cunicularia var. hypogsea Coues. Burrowing
Owl. Accidental. Newburyport, May 4, 1875 (Deane, "Rod and
Gun," VI, 97, May 15, 1875).

*159. Circus cyaneus var. hudsonms Schl. Marsh Hawk.
Common summer resident.

160. Nauclerus furcatus Vig. Swallow-tailed Hawk. Acci-
dental. One record of its occurrence (to me a satisfactory one), but
none of its capture (Whately, about 18G8, Allen, Am. Nat., Ill, Feb.,
1870, G45). Mr. Merriam gives it as "a rare straggler from the
South," and cites two instances of its occurrence in that state (Rev.
Birds Conn., 1S77, 7G).

*161. Accipiter fuscus Bon. Sharp-shinned Hawk. Rather
common snmmer resident.

*162. Accipiter cooperi Bon. Cooper's Hawk. Common sum-
mer resident; of occasional occurrence in winter.

163. Astur atricapillus Bon. Goshawk. Rather frequent win-
ter visitant. Has been seen in summer, and perhaps occasionally
breeds.

164. Falco gyrfalco Linn. Gyrfalcon. Of rare or accidental
occurrence in winter.

164a. Falco gyrfalco var. labradora Bidg. Black Gyrfalcon.
Accidental. Breed's Island, October, 187G. (Cory, Bull. Nutt. Orn.
Club, II, Jan., 1S77, 27.)

*165. Falco communis Linn. Duck Hawk. Rare resident;
more commou in winter than in summer and along the coast than in
the interior.

166. Falco columbarins Linn. Pigeon Hawk. Rather rare,
occurring chiefly in spring, fall, and winter.

*167. Falco sparverius Linn. Sparrow Hawk. More or less
commou resident; most numerous in spring and fall.

22

*168. Buteo borealis Vieill. Red-tailed Buzzard. A rather
common resident.

*169. Buteo lineatus Jard. Red-shouldered Buzzard. Com-
mon resident.

170. Buteo swainsoni Bon. Swainson's Buzzard. Accidental.
Two instances of its capture thus far on record. (Salem, winter of
1871-72, Mus. Peabody Academy; Wayland, Sept. 12, 187G, Brewster,
Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, III, Jan., 1878, 30 )

*171. Buteo pennsylvanicus Bon. Broad-winged Buzzard.
Rather rare summer resident.

172. Archibuteo lagopus Gray. Rough-legged Buzzard.
Rather common winter visitant, but of somewhat local distribution.

*173. Pandion haliaetus Sav. Fish Hawk. Occasional summer
visitant. Formerly bred in the state, but probably nests here very
rarely, if at all, now.

174. Aquila chrysaetus Linn. Golden Eagle. Very rare win-
ter visitant. Recent records of its capture are : Munson, Nov., 18G4;
Deerfield, Dec. 14, 18G5; Westfleld, three specimens, 18G6 {Allen, Am.
Nat., Ill, Dec, 18G9). I have now to add Fairhaven, Nov. 21, 1873,
shot by Mr. Nelson H. Stephens. The specimen was sent in the flesh
by Captain Charles Bryaut to the Museum of Comparative Zoology,
where it is now preserved.

*175. Haliaetus leucocephalus Sav. White-headed Eagle;
Bald Eagle. Rare resident.

176. Rhino gryphus aura Bidg. Turkey Vulture; "Turkey
Buzzard." Accidental. Two instances of its capture recorded, but
none since 18G4.

177. Catharista atratus Gray. Black Vulture. Accidental.
Quite a number of instances of its capture are on record. Recent
ones are Hudson, 18G8, where several specimens were seen (Allen,
Nat., Ill, Feb., 1870, G46). A recent record also for Maine is Calais,
18G9 (Boardman, Am. Nat., Ill, 498).

*178. Ectopistes migratorius Swain. Wild Figeon. Irregular
summer resident, not generally common.

*179. Zenssdura carolinensis Bon. Carolina Dove; "Mourn-
ing Dove." Common summer resident.

180. Tetrao canadensis Linn. Spruce Partridge; Canada
Grouse. Accidental. Only two recorded instances of its capture,
which are Gloucester, 1851; Roxbury, about 18G5 (Allen, Am. Nat.,
Ill, Feb., 1870, G3G).

♦181. Cupidonia cupido Baird. Pinnated Grouse; Prairie
Hen. Formerly common in portions of the state, but long since ex-
tirpated from all portions except Martha's Vineyard, where a few are
said to still exist.

23

*182. Bonasa umbellus Steph. Huffed Grouse; "Partridge."
Common resident.

*183. Ortyx virginianus Bon. Quail; Bob-white. More or
less common resident in most parts of the state.

184. Squartarola helvetica Guv. Black-bellied Plover.
Generally more or less common during the spring and fall.

185. Charadrius virginicus Borck. Golden Plover. Com-
mon spring and autumn migrant.

*188. JEgialites vocifera Cass. Killdeer Plover. A not com-
mon summer resident.

187. JEgialites semipalmata Cab. Semipalmated Plover;
"Rixg-neck." Abundant spring and autumn visitant.

♦188. iEgialites meloda Cab. Piping Plover; "Ring-neck."
Common summer resident along the coast.

189. Hsematopus palliatus Temm. Oyster-catcher. Acci-
dental in summer.

190. Strepsilas interpres III. Turnstone. Rather common
spring and autumn visitant.

191. Himantopus nigricollis Vicill. Black-necked Stilt.
Accidental. Mr. Miynard gives it, on the authority of "gunners and
others," as "occasionally seen along the sandy beaches" (Nat. Guidet
1870, 143). Mr. Boardman saw, some years since, two specimens in
a Boston market, which he was assured were taken in this state (Allen,
Am. Nat.. Ill, Feb., 1S70, G38).

192. Steganopus wilsoni Cones. Wilson's Piialarofe. Acci-
dental. No recent record of its capture.

193. Lobipeshyperboreus Cuv. Northern Phalarope. Known
only as a rare spring and autumn migrant.

194. Phalaropus fulicarius Bon. Red Phalarope. Not com-
mon spring and autumn migrant.

*195. Philohela minor Gray. American Woodcock. Common
summer resident.

*196. Gallinago wilsoni Bon. Wilson's Snipe. Common dur-
ing migrations and a rather rare summer resident. A few pass the
winter at favorable localities.

197. Macrorhamphus griseus Leach. (M. griseus et seolopaceus
auct.) Red-breasted Snipe. Rather common spring and autumn
migrant.

198. Micropalama himantopus Baird. Stilt Sandpiper. Rare,
occurring chiefly during the autumnal migration. Several recent in-
stances of its capture within the state.

199. Ereunetes pusillus Cass. Semipalmated Sandpiper.
Abundant during its migrations; a few sometimes met with in sum-
mer.

u

200. Tringa minutilla Vieill. Least Sandpiper. Abundant
during its migrations.

201. Tringa bairdi Coues. Baird's Sandpiper. Accidental.
Taken by Mr. H. W. Henshaw on Long Island* Boston Harbor, Aug.

27, 1870 {Brewster, Am. Nat., Vr, May, 1872, 306).

202. Tringa fuscicollis Vieill. (T. bonapartei et schinsi auct.)
White-rumped Sandpiper. Common spring and fall migrant.

203. Tringa maculata Vieill. Pectoral Sandpiper. Common
during its migrations.

204. Tringa maritima BrUnn. Purple Sandpiper. Rather
rare spring and autumn visitant ; a few sometimes remain in winter.

205. Tringa alpina var. americana Cass. American Dunlin.
Abundant spring and autumn visitant; a few sometimes remain in
summer.

206. Tringa subarquata Guld. Curlew Sandpiper. Rare or
accidental in spring and fall. According to Dr. Brewer, there was no
authenticated iustance of its occurrence in New England on record
prior to 1875, when he announced the capture of a specimen "recently
taken" in Ipswich (Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., XVII, Nov., 1875,
446). Mr. E. A. Samuels, however, refers to its having been shot on
Cape Ann in 1865 (Orn. and Ool. New Eng., 18G8, 447). Mr. Brewster
has since recorded its capture in East Boston, early in May, 1866
(Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, July, 1876, 51).

207. Tringa canutus Linn. Knot; Red-breasted Sandpiper.
Common spring and autumn visitant.

208. Calidris arenaria III. Sandekling. Abundant spring
and autumn migrant; stragglers sometimes remain in summer.

209. Limosa fedoa Orel. Great Marbled Godwit. Rare spring
and autumn visitant.

210. Lirnosa hudsonica Swainson. Hudsonian Godwit. Rare
during its migrations.

*211. Totamis semipalmatus Gmel. TVillet. Rare summer
resident, sometimes breeding.

212. Totanus melanoleucus Gmel. Greater Yellow-legs;
Greater Telltale. Common spring and autumn migrant, and a
few linger in summer.

213. Totanus flavipes Gmel. Lesser Yellow-legs. Common
6pring and autumn visitant; rare in summer.

214. Totanus solitarius Wils. Solitary Sandpiper. Common
in spring and fall ; stragglers sometimes remain in summer.

*215. Tringoides macularius Gray. Spotted Sandpiper. Com-
mon summer resident.

216. Philomachus pugnax Gray. Ruff. Accidental. The only
record of its occurrence appears to be "Newburyport marshes, May

28, 1871" (Brewster, Am. Nat., VI, May, 1872, 306).

25

*217. Actiturus bartrainius Bon. Upland Plover. Common
summer resident.

218. Tryngites rufescens Cab. Buff-breasted Sandpiper.
Bather uncommon spring and autumn visitant.

219. Numenius iongirostris Wils. Long-billed Curlew. A
not very common spring and autumn visitant.

220. Numenius Imdsonicus Lath. II udsonian Curlew. Bare
spring and fall migrant.

221. Numenius borealis Lath. Esquimaux Curlew. Rather
common spring and autumn migrant.

222. Falcinellus igneus Gray. (H>is ordi auct.) Glossy Ibis.
Accidental. Several records of its occurrence, but only one recent
(Nantucket, Sept., 1869, Allen, Am. Nat., Ill, Feb., 1870, C37).

*223. Ardea herodias Linn. Great Blue Heron. A not com-
mon summer resident.

224. Ardea egretta Gm. Great White Egret. Accidental.
Several comparatively recent instances of its capture have been re-
corded. (Hudson, Ashland, and Lynn, Allen, Am. Nat., Ill, Feb.,
1870, C37; Westford, 1873, Bardie, Am. Nat., VII, G03.)

225. Ardea candidissima Jacq. Little White Egret. Acci-
dental. There are fewer recorded instances of the occurrence of this
species than the preceding, and none recent.

226. Ardea cserulea Linn. Little Blue Heron. Accidental.
No recent record of its occurrence.

*227. Ardea virescens Linn. Green Heron. Common summer
resident.

*228. Nyctiardea grisea var. naevia Allen. Night Heron.
Common summer resident. Stragglers have been observed at Cam-
bridge in winter.

229. Nyctiardea violacea Stcain. Yellow-crowned Night
Heron. Accidental. One record (Lynn, Oct., 18G2, Allen, Am. Nat.,
Ill, Feb.. 1870, G37).

"230. Botaurus minor Bon. Bittern. Common summer resi-
dent.

*231. Ardetta exilis Gray. Least Bittern. Not generally com-
mon, but rather frequent at some localities.

232. Rallus Iongirostris Bodd. Clapper Rail; Salt-water
Marsh Hen. Accidental. One instance (Boston Harbor, May 4,
1S75, Bardie, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, II, Jan., 1877, 22). Has been re-
peatedly taken in Connecticut (Merriam, Rev. Birds Conn., 1877, 115).

233. Rallus elegans And. King Kail; Fresh-water Hkn. Ac-
cidental. One instance (Nahant, Nov. 21, 1815, Bur die, Bull. Nutt.
Orn. Club, II, Jan., 1877, 22). A rare summer resident in Southern
Connecticut (Merriam, Rev. Birds Conn., 115).

26

*234. Rallus virginianus Linn. Virginia Rail. Common sum-
mer resident.

*235. Porzana Carolina Vieill. Carolina Rail; Sora. Com-
mon summer resident.

*236. Porzana noveboracensis Cass. Yellow Rail. Very rare
summer visitant.

237. Porzana jamaicensis Cass. Black Rail. Very rare, per-
haps accidental, summer visitant. One instance only of its capture in
Massachusetts recorded (Clark's Isl., Plymouth Harbor, Aug., 18G9,
Purdie, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, II, Jan., 1877, 22). As yet only two
records of its capture in Connecticut (see Merriam, Rev. Birds Conn.,
1877, 119).

*238. Gallinula galeata Bon. Florida Gallinule. Rare sum-
mer visitant, doubtless occasionally breeding (see Allen, Am. Nat.,
Ill, Feb., 1870, 639). Given by Merriam as a "rather common sum-
mer resident" of Connecticut (Rev. Birds Conn., 19).

239. Porphyrio martinica Temm. Purple Gallinule. Acci-
dental. A recent record of its occurrence is Roekport, Apr. 12, 1875
(Whitman, Am. Nat.. IX, Oct., 1875, 674). More easterly recent rec-
ords are Calais, Me., Boardman, Am. Nat., Ill, 49S ; Halifax, January
30, 1870, Jones, Am. Nat., IV, 253).

*240. Fulica americana Gmel. Coot. Rare summer resident;
more numerous in fall and spring.

241. Cygnus americanus Sharpl. Whistling Swan. Given by
Dr. Brewer as "rare, migratory," in Massachusetts (Proc. Bost. Soc.
Nat. Hist., XVII, 1875, 447), but I can point to no recent record of
its actual capture. In early times (first half of the seventeenth cen-
tury and later) this species (and probably also the Trumpeter Swan,
C. buccinator) was common (see Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, I, Sept., 1876,
58). According to Mr. Merriam, swans presumed to be C. americanus
have recently been taken in Connecticut (Rev. Birds Conn., 1S77, 120).

242. Anser hyperboreus Pall. Snow Goose. Rare winter
visitant.

243. Anser albifrons var. garnbeli Cones. White- fronted
Goose. Rare spring and fall migrant. Some years since I found
specimens in the Boston markets I had reason to believe were killed
in the state. Dr. Brewer says it was more common thirty and forty
years ago than now, as was the case with many of our other ducks
and geese (Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, II, Apr., 1877, 46).

244. Branta bernicla Scop. Brant Goose; Black Brant. Not
uncommon spring and autumn migrant.

244a. Branta bernicla "var. nigricans" Cones. With the pre-
ceding.

245. Branta canadensis Gray. Canada Goose. Common spring
and autumn visitant ; probably formerly a summer resident.

27

245a. Branta canadensis " var. hutchinsi " Coups. Hutciiins'
Goose. Less common than var. canadensis. Formerly more abun-
dant than at present (Brewer, Bull. Nntt. Orn. Club, II, Apr., 1S77,
4G).

246. Anas boschas Linn. Mallard. Rare in spring and fall.
*247. Anas obscura Gmel. Black Duck. Abundant winter resi-
dent and rare in summer; doubtless formerly regularly resident the
whole year.

248. Dafila acuta Jenyns. Pin-tail Duck. Rare winter visi-
tant.

249. Chaulelasmus streperus Gray. Gadwall; Gray Duck.
Rather rare spring and autumn visitant.

250. Mareca americana Steph. Baldpate; American Widg-
eon. Spring and autumn visitant.

251. Querquedula discors Steph. Blue-winged Teal. Rather
common spring and autumn migrant; formerly doubtless a summer
resident.

252. Querquedula carolinensis Suph. Green-winged Teal.
Common spring and autumn migrant.

253. Spatula clypeata Bote. Shoveller. Rare spring and
autumn visitant. It was formerly, judging from its present breeding
range in the interior, a frequent summer resident.

*254. Aix sponsa Boie. Wood Duck; Summer Duck. Common
summer resident.

255. Fuligula marila Steph. Greater Blackhead ; Scaur Duck.
Not common spring and autumn visitant, some remaining in winter.

255a. Fuligula marila var. affinis Allen. Lesser Blackhead.
Not common in spring and fall.

256. Fuligula collaris Bon. Ring-necked Duck. Rare spring
and autumn migrant.

257. Fuligula ferina var. americana Coues. Redhead; Poch-
ard. Rare spring and autumn migrant.

258. Fuligula vallisneria Steph. Canvass-back. Very rare
spring and autumn visitant.

259. Bucephala clangula Gray. Golden-eyed Duck; Whis-
tler. Common winter resident.

260. Bucephala islandica Baird. Barrow's Golden-eye.
Rare winter visitant. Only recently added to the fauna of the state
on record of its actual capture (Brewster, Am. Nat., VI, May, 1872,
30G).

261. Bucephala albeola Baird. Buffle-head; Butter-ball.
Common winter visitant.

262. Harelda glacialis Leach. Long-tailed Duck; Old Wife;
Old Squaw. Common winter visitant.

263. Histrionicus torquatus Bon. Harlequin Duck. Rare

28

winter visitant. Formerly, like most of the ducks, more common
than now (Brewer, Bull. Natt. Orn. Club, II, Apr., 1877, 4G).

264. Camptolsemus labradorius Gran. Labrador Duck. For-
merly a rare winter visitant; probably now nearly extinct.

265. Somateria mollissima Leach. Eider Duck. Common
spring and autumn visitant, some remaining in winter.

266. Somateria spectabilis Leach. King Eider. Rare winter
visitant.

267. CEdemia americana Swain. Scoter. Abundant in spring
and fall and common in winter.

268. CEdemia fusca Sivain. Velvet Scoter; "White-winged
Coot. Common winter visitant.

269. CEdemia perspieillata Fleming. Surf Duck. Common
winter visitant.'

270. Erismatura rubida Bon. Ruddy Duck. Rather common
Winter visitant, but most numerous in fall and spring.

271. Mergus merganser Linn. Goosander; Merganser. Com-
mon winter visitant, but most numerous in fall and spring.

272. Mergus serrator Linn. Red-breasted Merganser. Abun-
dant in spring and fall, many remaining in winter.

273. Mergus cucullatus Linn. Hooded Merganser. Rather
common spring and autumn visitant, many remaining in winter, and
perhaps in summer.

274. Sula bassana Linn. Gannet; Solan Goose. Common
winter visitaut.

275. Peleeanus trachyrhynchus Lath. White Pelican. Now
accidental; formerly common (Allen, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, I, Sept.,
187G, GO). The only recent correct record of its capture appears to be
North Scituate, Oct. 6, 187G (Purdie, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, II, Jan.,
1877, 22). The specimens reported by me (Am. Nat., Ill, Feb., 1870,
640) as taken at Ipswich and Nantucket were found later to be P.
fiiscns. (See remarks under P. fnscits.)

276. Peleeanus fuscus Linn. Brown Pelican. Accidental.
Ipswich (Maynard, Nat. Guide, 1870, 149 ; erroneously noticed by me
under the head of the preceding species in Am. Nat., Ill, G40). Nan-
tucket (Allen, Am. Nat., Ill, Feb., 1870, 640, but wrongly given as P.
erythrorhynchus). Corrected in a note added to last page of author's
extras, in which it is stated that "from information just received there
is every reason for believing that this flock" of White Pelicans, men-
tioned on page 40 (of extras) as having visited Nantucket Island,
"were Brown Pelicans."

277. Graculus carbo Gray. Common Cormorant. Common
winter resident.

278. Graculus dilophus Gray. Double-crested Cormorant.
Not uncommon in winter.

29

279. Stercorarius pomatorhinus Vieill. Pomaeine Jaeger;
Pomarine Skua. A not common winter visitant.

280. Stercorarius parasiticus Coues. (S. crepidatus Saund.)
Richardson's Skua; Parasitic Jaeger. Along the coast in winter ;
not common.

281. Stercorarius bufToni Cones. (S. parasiticus Saund.) Buf-
fon's Skua. Rare on the coast in winter.

282. Larus glaucus Brunn. Glaucous Gull. Rare winter
visitant.

283. Larus leucopterus Fabr. White-winged Gull. Rare
winter visitant.

284. Larus marinus Linn. Great Black-backed Gull. Com-
mon winter visitant.

285. Larus argentatus Linn. Herring Gull. Abundant win-
ter visitant; a few remain along the coast in summer, where formerly
they probably bred.

286. Larus delawarensis Ord. Ring-billed Gull. Rather
uncommon on the coast in winter.

287. Larus tridactylus Linn. Kittiwake Gull. Common win-
ter visitant.

*288. Larus atricilla Linn. Laughing Gull. Formerly a not
uncommon summer visitant ; now nearly extirpated from our coast.

289. Larus Philadelphia Ord. Bonaparte's Gull. Common
Winter visitant, but more numerous in fall and spring.

290. Xema sabinei Bon. Forked-tailed Gull. Accidental.
The only record is Boston Harbor, Sept. 27, 1874 (Brewster, Am.
Sportsman, V, 1875, 370).

291. Sterna anglic a Mont. (8. aranea auct.) Gull-billed Tern.
Accidental. A recent record is Ipswich, Sept., 1871 {Brewster, Am.
Nat., VI, May, 1872, 300).

292. Sterna caspia Pallas. Caspian Tern. Rare or accidental
in winter.

293. Sterna regia Gamb. Royal Tern. Accidental. Two speci-
mens taken by Messrs. Maynard and Brewster on Nantucket Island,
July 1, 18.74 (Am. Sports., V, 219, Jan. 10, 1S75).

294. Sterna cantiaca Gmel. (S. aenflavida auct.) Sandwich
Tern. Accidental. One record only, Chatham, August, 1SG5 (Allen,
Amer. Nat., Ill, Feb., 1870, Gil).

*295. Sterna hirundo Linn. Common Tern. Abundant summer
resident along the coast.

296. Sterna for steri Nutt. (S. Jiavelli auct.) Forster's Tern.
Rare or accidental. Ipswich, Sept., 1870 (Brewster, Am. Nat., VI,
May, 1872, 30G ; coast, "two or three" specimens, 1873, Purdie, Am.
Nat., VII, Gi)3),

30

*297. Sterna macrura Nord. Arctic Tern. Abundant summer
resident along the coast.

The form described as Sterna portlandica by Mr. Ridgway (Amer.
Nat., VIII, 1874, 433), and since referred to S. macrura by Brewster
(Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., XI, 1875, 201) and Saunders (Proc. Zool.
Soc, Lond., 187G, 650) has been taken on Muskeget Island {Brewster,
Am. Sports., V, 249, Jan. 1G, 1875).

*298. Sterna dougalli Mont. (S. paradisea auct.) Roseate
Tekn. Common along the coast in summer.

*299. Sterna superciliaris var. antillarum Coues. Least Tekn.
Common along the coast in summer.

300. Sterna fuliginosa Gmel. Sooty Tekn. Accidental. Two
recent records of its capture in Massachusetts, — Lawrence, Oct. 29,
187G (Deane, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, II, Jan., 1877, 27); Williamstown,
Sept., 187G (Tenney, Am. Nat., XI, 1877, 243). Also several times
taken recently in Connecticut and Rhode Island, — Saybrook, Conn.,
summer of 187G (Purdie, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, II, Jan., 1877, 22;
see also Merriam, Rev. Birds Conn., 1877, 134). From these records
it appears that six specimens were taken in Connecticut, one in Rhode
Island, and two in Massachusetts, during 187G, mostly in September.

301. Hydro chelidon lariformis Coues. Short-tailed Tern;
Black Tern'. Accidental, or very rare. Ipswich, taken by Mr. C. J.
Maynard (Allen, Am. Nat., Ill, Feb., 1870, G44).

302. Cymochorea leucorrhoa Coues. Leach's Petrel. Com-
mon winter visitant along the coast.

303. Oceanites oceanica Coues. Wilson's Petrel. Common
off the coast. *

304. Puffinus major Fahr. Greater Shearwater. Common
off the coast, especially in winter.

305. Pufiinus fuliginosus Strick. Sooty Shearwater. More
or less common off the coast, especially in winter.

*306. Colymbus torquatus Brunn. Loon; Great Northern
Diver. More or less frequent resident.

307. Colymbus septentrionalis Linn. Red-throated Diver.
Common winter visitant along the coast; rare in the interior; most
numerous in autumn and spring.

308. Podiceps cornutus Gmel. Horned Grebe. Chiefly a
winter visitant, but not common ; a few remain in summer.

309. Podiceps griseigena var. holbolli Coues. Red-necked
Grebe. Chiefly a winter visitant; not common. ' Sometimes met
with in summer.

*310. Podilymbus podiceps Lawr. Pied-billed Grebe. Rather

rare resident; more common in spring and fall than at other seasons.

311. Utamania torda Leach. *Razor-billed Auk. Not uncom-

31

312. Fratercula arctica Steph. Arctic Puffin; Sea Parrot.
Not uncommon winter visitant.

313. MerguUis alle Vieill. Dovekie : Sea Dove. Irregular and
generally rare winter visitant along the coast; occasionally common.

314. Uria grylle Briinn. Black Guillemot. Rather common
winter visitant.

315. Lomvia troile Brandt. (L. troile et ringvia auct.) Common
Guillemot; Murre. Common winter visitant.

316. Lomvia arra Coues. (Cataractes lomvia Bryant.) Thick-
billed Guillemot. Common winter visitant along the coast.

2. Extirpated Species.

1. Meleagris gallopavo var. occidentalis Allen. Wild Tur-
key. Well known to have been a common species in southern New
England for a long time subsequent to the first settlement of this part
of the country (see Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, I, Sept., 1876, 55), but long
since ceased to exist here in a wild siate. Considered as nearly ex-
tinct by Emmons in 1833, but said by Hitchcock to be at that time
"frequently met with on Mount llolyoke" (Uep. on Geol. Mass., etc.,
1833, 549).

2. Grus canadensis Temm. Sandhill Crane; Brown Crane.
Unquestionably more or less abundant two hundred years ago (see
Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, I, Sept., 1S7G, 58), but there is no recent record
of its occurrence.

3. Grus americamis Ord. Whooping Crane; White Crane.
This species was given by Emmons in 1833 as a rare but regular visi-
tant, but there is no later record of its occurrence. It unquestionably
occurred here at the time of the first settlement of the country, in
common with the preceding species.

4. Alca impennis Linn. Grkat Auk. The former existence of
this species in Massachusetts is attested by the occurrence of its
bones in the Indian shell heaps of the coast, particularly at Ipswich,
and there arc also unquestionable allusions to its presence on Ca^pe
Cod at the time the coast was explored by Gosnold in 1002 (see Bull.
Nutt. Orn. Club, I, Sept., 1870, o\)).

Other species that are virtually extirpated, although retained in the
preceding list, are the Prairie Hen {Cupidonia enpido), supposed to be
now restricted to Martha's Vineyard, where only a few, if indeed any,
representatives of this formerly rather common species still exist (see
anted, p. 22): the Whistling Swan (Cygnus americamis), now only a
rare straggler, and probably also the Trumpeter Swan (Cygnus bucci-
nator). To these may probably be added the Labrador or Tied Duck
(Camptolaimiis labradorivs), respecting which see Rowley, Orn. Miscel.,
pt. VI, pp. 205-223, 1877; also Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, III, Apr., 1878.

32

3. Species of probable occurrence.

Of the following list of twenty-four species, the greater part have
been included in various former lists of the birds of Massachusetts,
but generally on inferential or hearsay evidence, or by erroneous iden-
tifications. Six have actually been taken within the last three or four
years by Mr. E. I. Shores, within a few miles of the » southern boun-
dary of the state (near my old collecting ground at Springfield).
Others, from their known general range, must evidently occur at rare
intervals, and I confidently expect that within the next ten years at
least seven-eighths, and probably nine-tenths, of them will be added
to the list of those included from having been actually taken within
the state. At least one-half of them have already been obtained in
adjoining states at points not far from the Massachusetts line.

1. Saxicola osnantha Bech. Stonechat. Has been taken in
Labrador, at Quebec, Canada, and on Long Island, and is of frequent
occurrence in the Bermudas.

2. Lophophanes bicolor Bon. Crested Titmouse. Northern
New Jersey; Long Island; New London, Conn, (one instance, Mer-
riam, Rev. Birds Conn., 1877, 9) ; New Haven, Conn. (Linsley) ; New
Hampshire.

3. Protonotaria citrea Baird. Protiionotary Warbler. Of
accidental occurrence in eastern Maine and New Brunswick (Breicer,
Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., XVII, 439, on the authority of Mr. Board-
man), and being a southern species may be looked for as of casual
occurrence in Massachusetts.

4. Helmitherus vermivorus Bon. Worm-eating Warbler.
Has been taken in Suffield, Conn., on the southern boundary of Mas-
sachusetts, and is a rather common summer resident in portions of
Southern Connecticut (Purdie, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, II, Jan., 1877,
21; Am. Nat., VII, 1873, G92).

5. HelHiinthophaga pirnis Baird. Blue- winged Yellow War-
bler. "A summer resident in southern Connecticut and in the Con-
necticut Valley," where it breeds (Merriam, Rev. Birds Conn., 14).

6. Dendroeca cserulea Baird. Cerulean Warbler. Has been
taken as far north as Suffield, Conn., on the southern boundary of the
state (Purdie, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, II, 1877, 22).

7. Oporornis formosa Baird. Kentucky Warbler. Was taken
by Mr. E. I. Shores in Suffield, Conn., Aug. 1G, 187G, — the only record
for New England (Menriam, Rev. Birds Conn., 1877, 22).

8. Myiodioctes mitrata And. Hooded Warbler. Rare sum-
mer resident in southern Connecticut (Merriam). Has been taken in
Suffield, Conn., by Mr. E. I. Shores, July 8, 1875 (Purdie, Bull. Nutt.
Orn. Club, II, 1877, 21).

33

9. Stelgidopteryx serripennis Baird. Rough- winged Swal-
low. Taken at Suffield, Conn., by Mr. E. I. Shores, June 6, 1874
(Purdie, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, II, Jan , 1877, 21), its only New England
record. It has been found, however, breeding at West Point, New
York (Mearns, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, III, Apr., 1878, — ), and will
doubtless soon be added to the fauna of Massachusetts.

10. Goniaphea cserulea Gray. Blue Grosbeak. This southern
species having been taken at Grand Menau and Calais, Maine {Board-
man, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., IX, 1862, 127) is surely to be added,
sooner or later, to the list of Massachusetts birds. Its occurrence is
a prion far more probable than that of many species that have been
found here.

11. Perisoreu's canadensis Bon. Canada Jay. This species
occurs doubtless in Berkshire County as an occasional winter visitor.

12. Tyrannus verticalis Say. Arkansas Flycatcher. This
species has been taken at Elliot, Maine (Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat.
Hist., X, 18G5, 06; Purdie, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, I, Sept., 1876, 73),
and is as likely to occur in this state as many western and southern
species that have already been taken here.

13. Corvus ossifragus ]Vils. Fish Crow. Probably rare or acci-
dental. Although there is as yet no record of its capture within the
state, Mr. W. Brewster, who is familiar with the species, observed a
single individual in Cambridge, March 16, 1875 (Brewster, Bull. Nutt.
Orn. Club, I, 10). Its recent capture at West Point, N. Y., and on
Long Island, tends to confirm its reported occurrence in Connecticut
by Linsley (Am. Jour. Sci. and Arts, XLIV, 1843, 260) and render it
almost certain that stragglers will soon be taken here. It is so easily
confounded with the Common Crow, even when in hand, by ordinary
observers, that it may for this reason have been heretofore overlooked.

14. Ernpidonax acadicus Baird. Acadian Flycatcher. Not
known to have been taken in the state, but it has been obtained by
Mr. E. I. Shores in Suffield, Conn., within ten miles of my old collect-
ing ground at Springfield, Mr. Shores's specimen having been identi-
fied as E. acadicus by no less an authority than Mr. Robert Ridgway
(Merriam, Rev. Birds Conn., 1877, 58). This places the species beyond
question in the list of New England birds (see Breicer, Proc. Bost.
Soc. Nut. Hist., XVII, 1875, 452). I recorded this bird in 1864 as
occurring at Springfield (Proc. Essex Inst., IV, 5-1), but have since
become convinced that I mistook for it E. trailli.

15. iEgialites wilsonia Cass. Wilson's Plover. Its reported
occurrence in the state rest on not wholly satisfactory authority (see
Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., XVII, 1875, 452). There appears
to be no recent well-authenticated instance of its occurrence north of
Long Island.

ESSEX INST. BULLETIN. X 3

34

16. Scolopax rusticola Linn. European Woodcock. The oc-
casional capture of this European species on the Atlantic coast, from
Maine to Virginia (Loudon Count}'-, Nov., 1873, Cones, Am. Nat., X,
372), seems to render it probable that it will eventually be taken in
this state.

17. Recurvirostra americana Gmel. Avoset. As this species
has been taken in one instance at Point Lepreaux, New Brunswick
(not Calais, Me., as generally supposed; see Brevier, Proc. Bost. Soc.
Nat. Hist., XVII, 1875, 452), and near Saybrook, Conn. (Merriam, Rev.
Birds Conn., 1877, 103), it may be fairly looked for as an accidental
visitor.

18. Cygmis buccinator Rich. Trumpeter Swan. Recently re-
ported by Mr. Merriam (Rev. Birds Conn., 1870, 12b) as probably oc-
curring in the vicinity of East Windsor Hill, Conn, (within fifteen
miles of the Massachusetts line). In all probability it was common
here two hundred years ago and may still be looked for as a straggler.

19. Anser cserulescens Pallas. Blue Goose. May be an acci-
dental visitor, but according to Dr. Brewer (Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat.
Hist., XVII, 1875, 452) there is no record of its actual occurrence in
New England.

20. Branta leucopsis Boie. Barnacle Goose. As this acci-
dental visitor has been taken in southern Labrador, Maine, on Long
Island, and in North Carolina, and more than the "eight escaped
birds" have been accounted for, it seems reasonable to include this
species among those of probable occurrence in Massachusetts. On
the occurrence of this species on the Atlantic coast of North America
see Baird (Am. Nat., II, March, 1868, 39), Brewer (Proc. Bost. Soc.
Nat. Hist., XVII, 1875, 452), Lawrence (Am. Nat., V, March, 1870, 10),
and Lawrence and Deane (Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, II, Jan., 1877, 18). I
understand specimens have recently been taken near Portland, Maine.
It has been repeatedly attributed to Massachusetts, but probably on
insufficient evidence. (See Allen, Proc. Essex Inst., IV, 1SG4, 88;
Coues, Proc. Essex Inst., VI, 18G8, 293.)

21. Mareca penelope Ban. European Widgeon. This species
likewise lacks confirmation as a bird of Massachusetts, or even of New
England, although it has been taken on Long Island, and at various
points in North America. It is of course to be looked for here.

22. Querquedula crecca Steph. European Teal. Tlie speci-
men recorded by Dr. Bryant (Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., V, 1855, 195)
as taken in this state Dr. Brewer says was actually taken in North
Carolina and not in Massachusetts (Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, II, Apr.,
1877, 46). This leaves the species without even a New England rec-
ord, but it has so often been taken ou the North American coast (at
various points from Labrador to North Carolina) as a straggler from
the Old World, that its occurrence here is to be expected.

35

23. ProcellariapelagicaLmn. Stormy Petrel. Usually given
as occurring oft* the coast, but Dr. Brewer doubts its right to a place
among New England birds, since he has not been able to learn that a
specimen has been taken (Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., XVII, 1877,
453).

24. Puflmus anglorum Temm. Mank's Shearwater. Com-
monly given as more or less frequent off the coast in winter, but
Dr. Brewer (Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., XVII, 1875, 453) claims that
it has never beeu taken, and that it is not even a North American
bird.

The Crested Grebe (Podiceps cristatus) has been commonly given
as a rare winter visitant. Dr. Brewer says it has been improperly
included as a bird of New England and that "its right to be regarded
even as North American is also questioned" (Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat.
Hist., XVII, 1875, 453). He has since shown that all the references
to its capture in North America (Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, III, Apr.,
1878, 52) are erroneous, as is now very generally conceded.

4. Hypothetical and doubtful Species.

1. Myiodioctes Diinutus Baird. Small-headed Flycatcher.
Dr. Brewer retains this species as a bird of Massachusetts on the
ground that Nuttall "states that Mr. Charles Pickering obtained a
specimen of this bird many years ago, near Salem, Mass., and that he
[Nuttall] had himself also seen it in the same State, at the approach
of winter." Dr. Brewer further refers to a specimen "supposed to
be of this species," and so identified by Mr. Audubon, that he once
obtained in Itoxbury, but admits that, as Audubon afterwards made no
mention of it, the presumption is that he was mistaken as to the iden-
tity of the specimen. No specimen of this supposed species is extant,
and it is only known from the descriptions and figures given long
since by Wilson and Audubon. According to the latter the original
locality was Kentucky. I agree with Dr. Coues that the species is one
hardly entitled to recognition, and I prefer to discard it, for the pres-
ent, as a bird of Massachusetts. (See Baird, Brewer and Ridgway's
Hist. North Am. Birds, I, 1874, 31(5.)

2. Empidonax pygmseus JSIinot.9 "Pygmy Flycatcher." Only
"caught sight of" "in some shrubbery" "near Boston" by our young
author, who "watched it for about three minutes," and then proceeded
to describe it as a new species! No characters are given, by which it
can be distinguished from any of the species of Empidonax, and those
are half conjectural. The presumption of adding a "new species" on

•Land Birds and Game Birds of New England, 1877, 290.

36

such a basis, in a group of birds so difficult of discrimination as to
often puzzle experts with the specimens actually in hand, is certainly
open to censure.

3. Thaumatias linnsei Bon. (Agyrtria maculata et linncei auct.)
Linnjsus's Emerald. Supposed to have been taken in Massachusetts,
and included in several lists. The probabilities seem to me to be
strongly against the straggling of any South American Humming Bird
to this state, and the history of this specimen leaves room for doubt
respecting its actual capture here. It was first recorded by myself
(Am. Nat., Ill, Feb., 1870, 645), but with much hesitation. The cir-
cumstances of its supposed capture here have since been more fully
investigated, and I now prefer not to recognize it as entitled to a
record as a bird of Massachusetts.

5. Introduced undomesticated Species, or probably introduced either
intentionally or accidentally.

1. Passer domesticus Linn. House Sparrow. Abundant near
the larger towns and rapidly increasing, although the first importa-
tion was made scarcely ten years ago.

2. Carduelis elegans Steph. European Goldfinch. Repeat-
edly taken or observed in a wild state, under circumstances that seem
to render it probable that the individuals were not escaped cage-birds.
Whether or not introduced originally by man's agency I consider seri-
ously open to question.

3. Serinus meridionalis Brelim. Serin Finch. Thus far only
one record is known to me of its capture, — Springfield, Nov., about
18G5 {Allen, Am. Nat., Ill, Jan., 1870, G35). Perhaps an escaped
cage-bird, but the probabilities seem to me to be against this theory.

4. Coturnix communis Gray. European Quail. About one
hundred of these birds were imported by Mr. Warren Hapgood in the
spring of 1877, and distributed to various parts of the State. Only a
few pairs are known to have raised young, and the result of the ex-
periment is at present doubtful. The capture of a "youug-cock bird"
at Essex, Nov. 1, 1877, is recorded in ''Forest and Stream" of Dec. G,
1877 (p. 315). This importation consisted of two hundred and fifty
birds, sixty-one of which died on the passage, leaving one hundred
and eighty-nine for distribution on their arrival in Massachusetts
about June 10. The same vessel brought a consignment of two hun-
dred birds of this speeies to Judge Martin G. Evarts of Rutland, Vt.,
all but three of which are said to have reached Rutland alive. They
were turned out June 9, and 11, 1877, and are reported to have bred
plentifully. They disappeared from the neighborhood of Rutland
about September 1, and have siuce beeu reported as seen (aside from

37

"bogus" reports of their flying out to sea) at various localities in the
Southern States, the last authentic account up to the present writing
representing several bevies as seen near Savannah, Ga., as late as
December 10. (For a history of the introduction and migration of
this species see "Forest and Stream" of issues of June 28, Aug. 2,
Aug. 9, Aug. 23, Sept. 6, Nov. 15, Nov. 29, Dec. 6, and Dec. 27, 1877.)

5. Lagopus albus Ami. Willow Ptarmigan. The specimen
taken in Manchester, in May, 1859, Dr. Coues conjectures was brought
alive from Labrador or Newfoundland, and escaped (Proc. Essex
Inst., V. 1868, 259).

6. Cupidonia cupido Baird. Pinnated Grouse. A few have
been introduced at different times into Barnstable County, but none of
them or their descendants are certainly known to still exist there.

Dr. Brewer informs me that several European Black-cap Warblers
(Sylvia atricapilla) were at one time turned loose in Mount Auburn
Cemetery, but are known to have all soon after died.

General Summary.

Fully authenticated as birds of the State10 316

Extirpated 4

Given as of probable occurrence 24

Considered as fairly entitled to recognition as Massachusetts birds 340

Known as breeding within the State (about) 135

Extremely rare or accidental visitors 90

Introduced 6

North American species added since 1867 35

Addendum.

57bis. Pyranga ludoviciana Bon. Louisiana Tanager. Since
this paper went to press a specimen of this western species has been
taken alive in Salem, and its occurrence recorded by Dr. Brewer
("Forest and Stream," X, 95, March 14, 1878). It was captured Jan.
20, 1878, during the severest snow storm of the season, and being, in
winter, a bird of Mexico, is presumed to have been involuntarily car-
ried northward by the storm. It was an "adult female, and, though
ravenous for food, was not in wasted condition."

10 Excluding " varieties " of other species represented.

38

Monday, January 21, 1878.

Meeting this evening at 7.30 o'clock. The President
in the chair.

Miss Mary Saunders, of Salem, was elected a resident
member.

Prof. E. S. Morse gave an interesting lecture upon
Japan. It was a familiar talk on topics suggested by his
recent sojourn in that country, with an especial reference
to the artistic ways of the people, the manner in which
they utilized the most common objects, like bamboo and
pine, in their ornamental work ; and the wonderful taste
exhibited by the commonest venders in the display of
their wares. Samples of their work in straw, fungus,
and other material, were shown. He spoke also of the
richer works in bronze, and the art feeling displayed in
the most unexpected ways by combining the most exqui-
sitely wrought work in pearl, ivory, and silver, in combi-
nation with worm-eaten wood as a background. Their
gardens, paths, gateways and fence posts, and interior of
dwellings were also illustrated.

Monday, February 4, 1878.

Meeting this evening at 7.30 o'clock. The President
in the chair. Records read. Donations and correspon-
dence announced.

The subject of commemorating the 250th anniversary
of the landing of Governor Endicott at Salem was intro-
duced. Remarks in relation thereto were made, and on

39

motion of Mr. W. D. Northend, Vice-President A. C.
Goodell was added to the committee previously appointed.

Rev. George D. Wildes, of New York, who, during
his rectorship of Grace Church in this city, was an active
member of the Institute, being present, by invitation from
the chair made some interesting remarks, informally ex-
pressing his pleasure at being present, once more, at one
of these meetings, after an absence of eleven years ; his
interest in the proposed celebration, and giving an account
of a recent visit to York Harbor, Maine, of which he men-
tioned some facts pertaining to its history. He brought
to the meeting the military journal of Gen. Abbott of
1779, reading some extracts from the same. It is now
owned by Mr. Frank Chase of Salem. Mr. Wildes also
alluded to his present place of residence, which is replete
with historic lore, noting especially some of the places
around which cluster many of the most important incidents
of the revolutionary period.

Hon. William D. Northend mentioned several inci-
dents in the lives of some of the distinguished men who
have originated in the town of Newbury, which were su^-
gested by the remarks of the previous speaker.

On motion of Mr. W. P. Upham :

Voted, That the sincere thanks of the Institute be ten-
dered to Rev. Mr. Wildes for his interesting remarks this

40

Monday, Feb. 25, 1878.

Mr. Leonard Waldo, of the Cambridge Observatory,
gave an instructive illustrated lecture on

Telling the Time,

The occasion of our gathering here this evening is, I
believe, a unique one in the annals of New England ; but
if the kind words which Charles Kingsley has spoken of
the people of Salem are true, and if that strong interest
in all that pertains to seamen and ships is still alive, I
feel that our evening will be spent profitably and pleas-
antly together.

The time-balls dropped from their masts at Deal, at
Cape Town, and from the magnificent heads of Sydney
harbor, are perhaps familiar to more than one member of
the time-honored East India Marine Society who may be
with us this evening ; and it will be to him not an unin-
structive thought, that in those distant British colonies
there exists this thoughtful attention to the needs of every
ship, domestic or foreign, which enters their ports.

He will reflect, doubtless, that until within a few weeks
this kindness has not been reciprocated in one American
seaport. And he will be gratified to know that the
Western Union Telegraph Company now display at five
minutes of twelve, a ball at the top of a mast placed on
the highest pinnacle of their Broadway building in New
York ; and that precisely noon, as indicated from the
U. S. Naval Observatory, Washington, it falls from its
conspicuous position. Hearing this, your natural New
England pride suggests the query of the Cambridge poet,

"Wall, neighbor, tell us wut's turned up thet's new?
You're youuger'n I be, — nigher Boston tu :
An' down to Boston, ef you take their showin',
Wut they don't know ain't hardly wuth the knowin',
There's sunthin' coin' on, I know."

41

I think I may assure you that not many weeks will elapse
until Boston will offer this same advantage to the ships
within her harbpr.

I have mentioned the time-ball first, because it has
secured for itself a wide recognition as the simplest way
of announcing an arbitrary instant of time. But like the
newspaper dropped at the door, or the water which flows
upon turning the faucet, the simple result attained in the
dropping of a time-ball is the out-growth of the most
refined principles of mechanism, and is the product of
skilful assiduity on the part of the astronomer. It is our
province now to ask these questions, "Where do we get
and how do we keep our time?" These questions come
with force at the moments when we stand looking alter-
nately at the face of our watch, and the rear platform of
a departing train ; or when the Gold Stock Exchange
closes one minute before we thought it would ; or when
some majestic steamer wrecks in a fog on our coast
because her chronometers are at fault.

We all know that whatever may be the merits of our
sun in other respects he is not a very accurate marker of
the length of a clay. Thus February 10th, he is fifteen
minutes slow of any respectable clock, and then he catches
up until the middle of May, when he is four minutes fast.
July 25th, again, he is six minutes slow, and November
2nd, he crosses the meridian sixteen minutes before
twelve. From time immemorial, however, the sun has
marked the beginning of the day's labor, and in order to
overcome the difficulties in measuring the length of a day,
caused by the sun's irregularity, astronomers imagine that
there exists in the heavens a fictitious sun, which moves
uniformly along the Equator of the heavens. Four times
in the course of a year the fictitious sun and the real sun
indicate the same clock time. I shall point out to you

42

later some difficulties in the way of exactly determining
our time from the sun. But while he is seldom used in
the Observatory for such a purpose, an e^act knowledge
of his motion, and some exact way of measuring his posi-
tion, is of the utmost importance to the navigators ; and
I suppose it is to them we owe the wide-spread opinion
that from observations of the sun, all astronomers deter-
mine the time.

Brilliant even through a haze, easily observed even
when the ship's deck is rolling, the navigator readily
brings the reflected sun and the horizon in contact with
the telescope of his sextant. From his tables, with an
approximate knowledge of his latitude, he will tell you at
just what time the sun will reach a certain altitude, and
this will afford him a means of detecting the error of his
chronometer on local time.

But we are chiefly to concern ourselves to-night with
the instruments used in fixed observatories for determin-
ing time. You are aware that the stars are located on
the celestial sphere by a system of coordinates, closely
resembling our terrestrial ones of latitude and longitude ;
only when applied to the heavens these terms are changed
to the more technical ones of Declination and Right Ascen-
sion. Now Declinations the astronomer measures with
carefully graduated circles, but in measuring Right Ascen-
sions the astronomer fixes his instrument in one plane,
and notes by his clock, how long after one star passes this
plane, another follows it. But he must be able to meas-
ure this interval of time with a degree of accuracy which
corresponds to the accuracy reached with the graduated
circle. Hence the Observatory continues to be the recog-
nized critic of the performance of time-pieces, for nowhere
else in the arts or sciences is the exact measurement of
considerable intervals of time of such vital importance.

43

The instrument almost universally used in determining
the time is the Astronomical Transit Instrument. Through
the courtesy of the Director of Harvard College Obser-
vatory, we have before us to-night, a very beautiful speci-
men of this instrument, built by M. Herbst of Poulkova.
You notice that it has but one motion, simply around this
axis which points east and west, and makes a right angle
with the telescope tube. Now as I take hold of the tele-
scope, you see the telescope only moves from the north
to the south, that is, in the meridian. If we suppose this
axis to be perfectly horizontal, — and this delicate level
which hangs from it will tell us if it is not so, — I think
you will readily see that the astronomer has only to point
the instrument so that it will have the same altitude as a
star approaching the meridian, in order to have that star
visible in the telescope as it crosses it. Now if we imag-
ine the star to be exactly in the centre of the field of
view of the telescope to-night, and if we do not move the
telescope, to-morrow night at about this time, the same
star will re-appear, and the interval between its two suc-
cessive appearances is one sidereal day.

Unfortunately for our purpose Nature has not provided
a visible meridian line, and accordingly the astronomer
contrives a visible substitute. We have on the screen a
circle of light, which fairly represents the circle of light
you would see by placing your eye to the telescope. You
will understand that it will take several minutes for the
star to cross this circle of light, or what is the same thing,
the field of view of the telescope. To tell when the star
is in the middle of this field there is inserted in the tele-
scope a fine spider's web, which divides the field of view
into two parts, and which represents to the astronomer,
as nearly as practicable, the meridian line on the heavens.

Practically instead of one line there are a number of

44

lines parallel to each other, so that the astronomer may-
be able to tell more exactly than he could by noting the
transit over one line, exactly when the star crosses his
approximate meridian. I say approximate meridian, be-
cause this middle line only marks the meridian within
certain limits which are set by the principle which under-
lies all practical astronomy, that after human art is ex-
hausted in rendering an instrument as perfect as possible,
there are still measurable deviations from perfection itself.
In the case of our transit we are unable to have it perfect
in a single point ; we cannot put the middle line of this
group exactly in the centre of. the true telescopic field of
view. T\re cannot make this axis about which the tele-
scope turns, perfectly horizontal, we cannot bring the
telescope so that it shall move exactly in the meridian,
and even if we could accomplish either of these three
things, we should hardly have time to announce it, before
that unseen motion which is constantly going on among
the molecules of every body in the visible universe, would
have disturbed it to an extent appreciable by the applica-
tion of some refined method of investigation.

In order to measure our clay, therefore, we must assure
ourselves of the amount of change our instrument has
undergone in that interval. This is accomplished by the
observation of a number of stars distributed over the
northern and southern heavens. We can compute from
the discrepancies among such a series of stars the correc-
tion we should apply to each one of them, to get the same
result we should have obtained in our measure of the
day's length, if we had used a perfect instrument moving
precisely in the meridian. Let us briefly consider the
principles we should adopt to free our observation of a
star of the errors springing from the three sources I have
mentioned. First, we can determine how much that

45

middle line is away from the true centre of the telescope,
by observing some pretty slow moving star near the pole
as it crosses the first two wires of the group, we will say.
Now we know the distance which these two wires are
from this middle one, and we can therefore determine the
time at which the star would cross the middle wire. We
left our star slowly moving, and after it had passed the
second wire, now suppose that we skilfully and rapidly
lift our instrument out of its bearings and replace it with
its horizontal axis end for end, and point the telescope
upon the same star which has not yet crossed these last
two wires. Now if you reflect a moment you will see
that these are the same two wires across which we have
first observed the star's transit, only they are now on the
other side of the field of view, and if we now compute at
what time the star crossed the middle wire from these last
two transits we shall find that it differs from the time
derived from the first two transits by twice the amount
the middle line is from the true centre. Second, we can
determine how nearly level this horizontal axis is by
means of this very delicate spirit-level, which you see
rests only on the axis itself. And third, we can determine
how much our instrument (due allowance being made for
the two preceding sources of error) still deviates from the
meridian, by combining star transits taken near the pole
and the equator. It is the habit of astronomers to con-
sider a series of stars observed in this manner as consti-
tuting one time determination. And if our clock shows
by its face that the sidereal day just measured has ended
ten minutes too soon, then we say that our clock is ten
minutes slow.

I think now you will understand me when I say that
the first objection the astronomer has to observing the
sun for time, is, that it is difficult to get enough stars in

46

the daytime to determine the position of the instrument,
and another objection is found in the greater uncertainty
attending the transit of the sun's limbs, which I think we
can see on the screen.

We have here a beautiful photograph taken from the
sun directly, and for which we are indebted to the skill
of Lewis M. Rutherford, Esq. You will notice that the
rounded limb of the sun cannot be so nicely bisected as
can the image of this star which follows afterwards.

Let us now examine the method of noting the transit of
a star across a wire. If I take this chronometer or that
clock, I can count the beats as I sit with my eye to the
telescope ; and as the star crosses each wire I can note the
second and the fraction of a second, and a skilful observed
will. only on rare occasions estimate this fraction a fifth of
a second in error. It is better, however, to lessen the
errors which depend upon the personality of the observer,
such as his observing too fast or two slow, and to econo-
mize the time of writing down the observations, to record
them automatically by means of the chronograph, an in-
strument first used in this connection by an American
astronomer. We have a small one before us, and you see
it consists of a metallic cylinder around which a sheet of
paper is coiled, which is revolved uniformly by clock
work. A glass fountain pen rests upon the surface of the
paper, and as the cylinder revolves the pen draws a line
upon it. Now if you conceive that this cylinder be slowly
moved along at the same time that it revolves, you will
understand that the pen never marks over the same part
of the paper. Now suppose that this cylinder rotates just
once in sixty seconds, and suppose that I cause this clock
by means of an electric circuit to slightly move the pen at
the beoinninu: of each second ; this will cause a slight
notch in the line, which registers upon the paper the

47

beginning of each second, and if we omit the slight notch
which would be made by the fifty-ninth second we can
thus register the beginning of each minute. This tele-
graph key which I hold in m}' hand is in the same electric
circuit with the clock and chronograph, and as this star is
passing over the screen I can register its transits upon the
chronograph by simply causing the pen to make a notch
in the line by breaking the electric circuit. We have put
a telegraphic sounder in the same circuit, so that I think
you will be able to hear the beats of the clock quite to the
other end of the hall. There comes our star, and as it
crosses each wire your will hear the familiar telegraph
tick which tells us that we have made the slight notch on
the chronograph which records the star's transit. Now
suppose that this slight notch we afterwards find occurs
six-tenths of the way between the thirtieth and thirty-first
second. Then we know that the star's "transit occurred at
thirty-one seconds and six-tenths of a second of a particu-
lar minute. After an evening's observation the sheet is
removed from the cylinder, labelled, and tiled away with
the records of the Observatory.

Having obtained the error of our time-piece to within
a twentieth of a single second, the next question is, How
shall we keep the time-piece so that it will have the same
error to-morrow night, that it has to-night; or failing in
this, how shall we preserve the same relation between the
errors on consecutive nights? In other words, how shall
we know that the time-piece gains or loses regularly?
This leads us to speak of the clocks and watches which
keep the time from day to day. You all know that the
test of the performance of any time-piece is found in
noting the regularity with which it gains or loses. Thus
a clock which gained ten seconds a day might be a very
much better one than another which gained and lost alter-

48

nately ten seconds a day. Though at the end of a week
the better clock would be a minute more in error than the
second one. The point I wish to illustrate is that with an
accurate time-piece we can always predict what its error
will be, for some days in advance. While with a poor
time-piece we can form no idea from the determination of
its error on two nights, what it will be on a third one.
Now it is to the elimination of the sources of error in
clocks and watches that the attention of the artisan is
directed ; and the practical form which successive im-
provements take is in more perfectly protecting our time-
pieces from the effects of temperature changes, and from
those resulting from variations of friction in the move-
ment. In the clock we endeavor to guard against the
effects of temperature on the pendulum, by uniting two
metals in such a way that one expands upwards while the
other expands downwards, and they are so adjusted that
the centre of the pendulum stays very nearly in the same
position. Now, although the clock is the most perfect
time-piece we have, yet it is still liable to the theoretical
objection that its pendulum swings in a circular instead of
a cycloidal arc. You will be interested to know, that the
finest clocks for astronomers' uses are so sensitive to ex-
ternal influences that if the barometer were to change an
inch in height, it would cause a variation in the clock's
rate of about a quarter of a second per day, and I might
mention that in some large observatories the standard
clock is kept in a cellar vault to avoid changes of temper-
ature and in an hermetically sealed glass case, from which
the air has been partially exhausted. At the Harvard
Observatory the clock which distributes the signals to
Boston and alons: the lines of the railroads and conse-
quently to Salem as well, is placed in the cellar inside of
a thick walled room which has a floor of sheet lead, its

49

walls filled with dry sand and its door joints packed with
felt. Here is the record of the performance of a sister
clock by the same makers in the Liverpool Observatory.
After making the correction for barometric pressure the
average of the daily rates in 1876 for the month of March
was six one-hundredths of a second ; for April, five hun-
dredths ; for May, seven hundredths ; for June, eight
hundredths; for July, eight hundredths.

Before showing how these clocks are used for distribu-
ting public time, let us consider for a moment the perfor-
mance of watches and chronometers. I suppose that six
men out of seven consider the subject of the performance
of watches their specialty. At least it has been my for-
tune to meet a number of gentlemen with costly watches
which ran so well that they were superior to the finest
astronomical clocks. This somewhat surprising result
was obtained by accepting their sincere testimony that in
six weeks their watches actually had not varied a second.
And one gentleman informed me, with some evident em-
barrassment, that he had detected an error of some twenty
seconds in the time received from the Observatory which
he had heretofore supposed to be very exact.

We are here reminded of Charles Dudley Warner's
words: "We constantly compare our watches, and are
anxious that they should not gain or lose a second. A
person feels his own importance increased if he owns an
accurate watch. There is nothing that a man resents more
than the disparagement of his watch. (It occurs to me,
by the way, that the superior attractiveness of women,
that quality of repose and rest which the world finds in
them, springs from the same amiable laisser aller that
suffers their watches never to be correct. When the day
comes that women's watches keep time there will be no
peace in this world.) When two men meet, one of the

ESSEX INST. BULLETIN. 4

50

most frequent interchanges of courtesies is to compare
watches ; certainly if the question of time is raised, as it
is sure to be shortly among a knot of men with us, every
one pulls out his watch, and comparison is made. We are
in fact, the slaves of time, and of fixed times. We think
it a great loss and misfortune to be without correct time ;
and if we are away from the town-clock and the noon-
gun, in some country place, we importune »the city stran-
ger, who appears to have a good watch, for the time ; or
we lie in wait for the magnificent conductor of the railway
express, who always has the air of getting the promptest
time from headquarters."

Let us examine the parts of a watch as we have them
upon the screen. [Here a watch-movement in full motion
■was projected upon the screen and Mr. Waldo explained
the various parts.] We are indebted to the Mechanical
Superintendent of the Waltham Watch Factory for this
very interesting exhibition of a watch in motion, pro-
jected against the screen. The chronometer, either ma-
rine or pocket, is superior to any other form of watch
made, if we consider only its performance when it is kept
in one position ; but it is inferior to almost any other well
made form of watch if it is constantly exposed to the jar
of the person in walking or running. The precision at-
tained in the very finest of pocket chronometers is sur-
prising; thus, the mean daily variation in the rates of the
two best chronometers exhibited by the American Watch
Co. at the Philadelphia Centennial Exposition were twelve
and fourteen one-hundredths of a second, respectively.
Quoting from a recent report of the Neuchatel Observa-
tory on the annual competition of Swiss chronometers
for prizes awarded yearly by the Observatory, the two
best pocket chronometers had an average daily variation
in their rates of thirteen and seventeen one-hundredths of

51

a second respectively. These rates would not discredit
an astronomical clock. We have now considered the
methods of determining exact time, some of the precau-
tions necessary to keep it, and our last division of the
subject will be how to distribute it without sensible error.

We have been talking in describing star transits, of
Sidereal or Star Time, and since the stars rise four min-
utes earlier every day, the sidereal day is four minutes
shorter than our common day. Now it is common or
mean time which we want to distribute, so first we must
convert the sidereal time into mean time. We have here
a mean-time clock loaned through the courtesy of Messrs.
E. Howard & Co. Within this clock is an arrangement
for breaking the electric circuit each alternate second
except the fifty-eighth. We have also here a chronometer
provided with a similar break circuit arrangement, and
we shall cause both of these time-pieces to register their
beats upon this telegraphic sounder. Now the sidereal
clock beating faster than the mean-time clock very soon
catches up with it, and for a few seconds they beat so
closely together that we can compare them to within one
one-hundredth of a second. And now we are able by a
short calculation, and knowing the error of the sidereal
clock, to exactly determine the error of the mean-time
clock, which latter error we can reduce to nothing by
altering the clock. Thus we have a mean-time clock set
perfectly to mean time, and by means of an electric cir-
cuit ready to automatically distribute its beats over as
long a circuit as we choose.

We have about the hall a miniature telegraph line with
telegraphic instruments at two or three points, which if
}'ou please we will imagine to be Boston, Springfield, and
New York. We have only to switch the clock into this
circuit, with some precaution to avoid the strong battery

52

power used, and you hear immediately the beats of the
elock registering themselves at each station. In order to
distinguish the beginning of the minute the fifty-eighth
second is omitted. In addition to this omission in the
Harvard Observatory system, the clock omits twenty-six
seconds immediately preceding of each five minutes. For
a single signal it is customary to resort to the time ball,
or to the time gun, both of which require considerable
mechanism which shall act automatically from the clock.
I think we can illustrate the first of these methods by
means of the simple ball you see suspended before you.
It should be electrically released the instant the second
hand of the clock reaches the beginning of the minute.
In regard to the gun, the Astronomer Royal for Scotland
observes, "You would do well, if you can, to pull the
trigger of a time-gun, for there are no means under
Heaven equal to a gun, for speaking to human nature and
obliging it to attend."

We have extemporized also a gun in an adjoining yard,
which in the cause of science the clock should discharge
at the instant of the commencement of the next minute.
We have left untouched great divisions in the art of
measuring and disseminating time, but a regard for the
subject of my lecture reminds me I must close. Much
of the pleasure in the experiments of the evening is
owing to the generous help of Mr. R. W. Willson, of
the Department of Physics, and Mr. Winslow Upton, of
the Observatory of Harvard University. Are we not
reminded, in our efforts to measure an hour, that, "Time
is the measure of all things, but is itself immeasurable,
and the grand discloser of all things, but is itself undis-
closed?"

BULLETIN

OF THE

ESSEX I1TSTITTJTE.

Vol. 10. Salem, Apr., Mat, June, 1878. Nos. 4, 5, 6.

LIST OF THE

NORTH AMERICAN CRUSTACEA

Belonging to the Suborder Caridea.

By J. S. KlXGSLEY.

The following list is intended to embrace all the de-
scribed species of shrimps which have been found in the
waters of North America, from the Arctic regions to the
Isthmus of Panama, with their principal synonyms and
geographical range.

Sub-order CARIDEA.

Family CRANGONID^l.

Subfamily Crangoninse.

Genus CRANGON Fabricius.

1. Crangon vulgaris Fabricius, Suppl. Ent. Syst., 1798, p. 410.
Edwards, Hist. Nat. des Crustaces, 1837, ii, p. 341. Gould, Inverte-

ESSEX INST. BULLETIN. X 5 (53)

(PcJ./O./Hfg'

54

brata of Mass., 1841, p. 331. Gibbes, Proc. Amer. Assoc. Adv. Sci.,
1851, iii, p. 195. Smith, Rep. U. S. Fish Comm., 1871-2, p. 551, pi.
Ill, f. 10. Kingsley, Proc. Phil. Acad., 1878, p. 89. Crangon septem-
spinosus Say, Jour. Phila. Acad., 1818, i, p. 246. Dekay, N. Y. Fauna,
Crustacea, 1844, p. 25, pi. viii, f. 24.

North Carolina to Labrador and Europe.

2. Crangon alaskensis Lockington, Proc. Cal. Acad., 1876.
Alaska.

Having only extras of Mr. Lockington's papers (the
volume containing them not being yet issued), I am not
able to quote the pages on which his descriptions occur.

3. Crangon nigricauda Stimpson, Proc. Cal. Acad., 1855, i, p
89; Jour. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 1857, vi, p. 496, pi. XXII, f. 6; Proc
Phila. Acad., 18G0, p. 25. Streets and Kingsley, Bulletin Essex Inst.
1877, ix, p. 108. Crangon vulgaris Owen, Beechey's Voyage, 1839, p
87. Dana, U. S. Expl. Ex. Crust., 1852, p. 536. Crangon nigromacu
lata Lockington, Proc. Cal. Acad., 1876, p. — . Steiracrangon nigri
cauda Kinahan, Proc. Roy. Irish Acad., 1868, p. 68.

California to Washington Territory.
(I am inclined to consider the three species above as
the same, but need larger series to decide.)

4. Crangon franciscorum Stimpson, Proc. Cal. Acad., 1855, i,
p. 89; Jour. B. S, N. H., 1857, vi, p. 495, pi. XXII, f . 5 ; Proc. Phila.
Acad., 1860, p. 25.

California to Washington Territory.

5. Crangon munitus Dana, U. S. Expl. Ex. Crust., 1852, p. 536,
pi. XXXILI, f. 5. Stimpson, Jour. B. S. N. H., 1857, vi, p. 497. Cliera-
philns munitus Kinahan, Proc. Roy. Irish Acad., 1868, p. 68.

Washington Territory.

6. Crangon boreas Fabricius, Suppl. Ent. Syst, 1798, p. 410.
Edwards, Hist. Nat. des Crust., 1837, ii, p. 342. Kroyer, Naturhisto-
risk Tidsskrift, 1842-3, iv, p. 218, pi. IV, f. 1-14. Dekay, N. Y. Fauna,
Crustacea, 1844, p. 26. Stimpson, Invert. Gd. Menan, 1853, p. 58;
Proc. Phila. Acad., 1860, p. 25. Cancer boreas Phipps, Voyage, North
Pole, 1774, p. 190, pi. XII, f. i. Astacus boreas Olivier, Encyc.
Methodique, v, p. 346. Cancer homaroides O. Fabricius, Fauua Gron-

55

landica, 1780, p. 241. Cheraphilus boreas Kinahan, Proc. Roy. Irish
Acad., 1868, viii, p. 68.

Massachusetts Bay, Labrador, Arctic Seas, Behrings
Straits.

The Genus Cheraphilus, as limited by Kinahan, is not
co-extensive with the Pontophilus of Leach and Sars, and
has not a single character common to all the species to
separate it from Orangon as restricted by him. Neither
does the fact that Dr. Leach abandoned his genus Ponto-
philus and the subsequent use of that name by Risso and
Brandt for certain Pandali affect the case in the least, as
regards the proposed name, which has been adopted by
Miers (Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 1877, IV, xix, p. 133).
I accept the genus Pontophilus as limited by Sars (For-
handl. Vidensk. Selsk. i Christiania, 1861, p. 183).

Genus SABINEA Owen.

7. Sabinea septemcarinata Oicen, Appendix Ross 2nd Voyage,
1835, p. 82. Kroyer, N. H. Tidsskr., 1842-3, iv, p. 244, pi. IV, f. 34-40.
Stimpson, Proc. Phila. Acad., 1860, p. 26. Smith, Trans. Conn. Acad.,
1874, iii, p. 28. Crangon septemcarinatus Sabine, Appendix No. X to
Parry's 1st Voyage, 1826, p. 58, pi. II, f. 11-13; Edvv. Hist. Nat. Crust.,
1837, ii, p. 343.

Massachusetts Bay, Arctic Seas, Siberia.

Genus NECTOCRANGON Brandt. (Argis Kroyer).

8. Nectocrangon lar Brandt, in Middendorff's Siberische Reise,
1852, p. 115. Stimpson, Proc. Phila. Acad., 1860, p. 25; Annals N. Y.
Lye, 1871, x, p. 125. Crangon lar Owen, Beechey's Voyage, 1839, p.
88, pi. XXVIII, f. 1. Argis lar Kroyer, Nat. Hist. Tidsskr., 1842-3, iv,
p. 25% pi. V, f. 45-62.

Arctic Seas, Newfoundland, Behrings Straits.

Genus PARACRANGON Dana.

9. Paracrangon echinatus Dana, U. S. Expl. Ex. Crust., 1852,
p. 538, pi. XXXIII, f. 6. Stimpson, Jour. B. S. N. H., 1857, vi, p. 497.

Puget Sound.

56

Subfamily Lysmatinse.
Genus HIPPOLYSMATA Stimpson.

10. Hippolysmata californica Stimpson, Proc. Chicago Acad.,
I, 48 (teste Stra.) ; Ann. N. Y. Lye, 1871, x, p. 123.

California.

11. Hippolysmata wurdemanni Stimpson, Annals N. Y, Lye,
1871, x, p. 124. Hippolyte wurdemanni Gibbes, Proc. Am. Assoc. Adv.
Science, 1851, iii, p. 197.

Florida.

12. Hippolysmata intermedia Kingsley, Proc. Phila. Acad.,
1878, p. 90.

Florida.

13. Hippolysmata cubensis Kingsley, Proc. Phila. Acad., 1878,
p. 89. Hippolyte cubensis E. von Martens, Wiegmann's Archiv fur
Naturgeschichte, 1872, p. 136, pi. V, f. 14.

Cuba.

Genus TOZEUMA Stimpson.

14. Tozeuma carolinensis Kingsley, Proc. Phila. Acad., 1878, p.
90.

North Carolina.

Genus RHYNCHOCYCLUS Stimpson.

15. Rhynchocyclus parvulus Stimpson, Annals N. Y. Lye,
1871, p. 124.

Texas.

Genus LATREUTES Stimpson.

16. Latrentes ensiferas Stimpson, Proc. Phila. Acad., 1860, p.
27. Hippolyte ensiferus Edwards, Hist. Nat. des Crustaces, 1837, ii,
p. 374.

On Gulf weed, Atlantic.

Family ATYIDJ1.
Subfamily Atyinse.
Genus ATYA Leach.
17. Atya scabra Leach, Trans. Linn. Soc, XI, p. 345 (teste

57

Edw.). Edwards, Hist. Nat. des Crust., 1837, ii, p. 348, pi. XXIV, f.
15-19. Newport. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 1847, xix, p. 159. Stimp-
son, Jour. B. S. N. H., 1857, vi, p. 498. Atya mexicana Wiegmann,
Archiv fur Naturgeschichte, 183G, i, p. 145.

Fresh water, western Mexico.

18. Atya punctata Kingsley, Proc. Phila. Acad., 1878, p. 91.
Hayti.

19. Atya occidentalis Neicport, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 1847,
xix, p. 159. Kingsley, Proc. Phila. Acad., 1878, p. 92.

West Indies.

20. Atya rivalis Smith, 3rd Report Peab. Acad. Sci., 1871, p. 94.
"West coast Nicaragua.

21. Atya tenella Smith, 3rd Rep. P. A. S., 1871, p. 94.
West coast Nicaragua.

Genus EVATYA Smith.

22. Evatya crassa Smith, 3rd Rep. P. A. S., 1871, p. 95.
West coast Nicaragua.

Genus ATYOIDA Bandall.

23. Atyoida mexicana Stimpson, Am. Jour. Sci. and Arts, 1859,
xxvii, p. 446. Caradina mexicana Saussure, Crust. Antilles et Mex.,
1858, p. 45, pi. IV, f. 26.

Mexico.

Family PALJEMONIDiE.

Subfamily Alpheinse.

Genus ALPHEUS Fabricius, Kingsley.

24. Alpheus minus Say, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1818, i, 245.
Edwards, Hist. Nat. des Crust., 1837, ii, 35G. Kingsley, Bulletin U. S.
Geological and Geographical Survey of the Territories, 1878, Vol. iv,
No. 1, p. 190. Alpheus formosus Gibbes, 1. c, 196.

North Carolina, Bermudas, West Indies, Florida, Bay
of Panama.

58

25. Alpheus panamensis Kingsley, 1. c, p. 192.
West coast Central America and Panama.

26. Alpheus sulcatus Kingsley, 1. c, p. 193.
Panama, Peru.

27. Alpheus noridanus Kingsley, 1. c, p. 193.
Florida.

28. Alpheus heterochelis Say, 1. c, 1818, i, p. 243. Edwards,
op. cit., 1837, ii, p. 356. Kingsley, 1. c, p. 194. Alpheus armillatus
Edw., op. cit., p. 354. Alpheus lutarius Saussure, Crust. Antilles et
Mex., 1858, p. 45, pi. Ill, f. 24. Halopsyche lutana Sauss. Revue Zoo-
logique, 1857, 100.

No. Carolina, Florida, W. Indies, Aspinwall, Brazil,
Panama.

29. Alpheus normanni Kingsley, Proc. Phila. Acad., 1878, p.
93. Alpheus affinis Kingsley (non Guise) Bulletin U. S. Geol. Purvey,
1878, p. 195.

Panama.

30. Alpheus transversodactylus Kingsley, 1. c, p. 196.
California, Bermudas.

31. Alpheus parvimanus Kingsley, 1. c, 195.
Panama.

32. Alpheus eylindricus Kingsley, 1. c, 196.
Panama.

33. Alpheus clamator Lockington, Proc. Cal. Acad., 1876.
Kingsley, 1. c, 197.

California.

34. Alpheus longidactylus Kingsley, 1. c, 198. Betceus lon-
gidactylus Lockington, 1. c, 1876.

California.

35. Alpheus harfordi Kingsley, 1. c, 198. Betceus equimanus

59

Lockington (non Dana), Proc. Cal. Acad., 1876. Alpheus equalis KiDgs-
ley, 1. c, p. 199 (teste Lockington in letter).

California.

36. Alpheus equidactylus Lockington, 1. c, 187G.
California.

37. Alpheus bellimanus Lockington, 1. c, 1876.
California.

38. Alpheus bispinosus Streets, Proc. Phila. Acad., 1872, p.
242 (= ?A. heterochelis).

Isthmus of Panama.

Genus CARIDION Goes (Doryphorus Norman, non Cuv.).

39. Caridion gordoni Goes, Crustacea decapoda podophth.
marina Suecia? (Acad. Sci. Suec, 18G3), p. 10. Smith, Trans. Conn.
Acad., 1874, iii, p. 28. fHippolyte gordoni Sp. Bate, Nat. Hist. Rev.,
v, p. 52. Doryphorus gordoni Norman, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., Ill,
viii, p. 276.

Northern Atlantic.

Genus HIPPOLYTE Leach (restrict.).

40. Hippolyte pusiola Kroyer, Monograph Fremstilling Hippo-
lyte, etc., 1842, p. 319, pi. IT, f. 69-73. Stimpson, Ann. N. Y. Lyceum,
1871, x, 127. Smith, Rep. U. S. Fish Comra., 1871-2, p. 550.

Europe, Greenland, south to Vineyard Sound.

41. Hippolyte fabricii Kroyer, Nat. Hist. Tidsskrift, iii, p. 571 ;
Monograph, 1842, p. 277, pi. I, f. 12-20. Stimpson, Aim. N. Y. Lye,
1871, x, p. 126.

Massachusetts Bay northward to Europe.

42. Hippolyte suckleyi Stimpson, Proc. Phila. Acad., 1864, p.
154.

Puget Sound.

43. Hippolyte gaimardii Edw., Hist. Nat. des Crust., 1837, ii,
p. 378. Kroyer, N. H. Tidsskr., 1840-41, iii, p. 572; Monograph, 1842,
p. 282, pi. I, f. 21-29. Goes, Crust. Podophth. Suec, 1863, p. 8.

60

Stimpson, Ann. N. Y. Lye , 1871, x, p. 126. Hippolyte gibba Kr., N. H.
Tidsskr., 1840-41, iii, p. 572; Monograph, 1842, p. 288, pi. I, f. 30-37.
Stimpson, Proc. Phil. Acad., 1860, p. 35; 1863, p. 139. Hippolyte bel-
cheri Bell, in Belcher, last of the Arctic Voyages, 1855, ii, p. 402, pi.
34, f. 1.

Arctic Seas south to Massachusetts Bay.

44. Hippolyte incerta Buchholz, Zweite deutsche Nordpolar-
fahrt, 1874, p. 272.

Greenland.

45. Hippolyte prionota Stimpson, Proc. Phila. Acad., 1864, p.
153.

Puget Sound.

46. Hippolyte spina White, List Crustacea in British Museum,
p. 76. Stimpson, Proc. Phila. Acad., 1860, p. 34; Ann. N. Y. Lye,
1871, x, p. 126. Cancer spinus Sowerby, Brit. Miscellany, 1806, p. 47,
pi. XXIII. Alpheus spinus Leach, Edinburgh Encyclopedia, 1813-14,
vii, p. 431. Hippolyte sowerbei Leach, Malacos. Podophth. Britt.,
1815-17, pi. XXXIX. Edw., Crustaces, 1837, ii, p. 380. Kroyer, Mon-
ograph, 1842, p. 298, pi. II, f. 45-54. Dekay, N. Y. Fauna, Crustacea,
1842, p. 27.

Massachusetts Bay to Arctic Seas and Europe.

47. Hippolyte macilenta Kroyer, Nat. Hist. Tidsskrift, 1840-41,
iii, p. 574; Monograph, 1842, p. 305, pi. II, f. 55-56.

Greenland.

48. Hippolyte vibrans Stimpson, Annals N. Y. Lye, 1871, x,
p. 125.

Massachusetts Bay.

49. Hippolyte phippsii Kroyer, N. H. Tidsskr., 1840-41, iii, p.
575 ; Monograph, 1842, p. 314, pi. Ill, f. 64-68. Stimpson, Proc. Phila.
Acad., 1863, p. 139.

Arctic.

50. Hippolyte turgida Kroyer, N. H. Tidsskr., 1840-41, iii, p.
575; Monograph, p. 308, pi. II, f. 57-58, pi. Ill, f. 59-63. Stimpson,
Proc. Phila. Acad., 1860, p. 34 ; 1863, p. 139.

Arctic.

61

51. Hippolyte stylus Stimpson, Proc. Phila. Acad., 1864, p. 54.
Puget Sound.

52. Hippolyte polaris Onsen, Appendix, Ross 2nd Voy., 1835,
p. 85. Edw., Hist. Nat. Crust., 1837, ii, p. 376. Kroyer, Monograph,
1842, p. 324, pi. Ill, f. 78-81 ; pi. IV, f. 82. Stimpson, Proc. Phila.
Acad., 1860, p. 33; 1863, p. 139. Cancer squilla var. p. Fabr., Fauna
Gronlandica, 1780, p. 239. Alpheus polaris Sabine, Parry's Voyage,
1821, p. 238, pi. II, f. 5-8.

Arctic.

53. Hippolyte borealis Owen, App. Ross 2nd Voy., 1835, p. 84,
pi. B, f. 3. Edw., Hist. Nat. des Crust., 1837, ii, p. 372. Kroyer,
Monograph, 1842, p. 330, pi. Ill, f. 74-77. Stimpson, Proc. Phila.
Acad., 1860, p. 33; 1863, p. 139.

Greenland, Behrings Straits.

(Goes and Buchholz are inclined to believe this the

same as the preceding.)

54. Hippolyte taylori Stimpson, Jour. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist.,
1857, vi, p. 500.

California.

55. Hippolyte brevirostris Dana, U. S. Expl. Ex. Crust., 1851,
p. 556, pi. XXXVI, f. 5. Stimpson, Proc. Cal. Acad., i, 1856, p. 89;
Jour. Bost. Soc, 1857, vi, p. 500; Proc. Phila. Acad., 1860, p. 33.

Pacific coast, U. S.

56. Hippolyte gronlandica Miers, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist.,
1877, IV, xx, p. 62. Astacus gronlandicus J. C. Fabricius, Entomo
Systemat., 1775, p. 416 (teste Miers). Cancer aculeatus O. Fabricius,
Fauna gronlandica, 1780, p. 289. Alpheus aculeatus Sabine, Parry's 1st
Voy., 1821, p. 237, pi. II, f. 9-10. Hippolyte aculeata Owen, App. Ross
2nd Voy., 1835, p. 83. Edw., H. N. Crust., 1837, ii, p. 380. Kroyer,
Monograph, 1842, p. 334, pi. IV, f. 83-98; pi. V, f. 99-104. Gould,
Invertebrata of Mass., 1841, p. 332. Dekay, op. cit., 1843, p. 27, pi.
IX, f. 31. Stimpson, Invertebrata of Grand Menan, 1853, p. 58 ; Proc.
Phila. Acad., 1860, p. 33; 1863, p. 139. Hippolyte armata Owen,
Beechey's Voy., 1839, p. 88, pi. XXXVII, f. 2 ( ?). Hippolyte cornuta
Owen, Beechey's Voyage, 1839, p. 89, pi. XXXVIII, f. 2 (<?).

Northern Seas.

62

57. Hippolyte cristata Stimpson, Proc. Phila. Acad., 1860, p.
S3.

California.

58. Hippolyte microceros Kroyer, Nat. Hist. Tidsskrift, 1840-
41, p. 578 ; Monograph, 1842, p. 341, pi. V, f. 105-9.

Greenland.

59. Hippolyte palpator Owen, Beechey's Voy., 1839, p. 89, pi.
XXVIII, f. 3. Stimpson, Proc. Cal. Acad., 185G, i, p. 89; Jour. Bost.
Soc. Nat. Hist., 1857, vi, p. 499.

California.

60. Hippolyte picta Stimpson, Ann. N. Y. Lye, 1871, x, p. 125.
California.

61. Hippolyte sitchensis Brandt, in Middendorff's Siberische
Reise, 1851, p. 116. Stimpson, Jour. Bost. Soc, 1857, vi, p. 499.

Pacific coast.

62. Hippolyte layi Owen, Beechey's Voyage, 1839, p. 90, pi.
XXVII, f. 3. Stimpson, Jour. Bost. Soc, 1857, vi, p. 499.

California.

63. Hippolyte panschii Buchholz, Zweite Deutsche Nordpolar-
fahrt, 1871, p. 277, pi. I, f. 1.

Greenland.

64. Hippolyte lamellicornis Dana, U. S. Expl. Ex. Crust.,
1851, p. 567, pi. XXXVI, f. 6. Stimpson, Jour. Bost. Soc, 1857, vi,
p. 49S.

Puget Sound.

65. Hippolyte affinis Owen, Beechey's Voyage, 1839, p. 90, pi.
XXVII, f. 4. Stimpson, Jour. Bost. Soc, 1857, vi, p. 498.

California.

66. Hippolyte gracilis Stimpson, Proc. Phila. Acad., 1864, p.
155.

Puget Sound.

67. Hippolyte esquimaltiana Spence Bate, Proc. Zool. Soc,
London, 1864, p. 6GG.

Vancouver Island.

63

68. PHippolyte hemphilli Lockington, 1. c, 1876.
California.

Genus VIRBIUS Stimpson.

69. Virbius acuminatus Stimpson, Proc. Phila. Acad., 1860, p.
35. Hippolyte acuminata Dana, U. S. Expl. Ex. Crust., 1851, p. 562,
pi. XXXVI, f. 1.

Gulf weed, Atlantic.

70. Virbius pleurae anthus Stimpson, Annals N. Y. Lye. Nat.
Hist., 1871, x, p. 127.

New Jersey, Virginia.

71. Virbius zostericola Smith, Rep. U. S. Fish Comm., 1871-2.
p. 550, pi. Ill, f. 11.

Vineyard Sound.

Subfamily Pandalinse.
Genus PANDALUS Leach.

72. Pandalus annulicornis Leach, British Malacostraca, f. 40,
Edw., Hist. Nat. ties Crust., 1837, ii, p. 384. Dekay, op. cit., 1842, p.
28, pi. VII, f. 18. Smith, U. S. Pish Commission, 1872-3, p. 550, pi.
II, f. 6.

Europe, Greenland, south to Vineyard Sound.

73. Pandalus borealis Kroyer, Nat. Hist. Tidssk., 1841-2, ii, p.
254. Brandt, Siberische Reise, 1851, p. 122. Stimpson, Jour. Bost.
Soc. Nat. Hist., 1857, vi, p. 501 ; Annals N. Y. Lyceum, 1871, x, p. 128.

Greenland, Alaska, Massachusetts Bay.

74. Pandalus franciscorum Kingsley, Proc. Phila. Acad., 1878,
p. 94.

San Francisco.

75. Pandalus pubescentulus Dana, U. S. Expl. Ex. Crust.,
1851, p. 568, pi. XXXVI, f. 8. Stimpson, Jour. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist.,
1857, vi, p. 501.

Washington Territory.

76. Pandalus gurneyi Stimpson, Annals N. Y. Lye, 1871, x, p.
128.

Monterey, Cal.

64

77. Pandalus platyceros Brandt, op. cit., 1851, p. 123. Stimp-
son, Jour. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 1857, vi, p. 502.

Alaska.

78. Pandalus hypsinotus Brandt, op. cit., 1851, p. 125. Stimp-
son, Jour. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 1857, vi, p. 502.

Alaska.

79. Pandalus danse Stimpson, Proc. Bost. Soc, 1857, vi, p. 89 ;
Jour. Bost. Soc, 1857, vi, p. 502, pi. XXI, f. 6 and 7.

Paget Sound.

80. '? Pandalus lsevigatus Stimpson, Invertebrata of Grand Me-
nan, 1853, p. 58.

Grand Menan.

(Prof. S. I. Smith thinks this a large specimen of P.
annulicornis Leach, with color notes derived from some
species of Hippolyte. Dr. Stimpson ignored it in his
later papers.)

Subfamily Thorinse.

I propose this division for the reception of the genus
Thor. It is characterized by having the carpus of the
second pair of thoracic feet annulate and smaller than the
first, and by the absence of a mandibular palpus.

Genus THOR Kingsley.1

81. Thor floridanus Kingsley, Proc. Phila. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1878,
p. 95.

Florida.

Subfamily Pontoninse.

I would propose this subfamily to embrace the gen-
era Pontonia Latr., Coralliocaris Stimpson (= Oedipus
Dana), Harpilius Dana, Euryrhynchus Miers, Anchistia

1 Proceedings Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences, 1878, p. 94.

65

Dana, Palcemonetes Heller, Urocaris Stimpson, and Typ-
ton Costa ; genera which have the second pair of thoracic
feet larger than the first, the carpus never annulate and
the mandible without a palpus.

Genus PONTONIA. Latreille.

82. Pontonia domestica Gibbes, Proc. Am. Assoc. Adv. Sci.,
1851, iii, p. 196. Kingsley, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philadelphia, 1878,
p. 95.

South Carolina, Florida.

83. Pontonia margarita Smith, American Naturalist, 1869, iii,
p. 245.

Panama.

Genus ANCHISTIA Dana.

84. Anchistia americana Kingsleij, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sciences,
Philadelphia, 1878, p. 96.

Florida.

Genus UROCARIS Stimpson.

85. Urocaris longicaudata Stimpson, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.,
Philadelphia, 1860, p. 39.

Carolina.

Genus PAL^MONETES Heller.

86. Palsemonetes vulgaris Stimpson, Annals N. Y. Lyceum,
1871, x, p. 129. Smith, U. S. Fish Comm., 1871-2, p. 550, pi. II, f. 9.
Palcemon vulgaris Say, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philadelphia, 1818, i, p.
248.

Massachusetts Bay to Florida.

87. Palsemonetes carolinus Stimpson, Annals. N. Y. Lyceum,
1871, x, p. 129.

New Jersey to South Carolina.

88. Palsemonetes paludosa Kingsley, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.,
Philadelphia, 1878, p. 97. Eippolyte paludosa Gibbes, Proc. A. A. A.
S., 1851, iii, p. 197. Palcemonetes exilipes Stimpson, Ann. N. Y. Lye,
1871, x, p. 130. Smith, Rep. U. S. Pish Comm., 1872-3, p. 641, pi. I,
f. 1.

Fresh water, Florida, South Carolina, Lake Erie, Lake
Michigan.

Subfamily Palaemoninse.

(Including the genera Leander Desmarest, Palcemon

(pars Fabr.) Stimpson, Hymenocera Latreille, and Cry-

jphiops Dana; which have the second pair of thoracic feet

larger than the first, the carpus never annulate, and the

mandible with a palpus.)

Genus LEANDER Desmorest.

89. Leander tenuicornis Smith (in letter), Palcemon tenuicor-
nis Say, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philadelphia, 1818, i, p. 249. Palcemon
natator Edwards, Hist. Nat. des Crust., 1837, ii, p. 393. Goodsir, Ann.
and Mag. Nat. Hist., 18-15, II, xv, p. 74, pi. VII, f. 3. Dana, U. S.
Expl. Ex. Crust., 1852, i, p. 588, pi. XXXVIII, f. 11. Palcemon tenui-
rostris Edw., op. cit., p. 395. Leander erraticus Desmarest, Anuales
Entomolog. Soc. de France, 1849, vii, p. 87. Leander natator Stimpson,
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1860, p. 40.

Gulf weed, Atlantic.

90. Leander pandaliformis Stimpson, Annals N. Y. Lye, 1871,
X, p. 130.

AVest Indies.

91. Leander gracilis Smith, 2nd and 3rd Report Peab. Acad.
Sci., 1871, p. 97.

West coast Nicaragua.

Genus PAL2EMON Fabricius, Stimpson.

In the Proceedings of the Zoological Society of Lon-
don, 1868, p. 363, Mr. C. Spence Bate proposed a new
genus (Macrobrachium) for certain Palcemoiis, in which
the second pair of thoracic feet are enormously developed,
but here, as in most cases where comparative measure-
ments are made the basis of division, the various forms
intergrade so that the separation cannot be made. Mr.

67

Bate also says that his forms are from fresh water, but
species in which the same development may be observed
(JP. spinimanus, grandimanus, jamaicensis, forceps, etc.,
etc.) are far from being uncommon in salt water.

92. Palsemon forceps Echo., Hist. Nat. des Crust., 1837, ii, p.
397. Saussure, Crust. Mex. et Aut., 1858, p. 51. Smith, Trans. Conn.
Acad., 18G9, p. 24. Palcemon dasydactylus Streets, Proc. Phila. Acad.,
1871, p. 225, pi. II, f. 3.

Gulf of Mexico, West Indies, Brazil.

93. Palsemon consobrinus Saussure, 1. c, p. 53.
Gulf of Mexico.

94. Palsemon mexicanus Saussure, 1. c, p. 52, pi. IV, f. 27.
Coast of Mexico.

95. Palsemon sexdentatus Streets, Proc. Phila. Acad., 1871, p.
226, pi. II, f. 4.

Isthmus of Teh uan tepee.

I am inclined to believe this to be (as suggested by Dr.
Streets) a variety of the preceding species.

96. Palsemon tenellus Smith, Second and Third Reports of the
Peabody Academy of Science, 1871, p. 98.

West coast of Nicaragua.

97. Palsemon ohionis Smith, Rep. U. S. Fish Coram., 1872-3,
p. 640. Forbes, Bulletin No. 1 Illinois Museum of Natural History,
1876, p. 5.

Ohio and Mississippi Rivers.

98. Palsemon spinimanus Edw., Hist. Nat. des Crust., 1837, ii,
p. 399.

West Indies, Brazil.

99. Palsemon faustinus Saussure, 1. c, 1858, p. 53, pi. IV, f. 30,
Hayti.

I am unable, without specimens, to separate this from

68

P. spinimanus. Edwards' description agrees well with
that of Saussure and also with his figure.

100. Palsemon jamaicensis Olivier, EncyclopecUe Methodique,
t. viii (teste Edw.). Edw., Hist. Nat. des Crust., 1837, ii, p. 398.
Saussure, 1. c, p. 49. Smith, Trans. Conn. Acad., 1869, ii, p. 23; 2nd
and 3rd Report Peab. Acad. Sci., 1871, p. 97.

West Indies, Gulf of Mexico, Brazil, west coast of

Nicaragua. (There is a specimen in the Museum of the

Peabody Academy at Salem, Mass., brought by the late

Prof. Orton from the junction of the Napo and Maranon

rivers.)

101. Palsemon aztecus Saussure, 1. c, 1858, p. 50, pi. IV, f. 29.
Vera Cruz, Mexico.

(Is this distinct from the last?)

102. Palsemon brachydaetylus Wiegmann, Archiv fur Natur-
geschichte, 1836, II, i, p. 148. Macrobrachium americanum Spence
Bate, Proc. Zool. Soc, London, 1868, p. 363, pi. XXX.

Fresh water of Mexico and Central America.

103. Palsemon fluvialis Streets, 1. c, 1871, p. 227, pi. II, f. 5.
Isthmus of Tehuantepec.

104. Palsemon montezumse Saussure, 1. c, p. 51, pi. IV, f. 28.
Vera Cruz, Mexico.

105. Palsemon heterocheirus Weigmann, 1. c, 1836, p. 149.
Fresh water of western Mexico.

Subfamily Oplophorinse.

Genus OPLOPHORUS 31. Edwards.

(including Xiphocaris von Martens.)

106. Oplophorus elongata Kingslcy. Hippolyte elongata Guerin,
in Ramen de Sagra's Historia fisica, politica, y natural de la isla de
Caba, 1856, p. xx, pi. II, f. 16 {teste Martens). Oplophorus americanus
Saussure, 1. c, 1858, p. 5G} pi. IV, f. 31, pi. V, f. 32. Xiphocaris elon-

69

gata von Martens, Wiegmann's Archiv fiir Naturgeschickte, 1872, p.
140.

West Indies.

Family PASIPH51IDJE.
Genus PASIPH^EA Savigny.

107. Pasiphsea tarda Kroger, Naturkistorisk Tidsskr., 1844-45,
II, i, p. 453.

Arctic.

108. Pasiphsea glacialis Buchholz, Zweite Deutsche Nordpolar-
fahrt, 1874, p. 270, pi. I, f. 2.

70° north latitude.

Family PENEIDJE.
Genus SICYONIA M. Edw.

109. Sicyonia brevirostris Stimpson, Ann. N. Y. Lye, 1871, x,
p. 132. Sicyonia cristata Saussure (non De JIaan), 1. c., 1858, p. 55,
pi. Ill, f. 25.

Florida, Cuba.

110. Sicyonia dorsalis Kingsleg, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Pliila.,
1878, p. 07.

Florida.

111. Sicyonia lsevigata Sth^son, Ann. N. Y. Lye, 1871, x, p. 131.
South Carolina.

Genus PENEUS Latreille.

112. Peneus setiferus Edw., Hist. Nat. des Crust., 1837, ii, p.
414. Stimpson, Ann. N. Y. Lye, 1871, x, 133. Cancer setiferus Linne
(teste Edw.). Peneus fluvialis Say, 1. e, 1818, i, p. 236.

Virginia to Texas and Brazil.

113. Peneus braziliensis Latreille, Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat., t.
xxv., p. 154 (teste Edw.). Edw., Hist. Nat. des Crust., 1837, ii, p. 414.
Gibbes, Proc. A. A. A. S., 1851, iii, p. 108. Stimpson, Ann. N. Y. Lye,
1871, x, p. 132.

New York to Brazil.

ESSEX INST. BULLETIN. X 6

70

114. Peneus brevirostris Eingsley, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila.,
1878, p. 98.

West coast of Nicaragua.

115. Peneus pubescens Stimpson, Annals N. Y. Lye, 1871, x,
p. 133.

St. Thomas.

116. Peneus stylirostris Stimpson, Annals N. Y. Lye, 1871, x,
p. 134.

Panama.

117. Peneus constrictus Stimpson, Annals X. y! Lye, 1871, x,
p. 135.

Carol in as.

118. Peneus occidentalis Streets, Proc. Phila. Acad., 1871, p.
243.

Isthmus of Panama.

Family SERGESTID51.
Genus SERGE STES Edwards.

119. Sergestes arctiea Kroyer, Monographisk Fremstilling af
Krasbsdyrslaegten Sergestes, 1856, p. 240, pi. Ill, f. 7, pi. v, f. 16.

Greenland.

INDEX.

Alpheus aculeatus, 5G.
affinis, 29.
armillatus, 28.
bellimanus, 37.
bispinosns, 38.
clamator, 33.
cylindrictiB, 32.
equalis, 35.
equidactylus, 36.
floritlanus. 27.
formosus, 24.
harfordi, 35.
heterochelis, 28.
lutarius, 28.
longidactylus, 34.
minus, 24.

Alpheus normanni, 29.
panamensis, 25.
parvimanus, 31.
polaris, 52.
sulcatus, 26.
transversodactylus,
Anchistia americana, 84.
Argie lar, 8.
Astacus boreas, 6.

gronlandicus, 56.
Atya mexicana, 17.
occidentalis, 19.
punctata. 18.
rivalis, 20.
Bcabra, 17.
tenella, 21.

71

Atyoida mexicana, 23.
Betaeus equimanus, 35.

longidaetylus, 34.
Cancer aculeatus, 50.
boveas, 6.
homaroides, G.
Betiferus, 112.
spinus, 46.
squilla var. /3., 46.
Caradina mexicana, 23.
CaridioD gordoni, 39.
Cneraphilus boreas, 6.

munitus, 5.
Crangon alaskensis, 2.
boreas, 6.
franciscorum, 4.
lar, 8.
munitus, 5.
nigricauda, 3.
□igromaculata, 3.
septemcarinata, 7.
Beptemspinosa, 1.
vulgaris Fabr., 1.
vulgaris Owen, 3.
Doryphorus gordoni, 39.
Evatya crassa, 22.
Halopsyche lutuaria, 28.
Hippolysmata californica, 10.
cubensis. 13.
intermedia, 12.
wurderaanni, 11.
Hippolyte aculeata, 56.

acuminata, 69.
affinis, 65.
armata. 56.
belcheri, 43.
borealis, 53.
brevirostris, 55.
cornuta, 56.
cristata, ">7.
cubensis, 13.
elongata, 106.
ensrferus, l»i.
esquimaltiana, G7.
fabricii, 41.
gaimardii, 43.
gibba,43.
gordoni, 30.
gracilis, 66.
gronlandica, 56.
hemphilli, 68.
incerta, 44.
lamellicornis, 64.
layi. 62.
macileuta, 47.
niicroceros, 58.
palpator, 59.
paludosa, 38.
pauschii, 63.
phippsii, 4!).
picta, 60.
polaris, 52.
prionota, 45.
pusiola, 40.
sitcbensi>, 61.
sowerbei, 46.
spina, 46.
stylus. 51.
suekleyi, 42.
taylori, 54.
tnrgida, 50.
vibrans, 48.

Hippolyte wnrdemanni, 11.
Latreutes ensiferus, 16.
Leauder erraticus, 89.
gracilis, 91.
natator, 89.
pandaliformis, 90.
tenuicornis, 8'.).
Macrobrachium americanum, 102.
Nectocrangon lar. 8.
Oplophorus ameiicanns, 106.

elongata. 106.
Palaemon aztecu>. 101.

brachydactylus, 102.
consobrinus, 93.
dasydactylus, 92.
faustinus, 99.
fluvialis, 103.
forceps, *.2.
heterocheirns, 105.
jaraaicensis, 100.
mexicanus. 94.
montezumae, 104.
natator. 89.
ohionis, 97.
sexdentatus, 95.
spinimanus
tenelius. 96.
teuuicorni
tenuirostris, 89.
vulgaris, 86.
Palaemonetes caroliuensis, 87.
exilip< - 88.
paludosa, 88.
vulgaris. 8H.
Pandalus annulicornis, 72.
boreal
danae, 79.
franciscomuij 74.
gurneyi, 76.
hyp8inotus, 7s.
laevigatas, so.
platyceros, -7.
pubescentulus, 75.
Paracrangon ecbinatus, 9.
Pasiphaea glacialis, l< 8.

tarda. 107.
Peneus braziliensis, 113.
brevirostris, 1 1 1.
constrictus, 117.
lluviali-. 112.
occidentalis. 118.
pnbescens, 115.
Betiferus, 112.
stylirostris, 116.
Pontonia domestica, 82.
margarita, 83.
Rhynchocyclus parvulus, 15.
Sabinea septemcarinata, 7.
Seigestc- arctica, 119.
Sicyonia brevirostris, 109.
cristata, 109.
dorsalis, 110.
laevigata. 111.
Steiracrangon uigricauda, 3.
Thor floridanus, 81.'
Tozeuma caroliuensis, 14.
Urocaris longicaudata, 85.
Virbius acuminatum, 69.

pleuracantbus, 70.
zostericola, 71.
Xiphocaris elongata, 106.

72

Regular Meeting, Monday, March 18, 1878.

Meeting this evening at 7.30 o'clock. The President
in the chair. Records and correspondence read and dona-
tions announced.

The evening was occupied by Vice President F. W.
Putnam, who gave an account of his recent

ARCHAEOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS IN TENNESSEE.

After a review of what is known of the remains of the
prehistoric nations of the southwestern portions of the
United States, Mr. Putnam gave a special account of
his own work in the vicinity of Nashville, where he had
enjoyed special opportunities for field work for a month
after the adjournment of the meeting of the American
Association for the Advancement of Science in September
last.

The first excavations were made near the site of Fort
ZollicofFer, a few miles out from Nashville. Here were
found many of the ancient stone graves which occur by
thousands in various parts of the state, the large ceme-
teries bearing witness of a numerous people who formerly
inhabited that beautiful country.

These stone graves are sometimes isolated, but gener-
ally they occur close together and covering large tracts,
oftentimes of several acres in extent. Each grave is
made by placing slabs of stone, a few inches thick, on
edge, forming the four sides of the grave. The bottom
of the grave was then lined with stones, and after the
body, and various articles deposited witli it, had been
placed in this stone box, or cist, the whole was covered
over by large slabs of stone. Sometimes only one piece
of stone was used for a cover, but generally three or four.
These graves were of all sizes, from those not much over

73

a foot square to those about seven feet in length by two
feet in width. Occasionally still wider graves were found,
and these always contained two bodies ; in one case three
bodies had been placed in one large grave. Some of the
small graves were found to contain the bones of adult
persons, but out of natural connection and in such posi-
tions as to show that they had been buried after the flesh
had decayed. The majority of the small graves were
those of children of various ages.

The bones were found in all stages of advanced decay,
and it was only by using the greatest care that any could
be preserved. About sixty perfect and nearly perfect
skulls were obtained, and numerous other bones were
secured, though to attain these results many hundred
graves were opened in several localities. Often a grave
would he uncovered and found to contain a jar or two, or
perhaps a few stone implements, etc., with hardly a ves-
tige of the human bones, so perfectly had all that once
formed the human body returned to its natural elements.

In a grave at Fort Zollicofler a very interesting orna-
ment of copper was found, and in three other instances
afterwards, at other localities, copper ornaments were
obtained.

At Miss Bowlin's farm, about six miles from Nashville,
a very interesting series of mounds were explored. These
mounds were about five or six feet high by about one hun-
dred to two hundred feet in diameter, and were found to
be made entirely of such stone graves as have been de-
scribed. The graves were of all sizes, and irregularly
arranged in from three to five tiers, each mound thus
containing several hundred graves. From these grave
mounds many very interesting articles were obtained,
such as vessels of clay of various shapes and sizes, seve-
ral of which were ornamented, but the majority were plain

74

forms of water jars, pots with handles, bowls and dishes,
which evidently contained food when placed in the graves
Besides these articles of pottery, several pipes made ot
the same material were found, and numerous stone imple-

***<&

FIG. 1.

meuts, shell beads, bone awls, and other useful and orna-
mental articles used and worn by the departed people
were obtained. n

In order to illustrate the character of the pottery found

75

in the stone graves in Tennessee a few cuts, borrowed
from the Peabody Museum of Cambridge, are here in-

serted. In Mr. Putnam's Report, as Curator of the Pea-
body Museum, many other forms of pottery and various

76

other articles will be illustrated. The vessels here figured
were all taken from the graves within the enclosure at
Lebanon, and are represented of one-half their actual
diameter (or one-quarter size). Figures 1, 2, 3, repre-
sent three vessels found in the grave of a child ; figure 4
one found in another child's grave, and figures 5, 6, 7, 8,
9, several of the forms obtained from the graves of adults.
This pottery is well made and composed of clay mixed with

fig. 3.

pounded shells. All the articles are black except the
water jar represented by figure 1, which is of a light yel-
low color, and when first taken out showed circular lines
of dark paint which, as the pigment had not been burnt
in, scaled off in drying the jar and can now only be faintly
traced.

Another class of prehistoric remains in Tennessee con-
sists of the large earth mounds, two of which Mr. Put-
nam opened at considerable expense and labor.

One of these, on the old Love estate, several miles

77

from Nashville, was conical in shape, about twenty-three
feet high and one hundred and fifty feet in diameter.
Trenches and tunnels were cut through this mound in

Fig. 4.

several directions and its structure ascertained. This
mound did not contain any burial chamber and seemed to

78

have been erected for some other purpose than as a monu-
ment over a distinguished person. The sections made
showed that this immense pile of earth had been brought
in small quantities, probably from within a few hundred

Fig. 5.

yards of the mound where artificial depressions could be
traced. The outline of each little basket load of dirt
could be traced, and showed how arduous had been the

79

labor bestowed upon this earth structure, the particular
object of which was undoubtedly of importance to the
people who made it, though now it can only be conjectured
what that may have been.

After excavating in numerous localities about Nashville
with very successful results, Mr. Putnam visited Green-
wood Seminary, near Lebanon, Tenn. Here, by the kind

== ' /Sc/f

Fig. 6.

attention of Mrs. N. Lawrence Lindsley and other mem-
bers of her family, he was enabled to make his most im-
portant and instructive researches. At this place, on the
old Lindsley estate, there exists a very perfect earth-work
formed by a wall and trench surrounding an area of nearly
twelve acres.

At one place, near Spring creek, there are two cause-

80

ways over the trench, and about one hundred and fifty
feet in front of the causeway are five low mounds upon
wdiich, under the covering of sod, evidence of ancient
fires were found. Inside the trench and embankment,
near the western side, is a large mound, about fifteen feet
high, with a flat top which is about seventy by ninety
feet in extent. In all directions, from the large mound
to the embankment, are numerous low circular mounds,
averaging about forty feet in diameter. The central por-

FlG. 7.

tions of these mounds are depressed, indicating the sites
of the houses of the people who lived inside of the earth-
work.

The large mound was opened by cutting a trench five
feet wide on the eastern side, and gradually widening it
to fourteen feet, which width was retained well beyond
the centre. This trench was carried to a depth of eigh-
teen feet, or four feet below the original surface upon
which the mound was erected. At the original surface
evidence of an extensive fire was noticed. Among the
charcoal and ashes were numerous fragments of bones of
animals. A few feet above this ash bed a piece of cedar

81

about three feet long was found, as if the remains of a
stake or post. Seven feet above this ash bed another fire
had been made, evidently extending over the top of the
mound when at that height. This upper bed of ashes
contained burnt corn cobs, burnt animal bones and charred
fragments of matting. From this level to the surface
nothing of importance was noted, the mound having prob-
ably been completed. after the extensive tire in the centre.
Thorough examinations of many of the smaller mounds
were made, and it was found that in most of them burials
had taken place just on the outer edge of the inner de-

FIG. 8.

pression, in such a manner as to show that these burials
were made within the house. In every case it was found
that only children had been thus buried. Over many of
these graves fires had been made, and the refuse matter
in the raised circles consisted of bones of deer, birds and
other animals used as food, fragments of pottery and va-
rious domestic implements, just such as would naturally
be gathered about a house. In the children's graves were
found many articles of pottery, shell and bone, beads,
pearls, etc. The discovery of several shells peculiar to
the Gulf coast, indicates that the inhabitants of this an-

82

cient village either came from the coast or, what is

more probable, had relations with a coast people.

On the southeast-
ern side of the great
mound a low mound
was dug away and
found to contain
about sixty graves,
of youths and adults.
In one of these, how-
ever, a child was bur-
ied with a grown per-
son, and in another
grave two bodies had
been placed. This
mound had the graves
about the edge only,
in two rows and three
deep. These graves
were sometimes care-
fully m a d e wit h
stones, but others
were only indicated
by side stones, and
one of the bodies had
been placed in the
ground without any
stonesabout it. These
graves proved very
rich in articles buried
with the dead, and
furnished interesting

articles of pottery, pipes, stone implements, ornaments

of shells, copper ornaments, etc.

83

Among the pipes found was one cut in stone (Fig. 10),
of a very interesting and unique design, representing a
man holding a cooking pot in his hands before him, which
forms the bowl of the pipe, while the opening for the stem

Fig. 10.

was in his back. In this carving the hair is represented
as coiled above and behind the head.

From a grave of a child under the floor of one of the
houses three valuable and curious articles of pottery were
obtained. One was a very fine water jar (Fig. 1), repre-
senting a bear standing on its four legs, with the charac-
teristic head of the animal very well reproduced and the
body ornamented by circular colored lines. Another was
a dish (Fig. 2) ornamented with a duck's head, and the
third was a very pretty bowl (Fig. 3) with deeply scal-
loped edges.

84

From his researches in Tennessee Mr. Putnam was led
to the following conclusions : —

First, The people who buried their dead in the singu-
lar stone graves of Tennessee, were intimately connected
with, or were of the same nation as, those whose dead
were buried in the mounds and cemeteries in Illinois,
Missouri, and Arkansas, and who made the pottery of
which such a larjje amount has been taken from the burial
places in those states. This is shown by the similarity
of the crania, by the identity in material, patterns, and
finish of the pottery, and by the shell carvings, etc.

Second. This nation, known as the Stone Grave people
in Tennessee, and the Mound Builders in Missouri, were
advanced in the primitive arts, and probably cultivated
the land to some extent. Of all the people of America,
east of the region of the Pueblo nations of New Mexico,
they were the farthest advanced in the ceramic art, and
were good workers in and carvers of stone and shell.
Judging by their earth-works, they were not so powerful
a people as the Mound Builders of the Ohio valley.
Judged by their works in pottery, their carvings in shell
and their chipped implements of stone, they were as far
advanced as their neighbors on the Ohio, while their carv-
ings in stone were hardly equal to the sculptures found in
the Ohio mounds. They did not burn their dead, as was
undoubtedly the custom to a great extent among the Ohio
Mound Builders. They were workers in copper which
they must have obtained by trade or by long excursions.
They also had shells from the Gulf or southeastern coast,
and used them very extensively in the manufacture of
beads and ornaments. They also understood the method
of perforating pearls, of which six were found in the
grave of a child. To their children they were evidently
attached, as exemplified by the care with which they were

85

buried within the house, and the value of the articles
placed in the graves with them.

Third. The Stone Grave people of Tennessee, judg-
ing by the entire absence of articles of European make
in the hundreds of graves that have been opened, never
came in contact with the white man, and probably were
driven out or absorbed by other and more warlike, or
larger tribes of their own great race, before his advent
on this continent.

Regular Meeting, Monday, April 1, 1878.
Meeting this evening at 7. 30 p. m. Vice-President
D. B. Hagar in the chair. Records read, and correspon-
dence and donations announced.

Messrs. H. H. Edes, of Charlestown and John H.
Langmaid, of Salem, were elected resident members.

Mr. John Robinson referred to the recent decease of
Mr. Francis Putnam, an original member of the Institute
and for many years an officer. Mr. Robinson said that
the Institute was largely indebted to Mr. Putnam for his
liberal contributions of flowers at the Horticultural exhi-
bitions, covering a period of" more than forty years. He
was alwa}Ts one of the largest contributors, and at the
exhibition in 1844 he placed more than four hundred
varieties of the Rose in the. stands. He was the third
person in Salem who successfully raised the Night Bloom-
ing Cereus, and during the past ten or fifteen years has
been interested in the improvement of the Gladiolus and
the Amaryllis, and at a recent exhibition of the Massachu-
setts Horticultural Society he was awarded the silver
medal, for new and valuable varieties of the latter flower.

ESSEX INST. BULLETIN. X 7

86

Mr. Robinson moved that the chair should appoint a
committee -to prepare resolutions of respect to the memory
of the deceased. Messrs. Robinson, Wheatland, and
Bolles were appointed on said committee.

The paper of the evening was read by Rev. E. C.
Bolles, "On Salisbury and a Day at Stonehenge." It
was extremely interesting and instructive. Diagrams and
photographs were exhibited.

Regular Meeting, Monday, April 15, 1878.
Vice President Prof. D. B. Hagar in the chair.

George D. Phippen, Curator of Botany, occupied the
hour with a graphic description of his "Impressions of
the Flora of Texas," he having been one, of the party of
members of the American Association for the Advance-
ment of Science who, after the session at Nashville,
Tenn., last fall, participated in the Texas excursion. A
full account of the party, route and incidents was given
in successive numbers of -the "Salem Register" during
the past winter.

Mr. Phippen alluded to remarkable trees and plants
met with on the route before reaching Texas, such as
large trees of the Crape Myrtle at Norfolk, Va., Magno-
lia grandiflora at Nashville, Nelumbeum luteum, the great
water lily of the southern rivers, etc.

He spoke also of the vegetable productions of the
south, as corn, cotton, sugar cane, tobacco and sweet
potatoes, some of which were seen in the bottom-lands
covering fields of great extent.

The vegetation of Texas, as influenced by the changing
geological features of the country traversed, was described,

87

as noticed in the higher lands, the rolling prairie, the tim-
ber belts and the immense tracts of level prairie.

The country for the most part is well watered and the
timber ridges, which are frequent, are covered with noble
pecan trees and other walnuts, also oaks, ashes, elms,
cottonwoods, sycamores and mulberry trees.

The undergrowth was generally light, and through
arching alcoves the sun-light glistened from the polished
leaves, producing an exhiliarating effect upon the mind ;
while other woods, heavily draped and shrouded with
hanging masses of the Tillandsia or Spanish moss, pro-
duced feelings of an opposite nature.

The monotony of the grassy prairies was relieved and
varied by a copious sprinkling of the yellow starry blos-
soms of Helianthus, Leptopoda and Helenium ; or blotched
and spotted with white masses of Euphorbia, Eupatorium,
and the prickly Argemone. Many plants hitherto seen
only in cultivation were traced to their native wilds, such
as Argemone, Gaura, Salvia, Eupatorium, Bignonia, etc.
This was remarkably manifest when the party alighted
from the sleeping car at Fort Worth, on a brilliant Sab-
bath morning after a thunder storm of the previous night,
where they saw the coal-black soil at their feet covered
with Verbenas, Salvias, Eryngiums, Argemones, Gauras,
Solanums, Asclepias and Cassia. Here it was that they
first met with a strange little Amariliad, since ascertained
to be Cooperia Drummondii.

At Austin, the capital of the state, a drive was taken
to Mt. Bonnel where were found novel specimens of trees
and shrubs ; Sophora speciosa, with its hard pods of reel,
bean-like seeds, Diospyros Texana, the wild persimmon,
Prosopsis glandulosa, the mesquite tree ; woods and cop-
pices of the latter are known as Chapparel, of which we
heard so much during the Mexican War. The increas-

88

ing growth of the mesquite tree is said to have a marked
aud beneficial influence upon the climate of the country,
inducing more frequent rains and a more nutritious growth
of grass under its partial shade.

One of the most common ornamental trees of the cities
and towns of Texas is the Prkle of India, or the China
Umbrella tree, Melia Azederach, a tree of exquisite sym-
metry and appropriate name. The Sapindus marginatus,
a native of the surrounding forests called wild china tree,
somewhat resembles the former and is often cultivated in
close proximity with it.

In the neighborhood of San Antonio the vegetable pro-
ductions were more peculiar and strange ; among them
were noticed large clumps of Opuntia leomanchica, a
prickly pear, four to six feet in height, the branches of
which consist of leaves as large as dining plates, piled one
upon the other edge to edge. Hedges were grown of
it, which have the advantage of rising higher and more
thorny year by year. At the San Pedro springs, just out
of the city were seen plants of a decidedly tropical aspect ;
covering the surface of the water, and floating upon it,
hiding under the shade of trees or skirting the sunburnt
rocks with unfamiliar forms.

One of the most common plants of the country was the
Texas flax, so called, not a flax at all, but a wTeed of
the Composite order, viz. : Amphiachyris Drummondii
and Gutierresia Texana, scarcely distinguished from each
other, together bear that common name. Another very
common plant might be mentioned, as it is sometimes in-
differently cultivated in our gardens, Euphorbia mar-
ginata, seen of all sizes, but often growing to magnificent
proportions, and with its striped envelopes waving in the
wind, is an object of considerable beauty.

At Galveston, on the Gulf, hedges were made of the

89

Tamarix gallica, called there saltwater cedar, which helped
to prevent encroachments of the sea. Oleander trees of
great size bordered the streets, and in the gardens there
were noticed orange, lemon, fig and banana trees.

As a substantial proof that the trip to Texas was not
altogether in vain in a botanical sense, Mr. Phippen said
he had the pleasure of presenting to the Herbarium of the
Institute in the name of Lester F. Ward, Esq., the chief
botanist of the party, the collection of plants in the folios
upon the table. These specimens have been carefully
elaborated and labelled by Mr. Ward, and they are the
result chiefly of his indefatigable exertions, as he was
ever on the alert and scarcely did the train momentarily
pause at a station or elsewhere upon the road from any
cause whatever that sundry plants did not find lodgment
in his ample portfolios.

The collection consists of about 370 different species,
92 of which are not found in Mann's Catalogue. About
one-fourth of the species were collected before touching
the soil of Texas, ten or fifteen in Virginia, near Norfolk,
about thirty in the vicinity of Nashville, forty or fifty at
Lookout Mountain in Tennessee, a few on the border of
Mississippi and in Arkansas.

Three-fourths at least of the species were collected on
Texan soil, and represent only the fall plants. The flow-
ers of spring and early summer are undoubtedly far more
numerous and beautiful. Inspection of the collection will
show that one-fourth of these are Composites, about fifty
sedges and grasses, many Legumiads and Enphorbiads.
The Labiates, Onagrads, Verbeniads and Solonales are
well represented. Among the Apetalons orders are many
of the trees of the woods. The Rose, Pink, and Ranun-
culus tribes have scarce a representative.

The following list is nearly perfect. Those marked

90

with a (*) star are not mentioned in Mann's Catalogue,
and are not found growing east of the Mississippi.

A full report upon the plants collected and of the
botanical department of the excursion may be expected
from Mr. Ward hereafter to appear in some form as a
collateral to the Nashville meeting of the "American
Association for the Advancement of Science."

Clematis reticulata, Walt.

Magnolia grandiflora, L.

Cocculus Carolinus, DC.

Nelumbium luteum, Willd.

Argemone Mexicana, L.

Nasturtium sessiliflorum, Nutt.

Arabis hesperidoides, Gray.

Cleome pungens, Willd.

Ascyrum Crux-Andreae, L.
" stans, Michx.

Hypericum angulosum, Michx.

" aureum, Bartram.

*Tamn?ix Gallica, L.

Silene stellata, Ait.1

Anychia dichotoma, Michx.

Paronychia dichotoma. Nutt.
* " setacea, Gray.

Sesuvium Portulacastrum, L.
*Talinum parviflorum, Nutt.

Malvastrum angustum, Gray.
♦Malvaviscus Drummondii, T. & G.
*Gossypium herbaceum, L.

Zantiioxylum Caroliuianum, Lam.
*Pihus copallina, L.

var. lanceolata, Gray.
*Vitis candicans, Eng.
" vulpina, L.
" indivisa, Willd.
" bipinnata, Torr. & Gray.

Frangula Caroliniaua, Gray.
♦Colubrina Texensis, Gray.

Sapindus marginatus, Willd.

Cardiospermum Halicacabum, L.

Polygala lutea, L.
*Psoralea linearifolia, T. & G.
♦Eysenha'rdtia amorphoides, H.

B. K.
*Petalostemon multiflorum, Nutt.

Amorpha fruticosa, L.

Indigofera leptosepala, Nutt.
♦Daubentonia longifolia, DC.

Glotticlium Floridanum, DC.

Stylosanthes elatior, Swartz.

Desmodium lsevigatuna, DC.

Desmodium paniculatum, DC.

" pauciflorum, DC.

" sessilifolium, T. & G.

" strictum, DC.

" viridiflorum, Beck.

Lespecleza procumbens, Michx.

11 repens, Torr. & Gray.

" violacea, Pers.

" Stuvei, Nutt.

" striata, Hook. & Arn.1

" hirta, Ell ■

Phaseolus diversifolius, Pers.1

" helvolus, L.
Centrosema Virginianum, Benth.
*-Sophora speciosa, Benth.
*Cercis occidentalis, Torr.
Cassia occidentalis, L.
" obtusifolia, L.

* " Boemeriana, Scheele.
" Chamsecrista, L.

" nictitaus, L.1
♦Parkinsonia acauleata, L.
*Prosopis glandulosa, Torr.
♦Acacia Farnesiana, Willd.

Gleditschia triacauthos, L.

Mimosa strigillosa, Torr. & Gray.

Neptnnia lutea, Benth.
*Prunus rivularis, Scheele.

Gillenia stipulacea, Nutt.
*Rosa foliolosa, Nutt.

Crataegus arborescens, Ell.

Hydrangea radiata, Walt.

Philadelphus hirsutus, Nutt.

Heuchera villosa, Michx.

Sedum pulchellum, Michx.
" Nevii, Gray.
♦Gaura longiflora, Spach.
♦Stenosiphon virgatus, Spach.

GEnothera sinuata, L.

* " Drummondii, Hook.
Jussisea repens, L.

* Lager strcemia Indica, L.
Ammannia latifolia, L. .

*Opuutia leomauchica, Eng.

91

* Papaya vulgaris^ DC.
Passiflpra incarnata, L.1
Bryonia Boykinii, Torr. & Gray.
Hydrocotyle interrupta, Muhl.
Eryngium vuccae folium, Michx.

* " Leavenworthii, T. & G.
Thaspium trifoliatum, Gray.

♦Cornus Drummondii, C. A. Meyer.
Symphoricarpus vulgaris, Michx.
Viburnum pruni folium, L. var.
Sperraacoce glabra, Michx.
Diodia Virginica, L.

* Gardenia florida, L.
Houstoni a purpurea L.
Vernonia fasciculata, Michx., var.

altissima, Torr. & Gray.
Vernonia angustifolia,*Michx.

* " Lindheimeri, Eng. & Gr.
Elephantopus tomentosus, L.
Liatris elegans, Willd.

" scariosa, Willd.

* " mucronata, DC.
Kuhnia eupatorioides, L.
Eupatorium album, L.

" altissimum, L.

" aromaticum, L.1

" incarnatum, L.

" parviflorum, Ell.

" serotinum, Michx.

Aster cordifolius, L.
" divaricatus, Nutt.
" lBBViS L.
" paludosus, Ait.
" patens, Ait.
Erigeron strigosum, Muhl.

* " scaposum, DC.
♦Aphanostephus Arkansanus, Gray.

Diplopappus cornifolius, Darl.1
Boltonia diffusa, L'Her.
*Amphiachyris dracunculoides,

DC.
•Gutierrezia Texana, T. & G.
Brachychseta cordata, T. & G.
Solidago gigantea, Ait.

" lanceolata, L.

" nemoralis, Ait.

" odora, Ait.

" petiolaris, Ait.

" Radula, Nutt.

" rigida, L.

" rupestris, Raf.

" se rot in a, Ait.

'" speciosa, Nutt.

" tortifolia, Ell.

" ulmifolia, Muhl.1

♦Solidago leptocephala, T. & G.

* " speciosa, Nutt., var.

angusta, Gray.
*Grindelia squarrosa, Dunal.
*Aplopappus phyllocephalus, DC.
Isopappus divaricatus, T. & G.
Heterotheca scabra, DC.
Chrysopsis graminifolia, Xutt.
" Mariana, Nutt.1

* " pilosa, Nutt.
Pluchea bifrons, DC.

foetida, DC.
" camphorata, DC.
Silphium compositum, Michx.
Berlandiera toraentosa, var.

dealbata, T. & G.
*Melampodium cinereum, DC.
Parthenium Hysterophorus, L.
Iva frutescens, L.
" ciliata, Willd.
" microcephala, Nutt.
Ambrosia bidentata, Michx.
" psilostachya, DC.
Xanthium strumarium, L.,

var. echinatum, Gray.
Borrichia frutescens, DC.
Rudbeckia triloba, L.

" nitida, Nutt.
Lepachys pinnata, Torr. & Gray.

* " columnaris, Gray,
var. pulcherrima, Don.

Heliauthus angustifolius, L.
" doronicoides, Lam.
" microcephalus, T. & G.
" occidentalis, Riddell,
var. plantaginifolius, T. & G.
♦Heliauthus Maximiliani, Schrad.

* " lenticularis, Dougl.
Coreopsis aristosa, Michx.

" senifolia, Michx.
var. stellata, T. & G.
♦Thelesperma subsimplicifolium,

Gray.
♦Thelesperma fllifolium, Gray.
Spilanthes Nuttallii, T. & G.
♦Ximenesia enceloides, Cav.
Verbesina Virginica, L.
Gaillardia lanceolata, Michx.

* " pulchella, Foug.
♦Palafoxia callosa, T. & G.

Helenium tenuifolium, Nutt.

" microcephalum, DC.
Leptopoda brachypoda, T. & G.
Artemisia vulgaris, L.
Gnaphalium polycephalum, Michx.

92

*Centaurea Americana, Nutt.
Hieracium Gronovii, L.
" venosum, L.

Lobelia cardinalis, L.

" puberula, Michx.
Campanula divaricata, Michx, var.
Epig*a repens, L.
Oxydendrum arboreum, DC.
Clethra alni folia, L.
Ilex decidua, Walt.
♦Diospyros Texana, Scheele.
Bumelia lanuginosa, Pers.
Statice Limonium, L.

var. Caroliniana, Gr.
Samolus Valerandi, L.

var. Americanus, Gray.
Martynia proboscidea, Glox.
*Penstemon Cobsea, Nutt. ?
Conobea multiflda, Benth.
Herpestis Monn-iera, H. B. K.
" nigrescens, Benth.
Gerardia purpurea, L.
" aspera, Dougl.
" quercifolia Pursh.
" grandiflora, Benth, var.
Euellia ciliosus, Nees.
" strepens, Nees.

* " tuberosa, L.
Dicliptera brachiata, Spreng.
Verbena officinalis, L.

" bracteosa, Michx.
" Aubletia, L.

* " lucseana, Walp.
Lippia nodiflora, Michx.
Callicarpa Americana, L.
Trichostema dichotomum, L.
Isanthiis cseruteus, Michx.

♦Pycnanthemum albescens, T. &G.
*Hedeoma Drummondii, Benth.
" pulegioides, Pers.1

Salvia azurea, Lam.
♦Scutellaria Drummondii, Benth.

Heliotropium Europceum, L.

Heliotropium Curassavicum, L.
" tenellum, Torr.

Heliopliytum Tndicum, DC.

Onosmodium molle, Michx.
♦Hydrolea ovata, Nutt.

Phlox glaberrima, L.

Gilia coronopifolia, Pers.

Ipomcea commutata, R. & S.

Cuscuta inflexa, Engelm.
♦Solanum Texanum, DC.

* " Elffiaiinifolium, Cav.

* " Lindheimerianum, Sch.

* " rostratum, Dunal.

Physalis angulata, L.

" Pennsylvanica, L.
var. lanceolata, Gray.
Nicandra physaloides, Ga3rtn.
Lycium Caroliuanum, Michx.
Sabbatia calycosa, Pursh.
*Eustoma ^ussellianum, Don.
Polypremum procumbens, L.
Spigelia Marilandica, L.
*Xerium Oleander, L.
♦Asclepias longicoruu, Benth.
*Asclepiodora viridis, Gray.
Enslenia albida, Nutt.
Gonolobus lsevis, Michx.
* " biflorus, Nutt.

Fraxinus 4mericana, L.
Forestiera ligustrina, Poir.
" acuminata, Poir.

Asarnm arifolium, Michx.
♦Mirabilis jalapa, L.
*Oxybaphus hirsutus, Sweet.
*Rivina laevis, L.
Atriplex arenaria, Nutt.
Salicornia mucronata, Big.,

var. suffrutescens, Watson.
Amarantus albus, L.
Montelia tamariscina, Gray.
Iresine celosioides, L.
*Alternanthera lanuginosa, Torr.
Polygonum aviculare, L.

" Pennsylvauicum, L.

" setaceum, Baldwin.

" tenue, Michx.

Eriogonum longifolium, Nutt.
Persea Carolinensis, Nees.
Euphorbia corollata, L.1
" dentata, Michx.

(i glyptosperma.Engelm.
" marginata, Pursh.
" serpens, H. B. K.

* " zygophylloides, Boiss.

* " prostrata, Ait.
Stillingia slyvatica, L.,

var. linaricefolia, J. Mull.
Acalypha Virginica, L.

var. gracilens, Gray.
Acalypha Caroliniana, Walt.
Tragia urticaefolia, Michx.
Croton maritimus, Walt.

* " muricatus, Nutt.
" , glandulosus, L.

" capitatus, Michx.
" monanthogynus, Michx.
♦Argyrothamnia humiiis, J. Mull.
*Phyilanthus polygonoides, Spg.
Batis maritima, L.

93

Ulmus alata, Michx.

* " crassifolia, Nutt.
*Celtis pallida, Torr.

Parietaria Pennsylvania, Muhl.
Juglans nigra, L.
Carya tomentosa, Nutt.
Quercus aquatica, Catesby.

" macrocarpa, Michx.

" palustris, Du Roi.

" Prinus, L.
var. acuminata, Michx.
Castanea pumila, Michx.
Populus monilifera, Ait.

" angulata, Ait.
Pinus Taecla, L.
Taxodium distichum, Richard.
Juniperus Virginiana, L.

* " occidentalis, Hook.,
var. conjungens, Eng.

Lemna minor, L.
Spiranthes simplex, Gray.
♦Cooperia Drummoudii, Herb.
Agave Virginica, L.
Tillandsia recurvata, Pursh.

" usueoides, L.
Sisyrinchium Bermudiana, L.
Smilax tanmoides, L.

" Pseudo-China, L.
Allium striatum, Jacq.
*Yucca rupicola, Scheele.
Commelyna Virginica, L.
Cyperus diandrus, Torr.
" flliculrais, Vahl.
" inflexus, Muhl.
" microdontus, Torr.
11 rotundus, L., var. Hydra,

Gray.
" strigosus, L.

* " litos, Scliult.
Kyllingia pumila, Michx.

•Fimbristylis capillaris, Gray.
Rhynchospora inexpansa, Vahl.
Carex verrucosa, Ell.
Vilfa aspera, Beauv.

" vaginaeflora, Torr.

" Virginica, Beauv.
Sporobolus Indicus, Brown.
Muhlenbergia capillaris, Kunth.
Aristida purpurascens, Poir.

* " purpurea, Nutt.
Spartina gracilis, Hook.

*Buchloe dactyloides, Eng.

Bouteloua hirsuta, Lagasca.
" curtipendula, Gray.

Gymnopogon racemosus, Beauv.
*Chloris verticillata, Nutt.

Cynodon Dactylon, Pers.

Leptochloa mucronata, Kunth.

Tricuspis ambigua, Chapm.

* " albescens, Munro.
Brizopyrum spicatum, Hook.
Eragrostis Frankii, Meyer.

" Purshii, Schrad.

* » pilifera, Scheele.

* " interrupta, Nutt.

* " capitata, Nutt.

* " oxylepis, Torr.
Paspalum lieve, Michx.
Panicum obtusum, H. B. K.

*Panicum Crus-galli, L.
Cenchrus tribuloides, L.
Andropogon furcatns, Muhl.

" scoparius, Michx.

" argenteus, Ell.

Sorghum nutans, Gray.

* Sorghum vulgare, L.
Monanthochloe littoralis, Engelm.
Pellsea atropurpurea, Link.
Woodsia obtusa, Torrey.

1 Twelve of the Lookout Mt. plants, not reviewed by Mr. Ward.

Annual Meeting, Monday, [May 20, 1878.

Meeting this evening at 7.30. The President in
the chair. Records read. The annual reports of the
Secretary, Treasurer, Librarian, Curators and Standing

94

Committees were read and accepted, and from them the
accompanying

RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR

has been compiled, presenting the work of the Institute,
in the various departments, since the last annual meeting.

Members. — Changes occur in the list of our associates
by the addition of new names and the withdrawal of some
by resignation, removal from the county or vicinity, or by
death. Nineteen resident members have died, and we
have received information that two of our correspondents
have passed away in a serene old age.

Jonathan Tucker, for many years one of the assessors
of Salem, son of Andrew and Martha (Mansfield) Tucker,
born at Salem, Feb. 1, 1799, died July 31, 1877.

Benjamin A. West, a merchant of Salem, son of George
and Deborah (Ayers) West, died at Pleasantville, N. Y.,
Aug. 3, 1877, aged 57 years, 4 months and 5 days.

Jairus Ware Perry, a lawyer of Salem, son of Joshua
and Ursula (Whight) Perry, born at Raymond, Me., died
at Salem, Aug. 27, 1877, aged 55 years, 8 months and 9
da}^s.

William Graves, of Newburyport, sea captain and mer-
chant, died Sept. 1, 1877, aged 66.

Thomas Pinnock, of Salem, slater, born in England,
son of Thomas and Sarah (Nenth) Pinnock, died at Salem,
Oct. 21, 1877, aged 60.

Joshua Cleaves, in early life, clerk, son of Nathaniel
and Teresa (Gott) Cleaves, born in Salem, died at Boston,
Sept. 21, 1877, aged 68. His parents were natives of
Beverly.

Fenton Watson, of Salem, saddler, born in Danvers,

95

Feb. 12, 1802, son of Nathaniel and Mary (Symonds)
Watson, died at Salem, Nov. 1, 1877.

John Clarke Lee, of Salem, banker, son of Nathaniel
C. and Mary Ann (Cabot) Lee, born at Boston, April 9,

1804, died at Salem, Nov. 19, 1877.

William Wallis, of Salem, trader and clerk, born Mar.

5, 1801, son of Moses and Hannah (Appleton) Wallis,
died Nov. 8, 1877.

Temple Hardy, of Salem, sash and blind maker, born
March 9, 1815, son of Temple and Sally (Chappie)
Hardy, died Nov. 25, 1877.

John Mangan, of Salem, contractor, born in Ireland,
1832, son of John and Mary (Keefe) Mangan, died Dec.

6, 1877.

Jonathan C. Perkins, counsellor at law, Salem, born
at Essex, Nov. 29, 1809, son of Ezra and Mary (Peabody)
Perkins, died Dec. 12, 1877.

James Gedney King, Salem, civil engineer, born Aug.,
1852, son of James B. and Mary Jane (Fabens) King,
died Jan. 9, 1878.

Manuel Penollosa, of Salem, music teacher, born at
Malaga, Spain, Dec. 24, 1822 ; son of Manuel and Isabel
(Del Pino) Fenollosa, died Jan. 13, 1878.

William Kimball, Salem, hatter, born in Ipswich, Dec.
1, 1795, son of Thomas and Nancy (Gage) Kimball, died
Jan. 19, 1878.

Thomas Picket, of Beverly, born at Beverly, Sept. 9,

1805, son of Thomas and Annis (Preston) Picket, died
March 23, 1878.

Francis Putnam, of Salem, florist, born at Salem, Jan.,
1808, son of Ebenezer and Anna (Fiske) Putnam, died
March 26, 1878.

Allen Washington Podge, of Hamilton, Treasurer of
Essex County, born at Newburyport, April, 1804, died
at Hamilton, May 17, 1878.

96

Samuel Day, of Salem, born at Ipswich, March 30,
1798, died at Salem, Sunday, May 19, 1878.

Jared Potter Kirtland, M. D., son of Turhand and
Mary (Potter) Kirtland, born at Wallingford, Conn.,
Nov. 10, 1793, died at his residence in East Rochfort
(near Cleveland), Ohio, Dec. 10, 1877; a distinguished
naturalist.

Charles Pickering, M. D., son of Timothy and Lurena
(Cole) Pickering, born at Starucca, Wayne Co., Penn.,
Nov. 10, 1805, died at Boston, Sunday, March 17, 1878.

Meetings. — During the summer, four Field Meetings
were held. First, at Boxford, June 26, where the objects
of the meeting were discussed by the President, Messrs.
W. P. Upham, E. C. Bolles, John Robinson, W. S.
Coggin, Ancil Dorman, J. H. Emerton, G. A. Perkins,

F. Israel, Mrs. C. H. Dall and Mrs. Mary S, Blake.
Second, at Lanesville, Wednesday, July 18, Messrs.
James H. Emerton, Charles H. Sargent, F. Israel, Byron

G. Russell, Granville P. Putnam, E. Hitchcock and D. P.
Hagar made remarks. Third, Wednesday, Aug. 8, at
Asbury Grove, Hamilton. The speakers were James H.
Emerton, J. P. Magee, George H. Dixon, G. D. Phip-
pen, E. C. Bolles, A. W. Dodge, J. F. Almy, George A.
Perkins. Fourth, at Marblehead Neck. J. H. Emerton,
G. H. Dixon, A. B. Hervey, J. J. H. Gregory, Joseph
Banvard, William D. Northend took part in the exer-
cises of the meeting.

Regular Meetings, twenty-one, usually on the first and
third Monday evenings of each month. The following
communications received and lectures delivered may be
specified: — "An examination of Types of some recently
described Crustacea," by T. Hale Streets and E. S.
Kingsley ; "Additions to the Ferns of Essex County," by

97

John Robinson; "On the Exploration of the Merrimack
River, in 1638, by order of the General Court of Massa-
chusetts, with a plan of the same," by James Kimball ;
"Contributions to the Myology of Tachyglossa Hystrix,
Echidna Hystrix Auct" by J. W. Fewkes ; "An Account
of a recent visit to Japan," by E. S. Morse; "Remarks
on Liberia, particularly of the region about Cape Palmas,"
by George A. Perkins ; "A List of the Birds of Massa-
chusetts, with Annotations," by J. A. Allen ; "Archreo-
logical Explorations in Tennessee," by F. TV. Putnam;
"On Salisbury and a day at Stonehenge," by E. C. Bolles ;
"On the Flora of Texas," by George D. Phippen.

Lectures and Concerts. — A course of seven lectures
under the direction of the Lecture Committee were as
follows: 1st, Monday, Oct. 29, 1877, W. F. Bick, on
"India." 2d, Monday, Nov. 19, 1877, C. C. Carpenter,
on "The Moon." 3d, Monday, Dec. 17, 1877, Charles S.
Minot, on "The Scientific problem of Human Life."
4th, Monday, Jan. 21, 1878, Edward S. Morse, on
"Japan." 5th, Monday, Feb. 25, 1878, Leonard Waldo,
"Mean Time." 6th, Monday, March 11, 1878, Henry
Carmichael, on "Waves," 7th, Monday, March 25, 1878,
Isaac S. Osbun, on "Faraday and his works."

Under the personal direction of the curator on Music,
five concerts have been given with much credit, to the
society as musical performances. 1st, Monday Nov. 18,
1877, Miss Lilian Bayley and the Schubert Quartette.
2d, Monday, Nov. 28, 1877, Wm. H. Sherwood and Miss
Fanny Kellogg. 3d, Dec. 10, 1877, Miss Ita AYelsh,
Mrs. G. A. Adams, Mr. William F. Winch, D. C. C.
Bullard. 4th, Monday, Jan. 14, 1878, Mrs. John Wes-
ton, Mr. Wulf Fries, Mr. H. G. Tucker, Mr. J. Phip-
pen, jr. 5th, Monday, Jan. 28, 1878, Mrs. E. Kemble,

98

Mrs. George Upton, Mr. C. N. Allen, Mr. G. W. Sum-
ner.

In the Art Department an increased interest is notice-
able. Valuable and instructive volumes relating to the
various branches of art are being deposited in the library
by the kindness of the curator of Painting and Sculpture,
and the books are constantly referred to and consulted by
those interested in this direction.

Museum. — The specimens in Natural History, including
those in Ethnology and Archaeology, which have been
given during the year, are on deposit with the trustees of
the Peabody Academy of Science, in accordance with
previous arrangements. These have been reported at our
meetings, and have been duly acknowledged to the several
donors. The following may be specified : George H.
Allen, C. H. Stocker, George D. Glover, James M.
Caller, Miss H. K. Bay ley, Alfred S. Peabody. In ad-
dition to the above, several interesting specimens of an
historical character have been arranged in the rooms. The
following are contributors : John L! Robinson of Lynn,
Mary E. Briggs, James Emerton, K. E. Nourse, Henry
Bridges, W. P. Upham, H. G. King, William B. Parker,
Charles S. Buffum, George Perkins, George A. Perkins,
Mrs. J. E. A. Todd, F. W. Lee of Beverly, Mrs. N. D.
Cole, F. H. Lee, estate of Jonathan Tucker, John Rob-
inson, Richard C. Maiming, William G. Barton, Raymond
L. Newcomb, Mrs. Anna Warren of Boston. The ordi-
nary routine work has steadily progressed. A room is
being prepared in the basement for the arrangement of
some of the larger specimens of historical relics, and for
the deposit of duplicates, many of which are becoming
valuable.

99

Library. — The additions to the Library during the
year now closed have been as follows :

By Donation.

Folios, 51

Quartos, 31

Octavos 763

Duodecimos 139

Sexdecimos, 40

Total of bound volumes,

1,027

Pamphlets and Serials, . . 3,872
Bound volumes, 1,027

Total of Donations,

. 4,899

Quartos, . .
Octavos, . .
Duodecimos,

Total of bound volumes,

By Exchange.

. . 3 Pamphlets and Serials, . . 2.096
. . 107 Bound volumes, 113

Total of Exchanges,

113

2,209

Quartos, .
Octavos, .
Duodecimos,

Total of bound volumes,

By Purchase.

. . . 1 Pamphlets, . . .
... 66 Bound volumes,
. . , 4

— Total of Purchases,

61

. 133

Total of Donations, 4,S99

" of Exchanges, 2,209

" by Purchase, 133

Total of Additions, 7,211

Of the total number of pamphlets and serials, 4,411
were pamphlets, and 1,618 were serials.

The donations to the Library for the year have been
received from one hundred and forty-nine individuals and
thirty-three societies and departments of the General and
State Governments. The exchanges from one hundred
and thirteen societies and incorporate institutions, of
which sixty-seven are foreign ; also from editors and
publishers.

100

Donations or exchanges have been received from the
following : —

Vols. Pam.

Allen, Miss M., 22

Allen, Miss Mary P., 1

American Association Advancement of Science, . . 1

American Gynecological Society, 1

American Unitarian Association, ..... 1

Amherst (Mass.) College, 1

Amsterdam, Koninklijk Zoologisch Genootschap "Natura

Artis Magistra," 4

Andover (Mass.) Memorial Hall Library, .... 1 2

Andover (Mass.) Theological Seminary,

Appalachian Mountain Club,

Argentine Republic Commission, 1

Augsburg, Natur historischer Verein, ....

Baltimore, Peabody Institute,

Bamberg, Natur forschende Gesellschaft, ... 1

Bancroft, C. F. P., . .

Barton, W. G.,

Beaman, Rev, C. C,

Bell, Mrs., Lowell, Mass.,

Bergen Museum, . . , 2

Berlin, Deutschen geologischen Gesellschaft, . . 1

Berlin, Gesammten Naturwissenschaften, ... 2

Berlin, Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde, . . 1

Berlin, Verein zur Beforderung cles Gartenbauer, . 12

Bern, Naturforschende Gesellschaft, .... 1

Berwickshire Naturalist Club, 1

Boardman, S. L., Augusta, Me., . . Newspapers, 3 5

Bolles, E. C, 15 122

Boon, E. P., New York, N. Y., 180

Bordeaux, Societe Linneenne, ..... 3

Boston, American Academy Arts and Science, ... 1

Boston, City of, 6

Boston, City Hospital, 1

Boston, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, . . 2

Boston, Public Library, 3 678

Boston Society of Natural History, .... 13

Braunschweig, Arc'hiv der Anthropologic, ... 2

Bremen, Naturwissenschaftlichen Vereine, . . 1

Bristol Naturalists' Society, 2

Britten, E. H., 1

101

Brooks, C. T., Newport, R. I.,
Brooks, H. M.,
Brown, Horace, .
Browne, A. G., ....

Briinn, Naturforschender Verein,
Bruxelles Societe Entomologique,
Bruxelles Societe Malaeologique,
Buffalo Young- Men's Association,
Bunker Hill Monument Association,
Caldwell, S. L., ....

California, University of,

Cambridge, Museum of Comparative Zoology.

Canada, Geological Survey,

Canadian Institute,

Carpenter, C. C, South Peabody, Mass., . Programmes,
Chamberlain, Jas. A., .... Progammes,

Chandler, G. L., • .

Chandler, H. P.,

Chase, C. II.,

Cherbourg, Societe Xationale Sciences Naturelles,

Chicago Historical Society,

Chicago Academy of Science,

Childs, G. W

Christiania, Konigl. Xorwegischen Universitat,

Cleveland. X.. Estate of

Cleveland, ()., Western Reserve and Northern Ohio His-
torical Society,

Colby University, Waterville, Me.,

Cole, Miss C. J.,

Cole, Mrs. N. D., Newspapers,

Conkliu, W. A.,

Conrad, D., Newspapers,

Cooke, C,

Cowley, C,

Crosby, Mrs. M. K., .... Newspapers,

Croswell, Gov.,

Cutter, F. E., Newburyport, Mass., ....

Danzig, Naturforschende Gesellschaft, ...
Darmstadt, Verein fiir Erdkunde, ....

Davenport Iowa Academy of Natural Science, - .

David, F., Newspapers,

Delaware Historical Society,

Derby, Miss C. K.,

Vols.
4
1
12
1
1

1".)

Pam.

3

2

16

22

1
1

1

5

7

5

19

1
1
1
1
10
53

31

2

G
1

4

1
1
1

14

ESSEX INST. BULL.

102

Isis

Devereux, Geo. H.,

Dorchester, Mass., First Parish,

Drake, E. I,.,

Dresden, Naturwissenschaftliche Gesellschaft

Dresden, Verein fur Eidkunde,

Ebell Society,

Eddy, Miss H.,

Emdem, Naturforschende Gesellschaft,

Bmmerton, Mrs. E., >

Mrs. Joseph Osgood, 5

Emmerton, J. A., .... Programmes,

Erfurt, Konigl Akademie Gemeinniitziger Wissenchaften,

Erlangen, Pbysikalisch-mediciuische Societat,

Falmouth, Eng., Royal Cornwall Polytechnic Society,

Eelton, Cyrus,

Fiske, Mrs. J. H., Newspapers,

Flanders, G. T., Lowell, Mass.,

Folger, W. C, Nantucket, Mass., ....

Foote, Caleb, Newspapers,

Frankfurt, Senckenbergische Naturforschende Gesells

chaft,

Frankfurt, Zoologische Gesellschaft,
Freiburg, Naturforschende Gesellschaft,
Frothingham, J. H., Brooklyn, N. Y.,

Gate, B.,

Geneve, Institut National,

Geneve, Societe de Physique et d' Histoire Naturelle
Gilford, Mrs. R. B., . . . . Newspapers,
Glasgow, Natural History Society, ....
Goodell, A. C, Jr., .... Newspapers

Goodhue, AVin., )
Tolman, Mr., 5
Gray, A. F., Danversport, Mass.,
Green, S. A., Boston, Mass.,

Hagar, D. B.,

Hale, J. L.,

Hamburg, Naturwissenschaftlicher Verein,
Harrison, G. L., Philadelphia, Penu.,
Hart, C. H., Philadelphia, Penn.,
Hartranft, John F., Harrisburg, Penn.,
Hill, Benj. D., Peabody, Mass.,

Hilton, William,

Hitchcock, E., Amherst,
Hodges, Miss M. O.,

VoU.

Pam.

4

1

1

1

4

1

1

1

1

61

1G5

2d

27

1

1

1

1

29

159

7

1

1

1

1

9

1

13

1

2

1

1

40

16

100

24

5

114

6

1

1

1

1

1

a

i

1

i

117

1

103

Holmes, J. C, Detroit, Mich.,

Howe, Memorial Committee,

Hoyt, Hiram,

Hugo, L., Paris, France,

Hull, Hugh M.,

Hunt, Mrs. Thomas,

Hunt, T. F.,

Illinois State Board of Agriculture,

India Geological Survey,

Iowa State Historical Societ}',

Jelly, AY. H.,

Jenison, 0. A., Lansing, Miah., ....

Johnson, C. B.,

Kansas Academy of Science,

Kato, H.,

Kimball, James, Newspapers

Kingsley, J. S.,

Kjobenhavn, Botanisk Tidsskrift, ....
Kjobenhavn, Kongelige Uanske Videnskabernes Selskab,
Kjobenhavn Society Royale des Antiquaries du Nord,
Lathrop, Airs. L. M., Hamilton, Mass.,

Lee, John C, Newspapers

Leeds, Philosophical and Literary Society,

Le Alans, Societe d'Agriculture, Sciences et Arts de

Sarthe,

London, Loyal Society,

Long Island Historical Society,

Loring, Geo. B., Photographs

Lupton, N. T., Nashville, Tenn.,

Luxembourg, Societe des Sciences Naturellcs du Grand

Duche,

Lynn, City of,

Lynn, Public Library,

Alack, Aliss E. C„

Alack, William,

Alaine Genealogical and Biographical Society,
Manning, Francis H., Boston, Mass., ....
Manning, Richard C, ...

Manning, Robert, ....
Marburg, Gesellschaft zur Beforderun

Naturwissenchaften,
Marsh, Prof. O. C, New Haven, Conn.,
Maryland Historical Society,
Massachusetts General Hospital,

. Newspapers

Newspapers,

der Gesammten

Vols.

1

1

28

50
29

Pam

1

1

23
1

13
1

1

123

1

21
79

1
3
3

2
9
1
209
3

253
50

3
3
1
1

104

Newspaper,

tier Wissen-

Massachusetts Historical Society,
Massachusetts Horticultural Society,
Massachusetts State Board of Health
Mecklenburg, Vereins der Freuude,
Merritt, Mrs. L. F., .
Mexico Museo Nacional,
Minnesota Historical Society,
Mount Holyoke Female Seminary, .
Miinchen, Koniglich Bayerischen Akademie
schaften,

Needham, Daniel,

Neuchatel Societe cles Sciences Naturelles,
Nevins, A. II., . . . . •

Kevins, W. S., Newsp

New England Historic-Genealogical Society,

New England Society of Orange,

New Hampshire Historical Society,

New Haven, Yale College, ....

New Jersey Historical Society,

New York American Geographical Society,

New York Chamber of Commerce,

New York Genealogical and Biographical Society,

New York State Library,

New South Wales Royal Society,

Nichols, J. H., '. New

Nichols, Miss Mary,

Nichols, The Misses.

Nichols. Miss Sally,

Nourse, C. C, Des Moines, Iowa,

Nuttall Ornithological Club,

Oliver, Henry K.,

Packard, A. S., Jr.,

Page, Miss A., Danvers, Mass.,

Palfray, C. YV\,

Palmer. Edward,

Paris. Journal de Conchyliogie,

Paris Societe d' Acclimation,

Paris Societe d'Antliropologie,

Peele, Miss E. R.,

Pennsylvania Historical Society,

Perkins, A. C, Exeter, N. II., .

Perkins, Geo. A.,

Perry, W. S., Davenport, Iowa.

Philadelphia, American Philosophical Society

ipers,

papers

Vols. Para.
4

1

1 5

1

30 291

4

22

105

Philadelphia Library Company,
Philadelphia Zoological Society,

Pierce, II. B.,

Pool, Wellington, Wenham, Mass.,
Poole, W. F., Chicago, 111.,

Poor, Alfred,

Poore, Beirj. P., ...

Pope, Miss Lydia, ....
Portland Institute, .

Portuguese Centennial Commission,
Price, John, Manchester. Mass.,
Putnam, Rev. A. P., Brooklyn, X. Y.,
Putnam, P. ^Y., .....
Putnam, II. W., ....

Quint, Lev. A. II., New Bedford, Mass., .
Randolph, Mass., Turner Free Library,

Pantoul, R. S.,

Leading, Penn., Society of Natural Sciences,
Regensburg, Konigliche Bayerische botanische Gesellscliaft,

Roberts, David,

Robeson, Geo. M.,

Robinson, John,

Ropes, Miss,

Salem, City of,

San Diego, Cal., Society,

San Francisco, Cal.. .Mercantile Library Association,

'S Gravenhague, Nederlandsche Lntomologische Veree-

niging,

Smith, C. C,

Smith, N. A., •

Smithsonian Institution,

Somersetshire Archaeological and Natural History Society,
Sotheran, Henry, ........

Spofford, A. P., Washington, D. C,

Stickney, M. A., ........

St. Gallen, St. Gallische Gesellscliaft, .

St. Louis Academy Science, ......

St. Peterburg, Impetat Akademya Nauk, .
Stockholm, Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences,

Stone, E. M., Providence, P. I.,

Stoute, Miss M. 1L, .... Newspapers,

Stout, A B.,

Tasmania. Government of,

Tasmania, Loyal Society, .......

)1>.

Pam.

3

19

2

5

2

4

2

2

1

38

28

3

47

43

23

2

40

7

12

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

16

1

2

8G

1

1

106

Vols.

Tennessee, State of, 62

Thompson, C. P., 11

Thompson, J. W.,

Tokio, Japan, University of, 2

Tucker, Jona., Estate of, 102

Tyler, W.,

Unknown, 1

Upham. Win. P., 4

Upsal, Kongliga Vetenskaps-Societeten, ... 1

U. S. Bureau of Education,

U. S. Dept. of Interior, ...... 116

U. S. Dept. of Engineers, 7

U- S Dept. of State, 1

U. S. Naval Observatory,

U. S. Patent Office,

U. S. Treasury Dept. 2

Van Name, A., New Haven, Conn., .... 3

Venezuela, Gaceta Cieutifica,

Vermont State Libra.iy, 10

Vermont, University of,

Vilas, C. H., Chicago, His., 1

Walker, Abbot, 33

Walton, E. N.,

Ware, Darwin E., Boston, Mass., 1

Waters, E. S.,

Waters, H. F. ...... Newspapers,

Waters, J. L., . . .

Watson, Miss C. A., 1

Webber, C. H., > x

Nevins, W. S., 3

Welsh, W. L., 3

Wheatland, Miss E. ,

Wheatland, Miss M. G., 3

Whipple, Geo. M., 48

Whipple, Miss I. G., 1

Whitmore, W. II. , Boston, Mass., ....

Wien, K. K. Zoologische botanische Gesellschaft, . . 1
Wilder. M. P., Dorchester, Mass., ....

Williams College,

Williams, James, 1

Wilson, Miss L. W., .... Newspapers,

Winchester Home Corporation,

Winthrop, R. C, Boston,

Wisconsin State Historical Society, .... 26

Pam.
41

1
5

75

3

20

1

1

49

35

6

1

45

51

2

1

2

10

1
1

4G

107

Vols.

Wisconsin, Naturhistorichen Vereins,
Worcester American Antiquarian Society,
Worcester Society of Antiquity,
Wiirzburg, Physikalisch-medicinische Gesellschaft,
Yeomans, W. H.,

Pami
1
3
1
3

The following have been received from editors or pub-
lishers : —

American Bookseller.
American Journal of Education.
American Journal of Science.
American Naturalist.
Beetle and Wedge.
Boston Globe
Boston Herald.
Dexter Smith's Taper.
European Mail.
Forest and Stream.
Francis's Catalogue.
Gardener's Monthly.
Gurney's Weekly.
Hardwicke's Science Gossip.
Ipswich Chronicle.
Lawrence American.

Lynn City Item.

Lynn Semi-Weekly Reporter.

Nation.

Nature.

Our Dumb Animals.

Peabody Press.

Peabody Reporter.

Quaritch's Catalogue.

Sailors' Magazine and Seamen's

Friend.
Salem Gazette.
Salem Observer.
Salem Post.
Salem Register.
Turner's Public Spirit.
Vox Humana.

Financial. — The Treasurer's Report exhibits a state-
ment of the receipts and expenditures during the past
year.

DEBITS.

General Account.

Athenaeum, for Rent and Librarian, $350 00

1,025 09

1,620 37

153 40

2,817 13

358 83

Salaries, $1,466.32; Coal, $115.00; Gas, $43.77, .
Lectures and Concerts, $756.32; Publications, $864.05, .
Express and Postage, 77.69; Insurance, 40.00; Printing, 35.71,
Excursions, $2,606.42; Sundries, $190.71; Stationery, $20.00,
Alterations and repairs of cases,

Historical.

Books, $8.30; Binding, $62.78,

Natural History and Horticulture.

Paid for bindinj

$0,924 82

50 00

108

Ditmore Fund.
Paid F.S.Perkins, . 127 00

Ladies' Fair Fund.
Old Colony Railroad Bond, 1,046 17

Ladies' Centennial Committee.
Books and Binding, 138 83

Balance in hands of Treasurer, 146 98

8.5U4 68

CREDITS.
By Balance of 1877 Account, 7 85

General Account.

Dividends Webster Bank, 10 00

Assessments, $1,011.00; Publications, $338.28, . . . 1,349 28

Sundries (Piano), 255.60; Life Membership, 30.00, . . . 285 60

Athenaeum proportion of coal and janitor 142 45

Excursions, $2,924.55; Lectures and Concerts, $1,206.76, . 4,lol 31

Subscription, $140.00; Refunded Bank Tax, $10.91, . . 150 91

Salem Savings Bank, 332 37

Historical.
Dividends Xaumkeag Bank, 16 00

Natural History and Horticulture.
Dividends Portland, Saco & Portsmouth Railroad, . . 12 00

Dividends Lowell Bleachery, ...... 24 00 ^

Davis Fund.

Coupons Burlington & Missouri R. R., 140 00

Coupons Dixon & Peoria R. R., 240 00

380 00

Ditmore Fund.

Coupons Chicago City Bonds, 70 00

Interest on notes, • 1-' 00

Ladies' Fair Fund.

From Salem Savings Bank, 1,04149

Old Colony R. R., 30 ou , ft_r ,_

Ladies' Centennial Fund.
Cash received,

8,504 88
[To be continued.]

BULLETIN

ESSEX USTSTITTJTE

Vol. 10. Salem, July, Aug., Sept., 1878. Nos. 7, 8, 9.

Annual Meeting, Monday, May 20, 1878.

[Continued from last number.]

Horticultural. — The annual exhibition opened on
Wednesday evening, Sept. 19, 1877, and continued to
the Friday evening following. The display was more
than ordinarily creditable ; and, considering that the pres-
ent is not a great fruit year, it is better than there was
reason to expect.

The following is a list of contributors : — Fruit, Charles
A. Ropes, George D. Glover, A. D. Scott, Mrs. E. Era-
merton, Miss Marion C. Allen, M. P. Locke, Mrs. A. Ed-
wards, James P. Cook, Miss Belle Leavitt, J. P. Chan-
dler, T. N. Covell, Jos. A. Goldthwaite, X. A. Horton,
Miss S. O. Russell, Mrs. George West, H. M. Barker,
Mrs. John Barlow, Volney C. Stowe, H. Andrews, W.
H. Dennett, Mrs. W. F. Gardner, Jose Margati, Stephen
Thayer, F. Symonds, T. Fisher, Mrs. G. E. Bailey, J.
W. Goldthwaite, T. Ashby, George Russell, Edwin Very,
Mrs. J. F. Read, S. B. Osborne, E. Goss, xMiss E. P.
Richardson, David Pingree, Mrs. J. O. SafTord, C. M.

ESSEX INST. BULL. X 9 (109)

110

Richardson, Ezra Cleaves, George Pettengill, Mary K.
Robinson, Mrs. F. S. Peck, Moses S. Prime, Dr. Lamb,
M. P. Locke, Dorcas C. Nourse, F. Symonds, D. S. Os-
borne, W. H. Maloon, S. Day, Reuben Floyd, George
F. Brown, Henry V. Buxton, Mrs. William Maloon.
Ver/efables, L. W. Goldthwaite, Wm. Mack, Robert
Manning, H. Andrews, Plummer Farm School, E. C.
Larrabee, Silas M. Locke, George D. Glover. Potted
Plants, John Robinson, Harmony Grove Green Houses,
Mrs. Charles F. Williams. Flowers, from A. H. Dunlap
& Son, of Nashua, N. H., Charles A. Putnam, Francis
Putnam, Mrs. W. F. Gardner, Mary T. Ropes, George
D. Glover, F. Lamson, Mrs. L. P. Weston, Belle Leavitt,
Lottie F. Chase, Mrs. George B. Prince, Mrs. E. Emmer-
ton, Mrs. T. N. Covell, William II. Whipple, Miss Brooks,
Miss Clark, Mrs. James B. Nichols, Mrs. J. O. Safford,
Mrs. John Webster, Dorcas C. Nourse, Mrs. demons,
Rebecca B. Manning, Edward Osgood, C. A. Buxton,
Mrs. N. A. Horton, George Russell, Mary Saunders, E.
Carlton, John Robinson, F. Warner, L. V. Symonds.

Publications have been issued as heretofore, — the
Bulletin, vol. 9, and the Historical Collections, vol.
xiv. The exchange list, with few exceptions, continues
the same as last year.

Excursions. — Three have been made during the year,
one to the Hoosac Tunnel and Saratoga Springs, one to
the White Mountains, and the third to Newport, R. I.
At the mountains an interesting and largely attended
meeting was held in the parlors of the Crawford House,
where an original poem was read by the Rjv. Charles T.
Brooks. Prof. Charles H. Hitchcock spoke at length on
the "Geology of the Mountain Region," and Dr. H.

Ill

Wheatland and Dr. G. A. Perkins gave their personal
experience of travel on the White Mountain routes in the
years 1832 and 1834. These excursions were all enjoy-
able and successful socially.

The coming year will probably be an active one in the
annals of the Institute. It is proposed to celebrate in au
appropriate manner the 250th anniversary of the landing
of Gov. John Endicott at Salem. The anniversary occurs
on Wednesday, Sept. 18, 1878, and an efficient committee
has already been chosen and are making arrangements for
a celebration which, it is hoped, may be worthy of the
occasion commemorated.

Mr. John Robinson reported the following resolutions
on the death of Mr. Francis Putnam :

Whereas, The members of the Essex Institute have
learned with profound regret of the decease of Francis
Putnam, a valued member from its organization, and for
many years one of its most active and faithful officers ;
and, desiring to place upon record its appreciation of his
character, do hereby submit the following resolutions: —

Resolved, That the Institute has long recognized with
pleasure the merited distinction which Mr. Putnam had
attained by his acquiantance with and skill in the cultiva-
tion of rare and choice flowers ; a distinction which is
widely spread, and will always enroll his name among the
most successful laborers in floriculture.

Resolved, That the Institute remembers with cordial
appreciation his large and generous contributions, for a
period of more than forty years, to its Horticultural Ex-
hibitions, tending, thereby, largely to foster and elevate
the refining taste of horticulture in this country.

Resolved, That his decease must be regarded as a great
loss to horticulture, and will serve to remind the Institute
of the gradual disappearance from its roll of membership,
the names of those early pioneers who initiated the move-

112

ment that has been so productive of good results in the
promotion of horticultural science.

Resolved, That a copy of these resolutions be placed
on the records, and also that a copy be sent to the family
of the deceased.

The resolutions were unanimously adopted.

Voted, To proceed to the election of officers for the
year ensuing and until others shall be chosen in their
stead. Messrs. Robinson and Cooke were requested to
receive, assort, and count the votes.

The following were elected : —

PRESIDENT :

HENRY WHEATLAND.

VICE-PRESIDENTS :

Abner C. Goodell, Jr. William Sutton. Frederick W. Putnam.
Daniel B. Hagar.

SECRETARY : TREASURER :

George M. Whipple. Henry M. Brooks.

AUDITOR: LIBRARIAN:

Richard C. Manning. William P. Upham.

CURATORS:
History— James Kimball. | Botany— George D. Phippen.

Manuscripts— William P. Upham.
Archceology— Frederick W. Putnam.
Numismatics— Matthew A. Stickney.
Geology— Alpheus S. Packard, Jr.

Zoology— Edward S. Morse.
Horticulture— Henry W. Putnam.
Music— Arthur W. Foote.
Painting cj'- Sculpture-T. F. Hunt,

Technology— -Edwin C Bolles.

COMMITTEES :

Finance .•

James Upton. James O. Safford. Jambs Kimball. Henry M. Brooks.

Library .•

Chas. W. Palfrat. Joseph G. Waters. Henry F. King.

George F. Flint. Wm. Neilson.

113

Publication t
Abner C. Goodell, Jr. Edward S. Atwood. Edwin C. Bolles

James Kimball. T. F. Hunt.

Lecture :
William D. Northend. Amos H. Johnson. Frederick W. Putnam.

Arthur L. Huntington. Fielder Israel.

Field Meeting:
George A. Perkins, Salem. Francis H. Appleton, Peabody.

George Cogswell, Bradford. Lewis N. Tappan, Manchester.

George D. Phippen, Salem. Francis H. Johnson, Andover.

George Perkins, Salem. Richard S. Spofford, Newburyport.

Eben N. Walton, Salem. Nathaniel A. Horton, Salem.

On motion of W. D. Northend, the committee on the
celebration of the landing of Gov. Enclicott was author-
ized to enlarge its number, appoint sub-committees, and
arrange plans for carrying out the celebration in the most
appropriate manner.

Monday, June 3, 1878.

At a regular meeting this evening Mr. W. W. North-
end was duly elected a member.

Field Meeting at Centennial Grove, Essex,
Monday, June 24, 1878.

Field meeting this day at the Centennial Grove, on
the shore of Chebacco pond, Essex. The main party left
Salem at 8.10, a. m., and spent the forenoon in search of
various specimens of interest. Mr. S. B. Buttrick con-
ducted the botanic party, Mr. J. H. Emerton those in-
terested in insect life, and Prof. Huntington those in
mineralogy and geology.

114

At 3, p. M., the afternoon session was held in a pavilion
on the grounds. The President in the chair. Records
read. Donations and correspondence announced.

The President in his introductory remarks alluded
briefly to four sons of the town of Essex who had lived
in Salem, and had been conspicuous members of the bar
of this county, viz. : Joseph Perkins, Rufus Choate, Jona-
than C. Perkins, and the present Judge of Probate, G. F.
Choate.

Mr. James H. Emerton submitted his report and in
answer to questions of several members Mr. Emerton ex-
plained the differences between the spiders and their near-
est allies.

The Arachnida consist of three orders, of which the
spiders form one, distinguished by the division of their
bodies into two distinct regions, by their poison jaws,
and by their spinning habits. Another order includes
the daddy-long-legs, the scorpions, and a few other small
families, most .of which have hard-jointed skins like Crus-
tacea. The third order consists of the mites and their
allies, mostly small parasitic animals passing through a
metamorphosis after hatching before they get the full
number of limbs. To this last order belong the common
red spider on plants and the red water spider.

Mr. S. B. Buttrick presented a list of plants collected
during the day :

Krigia virginica. Lysimachia qu add folia.

Azalea viscosa. Sisymbrium anceps.

Potentilla argentata. Galium

Cistus canadensis. Pyrola rotundifolia.

Mitchella repens. Viola blanda.

Marcbantia polymorpha. Drosera angustifolia.

Melampyrum Cornus canadensis.

Viburnum dentata. Pogonia

115

Prof. J. H. Huntington exhibited some specimens of
minerals which he had collected and spoke of the geologi-
cal features of the vicinity.

Rev. C. C. Beaman, formerly of Salem, spoke of the
pleasure he had enjoyed at being present at this meeting,
and warmly commended the work of the Institute.

Mr. John Robinson read a paper on the

The Life of a Pine Tree.

At the field meeting at Boxford, during the summer of
1877, one of the residents of that town, present at the
meeting held tor discussion in the afternoon, asked this
question: "Can you tell me where the seeds of the Pine
trees are, and how to plant them in order to produce young
trees?" I had not thought until then of bringing up before
a field meeting anything which seemed so simple as this ;
but, upon reflection, it seemed to me that perhaps some-
thing might be proposed upon the subject, which would
be of sufficient interest to present at a field meeting, and
I have, therefore, prepared the following sketch of the
life of a pine tree.

Suppose we commence by examining the seed, which
will be found enclosed among the scales of the cone.1

The seeds are in pairs, each seed being provided with a
membraneous wing, which renders it more easily blown
to great distances by the wind, as the seed falls to the
ground. In the seed will be found, if the magnifying
glass is used, a little embryo showing several rudimentary
leaves, and a radicle to produce the root. The seeds of
pines germinate readily, and the little trees are found
abundantly in the vicinity of pine groves.

1 As presented at the meeting, the paper was illustrated by several diagrams
specimens of wood, cones, flowers, etc.

116

The roots of the pine do not reach deeply into the
ground, even with large trees, but they spread very much,
as can be seen by examining the upturned roots of some
tree prostrated by a gale.

The trunk of the tree increases by the annual deposit
of a layer of wood outside those of previous years ; when
pines are growing thickly together, the lower branches of
the trees die, and, falling off, the succeeding layers of
wood and bark cover the places smoothly where they once
projected, leaving the earlier portion of the branch in the
centre of the tree as a knot. A cone was shown at one
of the meetings a year or two since, which was imbedded
in this same manner, and was found in splitting a piece of
pine wood.2

The leaves of the pine are produced in little tufts, as if
we were to pull through our hand a stem of some plant,
allowing the leaves to remain between our fingers in a
bunch. Each fascicle of White pine has five leaves, of
Red pine, two, of Pitch pine, three.

The flowers are of two sorts, male and female, produced
on different parts of the same tree, or upon different trees ;
the male, or staminate flowers, are on the young shoots,
and consist of masses of pollen sacks clustered together,
which, when ripe, burst open, allowing the pollen to escape
in great quantities.3

2 At the close of the meeting held for discussions, at which this paper was pre-
sented, in answer to the question: " Why is Michigan pine stock clearer than that
of home production ?"

Mr. John Proctor, of Essex, a gentleman of experience in judging lumber,
said : " The clear stock comes from the huge pines ; it is cut from the lower trunk,
from the outside towards the centre of the tree, before the knots, which are always
to be found at the heart of every tree, are reached. The knotty boards are sold as
second quality stock, which often comes from the same tree as the clear."

3 1 find in Emerson's Trees and Shrubs of Mass., 1846, the foil >wing: —

" The yellow pollen, which is very abundant, and being as lght and fine as dust,
has been carried by the wind ftom a forest of pines, and spread upon the ground
at a great distance. This affords a probable explanation of the stories which have

117

The female or pistillate flowers resemble very small
cones, and are usually upon the higher branches of the
tree. When in condition to be fertilized, they are erect,
and the scales are open to receive the pollen grains which
may be wafted to them by the wind. The pollen acts
directly upon the ovules, of which there are two in each
scale of the young cones. "When fertilized, the scales
close, and the cone becomes pendant instead of erect.
With our pines, the cones grow to considerable size by the
end of the first season, increasing their size and perfecting
at the close of the second season, when the seeds may be
collected. By the spring following, the seeds will fall
from the cones.

The seeds of the pine may remain in, or on the ground
for a long time, without injury, protected by the dampness
and coolness of fallen leaves. But if the old trees are
cut away, admitting the light and heat of the sun, these
latent seeds will soon germinate, and in a few years a
healthy new growth of pines will be the result, provided
nature is left to herself, and the too often wickedly reck-
less hand of man does not interfere.

The pines are to us in New England the most valuable
forest trees, and the ones best adapted to our soils and
climate, but there are at present but few of those grand old
trees which our forefathers walked beneath when Essex
county was first settled. I have, in company with Mr.
J. H. Sears, of Danvers, visited and measured several of
the largest White pines in Boxford, Andover and Middle-
ton, where, undoubtedly, are situated the largest trees of
this species now left standing in the county. Several

been told, and which have been regarded with superstition or incredulity, of
showers of sulphur." Lambert describing the common Scotch fir, sa}S : '"The
pollen is sometimes in spring carried away by the wind in such quantities as to
alarm the ignorant of the notion of its raining brimstone."— Lambert's Genus
Pinus, London, 1828-37.

118

trees measured were from 10 to 12 feet in circumference,
3 feet from the ground, and one with a very irregularly
shaped head measured 13 J feet at just above the ground,
and 12 feet in circumference as high as Ave could place the
tape. Few trees here exceed a height of 100 feet. Many
persons here present may remember the exhibit made at
the Centennial Exhibition by the Canadian lumber dealers,
where one huge section of a White pine was shown 8 feet
6 inches in diameter, or 25£ feet in circumference. Few
such trees exist now.

Emerson speaks in "Trees and Shrubs of Mass.," of a
White pine tree in the eastern part of New York state,
which was 240 feet high ; and one in Lancaster, N. H.
was found, which measured 264 feet in height.

A mast was made in N. H. fifty years ago, 90 feet long,
which had a diameter of 36 inches at the base and 24 at
the summit, a difference so slight, as not to be perceptible
to a person standing at the smaller end, looking towards
the larger.4

The pines belong to a large family of plants called by
botanists the Coniferre, or Cone-bearers, referring to the
peculiar fruit borne by most of the trees of this order.

The Con i ferae are found to have made their first appear-
ance upon the earth at about the same time as the ferns,
during the Devonian, or age of fishes. At that time, and
during the succeeding periods, there were many huge
plants, called Lepidodendron, and Sigillaria, which had
trunks as large, and as high as many pines. These were
the ancestors of our club mosses, which only now grow
to a foot high.

4 The Pitch pine does not reach the size of the White pine, and with us there
are few very large trees.

The Red pine in Essex county is now and then seen, 18 inches in diameter and
perhaps 70 feet high.

119

These fossil plants bore many resemblances to the
pines that then grew, and also to the ferns ; and even now,
were I to point out all the curious and wonderful processes
that the little ovule and pollen grains go through, before
the seed is perfected, you would see at once that all the
resemblances are not lost yet, between the pines, ferns
and club mosses as they are now found. Even the out-
ward appearance of one of our Lyeopodiums, or club
mosses, is so much like a pine tree, that one of its com-
mon names is "Ground Pine." But in the old o-eolo^ic
time, before the different members of the vegetable kinsr-
clom had grown so far away from each other, so to speak,
these resemblances between the Conifers and Cryptogams
were much stronger than we find them now.

The nearest relations to the Pines we have in Essex
county, are the Spruce and Larch; but all the members
of the family Coniferee have so many striking character-
istics in common, that any of our native species would
at once be recognized as belonging to that family.

They are as follows : —

Finns Hgida, Pitch Pine.

Finns resinosa, Red Pine.

Fiinis Strobns, White Pine.

Abi^s nigra, Black Spruce.

Aides Canadensis, Hemlock Spruce.

Larix Americana, Larch, or Hackmatack.

Ciqjressus thyoides, White Cedar.

Juniperus communis, .... Common Juniper.

Juniperus Viryiniana, .... Red Cedar.

Taxus baccata, var. Canadensis, American Yew,

or Ground Hemlock.

These are all the Conifers we have growing naturally
within the limits of Essex counry. Beside these there
are quite common in cultivation (and rarely some of them
are found to have sprung up from scattered seeds), the
following : Scotch Pine, Austrian Pine, Norway Spruce,

120

White Spruce, Arbor-vitee, European Larch, Southern
Cypress and English Yew.

A few other species of the Coniferaa are occasionally
met with in cultivation.

The Ginkgo tree, a native of Japan, is often seen in
gardens, but owing to its peculiar fan-shaped leaves
would not, until the fruit and wood were examined, be
supposed to belong to the Conifers.

The products of the pines are among the most valuable
gifts to man ; they even produce food. The seed of the
"stone pine" (P. pinea), and of a pine growing in Cali-
fornia, are so large that they may be eaten very much as
peanuts are, the meat being about the same size as that
of a single meat of the peanut. It is in the wood, how-
ever, that the chief value of our pines is to be found. It
is needless to mention the innumerable uses to which the
White and Red pine wood is adapted. Its durability,
lightness, and strength, to say nothing of its sweetness,
a quality not possessed by every wood, render it of value
to every trade, and to every man.

The wood of Conifers is not like that of the deciduous
forest trees, it possesses but one sort of cell in its con-
struction, while the Oak or Maple have in their wood
various sorts of cell structures^ The wood structure of a
Pine is made up of long cells tapering to each end, and
having upon the outside certain dots, or marks. These
cells are about J of an inch long, and may be seen by
examining with a microscope very thin shavings of the
wood.

The strength of the wood of our pines is given by
Laslett as follows : —

Pieces of Red, White, and Pitch pines were taken,
of the same dimensions, and tested in three ways, as
follows :

121

I. "Weight required to break the wood crossways.
II. Weight required to tear the wood asunder lengthways.
III. Weight required to crush the wood.

The pieces for experiments I and II, were 2 inches X 2
inches X 30 inches. For experiment III, were cubes 2
inches ou each side. The average of six trials in each of
the ways brought out these results : —

Red.

White.

Pitch.

I.

653 lbs.

626 lbs.

1049 lbs.

II.

10,822 "

8,108 "

18,666 "

III.

8£ tons.

7h tons.

11£ tons.

The White pine and Pitch pine are the most abundant
in Essex county. The Red pine is found only in very
limited quantities at Boxford, Georgetown, and the towns
in that vicinity. Yet we should be interested in the use-
fulness of this latter species, when considering trees for
cultivation.

The Pitch pine as seen by Laslett's experiments has the
strongest wrood, but for carpenters' work the White pine
is every way the best.

The Pitch pine being used in joists and scantlings,
chiefly in ship building, and on account of its property of
withstanding alternations of wet and dry, it is a particu-
larly good wood for ship pumps, and for water-wheels.

Laslett says, "the wood of the Red pine is not apt to
shrink, split, or warp ; it stands well, and is a valuable
wood for all kinds of construction, and in the domestic
arts there need be no limit to its application." Some of
the largest and straightest trees are used for masts and
spars.5

The Resin, and the various other substances which are

6 Of the beauty and usefulness of the -wood of the White pine, it is quite un
necessary to speak here, the greatest difficulty would be encountered in endeavor-
ing to find what it could not be used for.

122

derived from the resin of the pines, stand only second in
value to the wood, as useful products.

"From the great amount of resin contained in the wood
of the pine, the wood is very combustible, and remarkable
for its durability. In the wood of most pines the resin
does not seem to be deposited during the life of that part.
Old trunks are often found consisting almost entirely of
heart wood, soft, and of a reddish colour, almost free
from resin throughout. Where a branch is broken off,
the remaining portion becomes charged with resin, forming
what is called a pitch knot, extending sometimes to the
heart. The same thing takes place through the whole
heart of the tree, when full of juices its life is suddenly
destroyed. It is commonly supposed that the heart-wood
of a trunk of Pitch pine, increases in weight after it has
fallen to the ground." Emerson.

Turpentine spirits is the product of distillation of the
crude turpentine, over a gentle tire.

Pitch is produced by burning, in a copper vessel, the
residuum of the turpentine.

Tar is produced by half burning it in a covered vessel.

Lamp-black is made by burning the above refuse in a
furnace leading to a chamber, in which the "soot" is de-
posited as a powder, from whence it is collected.

Venetian Turpentine is made from the European Larch.

Linnaeus states, "that the Laplanders, for want of
cereals, use the inner layer of the bark of the Scotch pine,
to make into cakes, which are very palatable."

Finally, Amber and Petroleum oil, are but the products
of the fossil pines of the Carboniferous Age.

"The soil natural to pines is that formed originally by
the crumbling, or disintegration, of the granitic rocks.

These, in the forms of yneiss, mica slate and granite,
are the prevailing rock of Massachusetts, large portions

123

of which .ire overspread by the diluvium of sand, formed
from them." Emerson.

To produce pine forests, or groves, artificially, it is
only necessary to procure a sufficient quantity of the seeds,
and sow them broadcast among the bushes of various sorts
which grow in pasture-land. If the seeds are to-be
planted in open fields they should be covered but slightly,
with a light soil, but on no account should they be buried.

The pines are not apt to flourish when used as orna-
mental trees, if planted singly, as they do not have that
protection which is necessary to their healthy growth, and
which, when standing thickly in forests, they afford each
other.

The Pitch pine grows luxuriantly when planted along
the coast, and is invaluable, in many places, to hold to-
gether the shifting sands of our county's shores; while
it has been shown, by early authors that in Europe, the
planting of forests has proved the most profitable way of
utilizing barren lands. It is a matter of great surprise
that the people of this country should be so slow to follow
the foreign example. It is but recently that the subject
of tree planting has come to the notice of the people in
general. As far as I can learn, the only persons who have
ever ai tempted systematic experiments in aboriculture, in
Essex county, are Richard Fay, Esq., at Lynn, and Hon.
Benjamin Perley Poore, at Newbury. Neither of these
gentlemen, however, have attempted planting large tracts.
But Mr. Poore's trees are illustrations of what may be
done by very many of our land proprietors, having ren-
dered their owner both satisfaction and profit.

Essex county is noted for its barren hills, and Huckle-
berry pastures. Near us are examples of land, where, if

"For further information upon tree planting, see Emerson, "Trees and Shrubs
of Massachusetts."

124

four cows can be pastured to the acre, the owner is fortu-
nate. Planted with pines, these lands would be a valuable
inheritance to the third generation, and the second genera-
tion would have received a handsome amount from the
"thinnings," as it is termed, and which it would be neces-
sary to make in fifteen or twenty years.

Is it not that our people take too little heed of the
morrow? Is it not that the few dollars expended in
planting is begrudged to the next generation? Our in-
stitutions are in some respects to blame for the spirit of
present selfishness with which our people grow up. We
cannot, in a country where all are free and equal, enact
laws which shall be as strict as those of European mon-
archies ; we cannot, where the land is cut up into small
lots, and owned by persons in many cases dependent on
its products, enact lawg which shall take from them what
the}r rightfully hold. But the state can remit taxes on
land upon wdiich trees may be planted ; they can offer
inducements to owners, great and small, to plant the
sterile land. And greatest and best of all, the people can
be educated to that knowledge of nature, and the balance
she requires between the trees and the open land, until
our people shall, of their own accord, keep that balance
true.

The work of the department of aboriculture of the
Busse}7 Institution, under the directorship of Mr. Charles
S. Sargent, who has himself published many valuable
treatises on this subject, is already beginning to be appre-
ciated. The leading newspapers of the State often devote
their editorial columns to notices of this institution and
its work ; but this is not enough, the local newspapers
should do more. These reach the country firesides where
they are carefully read and their contents discussed.

These papers can, and ought, to devote many columns

125

a year to this subject, and point out one after another, the
important functions performed by forests in regard to the
health, wealth and proper development of the country.
It should be introduced into our common schools as a
study ; and when this is done, in the half of a generation
the young men and women of the land will be prepared
to understand the justice and wisdom of state enactments
which now almost all would consider hardships. To edu-
cated intelligence, rather than by force of law, should we
look to see the Pine tree respected and valued, as one of
the most precious gifts vouchsafed to the people of Essex
county.

Discussion followed, participated in by Mr. E. G. Par-
ker of Groveland, Air. Robinson and Rev. Messrs. Is-
rael and Bolles of Salem.

Mr. J. L. Story of Essex contributed to the museum
two Indian arrowheads, and Mr. Eben Stanwood, also of
Essex, and Mr. Andrews, of the same place, several
specimens of minerals and insects.

The following resolution was unanimously passed :

Resolved, That the cordial thanks of the Essex Institute
be and are hereby tendered to the proprietors of the Cen-
tennial grove for the use of this grove, and to the citizens
of Essex for their aid so generously and so pleasantly
tendered and also to the directors of the Eastern railroad
for favors received.

Field Meeting, Wednesday, July 10, 1878.
The second field meeting, the present season, was held
at Juniper Point, Salem Neck, this day.

ESSEX INST. BULL. X 10

126

The forenoon was agreeably spent in rambling about
the Neck, examining the specimens at the Marine Zoolog-
ical Laboratory, and in dredging, for which purpose the
fine yacht "Curlew" was kindly placed at the disposition
of the party by its owner, Mr. Henry W. Peabody. The
dredging was under the direction of Mr. James H. Emer-
ton and confined its field of operations to the waters be-
tween the laboratory and Beverly Light. Three hauls
were made and a large number of specimens were ob-
tained, including sea anemonies, echinoclerms, crusta-
ceans, etc. These, with other specimens in the aquaria
at the laboratory, formed the basis of some remarks which
Mr. Emerton afterwards made, illustrating many of the
varied forms and habits of marine life.

The Zoological Laboratory was opened on the first of
.June by Messrs. James H. Emerton, of Salem, and C. S.
Minot, of Boston, for the purpose of affording facilities
to persons engaged in special studies who may desire to
make collections and research in the several departments
of marine zoology and botany, and not as a school for
instruction, although students will be received upon such
terms as may be agreed upon. For this purpose the
building is admirably situated in close proximity to the
sea, easily accessible to the city by street cars, and pro-
vided with furniture, microscopes and other instruments,
a small library, aquaria, boats and collecting apparatus.

The usual collation was spread at 1.30 p. m., in Juniper
Hall. The afternoon session was called to order in the
hall at 3 p. m., by the President. Records read, corre-
spondence and donations announced.

The President in his opening remarks alluded to the
prominence which the Neck held during the early his-

127

tory of Salem. He also spoke of the coming of Roger
Conant in 1626, and the foundation for the claim which
Salem has to that year, as being the date of its first settle-
ment rather than 1628, the date of Endicott's advent.
The original settlement was in 1626, and that date is now
placed upon the city seal. Conant came under an inden-
ture, bearing the signature of Lord Sheffield, from Coun-
cil of Plymouth, Devon, England, a company chartered
with the right to form settlements between the fortieth
and the fiftieth parallels of latitude. Conant settled orig-
inally in Cape Ann in 1624, and came from there to
Salem in 1626. Endicott's coming in 1628 brought the
first permanent organized government, and Conant sur-
rendered all authority and power to him upon his arrival.
The Institute will celebrate the 250th anniversary of En-
dicott's landing in September next, when Hon. W. C.
Endicott, a lineal descendant, is to deliver the address.
The establishment of the first church at Salem by Francis
Higginson, in 1629, will be appropriately commemorated
by the First Church and society next year.

Mr. George D. Phippen followed in the same histori-
cal vein. Speaking of Gosnold's first view of the Neck
and Salem Harbor in 1602, the coming of Smith in 1614,
and the landing of Lady Arbella Johnson and Winthrop
on Beverly shore, June 10, 1630, when they mentioned
the beautiful aspect of the country and Naumkeag, and
also of picking strawberries, gooseberries and sweet single
roses in the fields. Mr. Phippen then proceeded to speak
of the ancient fortifications. The first fort erected was
the Darby fort on Naugus Head. The second was placed
upon the higher ground on Sewall street, then called
Arbor place, and after the erection of this latter fort, five
leather cannon were brought from England and mounted

128

upon it for use against the Indians, metal ordnance being
too heavy and cumbersome for the purpose. Heavy can-
non were introduced into Salem as early as 1667. In
1699 the new fort on the heights of the Neck, the present
site of Fort Lee, was commenced, and there has always
been an earth-work at that place since that time. There
were at other times block houses on the Neck, two being
placed upon the upper end. The embrasure and outlines
of an old earthwork at Hospital Point are still visible.
At one time during the revolutionary period there was a
considerable settlement on the Neck, known as Water-
town. Mention is made, in the early annals, of a fishing
village here, and a street called Fish street, which was
quite prominent at one time. There is also a tradition of
an old "Blue Anchor" tavern as being located on the
Neck. Mr. Phippen suggested the erection of guide
boards for the convenience of strangers in ascertaining
the location of interesting historical points, so numerous
in Salem and its vicinity.

Dr. George A. Perkins spoke of a battery formerly
situated where Mr. H. W. Peabody's house now stands.
An iron ball dug from this locality was presented by Mr.
Peabody to the Institute.

After explaining briefly the methods of collecting and
observing marine animals, Mr. Emerton described the
development of the common starfish, the young of which
were at that time found daily in the surface nets. The
eggs of the starfish are laid on the bottom, where they
soon grow into worm-like animals without any sign of
radiation about them. They swim at the surface of the
sea, especially on calm evenings, till they become quarter
of an inch in length, with long processes from their sides,

129

along which run lines of cilia, by which the animals move
slowly in the water. On the sides of the intestine is
developed a system of water tubes that extends through
the Whole body and opens by a pore on the back. The
first appearance of the star-form are five buds on each of
the large water tubes running parallel with the intestine.
Around these buds grow the five arms of which the star-
fish is made up. At first they are in a line along the in-
testine, afterwards the line bends around and the ends
unite, so that the arms arrange themselves in a star.
Before this takes place the whole of the old larva is
absorbed into the new starfish. The pore on the back of
the larva becomes the bright colored porous spot on the
starfish, and the water system connected with it spreads
through the whole body, carrying water to the suckers by
which the starfish crawls.

Mr. J. S. Kixgsley spoke of the anatomy and devel-
opment of the tunicates, and described their tadpole-like
larvae, which have a dorsal cord similar to that of verte-
brates, on account of which they are supposed by many
naturalists to be related to the latter animals.

A vote of thanks was passed to Henry W. Peabody,
Mr. and Mrs. Win. F. Ashton, Mrs. Walworth, Mrs. J.
H. Webb, Mrs. Hitchings and other residents in Salem
for numerous civilities.

The members then adjourned to the Marine Laboratory
and spent a short time in the examination of the speci-
mens in its museum.

130

Eegular Meeting, Monday, July 15, 1878.
Meeting this evening. The President in the chair.
Records read. Donations and correspondence announced.

Mrs. George M. Whipple was elected a resident mem-
ber.

Prof. F. V. Hay den, of Washington, D. C, and Dr.
W. J. Hoffman, of Washington, D. C, were elected cor-
responding members.

The President alluded to the recent decease of Hon.
Joseph G. Waters, for twenty-one years the recording
secretary of the Essex Historical Society, one of the pred-
ecessors of the Institute, and spoke of his great interest
in the literary and scientific institutions of this county,
his versatile and extensive knowledge of general literature
and history, his genial disposition, and his personal worth
as a citizen and a scholar.

Judge Waters died at his residence, Pleasant street,
Salem, on the 12th instant. He was the son of Capt.
Joseph and Mrs. Mary (Dean) Waters of Salem, where
he was born July 5, 1796. He graduated at Harvard
College in the class of 1816 and studied law with Hon.
John Pickering, the well known scholar and lexicographer
(Harvard, 1796). He afterwards went to Mississippi,
where he resided in the practice of his profession for
several years, holding at the same time the office of mag-
istrate, and then returned to Salem. He was a member
of the Common Council of Salem in 1836 and 1837, a
State Senator in 1835, and a Judge of the Police Court
for nearly forty years, until 1875, when he resigned. At
one time he conducted the editorial department of the
"Salem Observer," always taking much interest in his-
torical studies and literary pursuits. In addition to his

131

duties as recording secretary of the Essex Historical
Society, he has, since its union with the Essex Institute,
been one of the curators or a member of some of the
standing committees. He was also, since 1864, on the
Board of Trustees of the Salem Athenaeum and for seve-
ral years the chairman of the library committee. He
married Eliza Greenleaf, daughter of Capt. Penn Towns-
end, of Salem, who survives him.

On motion of R. C. Manning, the President and
Messrs. James Kimball and G. A. Perkins were chosen
a committee to prepare resolutions on the decease of
Judge Waters, to be presented at a future meeting.

Regular Meeting, Monday, August 5, 1878.
Meeting this evening. The President in the chair.
Records read.

Mr. W. A. Steams, of Salem, was elected a resident
member.

Miss Caroline Follansbee presented specimens of
ribbon agate, sulphate of copper, drusy quartz, lead and
silver ore, and other minerals, which were described by
Dr. G. A. Perkins.

Field Meeting at West Newbury, Thursday,
August 8, 1878.

The third field meeting of the present season was held
this day, at West Newbury.

The members of the Institute residing in Salem and
its vicinity left the Eastern railroad station at 8.45, a. m.,

132

for Newburyport, where they were met by several mem-
bers from that city, who accompanied them on the excur-
sion ; carriages being in readiness to convey the party to
the place of meeting. The day was all that could be
desired : bright, cool, and sunny.

After a ride of some five or six miles over one of the
best roads in the county, the party arrived at the pleasant
country seat of Major Ben. Perley Poore, where they
were cordially received by that gentleman and his family,
who extended to them the hospitalities of the place. An
hour was passed in examining the valuable and extensive
collections at this place, which excited much interest and
admiration, especially the Indian implements, and the
continental suite of rooms furnished in the style of the
Ee volution. There were many curious old relics which
represent several generations of the Poore family : mili-
tary weapons, old pictures and portraits, household uten-
sils, nice old glass and crockery ware, mirrors, candle-
sticks, and a great variety of things quaint and queer.

The guests were then invited to the dining room, where
a fine lunch had been prepared. They then visited the
room where Major Poore's valuable historical and literary
collections are arranged, and after making a tour of the
grounds, inspecting the barns, the famous white cattle,
the well arranged gardens and walks, and last, but not
least, the noble growth of forest trees, every one planted
by Major Poore or his father, once more embarked for
West Newbury, bidding an adieu to the kind host and
his accomplished family.

We cannot leave without feelings akin to veneration for
this old mansion, which has during successive generations
been continued in this family. Portions of the old build-
ing remain, though additions and alterations have been
made from time to time, so that it now presents a some-
what baronial aspect. Here resides the genial proprietor

133

when released from his arduous duties at Washington,
surrounded by many interesting memorials that cannot
fail to recall vivid recollections of those who lived during
the colonial and provincial and revolutionary periods of
our history ; and entertaining with liberal hospitality a
host of friends who delight to call upon him in this pleas-
ant rural retreat.

Samuel Poore, his earliest ancestor in this country,
came from England with the family of Richard Duinmer,
in 1638, at eighteen years of age. At the same time
came with them an Alice Poore, aged twenty years, who
married George Little, of Newbury, and amongst Avhose
descendants have lived many persons of note and enter-
prise. Also Daniel Poore, aged fourteen years, who set-
tled in Andover, Mass., and from whom descended Enoch
Poore, a Brigadier General in the Revolutionary Army,
born in Andover, Mass., 1738, and died near Hackensack,
N. J., Sept. 8, 1780; Rev. Daniel Poore, D. D., born in
Danvers, June 27, 1789, graduate of Dartmouth College,
1811, and Andover Theological Seminary, 1814, ordained
as missionary, June 21, 1815, and sailed for Ceylon on
the 23rd of the following October ; he was a man of emi-
nent piety and learning and spent his life among these peo-
ple in arduous and faithful labors ; he died at Jaffna, Cey-
lon, Feb. 3, 1855 ; and John Alfred Poore, the father of
the railroad system in Maine, born at Andover, Me., Jan.
8, 1808, died at Portland, Sept. 5, 1871, and his brother,
Henry V. Poor, editor of the "American Railroad Jour-
nal," author of "History of Railroads and Canals in the
United States," and other works relating to this and col-
lateral subjects.

The three above named who came with the Dummer
family are supposed to have been brothers and sister of
John Poore, their elder, who also settled in Newbury and

134

died Nov. 23, 1684, aged sixty-nine, from whom was
descended John Poore, a graduate of Harvard in the class
of 1775, who established a Female Academy at Philadel-
phia and died in 1829 ; and Charles H. Poore, a rear-
admiral in the U. S. Navy, born in Cambridge, June 9,
1808, retired from service June 9, 1870.

Major Poore descends through Samuel2, who married
Eachel Bailey ; Samuel3, who married Hannah Morse ; and
Benjamin4, who married Judith Noyes, a descendant of
Deacon Nicholas Noyes (a brother of Rev. James Noyes,
the first minister of Newbury). Benjamin and Judith,
we learn, occupied this extensive tract of land which the
family have named the Indian Hill farm, and their young-
est son and only child who married was Daniel Noyes
Poor, born July 16, 1758, graduated Harvard College
1777, physician in Newbury, where he died July 23,
1837; married Lydia Merrill, and among their children
was the father of our host, Benjamin Poore.

Major Poore is thus connected with many of the early
families in the northern part of the county, and as his
mother was a Dodge, he is consequently a kin to a large
number in the southern section.

The church at West Newbury was reached in good sea-
son, after a pleasant drive through the woods, and by the
extensive nurseries of Mr. T. C. Thurlow. Hon. Haydn
Brown, of West Newbury, and Horace Brown, Esq., of
Salem, members of the Institute, here met the party, and
after a visit 'to the comb factory of Brown & Noyes, where
the very interesting processes in the manufacture were
closely examined, some of the party visited the residence
of Hon. Mr. Brown, where they were pleasantly enter-
tained. Among other curiosities was showed a monstrous
pair of ox horns lately sent from Cape Town, South
Africa. These horns had a stretch of over two yards

135

from tip to tip as they grew from the animal's head.
They measured forty-seven inches in length and twelve
and one-half inches in circumference.

Lunch was served in the church chapel, Mr. and Mrs.
Brown and others being lavish in their hospitality and
generous attention.

At 2.45, p. M., the afternoon session was held. The
President in the chair. Records of last meeting read.
Donations and correspondence announced, after which
Horace Brown, Esq., welcomed the society to West
Newbury, being fittingly responded to by the President,
■who spoke of the previous field clay at West Newbury,
referred to the various educational associations of the
vicinity, and explained the objects and work of the In-
stitute.

Hon. Haydn Brown gave an interesting and instructive
account of the comb factory of which he is one of the pro-
prietors ; exhibited the original kit of tools used by Mr.
Enoch Noyes, the first manufacturer in Newbury, in 1774 ;
and described the various modifications in machinery from
the simple forms at that early period to the improved and
complicated constructions of the present time.

James Parton, Esq., of Newbury port, said that in
visiting the comb factory in the morning he had recalled
a memorandum of John Quincy Adams. After making a
visit to a factory in St. Petersburg, wrote Mr. Adams,
"I must go visit a factory every week in order to learn
humility." The speaker thought that all his hearers had
learned a lesson in humility that day. Mr. Brown had
spoken of the progress of mechanical invention within the
last quarter of a century, but this progress of invention

136

is applied to every branch of human intelligence. Mr.
Parton considered the New England habit of picnics a
public blessing and made some remarks on the advantage
of such field days as the Essex Institute is in the habit of
holding, saying, that it made people good-natured and
amiable to be brought together in a sensible out-door
ramble. There is too much ill temper in the country.
An Irish orator in Boston, a few evenings since, had flung
about some opprobrious epithets in a very reckless man-
ner, but it was not alone Kearney and the frantic idiots
that are guilty. In a late number of the "North Ameri-
can Review," Francis Parkman has an article and indulges
in gross abuse of those who don't think as he does. He
saj^s : "they bray." Wendell Phillips also indulges in a
great deal of abuse. One reason is because these gentle-
men do not go to picnics and become acquainted with
each other. Mr. Parton thought speech making a new
species of torture. In speaking of this subject to a young
lady, a day or two since, she had found him a book enti-
tled "The Speech Maker's own Book to assist those called
upon to make a few remarks on public occasions or to
propose a sentiment." From this book Mr. Parton read
a number of selections, one of which he thought would
apply to Dennis Kearney : "Here's to the man who never
lets his tongue cut his own throat." Mr. Parton closed
by expressing his great satisfaction at being able to be
present at this meeting.

Mr. James H. Emerton described several insects that
had been presented at the meeting, and replied to several
questions that were proposed in reference to the same.

Prof. George Dixon, of Hampton Normal and Agri-
cultural Institute, Hampton, Va., formerly of England,

137

expressed the great pleasure it gave him in joining the
members of the Essex Institute in their third field meet-
ing this year, particularly in so delightful a locality. If
there is an interesting spot, your worthy chairman, Dr.
Wheatland, is sure to find it and pitch his tent there : a
place where the botanist, entomologist, geologist, and
even the archaeologist may find something interesting.
Some may be inclined to think there is little of antiquity
to be found in America. I think differently. We are
no doubt treading upon ground once occupied by a pre-
historic race.

Since last year I have had the pleasure of seeing a
little of the Indian character. About three years ago the
United States troops, in a skirmish in the Indian Terri-
tory, took over sixty prisoners, whom they sent down, in
irons, under the charge of Captain Pratt, to St. Augus-
tine, Florida, to be confined in an old fort there. There
were among them Cheyennes, Kiowas, and Arapahoes.
They soon became perfectly docile, and one by one the
Captain had their manacles removed. He took away their
blankets, dressed them in cast-off soldiers' garments ; and
in order that they might be more like white men they
were willing to have their hair cut short, and their ear and
nose ornaments removed.

St. Augustine, as you are no doubt all aware, is a fa-
vorite winter resort for invalids. The visitors, at first
through curiosity, often went down to the fort to see the
Indians, who amused their lady friends by singing their
war songs and performing their war dances. One of
these ladies undertook to give the Indians lessons in
English ; others soon joined her, and in a short time many
of the Indians could read simple sentences and write a
little. They were also taught to sing some of Moody and
Sankey's hymns, instead of their war songs. At the end

138

of three years the term of their imprisonment expired
and they were to be sent back to their tribes. Twenty-
two of the young men expressed a wish to be further
educated before their return. Funds to cover the cost
for three years were soon raised, partly from those who
had been personally acquainted with them at St. Augus-
tine, and partly from benevolent individuals at a dis-
tance. General Armstrong, superintendent of the Hamp-
ton Normal and Agricultural Institute, for training col-
ored teachers for the South, was willing to take sixteen
of them into his establishment. Arrangements were
made for the remaining six to go to other schools in
the North. Captain Pratt, wishing the older Indians
to see the place where their young men were to be left
to be educated, availed himself of an opportunity of
bringing them all North by a steamer that was return-
ing to Norfolk, and landed them at the school wharf.
They seemed pleased with the place, bade their young
men farewell, and, after visiting Washington, were set
at liberty in the Indian Territory. Accounts of these
returned prisoners have been very encouraging. They
have mostly joined themselves to the missionaries, having
charge of the schools on the reservations, persuading their
people to give up their nomadic life, and settle down to
the cultivation of the soil, and have their children edu-
cated. Those left at Hampton are very exemplary in
their conduct, remarkably neat and cleanly in their per-
son, and are making good progress in their education.
They are extremely affectionate ; when Captain Pratt left
them to take the old folk home, they all embraced him in
tears, and were greatly delighted on his return. I have
often thought, on viewing their manly forms, and inter-
esting countenances, of the exclamation, I think of St.
Augustine, when he beheld the British youths captives in

139

Rome: "Non Angli sed angeli, si Christiani" (Not Eng-
lish but angels, if Christians). Although we have fallen
far short of becoming angels, yet through the civilization
and enlightenment of our ancestors by the gospel mes-
sage, which the Romans brought us, Christianity has
spread to the utmost bounds of the earth, and the Eng-
lish language bids fair to become universal. Captain
Pratt's great success with these Indian prisoners has led
to the idea of establishing an Institution similar to Hamp-
ton, for training both young men and women Indians for
teachers among their tribes. They would carry back a
good report of the white man, and of his wish to be kind
to them and do them good. God in his Providence has
made the Indians the wards of this nation, and a grave
responsibility rests upon the American people. It is
very important that the most humane means should be
devised for gaining their confidence, and bringing them
into obedience, without using force of arms, which only
drives them into rebellion, and if persisted in can only
end in their extermination. One of the Indian students
at Hampton has just received a letter from his tribe.
Although all pictures, }ret it conveyed to him the painful
information of the death of both of his parents. They
make these pictures very rapidly. I have with me a fan
painted by one of them for his teacher. You will see
how very much the figures resemble Egyptian hieroglyph-
ics. By the sale of painted fans and polished sea beans,
they raise a little pocket money.

I think the language of the Indian must be very inter-
esting ; every word seems to be accompanied by a sign or
motion of the hand. When they use the word "truth"
they place the finger horizontally on the lips and press
their hand to their heart. When they repeat the word
lie, they put two fingers on their mouth, pointing in dif-

140

ferent directions, and make a motion with their hand of
casting it from them, expressive of disdain. Their Indian
names are very peculiar. I will give you a few of them
with their translation : —

Ma-ah-chis, Soaring Eagle.

Cow-way-haw-nif, Little Chief.

We-ho-no-cas, White Man.

Tich-ke-mat-se, Squint Eyes.

Nock-ko-ist, Bear's Heart.

Nar-cu-bo-ist, White Bear.
I fear I shall tire you with my account of the Indians.
At our meeting last year at Marblehead Neck, mention
was made of the discovery of the satellites of Mars, and
of oxygen in the sun by Dr. Draper. This year we have
to record the invention of the telephone, microphone,
phonograph and tasimeter. No one can yet tell the won-
ders these instruments will open out when applied, not
only to scientific, but to practical uses. The telescope
opened out to us objects almost at the utmost bounds of
the universe. The microscope brought to view animals
so minute that myriads could exist in a drop of water.
Then came the spectroscope, which enabled us to discover
the composition of luminous bodies both near and distant,
showing us that the sun, moon, planets, fixed stars,
comets and nebulae, are all composed of metals and gases
similar to those found on our earth. Instead of sending
messages by signs, the telephone will enable us to send
them by word of mouth. With the microphone we shall
be able to hear sounds never before audible. We shall
be able to hear the rising of the sap, the uniting of parti-
cles by chemical affinity, and atoms arranging themselves
by polarizations into crystals. If at the creation "the
morning stars sang together," may we not be able to
catch their music, if they still continue their song? Then

141

there is the phonograph, by which the vibrations of the
voice may be recorded and utterances preserved from
generation to generation. What shall we say of the
tasimeter, which measures the temperature of the most
distant bodies whether they are luminous or not?

Don't you think the prophet Daniel foresaw our day,
when he said, "many shall run to and fro and knowledge
shall kicrease"? It has been thought that Isaiah had a
glimpse of the locomotive, in his vision of the brethren
being brought out of all nations, "upon horses and in
chariots, and in litters, and upon mules, and upon swift
beasts." He found no animal for comparison when in his
vision he saw the train dashing along, so called the loco-
motive "the swift beast."

If we should be spared to meet another year, we may
have still greater discoveries to record. But I must not
forget my flowers. A lady has just handed me two speci-
mens : Clethra alnifolia, sweet pepper bush, and Rubus
odoratus, sweet scented bramble. These are well worthy
of cultivation for their sweet perfume and beautiful flow-
ers. Among those I have collected myself on the banks
of the Merrimac, and those laid on the table, I find wor-
thy of notice: Platanthera psycodes, purple /tinged or-
cliis; Teucrium Canadense, germander ; Lysimachia stricta,
loosestrife ; Mimulus alatus, winged monkey flower ; Lobe-
lia inflata, Indian tobacco. I also found an English emi-
grant which I was not aware had found its way over,
Campanula rotundifolia, harebell. This flower is found on
the English and Scotch moors, growing among the heather.
It has, like many more, bettered its condition by change
of country ; in its native place it is only a few inches
long ; some of the specimens I have collected to-clay mea-
sure fully three feet. At one of your meetings last year
I named other emigrants : Genista tinctoria, woad waxen;

ESSEX INST. BULL. X 11

142

Urtica dioica, Roman nettle; Triticum repens, couch grass.
These and many others seem to follow in the wake of
civilization. The Urtica clioica followed the Romans from
Italy; and being found where they had their encamp-
ments, it is known as the Roman nettle. It is not diffi-
cult to divine how it got over. Perhaps among the hay
used by the Pilgrim fathers in packing their utensils on
board the Mayflower it was secreted. From a single
plant the downy seed would be wafted and spread rapidly.
I saw it to-day growing on a rubbish heap. Although
some of these plants are perfect pests to the farmer, yet
they may sometimes be found to possess qualities which
may make them valuable, even worthy of cultivation.
The whole plant of Genista tinctoria, ivoad waxen, root,
stem, leaf and flower, dyes yellow. Mixed with Isatis
tinctoria, woad, which has also found its way over, it dyes
green, while the woad itself, like indigo, dyes blue. With
these two plants the ancient British tatooed their bodies.
The Triticum repens, couch grass, makes a paper very
superior to that made from the straw of any other grass,
and would be used extensively if it could be got in quan-
tity. Even Urtica dioica, the Roman nettle, has been
found lately to contain a fibre in its tissues, stronger and
more abundant than that got from the Cannabis sativa,
hemp, and may come to be extensively used in the manu-
facture of ropes. In riding along this morning I was
admiring the Salix alba, white willow. A gentleman sit-
ting by me said "it is a useless wood." I did not contra-
dict him, but I remembered the wonderful antiseptic
properties of the salicylic acid got from the willow, which
is likely to make this wood of great value. This acid is
perfectly wholesome, without either taste or smell. A
merchant in Hamburgh has found that fish impregnated
with it will keep perfectly fresh for twenty days.

143

A young gentleman has placed on the table three spe-
cies of fresh water shells found in the Merrimac river.
They are Physa heterostropha, Limmea elodes, and Pla-
norbis lentus. I ask pardon for encroaching so long on
the valuable time of this meeting.

Capt. Luther Dame, of Newburyport, and Rev. Mr.
Dorrity, of West Newbury, spoke briefly, expressing
their interest in the work of the Institute.

Rev. Fielder Israel, of Salem, offered the following
vote, which was unanimously adopted : —

Voted, That the thanks of the Essex Institute be of-
fered to Hon. Haydn Brown of West Newbury, to Hor-
ace Brown of Salem, and to the ladies and gentlemen of
West Newbury, for the numerous courtesies extended to
the members of the Institute this day ; to the proprietors
of the Second Congregational Society for the use of their
church and vestry ; also to Major Ben. Perley Poore for
his elegant reception at Indian Hill Farm.

The meeting adjourned at 4.10, p. m. The route to
Xewburyport was by the famous river road and the chain
bridge. The road winds for miles along the shores of the
Merrimac river. This ride was one of the features of
the day, and was thoroughly enjoyed by all. The party
took the 8.25, P. M., train for Salem.

Regular Meeting, Monday, September 2, 1878.
Meeting this evening. The President in the chair.
Records read. Correspondence and donations announced.

The President offerred the following resolutions on

144

the death of Hon. Joseph G. Waters, which were unan-
imously adopted :

Whereas, The members of the Essex Institute have
learned with deep regret the decease of Hon. Joseph Gr.
Waters, a valued member from its organization in 1848,
and for many years previous a member of the Essex His-
torical Society, and desiring to place upon record their
appreciation of his character, do hereby submit the fol-
lowing resolutions :

Resolved, That the Institute has long recognized with
pleasure the merited respect which Mr. Waters had al-
ways received from his fellow citizens, not only for his
professional acquirements, but for his versatile and exten-
sive knowledge of general literature and history ; a dis-
tinction which will keep his memory long in the minds of
the people.

Resolved, That the Institute remembers with cordial
appreciation the eminent services which he had performed
for a period of twenty-one years as the recording secre-
tary of the Essex Historical Society, and since the incor-
poration of that Society with the Institute, that of one of
the curators and a member of several of the standing com-
mittees.

Resolved, That his decease must be regarded as a loss
to the historical department of the Institute, and reminds
us of the disappearance from our roll of membership of
those who were instrumental in directing public attention
to the collecting and preserving the memorials of our
early history.

Resolved, That a copy of these resolutions be placed on
the records of the Institute, and also that a copy be sent
to the family of the deceased.

Additional JVotes on the Pine.
By John Robinson.

Before the regular publication of the Bulletin a
number of extras of the above paper were sent out.

The very kind reception which it has met and the
interest manifested, both by the press and private indi-
viduals, make it seem of importance to add a few notes
and corrections suggested by gentlemen more familiar
with the practical side of arboriculture than the present
writer.

As suggested by Mr. J. J. H. Gregory and others, it
would be better in referring to the number of cows pas-
tured per acre on certain poor land in the county, to say
one cow to four acres, in order to more forcibly represent
the average condition of things.

Mr. Jos. S. Fay of Wood's Holl, who has given many
years' attention to the cultivation of forest trees, suggests
that the statement regarding the roots of the pine, al-
though applicable to the White pine, is not so in the cases
of the Red or Pitch pines. These, he says,

"Have tap roots or large single roots extending deeply with a few
lateral, but not superficial roots."

Again, regarding the quotation from Emerson where he

savs :

"The soil natural to most pines is that formed by the crumbling of
granitic rocks,"

Mr. Fay writes :

"I think this is far from correct. The soil of Cape Cod is drift?
very sandy, and yet its forests are largely of pine. The White pine
certainly grows largest in good bottom land or loamy soil."

Mr. Fay is also of opinion that when sowing the pine

seeds in pastures, the bushes should be mowed down to

prevent the young plants from being smothered ; a much

better thing to do would be to collect young seedlings for

this purpose. These could be raised in prepared land, or

purchased. He says :

" Small seedlings would do well if planted with a spade among
bushes, because their heads would come to the air, and soon get above
their neighbors."

(145)

146

The following interesting paragraph is taken from an
essay on Forestry read by Mr. Fay last spring, before the
Society of Arts at the Institute of Technology, an ab-
stract of which appeared in the "Boston Journal" at that
time. This essay ought to be published in full in pam-
phlet form.

"I have been told tha.t within a few clays there was sold at auction
in North Easton the wood, chiefly pine, standing on an acre and a
half of land for the sum of $225.00, which is 8150.00 per acre. A
man present at the sale, who formerly owned the place, said that it
wTas just twenty-five years since he and his two boys in one half-day
dug up the trees in an adjoining field, where they were scattered
about, and set them out. They were about a foot high. Nothing was
ever done to them afterwards. At the time they were planted the
land was considered as worth fifteen dollars, or ten dollars per acre.
The same farmer planted three and one-half acres about thirty-five
years ago, which in the opinion of experienced lumbermen will cut
150 or 160 cords of wood per acre, and is worth $300.00 to $350.00
per acre on the stump."

Mr. Chas. S. Sargent has kindly furnished some infor-
mation regarding the time of ripening of the seeds of the
pines, which is not found in the botanies. He says :

"In the White and Red pines the scales open in New England in
the middle of September, and of course the seed, or most of it, will
fall at once. With the White pine the cones generally drop the same
autumn that they ripen, but the Pitch pine retains its cones for years,
the manual being wrong in that particular. I do not know exactly at
what time the Pitch pine sheds its seeds, but very likely the cones
remain unopened until spring. I sent to North Conway for Red pine
seeds, and the man found them dropping from the cones by the 10th
of September."

Mr. Sargent also writes :

"You say 'But the State can remit taxes.' etc. I wish you had said,
this State has remitted taxes on land planted under certain conditions,
by an act which I drafted last winter, and which has passed both
houses and become a law without opposition."

The importance of these corrections and suggestions
will at once be seen upon reading the above note, and I
take this opportunity to acknowledge the kindness on the
part of those who so promptly sent them, for I feel it
adds much of real value to a paper, which, incomplete as
it was, has met with a surprisingly warm reception. I
trust it may call attention to a subject soon to be of vital
importance among us, and stimulate, among those who
happen to see it, a desire to obtain and read fuller and
more valuable essays and books upon the subject.

Peabody Academy of Science, November 7, 1878.

BULLETIN

OF THE

ESSEX INSTITUTE

Vol. 10. Salem, Oct., Nov., Dec, 1878. Nos. 10, 11, 12.

White Mountain Field Meeting, September, 1878.

Members of the Essex Institute, with their friends,
numbering about one hundred and twenty-five, left Salem
on Tuesday morning, September 3, for their third annual
excursion among the White Hills of New Hampshire,
and to hold a meeting on Thursday evening at Fabyan's,
the base of Mt. Washington. The route, thither, varied
somewhat from that of either of the two previous 'excur-
sions ; passing through Lowell, Nashua, Manchester, Con-
cord, to the Weirs, where the steamer "Lady of the Lake"
was awaiting the arrival, to take the party over the placid
waters of the Lake and among the numerous islands to
Centre Harbor, when dinner was served at the Senter
House. In the afternoon re-embarked on board the
steamer and returned to Weirs, and thence proceeded by
rail to Plymouth, where the night was passed at the Pem-
igewasset House. The next morning, Wednesday, by
stages, went to the Profile House through the Pemigewas-
set valley, stopping at the Flume House to view the vari-
ous objects of interest in that locality. The scenery of

ESSEX INST. BULL. X 12 (145)

146

this valley is beautiful, with high mountains and dark
ravines ; the road, winding through the woods, then up
some steep hills, opens out on lovely landscapes.

Left the Profile House on Thursday, after dinner, and
by stage and rail arrived at Fabyan's at 6 p. m.

During the evening in the large parlor, a meeting was
held. The President in the chair. Records of the pre-
ceding meeting by the Secretary were read.

The President, after a few brief allusions to some of
the objects of the Institution, and to the meeting held at
Crawford's in September, 1877, called upon Prof. J. H.
Huntington, formerly connected with the Signal Service
on Mt. Washington.

The speaker began by saying that, when a college stu-
dent he visited the mountains, but his first ascent of Mt.
Washington gave him anything but a favorable impression
of the place as a winter residence.

The attempt to ascend the mountain through Tucker-
man's Ravine ; the swollen stream that compelled them
to plunge into alders and scrub, and climb to the plateau
south ; the clouds in the ravine filled with rainbows of the
most brilliant hues ; the cold, fierce winds that swept the
clouds and driven mist across the plateau ; the wander-
ings, if perchance a path could be found ; reaching the
top of the mountain in a driving storm, with the temper-
ature at 38° F. just as night closed around the summit :
all these were so many vivid pictures in the mind.

In 1869, when employed in the geological survey of
N. H., the speaker made the first really serious attempt,
to occupy some high mountain summit in winter as a me-
teorological station.

147

It may naturally be asked why a geologist is especially
interested in meteorology. Climate has been the great
factor in all geological time. To get anything like a clear
conception of the evolution of the earth, one must have
some idea of the climatic conditions during the different
periods of its developement. It seemed most desirable
to occupy Mount Washington, but circumstances were such
that Mount Moosilauke had to be taken instead. Almost
every condition was unfavorable, but we gained experi-
ence that enabled me the following autumn to make such
preparation on Mount AYashington, that the expedition to
that mountain was most successful. It was not, however,
without the united effort of many individuals that it was
a complete success. It was under obligations to very
many people, but especially to Dr. J. E. Hilgard, who
was largely instrumental in interesting the Signal Service
in the expedition, so that they not only furnished three
miles of insulated wire, but also sent a sergeant, who
acted as telegraph operator and observer. This led to the
place being made a permanent station of the Service.

It was a generally expressed opinion that no one could
live upon the mountain during the winter, and it was with
some misgivings that the speaker ascended the mountain
on the 12th of Nov., 1870, for the winter, and stayed
alone until the rest of the party1 came ; but what he sup-
posed would be a stay of a few days, was lengthened into
weeks.

'Mv. A. F. Clough came Nov. 30, and remained five weeks; came again in
April, also in May.

Mr. Howard A.Kimball came Xov. 30; remained five weeks; came again in
May.

Sergt. Theodore Smith came Dec. 4, and remained until May.

Prof. C H. Hitchcock came Dec. 21, for a day, and again for a few days, in
April.

Mr. S. A. Nelson came Dec. 21, and remained until the following summer.

148

Of the observations, those in regard to temperature
are of more general interest.

Mean temperature, Jan., Mt. Washington, 6° F.
" " Lunenburg, Vt., 16°

July, Mt. Washington, 4B°
" " Lunenburg, Vt., 68°

annual temperature, Mt. Washington, 25°
" " Lunenburg, Vt., 41°

The lowest monthly mean temperature recorded, 1-3°,
was reported by Sergt. Hearne, March, 1872. The mean
for Boston the same month was 26°.

In any given cold period, the minimum temperature
occurs on Mt. Washington twelve or twenty-four hours
before it does in the valleys immediately adjacent. This
fact, first shown during our occupation of the mountain,
is one of practical importance. Although the cold wave
generally comes on the tide of high barometer from the
west, sometimes it does not reach the surface of the earth
until it gets comparatively near the coast ; then if there
is no station on some high mountain, the extreme cold
comes suddenly, without the least warning.

At no time, during our stay on the mountain, did we
suffer from cold. When exposed, in extreme weather,
one freezes so quickly that he does not feel the ordinary
sensation of cold.

The precipitation in winter is chiefly in form of frost-
work, and snow-ice ; hence, for at least five months the
amount has to be estimated, but during the other seven
months, it can be measured with tolerable accuracy. In
the Reports of the Chief Signal Officer, one year it is
given as 82-96 in., another year, 47 in.

Before the station was established on Mt. Washington,
very few had even heard ot the great velocity of winds

149

at high altitudes. In the Report of the C. S. O. for 1874,
it is stated that, Mar. 23rd, the wind had a velocity of 130
miles an hour, and continued near that enormous force for
twenty-four hours. In the Monthly Weather Review for
Jan., 1878, it says that remarkable wind-velocities were
measured at Thatchers Island, of 70 miles an hour; at
Cape Lookout, of 120 ; and at Mount Washington, of
186. Great velocities, at high altitudes, when storm areas
extend over a large extent of country, are not so remark-
able as that there should be great velocities in the upper
currents of the air, when it is calm below. On the 4th
of May, 1872, when there was a special series of obser-
vations being taken, there was a wind of 96 miles an
hour on the summit, while at the base of the mountain,
only 3667 ft. below the summit, there was a perfect calm.
At the time, there was a heavy snow storm at the base,
with nimbus clouds on the mountain. There have been
many narrow escapes, when there were high winds accom-
panied by low temperature. The speaker once made the
ascent of the mountain, and on reaching the summit, the
wind was 70 miles per hour, and the temperature — 17°.
From Lizzie Bourne monument, to the summit, was a
continuous struggle with wind and cold ; with the wind
to see which was the stronger ; with the cold, to escape
the sleep of death.

The Signal Service took the station, May 12th, 1871,
and the following officers have since been in charge.

Sergt. Theodore Smith, from May 12th, to May 25th,
1871, when he was relieved.

Sergt. M. L. Hearne, from May 25th, 1871, to April
3rd, 1872.

Sergt. A. R. Thornett took charge of station until May
17th, when Sergt. Hearne was reassigned, but not being
strong enough to endure the exposure, he was perma-
nently relieved by Sergt. Thornett.

150

In May, 1872, a special series of observations were
made on the summit, and at the base. Sergt. Thornett
had charge of the station on the summit, and Sergt. The-
odore Smith, the station at the base of the mountain.

In June, 1873, special observations were made at the
base, elevation, 2,898 ft. ; at station 3(Waumbeck Junc-
tion), elevation, 4,058 ft. ; station 2, elevation, 5,553 ft. ;
summit, elevation, 6,285 ft. During May of the same
year, there were special observations at the base and sum-
mit. All these observations were made under the general
supervision of Sergt. Thornett.

Sergt. Thornett was relieved June 1st, 1874, and was
succeeded by Sergt. Win. Line, who had been his Senior
Assistant since Sept. 17th, 1872.

Sergt. Line was relieved June 30th, 1877, and was
succeeded by Sergt. O. S. M. Cone, who remained until
the winter of 1877, when he was relieved by Private W.
D. Murphy.

Private Murphy was relieved Aug., 1878, and was suc-
ceeded by Sergt. W. S. Jewell, who now has charge of
the station.

After remarks from Mr. George D. Phippen, of
Salem, on the Flora of the mountain region, and of the
cultivation of those gems of the vegetable kingdom which
are beginning to be better known under the general name
of "Alpine Plants," the meeting adjourned. It was a
pleasant meeting, and an appropriate close to this event-
ful day.

On Friday morning, the party ascended Mt. Washing-
ton ; on Saturday morning, left for Crawfords, spent the
forenoon in visiting some of the places of note in that
vicinity, and in the afternoon, took the cars for Salem, by
the Eastern Railroad, arriving at 8.47 p. m.

151

Regular Meeting, Monday, September 16, 1878.

Meeting this evening. The President in the chair.
Records read. Donations and correspondence announced.

Daniel Mansfield Shepard was elected a resident mem-
ber.

The 250th Anniversary of the Landing oe
John Endicott, Wednesday, September 18th, 1878.

The 250th anniversary of the landing of John Endicott
at Salem, was commemorated this day, under the auspices
of the Essex Institute. The day was one of the love-
liest of the season. There was no parade, and no pro-
cession. At eleven o'clock in the forenoon, the exer-
cises were commenced in the Mechanic Hall : consisting
of organ voluntary by Mr. B. J. Lang ; reading of the
Scriptures, and Prayer, by Rev. Robert C. Mills ; original
Hymn by Rev. Jones Very ; poem by Rev. Charles T.
Brooks ; original ode by Rev. S. P. Hill ; oration by
Hon. Wm. C. Endicott; hymn "The breaking waves
dashed high," Mrs. Hemans, rendered by Mrs. J. H.
West ; poem by Wm. W. Story, read by Prof. J. W.
Churchill ; one hundredth Psalm, sung by chorus and
audience ; benediction.

After the literary exercises, the invited guests and sub-
scribers proceeded to Hamilton Hall, where an elegant
lunch, provided by Mr. E. P. Cassell, was served. The
floral decorations, consisted of elaborate centre pieces of
choice cut flowers, from the green-houses of Mr. H. W.
Putnam. The menu was an elegant piece of typography,
and bore a fine line en Graving of the old Governor. The

© — —0

152

President presided. Rev. E. C. Bolles officiated as
Toastmaster, and the divine blessing was invoked by
Rev. Dr. Mills.

The President opened the after-dinner exercises, fol-
lowed by Eev. E. C. Bolles, Toastmaster, Gov. A. H.
Rice, Mayor H. K. Oliver, Hon. Robert C. Winthrop,
Hon. Marshall P. Wilder, Rev. Dean Stanley, Hon. Wm.
C. Endicott, Hon. Leverett Saltonstall, Prof. Benjamin
Peirce, Hon. Geo. B. Loring, Rev. Fielder Israel, Joseph
H. Choate, Esq., Benjamin H. Silsbee, Esq., Rev. Edward
S. Atwood (omitted in the delivery, on account of the
lateness of the hour) . A lull account is printed in the
"Historical Collections" of the Institute, vol. XV.

Field Meeting at Ipswich, Friday, October 4, 1878.

This morning, a party consisting of some one hundred,
members and friends of the Institute, assembled at the
station of the Eastern Railroad in Salem, to take the train
for Ipswich, and after a ride of some twenty minutes ar-
rived at the place of destination. Messrs. Palmer, Kim-
ball and other Ipswich friends were there, awaiting to
conduct the party to the wharf, for an excursion in the
Steamer "Carlotta," down the river to Plum Island, and
the adjacent coast.

The sail on the river was very pleasant, the scenery
diversified ; passing by at first cultivated fields with scat-
tered farm houses and buildings ; afterwards rough and
somewhat uneven land, and principally used for pas-

turage.

After tarrying some two hours in examining the pecu-
liarities of the place, and the various points of interest,

153

returned to Ipswich, and found in the Seminary Hall
where the baskets had been deposited, well spread tables
for the midday lunch.

At 3 p. m. the afternoon session was held in the Man-
ning school building. The President in the chair. Rec-
ords read. The President in his opening remarks,
spoke of some of the distinguished men in the various
professions and callings who had, in the past, originated
in old Ipswich, and had made their mark in the places of
their adoption ; of the previous meetings held in this town
and the vicinity, and of the objects and work of the In-
stitute. He said that at these meetings, subjects of his-
toric interest, or the finding of specimens of Natural
History, and suggestions arising thereupon, are introduced
for discussion ; at this time it is proposed to vary the
programme, and to speak of some of the chemical pro-
ducts of the sea ; salt water and what it contains, and
he called upon Prof. Isaac J. Osbun of the State Normal
School, Salem, to respond.

Prof. Osbun, having placed upon the table several
agents and reagents, also some apparatus to illustrate his
remarks, said : —

No one can have failed to see in his rambles along the
sea shore during the earlier part of the day, tiny, shining
crystals covering the rocks where the sea water has been
thrown up by the wind and dried away by the sun. Exa-
mine these crystals with the microscope, and they will be
found to be wonderfully symmetrical in form, quite as
much so as the plants and shells and other objects which
you have collected to-day from the organic world of life.
The power of crystalization is not a whit less wonderful,
nor is its action in any respect better understood than the
action of the mysterious forces exhibited by living beings.

154

The power of dissolving substances is a property com-
mon to all liquids. And what a curious property it is !
Into this tall glass of water I pour a teaspoonful of salt,
and it suddenly disappears as though it were totally anni-
hilated. The water does not seem to have been changed
in the least. And yet, we need not ask where this salt
is, for, when I pour a few drops of water from the tall
glass into this hot porcelain dish, pure water is driven off
in the form of steam, and we find the salt beautifully
crystalized around the edge of the dish.

If I were to evaporate one gallon of ordinary sea water
to dryness, I should obtain about one-quarter of a pound
of salt. This does not seem a great amount, but a barrel
of ocean water will yield nine pounds of salt. If the
ocean were but three feet deep and were then dried up,
it would leave a layer of salt at the bottom one inch deep,
while if it were three miles deep it would leave, if evap-
orated, a layer of salt 280 feet thick.

It has been estimated that the entire ocean contains
three millions of cubic miles of salt. This would make
a cube about 140 miles in each of its dimensions. It
would just about cover the two states of New Hampshire
and Vermont and would be about 150 miles high.

The question naturally arises, whence comes this great
amount of salt? But when we see rivers of water flow-
ing through regions of country filled with salt mines, it is
easily answered. Some of these salt beds are very large.
A single body of salt in Poland is 1200 miles long,
twenty miles wide and one-fourth of a mile thick.

What is salt? The chemist will answer in this way.
Pour upon some black oxide of manganese, a substance
often used for making oxygen, some strong hydrochloric
acid. A dense green gas will be given off, which has a
very disagreeable and penetrating odor like chloride of
lime, or bleaching powder. Because of its green color,

155

it is called chlorine, from the Greek word meaning green.
Now this gas is one of the constituents of common salt.
You will see it issuing from the vessel where the acid and
black oxide of manganese were mixed. If I dip a clean
platinum wire into this solution of common salt and then
thrust it into this blue flame of the spirit lamp, the flame
is at once colored a deep orange. You see at once that
common salt must be the substance used to produce the
yellow color in fireworks. In the neighborhood of the
ocean the air becomes filled with fine particles of salt,
which it deposits abundantly on all objects it comes near ;
on the leaves of trees, on the grass, on our houses and on
our garments. As you see, I have but to brush my coat
sleeve and the flame of the spirit lamp is colored a deep
yellow. From this bottle, which is nearly filled with
naphtha, I take a piece of dark gray substance which is
soft as putty, and which, when cut, shows a bright metal-
lic surface, which looks like freshly cut lead. I throw a
piece of it upon water and you see it kindles and is
quickly burned up. I find that this water, which was
pure before, is now a weak solution of soda lye, such as
is used for cleansing and for making hard soap. I dip
the platinum wire into this solution and then thrust it
into the flame, and you see again the orange colored light.
A very minute portion of this substance when put into a
flame can be seen by the help of the spectroscope. One
fifty millionth of a grain is easily detected by means of
this most delicate instrument. This substance is called
sodium. It is the other constituent of common salt.
These two elements, chlorine and sodium, give salt the
name chloride of sodium. We thus see that common salt
is a compound of a green gas with a bright glistening
metal.

But there are many other substances in sea water. A

156

long time ago sponges applied to a goitered neck were
found to be a somewhat efficient cure. Later, the ashes
only of the sponges were used, and finally, an element
obtained from these ashes, which was called iodine, from
the beautiful violet color of its vapor. We are all more
or less familiar with this substance in the form of tincture
of iodine, which is a solution of iodine in alcohol, and
also with the iodide of potassium, a very potent medicine.
Iodine is now obtained from the ashes of sea-weeds which
have absorbed it from the sea water, and have stored it
away in their tissue. Besides common salt and sodium
compounds, we find in sea water chlorides of potassium,
calcium, magnesium ; also the sulphates and carbonates
of these metals, together with some of the bromides. All
these salts make the water of the ocean heavier than com-
mon spring or fresh water, and hence its greater buoyant
effect upon ships and all swimming bodies.

Sea water contains considerable gold in solution, and
when we find that the ocean is estimated to contain about
two million tons of silver, the question arises, could it
not in some chemical way be profitably worked as a mine
for the precious metals.

Mr. Charles Derby, formerly of Salem, and for many
years a resident of the Sandwich Islands, was present by
invitation, and being called upon by the President, gave
an interesting sketch of this group of islands ; described
the growth of the cocoa-nut, and other plants found grow-
ing luxuriantly in that locality.

The train for Salem being due, the meeting adjourned,
after having unanimously adopted the following resolu-
tions, proposed by Mr. Whipple : —

Resolved, That the cordial thanks of the Essex Institute

157

•
are tendered to Dr. Charles H. Palmer, E. P. Kimball,
Esq., and other gentlemen of Ipswich, for favors received ;
to Sirs. Palmer, Miss Tread well, and other ladies of Ips-
wich for the refreshing lunch so tastefully served ; to the
gentlemen in charge of Seminary Hall, and the Manning
school building, for the use of their rooms, and to Mr.
Batchelder, who kindly furnished his barge for the mem-
bers of the Institute.

Regular Meeting, Monday, Oct. 7, 1878.

President in the chair. Records read.
Mrs. G. G. Newhall of Salem, and .Mr. J. H. Leflivour
of Beverly, were elected resident members.

Regular Meeting, Monday, Oct. 21, 1878.

Meeting this evening. The President in the chair.
Records read. Donations and correspondence announced.

Rev. W. H. Meredith, and Mr. Charles H. Goss, both
of Salem, were elected resident members.

The President spoke of some bequests to the Institute,
by the will of the late Miss Caroline R. Derby of Salem,
consisting of two half length portraits by Copley, of Mr.
and Mrs. Timothy Fitch ; and two portraits by C. Osgood,
of Mr. and Mrs. E. Hersey Derby, the grandparents and
parents of the testatrix ; also a collection of shells, some
engravings, and a small lot of land on Derby street in
Salem.

The pictures by Copley were painted between 1760 and
1767. They are in a good state of preservation and of
life size. Timothy Fitch, a distinguished merchant of
Boston, is represented seated by a table ; the costume

158

•

is a gold-laced coat and waist-coat, with a white wig and
silk stockings. The companion picture, the wife of the
above, is represented as sitting holding her work near a
small table ; the dress is a purplish pink satin with blue
lining ; behind is heavy green drapery. She was Eunice
Browne, daughter of Col. Benjamin and Eunice (Turner)
Browne of Salem ; b. 13 Sept., 1731; m., 1st, 3 Sept.,
1751, Capt. Ichabod Plaisted, jr., of Salem, who died
2 Jan., 1755, aged 34; m., 2dly, in 1760, Timothy Fitch
of Boston. She died 27 June, 1799. This family of
Browne was distinguished for wealth, liberality, and cul-
ture, and resided in Salem during the entire colonial and
provincial periods of the history of Massachusetts.

After the transaction of some business matters, the
meeting adjourned.

Regular Meeting, Monday, Nov. 4, 1878.

Meeting this evening. Records read. Donations and
correspondence announced.

Rev. C. C. Carpenter of Peabody, and Mr. B. F. Cum-
mings of Salt Lake City, Utah, were elected members.

Regular Meeting, Monday, Nov. 18, 1878.

Meeting this evening. President in the chair. Rec-
ords read.

Mr. E. Frank Balch of Salem, was elected a member.

The following paper was presented by Mr. J. S. Kings-
ley : "Notes on the Pacific Coast Crustacea," by Wm. N.
Lockinorton.

Referred to the publication committee.

NOTES ON

PACIFIC COAST CRUSTACEA.

By "W. N. Lockington.

Crangon nigricauda Stimpson.

The identity of this species with the C. vulgaris of the Atlantic is
suspected. Owen, and after him Dana, mentions it as C. vulgaris, and
Kingsley, in his "List of the North American Caridea" (Bull. Essex
Inst., Vol. 10, Nos. 4, 5, 6, p. 54) says of C. nigricauda, C. vulgaris, and
C. alaskensis Lock. (Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., 187G, p. 34), "I am inclined
to consider the three species above as the same, but need larger series
to decide."

In an unpublished MSS., written previous to the publication of the
above list, I find the following notes : UC. alaskensis does not appear,
on further examination, to be distinct. Minute black spots, like those
scattered over the body and hands in the specimens described under
this name, are also abundant in fresh specimens of C. nigricauda from
San Francisco Bay, and sometimes persist in alcohol."

This species, therefore, is known to range along the Pacific coast
from Alaska to San Diego, from which last locality were obtained
specimens which, from the persistence in a dried state of a single
black spot on each side of the tail, were described by me as C. nigro-
maculata (Proc. Cal. Acad., loc. cit.).

Crangon munitus Dana, U. S. Ex. Exp. Crust., p. 536, pi. xxxiii,
fig. 5.

A well-armed form obtained in Magdalena Bay, Lower Cal., by W.
J. Fisher, and having, besides the infra-orbital, antennal, and hepatic
spines, four spines upon the upper surface of the carapax, one on
each side of the centre line, and two spines in the centre line, the
posterior one placed far back, must, I believe, be referred to this spe-
cies, which is thus proved to have a very considerable range, since
Dana obtained it in Puget Sound. The rostrum is broader than usual
in the genus, and the last abdominal segment is exceedingly com-
pressed, the abdomen tapering rapidly at the fifth segment.

(159)

160

Hippolyte taylori Stimpson, Jour. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., vi, p. 500
ext. p. 60), 1857.

Three or four specimens from Magdalena Bay (Fisher) evidently
belong to this species, having the peculiar rostrum with the second
and third spines almost above the terminal one. The stout first pair
of feet, and the second pair reaching to the tips of the maxillipeds, as
described by Stimpson. Length of largest specimen l-fa inches.

Hippolyte palpator Owen, Zoology of the Voyage of the Blossom
(Capt. Beechey), Crustacea, p. 89, pi. xxviii, f. 3, 1839. Stimpson,
Proc. Cal. Acad., I, p. 89 (1856). Ibid, Jour. Bost. Soc, VI, p.
499 (1857).

H. brevirostris of Dana (U. S. Expl. Ex. Crust., I, p. 566, pi. xxxvi,
f. 5) is not improbably a variety of this species (vid. Stimpson, 1. c,
p. 500). A single specimen from the bay of San Francisco in the
Museum of the California Academy has but one tooth on the under
side of the rostrum near the extremity, which is bifid and furnished
with six teeth above. The maxillipeds are very long, about half as
long as the entire body, and are spinulose internally at their tips.
The basal joint of antennulae has a spine, longer than the rostrum, at
its base. The next joint has a smaller lateral spine and there is a
sharp spine on the last joint of the peduncle, immediately over the
centre of the third flagellum. The telson has two rows of fine, short,
sharp spines, and two larger spines on the posterior margin. The
penultimate abdominal segment has two teeth on each side of the
posterior margin and the epimera of the two preceding segments are
prolonged backward into a spine.

The chief difference between this and Owen's description of H. pal-
pator is in the number of rostral teeth, but as these are variable in
this genus I hesitate to describe it as new, preferring to refer it to
one of the above forms.

Several specimens from Magdalena Bay agree with H. palpator in
the length of external maxillipeds, but have the rostrum with four
teeth above. H. palpator was found at Monterey by Capt. Beechey,
in the Straits of De Fuca by the Exploring Expedition, and in San
Francisco Bay (Stimpson).

Hippolyte hemphillii, described by myself (Proc. Cal. Acad., vii, p.
35 (1876) ) from an imperfect dried specimen, is probably only a vari-
ety of the above species with an extremely short rostrum. This
variety has been found at Magdalena Bay and San Diego. The ros-
trum is equal in length to the eyes ; the terminal tooth is simple, the
next smaller and considerably behind the terminal one.

161

Hippolyte layi Owen, 1. c, p. 90, p. xxvii, f. 3.

Owen's description of this species is very brief and the rostrum only
is figured. Two examples in the collection of the California Academy
from the west coast of Alaska, north of Behring's Straits, agree so
nearly with H. layi in the form of rostrum that I believe them iden-
tical. According to Owen the rostrum has ten spines above and four
below, besides the terminal tooth. The specimens above referred to
have, as in Owen's figure, a long lamellate ensiform rostrum, below
well in front of the eyes are five nearly equal teeth, directed forwards,
rostral tip long and sharp ; above with seven unequally spaced teeth,
the three posterior ones near together and on the carapax. Rostrum
as long as or longer than the carapax, and has a thickened midrib
from which the spines project as lamella? of varying width. Autennal
spine prominent. One specimen has a prominent spine upon the ab-
domen at the bend of its central segment. External maxillipeds
comparatively short, and hidden entirely beneath the antenna! scales.
Ba^al joint of autennulae spinose. Total length If inches.

Palsernon longipes. Nov. sp.

Rostrum longer than autennal scale, reflexed towards extremity,
armed with eight teeth above, and six below, without including the
slender bifid terminal tooth. First teeth on upper margin, small, sit-
uated on the carapax, and separated from the following six, which are
close together, eighth tooth nearer the tip than to the seventh tooth.
Six lower teetli nearly equidistant, the first (beginning at the rear)
immediately beneath the sixth of the upper series, the sixth beneath
the eighth upper tooth. A spine on each side of the carapax, imme-
diately above the autennal scale, and a second spine farther back and
slightly below the first. Peduncle of auteunuke shorter than the an-
tennal scale, basal joint armed with a strong spine externally, two
external flagella united for some distance, the inner of the two very
short, the outer very long, exceeding in length the internal flagella.

Autennal scale longer than peduncle of autennulae, flagellum as long
as the body from tip of rostrum to tail.

External maxillipeds, when extended, reaching somewhat beyond
the autennal peduncle, slender, setose, especially on the terminal joint.

First pair of limbs slender, cylindrical, meros half as long again as
ischium, carpus longer than meros, and three times as long as the ma-
nus ; fingers blue, closely fitting, nearly as long as palmer portion of
man us.

Second pair of legs exceedingly long and slender (in the male), is-
chium comparatively short and very slender; meros more than twice
as long as ischium, and stouter; carpus exceeding the meros by two

ESSEX INST. BULL. X 13

162

thirds ; propodus slightly longer than carpus ; fingers parallel, slightly
deflected from the line of the palm, without teeth, their inner and outer
surfaces densely pubescent.

Manus of the second pair minutely spinulose to the base, of the fin-
gers; carpus and meros spinulose, the spinules larger on the under
surface, where they form distinct longitudinal rows.

Posterior legs smooth, cylindrical, sparsely pubescent.

Terminal segment of abdomen with seven spinules, three at the tip
the central oue fixed, the lateral ones articulated, and two pairs situ-
ated farther forward, the anterior pair at about the middle of the
length of the segment.

Three or four specimens were taken in Mulege River, on the West
coast of the Gulf of California, by W. I. Fisher.

This species closely resembles P. dasydactylus Streets (Proc. Phil.
Acad., 1871, 225) which is quoted by Kingsley, in his List of North
American Caridea (Bull. Essex Inst., Vol. X, Nos. 4, 5, 6) as a syno-
nym of P. forceps M. Edward. The principal differences traceable are
in the proportions of the joints of the first pair of legs, the manus in
the present species being shorter than in P. dasydactylus, in the greater
length of the articulations of the second pair in this species, as com-
pared with their thickness ; and in the spines of the terminal abdomi-
nal segment, which are only five in Dr. Streets' species.

The differences are so small, and the resemblances so great, as to
suggest the possibility of actual near relationship; and it is not im-
probable that in this form we meet with the descendants of such of
the Atlantic P. forceps as penetrated into the Pacific when the oceans
were connected at what is now the Isthmus of Panama.

The female resembles the male, except in the second pair of limbs,
which are much smaller, smooth, shorter, and more slender, and have
the proportions of the joints reversed, the manus shorter than the
carpus, and the latter shorter than the meros.

The specimens were obtained in August, and the females were
loaded with ova.

The teeth on the upper side of the rostrum vary somewhat, the tip,
which is blunt in one specimen, is bifid in another, and one of the
males has only eight teeth on the upper edge.

Following are the dimensions of a male and female : —

Total length,

Xength of carapax, including rostrum,
11 " flagellum of antennae,
" " outer flagellum of antennulae,
•" " first pair of legs,

$

?

105 millims.

82

millims.

51 "

37

11

. 110 "

95

<(

90 "

—

u

39 "

25

<(

$

?

167 millims.

39 millims,

55 "

a

60

10 "

55

13

35

16

163

Length of second pair of legs,
" " third pair of legs, .
" " manus of first pair,
" " carpus "

" " meros "

Notwithstanding the great difference in the proportions of the
joints of the second pair of limbs in the males and females, I think
there is no doubt they belong to the same species, since they were
taken on the same occasion, and in other respects resemble each other
closely.

In every point except those mentioned above, my specimens agree
with Streets' description and figure, yet they are from the western
shore of the Gulf of California, while his specimens were from Coat-
zoalios River, Isthmus of Tehuantepec, and the species has always
been known as an Atlantic one. Yet the differences are so small as to
be, in my opinion, only varietal, and a parallel case occurs in the
genus Alpheus, where A. heterochelis and A. minus are common to both
the Atlantic and Pacific shores.

Pontonia margarita S. L Smith, Am. Naturalist, 18G9, vol. Ill,
p. 245, foot note.

This species, originally described from individuals collected at Pan-
ama, was taken in considerable numbers at Port Escendido, Mulege
Bay and Gulf of California, by W. I. Fisher, in August, 1876, at which
date the females were with spawu.

The color after a month in spirits, was a light rose tint, with occa-
sionally some dark markings upon the hands.

The specimens agree in every respect with Smith's description, and
inhabited the same shell, viz., Margaritophora fimbriata.

Pontonia pinnae no v. sp.

Body slightly depressed ; carapax smooth, rostrum elongate-trian-
gular, deflected, the tip lying between the base of the antennulae;
antennal spine prominent.

Peduncles of eyes short, broad ovate, cornea much narrower than
the peduncle.

Peduncle of antennulae exceeding the rostrum by the length of its
distal joint, flagella not longer than the two last joints of the peduncle
subequal, the outer stouter than the inner.

Antennal scale broad, as long as antennular peduncle, antennal fla-
gellum extending backwards to about the middle of the carapax.

164

First pair of limbs slender, carpus and raeros sub-equal, propodus
about two thirds the length of carpus, dactyli about equal to palmar
portion.

Second pair greatly developed, equal to the body in the female, and
exceeding it in the male; propodus stout, dactyli one half as long as
the palmar portion, pollex with two large obtuse teeth on its inner
border, and a slightly hooked point, dactylus slender, with a large
sharp-pointed, triangular, compressed tooth in the middle of its length,
closely fitting between the teeth of the pollex.

Dactyli of hinder four pairs bi-unguiculate.

Three last segments of pleon compressed, a spine on each side of
the posterior border of the penultimate segment.

Total length of a well-grown specimen from tip of rostrum to end
of abdomen, about 34 millims; length of manus of adult male, 17
millims ; ditto of a well-grown female 13 millims.

The females are similar to the males, but the manus of the second
pair is somewhat shorter.

Several specimens were taken from the interior of the shell of the
common Pinna, of the Gulf of California; localities: Angelas Bay,
Mulege Bay, San Jose Island. They were collected in the months of
July and August, at which date the females were loaded with eggs.

From P. margarita S. I. Smith, this species may readily be distin-
guished by the much greater development of the manus of the second
pair. From M. Edwards' description of P. Ujrrhena (Hist. Nat. des
Crust., Vol. II, p. 361), which inhabits the Pinna of the Mediterra-
nean, this species differs in lacking the tooth upon the rostrum.

Sicyonia penicillata n. s.

Rostrum deep, shorter than peduncles of eyes, with four spines
above, one forming the tip, the next immediately above and slightly
posterior to it, the third midway between the second and fourth,
which is upon the carapax. Carina of rostrum extending backwards
the whole length of the carapax; developing a strong spine, directed
forwards, just anterior to the centre of the carapax, and a stronger
similar spine near its posterior border.

Central carina higher behind the former of these spines, curving
upwards to the posterior spine, then downwards till it disappears on
the posterior border of the carapax.

Spines of rostrum preceded by a few hairs, the central spine of car-
apax by quite a mane of hairs, and. the posterior spine with a similar
mane.

A spine on the exterior orbital margin, and a second posterior to it,
on the hepatic region.

165

First segment of pleon with a triangular spine, behind which a low
central carina is continued to the extremity of the sixth segment of
the pleon, rising into a spine on the posterior margin of the fifth and
sixth segments.

Opthalmic peduncle shorter than the basal joint of antennulae, cor-
nea large, broader than the peduncle, its width about equal to the
length of the visible portion of the latter.

Basal joint of antennular peduncle broad, armed with two sharp
lateral spines, one behind the other, in a line with the lateral spines of
the carapax ; flagella of antennulae scarcely as long as the two distal
joints of the peduncle, the joints much shorter than broad.

Spine of antennal scale exteuding slightly beyond the antennular
peduncle, the squamose portion broad, not longer than the spinose
portion.

Peduncle of antennae slightly shorter than that of antennulae, its
terminal joint setose on its internal margin, fiagellum much shorter
than the body, its articulations broader than long, especially the prox-
imal portion, where they are depressed and margined with seta inter-
nally and externally.

Outer maxillepeds extending beyond antennal peduncle, the propo-
dus margined internally with long setae.

Meros, carpus and propodus of first pair of legs equal in length, all
the joints of second pair longer, but the carpus longer than the meros ;
in the third pair, which extends beyond the outer maxillipeds when
straightened, all the joints are longer than in the second pair, and
the slender carpus almost twice the length of the propodus.

Propodi of three first pairs similar, that of the third pair somewhat
longest, fingers parallel, equal to the palmer portion in the first and
second pairs, but shorter in the third.

Fifth pair longer than the fourth, dactyli laminate.

A spine at the tip of the outer caudal appendage externally.

Length of a large specimen, 3£"

Length of carapax, 0*35"

Length of outer antennae, 1-85"

Dredged from a depth of 14 fathoms, in Bolinas Bay, Lower Cali-
fornia; also obtained in Angeles Bay, Gulf of California. (W. J.
Fisher.)

Color after two weeks exposure to alcohol, bright red ; with a dark
red- brown ocellated spot on each side of the carapax. Antennas blu-
ish.

A longer exposure to alcohol has bleached the body, but the anten-
nae still show traces of blue, and the spots on the carapax, though
obsolete in one specimen, remain dark and conspicuous in another.

This form resembles S. carinata Dana (U. S. Ex. Exp. Crust., I, p.
602), but the rostrum is more prominent.

A LIST OF THE
BIRDS OF THE HUDSON HIGHLANDS,

WITH ANNOTATIONS.

By Edgar A. Mearns.

About six years ago, in 1872, I first formed the plan of working up
the ornithology of this region as thoroughly as possible. Since that
time I have been constantly at work in the field at all seasons of the
year, except during the summer months, when other business has
almost wholly interrupted my ornithological work. This is to be
regretted, for, otherwise, I might have observed the breeding-habits
of a greater number of our rarer summer residents ; and probably
should have secured some of the southern forms that occasionally
wander northward, during the hot months of summer.

My residence is, for such a purpose, very happily located at High-
land Falls, New York ; affording, from its position, an excellent point
for ornithological observation. It is "situated on the right [west]
bank of the Hudson River, fifty-one miles above New York City, in
the midst of a range of the Alleghany Mountains known as the High-
lands. Latitude, 41° 23' north; longitude, 3° 3' east."1

The surface of the country is exceedingly varied, abounding in high
mountains with enormous perpendicular cliffs, while large streams
flow in the valleys. Lakes, ponds, and brooks are very numerous,
affording, as they do, favorite resorts for both migrating and station-
ary birds. The numerous islands of the Hudson afford choice resting
places for migrating flocks of small birds, which prefer to follow, on
their long and fatiguing vernal and autumnal journeyings, the course
of the river. The whole region is wild, and sparsely inhabited.

I have prosecuted my researches, on foot, in the three adjacent
counties, bordering the Hudson on either side — Orange, Rockland,
and Ulster, on the west; and Dutchess, Putnam, and Westchester, on

xThe situation, as above quoted, is from "Circular No. 8, Surgeon General's
Office," and refers to the West Point Military Academy, a mile north of Highland
Falls.

(166)

167

the east side. But most of my investigations and collections have
been made along the river-banks, near my residence, or, as the title
expresses it, in the "Highlands," — a section of the river-valley ex-
tending north from Kidd's Point, or Caldwell's Landing, for a distance
of twenty miles.

The mountain slopes are thickly wooded in most places, but in the
rocky soil the deciduous trees seldom grow to a very large size. The
river slopes are, for the most part, thickly clothed with coniferous
trees, affording food and shelter for the winter residents. The follow-
ing list of Coniferce belongs to our flora : —

Pinus rigida, Miller. Pitch Pine.

Pinus strobus, Linne. White Pine.

Abies canadensis, Michx. Hemlock.

Thuja occidentalism Linn6. American Arbor Vitse.

Juniperus communis, Linne. Common Juniper.

Juniperus virginiana, Linne. Red Cedar.

Taxus baccata var. canadensis. American Yew; Ground Hemlock.

The Hudson River constitutes a natural channel, through which the
tide of semi-annual migration always pours with more than ordinary
vigor; and it also affords an avenue of approach for the numerous
aquatic species that visit us during the migrations, or remain here
during the summer. Hence many of the marine species visit us dur-
ing their migrations.

Zoologists are familiar with the fact, that rivers are very important
factors in limiting or extending different faunae. It is known that a
given avi-fauua may be prolonged by them in streaks. This is a
demonstrable fact, and is equally applicable to other classes of ani-
mals, and even to the flora. Of the mammals, the common Opossum
{Didelphys virginiana) may be cited as illustrating this influence. This
species finds its northernmost extension along the west bank of the
Hudson. It also illustrates the restrictionary effect of rivers. The
Hudson interposes a barrier to the progress of the species eastward,
and, accordingly, it has rarely — never to my knowledge — been ob-
served on the east bank of the river, though it is not uncommon upon
the opposite side; occurring at least as far up as Newburgh. Among
the plants, I shall cite but a single species, the common persimmon
(Diospyros virginiana), which has also crept up the Hudson to a con-
siderable distance from the general northern boundary of its habitat.
DeKay wrote the following, in confirmation of the above-mentioned
facts, as long ago as 1844: "On the other hand, the Hudson River
appears to form a natural geographical limit to the extension of some
species, at least in any considerable numbers. Thus, the Opossum of
the South rarely, if ever, outstrips this boundary ; among the reptiles,

-168

the Chain Snake and Brown Swift, and the Buzzard and many other
species among the birds."2 C. Hart Merriam, in his "Review of the
Birds of Connecticut," 3 has clearly brought out the fact, previously
alluded to by Mr. H. A. Purdy,4 that the avi-fauna of Connecticut, ex-
hibits a marked Carolinian tinge along its southern border. Merriam
adds, furthermore, that this tinge is especially well-marked about the
mouth, and "runs up the valley of the Connecticut River, extending
completely through the State, and even into Massachusetts." The
valley of the Connecticut exhibits, in this respect, precisely similar
conditions to thosej^resented by the Hudson River Valley.

Prof. J. A. Allen wrote,5 in 1871, "On the Atlantic coast this fauna
[Carolinian] includes Long Island and a small portion of Southeastern
New York." He also enumerated thirty-two species as being in a
general way "limited in their northern range" by this fauna, adding
that a few of them occur also "as stragglers in the Alleghanian
Fauna." Mr. Eugene P. Bicknell has recently published an excellent
paper, in the "Bulletin of the Nuttall Ornithological Club" (Vol. Ill,
No. 3, July, 1878), entitled "Evidences of the -Carolinian Fauna in the
Lower Hudson Valley. Principally from observations taken at River-
dale, N. Y." In this article, the author entirely confirms Mr. Allen's
views concerning the Carolinian Fauna in Southeastern New York;
proving that the lower Hudson, about Riverdale (near New York
City), is furnished with a considerable number of species, many of
them quite common summer residents, which belong strictly to that
division of fauna, known to ornithologists as the Carolinian. Mr.
Bicknell remarks : —

"The boundaries of faunal areas are usually^of an extremely irregu-
lar nature, and in their territorial relations contiguous faunae often
present a series of mutual interpenetrations, the apparent invasion of
one province of an adjoining district of course being coincident with
an opposite extension or penetration of the invaded territory. Thus
from near the northeastern boundary of the Carolinian Fauna two
main branches emanate,— one striking up into the valley of the Hud-
son; the other extending along the Connecticut coast and into the
Connecticut valley, through which reaching the Massachusetts border.
The relations between these two tributaries at their junction with the
main body of the fauna to which they belong, or their consolidation
before reaching that point, is at present but very superficially under-
stood; but from what knowledge we have in the matter it would

2 Zoology of New York, Part I, Mammalia, Preface, p. 10, 1844.

3 Transactions of the Connecticut Academy, Vol. IV, pp. 1 to 150, 1871
'Am. Nat., Vol. VII, No. 11, p. 693, Nov., 1873.

5 Bull. Mus. Cornp. Zool., Vol. II, pp. 393, 394, April, 1871.

169

appear that their interception occurred somewhere near the mouth of
the Hudson, thus including New York city and vicinity in the angle
farmed by their divergence. The northern limit of the Hudson River
branch is as yet undetermined."

Then follows an enumeration of the species, belonging to this cate-
gory, which Mr. Bicknell has discovered in the neighborhood of River-
dale, which are as follows : Mimus polyglottus (Mocking Bird) ; Lopho-
phanes bicolor (Tufted Titmouse) ; Thryothorus ludovicianus (Carolina
Wren); Helmitherus vermivorus (Worm-eating Warbler); Helmitho-
phaga pinus (Blue-winged Yellow Warbler) ; Helmithophaga chrysop-
tera (Golden-winged Warbler) ; Oporomis formosus (Kentucky War-
bler) ; Myiodioctes mitratus (Hooded Warbler) ; Stelgidopteryx serri-
pennis (Rough-winged Swallow) ; Cardinalis virginianus (Cardinal
Red-bird) ; Corvus ossifragus (Fish Crow, seen, but not captured) ;
Empidonax acadicus (Acadian Flycatcher) ; and Strix flammea (Barn
Owl, seen, in New York city, by Mr. H. B. Bailey).

That this Carolinian tinge extends for a considerable distance up
the Hudson, not only to the Highlands, but through, and a little
beyoud, I shall be able to show in the following list. Unquestionably,
we owe to the Hudson River the possession, as abundant summer resi-
dents, of such species as Helmitherus vermivorus, Helminthophaga
pinus, Siurus motacilla, Icteria virens, and several other species, which
accession gives to our avi-fauna its Carolinian tinge; it belonging,
otherwise, to the division of country known as the Alleghanian Fauna.

To map out the exact dividing lines of the different faunal areas, is
one of the most important and attractive branches of zoological re-
search ; while the labor of determining the precise range of habitat
for each species, is, indeed, an arduous task, and one that, from its
importance, must claim a large share of the attention of our ornithol-
ogists for many years to come.

The present list of our birds is intended to embrace only those spe-
cies which have actually been captured within the described limits ; or
those which have been seen under circumstances which admit of not
the slightest doubt of the accuracy of the observations. To this enu-
meration is appended a separate list of the species whose occurrence
is probable — especially such as have been observed in contiguous dis-
tricts.

It seems unnecessary to discuss, at any great length, the problem
of the extinction of a number of species that were formerly abundant ;
but are not now to be found at all within our limits. I will, therefore,
simply mention that several species have only disappeared within the
past few years, while others have long since passed away. Among
the former, were two of our most prized game birds, the Wild Turkey
(Meleagris gallopavo), and the Pinnated Grouse or Prairie Chicken

170

(Cupidonia cupido), both of which were given by DeKay, in 1844, as
still occurring in New York. Of the Wild Turkey he wrote:6 they
"as I am well informed, are now only found in the counties of Sulli-
van, Bockland, Orange,1 Alleghany and Cattaraugus." Of the Prairie
Chicken :8 "A few are still said to linger about Orange county in this
State." Among the latter class may be mentioned the Great White
Pelican (Pelecanus trachyrhynchus) , which was formerly numerous on
the Hudson, and other rivers and lakes in this State.

I take this means of expressing my warm gratitude to all who have
assisted in this work. To the following gentlemen my thanks are
especially due: Mr. Eugene P. Bicknell, of Riverdale; Mr. C. H.
Simpson, of Peekskill; Dr. A. K. Fisher, of Sing Sing; Mr. Peter
de Nottbeck, of Fishkill Landing; Mr. Josh Ward, of Cornwall, for
many valuable specimens and much information concerning our aqua-
tic birds ; and to Prof. J. A. Allen and Dr. C. Hart Merriam for their
kind assistance in various ways. To Mr. Wm. Church Osborn, of
Garrisons, I am particularly indebted for much valuable material ; and
for the use of the MSS. notes of his brother, my late lamented friend
and fellow laborer in this field, Frederic S. Osborn.

It has been thought worth while to introduce, in condensed form,
the results of extensive tables of measurements of more than 1,900
specimens, that I have collected in the Highlands. The average di-
mensions of each species will be given, and any remarkable variations
noted.

A. List of all the species known to occur in the Hudson Highlands ;
giving the times of occurrence and their relative abundance, with notes on
the habits.

Family, TURDIDJE.

1. Turdus migratorius, Linne. Robin. An abundant summer,
and less common, winter resident; breeds abundantly.

The Robins usually place their nests on trees, but this is by no
means the situation always chosen. I have noticed them in various
other locations. One was placed on the top of a stump, at an eleva-
tion of fifteen feet; another on a stump chopped close to the ground.
About civilization, the nests are often placed on the rail-fences. Beams
in barns and dilapidated out-buildings often furnish them with shel-
tered and comfortable places, wherein to establish house-keeping; so
comfortable, in fact, that they are loath to leave them, and so return
every spring to their old quarters. In some instances the identical

e Zoology of New York, Part II, p. 200, 1844.
7 Italics my own. 8 Same work, p.

171

site of the last summer's nest is selected for the new one, but, as their
economy and habits of cleanliness do not permit them to occupy the
same nest a second season, the old one is thrown down, and a new
one built in its place. This, however, is often impossible, for the
Robins, though less artistic architects than some other birds, build
such substantial nests, that their masonry is capable of withstanding
the winds and storms of several seasons, after the builders are through
with them ; hence it is sometimes impossible for the birds to make
much impression on the hardened walls, and, in such cases, if no
equally pleasant situation is at hand, a second nest is constructed on
top of the first, making a two-storied residence. It sometimes hap-
pens that a third structure is deposited above that, on the succeeding
season, though I have known of but one such instance. I once saw a
nest that was built on a brace, or ornamental support, of the building
at which toll is collected, on the American side of the Niagara suspen-
sion bridge, in a much frequented situation ; attracting not a little
attention from the numerous visitors. If courteously received, Robins
will become quite familiar and friendly. On more than one occasion*
I have known them to build upon a piece of timber, just above the
door of a dwelling, beneath the porch, where, in one instance, a num-
ber of noisy children were frequently playing beneath. Lieut. Willis
Wittich, of Fort Klamath, Oregon, writes me that the Robins there
build their nests on the prairies, on the ground, or, if in the timber,
low down. I have seen an approach to these habits in our eastern
bird. I was shown (by my friend, Mr. Wm. Church Osborn, to whom
I am indebted for many valuable observations noted further on) a nest
built on the ground, in a hollow in the side of a sloping bank by the
roadside. I discovered another nest that was placed in a tangled
thicket of matted vines and bushes, quite close to the ground.

All of the nesting sites mentioned above are unusual, and only go
to show how great an amount of variation is observable in the habits
of any species, when a sufficient number of individuals is examined;
of course these minor differences in traits or habits are greatly en-
hanced if our observations be made to extend over widely differing
areas of the bird's habitat.

Robins commence laying early in May. Five nests were found, con-
taining five, three, four, one, and four eggs, respectively, on May 11th,
1872; in 1873, the first nest seen contained a single egg on May 6th;
on May 4th, 1874, the first nest was discovered, containing four eggs.
In warm, early seasons, the birds begin to nest at an earlier period
than usual ; thus, during the remarkably advanced spring of 1878, I
observed that a pair of Robins were engaged in constructing a nest as
early as the 15th of April, and, on the 27th of the same month, a nest
was found, containing the full complement (four) of eggs.

172

Among the Robin's worst enemies may be ranked the Red Squirrels
(Sciurus hudsonius), for, though their young are subject to the attacks
of Crows, Jays, and particularly to the ravages of the Black Snake
{Bascanion constrictor), yet none of these enemies inflict as much
injury as the Squirrels, because, not only do they seek out and devour
the eggs, but the young are also eaten ; and their numbers are in great
excess. But the Robins are very brave in defending their progeny,
and endless are the battles that take place between them and the
Squirrels. One of these tragedies took place right in front of my
house, on the 6th of June, 1873. Within my recollection no year has
elapsed but that a pair of robins nested in a certain evergreen {Abies
excelsa), close to my residence. On the morning in question, a Red
Squirrel came a considerable distance out of the woods, ascended to
this nest, and would have destroyed all the young ones, had not the
parent returned just at the critical moment. The enraged bird dashed
furiously at the marauder, assaulting it in such a manner as to dash it
to the ground, where the struggle was renewed, and kept up, till the
Squirrel reached the trunk of a maple-tree, and quickly disappeared
among the branches, when the Robin returned, triumphant, to resume
the care of her little ones, all but one of which were safe.

In early spring they feed largely upon earth worms, and may be seen
standing erect upon the lawn, listening intently for their prey. On
the government reservation, at West Point, they are abundant. Often
during drills, they drop down upon the velvety grass of the parade
ground, where, from their erect posture and bright colored breasts,
they are exactly in keeping with the military aspect of their surround-
ings.

They are rather scarce winter residents throughout the Hudson Val-
ley ; occurring at least as far north as the northern limit of the red
cedar (Juniperus virginiana), perhaps much farther. In the Highlands,
sizable flocks generally remain all winter amongst the cedars, in shel-
tered localities, near the Hudson River. Their abundance does not
seem to depend upon the severity of the winter, for they are quite as
numerous in cold, as in warm, seasons. Very few were seen during
the winter of 1877-78, which was the mildest I have ever experienced.
The wintering birds affect only certain favorite spots, where they sub-
sist mainly upon the berries of the sumach (Bhus typhina) and red
cedar. I have seen quite a number of partial albinos. When domes-
ticated, they are especially subject to variations in color. A Scotch
cobbler, in Highland Falls, had a very old Robin, which in old age
became nearly white. My gardener's child has had one for several
years ; before its last moult its colors were very dark and peculiar,
but since its moult it has become partially white.

Dimensions.

173

10-03; stretch of wings, 15-95; wing, 4-96; tail, 3-87; bill (culmen),
•84; from anterior margin of nostril, -53; tarsus, 1-26. The winter
residents give larger measurements than the summer residents. A
very fine male, shot March 3rd, 1875, measured as follows : length,
10-49; stretch, 10*32 ; wing, 5-31; tail, 4-12. Another remarkably fine
male, shot April 30th, 1878, measures: length, 10-10; stretch, 16-25;
wing, -5; tail, 3-05. These specimens represent the extremes of both
seasons.

2. Turdus mustelinus, Gfmelin. Wood Thrush. A common
summer resident; breeds abundantly. Arrives about May 10th (May
13, 1874; 10, 1875; 8, 1876; 7, 1877; April 30, 1878).

The "Wood Thrush is our best songster. We have no other bird
whose song can be compared with its. It is sometimes found in gar-
dens, about residences, and again, it is found in the deepest solitudes
of the forest, its manners differing proportionately to its different
habitations ; but in general it is gentle and unsuspicious if not dis-
turbed. It commences to lay quite soon after its arrival. A nest was
found containing three eggs on May 17th, 1873, and on May 11th, 1878,
several nearly completed nests were examined, besides one containing
an egg. It stays until the last of September (September 25, 1874;
October 5, 1875; September 2Q, 1876; 30, 1878).

Dimensions. — Average measurements of six specimens : length, 8 29 ;
stretch. 13-70; wing. 4-44; tail, 2-92.

8. Turdus pallasi, Cabanis. Hermit Thrush. Very abundant
through the migrations. A few sometimes winter. Arrives from the
South about the 1st of April (March 26, 1872; April 8, 18715; 14, 1874;
2, 1875; 21, 1876 [not seen again till May 2]; 22, 1877; 15, 1878). It
remains here until sometime in May (April 30, 1875; May 3, 1876; 12,
1877; April 26, 1878). Returning, in autumn, it arrives from the
North early in October (15, 1876; 7, 1877), remaining till about the
1st of November (9, 1874; October 28 [or later], 1876).

The Hermit Thrushes remained here throughout the severe winter
of 1874-75, when birds of the Canadian Fauna, such as the Pine Gros-
beak (Pinicola enucleator), the two Crossbills (Loxia curvirostra, var.
americana, and L. leucopterd), and the Lesser Redpolls (^Egiothus
linaria) were very numerous. They inhabited the cedar groves, near
the river, in company with the Purple Finch (Carpodacus purpurens).
They were always quite silent, except for the utterance of an occa-
sional low chuck] this note, in autumn, is sometimes so loudly re-
peated as to remind one of the Blackbird's. A few of these winter-
ing birds were seen as late as March 20th, and the regular migrants
appeared April 2nd. They have been observed in winter at several
places lower down the Hudson.9 Except the Robins, they are the

9 See article in Bulletin of the Nuttall Club, Vol. IV, p. 34, January, 1879.

174

hardiest of their family, but the following extract from my note book
will show that, by a premature migration northward, they are some-
times exposed to sudden inclemency of weather, and suffer severely : —

"■April 28th, 1874. Last night we had a heavy fall of snow and sleet.
The Hermit Thrushes, Blackbirds, etc., have become so reduced by
hunger and cold, that they come quite freely into the house and stable.
A number of species were captured in the kitchen and barn, as fol-
lows : Turdus pallasi, Spizella socialis, S. monticola, Junco hyemalis,
Melospiza melodia, and Agekeus phcenicens."

Though not a timid bird, the Hermit Thrush generally selects soli-
tary abodes. If these are invaded by man, its actions betoken more
of curiosity, than alarm. Late in October, 1877, while walking from
here to New York city, in company with my friend, Mr. I. F. Lock-
wood, we were induced by a sudden deluge of rain to seek shelter
beneath some hemlocks, near Tarrytown ; there we were highly enter-
tained by the quaint manners of a Hermit, that had chosen that dimly
lighted spot for its residence, and that seemed by no means pleased to
make our acquaintance ; showing its resentment at our ill-mannered
intrusion upon its privacy by repeating, in a complaining tone, its
single "chuck" ; occasionally alighting close beside us, it would give
a sharp, almost spiteful emphasis to its utterance ; then it would fly
away, and return again hopping on the ground, occasionally stop-
ping short, cocking its head sidewise, and ogling us with such a ludi-
crous expression, that we were induced in a measure to forget our
disagreeable situation, and indulged in a hearty laugh.

Dimensions. — Average measurements of fourteen specimens : length,
7*17; stretch, 11-45; wing, 3-56; tail, 2-74.

4. Turdus swainsoni, Cabanis. Swainson's Thrush. Very
common during the migrations. It is met with in May (May 11 to 31,
1875; 9 to 28, 1876; 15, 1877; 10 to 27, 1878), and in the fall from
September 12th to October 19th (1876).

In spring they are very abundant in the woods and orchards, utter-
ing a note that sounds like the bursting of an air bubble on rising to
the surface of a fluid. In autumn they are found in deep woodlands,
feeding, in company with many other birds, on the berries of the sour
gum (JVyssa multiflora) and dog- wood (Cornus florida).

Dimensions. — Average measurements of thirteen specimens : length,
7-17; stretch, 12-11; wing, 3-93; tail, 2-76; bill (culmen), -50; gape,
•79; tarsus, 1*17; middle toe, *62; its claw, -22.

4a. Turdus swainsoni, var. alieise (Baird). Gray-cheeked
Thursh. Abundant with T. swainsoni during the migrations. It
appears to arrive later, both in spring and fall, than that species.
Found during the latter half of May, and from September 23rd (1878)
to October 19th (1876).

The only note I have heard from this species, in spring, is a peculiar

175

bubble-bursting sound, like that produced by the Olive-backed Thrush ;
but in the fall they utter a low note resembling the common cry of the
Brown Creeper. In autumn, they are found inhabiting the thickest
woods, where they feed upon the berries of the sour gum, or "pep-
peridge" (JVyssa mulliflora), dogwood (Comus florida), and the frost
grape ( Vitis cordifolia) ; but they are especially fond of the ripe ber-
ries of the common pokeweed or pigeon-berry {Phytolacca decandra),
upon which they soon grow very fat, as do the Robins. They are
very shy, and, when frightened, fly a long distance before alighting,
when they remain perfectly quiet for some time, rarely taking another
flight ; for this reason they are very hard to discover, so that a woods
may sometimes abound with them, when none are visible to an ordi-
nary observer. When perched, they assume a very erect posture, and
present an appearance of alert wariness corresponding to their wild
habits.

They are generally quite readily distinguishable from T. swainsoni,
though by exactly what characters it is hard to explain, when the
markings are not distinguishable.

Dimensions. — Average measurements of fourteen specimens : length,
7*58; stretch, 12-70; wing, 4-09; tail, 2-96; bill (culmen), -55; gape,
•82; tarsus, 1-25; middle toe, -68; its claw, -25.

5. Turdus fuscescens, Stephens. Tawny Thrush; Wilson's
Thrush. A rather scarce summer resident; breeds. Arrives early
(May 5, 1876; 15, 1877; 8, 1878).

Wilson's Thrush is only common here during the spring migrations.
It is occasionally seen during the breeding season, but not abuudantly.
A pair has nested for several successive seasons, on Constitution
Island, close to the house of the Misses Warner, where they are very
welcome guests. Miss Warner described its song to me as one of
surpassing sweetness.

On their first arrival from the South they are very shy, staying in
the thickest under-growth in the deep woods ; but soon they come
flocking familiarly about the house, and for a time the blossoming
orchards are filled with them. After several weeks, however, they
nearly all move further north, a few, only, remaining to breed, remov-
ing to the darkest solitudes of the woods, in single pairs. Then I
have found them shy, and their nests I have failed to discover. Lower
down the Hudson, this species is more abundant in summer, and
breeds very commonly.

Dimensions. — Average measurements of five specimens: length,
7-52; stretch, 11-95; wing, 3-84; tail, 2-87; bill (culmen), -53; gape,
•85; tarsus, 1-17; middle toe, -68; its claw, -22.

6. Mimus carolinensis, (Linne). Cat-bird. A very common
summer resident; breeds. Arrives early in May (May 4, 1872; 10,

176

1874; 9, 1875; 8, 1S76; 11, 1877; April 27, 1878), departing late in
October (October 16, 1874).

Immediately after their arrival, they are heard singing in thickets,
and soon they commence nesting. I found them with eggs — one nest
containing two and anoiher four eggs — as early as May loth, 1878.
Like the rest of the family, they are fond of most kinds of berries, of
which their food mainly consists, in autumn. Their nests are usually
placed in bushy thickets, and are loosely built of sticks and whatever
soft lining material is available. I have seen a handsomely embroid-
ered handkerchief, and a lady's escaped "frizzes," thus turned to
account by them. But their eggs are of a deep emerald-green, uni-
form in color, the most beautiful that we have.

Dimensions.'- — Average measurements of four specimens: length,
8-94; stretch, 11-59; wing, 3-54; tail, 3-65; bill from nostril, -48; tar-
sus, 1-10.

7. Harporhynchus rufus, (Linne). Brown Thrasher. An
abundant summer resident; breeds. Arrives the tirst of May (April
26, 1872; May 8, 1873; 5, 1874; April 30, 1875; 30,1876; May 1, 1877;
April 27, 1878), departing in October (October 8, 1876; 9, 1878).

Its presence is first announced, in spring, b'y its loud, sweet song,
forcibly reminding one that spring has really come, for spring can
scarcely be said to have begun till the trees commence to unfold their
blossoms ; and it is followed in a few days by the sweetest notes we
ever hear — those of the Wood Thrush.

The Brown Thrashers seem to be mated immediately after their
arrival from the South, and they soon begin to build their nests. So
joyous are they at this season, that their song is heard all day long.
Even when engaged in the matter-of-fact occupations and duties that
pertain to setting up housekeeping, when bustling and scratching
amongst the leaves and rubbish, for the materials for their nests, they
are observed to pause, at intervals, to sing. But they are best heard
in the early morning, at daybreak; then the males mount to the top-
most bough of some tree, surrounded by the brushwood that they
inhabit, and, with tail dropped and wings slightly drooping, they give
expression, in their song, to an ecstasy of joyous emotion; the strain
is taken up and repeated by the different performers, and comes to
the listener from various directions and distances, mingled with the
notes of the other woodland songsters, and harmonizing with the
various siguts and perfumes, all of which unite to produce that happy
combination — a country May morning.

The nest is usually placed on the ground, in some spot that is well
adapted for concealment; but sometimes a low bush or clump of matted
vines is selected instead, or, rarely, it is placed in a tree, at a consid-
erable height. I found their nest containing the full complement of

177

eggs May 24th, 1873, and another May 25th. 1878, that contained five
young birds.

Dimensions. — Average measurements of five specimens : length,
11-42; stretch, 12-79; wing, 4'OG; tail, 5-03; culmen, -96; gape, 1-31;
tarsus, 131.

Family, SAXICOLIDJE.

8. Sialia sialis, (JAnne). Common Bluebird. A resident spe-
cies ; abundant in summer. The migrants arrive early in February,
when they are in full song, and depart by the first of December. I
have found Bluebirds here throughout the coldest winters, as that of
1874-75, and they are generally quite numerous in milder ones. They
then feed, on berries, and what insects they can find. They are nearly
silent in severe weather, only uttering a low, soft note, inaudible at
a little distance; and as they leave their perches, when frightened, a
queer little chirrup of alarm ; but when the weather is warm they
become quite frolicsome, and chase one another, .uttering a sharp,
rapid twittering, that reminds one of the Kingfisher's rattle.

They breed abundantly, and several times during the season, build-
ing their nests in holes in trees, and in the houses prepared for them;
they always occupy the two pound tomato cans that I have placed for
their use about the premises, but from which, however, they are
sometimes ejected by those quarrelsome little free booters — the House
Wrens. The eggs of their first brood are deposited very early. A
nest found April 1G, 1S72, contained eggs, and again, one was found
April 28th, 1873, which contained four eggs. They were building
April 18th, 1S77, and the young left the nest May 29th. Young were
found, about a week old, April 22nd, 1878, and they were incubating
the second brood May 22nd. A note in my journal reads as follows :
"A pair has constructed its nest in the limb of an old cherry tree, in
a hole excavated by a Downy Woodpecker (Picus pubescens) , last win-
ter; its orifice is so small that it is with great difficulty that the bird
enters. I saw the male bird feeding the mother at the entrance to
their house."

Dimensions. — Average measurements of twelve specimens : length,
7-01; stretch, 12-53; wing, 3-93; tail, 2-58; culmen, -47; gape, 75;
tarsus, 75.

Family, SYLVIID^.

9. Regulus calendula, (Linne). Euby-ckowxed Kinglet.
Abundant during the migrations. Arrives about the middle of April
(April 23, 1873; 7, 1874; 15, 1875; 17, 187G ; 13, 1877; 15, 1878), de-
parting about the middle of May (May 9, 1874; 18, 1875; 12, 187G; 8,

ESSEX INST. BULL. X 14

178

1877). On its return in autumn, it is with us from September 22nd
(1874) to November 2nd (1874).

In the spring, the Ruby-crowned Kinglet is one of our earliest sing-
ing migrants. It is found in great numbers in the evergreen groves,
and in bushy places besides the lakes and streams. Its song is one
of the sweetest, and much louder than would be supposed, coming
from such a little bird.

Dimensions. — Average measurements of eleven specimens : length,
4-41; stretch, 7'01; wing, 2*24; tail, 1-73; culmen, -29; tarsus, -67.

10. Regulus satrapa, Licht. Golden-crested Kinglet. An
abundant winter resident. Is present here from the first of October
(October 3, 1876; September 28, 1878) till May (May 4, 1875; 7, 1877).

The Golden-crested Kinglet has a feeble, but quite pretty song, in
the spring, and in winter it makes a jingling noise, as it rustles about
among the evergreens, in company with the Chickadees (Paras atri-
capilhis), Nuthatches (£. S. canadensis and carolinensis) , and Brown
Creepers (Certhia familiaris) ; it also has a note resembling the com-
mon one of the Brown Creeper.

In the fall this delicate species and the preceding are associated
together. They then are seen in great numbers, frequenting the
edges of ponds and streams, running about over the mud and weeds,
in search of food. They throng the river flats, at low tide, searching
amongst the sea-weeds for minute molluscous animals, upon which
they feed with great avidity. I can recall no prettier sight, at the
present moment, than that presented by these great flocks of ruby,
and golden-crested little birds, as they hop about upon the seaweed,
by the riverside, in the month of October. A Kinglet that I wounded
in the woods and brought home, was very tame ; it was perfectly gentle
from the first, showed no signs of fear, and ate bread, soaked in milk,
almost immediately. On being allowed the range of the room, it at
once commenced the destruction of the insects that infested our
house plants.

Dimensions. — Average measurements of fourteen specimens : length,
4-07; stretch, 6-75; wing, 2-14; tail, 1-75.

Family, PARIDJE.

11. Parus atricapillus, Linne. Black-capped Chickadee. A
common, resident species ; breeds. They are gregarious, affecting all
kinds of woods, but, in winter, are generally found in the evergreens.
Large flocks are seen rustling among the reeds of the salt marshes,
in spring. I have sometimes seen straggling flocks of Chickadees
flying across an open space in the forest, uttering their rare cry of
phebe high in the air as they passed overhead. This curiously whis-
tled note sometimes breaks the winter stillness of the woods ; and
its authorship has been a puzzle to many persons.

179

They nest in holes in trees. Their eggs, six or eight in number, are
deposited early in May. They generally select solitary places for
nesting, and are particularly attached to* the stunted oak-trees that
grow on the mountain tops, and ledges, near the river. On May 11th,
1876, I found a pair of Chickadees that were building their nest in a
hole, in a tree that stood in a swamp. The birds were collecting ma-
terials for its construction. They gathered a sort of cottony fuzz
that grew upon the steins of some tall ferns ; alighting at the bases of
these plants, they ascended, gleaning, to the very tops, which often
bent down under their weight until they touched the water, when they
flew to another plant. In this way they gleaned among the ferns
until they had accumulated bundles of this substance in their bills, as
large as hickory nuts, before depositing it in the tree. Both male and
female were working at once. Their timidity often leads them to
build their nests in the middle of a stream or morass. Of man, how-
ever, they have little fear. Being very fond of flesh, a strip of meat
fastened to the porch, is quite sufficient an attraction to bring numbers
of them about the house. I have been amused to see them taking
liberties with the salted mackerels that the farmers hang out of doors
to make them sweet. They are hardy, vivacious little birds, often
coming about the dwellings, where their sprightly manners and cheery
notes make them familiar to all. They have quite a variety of notes,
and among them a very singular love note that I first heard April 30th,
1878. I saw two of them feeding in a pine-tree, by the river, that at-
tracted my attention by a singular shivering note that was quite new
to me. They were caressing one another, and, at the moment of utter-
ance, were passing food from one bill to another. On search, I dis-
covered their nest, which was placed in a decayed branch of an oak-
tree, on the eilge of a cliff. I sometimes see Chickadees in New York
city. I recollect one morning, walking up Broadway, I heard the
characteristic tshe-de-jay, tshe-de-jay, close at hand. I looked about
me, but could see nothing of the bird, and began to wonder whether
my own thoughts had not translated me from the bustling street into
the country woods; but, as I paused, I heard it again, this time its
unmistakable 'tshe, ddigh ddigh ddigh; looking overhead, I saw my
friend, Parus, perched upon a telegraph wire, critically examining the
numerous strands, that formed a network over the street; occasion-
ally desisting from this important employment, he would take a cool
survey of the scene below ; the prospect in the street evidently pleased
him, and the color and bustle had an exhilirating effect on his spirits,
so that he would burst forth into a voluble expression of his approval
of the goings-on in the great thoroughfare, and it was this that at
first attracted my attention.

Dimensions.— Average measurements of thirteen specimens : length,
5-27; stretch, 8*02; wing, 2-53; tail, 2-43; culmen, «37; tarsus, -60.

180

Monday, December 2, 1878.

Meeting this evening at 7.30 p. m. The President
in the chair. Records of preceding meeting read. Do-
nations and correspondence announced.

Mr. Charles Derby gave an account of the flora of
the Sandwich Islands, alluding more especially to the
palms. Of these he specified the Cocos nucifera, Areca
catechu, Caryota nrens, Caryota sobolifera, Arenga sac-
charifera, Arenga obtnsifolia, Pritchardii martii, Pritchar-
dii gandichandii, Livistonia anstralis, Livistonia subglo-
bosa, Sago vitiensis, etc., mentioning some of the uses in
the economy of life that the inhabitants of these islands
derive from this source.

Mr. Derby said that the royal palm was introduced
some forty years since into the Islands by Rev. D. Judd,
the missionary. He brought the seed from Havana.
This palm grows to the height of some one hundred and
seventy-five feet and is a strikingly beautiful tree.

There are many fine specimens on the Island of the
rattan {Calamus rotang) that grows rapidly, a single
plant often running some seven hundred feet in length.

This subject was discussed by Dr. George A. Per-
kins, who spoke of the palms growing at Cape Palmas
on the western coast of Africa, and by Mr. C. Cooke of
those on the eastern coast of Africa, Zanzibar, both of
these gentlemen having resided several years in these
respective localities, and having devoted much attention
to the study of natural history.

181

Monday, December 16, 1878.

Meeting- this evening at 7.30 o'clock. Dr. Amos H.
Johnson in the chair. Records of preceding meeting
read.

Prof. Alpheus Hyatt occupied the evening with re-
marks on the subject of "Heredity " which is now attract-
ing the attention of the scientific public. He presented
a circular which had been prepared under the direction of
the Massachusetts State Board of Health, inviting the
cooperation of medical, historical, genealogical, archae-
ological, ethnological, and natural history societies and
persons in the investigation of this subject : and request-
ing a reply to the series of questions therein specified and
to return the same to the secretary of the Board.

Mr. Hyatt was listened to with marked attention. His
remarks were illustrated by diagrams and the use of the
blackboard. Mr. Hyatt has been appointed by the Board
to assist in examining the returns and to deduce there-
from such results that will advance the cause of scientific
enquiry.

3 2044 106 258 908

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